AGRIS - 

2023

Targosh, P.G. | Glazko, V.I.

The management of domestication processes may be improved with the identification of gene networks involved in the manifestation of various behavioral characteristics. In 5 different species: humans (Homo sapiens), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), cattle (Bos tausus), zebrafish (Danio Rerio), mice (Mus musculus), the genes associated with the development of agonistic reactions were studied. The analysis of genes, their temporal architectonics, and role in metabolic pathways was carried out using open genomic databases and bioinformatic methods. The STRING software (ver. 11.5) was also used to study network interactions between genes and the stages of their manifestation in different ontogenetic periods. As a result of the research, 23 genes linked to the expression of aggressive behavior in all 5 species were selected. 17 genes (sox2, creb1, meis1, bdnf, disc1, mapk1, egr1, npas4, kras, ncnd, jak2, lrrtm4, gabrg2, slc17a7, cacna1b, htr2c, drd2) being essential for the formation of the neural crest at the initial stages of embryo development are identified. Further there were noted the genes (disc1, grik3, gria2, drd2) implicated in the glutamate conduction pathways. These pathways affect how quickly nerve impulses are transmitted, which plays a role in how aggressive behavior is demonstrated. The data obtained are crucial for understanding the underlying causes of the behavioral indicators of sociality or asociality, helping to identify key target genes and defining the genetic hierarchy of these genes based on their involvement in different stages f organism development. | Выявление генных сетей, вовлекаемых в проявление различных поведенческих характеристик, может позволить разработать механизмы управления процессами доместикации. Изучены гены, ассоциированные с проявлением агонистических реакций, у 5 видов: человек (Homo sapiens), cобака (Canis lupus familiaris), крупный рогатый скот (Bos tausus), рыбки Данио (Danio Rerio), домовая мышь (Mus musculus). Анализ генов, их временной архитектоники, вовлеченности в метаболические пути проведен биоинформатическими методами по открытым генетическим базам данных. Изучены этапы их проявления в различные периоды онтогенеза и сетевые взаимодействия между генами с использованием программного обеспечения STRING (ver. 11.5). В результате исследований отобрано 23 гена, связанных с проявлением агрессивного поведения у всех 5 объектов. Выделены 17 генов, играющих критическую роль в формировании эмбриона на начальных этапах развития, в том числе при формировании нервного гребня: sox2, creb1, meis1, bdnf, disc1, mapk1, egr1, npas4, kras, ncnd, jak2, lrrtm4, gabrg2, slc17a7, cacna1b, htr2c, drd2. А также отмечены гены (disc1, grik3, gria2, drd2), вовлеченные в пути проведения глутамата, которые, в свою очередь, участвуют в скорости проведения нервного импульса, способствующего проявлению агрессивного поведения. Полученные данные носят первостепенную значимость для изучения основ появления поведенческих признаков социальности/асоциальности, способствуя выявлению ключевых генов-мишеней и определяя их генетическую иерархию на основании вовлеченности генов в различные этапы развития организма.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Izmajlova, M.A., Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow

There is given a review of historical retrospective and analysis of current state of socially responsible investment proving the consistency of using social investments (impact investments (II)) as a toll for achieving a double result – commercial and social. A comparative analysis as undertaken shows a sustainable growth of number, attention and readiness of investors (IN) to financial support of projects capable to implement positive transformations in the society with a measurable result and to bring a financial return for IN. Besides individual IN, commercial, non-profit and charity funds invest in social business. Their share in the total market of II is 50, 13 and 13%, respectively. The main forms of II are private loan, direct investments, and material assets, acquiring public bonds of obligation, participation in stock capital, subordinated credit and financial contributions. Their share in the total II in 2018 was 21.23; 13.5; 4.36; 4.12; 2.76; 4.47 and 0.86%, respectively. There are observed tendencies of further growth and development of the II market with involvement into it of new institutional participants. The average annual return on direct investments by II expecting market return in developed and developing countries is 13.4 and 16.5%, and IN who are ready to get lower incomes for motives of social mission – 4.9 and 14.4%, respectively. A review of the world II market has shown that the RF takes a modest place in it. In the country only first attempts to institutionize the process of socially responsible investment are made as an effective method of harmonizing entrepreneurial. Activity and solution of socially and environmentally oriented problems. It has been concluded that II become the most important element of economics in future, whose imperative harmonization of business profitability must become and creation of its intangible superstructure – social, human and ecological capital. | Представлен обзор исторической ретроспективы и анализ современного состояния социально-ответственного инвестирования, доказывающего состоятельность использования социальных инвестиций (импакт-инвестиций (ИИ)) в качестве инструмента достижения двойного результата – коммерческого и социального. Проведенный сравнительный анализ показывает устойчивый рост числа, внимания и готовности инвесторов (ИН) к финансовой поддержке проектов, способных осуществить позитивные трансформации в обществе с измеримым результатом и принести финансовую отдачу для ИН. Помимо индивидуальных ИН, в социальный бизнес вкладывают средства коммерческие, некоммерческие и благотворительные фонды. Их доля в общем объеме рынка ИИ составляет 50, 13 и 13% соответственно. Основными формами ИИ являются частный заем, прямые инвестиции, материальные активы, приобретение публичных долговых обязательств, участие в акционерном капитале, субординированный кредит и денежные взносы. Их доля в общем объеме ИИ в 2018 г. составляла 21,23; 13,5; 4,36; 4,12; 2,76; 4,47 и 0,86% соответственно. Отмечаются тенденции дальнейшего роста и развития рынка ИИ с выходом на него новых институциональных участников. Среднегодовая доходность от прямых инвестиций, осуществляемых ИН, рассчитывающими на рыночную доходность, в развитых и развивающихся странах составляет 13,4 и 16,5%, а ИН, готовых получать более низкие доходы ради социальной миссии – 4,9 и 14,4% соответственно. Обзор мирового рынка ИИ показал, что РФ занимает на нем скромное место. В стране делаются лишь первые попытки институционализировать процесс социально-ответственного инвестирования как эффективного способа гармонизации предпринимательской деятельности и решения задач социального, экологического направления. Сделан вывод, что ИИ становятся важнейшим элементом экономики в будущем, императивом которой должна стать гармонизация прибыльности бизнеса и создание его нематериальной надстройки – социального, человеческого и экологического капитала.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2012

Golovina, S.G., The T.S. Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, Kurgan Region

Despite the measures taken in the Russian Federation for development of cooperative structures, formation of agrarian cooperatives goes slowly. There was studied the influence of the social and economic environment and informal institutes are presented in article in the village on development modern cooperative practices. As independent factors which can interfere or promote formation of tendency of agrarian producers to cooperation, were chosen: relation to agricultural cooperatives and agrarian cooperation (х1); involvement into cooperative activity (х2); trust to colleagues and partners (х3); relation to participation in democratic management of cooperative (х4). Agricultural producers in the Kurgan region (about 1000 people selected by casual selection) were interviewed. Results of poll are allowed to construct a logit model which shows that all independent variables positively correlate with desire of agricultural producers to participate in cooperative business. In the received model parameter х3 has the greatest impact on a variation of a dependent variable, other variables are placed in order of descending the influence force as follows: х2, х1, х4. The conclusion that because of threat of an agency problem and difficulties with attraction of investments development of cooperatives in domestic agriculture can be blocked be not economic and political factors, but social and psychological factors. | Несмотря на принятые в РФ меры по развитию кооперативных структур, формирование аграрных кооперативов идёт медленно. Исследовано влияние социально-экономической среды и неформальных институтов на селе на развитие современных кооперативных практик. В качестве независимых факторов, которые могут препятствовать или способствовать формированию склонности аграрных производителей к кооперации, были выбраны: отношение к сельскохозяйственным кооперативам и аграрной кооперации (х1); вовлечённость в кооперативную деятельность (х2); доверие к коллегам и партнёрам (х3); отношение к участию в демократическом управлении кооперативом (х4). Был проведён опрос с.-х. товаропроизводителей в Курганской области (около 1000 человек), отобранных путём случайной выборки. Результаты опроса позволили построить логит-модель, которая показывает, что все независимые переменные положительно коррелируют с желанием с.-х. товаропроизводителей участвовать в кооперативном бизнесе. В полученной модели наибольшее влияние на вариацию зависимой переменной оказывает параметр х3, остальные переменные располагаются в порядке уменьшения силы влияния следующим образом: х2, х1, х4. Сделан вывод, что развитие кооперативов в отечественном сельском хозяйстве может блокироваться не экономическими и политическими, а социально-психологическими факторами.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Kartseva, L.V., Kazan State Univ. of Cunture and Arts

Peasants' social thinking and social behaviour as well as their attitude to the Russian liberal reforms, taking place in the late 20th century, are examined. In spite of the importance of farm labour to the national food security, peasantry hasn't occupied the proper position in the Russian community profile so far. Moreover, its status remains very low. On the one hand, the up-to-date peasant looks forward to social and economical shifts. On the other hand, he is afraid of possible negative consequences. Most peasants countervail private land ownership as they remember the times of communal ownership, collective labour and communal farming. Rural residents are inclined to public land ownership and land lease. They don't reject the idea of individual entrepreneurship, but consider it carefully, taking into account lack of government support and impediments, created by local authorities. Secular traditions of communal life have been replaced by new market thinking and behaviour. This phenomenon has negative influence, as it destroys social linkages, needed for effective farm labour. Religion and ecology are important rural values, for they assist peasantry to adapt to the market environment | Анализируетя социальное мышление и социальное поведение крестьян, а также их отношение к социально-экономическим реформам в РФ конца 20 - начала 21-го в. Несмотря на значение крестьянского труда для обеспечения продовольственной безопасности страны крестьянство так и не заняло привилегированного места в социальной структуре российского общества, а его статус является одним из наиболее низких. Современный крестьянин, с одной стороны, желает социально-экономических перемен, а с другой стороны, опасается их возможных отрицательных последствий. Подавляющее большинство крестьян выступает против частной собственности на землю, поскольку над ними довлеет память о совместной собственности, коллективном труде и общинном земледелии. Сельчане в основном склоняются к государственной форме собственности и арендному землепользованию. Они не отрицают идею индивидуального предпринимательства, однако относятся к ней сдержанно, учитывая отсутствие должной поддержки со стороны государства и препятствия, чинимые местными органами власти и управления. Вековые традиции общинной жизни уступили место новому рыночному мышлению и образу действий, что имеет отрицательное значение, поскольку разрушает общинные связи, необходимые для эффективной организации с.-х. труда. Важными ценностными ориентирами на селе являются религия и экология, помогающие крестьянству адаптироваться к условиям рынка.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2008

Volodin , I.A., Lomonosov Moscow State Univ. (Russian Federation) | Volodina, E.V., Moscow Zoo (Russian Federation). Scientific Research Department | Trut, L.N. | Kharlamova, A.V., Russian Academy of Sciences. Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk (Russian Federation). Institute of Cytology and Geneticist

The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and timber wolf (Canis lupus) have a long evolutionary history as independent species, therefore their vocal repertoires could be very distinctive already at the beginning of domestication. By this reason, these two species could not serve a good model for estimation of domestication effects on the vocal behaviour. Ideally, the vocal behaviour of domesticated and nondomesticated animals within species should be compared. Such a good model, used in this study, is coming from silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes), selected for tame or aggressive behaviour towards people, in comparison with the control group of unselected foxes. We recorded сalls from two fox samples of each of the three selection groups, produced towards the same unfamiliar experimenter. Basing on the spectrographic analysis, we subdivided the calls into ten types within two structural classes, tonal and noisy. The Unselected and Aggressive foxes of both samples used the same call type sets, whereas the Tame foxes of both samples used a distinctive call type set. Only three of ten call types occurred in all fox groups. Therefore, the selection for aggressive behaviour did not affect the fox vocal behaviour, whereas the selection for tame behaviour resulted in drastic changing the call set, produced toward people. The surprising similarity of results, received for different fox samples within the selection groups suggests the genetic determination of vocal behaviour in foxes, either selected or unselected for behaviour

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2007

Kienya, E., Belarus State Economic Univ., Minsk

On character of the analysis of all parameters used at monitoring are subdivided on criterial, level, dynamic, structural, differentiations and correlations. Criterial parameters are intended for an estimation of the phenomena and processes of social-labour character. Their values define normative parameters of a condition of social-labour sphere for this or that time period. As a rule, such parameters to contain in the documents carrying directive character: in the Program of Social and Economic Development of the republic for 2006-2010, in the General agreement between the government of Belarus, republican associations of employers and trade unions, branch tariff agreements between associations of branch trade unions, associations of employers and the state controls, in the State Program of Revival and Development of Village for 2005-2010. The monitoring of social-labour sphere in agriculture parameters are listed. It is necessary to note, that realization of the Program of social and economic development of Belarus for 2006-2010 is directed on steady increase in life level and quality of the population due to growth of monetary incomes and development of system of the state social standards of service. The Program should provide the balanced increase in incomes and wages by growth of gross national product, labour productivity and improvement of qualitative parameters of economy. The wages of one worker on the end of 2010 (in a dollar equivalent) should make not less than 500 USD. While the social quality standards and a standard of living on village are far from specifications

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2007

Shuin, N.K.,Belarus State Academy of Agriculture, Gorki

The evolution of the economic notion of capital has been examined. It is suggested to define the social capital together with material, financial, and human capital one of equal in rights forms of economic capital. The notions of social capital and social resource or (social potential) with the aim of efficiency definition of use of the social capital and ways of the most efficient application of the social capital have been determined. It is necessary to define concept (the social capital) as interdisciplinary term which is investigated by different social studies. The analysis of given term has revealed the absence of the uniform developed approach to the given notion therefore in scientific publications various treatments are offered, content and forms, therefore in investigations it is formulated the author understanding of the given term within the frame of economic-institutional approach. In connection with the often appeared in many proceedings approach to the social capital as to any resource received by social interactions, and also mixtures of the given terms, introduction of concept of a social resource and detailed differentiation with notion of the social capital which main characteristic is the increase in the cumulative capital during use is obviously necessary. With the purpose of achievement of optimum used sizes of the social capital in economic system the definition of the maximum possible efficiency of its application for what concept of social potential is necessary is certain. The attitude of really used volume of the social capital to potentially possible volume allows to estimate its efficiency

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

1995

Mikheev, V.N.

A hypothesis that in initial period of forming the individual territory in 0+juvenile Atlantic salmon the easily distinctive elements of the environment structure are of great importance. In the optically heterogeneous habitat, which was created by alteration of light and dark stripes in the bottom of a running-water tank, the distance between individuals increased and was accompanied by raising aggression in them. Over heterogeneous dark or light parts of the bottom fishes kept close to each other, frequency of antagonistic interactions was low enough. In free selection the fishes preferred the nonuniformly coloured part of the tank, even with colour was black. Functionally optic heterogeneity is twofold: provides fish with fixed in the space landmarks and gives it shelters. Shoals are characteristic of fishes under uniform conditions

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

1994

Shapet'ko, E.V. | Kudryashova, I.V. | Gorbunova, G.V.

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

1994

Galanina T.M. | Serbenyuk M.A.

The formation of social interactions between adult males of vole was studied. Observations were carried out in groups of 6 animals (2 females and 4 males) maintained in 36 sq. m. - enclosures throughout 3 weeks. In most cases, the interactions were formed by aggressive contacts. 4 variants of the formation of hierachical structure were described according to the dynamics of the frequency of these contacts. The active avoidance of each other was typical for animals in some groups. It can be one of the factors determining the social structure of the populations of bank vole. The duration of the phase of the formation of hierarchical structure varied from 3 to 14 days. The existence of several ways of the formation of social structure in the groups of bank vole can have adaptive significance, because it gives an opportunity to form social systems of different types for animals having different psycho- physiological characteristics.

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Wolters Kluwer - United States of America