AGRIS - 

2023

Baeza-Guzmán Y | Camargo-Ricalde SL | Trejo Aguilar D | Montaño NM

Mexico is a center of diversity for the genus Pinus, with 44% of pine species being endemic to the country. Mexican pine forests are recognized as hotspots for ectomycorrhizal fungi and bacteria due to the extensive interactions that take place between microorganisms and plants in their roots. These microorganisms play a vital role in the survival of pine species. This study aims to identify fungal and bacterial communities in a relict Mexican pine forest and evaluate the influence of soil physicochemical parameters on microbial composition. Sampling was conducted along a 145 m transect in an isolated natural relict of P. pseudostrobus var. coatepecensis, which is located within a commercial plantation of Pinus patula. A total of 18 soil samples were collected at predetermined distances along the transect, with replicated sampling points as follows: six samples at 20 cm intervals, four samples at 1 m intervals, four samples at 10 m intervals, and four samples at 25 m intervals. The results indicate that fungal composition varies even at short distances and is influenced by the C:N ratio, total carbon (C), total phosphorus (P), and total hydrogen ion concentration (H+). Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcM) exhibited a higher relative abundance compared to saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi. A total of 69 EcM ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variants) were identified, being the dominant genera Tomentella, Clavulina, Suillus, Russula, and Elaphomyces. Bacterial communities did not show significant variation in relation to the distance from the sampling points, but soil pH was identified as the main factor of bacterial composition. Dominant bacterial genera included Burkholderia, Bryobacter, Acidobacterium, and Acidothermus. Additionally, it was observed that current soil conditions influenced β diversity. Overall, the results demonstrate that soil fungal and bacterial communities associated with P. pseudostrobus exhibit a unique composition compared to other natural forest systems in the Neotropics.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Alexandre Miguel do Nascimento | Ricardo Marius Della Lucia | Fernando da Costa Baeta

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi construir e testar oito vigas com 5,4 metros de comprimento, usando laminas de madeira de pinus spp e Eucalyptus citriodora. Quatro delas foram feitas somente com madeira de pinus, e as demais com madeira de Pinus spp e Eucalyptus citriodora. As camadas foram feitas mais longas pelo uso de emendas biseladas no lado tracionado e emendas de topo no lado comprimido das vigas. Nas vigas de pinus, estas juntas foram feitas simultaneamente à colagem das camadas, dispensando a adesão prévia. Em duas vigas de pinus-eucalipto a colagem das lâminas externa foi feita previamente.As vigas foram carregadas até a ruptura e descritas pelo módulo de ruptura (MOR), módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e o tipo de fratura ocorrida.As médias dos módulos de ruptura do primeiro e segundo grupo foram, respectivamente, 55,6 MPa e 70,7 MPa. As diferenças médias entre o modulo de elasticidade experimental e teórico foram de 4,1% e 3,5 % para vigas de pinus e pinus-eucalipto, respectivamente.Ainclusão da madeira de E. citriodora aumenta o MOE de 11.305 MPa para 18.382 MPa. Das quatro vigas testadas de pinus, duas apresentaram ruptura na emenda da lâmina mais solicitada à tração. Nas vigas de pinus-eucalipto, as lâminas das extremidades, que foram emendadas e coladas separadamente, não apresentaram falha por tração ou compressão. Isto sugere que nestas juntas, a colagem deva ser feita previamente.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Lee, H.J. | Ryu, S.I. | Paik, J.K.

In this study, the quality characteristics of scones containing 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) leaf powder were analyzed. P. koraiensis is a plant belonging to the pine family and the leaf of P. koraiensis are known to have various effects, including antioxidant functions. The specific gravity, baking loss, moisture content, pH, chromaticity, texture, and antioxidant activity of the scones were measured. The results showed that, with the concentration of P. koraiensis leaf powder (PKLP) increased, the scones showed a significant decrease (P<0.001) in specific gravity. Regarding chromaticity, the brightness decreased significantly (P<0.001), and there was a significant increase (P<0.001) in redness after the addition of PKLP. We also found that the hardness of the scones was significantly decreased (P=0.001) with the addition of leaf powder. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the contents of polyphenols (P=0.007), flavonoids (P<0.001), and 2,2’azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (P<0.001) were all significantly increased with the addition of the leaf powder. This study provides potential for the development of various foods using P. koraiensis leaf.

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Korea Agricultural Science Digital Library - Republic of Korea

2023

Robinet, Christelle | Raffin, Annie | Castagnone-Sereno, Philippe | Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Unité expérimentale Forêt Pierroton (UEFP) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA) ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA) | ECODIV | ECODIV

International audience | Description du réseau InterNématode soutenu pour le Département ECODIV de INRAE.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2023

Elena V. Robonen | Nadezhda P. Chernobrovkina | Anastasiya V. Egorova | Maria I. Zaitseva | Karina G. Nelaeva

Качество создаваемых посадкой лесных культур существенно зависит от характеристик посадочного материала. Проведены многочисленные исследования по поиску четких критериев качества сеянцев и разработке методов их количественной оценки для оптимизации режима выращивания. Необходимы показатели посадочного материала, доступные к измерению в условиях питомника, позволяющие прогнозировать успешность создания лесных культур. Цель – обзор исследований, использующих различные морфологические критерии качества посадочного материала хвойных растений, методы определения данных критериев. Пригодность критериев качества посадочного материала определяется эффективностью прогнозирования с их помощью уровня приживаемости (%) и роста после пересадки. Важнейшими морфометрическими характеристиками посадочного материала являются линейные размеры и биомасса всего сеянца и его отдельных органов: диаметр у корневой шейки, высота сеянца, масса сухого вещества хвои, стебля, корня, надземной части сеянца, общее сухое вещество сеянца, количество хвои. Эффективными индикаторами качества сеянцев служат морфометрические показатели корней: общая длина, объем, масса, количество боковых корней 1-го, 2-го и 3-го порядка, площадь поверхности корня. Общая длина является достаточно надежным показателем мочковатости, а значит – абсорбирующей поверхности. Для минимизации ошибок при использовании одного или двух признаков разработаны интегрированные индексы качества сеянцев, основанные на двух или нескольких показателях. Широко применяются: коэффициент SQ, равный отношению высоты сеянца (см) к его диаметру у корневой шейки (мм); отношение надземной части сеянца к массе сухого вещества корня; индекс качества Диксона, рассчитываемый как отноше ние общего сухого вещества сеянца к сумме отношений высоты сеянца к диаметру у корневой шейки и массы сухого вещества надземной части хвои к массе сухого вещества корня. Для многих видов наилучшим показателем качества посадочного материала называют диаметр у корневой шейки, отмечается высокий уровень его корреляции с индексом качества Диксона. Высота сеянца оказалась эффективным показателем для анализа только при использовании вместе с диаметром у корневой шейки. При изучении формирования морозостойкости применяют ряд морфологических параметров: зарождение зачатков хвои, размер зародышевых побегов, объем клеток и митотический индекс терминальных зачатков. Несмотря на успехи в тестировании качества посадочного материала и прогнозировании полевых показателей, ни один тест не является универсальным для всех видов древесных растений и условий окружающей среды. В соответствии с концепцией целевых сеянцев применение морфометрических критериев оценки качества сеянцев в практике лесных питомников необходимо для прогнозирования успешности высадки посадочного материала и достижения максимальной предсказуемости результатов при создании высокопродуктивных лесных культур. Благодарности: Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-26-00192, https://rscf.ru/project/23-26-00192/. Для цитирования: Робонен Е.В., Чернобровкина Н.П., Егорова А.В., Зайцева М.И., Нелаева К.Г. Морфометрические критерии оценки качества контейнерных сеянцев хвойных пород // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2023. № 5. С. 42–57. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-42-57 | The quality of planted forest crops depends significantly on the qualities of the planting stock. Numerous studies have been carried out to find clear seedling quality criteria and work out methods for their quantitative assessment to optimize the cultivation regime. Indicators of planting stock that are available for measurement under nursery conditions are needed to predict the success of forest crop establishment. This paper provides a review of the studies that applied different morphological criteria to evaluate coniferous planting stock quality and different determination methods. The suitability of planting stock quality indicators is determined by the effectiveness of predicting the outplanting survival rate (%) and growth. The key morphometric attributes of planting stock are the linear dimensions and biomass of whole seedlings and their individual organs: root collar diameter (RCD), seedling height (SH), dry mass of needles (NDM), stem (SBDM), roots (RDM), shoot/aboveground part of the seedling (SDM), seedling’s total dry matter (TDM), number of needles (NN). Effective indicators of seedling quality are morphometric indicators of roots: total length (TRL), volume (TRV), dry mass (RDM), number of first- (FOLR N), second- (SOLR N), and third-order (TOLR N) lateral roots, root surface area (TRS). TRL is a fairly reliable indicator of absorbent surface area. To minimize errors in the use of one or two traits, integrated seedling quality indices based on two or more indices have been developed. Widely used indices include: SQ = SH(cm)/RCD(mm); SDM/RDM ratio; Dickson quality index DQI = TDM/ ((SH / RCD) + (SDM / RDM)). RCD was the most suitable parameter to indicate seedling quality for many species due to its higher correlation level with the Dickson quality index. The SH index proved to be an effective indicator for analysis only when used together with RCD. When studying the formation of frost resistance, a number of morphological parameters are used: initiation of needle primordia, size of primordial shoots, cell volume, mitotic index (MI) of terminal primordia. Despite advances in testing planting stock quality and predicting field performance, not a single test is universally applicable for all woody plant species and environmental conditions. According to the target seedling concept, the application of morphometric criteria for assessing seedling quality in forest nurseries is a prerequisite for predicting outplanting success and maximizing the predictability of the outcomes of highproductivity forest crop planting. Acknowledgements: The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-26-00192, https://rscf.ru/project/23-26-00192/. For citation: Robonen E.V., Chernobrovkina N.P., Egorova A.V., Zaitseva M.I., Nelaeva K.G. Morphometric Criteria for Assessing the Containerized Conifers Seedlings Quality. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 42–57. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-42-57

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation

2023

Denis Yu. Sirman

Данное исследование освещает вопросы возможного применения отходов лесного производства при проращивании семян хвойных растений в условиях засушливого климата Центрального Казахстана. Использование такого типа отходов является более доступным и экономически выгодным при выращивании сеянцев хвойных по сравнению с другими методами. Однако хвоя, имея сложный химический состав, при добавлении ее в почвенный субстрат оказывает многофакторное и неоднозначное действие на энергию прорастания, всхожесть и энергию покоя семян. Индивидуальный характер влияния хвойного опада на всхожесть cемян особенно проявляется на примере Picea purpurea Mast., P. asperata Mast., Pinus banksianaи Lamb., P. densiflora Siebold et Zucc., так как у них отмечена наибольшая всхожесть семян в 2 вариантах опыта – как с внесением хвои, так и без него – по сравнению с данным показателем в вариации с весенней стратификацией без внесения хвои. Кроме этого в статье рассматривается вопрос использования длительной естественной стратификации семян как альтернативного способа их посадки в условиях лесных питомников. Показано, что естественная стратификация значительнее влияет на энергию покоя семян и энергию прорастания по сравнению с искусственной. При этом данные параметры по большей части коррелируют с родовой принадлежностью объектов. Так, представители родов Picea A.Dietr. и Abies Mill. имеют более высокие показатели прорастания при весенней стратификации, тогда как представители родов Pinus L. и Pseudotsuga Carr. – при естественной. Это может являться результатом эколого-биологической адаптации последних двух видов. В то же время, несмотря на достаточно убедительные данные по осенней стратификации, наилучшие показатели всхожести семян у большинства видов отмечены при весенней стратификации, включая вариацию с использованием хвойного опада. Однако вводить использование данного метода, основываясь только на показателях всхожести семян, в условиях Центрального Казахстана является не совсем целесообразным, так как благоприятный период для прорастания семян в этой местности из года в год нестабильный. Таким образом, по результатам исследования сделаны выводы, что наиболее подходящим методом для проращивания семян хвойных видов, за некоторым исключением, является естественная стратификация. Применение хвойного опада незначительно влияет на показатели прорастания семян, при этом может значительно увеличивать период прорастания семян, а в отдельных случаях даже подавлять данный процесс. Для цитирования: Сирман Д.Ю. Всхожесть семян хвойных интродуцентов в условиях Центрального Казахстана при различной стратификации и внесении в субстрат хвойного опада // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2023. № 1. С. 100–115. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-100-115 | This study observes the issues of the possible usage of wastes from timber industry in the sprouting of seeds of coniferous plants in the arid climate of Central Kazakhstan. Such treatment of coniferous seeds is easily implementable and cost-effective, compared to the other methods. However, the complex chemical composition of needle litter in the soil substrate has the multifactorial and controversial effects on such indicators as germination energy, seed germination capacity and rest energy. In addition, the article discusses the use of long-term natural seed stratification as an alternative method of planting seeds in forest nurseries. The other studies have shown that natural stratification has a more significant effect on the indicators of seed rest energy and germination energy. However, it should be said that these parameters mostly correlate with the generic assignment of the objects. Thus, representatives of the genera Picea and Abies have more significant rates of germination during spring stratification. Whereas, representatives of the genera Pinus and Pseudotsuga – with natural stratification. This may be the result of their ecological and biological adaptation. The conditions of Central Kazakhstan are characterized by a sharply continental climate, which includes not only a sharp climate change, but also a rather low snow cover and low temperatures. Under these conditions, the seeds of the genera Pinus and Pseudotsuga may have higher adaptive abilities, which may become a further subject of research. At the same time, it was determined that despite the rather convincing data obtained during autumn stratification, the highest results of seed germination in most experimental species were noted during spring stratification, including variation with the use of needle litter. Again, it is not entirely advisable to introduce the use of this method based only on the indicators of seed germination in arid conditions of Central Kazakhstan, since the favorable period for seed germination in this area is unstable from year to year. Thus, based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the most suitable method for germinating seeds of conifers, with some exceptions, is natural stratification. The use of needle litter affects insignificantly the rates of seed germination, and in some cases even suppresses this process. For citation: Sirman D.Yu. Seed Germination of Coniferous Introduced Species in the Environment of Central Kazakhstan with Various Stratification and Inclusion of Needle Litter into Substrate. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 1, pp. 100–115. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-100-115

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation

2023

Zabret, Katarina | Lebar, Klaudija | Šraj, Mojca

Rainfall interception process is an important part of the biohydrological cycle, in which vegetation plays an important role by regulating the amount and dynamics of rainfall reaching the ground. In this paper, an event-based analysis is performed to discuss the influence of vegetation on dynamic of temporal response of soil volumetric water content (VWC) in the upper soil layer during rainfall events. More specifically, six events that occurred between 19 November 2021 and 30 June 2022, characterized by different hydro-meteorological and vegetation conditions, are analyzed based on continuous measurements of VWC in the open and below groups of two deciduous (Betula pendula Roth.) and two coniferous trees (Pinus nigra Arnold), as well as rainfall in the open and throughfall on an urban experimental plot in Ljubljana, Slovenia. VWC values at the upper depth (16 cm) were the highest under the birch tree, followed by the location in the open and under the pine tree. However, in the lowest depth (74 cm) VWC values were the lowest under the birch tree. VWC responses to rainfall and throughfall showed seasonal patterns related to the pre-event wetness conditions, with a faster occurrence of maximum VWC values in the leafless period. Additionally, rainfall amount and its dynamics during the event significantly affect the response, as VWC in general reaches its peak after the occurrence of more intense rainfall. Such an event-based analysis, offering an insight into the dynamics of the event development, is crucial and very beneficial for understanding of the biohydrological processes.

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Institute of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation - Slovakia - Slovakia

2023

Skoko, Božena | Brkanac, Sandra Radić | Kuharić, Željka | Jukić, Mirela | Štrok, Marko | Rovan, Leja | Zgorelec, Željka | Perčin, Aleksandra | Prlić, Ivica

Coal ash deposited in open landfills is a potential source of environmental pollutants due to the contained toxic element content. The weathered coal ash used in this study additionally contains enhanced activity concentrations of ²³⁸U series radionuclides. This study aimed to determine the physiological effects of enhanced ionizing radiation and toxic elements on five plant species (smilo grass, sticky fleabane, blackberry, mastic and pine tree) inhabiting the coal ash disposal site. Among the potentially toxic measured elements, contents of Sb, As and especially V significantly exceeded their respective levels at the control site, as well as the content of ²³⁸U and its progenies. Significant changes in photosynthetic pigments were recorded following chronic exposure to the plants growing on the coal ash site. Different responses were also observed in the plant species regarding the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The level of lipid peroxidation markedly increased in plants from the disposal site, except in blackberry, wherein GST activity was the strongest, indicating an important role of that enzyme in the adaptation to coal ash pollutants. The results of this study suggest that the modulation of the studied biochemical parameters in plants growing on coal ash is primarily species-dependent.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2023

Marzenna Guzicka | Sławomir Marek | Magdalena Gawlak | Dominik Tomaszewski

Using a scanning electron microscope, the micromorphologies of needle primordia and the young needles of seven pine species (Pinus cembra, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. rigida, P. sylvestris, P. strobus, and P. uncinata) were analyzed at phenological stages B2 and B3 (according to Debazac). In B2, needle tips were rounded or pointed, depending on the species. In P. cembra and P. strobus, teeth were noted on the tips. Teeth were also visible on the margins in P. mugo, P. cembra, and P. strobus. Stomata became visible in the late B2 phase (P. sylvestris, P. mugo, and P. nigra) near the needle tips and were arranged in rows. In the B3 phase, needle tips were pointed. Only in P. strobus was the needle tip slightly rounded. The teeth on the margin in all the species were pointed. In P. strobus, their size and density along the margin decreased basipetally. In B3 for all the species, numerous stomata were visible. In P. sylvestris, P. cembra, and P. strobus, Florin rings were also observed. These observations could be useful in pine systematics but also in palaeobotanical or physiological studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the micromorphology of very young needles in representatives of the genus Pinus.

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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute - Switzerland

2023

Xiang-Chuan Li | Yi Hu | Xiang Zhang | Liang Xiao | Li-Na Liang | Rui-Zhi Zhang | Lei Qiao

Pinus is an economically and ecologically important genus whose members are dominant components globally in low-latitude mountainous and mid-latitude temperate forests. Pinus species richness is currently concentrated in subtropical mid-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, differing from the latitudinal diversity gradient mostly recognized in woody angiosperms. How the present pattern was developing in Earth's past is still poorly studied, particularly in eastern Asia. Here, a new fossil species, Pinus shengxianica sp. nov. is described based on a fossil seed cone from the Late Miocene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang, southeast China. A co-occurring cone is recognized as a known fossil species, Pinus speciosa Li. Extensive comparison of extant and fossil members of Pinus suggests P. shengxianica shares a striking cone similarity to Pinus merkusii and Pinus latteri (subsection Pinus) from tropical Southeast Asia in having annular bulges around the umbo on the apophysis. The morphological resemblance indicates these two extant low-latitude pines probably possess a close affinity with the present newly-discovered P. shengxianica and originated from East Asian mid-low latitude ancestors during this generic re-diversification in the Miocene. This scenario is consistent with the evolutionary trajectory reflected by the pine fossil history and molecular data, marking the Miocene as a key period for the origin and evolution of most extant pines globally. The co-occurrences of diverse conifers and broadleaved angiosperms preferring diverse niches demonstrate Late Miocene eastern Zhejiang was one of the hot spots for coniferophyte diversity and hosted a needled-broadleaved mixed forest with complex vegetation structure and an altitudinal zonation.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden