INkece yezezibhangqiwe

**Inkece yezezibhangqiwe** (ebizwa ngangokuthi **imali yezezibhangqiwe**, noma **inkece yesigabuzuba**) iyinoma iyiphi inkece, imali, noma impahla esamali ngokuyinhloko elawulwa, igcinwe noma yenanwe ezimisweni zesiCikizi sezezibhangqiwe, ikakhulu kuxhakaxholo. Izinhlobo zenkece yezezibhangqiwe zihlanganisa inkecesomane, inkece yendwalazo *(virtual currency)* kanye nenkece yezezibhangqiwe yebhangengodla. Inkece yezezibhangqiwe ingaqoshwa kungcinamininigo okungeyomshumanqa noma ibhange, ngaphakathi kwezihele zezezibhangqiwe noma ekhadini elifakwe inani.

Izinkece zezezibhangqiwe zinezakhi ezifanayo nezezinkece ezingokwesiko, kodwa imvama azinas isimo esingokoqobo senkece esemthethweni ngokomlando okwaziyo okuyiphatha ngesandla, njengezinkece zephepha elishicilelwe noma izinhlamvu ezinyathelisiwe - kodwa zinaso isimo esingokoqobo ngomqondo wanamuhla wokunanana ukusuka esicikizini kuya kwesinye isicikizi nokusuka esicikizini kuya kumuntu kanye nokwaziswa namandla wokuhidanisa weziphakeli ezigcina futhi zigcine umkhondo wemali. Lesi simo soqobo sanamuhla sivumela ukutyengiaelana okusheshayo kuxhakaxholo futhi kwehlisa kakhulu izindleko eziyamaniswa nokusabalalisa imali yephepha nezinhlamvu. Ngokuvamile, izinkece zendwalazo, ezingakhishwa uhulumeni, azithathwa njengezisemthethweni futhi zivumela ukudluliswa kobunikazi nangaphesheya kwemingcele kahulumeni.

Lolu hlobo lwenkece lingasetshenziselwa ukuthenga izingudla zoqobo nezinkonzo, kodwa lungavmbelwa emphakathini ethile efana njengokusebenza ngaphakathi komfeketho wakuxhakaxholo.

Imali yezezibhangqiwe ingaba enyombonisiwe *(centralised)*, lapho kunesikhundla esiyinhloko esilawula ukuhlinzekwa kwayo ( isb. njengebhange) noma ibe ngenyomboluliwe *(decentralised)*, lapho ulawulo phezu kwemali lunqunywa kusengaphambili noma kuvunyelwana ngaso ngokombusowabantu noma intando yeningi.

## uMlando
Ngonyaka we-1983, iphepha locwaningo elinesihloko esithi *"Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments"* lika-David Chaum langenisa isu lemali yezezibhangqiwe. Ngowe-1989, wasungula i-DigiCash, umshumanqa wemali yenzuba, e-Amsterdam ukuze afake amasu wocwaningo lwakhe kwezentengiselwano. Yafaka isicelo sokuhluleka ukukhokha izikweletu ngowe-1998.

Imali yoxhakaxholo yokuqala eyasethsenziswa kabanzi, ebizwa *e-gold*, yangeniswa ngowe-1996, futhi yakhula yaba nabasebenzisi bayo abayisigidi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni waseMelika ayivale ngowe-2008. Lomshumanqa obizwa *e-gold* kuye kwabhekiselwa kuwo ngelithi "inkece yezezibhangqiwe" kokubili izikhulu zaseMelika nakwezemfundo ephakeme. Ngowe-1997, i-Coca-Cola yethula uhlelo  lokuthenga ngokukhokha ngomakhalekhukhwini ezinguxeni zokudayisa. Ngowezi-2009, kwanyakulwa i-Bitcoin, okwaba isiqalo sezinkece zezezibhangqiwe ezinyombululiwe ezisekwe kwingqukuhlu engenaso isiphakeli esiyinhloko, nengenazo izingqangqa eziphathekayo ezigodliwe. Izinceke zezezibhangqiwe ezisekwe kwiNgqukuhlu, eziphindwe zaziwe ngokuthi inkecesomane zaveza ukuba nenkani emizamweni kahulumeni yokuzilawula, ngoba kwakungenanhlangano noma umuntu ophethe nonamandla wokuzivala.

## Izinhlobo zenkece yezezibhangqiwe nokuqhathaniswa kwazo

### Inkece yezezibhangqiwe njengohlobo oluqondile nanjengebizo elihlanganisa konke
Inkece yezezibhangqiwe, ibizo elibhekisela kuhlobo oluqondile lwenkece yamazuba enezakhi eziqondile. Inkece yezezibhangqiwe kubuye kube ibizo elihlanganisa zonke ezinye izinhlobo zeqembu lwenkece yezezibhangqiwe,  lomqondo oqondile unqunywa kuphela ezinhlakeni zomthetho nangokwengqikithi. Ngokomthetho, sekukhona izincasiselo eziningi zenkece yezezibhangqiwe kanye nezezinkece zezezibhangqiwe ezinhlobonhlobo. Ngokuhlanganisa izakhi okungenzeka zihlukene, kukhona nezindlela eziningi zokugununda kwazo ezidala izinkece zezezibhangqiwe ezingafani. Iningi lamagunya wohulumeni seligununde izincasiselo zalo zenkece yezezibhangqiwe, inkece yendwalazo, inkecesomane, imali yamazuba, nezinye izinhlobo zenkece yezezibhangqiwe. Phakathi kwamagunya wohulumeni athile, izinhlangano ezihlukene nabalawuli bayichasisa ngokungafani futhi kunemiqondo eshayisanayo yezinkece zezezibhangqiwe ezihlukene ezisekwe ezakhini ezithile zenkece ethile ehlukile.

### Inkece yezezibhangqiwe ngokumelene nenkece yendwalazo
Inkece yendwalazo ichasiswa yiBhangengidla laseYurophu ngowezi-2012, ngokuthi "uhlobo lwemali yezezibhangqiwe, engalawuliwe, ekhishwa futhi ifinizwe ngabathuthukise bayo, futhi esetshenziswa futhi yamukelwe ngamalunga womphakathi wendwalazo."