AGRIS - 

2023

Vasil'eva, N.D. | Sofronova, S.N. | Barinov, V.V. | Tajnik, A.В. | Trushkina, T.V. | Churakova, O.V.

Tree-ring width and stable isotopes (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) in tree-ring cellulose are widely used to reconstruct environmental conditions. The application of models capable to describe a variation of stable isotopes in annual tree rings can be a powerful tool for interpretation of environmental changes at the eco-physiological level. It was modelled carbon (delta 13С), oxygen (delta 18O), and hydrogen (delta 2H) variations at the tree-ring level and compared results with measured data, obtained from the Mackenzie Delta River (68 deg 30 min N, 133 deg 48 min W) for the common period from 1901 to 2009. Using a process-based model (LPX), we were able to simulate carbon isotope values, which significantly (r = 0.29; p = 0.002) correlate with measured carbon isotope values. The model calculations for oxygen and hydrogen require further modifications and improvements, in particular the inclusion of the source of water used by the trees in the permafrost conditions of Canadian subarctic assuming soil freezing/thawing, as well as experimental data concerning contents of delta 18O and delta 2H in the water. | Ширина годичных колец деревьев и изотопный состав стабильных изотопов углерода (дельта 13C), кислорода (дельта 18O) и водорода (дельта 2H) в целлюлозе годичных колец широко используются для реконструкций условий окружающей среды. Применение моделей, способных описать вариацию стабильных изотопов в годичных кольцах деревьев, представляет собой набор инструментов для интерпретации изменений окружающей среды на экофизиологическом уровне. В работе использовали хронологии с погодичным временным разрешением, полученные по стабильным изотопам дельта 13С, дельта 18O и дельта 2H в целлюлозе годичных колец хвойных для региона Дельта реки Маккензи в Канаде (68 градусов 30 минут с.ш., 133 градусов 48 минут з.д.) за период с 1901 по 2009 гг. Они были сопоставлены с модельными расчетами для интерпретации экофизиологического сигнала. При помощи процессной модели (LPX) удалось смоделировать дельта 13С вариацию, значимо коррелирующую с измеренными данными (r = 0.29; p = 0.002) для периода с 1901 по 2009 гг. Модельные расчеты по кислороду и водороду требуют дальнейшего преобразования модельных блоков, в частности, требуют доработки включения источника воды, используемой деревьями, блока оттаивания и промерзания почвы с учетом вечной мерзлоты, а также экспериментальных данных по содержанию дельта 18O и дельта 2H в воде.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Lev A. Oganesyants | Alexander L. Panasyuk | Elena I. Kuzmina | Dmitry A. Sviridov | Mikhail Yu. Ganin | Alexei A. Sсhilkin

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are one of the most popular vegetables in the world. These days, Russian consumers prefer tomatoes labeled as organic. However, the agricultural industry often lacks instrumental methods to confirm the organic status of tomatoes. Isotope mass spectrometry is a promising method that can detect tomatoes that fail to meet organic standards. Isotopic values of total nitrogen and total carbon can be used to identify tomatoes as those grown on the field or as those cultivated in greenhouses enriched with carbon dioxide. The research featured 16 samples of tomatoes, 14 of which were purchased in Russian retail chains. Two samples were grown on the field without chemical fertilizers. The composition of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the samples was determined using an IRMS Delta V Advantage isotope mass spectrometer with additional auxiliary modules. In the greenhouse tomatoes, δ13C values ranged from –44 to –32‰. In the samples obtained from a conventional greenhouse, δ13C values ranged from –30 to –24‰. Six samples proved to have been grown in artificial carbon dioxide atmosphere. Three samples demonstrated borderline values of δ13C and δ15N; they were impossible to identify as organic or conventional, both in terms of artificial carbon dioxide and fertilizers. Isotope mass spectrometry proved to be efficient in detecting falsified organic products. Tomatoes grown with carbon dioxide enrichment had lower isotope values of total carbon than organic tomatoes. The obtained values also made it possible to tell between organic and chemical fertilizers.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Rogov, G.N.

The choice of the most appropriate packaging material is extremely important in rindless cheese production. The main function of the cheese ripening package is to prevent the development of aerobic microflora on the product surface and to ensure the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) formed during ripening. The closing tightness is usually ensured by the correct adjustment of vacuuming equipment and does not depend much on the packaging material. When choosing the permeability of pack for CO2, it is necessary to focus on the microflora composition and the technology of cheese production. For most semi-firm cheeses, medium CO2permeability packages are suitable. If propionic acid bacteria are used, high permeable packages are needed. If there is no gas-forming microflora in the starter culture, packages with high barrier properties with respect to oxygen (O2) are preferred. To determine the required permeability, it is possible to determine in laboratory conditions the amount of CO2 generated as a result of the starter culture activity. The higher the clot rises in the test tube when heated, the higher the film permeability should be. According to the ratio of permeability of CO2 and O2, the best polymer materials are polyvinyl dichloride (PVDC) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH). For high-quality air removal, the package size should be correctly chosen. The required width is 0.55-0.6 of the perimeter of the product measured in the widest part; the required length is half the circumference of the product in the longitudinal direction plus 10 or 15 mm, depending on the type of vacuum machine. It is undesirable to use single-chamber machines. Shrinkage of the package should be carried out at the temperature indicated by the manufacturer (usually from 86 to 95 deg. C). It is important to avoid accumulation of moisture in the folds of the material during shrinkage. Packages before use should be stored in a dry room, at a temperature of 0 to 25 deg. C, exposure to direct sunlight should be avoided. The fulfillment of the recommendations given will provide optimal conditions for cheese ripening by the rindless method. | Правильный выбор упаковочного материала крайне важен при производстве бескоркового сыра. Основная функция пакета для созревания сыра – предотвратить развитие аэробной микрофлоры на поверхности продукта и обеспечить выход образующегося в процессе созревания диоксида углерода (СО2). Герметичность закрытия обычно обеспечивается корректной настройкой вакуумирующего оборудования и мало зависит от упаковочного материала. При выборе проницаемости упаковки для СО2 следует ориентироваться на состав микрофлоры и технологию производства сыра. Для большинства полутвердых сыров подходят пакеты со средней проницаемостью для СО2. Если используются пропионовокислые бактерии, нужны пакеты с высокой проницаемостью. Если газообразующей микрофлоры в составе закваски нет, предпочтительны пакеты с высокими барьерными свойствами в отношении кислорода (О2). Чтобы определить требуемую проницаемость, можно в лабораторных условиях определить количество СО2, образующегося в результате работы закваски. Чем выше поднимается в пробирке сгусток при нагреве, тем выше должна быть проницаемость. По соотношению проницаемости СО2 и О2 лучшими полимерными материалами являются поливинилдендихлорид (PVDC) и этиленвиниловый спирт (EVOH). Для качественного удаления воздуха следует правильно выбирать размер пакета. Требуемая ширина составляет 0,55-0,6 от периметра продукта, измеренного в самой широкой части; требуемая длина – это половина окружности продукта в продольном направлении плюс 10 или15 мм в зависимости от типа вакуумной машины. Нежелательно использовать однокамерные машины. Усадку пакета следует проводить при температуре, указанной производителем (обычно от 86 до 95 град. С). Важно при усадке не допускать скопления влаги в складках материала. Пакты перед использованием необходимо хранить в сухом помещении, при температуре от 0 до 25 град. С, не допускать воздействия прямых солнечных лучей. Выполнение приведенных рекомендаций обеспечит оптимальные условия созревания сыра бескорковым методом.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

I. M. Pochitskaya | Yu. F. Roslyakov | V. G. Lobanov | V. L. Roslik | V. S. Yadevich | И. М. Почицкая | Ю. Ф. Росляков | В. Г. Лобанов | В. Л. Рослик | В. С. Ядевич

The article presents the results of a study of the isotopic composition of 24 samples of sparkling wines from various manufacturers.   The aim of the research was to study the polycomponent isotopic composition of sparkling wines and to establish the relationship between the isotopic composition of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon of individual components isolated from wine and the total parameters of the isotopic composition for possible use as quality criteria. Isotope ratios were measured by isotope mass spectrometry with a ConFlo IV continuous flow system, GasBench II isotopic equilibration method; elemental analyzer with high temperature conversion and oxidation reactor.   Along with the determination of the isotopic composition of individual wine components ((δ13СCO2, δ13Сethanol, δ18Сwater, δ18Сethanol)), the total parameters of the isotopic composition were estimated: δ13Сtotal, δ18Сtotal и δ2Htotal. In the studied samples, good correlations were obtained between the isotopic compositions of individual components. In one sample, a difference was found between the data of δ13СCO2 (-10,04 %о), δ13Сethanol (-25,8 %) и δ13Сtotal (-25,86 %), it is possible that the wine contains carbon dioxide formed from the sugar of C4 type plants. These studies have shown that isotope mass spectrometry is an effective way to control the quality of grape wines. A comprehensive study of the components of sparkling wine makes it possible to identify the relationship between different isotope indicators and apply them to assess the geographical and biological origin of the product. | В статье представлены результаты исследования изотопного состава 24 образцов игристых вин различных производителей.   Целями исследований являлось изучение поликомпонентного изотопного состава игристых вин и установление взаимосвязи между изотопным составом водорода, кислорода и углерода отдельных компонентов, выделенных из вина, и суммарными параметрами изотопного состава для возможного использования в роли критериев качества.   Для измерения изотопных отношений использовался метод изотопной масс-спектрометрии с системой непрерывного потока ConFlo IV, способ изотопного уравновешивания GasBench II; элементного анализатора с высокотемпературной конверсией и окислительным реактором. Наряду с определением изотопного состава отдельных компонентов вина (δ13СCO2, δ13Сэтанол, δ18Свода, δ18Сэтанол) оценивались суммарные параметры изотопного состава: δ13Собщий, δ18Собщий и δ2Hобщий. В исследованных образцах были получены хорошие корреляции между изотопными составами отдельных компонентов. В одном образце установлено различие между данными δ13СCO2 (-10,04 %о), δ13Сэтанол (-25,8 %) и δ13Собщий (-25,86 %), возможно, вино содержит углекислый газ, образованный из сахара растений С4 типа. Данные исследования показали, что изотопная масс-спектрометрия является эффективным способом контроля качества виноградных вина. Комплексное исследование компонентов игристого вина позволяет выявить взаимосвязь разных изотопных показателей и применить их для оценки географического и биологического происхождения продукции.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2023

Nechaev, А.Yu. | Soroka, V.A.

