AGRIS - 

2020

Canales Gutiérrez, Ángel | Huarasa Vilca, Yanina Ruth

Resumo Polylepis incana Kunth (queñoa), é uma espécie que tem várias utilizações locais, no entanto, apresenta um baixo poder germinativo em condições naturais. O objetivo da investigação era comparar o poder germinativo da Polylepis incana, com tratamentos de coco, resíduos e água de poços. Foi realizada uma experiência com três tipos de água e cinco doses de água (5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 ml). A germinação foi desenvolvida em 15 tabuleiros, em cada um deles foram adicionados 750 g de substrato e 20 sementes. A irrigação foi feita diariamente com diferentes quantidades de água, de 5 a 25 ml. A percentagem do poder germinativo, temperatura e pH do solo foram registados diariamente. As análises estatísticas foram levadas a cabo no programa INFOSTAT. O maior poder germinativo das sementes foi registado com irrigação com água residual (9 %), enquanto as sementes irrigadas com coco e água de poço atingiram 4 %. Portanto, 9 % do poder germinativo foi obtido a partir de sementes de P. incana irrigadas com águas residuais. | Resumen Polylepis incana Kunth (queñoa), es una especie que posee diversos usos locales, sin embargo, presenta un bajo poder germinativo en condiciones naturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar el poder germinativo de Polylepis incana, con tratamientos de agua de coco, residual y de pozo. Se instaló un experimento con tres tipos de agua y cinco dosis de agua (5, 10, 15, 20 y 25 ml). La germinación se desarrolló en 15 bandejas, en cada una se adicionó 750 g de sustrato y 20 semillas. El riego se realizó diariamente con diferentes cantidades de agua, desde 5 a 25 ml. Se registró el porcentaje de poder germinativo, temperatura y pH del suelo de forma diaria. Los análisis estadísticos fueron realizados en el programa INFOSTAT. El mayor poder germinativo de semillas, se registró con riegos con agua residual (9 %), mientras que las semillas regadas con agua de coco y de pozo alcanzaron un 4 %. Por tanto, se ha obtenido un 9 % de poder germinativo de semillas de P. incana, regadas con agua residual. | Abstract Polylepis incana Kunth (queñoa), is a species that has diverse local uses; however, it has a low germination power in natural conditions. The objective of this research was to compare the germination power of Polylepis incana, with coconut, residual and untreated water treatments. An experiment was set up with three types of water and five doses of water (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ml). The germination was developed in 15 trays, in each one 750 g of substrate and 20 seeds were added. The irrigation was done daily with different amounts of water, from 5 to 25 ml. The percentage of germination power, temperature and soil pH were recorded daily. The statistical analyses were carried out in the INFOSTAT program. The highest germination power of seeds was registered with irrigation with residual water (9 %), while seeds irrigated with coconut and untreated water reached 4 %. Therefore, a 9 % germination power of P. incana seeds, irrigated with residual water, was obtained.

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Scientific Electronic Library Online Cuba - Cuba

2020

Rabery Cáceres, Sixto Hugo | Enciso Cano, Víctor Ramón | Franco Ibars, Rubén Alcides | Lezcano, José Roberto

ABSTRACT Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated oilseeds due to its high oil potential. In Paraguay, its cultivation has become more important in recent years, due to its efficient adaptation to medium to low fertility soils. It has become one of the main economic activities of rural family farming. One of sesame limitations is water deficiency that can damage by 20 to 30% the emergence of the crop. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the incidence of the application of complementary irrigation on the grain yield of the sesame crop. The experiments were carried out in two agricultural periods, (2016 - 2017 and 2017 - 2018) using four and six varieties, Escoba, SH 1, Dorado, PF 6 and Escoba, SH 1, INIA, IP 10, K2, K7, respectively. The experimental design used was complete random blocks with four repetitions and four varieties for the first period and six varieties with three repetitions for the second period. For each experiment, a plot with spray irrigation was used three times, at intervals of 10 days, 80 minutes each time and for a period of 45 days and another plot without irrigation. The results obtained show that there was a highly significant effect with the application of irrigation for both agricultural periods, mainly for varieties SH 1 and Escoba with a grain yield of 1,140 and 1,091 kg ha-1, respectively, representing an increase of 54% and 58%, regarding the plot control without irrigation. Therefore, the effects of the incidence of the application of complementary irrigation in agricultural soils should be considered to estimate the potential impact on grain yield in the different sesame varieties. | RESUMEN El sésamo (Sesamum indicum L.) es una de las oleaginosas más antiguas cultivadas debido a su alto potencial como confitero y aceitero. En Paraguay su cultivo adquiere mayor importancia en los últimos años, debido a su adaptación eficiente a los suelos de mediana a baja fertilidad; constituyéndose en una de las principales actividades económicas de la agricultura familiar rural. Una de las limitaciones que presenta al momento de la siembra es la deficiencia hídrica que puede perjudicar en un 20 a 30% en la emergencia del cultivo. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la incidencia de la aplicación del riego complementario en el rendimiento de granos del cultivo de sésamo. Los experimentos se realizaron en dos periodos agrícolas, (2016 - 2017 y 2017 - 2018) utilizando cuatro y seis variedades, correspondiente a Escoba, SH 1, Dorado, PF 6 y Escoba, SH 1, INIA, IP 10, K2, K7, respectivamente. El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y cuatro variedades para el primer periodo y seis variedades con tres repeticiones para el segundo periodo agrícola. Para cada experimento se utilizó parcela con riego por aspersión en tres ocasiones, a intervalos de 10 días y 80 minutos cada vez y por un periodo de 45 días y otra parcela sin riego. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que hubo efecto altamente significativo con la aplicación del riego para ambos periodos agrícolas, principalmente para las variedades SH 1 y Escoba con un rendimiento de granos de 1.140 y 1.091 kg ha-1, respectivamente, representando un aumento de 54% y 58%, respecto al control parcela sin riego. Por ende, los efectos de la incidencia de la aplicación de riego complementario en suelos agrícolas deben considerarse para estimar el impacto potencial sobre el rendimiento de grano en las diferentes variedades de sésamo.

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Scientific Electronic Library Online Paraguay - Paraguay

2020

Mejía S., David A. | Reyes Z., Alejandra N. | Moncada, Marielena | Sierra, Alejandra

El forraje verde hidropónico es un alimento fresco que se obtiene del proceso de germinación de granos de cereales, que después de 12 días es cosechado y suministrado a la vaca lechera como alimento. Esta revisión de literatura se realizó para evaluar la aplicabilidad del FVH de maíz y sorgo como alternativa nutricional en vacas de la Unidad de Ganado Lechero en la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano. El estudio contó con una metodología de carácter cualitativa, utilizando la revisión de literatura como principal herramienta, recopilando la información en bases de datos que brinda la Biblioteca Wilson Popenoe visitando sitios de relevancia científica tales como la FAO, Research Gate y Scielo. Mediante esta investigación, se determinaron las ventajas y desventajas de esta técnica, los principales factores que afectan el desarrollo óptimo del FVH que son la iluminación, temperatura y riego. Se comprobó que la suplementación con FVH influye en el volumen producido de leche y el contenido de grasa de esta. A la vez, se determinó que el FVH de maíz resulta ser más palatable gracias a su alto contenido de fibra y un buen nivel de proteína cruda, la cual le aporta una mayor concentración de energía al animal. Se recomienda realizar más estudios sobre la producción de FVH de diferentes cereales y evaluar la rentabilidad de esta misma.

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Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Zamorano - Honduras

2020

Briones, R.M. | Clemente, R.S. | Inocencio, A.B. | Luyun, R.A. Jr | Rola, A.C.

The country's irrigation systems have a long history of recovering maintenance cost from farmers. The Free Irrigation Service Act (FISA) of 2018 was a radical departure from this policy. This study is a preliminary assessment of the policy change through an examination of secondary data and collection of primary information through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The study found that the free irrigation had the potential to benefit millions of individuals, although it only led to a small savings in palay production cost. Moreover, while palay farmers were poorer than the average household, most palay farmers were not poor. Group interviews with farmers and staff from the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) confirmed that the main benefits to farmers of free irrigation was their savings from paying irrigation service fees (ISF). The shift to free irrigation also addressed some of the distort ions associated with cost recovery among national irrigations systems (NIS), such as understatement of irrigation service area and time allocation irrigation created a new regime of incentive with inclear implications to the behavior of NIA staff and irrigators' associations. For instance, farmers may become less demanding of the quality of irrigation service or the usefulness of an irrigation project. The funding for the operation and maintenance of NIS has also declined under the free irrigation policy. While a new funding channel has been opened for communal systems, the level of the operations and maintenance in these systems were constrained by the low level of subsidy and increased difficulty in collectin g contributions from the members of irrigators' associations. The study urges the government to continue pursuing irrigation management transfers within the con text of free irrigation based on minimum maintenance for NIA and transparent maintenance standards for both NIA and irrigators' associations. It also calls for a sustained and increasing subsidy for operations and maintenance (Q and M), which must be made available only in a performance basis. The government may also explore water saving as a performance criterion for subsidy for Q and M. This study advocates for the transformation of NIA into a service-providing agency specializing in technical assistance to irrigators' associations, contract design, and performance monitoring. Lastly, it recommends for the introduction of a mandatory review comparing the FISA with other social assistance and protection schemes in achieving equity objectives.

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University Library, University of the Philippines at Los Baños - Philippines

2020

Oleshko, V.P., Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agro-Biotechnologies, Barnaul

. The research findings on the effectiveness of tillage systems in irrigated forage crop rotations under the conditions of the south of West Siberia are discussed. The research objects are feed crops, their planting in feed crop rotations with different humification backgrounds. The crop rotation schedule: 1) corn; 2) vetch oats mixture, winter rye (intermediate crop); 3) winter rye, sunflower + field pea + oats; 4) Sudan grass; 5) field pea - oats mixture, spring rapes (post-cutting planting). The experiments were carried out for 5 years with 4-fold replication, the plot size was 216 m2, and record plot was 100 m2. It was found that among the methods of intensifying the forage crop growing technologies, irrigation showed quite high efficiency: the experiment average yield gain in terms of fodder units due to irrigation was 1.29 t ha (34%). The most yield gains (food units) were obtained from water applications in no basic tillage variants (1.42 t/ha) and combined sweep tillage with surface tillage (1.46 t/ha). The lowest production costs per 1 fodder unit were found at moldboard: without irrigation - 3.04 MJ, with irrigation - 3.82 MJ. The variant without any basic tillage was significantly inferior to the plots tilled in autumn in terms of productivity and energy efficiency regardless of irrigation availability. | Представлены результаты научных исследований по оценке эффективности систем обработки почвы в кормовом севообороте на орошении для условий юга Западной Сибири. Объекты исследований: кормовые культуры, их посевы в кормовых севооборотах при разных фонах увлажнения. Схема севооборота: 1) кукуруза; 2) викоовсяная смесь, озимая рожь (промежуточный посев); 3) озимая рожь, подсолнечник + пелюшка + овес; 4) суданская трава; 5) пелюшкоовсяная смесь, рапс яровой (поукосный посев). Опыты проводились на протяжение 5 лет с 4-х кратной повторностью, размер делянок составил 216 м2, учетной площадки – 100 м2. Установлено, что среди приемов интенсификации технологий возделывания кормовых культур орошение показало достаточно высокую эффективность: в среднем по опыту прибавка урожая по выходу кормовых единиц от полива составила 1,29 т/га (34%). Наибольшие прибавки урожая (к.ед.) получены от поливов в вариантах без основной обработки почвы (1,42 т/га) и комбинированной плоскорезной с поверхностными обработками (1,46 т/га). Самые низкие затраты на производство 1 к.ед. наблюдались на отвальной обработке почвы: без орошения – 3,04 МДж, на фоне орошения – 3,82 МДж. Вариант без основной обработки почвы значительно уступает обработанным осенью участкам по продуктивности и энергетической эффективности независимо от наличия орошения.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Kirejcheva, L.V. | Shevchenko, V.A., The A.N. Kostyakov All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation. Moscow

The analysis of the present conditions of the agriculture in the non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation show that the main reasons of the inefficient use of the agricultural lands is low fertility due to non-application of lime, decrease of organic and mineral fertilizers, waterlogging, overgrowth of previously drained territories resulted in land removing from circulation. In 2019, 9.5 million ha of arable land are not cultivated, including 3.5 million ha of drained and 0.4 million ha of irrigated agricultural land, 1.2 million ha or 35% of the previously drained areas were being removed from agricultural cultivation too. The research shows that the actual productivity of arable lands is lower than their natural-resource potential, which reaches up to 5-6 t grain units/ha. Previously drained lands become marshy, are overgrown with forest because of wear of drainage systems of above 68%. Of the existing land drained the optimum control of water regime is provided only on the area of mote more than 1 million ha. On the remaining 2.3 million ha the yield does not reach the planned values because of increased acidity and de humification of soils. To estimate the opportunities of both land productivity increase and required measures development, new theoretical approaches to sustain land productivity are proposed which are based on the analysis of the energy status of the soil and agro-climatic conditions. In all the regions of the Non-Chernozem zone the actual yield (2.5-5 t/ha fodder units) is lower than the possible production potential (6-7 t/ha fodder units). There are reserves for a yield increase. It is possible to improve the soil fertility by controlling the water-air, acid-base, and nutrient regimes and increasing the soil energy function. | 17 ref. | Summaries (En, Ru) | 2 tables | Выполнен анализ современного состояния с.-х. производства в Нечерноземной зоне Российской Федерации, который показал, что основными причинами неэффективного использования с.-х. угодий является потеря плодородия пахотных земель, связанная с невыполнением работ по известкованию почв, катастрофическому снижению использования органических и минеральных удобрений, переувлажнению, заболачиваю и зарастанию ранее осушенных территорий и, как следствие, выводу земель из с.-х. оборота. В 2019 г. в с.-х. производстве не используется 9,5 млн га пашни, а из 3,5 млн га осушаемых и 0,4 млн га орошаемых с.-х. земель не используется 1,2 млн га или почти 35% от всей ранее осушенной площади. Показано, что фактическая продуктивность земель значительно ниже природно-ресурсного потенциала, который позволяет получать до 5-6 т зерновых единиц с 1 га. Ранее осушенные земли заболачиваются, зарастают лесом по причине износа осушительных систем, составляющего более 68%. Из существующих осушаемых земель оптимальное регулирование водного режима обеспечивается лишь на площади не более 1 млн га. На остальных 2,3 млн га урожайность не достигает проектных значений из-за повышенной кислотности и дегумификации почв. Для выявления возможности повышения продуктивности земель и обоснования требуемых мероприятий предложены новые теоретические подходы к обоснованию продукционного потенциала, основанные на анализе энергетического состояния почвы и агроклиматических условий. Во всех областях Нечерноземной зоны фактическая урожайность (2,5-5 т/га зерн.ед.) ниже потенциально возможного продукционного потенциала (6-7 т/га зерн.ед.). Имеются резервы повышения урожайности, повышение плодородия почв возможно путем регулирования водно-воздушного, кислотно-щелочного, питательного режимов почвы и повышения ее энергетической функции.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Mamontov, V.G., Russian State Agrarian Univ., Moscow

A high content of organic matter is a characteristic of chernozem soils which determines their high fertility level. There was studied the nature of the change in humus content and component composition in typical chernozem in the Voronezh region under various agricultural use. The humus content and composition, labile humic substances (LHS) content and composition were determined by Tyurin and Ponomareva-Plotnikova methods. When using typical chernozem in non-irrigated agriculture, humus content and stock decreased by 3.29% and 71 t/ha, respectively, comparing toa long-term fallow. The amount of humic acids in humus composition markedly increased; the ratio of CHA:CPA increased from 1.85 to 2.31. Among humic acids (HA) the HA-2 fraction is the most resistant to mineralization and its share in the composition of HA group increased from 65 to 89%. The involvement of old arable chernozem in irrigated agriculture causes a change in its humus state directly dependent on the conditions of irrigated arable land use. In the fodder crop rotation with perennial crops the humus content increased from 7.31 to 7.57%, the ratio of CHA:CPH increased from 2.31 to 2.48, however, HA-fraction contribution to HA group decreased and amounted to 74%. Under permanent corn cultivation the humus content changed from 7.31 to 6.93-7.16%, we could see its fulvation occurred, therefore, the ratio of CHA:CPA decreased from 2.31 to 1.75-1.90. In arable soils, the content of labile humic substances (LHS) and nitrogen in their composition sharply decreased. Compared with a long-term fallow land, the carbon content of LHS in non-irrigated chernozem decreased from 0.911 to 0.036%, and the amount of nitrogen in LHS – from 0.108 to 0.028%. In the irrigated chernozems carbon and nitrogen content in LHS was 0.563 and 0.061% when cultivating perennial grasses and 0.366-0.402 and 0.034-0.035%, respectively, under permanent corn. | Высокое содержание органического вещества – характерный признак черноземных почв, обусловливающий их высокий уровень плодородия. Изучали характер изменения содержания и компонентного состава гумуса чернозема обыкновенного Воронежской области при различном с.-х. использовании. Определяли содержание и состав гумуса, содержание и состав лабильных гумусовых веществ (ЛГВ) методами Тюрина и Пономаревой-Плотниковой. При использовании чернозема обыкновенного в неорошаемом земледелии содержание и запасы гумуса уменьшились по сравнению с многолетней залежью на 3,29% и 71 т/га соответственно. В составе гумуса заметно увеличилось количество гуминовых кислот, отношение СГК:СФК возросло с 1,85 до 2,31. Среди гуминовых кислот (ГК) наиболее устойчива к минерализации фракция ГК-2, и ее доля в составе группы ГК возросла с 65 до 89%. Вовлечение старопахотного чернозема в орошаемое земледелие вызывает изменение его гумусового состояния, непосредственно зависящее от условий использования орошаемой пашни. В кормовом севообороте с многолетними травами содержание гумуса увеличилось с 7,31 до 7,57%, отношение СГК:СФК возросло с 2,31 до 2,48, однако вклад фракции ГК-2 в группу ГК уменьшился и составил 74%. При бессменном возделывании кукурузы содержание гумуса изменилось с 7,31 до 6,93-7,16% и произошла его фульватизация, поэтому отношение СГК:СФК уменьшилось с 2,31 до 1,75-1,90. В пахотных почвах резко уменьшилось содержание лабильных гумусовых веществ (ЛГВ) и азота в их составе. По сравнению с многолетней залежью содержание углерода ЛГВ в неорошаемом черноземе снизилось с 0,911 до 0,036%, а количество азота в ЛГВ – с 0,108 до 0,028%. В орошаемых черноземах содержание углерода и азота ЛГВ составило, соответственно, 0,563 и 0,061% при возделывании многолетних трав и 0,366-0,402 и 0,034-0,035% под бессменной кукурузой.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Magomedov, N.R. | Sulejmanov, D.Yu. | Abdullaev, A.A. | Abdullaev, Zh.N. | Gadzhiev, M.M., Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala

Представлены результаты лабораторно-полевых исследований, проведенных на лугово-каштановой почве тяжелого механического состава в условиях орошения Терско-Сулакской подпровинции Дагестана. Изучали влияние доз минеральных удобрений и систем обработки почвы (СОП) на продуктивность озимой твердой пшеницы сорта Крупинка, для разработки экономически эффективной ресурсосберегающей технологии возделывания. Сорт высевали на 3-х уровнях минерального питания: 1. без удобрения (контроль); 2. N90 P50 (N10 P50 аммофоса под основную обработку, N30 аммиачной селитры в фазе кущения, N30 выхода в трубку, N20 карбамида в фазе колошения; 3. N180 P100 (N20 P100 под основную обработку, N60 в фазе кущения, N60 в фазе выхода в трубку, N40 в фазе колошения). Изучали 2 СОП: система поливного полупара (контроль), влагозарядковый полив вслед за уборкой озимой пшеницы с использованием оставшейся после предшественника оросительной сети нормой 1200 м3/га; 2-3 дискования по мере отрастания сорняков (июль – август); отвальная вспашка на 20-22 см в начале 2-й декады сентября; продольно–поперечное дискование с одновременным боронованием во 2-й декаде сентября; полупаровая СОП – лущение стерни на глубину 6-8 см; отвальная вспашка на 20-22 см в 3-й декаде июля; выравнивание поверхности почвы малой - выравнивателем; полив нормой 1200 м3/га в 3-й декаде августа; дискование с одновременным боронованием. Урожайность при полупаровой СОП без удобрений составила в среднем за 5 лет 2,75 т/га. Наибольшая прибавка урожая зерна получена при полупаровой СОП в варианте внесения повышенных доз минеральных удобрений, средняя урожайность достигла 5,58 т/га. Однако зерно отличалось высокой себестоимостью, а его производство – низкой рентабельностью. При внесении половинной дозы минеральных удобрений (N90 P50) урожайность снижалась при обеих СОП, в варианте поливного полупара на 0,68 т/га и в варианте полупаровой СОП на 0,76 т/га, но экономические показатели при этом заметно улучшались. | Presented are the results of laboratory field studies conducted on meadow-chestnut soil of heavy mechanical composition in the conditions of irrigation of the Tersko-Sulak sub-province of Dagestan. There was studied the effect of doses of mineral fertilizers and soil tillage systems (TS) on the productivity of hard winter wheat, the Krupinka variety, to develop a cost-effective resource-saving cultivation technology. The variety was sown at 3 levels of mineral nutrition: 1 no fertilizer (control); 2 N90 P50 (N10 P50 ammophos for basic tillage, N30 ammonium nitrate in the tillering phase, N30 shooting phase, N20 carbamide in the earing phase; 3 N180 P100 (N20 P100 for the basic tillage, N60 in the tillering phase, N60 in the shooting phase, N40 in the earing phase). Two TS were studied: the irrigation clover fallow system (control), irrigation after harvesting winter wheat using the rate of 1200 m3/ha left after the precursor irrigation network; 2-3 disking as weeds grow (July - August); moldboard plowing to 20-22 cm at the beginning of the 2-nd decade of September; crosswise disking with simultaneous harrowing in the 2-nd decade of September; semi-fallow TS - stubbling to a depth of 6- 8 cm; mouldboard plowing to 20-22 cm in the 3-d decade of July; surface smoothing with a small leveler; watering with the rate of 1200 m3/ha in the 3-d decade of August; disking with simultaneous harrowing. The yield for semi-fallow no fertilizer TS was on average for 5 years 2.75 t/ha. The largest increase in grain yields of 2.5 t/ha was achieved for semi-fallow TS in the variant of applying increased doses of mineral fertilizers, the average yield achieved 5.58 t/ha. However, the grain was characterized by high prime cost, and its production – by low profitability. The yield was also reduced for the both TS when a half dose of mineral fertilizers (N90 P50) was applied, in the variant of the irrigation semi-fallow by 0.68 t/ha and in the variant of the semi-fallow TS- by 0.76 t/ha, but the economic indicators in that case were noticeably improved.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Acosta Calderón, Jhonn Alexander | Muñoz Maldonado, Yecid Alfonso | Acero Caballero, Mario Jonatan | https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001478388 | https://scholar.google.es/citations?hl=es&user=Flz965cAAAAJ | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5151-1068 | https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56205558500 | Grupo de Investigación Recursos, Energía, Sostenibilidad - GIRES | Grupo de Investigaciones Clínicas

Con este proyecto se efectuó el dimensionamiento de bombeo de un sistema fotovoltaico, para suplir las necesidades de riego del cultivo de limón en las veredas de Girón, cumpliendo los requisitos establecidos por la Agencia de Desarrollo Rural (ADR), los cuales eran una hectárea sembrada y una altura total de bombeo de 40 m, con el fin de dar igualdad entre los beneficiarios. La ADR es la entidad responsable de gestionar, promover y financiar el desarrollo agropecuario y rural, quienes, mediante la Corporación Dignificando buscan canalizar recursos para apoyar, fomentar y volver más competitivo los cultivos de cítricos en Girón disminuyendo los costos de bombeo en una hectárea de cultivo mediante la incorporación de sistemas de bombeo fotovoltaico. La ADR Regional selecciono los sistemas de riego que se inscribieron, teniendo en cuenta requisitos legales de tierra, disponibilidad de agua y características del cultivo como su extensión y tipo de cultivo. Se realizó el estudio en 8 lugares de las veredas Chocoa y Chocoita, los cuales contaban con información disponible sobre sus sistemas actuales de bombeo, y se realizó la búsqueda de los puntos de funcionamiento (caudales y alturas de bombeo) con las curvas características de las bombas que se están empleando. De igual forma, se determinó su costo para dicha labor. Los costos de bombeo se llevaron a una unidad de $/𝑚3 de agua bombeada y posteriormente, se determinó el costo energético en una hectárea regada. Seguidamente, se determinaron las necesidades netas de riego que demanda el cultivo de limón en una extinción de una hectárea en las 13 veredas de Girón. El dimensionamiento de los sistemas fotovoltaicos de bombeo se realizó con 3 bombas solares: Bomba Grundfos 25 SQF-7 y las Bombas Lorentz PS2-1800 C-SJ8-7 y PS2-1800 C-SJ5-12, para cubrir las necesidades netas de riego cumpliendo los requisitos de la ADR. Para el dimensionamiento de los sistemas fotovoltaicos con la misma altura geográfica y longitud de bombeo de los sistemas actuales, se realizó la búsqueda del punto de operación con las curvas de las bombas solares. En ambos casos, se determinó la eficiencia en el punto de funcionamiento, potencia pico de generador fotovoltaico a instalar, el número de paneles a instalar y el arreglo fotovoltaico que supla las necesidades del controlador de la bomba. Se determinó la oportunidad de disminución del costo del 𝑚3 de agua bombeada por los sistemas fotovoltaicos, respecto a los sistemas actuales, encontrando que la bomba Lorentz PS2-1800 C-SJ5-12 es la mejor opción del sistema de 40 m de altura y la bomba Lorentz PS2-1800 C-SJ8-7 es la que tuvo mejor rendimiento en los sistemas con las características actuales de bombeo. Los ahorros anuales tuvieron valores comprendidos entre $ 98.115,05 y $6.388.441,91 dependiendo de la línea base de suministro energético para bombeo que presentaba cada usuario. | RESUMEN 10 INTRODUCCIÓN 12 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 14 1 OBJETIVOS 15 2 MARCO TEORICO 16 2.1 Sistemas fotovoltaicos de bombeo 16 2.1.1 Sistema fotovoltaico de bombeo conectado a Red 17 2.1.2 Sistema fotovoltaico de bombeo aislado 18 2.2 Determinación de necesidades netas de riego 21 2.3 Determinación del caudal a bombear con el sistema fotovoltaico 25 2.4 Determinación de las perdidas hidráulicas 28 2.5 Dimensionamiento del sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico 31 2.6 Determinación del costo energético de los sistemas actuales 35 3 ESTADO DEL ARTE 37 4 METODOLOGIA 39 5 DESARROLLO 41 5.1 Caracterización de los sistemas de bombeo actuales 42 5.2 Determinación de necesidades netas de riego 46 5.2.1 Determinación del caudal a bombear en el sistema fotovoltaico 49 6 RESULTADOS 52 6.1 Sistemas fotovoltaicos de bombeo dimensionado con las características de los sistemas de bombeo actuales en Chocoa y Chocoita 52 6.1.1 Análisis de pérdidas hidráulicas en el sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico 52 6.1.2 Potencia eléctrica en el sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico 53 6.1.3 Eficiencia del sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico 53 6.1.4 Potencia pico a instalar de módulos fotovoltaico en el sistema de bombeo solar…………….. 54 6.1.5 Número de paneles en el sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico 55 6.1.6 Vereda Chocoa 56 6.1.7 Vereda Chocoita 58 6.2 Dimensionado del sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico con los requisitos de la ADR en las veredas de Girón. 61 6.2.1 Potencia eléctrica de las bombas solares en las veredas de Girón 61 6.2.2 Eficiencia de las bombas solares en las veredas de Girón 62 6.2.3 Potencia pico a instalar de módulos fotovoltaicos en las veredas de Girón 63 6.2.4 Número de paneles a instalar en las veredas de Girón con la bomba de mejor rendimiento……… 64 6.2.5 Número de paneles en serie y paralelo 65 6.2.6 Capacidad de corriente de los conductores y disparo de protecciones 66 6.2.7 Angulo de inclinación de los paneles del sistema fotovoltaico en las veredas de Girón………… 67 6.3 Costo energético mensual y costo total por hectárea de los sistemas actuales de bombeo en Chocoa y Chocoita 69 6.4 Costo de operación y mantenimiento anual de los sistemas de bombeo fotovoltaico. 70 6.5 Ahorro anual por la integración del sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico 71 7 CONCLUSIONES 73 8 RECOMENDACIONES 74 BIBLIOGRAFIA 75 ANEXOS 77 | Pregrado | With this project, the pumping dimensioning of a photovoltaic system was carried out, to meet the irrigation needs of the lemon crop in the villages of Girón, meeting the requirements established by the Rural Development Agency (ADR), which were a variety planted and a total pumping height of 40 m, in order to give equality among the beneficiaries. The ADR is the entity responsible for managing, promoting and financing agricultural and rural development, who, through the Dignificando Corporation, seek to channel resources to support, promote and make citrus crops in Girón more competitive, reducing pumping costs in an area of cultivation through the integration of photovoltaic pumping systems. The Regional ADR selects the irrigation systems that were registered, taking into account the legal requirements for land, water availability and characteristics of the crop such as its extension and type of crop. The study was carried out in 8 places in the Chocoa and Chocoita villages, which had available information on their current pumping systems, and a search was made for the operating points (flow rates and pumping heights) with the characteristic curves of the pumps being used. Similarly, its cost for said work was determined. The pumping costs were brought to a unit of $ /𝑚3 of pumped water and later, the energy cost was determined in one irrigated hectare. Subsequently, the net irrigation needs demanded by the cultivation of lemon in an extinction of one hectare in the 13 villages of Girón were determined. The sizing of the photovoltaic pumping systems was carried out with 3 solar pumps: Grundfos 25 SQF-7 pump and Lorentz PS2-1800 C-SJ8-7 and PS2-1800 C-SJ5-12 pumps, to cover the net irrigation needs meeting the ADR requirements. For the dimensioning of the photovoltaic systems with the same geographical height and pumping length of the current systems, the search for the point of operation was carried out with the curves of the solar pumps. In both cases, the efficiency at the operating point, peak power of the photovoltaic generator to be installed, the number of panels to be installed, and the photovoltaic arrangement that meets the needs of the pump controller were determined. The opportunity to decrease the cost of the 𝑚3 of water pumped by the photovoltaic systems was determined, compared to current systems, finding that the Lorentz PS2-1800 C-SJ5-12 pump is the best option for the 40 m high system and the Lorentz PS2-1800 C-SJ8-7 pump has the best performance in systems with current pumping characteristics. Monthly savings ranged from $ 98.115,05 to $6.388.441,91, depending on the baseline energy supply for pumping presented by each user. | Modalidad Presencial

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Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - Colombia