UMthetho-sisekelo WaseNingizimu Afrika

**Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika** umthetho ophakeme weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika. Inikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokuba khona kwe-riphabhulikhi, ibeka amalungelo abantu nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, futhi ichaza ukwakheka kukaHulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wamanje, owesihlanu walelizwe, wasungulwa uMgwamanqa(iPhalamende) owakhethwa okhethweni lukawonke-wonke luka-1994. Yamenyezelwa ngumongameli UNelson Mandela ngo-18 kuZibandlela 1996 wase uyaqala ukusebenza ngo-4 kuNhlolanna 1997, ithatha indawo Umthetho-sisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993. Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wamiswa Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ka-1909, owahlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngo-1961, umthetho-sisekelo uye wamemezela uhlobo lukahulumeni weriphabhulikhi.

Kusukela ngo-1997, uMthethosisekelo uye walungiswa ngezichibiyelo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. UMthethosisekelo ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1996." Ngaphambili wawubalwa njengokungathi wawuwumthetho wePhalamende - uMthetho we-108 ka-1996 - kodwa, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthetho Ukucashunwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho-sisekelo,  awukho noma umthetho owuchibiyelelayo onikezwe izinombolo zomthetho.

## Umlando

### Umthetho-sisekelo wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika

I-South Africa Act 1909, umthetho wasePhalamende lase-*United Kingdom*, wahlanganisa amakoloni amane aseBrithani - iKoloni IKapa, iKoloni yaseNtilasifali, iKoloni I-Orange River neKoloni yaseNatali- yaba yi-*Union of South Africa*, engumbuso ozimele.

I-*Republic of South Africa Constitution Act*, ka-1961 yaguqula iyuniyoni yaba yiriphabhilikhi, esikhundleni sokwenganyrlwa yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilande yenganyelwa nguMongameli wezwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho yashiya uhlelo oluningi lukahulumeni lungaguquliwe. Ku-referendum, ukhetho lokuqala lukazwelonke olwalunabamhlophe kuphela, lo Mthetho wamukelwa kancane, kunabantu abambalwa esifundazweni saseKapa kanye neningi elinamandla eNatali eliphikisana nawo.

I-Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, ka-1983, iphinde yamukelwa yi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela, yasungula iPhalamende le-Tricameral, nezindlu ezihlukene ezimele abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kodwa ngaphandle kokumelwa kwabamnyama. UMongameli weZwe oyinhloko kanye noNdunankulu ophethe kwahlanganiswa kwaba nguMongameli ophethe wezwe, okhethwe yiphalamende. Lesi sici sisekhona kuze kube namuhla futhi cishe siyingqayizivele eNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweBotswana engumakhelwane).

I-Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, ka-1993 noma uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ekupheleni koBandlululo ukulawula inkathi yokuguquka. Yethula, ngokokuqala ngqá, uhlaka lwentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuvotelwa kwabantu abadala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthetho wamalungelo.

### Izingxoxo

Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kwakuwukwakhiwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu okwakuphikiswana ngazo kwakuyinqubo lapho umthetho-sisekelo onjalo owawuzokwamukelwa ngayo. I-African National Congress (ANC) yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele ibhalwe yibutho lomthethosisekelo elikhethwe ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho i-National Party (NP) ebusayo yayesaba ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane ngeke avikelwe kulenqubo enjalo, futhi yahlongoza ukuthi esikhundleni salokho umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uxoxiswane ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu bese ufakwa ku-referendum. 

Izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zaqala ngoZibandlela ka-1991 e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Amaqembu avumelana ngenqubo lapho Umthetho-sisekelo wesikhashana okuxoxiswana ngawo uzonikeza ibutho lomthethosisekelo elokhethiwe lokubhala umthetho-sisekelo ongunomphela. Izingxoxo ze-CODESA zaphela, noma kunjalo, ngemuva komhlangano wesibili we-plenary ngoMeyi 1992. Elinye lamaphuzu amakhulu okuphikisana kwakuwubukhulu beningi eliyodingeka ukuze ibutho lamukele umthetho-sisekelo: I-NP yayifuna izidingo ezingama-75 ekhulwini(75%), okwakuyisinikeze ukuvinjelwa.

NgoMbasa ka-1993, amaqembu abuyela ezingxoxweni, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). Ikomiti le-MPNP lahlongoza ukuthuthukiswa kweqoqo "lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo" lezi umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina okwakuzodingeka uvumelane nazo, ukuze inkululeko eyisisekelo iqinisekiswe futhi amalungelo abambalwa avikelwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisela ngokweqile indima yebutho lomthetho-sisekelo elikhethiwe. Amaqembu e-MPNP amukela lo mbono futhi aqhubeka nokubhala uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993, owamiswa ngokusemthethweni yIPhalamende futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-27 April 1994.