AGRIS - 

2022

Enesi, Rebecca Oiza | Hauser, Stefan | Pypers, Pieter | Kreye, Christine | Tariku, Meklit | Six, Johan

Cassava is a perennial crop that can adapt to periods of drought at different times in a growing season, which permits scheduling planting and harvest to develop production systems supplying roots continuously. However, farmers plant and harvest cassava at the onset of rains which creates glut and results in unattractive root prices. Thus, farmers need to understand how cassava varieties respond to different planting dates and crop ages at harvest to be able to use opportunities in income generation that may arise from flexible planting and harvest dates resulting from price and dry matter (DM) variabilities. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the best time to plant and harvest cassava for different varieties (TME419 and TMS581) and to determine the effect of fertilizer on root DM yields in three locations (Idi-Ose, Moniya and Ido) in Nigeria, over two years. The overall objective was to provide information to guide farmers on how to schedule planting and harvesting in Nigeria. The trials were conducted using a factorial split-split plot design. Effects of early, mid and late planting dates combined with harvest at 9, 11 and 13 months after planting (MAP) were tested. Fertilizer treatments included a control (F0) and applications of 75 kg N ha⁻¹, 20 kg P ha⁻¹ combined with 90 (F1), 135 (F2) and 180 (F3) kg K ha⁻¹. A root DM yield increase of 44.8% was observed when crop age increased from 9 to 11 MAP, and an increase of 13.1% when crop age increased from 11 to 13 MAP, indicating that delaying harvests does increase root DM yield across all planting dates. In contrast, root DM yield differences between planting dates were marginal, an increase of 8.1% was observed from early to mid-planting date and of 9.5% from early to late planting dates. Fertilizer treatments significantly interacted with location and the largest responses were observed at Ido. Fertilizer increased cassava root DM yields when compared with control at Ido by 15.38%, 23.1% and 16.7% in F1, F2 and F3, respectively. Responses were inconsistent at Moniya and Idi-Ose. With information on the effect of crop age and fertilizer, farmers could benefit from targeting seasons with shortage of cassava roots and high cassava prices, which would benefit processing industries securing year-round root supply.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2022

Chen, Xilong | Cornille, Amandine | An, Na | Xing, Libo | Ma, Juanjuan | Zhao, Caiping | Wang, Yibin | Han, Mingyu | Zhang, Dong | Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon

International audience | Domestication process in long-lived plant perennials differs dramatically from that of annuals, with a huge extent of genetic exchanges between crop and wild populations. Though apple is a major fruit crop grown worldwide, the contribution of wild apple species to the genetic makeup of the cultivated apple genome remains a topic of intense investigations. We used population genomics approaches to investigate the contributions of several wild apple species to European and Chinese rootstock and dessert genomes, with a focus on the extent of wildcrop gene flow. Population genetic structure inferences revealed that the East Asian wild apples, M. baccata (L.) Borkh and M. hupehensis (Pamp.), form a single panmictic group, and that the European dessert and rootstock apples form a specific gene pool whereas the Chinese dessert and rootstock apples were a mixture of three wild gene pools, suggesting different evolutionary histories of European and Chinese apple varieties. Coalescent-based inferences and gene flow estimates indicated that M. baccata-M. hupehensis contributed to the genome of both European and Chinese cultivated apples through wild-to-crop introgressions, and not as an initial contributor as previously supposed. We also confirmed the contribution through wildto-crop introgressions of M. sylvestris Mill. to the cultivated apple genome. Apple tree domestication is therefore one example in woody perennials that involved gene flow from several wild species from multiple geographic area. This study provides an overview of the complex protracted process of domestication in long-lived plant perennials, and is a starting point for apple breeding programs.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2022

Shpanev, А.М. | Fesenko, M.A.

Competitive relationships in the agrophytocenosis that was the mixed crop of spring barley and perennial grasses were studied in the period from 2012 to 2017 at the agroecological station of the Menkovsky branch of the Agrophysical Research Institute (Leningrad Region, Gatchinskiy District). Three levels of mineral nutrition were created, the plant protection measures were not applied. The most complex structure of this agrophytocenosis was observed in the conditions of a long absence of mineral fertilizers applying. Within these conditions, the high rates of perennial grasses share due to red clover were noted, and the high rates of the weed share – due to the species having a long-term development cycle. The most complex competitive interactions between the components of agrophytocenosis were also identified here. The influence of cultivated plants was weak, and it was expressed by a decrease in the phytomass of perennial grasses and weeds by 16.6 and 22.4%. At the same time, perennial grasses had a stronger effect on the formation of the above-ground plant matter of weeds (13.1%) than weeds on the grasses (10.3%). With the introduction of mineral fertilizers, the competitiveness of cultivated plants increased significantly (2.1 times), while the competitiveness of perennial grasses and weeds decreased (4.5 and 2.7 times). In the variant with a high level of mineral nutrition, no negative interactions between perennial grasses and weeds were observed, while the effect of spring barley on their phytomass reached 41.7 and 54.6%, respectively. Against the background of an integrated protection system, due to the pronounced effect of herbicides on weeds and partially on perennial grasses, competitive interactions in agrophytocenosis dropped to such an extent that they were detected only in the variant with a low level of mineral nutrition. | Конкурентные взаимоотношения в агрофитоценозе смешанного посева ярового ячменя и многолетних трав изучали в 2012-2017 гг. на агроэкологическом стационаре Меньковского филиала Агрофизического НИИ (Ленинградская область, Гатчинский район) на трех уровнях минерального питания, на фоне отсутствия и проведения мероприятий по защите растений. Структура данного агрофитоценоза выглядела наиболее сложной в условиях длительного отсутствия внесения минеральных удобрений. В этом случае отмечали высокие показатели долевого участия многолетних трав за счет клевера красного и сорных растений, за счет видов с многолетним циклом развития. Здесь же были выявлены наиболее сложные конкурентные взаимодействия между компонентами агрофитоценоза. Влияние культурных растений было слабым и выражалось снижением фитомассы многолетних трав и сорных растений на 16,6 и 22,4%. При этом многолетние травы оказывали несколько более сильное воздействие на формирование надземной массы сорных растений (13,1%), чем сорняки на травы (10,3%). С внесением минеральных удобрений значительно возрастала конкурентоспособность культурных растений (в 2,1 раза), а многолетних трав и сорных растений снижалась (в 4,5 и 2,7 раза). В варианте с высоким уровнем минерального питания отрицательных взаимодействий между многолетними травами и сорными растениями не просматривалось, а влияние ярового ячменя на их фитомассу достигало 41,7 и 54,6% соответственно. На фоне интегрированной системы защиты за счет выраженного влияния гербицидов на сорные растения и частичного на многолетние травы, конкурентные взаимодействия в агрофитоценозе ослабевали до такой степени, что выявлялись только на варианте с низким уровнем минерального питания.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Kaipov, Ya.Z. | Sultangazin, Z.R.

Research of impact of biologized crop rotation on the agrochemical indicators of the soil, which determine the food regime of cultivated crops and the productivity of arable land, is presented. Field experiments were carried out in the Baymak scientific unit of the Bashkir Scientific-Research Institute for Agriculture. The relief of the experimental field is flat, represented by the foothill steppe of the Southern Urals. Soil is medium loamy common chernozem. The amount of precipitation during the research years for the growing season ranged between 58 mm (35% of the average norm) and 124 mm (75%), which characterizes weather conditions as strongly and medium dry. In the experiment, biologized field crop rotation having fields of grain crops and perennial grasses in comparison with traditional fallow and grain crop rotation has been under study. In crop rotation fields, plant nutrition backgrounds were laid including the variants without fertilizers, fertilized with N30P20, and with N30P20 combined with straw of grain crops. It was revealed that regardless of fertilizer backgrounds, after three years of crop rotation, a stable acidity of the soil medium was observed in all crop rotations, pH(KCl) is 5.76-5.86. The nutrition regime is better in biological crop rotations, that contain more available phosphorus (139-159 mg/kg) and potassium (190-191 mg/kg), compared to grain crop rotation (133 and 178 mg/kg respectively). According to the average annual grain productivity, biological crop rotations are significantly, by 0.06-0.10 thousands of grain units (by 5-11%), superior a grain-fallow crop rotation. | Представлены результаты исследований по изучению влияния биологизированных севооборотов на агрохимические показатели почвы, определяющие пищевой режим возделываемых культур и продуктивность пашни. Полевые опыты проводили в Баймакском научном подразделении Башкирского НИИ сельского хозяйства в 2019-2021 гг. Рельеф опытного поля равнинный, представлен предгорной степью Южного Урала. Почва - чернозем обыкновенный среднесуглинистый. Сумма осадков в годы исследований за вегетационный период составила от 58 мм (35% от средней нормы) до 124 мм (75%), что характеризует погодные условия как сильно и средне засушливые. В опыте изучали биологизированные полевые севообороты с полями зерновых культур и многолетних трав в сравнении с зернопаровым традиционным севооборотом. В полях севооборотов закладывали фоны питания, включающие варианты без удобрений, с удобрениями N30P20, и их сочетанием с соломой зерновых культур. Выявили, что независимо от фонов удобрений по истечении трех лет ротации культур во всех севооборотах наблюдается стабильная реакция почвенной среды, pH(KCl) 5,76-5,86. Пищевой режим лучше складывается в биологизированных севооборотах, где больше содержание доступного фосфора (139-159 мг/кг) и калия (190-191 мг/кг), при аналогичных значениях в зернопаровом севообороте, соответственно, 133 и 178 мг/кг. По среднегодовой зерновой продуктивности биологизированные севообороты существенно, на 0,06-0,10 тыс. зерн.ед. (на 5-11%), опережают зернопаровой севооборот.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Mishurov, N.P. | Fedorenko, V.F. | Aristov, Eh.G. | Krakhovetskij, N.N. | Davydov, A.A. | Zolotilov, V.A. | Zolotilova, O.M. | Skipor, N.V.

The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using hydropneumatic drills for subsoil irrigation of perennial essential oil crops using hydrogel. It has been proven that water and fertilizers for perennials are best applied not superficially, but into the area where the main mass of roots is located, namely to a depth of 40-60 cm. As a result of studying the methods of subsoil irrigation and the introduction of hydrogel into the root system zone using a pneumohydrodrill on perennial essential oil crops (essential oil rose at the age of nine years and angustifolia lavender at the age of three years), it was found that the biometric indicators and indicators of the productivity of these crops, as well as indicators oil quality did not have significant differences compared to the control variant of the experiment. This circumstance is explained by the fact that extreme weather conditions (heavy rains) did not favor the formation of a crop of lavender and rose inflorescences. Productivity indicators for yield and collection of essential oil of lavender narrow-leaved cultivar 'Sineva' of the first year of vegetation in the experimental variants, where, when planting with a pneumohydraulic drill, irrigation water mixed with air and hydrogel were introduced into the root system zone, significantly exceed the control. In the option with the introduction of water and air, the excess over the control in yield was 14.8%, and in the collection of essential oil - by 68.5%. In the polts with the introduction of hydrogel, the excess over the control in yield was 106.8%, and in the collection of essential oil - 154.9%. The results obtained confirm the high efficiency of the technology for essential oil crops planting using pneumohydraulic drill and hydrogel. | Цель исследований – изучение возможности применения пневмогидробуров для подпочвенного орошения многолетних эфиромасличных культур с использованием гидрогеля. Доказано, что воду и удобрения под многолетние растения лучше вносить не поверхностно, а в зону расположения основной массы корней, т.е. на глубину 40-60 см. В результате изучения приемов подпочвенного орошения и внесения гидрогеля в зону расположения корневой системы с помощью пневмогидробура на многолетних эфиромасличных культурах (роза эфиромасличная в возрасте девяти лет и лаванда узколистная в возрасте трех лет) установлено, что биометрические показатели и показатели продуктивности данных культур, а также показатели качества масла не имели значимых различий по сравнению с контрольным вариантом опыта. Это обстоятельство объясняется тем, что экстремальные погодные условия (обильные дожди) не благоприятствовали формированию урожая соцветий лаванды и розы. Показатели продуктивности по урожайности и сбору эфирного масла лаванды узколистной сорта Синева первого года вегетации в вариантах опыта, где при посадке с помощью пневмогидробура в зону корневой системы были внесены поливная вода в смеси с воздухом и гидрогель, значительно превышают контрольные значения. В варианте с внесением воды и воздуха превышение над контролем по урожайности составило 14,8%, а по сбору эфирного масла – на 68,5%. В варианте опыта с внесением гидрогеля превышение над контролем по урожайности составило 106,8 %, а по сбору эфирного масла – 154,9%. Полученные результаты подтверждают высокую эффективность технологии посадки эфиромасличных культур с использованием пневмогидробура и гидрогеля.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Sokolenko, N.I. | Galushko, N.A.

Genetic diversity among ear crops is a promising source of raw material in wheat breeding for grain quality. The aim of the study was to evaluate and reveal clones of perennial wheat-rye-wheatgrass hybrids (WRWH) having high grain quality indicators and promising for wheat breeding. The studies were conducted at the North Caucasus Federal Agricultural Research Centre in 2016–2019. The plants were cultivated in an area with unstable moistening on bare fallow. Soils of the test plots are chernozems ordinary medium-thick low-humus medium-loamy. The collection of 246 clones of perennial wheat-rye-wheatgrass hybrids, which were obtained by A. I. Derzhavin, served as the research material. The collection of WRWH clones is represented by late-maturing tall forms having plant high of 128...153 cm. Under the Stavropol Krai conditions in different years, the stage of earing and grain ripening in hybrids begin 2–3 weeks later than in common winter wheat. According to the morphological characteristics of the ears, four main morphotypes of hybrids were identified: wheatgrass, wheatgrass-intermediate, intermediate and wheat-intermediate. In different clones, the average number of grains per ear was 13–40 pieces. The grain was small; 1000 grain weight reached 11.3–17.5 g. The grain of different clones, regardless of growing conditions, contained a lot of gluten, 39.8–57.2%, and protein, 16.6–23.8%. There is a close negative correlation between the number of grains per ear and gluten and protein contents (r= –0.70; p not more than 0.05). The largest amount of gluten and protein was observed in the grain of clone 95/1 (IV morphotype); it also differs in the highest (60 ml) sedimentation rate. There is an average positive correlation between the sedimentation index and the amount of gluten in the grain (r=0.53; p not more than 0.05); average negative correlation – between the sedimentation index and 1000 grain weight (r= –0.61; p not more than 0.05). | Генетическое разнообразие колосовых культур даёт основания рассматривать его как перспективный источник исходного материала в селекции пшеницы на качество зерна. Цель исследования – оценка многолетних пшенично-ржано-пырейных гибридов по хозяйственно ценным признакам и выделение среди них клонов с высокими технологическими показателями зерна для использования в селекции мягкой озимой пшеницы. Исследования проводили в Северо-Кавказском федеральном научном аграрном центре в 2016–2019 гг. Растения выращивали в зоне с неустойчивым увлажнением по чистому пару, на черноземе обыкновенном среднемощном слабогумусированном среднесуглинистом. Материалом для исследований послужила коллекция (246 образцов) клонов многолетних пшенично-ржано-пырейных гибридов (ПРПГ) А. И. Державина. Коллекция клонов ПРПГ представлена позднеспелыми высокорослыми (128–153 см) формами. Фаза колошения и фаза созревания зерна в разные годы в условиях Ставропольского края наступает у гибридов на 2–3 нед. позже, чем у мягкой озимой пшеницы. По морфологическим признакам колоса среди ПРПГ выделено 4 основных морфотипа гибридов: пырейный, пырейно-промежуточный, промежуточный и пшенично-промежуточный. Количество зерен в колосе у разных клонов в среднем составило 13–40 штук. Зерно было мелким, с массой 1000 зерен 11,3– 17,5 г. Зерно ПРПГ разных клонов независимо от условий выращивания отличается высоким содержанием клейковины (39,8–57,2%) и белка (16,6–23,8%). Между количеством зерен в колосе и содержанием клейковины и белка определена тесная отрицательная корреляционная связь (r = –0,70; p не более 0,05). Наибольшее количество клейковины и белка отмечено в зерне клона 95/1 (IV морфотип), который отличается и наибольшим показателем седиментации – 60 мл. Между показателем седиментации и количеством клейковины в зерне коэффициент корреляции был средним положительным (r = 0,53; p не более 0,05), а между показателем седиментации и массой 1000 зерен – средним отрицательным (r = –0,61; p не более 0,05).

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Li, Zheng | Lathe, Rahul S. | Li, Jinping | He, Hong | Bhalerao, Rishikesh P.

Perennial life cycles enable plants to have remarkably long lifespans, as exemplified by trees that can live for thousands of years. For this, they require sophisticated regulatory networks that sense environmental changes and initiate adaptive responses in their growth patterns. Recent research has gradually elucidated fundamental mechanisms underlying the perennial life cycle. Intriguingly, several conserved components of the floral transition pathway in annuals such as Arabidopsis thaliana also participate in these regulatory mechanisms underpinning perenniality. Here, we provide an overview of perennials’ physiological features and summarise their recently discovered molecular foundations. We also highlight the importance of deepening our understanding of perenniality in the development of perennial grain crops, which are promising elements of future sustainable agriculture.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2022

Cohen, Hamutahl | Ponisio, Lauren C. | Russell, Kaleigh A. | Philpott, Stacy M. | McFrederick, Quinn S.

Urbanization is associated with increases in impervious land cover, which alters the distribution of resources available to wildlife and concentrates activity in unbuilt spaces such as parks and gardens. How resource shifts alter the dynamics of parasite and pathogen transmission has not been addressed for many important species in urban systems. We focus on urban gardens, resource‐rich “islands” within the urban matrix, to examine how the availability of floral resources at local and landscape scales influences the prevalence of six RNA viruses and three parasites in honey bees and bumble bees. Because parasites and pathogens are transmitted at flowers between visitors, we expected that floral abundance would concentrate bees within gardens, amplifying infection rates in pollinators, unless increases in floral resources would enhance bee diversity enough to dilute transmission. We found that garden size and flowering perennial plant abundance had a positive, direct effect on parasite and pathogen richness in bumble bees, suggesting that resource provisioning amplifies transmission. We also found that parasitism rates in honey bees were positively associated with parasites and pathogens in bumble bees, suggesting spillover between species. Encouragingly, we found evidence that management may mitigate parasitism through indirect effects: garden size had a positive impact on bee diversity, which in turn was negatively associated with parasite and pathogen richness in bumble bees. Unexpectedly, we observed that that parasite and pathogen richness in honey bees had no significant predictors, highlighting the complexity of comparing transmission dynamics between species. Although floral resources provide bees with food, we suggest more research on the tradeoffs between resource provisioning and disease transmission to implement conservation plantings in changing landscapes.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2022

Bhattarai, Krishna | Van Huylenbroeck, Johan

Ornamental crops include a broad range of plants, including herbaceous seasonal flowers to woody perennial trees [...]

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2022

Shah, Kaushal H. | Oza, Manisha J.

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multi-purpose perennial plant belonging to family Moringaceae. Traditionally, it has been used to cure diabetes, anaemia, asthma, typhoid fever, arthritis, malaria and skin disease. M. oleifera is rich in various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, carotenoids, isothiocyanates, polyphenol, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates and glucosinolates. All parts of M. oleifera including seeds, leaves, roots, flowers, stem, pods have traditional medicinal value. Various extracts, fractions and phytoconstituents isolated from various parts of M. oleifera have been studied at molecular level for treatment of various pathological conditions such as cancer, inflammation, diabetes, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and wound healing and atopic dermatitis. These reports indicate that phytoconstituents present in plant parts are responsible for regulation of various biological functions via modulation of various molecular targets. It is used as food fortificant since it isa good source of dietary anti-oxidants; has high content of b-carotene, ascorbic acid, a-tocopherol, iron calcium, iron and potassium and protein content. The purpose of present review is to discuss effect of M. oleifera on various molecular targets such as various cytokines, NF-κB, Nrf-2, HO-1, iNOS, PPAR, COX, MAPK, JNK, ERK, Bax, Caspase 3 and 9, Bcl-2 and understand its role in management of various diseases. Abbreviation: MO- Moringa oleifera, TNF- Tumour Necrosis Factor, BSS- β-sitosterol, IL- Interleukin, LPS- lipopolysaccharide, MSE- Moringa oleifera seed extract, MC- Moringa oleifera concentrate, MIC- Moringa isothiocyanates, VHFD- very high fat diet, DNCB- 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, AD- Atopic dermatitis, NF-κB- Nuclear Factor kappa beta, ARE- antioxidant response element, HO- Haem Oxygenase, Nrf- Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, RBITC- 4- (α-L-Rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate, COX- cyclooxygenase, Bcl2-B-cell lymphoma 2, Bcl-xL- B-cell lymphoma-extra large, EAC- Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, DEN- Diethyl nitrosamine, VEGF- vascular endothelial growth factor, iNOS- inducible nitric oxide synthase, CP- cyclophosphamide, PPAR- Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors, PARP- poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, MAPK- Mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK- Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, JNK- c-Jun N-terminal kinase, UC- ulcerative colitis, SCI- spinal cord injury, WKY- Wistar Kyoto rats, DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, ASC- adipose stem cells, MOLEE- Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract, TLR4- Toll-like receptor 4, PGE2- Prostaglandin E₂, PIK3- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America