open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Impayi

***Impayi***, isigonswane samadwala esinamaqabunga amakhulu, imiqhinqo yezigonswane eziqhekeza amadwala ase-Afrika  utholakala ezifundeni ezimbili ezihlukene, esinye sabantu esisenyakatho, nesinye esiseningizimu yenkabazwe. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zimpovaniswa yiminyovu yamakhiwanebehlukene, futhi zihlukile ngokwakheka. . Icishe igcinwe emaweni namawa, futhi ibonakala kalula ngamaqabunga ayo amakhulu, angenalutho kanye namagxolo abushelelezi, aphaphathekile.

## Imifanekiso

Ficus abutilifolia, loof, Roodekrans.jpg|Amahlamvu omnyanyali wasningizimu
Ficus abutilifolius MS 10387.jpg|Amahlamvu omnyanyali wasenyakatho
Ficus abutilifolia, vye, a, Pretoria.jpg|Amakhiwa nendlela ahleleke ngayo
Ficus abutilifolia01.jpg|Igxolo lomuthi
Large-leaved Rock Fig (Ficus abutilifolia) roots (16025195933).jpg|Izimpande zempayi ogwadleni, esiqiwini sikazwelonke sikaKruger
Ficus abutilifolia02.jpg|Izingatsha nezimpande zempayi
Umthombe

***Umthombe*** umuthi osemndenini *we-Moraceae* .   Uvame kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika. Enkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Uganda, lapho unesizima esibalulekile ngokwesiko, yaziwa ngokuthi *i-omutuba* kubantu baseBaganda kanye *ne-omutoma* kubantu baseBanyakitara. Uvame ukuphambaniswa nomzala wayo i- Ficus thonningii eyaziwa nangokuthi *i-mugumo* kuma- Agikuyu . Lezi zihlahla zisakazwa kusukela enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika kuya e-Uganda naseKenya .

Lona umqhinqo onesibunge njengoba ulinywa njenge-bonsai ngenxa yokukhula kwalo okusheshayo kanye nesimo sawo esiqinile.

Igxolo lomuthi liyavunwa, ngaphandle kokulimaza umuthi, ukuze kwenziwe indwangu yamagxolo . Abadwebi bafaka le ndwangu ezindleleni eziningi zesimanje zokuluka, okuhlanganisa ingqephu, izesekeli, izinto zasekhaya, ukuklama kwangaphakathi, kanye nobuciko.  Igxolo lomthombe libonise umsebenzi onamandla wokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene ne *-Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA) engamelana ne-methicillin *in vitro* . 

Izihlahla zeMthombe zingavunwa minyaka yonke kuze kube yilapho zineminyaka engama-40, ziveze indwangu efinyelela kumagremu-200 ngayinye.

## Amaphathelelo

* Pooley, E. (1993). *Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wensimu Wezihlahla zaseNatali, eZululand naseTranskei* . I-ISBN&nbsp; .
Ingasiqhingi

**Ingasiqhingi** yindawo esuka ezweni, ixhumene nezwe lonke ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, futhi ngokuyinhloko izungezwe amanzi njengesiqhingi.Izingasiqhingi zona kuwo wonke amazwekazi.Ingasiqhingi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yingasiqhingi yase-Arabiya.
Inhlonhlo

Ngokomchazamhlaba, **inhlonhlo** iyisiqongo, ingasiqhingi noma inhlonhlozwe efinyelela emanzini, ngokuvamile ulwandle.Inhlonhlo ivame ukumelela ushintsho oluphawulekayo ekuthambekeleni kothungulu,  ngokuvamile okuyenza ibe yizimpawu ezibalulekile ekuhambeni olwandle. Lokhu futhi kuyenza ithambekele ezinhlotsheni ezingokwemvelo zokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi izenzo zamabuya, okuholela ekuphileni okufushane ngokomchazazwe.
Ukucijisa

**Ukucijisa** kuyindlela yokuthuthukisa eyenzeka lapho umuntu oyingcweti, obizwa ngokuthi *umcijisi*, esekela umfundi noma umthengi ekufezeni impokophelo ethile yomuntu siqu noma yobungcwepheshi ngokumqeqesha nokumqondisa.  Umfundi ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi *ocijiswayo*. Ngezinye izikhathi, *ukucijisa* kungasho ubudlelwano obungahlelekile phakathi kwabantu ababili, omunye wabo oyingcweti enolwazi oluningi kunomunye futhi ahlinzeke ngeseluleko nesiqondiso njengoba lo wokugcina efunda; kodwa ukucijisa kuhlukile ekucathuliseni ngokugxila emisebenzini noma ezinhlosweni ezithile, ngokungafani nemigomo evamile noma intuthuko iyonke.   

## uMsukagama
Igama elithi "ukucijisa" livela esenzweni ukucija, esisho ukulola, ukwenza bukhali, ukukhaliphisa. Lesi sezo sisebenza lapho umkhonto noma inkandi noma isigece silolwa ngenhloso yokusenza bukhali uma sizosebenza ukusika noma ukuhlaba okuthile. Uma umuntu ecijwa, ecijiswa kusho ukuthi ufundisa ulwazi namakhono aomkhaliphisa, amenze ahlakaniphe noma abe yingcweti yalokho acijiswa ngakho. Ukucijisa kuyingxenye yokuqeqesha, nakuba ukuqeqesha kuyigama elibanzi kunelithi ukucijisa. Cishe kufana nokulolonga. Umciji noma umcijisi ungabizwa ngomlolongi.

## Ukusebenza kwebizo
Ukucijisa kungasetshenziswa emikhakheni efana nezemidlalo, ubuciko bokudlala (abaculi bathola abaciji bokucula ), ukulingisa (abaciji bedrama nabaciji bomvethezo ), kwezohwebo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ubudlelwano (isibonelo, abaciji bokuqomisa ), ukwelapha ukulimala ( ingqondo, umzimba, abaciji bomphefumulo ), kanye nokucabanga (isibonelo, abaciji bokucabanga okuhle ). Kwezinye izimo igama elifanele elithi ukuqeqesha, umqeqeshi esikhundleni selithi umcijisi.
Umqaqathi

**Umqaqathi** isikhundla sakwaNgqondonkulu esisemanyuvesi amaningi namakolishi, nezikhungo zoqeqesho lobuchule. Ngokuvamile libhekisela kumuntu oyingcweti yezemfundo oqashwe ukufundisa nokuqaqatha ngokugcwele noma okwesikhashana. Abaqaqathi babuye benze ucwaningo.
Ibizo lesiZulu elithi 'umqaqathi' livela esenzweni *ukuqaqatha* esisho ukuqeqeshela umsebenzi. Uma sifaka isiqalo 'um-' okuyisiqalo samabizomuntu, umuntu oqeqesha abanye, abaqaqathele umsebenzi, uzobizwa umqaqathi noma abaqaqathi ebuningini.

## Ukuqhathanisa izikhundla
Isixwexwe esingezansi siveza umbono obanzi wezimiso ezingafani zezikhndla, amanyuvesi amaningi anezikhundla ezicishe zivane kodwa ezixutshwe nezinye izikhundla ezintsha. Qaphela ukuthi amanyuvesi wamazwe adlelanayo akhethe ukuthatha uhlelo lwaseMelika esikhundleni sohlelo lamazwe adlelana nawo.
Ichopho laseNyakatho

**Ichopho laseNyakatho**, liyindawo eseNyakatho Nenkabazwe lapho ichopho lokundiyaza koMhlaba lihlangana khona nobuso bawo. Libizwa ngokuthi ichopho laseNyakatho langempela ukuze lihlukaniswe nechopho leNyakatho yewonga.
Umthethosivivinywa

**Umthethosivivinywa** uyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha ohlongozwayo, noma isiphakamiso sokushintsha kakhulu umthetho okhona. 

Umthethosivivinywa awuphenduki umthetho kuze kube yilapho uvunywa yisishayamthetho futhi, ezimweni eziningi, uvunyelwe yinhloko yombuso (ngezinye izikhathi isigungu esiphezulu). 

Imithethosivivinywa yethulwa esishayamthetho futhi kuxoxwa ngayo, kuphikiswane ngayo, futhi kuvotwe. Uma *umthetho* usuphakanyisiwe waba umthetho yisishayamthetho, ubizwa ngokuthi *unthetho wesishayamthetho*.
USolwazi

**Usolwazi** yisikhundla sakwaNgqondonkulu esisemanyuvesi nakwezinye izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kanye nocwaningo emazweni amaningi. Ngokwezwi nezwi elithi, *uSolwazi* lisho 'umuntu oyisazi noma onolwazi, ofunde wagogoda'. Osolwazi bavame ukuba izingcweti emkhakheni wabo kanye nabaqaqathi abasezingeni eliphezulu. 

Ezinhlelweni eziningi zezikhundla zakwaNgqondonkulu, igama elithi "uSolwazi" njengesiqu esingenamibandela libhekisela kuphela esikhundleni esiphezulu kakhulu sakwangqondonkulu, ngezinye izikhathi saziwa ngokuthi " **usolwazi ogcwele** ".   Kwamanye amazwe nezikhungo, igama elithi *usolwazi* lisetshenziswa nasezihlokweni zezikhundla eziphansi njengosolwazi osizayo ; lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho igama elithi osizayo lisetshenziswa khona ngokwesiko ukubhekisela kosolwazi abasizayo, futhi ngokuvamile kubafundisi noma nabaqaqathi.
Inkabazwe

Inkabazwe iyisiyingi semidwayezwe esihlukanisa Umhlaba ube yizigambulunga yaseNingizimu neyaseNyakatho umugqa ocatshangelwayo osendaweni yamazinga ayi-0 yemidwayezwe cishe ama-nautical mile angu-21,639 (40,075 kilometres; 24,902 miles) ngomngcele, maphakathi nENyakatho nENingizimu Poles. Leli gama lingasetshenziswa futhi kunoma iyiphi enye indikimva esezulwini ecishe ibe yindilinga.
Ishambulunga

**Ishambulunga** ubuhalalazi besithathu bomoyamulunga, obungaphezu kohowombulumba nangaphansi kweluvumbulumba . Kushambulunga, izingakushisa liyancipha njengoba ukuphakama kukhuphuka. Lesi sici sisetshenziselwa ukuchaza imingcele,: siqala phezulu kuhowombulunga (ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i- stratopause ), bese siphela ku- mesopause, okuyingxenye ebanda kakhulu yomoyambulunga woMhlaba, onamazingakushisa angaphansi kuka −143 °C (−225 °F. Imingcele eqondile ephezulu nephansi yeshambulunga iyahlukahluka ngokwemidwayezw kanye nenkathi yonyaka (iphakeme ebusika kanye nasezindaweni ezishisayo, iphansi ehlobo kanye nasezindaweni ezisemachosheni), kodwa umngcele ophansi uvame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kusukela kumakhilomitha angama- 47 kuya kwangama-51; amagxathu ayizi-154,000 kuya ku-167,000 ngaphezu kolwandle, kanti umngcele ongaphezulu (i-mesopause) uvame ukuba kusuka ku 85 to 100 amakhilomitha (53 kuya ku-62) mi; 279,000 kuya ku-328,000 ft) .    

## Ulwangu oluguqukayo
Izulumbulunga

**Izulumbulunga** liwubuhalalazi obuphansi kakhulu kumoyambulunga woMhlaba. Ubizwa ngokuthi izulumbulunga uqukethe amaphesenti angama-80 wesisindo esiphelele somoyambulunga womzulane kanye namaphesenti angama-99 wesisindo esiphelele somhwamuko wamanzi kanye nohowongxube, futhi yilapho kwenzeka khona izimo eziningi zesimo sezulu.  Kusukela ebusweni bomzulane uMhlaba, ukuphakama okumaphakathi kwezulumbulunga kungamakhilomitha ayili-18 ezindaweni ezishisayo ; namakhilomitha ayili-11 ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo ; kanye namakhilomitha ayisi-6 ezindaweni eziphakeme zezifunda ezibandayo ebusika; ngakho-ke ukuphakama okumaphakathi kwezulumbulunga kungamakhilomitha ayili-13.
Amanzimbulunga

**Amanzimbulunga** indikimba ehlanganisa wonke amanzi atholakala emhlabeni, ngaphansi kwawo, nangaphezu kobuso bomzulane, umzulane omncane, noma iduna. Nakuba amanzimbulunga woMhlaba abelokhu ekhona iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine,   ayaqhubeka nokushintsha isimo sawo. Lokhu kubangelwa ukusabalala phansi kolwandle kanye nokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi, okuhlela kabusha umhlaba nolwandlekazi.
Iqeqeba

**Iqeqeba** liyithantala leqhwa noma umkhence oluwuhlobo lwetshe, oluhlezi lundikiza ngenxa yesinzima sazo. Iqeqeba lakheka lapho umkhithiko weqhwa lunqwabelana futhi lungasasuki emva kweminyaka, namakhulu eminyaka. Iqeqeba liyagobhoza liguquke nesimo ngaphansi kwengcendezi yomnyondo, ludlule kokubili ekulembululekeni nasekuwohlokeni kokuvendlezeka, futhi luba nolwangu oluphawulekayo olufana nolomtshako weqeqeba (crevasse) namadwala. Lapho iqeqeba linyakaza, likhothula amatshe angaphansi neziwidi ukuze lakhe umhlabasiqu weqeqeba, ofana nomqakulo (cirque), imfukuma (moraine) nengenela elimaqala (fjord). Nakuba iqeqeba likwazi ukugobhozela ethantaleni lamanzi futhi lingaba namathala womkhence, lona livela ezweni kuphela, futhi alifani nomkhence osolwandle ozacile noma umkhence wasechiini owakheka ebusweni bamanzi aqandileyo.
Ukucathulisa

Ukucathulisa kuwukuxhasa, ukuthonya, isiqondiso, noma isiqondo esinikezwa umcathulisi. **umcathulisi** ungumuntu ofundisa noma onikeza usizo nezeluleko kumuntu ongenabo ubungcweti futhi ngokuvamile omncane. Esimweni senhlangano, umcathulisi uthonya ukukhula komuntu siqu nokukhula kwezobungcwepheshi kwalowo ocathuliswayo, noma umcathuli. Ukucathulisa okuningi okujwayelekile kuhilela ukuba abasebenzi abaphezulu bacathulise abasebenzi abambalwa abancane, kodwa abacathulisi akudingeki babe badala kunabantu abacathuliswayo. Okubalulekile ukuthi abacathulisi banobungcweti abanye abangafunda kubo.
Ihowombulunga

**Ihowombulunga** ubuhalalazi besibili obuphansi kakhulubomoyambulunga boMhlaba, obutholakala ngaphezu kwezulumbulunga nangaphansi kweshambulunga. Libizwa ngokuthi ihowombulunga, leli gama liyibizongxube elithi uhowo nelithi mbulunga, futhi yakhiwa yizindawo zokushisa ezihlukaniswe ngamazinga ohowo, lapho izingqimba zomoya ezifudumele ziphezulu (eduze nomkhathinga ) kanti ubuhalalazi obupholile buphansi (eduze nobuso bomzulane uMhlaba). Ukwanda kwezingakushisa ngokuphakama kuyimbangela yokumuncwa kwemisebe kazukhwithi (UV) yeLanga ubuhalalazi bentshongohwe, lapho intshongohwe ifakwa khona kusOhwe ngendlela ejikelezayo .  Lokhu kuguquka kwezingakushisa kuphambene nezulumbulunga, lapho izingakushisa lehla ngokuphakama, futhi phakathi kwezulumbulunga kanye nehowombulunga kukhona umngcele we -tropopause ohlukanisa ukuqala kokuguquka kwezingakushisa.
Isiphatheli sohlakahlisombulu

Ngokomongo wohlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo, **iziphatheli zohlakahlisombulu** ziyisigaba sama seziphatheli ezilumukayo ezihlukaniswa ngekhono lazo lokusebenza ngokuzihleleleka ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Amathuluzi ayiziphatheli zohlakahlisombulu abeka phambili ukwenza izinqumo kunokudalwa kwesiqikili futhi awadingi ukweluswa okuqhubekayo. 

## Umbonobanzi
Iziphatheli zohlakahlisombulu zinezimfanelo eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa izinhlaka zemigomo eziyinkimbinkimbi, isixhakazimo zolimi lwemvelo, ikhono lokusebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuqondiswa, kanye nokudidiyelwa kwamathuluzi ohelelokusebenza noma izinhlelo zokuhlela. Ukuzilawula kuvame ukuqhutshwa izinongo ezinkulu zolimi (ama-LLM). Iziphatheli zifaka nezinhlelo zenkumbulo zokukhumbula ukusebenzisana kwangaphambilini phakathi kwabasebenzisi neziphatheli kanye nehelokusebenza lokuqondisa lokuhlela izingxenye zeziphatheli. 

Iziphatheli zohlakahlisombulu azinayo incazelo ejwayelekile.    Umqondomsuka wesiphatheli sohlakahlisombulu uqhathaniswe nomlingiswa oqanjiwe u-JARVIS .
UHulumeni Wendawo

**UHulumeni wendawo** yigama elijwayelekile lezigaba eziphansi kakhulu zokubusa noma zohlelokulawula lo mphakathi ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe esithile esizimele . **Umkhandlu kamasipala** noma **umkhandlu wendawo** uyindikimba yesishayamthetho kamasipala noma indawo kahulumeni wendawo . Kuye ngendawo kanye nokuhlukaniswa komasipala kungaziwa ngokuthi **umkhandlu wesidlavela**, **umkhandlu wesidlidli**, **umkhandlu wasemakhaya**, **umkhandlu womuzi**, noma **ibhodi lesiqoqodwane** .
Isibonda

**Isibonda**, noma **ikhansela**, noma **usomkhandlu**, ngumuntu oyingxenye futhi okhethayo njengelungu lomkhandlu. Lokhu kuvame ukuba ngummeleli okhethiwe wesigceme sokhetho kuhulumeni kamasipala noma kumasipala wendawo . Isiqu sesibonda siyahlukahluka ngokwendawo, kanti igama ngokuvamile lilandelwa yisiqu salo.

## Endiya
NgokweSichibiyelo Samashumi Ayisikhombisa Nane soMthethosisekelo waseNdiya, ukuphathwa komasipala eNdiya kusezandleni zezibonda ezikhethiwe zaba amalungu yomshumanqa kamasipala (wezidlavela) noma kamasipala (wezidlidli).

## eMbusweni oBumbeni
Zonke iziphathimandla zendawo e-United Kingdom ziqondiswa izibonda ezikhethiwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

## eHong Kong
EHong Kong, amalungu emikhandlu yesifunda nawo abizwa ngokuthi izibonda.  Ngaphambi kuka-1999 imikhandlu yesifunda yayaziwa ngokuthi amabhodi esifunda, lapho kuqedwa imikhandlu yemasipala (i- UrbCo kanye ne- RegCo ) ngoDisemba ngalowo nyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu emkhandlu wezomthetho abizwa ngokuthi osomkhandlu. Kusukela ngo-1996 kuya ku-1998 iMkhandlu Wezomthetho wayaziwa ngokuthi "iMkhandlu Wezomthetho Wesikhashana", lapho kuqedwa isishayamthetho sesikhashana ngoJulayi 1998.

## Amaphatho
INqolobane Yesikhungo

**INqolobane Yesikhungo** ingumqogelelo wokuqoqa, ukulondoloza, nokusabalalisa izifaniselo zezezibhangqiwe eziyiziphumo zobulumuko besikhungo, ikakhulukazi isikhungo socwaningo.  AbakwaNgqondonkulu nabo basebenzisa izinqolobane zesikhungo ukuqogelela imibhalo eshicilelwe ukuze bandise ukubonakala kwazo kanye nokusebenzisana nabanye ongoti.  Kodwa-ke, iningi lalezi ziphumo ezikhiqizwa amanyuvesi azifinyeleleki futhi zabelwe abacwaningi kanye nababambiqhaza.  Ngenxa yalokho abakwangondonkulu kufanele baandakanywe ekugunundenu nasekuthuthukisweni komklamo wenqolobane yesikhungo ukuze bafunde izinzuzo kanye nebomu lokwakha inqolobane yesikhungo.
Umviko Wezigcibisholo

**Umviko wesigcibisholo** uhlelo, isikhali, noma ubuchwepheshe obuhilelekile ekuhlongeni, ekuthungatheni, ekweqeleni, kanye nasekubhujisweni kwezicibisholo ezihlaselayo. Njengoba ibhekwa njengesivikelo ngokumelene nezicibisholo ezicithswayo ezihlome ngezikhali zenuzi (ama-ICBM), ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwanda ukuze kufakwe nezicibisholo zempi ezingenayo inuzi kanye nesigcibisholo  ezimfushane.
Ukukhuluma

**Ukukhuluma** noma **Ukukhuluma**' kungabhekisela ku/kwi:

* Inkulumo, umkhiqizo wesenzo soku*kukhuluma*
* Ukuxhumana ngamazwi akhulunywayo; ingxoxo noma izingxoxo

## Izingoma

* "Ukukhuluma" (Ingoma ye Flock of Seagulls), 1983
* "Ukukhuluma" (Ingoma ye-Rifles) , 2007
* "Ukhuluma / Kanye Futhi", nge-¥$, 2024
* "Ukhuluma", nge-A House from I Want Too Much, 1990
* "Ukhuluma", ngabafana be-Alternative Chartbusters, 1978
* "Talkin'", nge Brass Construction from Brass Construccion, 1975
* "Ukhuluma", nge-Descendents from Cool to Be You, 2004
* "Ukhuluma", ngo-Essie Jain we-We Made This Ourselves, 2007
* "Ukhuluma", nge-Fiction Plane from Sparks, 2010
* "Ukukhuluma", ngo Kojey Radical kusuka ku-Reason kuya ku-Smile, 2022
* "Ukhuluma", ngeLondon Grammar kusuka eCalifornia Soil, 2021
* "Ukukhuluma'", ngo Najee waseTokyo Blue, 1990
* "Ukhuluma", ngo Septhemba Amantombazane avela ekuhlambalazeni Lwandle, 2014
* "Ukhuluma", ngo Slovenly we-We Shoot for the Moon, 1989
* "Ukukhuluma'", ngo Switch from White Heat, 1975
* "Ukukhuluma'", nge Three 6 Mafia from Choices: The Album, 2001
* "Ukukhuluma'", nge *UTy Segall* we-Ty Segall, 2017
* "Ukukhuluma'", ngo *V* She we-V, 2008

## Okunye ukusetshenziswa

* *Ukukhuluma noChris Hardwick*, uhlelo lwezingxoxo lwe-TV

## Bheka futhi

* Ukukhuluma, idolobhana laseCumbria, eNgilandi
* *Ukukhuluma no...* , umdlalo ka-1982 kaJane Martin
* Inkulumo (ukukhishwa kokungaqiniseki) 
* inhloko kwezenkulumo (ukukhishwa kokungaqiniseki) 
* Iphuzu lokukhuluma (ukukhishwa kokungabaza) 
* amakhasi wonke anesihloko esinoku khuluma
ukungabaza
I-KZN

**I-KZN** ingabhekisela:

* KwaZulu-Natal, isifundazwe saseNingizimu Afrika
* IKantonsschule Zürich North, isikole eSwitzerland
* Isikhumulo Sezindiza SaseKazan, eTatarstan, eRussia (IATA code: KZN) 
* KSL (AM), Utah, United States (isibonakaliso sokuqala sokubiza: KZN) 
ukungabaza
UMtapolwazi WakwaNgqondokulu

