Uthimba

**Uthimba** ngumdlalo woqwembe phakathi kwabadlali ababili. Lomdlalo ubuye ubizwe ngokuthi **uthimba lomhlaba** ukuze uhlukaniswe kweminye imidlalo ehlobene nawo, efana  ne-*xiangqi (uthimba lwaseShayina)* kanye ne-*shogi (uthimba lwaseJaphani)*. Uhlobo lothimba olukhona manje lwadabuka kwelaseSpaniya naseYurophu eseningizimu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15 emva kokuthubeka kusuka kumdlalo ofanayo kodwa omdala odabuka eNdiya obizwa *chaturanga*. Namuhla uthimba liwumdlalo onesibunge umhlaba wonke, odlalwa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Uthimba umdlalo weqhingasu elingumkhanyango futhi alubandakanyi ukwaziswa okufihliwe. Ludlalwa oqwembeni lothimba olunamagcagcane angama-64 alungiswe okocansi lwemigqa eyisiphohlongo. Lapho uqala, umdlali ngamunye ulawula izinkomo eziyishumi mesithupha: inkosi eyodwa, indlovukazi eyodwa, imibhosho emibili, abefundisi ababili, izinkweli ezimbili, nezintindili eziyisiphohlongo. Umdlali onezinkomo ezimhlophe nguyena owenza umdiki wokuqala, bese kulandela umdlali wezinkomo ezimfipha. Impokophelo yomdlalo ukuthumba inkosi yomufo, njengoba lapho inkosi ibhekene nohlaselo futhi ingekho indlela yokuohunyuka. Kukhona nezindlela ezimbalwa lapho umdlalo ungaphetha engekho ogobuphondo.

Uthimba oluhleliwe lwaduma ekhulwini lwe-19. Imincintiswano yothimba yanamuhla ilawulwa ezizweni zonke i-FIDE (inhlangano yoThimba yezizwe).

## FIDE

I-International Chess Federation (FIDE, ngesi-French Fédération Internationale des Échecs) yinhlangano ehlanganisa izinhlangano ze-chess kazwelonke ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezivela emazwenikazi amahlanu.  Yasungulwa eParis (eFrance) ngoJulayi 20, 1924, isiqubulo sayo sithi "Gens una Sumus" (SinquMndeni owodwa, ngesiLatini).

I-FIDE inesibopho sokhuhlela imiqhudelwano ye-World Chess (bobubili ubulili, kokubili kwabadala nabancane) kanye nama-Chess Olympiads.  Isungula imithetho nemthethonqubo yomdlalo futhi yengamele ukusetshenziswa kwayo.  Ibala izilinganiso ze-Elo zabadlali futhi ibaklomelise ngezihloko zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlonishwayo.

## World Chess Champion

Ngo-1886, amakilabhu amathathu e-chess aseMelika ahlela inselete phakathi kwamakhosi amabili avelele angaleso sikhathi: Wilhelm Steinitz (i-Ostriya) kanye no-Johannes Zukertort (IJalimani).  Ukuze bakwenze kwaziwe kabanzi, bamemezela ukuthi owinile wayezomenyezelwa "njengompetha bomhlaba".  USteinitz uwinile.  Ukusuka lapho, ompetha bakhetha abamelene nabo bese bebeka umdlalo nezimo zezomnotho.

Ngo-1924 i-FIDE yasungulwa futhi yazama ukulawula imiqhudelwano yomhlaba, kodwa imizamo yayo yehluleka lapho ibhekene nentando engenakunqotshwa yabashayi abahlukahlukene.  Ngo-1946, ngemva kokushona kuka-Alekhine, i-FIDE yathatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu futhi yabeka isisekelo sokukhethwa kwabazokhethwa esihlokweni esasinqenamuntu kanye mendlela okwakuzanqunywa ngayo abaqhudelanayo bakusasa.

* 1886 - 1894:  Wilhelm Steinitz,  
* 1894 - 1921:  Emanuel Lasker,  
* 1921 - 1927:  José Raúl Capablanca** CUBA**
* 1927 - 1935:  Alexander Alekhine  
* 1935 - 1937:  Max Euwe  
* 1937 - 1946:  Alexander Alekhine  
* 1948 - 1957:  Mikhail Botvinnik  **Soviet Union**
* 1957 - 1958:  Vasily Smyslov  **Soviet Union**
* 1958 - 1960:  Mikhail Botvinnik **Soviet Union**
* 1960 - 1961:  Mikhail Tal  **Soviet Union**
* 1961 - 1963:  Mikhail Botvinnik,  **Soviet Union**
* 1963 - 1969:  Tigran Petrosian,  **Soviet Union**
* 1969 - 1972:  Boris Spassky,  **Soviet Union**
* 1972 - 1975:  Robert Fischer 
* 1975 - 1985:  Anatoly Karpov  **Soviet Union**
* 1985 - 1993:  Garry Kasparov  **Soviet Union**
* 1993 - 1999:  Anatoly Karpov  
* 1999 - 2000:  Aleksandr Khalifman  
* 2000 - 2002:  Viswanathan Anand  
* 2002 - 2004:  Ruslan Ponomariov  I-Yukreyini
* 2004 - 2005:  Rustam Kasimdzhanov  
* 2005 - 2006:  Veselin Topalov  
* 2006 - 2007:  Vladimir Kramnik  
* 2007 - 2013:  Viswanathan Anand  
* 2013 - 2023:  Magnus Carlsen  
* 2023 - 2024:  Ding Liren  
* 2024 - ....:  Dommaraju Gukesh  

## I-chess yokuxhumana

Kuwuhlobo Iwe-chess lapho izimbangi zidlulisela iminyakazo yazo komunye nomunye nge-imeyili.  Isikhathi sokuphendula silinganiswa ngezinsuku futhi umdlalo ungahlala izinyanga noma iminyaka.

I-International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF)  eyasungulwa ngo-1951, iphete ukuhlela ama-Olympiads ayo kanye nama-World Champinships.

## World Championships

## Ama-Olympics e-ICCF

## Izithenjwa