William Blum

**UWilliam Henry Blum** (; wazalwa ngomhlaka 6 ku Mashi, 1933 washona ngomhlaka 9 – Disemba 9, 2018) ubengumbhali wezincwadi, usomlandu, kanye nomgxeki wenqubo yomgomo wase-United States foreign policy. Ubehlala eWashington, DC.

## Impilo yakhe ekuqaleni
UBlum wazalelwa eBrooklyn, eNew York City, ezalwa nguRuth (née Katz) kanye no-Isidore Blum, abazali bakhe babengabantu abangamaJuda abafika bebuya ePoland (Polish Jewish immigrants). Ubaba wakhe wayesebenza ngomshini. Yena wayeqede imfundo yase-Erasmus Hall High School kanti wathola iziqu ze-accountancy ngo 1955 esikhungweni se-City College School of Business and Civic Administration, kanti kamuva lekholishi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Baruch College of the City University of New York. Waqala ukusebenza njenge-computer programmer kwa-IBM, ngemuva kwalokho wathathwa ngumyango kahulumeni i-State Department. Wayenogqozi lokuba yisikhule esisebenzela ezangaphandle njenge-foreign service officer ngokuchaza kwakhe ukuthi, "abambe iqhaza kwimpi nombhidlango wokulwa nobuKhomanisi we-anti-Communist crusade". UBlum waqala ukukhathazeka ngempi yemMelika yokulwa nezwe laseVietnam eyaziwa ngokuthi  yi-Vietnam War kanti wagcina ngokuyeka esikhundleni sokusebenzela umbuso ngo 1967.

## IJenalizimu (ububiki bezindaba)
Kulesi sikhathi wase eqale ukubamba iqhaza kwimibhikisho yokuphikisana nempi yaseVietnam, kanti futhi waqala iphephandaba nokuba ngumhleli walo, iphephandaba elaziwa ngokuthi yi- *Washington Free Press*, elalikhishwa kabili ngeviki, kodwa ubukhona balo abuthathanga isikhathi eside.

Ngo 1969, wabhala imibhalo ayishicelela eyaveza amanyala e-CIA in which were revealed the names and addresses of more than 200 CIA lapho khona aveza amagama abasebenzi be-CIA. Wasebenza njenge-freelance journalist e-United States, e-Europe nase-South America. Phakathi kuka 1972–1973, uBlum wasebenza njengombiko wezindaba ezweni lase- Chile lapho abika khona ngohulumeni ka-Allende wemizamo yokuqala uhulumeni wobusashalizimu i-"socialist experiment". Phakathi neminyaka yoma 1970, wasebenza e-London esebenza nalowo owayesikhuli esasikade sisebenza e-CIA uPhilip Agee kanye nozakwabo "besebenza kwiprojekthi yokudalula amanyala nobubu obenziwa ngabasebenzi be-CIA". Wayezondla ngemibhalo yakhe kanye nokuhamba ekhuluma emakhempasi amakholishi .

Ezincwadini zakhe azibhala kanye nakumakholomu ayewashicilela kwi-online, uBlum wabhala imibhalo egxila kakhulu kububi obenziwa yi-CIA kwamanye amazwe nozungu lokubulala abaholi nabantu bakwamanye amazwe. UNoam Chomsky uthe incwadi kaBlum nge-CIA, "iyincwadi engcono kakhulu kunazo zonke kulesi sihloko se-CIA." UBlum wasekela umkhankaso kaRalph Nader wokuba ngumongameli. Ubesakaza i-newsletter abayikhipha kanye ngenyanga yesihloko esithi: "The Anti-Empire Report" abayithumela kubantu kuwo wonke umhlaba ngama-email. UBlum  wachaza injongo yakhe enkulu empilweni kanjena: : "Uma kungekhona ukuphelisa i-American Empire, okungenani ukuyenza ukuthi ihambe ngonyawo lonwabu ebubini bayo kumazwe omhlaba ekwenzeni ububi kanye nokubangela isihluku nenhlupheko enkulu kumazwe omhlaba."

### Isitatimende sika-Osama bin Laden
Ngonyaka ka 2006, uBlum waba yisihloko okukhulunywa ngaso kakhulu kwabezindaba, ngemuva kokuba u-Osama bin Laden ekhiphe isitatimende asikhiphela wonke umhlaba se-public statement lapho khona acaphuna kwimibhalo ka-Blum nokuncoma ukuthi bonke abantu baseMelika kumele bafunde incwadi kaBlum yesihloko esithi: *Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower*. Ngenxa yokuthi u-Osama bin Laden ekhiphe lesi sitatimende, izinga lokuthengwa kwencwadi kaBlum senyuka ngesivinini esiphezulu. "Ngangimangele kakhulu kanye nokushaqeka kodwa ngokuhlekisayo lapho ngizwa lokho okushiwo nguBin ngencwadi yami," kuphawula uBlum. "Ngangithokozile. Ngangazi ukuthi lokhu kuzosiza intengiso yencwadi yami, kanti futhi ngangingakhathazeki ngokuthi lookhu kushiwo ngubani. Uma evumelana nami ngombono wokuthi abantu bawuzonda kanjani umgomo we-US maqondana nendlela ebhekana nawo namazwe angaphandle, ngeke ngaxabana naye uma lokho akushoyo kuvumelana nencwadi yami. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukuvumelana nemibono yami ngeke kwangiphazamisa." Maqondana nokwamukelwa kwencwadi yami ngu-Bin Laden, uBlum wabeka kanjena, "Lokhu kufana nokuthi incwadi yami ingezinye zezincwadi zika-Oprah book." Kwi-inthavyu ayenza ku-MSNBC *Countdown*, wabeka wathi: "Eqinisweni, ngumgomo wendlela i-US ebhekana nayo namazwe omhlaba okubangela inzondo yamaphekulazikhuni. Yizinto esizenza kumazwe omhlaba, akulona iqiniso lokho okushiwo yikomkhulu i-White House, kokuthi amazwe omhlaba azonda inkululeko yethu kanye nedimokhrasi. Lawo ngamampunge odwa ipropaganda."

Ngomhlaka 22 kuMeyi, 2006 kumbhalo we-article yesihloko esithi, "Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up", uBlum wabhala wathi, "Selokhu u-bin Laden ancoma incwadi yami, ngomhla ka, 19 Januwari, angikaze nginikezwe ithuba lokukhuluma kunoma yiyiphi ikhempasi. . . . Lokhu kwenzeka ngisho noma isikhathi sika-Januwari–Meyi kuvamise ukuba yisikhathi engisuke ngimatasatasa kakhulu ngezinkulumo kumakhempasi."

## Ukushona
UBlum ushone ngomhla ka 9 Disemba, 2018 e-Arlington, Virginia ngenxa yokuhluleka kwezinso ukusebenza kahle i-kidney failure ubeneminyaka engu 85 lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuliama kwi-apartment yakhe ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule.

## Izincwadi azibhalile

* 1986: *The CIA: A Forgotten History* (Zed Books) 
* 2000: *Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower* (Common Courage Press) 
* 2002: *West-Bloc Dissident: A Cold War Memoir* (Soft Skull Press) 
* 2003: *Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II*, revised edition (Common Courage Press) 
* 2004: *Freeing the World to Death: Essays on the American Empire* (Common Courage Press)
* 2013: *America's Deadliest Export: Democracy - The Truth About US Foreign Policy and Everything Else* (Zed Books) 

## Amareferensi


## Ama-links angaphandle

* William Blum
* 

* American Exceptionalism: The Naked Truth by William Blum at CovertAction Magazine
* William Blum's articles at CounterPunch
* William Blum's articles at Foreign Policy Journal
* William Blum's articles at Z Communications (archive.org)
* William Blum's articles at the Centre for Research on Globalization
* ''America's most feared man''  Interview with Nerve Magazine, Issue 2, Summer 2003
* ''Myth and Denial in the War on Terrorism'' Article on CounterPunch, August 12, 2003
* ''William Blum in the Media Whirlwind'' Appearance on C-SPAN's call-in show *Washington Journal, * Jan. 28, 2006