**Umtapolwazi wakwaNgqondonkulu** ungumtapolwazi oxhumene nesikhungo semfundo ephakeme, osekela uhlelomfundo kanye nocwaningo losiba nabafundi basenyuvesi.  Ngokombiko weNhlangano Yamanyuvesi aseNingizimu Afrika, kunemitapolwazi engama-26 eNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zokufunda zasekilasini, ezihloselwe ukwengeza izinkulumo zomqaqathi futhi ezigcinwe kumitapolwazi yakwangonqondonkulu, bezilokhu zaziwa ngokuthi "izindawo zokugcina". Ngaphambi kokuba izinsiza zezibhangqiwe zitholakale, izindawo zokugcina zazinikezwa njengezincwadi zangempela noma njengezifaniselo zezihloko zemihela ezifanele. Imitapolwazi yakwangqondonkulu yanamuhla ihlinzeka ngofikelela kwizinsizakusebenza zezibhangqiwe.
Isigcibisholo esihlosulayo

**Isigcibisholo esihlosulayo** (**SAM**), esaziwa nangokuthi **isihlabandiza** noma **isihlosulandiza**, siyisigcibisholo esenzelwe ukunyakulwa kusuka phansi noma olwandle ukuze sibhubhise izindiza noma ezinye izigcibisholo. Siwuhlobo olulodwa lwesimiso sokuhlosulindiza ; emabuthweni ahlomile anamuhla, izigcibisholo zithathe indawo yezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezikhali zokuhlosula izindiza, njengoba izibhamu ezihlosula izindiza zifuqelwa ezindimeni ezikhethekile. 

Impi Yomhalaba yesibili yaqhamuka nezindlela zokuthuthukisa izigcibisholo ezihlosulayo, kodwa azikho ezasetshenziswa kuleyo mpi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kwaqhubeka kusuka ngowe-1940 kuya kowe-1950, futhi imibutho eminingi yaqala ukusebenzisa lezikhali. Ngowe1960 kuya kowe1970 kwavela izinhlelo ezincinyane, eziphathekayo ezinesiju esiseduza. Kwalandlea izinhlelo noma izimiso ezifakwa emkhunjini, okwakuyizikhali ezinesiju eside kodwa kwenziwa nezincinyane ukuze imviko ibe nezingqimbangqima.

Amazwe ayizikhondlakhondla kwezempi anezinhlelo zezigcibisholo ezihlosulayo. Izwe laseRashiya ligabe ngezinhlelo ezibizwa S-400 ne-S-500, elaseMelika lona ligae ngezinhlelo ezibizwa Patriot neTHAAD, elaseIsirayeli lona ligabe ngezinhlelo ezibizwa Iron Dome neDavid's Sling, amaShayina nawo agabe ngohlelo olubizwa HQ-9.
Isigcibisholo sokuhlabumkhumbi

**Isigcibisholo sokuhlabumkhumbi** noma **isihlabamkhumbi**  siyisigcibisholo esiqondiswayo esenzelwe ukusetshenziswa emikhunjini nasezikebheni ezinkulu. Iningi lezicibisholo zokuhlaba imikhumbi ziyizinhlobo zokudubula olwandle, futhi eziningi zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yesiqondiso segwevamdiki kanye nomcondobezelo wesiyonza . Inani elikhulu lezinye izicibisholo ezihlabimikhumbi isebenzisa umcondobezelo wensibomvu ukulandela okhoza elikhishwa umkhumbi; kungenzeka futhi ukuthi izihlabamkhumbi ziqondiswe ngomyalo womsakazo yonke indlela.
UMaficiza

**UMaficiza** yindiza yombutho wezempi yokulwa esebenzisa izikhali ezibhaklazwa phansi ukuze iqathaze iziqhumane, inyakule amazaza, noma inyakule izicibisholo ezimpezayo emoyeni .

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zomaficiza: ezeqhingasu kanye nezobuchule. Ukuqhumisa kobuqhingasu kwenziwa ngeziqhumane ezinkulu eziklanyelwe imisebenzi yokuqhumisa kwesiju eside ngokumelene nezigcibishe zeqhingasu ukuze kuncishiswe ikhono lesitha lokulwa impi ngokunciphisa ufikelelo lwaso kwizinsizakusebenza ngokulimaza ingqalasizinda, ukunciphisa umkhiqizo wezimboni, noma ukulimaza izakhamuzi eziningi ngezinga elibhekwa njengokuphoqelela ukuqoba uphondo. Ukuqhumisa kobuchule kuhloselwe ukulwa nemisebenzi yezempi yesitha kanye nokusekela imisebenzi yokuhlasela, futhi ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngezindiza ezincane ezisebenza ezindaweni ezimfushane, ngokuvamile eduze kwamasosha aphansi noma ngokumelene nemikhumbi yezitha.

## Ukujinjwa

### Beqhingasu
Umtata

**Umtata** uyithantala lamanzi angajulile ahlukaniswe nendikimba enkulu yamanzi yindawo encane, njengokhalo, noma iziqhingi ezivimbezelayo, ingasiqhingi esivimbezelayo, noma umthantatho. Imitate ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi *imitata [[UThungulu|esogwini]]* (noma *imitata evimbezelayo* ) kanye *nemitata ase-atoll* . Imitata ibonakala futhi njengavela ogwini oluxubile lwesihlabathi kanye namatshe ayigugu. Kukhona ukufana phakathi kwamathantala avimbezelayo njengemitata esogwini kanye namathantala avimbezelayo . Imitata iwulwangu oluvamile lasogwini ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
Umthantatho

**Umthantatho** ungumcingo omncane wezwe elixhumanisa izindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ngaphesheya kodwadwa lamanzi oluhlukaniswe yiwo.  Umtombolo ungumthantatho oqukethe umgoqo (bar0, kanti  insungubezi ingumlingani womthantatho olwandl, njengoba wona ungumcingo omncane wolwandle phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili zomhlaba ezixhumanisa izindikimba ezimbili ezinkulu zamanzi.
Ukucababala

**Ukucababala** kuyingxenye yokugcina yokundiza, lapho isilwane esindizayo, indiza, noma indizamkhathi ibuyela phansi. Lapho into endizayo ibuyela emanzini, inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi **ukucababanzi**  Uhambo olujwayelekile lwendiza luzohlanganisa izingxenye eziningana zendiza okuhlanganisa itekisi, ukusuka, ukukhuphuka, ukuntweza, ukwehla kanye nokucababala.

## Indiza
Izindiza zivame ukucababala esikhumulweni sezindiza ekudledleni okuqinile noma indawo yokucababala kukaphephela, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe ngokhonkolo we-asphalt, ukhonkolo, ugwadle noma utshani. Izindiza ezihlome ngama-pontoon ( indiza entantayo ) noma nge-fuselage emise okwe-boat shell ( isikebhe endizayo ) ziyakwazi ukucababala emanzini. Ngezinye izikhathi izindiza zisebenzisa ama-ski ukuze zicababale eqhweni noma emkhenceni.
Umgundi wezinwele

**Umgundi wezinwele** noma incweli, ngumuntu omsebenzi wakhe ukuncwela, ukuncwala, ukulungisa, ukuhlobisa kanye nokugunda izinwele noma izindevu. Indawo yokusebenza yomgundi wezinwele yaziwa ngokuthi i **kwamgundi** . Izindawo zokugunda izinwele ziye zaphawulwa njengezindawo zokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezingxoxo zomphakathi kusukela okungenani endulo . Kwezinye izimo, izindawo zokugunda izinwele nazo zaziyinkundla yomphakathi. Kwakuyizindawo zezingxoxo ezivulekile, ukuveza ukukhathazeka komphakathi, kanye nokubandakanya izakhamuzi ezingxoxweni ngezinkinga zanamuhla.

Ezikhathini zangaphambilini, abagundi bezinwele (abaziwa ngokuthi odokotela bezinwele ) nabo babehlinza futhi behlinza amazinyo .  Njengoba kuthuthukiswe ama-razor okuphepha kanye nokuncipha kokusabalala kwentshebe emasikweni ase -Anglophonic, iningi labagundi bezinwele manje ligxile ekugundeni izinwele zekhanda lamadoda kunezinwele zobuso .
INcwali

**INcwali** ngumuntu umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa ukuncwela noma ukuhlobisa izinwele ukuze ashintshe noma alondoloze ummomo womuntu. Lokhu kufezwa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yokubheca izinwele, ukugunda izinwele, kanye namasu okulungisa izinwele. Umlungisi wezinwele angabizwa nangokuthi ' umgundi wezinwele'.
Ichweba

**Ichweba** liyithantala lamanzi eligobile, elingasogwini elixhuma ngqo emanzini amakhulu, njengolwandlekazi, ichibi, noma elinye ichweba.   *[[Ulwandle|[]]*  Ichweba elikhulu livame ukubizwa ngokuthi , ulwandle. *Isigodisi (cove) s*iyichibi elincane, eliyindilinga elinomngenela omncane. Ingenela elimaqele liyichibi elide elakhiwe yiqeqeba.  Igama elithi ***ukuchwebeka (embayment)*** lisetshenziselwa ulwangu olhlobene, njengechweba eliphelile noma izindawo zamanzi ahlanzekile.
Amazolo

Ukusuka phezulu kwesobunxele ngokuya ngakwesokudla: ithonsi lamazolo phakathi kwe-clover; amazolo akheka phezu kwamaqabunga umnkomfanaka ; amazolo awela embalini; ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa abandayo, amazolo angase aqine futhi akhe ungqimba lweqhwa phezu kwezitshalo nezinto; amazolo aminyene otshanini; ithonsi lamazolo eqabungeni *[[Colocasia|leColocasia]]* eGarden Society of Gothenburg .**Amazolo** angamanzi ngesimo samaconsi avela ezacile, abonakala ekuseni noma kusihlwa ngenxa yokujiyeka kohowo .  Njengoba ubuso bento obuveziwe buphola ngokuyonza ikhoza layo, umswakama womoyamulunga uyajiyeka ngesivinini esikhulu kunaleso ongahwamuka ngaso, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaconsi amanzi. 

Uma amazingakushisa ephansi ngokwanele, amazolo athatha isimo seqhwa, elibizwa ngokuthi isithwathwa.

Ngenxa yokuthi amazolo ahlobene nokushisa kobuso bendawo, ekupheleni kwehlobo akheka kalula ezindaweni ezingafudunyezwa ukushisa okuvela emhlabathini ojulile, njengotshani, amaqabunga, izindonga, uphahla lwezimoto, nemicabeko.

## Amaphatho
Izinwele

**Izinwele** ziyinkosa yesakhamzimba esikhula kusuka kuhleva (follicle) olutholakala ngaphansi kolobulo . Izinwele zingenye yokhondolo lezilwane ezincelisayo . Umzimba womuntu, ngaphandle kwezindawo zesikhumba esicwebezelayo, umbozwe uhleva olukhiqiza izinwele eziqinile nezincane ze-vellus . Intshisekelo evame kakhulu ezinweleni ihlozinge ekukhuleni kwezinwele, izinhlobo zezinwele, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezinwele, kodwa izinwele nazo ziyisithako semvelo esibalulekile esakhiwe ngokuyinhloko isakhamzimba, ikakhulukazi i-alpha-keratin .

Izimo zomqondo ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinwele, njengozincwalo nokuphuca izinwele, ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emasikweni ahlukene nasezinkathini zomlando, kodwa zivame ukusetshenziswa ukukhombisa izinkolelo zomuntu siqu noma isikhundla sakhe emphakathini, njengobudala bakhe, ubulili, noma inkolo. 

#### Amagama ahlobene nezinwele
Hair - iziNwele

Hair line - iHlonhlo

Soft Hair - uNakazane

Stiff Hair - inGqangasi

Single ringlet of Hair - uGeqele

Single Hair (pubes & Armpit) - uZa

Gray Hair - uLuvu

Gray & Black Hair - inGwevu

Reddish Hair - umPhesheya

Eyebrows - amaShiya

Eye Lashes - izinKophe

Mustache - amaDevu

Beard - inTshebe

Side Burns - iHwanqa

Hair in front of the Neck - iKlalathi

Nape Hair - imBunga

Armpit Hair - iziBoya

Chest Hair - isiKhaba

Belly Hair - umBethe

Genintal Hair – amaShishi

Hairdresser - incwali, umncwali 

Hairstyle - isincwalo

Haircut - ukugunda izinwele

Barber - Umgundi, umphothuli

Trim - ukuncwela

Hair cutting machine - isigundo

Hairdressing instrument - isincwali, ucwalo

Hair dryer - isihamuli

###### Izinhlobo zezincwalo
• Indenda - longhair hanging at the back, adorned with rings, beads etc

• Isidengele - hair in mop like style

• Ukuduza izinwele - fasten hair with ribbon

• Ukugega/ukuphuca - shave the hair

• Amageqe/amageqele - single coils

• Isihluthu - afro, shaggy growth

• Umagqibane - patting the hair down after clipping

• Umema/imeme - dressing hair like a cocks comb

• Umncikido - plaiting short hair

• umphendlemana - bunch of hair left on top, emva kokuphuca

• ukupheqa izinwele - push back

• Impithi - pepper corn curls, s-curl

• Amashongololo - curly hair

• Umphobo - strip of hair left after cutting

• Uphothe - twisted hair strands (dreads?)

• Umqhinqa/umqhino - plaited hair

• Isiqhova/umgedla - wearing hair with a bunch in front

• ixhungulo - comb/build hair into a cone

• Isiyendane - hairdressing with tasseled hair, umyendle, isiyendle

• Umuzo - plaited lock of hair

• Umzonyo - dress the hair in pyramid shape

• imbunga - young mens style of frizzy hair

• Imbumbezela - wig

• Umcano - curling hair with grass

• Isicholo - bunch of hair worn by amaSwati woman

.

.......
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi

Kwezinomgogodla, **uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi** uhlelo lwezitho zomzimba oluhlanganisa inhliziyo, imithambo yegazi, kanye negazi elijikeleza umzimba wonke. Luhlanganisa uhlelo lwenhliziyo, noma uhlelo lwemithambo yegazi, oluhlanganisa inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lunezigaba ezimbili, ukujikeleza kwegazi okuhlelekile noma umjikelezo, kanye nokujikeleza kwasemaphashini.

Uhleloxhumano lemithambo yegazi lwakhiwa yimithambo emikhulu yenhliziyo ehlanganisa iminqonqo enwebekayo, kanye nemithambo emikhulu; eminye iminqonqo, iminqonqwana emincane, imithanjana ebananaza nemibhananyana (venule), kanye neminye imithambo. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvaliwe ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, okusho ukuthi igazi alilokothi liphume kuhleloxhumano lemithambo yegazi. Izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla  njengama-arthropods zinohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvulekile olunenhliziyo emfanguza i-hemolymph ebuya ngenkoxe yomzimba kunokuba idlule emithanjeni yegazi. Ama-diploblast afana nama-sponge nama namathekechwayo awanalo uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi.
Uhlelo lamadlala

**Uhlelo lamadlala** (noma **uhlelo lezindlala**) uhlelo oluthumeza iziyalezo emizimbeni yeziphili elihlanganisa nomazinkintshela wamachicho achichizwa yizindlala zangaphakathi eziqondiswe ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi okuyiwona agcibisha futhi alawule izitho ezikude. Ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, imfomazinzwa (hypothalamus) iyisikhungo sokulawula izinzwa sazo zonke izinhlelo zamadlala.

Kubantu, izindlala zihlanganisa isiqhoqhodo *(thyroid)*, isiqhoqhodana *(parathyroid)*, imfomavange *(pituitary)*, imfomasiyozi *(pineal)*, kanye nemfomavuso *(adrenal glands)*, kanye amasende *(testis)* (yabesilisa) kanye namaqanda *(ovari)* (abesifazane). Imfomazinzwa, amanyikwe, kanye ne *-thymus* nazo zisebenza njengezindlala zamachicho, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. (Izindlala imfomazinzwa kanye nemfomavange ziyizitho zohlelo lamadlalezinzwa. Omunye womisebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wemfomazinzwa — itholakala ebuchosheni obuseduze nemfomavange — ukuxhumanisa uhlelo lwamadlala nohlelo lwemizwa ngemfomavange. Ezinye izitho, njengezinso, nazo zinendima ohlelweni lamadlala ngokuchicha amachicho athile. Ucwaningo lohlelo lwamadlala kanye nezinkinga zalo lwaziwa ngokuthi umchazazindlala. Isiqhoqhodo siichicha i*-thyroxine,* imfomavange ichicha amachicho wokukhula, imfomasiyozi  ichicha isiyoziyozi, isende lona lichicha i-*testosterone*, bese amaqanda achicha i-*estrogen* ne -*progesterone* .
Amachicho

**Amachicho** (livela esenzweni okuchicha) uhlobo lwemizwayi yokuyabiza eziphilini ezingonomangqamuzana ethunyelwa ezithweni noma ezicutshini ezikude ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi yomchazampilo yokulawula uchazomzimba kanye nokuziphatha .  Amachicho ayadingeka ekuthuthukisweni okuvamile kwezilwane, izitshalo kanye nokhunta .

Amachicho asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezitho zomzimba nezicubu . Ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, amachicho anesibopho sokulawula izinqubo eziningi ezihlanganisa izinqubo zomzimba kanye nobuqhebeqhebe bokuziphatha njengokugaya ukudla, ukugimbelisa, ukuphefumula, ukuqonda imizwa, ukulala, ukukhipha, ukuncelisa, ukuvuselelwa kokucindezeleka, ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa, ukunyakaza, ukuzala, kanye nokukhunatha.    Ezitshalweni, amachicho alawula cishe zonke izici zokukhula, kusukela ekuhlumeni kuya ekugugeni.

## Amaphatho
Umkhizo

**Umkhizo** uyimvula encane equkethe amaconsi amanzi aluketshezi amancane kunalawo emvula - ngokuvamile amancane kunelungangoni elingamamilimitha ayi-0.5.  Umkhizo ngokuvamile kukhiqizwa amafu aphansi abizwa amafuthuthu kanye namafu abizwa amafufenaba. Amazinga wokuna avela ekukhizeni alingana namamillimitha ayi-0.04 ngosuku enhlabathini. Ngenxa yobungako obuncane bamaconsi omkhizo, ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi umkhizo uyahwamuka ngaphambi kokufika phansi, ngakho-ke ungase angabonwa ngababheki abasemhlabeni.

## Imiphumela
Nakuba iningi lomkhizo linethonya elincane kubantu, umkhizo onqandisayo ungaholela ezimweni eziyingozi. Umkhizo onqandisayo wenzeka lapho ukukhiza okuphole kakhulu kuwela endaweni enamazingakushisa angaphansi kwamazinga okubanda.  Lawa maconsi aqina ngokushesha lapho efika phansi, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kweqhwa elicwebezelayo (ngezinye izikhathi elibizwa ngokuthi iqhwa elimnyama ) ebusweni bemigwaqo.

## Ukwenzeka
Ukududuma

**Ukududuma** umsindo obangela ukubaneka kombani .    Kuye ngebanga kanye nohlobo lombani, kungasukela ekudumeni okude, okuphansi kuya ekuqhekekeni okukhulu okungazelelwe. Ukwanda okungazelelwe kwezinga kushisa kanye nomfutho okubangelwa umbani kukhiqiza ukwanda okusheshayo komoya endleleni yomsebe wombani .  Lokhu kukhula komoya kudala iZa lomsinga womyamuko. Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi ngokududuma lwaziwa ngokuthi *umchazandumo* .
Umbani

**Umbani** uyisimongotho semvelo esihilela ukuqathazwa komzuba okwenzeka kumoyambulunga phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili ezinomlelesa wamazuba. Isifunda esisodwa noma zombili zingaphakathi komoyambulunga, kanti isifunda sesibili ngezinye izikhathi senzeka phansi . Ngemva kombani, izifunda ziba zinqindeka amazuba ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele.

Umbani ubandakanya ukudedelwa kwesidlakalasi ngokushesha okukhulu emlinganisweni osiphakathi kwama -megajoule angama-200 nama-gigajoule ayisi-7.    Umoya ozungeza umbani ushisa ngokushesha ufike kumazingenkushisa angaba yizi- 30,000 °C (54,000 °F) .  Kukhona nokukhishwa kwemiyonzi yenzuawonga ebangeni elibanzi lamabangacuphi, amanye abonakala njengokukhanya okubanizayo. Umbani ubangela nokuduma, umsindo ovela kuliza lomsinga okhuliswa ukushisa kohowo budeduze nokuqathazwa olwandiswa umfutho ngokuzumayo.

## Amaphatho
Itshe

Kumchazalizwe, **itshe** (uma liyisibhexe libizwa **idwala**) yinoma iyiphi inqwaba eqinile noma inhlanganisela yezimbiwa noma izintshasa.  Itshe lihlukaniswa ngezimbiwa eziyingxenye yalo, ukwakheka ngokwevange nendlela elibumbeke ngayo. Amatshe akha ingwimba eqinile yengaphandle loMhlaba, igobohla, kanye neningi lengaphakathi, ngaphandle komnyombo ongaphandle oluketshezi kanye nezingxenye ze-magma e-i-asthenosphere. Ucwaningo lwamatshe luhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi yomchazalizwe, ehlanganisa nomchazamatshe nomchazambiwa. Kungenzeka ulinganiselwe ematsheni atholakala eMhlabeni, noma kungahlanganisa nomchazalizwe wemizulane ofunda amatshe ezinye izindikimba zasezulwini.

Amatshe avame ukuqembulwa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu: asilavulavu (igneous), anzika (sedimentary) kanye namatshe aguqulwisimo. Amatshe asilavulavu akheka lapho umtshekeza (magma) upholisa igobohla lo Mhlaba, noma idaka elishisayo lipholela phansi enhlabathini noma ngaphasi kolwandle. Amatshe anzika akheka umdludlungu wobuyingili (diagenesis) nokusimendeka (lithification) kwenzika, euye yakhiwe ukuzulenza, ukuthutheka nokudidiyeleka kwamatshe akhna. Amatshe aguqulwisimo akheka lapho amatshe akhona ehekana namazingakushisa nomfutho ophezulu okuwenza aguquke ngaphandle kokuncibilika

Uluntu luwasebenzisela izinto eziningi amatshe kusukela endulo. Inkathi yanguna, yayibizwa ngokuthi iNkathi Yetshe, lapho baphendula amatshe kwaba izinsiza. Itshe lalisetshenziswa njengesigcoyi sokwakha nengqalasizinda. Ukuvukuza kwaletha izindlela zokugqoba amatshe eMhlabeni nokuzuza izimbiwa ematsheni, kuhlanganisa nezinkimbi. ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buvumela abantu ukuba bakhande amatshe neziqa ezinjengamatshe, ezifana nokhonkolo.

## Izifundo
Umchazalizwe yisifundo soMhlaba nezigcoyi zawo, kuhlanganisa nokufundwa kokwakheka kwamatshe. Umchazalitshe (petrology) yisifundo sokhondolo nendabuko yamatshe. Umchazambiwa (mineralogy) yisifundo sezigcoyi sezimbiwa ezidala amatshe. Ukucwaningwa kwamatshe nezigoyi zawo kunikele kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu uMhlaba ngokomchazalizwe, nasekuqondeni kwethu imivubukulo yomlando wabantu, nasekuthuthukisweni kwezomngcikisho nezobuchwepheshe esintwini.

## uMjinjo

Amatshe akhiwe izinhlamvu zezimbiwa, eziyizinqumela ezimncwebe ezakhiwa amachwe aqalangene ngokwevange kwaba uhlaka oluhlelekile. Amanye amatshe aqukethe izisingambiwa *(mineraloid)*, eziyiziqa eziqatha, ezifana nezimbiwa, njengengilazi yentshabamlilo,eswele uhlaka lomncwebe. Izinhlobo nobuningi nezimbiwa etsheni bunqunywa indlela elakheka ngayo.

### Amagama ezinhlobo zamatshe

Ilula - pumice

Itshemlilo - obsidian

Itshemcako - limestone

Umcako - chalk

Igwadle - granite

Itshenso - basalt

Imbumbuthela - conglomerate

Uhlalu - flint

Ichoba - sandstone

Ikhethe - slate

Itshemveve - schist

Inguna - marble

Igcaki - quartz

Ilisitha - Mica

Umsizi -graphite

Ikhakha - Agate

iKhasilili - turquoise

Ithophela - onyx

Umgudlo - soap stone
Umlalazi - whetstone

Ingqobe - stone quarry
Umgubane - concretionary ironstone/crushed stone/ stone quarry

## Amaphatho
ILuvumbulunga

**ILuvumbulunga** ubuhalalazi bomoyambulunga woMhlaba ngaphezu kweshambulunga nangaphansi kwamalambulunga. Ngaphakathi kwalobu buhalalazi bomoyambulunga, imiyonzi kazukhwithi ibangela ukuhonyozibane kwamizwayi, idale izihonyo; ngakho-ke ingxenye enkulu yesihonyombulunga  ikhona ngaphakathi kweluvumbulunga. Igama elithi iluvumbulumba lakhiwe ibizongxube elixuba elithi ilovu (ukushisa, ikhoza) + mbulunga (indilinga) kwaphuma elithi ilovumbulunga elisho indilinga eshisayo, eqala cishe kumakhilomitha angama-80 ngaphezu komhlaba.  Kulezi zindawo eziphakeme, uhowo lomoyambulunga olusele luhlukaniswa lube yizigaba ngokuya ngesisindo semizwayi (bheka i-turbosphere ). Amazingakushisa eluvumbulunga  ayanda uma impakamo iyaphezulu ngenxa yokumuncwa yimisebe yelanga enamandla kakhulu. Amazingakushisa ancike kakhulu emsebenzini welanga, futhi angakhuphuka afike kuzi-2000 noma ngaphezulu. Imiyonzi ibangela ukuthi izinhlayiya zomoyambulunga ezikulobuhalalazi zileleswe ngamazuba, okwenza amaza omsakazo agwincizeke futhi ngaleyo ndlela amukelwe ngale komkhathi. Kumalambulunga, eqala cishe kumakhilomitha angama-600&nbsp;amakhilomitha ngaphezu kolwandle, umoyambulunga uphenduka umkhathinga, yize, ngokwemigomo yokwahlulela ebekwe encazelweni yomugqa weKármán (100&nbsp;km), iningi loluvumbulunga luyingxenye yomkhathinga. Umngcele ophakathi koluvumbulunga namalambulunga waziwa ngokuthi  -thermopause .
Izingakushisa

**Izingakushisa** liwukubonakaliswa ngokwenani lokushisa noma ukubanda . Izingakushisa lilinganiswa ngenhlolamshiso. Libonisa impekumpeku evamile yamachwe adlidlizayo nashayisanayo akha isiqa.

Kwezomchadamezo wakudala kanye nomchachiso wempekumpeku, izingakushisa libonisa impekumpeku ejwayelekile yezinhlayiyana ohlelweni, okunikeza isilinganiso sobuningi sendlela isidlakalasi esatshalaliswa ngayo phakathi kwamazinga amancane enkululeko. 

Izingakushisa libalulekile kuzo yonke imikhakha yenzululwazi, ezihlanganisa umchazandalo, umchazatho, inzululwazi yomhlaba, umchazamkhathi, ezokwelapha, umchazampilo, i-ecology, inzululwazi yomthako, i-metallurgy, umngcikisho benguxa kanye nomchazamhlaba kanye nezici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

## Imiphumela
Umsamo/Indlu yakwagogo

**Umsamo**  Ingxenye yendawo engenhla okanye eqondene nomnyango etholakala endlini yakwagogo noma yakwakhokho. Lena indawo ebalulekile futhi ehlonishwayo ekhaya ngoba kukholelwa ukuthi ilapo kuhlala khona abantu bekhaya asebendlulile emhlabeni. Indlu yakwagogo lapho kunomsamo khona ayakiwa isinoma kanjani kodwa kumele yakhiwe ngokwemigomo yesintu, futhi kwenziwe nemicikilisho yokuxhumanisa leyo ndlu nabokhokho (bogogo). Indlu kaGogo inezingxenye eziningi ezifana nensika, ilitiko, umsamo, indawo yamandla esilisa, kanye nendawo yamandla esifazane zonke lezi zinto zibalulekile futhi zisebenza ndawonye. Namuhla abantu bagxila kakhulu emsamo kuphela, okuyiphutha. Kumele kuhlonishwe yonke le ndawo, kufaka phakathi nemithetho yokungangeni ngezicathulo nokuhlanzeka.

**Umsamo** uhlukile endlini yokubonela inyanga (indumba). Abantu abaningi bayadideka bacabange ukuthi kuyafana, kanti akunjalo. Emsamo kusetshenziswa impepho noma ugwayi wemakhala ukukhuluma nabokhokho. Ngokwezifundo ze-African spirituality, abokhokho babhekwa njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwabaphilayo nomhlaba wemimoya, futhi umsamo uyindawo lapho kwenziwa khona imikhuba efana nokuphahla, ukuhlanza nokucela ukuvikelwa. Akuzona zonke izizwe ezisebenzisa impepho. Umkhulu okanye umuntu wesilisa omdala nguye ophethe futhi ophatha umsamo ekhaya, akuwona wonke umuntu ovunyelwe ukukhuluma emsamo.

## Izinkomba
Izindabambumbulu

**Izindabambumbulu** ziwukwaziswa okungamanga noma okuphundulayo ( isidukiso, inkohlisa, i-propaganda, kanye namanga ) okwethulwa sengathi yizindaba zeqiniso.  Izindabambumbulu zivame ukuba nenhloso yokonakalisa idumela lomuntu noma inhlangano,  noma ukwenza imali ngemalingeniso yokukhangisa .   Nakuba izindabambumbulu bezilokhu zisakazwa emlandweni wonke, igama elithi *izindabambumbulu* laqala ukusetshenziswa ngawo-1890 lapho imibiko emangazayo emaphephandabeni yayivamile.   NgesiZulu linayo incazelo eqondile, njengoba lisho unoma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi olungamanga oluvezwa njengezindaba. Lingasetshenziswa ngokungafanele abantu abadumile ukuchaza noma yiziphi izindaba ezingabavezi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkohlisa yona ibandakanya ukusabalalisa ukwaziswa okungamanga ngenhloso yokulimaza futhi ngezinye izikhathi lukhiqizwa futhi lusakazwe abadlali bangaphandle abanonya, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokhetho . Kwezinye izincazelo, izindabambumbulu zihlanganisa izihloko ezihlekisayo ezichazwa kabi njengeziyiqiniso, kanye nezihloko ezisebenzisa izihloko ezivusa imizwa noma izihlokwana ezicuphukuqhebezwa ezingasekelwa embhalweni. 

## Amaphatho
Ishoba

**Ishoba** umsila wesilwane osetshenziswa ngabelaphi bendabuko base-Afrika njengethuluzi lokujikijela, elenziwe ngomsila wenkomo noma wenkonkoni. 

Ishoba lisetshenziswa abelaphi bendabuko besiBhunu. Ishoba liwumxhumanisi phakathi komelaphi wendabuko kanye nokhokho babo.  Ngaphezu kwalokho, liyasetshenziswa ukuthola  izincazelo emaphusheni, ikakhulukazi ngokwezinkolelo zendabuko.  Ezibonakalisweni zemimoya, ishoba lisetshenziswa njengentelezi yokuvimba imimoya emibi ebonakala ngokomoya kuphela.

## Izinkomba
Izigiyo

**Izigiyo** izingoma zomdabu eziculwa futhi zigidwe ngabantu besifazane abangamaZulu. Zisetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhuluma ngemizwa, izimo zokuphila kanye nezinselelo ababhekana nazo nsuku zonke. Lezi ngoma akuzona izingoma ezibhalwe okunye ezishicilwe phansi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izingoma ezihumushwa ngomlomo,zingcinwe ngomlomo futhi zidluliswe ngomlomo  zidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezwi. Izigiyo zisiza ukugcina izindinganiso zompakathi, amasiko kanye nomlando wesizwe. Ngazo abantu besifazane bakhona ukuveza imizwa yabo efana nemisebenzi  yansuku zonke, ubudlwane ,izinkinga  kanye nokudumala noma ukujabula emphakathini okanye emakhaya. Ngakho ke, izigiyo ziyindlela ebalulekile yokuthi abesifazane baveze imibono yabo, babelane ngezinto abahlangabezana nazo, futhi bakwazi nokuphikisa izimo zomphakathi.

## Izinkoma
UNothwayi

Izinyoni zomndeni we**Scolopacidae** ziwumndeni omkhulu wezinyoni zasogwini ezibhoxozayo, ezhlanganisa kakhulu izinhlobo eziningi ezaziwa ngokuthi **onothwayi**, kodwa nezinye ezifana nama-woodcock, ama-curlew, nama -snipes . Iningi lalezi zinhlobo zidla izilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla ezithathwe odakeni noma enhlabathini yothungulu.  Abukho bufakazi bokuthi ubude obuhlukene bezinyoni zenza izinhlobo eziningi zikwazi ukudla endaweni efanayo, ikakhulukazi ogwini, ngaphandle kokuncintisana ngqo ngokudla. Othungulu olunesihlabathi, izinhlobo ezinobude obuhlukene bezinyoni zithanda izilwane ezingenamgogodla eziningi kuphela, njenge-mole crabs *Emerita* . 

#### Amagama ezinhlobo zonothwayi

## Amaphatho
IMinyango Kahulumeni WaseNingizimu Afrika

Isigaba esiphezulu sikahulumeni kazwelonke waseNingizimu Afrika sihlukaniswe saba isigungu esiphezulu kanye nabasebenzi bomphakathi, njengasohlelweni lweWestminster. Ukuphathwa komphakathi, ukugunundwa kwansuku zonke komthetho kanye nenqubomgomo, kuphathwe yiminyango kahulumeni (kufaka phakathi izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezinesikhundla somnyango), ezivame ukuholwa yizisebenzi zikahulumeni ezinesiqu somqondisi-jikelele .

Umnyango ngamunye unenhloko yezombuswazwe, ungqongqoshe wesigungu esiphezulu, oqokwa ngumongameli futhi owengamele ngokuphelele futhi onesibopho sezombusazwe salowo mnyango. Izibopho zongqongqoshe zivame ukuhlanganisa iminyango engaphezu kowodwa. Ngisho noma ubudlelwano phakathi kongqongqoshe neminyango bungobomuntu nomuntu, ungqongqoshe akahlangani nomnyango: bahlukile ngokomthetho nangokokusebenza. Umnyango uvame ukuba nongqongqoshe, iphini elilodwa noma ngaphezulu longqongqoshe, kanye nenani elincane labeluleki kanye nabanye abasebenzi bomnyango. Ngokusho kweSigaba sama-85 soMthethosisekelo, igunya lokugcina lokuphatha eNingizimu Afrika linikezwe umongameli futhi lisetshenziswa yisigungu esiphezulu.

## Iminyango ekhona manje
Uhlu olulandelayo lubonisa iminyango njengoba ikhona kusukela ngoSepthemba wezi-2024, lapho isimemezelo sikamongameli siqala ngokusemthethweni ukuhlelwa kabusha okwalandela ukuqokwa kwesigungu esiphezulu sikaCyril Ramaphosa esakhiwa amaqembu amaningi. 

## Umlando

### Amasekela kamongameli
Ngesikhathi sikaHulumeni Wobumbano Lwesizwe (i-GNU) ngemuva kokhetho luka-1994, iHhovisi likaSekela Mongameli  kanye neHhovisi likaSekela Mongameli elivela eQenjini elikhulu labambalwa amiswa njengeminyango ehlukene. Leli lokugcina laqedwa ngemuva kokuba iNational Party iphume kwi-GNU ngowe-1996, kanti elokuqala laqedwa ngemuva kokhetho lowe-1999 olwaqeda uHulumeno Wobumbano Lwesizwe.

### Ukuhlela kabusha
Okulandelayo uhlu lweminyango yangaphambilini eyachithwa ngokuhlanganiswa neminye iminyango, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kabusha okukhulu ngowezi-2009 nangowezi-2019:

### Iminyango emisha
OMongameli bangakha iminyango emisha. Ngowezi-2009, kwadalwa uMnyango Wabesifazane, Izingane Nabantu Abakhubazekile (kamuva owaba uMnyango Wabesifazane, Intsha Nabantu Abakhubazekile). Kamuva ngalowo nyaka (ngemva kokuba uMnyango Wezokuvikela usuqanjwe kabusha isikhashana ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela Nomakadebona bezempi), kwadalwa uMnyango Womakadebona Basempini. Futhi, ngowezi-2014, kwadalwa uMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Kwemihwebo Emincane.

## Amaphatho
UNgqongqoshe

**UNgqongqoshe** ungusombusazwe ohola umnyango,   oweenza futhi agununde izinqumo ngezinqubomgomo ngokubambisana nabanye ongqongqoshe. Kwezinye izindawo inhloko kahulumeni nayo ingungqongqoshe futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ' undunankulu ', ' ushansela ' noma esinye isiqu.

Ezindaweni we-Commonwealth asebenzisa uhlelo lukahulumeni lwaseWestminster —njenge- United Kingdom ne -Australia —ongqongqoshe ngokuvamile kudingeka babe ngamalungu endlu eyodwa yePhalamende noma yesishayamthetho —noma baqokwe kwenye yazo uma kungenjalo  —futhi ngokuvamile bavela eqenjini lezombusazwe elilawula iningi endlini ephansi yesishayamthetho. Labo ngqongqoshe bayaqhubeka nokumela abantu abangamalungu abo ephalamende ngenkathi beyingxenye kahulumeni.

Kwezinye izindawo ezinohlelo oluhlukanisa amandla oluqatha —abaqokelwe esikhundleni sesigungu esiphezulu noma oyisikhulu sikahulumeni akavunyelwe ukuba abe yilunga lesishayamthetho futhi kumele agudluke kuso. Ngokuvamile ongqongqoshe bayizinhloko zeminyango futhi bayingxenye yesigungu esiphezulu kuhulumeni. Abanye ongqongqoshe baba namasekela abo noma amaphini abalekelelayo.
IGunya Lezokuxhumana Elizimele laseNingizimu Afrika

**IGunya Lezkuxhumana Elizimele LaseNingizimu Afrika** (phecelezi **ICASA** ) liyindikimba ezimele yolawulo kahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika, eyasungulwa ngowezi-2000 ngoMthetho we-ICASA ukuze lilawule imikhakha yezokuxhumana, ukusakaza, kanye neposi lezwe, ngenxa yezimfuno zomphakathi.
Umqondisi jikelele

**Umqondisi jikelele**,   (ubuningi: *abaqondisi jikelele*,) uyisikhulu esiphezulu, ngokuvamile isikhulu esiphethe, ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sikahulumeni, somthetho, senhlangano engenzinzuzo, somkhakha wesithathu. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa linezincazelo ezahlukene.