AGRIS - 

2016

I. I. Lebedeva | G. S. Bazykina | A. M. Grebennikov | Yu. I. Cheverdin | V. A. Bespalov

The comparative study of impact of long term agricultural use (for 20, 60, and 120 years) on migratory-micellar (typical) chernozems of Stony Steppe (Voronezh oblast, Russia), was conducted. The following properties were investigated: morphology, humus state, structure, water and physical properties, and water and temperature regimes. It is revealed that agro-layers of chernozems are sustainable in time. Their residual specificities are preserved even under long-term (130 years) layland. During the first 10-20 years of agricultural use the decrease of humus content is revealed: the decrease of the humus content including the labile humus matter, and also the decrease of organic carbon content. Hereafter, there occurs the stabilization of their humus state, though on the lower layer, due to relative equilibrium with the processes of organic matter new formation. In the first years of the agricultural use there is observed the insignificant increase of the bulk density, deterioration of the structure and the decrease of the porosity, water capacity and plant available water content. Further the physical state of these layers of chernozems is preserved on the optimal level. The heath provision of the plowland is higher than that under the natural vegetation due to the heating to the higher temperatures which causes the physical desiccation and accumulation of carbonates in the surface layers. The water regime of chernozems as mixed-aged plowlands, and long-termed layland of Stony Steppe may be determined as periodically percolative regime with additional ground moistening. The main reason of that may be the presence of water-accumulating layer (200-300 cm) above the aquiclude, which is composed of clays lying at the depth of 300 cm.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2016

G. V. Ovsyannikova | N. G. Jankowski | E. D. Krivosheeva

The results of research on the influence of predecessors and long-term application of fertilizers on productivity of winter wheat and the balance of humus in field crop rotation are presented in the article. Predecessors of winter wheat were pure and occupied (sainfoin) fallows. Mineral and organic fertilizers were entered on the pure fallow predecessor with plowing. During the growing season nitrogen fertilization was applied. Only nitrogen fertilization was used on sainfoin predecessor. Studies have shown that the application of fertilizers for winter wheat on the pure and sainfoin fallows contributed to the increase in the content of nutrients in the soil throughout the growing season and the formation of additional grain yield. Additions of productivity on the fertilized variants were 0.59-1.08 t/ha on pure fallow and (control - 4.96 t/ha); on sainfoin - 0.56-0.80 t/ha (control - 3.91 t/ha). This allows to use occupied fallow (sainfoin) in the zone of unstable humidification in addition to the pure fallow as well as instead of pure fallow obtaining the grain yield of winter wheat in the range of 3.91-4.71 t/ha. At entering of green manure fallow into the crop rotation without manure application processes of humification in the soil prevail over the processes of mineralization. The flow of organic matter in the form of green manure (sainfoin) can stabilize the humus content in the soil (humification - 8.20, mineralization - of 7.95 t/ha). Application of mineral fertilizers provides an additional flow of organic matter to the soil. On average, the crop rotation has a positive balance of humus - 1.15-1.16 t/ha.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2016

V. M. Izmestev | A. K. Svechnikov | E. A. Sokolova

In the period 2001...2012 in the experimental field of Mari Agricultural Research Institute the productivity of three fodder crop rotations, galega-bromopsis herbage was evaluated and their effect on soil fertility was determined. The main difference between rotations was in a different saturation with perennial legumes and grasses (I rotation -16,6%, II - 33,0, III - 50,0%) at the application of recommended for the central zone of the Republic of Mari El (N6oP6oK60) and increased (N90P90K90) doses of mineral fertilizers. The results showed that the fertilizer application in crop rotation for 12 years contributed to the increase in the percentage of humus content in soil by 0.4-0.6 %. Оп noncrop rotation area it is observed the largest increase in content of humus in soil; this area was constantly cultivated with herbage of galega-bromopsis grass mixture in the background of recommended and high doses of PK fertilizers. The same increase was in rotations I and III on the background of high doses of NPK. The relationship between the saturation of crop rotations with perennial grasses and a mass fraction of humus in soil were not detected. The acidity of the topsoil in two of the rotation fof odder crop rotation tended to increase by 0.1...0.3 units of pH, significant differences between variants were not detected. The content of phosphorus mobile forms in soil increased by 40-170 mg/kg (5.9 20.2 %) in two rotations and sowing of galega with bromopsis over the study years. A slight downward trend is marked in the potassium content in the soil up to 15 mg/kg (8 %). Increasing the proportion of legumes-cereal grasses to monoculture in the structure of the rotation from 16.6 to 50 % of feed units per unit area on average within 12 years increased to 3.6 %. Input of higher doses of mineral fertilizers over the recommended one leads to increase in productivity by 200.445 fodder units per ha (4.7.11.2%); less addition was obtained at existence of two or three fields of perennial grasses in crop rotation. Use of highest doses of PK-fertilizers in perennial sowing of galega-bromopsis grass mixture allowed highest addition of productivity - 613 fodder units per ha (14.1%).

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2016

Lykhman, V.A. | Bezuglova, O.S. | Gorovtsov, A.V. | Polienko, E.A., Don Zonal Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture, Rostov Region

Цель исследований – изучить влияние способов использования гуминовых препаратов на структуру и биологическую активность чернозема обыкновенного карбонатного. Исследования проводили в мелкоделяночном (25 м2) опыте (2009-2012 гг.) и в производственном эксперименте (2013-2015 гг.). Мелкоделяночный опыт был заложен в шестикратной повторности по схеме: контроль; фон (жидкое комплексное удобрение); фон + лигногумат (обработка по листу); фон + лигногумат (внесение в почву). Культуры: озимая пшеница, яровой ячмень. Схема производственного эксперимента на площади 48 га: фон (диаммофоска, подкормка аммиачной селитрой); фон + обработка семян BIO-Доном; фон + предпосевное внесение в почву BIO-Дона; фон + двукратная обработка посевов BIO-Доном (выход в трубку и колошение); фон + предпосевное внесение в почву + двукратная обработка посевов BIO-Доном (фазы те же). Культура – озимая пшеница. Растворы для обработки почвы и растений выравнивали по концентрации гуминовых кислот: 0,01% растворы для обработки почвы, и 0,001% растворы для обработки растений. Контролируемые показатели: содержание гумуса по Тюрину, состояние почвенной структуры по Саввинову и водопрочность почвенных агрегатов по Андрианову. Численность микроорганизмов определяли методом посева на плотные питательные среды. Гуминовые вещества, независимо от способа применения, оказывают благоприятное влияние на структуру почвы; при этом наиболее эффективно непосредственное внесение препаратов. Анализ коэффициентов корреляции показал прямую среднюю связь коэффициента структурности с содержанием гумуса (r = 0,536), активностью каталазы (r = 0,51), численностью бактерий, использующих азот и питающихся почвенной органикой (r = 0,57-0,60) и прямую сильную связь с численностью актиномицетов (r = 0,7), а также сильную прямую связь коэффициента водоустойчивости с активностью инвертазы (r = 0,704). Стимулирующее влияние гуматов на биологическую активность почвы – одна из причин улучшения структурного состояния почвы. | Research purpose was to study humic preparations application methods influence on typical carbonate chernozem's structure and biological activity. Studies were done in small plot (25 m2) experiment (2009-2012) and industrial test (2013-2015). Small plot experiment was done in 6-fold replication according to design: control; background (liquid complex fertilizer); background + lingo-humate (foliar application); background + lingo-humate (soil application). Crops were winter wheat and spring barley. Industrial test on area of 48 hectares design: background (diammophoska, ammonium nitrate additional application); background + seed treatment with BIO-Don; background + preplant soil treatment with BIO-Don; background + 2-fold foliar crops treatment with BIO-Don (at stem elongation and ear formation stages); background + preplant soil treatment with BIO-Don + 2-fold foliar crops treatment with BIO-Don (same phases). Culture was winter wheat. Solutions for soil and plant treatment were aligned according to humic acids concentration: 0.01% solutions for soil treatment, and 0.001% solutions for plant treatment. Monitored indicators were humus content according to Tyurin's method, soil structure state by Savvinov's method and soil aggregates water stability by Andrianov's method. Microorganisms population was determined by plating on solid nutrient medium. Humic substances have positive impact on soil structure regardless of application method; most effective is soil treatment. Correlation coefficient analysis showed direct middle relation between structural coefficient and humus content (r=0.536), catalase activity (r=0.51), bacteria number, using nitrogen and living on soil organic matter (r=0.57-0.60) and direct strong connection with actinomycetes number (r=0.7). Water resistance factor has strong direct relationship with invertase activity (r=0.704). Humates stimulating effect on soil biological activity is one of reasons for improving structural soil state.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Саблина, О.А.

Исследовано гумусное состояние агрогенно трансформированных черноземов южных на территории Зауралья в Оренбургской области. Выявлено, что нарастание признаков дегумификации почв отмечается в ряду сенокос–пастбище–залежь–пашня. Гумусная деградация почв выражается: 1) в сокращении гумусового профиля; 2) в снижении содержания и запасов гумуса; 3) изменении фракционно-группового состава гумуса за счет падения степени гумификации органического вещества и снижения доли фракции гуминовых кислот, связанных с кальцием.

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Marina Sokolova Publishings - Russian Federation

2016

Пуртова, Л.Н.

В статье pассмотрено влияние pазличных фитомелиоpантов (клевеp, костpец, люцеpна) на плодородие агротемногумусовых глеевых почв Примоpья. Установлены pазличия в интенсивности процессов гумификации и содержания гумуса в почве. В повеpхностных горизонтах почв, с посевами фитомелиоpантов, тип гумуса изменяется с гуматно-фульватного на фульватный. Среди гуминовых кислот, преобладали  фракции связанныес Са2 + . Опpеделены наиболее эффективные фитомелиоранты (клевер, люцерна), оказывающие благоприятное влияние на плодородие почв.

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Marina Sokolova Publishings - Russian Federation

2016

Vasilyev, S.M. | Mityaeva, L.A., Russian Research and Development Inst. of Melioration Problems. Novocherkassk, Rostov Region

A research was carried out in 2015-2016 in the Rostov region with the help of "VEGA-Science" satellite. The intensity of irrigated land in one of the farms in the region was estimated. Field experiments were carried out in accordance with the procedures adopted by GOST 17.4.3.01-83, GOST 28168-89, OST 56 81-84. To delineate the boundaries of fields and add them into the database, high-resolution data were used: the scene of 2015-09-28. 14 thematic maps to estimate the degree of degradation (from 0 to 3 points) were made up for the entire study area. Humus decline (from 3.5 to 1.6%) is observed on nearly all fields. Humus stocks decline is accompanied by nearly all soil properties deterioration: structure destruction (water resistance less than 20% on fields № 2–7, 14, 20, 21), compaction (density greater than 1.3 t per cubic meter on fields № 3–10, 11–14, 20, 21), a decrease of available nutrients (mobile phosphorus less than 3.8 mg /100 g soil on fields № 1–7, 11–14, 18 and exchangeable potassium less than 40 mg/100 g soil on fields № 1–5, 8–9, 16–18, 21). The final map with degradation processes intensity assessment of irrigated fields in study area is completed. The highest score (3 points) at high intensity degradation processes was recorded on agrophysical and agrochemical indexes. Changing the basic diagnostic indicators in the area is the result of degradation processes such as compaction and soil destruction, waterlogging, irrigation erosion, depletion and dehumidification nutrients. The measures to restore fields with high intensity of degradation processes should be developed. | Исследование проведено в 2015-2016 гг. в Ростовской области с помощью спутникового сервиса "ВЕГА-Science" Оценивали интенсивность процессов деградации орошаемых земель в одном из хозяйств региона. Полевые эксперименты осуществлялись в соответствии с методиками, принятыми ГОСТ 17.4.3.01-83, ГОСТ 28168-89, ОСТ 56 81-84. Для оконтуривания границ полей и занесения их в базу данных использовались сведения высокого разрешения: сцена за 2015-09-28. Для всего района исследований составлено 14 тематических карт с оценкой степени деградации (от 0 до 3 баллов). Отмечено, что почти на всех полях наблюдается снижение гумуса (от 3,5 до 1,6%). Уменьшение запасов гумуса сопровождается ухудшением практически всех свойств почв: разрушением структуры (водопрочность менее 20% на полях № 2–7, 14, 20, 21), уплотнением (плотность более 1,3 т на 1 кубический метр на полях № 3–10, 11–14, 20, 21), понижением содержания доступных элементов питания (подвижный фосфор – менее 3,8 мг/100 г почвы на полях № 1–7, 11–14, 18 и обменный калий – менее 40 мг/100 г почвы на полях № 1–5, 8, 9, 16–18, 21). Составлена итоговая карта с оценкой интенсивности процессов деградации орошаемых полей в районе исследований. При высокой интенсивности процессов деградации наибольший балл (3 балла) отмечен по агрофизическим и агрохимическим показателям. Изменение основных диагностических показателей в районе исследований является следствием развития таких деградационных процессов, как уплотнение и обесструктуривание, переувлажнение, ирригационная эрозия, дегумификация и обеднение элементами питания. Следует разработать мероприятия по восстановлению полей с высокой интенсивностью деградационных процессов.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Trofimova, T.A. | Korzhov, S.I. | Pichugin, A.P. | Kotov, G.V., Voronezh State Agrarian Univ.

Studied was the influence of different techniques of main tillage and fertilizers application on potential fertility indicators of ordinary and leached chernozem under conditions of the Central Chernozem Region. In the first stationary experiment the studies were performed according to conventional procedures in 1984-1987 in ten-field grain row crops rotation system: green corn – winter wheat – sugar beet – annual grasses – winter wheat – grain corn – pea – winter wheat – sun flower – barley in order to define the influence and efficiency of fertilizers application (variants with and without fertilizers application) on the background of different techniques of main soil treatment (10 variants). In the second stationary experiment the studies were performed in 2008-2015 in 10 variants in order to define optimum combination of different biological and man-made techniques for soil fertility improving and in 2 variants in order to define the influence of basic soil treatment in four-field crop rotation system: fallow (green-manured, sown) – winter wheat – ½ sugar beet – corn for silage – barley. Great bulk of plant residues utilization on the soil surface amid minimum tillage leads to greater mineralization of humus as compared to plant residues incorporation amid moldboard plowing. The content of humus in long-term use of the annual subsurface plowing in the topsoil amounted to 6.37%, on the variant of application of loosening by the plough without earth boards – to 6.43%, on the variant of plowing at a depth of 20-22 cm – to 6.56%, and in the metre deep layer of soil, to 4.88%, 4.84% and 5.04%, respectively (regardless of the level of fertilizer). On the variants of minimum tillage the authors registered significant decrease of humus content in subsurface horizons (20-30 cm and 30-40 cm). There are presented mathematical models for chernozem soil fertility level evaluation on the basis of the correlation between agricultural crop yields and suite of indices of fertility at various methods and systems of basic soil treatment and levels of organic & mineral fertilization, the use of which allows obtaining the qualitative characteristics of arable land. | Изучали влияние различных приемов основной обработки и удобрений на показатели потенциального плодородия чернозема обыкновенного и выщелоченного в условиях ЦЧР. Исследования проводились в стационарном опыте №1 в 10-польном зернопропашном севообороте (кукуруза на зеленый корм – озимая пшеница – сахарная свекла – однолетние травы – озимая пшеница – кукуруза на зерно – горох – озимая пшеница – подсолнечник – ячмень). Изучалась эффективность внесенных удобрений (варианты с удобрениями и без удобрений) на фоне различных обработок почвы (10 вариантов). Исследования проводились в 1984-1987 гг. Схема стационарного опыта №2 включала 10 вариантов по определению оптимального сочетания биологических и техногенных приемов повышения плодородия и 2 варианта по определению влияния основной обработки почвы в 4-польном севообороте: пар (занятый, сидеральный) – озимая пшеница – ½ сахарная свекла + ½ кукуруза на силос – ячмень. Исследования проводились в блоке с сидеральным паром в 2008-2015 гг. Оставление основной массы растительных остатков на поверхности почвы при минимальных обработках почвы приводило к большей минерализации гумуса по сравнению с их заделкой при отвальной обработке. Содержание гумуса в пахотном слое почвы при длительном применении ежегодной плоскорезной обработки составило 6,37%, в варианте с рыхлением плугом без отвалов – 6,43%, в варианте со вспашкой на глубину 20-22 см – 6,56%, в метровом слое почвы– 4,88%, 4,84% и 5,04% соответственно (независимо от фона удобренности). Существенное снижение содержания гумуса по минимальным обработкам отмечено в нижних горизонтах (20-30 см и 30-40 см). Представлены математические модели, позволяющие рассчитать уровень плодородия черноземов на основании зависимости урожайности с.-х. культур от комплекса показателей плодородия при различных приемах и системах основной обработки почвы и уровнях органоминерального питания, применение которых позволяет получить качественные характеристики пашни.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

N. T. Chebotaryov | A. A. Yudin | A. V. Oblizov

Researches on studying of efficiency of organic (40 and 80 t/ha of TNK) and mineral fertilizers (73 NPK, NPK and 1 NPK), and their combining use on a humic state, group and fractional structure, and balance of a humus of the sod-podsolic middle-cultivated sandy loam soil were conducted in field stationary experiment in a fodder crop rotation. As a result of the carried out researches it is established that the greatest positive balance of humus is received at use of organic fertilizers (0.41-1.80 t/ha on average per year), and also their joint use with mineral fertilizers (0.50.0.63; 1.96.2.10 t/ha); the greatest values are received at application of high dose of TNK and NPK (1.96-2.10 t/ha). Studying of group and fractional structure of a humus has shown that organic and mineral fertilizers, especially at their joint use promoted increase of content of the most valuable fraction of humic acids (GK-2) from 2.3 to 5.2% and to decrease in the most aggressive fraction of fulvic acids (FC-1a) from 3.5 to 2.7%. In general, fertilizers, especially in high doses, promoted increase of humus quality (from gumate-fulvatic type it has passed into fulvatic-gumate type). Ratio Cga: Cfa has made 1.30-1.33; in variants with mineral fertilizers and joint input of organic and mineral fertilizers (TNK in dose 40 t/ha + NPK) - 1.22-1.27; in variant without fertilizers - 0.98.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2016

Бойков, В.М. | Старцев, С.В. | Павлов, А.В. | Чурляева, О.Н.

На основе обобщения известных исследований использования незерновой части урожая: соломы, стерни и растительных остатков, влияющих на образование гумуса в почве, разработан технологический процесс, предусматривающий неразрывное выполнение операций уборки урожая с одновременным измельчением и разбрасыванием соломы, внесения азотных удобрений и основную отвальную обработку почвы, позволяющий снизить эксплуатационные затраты и улучшить структуру обрабатываемого слоя почвы.

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Marina Sokolova Publishings - Russian Federation