الكلمات المفتاحية الخاصة بالمكنز الزراعي (أجروفوك)

2010

Trukhachev, V.I., | Kurennaya, V.V. | Rybasova, Yu.V

The evaluation models for agribusiness are examined. Based on the project approach, the risk levels and effectiveness of oil crop cultivation (sunflower, soya, rape, flax) for different zones of the Stavropol region, Russia, have been evaluated. The role of information system in risk management is studied and the guidelines of risk reduction have been offered. The author focuses on the probit models and Monte-Carlo method. Based on the harvest data, prices and marketing channels, production, price and commercial risks under different weather scenarios (moderate winter, snowy winter etc.) as well as profitability of the above crops have been measured. Flax appeared to be the most profitable (74.4%), efficient and the least risky crop. The least risks feature Petrovsky and Mineralovoschesky areas. The proper and true information from the budgeting system of an agricultural organization is of great importance for risk management. It's suggested to improve the crop insurance system through differentiation of tariff rates by zones and crops, taking the risk of insurance event into account

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Romantseva, Yu.N.

The farming allocation evaluation system includes 3 groups of indicators: scale and level of agricultural production; the regional agriculture development level, production potential and its utilization. Also, the indicators of economic, social and ecological effectiveness should be used. Food security has been chosen as the main criteria of effectiveness. Based on the above system, structural changes are analysed by farm categories (agricultural organizations, individual subsidiary farms, peasantry/family farms) and by federal districts, based on the 1990-2007 data. The advantages of large farms due to the higher technical level, specialization and concentration of production have been proved. Regarding market relations in agribusiness, the 3 types of regions are identified: consumption, mixed and commercial ones. A multinominal regression model of farm output and their production performance has been worked out. Agricultural organizations are concluded to increase their share to farm output as population incomes increase

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Rakovetskaya, L.I., Lomonosov Moscow State Univ.

The problem of ecological balance maintaining is factor complicating agriculture management under present-day conditions. New economic mechanism of nature management should be created for solving this problem. The classification of agricultural anthropogenic load (AAL) is developed thereupon. Six kinds of AAL are identified. There are economical, agrochemical, amelioration, mechanical, livestock AAL and index of agricultural industry intensity. The maximal AAL level is typical for steppe and forest-steppe regions, for suburbs of Moscow and St. Petersburg and for certain areas of Karelia and Murmansk region. It is proved that agrochemical AAL is cause of most critical ecological problems. Maximal application rates of mineral fertilizers are employed in crop farming of high intensity in Moscow and Leningrad regions. Pesticides on a large scale are used in Northern Caucasus and in Lipetsk, Kursk and Belgorod regions. All regions of Russia were divided into 5 groups on the base of complex AAL estimation. The high levels of all AAL indices are characteristic for 1st group. The relatively high levels of mechanical and agrochemical AAL is typical for 2nd group. In subsequent groups levels of AAL and agricultural farming intensity gradually decrease. Conclusion is that level of AAL can be used as the base of choose of optimal nature management trend and for prognosis of agricultural industry intensification possibility because index ALL helps take into consideration actual negative situation in agriculture.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Pavlenko, N.E.

An economic mechanism incorporates elements such as fixed assets, stock, labour, land, and natural resources as well as results such as gross domestic product, gross regional product, and gross value-added at microlevel. A ratio of resulting values to the total costs could be utilized for the economic mechanism effectiveness evaluation. The domestic and foreign experience of agriculture development shows that farm sector needs government support badly. This support effectiveness depends on pricing, land relations, farm wages and taxation. It is suggested to set farm prices, taking into account production costs and profitability, whose maximum level should be confined legally. This approach would allow to expand farm production. A surplus value could be utilized to estimate farmland. An algorithm for wage calculation has been represented. The wage should be calculated, based on the quantity and quality of labour and indicators like wage rates, surplus increment etc. In the final section, a new framework for farm taxation has been proposed. It implies a rejection of work results taxation and a transfer to production resources taxation | Раскрывается содержание экономического механизма хозяйствования, структурно состоящего из элементов (основные фонды, товарно-материальные ценности и запасы, трудовые, земельные и природные ресурсы) и результатов в виде ВВП, валового регионального продукта и валовой добавленной стоимости на уровне с.-х. предприятия. Для оценки его эффективности целесообразно использовать систему показателей, в основе которой лежит отношение результата к общему объему производственных ресурсов. Обобщение отечественного и зарубежного опыта развития сельского хозяйства свидетельствует о необходимости государственной поддержки аграрного сектора, эффективность которой зависит от совершенства системы ценообразования, земельных отношений, оплаты труда с.-х. работников и налогообложения с.-х. предприятий. В рамках совершенствования существующего экономического механизма развития сельского хозяйства РФ целесообразно изменить схему ценообразования на с.-х. продукцию и определять цену в зависимости от себестоимости и рентабельности, максимально допустимый уровень которой устанавливается законодательно. Такой подход позволит обеспечить возможность расширенного воспроизводства. При оценке стоимости с.-х. земель предлагается использовать показатель прибавочной стоимости. Предложен алгоритм оплаты труда, которая должна зависеть от его количества и качества и определяться исходя из таких переменных, как зарплатоемкость, норматив зарплаты, прирост прибавочной стоимости и др. В заключение изложена новая концепция системы налогообложения, которая заключается в полном отказе от налогообложения результатов труда и переходе к налогообложению производственных ресурсов

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Vinokurov, Yu.I. | Burlakova, L.M. | Kozhevina, O.V. | Krasnoyarova, B.A. | Orlova, I.V. | Reznikov, V.F.

The ideology of regional sustainable development (SD) is outlined and a conceptual model for balanced SD of agriculture, implying its purposes, tools and results, has been represented. Strategic management is considered an algorithm for agriculture SD at the regional level and implies scenario forecasting. A set of social and economic indicators, including region's potential, price disparity, food self-sufficiency etc, has been specified to evaluate SD prospects. SD priorities were revealed for crop production, animal production, processing, mechanization and electrification. The strategic purpose of nature management for the Altai macroregion is high quality of rural life, based on high competitiveness of farm products. Strategic management information contains data on the territory, provided in the nature, ecology and economics blocks of the consistent information supply model. Based on the findings of the natural and agricultural potential evaluation, allocation patterns for different farm activities have been designed, taking into account ecological indicators of farmland, including an ecological stability integrated coefficient | Излагается идеология устойчивого развития (УР) региональных систем, в рамках которой приводится научно-концептуальная модель сбалансированного развития аграрного природопользования (АП), включающая его цели, средства и результаты. Стратегическое управление рассматривается как алгоритм УР АП в регионе и в качестве обязательного элемента включает сценарное планирование, предполагающее составление сценарных прогнозов. Для оценки перспектив УР АП разработана система основных социально-экономических индикаторов (потенциал региона, нарушение паритета цен, обеспеченность населения собственной с.-х. продукцией и др.), каждому из которых соответствует определенный набор показателей. Выделены приоритеты УР АПК в растениеводстве, животноводстве, перерабатывающих отраслях, механизации и электрификации. Стратегической целью АП Алтайского края является высокое качество жизни сельского населения на основе повышения конкурентоспособности сельскохозяйственной. продукции. Для информационного обеспечения стратегического управления УР АП построена модель данных о территории, включающая природный, экологический и социально-экономический блок. На основе анализа природного и аграрно-экономического потенциала выделены районы с разным уровнем аграрно-природного потенциала и определены приоритетные направления развития и размещения отдельных отраслей с.-х. производства на территории края с учетом экологических параметров структуры его земельных угодий, и в частности, интегрального коэффициента экологической стабильности

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Shkarupa, E.A.

Finance support is considered an integral part of the total government support. The reasons like farming seasonality, slow capital turnover, long term of investment projects account for it. In Russia, finance support is provided through privileged loans, subsidization and insurance. Its effectiveness can be improved due to a project-and purpose – oriented approach, utilized for elaborating the Agro-Food Sector Development Federal Programme. The budget of the Federal Programme accounts for 551.3 bln. rubles and is assumed to be co-sponsored by federal and local authorities. Based on the data for the Volgograd region, Russia, the role of budget endowment in the regional agriculture development is described. The endowment increased from 646.8 mln. rubles to 1.9 bln. rubles within 2004-2008. Consequently, short-term loans became more available for farmers and processors. The guidelines of farm credit system development encompass credit broker's offices establishment in rural areas, land mortgage for individual subsidiary farms and credit cooperation development. Leasing could be a finance base of farming modernization, implying an opportunity to pay for leased machinery and equipment in farm products. Farming risk management could be provided through farmers mutual insurance companies and government support for them | Финансовая поддержка сельского хозяйства является неотъемлемой частью государственной поддержки. Ее необходимость обусловлена сезонностью с.-х. производства, сравнительно медленным оборотом капитала, долгосрочной реализацией инвестиционных проектов и др. причинами. В РФ используются такие способы оказания финансовой поддержки, как льготное кредитование, субсидирование и страхование. Повышению ее эффективности способствует применение программно-целевого подхода, примерами которого могут служить национальный проект "Развитие АПК" и Госпрограмма развития сельского хозяйства на 2008-2012 гг. Средства, выделяемые на реализацию Госпрограммы в объеме 551,3 млрд. руб., будут расходоваться на условиях софинансирования с местными бюджетами. На примере Волгоградской обл. показана роль бюджетного финансирования в развитии регионального сельского хозяйства. Объем этого финансирования вырос за 2004-2008 гг. с 646,8 млн. руб. до 1,9 млрд. руб. В результате повысилась доступность краткосрочных кредитов для с.-х. производителей и переработчиков с.-х. сырья. С целью совершенствования системы кредитования предлагается развивать на селе институт кредитных брокеров, использовать залог земельных участков при кредитовании ЛПХ, содействовать развитию кредитной кооперации. Финансовой основой технической модернизации с.-х. производства может стать лизинг с возмещением лизинговых платежей не в денежной форме, а в виде с.-х. продукции. Для снижения рисков с.-х. производства, связанных с недобором урожая, важную роль играет объединение с.-х. производителей в общества взаимного страхования и их государственная поддержка

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Shemetev, A.A.

Risk for a poultry farm is defined and different approaches to the classification of risks for poultry sector are scrutinized. The anti-crisis approach is based on the assumption that there is a crisis in the internal or external environment. It is suggested to apply "A-matrix" for a quantitative risk analysis and assessment. The "A-matrix" allows to measure market competition rigidity and to forecast the regional poultry sector development, minimizing a forecast volatility risk. Based on the A-matrix analysis for the Sverdlov region and the Ural Federal District, an optimized risk management strategy, implying cash flow regulation, has been elaborated. The poultry sector development guidelines for the above region and Russia in total encompass a single quality assurance system, educational programmes, extension services, product purchase etc. The macroanalysis proved that the external environment in Russia was not stable. Therefore, risk in the poultry sector was increasing. On the other hand, the balance of egg and poultry production showed that there were good opportunities for poultry sector development in the Ural region | Конкретизируется понятие риска (РС) применительно к птицефабрике и рассматриваются различные подходы к классификации РС в птицепродуктовом подкомплексе. Раскрываются методические подходы к управлению РС, в т.ч. антикризисный подход, базирующийся на концепции наличия кризиса во внешней или внутренней среде. Для количественного анализа и оценки уровня РС предлагается использовать А-матрицу, при помощи которой можно определить жесткость конкуренции на рынке и спрогнозировать рисковое развитие птицеводства региона в целом, минимизируя РС колебаний прогнозов. На основе А-матричного анализа по Свердловской обл. и УрФО определена оптимальная стратегия управления РС, которая касается, прежде всего, регулирования денежных потоков. Намечены главные направления развития птицеводства региона и РФ в целом, включающие создание единой системы контроля качества продукции, разработку и реализацию госпрограмм в сфере подготовки кадров, консультирования специалистов, закупки продукции и т.д. Проведенный макроэкономический анализ свидетельствует о наличии экономической нестабильности внешней среды в РФ, что ведет к повышению РС в птицеводстве. С другой стороны, баланс производства и потребления яиц и мяса птицы указывает на перспективность наращивания их производства в исследуемом регионе

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Kuznetsov, N.I. | Golubev, A.V. | Glebov, I.P. | Aleksandrova, L.A. | Nezhdanov, V.V. | Monakhov, S.V. | Yakovlev, L.S.

Regional experience in recruiting young specialists for the rural economy has been outlined. The rural demographical situation and rural residents' life values have been analysed. Directions for labour supply management improvement for farming have been identified. The persistent rural depopulation trend has been observed in Russia since 1992, the total population reducing and migrating from the east regions to the west ones. That entails farm labour potential reduction and domestic consumption decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to improve young people recruitment mechanism for the farm sector. The mechanism includes professional education, based on practice, educational clusters creation (e.g. in Tatarstan), financial support for farm workers and specialists as well as for farm producers giving new jobs and investing in agricultural education. The prestige of farming and social support for young rural households are of great importance.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Maslova, V.V., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Agricultural Economics, Moscow

The mechanism of providing agricultural producers with crediting resources (CR) includes an analysis of supply and demand in the CR market and the role of state in this process. Of importance is an analysis of trends of using borrowed funs – for current or investment purposes. In 2009 attracting CR increased by 10% compared to the preceding year and was 412 billion rub, of which 73% fell on short-term credits, 27% - on investment credits. For developing small businesses in 2009 41.8 billion rub were attracted. More than 50% of the total sum of credits fell on agricultural producers, 45% - on processing AIC organizations. The main mechanism of increasing the accessibility of credits is subsidizing a part of the rate of interest. There is a contradiction in the organizational and economical crediting mechanism. On the one hand, increasing the accessibility of long-term borrowed funds can accelerate the process of modernization of agriculture, on the other hand – attracting such a considerable volume of credit resources requires by agricultural producers the removal from business of enormous funds for repaying the interests on credit, and in consequence of the credit itself, actually thereby nullifying a possibility of expanded reproduction for most agricultural organizations. It is concluded that the ratio of credits to subsides being 70:30 is advisable. In this case the volumes of subsidizing the rate of interest on credit should be reduced by 20-25%. These funds can be reoriented for directly subsidizing agriculture

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Sandu, I.S., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Agricultural Economics, Moscow

The model of innovation developing the agrarian economic sector supposes systemic integration of the scientific technical sphere and agriculture. This requires managing the branch, stimulating the scientific technical sphere and providing a sustainable stream of effective innovations in agriculture. The innovation agricultural development has 3 interrelated lines: innovations and human factor, biological innovations, technological innovations. Implementing the innovation model in agriculture requires involving economic, technological, legal and organizational managerial, social-technological factors, that is, suggesting an organizational economic mechanism of mastering scientific achievements in the branch adequate to the existing conditions. The strategic lines of implementing the innovation agriculture development model are: setting up financial institutions providing continuous financing business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle: 2) forming an innovation infrastructure; 3) developing an agricultural consulting system; 4) modernization of AIC based on food and technological innovations. The main problem is assimilating scientific research results. Only 10-15% of agricultural producers use high effective resource-saving technologies. Agricultural science often offers the AIC not an innovation product, but a semi-product. The producers have to take additional risks associated with implementing innovation solutions. It is concluded that setting up a coordination mechanism for the activity of federal organs and subjects of innovation activity is necessary to solve general and related tasks of state importance, to develop federal and branch target programs

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation