AGRIS - 

2012

Skurat, Eh.K. | Degtyarik, S.M. | Grebneva, E.I. | Benetskaya, N.A. | Lemeza, A.L. | Govor, T.A., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center of Animal Breeding

Parasitological researches of the fish, inhabiting in natural water reservoirs of the Republic of Belarus, especially in the lakes of the National Park 'Braslav Lakes', appear necessary measures of stimulation of natural recreation. The article describes the species of fish parasites – water inhabitants of the National Park 'Braslav Lakes', and the data obtained during the complete parasitological analysis. These data characterize the level of invasion of each species of parasites of each species of fish. The structure of dominance of different species of parasites in parasitocenoses in the Braslav lakes is identified. Analysis reveals 27 species of parasites of different systematic groups. The most numerous group, represented with 10 species, appears Trematoda helminthes. The most widespread fish species - bream (Abramis), pike (Esox lucius), and river perch (Perca fluviatilis) – represents the hosts for the variety of helminthes (7-17 species). The results of the research supposes strengthening of the control of parasites and preventing of parasitoses of valuable fish species.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Tsytron, G.S. | Matychenkova, O.V., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming (Belarus). Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry

In course of the research there was reviewed the component structure of the soil cover of protected areas of Belarus. As a result of realized research its small representative was noted and necessity of creation of the Red Book of Belarus soils for the purpose of preservation of the reference variants of natural soils was substantiated. It was revealed that the network of reserves and national parks not completely reflected a variety of componental structure of soil cover of Belarus, and consequently, and the biological variety connected with a cover, as soil - the basic ecological niche for existence of overwhelming majority of plants and land animals. The list of the basic soils meeting in reserves and national parks of Belarus, approximately on 56% represented all variety of componental structure of soil cover. Creation of the Red book of Belarus soils and cadastre of reference, rare and disappearing soils would be the first step to preservation of their geographical and genetic variety in territory of the Republic of Belarus.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Il'in, D.Yu. | Ivanov, A.I. | Morozova, M.I. | Il'ina, G.V., Penza State Agriculrural Academy

The biology and ecology of 4 species of wood-destroying fungi listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and the Red Book of Penza Region (2002) are studied. They are: Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis)P. Karst., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr., Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. The studies were conducted more than 30 years and included 2 stages of studying these species: in situ - in natural conditions and ex situ - in pure culture. The necessity of specification and substantiation of changing status of some species is determined. The state of natural populations of the rare species on the territory of Penza Region is studied. The tendencies are found out toward reduction of the areas occupied by old oak forests and their replacement by secondary forests. At this populations of the rare species of fungi associated with these habitats, are under threat. To conserve the gene pool of the species is possible in pure cultures. The culture-morphological parameters, and also growth and productive characteristics of several strains of rare species are studied. The competitive ability of the fungi rare species mycelium is studied. Their resistance to the contaminants differs on various stages of the mycelium development. A quality evaluation of fermentative activity of the mycelium is made: general phenoloxidase, tyrozinase and peroxidase activity of a number of the strains has been determined. It is reasonable to introduce selenium compounds into culture media in order to conserve physiological parameters of the collection mycelia cultures during long period of storage. Stabilization of the exchange processes in mycelium under storage is found out, at the background of which slowing of metabolic reactions determines braking of free radical processes. Therefore a priority trand of conservation of the examined species is a search of new natural populations and supplying of the lifesaving conditions directly in forest ecosystems. | Изучены биология и экология 4 видов дереворазрушающих грибов, занесенных в Красную книгу Российской Федерации (2008) и Красную книгу Пензенской области (2002): Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr., Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. Исследования проводились более 30 лет и включали 2 этапа изучения указанных видов: in situ – в природных условиях и ex situ –в чистой культуре. Выявлена необходимость уточнения и обоснования изменения статусов отдельных видов. Изучено состояние природных популяций на территории Пензенской области. Отмечены тенденции к сокращению площадей, занятых старовозрастными дубравами, и замена последних вторичными лесами. При этом под угрозу ставятся и популяции редких видов грибов, ассоциированных с такими местообитаниями. Сохранение генофонда редких видов возможно путем поддержания живых мицелиальных культур. Исследованы культурально-морфологические и физиологические параметров культур названных видов, а также ростовые и продуктивные свойства отдельных штаммов. Изучена конкурентоспособность мицелия редких видов грибов в культуре. Устойчивость культур к контаминантам различается на разных стадиях развития мицелия. Проведена качественная оценка ферментативной активности мицелия: определены общая фенолоксидазная, тирозиназная и пероксидазная активность ряда штаммов. При длительном хранении коллекционных мицелиальных культур для сохранения их физиологических параметров целесообразно включать в состав питательных среды соединения селена. Установлена стабилизация обменных процессов в мицелии при хранении, на фоне которой замедление метаболических реакций определяет торможение свободнорадикальных процессов. Однако приоритетным направлением сохранения изученных видов является поиск новых природных популяций и поддержание необходимых для их существования условий непосредственно в лесных экосистемах.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2012

This edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture highlights the vital role of fisheries and aquaculture in both food and nutrition security as well as economic expansion. The sector remains a major supplier of high-quality animal protein and supports the livelihoods and well-being of more than ten percent of the world's population. International trade in fish has reached new peaks as overall production has continued to rise. Yet, as the document underlines, an array of problems - ranging from the need for more effective governance to that of ensuring environmental sustainability - threatens to undermine the sector's valuable contribution to alleviating hunger and reducing poverty. Using the latest available statistics on fisheries and aquaculture, this edition presents a global analysis of the sector's status and trends.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Italy

2011

Reutskaya, V.V., Russian State Social Univ., Moscow

The system of measures of integration processes' intensification in forest ecosystems and, thus,steady development of forest sector is considered as a component of integrated forest protection. Thus integration of various methods should proceed on the basis of priority use of natural limiting factors. The system of measures and technologies of integration processes' intensification in forest ecosystems is based on genetic-ecological strategy of forest protection against negative effects of internal and external environment. As the result the plantations similar to natural ones are formed. Such plantations by their species composition should correspond to the growing conditions, and have rather high level of biological diversity and mosaic structure. Permanence of selection for biologic resistance is necessary. Formation of the forest environment, adverse for vital activity of pathogenic organisms is based on group placement of the forest forming species and ecological isolation of subpopulations in the plantations. The adaptive strategies of host and parasite are different: the host (ligneous plant) uses the accumulated variability, parasitic organisms constantly introduce new mutants into biocenosis. Revitalization of integration mechanisms in forest ecosystems is based on creation of the forests similar to natural ones. But the measures of approximation of artificial forests to natural ones should not be aimed at restoration of prehistoric or later forests as not adapted to the current environment | Система мер по интенсификации интеграционных процессов в лесных экосистемах, повышению на этой основе устойчивого развития лесного хозяйства рассматривается как составная часть интегрированной защиты леса, при которой интеграция различных методов должна происходить на основе первоочередного использования природных ограничивающих факторов. Система мер и технологий по интенсификации интеграционных процессов в лесных экосистемах основана по существу на генетико-экологической стратегии защиты леса от негативных воздействий внутренней и окружающей среды. В результате формируются насаждения, близкие к естественным. Такие насаждения должны по составу пород соответствовать условиям произрастания, иметь достаточно высокий уровень биологического разнообразия и мозаичную структуру. Необходима перманентность отбора на биорезистентность. Формирование лесной среды, неблагоприятной для жизнедеятельности патогенных организмов основано на групповом размещении лесообразующих пород и экологической изоляции субпопуляций в насаждении. Адаптивные стратегии хозяина и паразита разные: хозяин (древесное растение) использует накопленную изменчивость (преадаптированные генотипы), паразитные организмы постоянно вводят в биоценоз новые мутанты. Реабилитация интеграционных механизмов в лесных экосистемах основана на создании лесов, близких к естественным; но мероприятия по сближению искусственно создаваемых лесов с природой не должны быть нацелены на восстановление доисторических или несколько более поздних, но уже не соответствующих современным условиям лесных формаций

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Gordeeva, G.N. | Likhovid, N.I. | Kravtsova, L.P. | Martynova, M.A., Khakasia Research and Development Inst. of Agrarian Problems, Ust-Abakansky Region

Study of woody (since 1949) and herbaceous (since 1991) plants from native and foreign flora was carried out for development of scientific foundations for conservation and enhancement of biodiversity of plants under extreme conditions of Khakassia arid zone. Environmental groups of studied woody plants can be arrange in the following way according to their number: mesophytes - xerophytes - mesoxerophytes - mesopsychrophytes - psychrophytes - mesohygrophytes - hygrophytes - xerohydrophytes - xeromesophytes. According to the geographical origin the majority of promising species belongs to the Siberia flora. It was followed by the flora of Far East, North America, Europe, East and Central Asia. Wood-shrub species regardless of geographical origin are characterized by rapid passage of the life cycle under condition of arid steppe. Increasingly, this applies to shrubs, which are in generative period at third-fourth year of life. At the generic level all species of Malus, Crataegus, Syringa are the most viable. Representatives of mountain forest are characterized by a high plasticity and adaptability irrespective of their geographical origin. Woody plants of deserts and semideserts, high-mountain psychrophytes and stenotopic species are absolutely nonviable. From a collection of cultivated herbaceous species 91% of medicinal species (out of 96 species), 92% of ornamental ones (out of 105 species), 50% of feed species (out of 91 ones), 46% of rare and declining species (out of 27 ones) are attributed to the promising forms. The row of plasticity of herbaceous alien crops depending on their environment in decreasing order is as follows: mesoxerophytes – mesophytes - xerophytes - xeropetrophytes - hygrophytes - mesohygrophytes - halophytes - mesopetrophytes - mesopsychrophytes – psychrophytes - hygropsychrophytes. Plants belonging to the groups of psammophytes and psychropetrophytes are completely left. As a result of carried studies the expanded assortment of woody plants are recommended for usage in forest plantations for various purpose in south regions of Central Siberia | Изучение древесных (с 1949 г.) и травянистых (с 1991 г.) растений аборигенной и инорайонной флоры проводили с целью разработки научных основ сохранения и расширения биологического разнообразия растений в экстремальных условиях засушливой зоны Хакасии. Экологические группы изученных древесных растений можно расположить в порядке убывания следующим образом: мезофиты - ксерофиты - мезоксерофиты - мезопсихрофиты - психрофиты - мезогигрофиты - гигрофиты - ксерогигрофиты - ксеромезофиты. В зависимости от географического происхождения наибольшее количество перспективных видов удалось отобрать из флоры Сибири. Далее следовали представители растительного мира Дальнего Востока, Северной Америки, Европы, Восточной и Средней Азии. Для древесно-кустарниковых видов, независимо от географического происхождения, в условиях засушливой степи характерно ускоренное прохождение жизненного цикла. В большей мере это относится к кустарникам, которые вступают в генеративный период на 3-4 году жизни. На родовом уровне наиболее жизнеспособны все виды Malus, Crataegus, Syringa. Высокой пластичностью и адаптационной способностью характеризуются представители горных лесов независимо от их географического происхождения. Совершенно нежизнеспособны древесные растения пустынь, полупустынь, высокогорные психрофиты, стенотопные виды. Из культивируемых в коллекции травянистых видов к перспективным относится 91%лекарственных (из 96видов), 92%декоративных (из 105 видов), 50% кормовых (из 91 вида), 46% редких и исчезающих растений (из 27 видов). Ряд пластичности травянистых интродуцентов в зависимости от их экологической приуроченности в порядке убывания выглядит следующим образом: мезоксерофиты - мезофиты - ксерофиты - ксеропетрофиты - гигрофиты - мезогигрофиты - галофиты - мезопетрофиты - мезопсихрофиты - психрофиты - гигропсихрофиты. Полностью выпадают растения, принадлежащие к группам псаммофитов и психропетрофитов. В результате проведенных исследований рекомендован расширенный ассортимент древесных растений для использования в лесонасаждениях различного назначения в южных районах Средней Сибири

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Khokhlov, G.N. | Zharina, N.L. | Vyazemskaya, E.O. | Stepanova, I.V. | Marchenko, E.V., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg

Results of biocoenological investigation of agricultural lands in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant zone during the postemergency period are stated. Agrocenosis succession on this territory passes three stages. The first stage is characterized by unstable condition of agrocenoses with intensive development of segetal vegetation and populations of some species of phytophages. The second stage is characterized by biodiversity increase in plants and insects as a whole and entomophages in particular, which partly constrain intensive reproduction of phytophages. The third stage is characterized by stabilization of species composition and by increase in number of arthropods on fields. Agrocenoses, returned in an agricultural turn have usually passed circular succession from the pre-emergency conditions to the conditions of usual agricultural land under the chronic action of decreasing level of ionizing radiation of soil | Изложены результаты биоценологических исследований сельскохозяйственных угодий в зоне Чернобыльской АЭС в послеаварийный период. В сукцессии агроценозов на этой территории выделено три этапа. Первый - нестабильное состояние агроценозов с интенсивным развитием сегетальной растительности и популяций отдельных видов фитофагов. Второй - увеличение видового разнообразия растений и насекомых в целом и энтомофагов в частности, которые отчасти сдерживают интенсивное размножение фитофагов. Третий этап - стабилизация видового состава агроценозов и увеличения численности членистоногих на полях. Агроценозы на большей части земель, возвращенных в сельскохозяйственный оборот, прошли круговую сукцессию - от агроценозов доаварийного состояния через временный этап развития залежных сообществ к поступательно развивающимся агроценозам в условиях обычного сельскохозяйственного землепользования в условиях хронического действия снижающегося уровня ионизирующего излучения почвы

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Soroka, S.V., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming (Belarus). Institute of Plant Protection | Tsyganov, A.R., National Academy of Sciences, Minsk (Belarus). Presidium | Yakimovich, E.A. | Soroka, L.I. | Korpanov, R.V. | Kabzar, N.V., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming (Belarus). Institute of Plant Protection

Floristic diversity of agricultural weed phytocenosises of winter cereals, structure and character of dominant weeds is analyzed; distribution of weeds on different territories depending on soil-and-climate conditions is evaluated; the most general tendencies of formation of the weed plants over the territory of the Republic of Belarus are outlined in the research. Experiments have been carried out before herbicides' application and before harvesting. Comparison of the many-years data is made. Main tendencies of variations of species composition of weed plants in winter rye seeding are analyzed. Different species of weeds changing during 70 years (1939-2009) are researched. The level of impurity of winter cereals depending on predecessor cultures is analyzed. Changes of assortment of herbicides and terms of herbicides' application under winter crops are evaluated. The following conclusions are made: the dynamics of weed species vary greatly per 70 years; at present in Belarus with rather ac¬tive economic activity directed to weed infestation decrease in a group of dominant species in winter cereals remained the ones resistant to 2,4-D and 2M-4X weed plant species – Elytrigia repens, Tripleurospermum inodora, Poligonum spp., Galeopsis spp., Viola spp., Sonchus arvensis, Cirsium arvensis, Artemisia spp., Taraxacum spp., Melandrium album, Poligonum spp., Stellaria media, Myosotis аrvensis, Spergula sativa, Poa annua, Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Artemisia vulgare etc., for the perspective coming the increase of windfallen rape, Avena fatua, Papaver rhoeas, Echinochloa crusgalli infestation is forecasted.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2011

Bulyko, S.E., National Academy of Sciences, Minsk (Belarus). Central Botanical Garden

Lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) is the one of the essential ornamental tree. Sowing qualities of the lilac seeds of different species in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus are evaluated. Selection species of series Villosae in the conditions of Belarus from high-quality seeds (germination capacity up to 96%) are analyzed. They have a short or no period of organic dormancy, however storing seeds for 1.5 years only increases germination capacity. Representatives of the subgenus Ligustrina in conditions of Belarus from quality seeds (germination capacity up to 92%) are evaluated also. Seeds of Syringa pekinensis germinate faster and more vigorously in comparison with Syringa amurensis. Its germination period reaches up to 60 days. Therefore a way of thermal stratification at 18-20 C within one month has been suggested. There has been noticed individual changeability in vigor and speed of germination of seeds of various populations.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2010

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Italy