AGRIS - 

2024

Ibrahimov, A. | Maharramov, M.

In the flora of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, nectar and pollen plants are not only a natural resource, but also an inexhaustible source of resources. A more detailed study of their species composition and communication of information to the population is one of the most urgent issues of our time. As a result of floristic research, 359 species of honeybee and pollen-bearing plants were found in the biodiversity of flora of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Of them 126 taxa belonging to 22 genus of family Rosaceae consist of trees and shrubs. The article considers their taxonomic composition and provides information on the biological features of some species of exceptional importance in the development of beekeeping. As a result of analysis, taking into account that 19 species of trees and shrubs giving nectar and pollen are rare and endangered, the zones of their distribution have been specified, maps have been drawn up, the reasons for their disappearance have been clarified and they have been included in the Red Book of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2024

Mirsalakhova, L.

The article provides information on determining the loss during evaporation and water conservation of irrigation water supplied to grape plants in vegetative vessels studied in laboratory conditions using injection-ferritization technology, on the study of mineral fertilizers dissolved in water and applied under the plant, and on the growth of grape plants. It is shown that the vegetation experiments were carried out in two variants: fertigation technology and drip irrigation technology. As a result, it was found that the water level of the injector of grape plants in the growing vessels is 0.5 l/h, the duration of watering during the growing season was 264 hours, with 11 watering 132 liters of water were given. When using drip irrigation technology, the water consumption by a dropper is 0.5 l/h, the duration of irrigation is 336 hours, 168 liters of water were used with 14 times watering, which means saving irrigation water by 27% with ferritization. When using fertigation technology, it was found that inorganic fertilizers dissolve in water 10 times faster with forced mixing than in the absence of forced mixing. This makes it possible to apply fertilizers with water in less time and save its norms. Also, in the vegetative vessel with fertigation technology, the mother bunch of grapes in the budding phase was on average 14 cm larger than with drip irrigation technology.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2024

Sabirov, B. | Tashpolotov, Y.

The problem of rational use of coal remains relevant; currently, various technologies have been developed for producing composite solid fuels, briquettes with various binding materials from brown coal deposits in Kyrgyzstan. The widespread use of composite solid fuels (CSF) and coal briquettes in industry, everyday life and public utilities, in our opinion, is limited by two reasons: excessively inflated requirements of existing standards for the physical and mechanical characteristics of briquettes as a product; poor knowledge of optimal conditions for burning briquettes. Our research shows that compressive strength in the range of 15-20 kgf/cm2 provides the necessary strength for the degree of abrasion during transportation and storage of large-sized rectangular CSFs. Reducing the strength requirement to the value indicated above makes it possible to form briquettes from unsorted culm. Among the numerous known binders for briquetting, inorganic types of clays and loams, which are ubiquitous, deserve special attention. It has been established that clays and loams provide the strength of the CSF over 20 kgf/cm2. For the purpose of beneficial use of low-grade fine coal, we carried out briquetting and combustion testing of the resulting briquettes. It has been established that when briquetting coals from the Zhatan and Kumbel deposits with a clay binder, with an increase in the content of fine coals in the composition, the burning time of the briquette increases, as well as the combustion of the combustible mass increases, and the temperature in the combustion space increases. It has been shown that with the help of appropriate minor modifications of standard household stoves it is possible to significantly increase the combustion efficiency of all types of low-grade fuel, including lignite high-ash CSF.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2024

Sabirov, B. | Tashpolotov, Y.

The paper presents the results of a study of the production of composite solid fuels (CSF) from compositions of coal from the Kyzyl-Bulak and Kozho-Kelen deposits and a bitumen binder. The possibilities of producing CSF from a mixture of bitumen and preheated coals have been studied. To determine the dependence of the quality of the resulting CSF on the grinding size, the above coal was crushed into three fractions: a fraction with a particle size of 0-1mm, a fraction with particles of 0-3 mm and a fraction of 0-5 mm. These 3 fractions of coal were subjected to sieve analysis and the granulometric composition was determined, then each fraction individually was subjected to briquetting on a hydraulic press, in a mold with a diameter of 40 mm. Based on the task, pressing took place at 3 parameters, namely: at a pressure of 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa. The use of different pressures made it possible to trace the dependence of the quality of the resulting CSF on the pressing pressure and determine the optimal pressure parameter. Briquetting was also carried out at different concentrations of the charge and the mechanical properties of the CSF were determined at a binder concentration of 6, 8, 10%. It has been established that the use of a bitumen-like product (bitumen) as a binding material, obtained as a result of thermal dissolution of coal with oil waste at a temperature of 320-380°C, produces mechanically strong briquettes that have compression resistance up to 106 kg/cm2 and bending resistance up to 7.5 kg/cm2. It has been shown that the mechanical strength of briquettes increases with increasing degree of coal grinding, and also an increase in pressing pressure increases the mechanical strength of briquettes. As the moisture level of coal increases, the mechanical strength of the briquette decreases. The optimal parameters for producing CHP have been established: coal size 0-3 mm: humidity 6.5%, pressing pressure 200 kg/cm2.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2024

Евстигнеев, Эдуард Иванович

В обзоре рассмотрены изменения представлений о биосинтезе, строении и функциях лигнина в растениях, начиная от ранних упоминаний и до настоящего времени. Представлены альтернативные точки зрения на процесс биосинтеза лигнина, его пространственную и надмолекулярную структуру, характер лигноуглеводных связей. Особое место в обзоре занимают результаты исследований лигнина с целью снижения его содержания и изменения состава мономерных звеньев методами генной инженерии. Сопоставление строения лигнинов, выделенных из трансгенных и мутантных деревьев, а также травянистых растений, показало, что биосинтез лигнина пластичен и в нем могут участвовать, помимо канонических монолигнолов (кониферилового, синапового и кумарового спиртов), и другие фенольные соединения. Исследование так называемых «стрессовых лигнинов» показало, что лигнин играет важную роль в защите растений от неблагоприятных воздействий окружающей среды: механических повреждений, засухи, низких температур, патогенов и др. Результаты исследований генной модификации лигнина позволили наметить программу направленной модификации процесса биосинтеза с целью получения дизайнерских лигнинов, т.е. лигнинов с заданными свойствами. В эту группу входят и так называемые zip-лигнины. Они отличаются наличием сложноэфирных связей междуфенилпропановыми единицами. Отмечается, что, проводя исследования в области генной инженерии, необходимо искать компромисс между улучшением перерабатываемости растительного сырья за счет модификации лигнина и жизнеспособностью трансгенных растений. | The review considers changes in ideas about the biosynthesis, structure and functions of lignin in plants, starting from early mentions and up to the present. Alternative points of view on the process of lignin biosynthesis, its spatial and supramolecular structure, and the nature of lignincarbohydrate bonds are presented. A special place in the review is occupied by the results of studies of lignin modification with the aim of reducing the content and changing the composition of monomer units by genetic engineering methods. Comparison of the structure of lignins isolated from transgenic and mutant trees, as well as herbaceous plants, showed that lignin biosynthesis is plastic and, in addition to canonical monolignols (coniferyl, synapic, and coumaric alcohols), other phenolic compounds can also participate in it. The study of the so-called "stress lignins" showed that lignin plays an important role in protecting plants from adverse environmental influences: mechanical damage, drought, low temperatures, pathogens, etc. The results of studies of the genetic modification of lignin made it possible to outline a program for directed modification of the biosynthesis process in order to obtain designer lignins, i.e. lignins with desired properties. This group also includes the so-called zip-lignins. They are distinguished by the presence of ester bonds between phenylpropane units. It is noted that, when conducting research in the field of genetic engineering, it is necessary to find a compromise between improving the processing of plant materials due to the modification of lignin and the viability of transgenic plants.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2024

Халиуллина , Алёна Сергеевна | Шакирова , Диляра Хабилевна | Хайруллина, Лейсан Айратовна | Моргацкая, Ольга Владимировна | Угольцова, Вероника Николаевна | Айдова, Алина Витальевна | Хазиев , Рамиль Шамилевич | Саламатин , Артур Андреевич | Куркин , Владимир Александрович

The review summarizes current literature data on the chemical composition diversity of Eucalyptus viminalis leaves, the biological activity of medicinal plant materials and the range of drugs they are based on. Eucalyptus metabolites belong to terpenoids, prenylated derivatives of phloroglucinol (acifloroglucinols), flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, coumarins, organic acids, vitamins, and other natural compounds. The phytochemical profile of the Eucalyptus viminalis terpene fraction is considered in the context of the chemical structure of the compound - the range of terpene content. Studies of recent decades have shown that total extracts from eucalyptus leaves, as well as highly purified fractions of compounds, have a high level of antibacterial activity, mainly against gram-positive bacteria, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Particular attention in the review is given to modern approaches to the standardization of eucalyptus leaves, pharmaceutical substances and medicinal herbal preparations based on eucalyptus. The data presented in the literature review can be used by chemists, process engineers, biologists, pharmacologists to solve problems of isolating valuable fractions of biologically active substances of eucalyptus rod-shaped in terms of developing technologies for obtaining pharmaceutical substances of plant origin based on this type of raw material, as well as methodological and methodological approaches to analyze their quality. | В обзоре обобщены современные данные литературы по разнообразию химического состава листьев эвкалипта прутовидного (Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.), биологической активности лекарственного растительного сырья и ассортименту лекарственных препаратов на их основе. Метаболиты листьев эвкалипта прутовидного относятся к терпеноидам, пренилированным производным флороглюцинола (ацифлороглюцинолам), флавоноидам, фенилпропаноидам, кумаринам, органическим кислотам, витаминам и другим природным соединениям. Фитохимический профиль терпеновой фракции Eucalyptus viminalis рассмотрен в разрезе химическая структура соединения – диапазон содержания терпенов. В исследованиях последних десятилетий показано, что суммарные экстракты из листьев эвкалипта, а также высокоочищенные фракции соединений обладают высоким уровнем антибактериальной активности, преимущественно в отношении грамположительных бактерий, противовирусными, противовоспалительными и антиоксидантными свойствами. Особое внимание в обзоре уделено современным подходам к стандартизации листьев эвкалипта прутовидного, фармацевтических субстанций и лекарственных растительных препаратов на основе эвкалипта. Приведенные в обзоре литературы данные могут быть использованы химиками, инженерами-технологами, биологами, фармакологами для решения задач по выделению ценных фракций биологически активных веществ эвкалипта прутовидного в плане разработки технологий получения фармацевтических субстанций растительного происхождения на основе данного вида сырья, а также методических и методологических подходов к анализу их качества.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2024

Митишев, Александр Владимирович | Феднина, Анастасия Сергеевна | Курдюков, Евгений Евгеньевич | Уланова, Марина Игоревна

This review analyzes and summarizes the information of research by domestic and foreign scientists on the chemical composition, pharmacological activity of metabolites of plants of the genus Fagopyrum. The genus Fagopyrum, a member of the Polygonaceae family, includes 15 species, most of them are cultivated on an industrial scale on the territory of the Russian Federation, China, India, Indonesia and North American countries. The greatest interest in medicine and pharmacy is represented by four types of buckwheat: seed buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Tatar buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), perennial buckwheat (Fagopyrum dibotrys) and red-stem buckwheat (Fagopyrum rubricaulis). These types are widely used in traditional medicine of China, Tibet, the Russian Federation, for the treatment of lung diseases, skin, edematous syndromes and infectious diseases. Currently, more than 150 compounds related to flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, phagopyritols, triterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, essential oils, alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, vitamins, amino acids, macro- and microelements have been isolated and identified from the studied buckwheat species. Extracts and isolated individual compounds have a wide range of pharmacological effects: antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antiallergic, antibacterial, angioprotective and adaptogenic. The information given in the review indicates that plants of the genus Fagopyrum are promising for further study and use in various industries. | В данном обзоре проведен анализ и обобщение информации исследований отечественных и зарубежных ученых о химическом составе, фармакологической активности метаболитов растений рода Fagopyrum. Род Fagopyrum, член семейства Polygonaceae, включает 15 видов, большинство из них культивируются в промышленных масштабах на территории Российской Федерации, Китая, Индии, Индонезии и стран Северной Америки. Наибольший интерес в медицине и фармации представляют четыре вида гречихи: гречиха посевная (Fagopyrum esculentum) и гречиха татарская (Fagopyrum tataricum), гречиха многолетняя (Fagopyrum dibotrys) и гречиха красностебельная (Fagopyrum rubricaulis). Данные виды широко применяются в традиционной медицине Китая, Тибета, Российской Федерации, для лечения заболеваний легких, кожи, отечных синдромов, инфекционных заболеваниях. В настоящее время из изученных видов гречихи выделено и идентифицировано более 150 соединений, относящихся к флавоноидам, фенилпропаноидам, дубильным веществам, фагопиритолам, тритерпеноидам, стероидам, жирным кислотам, эфирным маслам, алкалоидам, антрахинонам, кумаринам, витаминам, аминокислотам, макро- и микроэлементам. Экстракты и выделенные индивидуальные соединения обладают широким спектром фармакологических эффектов: противоопухолевым, антиоксидантным, противовоспалительным, гепатопротекторным, гипогликемическим, противоаллергическим, антибактериальным, ангиопротективным и адаптогенным. Приведенная в обзоре информация указывает на то, что растения рода Fagopyrum являются перспективными для дальнейшего изучения и использования в различных отраслях промышленности.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2024

Смирнова, Ольга Григорьевна | Гольдштейн, Владимир Георгиевич | Носовская, Лилия Петровна | Адикаева, Лариса Владимировна | Вассерман, Любовь Александровна | Симонов, Александр Владимирович | Пшеничникова, Татьяна Алексеевна

Starch is one of the main components of wheat endosperm and is used in the production of food and non-food products. The composition and content of starch largely determines quality of flour in breadmaking. The genotype and environmental conditions affect the quantity and qualitative composition of starch and the ratio of different types of starch granules in wheat endosperm. In this work, the qualitative and quantitative content of gluten, starch and starch fractions in the grain of wheat samples with hard and soft endosperm was studied to assess variability of traits. Wholemeal flour was separated into gluten, starch and dietary fiber by the "plant on the table" method. The isolated starch was separated into fractions A and B. Starch granules were examined using laser-scanning microscopy to determine their size. The analysis showed that the hard-grain variety Novosibirskaya 67 and the soft-grain variety Golubka could be the donors of high content of starch A. The hybrid lines SSL-2, SSL-2 and Rodina-M1 can be the donors of high content of starch B. For the studied samples, the proportion of small starch granules (<10 µm) was associated with grain endosperm structure. | Крахмал является одним из основных компонентов эндосперма пшеницы и используются в производстве пищевых и непищевых продуктов. Состав и содержание крахмала во многом определяет качество муки в хлебопечении. Генотип и условия среды влияют на количество и качественный состав крахмала и на соотношение различных типов крахмальных гранул в эндосперме пшеницы. В данной работе было изучено качественное и количественное содержание клейковины, крахмала и его фракций в зерне твердозерных и мягкозерных образцов пшеницы для оценки вариабельности признаков. Цельносмолотая мука была разделена на клейковину, крахмал и пищевые волокна методом «завод на столе». Выделенный крахмал был разделен на фракции А и Б. Крахмальные гранулы были изучены с помощью лазерной сканирующей микроскопии для установления их размеров. Проведенный анализ показал, что донорами повышенного содержания крахмала А могут быть твердозерный сорт Новосибирская 67 и мягкозерный сорт Голубка, а крахмала Б – гибридные линии SSL-1, SSL-2 и Родина-М1. У изученных образцов доля мелких крахмальных гранул (<10 µм) была связана со структурой эндосперма зерна.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2024

Danilchenko, Sergey

The study of the historical experience of the national economy of the USSR began soon after the end of World War I and was conducted throughout the entire interwar period. Some authors made attempts to generalize the historical experience of the war as a whole, i.e. all countries, others - subjected to analysis the military economy of individual major powers, others - singled out the most important issues from the whole complex of military-economic problems and traced their evolution from the beginning to the end of the war. | http://agrarianhistory.com/archive/en/17

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Editorial Journal Agrarian History - Russian Federation

2024

Al’bina V. Safina | Dilara F. Ziatdinova | Leysan R. Nazipova | Rushan G. Safin | Kirill V. Valeev

Анализ современного состояния процесса извлечения бетулина из бересты березы показал актуальность внедрения на малых предприятиях лесопромышленного комплекса периодической технологии экстрагирования с применением в качестве растворителя толуола. Приведены схема экстракционной установки, состоящей из экстрактора, испарителя, конденсатора, флорентины, сборника экстракта, а также принцип работы этой установки. Процесс имеет 2 стадии: при нахождении сырья по отношению к толуолу в состоянии покоя и при экстрагировании сырья непрерывной подачей свежего экстрагента. Разработана инженерная методика расчета экстрактора, позволяющая определить его габаритные размеры (диаметр, высоту) и длительность отдельных стадий процесса экстракции. Продолжительность 1-й стадии рассчитывается решением дифференциального уравнения массопроводности Фика при граничных условиях I рода; 2-й – с учетом того, что из экстрактора непрерывно отводят экстракт бетулина и вводят свежий экстрагент. В последнем случае содержание бетулина в экстрагенте изменяется не только во времени, но и по высоте экстрактора. Разработанное математическое описание и последующее моделирование позволило получить расчетные кривые распределения бетулина в бересте в разные моменты времени, а также сопоставить экспериментальные и расчетные данные по кинетике среднего содержания бетулина в бересте и толуоле для каждой стадии. При этом кинетические кривые среднего содержания бетулина в бересте на 2-й стадии приведены для различных высот экстрактора. Установлено, что оптимальная продолжительность 1-й стадии составляет 20 мин, а при непрерывной подаче свежего экстрагента с расходом 22,5 кг/ч на 2-й стадии скорость процесса увеличивается в 6 раз. Это значительно сокращает общую продолжительность экстракции при заданных параметрах процесса. Показана необходимость ввода 3-й стадии – стабилизации содержания бетулина по высоте слоя и по сечению частиц. | The analysis of the current state of the process of betulin extraction from birch bark has shown the relevance of the implementation of periodic extraction technology using toluene as a solvent at small enterprises of the timber industry complex. This article presents the scheme of an extraction plant consisting of an extractor, an evaporator, a condenser, a florentine flask, an extract collector, as well as the principle of the plant operation. The extraction process is carried out in two stages: when the raw material is at rest in relation to toluene and when the raw material is extracted by continuous feeding of fresh extractant. The engineering procedure for calculating the extractor has been developed, allowing to determine its overall dimensions (diameter and height) and the duration of individual stages of the extraction process. The duration of the first stage has been calculated by solving Fick’s differential equation of mass conductivity under boundary conditions of the first kind. The duration of the second stage has been calculated considering the fact that betulin extract is continuously withdrawn from the extractor and fresh extractant is injected. In the latter case, the betulin content in the extractant varies not only in time, but also with the height of the extractor. The developed mathematical description and subsequent modeling made it possible to obtain the calculated curves of betulin distribution in birch bark at different points in time, as well as to compare the experimental and calculated data on the kinetics of the average betulin content in birch bark and toluene for each stage. Meanwhile, the kinetic curves of the average betulin content in birch bark at the second stage are presented for different heights of the extractor. It has been established that the optimal duration of the first stage is 20 min, and with the continuous feeding of fresh extractant with a flow rate of 22.5 kg/h at the second stage, the process speed increases by 6 times. This significantly reduces the total extraction time under the specified process parameters. The necessity for the introduction of the third stage (the stabilization period of the betulin content over the layer height and the cross– section of particles) has been shown.

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation