AGRIS - 

2014

mateete a. bekunda | joshua j. ramisch | j agunda | e. barrios | j. mowo | m.t. trejo tercero | robert j. delve | richard j. thomas

E. Barrios et al., 'Indicators of soil quality: a South-South development of a methdological guide for linking local and technical knowledge', Geoderma, 2014 | The increasing attention paid to local soil knowledge results from a greater recognition that farmer knowledge can offer many insights into the sustainable management of tropical soils and that the integration of local and technical knowledge systems helps extension workers and scientists work more closely with farmers. A participatory approach and a methodological guide were developed to identify and classify local indicators of soil quality and relate them to technical soil parameters, and thus develop a common language between farmers, extension workers and scientists. This methodological guide was initially developed and used in Latin America and the Caribbean-LAC (Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Dominican Republic), and was later improved during adaptation and use in eastern African (Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia) through a South??South exchange of expertise and experiences. The aim of the methodological guide is to constitute an initial step in the empowerment of local communities to develop a local soil quality monitoring and decision-making system for better management of soil resources. This approach uses consensus building to develop practical solutions to soil management constraints identified, as well as to monitor the impact of management strategies implemented to address these constraints. The particular focus on local and technical indicators of agroecosystem change is useful for providing farmers with early warnings about unobservable changes in soil properties before they lead to more serious and visible forms of soil degradation. The methodological approach presented here constitutes one tool to incorporate local demands and perceptions of soil management constraints as an essential input to relevant research for development activities. The participatory process followed was effective in facilitating farmer consensus; for example, about which soil related constraints were most important and what potential soil management options could be used. Development of local capacities for consensus building constitute a critical step prior to collective action by farming communities resulting in the adoption of integrated soil fertility management strategies at the farm and landscape scale

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GARDIAN - United States of America

2014

Qin Junmei, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu(China),College of Resource and Environment | Liu Fenwu, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu(China),College of Resource and Environment | Zhou Jun, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu(China),College of Resource and Environment

寻求高效廉价重金属吸附材料在污水重金属去除领域具有重要意义。本研究采用摇瓶试验,研究了山西省石灰性黏壤土、石灰性砂壤土及碱性膨润土对Cu、Zn和Pb的等温吸附效果,并利用土柱吸附试验进一步研究了3类吸附材料对污水处理厂入厂污水中重金属的实际吸附去除能力。研究结果表明,石灰性黏壤土、石灰性砂壤土及碱性膨润土对污水中Cu、Zn和Pb的等温吸附行为均可用Freundlich吸附等温线显著拟合。吸附材料对Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附作用力与吸附容量呈现石灰性黏壤土〉碱性膨润土〉石灰性砂壤土的变化趋势。石灰性黏壤土、石灰性砂壤土及碱性膨润土对3类重金属的吸附作用力表现为Zn〉Cu〉Pb、Cu〉Zn〉Pb与Cu〉Zn〉Pb,而吸附容量顺序却为Cu〉Zn〉Pb、Pb〉 Cu 〉Zn及Cu〉Pb〉Zn。石灰性黏壤土对污水处理厂接纳污水中Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附去除率为79.9%、97.7%和73.4%,碱性膨润土对相应污水重金属指标的去除率也高达70.3%、90.6%和90.6%。该研究结果可为湿地污水处理土壤的选择以及污水重金属吸附材料的选择提供一定的理论依据。 | It was significant to find cheap and efficient adsorption materials to remove heavy metals from wastewater.In this study,the isothermal adsorption efficiencies of Cu,Zn,and Pb by calcareous clay soil,calcareous sandy soil,and alkaline bentonite were investigated through shake flask experiments.In addition,the removal efficiencies of Cu,Zn,and Pb from sewage treatment plant wastewater were studied by the above three adsorption material in the subsequent fixed bed adsorption process.Results showed that the isothermal adsorption characteristics of Cu,Zn,and Pb by calcareous clay soil,calcareous sandy soil,and alkaline bentonite was obviously correlated with Freundlich equation.The heavy metals adsorption forces of the calcareous clay soil,calcareous sandy soil,and alkaline bentonite were Zn〉Cu〉Pb,Cu〉Zn〉Pb,and Cu〉Zn〉Pb,respectively,while the heavy metals adsorption capacity of the calcareous clay soil,calcareous sandy soil,and alkaline bentonite were Cu〉Zn〉Pb,Pb〉Cu〉Zn,and Cu〉Pb〉Zn.Meanwhile,further fixed bed adsorption experiments revealed that the removal efficiency of Cu,Zn,and Pb from wastewater by calcareous clay soil adsorption were 79.9%,97.7%,and 73.4%,and the removal efficiency of Cu,Zn,and Pb by the alkaline bentonite adsorption were also reached to 70.3%,90.6%,and 90.6%,respectively.The results obtained from this study were helpful in choose of adsorbent to remove the heavy metals from wastewater.

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Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences - China

2014

Eterafو Hossein | Dorriو Mohammad ali | Nikkami, Davood

Soil erosion is one of the most obvious factors of soil degradation. Vegetation can affect on maintaining soil fertility and the amount of soil loss by reducing runoff and sediment. This study was conducted in Maraveh-Tapeh in the north-eastern part of Kalaleh watershed, located in 55◦ 56' 35" and 37◦ 49' 01" to investigate the role of plant species on soil stability withina randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications. Crop and pasture plants as herbal treatments were included Medicago sativa, Agropyronelongatum, Cyminumcuminum, Hordeumvulgare and a mixture of alfalfa and Agropyron. Plots were considered to have a 22 m long on slope direction (10%) by a wide of 5 meters. Runoff and sediment collecting tanks were installed at the bottom end of each plot to measure runoff and sediment. In this study the effect of cultivated plant species on the amount of soil erosion and fertility was investigated. The average volume of runoff during four years of executing the project was 6.93 and 22.9 m³ha-1in treatments of Hordeumvulgare and Cuminumcyminum, respectively. The average amount of sediment yield was 48.42 and 124.72 kgha-1 in treatments of mixed Medicago sativa and Agropyronelongatum and Cyminumcuminum, respectively. Results also demonstrated that Cyminumcuminum is not an appropriate species for cultivation on steep terrains with the aim of soil conservation due to its reverse effects on increasing runoff and reducing soil fertility in Maraveh-Tapeh.

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Agricultural Research and Education Organization - Iran

2014

Bonyanpour, Alireza | Moafpourian, Gholamreza

Olive cultivation in the Fars province has highly developed in recent years. So, the survey the growth's characteristics of this plant are necessary. In the present study the Roghany and the Dezfoul cultivars which have good adaptation with Fars climatic condition were selected. In this research, effects of iron, zinc and manganese which are important elements in the physiological cycle of plants growth and fruit characteristics and their deficiencies in soils of the south of Iran are common investigated. The study had complete randomized blocks design with three replications and fifteen fertilizers consumption treatments including iron sulfate, zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate alone and together in two methods i.e. soil consumption and foliar application evaluated. Results showed that using of these fertilizers had no significant effects on increasing dezfoul cultivar's yield as well as oil percentage and other characteristics. However, application of these fertilizers had no effects on alternate bearing of fruits of both cultivars. Similarly application of iron sulfate, zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate on growth and fruit characteristics of Rooghani cultivar was not significant. Foliar application to compare with soil consumption of micro nutrients gave the higher content of related nutrients in the plants. Keywords:

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Agricultural Research and Education Organization - Iran

2014

Dedov, А.V. | Nesmeyanova, М.А. | Kuznetsova, Т.А., Voronezh State Agrarian Univ.

Изучали влияние комплекса приёмов биологизации (солома, сидерация, донник желтый или люцерна синяя в бинарных посевах с подсолнечником и озимой пшеницей) и основной обработки почвы на показатели плодородия чернозёма типичного и урожайность культур (озимая пшеница, ячмень, подсолнечник) в разных вариантах звена севооборота. Исследования проводили в Воронежской обл. в 2011-2013 гг. Анализы и наблюдения проводились по общепринятым методикам. Структурно-агрегатный состав почвы и её водопрочность определялись методом Саввинова Н.И. (сухое и мокрое просеивание). Запасы доступной влаги в почве были определены весовым методом, содержание детрита – по методике Ганджары Н.Ф., содержание в почве подвижного фосфора и обменного калия – по Чирикову, нитратного азота – колориметрическим методом, аммиачного азота – колориметрическим методом с применением реактива Неслера. Изучаемый комплекс приёмов биологизации в звене севооборота с включением люцерны синей позволил обеспечить более рациональный расход доступной влаги и основных элементов питания, увеличение коэффициента структурности (на 7%) и водопрочности почвы (на 9,2%), увеличение содержания в почве детрита (на 70%), существенный прирост урожайности подсолнечника (на 3,9-7,2%) и ячменя (на 3%). Максимальная урожайность ячменя 41,2 ц/га была получена при размещении посева по бинарному посеву озимой пшеницы с люцерной синей. Сделаны выводы о благоприятном влиянии изучаемого комплекса приёмов биологизации и бинарных посевов культур на основные показатели плодородия чернозёма типичного и урожайность с.-х. культур. | The purpose of the research was to study the influence of the complex technologies of biologisation (straw, sideration, yellow melilot or blue alfalfa as binary crops with sunflower and winter wheat) and primary processing of soil fertility parameters to typical black soils, crop yield (winter wheat, barley, sunflower) in different options of crop rotation. The research was conducted in the Voronezh region in 2011-2013. Analyses and observations were carried out according to the standard technologies. Structural-aggregate composition of the soil and its water-resistance were determined by the method of dry and wet sieving (N.I. Savvinov's method). The available moisture content in the soil was determined by the gravimetric method, the content of detritus was determined by the method of N.F. Gandjara, the soil content of mobile phosphorus and potassium exchange was determined by Chirikov's method, the content of nitrate nitrogen was determined by colorimetric method. The content of ammonium nitrogen was determined by colorimetric method with the use of Nesler reagent. The set of techniques of biologization at the level of crop rotation including blue alfalfa allowed to ensure a more rational consumption of available moisture and fundamental nutrients, to increase the rate structure (7%), water strength of soil (9.2%), soil detritus (70%), to obtain a significantly higher yield of sunflower (3.9-7.2%) and barley (3%). The maximum barley crop yield of 41.2 c/hectare was acquired by placing crops on binary ones of winter wheat with blue alfalfa. It was found, that the complex of biologization techniques and binary sown area has positive effects on the basic indicators of typical black soils fertility and crop yields.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Azarov, K.A. | Gubarev, D.I. | Medvedev, I.F., Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture of the South-East, Saratov

На примере конкретного поля (расположенного в Пугачевском р-не Саратовской обл.) с учетом его геоморфологических особенностей проведена качественная оценка пашни. В процессе почвенно-агрохимического тестирования с использованием навигационного оборудования выделено 16 элементарных контуров, 6 контуров по содержанию нитратного азота (нитрификационная способность почв), 15 – по содержанию доступных форм фосфора, 6 – по содержанию обменного калия и 6 – по реакции почвенного раствора (рН). Основной массив пашни (159,2 га, или 92,5% общей площади) представлен контурами с содержанием гумуса 3,5-4,0-4,5%. Контуры с низким содержанием гумуса (3,0–3,5%) занимают 12,9 га, или 7,5%. Они приурочены к нижней части склона, наиболее крутому участку поля (5…7 град.). В результате генерализации качественного состава по баллу бонитета из 4 классов почв сформированы 3 технологических рабочих участка. Расчетный балл бонитета поля без учета дифференцированной контурной гумусовой системы составил 57,1 балла. Дифференцированная качественная оценка рабочих участков проведена с использованием цифровых карт, отображающих пространственную изменчивость распределения гумусных контуров на поле. Выявлено, что только 35,1% от общей площади исследуемого поля соответствует баллу бонитета 57,1, рассчитанному по стандартной методике в целом для всего поля. Уточненный балл бонитета на основе контурной системы составил 61,3. При этом с использованием поправочного коэффициента на рельеф он уменьшился на 6,1 балла и составил 55,2 балла. Обосновано выделение наиболее бедной гумусом (от 2,5 до 3,5%) нижней части склона (около 8% площади поля) с одинаковыми микроклиматическими условиями и баллом бонитета от 28,6 до 42,9 в самостоятельный участок для экстенсивного земледелия, остальной части поля (92%) – для интенсивного земледелия, что в итоге позволит перейти на точное земледелие. | A qualitative assessment of arable land that is based on its geomorphic features is performed in terms of a particular field (situated in Pugachev zone of the Saratov region). During soil-agrochemical testing using navigational equipment there were identified 16 elementary contours, 6 contours – according to the content of nitrate nitrogen (nitrification capacity of the soil), 15 – according to the content of available phosphorus, 6 – according to the content of exchangeable potassium and 6 – according to the reaction of the soil solution (pH). The bulk of arable land (159.2 hectares or 92.5% of the total area) are the contours with humus content of 3.5-4.0-4.5%. Contours with low humus content (3.0-3.5%) occupy 12.9 hectares, or 7.5%. They are on the bottom of the slope, the steepest part of the field (5...7 deg.). 3 technical working blocks were formed out of 4 soil classes after generalization of the qualitative composition according to the quality score attributed to land. Calculated quality score attributed to land without including differentiated contour humus system was 57.1 points. Differentiated quality control of working blocks was carried out using digital maps displaying spatial variability of humus contours distribution in the field. It was found out that only 35.1% of the total area of the test field corresponds to 57.1 soil bonitet score calculated by the standard method as a whole for the entire field. Improved bonitet score based on contour system was 61.3. Using a correction factor to the relief it decreased by 6.1 points and reached 55.2 points. Allocation of the lower part of the slope (about 8% of the field) poor in humus (from 2.5 to 3.5%) with the same microclimatic conditions and site quality score of 28.6 to 42.9 to a separate land for extensive agriculture, the rest of the field (92%) - to intensive agriculture, was justified, which would enable to move to precision agriculture.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Ivanov, V.M. | Ustimenko, A.N., Volgograd State Agricultural Univ.

The researches were carried out in the Volgograd region in 2000-2003 in the stationary field experiments. The fields were placed in the contour and reclamation agriculture system on the heavy-light-brown, solonetz-like, moderately eroded soil aslope to 2 degrees. Factors were relief elements, tillage methods and formulation of 3-component legume-grass mixtures of meadow formation grasses. It has been established that for increasing the fertility of sloping light-brown soils, to produce a stable yield herbage mixtures with higher efficiency and low specific energy consumption it is best to reseed soil at the bottom and middle part of the slope by the mixture alfalfa + melilot + wheat grass both for deep autumn mouldboard plowing (0.25-0.27 m), and in the surface spring tillage by heavy disc harrow at 0.08-0.10 m. The best herbage mixture on the interfluve area is melilot + rump + wheatgrass for processing and disk tillage is alfalfa + melilot + wheatgrass. | Исследования проводились в Волгоградской обл. в 2000-2003 гг. в стационарных полевых опытах. Поля размещали в системе контурно-мелиоративного земледелия на светло-каштановой тяжелосуглинистой солонцеватой среднеэродированной почве, на склоне крутизной до 2 градусов. Факторами служили элементы рельефа, способы основной обработки почвы и состав 3-компонентных бобово-злаковых смесей залужающих трав. Установлено, что для повышения плодородия склоновых светло-каштановых почв, получения стабильной урожайности травосмесей с более высокими показателями экономической эффективности и низкими удельными затратами энергии лучше всего перезалужать почву в основании и средней части склона травосмесью люцерна+донник+житняк как по глубокой осенней отвальной вспашке (0,25-0,27 м), так и по мелкой весенней обработке тяжелой дисковой бороной на 0,08-0,10 м. На водоразделе более эффективна смесь донник+кострец+житняк по вспашке, а по дискованию – люцерна+донник+житняк.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Bogatyreva, E.V., Stavropol Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture

Research was carried out in 2011-2013 under unsteady wetting conditions in Stavropol Krai in order to develop the technological methods for usage of new straw decomposing biological preparations that enhance soil fertility, improve the phytosanitary conditions of crops and increase the productivity of winter wheat under conditions of the region. The soil of the experimental plot is typical black soil with humus content in an arable layer of 4.45%, total nitrogen – 0.25%, total phosphorus – 0.12%, рН - 7.3. The scheme of the experiment included the following variants: the control (straw without treatment with biological products); N50 as a background; N50 + sternifag, 80 g/ha; N50 + sternifag, 160 g/ha; N50 + trikhodermin, 40 g/ha; N50 + trikhodermin, 80 g/ha combined with nitrogen fertilizers enabled the increase in accumulation of organic matter in an arable layer of soil by 0.06% and 0.07% respectively in comparison with nitric background. Applying of sternifag in a dose of 80 g/ha enabled increase in amount of mobile phosphates by 6.0 mg/kg of soil, or 23% in comparison with applying only N50. Application of studied biological preparations led to decrease in contagion of root infection on winter wheat: the biological effectiveness against fusarium root rot was 30…60%, against spot blotch it was 45…65%. The better effect of studied preparations was noted under favorable moistening and thermal conditions. At that the application of sternifag in a dose of 80 g/ha for repeated crops of winter wheat allowed getting increase in yield from 0.42 to 0.44 t/ha. Application of trikhodermin in doses of 40 or 80 g/ha made it possible to obtain the productivity increase of crop on average by 0.77 t/ha. | В 2011-2013 гг. в зоне неустойчивого увлажнения Ставропольского края были проведены исследования по разработке технологических приемов применения новых соломоразлагающих биопрепаратов, способствующих повышению плодородия почвы, улучшению фитосанитарного состояния посевов и увеличению продуктивности озимой пшеницы в условиях региона. Почва опытного участка – чернозем обыкновенный с содержанием в пахотном слое 4,45% гумуса, 0,25% общего азота, 0,12% валового фосфора, рН – 7,3. Схема опыта предусматривала следующие варианты: контроль (солома без обработки биопрепаратами); N50 – фон; N50 + стернифаг, 80 г/га; N50 + стернифаг, 160 г/га; N50 + триходермин, 40 г/га; N50 + триходермин, 80 г/га. Совместное применение стернифага в дозе 160 г/га и триходермина – 80 г/га с азотными удобрениями способствовало увеличению накопления органического вещества в пахотном слое почвы по сравнению с азотным фоном на 0,06 и 0,07% соответственно. Внесение стернифага в дозе 80 г/га обеспечивало повышение содержания подвижных фосфатов по сравнению с внесением только N50 на 6,0 мг/кг почвы или 23%. Использование изучаемых биопрепаратов привело к снижению распространения корневой инфекции на озимой пшенице: биологическая эффективность против фузариозной корневой гнили составила в целом по опыту от 30 до 60%, против гельминтоспориозной – от 45 до 65%. Более высокий эффект изучаемых препаратов отмечен в благоприятные по увлажнению и тепловому режиму годы. При этом применение стернифага в дозе 80 г/га под повторный посев озимой пшеницы позволило получить прибавку урожая от 0,42 до 0,44 т/га. Внесение триходермина в дозах 40 или 80 г/га дало возможность дополнительно увеличить продуктивность культуры в среднем на 0,77 т/га.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Musaev, M.R. | Magomedova, D.S. | Musaeva, Z.M., Dagestan State Agrarian Univ., Makhachkala

Исследования проводились в Республике Дагестан в 2008-2011 гг. В качестве фитомелиорантов сильнозасоленных луговых почв испытывали люцерну и пырей удлиненный (ПУ). Изучали вынос токсичных солей люцерной и ПУ при разных вариантах основной обработки почвы. Установлено, что вынос солей с травами из верхнего слоя почвы был значительным и составил у люцерны 0,62 т/га, у ПУ - 0,91 т/га. В нижнем слое (0,25…0,50 м) отмечен незначительный вынос. Люцерна из метрового слоя выносит 0,43 т/га, а ПУ - практически в 3 раза больше. При обычной традиционной отвальной обработке на глубину 0,3 м в среднем за 3 года вынос солей люцерной составил 0,43 т/га, а ПУ - 0,75 т/га. На вариантах с безотвальной обработкой почвы зафиксированы примерно такие же результаты - 0,48-0,88 и 0,46-0,91 т/га соответственно. Наибольший вынос обеспечил вариант с отвальной обработкой почвы на глубину 0,20 м с дополнительным рыхлением на 0,2-0,3 м. ПУ проявил себя как перспективный фитомелиорант. | The study was conducted in the Republic of Dagestan in 2008-2011. As phytoameliorants of strongly salted meadow soils alfalfa and wheat grass (WG) were tested. Studied was the removal of toxic salts by alfalfa and WG, with various variants of the soil tillage. It is found that the removal of the salts by herbs from the upper layer was significant and was 0.62 t / ha for alfalfa, and 0.91 t / ha for WG. In the lower layer (0.25 - 0.50 m) a light removal was marked. Alfalfa removes 0.43 t / ha from a meter layer, whereas WG 3 times more. With the normal conventional moldboard tillage to a depth of 0.3 m on average over 3 years, removal of salts by alfalfa was 0.43 t / ha, WG- 0.75 t / ha. By the boardless tillage approximately the same results was recorded, 0.48-0.88 0.46-0.91 t / ha, respectively. The biggest removal was provided by the moldboard tillage to a depth of 0.20 m with an additional loosening of 0.2-0.3 m. WG approved itself as a promising phytoameliorant.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Terpelets, V.I. | Plitin', Yu.S. | Buzoverov, A.V. | Maksimenko, A.P. | Barakina, E.E. | Kashits, V.P., Kuban State Agrarian Univ., Krasnodar

The aim of the research is the monitoring of humus composition and balance in leached сhernozem during the second rotation 11 field crop rotation (2003-2013) in crop cultivation using various technologies to develop proposals for the restoration of its fertility. Studies has been conducted in long-term multi-factor field experiment in a typical lowland agricultural landscape of the southern part of the Azov-Kuban lowland (Krasnodar Krai). Improvement of the qualitative composition of leached сhernozem humus happens when aspectizing and environmentally acceptable technologies of cultivation of field crops using no-till farming system primary tillage. Intensification technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops are not conducive to improving the quality of humus, as it significantly reduced the content of humic acids associated with calcium. In the second rotation of crop rotation is a positive balance of humus in the upper layer of leached chernozem noted under afalfa of three years of vegetation and corn, regardless of the technology of their cultivation. Under winter crops continuous sowing, depending on the precursor, a deficit balance of humus in the soil is observed when using intensive technologies. A negative humus balance in leached chernozem is revealed at the tilled crops cultivation by different technologies. | Цель исследований – мониторинг состава и баланса гумуса чернозема выщелоченного во 2-й ротации 11-польного полевого севооборота (2003-2013 гг.) при возделывании с.-х. культур различными технолoгиями для разработки предложений по воcпроизводству его плодoродия. Исследования проведены в длительном многофакторном полевом опыте в типичном равнинном агроландшафте южной части Азово-Кубанской низменности (Краснодарский край). Улучшение качественного состава гумуса чернозема выщелоченного происходит при применении беспестицидной и экологически допустимой технологий возделывания полевых культур с использованием безотвальной системы основной обработки почвы. Интенсификация технологий возделывания с.-х. культур не способствует улучшению качества гумуса, так как значительно снижается содержание гуминовых кислот, связанных с кальцием. Во 2-й ротации севооборота положительный баланс гумуса в верхнем слое чернозема выщелоченного отмечен под люцерной 3 лет вегетации и кукурузой, независимо от технологии их возделывания. Под озимыми культурами сплошного сева, в зависимости от предшественника, бездефицитный баланс гумуса в исследуемой почве наблюдается при использовании интенсивных технологий. Отрицательный баланс гумуса в черноземе выщелоченном установлен при возделывании разными технологиями пропашных технических культур.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation