open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umdayiso ezinkundleni zokuxhumana

**Umdayiso ezinkundleni zokuxhumana** usho ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana kanye nezizindalwebu ukuqhakambisa umkhiqizo noma inkonzo.  Nakuba imigomo yomdayiso woxhakaxholo  kanye nomdayiso wezezibhangqiwe iseqhulwini kwangqondonkulu, umdayiso wasezinkundleni zokuxhumana uyaqhubeka nokubunga kakhulu kubo kubasebenzisi  nabacwaningi. 

Izinkundla zokuxhumana eziningi ezifana ne-Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, no-X, zinamathuluzi angaphakathi okuhlaziya imininingo, avumela izinkampani ukuba zikwazi ukulandelela inqubeko, impumelelo, nokuzibandakanya kwemikhankaso yomdayiso wezinkundla zokuxhumana. Izinkampani zixhumana nababambiqhaza abahlukene ngokuzidayisa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, okuhlanganisa amakhasimende akhona nalawo awudliki, izisebenzi zamanje neziwudliki, izintatheli, ama-blogger, kanye nomphakathi jikelele.

Ezingeni lamaqhingasu, umdayiso wasezinkundla zokuxhumana ufaka phakathi ukuphathwa komkhankaso womdayiso, ukubusa, ukuchoyisa ububanzi, kanye nokusungulwa "kwesiko" kanye "nomoya" wenkundla yezokuxhumana eganukwa yinkampani.

Lapho zisebenzisa umdayiso ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, izinkampani zingavumela amakhasimende nabasebenzisi boxhakaxholo ukuba baxhome isiqikili esiphehlwe umsebenzisi (isb., ukuphawula kuxhakaxholo, ukubuyekezwa kwemikhiqizo, njll.), okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi " izinsizakuxhamana ezizuziwe, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa isifaniselo sokukhangisa esilungiselelwe umdayisi.
LaSoulMates

**LaSoulMates** lena ubumbo lomculo ohlangene wase Thekwini, iqembu lase lokishini la-Kwamashu ebelisebenzisana ne neqembu le-Afrontainment iqembu la -DJ TIRA.
iqembu elalingenalutho abafana abavuka bazithuntutha, bavele bangena kwi-Gqom bakhuphuka kakhulu.

## Imikomelo
I LaSoulMates yaba nethuba lokufikele ku qeketho lokukhethawa kuma 25th SAMA ngo-2019 emikomelo, besebenzisana no DJ TIRA, TNS(DJ), TIPCEE, kanye no DLADLA MSHUNQISI.

umculo wabo wenze ushintsho olukhulu e Thekwini, bonke abantu bayawuthanda umculo wabo, Wonka umuntu uyakhuluma ngabo ngendlela omnandi ngakhona umculo wabo. Labafana baphendule i Kwamashu township yaba kwi nobhala yase Thekwini Municipality.

## Imithobo
Bluesky

**I-Bluesky** iyinkundla yezokuxhumana ezimele (okuyinto ebizwa ngokuthi i-decentralized) eyethulwa ngo-2023 njengenye indlela kwezinye izinkundla ezilawulwa yizinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Twitter. Leli phrojekthi laqalwa yi-Twitter Inc. ngo-2019 ngenhloso yokwakha izinga elivulekile nelizimele lokuxhumana kwezenhlalo, ngaphambi kokuba lizimele njengenkampani engenzi nzuzo (public benefit corporation).

I-Bluesky isebenzisa i-Authenticated Transfer Protocol (AT Protocol), uhlelo oluvulekile olwenziwe ukuze lunikeze abasebenzisi amandla okulawula kangcono idatha yabo, ubuwena babo, kanye nokuphathwa kokuqukethwe. Inkundla igcizelela ukukhethwa kwabantu, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkundla ezahlukene (interoperability), kanye nokuvuleleka kwezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukuhlela okuqukethwe (algorithmic transparency).

I-Bluesky yathola ukunakwa okukhulu ngemuva kwezinguquko ezenzeka ku-Twitter ngo-2022, lapho abasebenzisi abaningi befuna indlela evulekile nokuqondiswa umphakathi wokuxhumana. Indlela yokusebenza ifana neye-Twitter, inikeza izici ezifana nokuthumela okuthunyelwe (posts), ukuphendula (replies), ukuthanda (likes), nokulandela abanye (following), kodwa ihluke ngokuzibophezela kwayo ekuhlukaniseni ukulawula (decentralization) nokuxhumanisa amanethiwekhi ahlukene.

Kusukela ngo-2025, i-Bluesky iyaqhubeka nokwandisa isisindo sayo emphakathini, iphinde ithuthukise amathuluzi okulawula okuqukethwe kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izinkundla.

## Imithombo

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle
Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni
Nomsa Mazwai

**UNomsa Mazwai** (owazalelwa eSoweto, eNingizimu Afrika) ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika, imbongi, kanye nesishoshovu sezenhlalo esicula ngaphansi kwegama lesiteji elithi Nomisupasta. Waziwa ngenhlanganisela yakhe yomculo we-elekthronikhi, i-Afro-soul, nowomlomo, nangokushisekela izwi ezindabeni zobulili, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokulingana kwezomnotho kwezobuciko. UMazwai uhlomule ngendondo ye-South African Music Award (SAMA) ye-Best African Alternative Album futhi uke waba yiFulbright Scholar, oneziqu ze-master in International Political Economy and Development azithola eNyuvesi yaseFordham e-United States.

## Ukuzalwa kanye nemfundo yakhe
UMazwai wazalelwa eSoweto, eNingizimu Afrika, emndenini wabaculi. Wafunda eNyuvesi yaseFort Hare, lapho aba khona umongameli wokuqala ozimele nowesifazane womkhandlu omele abafundi. Kamuva wenza izifundo ze-postgraduate e-United States, wathola i-MA ku-International Political Economy and Development e-Fordham University njengomklonyeliswa we-Fulbright. 

## Ikhariye yakhe yomculo
Edlala njengoNomisupasta, uMazwai wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala aziqamba ngo-2010. Le albhamu yamtholela indondo ye-South African Music Award (SAMA) ngo-2011 ye-Best African Alternative Album . Umculo wakhe waziwa ngobuhle be-Afrocentric, izinhlamvu zezilimi eziningi (okuhlanganisa isiXhosa nesiNgisi), kanye nemiyalezo yokuxhumana nabantu enamandla. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wakhe womculo, uMazwai uhlonishwa futhi ngokudlala kwakhe njengeciko elikhulunywayo kanye nomhlaziyi wamasiko. Isitayela sakhe sobuciko simakwa ngokuhlanganisa amabhithi e-electronic anesigqi sesintu sase-Afrika kanye nezinkondlo zezombusazwe, okumenze wagqama endimeni yomculo ohlukile waseNingizimu Afrika.

## Ubushoshovu kanye nokuzibandakanya emphakathini
UMazwai ungumsunguli we-NGO #FunkItImWalking, ekhuthaza izindawo eziphephile zasemadolobheni eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu hlelo lugxile ekwenzeni izindawo zomphakathi ziphephe kwabesifazane kanye nemiphakathi ye-LGBTQ+ ngokuphromotha ukubonakala kwabahamba ngezinyawo nokufinyeleleka . Emsebenzini womphakathi, ubambe izikhundla ezisekela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezobuciko, ehlose ukudala amathuba omnotho esimeme kumaciko. Umsebenzi wakhe ugxile ekuguquleni izindawo zomphakathi kanye nokufukula imiphakathi ebinganakiwe ngokuthuthukisa amasiko.

## Impilo ngobuyena  kanye nokugqama kwegama lakhe
UMazwai uphuma emndenini wamaciko; odadewabo, uThandiswa Mazwai noPamela Nomvete, nabo bagqame emculweni nasekulingiseni ngokulandelana kwabo. UNomsa waziwa ngemfashini yakhe ehlukile yase-Afrocentric kanye nokuba khona kwakhe esidlangalaleni . Umenywe ukuthi azokhuluma futhi acule ezinkundleni eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhuluma ngobu-Afrika, ukufukulwa kwabesifazane, nobuholi bentsha.

## Imithombo
Ukuhlonipha amasiko ahlukene eNingizimu Afrika

**INingizimu** Afrika idume ngokuthi isizwe sothingo lwenkosazane ngoba sihlanganise izinkolo namasiko ahlukene. Sihlanganise amaPedi, Tswana, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, Khoisan, Venda, Tsonga kanye nama-Afrikeners. Bonke labantu babiza iNingizimu Afrika ngekhaya ngakho-ke izimpilo zabo ziyanikela ekwenzeni ingxenye yamasiko, ubuqobo kanye nezinkolo zezwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi i-Ningizimu Afrika iqukethe lemithelela eyahlukene kusiza ukuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bahloniphane futhi bakwazi ukuhlonipha amasiko abanye abantu. 

## Ubuqobo bomuntu.
Ubuqobo bomuntu benziwa ubunjani kanye nezici zakhe kuhlanganisa imvelaphi nezimpande zomndeni wakhe. indlela okukhulunywa ngayo, amagama akhethwayo kanye nendlela ophimisa ngayo kuveza kabanzi ngokuthi umuntu ungubani, uphumaphi kanti futhi ukholelwa yini. Ulimi lunomthelela kumasiko, izinkolo, ubuwena kanye nokuxhumana emphakathini. Ubuqobo bomuntu benziwa izici ezibangayo eziningi.

## Amaciko

Imvelo yamasiko ezwe yingcebo yesizwe kanye nenhlalo okuhlalwa phakathi kwayo njengamanzi negolide. Izindawo ezikhethiwe nalapho izilwane noma izitshalo zisengozini yokuphela nya njenge St Lucia Wetlands noKhahlamba Drakensburg Parks eKwaZuluNatal zihloniphekile futhi zivikelwe kunanoma ibuphi ubungozi. Ifa lamasiko lichaza lezo zinto ezixhasa umuzwa wokuzazi wenani elithile labantu noma umphakathi wabantu. Kungaba into enodumo ekhethekile njengemidwebo, imihume, isakhiwo kanye nnanoma yini ebalulekile ngenxa yomlando, ubuciko noma ngokubaluleka kwesayensi yayo.

## Izindawo zobuciko
Izindawo zobuciko zibonise ubuciko bomuntu noma ukubaluleka kokushintshana kufanele kubonakale ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo noma ekwakhiwe kwezakhiwo noma ezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlela idolobha kanye bendabuko kanye nokukhanywa kwendawo. Kufanele kubonise ubufakazi bempucuko noma bendabuko enyamalele kanye nesaphila. Indawo lapho abantu babehlala khona futhi basebenzise  umhlaba ngendlela emele isiko labo.

## Izindawo zemvelo eNingizimu Afrika
Izindawo zemvelo zibambe iqhaza ekugcineni umlando wamasiko usaphila. Okungaba amathambo noma amatshe. Uma indawo iqukethe ukwakheka kwemvelo okungavamile okufana nokuma kwedwala okungavamile noma inezindawo zokuhlala nezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezingaba khona lapho kuphela kubalulekile ukuyivikela. Lokhu kwenza kube indawo yamagugu omhlaba. Njengasezindaweni zamasiko ukulondolozwa kubalulekile. INingizimu Afrika iqukethe zamagugu omhlaba ezimbalwa okuyi-ISimangaliso Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, Ukhahlamba Drakensburg Park, Robben Island, Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfointein, Swartkrans, Kroomdraai ne  Environs, iMapungubwe Cultural Landscape, Vredeford Dome kanye ne Cape Floral region.

## Izinkomba
Ukugcina izilimi zase-Ningizimu Afrika

**[[Ulimi lokuhlelelisa|Ulimi]]** isakhiwo esihleliwe sokuxhumana esiqukethe imithetho ehlukene yokukhulunywa kolimi kanye nohlelo lwamagama asentshenziswayo ekukhulumeni. Abantu badlulisa imilayezo ngendlela ekhulunywayo nebhalwayo. I-Ningizimu Afrika iqukethe izilimi ezingama-35 ezikhulunywayo, yazisa izilimi eziyi-12 okuyi Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Setswana, isiSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga kanye ne-South African Sign Language Kanye nezilimi ezine zama Khoisan. Abantu baseningizimu Afrika bazi izilimu ezimbili kuya phezulu.

#### Ukusentshenziswa kolimi.
Izilimi zisentshenziselwa ukuxhumana, ukukhuluma, ukufunda, ukuphupha, ukugcina amasiko, ukumela ezepolitiki kanye nokuveza imizwa.

#### Ukubaluleka kokugcina izilimi.
Ukugcina izilimi kuqhubekisa amasiko, iziga, imikhuba kanye nendabuko yamasiko ethu. Ukuvikela izilimi kuvumela ukugcina ulwazi luphila kanye nokuqinisa izinga lokujwayela. Ukugcina izilimi kukhuphukisa amakhono ukuze ukwazi ukuqhubekela phambili ngemfundo uze uthole iziqu ezivumela ukuthi uthole umsebenzi ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ukwazi ukugcina ulimi kuvumela ukuthi uhambe izindawo ngaphandle kokusaba ngoba uzokwazi ukuthola indlela oyifunayo kanye nokubuza ulwazi uma ulahleka. Ukugcina izilimi kwenza ukuthi ube nokuzithemba kanye nokwazi imvelaphi yakho. Ukwazi izilimi kuvumela ukuthi ukwazi ukuhamba izwe lonke ngoba uzokwazi ukuxhumana nabanye abantu. Ukugcina izilimi kuqeqesha ingqondo futhi kwenza umqondo uhlakaniphe. Ukugcina ulimi kwenza ukuthi uthande amanye amasiko ngoba ukuze wazi olunye ulimi kemele wazi amasiko akhona nemikhuba yalolo limi. I-PanSALB ingqungquthela edlala indima ekugcineni nokukhulisa izilimi zase-Ningizimu Afrika, ikakhulukazi izilimi zomdabu.

'''Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika.'''

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ulawula umongameli kanye nabo bonke abantu abaphila ezweni lase-Ningizimu Afrika. Imithetho ilawula ukuthi abantu kufanele baziphathe futhi baphathane kanjanai. INingizimu Afrika ibonakala njengezwe elinemithetho elingene emhlabeni wonke. Umbono womthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi bonke abantu bayalingana, lokhu kusho ukuthi akekho umuntu ovumeleke ukubandlulula omunye umuntu ngenxa yebala, amasiko, izinkolelo, ibala, ulimi kanye nangobulili.

## Izinkomba
Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi

Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi ifilimu yango-2001 yenganekwane yaseJapan ebhalwe futhi yaqondiswa u-Hayao Miyazaki. Ikhiqizwe ngu-Toshio Suzuki, edlalwa yi-Studio Ghibli, futhi yasatshalaliswa ngu-Toho. Ifilimu ilingisa u-Rumi Hiiragi, kanye no-Miyu Irino, u-Mari Natsuki, u-Takashi Naito, u-Yasuko Sawaguchi, u-Tsunehiko Kamijō, u-Takehiko Ono, no-Bunta Sugawara. Ku-Spirited Away, u-Chihiro "Sen" Ogino uthuthela endaweni entsha futhi engena enganakile emhlabeni we-kami (imimoya yezinganekwane zamaShinto zamaJapane). Ngemva kokuba abazali bakhe bephendulwe izingulube ngumthakathi uYubaba, uChihiro uthatha umsebenzi osebenza endlini yokugezela yaseYubaba ukuze athole indlela yokuzikhulula yena nabazali bakhe futhi abuyele emhlabeni wabantu.
Ukuvukelwa

Ukuvukelwa (ngokwezokwelashwa: i-penis erection noma i-penisi tumescence) isenzakalo esingokomzimba lapho i-pensi iqinile, igcwale, futhi ikhule. I-Penile erection iwumphumela wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezici ezingokwengqondo, zezinzwa, ze-vascular, ne-endocrine, futhi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa Ukuvuswa ngokobulili, ukuheha ngokobulili noma i-libido, yize i-erections ingazenzakalela. Ukuma, i-engela, kanye nokuqondiswa kwe-erection kuyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu.

Ukuqhanyelwa (ngokomtholampilo: ukuqhanyelwa kwepipi noma tumescence yomthondo) kuyisimo sokuphila lapho ipipi liqina, lingene, futhi likhuliswe. Ukumiswa komthondo kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezici zengqondo, imizwa, imithambo, kanye ne-endocrine, futhi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuvusa inkanuko yobulili, ukukhangwa ngokocansi noma i-libido,
Renaldo Gouws

**URenaldo Gouws** (owazalwa zi-2 kuNhlaba 1983) ungumwakhi wamavideo we-YouTube waseNingizimu Afrika, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kwezezimboni kanye nosopolitiki wangaphambili. 

Ngo-2024 wasebenza njengeLungu lePhalamende Likazwelonke laseNingizimu Afrika, nokho ngemuva kokusolwa ngokucwasa ngokwebala ngenxa yokuphawula akwenza kumavidiyo aqoshwa wabe esesulwa, wabe esexoshwa kuDemocratic Alliance wasula ePhalamende..
Ukuvinjezelwa kweMariupol

**Ukuvinjezelwa kweMariupol** (Isi-IYukreyini: **Облога Маріуполя**, isiIRashiyi : **Осада Мариуполя**, isiNgisi: **Siege of Mariupol**) ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha laseMariupol empumalanga ye-IYukreyini izinyanga ezintathu ngamasosha ase IRashiya kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi 2022. Kwaqala ngokudutshulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zedolobha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-drones aseIRashiya, imicibisholo, izindiza, izikhali ezinzima kanye nebutho lasemoyeni. Amalungiselelo okuhlasela aqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ka-2021. Impi enkulu kunazo  kakhulu eYurophu kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II.

## Ukulandelana kwezikhathi

Esinye sezenzakalo eziyinhloko zokuvinjezelwa kwaba ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kweIRashiya yaseshashalazini eMariupol, lapho izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zezakhamuzi zaziphephela khona. Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha kwaphela ngokucekelwa phansi kwezakhiwo ezingaba ngu-90%: 2,340 izakhiwo zokuhlala, 61.200 amakhaya ezizimele, 7 izibhedlela, 4 imitholampilo, 57 izikole, 7 izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, 70 izinkulisa, 3 izibhedlela zokubeletha. Ukufa kwama-Ukrainian ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 kanye nokuthunjwa kwamabutho okugcina ase-Ukraine esitshalweni sase-Azovstal 

AmaIRashiya asebenzisa i-disinformation ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze athethelele izenzo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubugebengu obuyinhloko bempi kwaba ukwakhiwa kwamakamu "ukuhlunga" (isiIRashiyi: Фильтрационные лагеря России на Украине) lapho abantu babo bonke ubudala nezigaba zomphakathi baqothulwa khona. AmaRussia adubula imindeni yase-IYukreyini futhi adingisela izingane zawo eRashiya  

Amasosha aseRashiya adubula izakhamuzi zase-IYukreyini ngisho nama-tattoos ayengawathandi, njengalawo abonisa ifulegi lase-IYukreyini. Edolobheni, entwasahlobo ka-2022, IRashiya yadala inhlekelele yabantu: izinkulungwane zezindlu nezakhiwo zengqalasizinda zacekelwa phansi, futhi abantu base-Ukraine baphoqeleka ukuthi bapheke ukudla emlilweni ovulekile futhi beme emigqeni engamakhilomitha amaningi ngisho namanzi 

Ngo-2014, lapho kuqala ukuhlasela kwamasosha aseIRashiya e-IYukreyini, leli dolobha lalithathwe IRashiya okwesikhashana, kodwa lakhululwa amabutho ase-IYukreyini ngo-2015.

IєERashiya ngaphansi kukaPutin, abantu baboshwe ngenxa yokuphawula ezinkundleni zokuxhumana eziqukethe amagama athi “impi” noma “ukuhlasela.” Ngokusemthethweni, IRashiya iyawaphika wonke amacala ayo, futhi ukuhlasela kwe-Ukraine ngokusemthethweni kubizwa ngokuthi umkhankaso wezempi okhethekile, njengoba kungesikhathi sokuhlinzwa okukhethekile lapho umongameli unelungelo lokufihla ukulahlekelwa kweIRashiya 

Yonke imibhikisho emelene nempi ERashiya iye yacindezelwa ngesihluku ngamaphoyisa, ikakhulukazi ngoMashi 2022, lapho kwaboshwa abantu abayizi-15,000 ngenxa yokuhlanganyela emibuthanweni yokulwa nempi. 
## References
UManyazini

**Umanyazini** ungumXube ongemvelo onesicabayo sevange  i-KMnO 4 . Ulitswayi eliwumncwebe onombala onsomi sampisholo, uyancibilika emanzini njenge -K <sup>+</sup> nesihonyo se MnO−  MnO ukuze ukhiphe isibhunyelo esindwebu ngokombala esiba ngathi sinsomi.

Umanyazini usetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yeziqa nasezingqalabeni njengesithako esithuhlisayo, futhi njengomuthi we -dermatitis, wokuhlanza amanxeba, kanye nokukhucula amagciwane. Ngokuvamile usetshenziswa njengesijuqaziphili lapho kuchwenzwa amanzi . Umanyazini lusohlwini Lwemithi Ebalulekile Yenhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba .  Ngonyaka wezi-2000, ukukhiqizwa kwawo emhlabeni wonke kwakulinganiselwa kumathani angu-30,000.
UMbhadulo

**Umbhadulo** ungumjaho wezinyawo webanga elide lamakhilomitha angama 42+ kuya phezulu,  ngokuvamile ugijinywa njengomjaho wasemgwaqweni, noma kweminye imizila. Umbhadulo ungagijinywa ngeqhingasu lokugijima noma lokuhamba. Kukhona nezigaba zaba sebenzisa izihlalo ezinamasondo . Ingaphezu kwama-800 imibhadulo ebanjwa emhlabeni wonke unyaka nonyaka, iningi labaqhudelana kuyo kungabasubathi abazilibazisayo, njengoba imijaho emikhulu ingaba namashumi ezinkulungwane abantu abayingenele.

Lo mjaho wahlelwa injulalwazi yaseFrance uMichel Bréal igqugquzelwe indaba evela eGreece Yasendulo, umbhadulo kwakuyingxenye yemicimbi yokuqala yemidlalo yamaOlymoic anamuhla kusuka ngonyaka we- 1896 e - Athens . Ibanga lawo alizange libe lihlelwe kwaze kwaba ngunyaka we-1921. Ibanga lawo lifakiwe eMncintiswaneni wezokuSubatha woMhlaba owaqala ngowe-1983. Umbhadulo iwona umjaho womgwaqo ogijinywayo ofakwe kuyo yomibili imiqhudelwano yoompetha (imijaho yokuhamba emigwaqeni iphinde ibangwe kuyo yomibili).

## Umlando

### Umsuka

Igama elithi *uMbhadulo* livela kwisenzukuthi 'bhadu' esisho ukunyathela, ukunyathuza, ukudambatha,kuvela kuso umqondo wegama imbaduko/umbaduko elisho inyathuko, okuyindlela ehanjwa abantu ngezinyawo zabo. Umuntu ozula kakhulu ahambe amabanga amade yena ubizwa *<nowiki/>'unobhadule*' noma 'ubhadule', bese ihhashi  eligabavula amabanga amade kuthiwa *<nowiki/>'ibhadule*', kanjalo impisi ehamba amabanga amade ibizwe *<nowiki/>'imbadule*.'
Isitayela senja

*'Isitayela senja* isimo socansi lapho umhlanganyeli oyedwa egoba khona, eqoshama ngabo bobane (imvamisa ezandleni nasemadolweni), noma alale ngesisu, ukuze enze ucansi, ezinye izinhlobo zokungena ocansini noma ezinye izenzo zocansi. Isitayela se-Doggy siwuhlobo lwendawo yokungena ngemuva, okunye okuyindawo yocansi yezipuni lapho uzakwethu owamukelayo elele ngohlangothi[1] noma indawo yocansi ye-cowgirl ehlehlayo. Ubulili obungangeni kule ndawo bungase buthathwe njengesitayela senja Ubulili obungangeni kule ndawo bungase buthathwe njengesitayela senja. 

Phakathi kozakwethu bocansi, umuntu osesimweni senja ngokuvamile akashintshi,  kuyilapho omunye uzakwethu esebenza (yize ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube ngenye indlela uma umuntu osesimweni senja ehlehla kumlingani wakhe ngemuva kwakhe). Noma yimuphi umlingani angase abe uzakwethu ovelele noma uzakwethu ozithobayo .
Ukusangana

**Ukusangana**, **ukuhlanya**, **ukuhlanya**, **nokuhlanya** ukuziphatha okubangelwa amaphethini athile engqondo noma okuziphatha okungajwayelekile . Ukuhlanya kungabonakala njengokwephulwa kwemikhuba yomphakathi, kubandakanya umuntu noma abantu ukuba yingozi kubo noma kwabanye abantu. Ngokomqondo, ukusangana kwengqondo nakho kuhlotshaniswa nesenzakalo sebhayoloji ye Ngokomqondo, ukusangana kwengqondo kuhlotshaniswa nesenzakalo sebhayoloji yokutheleleka (ukuthi ukugula ngengqondo kuyathathelana) njengasendabeni yokuzibulala kwamakhophi . Ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje, igama elithi *ukusangana* igama elingakahleleki, elingelona elesayensi elisho "ukungazinzi kwengqondo"; ngakho-ke, igama elithi ukuzivikela kokusangana liyincazelo engokomthetho yokungaqini kahle kwengqondo. Kwezokwelapha, igama elivamile elithi psychosis lisetshenziselwa ukufaka ubukhona bokukhohlisa kanye/noma ukubona izinto ezingekho esigulini;  kanye nokugula kwengqondo " i-psychopathology ", hhayi *ukusangana kwengqondo* . 

NgesiNgisi, igama elithi "sane" lisuselwa egameni lesiLatini elithi *sanus*, elisho "impilo". Inkulumo kaJuvenal ethi *mens sana in corpore sano* ivame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "umqondo onempilo emzimbeni onempilo". Ngokwalokhu kubuka, ukusangana kungabhekwa njengokugula kwengqondo, hhayi ubuchopho njengesitho (nakuba lokho kungase kuthinte impilo yengqondo), kodwa kunalokho kubhekisela ekusebenzeni okunephutha kwezinqubo zengqondo njengokucabanga. Omunye umusho wesiLatini ohlobene nomqondo wethu wamanje wokuhlanzeka kwengqondo uthi *compos mentis* ("umqondo ohluzekile"), futhi igama eligqamile lokuhlanya lithi *non compos mentis* . Ngokomthetho, *mens rea* isho ukuba nenhloso yobugebengu, noma ingqondo enecala, ngesikhathi isenzo ( *actus reus* ) senziwa.

Ukusetshenziswa okungakahleleki kwegama elithi ukusangana ukusho okuthile noma othile obhekwa njengengqayizivele kakhulu, onothando noma oweqisayo, okuhlanganisa nomqondo omuhle. Leli gama lingase lisetshenziswe njengomzamo wokudicilela phansi noma ukugxeka imibono ethile, izinkolelo, izimiso, izifiso, imizwa yomuntu siqu, izimo zengqondo, noma abasekeli bazo, njengakwezombangazwe nenkolo.
AmaZayoni

**AmaZayoni** awumbutho wezenkolo onamalungu ayizigidi eziyi-15-18 kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Afrika, okuwenza ube inhlangano yezenkolo enkulu kunazo zonke kulesi sifunda. AmaZayoni ayinhlanganisela yobuKristu nenkolo yendabuko yase-Afrika . AmaZayoni ayinkolo ehamba phambili e -Eswatini futhi amaphesenti angamashumi amane amaSwati azibheka njengamaZayoni. Futhi avamile nakumaZulu eNingizimu Afrika . AmaZayoni atholakala eNingizimu Afrika, Eswatini, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, naseNamibia .  Ihlelo elikhulu kule nhlangano yamaZayoni libizwa i-Zion Christian Church.

## UMlando
Amabandla wamaZayoni e-Afrika eseningizimu asungulwa uPetrus Louis Le Roux, ungumfundisi owayephulukisa ngokholo. Lo mlisa wayekade eyilungu le bandla lamaDashi elilungisiwe, futhi waziqhaza nebandla likaAlexander Dowie elizinze eZion eseMelika. Ngonyaka we-1903 uDowie wathumela uDaniel Bryant eNingizimu Afrika ukuba ayosebenzisana no-Le Roux. Ngonyaka we-1908 kwakhethwa uDaniel Nkonyane ukuba abe ngumholi waleli bandla. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1920 kwagqabuka igoda phakathi kwengxenye yaleli bandla ese-Afrika naleyo eseMelika. Phakathi neminyaka ye-1980 ibandla lamaZayoni elise-Zion, e-Illinois (manje eselibizwa iBandla lomphakathi wamaKristu) laqala ukuzixhuma nombutho wamaZayoni ose-Afrika eseNingizimu. Futhi lokhu kuxhumana kusaqhubeka ngenhlangano ebizwa Zion Evangelical Ministries of Africa - ZEMA. ENingizimu Afrika, amabandla aleli bandla wokuqala ayesungulwe e-Wakkerstroom naseCharlestown esifundazweni emngceleni wezifundazwe iTransvaal-Natal border.
Isimemezelo samaKhomanisi

***Isimemezelo samaKhomanisi*** (noma ***isibophezelo samaKhomanisi*** ), incwajana yezombangazwe eyabhalwa uKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels, eyagunyazwa yiNhlangano YamaKhomanisi futhi yashicilelwa okokuqala eLondon ngowe-1848. Lo mbhalo kwakungumzamo wokuqala ohlelekile kaMarx no-Engels wokulobela iningi ilisu lomlando womthako elithi "umlando wawo wonke umphakathi okhona kuze kube manje ungumlando wemizabalazo yezigaba ", lapho izigaba zomphakathi zichasiswa ngobudlelwane babantu nezinsiza zokukhiqiza . Le ncwajana yashicilelwa phakathi neNguqulambuso yango-1848 eYurophu, futhi yaba isimemezelo sezombangazwe esinethonya elikhulu emhlabeni.

UMarx beno-Engels bahlanganisa inzululwazi yomthako *(philosophical materialism)* kanye nendlelasu yomthamundo kaHegeli ukuze bahlaziye ukuthuthuka komphakathi waseYurophu besebenzisa izindlela zawo zokukhiqiza, ezihlanganisa ubukhomanisi banguna, ubuphathimhlaba banguna, kanye nobuhlohlesakhe, beveza ukuvela kwesigaba esisha esichachazayo enkathini ngayinye. Umbhalo wabo uxhokoviyisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinsiza zokukhiqiza, ubuhlobo beziphoqi zokukhiqiza, kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza, bese ugagula ukuthi izinguquko ezenzeka "esisekweni" somnotho womphakathi zinomthelela ezinguqukweni ezenzeka "kumakhonkulu". UMarx no-Engels bagamela ngokuthi ubuhlohlesakhe buphawulwa ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, bexhashazwa ongxiwankulu ababusayo, okuyinto "ehlezi iguqula ngokuqhubekayo izinsiza nobuhlobo bokukhiqiza, kanye nobuhlobo bomphakathi bonke". Bazakuza ngokuthi isidingo songxiwa sezisebenzi ezibhengcezayo sichitha ubuhlobo bakudala, futhi ukwanda kongxiwa emhlabeni befuna izindayi ezintsha kudala "uMhlaba owenziwe ngomfanekiso wabo".

## Ushicilelo
### Ushicilelo lokuqala nobumfihlo 1848–1872

Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari ngowe-1848, incwajana *IsiMemezelo* yashicilelwa ngobumfihlo yiNhlangano yeMfundo yabaSebenzi abangamaKhomanisi  (*Kommunistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein*), eyayizinze ekhelini 46 kumgwaqo Liverpool, endaweni yaseBishopsgate esidlaveleni saseLondon. Le ncwajana enamakhasi angama-23, eyayibhalwe ngesiJalimani, yayinesiqusihloko esithi *Manifest der kommunistischen Partei* futhi inesimbozo esinombala obhuma. Yashicilelwa kathathu futhi yaba uchunge kwiphephandaba laseJalimani elibizwa *Deutsche Londoner Zeitung*. Mhla zizine kuMashi, uMarx waxoshwa onongqayi baseBelgium. Emasontweni amabili alandelayo, izinkulungwane zezincwajana ze*siMemezelo* zifinyelela eParis, futhi kusuka lapho zabheka eJalimani ngo-Aphreli. Ngenyanga kaMeyi umbhalo walungiswa amaphutha ukuze ushicilelwe kabusha; uMarx noEngels basebenzisa le ncwajana yamakhasi angama-30 njengesisekelo sezinhleli ezilandwlayi ze*siMemezelo*.

## Izinkomba
Ucwaningo lwezingabunjalo

**Ucwaningo lwezingabunjalo** liwuhlobo locwaningo oluhlose ukubutha nokuhlaziya imininingo engeyona amanani ngenjongo yokuqonda ingempela lenhlalo, okuhlanganisa nokuqonda izimo zengqondo zabantu, izinkolelo zabo, kanye nogqozi. Lolu hlobo locwaningo ngokuvamile lubandakanya izingxoxo ezijulile, amaqembu okuhlozinga, noma iziqapheliso zasenkundleni ukuze kubuthwe imininingo enothe ngemininingwane nomongo. Ucwaningo lwezingabunjalo luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izimongotho eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ukuzuza ukuqonda mayelana nokwehlela abantu kanye nemibono yabo ngesihloko esithile. Luwusizo ikakhulu uma abacwaningi befuna ukuqonda umqondo abantu abawunika lokho abadlule kukho noma lapho befuna ukuveza izizathu eziyisisekelo zokucondoza qqkwabantu.
Inqaba yaseSanta Elisabethe

**Inqaba yaseSanta Elisabethe** (IYuk. **Фортеця Святої Єлизавети**) Le nqaba emise okwenkanyezi edolobheni laseKropyvnytskyi ingenye yezikhumbuzo eziyishumi ezifanayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi iwuphawu oluyinhloko lwenkaba IYukreyini.

Ngemva kokuba ikoloni ye "Okusha Serbia" yasungulwa abahlali abavela eNingizimu Yurophu, ama-Cossacks ase-IYukreyini, ngomyalo we-indlovukazi Elizabeth, akha le nqaba ukuvikela la mazwe ekuhlaselweni koMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Ngo-1654, kwasungulwa umfelandawonye wezempi, lapho abantu base-IYukreyini bahlanganyela ezimpini eziningi ngasohlangothini loMbuso WaseIrashiya. Phakathi nempi noMbuso Wase-Ottoman kusukela ngo-1768 kuya ku-1774, le nqaba, eyayinamasosha angu-6,000, yamelana nokuvinjezelwa okukhulu ngabahlaseli abangu-70,000 futhi yaxosha ukuhlasela kweTurkey   .

Ngo-1784, inqaba yaba idolobha. Ngo-1794, yayinezibhamu ezingu-162, isebenzela amasosha angu-277. Ngemva kwekhulu le-18, kwasinda izibhamu ezimbili kuphela - zafakwa ezinsikeni zamatshe eduze kwesango. Ngo-September 17, 1842, inkosi Nicholas I wafika enqabeni for umbukiso, ngo-1874 - Alexander II, futhi ngo-1888 - Alexander III. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, leli dolobha lathathwa ngamakhomanisi, akha ijele leziboshwa zezombusazwe lapha. Phakathi nendlala ka-1932-1933, eyabangelwa izizathu zokwenziwa ezadalwa uStalin futhi ezazibhekwa njengokuqothulwa kohlanga, kanye nokucindezelwa kuka-1937, i-OGPU ne-NKVD (izinsizakalo eziyimfihlo zaseSoviet) zafihla izidumbu zalabo abafa ngenxa yendlala kanye nemizimba yalabo abafa ngokucindezelwa emathuneni amaningi. Isihloko sokushushiswa kwezombangazwe zaseSoviet sasinqatshelwe ukuba sixoxwe ngisho nasezingxoxweni zangasese, ingasaphathwa eyezindaba; noma yikuphi ukukhulunywa ngakho kungase kuholele ekuboshweni noma ekubekweni kombhali esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kobushiqela ngo-1991 .

Phakathi nokuthunjwa kwamaNazi kwedolobha kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1944, izinkulungwane zamaJuda nezilwi zadutshulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe lapha. Ngemva kwenkululeko, abafileyo bangcwatshwa lapha. Kusukela ngo-1950, lapha kuye kwakhiwa isikhumbuzo esikhulu sezisulu zeMpi Yezwe II, esinamathuna angu-50 000, iningi lawo okwakungabantu base-IYukreyini namaJuda.

Ngawo-1960, kwamiswa itshe lesikhumbuzo esikhumbuzweni, futhi ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, umfanekiso oqoshiwe wabekwa phakathi nendawo yesikhumbuzo. Kukhona izikhumbuzo ezinikezelwe amaqhawe eMpi Yezwe II kanye nempi yaseIRashiya ngokumelene ne-IYukreyini (2014-). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2016, kwamiswa isikhumbuzo sezisulu zendlala ka-1932-1933 .
## References
UkuQonela

**UkuQonela** kuyinqubo yokusungula indawo yokuhlala noma yokulawula izindawo kwelinye izwe noma abantu bakwelinye ngenjongo yokulima, ukuxhaphaza, ukuhweba kanye nokuhlala lapho emva kokudla umhlaba. UkuQonela ngokuvamile kuyaphishekelwa futhi kunakekelwe, ngobubhozomeli, i-mercantilism, nakuba kuhlukile kuzo.     

UbuQoneli bezifiki buwuhlobo lekoloni olwakhiwe noluphoqelelwa yizifiki ngokuqondile, kuyilapho izwe noma IsiDlavela ezivela kuso ( *metropole* ) ligcina ukuxhumana noma ulawulo ngonuqhebeqhebe bazo izifiki. KubuQoneli bezifiki, iqembu elincane libusa  ngokuphokothelwa noma ukucindezelwa kwezakhamuzi ezikhona,    noma ngokuzimisa njengabantu abayiningi ngokuxosha abanye, ukubakhwebukisa  noma ukubulala abantu abakhona, kanye nangokuthuthela kulelo zwe ngobuningi.

Ukudliwa komhlaba ngabaseYurophu e-Australia, naseNew Zealand, nakwezinye izindawo e -Oceania kwagqugquzelwa izinhlolimazwe, futhi abaqoneli babethatha izindawo zomhlaba abahlangana nazo "njengomhlaba ongenalutho", noma "umhlaba ongenamuntu".  Lokhu kwaholela emithethweni nasemaswini efana nimthetho wase -Mexico obizwa General Colonization Law wango-1824 kanye nemfundiso ebizwa Manifest-destiny yase -United States eyaqhubekisela phambili ubuqoneli.
UbuQoneli

**UbuQoneli** buwukulawula enye indawo, izinsizakusebenza zemvelo kanye nabantu bakuleyo ndawo yiqembu elivela ngaphandle lezifiki.      AbaQoneli balawula amandla ezombusazwe kanye nezizwe zendawo engaphansi kobuqoneli.   Nakuba ngokuvamile kuwumklamo wobubhozomeli, ubuqoneli bungase futhi buthathe isimo sobuqoneli bezifiki, lapho izifiki ezivela esidlaveleni esisodwa noma eziningi zidla umhlaba futhi zakha endaweni ngenhloso yokususa ingxenye noma bonke  abantu abakhona.  

Ubuqoneli buthuthukiswe njengesicabango esichaza imibuso yabaqoneli yaseYurophu yenkathi yesimanje, eyasabalala emhlabeni wonke kusukela ekhulwini le-15 kuya phakathi nekhulu lama-20, eyadla amaphesenti angama-35 ezwe lomhlaba ngonyaka we-1800  futhi yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wamaphesenti angama-84 ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe I. UbuQoneli baseYurophu basebenzisa ubumercantile nezinkampani ukumisa ubuqoneli, ezagcina abaqoneliwe bengaphandle kwenhlalo-mnotho futhi bengaphansi zisebenzisa ezombusazwembaxa wesimanje wezocansi, ubulili, uhlanga, ukukhubazeka kanye nesigaba, phakathi kokunye, okuholela odlameni olunqamula imigwaqo nokucwasa .   Ubuqoneli buye bahlanguzwe ngezinkolelo zokuba nomsebenzi ophuculayo wokulima umhlaba nokuphila, okusekelwe ezinkolelweni zokufaneleka nokuphakama, ngokomlando ngokuvamile ezisekelwe enkolelweni yomsebenzi wobuKristu .
IMelville Library

IMelville Library iyilabhulali yomphakathi esendaweni yaseMelville, eGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Isebenza ngaphansi kweJohannesburg City Library and Information Services. Lo mtapowolwazi uyingxenye ebalulekile emphakathini waseMelville, unikeza ukufinyelela olwazini, izincwadi, nemithombo ehlukahlukene yezemfundo, ezokungcebeleka, kanye nezemisebenzi.

### Umlando

IMelville Library yavulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngesikhathi indawo yaseMelville ikhula njengendawo yokuhlala enobuciko futhi enamasiko ahlukahlukene. Njengoba isidingo semithombo yolwazi sandile, iMelville Library yaba indawo ebalulekile yokufunda kubantu abadala, abafundi, nabafundi basezikoleni.

### Izinsiza

Ilibhulali inikeza izinsiza ezihlukahlukene ezifanele abantu abaneminyaka ehlukene, okuhlanganisa:

* Izincwadi ezihlukahlukene (ezingokomlando, ezobuciko, ezemfundo, njll.)
* Ukufinyelela kwi-inthanethi
* Amakompyutha womphakathi
* Izinhlelo zokufundisa ezinganeni
* Amathuba okuvolontiya emphakathini
* Umcimbi wamaviki wezincwadi nezinhlelo zokukhuthaza ukufunda

### Umthelela Emphakathini

IMelville Library iyindawo lapho abantu behlangana khona ukuze bafunde, baxoxe, futhi baxhumane. Isiza kakhulu abafundi baseyunivesithi (ikakhulukazi abafundi base-University of Johannesburg nase-Wits University), kanye nabahlali abafuna ulwazi noma indawo ethule yokufunda. Iphinde ibe yingxenye yezinhlelo zesikole nezenhlalakahle, ikhuthaza ukufunda kusukela ebuncaneni.

### Ukuvalwa nokulungiswa

Ngokwesikhathi esithile, iMelville Library ibilokhu ivaliwe ngenxa yokulungiswa noma ukulungiswa kwezinsiza, okuhloswe ngakho ukuthuthukisa isevisi kubantu baseMelville.

### Isiphetho

IMelville Library ayigcini nje ngokuba indawo yokuboleka izincwadi kuphela, kodwa iyindawo yokwakha ulwazi emphakathini. Ngemisebenzi yayo ehlobene nemfundo nentuthuko, ihlala iyinsika kubahlali baseMelville.
UbuQonelobusha

**UbuQonelobusha** buwukulawulwa umbuso (imvamisa, owabaqoneli) phezu kwe izwe elizimele (imvamisa, elaliqonelwe) ngezindlela ezicashile.    Igama elithi lesiZulu elithi *ubuQonelobusha* lihumusha lelo  elalisetshenziswa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ukuze libhekisele ekuthembeleni okuqhubekayo kwamazwe ayeqonelwe kulawo ayebaqonele. Kodwa incazelo yalo isebenza, nalapho kukhulunywa ngamandla amazwe athuthukile uma esetshenziselwa ukuxhaphaza amazwe ngendlelayo eqonelayo.  

UbuQonelobusha bulingisa isimo sobubhozomeli bezomnotho, ukubhulungisa, ububhozomeli bamasiko kanye nosizo olunemibandela ngenhloso yokuthonya noma ukulawula izwe elisathuthuka esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izindlela zangaphambili zobuqoneli njengokulawula ngamabutho noma ukulawula kwezombusazwe okungaqondile ( hegemony ). UbuQonelobusha buyahluka ekubhulungiseni okuvamisiwe futhi abufani nosizo lwentuthuko ngoba ngokuvamile buholela ebudlelwaneni bokuncikela ukuba izigqila, noma isibopho sezezimali esibhekiswe esizweni sobuqonelobusha.
UmNukubalo womoya

**UmNukubalo womoya** usho ukugcwala kweziqa eziyingozi kubantu, nakwezinye iziphili nemvelo emoyeni. Izinukubalisi zingaba uluhowo olufana nesintshongohwe noma izintuhla zeNihwe noma izinhlayiyana ezincane ezifana ne-soot nothuli. Zinukubalisa kokubili umoya ongaphandle nomoya osendlini. 

Imithombo yemvelo yomNukubalo ihlanganisa imililo yequbula, iziphepho zothuli nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo . UmNukubalo osendlini uvame ukubangelwa ukubasa (isb. izinkuni) ukuzu kuphekwe noma ukufudumeza indlu. UmNukubalo ongaphandle uvela kweminye imidkudlungu yezimboni, ukushiswa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi ukwenza amazuba nezokuthutha, ukuphathwa kwendle kanye nezolimo.
Usuku Lwentsha

**Usuku Lwentsha** noma **Usuku labantu abasha** luwusuku lomvalo eliyisikhumbuzo lokudumisa abantu abasha, elibungazwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ngezinsuku ezihlukene zonyaka.

Ukugujwa kosuku labantu abasha emazweni amaningi kuhambisana noSuku Lwentsha Lomhlaba Wonke mhla zili-12 ku-August, osekuqashelwe ngokusemthethweni yiNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kusukela ngonyaka we-1999.  Kukhona nosuku Lwentsha Lomhlaba, oluwumcimbi ohlelwa yiSonto LamaKatolika owenzeka ngeSonto ngaphambi kwe-Advent, futhi waqalwa nguPapa John Paul II ngo-1985.

## eNingizimu Afrika
**Usuku lweNtsha** eNingizimu Afrika luwusuku lomvalo, futhi lubungazwa mhla zili-16 kuJuni ukukhumbula amagalelo abantu abasha ekulweleni inkululeko ikakhulu imibhikisho eyagqabuka ngowe-1976 lapho kuqala izibhelu zaseSoweto. Lezi zibhelu nemibhikisho eyalandela zasuswa ukushaywa koMthetho wezeMfundo waBantu (*Bantu Education Act, 1953)* kanye nesinqumo sikaHulumeni esakhishwa ngowe-1974 esasithi uLimi lwesiBhulu luzosetshenziswa njengolumi lokufundisa ezifundo ezithile ezikoleni zabansundu. Isithombe esaziwayo esathwetshulwa nguMakhubo sikaMbuyisa othwele umfana uHector Pieterson , owayengumfundi obhikishayo owadutshulwa onongqayi, saphenduka uphawu oluyisikhunbuzo somthelela wokulwa nobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Futhi sisasatshenziswa njalo lapho kugujwa usuku lwentsha kuleli zwe. Lolu suku lubungazwa njengomvalo ezweni lonke, okusho ukuthi akusetshenzwa, izikole, amabhange, imikhando, neminye iminyango kaHulumeni, konke kuyavalwa ukuze kubangazwe intsha yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Iqhaza elibanjwe izishoshovu zentsha yasemaphandleni emzabalazweni wenguquko.

**[[Ubusha|Intsha]]** esakhula futhi encane yenza ummeleli wekusasa ngomqondo osemusha futhi obanzi, ikusasa lanonanoma imuphi umphakathilinqike ekwakhiweni kwentsha okungokoqobo nangokomoya. Ukwakheka kwentsha akulungele intsha yamanje kuphela kodwa kuzozuza nentsha esakhula. Intsha ikhula iphinde yakhiwe kwimvelo yomphakathi, okungaba izindawo ezingemuva ngokwentuthuko, izindawo ezilusizi, izimo ezingcolile zombuso, izindawo lapho izikole zitholakala kude namakhaya, izindawo lapho imigwaqo iwubhuqu noma izindawo ezingenawo amanzi lapho kudingeka khona ukuthi akhiwe emfuleni.

Isigaba sobusha singesokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwazo zonke izinhlobo, intsha izimisele ukuqonda umhlaba oyizungezile, yingakho ibonisa ilukuluku, ukuvukela uzwelo kanye nentshisekelo engalawuleki. Isigaba esinjalo sibalulekile ekubunjweni komphakathi ozinzile, ngakho-ke zonke izigaba nezigaba zilwela izinhliziyo nezingqondo izimpi zentsha ezingapheli. Intsha izimisele ngokufuna ulwazi njengoba izimisele ngokulwela ukufezeka kwemigomo ebambelele kuyo. Njengoba ithuthukile ekuqondeni okulungile nokungalungile, ibonisa intshisekelo kanye nesibindi ekelweleleni lokho ekubona ekubona njenokulungile. Ngaphakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zenza njengamandla okushayela abangenamandla, izimpi zezwe kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe. Itholakala emigwaqeni engaphambili yemizabalazo ebonakalayo kanye nethiyori ebonisa  kanye nokuzidela.

## Intsha esebenzayo.
Intsha esebenzayo yakha ingxenye engaguquki futhi ethembekile yombutho wamavikelambuso. Ukuxhumana abanako nesigaba esithuthuke kakhulu nesiguquguqukayo, izintshisekelo zabo nezinjongo zabo kunikeza intsha esebenzayo isikhundla esiphambili embuthweni wentsha elwela inguquko. Uma kubhekwa imizamo yokulwa kwaso sonke isigaba sabasebenzi, lapho intsha iguqukela ekubeni abaguquli abazimisele, ukuzibandakanya kwabo enhlanganweni yentsha kuzowufaka kulelisiko elizuziwe. Umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa intsha esebenzayo yasezindaweni zasemaphandleni ikakhulukazi labo abaqashwe emapulazini nalabo abanezinkontileka emadolobheni. Kumele babekezelele ingxenye enkule yomthwalo wenhlupheko othweswe abasebenzi wuhlelo lonxiwankulu. Ngakho-ke bakubona kalula ukubaluleka kokuhlela nokuhlanisa intsha ukuba ihlanganyele ezombusazwe ngendlela ehlelekile.

Ingxenye yentsha inesibopho sendima ethile yokufeza izinjongo zamasu zenhlangano ngokwandisa ukubamba iqhaza kwentsha. Kunikezwe umsebenzi wokuxhumanisa, ukukhuthaza kanye nokuqondisa yonke intsha yethu ukuba ibambe iqhaza ekulweleni izinguquko emphakathini wethu. Ayisebenzi njengebhizinisi elizimele kodwa njengendawo yokugcina ethembekile namandla asekelayo okunyakaza. Isigaba sentsha kufanele sisebenze njengendawo yokuqeqesha semfundo yokuquko. Iveza izidingo ezibonakalayo zokuqalisa umgomo wamaqembu okuhloswe ngawo ukubhekana nazo zonke izidingo zomzabalazo wethu.

## Izinkomba
Umpetha Wolimi Lwedijithali eNingizimu Afrika

Kuze kube manje, asikho isihloko esiqashelwa kabanzi noma indima esemthethweni eyaziwa ngele-"Digital Language Champion" eNingizimu Afrika. Kodwa-ke, iNingizimu Afrika inezinhlelo nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezikhuthaza ukufunda ngedijithali kanye nokuqukethwe kwedijithali ngezilimi eziningi, okubonisa isimo sezwe sezilimi ezihlukahlukene.

1. Izinhlelo Zokuqukethwe Kwedijithali Ngezilimi Eziningi: Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zithuthukisa okuqukethwe kwedijithali ngezilimi eziningi, okuhlanganisa isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiBhunu, isiNgisi, nezinye, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufinyelela okubandakanyayo.

2. Izinhlelo Zokufunda Ngedijithali: Izinhlelo eziningi zihlose ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lokufunda ngedijithali kuyo yonke imiphakathi ehlukene yezilimi, njengemikhankaso eholwa uhulumeni kanye ne-NGO.

3. Amaphrojekthi Wobuchwepheshe Bolimi: Amanyuvesi nezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe zisebenzela ekuthuthukiseni amathuluzi okucubungula ulimi ezilimini zaseNingizimu Afrika, ezisekela ukulondolozwa kolimi lwedijithali kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Izinhlangano ezifaka phakathi i-South African Centre for Digital Language Resources (SADiLaR) okuyinhlangano engaphansi kwe North West University.
Emmarentia Public Library

**I-Emmarentia Public Library** itholakala ekhoneni lika-Barry Hertzog no-Greenhill road e-Emmarentia, Johannesburg, Ningizimu Afrika. Lesi sikhungo sinikeza isikhala esincane, kodwa esisebenza kahle, esinikeza ibhalansi phakathi kwezinto eziqanjiwe neziyireferensi kufomu ye-analogue nedijithali. 

I-Emmarentia Public Library inamakhompyutha omphakathi ane-inthanethi kanye ne-Wi-Fi yamahhala.
Abasunguli bentsha kwezolimo.

**Njengosiko** kuxhunyaniswa nezizukulwane ezindala, ezolimo ziguqulwa iqembu elisha labalimi abasha, abachwepheshile kanye nabalimi abasafufusa. Laba balimi abasebasha abasebenzisi izindlela zesimanje kuphela baphinde bakhe izimpendulo ezintsha kwezinye zezinkinga eziphuthumayo zomhlaba, njengokuvikeleka kokudla, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo. Ngokwethula imibono emisha, izinqubo ezizinzile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile bakha uhlelo lokudla olukwazi ukumelana nezimo futhi olusebenza kahle. Lokhu kushintsha akukhona ukulima kuphela kodwa kumayelana nokwakha ikusasa eliqhakazile futhi elizinzile lemiphakathi emhlabeni wonke.

Abalimi abasebancane kungenzeka  bazame futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha. Okungaba ama-drones kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha okuguqula indlela izitshalo ezitshalwa ngayo, zigadwe futhi zivunwe ngayo. Amasu amasha afana ne-hydroponics, i-aquaponics kanye nokulima okuqondile nakho kuvumela ukulima ukuthi kwenziwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, okwenza ezolimo zifinyelele kalula ezizukulwaneni ezincane ezisakhula. Njengosomabhizinisi abancane, ukuqhubeka nokugqugquzela ukusungula izinto ezintsha , amathuba okwanda kokuvikelelka kokudla kanye nokukhula komnotho. Ngokwamukela lolushintsho iNingizimu Afrika ayigcini ngokondla inani labantu abakhulayo kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ikusasa eliqhakazile kubalimi bayo abasha.    

## Ukubaluleka kwentsha ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wezwe ngezolimo.
Abantu abasha babalulekile ekusaseni lezolimo ngoba bavuleleke kakhudlwana ekwamukeleni ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza. Banamandla okuguqula imboni ngokwethula amasu amasha afana nokulima okunembayo kanye nokulima okuqondile. Intsha ezibandakanya nezolimo isiza nasekuvuseleleni izindawo zasemakhaya, ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba emisebenzi kanye nokufukula umnotho wezwe. Intsha enobuhlakani, ingasungula futhi ilawule imisebenzi yenani elengeziwe njengokucubungula, ukupakisha, ukumaketha nokuthola inani eliningi emkhiqizweni wezolimo.

Intsha ijwayele ukujwayelana nezinto ezithinta imvelo futhi ingahola indlela yokwamukela izinqubo zokulima ezisimeme njengokulima okuokuphilayo, ukongiwa kwamanzi kanye nezolimo ezihlakaniphile zesimo sezulu, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi eside. Ibhizinisi lentsha kwezolimo lingakhiqiza amathuba emisebenzi hhayi kuyona kuphela kodwa nakwabanye emiphakathini yayo, okunomthelela ekukhuliseni umnotho.

## Izinkomba
Shaka iLembe

***Shaka iLembe*** umdlalo kamabonakude owuchunge waseNingizimu Afrika okhiqizwa Inkampani ebizwa Bomb! Lo mdlalo okhiqizelwe umgqangu iMzansi Magic, okuyinkampani ephethwe i-Multichoice. Lolu chunge, liwumbukiswano waseNingizimu Afrika obiza kakhulu kuze kube manje, njengoba ulandisa indaba yeNkosi uShaka kaSenzangakhona nombhidlango wakhe wokuqhwakela embusweni wakwaZulu. Umlingisi oqavile kulo mdlalo uNomzamo Mbatha olingisa undlunkulu uNandi KaBhebhe kukhona noSenzo Radebe, yena olingisa iNkosi uSenzangakhona kaJama.

Lolu chunge laba yisileke mhla zili-18 kuJuni ngowezi2023, futhi waheha ababukeli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu ngesonto lalo lokuqala.

NgoSepthemba wezi-2024, umdlalo  *Shaka Ilembe* waba uchunge oluqokwa kanamanye emlandweni, njengoba waqokokelwa izindondo eziyi-17 zomcimbi wemiKlomelo yeNgqayi noMabonakude yaseNingizimu Afrika. Emcimbini wemiKlomeliso yakwaSAFTA ye-18 owaba ngo-Okthoba ngowezi-2024, lolu chunge lwaklonyeliswa ngemiklonelo eyili-12, ehlanganisa nokuba Ingqanda kaMabonakude *(Best TV drama)*, futhi wazuzela iMultichoice imiklomelo engama-46.

Umdumbu wesibili walolu chunge waba yisileke mhla zili-15 kuJuni ngowezi-2025. futhi wona uqhubeka nodaba lokufika kukaShaka noNandi KwaNobamba, lapho eqala khona ukubusa njengoNkosi entsha yakwaZuluwhere.

## Imithombo
Bioscope Independent Cinema

**I-bioscope** iyi-movie theater ezimele ekhombisa amafilimu, indlu yobuciko, amafilimu angaphandle, noma amanye amafilimu angewona ajwayelekile. Le bhayisikobho encane inezibopho eziqinile nomphakathi wayo wendawo futhi ihlakulele idumela lokunambitheka okuhle ngokukhetha amafilimu asezingeni eliphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela idonsela abathengi abanolwazi abangase bazi okuncane ngefilimu ngaphambi kokuyibuka.
Iqoma

**Iqoma** liyisiqukathi esakhiwa ngokwesiko ngezinxoza eziqinile, futhi singenziwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amazubela wokhuni, amanombeli, utshani, uqalo kanye nomoba. Nakuba amaqoma amaningi enziwa ngezitshalo, azinye enziwa ngizinto ezifana neshoba, noma izintambo zenkimbi. Amaqoma ngokuvamile alukwa noma achushwe ngesandla. Abanye amaqoma afakwe isiivalo, kanti amanye ashiywa evuliwe ngaphezulu.

## Ukusetshenziswa kwalo

Amaqoma asetshenziselwa ukuba usizo kanye nokuhlobisa. Amanye amaqoma angawemicikilisho, okungukuthi, angawenkolo, nangokwemvelo.  Nakuba amaqoma ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukuvuna, ukuqoqonga kanye nezokuthutha,  Amaqoma akhethekile asetshenziswa njengezihlungo ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukupheka, ukuhlunga imbewu noma okusanhlamvu, ukujikijela izingcezu zokubheja, iziphephezamoya, izicupho zezinhlanzi, ilondolo, nokuqoqonga okudliwayo.

### Izinhlobo zamaqoma

* **Imbenge** - uhlobo lweqoma esingumcengezana esnomlomo obanzi kakhulu, esishona kancane. Imbenge kuyadlelwa kuyo futhi kumbozwa ngayo amanye amaqoma, ibizwa nangokuthi **ingcaz**i.
* **Ingcelu** - Uhlobo lweqoma olufana nembenge, inomlomo obanzi kakhulu, ishona kancane futhi ithanda ukuba yisicaba.
* **Isichumu** - Iqoma elisambulunga eliyisitsha esiphatha utshwala, sichushwa ngamaqabunga wesundu. Sibizwa nangokuthi **isigubudu**.
* Isilulu - uhlobo lweqoma olukhulu oluchushwe ngotshani bengcobosi, luqoqonga ukudla, lunomlomo omncane.
* **Iqoma** - kukhona nesiphatho esbizwa iqoma esivamile, sinomlomo omkhulu njengembenge, sithwala ukudla, izithelo nezilimo. Sibizwa nangokuthi Ingcengce.
* **Isiqabetho** - leli iqoma elikhulu elinesinqe esibanzi esishonayo. Isiqabetho sikhulu kuneqoma, nesilulu.

## Amaphathelelo