INkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa amaCala laseNingizimu Afrika

INkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa amaCala laseNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi: *Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa*, ngokufushane: i-SCA) iyinkantolo engaphezulu kwezinye izinkantolo ngaphandle kweNkantolo noMthethosisekelo eNingizimu Afrika. Isungulwe nguMthethosisekelo wezi-1996. Ilandele Isigaba Sokudlulisa Amacala seNkantolo Ephakeme laseNingizimu Afrika eyasungulwa ngezi-1910 ekuhlangisweni wamakoloni wamaBhunu namaNgisi ukuqamba iNyunyana laseNingizimu Afrika. Ngezi-1950, iKhomithi YoBulungiswa yoMkhandlu weNkosi yaseNgilandi yaphucwa amandla okuhlulela amacala edluliswe eNingizimu Afrika. 

Ngaphambili kwezi-1994, kwakungavumelekanga ukuthi abantu abangasi ngabelungu ukuthi babe ngamajaji. Lokho kwatshintsha kusukela izi-1994, ngoshaywa koMthethosisekelo wentandoyeningi, ngalo uMongameli uNelson Mandela waqoka ijaji lokuqala elingasi ngumlungu ngo-1997, u-Ismail Mahomed, futhi uMongameli uThabo Mbeki waqoka uMongameli wokuqala weNkantolo, uLex Mpati ngezi-2008. Lenkantolo yaphucwa ubulingana neNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo ngezi-2013. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Bloemfontein yatinhlokodolobha le-Riphabuliki lamaBhunu elingasekho leSangqu (i-*Orange Free State*), iNkantolo EPhakeme yeNyunyana yayihleli khona kusekela izi-1910 kufikela namhlanja, okwenza lelidolobha ukuthi libeyinhlokodolobha lesithathu laseNingizimu Afrika.

## Umlando

### Isikhathi ngaphansi kwamaNgisi (1909 - 1961)
Makufika amaBhunu namaNgisi eNingizimu Afrika, bazame ukuqamba uhlelo lokubusa ebalujwayele emazweni abo eYuropu. Kungakho ke basungule izinkantolo lapho amacala angadluliswa khona. Amabhunu nabantu bomdabo eningizimu lase-Afrika bawele ngaphansi kwesandla seNgilandi ekuphethweni kweMpi yamaBhunu namaNgisi (noma iMpi yaseNingizimu Afrika) ngezi-1902. Amariphabhuliki wamaBhunu waguqulwa amakoloni weNgilandi. Amabhunu wayenqobe izizwe zama-Afrika kodwa wayenganikanga ama-Afrika amalungelo alingene newabo ngenxa yokuthi bebabukela amasiko, ubala nobuntu babo phansi. Ngezi-1996, iPhalamende yaseNgilandi yashaya umthetho okuthiwa wakuhlanganisa amakoloni amane waseSangqu (i-*Orange River Colony*), eGwini (i-*Transvaal*), eNatali (i-*Natal Colony*) naseKapa (i-*Cape Colony*) ukusungula iNyunyana laseNingizimu Afrika ukunikeza abelungu amandla okuziphatha ngaphakathi kombuso wamaNgisi. 

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zalamakoloni zahlanganiswa zaguqulwa izigaba zeNkantolo ePhakeme eyayintsha ngalesosikhathi. Lomthetho uphinde waqamba Isigaba Sokudlulisa Amacala kuleliNkantolo. Ukwenza amaBhunu azizwe ncono ngokungasabi nokuzimela nokulinganisa amandlawezigatsha wombuso wabelungu, isiqonga seNkantolo Ephakeme sabekwa eBloemfontein, inhlokodolobha lakudala leriphabuliki yamaBhunu ekuthiwa Ngumbuso oKhululekike weSangqu (i-*Orange Free State*). 

Kwakukhonakala ukuthi abelungu badlulise amacala ewahlulelwa kulelinkantolo Ekhomithini Yobulungiswa Yomkhandlu Yenkosi yaseNgilandi ngokuba kwakusekhona ubudlelwane ngaphakathi kweNyunyana, laseNingizimu Afrika noMbuso Ohlangeneyo (okwaziwa ngokujwayelekile njengeNgilandi). Ngokuba iNhlangano Yehlanga Labelungu (i-National Party) yayiqamba umbuso wobandlululo ebantwini abansundu, yayixabana neNgilandi njalo. Lenxabano yabayimbi kangangokuthi Indlovukazi yaseNgilandi ingasayivakasheli iNgingizimu Afrika. Ngezi-1950, iKhomithi YoBulungiswa yoMkhandlu weNkosi yaseNgilandi yaphucwa amandla okuhlulela amacala avela eNingizimu Afrika.

### Isikhathi sobandlululo olukhulu (1961 - 1994)
Lokho kwenze ukuthi abelungu babenokhetho lokungquma ukuthi bafuna ukuphendula iNyunyana yabo ukuthi ibeyiRiphabulikhi. Lokho kusho ukuthi iNkantolo EPhakemeyo laseNingizimu Afrika, kakhulukazi Isigaba sayo Sokudlulisa Amacala, yayinkatolo yokugcina lapho amacala angadluliswa khona. Njengoba kwakubonakala ukuthi umbuso wobandlululo uyawa, abelungu baba nokhetho ngezi-1990 lapho bengquma ukuchitha umbuso wobandlululo. Ngezi-1994, ma umbuso wobandlululo uketulwa, kungena umbuso wentandoyeningi eyabuyisela abantu bomdabo amalungelo nobuzakhamuzi obugcwele, obuphelele obunesithunzi esifanele ezweni lakibo ebaphuncwa lona ngamaBhunu namaNgisi, leNkantolo eyayisebenzela abelungu kuphela nokugada umbuso wabo, yayiguqulwa ukuba ihlulele wonke umuntu ngokulingana amacala adluliswe phambili kwayo. Sukela izi-1994, abantu abansundu, amaKhaladi anamaNdiya wayevumelekile ukuthi aqotshwe ukuba amajaji weNkantolo ePhakeme. 

### Isikhathi sentandoyeningi (1994 - namhlanje)
Umthethosikelelo wentandoyeningi owashaywa ngezi-1996, unikeze iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo amandla okuhlulela amacala adlulisiwe amayelana umthethosisekelo. Lokho kwenze ukuthi isikhashane kubengathi lezinkantolo ziyalingana ngamandla. Ijaji lokuqala elingasi ngumlungu, uJaji Ismail Mahomed, owayiNdiya, waqokwa nguMongameli uNelson Mandela, ukuthi abeyilunga lenkantolo. Ngaphambili kwezi-2001, uJaji Ophakeme waseNingizimu Afrika (owayijaji eliphezulu kwawonke amajaji ezweni) wayeyinhloko yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ijaji yokuqala eyayingum-Afrika lokho kusho ukuthi ungumuntu womdabo owayijaji kulelinkantolo kwakungu-Lex Mpati owaqokwa nguMongameli Thabo Mbeki ngezi-2000. Owesifazane woqala ukuqokwa kulelinkantolo kwakungu-Carole Lewis ngezi-2003. Owesifazane owangum-Afrika wokuqala ukuqokwa kulelinkantolo ngu-Mandisa Maya ngezi-2005.  

IPhalamende lashaya umthetho wesi-10 wezi-2013 weziNkantolo ezingaPhezulu olunikeze iNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo amandla ukuhlulela amacala adlulisiwe amayelana nomayiphi indaba noma ingaqondananga nqo nomthethosisekelo. Lokhu kuphuce iNkantolo ePhakeme ubulingana neNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo futhi wayenza inhloko yeNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo iJaji eliPhakeme laseNingizimu Afrika. Manje, impela isezingeni lesibili egatsheni lokudlulisa amacala egatsheni lobulungiswa. Kuthathe iminyaka eyi-27 kusukela izi-1994 kufikela izi-2021, ukuze ubuningi bamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme bungabi ngabelungu.

## Uhlo lamajaji okudlulisa amacala
Uhlo olulandelayo lumayelana amajaji aqokwe kusekela izi-1997.

**Abaqokwe eSigabeni Sokudlisa Amacala:**
Lamajaji alandelayo aqokwe esigabeni sokudlulisa amacala kodwa baphubeka ukuba ngamajaji weNkantolo Ephakeme Yokudlulisa Amacala.
*Hennie van Heerden (uqokwe ngezi-1982, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2001)
*Joos Hefer (uqokwe ngezi-1984, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2001)
*Ernst Martin Grosskopf (uqokwe ngezi-1985, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-1998)
*F. H. Grosskopf (uqokwe ngezi-1988, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2001)
*Peet Nienaber (uqokwe ngezi-1990, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2002)
*Louis Harms (uqokwe ngezi-1993, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2008)
*Craig Howie (uqokwe ngezi-1993, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2008)
*Robin Marais (uqokwe ngezi-1995, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2004)
* Pierre Olivier (uqokwe ngezi-1995, ukhothame ngezi-2003)
* Peter Schutz (uqokwe ngezi-1995, ukhothame ngezi-2004)
* Douglas Graham Scott (uqokwe ngezi-1995, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2008)
* Ralph Zulman (uqokwe ngezi-1996, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2007)
* Chris Plewman (uqokwe ngezi-1996, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2000)
**Abaqokwe nguMongameli Nelson Mandela:**
* Ismail Mahomed (uqokwe ngezi-1997, ukhothame ngezi-2000)
* Piet Streicher (uqokwe ngezi-1997, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2010)
**Abaqokwe nguMongameli Thabo Mbeki:**
* Ian Farlam (uqokwe ngezi-2000, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2009)
* Edwin Cameron (uqokwe ngezi-2000, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2008)
* Mahomed Navsa (uqokwe ngezi-2000, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2022)
* Lex Mpati (uqokwe ngezi-2000, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2016)
* Kenneth Mthiyane (uqokwe ngezi-2001, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2014)
* Fritz Brand (uqokwe ngezi-2001, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2015)
* Robert Nugent (uqokwe ngezi-2002, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2013)
* Johan Conradie (uqokwe ngezi-2002, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2007)
* Tom Cloete (uqokwe ngezi-2003, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2012)
* Carole Lewis (uqokwe ngezi-2003, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2019)
* John Heher (uqokwe ngezi-2003, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2012)
* Belinda van Heerden (uqokwe ngezi-2004, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2013)
* Nathan Ponnan (uqokwe ngezi-2004)
* Chris Jafta (uqokwe ngezi-2005, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2009)
* Dunstan Mlambo (uqokwe ngezi-2005, wayiswa kwenye indawo ngezi-2010)
* Mandisa Maya (uqokwe ngezi-2005, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2022)
* Peter Carl Combrinck (uqokwe ngezi-2007, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2008)
* Azhar Cachalia (uqokwe ngezi-2007, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2021)
**Abaqokwe nguMongameli Kgalema Motlanthe:**
* Suretta Snyders (uqokwe ngezi-2008, ukhothame ngezi-2014)
* Nonkosi Mhlantla (uqokwe ngezi-2008, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2015)
**Abaqokwe nguMongameli Jacob Zuma:**
* Frans Malan (uqokwe ngezi-2009, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2013)
* Ronnie Bosielo (uqokwe ngezi-2009, ukhothame ngezi-2018)
* Jeremiah Shongwe (uqokwe ngezi-2009, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2018)
* Eric Leach (uqokwe ngezi-2009, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2020)
* Zukisa Tshiqi (uqokwe ngezi-2009, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2019)
* Leona Theron (uqokwe ngezi-2010, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2017)
* Steven Majiedt (uqokwe ngezi-2010, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2019)
* Willie Seriti (uqokwe ngezi-2010, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2019)
* Malcolm Wallis (uqokwe ngezi-2011, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2021)
* Xola Petse (uqokwe ngezi-2012, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2024)
* Nigel Willis (uqokwe ngezi-2013, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2018)
* Halima Saldulker (uqokwe ngezi-2013, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2023)
* Kevin Swain (uqokwe ngezi-2014, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2020)
* Boissie Mbha (uqokwe ngezi-2014, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2022)
* Dumisani Zondi (uqokwe ngezi-2014)
* Nambitha Dambuza (uqokwe ngezi-2015)
* Rammaka Mathopo (uqokwe ngezi-2015, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2021)
* Ian van der Merwe (uqokwe ngezi-2016, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2023)
* Connie Mocumie (uqokwe ngezi-2016)
**Abaqokwe nguMongameli Cyril Ramaphosa:**
* Tati Makgoka (uqokwe ngezi-2018)
* Mahube Molemela (uqokwe ngezi-2018)
* Ashton Schippers (uqokwe ngezi-2018)
* Fikile Mokgohloa (uqokwe ngezi-2019)
* Clive Plasket (uqokwe ngezi-2019, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2022)
* Daniel Dlodlo (uqokwe ngezi-2019, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2022)
* Caroline Nicholls (uqokwe ngezi-2019)
* Thokozile Mbatha (uqokwe ngezi-2019)
* Trevor Gorven (uqokwe ngezi-2021, wayeka ukusebenza ngezi-2024)
* Zeenat Carelse (uqokwe ngezi-2021, uphakanyiswe ngezi-2024)
* Billy Mothle (uqokwe ngezi-2021)
* Wendy Hughes (uqokwe ngezi-2021)
* Nolwazi Mabindla-Boqwana (uqokwe ngezi-2021)
* Piet Meyer (uqokwe ngezi-2022)
* Elias Matojane (uqokwe ngezi-2022)
* Sharise Weiner (uqokwe ngezi-2022)
* Glenn Goosen (uqokwe ngezi-2022)
* Daisy Molefe (uqokwe ngezi-2022)
* Shane Kgoele (uqokwe ngezi-2023)
* Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane (uqokwe ngezi-2023)
* John Smith (uqokwe ngezi-2024)
* Raylene Keightley (uqokwe ngezi-2024)
* David Unterhalter (uqokwe ngezi-2024)

## Imithombo eyafundwa