AGRIS - 

2020

K. P. Gainullina | B. R. Kuluev | F. A. Davletov

Background. Pea is the main leguminous crop in the Republic of Bashkortostan and widespread all over the world. The key role in the breeding of new pea cultivars is played by source material representing the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Pisum sativum L., searched for in plant genetic resources collections. SSR markers are successfully used to study the DNA polymorphism of various genetic objects, including pea. However, the distribution of a number of microsatellite alleles in the genotypes of specific lines and cultivars of this valuable pulse crop remains practically unexplored.Materials and methods. Molecular genetic polymorphism was studied in 40 pea cultivar accessions of different ecological and geographical origin from the Vavilov Institute’s genebank of plant genetic resources or developed at regional breeding centers. Microsatellite analysis was performed using 5 SSR markers from the genomic library of microsatellites (Agrogene, France).Results. All markers delivered good electrophoretic profiles and helped to amplify a number of alleles per locus varying from 2 (AB53) to 9 (AA355). The total number of alleles was 26, while the average number of alleles per locus was 5.2. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.39 for locus AB53 to 0.82 for locus AA355, with the mean value of 0.60. The set of SSR markers used in the work made it possible to individualize each of the studied pea genotypes. The measured genetic distances were used to draw a dendrogram showing the distribution of genotypes according to their genetic relationship.Conclusion. Through studying the source material for pea breeding by the SSR analysis the data were obtained that provide additional information about the genetic structure of the collection and the polymorphism of the studied cultivar accessions. The results of genotyping pea cultivars and lines can be used for their genetic identification or to select parental pairs for hybridization.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

Bukharov, A.F., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Vegetable Crop Selection and Seed Growing, Moscow Region

The degree of variability of the linear parameters of seeds morphological elements of anise (variety 'Vityaz') and caraway (variety 'Peresvet') bred by Federal research center of vegetable growing. The measurement of seed length and endosperm was carried out using a caliper (GOST 166-89). The embryo length was determined by Levenhuk 670T microscope and DCM 300 MD video eyepiece at x40 magnification, also Scope Photo (Image Software V.3.1.386) was used. The lengths of each seed, endosperm (longitudinal section) and embryo (after isolation) were sequentially analyzed. The indices IE/C, IZ/E, IZ/C were calculated as the corresponding ratios of the length of the seed, endosperm and embryo. The maximum seed length (4.76±0.10 mm), endosperm length (4.08 ± 0.08 mm) and embryo length (1.40±0.02 mm) were noted in caraway seeds. The average values of the variation coefficient (V) conversely were minimal for caraway seeds, varying from 7.8% for the embryo length to 11.5% for the seed length. The average values of V for anise varied from 9.3% for the embryo length to 14.7% for the seed length. The maximum variability level in both cultures was noted for the seed size. According to the data obtained the seeds of 'Peresvet' caraway should be classified as 3rd class, 'Vityaz' anise – as 4th class, because they have larger embryos relative to the endosperm. A close correlation relationship was observed in anise (r=0.912) and caraway (r=0.876) only between the seed length and the endosperm length. The correlation coefficient (r) value between the linear sizes of the seed and the embryo was 0.195 for anise and 0.229 for caraway, between the endosperm length and the embryo length those were 0.237 and 0.214 respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between the index IZ/E and the linear sizes of the seed, endosperm and embryo had low negative values varying from -0.221 to - 0.345. | Изучена степень изменчивости линейных параметров морфологических элементов семян овощных культур аниса обыкновенного Витязь и тмина обыкновенного Пересвет селекции Федерального научного центра овощеводства. Длину семени и эндосперма измеряли штангенциркулем (ГОСТ 166-89). Длину зародыша определяли с использованием с помощью микроскопа Levenhuk 670T и видеоокуляра DCM 300 MD при увеличении x40, а также программы Scope Photo (Image Software V. 3.1.386). Анализировали длину каждого семени, эндосперма (на продольном разрезе) и зародыша (после выделения). Рассчитывали индексы IЭ/С, IЗ/Э, IЗ/С как отношения длины семени, эндосперма и зародыша. Максимальная длина семени (4,76±0,10 мм), длина эндосперма (4,08±0,08) и длина зародыша (1,40±0,02 мм) отмечена у тмина. Средние значения коэффициента вариации (V), наоборот, у тмина были минимальными, изменяясь от 7,8% – для длины зародыша до 11,5% – для длины семени. Средние значения коэффициента вариации (V) у аниса изменялись в более широких пределах: от 9,3% – для длины зародыша до 14,7% – для длины семени. Максимальный уровень вариабельности у обеих культур отмечен для размера семени. Согласно полученным данным семена тмина сорта Пересвет следует отнести к третьему классу, аниса сорта Витязь – к четвертому классу, имеющим более крупные относительно эндосперма зародыши. Тесная корреляционная связь отмечена у аниса (r = 0,912) и тмина (r = 0,876) только между длиной семени и длиной эндосперма. Значение коэффициента корреляции (r) между линейными размерами семени и зародыша составляло 0,195 – у аниса и 0,229 – у тмина, а между длиной эндосперма и длиной зародыша соответственно – 0,237 и 0,214. Коэффициенты корреляции (r) между индексом IЗ/Э и линейными размерами семени, эндосперма и зародыша имели низкие отрицательные значения от -0,221 до -0,345.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Domblides, A.S. | Bondareva, L.L. | Pivovarov, V.F., Federal Research Center of Vegetable Crop Breeding, Moscow Region

Out of all cole crops in Russian Federation traditional cultivars and hybrids of headed cabbage B. oleracea L. сonvar. capitata (L.) are the most widespread. The goal of the work was to reveal genetic relationship between breeding accessions of B. oleracea L. сonvar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. capitata L. f. alba, var. capitata L. f. rubra, and var. sabauda L. based on DNA typing and genetic classification using SSR markers, and to compare DNA data of studied genotypes with defined cabbage varietal and maturity groups. Twenty-four breeding accessions of headed cabbage including red and Savoy varieties from collection of Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing were used as the research object. As a result of analysis, 103 alleles were obtained with an average 4.9 alleles per locus. The PIC value varied from 0.3 to 0.9. Population analysis revealed six clusters to distribute all breeding accessions. Calculated Nei's genetic distances varied from 0.060 to 0.186. Сultivars Belorusskaya 455, Podarok 2500, Amager 611 and Zimovka 1474 originated from Northwestern Europe were joined into one cluster, there was also hybrid Severiynka F1 developed with the use of these cultivars. Early-maturing varietal group Ditmarskaya Raniya formed a separate cluster which also included an early-maturing hybrid Avrora F1. Two breeding lines obtained from Avrora F1 were genetically distant and disposed in another subcluster. Cultivars Slava 1305 and Slava 231 formed a branch of the dendrogram. Cultivar Parus and hybrids Zarnitsa F1, Mechta F1 developed relatively recently were disposed distantly from other accessions. Moscovskaya pozdnyaya 15 a local cultivar formed its own branch of the dendrogram. Three cultivars of Savoy cabbage were grouped together with sufficient genetic distance between each other, where a new early-maturing cultivar Moskovskaya kruzhevnitsa was more distant from others. The group of red cabbage accessions situated distantly from other clusters with great difference inside the group. | Из всех разновидностей капусты в Российской Федерации наиболее распространены традиционные сорта и гибриды капусты кочанной Brassica oleracea L. сonvar. capitata (L.). Цель работы - выявление генетических взаимоотношений между селекционными образцами Brassica oleracea L. сonvar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. capitata L. f. alba, var. capitata L. f. rubra и var. sabauda L. на основе типирования и генетической классификации с помощью SSR маркеров, а также сопоставление данных ДНК-анализа с принадлежностью изученных генотипов к соответствующими сортотипам и группами спелости. Объектом исследования были 24 селекционных образца капусты кочанной из коллекции Федерального научного центра овощеводства. В результате анализа получили 103 аллеля со средним показателем 4,9 на локус. Величина информационного полиморфизма (PIC) для праймеров варьировала от 0,3 до 0,9. Все образцы распределились по 6 основным кластерам. Генетические дистанции варьировали от 0,060 до 0,186. Сорта Белорусская 455, Подарок 2500, Амагер 611 и Зимовка 1474 были объединены в общий кластер, где также находился гибрид Северянка F1, созданный с использованием этих сортов. Сорта, принадлежащие к сортотипу Дитмарская ранняя, образовали отдельный кластер, куда также входил раннеспелый гибрид Аврора F1. Две селекционные линии, выделенные из гибрида Аврора F1, были генетически отдалены и располагались в другом подкластере. Сорта Слава 1305 и Слава грибовская 231 располагались на отдельной ветви дендрограммы. Относительно недавно полученные сорт Парус и 2 гибрида Зарница F1 и Мечта F1 генетически отличались от остальных образцов. Московская поздняя 15, стародавний сорт местного происхождения, также образовал отдельную ветвь дендрограммы. 3 сорта капусты савойской сгруппировались вместе, причем новый раннеспелый сорт Московская кружевница был генетически отдален от двух других. Образцы капусты краснокочанной образовывали свою группу с достаточным генетическим отдалением между образцами.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Kozar', Е.G. | Engalycheva, I.A. | Vetrova, S.A. | Mukhina, K.S. | Vyurtts, T.S. | Stepanov, V.A. | Markarova, A.E., Federal Research Center of Vegetable Crop Selection, Moscow Region

Цель исследования - изучение изменчивости степени поражения перспективных сортопопуляций моркови столовой болезнями различной этиологии, определение уровня их полиморфизма по признаку устойчивости к различным видам возбудителей и результативности отбора на основе индивидуальной иммунологической оценки маточных корнеплодов. Работы выполнены в 2017-2020 гг. в Московской обл. на маточных корнеплодах сортопопуляций Маргоша и Минор. Идентификацию видового состава патогенов, степень поражения и уровень устойчивости сортообразцов проводили согласно соответствующим методикам и определителям. Для иммунологической оценки устойчивости сортопопуляций моркови in vitro использовали наиболее вирулентные изоляты разных видов грибов из коллекции Федерального научного центра овощеводства. Проведен анализ структуры патогенного комплекса кагатных гнилей моркови столовой в период хранения, представленный во все годы возбудителями белой, серой, черной, фузариозной и фомозной гнилей, а в отдельные – питиозной, полой пятнистостью и бактериальной мокрой гнилью. Установлено, что в изучаемых сортопопуляциях Маргоша и Минор при естественных условиях хранения соотношение и степень распространения экономически значимых болезней существенно отличаются в разные годы. В условиях in vivo в сортопопуляции Маргоша отмечена более высокая вариабельность степени распространения болезней по повторностям. На основании иммунологической оценки in vitro выявлен высокий полиморфизм индивидуальной устойчивости генотипов в пределах обеих популяций к большинству микромицетов и выделены наиболее устойчивые формы к наиболее опасным видам патогенов. Иммунологический анализ полученного потомства подтвердил высокую эффективность группового отбора на основе комплексной оценки устойчивости индивидуальных маточных корнеплодов в условиях in vivo и in vitro. Ценные генотипы с высоким уровнем групповой устойчивости включены в селекционный процесс как исходный материал для создания новых линий и гибридов моркови столовой. | The aims of the research were to determine the variability of the affection degree of garden carrots (Daucus carota) promising varietal populations with plant diseases of various etiology, and also to determine polymorphism rate by the disease resistance character to various pathogen types and the effectiveness of selection based on an individual immunological assessment of mother roots. The experimental part of the work was carried out in 2017-2020 in the Moscow region. The works were done in 2017-2020 with carrot varietal populations Margosha and Minor. The identification of the species composition of pathogens, the degree of damage and the resistance rate of varietal specimens were carried out in accordance to appropriate methods and determinants. For the immunological resistance assessment in vitro, the most virulent isolates of different types of fungi were used taken from the collection of Federal research center of vegetable growing. The postharvest decay agents on the garden carrot were analyzed. The following agents were taken for all years: white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), black rot (Stempnylium), fusarium rot (Fusarium) and Phoma rot (Phoma rostrupii). For particular years, pythium rot (Pythium), spots, necrosis and bacterial soft rot were revealed. It was established that in Margosha and Minor varietal populations under natural storage conditions the ratio and degree of economically significant diseases spreading differed significantly in different years. The highest morbidity variability in replications was observed in vivo conditions. Based on the immunological assessment in vitro, high polymorphism of the individual resistance of genotypes within both populations to the majority of micromycetes was revealed and forms of most resistance to the most dangerous pathogens were identified. Immunological analysis of the progenies confirmed the high efficiency of the group selection based on a comprehensive assessment of individual mother roots resistance in vivo and in vitro. Valuable genotypes with a high group resistance are included in the breeding process as an initial material for new lines and hybrids creating.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

A. Yu. Prosekov

Innovative technologies for food raw material processing and food production are becoming globally important within the framework of modern biotechnology. The need to create a universal methodology for food design and the importance of its implementation in different lines of human life activity are obvious. Within the paradigm of modern biotechnology, personalized diets that take into consideration the genetic characteristics of consumers are becoming more and more popular. Nutrition science deals with the development of this direction. It is divided into nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Nutrigenetics investigates an effect of modifications in genes on absorption of metabolites, nutrigenomics investigates how food components affect the work of genes. In this work, we consider mutations that influence the assimilation of metabolites and contribute to nutrigenetic research. The work is aimed at finding and studying genes responsible for eating behavior. Methods of analysis of genetic polymorphisms and modern achievements of nutrigenetics in the development of personalized nutrition are considered. The review allowed us to find and describe the genes that influenced human eating behavior: the role of genes, their localization, polymorphisms affecting the metabolism of nutrients and food preferences are indicated. Thirty four genes that influence eating behavior were identified, and significant shortcomings of current methods / programs for developing personalized diets were indicated. Weaknesses in the development of nutrigenetics were identified (inconsistency of data on SNP genes, ignoring population genetics data, information that is hard for consumers to understand, etc.). Taking into consideration all shortcomings, an approximate model for selecting a personalized diet is proposed. In the future, it is planned to develop the proposed model for making up individual diets.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

S. G. Biganova | Yu. I. Sukhorukikh | T. A. Isushcheva

On the basis of randomized selection of common hazel (Corylus Avellana L.) in the natural population of the North-West Caucasus, crown polymorphism has been studied by shape, diameter, height, density and diameter of the bush base. Plants grow at heights of 250-1,500 m above the sea level. Classification has been carried out on the basis of the well-known methodology for the pomological description of varieties. 450 fruiting rames of various ages have been examined so far. Data processing has been performed using the «Stadia» computer program.  It has been established that more than 74% of plants in the population have a rare and dense crown. Bushes of medium density are represented by one quarter. The proportion of individuals with a weeping crown shape, which is of the greatest value for decorative purposes, was found in 0.22 % of cases. The main part of the plants has a shoot distribution diameter at the base of the bush from 0.10 m to 0.5 m, they account for 60.22 %. The diameter of the hazel crowns in the population vary between 1-12 m, and has a significant coefficient of variation of 42.13 %. Fruiting plants have a height ranging from 2 to 15 m, coefficient of variation of 40.33 %. The presence of individuals with a height of up to 3 m and more than 12 m suggests the possibility of selection of both undersized and overgrown forms.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden