AGRIS - 

2021

Wangithi, Charity M. | Muriithi, Beatrice W. | Belmin, Raphaël

The invasive fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis poses a major threat to the production and trade of mango in sub-Saharan Africa. Farmers devise different innovations to manage the pest in an attempt to minimize yield loss and production costs while maximizing revenues. Using survey data obtained from Embu County, Kenya, we analyzed farmers' knowledge and perception as regards the invasive fruit fly, their innovations for the management of the pest, and the determinants of their adoption and dis-adoption decisions of recently developed and promoted integrated pest management (IPM) technologies for suppression of the pest. The results show that farmers consider fruit flies as a major threat to mango production (99%) and primarily depend on pesticides (90%) for the management of the pest. Some farmers (35%) however use indigenous methods to manage the pest. Though farmers possess good knowledge of different IPM strategies, uptake is relatively low. The regression estimates show that continued use of IPM is positively associated with the gender and education of the household head, size of a mango orchard, knowledge on mango pests, training, contact with an extension officer, and use of at least one non-pesticide practice for fruit fly management, while IPM dis-adoption was negatively correlated with the size of the mango orchard, practice score and use of indigenous innovations for fruit fly management. We recommend enhancing farmer′s knowledge through increased access to training programs and extension services for enhanced adoption of sustainable management practices for B. dorsalis.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2021

Mekonnen, Bethelihem | Yusuf, Abdullahi A. | Pirk, Christian W.W. | Ekesi, Sunday | Deletre, Emilie

The predatory African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) effectively control pests by predation as well as by semiochemicals which influence the behaviour of certain species. Here, we investigated and compared the role of O. longinoda semiochemicals on the oviposition responses of two major fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species of mango; the invasive species, Bactrocera dorsalis, endemic to Southeast Asia and the African native species, Ceratitis cosyra. We carried oviposition choice assays with ant-exposed and unexposed mangoes, using extracts of ant whole body and body parts. Our results show that the flies avoided and laid fewer eggs on weaver ant-exposed than unexposed mango peel discs. Subsequent assays with mango discs treated with whole body extracts in hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water reduced oviposition responses in C. cosyra. Moreover, discs treated with abdominal extracts in hexane and water reduced egg laying in B. dorsalis. whereas hexane, methanol and water extracts of the abdomen reduced oviposition in C. cosyra. Additionally, mango discs treated with extracts of exercised Dufour's and poison gland in hexane elicited stronger oviposition reduction responses in C. cosyra than in B. dorsalis. These results suggest that ant gland compounds play a role in the oviposition avoidance behaviour of both fruit fly species. Moreover, both African fruit fly species and invasive Asian species, are repelled by Oecophylla longinoda semiochemicals implying that B. dorsalis experienced similar evolutionary pressures, and reacting to similar cues, from Oecophylla smaragdina in Asia as did C. cosyra from Oecophylla longinoda in Africa.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2021

Astarkhanov, I.R., Dagestan State Agrarian Univ., Makhachkala

Considering the fact that the Russian Federation is one of the largest importers of crop products, the risks of invasion of new, dangerous or extremely dangerous quarantine organisms are increasing. A dangerous pest of tomatoes and other nightshade crops, both protected and open ground, the South American tomato moth (Tuta absoluta Meyr.) is also induced by human activity. The anthropogenic factor is one of the main ways of spreading harmful objects over long distances. Often, "unremarkable" or not characterized by mass harmfulness in the natural environment of organisms, getting into an unusual environment for them, under favorable natural conditions and the absence of natural factors limiting their mass development and distribution, often cause environmental and economic consequences in a new habitat. In the world practice, there are numerous examples of huge losses, causing great damage to agriculture and forestry from the penetration and spread of adventitious pests. Tuta absoluta is the main destructive pest of tomatoes worldwide. There is growing concern about the rapid geographical spread of the pest in tomato growing areas due to increased trade and human movement. The purpose of the research is to study the origin, distribution, and harmfulness of the particularly dangerous quarantine pest of the South American tomato moth (Tuta absoluta Meyrick), as well as to develop measures for localization and elimination in protected ground. Its biology and morphology, harmfulness, preventive quarantine measures are described, the selection of effective insecticides is carried out, and the optimal consumption rates of new insecticides are calculated. The biological effectiveness of insecticides Spintor 240, SK (240 g/l), Insegar, VDG and tank mixtures: Lufox KC + Coragen 20 KC; Proclaim 5SGb was determined.G. +Coragen 20 CS; Voliam Targo, SC + Voliam Flexi, SC; Actara + Carogen 20 CS; Proclaim 5SGb.G. +Vertimek KE. | Учитывая, что Российская Федерация один из крупнейших импортеров растениеводческой продукции, возрастают риски инвазии новых, опасных или чрезвычайно опасных карантинных организмов. Опасный вредитель томатов и других пасленовых культур как защищенного, так и открытого грунта, южноамериканская томатная моль (Tuta absoluta Meyr.), также индуцирован деятельностью человека. Антропогенный фактор один из основных путей распространения вредных объектов на дальние расстояния. Зачастую, ничем не примечательные или же не отличающиеся массовой вредоносностью в естественной среде обитания организмы, попадая в непривычную для них среду, при благоприятных природных условиях и отсутствии естественных, ограничивающих их массовое развитие и распространение факторов, нередко вызывают экологические и экономические последствия в новом месте обитания. В мировой практике известны многочисленные примеры огромных потерь, нанесения большого ущерба сельскому и лесному хозяйству от проникновения и распространения адвентивных вредных организмов. Tuta absoluta - главный разрушительный вредитель томатов во всем мире. Растет озабоченность по поводу быстрого географического распространения вредителя в районах выращивания томатов в связи с интенсификацией торговли и передвижения людей. Цель исследований - изучение происхождения, распространения, вредоносности особо опасного карантинного вредителя, южноамериканской томатной моли (Tuta absoluta Meyrick), а также разработка мер по локализации и ликвидации в защищенном грунте.Описана ее биология и морфология, вредоносность, профилактические карантинные меры, осуществлен подбор эффективных инсектицидов и рассчитаны оптимальные нормы расхода новых инсектицидов. Определена биологическая эффективность инсектицидов Спинтор 240, СК (240 г/л), Инсегар, ВДГ и баковых смесей: Люфокс КС + Кораген 20 КC; Проклейм 5SGв.г. + Кораген 20 КC; Волиам Тарго, СК + ВолиамФлекси, СК; Актара + Кароген 20 КС; Проклейм 5SGв.г. +Вертимек КЭ.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2021

Kireev, I.M. | Koval', Z.M., Kuban Research and Development Inst. of Agricultural Technologies and Mashinery Testing, Krasnodr Krai

The purpose of the research is to obtain experimental data on the possibility of transporting droplets to be created by slot atomizers to the destination objects during the field edge processing using a versatile technical means. A method of the field edge cultivation for the destruction of weeds and pests wintering in forest shelter belts has previously been described. A versatile installation has been created for spraying the edge areas of fields using slot atomizers, while spraying adjacent field shelter belts and their bases using a mist flow created by an axial fan and a hydraulic pump and a nozzle fitted with slot atomizers mounted on its flat tip. Spraying polydisperse aerosol using slot atomizers solves the tasks of killing weeds near shelterbelts and in service passages, as well as individual pests at the base of forest belts. The object is the process of transporting drops with mist flow created by the operating mode of the technical means. An experimental assessment of the transportation of 'cold aerosol' to the objects of treatment through an air-dispersed system obtained by supplying with slot atomizers tinted liquid spray torches into the air flow of a flat jet created by an axial fan equipped with a conical nozzle with a perpendicular motion of a versatile technical means has been performed. The results of droplet deposition on object cards fixed at a distance of 30 cm from each other (up to 2 m in height) on plates located at a distance of 4, 5 and 6.5 m from the perpendicular direction of movement of the technical means testify to the technological possibility of transporting droplets to destination objects when a technical device moves at a speed of up to 12 km/h. The developed facility will make it possible to perform edge cultivation of a field and a forest belt adjacent to field-protective plantations and their bases for the effective destruction of weeds and pests of agricultural crops. | Цель исследований – получение экспериментальных данных о возможности транспортирования капель, создаваемых щелевыми распылителями, к объектам назначения при краевой обработке поля универсальным техническим средством. Рассматривался способ краевой обработки поля для уничтожения сорняков и вредителей, зимующих в полезащитных лесополосах. Создана универсальная конструкция, для опрыскивания краевых участков полей с помощью щелевых распылителей, с одновременным опрыскиванием прилегающих полезащитных лесополос и их оснований путем использования воздушно-капельного потока, создаваемого осевым вентилятором с гидронасосом и соплом со щелевыми распылителями на его плоском наконечнике. Распыление щелевыми распылителями полидисперсного аэрозоля решает задачи по уничтожению сорняков вблизи полезащитных лесополос и в технологических проходах, а также отдельных вредителей в основании лесополос. Объект – технологический процесс транспортирования капель воздушно-капельным путем, создаваемым режимом работы технического средства. Проведена экспериментальная оценка по транспортированию 'холодного аэрозоля' к объектам обработки по воздушно-дисперсной системе, получаемой подачей щелевыми распылителями факелов распыла подкрашенной жидкости в воздушный поток плоской струи, создаваемой осевым вентилятором с коническим соплом при перпендикулярном движении универсального технического средства. Результаты осаждения капель на предметные карточки, закрепляемые на расстоянии 30 см друг от друга (по высоте до 2 м) на планшетах, расположенных от перпендикулярного направления движения технического средства на расстоянии 4; 5 и 6,5 м, свидетельствуют о технологической возможности по транспортированию капель к объектам назначения при движении технического средства со скоростью до 12 км/ч. Разработанное техническое средство позволит проводить краевую обработку поля, лесополосы, прилегающей к полезащитным насаждениям и их оснований для эффективного уничтожения сорняков и вредителей с.-х. культур.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2021

Ismailov, V.Ya. | Pushnya, M.V. | Rodionova, E.Yu. | Snesareva, E.G. | Komantsev, A.A. | Tsygichko, A.A., Center for Biological Plant Protection, Krasnodar

The study is aimed to determine the possibility of using biological products to regulate the number of dominant soybean pests (Tetranychus Dufour spider mite, Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. cottonworm, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke acacia moth and Nezara viridula L. adventive stink bug) in the Krasnodar Krai. The work was performed in 2018–2020 on soybean crops in a scientific 10-field grain-row crop rotation. There was conducted a preliminary laboratory screening of a number of biological products and BAS of biogenic origin (including suspensions of essential oils of coriander, wormwood, dill, and fennel) against spider mites and stink bug N. viridula (adults and nymphs of the third age), according to the results of which biological remedies were selected for field trials. In field experiments, there was studied the effectiveness of a suspension of coriander essential oil, biological products Fitoverm-M EC, Biokill EC (2 L/ha), and Biostop P (0.1 kg/ha) against spider mites; the standard was Karate Zeon MES (0.4 L/ha). There were tested biological products Biostop P (0.1 kg/ha), Bitoxibacillin WP (2.0 kg/ha), and Lepidocid SC (2.0 L/ha) against lepidoptera; the standard was Karate Zeon MES (0.4 L/ha). There were examined suspensions of essential oils of coriander and wormwood and biopreparation Fitoverm-M EC (2 L/ha) against bug N. viridula; the standard was Bi-58 Top EC (0.4 L/ha). The control option in all experiments was the option without treatment. The effectiveness of coriander essential oil suspension and insecticide Fitoverm-M EC against spider mites and N. viridula was 92.9–96.4%. Damage of soybeans by N. viridula decreased, in comparison with the control, by 80.0%. When using the biological product Bitoxibacillin WP against the cotton bollworm and acacia moth, there was registered a decrease in the damage to the beans, relative to the control, by 84.3%. | Цель исследования – изучение возможности использования биопрепаратов для регуляции численности доминантных вредителей сои (паутинных клещей рода Tetranychus Dufour, хлопковой совки Helicoverpa armigera Hbn., акациевой огневки Etiella zinckenella Treitschke и адвентивного клопа-щитника Nezara viridula L.) в Краснодарском крае. Работу выполняли в 2018–2020 гг. на посевах сои в научном 10-польном зернопропашном севообороте. Предварительно был проведен лабораторный скрининг ряда биопрепаратов и БАВ биогенного происхождения (включая суспензии эфирных масел кориандра, полыни, укропа и фенхеля) против паутинных клещей и клопа-щитника N. viridula (имаго и нимф I II возраста), по результатам которого были отобраны биологические средства защиты для полевых испытаний. В полевых экспериментах изучали эффективность применения против паутинных клещей суспензии эфирного масла кориандра, биопрепаратов Фитоверм-М, КЭ, Биокилл, КЭ (2 л/га) и Биостоп, П (0,1 кг/га), эталон – Каратэ Зеон, МКС (0,4 л/га); против чешуекрылых – биопрепаратов Биостоп, П (0,1 кг/га), Битоксибациллин, СП (2,0 кг/га) и Лепидоцид, СК (2,0 л/га), эталон – Каратэ Зеон, МКС (0,4 л/га); против клопа-щитинника N. viridulа – суспензии эфирных масел кориандра и полыни, биопрепарат Фитоверм-М, КЭ (2 л/га), эталон – Би-58, Топ КЭ, (0,4 л/ га); контроль во всех опытах – без обработки. Эффективность суспензии эфирного масла кориандра и инсектицида Фитоверм-М, КЭ против паутинных клещей и клопа-щитинника N. viridula составляла 92,9…96,4%. Поврежденность бобов сои N. viridula при этом снижалась, в сравнении с контролем, на 80,0%. При использовании биопрепарата Битоксибациллин, СП против хлопковой совки и акациевой огневки наблюдали снижение поврежденности бобов, относительно контроля, на 84,3%.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2021

Komarova, A.S. | Chelovechkova, V.V., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg

Acetamiprid (AA) is one of modern systemic insecticides of the neonicotinoid class. The preparation of Mospilan comprising 200 g/kg of AA with the recommended flow rate of 0.35 kg/ha (70 t/ha of active ingredient) in a preparative form of soluble powder was used to control European grape moth in vineyards. The experiments were carried out in the Krasnodar Krai (2018 and 2019) and in the Republic of Crimea (2019). Vegetating plants were twice treated with a hand operated shoulder sprayer. The juice was prepared from berries in 20 days after treatment. The content of AA in berries and juice of grapes, as well as dynamic of their decomposition was determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. A triple-quadrupole mass detector was used in the mode of dynamic reactive monitoring. Samples were collected in accordance with the active unified rules, for sample preparation the QuEChERS method was used. According to the current standards, the maximum allowable content of AA in grape berries is 0.5 mg/kg. The content of AA revealed in the experiment in 2 h after treatment was 0.012 to 0.031 mg/kg. The decomposition dynamic of AA in various soil climatic conditions was identical. AA was absent in grape berries in 15 days after the last treatment both in juice pressed from them in grape berries in 20 days after the treatment. A conclusion has been made about safety of using Mospilan in vineyards provided for the observation of the regulations recommended by the producer. | Ацетамиприд (АА) - один из современных системных инсектицидов класса неоникотиноидов. Препарат Моспилан, содержащий 200 г/кг АА, с рекомендуемой нормой расхода 0,35 кг/га( 70 т/га по действующему веществу) в препаративной форме растворимого порошка применяли для борьбы с гроздевой листоверткой на виноградниках. Опыты проводили в Краснодарском крае (2018 и 2019 гг.) и в Республике Крым (2019 г.). Вегетирующие растения 2-кратно обрабатывали с помощью ручного ранцевого опрыскивателя.Сок получали из ягод через 20 дн. после обработки. Содержание АА в ягодах и соке винограда, а также динамику его разложения определяли методом обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии.Использовали тройной квадрупольный масс-детектор в режиме динамичного мультиреакционного мониторинга. Отбор проб проводили в соответствии с действующими унифицированными правилами, для пробоподготовки применяли метод QuEChERS.Максимально допустимый действующими нормативами уровень содержания АА в ягодах винограда составляет 0,5 мг/кг. Выявленное в опыте содержание АА через 2 ч после обработки составляло от 0,012 до 0,031 мг/кг.Динамика разложения АА в разных почвенно-климатических условиях была одинаковой. АА отсутствовал в ягодах винограда через 15 сут после последней обработки и в соке, отжатом из них через 20 сут после обработки. Сделан вывод о безопасности применения препарата Моспилан на виноградниках при условии соблюдения рекомендуемых производителем регламентов.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2021

Guiam, A.C. | Gutierrez, R.D. | Gapasin, C.V.D. | Matalog, R.P. | Ebuenga, M.D.

Correct identification and proper monitoring are vital components of integrated pest and disease management. The Android application  Smarter Pest Identification Technology (SPIDTECH)  was developed for the digital identification and remote monitoring of insect pests and diseases of rice, corn, coffee, cacao, banana, coconut, sugarcane, tomato, and soybean in the Philippines. SPIDTECH has three main features: the digital identification of insect pests and diseases using a smartphone camera; the digital library that contains images, identification signs, life stages, management practices, and other pertinent information about a pest or disease; and the remote monitoring that enables real-time mapping of reports through user-contributed images and GPS points. The application can identify 71 insects and 63 diseases, while the library features a collection of 104 insects and 89 diseases available in English and Filipino. The identification uses a pretrained MobileNetV2, a convolutional neural network design by Google for mobile devices. The models were retrained using the pest and disease image dataset collected specifically for this study and logging 55.773.3% accuracy. If connected to the internet, devices send image data from the field that are validated and used for model retraining. SPIDTECH recorded more than 7,400 device downloads from March 2019July 2021 and received 4.8 out of 5 user review ratings. Based on the user-provided registration data in the same period, it has more than 5,600 registered users from 81 provinces with an average user acquisition rate of 266 new users per month. With the current features deployed, the application received more than 8,000 identification requests for different crops. The application has gathered a significant number of users necessary to evaluate the feasibility of the application in assisting in pest and disease identification and remote monitoring for the major crops in the Philippines.

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University Library, University of the Philippines at Los Baños - Philippines

2021

Deguine, Jean-Philippe | Aubertot, Jean-Noël | Flor, Rica Joy | Lescourret, Françoise | Wyckhuys, Kris | Ratnadass, Alain

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provides an illustration of how crop protection has (or has not) evolved over the past six decades. Throughout this period, IPM has endeavored to promote sustainable forms of agriculture, pursued sharp reductions in synthetic pesticide use, and thereby resolved myriad socio-economic, environmental, and human health challenges. Global pesticide use has, however, largely continued unabated, with negative implications for farmer livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and the human right to food. In this review, we examine how IPM has developed over time and assess whether this concept remains suited to present-day challenges. We believe that despite many good intentions, hard realities need to be faced. 1) We identify the following major weaknesses: i) a multitude of IPM definitions that generate unnecessary confusion; ii) inconsistencies between IPM concepts, practice, and policies; iii) insufficient engagement of farmers in IPM technology development and frequent lack of basic understanding of its underlying ecological concepts. 2) By diverting from the fundamental IPM principles, integration of practices has proceeded along serendipitous routes, proven ineffective, and yielded unacceptable outcomes. 3) We show that in the majority of cases, chemical control still remains the basis of plant health programs. 4) Furthermore, IPM research is often lagging, tends to be misguided, and pays insufficient attention to ecology and to the ecological functioning of agroecosystems. 5) Since the 1960s, IPM rules have been twisted, its foundational concepts have degraded and its serious (farm-level) implementation has not advanced. To remedy this, we are proposing Agroecological Crop Protection as a concept that captures how agroecology can be optimally put to the service of crop protection. Agroecological Crop Protection constitutes an interdisciplinary scientific field that comprises an orderly strategy (and clear prioritization) of practices at the field, farm, and agricultural landscape level and a dimension of social and organizational ecology.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2021

Gay, Pierre-Emmanuel | Trumper, Eduardo | Lecoq, Michel | Piou, Cyril

BACKGROUND: A poorly organised risk management system may dysfunction when used. The consequences can be dramatic for those supposed to be protected. Since the 1960s, preventive control strategies, with field officers as living memory, have been developed to monitor locusts. Preserving their experience of past plagues is consequently essential. Wrong use of their knowledge can disrupt the whole management chain. We explored these conditions using a multi-agent model representing a preventive system. We simulated how the field teams' tendency to repeatedly visit past outbreak areas (hotspots) by allocating them an attraction weight can help in preventing plagues. RESULTS: When field teams' attention remained constant over time, there was dramatic decrease in the number of plagues, with increasing interest in hotspots, as long as interest was less than 2.5 times more than elsewhere. When the field teams were only attentive during recession times, plagues were better controlled using a low weight for hotspots. The spatial structure of hotspot distribution had an effect: the more frequent and the bigger the hotspots, the lower the optimal hotspot weighting needed to reduce plagues. CONCLUSION: Orienting surveys towards hotspots particularly during recession times reduces plagues. The spatial structure of locust habitats may influence the way they are managed. Habitats located outside the multiple hotspots of species such as the desert locust should be visited more frequently than those with only one hotspot, such as the South American locust. The decline/loss of the field officers' experience highlights the need to save, capitalise and disseminate this knowledge.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2021

Tuda, Midori | Iwase, Shun‑ichiro | Kébé, Khadim | Haran, Julien | Skuhrovec, Jiri | Sanaei, Ehsan | Tsuji, Naomichi | Podlussány, Attila | Merkl, Ottó | El‑Heneid, Ahmed H. | Morimoto, Katsura

The alfalfa weevil Hypera postica, native to the Western Palearctic, is an invasive legume pest with two divergent mitochondrial clades in its invading regions, the Western clade and the Eastern/Egyptian clade. However, knowledge regarding the native populations is limited. The Western clade is infected with the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in host weevils. Our aim was to elucidate the spatial genetic structure of this insect and the effect of Wolbachia on its population diversity. We analyzed two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of the weevil from its native ranges. The Western clade was distributed in western/central Europe, whereas the Eastern/Egyptian clade was distributed from the Mediterranean basin to central Asia. Intermediate mitotypes were found from the Balkans to central Asia. Most Western clade individuals in western Europe were infected with an identical Wolbachia strain. Mitochondrial genetic diversity of the infected individuals was minimal. The infected clades demonstrated a higher nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratio than the uninfected clades, suggesting a higher fixation of nonsynonymous mutations due to a selective sweep by Wolbachia. Trans-Mediterranean and within-European dispersal routes were supported. We suggest that the ancestral populations diversified by geographic isolation due to glaciations and that the diversity was reduced in the west by a recent Wolbachia-driven sweep(s). The intermediate clade exhibited a body size and host plant that differed from the other clades. Pros and cons of the possible use of infected-clade males to control uninfected populations are discussed.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France