AGRIS - 

2020

S. Sh. Danyalov

Purpose: to determine the causes of secondary salinization of irrigated lands for the development of specific measures for its prevention and combating the phenomenon of salinization. Materials and Methods. The processes of salinization and desalinization of the Shirvan steppe soils were studied by salt surveying. At the points of salt surveys soil samples were taken every 20 cm on the layer, which were subjected to complete chemical and granulometric analysis. The formation of top water has been studied by pressures developed in piezometric wells. Results: long-term studies showd that the cause of the soil secondary salinization is the formation of top water under the arable top layer due to the low filtration capacity of soil and unsatisfactory operation of existing collector-drainage networks. The soils of the Shirvan steppe are practically watertight, their filtration coefficient varies from 0.001 to 0.19 m per day, in rare cases, its value reaches 2.5 m per day. During irrigation and heavy rainfall, water seeps freely under the arable layer and due to the low filtration ability of the lower horizons of the soil, a top water forms there. Under a hot climate conditions (in the Shirvan steppe the air temperature reaches 47 °C), a high evaporation of the top water occurs, as a result of which salts dissolved in water accumulate in the upper layer of the soil, and thereby secondary salinization of the land occurs. It has been determined that the soil salt regime and the crops productivity are interconnected, so, with an increase in the salt soil content the yield of crops decreases, and with a decrease in the soil salinity the yield increases. Conclusions: to prevent secondary salinization of soil and to combat it, a complex of land reclamation measures is required: deep plowing, installation of mole drains with further topwater withdrawal and performing water-charging irrigation in autumn-winter period.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

V. S. Stolbovoy | A. M. Grebennikov

The study presents three groups of Soil Quality Indicators (SQI) of arable lands in the Russian Federation, such as agroclimate conditions, soil parameters and negative soil characteristics. The selection of SQI meets the requirements of the crop growth model for calculating the standard crop yield. The application of SQI in the Grain Equivalent Model allows ranking quality of the soils of agricultural lands in the country. The share of the best quality Chernozems with the standard yield of grain crops exceeding 4 t/ha is about 10%. At the same time, arable Chernozems occupy nearly 66% of total area of agricultural lands. More than 74% of the arable lands including podzolized and leached Chernozems in the northern part and Chernozems southern in the southern part of the agricultural zone are characterized by medium quality with the standard yield of grain crops 2-4 t/ha. About 10% of the arable land occupied by Chestnut solonetzic and saline soils are of poorer quality with the standard yield of grain crops less than 1 t/ha. The proposed indicators are included in the government programs for valuating and monitoring the quality of agricultural lands. The universal validity of indicators is a basis for the development of a new generation of standards for the protection and rational use of soils based on modern digital technologies and GIS approaches.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

Guliyeva, R.

The article shows the influence of mineral and organic fertilizer norms on gray–brown soils and changes in the nutritional regime in winter wheat soils under irrigation in the Ganja–Gazakh region. It was found that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers for winter wheat in gray–brown soils significantly affected the change in the nutrient regime of the soil, significantly increasing the amount of nutrients easily absorbed by plants in the plowed and subsoil layers of the soil, as compared to the control (unfertilized) option, effective fertility increased, which in turn had a significant impact on productivity. At the end of the growing season, depending on the norm of mineral fertilizers in the soil layer 0–60 cm, ammonia nitrogen is 13.1–14.1, nitrate nitrogen is 7.2–7.4, mobile phosphorus is 7.0–8.0 and exchangeable potassium — 15.6–19.2 mg/kg, depending on the rate of organic fertilizers at the end of the growing season, ammonia nitrogen 12.6-–13.7, nitrate nitrogen 5.3–5.7, mobile phosphorus 6.2–6.6 and metabolic potassium while it increased by 20.4–21.2 mg/kg.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2020

Ivanovа, M.V. | Soldatov, P.A., Kostroma State Agriculrural Academy

Summaries (En, Ru) | Presented are the results of evaluating of fertilizer systems on the content and fractional composition of humus in the sod-podzolic soil of the Kostroma region. Field research was conducted in 1992-2012 in the conditions of a long-term, stationary field experiment. Variants were studied in the field crop rotation: vetch-oat mixture for green mass – flax – barley + perennial grasses – perennial grasses 1st year – spring wheat – oat. Organic fertilizers were applied for vetch-oat mixture and spring wheat, and mineral fertilizers for all crops. Ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate, and potassium chloride were used as mineral fertilizers. The saturation of organic fertilizers was 12.8 and 6.4 t/ha per year for organic and organic-mineral fertilizer systems, respectively. Over a twenty-year period, the mineral fertilizer system caused a decrease in humus reserves by 0.46-0.69%, which means that soil lose 0.02-0.03% over the year. The use of organic fertilizers, especially in the last three rotations, tended to increase the humus. Over a twenty-year period, the use of litter manure on the first level led to an increase in the humus content by 1.32%. The humus content reached 2.83-2.85% by 2012, which significantly exceeded the control on plots of the second level with the use of manure. In humification processes, the use of organic matter was dominated by the formation of humic acids associated with calcium, in contrast to the control and mineral fertilizer system, where free fulvic acids were formed. | Изложены результаты оценки влияния различных систем удобрений на содержание и фракционный состав гумуса дерново-подзолистой почвы Костромской области. Полевые исследования проводили в 1992-2012 гг. в условиях длительного, стационарного полевого опыта. Полевой севооборот включал следующие варианты: пар занятый (викоовсяная смесь на зеленую массу) – лен – ячмень + многолетние травы – многолетние травы 1 г.п. – яровая пшеница – овес. Органические удобрения вносили под викоовсяную смесь и яровую пшеницу, минеральные удобрения под все культуры. В качестве минеральных удобрений использовали аммиачную селитру, суперфосфат двойной и калий хлористый. Насыщенность органическими удобрениями составляла 12,8 и 6,4 т/га в год при органической и органоминеральной системах удобрений соответственно. За двадцатилетний период минеральная система удобрения обусловила снижение запасов гумуса на 0,46-0,94%, то есть за год почва теряет 0,02-0,04%. Применение органических удобрений, особенно за последние три ротации, имело тенденцию к увеличению гумуса. За двадцатилетний период применение подстилочного навоза на первом фоне привело к увеличению содержания гумуса в пахотном слое на 1,32%, в условиях дерново-подзолистых почв в год воспроизводство гумуса было в пределах 0,07%. На делянках второго фона с применением навоза содержание гумуса к 2012 г. достигло 2,83-2,85%, что достоверно превышало контроль. В процессах гумификации при применении органики преобладало формирование гуминовых кислот, связанных с кальцием, в отличие от контроля и минеральной системы удобрений, где формировались свободные фульвокислоты. | 3 tables | 9 ref.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Shakhova, O.A., State Agrarian Univ. of Northern Trans-Ural Regions, Tyumen

The possibility of transition to organic farming (to obtain organically pure products) in the conditions of Western Siberia was scientifically substantiated. The research was based on the long-term average climate observations. A significant role (up to 30%) in the yield formation is given to the climate. Its influence on the range of agricultural varieties that cultivated in the region and adapted to the local conditions has been evaluated. The following crops were considered: spring wheat, winter rye, spring barley, oats, legumes, vegetables as well as heat-loving crops such as rapeseed, corn, soybeans. The impact on the soils including chernozems, which occupied of 30.9% of the arable areas of the region, is increased when new crops, varieties and technologies appear. There are some issues of arable chernozems deterioration (loss of humus in a top soil at a rate of 1 tons/year, color changing, thickness, granular structure changing to cloddy and lumpy etc.). The weather conditions effect main pests development and spread of annual and perennial weeds. The research results of scientists dealing with the problems of chernozem soils in the territories of the East European, West Siberian Plains and the Central Siberian Plateau are summarized. The information analysis confirmed chernozem intensive using, which can be regulated by mineral and organic fertilizers as well as by alternative approaches using and high agricultural culture etc. The conclusion was made about the possibility to introduce the principles of organic farming in the crops (such as cereals, legumes etc.) cultivation, that do not exclude the competent fertilizing and plant protection. The Western Siberia bioclimatic potential makes it possible to obtain high yields of both conventional and relatively uncommon crops. | Научно обосновывали возможность перехода на органическое земледелие в условиях Западной Сибири с целью получения органически чистой продукции. В основу исследований положены среднемноголетние данные наблюдений за климатом, вклад которого в формирование величины урожая достигает 30%. Оценено его влияние на ассортимент возделываемых в регионе адаптированных к местным условиям сортов с.-х. культур (яровой пшеницы, озимой ржи, ярового ячменя, овса, бобовых, овощных), в том числе и теплолюбивых рапса, кукурузы, сои. С появлением новых культур, сортов, технологий увеличивается нагрузка на почвы, в том числе и чернозёмные, которые занимают 30,9% пахотных площадей региона. Существуют проблемы ухудшения свойств пахотных чернозёмов (убыль запасов гумуса в метровом слое со скоростью 1 т/год, изменение окраски, мощности, смена зернистой структуры на комковатую и глыбистую и т.д.). Погодные условия оказывают влияние на развитие основных вредителей и распространение малолетних и многолетних сорных растений. Обобщены результаты исследований ученых, занимающихся проблемами чернозёмных почв территорий Восточно-Европейской, Западно-Сибирской равнины и Среднесибирского плоскогорья. Анализ информации подтверждает интенсивный характер использования чернозёмных почв, регулировать который можно путём внесения минеральных и органических удобрений, а также применения альтернативных подходов, высокой культуры земледелия и т.д. Сделан вывод о возможности внедрения принципов органического земледелия при возделывании с.-х. культур (зерновых, зернобобовых и др.), не исключая грамотное применение удобрений и средств защиты растений. Биоклиматический потенциал Западной Сибири позволяет получать высокие урожаи как привычных, так и относительно малораспространенных с.-х. культур.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Рязанова, Татьяна Васильевна | Федорова, Ольга Семеновна

В статье на примере искусственно загрязненной почвы рассмотрено влияние карбамидного сорбента – биопрепарата «Унисорб-Био», модифицированного макулатурой, на биодеструкцию нефти с последующим фитоконтролем почвы тест-культурой клевера розового – шведского (Trifolium hybridum).Показано, что за 18 недель экспонирования «Унисорб-Био» с иммобилизованными на нем нефтеокисляющими штаммами Pseudomonas sp. и Bacillus subtilis содержание нефти в почве снизилось в 10 раз, что на порядок выше по сравнению с контролем. Высокие посевные качества (энергия прорастания, всхожесть семян – 82%) наблюдаются при использовании «Унисорб-Био», модифицированного макулатурой из газетной бумаги, в условиях 10%-го начального загрязнения почвы, при содержании нитрофоски 0.05%.В почве с «Унисорб-Био», модифицированным макулатурой из бумаги «Снегурочка», показатели ниже на 17–20%, чем в образцах почвы с биопрепаратом, модифицированным макулатурой из газетной бумаги, что, по-видимому, связано с большей деструктируемостью последнего в этих условиях и увеличением в почве подвижных форм азота и фосфора.О сравнительно хорошем уровне восстановления почвы при 15%-ном начальном загрязнении и практически не зависящем от вида биопрепарата свидетельствуют результаты фитоконтроля (энергия прорастания, всхожесть семян – 52%). Наблюдаемые посевные качества и морфофизиологические показатели дают основание сделать вывод о том, что модифицированный макулатурой биопрепарат «Унисорб-Био» способен в течение одного сезона восстановить почву даже с высоким уровнем загрязнения. | The article uses the example of artificially polluted soil to consider the effect of urea sorbent-a biological product "Unisorb-Bio" modified by waste paper on the biodegradation of oil with subsequent phyto-control of the soil by a test culture of pink-Swedish clover (Trifolium hybridum).It is shown that during 18 weeks of exposure "Unisorb-Bio" with immobilized on it the oil-oxidizing strains of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus subtilis, the oil content in the soil decreased by 10 times, which is on an order of magnitude higher to comparison with the control. High seeding qualities (germination energy, seed germination – 82%) are observed when using "Unisorb-Bio" modified waste paper from newsprint in conditions of 10% initial soil contamination, with a content of nitrophosca 0.05%.In the soil with" Unisorb-Bio "modified waste paper from the paper "Snegurochka" the indicators are lower by 17–20% than in the soil samples with biologics product modified by waste paper from newsprint, which is probably perhaps is bound up with more the greater destructibility of the latter under these conditions and an increase of mobile forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil.The results of phytocontrol (germination energy, seed germination-52%) indicate a relatively good level of soil recovery with 15% initial contamination and almost independent of the type of biological product. The observed seeding quality and morphophysiological indicators give reason to conclude that the "Unisorb-Bio" biological product modified with waste paper is able to restore the soil even with a high level of contamination within one season.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2020

Tkachuk A. P.

The article is devoted to solving the problem of re-compaction of agricultural soils. The positive effect of growing six species of perennial grasses has been shown: sowing alfalfa, meadow clover, sand sainfoin, white clover, horned clover, eastern goatskin on the creation of an optimal bulk soil mass. The indicated indicator in the dynamics of the four-year period of growing leguminous perennial herbs is analyzed. The minimum period for growing leguminous perennial herbs has been established for which it is possible to achieve a stable and favorable bulk soil mass. The factors providing the optimal soil density during the cultivation of certain types of herbs, including the parameters of the root systems, soil cultivation and weather conditions, are justified. Based on the studies, a technology was developed to optimize the volumetric mass of the soil by selecting certain types of perennial leguminous herbs and the timing of their cultivation. The ability to optimize the bulk soil mass at the level of 1.13 – 1.18 g/cm3 for the third or fourth year of vegetation of leguminous perennial grasses has been proved.Іn the year of sowing of leguminous perennial grasses, the volume of soil mass depends largely on the basic tillage of the grasses under sowing and is determined by the magnitude and nature of precipitation. Since the second year of vegetation of leguminous perennial grasses, the bulk mass of the soil is determined by the peculiarities of propagation in the soil of the root systems of different types of grasses. There is a tendency to decrease the volume of soil under the legume of perennial grasses in the second year of their vegetation, followed by an increase in the third year and stabilize – in the fourth year of vegetation of grasses at an optimal level for the growth and development of cultivated plants. Among the perennial grasses, the soil of alfalfa is sown best, and the worst is sand asparagus.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

A. L. Ivanov | V. S. Stolbovoy | A. M. Grebennikov | A. K. Ogleznev | R. D. Petrosyan | P. M. Shilov

Excessively acidic soils account for one third of arable land in the Russian Federation (35.1 million ha). Over the post-reform period (1990–2019), the relative share of acidic soils increased by 2%, due to a sharp decrease in the area of liming, and thus restoration of acidic properties of genetically acidic soils previously limed, as well as the involvement in agricultural use of some abandoned fields and fallows covered by acidic soils. This paper demonstrates a new approach to prioritize areas for liming by the example of the Vladimir region. The study makes use of newly established database “Soils of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation” which includes 10,000 soil quality typological unites and 57,678 soil quality mapping units (SQMU). National “Grain equivalent model” calculates the standard yields for grain crops by each SQMU. The GIS analysis allows joining spatial distribution of soil acidity and standard yields of grains in order to determine the priority areas for lime application. Acidic soils with the highest grains standard yield are proposed to be considered as high-priority ones for liming. Application of the given method in two districts of the Vladimir region showed significant reduction in the payback period of liming.

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2020

Vladimir V. Tolokonnikov | Galina P. Kancer | Tatyana S. Koshkarova | Georgy O. Chamurliev

Abstract. World soybean acreage increases by 3 million hectares annually with average yield of 2.7 t/ha. Significant growth of soybean production in Russia is constrained by increased climate aridization and a declining yield of up to 1.5 t/ha. An important factor in intensification of soybean production is to expand its crops under irrigation. Introduction of adapted and high-yielding varieties of regional selection, followed by improvement of crop water supply, increases yields up to 34 t/ha. Soybean varieties selected by Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture and admitted to production in the Lower Volga region: VNIIOZ 86 (since 2002), VNIIOZ 31 (since 2011), Volgogradka 2 (since 2020) were studied. The experiments were conducted at Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture in 2013-2015. The experiment included two factors: factor A - varieties, factor B - irrigation regime (70-80-70 % of FMC, 80-80-70 % of FMC and control - 80-80-80 % of FMC). Plots of the 1st (600 m2) and 2nd (200 m2) order were sown in 4-fold replication by a wide-row method (0.7 m) in mid-May with a planned yield of 2.53.5 t/ha (N90P90K60 a. i./ha). Soybean varieties differed in peculiarities of crop structure formation. Differentiated irrigation regime resulted in more cost-efficient water consumption followed by yield increase compared to the control. The highest yields were formed by Volgogradka 2 variety (2.873.23 t/ha) and VNIIOZ 31 (2.823.19 t/ha), which was significantly higher than in VNIIOZ 86 variety (2.172.51 t/ha). The variable irrigation regime led to yield increase in all soybean varieties, especially in Volgogradka 2 - by 0.310.36 t/ha (10.812.5 %) as compared to the control. It was due to grain increase to 30.936.2 % in the total biomass compared to the control values - 26.627.5 %. The highest amount of post-harvest plant residues (stems, leaves and roots) remained after harvesting Volgogradka 2 (6.397.63 t/ha) and VNIIOZ 31(6.737.9 t/ha), which improved soil fertility well, and the smallest amount was after VNIIOZ 86 variety (4.415.66 t/ha). Differentiated irrigation regime led to decrease in vegetative mass in soil - 4.417.42 t/ha compared to the control (5.667.9 t/ha). Thus, Volgogradka 2 and VNIIOZ 31 can be recommended for irrigated agriculture in the Lower Volga region, as they provide high yields under differentiated (relatively cost-efficient) irrigation regime and improve soil fertility due to large biomass remained in soil after harvesting.

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2020

T. V. Ponomareva | K. V. Krasnoshchekov

The paper considers the problem associated with the creation of databases. The review of available global, traditional soil databases is given. It is noted that they are of great scientific and practical importance. The description of the developed relational database «Heat Soil Portraits» in Microsoft Access is presented, based on the positive concept of representative soil profiles. The database contains information about the structural organization and thermal properties of natural and technogenic soils in Central Siberia. To create the database, we used materials from a morphological description, photographing, and ground radiometric survey in the thermal range of soil profiles obtained by the authors during the expeditionary work. Radiometric survey of soils was carried out according to the author’s method using a portable thermal camera. The structure of the designed database, its content and attributes are developed. Currently, the database includes information on 20 soil profiles of the main soil types and technogenic surface formations that are common in Central Siberia. The procedure for replenishing the created database with new information is simple to perform. A feature of the proposed database is the presence of photographs and thermal portraits attached to the description of a particular soil profile, which display the temperature distribution and structural organization of the soil profile. For each soil profile, temperature gradients are calculated that characterize the specific thermophysical properties of organogenic and mineral horizons. The prospect of DB development is replenishment with the results of radiometric surveys carried out in different seasons of the year and in different conditions of soil formation. Thus, the materials contained in the database can be used to assess the temporal and spatial variability of soils as a result of exposure to natural and anthropogenic factors.

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