AGRIS - 

2022

Adji, Beda Innocent | Akaffou, Doffou Sélastique | De Reffye, Philippe | Sabatier, Sylvie-Annabel

Seed size and the growth environment are important variables that influence seed germination, growth and biomass of seedlings and future tree harvest and should thus be taken into account in agroforestry and reforestation programmes for endangered species like Pterocarpus erinaceus. In the present study, to assess seedling germination and vigour in P. erinaceus as a function of seed size in two environments, 1080 seeds and 360 seedlings were evaluated at two separate sites in Côte d'Ivoire. The results show that large seeds had very high germination rates (up to 100%) and produced more vigorous plants better able to adapt to climate change. The maternal environment and seed size had a significant influence on seed germination (P < 0.05) and seedling development (P < 0.05) and biomass (P < 0.05). Seedlings were most successful at the site with a humid tropical climate (Daloa). Seedling leaves had the same resistance regardless of seed size and study site, but leaf moisture content was more stable in seedlings grown from medium and small seeds. These results will help guide conservation strategies for the species and are key factors for rural populations, loggers, and forest management structures for the silviculture of this species.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2022

Fierlej, Yannick | Reproduction et développement des plantes (RDP) ; École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL) ; Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Université de Lyon | Peter Rogowsky

Maize is a pillar of modern agriculture primarily used for food and feed due to the nutritional value of its seed. The maize seed bears two filial compartments: the embryo (future plant) and the endosperm (nutritive tissue) that grow in a coordinated fashion through active communication at their interface. The starchy endosperm cell layers in contact with the embryo form an endosperm sub-domain called EAS (Endosperm Adjacent to Scutellum). To uncover the role of this sub-domain, sugar (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters - SWEETs) and amino acid (Usually Multiple Acids Move In and out Transporters - UMAMITs) transporters, preferentially expressed in the EAS, were mutated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9). Mutants exhibit disturbed sugar and amino acid contents in the embryo, EAS and endosperm. Furthermore, in wild type plants, the EAS has a distinct metabolic identity (sugar contents). The dynamics of the EAS have been addressed with genetic and cytologic tools. The EAS grows in the same proportions as the embryo as shown by the expression of an EAS marker gene over time using the GUS reporter gene. The death of the cells closest to the embryo generates an accumulation of cell wall material in the EAS which has been documented by calcofluor staining and electron microscopy. Finally, in order to facilitate functional genomics work, a validation system for CRISPR/Cas9 constructs was set up in maize protoplasts (isolated cells). | Le maïs est un pilier de l’agriculture moderne principalement utilisé pour l’alimentation animale et humaine et dont la graine est convoitée pour ses valeurs nutritionnelles. Le grain de maïs comporte deux compartiments filiaux : l’embryon (future plante) et l’albumen (compartiment de réserve) qui doivent croître de manière coordonnée via une communication active à leur interface. Les couches cellulaires de l’albumen amylacée au contact de l’embryon constituent un sous-domaine de l’albumen appelé EAS (Endosperm Adjacent to Scutellum). Pour élucider le rôle de ce sous-domaine, des transporteurs de sucres (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters - SWEETs) et d’acides aminés (Usually Multiple Acids Move In and out Transporters - UMAMITs), préférentiellement exprimés dans l’EAS, ont été mutés par la technologie CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9). Les mutants montrent des perturbations dans les teneurs en sucres et acides aminés de l’embryon, l’EAS et l’albumen. Par ailleurs, chez les plantes sauvages, l’EAS possède une identité métabolique propre (teneur en sucres). La dynamique de l’EAS a été abordée grâce à des méthodes génétiques et cytologiques. La zone EAS s'agrandit en accompagnant le développement de l’embryon, comme illustré par l’expression d’un gène marqueur de l’EAS au cours du temps grâce au gène rapporteur GUS. La mort des cellules les plus proches de l'embryon provoque une accumulation de parois cellulaires dans l’EAS, qui a été documentée par marquage des parois au calcofluor et des observations en microscopie électronique. Enfin, pour faciliter les travaux en génomique fonctionnelle, un système de validation des constructions CRISPR/Cas9 en protoplastes (cellules isolées) de maïs a été mis au point.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2022

Abbou, Amina | Kadri, Nabil | Servent, Adrien | Ricci, Julien | Madani, Khodir | Dornier, Manuel | Collignan, Antoine | Achir, Nawel

Aleppo pine seeds are a potential candidate for the production of nondairy milk due to their high protein (26%) and lipid (37%) content and their availability. For the first time, this study presents the implementation of a manufacturing scheme from seeds to final product, including pre-extraction, extraction, and post-extraction (physical and microbiological stabilization), using a 2(7-4) fractional factorial screening design. The seven factors were seed soaking time, grinding time, temperature and seed/water ratio during extraction, xanthan gum concentration, homogenization pressure, and pasteurization temperature. Beverage quality analysis consisted of measurements of chemical composition, color, stability, and rheological behavior. The results of experimental design showed that the dry matter as well as the lipid and protein contents increased significantly by increasing the ratio (grain/water) and the grinding time. On the other hand, the extraction temperature led to a better extraction of lipids but a lower extraction of proteins. Regarding stability, xanthan gum had a negative effect, while homogenization pressure and pasteurization temperature showed their effectiveness in decreasing the particle size and increasing the physical stability of the product. Practical applications : Plant-based drinks, also called plant milks, are interesting alternatives to animal milk. They have similar organoleptic properties but are more sustainable and offer very different nutritional composition depending on the plant used. As the consumers demand is constantly increasing, setting up fabrication processes from new plant sources is relevant. Aleppo pine seeds are a potential matrix for the production of vegetable beverages because they are very nutritious and available in the entire Mediterranean area. This study presents the setting up of a fabrication diagram of a plant-based beverage made from Aleppo pine seeds. Seven production parameters were tested, including pre-extraction (seed conditioning), extraction, and post-extraction (physical and microbiological stabilization), thanks to a fractional factorial 2(7-4) screening design. The best conditions enabled the production of a final beverage comparable to other commercialized plant-based beverages in terms of nutritional and organoleptic quality.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2022

Zverev, S.V.

The technology of obtaining a high-protein product from hemp seeds with a minimum content of dietary fiber and a maximum content of protein and oil is proposed. At the initial stages, the proposed technology includes traditional preparatory operations, such as drying, cooling, separation of impurities on air, sieve and magnetic separators. The prepared batch of hemp seeds with a size of 3.5-3.0 mm and a moisture content of 3.5-4.0% enters a centrifugal crusher, where it is crushed at a disk periphery speed of 41 m/s. The resulting material (crushed) it is sifted on a 1.8 mm sieve into 2 fractions: scalp and through. The scalp after separation of empty shells by pneumoseparation goes to the regrinding. After pneumoseparation of the through at an air flow velocity of 4.7 m/s, 2 fractions are obtained: a small fraction with a protein content of about 20% and a high-protein nib with a protein content of about 30%. The total yield of the crushed core after pneumoseparation is 44%. The content of protein in the nib reaches 30%, fiber - 0.9%, fat - 53%. After pressing or extraction of fat, the protein content in the product it approaches its content in protein concentrate (50%). It is concluded that the proposed technology of peeling native hemp seeds allows isolating components with a high content of protein and oil. The economic feasibility of this process should be assessed specifically in each case. | Предложена технология получения высокобелкового продукта из семян конопли с минимальным содержанием пищевых волокон и максимальным содержанием белка и масла. На начальных этапах предлагаемая технология включает традиционные подготовительные операции, такие, как сушка, охлаждение, отделение примесей на воздушных, решетных и магнитных сепараторах. Подготовленная партия семян конопли размером 3,5-3,0 мм и влажностью 3,5-4,0% поступает на центробежную дробилку, где измельчается при скорости периферии диска 41 м/с. Полученный материал (дробленка) рассевается на сите 1,8 мм на 2 фракции: сход и проход. Сход после отделения пустых оболочек пневмосепарированием поступает на доизмельчение. После пневмосепарирования прохода при скорости воздушного потока 4,7 м/с получают 2 фракции: относ мелкой фракции с содержанием белка около 20% и высокобелковое ядро с содержанием белка около 30%. Суммарный выход дробленого ядра после пневмосепарирования составляет 44%. Содержание в ядре белка достигает 30%, клетчатки – 0,9%, жира – 53%. После отжима или экстракции жира содержание белка в продукте приближается к его содержанию в белковом концентрате (50%). Сделан вывод, что предлагаемая технология обрушивания нативных семян конопли позволяет выделить компоненты с высоким содержанием белка и масла. Экономическую целесообразность проведения этого процесса нужно оценивать специально в каждом конкретном случае.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Deji Ciren | Zuqing Meng | Tao Luo | Tiantian Cheng | Jun Zhang | Ming Lai | Youwei Ning | Jiahui Huo | Fengping Song

There is a great genetic variation in the flavonoid content and phenotypic diversity in the color of maize, however little is known about the linkage between seed color and its systematic flavonoid profile. In this study, the flavonoid metabolic profile in mature seeds of two red maize landraces (V223 and V228), two black landraces (V026 and V147) and two purple landraces (V134 and V182) were analyzed. The content of total flavonoid in red maize seeds is significantly higher than that in black and purple maize seeds. The metabonomics analysis identified 211 flavonoid metabolites, including 10 polyphenols, 29 anthocyanins, 92 flavones, 26 flavonols, 18 flavanones, 10 isoflavones and 26 flavonoids. The clustering analysis and principal component analysis show that seeds of maize landraces with same color have similar flavonoid metabolites. A large number of differentially expressed metabolites were identified among different landraces. Moreover, the content of most anthocyanin metabolites in black and purple seeds is higher than that in red seeds. Especially, the level of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and delphinidin O-malonyl hexoside in black and purple seeds is more than 4 orders of magnitude higher than that in red seeds. Our study facilitates a better understanding of flavonoid metabolites among maize landraces with different color, which provides important cues and information for the maize color improvement.

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University Library, University of the Philippines at Los Baños - Philippines

2022

Sukhanova, M.V.

Reduction impact on the surface of working elements of agricultural machines is a way to reduce injury to seed material. An analysis is carried out of the stress state of seeds represented in the form of granular material particle (GMP) and deformed state of working surface (WS) for 3 types of impact interaction: rigid, partially absorbed and absorbed ones. A comparative analysis of stress state of GMP falling on an inclined WS of different rigidity is performed. If a working element is made of a rigid non-deformable material, it is necessary to reduce the angle of inclination of the WS and the porosity of the GMP to avoid abrasion of the outer shell of the seeds when the seed material slides over its surface. The fulfillment of these requirements will lead to the compaction of the GMP and the termination of the redistribution of particles in its mass which will adversely affect the technological processes of mixing and transporting the seed material. When GMP collides with inclined WS made of polyurethane coating steel in the zone it contacts with particle there occur local deformations of WS and increase of main compression stress of WS causing abrasion of external surface of particle. The theoretical description of the stress states of a particle of a GMP when interacting with surfaces of different rigidity, confirmed experimentally, allowed drawing conclusions: it is necessary to use shock-absorbing working elements made of elastomers that have an ability to significantly stretch and contract within elastic deformations to prevent injury to the seed material. The use of impact-absorbing working elements makes it possible to provide such conditions for the interaction of seeds and the WS, under which the seeds are in suspension state and jump off the WS without slipping. To ensure the impact-absorbing mode, it is necessary the duration of the seed flow rolling down along the inclined WS to be less than the time interval between successive shakes of the highly elastic WS. | Способом снижения травмирования семенного материала является снижение ударного воздействия поверхности рабочих органов с.-х. машин. Осуществлен анализ напряженного состояния семени, представленного в виде частицы сыпучего тела (ЧСТ) и деформированного состояния рабочей поверхности (РП) при 3 видах ударного взаимодействия: жестком, частично поглощенном и поглощенном. Выполнен сравнительный анализ напряженного состояния ЧСТ, упавшей на наклонную РП различной жесткости. Если рабочий орган изготовлен из жесткого недеформируемого материала, то для исключения истирания наружной оболочки семян при скольжении семенного материала по его поверхности, необходимо уменьшать угол наклона РП и порозность ЧСТ. Выполнение этих требований приведет к уплотнению ЧСТ и прекращению перераспределения частиц в его массе, что отрицательно скажется на технологических процессах смешивания и транспортирования семенного материала. При столкновении ЧСТ с наклонной РП, изготовленной из стали с полиуретановым покрытием, в зоне соприкосновения с частицей возникают местные деформации сжатия РП и прирост главного напряжения сжатия РП, вызывающего истирание наружной поверхности частицы. Теоретическое описание напряженных состояний ЧСТ при взаимодействии с поверхностями различной жесткости, подтвержденное выполненными экспериментами, позволили сделать выводы, что для предотвращения травмирования семенного материала необходимо использовать ударопоглощающие рабочие органы, изготовленные из эластомеров, обладающих способностью значительно растягиваться и сокращаться в пределах упругих деформаций. Использование ударопоглощающих рабочих органов позволяет обеспечить такие условия взаимодействия семян и РП, при которых семена находятся во взвешенном состоянии и отскакивают от РП без скольжения. Для обеспечения режима ударопоглощения необходимо, чтобы продолжительность скатывания потока семян по наклонной РП была меньше промежутка времени между последовательными встряхиваниями высокоэластичной РП.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Pluzhnikova, I.I. | Kriushin, N.V. | Bakulova, I.V.

Исследования проводились в 2020-2021 гг. в Пензенской области. Представлены данные лабораторных и полевых исследований по оценке влияния протравливания семян препаратами инсектицидного и фунгицидного действия и их смесями, а также обработки инсектицидом растений конопли посевной сорта Надежда на ростовые процессы, на семенную инфекцию и распространенность корневых гнилей, на пораженность растений вредителями, на урожайность стеблей и семян. В лабораторных условиях протравители обеспечивали увеличение длины корешка на 4,8% (Селест Топ, КС), длины проростка на 11,1% (Табу, ВСК) по сравнению с контролем, массы проростка с корешком на 11,9-13,6% (Бенорад, СП; Селест Топ, КС и Бункер, ВСК) по сравнению с контролем без обработок. В полевых условиях наибольшая стимуляция ростовых процессов происходила при обработке семян препаратами Селест Топ, КС + Бенорад, СП на фоне опрыскивания инсектицидом Самурай Супер, КЭ. Применение против конопляной блошки протравителей Селест Топ, КС и Табу, ВСК + Альбит, ТПС на фоне опрыскивания обеспечивало защитный эффект 53,0 и 61,9% до фазы 6-7 пар листьев. Использование препарата Селест Топ, КС как отдельно, так и в сочетании с препаратами Бенорад, СП; Бункер, ВСК и Альбит, ТПС в лабораторных условиях позволяло с эффективностью от 95,0 до 97,5% подавить семенную инфекцию, в полевых условиях – уменьшить распространенность корневых гнилей на 27,6, 27,8 и 23,2% по сравнению с контролем без обработок. На фоне опрыскивания инсектицидом и протравливания препаратами Селест Топ, КС + Бенорад, СП формировалась наибольшая прибавки урожая стеблей, составившая 2,10 т/га при урожайности в контроле 7,28 т/га. При обработке семян препаратами Табу, ВСК + Бенорад, СП и Бункер, ВСК получена наибольшая прибавка семян, а именно 0,17 и 0,27 т/га, при урожайности в контроле 2,1 т/га. | The research was carried out in 2020-2021 at in the Penza region. The data of laboratory and field studies on the assessment of the effect of seed etching with insecticidal and fungicidal preparations and their mixtures, as well as insecticide treatment of cannabis 'Nadezhda' on growth processes, on seed infection and the prevalence of root rot, on pest infestation of plants, on the yield of stems and seeds are presented. In laboratory conditions, the protectants provided an increase in the length of the root by 4.8% (Celest Top, SC), the length of the seedling by 11.1% (Tabu, WSC) compared with the control, the weight of the seedling with the root by 11.9-13.6% (Benorad, WP; Celest Top, SC and Bunker, WSC) compared with the control without treatments. In the field, the greatest stimulation of growth processes occurred during seed treatment with Celest Top, SC + Benorad, WP preparations against the background of spraying with the insecticide Samurai Super, EC. The use of the protectants Celest Top, SC and Tabu, WSC + Albit, RP against the hemp flea against the background of spraying provided a protective effect of 53 and 61.9% up to the phase of 6-7 pairs of leaves. The use of the drug Celest Top, SC both separately and in combination with the drugs Benorad, WP; Bunker, WSC and Albit, RP in laboratory conditions allowed to suppress seed infection with an efficiency of 95 to 97.5%, in the field – to reduce the prevalence of root rot by 27.6; 27.8 and 23.2% compared with the control without treatments. Against the background of insecticide spraying and etching with Celest Top, SC + Benorad, WP preparations, the largest increase in the yield of stems was formed amounting to 2.1 t/ha, when the yield in control was 7.28 t/ha. When seeds were treated with Tabu, WSC + Benorad, WP and Bunker, WSC – the largest increase in seeds was obtained, namely 0.17 and 0.27 t/ha, when the yield in control was 2.1 t/ha.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

D’andrea, Sabine | Université Paris-Saclay | AgroParisTech | Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) ; AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Université Paris-Saclay | Philippe Schmidely

Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2021

Loue-Manifel, Jeanne

In angiosperms, the development of the seed and the accumulation of reserves require the establishment of close communication between the embryo and the endosperm. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this coordination is regulated by a protein complex made up of two transcription factors: ZHOUPI and INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION (ZOU/ICE). The ZOU/ICE complex controls the degradation of the endosperm and thus the optimal development of the embryo, and regulates the establishment of a complex interface between the endosperm and the embryo composed of an extracuticular sheath and of the embryonic cuticle. In a first part of my work, the analysis of the regulation and the function of the ZOU/ICE complex made it possible to highlight the regulation underlying a cryptic redundancy in seed development between the two ICE genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as to explore the post-translational regulation of their proteins, in particular the potential role of ubiquitination in their degradation via the HOS1 protein. Secondly, genetic and molecular and cellular biology analyses in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha, which does not produce seeds, provided a better understanding of the ancestral function of the ZOU/ICE complex. Indeed, this study revealed two potential ancestral functions of this complex, firstly in the control of the development of pegged rhizoids involved in the transport of water and secondly in the biogenesis of the cuticle. The study of the composition of the cuticle of Marchantia polymorpha, and of the transcriptional targets of the ZOU/ICE complex involved in its establishment, made it possible to formulate innovative hypotheses about the importance of the modification of the composition of the wall, and the production of reactive oxygen species in plant cuticle biogenesis. | Chez les Angiospermes, le développement de la graine et l’accumulation des réserves imposent la mise en place d’une communication étroite entre l’embryon et l’albumen. Chez certaines Angiospermes, comme l’arabette des dames aussi appelée Arabidopsis thaliana, ce dialogue entre embryon et albumen est régulé par un complexe protéique composé de deux facteurs de transcription : ZHOUPI et INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1 (ZOU/ICE). Plus précisément, ce complexe ZOU/ICE permet la dégradation de l’albumen et donc le bon développement de l’embryon et régule également la mise en place d’une interface complexe entre l’albumen et l’embryon composée d’une gaine extracuticulaire et de la cuticule embryonnaire. Dans une première partie, l’analyse de la régulation et de la fonction du complexe ZOU/ICE a permis de mettre en évidence une redondance fonctionnelle cryptique entre les gènes ICEs au cours du processus de développement de la graine mais aussi la régulation post traductionnelle de ces protéines ICEs, en particulier l’ubiquitination participant à leur dégradation par l’action de la protéine HOS1. Dans un deuxième temps, des approches de génétique, de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire chez la Bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha, dépourvue de graines et d’albumen, ont permis de mieux comprendre la fonction ancestrale du complexe ZOU/ICE. Ce complexe s’est révélé avoir un rôle clé d’une part dans le contrôle du développement des rhizoïdes, impliqués dans le transport de l’eau, et d’autre part dans la biogénèse de la cuticule. L’étude de la composition de la cuticule de M. polymorpha, et des cibles transcriptionnelles du complexe ZOU/ICE impliquées dans sa mise en place, ont permis d’émettre des hypothèses novatrices sur l’importance de la modification de la composition de la paroi, et la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène dans la biogenèse de la cuticule des plantes.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2021

Anon.

University of the Philippines at Los Baños - Philippines