The studies were conducted involving 18 horses aged 4 to 6 years, which were castrated in the field. The animals were divided into 3 groups (gr.) of 6 heads in each. The horses of gr. 1 were treated with fluorotane, gr. 2 – with isoflurane, and gr. 3 – with sevoflurane. To prevent and timely detect hypoxemia and hypercapnia, the dynamics of indicators of the gas composition of animal blood at various anesthesia stages were compared. In horses of gr. 1 a decrease by 8.9% in the level of blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) was noted at the 15-th minute of anesthesia. This level remained low until awakening, which indicates the need for additional oxygenation. In animals in gr. 2 and 3 the indicator fell by 4.9% and 4.8%, respectively, but regained the initial level by the awakening period. The oxygen tension value in arterial blood (PaO2) in the horses of gr. 1 was low at all stages of anesthesia, in gr. 2 and 3 - during administration and in the first 15 min of anesthesia; then it regained during awakening. Thus, timely detection of hypoxemia allows avoiding its further development. The carbon dioxide tension value in arterial blood (RaSO2) changed markedly during induction and during awakening. During the induction period, it increased in gr. 1, 2, 3 by 41%; 3.1% and 3.4%, respectively, compared with the initial values. These data indicate pronounced hypercapnia in animals of gr. 1 and moderate - in gr. 2 and 3. During the awakening period, the value of PaCO2 returned to the initial level during anesthesia of animals of gr. 2 and remained higher than the initial level in gr. 1 and 2 by 21.8% and 42.8%, respectively. A significant decrease in blood pH was observed in horses in gr. 1 and 3 (7.29+-0.04 and 7.34+-0.01) at the 30th min of anesthesia, in gr. 2 no significant changes were noted. Timely detection the signs of hypoxemia and hypercapnia made it possible to avoid the development of further complications during general anesthesia in horses. | Исследования проводились на 18 лошадях в возрасте от 4 до 6 лет, которым в полевых условиях выполнялась кастрация. Животных разделили на 3 гр. по 6 гол. в каждой. Лошадям 1-й гр. применяли фторотан, 2-й гр. – изофлуран, 3-й гр. – севофлуран. С целью профилактики и своевременного выявления гипоксемии и гиперкапнии сравнивали динамику показателей газового состава крови животных на различных этапах анестезии. У лошадей 1-й гр. отмечали уменьшение уровня насыщения крови кислородом (SaO2) на 8,9% на 15-й мин анестезии. Этот уровень оставался низким до пробуждения, что свидетельствует о необходимости дополнительной оксигенации. У животных во 2-й и 3-й гр. показатель падал на 4,9% и 4,8%, соответственно, но восстанавливался до исходного уровня к периоду пробуждения. Показатель напряжения кислорода в артериальной крови (PaO2) у лошадей в 1-й гр. был низким на всех этапах анестезии, во 2- и 3-й гр. – в период введения и в первые 15 мин наркоза; затем он восстанавливался в период пробуждения. Таким образом, своевременное выявление гипоксемии позволяет избежать дальнейшего ее развития. Величина напряжения углекислого газа в артериальной крови (РаСО2) заметно менялась в период индукции и в период пробуждения. В период индукции она увеличивалась в 1-, 2-, и 3-й гр. соответственно на 41%; 3,1% и 3,4% по сравнению с исходными значениями. Эти данные свидетельствуют о выраженной гиперкапнии у животных 1-й гр. и умеренной – во 2- и 3-й гр. В период пробуждения величина РаСО2 возвращалась к исходному уровню при анестезии животных 2-й гр. и оставалась выше исходного уровня в 1- и 2-й гр. на 21,8% и 42,8% соответственно. Достоверное уменьшение pH крови наблюдалось у лошадей в 1- и 3-й гр. (7,29+-0,04 и 7,34+-0,01) на 30-й мин наркоза, во2-й гр. значимых сдвигов не отмечали. Своевременное выявление признаков гипоксемии и гиперкапнии позволили избежать развития дальнейших осложнений при общей анестезии у лошадей.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

S. V. Polaz | S. M. Degtyarik | С. В. Полоз | С. М. Дегтярик

Dependences and regularities of the influence of abiotic factors on the formation of resistance of poikilothermic animals on the model species Cyprinus carpio have been resistanced. A sharp decrease in the temperature of the aquatic environment leads to an increase in the level of cortisol in the blood serum of fish. A decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the aquatic environment leads to an increase in cortisol levels. With an increase in the time spent in an anhydrous medium in the serum of Cyprinus carpio, the level of protein decreases, and the level of cortisol increases. | Установлены зависимости и закономерности влияния абиотических факторов на формирование устойчивости пойкилотермных животных на модельном виде Cyprinus carpio. Резкое снижение температуры водной среды приводит к увеличению уровня кортизола в сыворотке крови рыб. Снижение количества растворенного кислорода в водной среде приводит к повышению уровня кортизола. На фоне увеличения времени нахождения в безводной среде у Cyprinus carpio в сыворотке крови уровень белка снижается, а уровень кортизола повышается.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2022

S. I. Korzan | Z. V. Lovkis | A. A. Sadovskiy | З. В. Ловкис | С. И. Корзан | А. А. Садовский

The article presents studies to establish the preferred storage conditions for drinking water enriched with oxygen and to determine the dynamics of changes in the content of dissolved oxygen in drinking water. The dynamics of changes in the content of dissolved oxygen in drinking water in PET bottles, depending on the storage conditions, and the dynamics of changes in the content of dissolved oxygen in drinking water with free access of air have been determined. It was found that the content of dissolved oxygen in drinking water in a 0.5 L PET bottle, when it is reopened after 24 hours, decreases by 11 ± 2 mg. | В статье представлены результаты исследований по установлению предпочтительных условий хранения питьевой воды, обогащенной кислородом. Определена динамика изменения содержания растворенного кислорода в питьевой воде, разлитой в ПЭТ-бутылки, в зависимости от условий хранения и динамика изменения содержания растворенного кислорода в питьевой воде при свободном доступе воздуха. Установлено, что содержание растворенного кислорода в питьевой воде в ПЭТ-бутылке объемом 0,5 л при ее повторном открытии через 24 ч снижается на величину 11±2 мг.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2021

Lev A. Oganesyants | Elena M. Sevostianova | Elena I. Kuzmina | Mikhail Yu. Ganin | Eugene P. Chebykin | Aleksandr N. Suturin

Introduction. Due to its natural composition, the deep water of Lake Baikal can be bottled without any conserving agents. The development of large-scale production of bottled Baikal water requires its detailed study in order to protect it from counterfeit and falsification. The purpose of this work was to study the isotopic and chemical composition of the deep water of Lake Baikal and offer indicators for its identification. Study objects and methods. The research included deep water of Lake Baikal, sampled at various points, the water from the Angara River, and the tap water from the cities of Irkutsk and Shelekhov. The tests were performed using a quadrupole ICP-MS mass spectrometer and a Delta V Plus isotope mass spectrometer with a GasBench II module. Results and discussion. All the water samples revealed fresh water with insignificant mineralization. As for salts, the deep water samples had a lower content of sodium and chlorides, as well as a higher content of silicon. As for metals, the deep water samples contained iron, manganese, copper, and zinc; in the tap water samples, these indicators were significantly higher. Unlike that of the Angara water samples, the isotopic profile of the deep water samples was somewhat “lighter”, both in the ratio of oxygen isotopes δ18O – by 0.73‰, and hydrogen δD – by 0.49‰. The tap water samples had a higher deuterium content. The content of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in the tap water samples was close to that in the Angara samples. Conclusion. The complex physicochemical and isotope analyses expanded the list of identification indicators and made it possible to identify the deep water of Lake Baikal.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2021

M. A. Zelenova-Gyulalieva | V. V. Igin | K. V. Aksenchik

The article shows the relevance of the industrial production of liquid sulfur dioxide, as well as the fields of its application. Herewith there is provided a brief description of the known methods for the production of liquid sulfur dioxide: the use of roast gas; sulfur-oleum method; multi-stage condensation; low temperature cryogenic process; oxidation of sulfur with oxygen under its stoichiometric deficiency. In the course of the analysis, the main shortcomings of the considered methods were identified, which made it possible to develop an innovative version of the process scheme. Based on the data obtained, JSC “NIUIF” has developed and patented a method for producing liquid sulfur dioxide, the main raw material of which is sulfur and oxygen under its stoichiometric deficiency. The principal difference of the proposed industrial scheme is the use of technical oxygen instead of air blast and the use of a sulfur furnace and a sulfur vapor condenser combined in one housing in the apparatus scheme. The proposed solution significantly reduces energy consumption and eliminates the possibility of liquid sulfur crystallizing inside the equipment. Therefore, this scheme can be considered more reliable and reasonable in comparison with the existing ones. Also, in the process scheme of the developed unit, the production of 1 ton of liquid sulfur dioxide consumes significantly less energy than in the existing technologies. To determine the design parameters of the equipment and master the processes, the article describes a lab unit for producing liquid sulfur dioxide, developed and already installed at JSC "NIUIF". At the moment, experiments are carried out at the facility for the purpose of adjusting the operation mode and collecting the physical and chemical process data.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

Platon Tretyak | Jurij Chernevyy

Modern climate change is an important environmental problem of mankind. It is largely due to the powerful anthropogenic impact on the biosphere, in particular, deforestation. However, forests role in forming climate change in regions and the continents is still poorly understood. This primarily concerns the influence of forests on the gas composition of the surface layers of the atmosphere, their temperature, etc.The purpose of the study was an attempt to study theoretically the problem of assessing the matter and energy impact of the phytomass growth of Ukrainian forests on the surface atmosphere in comparison with other vegetation types. This applies to the carbon deposition, oxygen production, transpiration and the atmosphere enrichment with moisture, as well as the light and heat energy consumption from the environment.The theoretical concept is based on the known biochemical and physical laws. This is the substance and energy photosynthesis proportions and its accompanying transpiration, as well as the air cooling effect.The following axioms were taken as the basis of the study:– сlimate formation is largely connected with the energy and matter circulation in the biosphere;– at the local level near the earth's surface powerful matter and energy circulation is in progress between phytomass and the atmosphere;– the material and energy flow intensity is proportional to the increase of phytomass;– the phytomass increase occurs as the photosynthesis result and is accompanied by a powerful transpiration;– photosynthesis and transpiration require a large amount of energy consumption from the environment, which leads to its cooling.The calculation of the photosynthesis was performed balance on the basis of official materials as for productivity of forest, meadow vegetation and agriculture in Ukraine. Relevant final indicators of own experimental studies were also applied. The annual dry substance productivity of the total phytomass was taken as a basis.The substance and energy proportions of the generalized model of photosynthesis reaction are applied. Consumption: carbon dioxide – 3,668 tons, water – 1.5 tons and energy - approximately 11042 kWh.  Production: oxygen – 2.67 tons and hexose - 2.5 tons, in which 1 ton of carbon is deposited.The volume of transpired moisture was calculated according to the phytomass dry substance productivity and the transpiration coefficient. Energy costs for transpiration were calculated according to the evaporation amount taking into account the specific vaporization heat.The cooling effect is calculated for the air surface layer 30 m height. This corresponds to average stand height at the age of 100. The calculation was performed on the basis of air energy consumption per 1 m2, that is from 30 m3 taking into account its specific heat capacity.The obtained analytical materials clearly testify the photosynthesis processes significant influence and the accompanying transpiration on the gas composition and energy potential of air surface layer.Generally, Ukraine's forests are able to deposit 3 t∙ha-1 of carbon during the year. This leads to the production of 8 t∙ha-1 oxygen and air enrichment with moisture in the amount of 3600 t∙ha-1. These processes require appropriate energy consumption, which leads to cooling 30-meter air surface layer by an average of 2.4 °C during the year. Meadow vegetation and agricultural crops also perform such ecological functions. However, this occurs only during a relatively short photosynthetic period.In terms of photosynthesis and transpiration intensity, forest ecological functions are three times higher than the corresponding properties of meadow vegetation. In the case of highly productive forests growing, the annual growth of which would reach 10 m3∙ha-1, the enrichment of the surface atmosphere with oxygen would be twice as much as with the current increase of 5 m3∙ha-1, and water vapor – three to four times more. Accordingly, the thermal energy consumption from the environment would be three to four times higher.

Show more [+]

Less [-]

Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden