open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ucwaningo

**Ucwaningo** luchazwa ngokuthi "umsebenzi wobuchule nohleliwe owenziwa ukukhulisa inqolobane yolwazi". Luhlanganisa ukuqoqwa okungachemile, ukuhlelwa nokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa ukukhulisa ukuqonda kwesihloko noma udaba. Umsebenzi wocwaningo ungaba ukwandiswa komsebenzi wakudala kulowomkhakha. Ukuze lukwazi ukuvivinya ubuqiniso bezinsiza, izinkambiso, noma umgcanso, ucwaningo lunganyaliza *(replicate)* izici zemiklamo *(projects)* yangaphambili noma umklamo usiwonke.

Izinjongo eziyinhloko zocwaningo oluyisiseko (olungafani nocwaningo olusetshenziswayo) ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukuvubukulwa, ukuhlakahlwa, kanye nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlelasu nezimiso zentuthukiso yolwazi lomuntu. Izindlela zokucwaninga zincike kwimichazalwazi, ehlukayo kokubili ngaphakathi nasenqekeni yezabantu nezenzululwazi. Kukhona izinhlobo zocwaningo eziningana: lwenzululwazi, lwezabantu, lwezobuciko, lwezomnotho, lwezomphakathi, lwezezihwebi, lwezomdayiso, ucwaningo lwezochwepheshe, lwezempilo, njll. Isifundo senzululwazi socwaningo saziwa ngokuthi ucwaningo-ngqo.

## uMsuka

Ibizo elithi *ucwaningo* livela esenzweni sokucwaninga, esisho 'ukucusumbula, ukuhlukanisa ngemininingwane,' lihlobene nelinye ibizo elithi 'ukuhlwaya', umuntu ocwaningayo kungashiwo kuthiwe uyahlwaya, okungukuthi ufuna into ethile ngokuphenya aze ayithole.

## Izincasiselo
Ucwaningo luye lwachasiswa ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, nakuba zonke zinokufana okuthile, kubonakala ingekho incasiselo eyodwa ehlanganisa kwasani neyamukelwa yibo bonke abenza ucwaningo.

Ucwaningo ngamazwi alula kuwukuhlwaya iqiniso nokuhlwaya ulwazi. Ngomqondo osemthethweni, kuwukufundwa okuhleliwe kwenkinga ehlangatshezwa ngeqhingasu elikhethiwe okuleka ngokuqoma insondelo yokulungisa umklamo nokwenza okushoyo ngokuklama isihlawumbiselo socwaningo, ukukhetha izindlelasu nobunyoninco, ukukhetha noma ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi wokuqoqa imininingo, ukuhidanisa imininingo, ukuhlakahla nokupheza ngokwethula isixazululo saleyo nkinga.
Ukukhanya

**Ukukhanya** noma **isokhanya** / **isonkanya** kungenye yemiyonzi yenzubawonga ngaphakathi kwesinaba somungco wenzubawonga esibonwa ngeso lenyama. Isokhanya imvama lichasiswa njengelinebangacuphi eliphakathi kwamamithancu angama-400–700 (nm), aqondene nomjinge wamahazakhulu angama-750–420, maphakathi nensibomvu (enamabangacuphi amade) kanye nezukhwithi (enamabangacuphi amafushane).

Kumchazandalo, ibizo elithi "ukukhanya" lingabhekisela kabanzi kumiyonzi yenzubawonga yanoma iliphi ibangacuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iyabonakala noma cha. Ngalowomqondo, imisebentathu, amagu X, amachadaza, namaza omsakazo konke kungukukhanya. Izakhi eziyinhloko zokukhanya ziyi-intensity, ukuhlakazeka kokuqombotha *(propagation of direction)*, umungco womjingo noma ibangacuphi kanye nokuluthuzeka. Ijubane lokukhanya elinyeni, amamitha ayizi- 299 792 458 ngomzuzwana (m/s), kuyingxenye yenzinzo *(constants)* eliyisisekelo semvelo. Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zemiyonzi yenzubawonga, ukukhanya okubonakalayo busabalala ngezinhlayiyana ezingenasisindo ezibizwa amabane ezimelela imingako yenzubawonga *(electromagnetic field)*, futhi zingahlaziywa kokubili njengamaza nanjengezinhlayiyana.

Umthombo oyinhloko wokukhanya kwemvelo emhlabeni ilanga. Ngokomlando, omunye umthombo wokukhanya kubantu bekungumlilo, kusuka kumathezi asendulo kufika ezibanini zanamuhla zamafutha. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezibani zamazuba nohlelo lwesidlakathii, ukukhanyisa ngamazuba sekuthathe isikhundla sokukhanya komlilo ngokufanele.

## uMungco wenzubawonga nesokhanya

Ngokuvamile, imiyonzi yenzubawonga ijinjwa ngebangacuphi phakathi kwamaza omsakazo, amachadaza, insibomvu, umungco obonakalayo esiwushwayiza njengokukhanya, uzukhwithi, amagu-X nemisebentathu. Igama elithi "imiyonzi" lishiya ngaphandle Umzuba, ubuwonga nezinkundla esiseduze.

## Ijubane lokukhanya

Ijubane lokukhanya elinyeni uchasiswa ngokuthi uyizi-299 792 458&nbsp;imitha ngokomzuzwana. Inani eligxilile lokukhanya ngokwemivo yokulinganisa liwumphumela wesiminya esithi imitha kusebenza lona ukuchasisa leli jubane. Zonke izinhlobo zemiyonzi yenzubawonga zinyakaza ngejubane elifanayo elinyeni.
ULaza

**ULaza** ngumkhiqizo womchago owakhiwa ungqimba oluphezulu lamafutha ongulwe ngaphezu kobisi ngaphambi kokudidiyelwa. Ubisi olungadidiyelwe, okungamafutha, olungesona isiluthe, luqhubeka nokukhuphukela phezulu. Ekukhiqizweni kolaza yizimboni, lenqubo iphangisiswa ngokusebenzisa izihlukanisi *(centrifuges)*. Emazwenu amaningi, luthengiswa ngamazinga ambalwa kuye ngesamba sesiqikili samafuthephehlwa. Lungomisiwa lube umkhumuza ukuze luthunyelwe ezindayini ezikude, futhi luqukethe amazinga aphezulu amafutha ayisimikithi *(saturated fat)*.
Usuku

Ngokuvamile, **usuku** cishe luyisikhathi sokundiyaza okukodwa koMhlaba (cishe amahora angama -24 ) noma ukundiyaza okukodwa kwezinye izinto ezinkulu zezinkanyezi .
Ukuxhumana

**Ukuxhumana** ngokuvamile kuchasiswa ngokuthi ukufufukiswa kokwaziswa. Incasiselo okuyiyona kusaphikiswana ngayo nangokuthi ingabe ukufufukiswa okungenanhloso noma okugejile kuayabalwa yini nokuthi ingabe ukuxhumana kufufukisa umqondo kuphela Nona kuphinde kuwakhe. Izinongo zokuxhumana zenziwe zyizifinyezo ezilula zezigcoyi eziyinhloko zokuxhumana sokwenanana kwazo. Izinongo eziningi zihlanganisa isu lokuthi umthombo usebenzisa inguqukezo *(coding)* ukuze uveze ukwaziswa ngesimo somlayezo. Bese umlayezo uthunyelwa ngomgudu ubheke kumamukeli wawo okufanele awunyalule ukuze awuqonde. Umkhakha oyinhloko wokucwaninga ngokuxhumana ubizwa ngokuthi izifundo zezokuxhumana.

Indlela evamile yokujinja ukuxhumana incike ekutheni ingabe ukwaziswa kunananiwe phakathi kwabantu, phakathi kwamalunga womunye umqhinqa, noma phakathi kwezinto ezingaphili ezifana nezicikizi. Ukuxhumana kwabantu kuhlukaniswe kwaba, ukuxhumana ngamazwi nokuxhumana okuswelamazwi. Ukuxhumana ngamazwi kubandakanya ukwenanana ngemilayezo ngolimi, okuyimiyalezo ekhulunywayo nebhalwayo kanje nolimi lwezimpawu. Ukuxhumana okuswelamazwi kwenzeka ngaphandle kohlelo lolimi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ulimi lomzimba, ukuthinta , nommomo wobuso. Omunye umehluko uphakathi kokuxhumana okuphakathi kwabantu, kanye nokuxhumana komuntu oyedwa, okuwukukhuluma ngayedwana. Ikhono lokuxhumana lihilela ukuqephuza kahle futhi kusebenza ekucabayeni imiyalezo nasekuyoqondeni.
Isibhakela

**Isibhakela** umdlalo wokulwa kanye nobuciko bokulwa .  Lo mldalo ubanjelwa esitikini, obandakanya abafo ababili abadonyana ngezibhakela isikhathi esithile esinqunyiwe, ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokugqoka izimpahla zokuzivikela, njengezishume zokuzivikela, izigqoko, kanye nezivqaphamlomo.

Nakuba igama elithi 'isibhakela' livame ukubhekisela endleleni yaseNtshona yokulwa, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izibhakela kuphela, lihlanganisa nezinye izindlela zokulwa ezihlukile zasezifundeni nasemasikweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Namuhla igama elithi, "isibhakela" lisetshenziswa futhi ukubhekisela kunoma yimuphi umdlalo wokulwa ogxile ekushayaneni, lapho izimbangi ezimbili zilwa zodwa zisebenzisa izibhakela zazo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ubandakanye ukukhahlela, ukushaya ngendololwane, ukushaya ngamadolo, kanye nokushaya ngekhanda, kuye ngemithetho. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukulwa ngamaqupha, isikhahlelo, i-Muay Thai, i-Lethwei, i-savate, kanye ne-sanda .   Amaqhingasu esibhakela afakwe kwezobuciko bokulwa obuningi, izinhlelo zempi, kanye neminye imidlalo yokulwa.

## Umlando

### Umlando wasendulo
Ibane

**Ibane** liyinhlayiyana eyisisekelo eyinani lewonga, okuhlanganisa nemiyonzi yenzubawonga efana namaza okukhanya kanye namaza womsakazo, kanye nesithwali  sesiphoqi senzubawong. Amabane ayizinhlayiyana ezifufukisa ukukhanya. Ngamanye amazwi, ukukhanya kuthwalwa amabane lapho kuhamba emkhathini. Kwezokuguxazela kohoyana ibane ngalinye linesici sesidlakalasi sohoyana esincike emjingeni: Ibane eliyamaniswa nokukhanya emjingeni ophezulu lizoba nesidlakalasi esiningi (futhi lizoyamaniswa nokukhanya kubangacuphi elifuphi).

Njengezinye ezinhlayiyana eziyisiseko, amabane achazwa ingqanda kwezokuguxazela kohoyana  futhi akhipha ububili benhlayiyana-liza, ukusho ukuthi ukucondoza kwawo kunolwangu lwezakhi zakho kokubili izinhlayiyana namaza. Isicabango sanamuhla sebane sadabuka eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 ngomsebenzi owawenziwa ngu-Albert Einstein, owakade akhela phezu kocwaningo luka-Max Planck. Ngesikhathi ezama ukuchaza ukuthi kuza kanjani ukuba uTho nemiyonzi yenzubawonga zibe sekulinganeni komchadamezo *(thermal equilibrium)* ndawonye, u-Planck waphakamisa ukuthi isidlakathi esigcinwe ngaphakathi kwesithako kufanele sithathwe njengesakhiwa izingxenye ezilingana ubungako, ezilubandlu. Ukuze achaze umthelela wenzubabane, u-Einstein wavela nesu lokuthi ukukhanya ngokwako kwakhiwa izingxenye ezincane zesidlakathi. Ngokomphumela eminye imigcanso eminingi yaqinisekisa incazelo ka-Einstein.

KuNongo oluyiNdinganiso lomchazandalo wezinhlayiyana, amabane nezinye izinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo achaziswa njengomphumela oyindingeko wemithetho yendalo onesilinganiso esithile emkhathini. Izakhi eziyizakhi eziyingxenye yezinhlayiyana, ezifana nomlelesa, isisindo nokumpimpiliza, zinqunywa umlinganiso *(guage symmetry)*. Isicabango sebane siye saholela ekuphuculweni kweqophelo eliphezulu lomchazandalo wemigcanso nemibono, kuhlanganisa izicwazi, imijiyo kaBose-Einstein, umbono wenkundla yomngako, nokuhlakahlwa ngamanani kwezobunguxa yomngako. Ngaphezu kwalokho amabane sewacwaningwe njengezinhlwa zezicikizi zomngako, nasekuswtshenzisweni ekufaniseni ngokukhanya *(optical imaging)* nasekuxhumaneni ngokukhanya okufana nomchazanyandla wokukhanya *( quantum cryptography)*.
Ukuluthuzeka (amaza)

**Ukuluthezeka** noma ukuluthuza kuyisakhi esisebenza kumaza alutsheku *(tranverse waves)* ukucacisa ukumisa kwemicikazo *(oscillations)*. Elizeni elilutsheku, ukuqombotha kokucikaza kuqhiyeme nokuqombotha komdiki weza. Isibonelo esilula seza elilutsheku eliluthuziwe imiqhikizeko ekhenketha eduze nentambo eqinile; ngokwesibonelo, ensimbini yomculo efana nesiginxi. Imiqhikizeko ingaqombotha lukeke *(horizontal)* noma iqombothe mveku *(vertical)*, noma ibe ingoni eqhiyeme nentambo, kuncike ekutheni intambo iyocwa kanjani. Ngokuphambene, amaza ajijekile *(longitudinal waves)*, afana namaza womsindo aphakathi koketshezi noma uhowo, ukukhwebuka kwezinhlayiya emcikazweni kuhlale kusekuqombotheni kokusabalala, ngalokho lamaza awakuvezi ukuluthuzeka. Amaza alutsheku aveza ukuluthuzeka ahlanganisa amaza wenzubawonga afana nokukhanya, namaza womsakazo, amaza womnyondo, kanye namaza omsindo alutsheku ezintweni ezikhumenqe.
Inhlakanipho

**Inhlakanipho** noma **ukuhlakanipha** yikhono lokuqonda nokwenza ngokufanele kuyilapho kusetshenziswa uLwazi, ubungcweti, ukuqonda okusobala, nokukhalipha. Inhlakanipho iyamaniswa nezimfanelo ezifana nokwahlulela okungachemile, uzwelo, ukuzazi siqu, nokungazinameki kanye nezinye ezilungile ezifana nokucondoza nomusa.
Inhlakahliso

**Inhlakahliso** ichasiswa ngezindlela eziningi: amandla okukhanyanga,  umhluzamqondo, ukuqonda, ukuzilumuka, ukufunda, ulwazi lomzwelo, ukuhluza, ukuhlela, ubuchule, ukucabanga okujulile kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ngokuvamile, ichaziswa njengekhono lokuqonda ukwaziswa, kanye nokubugcina njengolwazi oluzosetshenziswa ekucondozeni okuvumelanisa nesimo phakathi komongo othile.

Inhlakahliso icwaningwa kakhulu kubantu kodwa iyaqashelwa nasezilwaneni nasezimileni nakuba kunempikiswano ngokuthi ingabe lezi zinhlobo zokuphila ziyayibonisa yini inhlakahliso noma ubuhlakani. Inhlakahliso yeziCikizi noma ezinye izinguxa ibizwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu.

## uMsukagama

Igama elithi "inhlakahliso" lihlobene eduze nelithi "inhlakanipho",  livela kwisenzokuthi esithi "hlakahla" esisho ukuqaqulula umqondo, ukucacisa ngokukulumukisa, ukuhlakaniphisa emva kokuhlaziya. Amanye amagama acishecasho okufanayo ahluleke kanje:
* Inhlakanipho - *(wisdom)*
* ukuhlakanipha - *(to be wise)*
* isihlakaniphi - *(wise person)*
* ulumuko - *(intellect)*
* isilumuki - *(intellectual)*
* ubuhlakani *(cleverness)*
* ihlakani *(clever)*

## Izincasiselo
Kunempikiswano ekhona ngendlela yokuchasisa inhlakahliso. Ongoti bachazisa amakhono ayo ngezindlela ezihlukene, futhi bayahluka ngokwamazinga abayingakanisa ngawo.

Umbiko kaElethu obizwa  *[[Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns]]*, owashicilelwa ngowe-1995 yi-Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association, uthi:

## Uhlakahlisombulu

Ongoti abacwaninga uhlakahlisombulu baphakamise izincasiselo zenhlakahliso ezihlanganisa ubuhlakani obuboniswa izinguxa. Ezinye zazo zihloselwe ukuba zisebenze jikelele ukuze zihlanganisa inhlakahliso yabantu neyezilwane. Isidalwa esihlakahlisiwe singachasiswa njengesimiso ezishwaya indawo azungezile futhi sithathe izinyathelo ezandisa amathuba aso okuphumelela.

## Amaphathelelo
Incasiselo

**Incasiselo** iwumusho wencazo yebizo (izwi, igama, umushwana, noma izimpawu). Izincasiselo zingajinjwa zibe iminxa emibili: izincasiselo ezicinene (ezilinga ukunikeza umqondo webizo), kanye nezincasiselo ezibanzi (ezilinga ukubalula izinto ezichaziswa ibizo). Omunye umunxa obalulekile wezincasiselo umjijo wezincasiselo ezicacile, ezidlulisa incazo yebizo ngokuveza izibonelo. Ibizo lingaba nemiqondo engafani nezincazo eziningana, kanjalo lidinge izincasiselo eziningana.
Umoyambulunga

**Umoyambulunga** (inhlanganisela yamazwi amabili umoya + imbulunga) ubuhalalazi bohowo ebungunge umzulane, futhi bubanjwe umnyondo wendikimba yomzulane. Indikimba izuza iningi lomoyambulunga wayo enkathini yokwakheka kwayo, kungaba ngehlumelelo loTho noma ngokushamuka kwezinhlwa ezihwamukayo. Ukwenanana kwevange komoyambulunga nobuso obunqumile kungaguqula isigubo sawo esiyisisekelo, njengokwenanana kweBanevange neLanga. Umzulane ugcina umoyambulunga isikhathi eside lapho umnyondo umkhulu futhi amazinga okushisa awo aphansi. Isivungu seLanga umsebenzi waso ukobula umoyambulunga womzulane ongaphandle, nakuba lenqubo isililizwa iwongambulunga. Lapho indikimba iqhele kakhulu eLangeni, kunamathuba amancane wokuthi izokwebuleka umoyambulunnga.

Ngaphandle kukaNomjubane, yonke eminye imizulane yozungezohlelo lweLanga inomoyambulunga owanele, kunjalo nangomzulane oyisichwe uNochoko nenyanga uSomusi. Umnyondo ophezulu ngamazinga okushisa aphansi kaMkhulukhulwana namanye amaqhakamela wohowo kuwavumela ukuba agcine omoyambulunga abakhulu abakhiwa iHwanzi, nehwelanga. Imizulane ehlabathi enesisindo esiphansi ezungeza eduze neLanga, yona inomoyambulunga abanesikhuhle esiphezulu esakhiwa umCalahle, iNihwe, nesOhwe, nezingcosana zohowo oluntentemukayo. Umoyambulunga uhlongiwe nakweminye imizulendle efana no- HD 209458 b no- Kepler-7b.

Umoyambulunga wenkanyezi uyindawo engaphandle kwayo, ehlanganisa nogqimba olungaphezu kweBanembulunga; izinkanyezi ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi nazo zingaba nomoyambulunga ongaphandle oqukethe imizwayi. Ezinye izindikimba ezinomoyambulunga zihlanganisa izithomiyana ezingamunwe, namabhaqamyezi aqhebezayo.
Iqhwambulunga

]

**Iqhwambulunga** ibizo elihlanganisa lezo zingcosi zobuso bomhlaba lapho amanzi asesimweni esinqumile, ezihlanganisa ulwandle oluyiqhwa, isiziba esiyiqhwa, umfuka oyiqhwa, isivalo seqhwa, amaqheqheba, isimbozo seqhwa, isibheqe seqhwa, kanye nezwe elikhazisiwe. Ngalokho, kukhona ukuchaphazeleka okubanzi namanzimbulunga.
Uhleloxhumano lwezokuxhumakude

**Uhleloxhuamano lwezokuxhumana** luyiqoqo  lamaqhuzu wamakhongco ezokuxhumana axhumanisiwe asetshenziselwa ukunanana ngemiyalezo phakathi kwamaqhuzu. Amakhongco angasebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezobuchwepheshe ezisekwe kwezindlelasu zentandelo yokuqhebeza, ukuqhebeza umyalezo, noma ukuqhebeza ikhukhu ukuze kudluliswe imiyalezo neziyabizo.

Amaqhuzu amaningana angasebenzisana ukudlulisa umyalezo kusuka eqhuzwini lendabuko kuya eqhuzwini lempokophelo. Ngalomsebenzi wokukhondisa *(routing function)*, iqhuzu ngalinye kuhleloxhumano linikwa ikheli lehleloxhumano lokulihlonza nokubona ukuthi likuphi ohlelweni. Iqoqo lamakheli kuhleloxhumano libizwa umkhathi wekheli lohleloxhumano.

Izibonelo zamahleloxhumano ezokuxhumana zihlanganisa amahleloxhumano esicikizi, uxhakaxholo, uhleloxhumano locingo oluqhebezwa sobala, uhleloxhumano lwe-Telex lomhlaba, uhleloxhumano lwe-ACARS kwezokundiza, kanye namahleloxhumano omsakazo angenantambo wabahlinzeka ngezokuxhumana kukamakhalekhukhwini.
Inyosi

**Izinyosi ziyizinambuzane** ezinamaphiko ezihlobene eduze neminyovu nezintuthwane, ezaziwa ngeqhaza lazo ekusakazeni impova, futhi endabeni yezinhlobo zezinyosi ezaziwa kakhulu, inyosi yoju yasentshonalanga, yaziwa ngokukhiqiza uju .
INelesi

**INelesi** iyinhlayiyana yechwe ezinzile, enophawu p, H +, noma 1 H + enomlelesa wamazuba ovumayo  +1 e (Ubuzuba) &nbsp;. Isisindo sayo sincane kunesentunge futhi inesisindo esiphindwa izikhathi ezíyi-1836 kunesenzuba (isilingano sesisindo senelesi nenzuba). Izinelesi nezintunge, ngazodwa zinesisindo esiyicishelo elilodwa lesisindo sechwe, ngokuhlanganyela zibizwa ngokuthi 'ezasenuzini' (izinhlayiyana zenuzi lechwe).

INelesi elilodwa noma ukweqa, ziyingxenye yeNuzi lechwe. Yizona ezihlinzeka ngesiphoqi esiwumnyombo wokuhhuhha komzuba okubhonqa iziNzuba zechwe. Inani lezinelesi enuzini liyisakhi esichasisayo enhlweni, futhi lubizwa ngokuthi inani lezinelesi (elimelelwa uphawu Z). Njengoba inhlwa ngayinye inenani lezinelesi eliyingqayizivele, inhlwa ngayinye inenani layo lezinelesi, okuyilona elinquma inani lezinzuba zechwe futhi ngaleyondlela linquma izinkondolo zobuvanga zenhlwa.
INhlayiyana yeChwe

Ngokwenzululwazi yomchazandalo, **inhlayiyana yechwe** iyinhlayiyana eyakha ichwe. Ngokonongo oluyindinganiso yomchazandalo wenhlayiyana, inhlayiyana yechwe kungaba inhlayiyana eyinhlanganiselo, eyakhiwa ezinye izinhlayiyana (isb. intunge, ibane). Umchazandalo wenhlayiyana nomchazandalo wenuzi ucwaninga lezinhlayiyana nendlela ezinanana ngayo.

Imigcanso ibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kungacondoza njengendululo yezinhlayiyana (ezibizwa amabane) futhi kuveze izakhi ezifana nezomsebe. Lokhu kwaholela esicabangweni sobubili benhlayiyana-msebe ukuze kuveze ukuthi izinhlayiyana zomlinganiso womngako zicondoza njengezinhlayiyana nangeZa; ingakho ngesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiyamaza ukuze kuveze lokhu.
INhlayiyana eyisiseko

KumChazandalo wezinhlayiyana, **inhlayiyana eyisiseko** noma **eyisisekelo** iyinhlayiyana yechwe engakhiwa ezinye izinhlayiyana. Izinhlayiyana kuyimanje okucatshangwa ukuthi ziyisisekelo zihlanganisa izinzuba, ezikafelimi eziyisiseko (izinkemfe, izinhlamvana, iziphikazinkemfe, iziphikazinhlamvana, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana zotho nezinjelwane zotho), kanye nezikaboshu eziyisisekelo, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana eziyiziphoqi ezihlanganisa okwenanana phakathi kwezikafelimi. Inhlayiyana equkethe izinhlayiyana eziyisiseko ezimbili noma ukweqa ibizwa inhlayiyana eyinhlanganiselo.

Ngokuvamile utho lwakhiwa amachwe, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayizinhlayiyana zesiseko, okwenza ubukhona bamachwe baphenduka impikiswano kwaze kwaba ngowe-1905, njengoba abanye abafundindalo abaphambili babethatha amachembe njengamalumbo womchazazibalo, notho njengolwakhiwa impekumpeku. Izakhi zechwe zahlonzwa okokuqala eminyakeni yowe-1930 nokweva; inzuba nenelesi, kanye nebane inhlayiyana yomiyonzi wenzubawonga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvela kobunguxa bomngako kwakuguqula isicabangelo ngenhlayiyana, njengoba inhlayiyana eyodwa yayingagcwala indawo njengoba kwenza iza, okusayisixakaxaka esingenancazelo egculisayo.

Ngokombono womngako *(quantum theory)*, izinelesi nezintunge kwatholwa ukuthi ziqukethe izinkemfe - izinkemfe eziphezulu nezinkemfe eziphansi – manje ezithathwa njengezinhlayiyana eziyisiseko. Futhi ngaphakathi kwechembe, amazinga amathathu enkululeko yenzuba (umlelesa, ukumpininiza, uzungezo) angahlukana ngokusebenza kweza abe izinhlayiyanaze *(holon, spinon, and orbiton)*. Kodwa inzuba ekhululekile – leyo engazungezi indeni yechwe, eswele umdiki wokuzungeza – ibukeka ingenakuhlukaniseka futhi ihleze ithathwa njengehlayiyana eyisiseko.
Usoklele

**Usoklele [[Inhlwa yevanga|uyinhlwa yevanga]]** enophawu **Cu** futhi  enenani lobuchwe lama- 29. Usoklele uyinkimbi ethambile, egobekayo, futhi iyajijeka kuyilapho ikwazi ukudlulisa amazuba nokushisa. Usoklele ocwebile olulaza ebusweni unombala othanda ukuba ndwebu-ntshungwa. Usoklele usetshenziswa njengesakhi seziqungo zenkimbi ezingafani, ezifana nesiqungo secwebe esisetsenziswa ebucwebeni usoklesinimbi, osetshenziswa ukwenza impahla yasolwandle nezinhlamvu zemali.
Imifino

Imifino , eyaziwa nangokuthi imifino yesiNtu, ibhekisela eqenjini lokungenani imifino emithathu ehlukahlukene enamaqabunga aluhlaza atholakala kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Afrika evunwe ukuze idliwe abantu. Ibhekwa njengokudla okungokwesiko kwaseNingizimu Afrika futhi yakha ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla okuyinhloko emiphakathini yasemaphandleni.

### Amagama wemifino
IsAnkuntshane

Umaguqa, udoye

Nquntane

UmSobo

UmThebe

INhlashane

INtshunga

Umwelela

IGwaba

IBhati

ImBilikicane

IBhobela

ImBuya

INkazane

UmLibo

IShiwu

Amabhelebhele

## Amaphatho
Ubuhlohlesakhe

**Ubuhlohlesakhe** noma **ubuGombelakwesakhe** uhlelo lwezomnotho olusekelwe kubunikazi obusisulu bezinsiza zokukhiqiza kanye nokugidinga kwazo ukwenza imveza. Izici eziyinhloko zobugombelakwesakhe zifaka ukuqongelela imali, izindayi ezincintisanayo, isimiso sentengo, impahla esisulu, ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo empahla, unano lokuzithandela, kanye nomsebenzi okhokhelwayo. Emnothweni wendayi, izinqumo notshalomali kwenziwa abanikazi bomcebo, impahla, noma ikhono lokuvivisa imali noma  ikhono lokukhiqiza lwemali noma izindayi zezimali, kuyilapho izintengo nokusatshalaliswa kwezimpahla ezikhiqizwayo nezinkonzo kuyizinto ngokuyinhloko ezinqunywa ukuncintisana ezindayini zezimpahla nezinkonzo.

Izazi zomnotho, izazi zomlando, osomnotho bombusazwe kanye nezazi zomphakathi bathathe imibono engafani ekuhlaziyeni kwabo ubugombelakwesakhe futhi bathole kunezindlela ezihlukile zokusebenza kwabo.  Lezi zihlanganisa uthelawayeka noma ubugombelakwesakhe bendayi ekhululekile, ubugombelakwesakhe obungenazithiyo, ubugombelakwesakhe bombuso kanye nobugombelakwesakhe benhlakahle. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zobugombelakwesakhe zinolwangu lwamazinga angafani othelawayeka, ubunikazi obusobala, izithiyo zokuncintisana ngokukhululekile kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezenziwa umbuso. Izinga lokuncintisana ezindayini kanye neqhaza lokungenelela  nokulawulwa kanye nobukhulu bobunikazi bombuso ziyahluka onongweni oluhlukahlukene lobugombelakwesakhe. Izinga lezindayi ezihlukene ezikhululeke ngalo nemithetho echasisa impahla esisulu kuyizindaba zombusazwe nezinqubomgomo. Iningi leminotho ekhona yobugombelakwesakhe ihlanganisa izici zezindayi ezikhululekile kanye nokungenelela kombuso futhi kwezinye izikhathi nokuhlelwa komnotho.

Iminotho yezindayi yayikhona ngaphansi kwezinhlobo eziningi zohlumeni nangezikhathi ezihlulahlukene, izindawo ezihlukene namasiko ahlukene. Imiphakathi yobugombelakwesakhe yanamuhla yathuthuka eYurophu esentshona enqubweni eyaholela kuGuquko lwezeziMboni. Izimiso zobugombelakwesakhe ngamazinga angafani okungenelela kokuhulumeni sekube yizona seqhulwini entshona futhi ziyaqhubeka nokwanda. Ukukhula komnotho kuyisici seminotho yobugombelakwesakhe   

## imithombo
UCosulelwano

**UCosulelwano** noma **ubudlandawonye,** buyinjulalwazi yezomnotho yophiko lobunxele kanye nombutho ohlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zezomnotho ezibonakala ngemfundiso yobunikazi bomphakathi  bezinsiza zokukhiqiza  ngokuphambene nobunikazi obusisulu. Njengebizo, buchaza imibono yezomnotho, ezembusazwe nezenhlalo kanye nemibuthano eyamaniswa nokugunundwa kwalezo zinhlelo. Ubunikazi bomphakathi kungaba obombuso, umphakathi, beqoqodwane, bobambiswano, noma umsebenzi. Njengoba kungekho neyodwa incasiselo ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zocosulelwano eziningi, ubunikazi bomphakathi buyisici ezifana ngaso. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zocosulelwano ziyahluka ngeqhaza lezindayi nokuhlelwa ekucosulelaneni izinsiza, ohlakeni lwezokuphatha ezinhlanganweni, kanye nasendleleni yokuphatha kusuka phezulu kuya ezansi noma ukusuka ezansi kuya phezulu, okwenza abanye abacosulelani bathanda iqembu, umbuso, noma indlela yezikhulu. Abacosulelani bayaphikisana ngokuthi ingabe uhulumeni okhona, angaba insiza efanele yenguquko.

Izimiso zocosulelwano zihluke zaba uhlobo ezimbili, olwendayi nolungenandayi. Ucosulelwano olungenandayi lwenana isici sendayi kwezinye izikhathi nemali ngokuhlelwa komnotho okudidiyelwe nokungcikishwa noma uhlelo lobuchule olwesekwe kuqaqululo olufanayo, ngaleyondlela lukhiqiza isimiso sezomnotho elihlukile nesisebenza ngemithetho yezomnotho nemidkizo ehlukile kunaleyo yobuhlohlesakhe. Isimiso socosulelwano olungenandayi sifuna ukuqeda ngokungasebenzi, ukungabi namqondo, nokungaqayizeleki, kanye nobuqhashiya osomcosula abakuyamanisa nokundondela imali kanye nesimiso semveza yobuhlohlesakhe. Ucosulelwano lwendayi lona lugcina ukusetshenziswa kwezintengo zemali, izindayi futhi kwezinye izimo impisekelo yemveza, ngokuqondene nokugidingwa kwemihibo enobunikazi bomphakathi nasekwabiweni kwezingudla eziyintshahla emphakathini. Izimveza ezithelwa yileyo mishumanqa ilawulwa ngokuqondile abasebenzi bomshumanqa ngamunye noma ziyiswe emphakathini wonkana sekuyimihlomulo yomphakathi.
Zanele Sifuba

**UNtombizanele Beauty Sifuba usopolitiki** waseIRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nothisha osebe nguSomlomo wesiShayamthetho sesiFundazwe saseFreyistata kusukela ngoMeyi 2019. Wakhethwa esiShayamthetho ngenyanga efanayo. uSifuba uyilungu le- African National Congress .

## Umsebenzi
USifuba usebenze njengothisha kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2019.  Uphinde wasebenza njengesekela lomqondisi obhekele ukuqapha nokuhlola eMnyangweni wezokuThuthukiswa koMphakathi wesifundazwe.
Inkampani esisulu

**UmShumanqa osisulu**, umShumanqa ophethwe ngasese noma **inkampani** **yangasese, ngumshunanqa** onganikezi noma uhwebe ngezabelo emphakathini jikelele ngezindayi zazabelo, kunalokho izabelo zomshumanqa ziyanikelwa, ziphathwe, zihwetshwe, zinanwe sisulu. Endabeni yemishumanqa ovaliwe *(closed corporation)*, kukhona inani elincane labanezabelo nona amalungu omshumanqa. Amabizo ahlobene yilawa: umshumanqa ophethwe sisulu *(closely held corporation)*, umshumanqa ongacashuniwe *(unquoted company)*, nelithi umshumanqa ongekho ohlwini *(unlisted company)*.

Nakuba ingabonakali kunaleyo ehwetshwa sobala, imishumanqa esisulu ibamba iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni womhlaba. Ngowezi-2008, imishumanqa esisulu emikhulu engama-441 eMelika yayidanda *(accounted))* imali engaba-US$1,800,000,000,000 ($1.8 yezaca) kwengenayo futhi iqasha abantu abayizigidi ezingu-6.2, ngokombiko we-Forbes.

Ngokuhlukile, yonke imishumanqa okungeyona eyombuso ithathwa ngokuthi imishumanqa esisulu. Lomqondo uhlanganisa kokubili imishumanqa ehwetshwa sobala naleyo ephethwe sisulu, njengoba abatshalimali bayo kungabantu abasemkhakheni osisulu.
IGciwane

Kumchazampilo, **igciwane,** ngomqondo omdala nobanzi kunayo yonke, inoma isiphi isiphili noma isenzi esingakhiqiza isifo .
AmaLumulondo

**Amalumulondo** awufukutho lwezithelo, esidlweza zezilinywa *(cultivars)* ezivamile zamaqobolondo *(Phaseolus vulgaris)*, nakuba izindumba ezingakavuthwa zeqobolondo elinabayo *(Phaseolus coccineus)*, iqobolondo legceke *(Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)*, Kanye neqobolondo le-hyacinth *(Lablab purpureus)* zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo.
ImPambano (isiShomo)

**ImPambano** isishomo esivelele esitholakala enkabazwe yasezulwini futhi esibonakala noma ikuphi emhlabeni wonke. Singesinye sezishomo ezisobala kakhulu nesiqaphelekayo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Izinkanyezi zaso ezigqame kakhulu iPhisi  *(Rigel)* elinombala olundwa-samhlophe noNdwendweni *(Betelgeuse)* onombala obomvu.
IPhisi (inkanyezi)

**IPhisi** liyinkanyezi eyiqhamelakazi elilundwa lesishomo imPambano . Iphisi likhulu kunelanga lethu. Umugqandilinga walo mkhulu izikhathi eziphindwe ama-78 kunezelanga lethu, bese ibangandilinga lona libe amakhilomitha angaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa isisindo sawo sikhulu kuneselanga izikhathi eziphindwe kayi-17. Iphisi likude ukukhanyabanga okungama-778 kusuka emhlabeni.
UNyezibomvu

**UNyezibomvu** isehlakalo sasemkhathini esenzeka lapho inyanga isithezwa isithunzi somhlaba, okwenza inyanga ibe lufifi. Lokhu kuqondana kwenzeka ngesikhathi esimisweni ekuzungezeni kwenyanga umhlaba ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, futhi lapho Inyanga isigcwele futhi ukuzungeza kwayo kuseduze nomhlaba.
Ukuhlinzwa ngosizo lwesithununu

**Ukuhlinzwa ngesithununu** izinhlobo zezinqubo zokuhlinza ezenziwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo zesithununu ezenziwa ngezimiso zesithununu.
IsiThununu sezempi

**IziThununu zezempi** ziyizithununu ezizihlelelekayo noma izithununu ezintintayo ezilawulwa-zikude eziklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezempi, kusuka entuthweni kuya ekufuneni nasekutakuleni nasekuhlaseleni.

Ezinye izimiso ezifanayo ziyatshenziswa kwamanje, futhi kuneziningi ezithuthukiswayo. Umehluko okhona phakathi kwezithununu zempi nezindongoyi zempi awukacaci kuze kube manje ngowezi-2025: abanye bathi izikhali eziyingozi ezizihlelelekayo ziyizithununu kuyilapho abanye bezichazisa ngokuthi 'izindongoyi eziyingozi zempi'.

## uMlando

Uma zichasiswa kabanzi, izithununu zezempi zaqala ukuvela emuva ngesikhathi sempi yomhlaba yesibili nangesikhathi sempi ebandayo ngohlobo lwama-Goliyathi wamaJalimane kanye nezinganono zase-Soviyeti ezingama-teletanks. UDongoyi oluyisigcicgi lwe-MQB-1 kwavela lapho uphiko lwezinhloli "ze-CIA ziqala ukubona izimbiyiselo zokuqala ezisebenzayo zephupho lazo elidala lokusebenzisa izithununu zasemoyeni ukuze ziqoqe ukwaziswa".

## Izibonelo

### Ezisetshenziswayo manje

## Amaphathelelo
IsiThununu esiluntinti

**Isithununu esiluntinti** siyinguxa yenhleleleko ekwazi ukuzidikizisa. Ezobuthununu obuntinti zivame ukuthathwa njengomkhakhana ophansi kwezobuthununu nobunjiniyela bokwaziswa.

Izithununu eziluntinti zinekhono lokudikiza zihambe endaweni ezikuwo futhi azixhunyelwanga endaweni eyodwa. Izithununu eziluntinti "zingahlelelekwa" (AMR - autonomous mobile robot) okusho ukuthi zingakwazi ukugegeleza *(navigate)* endaweni elawulwayo ngaphandle kosizo lwezilekeleli zoqobo eziqondisayo noma izilekeleli eziqondisayo zobunzuba-nguxa. Ngokuhlukile, izithununu eziluntinti zingancika eziqondisweni zezilekeleli ezizivumela ukuba zikhenkethe umkhondo womgegelezo ochasisiwe ngaphambili endaweni elawulwayo.  Ngokuphambene, izithununu zezimboni imvama zisebenza zisendaweni eyodwa, futhi zinezingalo ezilungiwe futhi zinezikhaxi azinamekwe ebusweni bazo.

Izithununu eziluntinti sezigcwele ezizindeni zentengiselwano nakwezezimboni. Izibhedlela bezilokhu zisebenzisa izithununu eziluntinti ezihlelelekiwe ukususa nokuntintisa izinto iminyaka eminingi. Imishaqo *(warehouses)* nayo ifakelwe izimiso zezithununu eziluntinti ukuze zintintise ngokufanele izithako emathaleni ziye ezindaweni zokwanelisa iziyalwa. Izithununu eziluntinti zibuye zibe yilokho ucwaningo lwanamuhla olugxile kukho futhi minyaka yonke amanyuvesi amakhulu anezingqalaba *(labs)* eziningi noma eyodwa ezigxile kucwaningo lwezithununu eziluntinti. Izithununu eziluntinti ziyatholakala nasezizindeni zezimboni, kwezempi nakwezokuvikela.
Incazelo

**Incazelo** iqoqo lemisho imvama eyakhelwe ukuchaza iqoqo lamaqiniso acacisa izimbangela, , nemiphumela yalawo maqiniso.
IsiCwazi

**IsCwazi** isilekeleli esikhafuka ukukhanya ngenqubo yokuqongisa ukukhanya esekelwe ekukhafukeni okukhabathisiwe kwemiyonzi yenzubawonga. Isicwazi sokuqala sakhiwa ngowe-1960 ngu Theodore H. Maiman engqalabeni i- Hughes Research Laboratories, esusela emsebenzini ka- Charles Hard Townes beno Arthur Leonard Schawlow
Unotha

**Unotha**, noma unotha lwezimboni, isigaba sezilinywa ezibizwa izitshalwa zesinotha *(Cannabis sativa cultivars)* ezikhuliselwa ukusetshenziswa kwezezimboni nakwezokukapha. Ingabuye isetshenziswa ukwenza izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ehlukene. Unotha kanye neqalo *(bamboo)*, izitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha okukhulu emhlabeni. Futhi unotha kwakuyisitshalo sokuqala ukumpininizwa sibe inxoza esebenzisekayo eminyakeni eyizi-50,000 edlule. Lungahluzwa lube izinto ezihlukene zezentengiselwano, ezihlanganisa iphepha, intambo, izilukwa, ezokwembatha, izinomfi ezibhucuzekayo,ukudla kanye nokudla kwemfuyo.
Umchazasiphelo

**Umchazasiphelo** (igama lesizulu elihumusha elithi *eschatology*; elivela kwelesiGriki ἔσχατος (éskhatos) 'last' + -logy) uyisifundo esiphathelene namathemba okuphela kwalenkathi ekhona, ukuphela komlando wabantu, noma ukuphela kwezwe. Ukuphela kwezwe noma izikhathi zokuphela kuyisehlo esibikezelwa izinkolo eziningana zomhlaba, ezifundisa ukuthi izenzakalo zomhlaba ezimbi zizoqhubeka nokwanda kuze kube uvuthondaba. Inkolelo yokuthi ukuphela komhlaba kuseduze yaziwa ngokuthi "ukubhubha komhlaba", futhi yayilokhu iyingxenye yamalunga ezinkolo ezinkulu kanye namahlelo womhla wokuphela. Ngokuphathelene nobuthinziyeli (mysticism), lelibizo libhekisela ekupheleni kweNgempela elivamile nokubuyisana noNgcwele. Izinkolo ezihlukene zithatha umchazasiphelo njengesenzakalo sangomuso esiqayizelwe emibhalweni engcwele nezinganekwane.

Izinkolo zobu-Abrahama zilandela uchazomkhathilibe oluqondile, olunezigcawu zezikhathi zokuphela eziqukethe izihloko zokuguqulwa nokusindiswa. EbuJudeni bakamuva, ibizo "ukuphela kwezinsuku" luphathelene neNkathi kaMesiya futhi luhlanganisa ukubuthwa kwamaJuda ahlakazwe ekudingisweni, ukufika kukaMesiya, ukuvuswa kwabalungile, kanye nezwe elizayo. Izinye izinhlobo zobuKristu ziveza inkathi yokuphela njengenkathi yosizi eyandulela ukufika kukaKrsitu okwesibili, ezobhekana nokuvela komPhikikristu kanye nelohlaka lwakhe lwamandla nabaqaziyeli bamanga, ezongenisa umBuso kaThixo. Kweyobusulumane, uSuku lokwaHlulela lwandulelwa ukuvela kuka-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, futhi lulandelwa ukwehla kukaJesu ( ʿĪsā ), ozonqoba ahlule uMesiya wamanga noma umPhikikristu; okunqotshwa kwakhe okuzoholela ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezizogcina ngokuthi ilanga liphume entshona nokuqalisa kwe-Qiyāmah (uSuku lokwaHlulela).
Inhlakahlo

**Inhlakahlo** noma ukuhlakahla kuwukufaka umqondo ezimpawini zolimi oluhleliwe. Iningi lezilimi ezihleliwe ezisetshenziswa kumchazazibalo, umhluzamqondo, nomkhanyango wenzululwazi yesicikizi luchasiswa kuphela ngobhalomagama, futhi kanjalo azinamqondo kuze kube yilapho ziwunikwa ngokhumusho. Ukufundwa okubanzi kwenhlakahlo kolimi oluhleliwe kubizwa ngokuthi ezemiqondo.
UmQaziyelo

Kwezenkolo, **umqaziyelo** noma **isiprofetho** singumyalezo odluliselwa kumuntu (umqaziyeli noma umprofethi) ewunikwa okuthile okunamandla aphakeme. Imiqaziyelo iwulwangu lwamasiko amamingi nezimiso zenkolo eziningi futhi ivane ukubandakanya intando engcwele noma umthetho, noma ulwazi oluqabavimvelo lwezenzakalo zesikhathi esingakafiki. Imiqaziyelo ingambulelwa umqaziyeli ngezindlela eziningi kuye ngenkolo nendaba, ezindlela ezifana nemibono, ukubhula, noma ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nezinto ezingcwele ngesimo soqobo. Izindaba zezenzo zokuqaziyela ngesinye isikhathi zinakwa kakhulu futhi ezinye ziye zasinda amakhulu eminyaka emasikweni adluliswa ngomlomo noma emibhalweni yenkolo.
Ukufika Kwesibili

**Ukufika kwesibili** (noma **ukubuya kweNkosi**) yinkolelo yamaKristu namaSulumane yokuthi uJesu uzobuya ngemuva kokuhamba kwakhe ngokunyukela ezulwini (okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ezedlule). Lombono usekwe emiqayizelweni emayelana noMesiya futhi uyingxenye yomchazasiphelo samaKrsitu amaningi.
Amafuthetshe

**Amafuthetshe**, aziwa nangokuthi **amafutha angahluziwe**, noma **uwoyela** nje, ayingxube yomCalahwanzi *(hydrocarbon)* owuketshezi omnyama-saphuzi okhandeka ngokwemvelo futhi otholakala ekwakhekeni kwamadwala. Igama elithi amafuthetshe lihlanganisa kokubili amafutha angahluziwe akhandeka ngokwemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo ebandakanya amafutha ayifukutho elincakuziwe. Njengoba ayisivuthisi esiyintshico *(fossil fuel)*, amafuthetshe akhandeka lapho izindimbane ezinkulu zeziphili ezifile, iningi lazo okuyiZiloleza *(zooplankton)*  ne-algae, zigqibeka ngaphansi kwamadwala anzika futhi zibhekana nomchadamezo nomfutho isikhathi eside.

Amafuthetshe ngokuyinhloko afumaneka ngokuqopholoza *(oil drilling)*. Ukuqopholoza kwenziwa emva kokwenziwa kocwaningo lokwakheka kwamadwala, nenhlaziyo yesifothongo esinzika. Izintuthukiso zakamuva zezobuchwepheshe ziye zaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinye izifothongo ezingavamile ezifana nesihlabathi samafutha namafutha womcengezi.

Lapho sewagqotshiwe, amafutha ayancakuzwa futhi ahlukaniswe, imvama ngokuthonzisa, kube imikhiqizo eminingi esebenza ngokuqondile ekulumbeni eminye. Imikhiqizo ehlanganisa izivuthisi ezifana nogazolo.
UGazolo

**UGazolo** (elibuya kwelithi Gasoline) liwuketshezi oluntwentwe, ogqamukayo othathwe kumafuthetshe ngokuyinhloko osetshenziswa njengesivuthisi *(fuel)* phakathi kwezilumbamdiki ezivutha ngokuthungela inhlansi ngaphakathi (zibizwa izilumbamdiki zogazolo). Uqukethe ikakhulu imixube yemvelo etholwe ngokuthontisa *(distillation)* ingcosana yamafuthetshe, egunywe yezijotshelelwa ezinhlobonhlobo. Ngokwesilinganiso, izincakuzi *(refineries)* zaseMelika zikhiqiza, kumphongolo wamafutha angahluziwe, amagalani ayi-19 kuya kuma-20 ogazolo; 11 kuya ku-13 lamagalani esivuthisi esithontisiwe (iningi elithengiswa njengesivuthisi esiwudizili); kanye namagalani amathathu kuya kwamane esivuthisi zomzoyizelo *(jet fuel)*. Iqhatho lomkhiqizo lincike ekudidiyeleni kwezincakuzi zamafutha nasemgangathweni wamafutha angahluziwe. Umphongolo wamafutha uchasiswa njengothwala amagalani aseMelika angama-42, okungaba amalitha ayi-159.
Amafutha

**Amafutha** ayizozonke iziqa zevanga ezisasihonyo ezakhiwa ngokuyinhloko imicalahwanzi *(hydrocarbons)* futhi eziluhlengemanzi *(hydrophobic)* nokubamathandinoni *(lipophilic)*. Amafutha imvama ayagqamuka futhi anobuso obuqhebethayo. Iningi lamafutha angamanoni angamikithwanga *(unsaturated lipids)* awuketshezi ezingenilokushisa legumbi.

Incasiselo evamile yamafutha ihlanganisa izigaba zemixube yevanga okungenzeka ayihlobene ngokohlaka, izakhi, nokusetshenziswa. Amafutha kungaba awesilwane, isilimo, noma adabuke kwisiqa samafuthetshe, futhi angaba nobungozi noma angabi nobungozi. Asetshenziselwa ukwenza Ukudla '(isb., amafutha womnqumo), isivuthisi (e.g., amafutha wokuchadameza), izinjongo zokwelapha (e.g., amafutha wembiwa), ukugcoba (e.g. amafutha wesindiyisi), kanye nokukhanda Izinhlobo ezihlukene zombeco *(paint)*, umnomfi *(plastics)*, nezinye izithako. Amafutha elunguswa ngokukhethekile asetshenziswa kwimidanti jemicikilisho yezenkolo ethile njengezihlambululi.
Uqalo

**Uqalo** yiqembu elihlukahlukene lezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza ezingamaqhukuza (perennials) eziqhakazayo ezakha umndeni omncane we- **Bambusoideae** womndeni wotshani i- Poaceae .
Isibhalwa

**Isibhalwa** noma **isilotshwa** kuwumsebenzi obhaliwe oshicilelwe ngendlela yokunyathelisa noma yamazuba. Singenzelwa injongo yokusabalalisa izindaba, imiphumela yocwaningo, ukuhlaziywa kwezemfundo noma impikiswano.

## Izibhalwa zezindaba
Isibhalwa sezindaba sixoxa ngezindaba zamanje noma ezisematheni ezithakaselwa ngabantu jikelele (i.e. iphephandaba lansukuzonke) noma zesihloko esithile (i.e. izindaba zombusazwe noma zohwebo, amapheshana eqembu, noma izindaba zezizindalwebu zezobuchwepheshe).

Isibhalwa sezindaba zingabandakanya ukulandisa kwabazibonele mathupha ukwenzeka kwesehlakalo. Singaqukatha imifanekiso, izilando, izibalo, imidwebo, izinhlolovo, izimpikiswano ngesihloko njll. Izihloko zingasetshenziswa ukugxilisa ukunaka komfundi engxenyeni ethile yesibhalwa. Umbhali angaphana ngeziminya noma ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe okulandela izimpendulo zemibuzo jikelele enjengokuthi ubani, ini, nini, kuphi, kungani nokuthi kanjani.

Amaphatho acashuniwe nawo angaba usizo. Amaphatho wabantu angenziwa  ngokusebenzisa ukulandisa okubhaliwe kwezinhlolovo nezimpikiswano eziqinisekisa ubuqiniso bokwaziswa bombhali kanye nokwethembeka komthombo wakhe. