AGRIS - 

2023

Nakonechnyj, A.A. | Dydykina, A.L. | Vyaz'minov, A.O.

The production efficiency and milk qualitative characteristics as influenced by the level of readily available carbohydrates in the diets of Kholmogorsk cows has been studied. The experimental and control groups of 10 cows each were formed using analogue pair method. The experiment lasted 100 days. A twofold increase in the sugar-protein ratio in diets during lactation peak season contributed to an increase in milk performance by 4.6%. Increased carbohydrate level in the diet effected significantly (P=0.95) on the protein content increase in milk by 0.14 abs. % and on the content of dry skimmed milk residue by 0.128 abs. %. The dependence on the sugar level in the diet of cows was determined, expressed in a positive correlation of the protein content in milk at the beginning and end of the experiment (r=0.54), and the content of sugars and dry skimmed milk residue (r=0.76). When cows consume an additional amount of readily available carbohydrates, the service period is reduced by 14.9 days. The biochemical analysis of blood revealed a more intensive course of metabolic processes. The level of alpha- and gamma-globulins responsible for the formation of immunity in animals of the experimental group increased by 0.74–0.79% compared to the control group. During the experiment, there was a pronounced tendency to increase the concentration of glucose by 10.6%, which indicates a positive energy balance in the body of experimental animals. The additional daily introduction of 741 g of readily available carbohydrates into the diet increases the biological value of milk, has a positive effect on economic indicators. The research results show the importance of balancing diets by the level of readily available carbohydrates to obtain high-grade dairy products. | Изучено влияние на эффективность производства и качественные характеристики молока уровня легкодоступных углеводов в рационах коров холмогорской породы. Методом пар-аналогов сформированы опытная и контрольная группы по 10 коров в каждой. Продолжительность опыта составляла 100 дней. Двукратное увеличение сахаропротеинового отношения в рационах в разгар лактации способствовало увеличению молочной продуктивности на 4,6%. Отмечено достоверное влияние (Р=0,95) увеличения уровня углеводов на повышение содержания белка в молоке на 0,14 абс. % и содержания сухого обезжиренного молочного остатка (СОМО) на 0,128 абс. %. Определена зависимость от уровня сахаров в рационе коров, выраженная в положительной корреляции содержания белка в молоке на начало и конец опыта (r=0,54), и содержанием сахаров и СОМО (r=0,76). При потреблении коровами дополнительного количества легкодоступных углеводов сокращается сервис-период на 14,9 дня. При биохимическом анализе крови установлено более интенсивное протекание метаболических процессов. Уровень альфа- и гамма-глобулинов, ответственных за формирование иммунитета, у животных опытной группы увеличился на 0,74–0,79% в сравнении с контрольной. В период опыта отмечена выраженная тенденция увеличения концентрации глюкозы на 10,6%, что указывает на положительный энергетический баланс в организме опытных животных. Дополнительный ввод в рацион 741 г/сут легкодоступных углеводов увеличивает биологическую ценность молока, положительно влияет на экономические показатели. Результаты исследований показывают важность балансирования рационов по уровню легкодоступных углеводов для получения полноценной молочной продукции.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Epimakhov, V.

The task of establishing the regularities of accumulation and transition to animal products of heavy metals for the development of scientifically based standards for the content of heavy metals in feeding diets is urgent. Based on modeling the effects of cadmium on the body of ruminants, in order to normalize the intake of heavy metals: Cd, Pb, Hg and As with the diet, accumulation in the body, and transition to livestock products, a simulation model for cattle and sheep has been developed. A conceptual scheme is presented that reflects the structure and functioning of the model. Its description is given. To calculate the maximum permissible levels of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in the diet of cattle and sheep, a list of input parameters has been established. The studied indicator is the maximum permissible level of Cd, Pb, Hg and As content in feeding diets, the excess of which, it is expected, will lead to a violation of heavy metals standards in animal products (milk and meat). The model has been verified. The degree of similarity of empirical data and modeling results indicates the legitimacy of using the model and the conclusions drawn with its help are applicable to the real system under study and can be considered correct and reliable at an acceptable level. The implementation of the model, the establishment of the values of the maximum permissible levels of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in the diets of animals, depending on the species, age group, physiological state, productivity level and other factors will allow to make changes and improve the technology of keeping and feeding in the conditions of the current technogenic situation and guarantee the receipt of environmentally safe livestock products.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2023

Nair, Sapna; Ashok, Sattvika; Menon, Purnima; Avula, Rasmi | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-8892 Ashok, Sattvika; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5988-2894 Menon, Purnima; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0066-6964 Avula, R.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a flagship program of the Government of India, offers nutrition services to support child development. One major component of ICDS is the Supplementary Nutrition Program (SNP), which provides take-home rations for all children under 6 years of age and pregnant and lactating women to bridge the calorie and protein gaps in their diets. Current SNP guidelines recommend providing the rations in the form of micronutrient-fortified food or energy-dense food to bridge the nutrient gap between the Recommend Dietary Allowance and Average Daily Intake (MoWCD 2014). In Tamil Nadu, the take-home rations are a fortified-blended product called Sathumaavu. Coverage of take-home rations in Tamil Nadu is above the national average for all beneficiary groups, but variability across districts is high (IIPS and ICF 2021). Little is known about household use of Sathumaavu, perceptions of its quality, or its integration into standard diets. This study, a collaboration between LEAD at Krea University and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) with the Government of Tamil Nadu, explored the uptake and use of Sathumaavu among women and children across the state. The study aimed to: • Assess the uptake and use of the ICDS-provided Sathumaavu in Tamil Nadu• Examine demand- and supply-side factors related to the coverage and use of Sathumaavu | Non-PR | 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; IFPRI1; POSHAN; DCA | Nutrition, Diets, and Health (NDH); Food and Nutrition Policy

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

International Food Policy Research Institute - United States of America

2023

Duskaev, G.K. | Kislova, D.A. | Shejda, E.V. | Kvan, O.V.

There has been increased interest in developing different feeding strategies to improve the properties of dairy products. Such strategies include utilization of oil extraction industry wastes. The research purpose is to evaluate and increase the effectiveness of using hemp and lineseed cakes in the diet of dairy goats against the background of a probiotic substance with a cellulolytic effect. Nigerian female goats at the age of 3 years (3 lactations) were involved. At the first experiment stage, we studied the effect of including 10% lineseed cake (first experimental group) or 5% hemp cake (second experimental group) of the diet dry matter into the goat diet. At the second stage, the enzymatic probiotic preparation Cellobacterin+ was additionally introduced at a dose of 10 g/animal/day. Feeding Nigerian lactating goats with cakes as part of the diet contributed to a decrease in the total protein level in the blood serum by 4.4-8.7%, glucose – by 2.12-2.70 times (p not more than 0.05), an increase in cholesterol – by 60.9-62.8% (p not more than 0.05), increasing the concentration of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium and manganese in milk by 1.5-2.47 times (p not more than 0.05). The combined use of probiotic and cakes in the diets of lactating goats increased the content of creatinine in the blood serum by 24.3-24.7%, calcium – by 69.3% (p not more than 0.05), magnesium – by 2.0-0.3 times (p not more than0.05), the amount of phosphorus in milk – by 18.6% (p not more than 0.05), selenium, cobalt, boron, iron – by 1.5-4.5 times (p not more than 0.05). Feeding cakes stimulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and the additional probiotic inclusion improves energy and mineral metabolism in the animal's body, as well as the quality of their milk. | Высок интерес к разработке различных стратегий кормления для улучшения свойств молочных продуктов. К таким стратегиям относят использование отходов маслоэкстракционной промышленности. Цель исследований – оценка и увеличение эффективности использования конопляного и льняного жмыхов в рационе дойных коз на фоне пробиотического вещества с целлюлозолитическим действием. Работу проводили на козоматках нигерийской породы в возрасте 3 лет (3 лактации). На первом этапе опыта изучали влияние включения в рацион коз 10% льняного жмыха (первая опытная группа) или 5% конопляного жмыха (вторая опытная группа) от общего количества рациона. Животным контрольной группы скармливали только основной рацион. На втором этапе в рацион дополнительно вводили ферментативный пробиотический препарат "Целлобактерин+" в дозировке 10 г/гол/сут. Скармливание жмыхов в составе рациона лактирующим козоматкам нигерийской породы способствовало снижению уровня общего белка в сыворотке крови на 4,4…8,7%, глюкозы – в 2,12…2,70 раза (р не более 0,05), увеличению холестерина на 60,9…62,8% (р не более 0,05); в молоке – повышению кальция, калия, натрия, магния, цинка, меди, селена и марганца в 1,5…2,47 раза (р не более 0,05). Совместное использование пробиотика и жмыхов в рационах лактирующих козоматок способствовало повышению содержания креатинина в сыворотке крови на 24,3…24,7%, кальция – на 69,3% (р не более 0,05), магния – в 2,0…0,3 раза (р не более 0,05), количества фосфора в молоке – на 18,6% (р не более 0,05), селена, кобальта, бора, железа – в 1,5…4,5 раза (р не более 0,05). Скармливание жмыхов в составе рациона козоматок способствует активизации углеводного и липидного обменов, а дополнительное включение пробиотика – улучшению энергетического и минерального обмена в организме животных, а также качества молока.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Kaiyue Pang | Kaiyue Pang | Kaiyue Pang | Dongwen Dai | Dongwen Dai | Dongwen Dai | Yingkui Yang | Yingkui Yang | Yingkui Yang | Xun Wang | Xun Wang | Xun Wang | Shujie Liu | Shujie Liu | Shujie Liu | Weihua Huang | Weihua Huang | Weihua Huang | Bin Xue | Bin Xue | Bin Xue | Shatuo Chai | Shatuo Chai | Shatuo Chai | ShuXiang Wang | ShuXiang Wang | ShuXiang Wang

Ruminal microflora is closely correlated with the ruminant’s diet. However, information regarding the effect of high concentrate diets on rumen microflora in yaks is lacking. In the current study, 24 healthy male yaks were randomly assigned to two groups, each fed with different diets: less concentrate (LC; concentrate: coarse = 40: 60) and high concentrate (HC; concentrate: coarse = 80: 20) diets. Subsequently, a 21-day feeding trial was performed with the yaks, and rumen fluid samples were collected and compared using 16 s rRNA sequencing. The results showed that NH3-N, total VFA, acetate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were significantly higher in the HC group than that in the LC group (p < 0.05), while microbial diversity and richness were significantly lower in the HC group (p < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis indicated that rumen microflora was significantly different in LC and HC groups (p < 0.05). In the rumen, phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the most abundant bacteria, with Firmicutes being more abundant, and Bacteroidota being less abundant in the HC group than those found in the LC group. Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Prevotella are the highest abundant ones at the genus level. The relative abundance of Acetitomaculum, Ruminococcus, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas were significantly higher in the HC group than that in the LC group (p < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Olsenella was significantly lower in the HC group than in the LC group (p < 0.05). Compared to the LC group, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas was significantly higher in the HC group. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Olsenella, Ruminococcus, Acetitomaculum, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and NK4A214_group were correlated with ruminal fermentation parameters (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PICRUSt 2 estimation indicated that microbial genes associated with valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis were overexpressed in the rumen microflora of yaks in the HC group (p < 0.05). Conclusively, our results suggest that high concentrate diets affect the microflora composition and fermentation function in yak rumen. The present findings would provide new insights into the health of yaks under high concentrate feeding conditions and serve as a potent reference for the short-term fattening processes of yaks.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2022

Moshkina, S.V. | Khimicheva, S.N. | Abramkova, N.V.

Scientific and production experiment was carried out involving 2 black-and-white suckling calf groups, 6 head each. The use of probiotics had a positive effect on the productive qualities of calves. The heifers of the experimental group, who received the probiotic supplement "Probitox" in the diet in the amount of 7 grams per a head per a day for three weeks, starting from the 14th day of the calves' life, had a larger live weight at the end of the experiment by 2.3 kg or 3.7% compared to the animals of the control group, which were raised on a feeding diet adopted by the farm and corresponding to the norms of animal feeding according age periods. A similar pattern was noted in terms of calculated indicators, namely absolute, relative and average daily weight gains. In the heifers of the experimental group, these indexes were higher in relation to the control group. The introduction of the probiotic complex "Probitox" did not have a negative effect on the body of experimental animals. Clinical and hematological parameters were within the regulatory limits. In addition, the biochemical parameters of the blood showed an improvement in the pattern, which indicates an improvement in metabolism due to probiotic using. The increase in productive qualities lead to an improvement in economic indicators – the use of probiotic Probitox during heifer raising increased the profitability of production by 7.6%. | Проведен научно-производственный опыт на молодняке крупного рогатого скота черно-пестрой породы в молочный период выращивания (2 гр. по 6 гол.). Использование пробиотика положительно повлияло на продуктивные качества телят. Молодняк опытной группы, получавший в рационе пробиотическую добавку "Пробитокс" в количестве 7 г на голову в сутки в течение трех недель, начиная с 14 дня жизни телят, имел на 2,3 кг (3,7%) большую живую массу на момент окончания эксперимента по сравнению с животными контрольной группы, которые выращивались на рационе кормления, принятом в хозяйстве и соответствующем нормам кормления животных по возрастным периодам. Аналогичную картину отмечали по расчетным показателям – абсолютному, относительному и среднесуточному приростам. У телочек опытной группы они были выше по отношению к контрольной. Введение пробиотического комплекса "Пробитокс" не оказало негативного воздействие на организм опытных животных. Клинические и гематологические показатели находились в нормативных пределах. Кроме того, по биохимическим показателям крови наблюдали улучшение картины, что говорит об улучшении обмена веществ при использовании пробиотика. Повышение продуктивных качеств не могло не привести к улучшению экономических показателей: использование при выращивании телочек пробиотика "Пробитокс" увеличило рентабельность производства на 7,6%.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Pozdnyakova, V.F. | Guseva, T.Yu. | Olenchuk, E.N.

Важным резервом решения проблемы сбалансированного кормления высокопродуктивных коров является включение в их рационы доброкачественных кормов и эффективных кормовых добавок. Представлены результаты комплексной оценки рационов коров голштинской породы в период раздоя. Цель исследования – выявить влияние кормовых добавок на количество и химический состав молока в первые 180 дней лактации. Материалом для исследования послужили кормовые рационы коров в первую фазу лактации, составленные по программе "AMTS. Cattle. Professional" в современном высокотехнологичном хозяйстве Рязанской области. В условиях хозяйства были проанализированы 2 варианта рационов и результаты их использования для повышения молочной продуктивности. Опыт проводили на 2 группах коров по 15 гол. в каждой. Рационы групп различались по составу и соотношению ряда компонентов. Так, скармливание кормовой добавки BergaFat F-100, представляющей собой комплекс жирных кислот, благоприятно влияет на сохранность естественной стабильности микрофлоры рубца и содержание жира в молоке. Включение в рацион кормовой добавки Optigen, содержащей защищенную мочевину, способствует увеличению количества микробного протеина, лучшему перевариванию клетчатки и повышению молочной продуктивности. Скармливание кормовых добавок BergaFat F-100 и Optigen привело к увеличению содержания жира в молоке коров второй группы (получавших обе добавки) на 0,24% по сравнению с первой группой (не получавшей Optigen). При пересчёте на базисную жирность, во второй группе по сравнению с первой было получено больше молока на 666,0 кг за весь период раздоя, что соответствует прибавке 3,7 кг/день (42,9 против 39,2 кг). Введение в фазу раздоя коров кормовых добавок способствовало реализации высокого генетического потенциала молочной продуктивности коров голштинской породы. | An important reserve for solving the problem of balanced feeding of highly productive cows is the inclusion of good-quality feeds and effective feed supplements in their diets. There are presented the results of a comprehensive assessment of the diets of Holstein cows during the first lactation days. The goal of the research is to identify the effect of feed additives on the quantity and chemical composition of milk in the first 180 days of lactation. The material for the research was the feed diets of cows in the first phase of lactation composed at a modern high-tech farm situated in the Ryazan region using the software "AMTS. Cattle. Professional". Under the farm conditions, 2 variants of diets and the results of their use to increase milk producing ability were analyzed. Two cow groups, 15 heads each, fed with rations differing in composition and amount of some components were involved to the test. So, feeding the BergaFat F-100 feed supplement containing fatty acid composition favorably affects the preservation of the natural stability of the rumen microflora and the fat content in milk. The inclusion of the Optigen, protected urea containing feed supplement, in the diet contributes to an increase in the amount of microbial protein, better digestion of fiber and increasing the milk producing ability. Feeding BergaFat F-100 and Optigen resulted in a 0.24% increase in fat content in the milk in the second group cows which fed both supplements compared to the first cow group, animal in which consumed rations without Optigen. Cow in the second group compared with the ones of the first group produced by 666 kg more milk over the entire observation period, it is equal a daily gain of 3.7 kg (converted to basic fat). The conclusion is that introduction of feed supplements into the diet during early lactation phase contributed to the realization of the high genetic potential of milk producing ability in Holstein cows.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Tereshchenko, V.A. | Lyubimova, Yu.G. | Ivanov, E.A. | Kicheeva, A.G. | Ivanova, O.V.

The technological properties of cow milk have been studied when premixes based on forest bioproducts and natural minerals were used in cow feeding. The scientific and economic experiment was conducted in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk region involving Black-and-White dairy cows of the third calving, arranged according to the principle of analogues in 3 groups (control and 2 experimental ones) of 10 animals each. During the experiment (60 days), the cows of the control group were fed with the main diet. The main diet of the animals of experimental group I was added with (per head per day) with a premix consisting of coniferous flour (50 g), pine nut shells (50 g), arabinogalactan (5 g), vitamin and mineral complex (10 g) and bentonite clay (100 g). The diet of the cows of experimental group II was added with a compositionally identical premix, but instead of bentonite clay, it contained swollen vermiculite (100 g per 1 head per day). The conditions of cow keeping in the groups were the same. It was found that feeding premixes to animals contributed to an increase in the thermal stability of milk, an increase in the weight fraction of fat in it by 7.26-7.99%, the number of fat globules - by 24.36-30.59%, the average diameter of the fat globule - by 3.18-17.52%. To improve the technological properties of milk, it is advisable to add premixes based on forest bioproducts and natural minerals to the diet of cows. | Изучены технологические свойства молока коров при использовании в кормлении премиксов на основе лесной биомассы и природных минералов. Научно-хозяйственный опыт проведен в условиях Красноярского края на дойных коровах черно-пестрой породы третьего отела, сформированных по принципу аналогов в 3 группы (контрольную и 2 опытные) по 10 голов. На протяжении эксперимента (60 дней) коровам контрольной группы скармливали основной рацион. Животным I опытной группы к основному рациону добавляли (на 1 голову в сутки) премикс, состоящий из хвойной муки (50 г), скорлупы кедрового ореха (50 г), арабиногалактана (5 г), витаминно-минерального комплекса (10 г) и бентонитовой глины (100 г). Коровам II опытной группы вводили в рацион идентичный по составу премикс, но вместо бентонитовой глины в нем содержался вспученный вермикулит (100 г на 1 голову в сутки). Условия содержания коров в группах были одинаковыми. Установлено, что скармливание животным премиксов способствовало повышению термоустойчивости молока, увеличению в нем массовой доли жира на 7,26-7,99%, количества жировых шариков - на 24,36-30,59%, среднего диаметра жирового шарика - на 3,18-17,52%. Для улучшения технологических свойств молока целесообразно добавлять в рацион коров премиксы на основе лесной биомассы и природных минералов.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Belova, S.N. | Pleshkov, V.A.

The use of grain haylage in the diets of replacement heifers has been under study, the results are presented below. The animals were arranged into the control and experimental groups, 10 heads each. In the control group of heifers, instead of corn silage, the diet included vetch and barley grain silage in the amount of 3.6 kg per 1 head per day. Body weight gains (average daily, absolute, relative) were studied, and the economic efficiency of using grain haylage in heifers' diets was determined. According to the study results, it has been found that the average daily body weight gain in the experimental group is 690.0±32.1 g. This is by 14.6% or 87.8±3.1 g higher (p less than 0.05) than in the control group, where the figure is 602.2±28.4 g. The absolute gain in the group of experimental calves is 62.1±2.1 kg, which is more by 14.6% or 7.9±0.4 kg (p less than 0.05) than in the control group, where this index is 54.2±1.9 kg. The relative gain showing the true growth rate is 70.8±1.7% in the experimental group, and it is 61.4±1.5% in the control group; the difference 9.4 percent points (p less than 0.05). The animals of the experimental group gave more profits by 5924 rub. than the control group; it provides an economic effect per one head of 1184.8 rub. | Представлены результаты исследования по использованию зернового сенажа в рационах ремонтных телочек. Были сформированы контрольная и опытная группы телочек по 10 голов в каждой. В контрольной группе взамен силоса кукурузного в рацион включали вико-ячменный зерновой сенаж в количестве 3,6 кг на 1 голову в сутки. Изучали приросты живой массы (среднесуточный, абсолютный, относительный), а также определяли экономическую эффективность использования зернового сенажа в рационах тёлочек. По результатам исследования установлено, что среднесуточные приросты в опытной группе в среднем составили 690,0±32,1 г, что оказалось выше на 14,6%, или 87,8±3,1 г (р меньше 0,05), чем в контрольной группе, где этот показатель отмечен на уровне 602,2±28,4 г. Абсолютный прирост в группе опытных телят составил 62,1±2,1 кг, что было больше на 14,6% или 7,9±0,4 кг (р меньше 0,05) аналогов контрольной группы, где этот показатель отмечен на уровне 54,2±1,9 кг. Относительный прирост, показывающий истинную скорость роста, в опытной группе составил 70,8±1,7%, а в контрольной 61,4±1,5%, разница 9,4 п.п. (р меньше 0,05). В опытной группе получено прибыли больше на 5924,0 руб., чем в контрольной, что обеспечило экономический эффект 1184,8 рубля в расчете на 1 голову.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

AplocinaAplociņa, Elita, Elita | KreismaneKreišmane, Dzidra, Dzidra | Runce, Aelita | MuiznieceMuižniece, Inga, Inga

The study explains the effect of different feed rations on the fattening rates of animals at a Limousine crossbreeds in a biologically certified farm. The quality of self-produced feed and the impact of appropriate feed rations on the results of animal nutrition have been assessed and the most optimal solutions for the final fattening of animals have been evaluated. During the final fattening period, four different feed rations were used for 15 Limousine crossbreeds 57–60 days before slaughter. All animals received haylage ad libitum, and, in addition, the following feedstuffs were fed: for Group 1 – concentrate (oats and vetch) ad libitum, for Group 2–1.5 kg of molasses; for Group 3–2.5 kg concentrate (oats and vetch); for Group 4–2.5 kg of molasses. At the start of the final fattening at the age of 19 and 21 months the average live weight of cattle was between 501 to 522 kg. The amount of dry matter ingested per 100 kg of live weight was 2.1–2.4 kg. Group 1 animals received the highest dietary energy and crude protein content, which had a positive effect on the cattle growth and productivity. The lowest increase in live weight (0.12 kg dayE−1 per animal) was observed in Group 2 with the lowest crude protein content (1.2 kg dayE−1). Whereas, the highest increases in live weight, i.e., 0.75 kg per day, were recorded for the animals of Group 4, which received increased doses of molasses; these animals also had the highest live weight at the end of fattening – 556 kg. The heaviest carcass weight (313.1 kg) and highest dressing percentage (56.7%) were for the cattle with unrestricted access to feed, but, nevertheless, this is not a satisfactory indicator.

显示更多 [+]

显示较少 [-]

Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia