AGRIS - 

2021

Rubaeva, O.D., South-Ural State Agrarian Univ., Chelyabinsk

331\\Рассмотрен организационно-экономический механизм (ОЭМ) развития малого и среднего бизнеса (МСБ) в молочном скотоводстве (МС) на примере Челябинской обл. Развитие ОЭМ во многом зависит от степени вовлеченности государства в решение его проблем, т.к. данное направление сельского хозяйства является значимым по отношению к экономическому и природно-климатическому влиянию. В современной российской экономике государство активно участвует в развитии МСБ в МС, разрабатываются и применяются меры господдержки как на федеральном, так и на региональном и местном уровнях. Однако ситуация, сложившаяся на фоне пандемии COVID-19, нарушила среднесрочные перспективы в производстве и потреблении молочной продукции. С целью выявления проблем МСБ в МС проводилось исследование методами сравнения, анализа, синтеза, аналогии, анкетирования. Была предложена методика, включающая комплекс индикаторов, учитывающих взаимосвязи экономических показателей МС и господдержки через механизмы банковского кредитования. Проведенное анкетирование и оценка эффективности функционирования ОЭМ развития МСБ в МС на основании комплекса индикаторов позволили выделить проблемы современного МСБ в МС. Это сложные процедуры получения финансирования; высокая необходимая доля софинансирования со стороны МСБ при получении грантов и субсидий; высокая налоговая нагрузка; рост доли убыточных предприятий с поголовьем до 200 и от 201 до 700 гол. молочных коров, рост доли просроченной задолженности перед кредитными организациями по группе предприятий с поголовьем до 200 гол. Данные проблемы усугубляют период 'шоковой' экономики, что требует более эффективных подходов в сохранении и развитии МСБ в МС. Предложен ряд элементов во включение в ОЭМ развития МСБ в МС может быть достигнуто с учетом совершенствования эффективности ОЭМ МСБ. | There has been considered an organizational economic mechanism (OEM) of developing small and medium business (SMB) in dairy farming (DF) in the Chelyabinsk region. The development of SMB largely depends on the involvement degree of the state into the solution of its problems, that is, this area of agriculture is considerable with respect to economic and natural and climatic influence. In the modern Russian economy the state active participates in developing SMB in DF, there are worked out and used measures of state support both federally, and regionally and locally. However, the situation shaped at the background of COVID-19 pandemic broke medium term prospects in production and consumption of dairy products. In order to reveal the SMB problems in DF, the research was carried out by comparing, analyzing, synthesizing, analogy, questioning. A procedure comprising a complex of indicators recording interrelationships of economic indices of DF and state support through mechanisms bank crediting was proposed. The questioning and evaluating the efficiency of OEM operation in developing SMB in DF carried out on the basis of a complex of indicators allowed identifying the problems of modern SMB in DF. These are complicated procedures of providing funding; high required share of co-funding from SMB when grants and subsidies are received; high tax burden; the growth of the share of unprofitable enterprises with livestock of up to 200 and from 201 to 700 dairy cows, the growth of past-due debt owed to credit organizations for the group of enterprises with livestock of up to 200 heads. These problems deepen the period of 'shock' economy thereby requiring more effective approaches to preserving and developing SMB in DF. A number of elements is proposed to be included in the OEM of developing SMB in DF, which may be achieved in view of improving the efficiency of OEM for SMB.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2020

Dyagilev, G.Т., Yakutsk Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture

The aim of the work is to conduct epizootological zoning of anthrax in the territory of the Republic of Sakha on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of official reports. Of 35 administrative districts of the republic anthrax epizooties were revealed in 29 districts. Depending on the degree of ill-being, the territory of the republic is divided into 4 epizootological zones: the 1-st epizootological zone included 12 districts (Aldansky, Ust-Maysky, Tomponsky, Eveno-Bytantaysky, Momsky, Verkhoyansky, Verkhnekolymsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky, Lensky, Mirninsky), where were recorded from 1 to 10anthrax outbreaks; 9 districts (Megino-Kangalassky, Gorny, Amginsky, Churapchinsky, Namsky, Khangalassky, Suntarsky, Oimyakonsky) and the city of Yakutsk, where there were recorded from 11 to 30 anthrax outbreaks. The 3-nd epizootological zone included 8 districts (Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky, Kobyaisky, Olekminsky, Nyurbinsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Srednekolymsky), where there were recorded from 31 to 90 anthrax outbreaks; the 4-th epizootological zone included 5 districts (Anabarsky, Allaikhovsky, Abyisky, Bulunsky, Neryungrinsky) free from anthrax. Epizootological zoning for infectious diseases makes it possible to differentially plan preventive veterinary activities and measures to control specific infectious diseases in certain territories depending on the intensity of the epizootological process of the disease. Since the planning and conduct of preventive veterinary measures is carried out in districts, epizootological zoning is based on the administrative division of the territory. Considering the epizootological situation of anthrax in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Sakha it can be concluded that it is admissible to stop preventive measures in the regions of the republic, regardless of the limitation period of the last manifestations of anthrax, and also to constantly have a reserve supply of vaccines and serums. | Цель работы - проведение эпизоотологического районирования сибирской язвы (СЯ) на территории Республики Саха на основе всестороннего анализа официальных отчетов. Из 35 административных районов республики, эпизоотии СЯ выявлены в 29 районах. В зависимости от степени неблагополучия, территория республики разделена на 4 эпизоотологические зоны: в 1-ю эпизоотологическую зону вошли 12 районов (Алданский, Усть-Майский, Томпонский, Эвено-Бытантайский, Момский, Верхоянский, Верхнеколымский, Нижнеколымский, Оленекский, Жиганский, Ленский, Мирнинский), где вспышки СЯ регистрированы от 1 до 10 случаев; ко 2-й эпизоотологической зоне отнесены 9 районов (Мегино-Кангаласский, Горный, Амгинский, Чурапчинский, Намский, Хангаласский, Сунтарский, Оймяконский) и г. Якутск, где вспышки СЯ регистрированы от 11 до 30 случаев; в 3-ю эпизоотологическую зону учтены 8 районов (Таттинский, Усть-Алданский, Кобяйский, Олекминский, Нюрбинский, Верхневилюйский, Вилюйский, Среднеколымский), где вспышки СЯ регистрированы от 31 до 90 случаев; в 4-ю эпизоотологическую зону вошло 5 районов (Анабарский, Аллаиховский, Абыйский, Булунский, Нерюнгринский), свободные от СЯ. Эпизоотологическое районирование по инфекционным заболеваниям позволяет дифференцированно планировать профилактические ветеринарные мероприятия и меры борьбы с конкретными инфекционным заболеваниями, по отдельным территориям в зависимости от напряженности эпизоотологического процесса заболевания. Поскольку планирование и проведение профилактических ветеринарных мероприятий проводится районам, эпизоотологическое районирование базируется на административном делении территории. Учитывая эпизоотологическую ситуацию по СЯ в Российской Федерации и в Республике Саха, можно сделать вывод о недопустимости прекращения профилактических мероприятий в районах республики, вне зависимости от срока давности последних проявлений СЯ, а также постоянно иметь резервный запас вакцин и сывороток.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2013

Ehlenschleger, A.A. | Kostyukova, E.V., Altai State Agrarian Univ., Barnaul

Studied were the state and dynamics of metabolism in calves in early postnatal period. The experiment was conducted in the Altai region in the November-February period with Black-and-White calves under ten days' age. The 3 groups of calves (n = 10) were formed: Control Group (basic diet + a standard treatment common for the farm), Trial Group 1 (basic diet + prophylactic dose of Vetom 4.24), and Trial Group 2 (basic diet + therapeutic dose of Vetom 4.24). The clinical studies were performed by conventional methods, daily, from the 1st to 10th day of calves' life. There were 10 (100%) sick calves in the Control Group. The disease began in mild form. In 6 (60%) of the Control Group calves the disease recurrence was observed on the 6th and 7th days of life, in severe form. Only 2 (20%) of the calves were sick in Trial Group 1. In group 2 10 calves (100%) had dyspepsia. When receiving the probiotic in therapeutic dose, the calves recovered on the 3rd and 4th day of treatment, without disease recurrences. The use of Vetom 4.24 probiotic product for a therapeutic purpose promoted the restoration of the physiological functions of gastrointestinal tract and a faster recovery without any disease recurrence. | Изучали состояние и динамику метаболизма у телят в ранний постнатальный период. Эксперимент проводили в Алтайском крае в осенне-зимний период (ноябрь-февраль) на телятах черно-пестрой породы до десятидневного возраста. Для проведения опыта были сформированы 3 группы телят по 10 гол. в каждой: контрольная (основной рацион + схема лечения, применяемая в хозяйстве), 1-я опытная (основной рацион + профилактическая доза пробиотика "Ветом 4.24" ), 2-я опытная (основной рацион + лечебная доза пробиотика "Ветом 4.24"). Клинические исследования проводились по общепринятым методикам, ежедневно, с 1-го по 10-й дни жизни телят. В контрольной группе болело 10 (100%) телят. Заболевание начинало протекать в легкой форме. У 6 (60%) телят контрольной группы на 6-7-й дни жизни было отмечено повторное появление заболевания, протекавшего в тяжелой форме. В 1-й опытной группе заболело всего 2 (20%) теленка. Заболевание протекало в легкой форме. После применение пробиотика в лечебной дозе не отмечено рецидива болезни. Во 2-й опытной группе диспепсией болело 10 телят (100%). Телята при получении пробиотика в лечебной дозе выздоравливали на 3-4-й дни лечения без проявления рецидивов заболевания. Применение пробиотика "Ветом 4.24" с профилактической и лечебной целью способствовало восстановлению физиологических функций желудочно-кишечного тракта, выздоровлению в сокращенные сроки, без рецидивов заболевания.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2012

Gustokashin, K.A. | Guslavskij, I.I. | Medvedeva, L.V., Altai State Agrarian Univ., Barnaul

The statement and solution of numerous intricate and weakly formalized problems of epizootic process management in farm animals' populations require analyzing significant amounts of source information. The research purpose is the development of mathematical models and integrated software to understand the epizootic process essence of individual nosological entities in the Altai Region. The research subject is the epizootic process of all nosological entities of farm animals' diseases. To achieve the objectives the standard epizootological research methodology was applied. The information system development was based on the expert productive system developed by the Altai State Technical University, high-level languages and object-oriented programming technology with application of system analysis and mathematical modeling based on stochastic information. The research data included the statistical information on epizootic concerns and weather conditions over a long time period. The repeated simulation of the epizootic process scenarios for individual nosological entities in 31 districts of the Altai Region based on available retrospective data revealed clear laws in the epizootic process course for various nozological entities. There are some differences in periodicity, wave length and height, but the general methodological approach is defined with a high degree of reliability. Conclusion. The adequacy of epizootic process mathematical model in the form of a physical pendulum with moving center of suspension affected by the most significant system influencing factors is assumed. Two maximum reliably correlating factors were chosen, the statistical information on which was accessible for all the period under study, the change of temperature and precipitation level. | Постановка и решение большого количества сложных и слабоформализованных задач управления эпизоотическим процессом в популяциях сельскохозяйственных животных заставляет анализировать значительные объемы первичной информации. Разрабатывали математические модели и комплексы программ для понимания сущности эпизоотического процесса по отдельным нозологическим формам на территории Алтайского края. Объектом исследований является эпизоотический процесс по всему нозологическому профилю болезней сельскохозяйственных животных. Использовались общепринятые эпизоотологические методы исследования. Разработка информационной системы осуществлялась на основе экспертной продуктивной системы, подготовленной специалистами Алтайского государственного технического университета, применения высокоуровневых языков и технологии объектно-ориентированного программирования с применением методов системного анализа, математического моделирования на основе стохастической информации. Материалами для исследования послужила статистическая информация об эпизоотическом неблагополучии и погодных условиях за продолжительный период времени. Были выбраны максимально достоверно коррелирующие факторы, статистическая информация о которых имелась за весь период исследования – изменение температуры и уровня осадков. Многократное проигрывание сценариев событий эпизоотического процесса по отдельным нозологическим формам на территории 31 района Алтайского края по имеющимся ретроспективным данным показало наличие четких закономерностей в поведении эпизоотического процесса по различным нозологическим формам. Отдельные отличия в периодичности, длине и высоте волны имеют место, но общий методологический подход определен с высокой степенью достоверности. Подтверждена адекватность математической модели эпизоотического процесса в виде физического маятника с подвижной точкой подвеса, на которую действуют силы наиболее значимых факторов воздействия на систему.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Arakelyan, P.K. | Bondareva, O.V. | Barabanova, E.B., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Livestock Brucellosis and Tuberculosis, Omsk

The aim of research was the optimization of the control system of the epizootic process of brucellosis in small ruminants on the basis of a new principle of specific prophylaxis of brucellosis in small ruminants, providing the animals to ensure the formation of immunity sufficient intensity with weak postvaccinal seropositivity that permits control of epizootic vaccinated flocks, due to conjunctival injection method they live vaccine strain of B. abortus 19 in the minimum immunizing doses. There were conducted studies in experimental conditions (the use of 150 sheep) as well as in production experiments in the farms of the Kurgan region, republics of Tuva and Khakassia (on stock 30 thousand sheep). There were revealed the experiments that after double conjunctival vaccination of sheep from the vaccine strain 19 at a dose of 4 billion microbial cells formed by the immune system, equivalent to the official method of revaccination (hypodermic 40+40 billion microbial cells) at 77.8%. It is proved in production conditions that the method of conjunctival vaccination of sheep and goats in disadvantaged and endangered areas has been effective in respect of antiepizootic and anti-epidemic and more acceptable in the new socio-economic conditions as well as there was provided an opportunity (as opposed to subcutaneous method) to identify post-immunization carriers of brucella not only by reaction with O-immunodiffusion polysaccharide antigen (RID O-PS), but using the reaction of agglutination and Bordet-Gengou test (RA and BGT), and also the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) through 3-4 months after each immunization and reimmunization. There was found that using the M-antigen compared with the A-antigen in addition revealed an average of 2.25 times more infected animals a comparative study of the diagnostic efficiency of the O-PS antigens prepared from B. abortus (A-antigen) and B. melitensis (M-antigen) in sheep and goats immunized with the vaccine strain of B. abortus 19 by different schemes with artificial and natural infection with brucella species melitensis. In addition, there was set of differential diagnostic role of both O-PS antigens of using it in the evaluation schemes of the epizootic on brucellosis vaccinated animals. | Исследования проводили с целью оптимизации системы контроля эпизоотического процесса бруцеллеза мелкого рогатого скота на базе нового принципа специфической профилактики, предусматривающего формирование у животных иммунитета достаточной напряженности со слабо выраженной поствакцинальной серопозитивностью, которая позволяет осуществлять эпизоотический контроль за привитым поголовьем, с помощью конъюнктивального метода введения живой вакцины из штамма 19 в минимальных иммунизирующих дозах (КМ). Исследования проводили в экспериментальных условиях (на 150 овцах), а также в производственных опытах в хозяйствах Курганской области, республик Тыва и Хакасия (на поголовье 30 тыс. овец). После двукратной прививки КМ овец вакциной из штамма 19 в дозе 4 млрд м.к. формируется иммунитет, равноценный получаемому при официальном методе (подкожно 40+40 млрд м.к.), на уровне 77,8%. В производственных условиях КМ, примененый в дозе 4 млрд м.к. в неблагополучных и угрожаемых зонах оказался эффективным в противоэпизоотическом и противоэпидемическом отношении и более приемлемым, так как обеспечил возможность (в отличие от подкожного метода) выявлять бруцеллоносителей после иммунизации не только с помощью реакции иммунодиффузии с О-полисахаридным антигеном (РИД с О-ПС), но и с использованием реакций агглютинации и связывания комплимента (РА и РСК), а также реакции непрямой гемагглютинации (РИГА) через 3-4 мес. после каждой иммунизации и реиммунизации. Проведено сравнение диагностической эффективности О-ПС антигенов, изготовленных из В. abortus (А-антиген) и В. melitensis (М-антиген) на овцах, иммунизированных вакциной из штамма 19 по разным схемам с искусственным и естественным инфицированием бруцеллами вида В.melitensis. При использовании М-антигена выявляли в среднем в 2,25 раза больше инфицированных животных. Установлена дифференциально-диагностическая роль обоих О-ПС антигенов при использовании для эпизоотической оценки по бруцеллезу вакцинированных животных.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Gusejnov, N.G., The K.I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology

A retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation for bovine telasiosis over 2006-2008 in the Vladimir, Ryazan, Tambov, Lipetsk and Penza regions, as well as in the Republic of Mordovia. The intensefficiency (IE) of niacide K is shown after preliminarily introducing a 3% boric acid (BA) solution in conjunctival sac and its extensefficiency (EE) compared to a 3% BA solution and 3% ichthyol emulsion (IE). As is found, the incidence peaks of cattle are associated with summer activity of flies and fall under June. The biocide activity of niacide K applied once to a tail fold of skin at the dose of 1 drop/50 kg or 1 drop/100 kg of body weight against all species of Thelazia was 87-100%. EE of all compared preparations was rather high. From the results of the studies it is concluded that niacide K based on avermectin has a high anti-parasitic activity, easy to use and causes no stress compared to a 3% BA solution and 3% IE administered into conjunctival sac by a syringe

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2009

Borisov, V.V. | Rakhmanov, A.M. | Belik, E.V. | Kremenchugskaya, S.R. | Kamalova, N.E. | Kan'shina, A.V. | Shcherbakov, A.V. | Mishchenko, A.V. | Mishchenko, V.A. | Sysolyakina, M.V. | Gerasimov, V.N. | Afonina, D.N. | Majorova, T.K., Federal Centre for Animal Health, Yurievets

Results of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemiological and serological investigations in 21 Subjects of the Russian Federation in a zone of high risk of FMD carrying and spreading were summarized. The preventive vaccination of animals against the disease was carried out in those zones. Sera samples (12,214) from cattle and small ruminants were tested using ELISA for the presence of antibodies to A, O, Asia-1 FMD virus. Levels of animal immune profiles in different settlements, establishments, farms and regions of the RF were different. As is shown, almost in each region of the anti-FMD high risk zone at different times after vaccination there were objects in which, irrespective of the vaccine used high level of immune animals (80-100%) sufficient to prevent FMD epizootics was found and there were objects having a low index of immune animals and no immune animals. As was observed, in most regions the percentage of immune animals to the Asia-1 FMD virus was higher than to the A, O FMD virus. In adult cattle in the period from 10 days till 6 months after vaccination the strength of immune response reached 80% and higher and was absent in the first days after it and at long date when blood samples were taken from cattle youngsters later than 3 months and in adult animals 6 months after vaccination. Results of 3,852 blood sera samples testing for the presence of antibodies to FMD virus non-structural proteins testified that animals in the buffer zone of the RF were not infected

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2008

Metlin, A.E., Federal Centre for Animal Health, Yurievets

A comparative analysis is given for the epizootic situation as to rabies in RF, in particular, in the Krasnodar Krai in the first half years 2005 and 2007. In RF some decline in the incidence (1099) was observed increasing again in 2007 up to 2289 cases. In the Krasnodar Krai there was also deterioration of the epizootic situation as to rabies over the period under study. A molecular genetic investigation has found that 2 genetic variants circulate in the territory of the Krai: isolate of the Caucasian group and isolate of the Pan-Eurasian group. Rabies control should be based on monitoring, oral vaccination program, prophylaxis of rabies in urban conditions, different national and regional programs, training experts and information service of population. A monitoring should involve determining the indicatory species of animals (red fox, raccoon dog, stray dogs, bats, murine rodents) for each region and the test number – with normal 4-8 animals per 100 square km. A successive vaccination requires observing 3 principles: comprehensiveness, durability and scientifically grounded planning. Vaccination should be performed twice a year – in spring and in autumn, if possible, additionally once in late autumn. When planning oral vaccination it should be remembered that rabies in urban conditions runs in isolation from the forest one involving mainly cats and dogs. The program to control rabies in urban conditions should involve: monitoring of stray animal population, reducing them by catching, killing and sterilization, as well as vaccination. One of the effective methods to control this dangerous zoonosis is stiffening the legislation as to holding animals.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2008

Lvov, D.K. | Shchelkanov, M. Yu. | Prilipov, A. G. | Deryabin, P.G. | Fedyakina, I.T. | Galkina, I.V. | Kirejev, D.E. | Frolov, A.V. | Akanina, D.S. | Usacheva, O.V. | Shlyapnikova, O.V. | Poglazov, A.B. | Morozova, T.N. | Proshina, E.S. | Grebennikova, T.V. | Zaberezhnij, A.D., Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation). The D.I. Ivanovskij Research and Development Inst. of Virology

The paper presents the results of interpreting the epizootic outbreak etiologically associated with high-virulent influenza virus A/H5N1 among domestic and wild birds in the Zernogradsky and Tselinsky districts of the Rostov Region. Epizooty was characterized by a high infection rate in the synanthropic birds of a ground-based complex. RT-PCT revealed influenza virus A/H5 in 60% of pigeons and crows and in around 20% of starlings, and in 10% of tree sparrows. Fifteen viral strains from chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), Indian ducks (Cairina moschata), rooks (Corvus frugilegus), rock pigeons (Columba livia), tree sparrows (Passer montanus), common starlings (Stumus vulgaris), and great white herons (Egretta alba) were isolated and deposited in the State Collection of Viruses of the Russian Federation. Full-sized genomes of 5 strains were sequenced and deposited in the international database GenBank. The isolated strains belong to the Quinhai-Siberian (2.2) genotype, an Iranian-Northern Caucasian subgroup, they are phylogenetically closest to the strain A/chicken/Moscow/2/2007 (inducing epizooty among poultry in the near-Moscow Region in February 2007) and have 13 unique amino acid replacements as the consensus of the Quinhai-Siberian genotypes in the proteins PB2, PA, HA, NP, NA, and M2, by preserving thereby 4 unique replacements first describes for the strain A/chicken/Moscow/2/2007. The findings are indicative of a different mechanism that is responsible for bringing the virus into the northeastern part of the Azov Sea area in September 2007 (during the fall migration of wild birds) and in December 2007 in the south-western Rostov Region where a human factor cannot be excluded. Mass infection of synanthropic birds endangers the further spread of epizooty, including that in the central regions of the Russian Federation in spring after near migrants return after wintering

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2008

Mitsaev, Sh.Sh., Chechen Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture, Groznyj Region

The epizootological situation was estimated as to anthrax in the Chechen and Ingush republics over 1956 to 2007. Sporadic manifestation zones of the disease and risk zones with continuous outbreaks of anthrax were found. At the area of 25% of the total territory of the republics there are 45/4% of unsafe locations recording above 63% cases and outbreaks of infection over 50 years. The density of unsafe locations and epizootic foci per 1 sq. km varies from 0.9 and 3.0 in the Chechen republic and 2.2 in the Ingush republic. This confirms high contamination with anthrax agents. The anthrax outbreaks among animals were more often observed in the grazing period. The analysis of the data of the number and territorial prevalence of anthrax in the unsafe areas showed that the focus of epizootic anthrax had been formed not only in the Chechen and Ingush republics but also throughout the region of North Caucasus. The nature of the epizootic process points to that the whole territory of in the Chechen and Ingush republics is anthrax threatening

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation