AGRIS - 

2023

A. N. Semina

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is induced by a small non-enveloped virus, which is highly stable in the outer environment. The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) affects chicken’s immune system in a comprehensive and integrated manner thus destructing B-lymphocytes, attracting T-cells and activating macrophages. Being the RNA-virus, the agent is specified by high frequency of mutations, which result in the emergence of the strains with modified antigenicity and increased virulence. The molecular basis for the virus pathogenicity and exact cause of the clinical disease and death are still understudied as they are not clearly associated with the disease severity and degree of bursa of Fabricius lesions. Recent studies, however, demonstrated the role of the enhanced immune response at early stage of the infection along with increased production of cytokine storm-inducing promediators. In case of IBD, the immunosuppression is both direct consequence of specific target-cell infection and indirect consequence of the interactions occurring in the bird’s immune network. Infection with highly virulent virus strain or chicks’ infection at early age after recovery or subclinical infection results in immunosuppression with more severe consequences. Since immunosuppression induced by IBD agent is targeted mostly at B-lymphocytes, effect on the cell-mediated immunity was also demonstrated and it enhances the virus pressure on the immunocompetence of the chicks. The recent progress in avian immunology allowed for better understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the disease development. This review focuses on the role of the innate immunity in IBD pathogenesis as it is the first line of protection against the virus replication and can predetermine the disease outcome.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

This study aimed to compare the internal environment, physiological variables, and behavioural responses of chicks under two different heating systems. The experiment was performed in two commercial broiler houses located in Brazil, where 28,000 male Cobb chicks were housed during the first three weeks of life. One of the broiler houses was heated by an industrial indirect-fired biomass furnace (S1). In addition, another heating system consisting of two furnaces for indirect heating of the air using biomass (wood) as fuel, built by hand with bricks, mud, and dung on an iron structure (S2), was tested. Measurements of the dry bulb temperature (tdb), dew point temperature (tdp), and relative air humidity (RH) were performed. Subsequently, the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. In addition, the physiological variables of the respiratory rate (RR) and cloacal temperature (tcloacal) were measured three times a day (8:00 am, 2:00 pm, and 6:00 pm) in four chicks. The behaviours were grouped by dendrograms, in which the similarity of these data was qualified. During the second and third weeks of life, the THI values were below the recommended range. The RR and tcloacal data were below the recommended comfort values, which may be an indicator that the chicks were subjected to cold conditions. Regarding their behaviour, the chicks exhibited calm, feeding, and sleepy behaviours most of the time. Problems in the heating system inside the broiler house could be observed, possibly affecting the chicks’ thermal comfort and welfare, which consequently can result in productive and economic losses.

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Estonian University of Life Sciences Library - Estonia

2023

Salwa A.M. Eid | Gehan N. Alagmy | Sara A. Gad | Heba H. Nossieur | Hend M. Megahed

This study was undertaken to investigate the ameliorative effect of sodium selenite and nano-selenium on chicks exposed to heat stress. Ninety one day-old broiler chicks were divided into six groups each of 15 birds. Birds in group one and four were fed on basal diet and served as a control group, while birds in group two and five were fed on basal diet treated with 0.15 mg/Kg diet prepared selenium nanoparticles and birds in group three and six were fed on basal diet treated with 0.15 mg/Kg sodium selenite. On day 37 of experiment birds in 4th, 5th and 6th group were exposed to artificial heat stress at 40°C for 12 hours. Based on the results of total body weight gain and FCR lower parameters of body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion rate and higher feed intake ratio were observed in heat stressed chicks. Nano-selenium and Na selenite supplementation decreased the serum AST, ALT, urea, creatinine and MDA while the serum total protein, SOD, LZM, IgG, IgM and C3 were increased, also nano-selenium has ameliorative effect on hematological and histopathological findings. In conclusion, both nano-selenium and sodium selenite have an essential role in treatment of adverse effect of heat stress on chicks, with superiority of nano-selenium in improving anti- oxidative status and boosting immune response.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

M.C. Jenkins | J. Cline | C. Parker | C. O'Brien | M. Burleson | J. Schaeffer

SUMMARY: Vaccination against avian coccidiosis is increasingly being used by the poultry industry to prevent outbreaks of this parasitic disease, but problems with nonuniform administration of Eimeria oocysts by spray vaccination at the hatchery is affecting efficacy. The purpose of the present work was to compare Eimeria maxima oocyst uptake between hatchery spray vaccination (d 0) and in-house drinking water (d 3) administration. Different parameters affecting vaccine uptake were conducted in commercial broiler houses utilizing a laboratory strain of E. maxima (APU2) and/or a commercial Eimeria vaccine (CoccivacB52) to optimize drinking water application to young chicks. Regardless of vaccine source, administering Eimeria oocysts through drinking water to 3-day-old chicks was superior to spray vaccination (mean percent positive: 93% vs. 16%). This paper provides details of a method for administering a coccidiosis vaccine through the drinking water to 3-day-old chicks that leads to patent E. maxima infection in virtually all chickens.

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2023

Ovchinnikov, A.A. | Ovchinnikova, L.Yu. | Matrosova, Yu.V. | Shepeleva, T.A. | Chujkina, T.N. | Mokin, S.V.

Under industrial breeding technology, the body of poultry should be well protected against the main, most common infectious diseases. Colostral immunity does not always provide sufficient protection of young animals through the egg of laying hens. Only vaccination stimulates the work of immunocompetent organs. The use of biologically active additives in the diet of poultry, especially on a bacterial basis, increases the intestinal immunity, safety and productivity of the poultry. Three groups of replacement chickens of "Ross-308" cross were composed, 320 heads in each group. Feeding replacement chickens of the parent flock with feed additives Sorbitox and Probitox at a norm of 0.5 kg/t of feed made it possible to reduce the culling of poultry by 1.5-2.1% during the period of pullet rearing. At the same time, the main reason for the culling of chickens in the control group was necrotic and catarrhal enteritis, in the experimental ones – metabolic diseases. An analysis of the antibody titer for certain major poultry diseases has shown that in the first days of postnatal development, chickens have a certain level of protection due to colostral immunity, with age, by 37-58 days, it decreases and rises again at 18 weeks of age. Sorbitox and Probitox stimulate the poultry's immune response to infectious bronchitis by 10 and 44.6%, Gumboro disease – by 12.3 and 13.2%, reovirus infection – by 22.5 and 52.3%. At the same time, the feed additive Probitox has the superiority in titers. | При промышленной технологии разведения организм с.-х. птицы должен быть хорошо защищен от основных, наиболее распространенных инфекционных заболеваний. Колостральный иммунитет не всегда обеспечивает достаточную защиту молодняка через яйцо кур-несушек. Только вакцинация стимулирует работу иммунокомпетентных органов. Использование в рационе птицы биологически активных добавок, особенно на бактериальной основе, повышает кишечный иммунитет, сохранность и продуктивность птицы. Сформированы 3 группы ремонтного молодняка кросса "Росс-308" по 320 голов в каждой. Скармливание ремонтному молодняку кур родительского стада кормовых добавок Сорбитокс и Пробитокс в дозе 0,50 кг/т корма позволило за период выращивания молодки к 18-недельному возрасту снизить выбраковку птицы на 1,5-2,1%. При этом основной причиной выбраковки цыплят контрольной группы был некротический и катаральный энтерит, в опытных – заболевания обмена веществ. Анализ титра антител к отдельным основным инфекционным заболеваниям птицы показал, что в первые дни постнатального развития цыплята имеют определенный уровень защиты за счет колострального иммунитета, с возрастом, к 37-58 суткам, он снижается и вновь повышается к 18-недельному возрасту. Сорбитокс и Пробитокс стимулируют иммунный ответ птицы, повышая титр антител, к инфекционному бронхиту на 10,0 и 44,6%, болезни Гамборо – на 12,3 и 13,2%, реовирусной инфекции – на 22,5 и 52,3%. При этом превосходство в титрах имеет кормовая добавка Пробитокс.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Demeneva, A.E. | Trebukhov, A.V. | Burtseva, S.V.

Various biologically active substances and probiotics that populate the intestines with beneficial microflora help to increase the viability of young chickens reared using the industrial poultry technology. The purpose of the study is to study some indicators of metabolic processes in the body of chickens when using the probiotic drug "Vetom 1.1". The research was conducted on the basis of one of the agricultural enterprises located in the Biysk district of the Altai Territory. The object of the study was the young laying hens of the industrial Brown Nick cross herd. There were formed 2 groups of counterpart chickens: an experimental and a control group of 15 heads in each group. In the biochemical blood examination, the following indices were taken into account: total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase. The assessment was carried out every 2 weeks, starting from the 1st day of life. The effectiveness of using probiotics as a preventive agent and a growth promoter was revealed. The live weight indicators in the experimental group of young chickens fluctuated within physiological values throughout the study period, and in the control group, the live weight was below the minimum physiological values already from the 2nd week of the study. The metabolic indices (total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) in chickens on the 1st day of life were in the lower limits of physiological values. By the 4th month of life, many chickens of the control group had metabolic disorders, and there was a high probability of liver damage. The use of the probiotic drug "Vetom 1.1" when raising chickens in the conditions of industrial poultry farming activates protein metabolism, prevents liver dysfunction and contributes to an increase in average daily weight gain. | Повысить жизнеспособность молодняка кур, выращиваемого по технологии промышленного птицеводства, помогают различные биологические активные вещества и пробиотики, заселяющие кишечник полезной микрофлорой. Цель исследования – изучить некоторые показатели обменных процессов в организме цыплят при применении пробиотического препарата "Ветом 1.1". Исследования проводилось на базе одного из с.-х. предприятий, расположенных в Бийском районе Алтайского края. Объектом исследования был молодняк кур-несушек промышленного стада кросса Браун Ник. Были сформированы 2 группы цыплят-аналогов: опытная и контрольная по 15 гол. в каждой группе. При биохимическом исследовании крови учитывали общий белок, альбумин, щелочную фосфатазу, аспартатаминотрансферазу, аланинаминотрансферазу. Оценку проводили каждые 2 недели, начиная с 1-го дня жизни. Была установлена эффективность в использовании пробиотиков в качестве профилактического средства и стимулятора роста цыплят. Показатели живой массы в опытной группе молодняка кур колебались в пределах физиологических значений на протяжении всего периода исследования, а в контрольной группе живая масса была ниже минимальных физиологических значений уже со 2-й нед исследования. Показатели обмена веществ (общий белок, альбумин, щелочная фосфатаза, аспартатаминотрансфераза, аланинаминотрансфераза) у цыплят в первые сутки жизни находились в нижних пределах физиологических значений. К 4-му мес. жизни у многих цыплят контрольной группы наблюдались нарушения обмена веществ, была высокая вероятность поражения печени. Применение пробиотического препарата "Ветом 1.1" при выращивании цыплят в условиях промышленного птицеводства активизирует белковый обмен, профилактирует нарушение функции печени и способствует повышению среднесуточных привесов.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Siyanova, I.V. | Sayapina, I.Yu.

The research aim is to study the liver function in 2.5-month-old egg chickens and their behavior after moving from industrial rearing conditions to laboratory ones. In the experiment, 39 Dekalb egg cross chickens were used, of which 3 groups were composed (n=13). For 30 days, the drinkers intended for young animals of the experimental groups were added with drugs that have hepatoprotective properties: riboxin (inosine) at a rate of 0.01 g/kg LW/day or an extract of milk thistle fruits, hill-growing saltwort and common agrimony in equal proportions in a total amount of 0.3 g/kg LW/day; in the control group, chickens were provided with water without drugs in total of 0.3 g/kg LW/day. At the ages of 2.5 and 3.5 months, the cellular and biochemical composition of blood was studied (n=10) and liver samples were taken for histological examination (n=3). At the end of the experiment, a video recording of behavior of young animals was made. Acquired chickens, according to blood tests, pathological examination of carcasses and histological examination of liver, showed a subclinical stage of hepatitis with signs of fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. In the liver tissue of chickens raised at a poultry farm, an increase in the lumen of the central and portal veins, an expansion of the capillary bed, and accumulations of leukocyte infiltrate with the formation of follicles in zones 1 and 2 of the acini in the portal tracts. In the trial groups, in comparison with the control ones, an improvement in blood values and liver tissue architectonics was revealed, the liver weight decreased by 8-16%. At the end of the experiment, an improvement in the feeding behavior of chickens of the experimental groups was established; the live weight of chickens was by 5-8% higher than in the control group. It is concluded that the adding of the studied hepatoprotective agents had a positive effect on the feeding behavior and functional liver state in chickens reared at a poultry farm. | Цель исследования - изучение функции печени у 2,5-мес. яичных цыплят и особенностей их поведения после перемещения из условий промышленного выращивания в условия лаборатории. В опыте использовано 39 цыплят яичного кросса Декалб, из которых было сформировано 3 группы (n=13). Молодняку опытных групп в поилки в течение 30 дней добавляли препараты, обладающие гепатопротекторными свойствами: экстракт плодов расторопши пятнистой, солянки холмовой и репешка лекарственного в равном соотношении в общем количестве 0,3 г/кг ЖМ/сутки или рибоксин (инозин) в дозе 0,01 г/кг ЖМ/сутки; в контрольной группе цыплята получали воду без препаратов в общем количестве 0,3 г/кг ЖМ/сутки. В возрасте 2,5 и 3,5 мес. проводили исследование клеточного и биохимического состава крови (n=10) и брали образцы печени для гистологического исследования (n=3). В конце опыта сделана видеозапись поведения молодняка. У приобретённых цыплят по данным анализа крови, патологоанатомического исследования тушек и гистологического исследования печени установлена субклиническая стадия гепатита с признаками жирового перерождения гепатоцитов. В ткани печени цыплят, выращенных на птицефабрике, выявлено увеличение просвета центральных и портальных вен, расширение капиллярного русла, в портальных трактах - скопления лейкоцитарного инфильтрата с формированием фолликулов в 1 и 2 зонах ацинусов. В опытных группах в сравнении с контролем выявлено улучшение показателей крови и архитектоники ткани печени, масса печени уменьшилась на 8-16%. В конце опыта установлено улучшение кормового поведения цыплят опытных групп, живая масса цыплят стала на 5-8% больше, чем в контроле. Заключили о положительном влиянии добавок исследованных гепатопротекторных средств на кормовое поведение и функциональное состояние печени у цыплят, выращенных в условиях птицефабрики.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Shahad I. Alnuaimi | Yamama Z. Alabdaly

The aim is to investigate the sub-acute neurotoxic effects of copper sulfate in chicks on motor and neurobehavioral activity and its relation to oxidative stress and histopathological changes in chick brain tissue. Thirty chicks were employed in this experiment, randomly separated into 5 groups of 6 chicks. They were given the following concentration 2.5, 5, 10, and 15% of LD<sub>50</sub>. Each of the chicks is put through the following behavioral tests response to tonic immobility test, righting reflex, testing the motor activity of the chicks inside the open field box. Orally LD<sub>50</sub> was 772 mg/kg, Recording an inhibition in the animal's movement in the open field and an increase in the chicks' dormancy duration. The effects are directly proportional to the increase in the chicks' dose. Copper sulfate in 2.5, 5, 10, and 15% of the LD<sub>50</sub> showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration, while 15% of LD<sub>50</sub> recorded a significant decrease in glutathione and cholinesterase activity. All doses substantially decreased total antioxidant capacity in brain and liver tissue. Chick brain of copper sulfate 15% of LD<sub>50</sub> shows in the cortex of cerebrum severe gliosis, satellitosis, perivascular and periaxonal edema, necrosis (karyorrhexis) of neuron, and apoptosis. The rest of the concentrations had histopathological alterations proportionate to the rise in the given dose. We concluded from this work that high concentrations of copper sulfate in the brain generated oxidative stress and histopathological alterations, which influenced chicks' neurobehavior and motor activity in the open environment.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Muna H. ALzubaidy | Sawsan M. Amin | Douaa H. Alsanjry

Despite the widespread use of xylazine in veterinary medicine, studies on its neurotoxicity are limited. So, our current study aims to reveal its neurotoxicity in chicks by determining the (LD<sub>50</sub>) of xylazine in Dixon's procedure. Moreover, it aims to study the effects of a small and repeated dose of xylazine on neurobehavioral test and the toxic doses of xylazine on the concentration of (glycine and glutamate) in the plasma of chicks and on the brain tissue after 60 and 90 minutes of injection. The LD<sub>50</sub> of xylazine by injection into the chest muscle was 26.65 mg/kg. The injection of xylazine at a dose of 3 and 6 mg/kg in the chest muscle for three consecutive days caused an inhibition in motor activity within the open field as well as a significant elevation in the tonic immobility test response, injection of xylazine at doses 48.96 mg/kg ,60 and 90 minutes after the injection led to a significant increase in the glycine concentration as well as a significant decrease in glutamate after 90 minutes in the plasma of chicks, accompanied by histological variation in the brain tissue characterized by necrosis of neurons, vasogenic edema, neurophagia, cavities, infarction, necrosis of Purkinjean cell with decrees in the number of it. Our results revealed that xylazine had neurotoxic effects in chicks, represented by inhibition of neural behavior and motor activity within the open field, accompanied by a change in the concentration of glycine and glutamate in the plasma of chicks and histological variation in the brain tissue of chicks.

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2023

Mohamed H. Kairy | Hosney Abd El Fadel | Abd El Aleim F. Ad El Aleim | Gehan N. Gad | Fatma El Zahra Abdel-Hamid

This study was performed to investigate the effect of toltrazuril and fresh crushed garlic on the treatment of broiler chicks infected with coccidiosis. A hundred one-day old unsexed Cobb broiler chicks were used in this study. Chicks are classified into 5 equal groups (n=20 birds/group), Gp (1) contained 20 healthy broilers and acted as a negative control. Birds of groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were inoculated orally with 1x105 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) (field isolate) on the 14th day of age. Group 2 was experimentally infected, did not receive treatment and acted as a positive control. Group 3 was experimentally infected and treated with toltrazuril (1ml/liter drinking water) for two successive days. Group 4 was experimentally infected and treated with fresh crushed garlic (50 g/Kg ration) for 5 successive days. Group 5 was experimentally infected and treated with toltrazuril (1ml/liter drinking water) and fresh crushed garlic (25g/Kg ration) for 5 successive days. All birds were individually weighed at the beginning of the experiment, 1st and 10th days post treatment. Five birds from each group were sacrificed and two blood samples from each chick were collected for determination of erythrogram, MDA and CAT. Specimens from intestine were collected for histopathological study. The obtained results showed that the broilers infected with E. tenella had loss of appetite, depression, ruffled feathers, debility, dropped head and bloody diarrhea. Infected chicks with coccidia induced a significant decrease in the body weight, weight gain, RBCs, Hb, PCV%, platelets, and MCHC. Beside, an increase in FCR, MCV, MCH, and MDA assoiated with non-significant decrease in CAT was recorded. Infected birds treated with toltrazuril and garlic either alone or in a combination could recover birds from the clinical signs. Moreover, we recorded a significant increase in body weight, weight gain coupled with non significant increase in RBCs, Hb and PCV%, Platelet, MCHC and non-significant decrease in MCV and MCH compared with experimentally infected and non treated group (+ve control). Infected broilers with coccidiosiss induced pathological lesions in the small intestine represented as ruptured villi, and diffused haemorrhage. Treatment of the infeted birds with toltrazuril and garlic showed apparently normal mucosa, submucosa and muscularis mucosa with serosa. It could be concluded that the infected broiler chickens with E. tenella induced adverse effects in body performance, erythrogram and pathological changes. Treatment of infected chicks with toltrazuril and garlic led to disappearance of the clinical signs, improved body performane and pathological effects.

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