open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
IsiBheqe soHlamvu

**IsiBheqe sohlamvu**, ngesisuthu esaziwa ngokuthi **Ditema tsa Dinoko** siyindlela yokuloba esekelwe emalungeni edalelwe ukusetsenziswa ezilimini zesintu. Le ndlela yokuloba idalwe kususelwa emkhubeni yokudweba yaseNingizimu Afrika, ehlanganisa nokudweba izindima eLesotho, ukudweba okubizwa ukugwala ngesiNdebele, nezinye izindlela zokudweba ngezimpawu, ezifana nokubhala incwadi ngobuhlalu, wakhe lokho okubizwa amabheqe ngesizulu.

Lesi siqakaqo siklanyelwe indlela yokuphimisa yezilimi zesintu ngokuphelele. Sadalwa ngenjongo yokudala indlela yokuloba ekhabangulayo ngokolimi, ezoba ikhambi lenkinga yokudonda ukufunda kubantu abakhuluma izilimi ezihlanganisamazwi kulesi sifunda, ngenxa yombhalo onezimpawu eziningi wesiLathini osetshenziswa kubhalomagama lwabo. 
Izilimi ezilotshwa ngesibheqe zihlanganisa nalezo ezingenalo ubhalomagama lwesiLathini, ezifana nesiSuthu saseMpuma, okuyisiPulana, kanye nezilimi eziTekelayo. Kuba nophawu lokuphimisa oluphawula onkamisa abangomankankeni, olwaziwa ngokuthi  *ingungwanyana*, olufakelwa izilimi eziTekelayo. Ngeshwa njengezilimi zesiLathini, alukho uhlelo olukhona lokuphawula isiphimbo (*tone*).

## Ingcaziso
Lesi siqakaqo sithathwa njengesamalunga, njengoba unobumba ngamunye ozimele eqakaqa ilunga. Kodwa ngokuphambene ngesiqakaqo samalunga soqobo, amalunga esibheqe awalotshwa ngonobumba abahlukile. Kunalokho, kusetshenziswa izimpawana zongwaqa ezifakwa konkamisa ukuze zakhe amalunga angamabheqe. Ngaphandle kwalawo, uma ilunga eliqakaqwayo kuyilunga elingumankankeni, onobumba balotshwa ngezimpawu eziyizilonco noma ezifolokayo ezikhomba unkamisa welunga, bese kufakwa ongwaqa eduze noma phakathi konkamisa. Le ndlela yokuloba cishe yafana nesi-Abugida, Kodwa yona isekelwe kunkamisa hhayi kungwaqa. Amalunga angomankankeni alotshwa ngezindingilizi ezidla yonke indawo yebheqe.

## Onkamisa
Uphawu lukankamisa yilona elakha isiseko sebheqe noma selunga, liyindeni yelunga ngalinye futhi izimpawu zongwaqa zifakwa eduze noma ngaphakathi kwalo.

Isiqondo sebheqe ngalinye sikhomba unkamisa, futhi bayisikhonbisa sebebonke:
**Intombi*, yisilonco esibheke phezulu: 
**Isoka*, yisilonco esibheke phansi: 
**Umkhonto*, isifoloki esibheke phezulu: 
**Iphambili*, yisilonco esibheke kwesokunene: 
**Imuva*, yisilonco esibheke kwesokhohlo: 
*Isifoloki esibheka kwesokunene:  noma kanje , kuye ngokolimi
*Isifoloki esibheke kwesokhohlo:  noma kanje 

Kukhona nonkamisa wesiphohlongo omelwa isifoloki esibheke phansi, okungunkamisa oyize, oqakaqwa kanje   esixwexweni esingezansi.

Ukunensa konkamisa nesiphimbo azinazimpawu ezikhethekile.

## Amaphathelelo
Izinyanga zikaNomakhekheba

Kunezinyanga ezingama-29 ezaziwayo zomzulane uNomakhekheba. Ezingama-27 zinamagama aqanjwe ngomumo wazo, noma ubungako bazo kanye nesimo sazo sobuzwe Izinyanga zikaNomakhekheba zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu: izinyanga eziyishumi nane zangaphakathi, izinyanga ezinhlanu ezinkulu, nezinyanga eziyishuni ezingavamile. Izinyanga zangaphakathi nezinkulu zonke zinozungezo oluqombolayo futhi zijinjwa njengezinyanga ezijwayelekile. Ngokuphambene, uzungezo lwezinyanga ezingavamile luqhelile, luthambekela kakhulu, futhi luvame ukugusha.

Amagama wezinyanga zikaNomakhekheba

uMdoshiya - Titiana 

uMgenga - Ariel

uSomgwila - Miranda

uSothunzi - Umbriel

uNkayishana - Oberon

uNhlongwase - Cressida

uMdabe - Desdemona

uNhlatshwa - Juliet

uNgqalamba - Rosalind

uMdukulu - Cupid

uBhokodwase - Belinda

uNqakaqa - Perdita

uNondiki - Ophelia

uNambase - Bianca

uSothuphana - Cordelia

uNdlikwase - Portia

uMviliba - Mab

uMphondi - Puck

uNonqukuza - Caliban

uNosituku - Stephano

uMfufununu - Fransisco

uMqhwambasi - Tranculo

uSogingqane - Sycorax

uNonguzunga - Margaret

uSompikiza - Prospero

uGamungana - Setebo

uNodunjwase - Ferdinand

## Amaphathelelo
Umbhoshongo wekhukhu

**Umbhoshongo wekhukhu** noma **isiza sekhukhu** siyisiza sikamakhalekhukhwini osebenza ngekhukhu, lapho izihoshamaza nemishini yezokuxhumana ibekwe khona (ngokuvamile embhoshongweni womsakazo) ukuze sidale ikhukhu (), noma amanye amakhukhu aseduze, kuhleloxhuamno lwamakhukhu.
Izinyo

**Izinyo** ( ubu. **amazinyo** ) liyisakhiwo esiqinile, esicaphene esitholakala emihlathini (noma emilonyeni ) yezilwane eziningi ezinomgogodla futhi esisetshenziselwa ukuhlakaza ukudla . Ezinye izilwane, ikakhulukazi ezindlanyama kanye nezindlakonke, nazo zisebenzisa amazinyo ukusiza ekubambeni noma ekulimazeni inyamazane, ziklebhule ukudla, ngezinjongo zokuzivikela, ukwesabisa ezinye izilwane ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa nezazo, noma ukuthwala inyamazane noma amazinyane azo. Izimpande zamazinyo zimbozwe yizinsini . Amazinyo awenziwe ngethambo, kodwa enziwe ngezicubu eziningi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nobuqatha obuvela kungqimba lwamagciwane olungaphandle kakhulu, i -ectoderm .
Izinyanga zikaNomaxhama

UNomaxhama unezinyanga ezingama -274 eziqinisekisiwe, ukwdlula eminye imizulane ekhona kuzungezohlelo lweLanga .  Izinyanga zikaNomaxhama ziyahlukahluka ngobungako, kusukela kwezincane ezincane kwenkulu ebizwa uSomusi, enkulu kunomzulane uNomjubane nokuyinyanga yesibili ngobukhulu kuzungezohlelo lwelanga. Ezintathu zalezi zinyanga zinezici eziphawulekayo: uSomusi unomoyambulunga ofana nowoMhlaba ocebile ngeNihwe kanye nendawo enamahleloxhumano emifula namachibi omcalahwanzi,  uNoqhwahla yena ukhipha imitshazo yeqhwa echopheni eliseningizimu futhi umbozwe ungqimba olujulile lweqhwa,  kanti uSonguxu yena unezindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezihlukene kanye nogu lolwandle olukhulu lwezintaba zenkabazwe eziphakathi kwezinde kakhulu kuzungezohlelo lwelanga .

Amagama ezinyanga zikaNomaxhama:

Titan - uSomusi

Rhea - uMthwathwa

Iapetus - uSonguxu

Enceladus - uNoqhwahla

Mimas - uMbayiyana

Tethys - uMshaza

Dione - Isithwathwala

Janus - uMjaqaba

Promethues - uNjengetshe

Epimethues - uMaqhoqho

Helene - uQhagana

Hyperion - uSompensu

Methone - uMshipilizana

Pandora - uMphiliza

Calypso - uMfusatshe
Umsipha

**Imisipha** iyizicubu ezithambile ezikhethekile, enye yezinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo zezicubu zezilwane . Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezicubu zemisipha ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla :- , , kanye  . Izicubu zemisipha zinika imisipha yesikhehle ikhono lokubuthaza nokuphumula . Izicubu zemisipha ziqukethe isakhamzimba ezikhethekile zokubuthaza ezibizwa ngokuthi i-actin kanye ne-myosin ezisebenzisanayo ukuze zibange ukunyakaza. Phakathi kwezinye izakhamzimba eziningi zemisipha kukhona nezakhamzimba ezimbili ezilawulayo, i-troponin kanye ne-tropomyosin .  Imisipha yakheka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kombungu, enqubweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-myogenesis .
Umthambo

**Umthambo** uyithumbu legazi ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi lwabantu kanye nezinye izilwane eziningi elithwala igazi uliyise enhliziyweni. Imithambo eminingi ithwala igazi eliswelisOhwe lisuka ezicutshini libuyele enhliziyweni; ngaphandle kwaleyo yokujikeleza kwegazi emaphashini nokwezingane yona ethwala igazi elinesOhwe iliyise enhliziyweni. Ekujikelezeni kwegazi okujwayelekile, iminqonqo ithwala igazi elinesOhwe lisuke enhliziyweni, kanti imithambo ibuyisela igazi eliswelisOhwe enhliziyweni, emithanjeni ejulile. 

Kunezinhlobo zemithambo ezintathu ezidlulana ngobungako: emikhulu, esesphakathini, nemincane. Umthambo emincane ebizwa imithanjazane (venule) emincane yawo imithanjazane elunci (post capillary venules) – emincinyane kakhulu idinga isibonancinci.  Imithambo iyona etholakala eduze kwesikhumba kuneminqonqo.
IKhanda

**Ikhanda** liyingxenye yesiphili evame ukuba nezindlebe, ubuchopho, ibunzi, izihlathi, isilevu, amehlo, ikhala, nomlomo, ngakunye okuwusioa emisebenzini eyahlukene yezinzwa enjengokubona, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, nokunambitha . Ezinye izilwane ezilula kakhulu zingase zingabi nekhanda, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi ezilinganayo zombili zinayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani.
IKhala

**Impumulo** noma **ikhala** liyisitho sokuzwa kanye nesakhiwo sokuphefumula ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla . Yakhiwe umgodi wempumulo ngaphakathi kwekhanda, kanye nekhala elingaphandle ebusweni. Ikhala elingaphandle liwuhlaka olugcina okusemakhaleni, noma ama-nares, amathumbu amabili ahlinzeka ngokugeleza komoya ngekhala ukuze kuphefumuleke . Lapho amakhala edlula khona umgodi wempumulo, ayavuleka, aziwa ngokuthi ama-nasal fossae, futhi aqukethe ama-turbinates kanye ne -olfactory mucosa . Umgodi wempumulo uphinde uxhumeke kuma- paranasal sinuses (izikhala zomoya ezingapheli zokuvimba ingcindezi kanye nokuhwamuka). Ukusuka embotsheni yempumulo, amakhala aqhubekela emphinjeni, oyingcinyi exhumanisa izinhlelo zokuphefumula nezokugaya ukudla .
IThambo

**Ithambo** liyisitho esiqinile esakha ingxenye yesikhehle ezilwaneni eziningi ezinomgogodla .  Amathambo avikela izitho zomzimba, akhiqiza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu namhlophe, agcina izimbiwa, asiza ekulawuleni i-acid-base homeostasis, ahlinzeke ngesakhiwo nesisekelo somzimba, futhi avumela ukuhamba nokuzwa. Amathambo eza ngezimo nobungakp obuhlukahlukene futhi anezakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle eziyinkimbinkimbi.
INyuvesi Yezobuchwepheshe yaseDurban

**INyuvesi Yezobuchwepheshe YaseDurban** (iDUT) iyinyuvesi enamakhampasi amaningi etholakala KwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika . Yasungulwa ngowezi-2002 ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kwe -Technikon Natal kanye ne-ML Sultan Technikon futhi ekuqaleni yaziwa ngokuthi i-Durban Institute of Technology. Inamakhampasi amahlanu eThekwini, kanye namanye amabili eMgungundlovu . Ngowezi-2022, abafundi ababalelwa kuzi-31 991 babhalisela ukufunda e-DUT. Le nyuvesi ingenye yezikhungo zobuchwepheshe ezinhlanu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika ezinikeza iziqu zobuNyanga.
Izinzipho

**Uzipho** noma **izinzipho** uyisicengezi esivikelayo esitholakala ngokusobala esihlokweni sezigalo ( iminwe nezinzwane ) cishe kuzo zonke izibuchophokhulu (ngaphandle kwama- marmosets), izinzipho akuwona amazipho, atholakala ezilwaneni ezimilenzene (tetrapod). Izinzipho zeminwe nezinzwane zenziwe ngezakhamzimba eziqinile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-alpha-keratin, okuyintshogcezi etholakala nasemazipheni, ezinselweni nasezimpondweni zezilwane ezinomgogodla . 

## Isakhiwo
Amazipho

**Izipho** noma **amazipho** liyisitho esigobile nesicijile esitholakala ekugcineni kozwane noma umunwe ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo ( izilwane ezincelisayo, izihuquzi, izinyoni ). Ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla njengezimbungulu nezicabucabu zinezakhiwo ezifanayo, eziboshwe ekugcineni komlenze noma i-tarsus zokubamba indawo njengoba zihamba. Izingxawu zenkalankala, nomholo kanye nofezela, zaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ama-chelae azo, ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amazipho.

Izipho langempela lwenziwe ngesakhamzimba esiqinile esibizwa ngokuthi i-keratin . Izipho lisetshenziselwa ukubamba nokuphatha izisulu ezilwaneni ezidla inyama ezifana namakati nezinja, kodwa lingasetshenziswa futhi ngezinjongo ezifana nokumba, ukukhwela izihlahla, ukuzivikela nokuzilungisa, kuleyo miqhinqo nakweminye.

Izitho ezifanayo eziyisicaba futhi ezingafiki eqophelweni elibukhali zibizwa ngokuthi izinzipho hhayi amazipho. Izitho ezifana nezinzipho ezingakheki ekugcineni kwezigalo kodwa eziphuma kwezinye izingxenye zonyawo zibizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi.
Izitewutewu

Kwezezitshalo, **izitewutewu**, ezaziwa nangokuthi **izitewuzeli**, ziyizitshalo ezinezingxenye ezijiyile, ezinomkhomfu, futhi ezimikithile, ngokuvamile ukuze zigcine amanzi ezindaweni ezomile noma ezimweni zenhlabathi eyomile .
Iqhingasu

**Iqhingasu** uhlelo oluvamile lokufeza umgomo owodwa noma ngaphezulu wesikhathi eside noma umgomo ophelele ngaphansi kwezimo zokungaqiniseki .  Ngomqondo " wobuciko bokuba umsengi", obuhlanganisa amakhono amaningana ahlanganisa ubuchule bempi, ubuciko bokuvimbezela, nomwezontutho njll., leli gama lisho enkathini yanamuhla lisho "indlela ephelele yokuzama ukuphishekela izinjongo zezepolitiki, kufaka phakathi usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangempela, ngendlela yokuthamunda ngentando" empini yezempi, lapho izitha zombili zixhumana khona. 

Iqhingasu libalulekile ngoba izinsizakusebenza ezitholakalayo zokufeza imigomo zivame ukulinganiselwa. Iqhingasu ngokuvamile lihilela ukubeka imigomo nezinto eziza kuqala, ukunquma izenzo zokufeza imigomo, kanye nokuvivisa izinsizakusebenza zokugununda izenzo.  Iqhingasu lichaza ukuthi iziphetho (imigomo) zizofezwa kanjani ngezinsiza (izinsizakusebenza).  Iqhingasu lingahloswa noma lingavela njengesifanelo somsebenzi njengoba inhlangano izivumelanisa nendawo yayo noma lapho incintisana.  Lihilela imisebenzi efana nokuhlela amaqhingasu kanye nokucabanga ngamaqhingasu .
Isiqukathi

**Isiqukathi** siyinoma yisiphi isamukelo noma indawo yokugcina into. Izinto ezigcinwe ngaphakathi kwesiqukathi zivikelwe ezinhlangothini eziningana ngokuba ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo saso. Abantu sebesebenzise iziqukathi okungenani iminyaka eyi-100,000, futhi mhlawumbe izigidi zeminyaka. Iziqukathi zisetshenziswa ekuqoqongeni, ekugxisheni, nasekuthuthweni, okuhlanganisa nokufufutha .
Idlokonja

**Idlokonja** noma **isidlokonja** igama elihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zezinja okukholakala ukuthi zivela ku -bull kanye ne-terrier.  Leli gama elezinja eziyizindloko ezivela ku-British bull kanye ne-terrier, izinja ezizalanisiwe zohlobo oludlokovulayo zokulwa, kodwa ezifuywayo.
Umjinge womsakazo

**Umjinge womsakazo** (RF) uyizinga lomcikazo wozuba olucikazayo noma isivuve noma izinga lewonga, umzuba noma umzubawonga noma uhlelo lwezinguxa emujwini womjinge ophakathi kwamahezi angama-20 kuya kumahezinkulu angama-300. Lokhu cishe phakathi komkhawulo ongenhla wamijinge yesilalelwa esizwiwa ngabantu  (nakuba lezi kungezona ezenzubawonga) kanye nomkhawulo ophansi wamijinge yensibomvu, futhi uhlanganisa nomuju wamachadaza. Lena imijinge lapho isidlakalasi esivela kuzuba olucikazayo luyonza kusuka esisingubezini kuya emkhathini lungamaZa womsakazo , ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ebuchwephesheni bomsakazo, phakathi kokunye ukusetshenziswa. Imithombo ehlukahlukene ichaza imingcele ehlukile engenhla nezansi yomuju womjinge.
Uzuba olucikazayo

**Uzuba olucikazayo** (AC) liwuzuba oluzigusha isiqondo ngezikhathi ezithile futhi lushintshe ubukhulu balo ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi, ngokuphambene nozuba oluqondayo (DC), olugelezela ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Uzuba olucikazayo liwuhlobo lwesidlakalasi samazuba esifufuthelwa ezakhiweni zemihwebo nezabahlali, liwuhlobo lwesidlakalasi samazuba esisetshenziswa abathengi lapho beqhaza izilekeleli zasendlini, omabonakude, iziphephezelisi kanye nezibane zamazuba esiqhazelweni esisodongeni.Izifushaniso ezithi-AC no-*DC* zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukusho nje *olucikazayo (AC)* kanye *noluqondile (DC)*, ngokulandelana, njengasekuguquleni uzuba noma isivuve.
Inzululwazi yezenhlalo

***'Inzululwazi yezenhlalo***' ingenye yamagatsha wenzululwazi, ehlozinga ukucwaninga inhlalo yemiphakathi nobuhlobo phakathi kwamalungu ngaphakathi kwaleyo miphakathi. Leli gama ngaphambili lalisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela emkhakheni womchazanhlalo, "inzululwazi yomphakathi" yokuqala, eyasungulwa ngekhulu le-18. Namuhla ihlanganisa uyaca olubanzi loqeqesho lakwaNgondonkulu olwengeziwe, oluhlanganisa umchazandabuko, ezemivubukulo, ezomnotho, umchazamhlaba, Umlando, ezezilimi, ezokuphatha, Izifundo zokuxhumana, umchazangqondo, umchazanhlalo, "umchazasiko", kanye nenzululwazi yezombusazwe.
Ikhwence

**IKhwence** ( ubuningi. **amakhwence** ) liyisiququdi esincane. Ngokujwayelekile, amakhwence aziwa ngokuba nekhala elicijile, izindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga, umsila onamazinga onobude bomzimba, kanye nesivinini esikhulu sokuzala. Uhlobo lwamakhwence olwaziwa kakhulu yikhwene elivamile lasekhaya ( *Mus musculus* ). Amakhwence nawo athandwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo . Kwezinye izindawo, izinhlobo ezithile zamakhwence angamabuzi zivamile endaweni. Ayaziwa ngokungena emakhaya ukuze athole ukudla nendawo yokukhosela.

Ikhwence ngokuvamile lihlukaniswa ngobungako balo kunegundane. Amakhwence afuywa njengokunto, nawo anobungako obuhlikel kunekhwence elivamile. Lokhu kubangwa indlela azalana ngayo nezimo ahlala kuzo. Umxhantela wekhwence owaziwa kakhulu yilowo wekhwence elimhlophe lasezingqalabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi anezinkondolo ezifanayo, okuwenza abe usizo olukhulu kwezocwaningo. 

Izingobe, amankentshane, izinyoni ezizingelayo, izinyoka, nezibankwa ezinkulu, nezinhlobo ezithile zezinambuzane, zonke zaziwa ngokudla amakhwence. Ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziningi, ikhwence liyisincelisi esiphumelela kunazo zonke ezinye eMhlabeni.

Kwezinye izimo, amakhwence athathwa njengezilokozambi (*vermin)*. Izilokozambi yizona eziwumthombo oyinhloko wokulimalaza izitshalo, njengoba zaziwa ngokulimaza izilimo nokubhebhethekisa izifo. Amakhwence avame ukubhebhethekisa izifo ngamasimbana wazo futhi zivame ukuthwala izinhlwithamsoco. Ngokuyinhloko, amakhwence ayizilwane ezingalalebusuku, futhi njengoba zingboni kahle ngamehlo azo, zilekelelwa amadlebe wazo ukuze zibone ngokuzwa, futhi zisebenzisa nekhono lazo lokuhogela ukuze zithungathe ukudla futhi zibalekele izindlezinye.

## Ukusetshenziswa kwawo abantu
### Njengezilwane zomgcanso

Amakhwence avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa imigcanso ezingqalabeni zokucwaninga izilwane, ikakhulu lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo kwezomchazampilo, nezomqondo, ngenxa yokuthi ayizincelisi ezifana ngezindlela eziningi nabantu. Amakhwence ayizincelisi eziwunongo leziphili olusetsheenizswa kakhulu kunamagundane.  The mouse genome has been sequenced, and virtually all mouse genes have human homologs. The mouse has approximately 2.7 billion base pairs and 20 pairs of chromosomes.
Amakhwence Kulula ukuwaceaninga ngezindlela ezingavumelekile ukuba zenziwe kumuntu, nakuba kukhona izishoshovu zamalungelo izilwane ezingakuthandi lokho. Ikhwence elingcikishiwe *(knockout mouse)* liyikhwence eliguqulwe ezifuzisi futhi izifuzisi zalo zenziwa ukuba zingasasebenzi.

Izizathu zokukhetha amakhwence kwezocwaningo ukuthi kancane futhi awabizi kakhulu, awadli kakhulu futhi azalea ngokushesha.

### Njengolunto olufuywayo

## Amaphatho
Ngentandoyeningi

Intandoyeningi uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho amandla ezombusazwe enikezwa khona kubantu noma kubantu bombuso. Ngaphansi kwencazelo encane yentandoyeningi, ababusi bakhethwa ngokhetho lokuncintisana kuyilapho izincazelo ezibanzi noma eziqondile zixhumanisa intando yeningi neziqinisekiso zenkululeko yomphakathi kanye namalungelo abantu ngaphezu kokhetho lokuncintisana.
Isibukezo sezingcweti

**Isibukezo sezingcweti** (noma isibuyekezo sezingcweti) ukucutshungulwa komsebenzi ngumuntu oyedwa noma ngaphezulu abanamakhono afana nawabakhiqizi bomsebenzi (  ).  Kusebenza njengohlobo lokuzilawula olweniwa ngamalungu afanekayo wobungcwepheshi ngaphakathi komkhakha ofanele. Izindlelasu zesibukezo sezingcweti zisetshenziselwa ukugcina izingabunjalo, ukuthuthukisa ukuqhogoya, nokunikeza ukwethembeka. KwaNgqondonkulu, isibuyekezo sezingcweti kwezemfundo sivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukufaneleka kwephepha lakwaNgqondonkulu ukushicilelwa. Ababuyekezi bayizingcweti zesihlokondaba esiphambi kwabo futhi abanakho ukuxhumana nombhali (abatshelwa igama lombhali). Abaziwa futhi abanakucindezelwa. Imihela ephezulu anqaba amaphepha angaphezu kuka-90% athunyelweyo.  Isibukezo sezingcweti singahlukaniswa ngohlobo kanye nomkhakha noma ubungcwepheshi lapho ubuqhebeqhebe benzeka khona, isib. isibuyekezo sezingcweti kwezokwelapha . Kungasetshenziswa futhi njengethuluzi lokufundisa ukusiza abafundi bathuthukise imisebenzi yokubhala.
Ukugadla ngezindongoyi kweMelika ePakistani

Phakathi kowezi-2004 nowezi-2018, uhulumeni waseMelika wahlasela izinkulungwane zezingcibishe enyakatho-ntshona yePakistan esebenzisa izindiza eziswelumuntu (izindongoyi) eziqhutshwa yiButho laseMoyeni laseMelika ngaphansi kokulawulwa komgidingo we- Central Intelligence Agency 's Special Activities Division ngesikhathi sempi nobuphekula .   Iningi lalolu hlaselo lalibhekiswe kulezi zingcibishe ezilawulwa yiFederally Administered Tribal Areas (manje eyingxenye yesifundazwe saseKhyber Pakhtunkhwa ) emngceleni wase-Afghanistan enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePakistan.

Lokhu kugadla kwaqala ngesikhathi sikaMengameli waseMelika uGeorge W. Bush, futhi zanda kakhulu ngaphansi kowamlandela uBarack Obama .  Abanye kwabezindaba babhekisele kulokhu kuhlasela "njengempi yezindongoyi".   Uhulumeni kaGeorge W. Bush waphika ngokusemthethweni ubukhulu benqubomgomo yawo; ngoMeyi 2013, uhulumeni ka-Obama wavuma okokuqala ukuthi izakhamuzi ezine zase-US zabulawa lapho kugadlwa.
Isifundazwe

**Isifundazwe** siyisigaba sohlelokuphatha ngaphakathi kwezwe noma umbuso . Leli gama livela liyinhlanganisela yamagama amabili, isifunda + izwe, lisho indawo eyisifunda esingangezwe. Igama elithi *isifundazwe* seliye lamukelwa njengelihumusha nelithi "state", njengezifundazwe zaseMelika ezibumbene (*united states of america)*.
Umjaho wezindongoyi

**Umjaho wezindongoyi** wumdlalo womjaho lapho abahlanganyeli besebenzisa izindiza ezilawulwa ngomsakazo (ngokuvamile izindongoyi ezinezidikizisi ezincane ) ezifakwe izithwebuli zezezibhangqiwe ngaphakathi, ukuze umqhubi akwazi ukubuka embonisweni oyisiphempe omncane (ngokuvamile esifakwe kusilawuli esiphathwayo) noma, kaningi, ulawula indiza egqoke isigcogco somboniso esifakwa ekhanda (esibizwa nangokuthi "isigcogco sombono") esibonisa umbukiso osakazwa bukhoma kusuka endizeni. Njengomjaho wasemoyeni ophelele, impokophelo yalo mdlalo ukuqeda inkambo yezithiyo ngokushesha okukhulu. Umjaho wezindongoyi waqala ngowezi-2011 eJalimane ngabalawuli abaningi bendongoyi abasafufusa lapho behlangana emijahweni ehleliwe kancane eKarlsruhe.
Itheketheke

**Amatheketheke** yizinhlanzi ezinezingalongalo ezingamalunga omndeni wzintikintiki (gelatinous). Itheketheke liyisibhukudi esikhululekile ezilwaneni zasolwandle, yize ezimbalwa ziboshelwe phansi olwandle. Lezi zinhlanzi zenziwe zinomzimba omise okwesilulwane owenziwe nge- mesoglea, kanye neqoqo lezingalongalo ngaphansi.
Isiphongo

Emzimbeni womuntu, **isiphongo** noma **ibunzi, isimongo**, siyindawo esekhanda enqalwe ulwangu oluthathu, ezimbili zogebhezi kanye nenye yokhakhayi . Ingxenye ephezulu yebunzi iphawulwe ihlonhlo, umkhawulo wendawo lapho izinwele ekhanda zikhula khona. Ingxenye engezansi yebunzi iphawulwe ngomugqa wesikhophoco, ulwangu lwamathambo ekhanda ngaphezu kwamehlo. Izinhlangothi ezimbili zebunzi ziphawulwe ngomugqa wezinhlafuno, ulwangu lwamathambo axhumanisa ihlonhlo nomugqa we -coronal suture nangale kwawo. Kodwa-ke, amashiya awayona ingxenye yesimongo.
Ukuguguleka

**Ukuguguleka, ukuvuthuluka** noma **ukukhukhuleka** yinqubo eyenzeka ebusweni bomhlaba (ebangwa ukugeleza kwamanzi noma umoya ) yokusuka kwenhlabathi, idwala, noma izinto ezincibilikile endaweni eyodwa egobohleni loMhlaba bese zithuthaleka ziye kwenye indawo lapho zibekwe khona . Ukuguguleka komhlabathi kuhlukile ekuzulenzeni komhlaba okungahileli ukunyakaza.   Ukususwa kwedwala noma inhlabathi njengenzika kubizwa ngokuthi ukuguguleka komhlabathi *okungokoqobo* noma *okwenziwa ngenguxa* ; lokhu kuqhathaniswa nokuguguleka *kwevange*, lapho inhlabathi noma izinto zedwala zisuswa endaweni ngokuncibilika .  Inzika egugulekile noma izinto ezincibilikayo zingathuthwa ngamamilimitha ambalwa nje, noma izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
Igobohla lo Mhlaba

**Igobohla lomhlaba** luyigobolondo lawo elingaphandle elijiyile ledwala, eliqukethe iphesenti elilodwa lomthamo womzulane. Luyisigcoyi esingaphezulu setshembulunga, ingxenye eyisinqumela yoMhlaba ehlanganisa igobohla kanye nengxenye engenhla yejulambo.  Itshembulunga liqhekezwe laba izizabazaba ezithi mazinyakaza zivumele ikhoza liphume ngaphakathi koMhlaba liye emkhathini.
Ijulambo

**Ijulambo** liwungqimba olungaphakathi kwendikimba yomzulane olunqalwe ngaphansi umnyombo bese ngaphezulu igobohla. Amajulamo enziwe ngamatshe noma ngeqhwa, futhi ngokuvamile awungqimba olukhulu kakhulu lwendikimba yomzulane. Amajulambo ahlukile ezindikimbeni zemizulane ebhekane nokwahlukaniswa ngobugqinsi . Yonke imizulane eyimihlaba (kufaka phakathi uMhlaba ), nengxenye yemizulane engamaqhakamela, ikakhulukazi amaqhakamela eqhwa, inani lemihlatshana, kanye nezinyanga ezithile zinawo amajulambo.

## Izibonelo

### UMhlaba
UMuyambi woMangijani

**UMuyambi woMangijani** uyihlelomvelo elingaphansi kwamanzi eliphawulwa ngomangijani akha imiyambi. Imiyambi yakhiwa izidleke zomangijani abazingalongalo ababanjwe ndawonye  umcalahle womcaphana.  Omangijani abaningi bakhiwe ngomangijani abasatshe, onozingalongal (polyp) bawo abahlangana ngamaqembu.
Ukhetho lukazwelonke lwaseThailande lwango-2026

Ukhetho olujwayelekile lwenziwa eThailande ngomhlaka-8 kuNhlolanja 2026 ukuze kunqunywe ukwakheka kweNdlu Yabamele. Kwabanjwa nereferendum ngalolo suku ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi umthethosisekelo ka-2017 kufanele yini ushintshwe ngomusha.

Ngemva kokhetho lukazwelonke lwango-2023, ohulumeni abathathu abahlangene bamiswa yiphalamende eyalandela. Ngemva kokuba umzamo wokuqala we-Move Forward Party oqhubekayo uvinjelwe yi-senate, iPheu Thai yahlukana ukuze yakhe ohulumeni namaqembu asekelayo nasekela ezempi, okokuqala ngaphansi kukaSrettha Thavisin kwathi kamuva ngaphansi kukaPaetongtarn Shinawatra. Zombili iziphathimandla zawa, uSrettha wasuswa yisinqumo senkantolo ngo-2024 kwathi uPaetongtarn waxoshwa yiNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo ngo-2025.

## Imiphumela

Undunankulu ophethe isikhundla u-Anutin Charnvirakul weBhumjaithai Party uwine ngo-21:19 IST kanti iqembu kulindeleke ukuthi liwine izihlalo ezingu-194, kanti iqembu eliphikisayo iPeople's Party kulindeleke ukuthi liwine izihlalo ezingaphezu kuka-116 kanti umholi walo uNatthaphong Ruengpanyawut naye uvuma ukhetho. Iqembu iPheu Thai Party, eliholwa nguYodchanan Wongsawat, lifike endaweni yesithathu ngezihlalo ezingu-76.

### Ukusabela kwemiphumela

#### Bhumjaithai Party
Undunankulu ophethe isikhundla u-Anutin Charnvirakul umemezele ukunqoba ngemuva kokhetho. Nakuba evuma ukuthi inani elisemthethweni lamaLungu ePhalamende alikaqinisekiswa, u-Anutin uthe iqembu liyakwamukela okulindelwe ngabavoti ukuthi uBhumjaithai uzosiza ekwakheni uhulumeni olandelayo.

## Imithombo
KwaMayi Mayi

**KwaMayi Mayi** indayi yendabuko eyaziwa nangokuthi **kusezinyangeni,** (Indawo Yabaphilisi) lendayi izinzile futhi iyiqoqo lezinto ezihlukahlukene zesiko,  futhi indawo lapho abagcini bezinkolelo zamasiko benza khona imisebenzi yabo.  Itholakala ngaphansi kwemigwaqo emikhulu nemicabeko, iKwaMayi Mayi sekuyisiza sokugcina amagugu nesikhungo samasiko, indayi yobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla eJeppestown, eGoli, eNingizimu Afrika.  KwaMayi-Mayi sekuyindawo engaphezu nje kwendayi yokuhweba engakahleleki, iyikhaya labantu ababalelwa ema-600  kanye nezizukulwane zemindeni  ezenze le ndawo yaba okutholakala kuyo yemithi yendabuko kanye nokwelashwa kwendabuko kanye nendawo yokuhlangana ngezimpelasonto enesiko lomgwaqo eliphilayo kanye nomhlangano ogazingwe ngamalangabi.  Imindeni, ehlala kule ndawo, isebenze ndawonye njengomphakathi ukuze icabange kabusha ingempela layo.  Izivakashi zihlelzi zithola isigodi esihle esincane esinezindlela ezigandayiwe, izitolo ezincane kanye nomphakathi ohlangene. 

## Isibhebhe esilundwa
Isidlavela saseGoli sibambisene neNhlangano iJohannesburg Heritage Foundation ukufaka isibhebhe esilundwa kulendawo ngomhlaka-10 Julayi 2025. 

## Amaphatho
Kids Helpline

I-**Kids Helpline** iyisevisi yokweluleka ngocingo kanye ne-inthanethi yamahhala yase-Ostreliya yabantu abasha abaneminyaka ephakathi kwemi-5 nama-25. Abeluleki baphendula izingcingo ezingaphezu kuka-6,000 isonto ngalinye mayelana nezinkinga ezisukela ekuqhekekeni kobudlelwano kanye nokuxhashazwa kuya ekuhlukunyezweni ngokocansi, ukungabi nakhaya, imicabango yokuzibulala, ukucindezeleka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa notshwala.

## Uxhaso
Le nsizakalo ixhaswa kakhulu yi-yourtown, inhlangano yezinsizakalo zomphakathi wentsha yase-Ostreliya, enikeza insizakalo ethi Kids Helpline. Isekelwa uHulumeni wase-Ostreliya (ngoMnyango Wezempilo, Ukukhubazeka Nokuguga kanye neKhomishini Yamalungelo Abantu yase-Ostreliya), uHulumeni waseQueensland, kanye noHulumeni waseNtshonalanga ye-Ostreliya. Isekelwa futhi ngabaxhasi bezinkampani, i-Optus, i-Bupa, i-Future Generation Investment Company, kanye ne-First National Real Estate.

## Izindlela zokwelulekwa
Bonke abeluleki abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo nge-Kids Helpline bafanelekile eyunivesithi futhi bangabasebenzi abasemthethweni be-yourtown.

* **Ukwelulekwa Ngocingo.** Ukwelulekwa kwamahhala ngocingo kuyatholakala amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto ku-**1800 55 1800**. Le nsizakalo iyinombolo yocingo yamahhala evela kuzo zonke izingcingo eziphathwayo ezikuzinkampani zenethiwekhi zase-Ostreliya, izingcingo zasendlini kanye nezingcingo zomphakathi.
* **Ukwelulekwa Ku-inthanethi.** Ibizwa ngokuthi 'i-WebChat', ukwelulekwa kwe-Kids Helpline nakho kuyatholakala ku-inthanethi ngewebhusayithi. Le nsizakalo itholakala amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto. Ngokuvamile, le nsizakalo inezikhathi zokulinda eziphakeme, ezifinyelela kumaminithi angama-50 ngezikhathi ezimatasa kusihlwa.
* **Ukwelulekwa** **Nge-imeyili.** I-Kids Helpline iphinde inikeze ukwelulekwa nge-imeyili. Ibhokisi lokungenayo liphendulwa kusukela ngo-8 ekuseni kuya ku-10 ebusuku nsuku zonke, kanti izikhathi zokuphendula zivame ukuba phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa.

Abasebenzisi besikhathi eside bensizakalo bangafinyelela nokuphathwa kwamacala nge-Kids Helpline, kanye "nokunakekelwa okuzungezile" lapho umuntu omdala othembekile ehilelekile ekuqinisekiseni inhlalakahle yengane. I-Kids Helpline ingadlulisela iziguli ezinsizakalweni ezisemthethweni kakhulu nezomuntu mathupha.

## Imithombo

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

* Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni **(isiNgisi)**
EMlambomunye

**EMlambomunye** yindawo yasemapulazini etholakala eHowick. Leyo ndawo isemapulazini asendaweni ebizwa ngokuthi to Karkloof namuhla. Le ndawo iqanjwe ngegama lomfula uMlambomunye okuywona mfula omkhulu ogeleza kule ndawo use uyongena emfuleni uMngeni.
Bandit Heeler

U**Dkt. Bandit Custard Heeler, PhD** (owazalwa ngomhlaka-25 Okthoba 1978) ungumlingiswa oyinhloko ochungechungeni lwethelevishini olunezithombe zasenkulisa zase-Ostreliya i*[[Bluey]]*, olwadalwa nguJoe Brumm. Eqashwe njengososayensi wezinto zakudala, uyakujabulela ukudlala namadodakazi akhe, uBluey noBingo, futhi uthatha ngokungathi sína noma iyiphi indima ayinikezwayo emdlalweni abawusungulayo naphezu kokuvame ukubonakala engafuni ukudlala naye. Uvame ukufundisa amadodakazi akhe izifundo zokuphila ngenkathi edlala nawo, kodwa lokhu kulimaza ubuhlobo bakhe nomphakathi nabo kwezinye iziqephu.

UBandit uqanjwe njengomuntu omuhle ngobaba ngabazali abaningi kanye nabagxeki.

## Imithombo
Justine Clarke

U**Justine Clarke** (owazalwa ngo-1971) ungumlingisi wase-Ostreliya, umculi, umbhali kanye nomsakazi wethelevishini.

UClarke ubelokhu edlala kusukela eneminyaka eyisikhombisa futhi uvele kweminye yemidlalo kamabonakude eyaziwayo e-Ostreliya.

## Umculo
Ngawo-1990, uClarke wadlala emaqenjini amaningana nabanye abadlali be-thespi base-Ostreliya, okubalwa kubo uLoene Carmen noNoah Taylor. La maqembu ahlanganisa i-country kanye ne-western combo i-*The Honky Tonk Angels*; ibhendi ye-punk i-*The White Trash Mamas*; kanye ne-avant-garde *Cardboard Box Man*. UClarke usekhiphe ama-albhamu amaningi nge-ABC Music futhi usewine kabili i-ARIA Award ye-Best Children's Album.

## Imithombo
Chaise Longue (ingoma)

I-"**Chaise Longue**" yi-single yokuqala yeqembu le-rock laseNgilandi i-Wet Leg, eyakhishwa yi-Domino Recording Company ngomhlaka-15 Juni 2021 njenge-single ehamba phambili evela kwi-albhamu yabo yokuqala (2022). Le ngoma yaduma kakhulu ngo-2021, njengoba yayinezigidi zokubukwa kwezingoma ezisakazwayo namavidiyo, futhi yawina iGrammy yeBest Alternative Music Performance kuma-Grammy Awards angu-65.

## Ingemuva kanye nokwakheka
Ingoma ikhishwe ngomhlaka-15 Juni 2021. I-"Chaise Longue" ichazwe njengengoma yangemva kwe-punk. Ithrekhi iqala ngesigqi sedrama esincane kanye nomugqa webhesi, lapho amaphimbo ehlatshelelwa ngesitayela se-deadpan kanye negitare elijoyina kamuva engomeni. Amagama engoma "Is your muffin buttered?/Would you like us to assign someone to butter your muffin?" kuyingcaphuno eqondile evela ohlelweni lwamahlaya luka-2004 *Mean Girls*.

Yabhalwa ngo-2019 ngosuku olulodwa ngumculi uRhian Teasdale ngesikhathi ehleli esihlalweni somculo esiphethwe ngumkhulu kaHester Chambers ongumshayi wesiginci. Ividiyo yomculo, eqondiswe futhi nguTeasdale, yakhishwa ngosuku olufanayo nokukhululwa kwengoma.

## Amashadi

## Imithombo
Ukudubula kwe-Tumbler Ridge ngo-2026

Ngomhlaka-10 kuNhlolanja 2026, kwaba nokudubula okukhulu eTumbler Ridge, eBritish Columbia, eKhanada. UJesse Van Rootselaar oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala wabulala abantu ababili endlini ngaphambi kokubulala abanye abayisithupha eTumbler Ridge Secondary School, okubalwa kubo abafundi abahlanu abaneminyaka engu-12-13 nothisha oyedwa. UVan Rootselaar wabe eseshona ngokuzidubula esikoleni. Abanye abangamashumi amabili nesikhombisa balimala.

Lesi sigameko sibe yisigameko sokudubulana kwabantu abaningi kakhulu eKhanada selokhu kwahlasela iNova Scotia ngo-2020, kanye nokudubulana okubi kakhulu esikoleni eKhanada kusukela ekubulaweni kwabantu e-École Polytechnique ngo-1989.

## Uphenyo

Umphathi we-RCMP uKen Floyd usho esithangamini nabezindaba ngosuku lokudubula ukuthi baphenya ukuthi umdubuli wayehlobene kanjani nezisulu. Iphini likakhomishana we-RCMP uDwayne McDonald uthe engqungqutheleni yabezindaba yangomhlaka-11 kuNhlolanja ukuthi bakholelwa ukuthi uVan Rootselaar wenze yedwa isenzo, nokuthi abazange bathole inothi noma olunye ulwazi oluvela kumdubuli.

Amaphoyisa athole isibhamu eside kanye nesibhamu esishintshiwe esikoleni.

## Ngemva kokudubula
Kamuva ngalolo suku, iSifunda Sesikole 59 Peace River South samemezela ukuthi zombili izikole eTumbler Ridge zizohlala zivaliwe isonto lonke.

## Imithombo
FK Panevėžys

**I-Futbolo klubas Panevėžys**, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi **i-FK Panevėžys**, noma **i-Panevėžys** nje, iyiklabhu yebhola lochwepheshe yaseLithuania esePanevėžys. Le kilabhu incintisana ne-TOPLYGA, iqembu elihamba phambili lebhola laseLithuania. Le kilabhu yasungulwa ngo-2015.

## Imiklomelo
### Izihloko zesizwe
;  **[[TOPLYGA]], A lyga:** 
* **Abanqobi (1):** 2023

;  **LFF Taurė:**
* **Abanqobi (2):** 2020, 2025

;  **Supertaurė:**
* **Abanqobi (2):** 2021, 2024

## Izinkathi Zonyaka

## Izingubo
;Izingubo zemidlalo ziyashintshwa
* 

## Imithombo

## Amakhasi amangaphandle
* Official Site
* TOPLYGA
* SOCCERWAY
* FLASHSCORE
* Transfermarkt
* Globalsportsarchive
Umchazazilo

**Umchazazilo** noma **Umchazazilwane** isifundo senzululwazi sokucwaninga Izilwane. Siphinde sicwaninge nomhlakahlo, umchazambungu, Umjinjo, imikhuba, nokusabalala kwezilwane, kokubili ezishabalele nezikhona nendlela ezazinanana ngayo noxhakamvelo. Umchazazilo uyigatsha eliyinhloko lomchazampilo. Elithi *umchazazilo* liyinhlanganisela yamabizo amabili, umchaza + izilo.
Nakuba abantu babehlezi benentshisekelo yomlando ongokwemvelo wezilwane ababezibona zibazungezile, futhi basebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuze bafuye ezinye zazo, ukucwaningwa kwazo kwachazwa ngokubanzi nguAristolile, owathi nazo ziyiziphili futhi wahlola uhlaka lwazo nokukhula kwazo nalapho zihlala khona nokusebenza kwamalunga azo. Umchazazilo wanamuhla kuthiwa waqala ngoCarl Linnaeus, u-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, noRobert Hooke, uCharles Darwin, uGregor Mendel kanye nabanye abaningi.

Ukucwaningwa kwezilwane okuhlozinga kakhulu ukwakheka kwazo nensebenzo yazo, izindawo ezihlala kuzo, ubuhlobo bazo nezinye izilwane, kanye nokucondoza kwazo. Umchazazilo uyaqhubeka nokuhlukaniswa ngokoqeqesho oluhlanganisa Ingqwangqwa, umchazamzimba, nezomchazaziqa. Ngemva kokuvubukulwa kohlaka loLibofuzo nguFrancis Crick noJames Watson benoRosalind Franklin ngowe-1953, kwavuleka umkhakha womchazampilo wemizwayi, nokwahelela kumchazampilo wamangqamuzana, nezezifuzisi zomzwayi.
Ikhoza

Kwezomchadamezo, **ikhoza** lichazwa njengohlobo lwesidlakalasi eseqa emngceleni wesimiso somchadamezo ngenxa yomehluko wamazinga okushisa ngaphesheya komngcele. Isimiso somchadamezo as*iliqukethe* ikhoza. Noma kunjalo, leli gama livame ukusetshenziselwa nalapho kubhekisela isidlakalasini sekhoza esiqukethwe ohlelweni njengengxenye zesidlakalasi esingaphakathi futhi esiboniswa emazingeni okushisa ohlelweni.
Umchazanhlalo

**Umchazanhlalo** yigama elihumusha elithi *sociology*(lisuka kwisiLathini: *socius*- umphakathi; isiGriki: *logos*: isifundo) lisho isifundo senzululwazi somphakathi wabantu esigxile emphakathini, ukuziphatha kwabantu emphakathini, izindlela zobudlelwano bomphakathi, ekuxhumaneni nabantu, kanye nemikhakha yesiko ehlobene nokuphila kwemihla ngemihla. Igama elithi *sociology* laqanjwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulunyaka le-18 ukuchaza ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lomphakathi.
Junko

I-**Junko** igama lesiJaphani lesifazane. Ngokuvamile libhalwa nge-kanji, kodwa lingabhalwa nge-hiragana (じゅんこ) noma i-katakana (ジュンコ).

I-Junko ingabhalwa kusetshenziswa i-kanji kufaka phakathi:

* 純子, "pure, mntwana"
* 順子, "oda, mntwana"
* 淳子, "pure, mntwana"
* 潤子, "okucebile/okuthandekayo/okumanzi, mntwana"
* 準子, "vumelana, mntwana"
* 洵子, "iqiniso, mntwana"
Isikole samabangaphezulu

**Isikole samabangaphezulu**, noma **isikole samabanga aphezulu**, yisikhungo esihlinzeka ngemfundo yamabangaphezulu . Ezinye izikole zamabangaphezulu zihlinzeka kokubili *ngemfundo yamabangaphezulu asezansi* (iminyaka eyi-11 kuya kweyi-14 (*senior phase*)) kanye *nemfundo yamabangaphezudlwana*  (iminyaka eyi-14 kuya kweyi-18 *(intermediate phase*)), kodwa lamazinga anganikezwa nasezikoleni ezihlukene. Imfundo yamabangaphezulu eNingizimu Afrika ihambisana nemigomo yeNhlangano Yamazwe ebizwa ISCED. Izikole zamabangaphansi ziqala ebangeni lokuqala kuya kwelomkhothi 1-7, bese izikole zamabangaphezulu ziqala ebangeni lesiphohlongo kuya kweleshumi nambili 8-12.

EMelika, izinhlelo eziningi zemfundo yamabangaphezulu zasendaweni zinezikole zmabangaphakathi ezihlukene kanye nezikole zamabangaphezulu . Izikole eziphakathi zivame ukuba kusukela kumabanga 6-8 noma 7-8, kanti izikole zamabangaphezulu zivame ukuba kusukela kumabanga 9-12. E- United Kingdom, izikole eziningi zikahulumeni zamabangaphezulu kanye nezikole ezixhaswe ngasese zamukela abafundi abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-11 no-16 noma abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-11 no-18, kanti ezinye izikole ezizimele zase-UK, okungukuthi izikole zomphakathi, zamukela abafundi abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-13 no-18.

Izikole zamabangaphezulu ngokuvamile zilandela izikole zamabangaphansi futhi zilungiselela imfundo yobuchwepheshe noma yezemfundo ephakeme . Emazweni anemalingeniso ephezulu nephakathi, ukuya esikoleni  kuyimpoqo kubafundi okungenani kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-16. Izinhlangano, izakhiwo, kanye namagama asethsneziswayo ayahluka kuye ngezwe ngalinye.
Imfundo yamabangaphezulu

**Imfundo yamabangaphezulu** ihlanganisa amazinga amabili ngokomlinganiso we -International Standard Classification of Education : Izinga lesibili ( *imfundo yamabangaaphezulu asezansi)* yisigaba sesibili nesokugcina semfundo eyisisekelo, kanti Izinga lesithathu ( *imfundo yamabangaphezudlwana*) yisigaba esandulela imfundo ephakeme. Wonke amazwe ahlose ukuhlinzeka ngemfundo eyisisekelo, kodwa izinhlelo kanye namagama asetshenziswayo ahlukile. Imfundo yamabangaphezulu ivame ukulandela ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha yemfundo yamabangaphansi futhi ilandelwa yimfundo ephakeme, imfundo yobuchwepheshe noma umsebenzi.  Emazweni amaningi imfundo yamabangaphezulu iyimpoqo, okungenani kuze kube yilapho umfundi eneminyaka eli-16. Izingane zivame ukungena esigabeni samabangaphansi cishe eminyakeni eli-12. Imfundo ephoqelekile ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-20 nangaphezulu.
Imfundo yamabangaphansi

**Imfundo yamabangaphansi** iyisigaba sokuqala semfundo ehlelekile, efika ngemva kwesikole esiyinkulisa nangaphambi kwemfundo yamabangaphezulu .  Imfundo yamabangaphansi yenzeka *ezikoleni zamabangaphansi*, *ezikoleni zokucathulisa*, kuye ngendawo. Ngakho-ke, e-United Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe, igama elithi *amabangaphansi* lisetshenziswa esikhundleni *selithi ukucathulisa* . 

INhlangano ebizwa International Standard Classification of Education ibheka imfundo yamabangaphansi njengesigaba esisodwa lapho izinhlelo zivame ukuklanywa khona ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono ayisisekelo okufunda, ukubhala, kanye nezibalo futhi kusungulwe isisekelo esiqinile sokufunda. Leli yizinga lokuqala  le-ISCED : Imfundo yamabangaphansi noma isigaba sokuqala semfundo eyisisekelo.
Umtapolwazi wase-Orlando East

**Umtapolwazi womphakathi wase-Orlando East** ungumtapolwazi omdala kunayo yonke eSoweto eNingizimu Afrika.

## Umlando
Kuthiwa lomtapolwazi waqala ezindlini ezimbili zensimbi ngowe-1948 ezazingenawo ugesi kanye nezihlalo. 

Umtapolwazi wawusesakhiweni sokuqala eSoweto esaklanywa ukuba umtapolwazi womphakathi ngowe-1950. Wakhiwa eMooki Street ngabantu base-Vocational Training Centre sasendawemi futhi ngokumangalisayo wawumkhulu kuneminye imitapolwazi yomphakathi eyayitholakala ngaleso sikhathi esidlaveleni esikhulu saseGoli . Cishe wawungumtapolwazi obaluleke kakhulu kubantu base-Afrika eNingizimu Afrika ngaleso sikhathi.  Ngowezi-2012 imitapolwazi yaseSoweto yathi yayinamalungu acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu. 

Amabhidli omtapolwazi anikezwa isipho esikhulu ngo-1963 lapho uMadie Hall Xuma, umfelokazi waseMelika kaDkt. ABXuma owayenguMongameli  kaKhongolose ngawo-1940, enikezela ngomtapo wezincwadi zakhe. Umyeni wakhe washona ngo-1962 futhi wabuyela e-United States.  UMadie Hall Xuma naye wayesebenza kwezepolitiki zaseNingizimu Afrika waba ngumongameli womkhandlu kazwelonke we-South African Young Women's Christian Association . 

## Namuhla
Ngowezi-2000 umtapolwazi waphefukiswa futhi wanwetshwa. Ngowezi-2013 kwafakwa isibhebhe esilundwa ukuze kuqashelwe ukubaluleka komtapolwazi njengomtapolwazi womphakathi omdala kunayo yonke. 

Umtapolwazi unezimpawu ezinhle futhi usenendawo enkulu. Uheha abafundi ukuthi bafunde ngamathala awo "agcwele kakhulu" kanye nomhiba wamaphathelelo ohlanganisa izincwadi zokufunda. Phezulu kunesikhungo sezinsizakuxhumana kanye nendawo ebekelwe izincwadi zezingane.  Umtapolwazi uhlinzeka ngokufinyelelo kuxhakaxholo  kwamahhala ngowezi-2013. 

## Amaphathelelo
TOPLYGA

**I-TOPLYGA** (kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2026), eyayiyi-**A lyga** (2001–2025) iyisigaba esiphezulu sebhola lochwepheshe eLithuania. Ihlelwe yi-Lietuvos Futbolo Federacija (LFF).

## Amakilabhu
* FK Banga  
* FC Džiugas  
* FC Hegelmann  
* FK Kauno Žalgiris  
* FK Panevėžys  
* FK Riteriai  
* FK Sūduva  
* FA Šiauliai  
* FK Transinvest  
* FK Žalgiris  

## Izinkathi zonyaka

;**[[TOPLYGA]]**
* 2026: 

; **A lyga** 
* 2025: FK Kauno Žalgiris
* 2024: FK Žalgiris
* 2023: FK Panevėžys
* 2022: FK Žalgiris
* 2021: FK Žalgiris
* 2020: FK Žalgiris
* 2019: FK Sūduva
* 2018: FK Sūduva
* 2017: FK Sūduva
* 2016: FK Žalgiris
* 2015: FK Žalgiris
* 2014: VMFD Žalgiris
* 2013: VMFD Žalgiris
* 2012: FK Ekranas
* 2011: FK Ekranas
* 2010: FK Ekranas
* 2009: FK Ekranas
* 2008: FK Ekranas
* 2007: FBK Kaunas
* 2006: FBK Kaunas
* 2005: FK Ekranas
* 2004: FBK Kaunas
* 2003: FBK Kaunas
* 2002: FBK Kaunas
* 2001: FBK Kaunas

## Imithombo

## Amakhasi amangaphandle
* Dalub web TOPLYGA
* RSSSF (A lyga)
* Globalsportsarchive
Isikole samabangaphansi

**Isikole samabangaphansi** (e-Ireland, e-India, e-United Kingdom,  e-Australia,  eNew Zealand,  eTrinidad naseTobago, eJamaica, eNingizimu Afrika, naseSingapore  ), **isikole eiyisisekelo** (eNyakatho Melika nasePhilippines), yisikole semfundo yamabangaphansi yabantwana abavame ukuba neminyaka engu-4 kuya kwengu-11 ubudala. Isikole samabanga aphansi silandela isikole esiyinkulisa futhi silandewle isikole samabangaphezulu .

Ngokwenhlangano ebizwa- International Standard Classification of Education imfundo yamabangaphansi iyisigaba esisodwa lapho izinhlelo zivame ukuklanywa khona ukunikeza amakhono ayisisekelo ekufundeni, ekubhaleni, kanye nezibalo kanye nokwakha isisekelo esiqinile sokufunda. Leli yizinga lokuqala -ISCED Level 1 : Imfundo yamabangaphansi noma isigaba sokuqala semfundo eyisisekelo. 

## Amagama
Igama elithi "isikole samabangaphansi" liyinhlanganisela yamagama amathathu *isikole* (elisuka kusiFulentshi *) nelithi *amabanga* elihlanganiswe nelithi *aphansi''.

### Izikole zamabangaphansi
Isikole Samabangaphansi iThuthukani-Tswelopele

**ISikole Samabangaphansi iThuthukani-Tswelopele**, esisesizeni 1042, kumgwaqo iTweede Street, enxulumeni laseFinetown, eJohannesburg, siyisikole samabangaphansi salendawo, kanye nezinye ezimbili, esokuqala iSikole Samabangaphansi saseFinetown, esesibili iSikole Samabangaphansi iBuyani. Ngaphambilini sasibizwa ngokuthi Isikole samabangaphansi soSuku noSuku (*Day by Day*). Lesi isikole sasungulwa ngonyaka we-1994, futhi savulwa ngokusemthethweni mhla zingama-20 kuNovemba ngowezi-2004 yilowo owayenguNgqongoshe wezemfundo eGauteng ngalesosikhathi uAngie Motshekga. Kuyimanje sekuZinganhlanu lokuqala (Quintile 1), futhi sikwazi ukubhalisa abafundi abangaba inkulungwane eyodwa namakhulu amathathu (1300) nabafundisi abangama-35.  

#### Ukubhaliswa kwabafundi
Ukubhaliswa kwabafundi esikoleni esifana neThuthukani-Tswelopele kulawalwa uMthetho Wezikole WaseNingizimu Afrika we-1996 ophoqa abanfundi abaneminyaka ephakathi kwemkhothi neyi-15 ukuba baye esikoleni. Kulesikole abafundi babhaliswa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokubhalisa ngoxhakaxholo oluphethwe uMnyango Wezimfundo eGauteng. Futhi abazali bangabhalisa kusuka kubanga R, nebanga lokuqala. Kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2008, sabalwa njengesikole esiyingxenye yezinganhlanu lokuqala (Quintile 1), futhi iSikole Samabangaphansi iThuthukani-Tswelopele, asibakhokhisi imali yokufunda abazali uma sebabhalisiwe. Izindleko eziningi zesikole zikhokhwa uhulumeni, ngoMnyango Wemfundo Eyisisekelo. 

#### Umfaniswano wesikole
Umfaniswano wesikole samabangaphansi iThuthukani-Tswelopele ngokuvamile njengezinye izikole zikahulumeni, unqunywa iNdikimba Ebusayo Yesikole ngokuvumelana noMthetho Wezikole. Lesi sikole sigqoka umfaniswano olundwa ohambisana nophuzi. Abafundi bangagqoka amabhulukwe ampunga, namahembe amhlophe noma aphuzi. Amantombazane anomfaniswano wawo wengubo emxingovu exube imibala olundwa nophuzi.

## Amaphatho
Ubucikomazwi

**Ubucikomazwi** buyinoma yiliphi iqoqo lomsebenzi obhaliwe. Leli gama liphinde lisetshenziswe emibhalweni ebhekwa njengohlobo lobuciko, ikakhulukazi amanoveli, imidlalo yeshashalazi, izinkondlo. Lihlanganisa kokubili imibhalo eshicilelwe ngokunyathelisa nangezezibhangqiwe  . Incasiselo ihlanganisa nobucikomazwi bomlomo, iningi labo oluye labhalwa phansi.Ubucikomazwi buyindlela yokuqopha, ukukhweza, nokudlulisa ulwazi nezokuzijabulisa. Bungaphinde bube neqhaza kwezenhlalo, kwezomqondo, ngokomoya, noma kwezombusazwe.

Ukuyipha ubucikomazwi esinye sezifundo zakwaNgqondnkulu ezindala kakhulu, futhi kunake kakhulu ukufaneleka kwezincwadi noma ukubaluleka kokulumuka kwemibhalo ethile. Ukufundwa kwezincwadi neminye imibhalo njengezinto zobuciko noma amasiko kuncike ekuyipheni imibhalo noma Umlando wencwadi. "Ubucikomazwi", njengohlobo lobuciko, ngezinye izikhathi busetshenziswa ngokufanayo nezinganekwane zobuciko, izinganeko eziqanjiwe ezibhalwe ngenhloso yobuciko,   kodwa futhi bugahlanganisa imisebenzi enhkobonhlobo engezona ezinganeko, njengesichazampilo, ama-diary, Izinkumbulo, izincwadi, nezindaba.Kulencasiselo ebanzi, ubucikomazwi buhlanganisa izincwadi ezingezona ezinganeko, izilotshwa, noma okunye ukwaziswa okubhalwe phansi ngesihlokondaba esithile.

Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa kuvumele ukusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo nokwanda kwemisebenzi ebhaliwe, kuyilapho inkathi yezezibhangqiwe ifiphaze umehluko phakathi kobucikomazwi bamazuba kuxhakaxholo nezinye izinhlobo zezinsizakuxhamana zanamuhla.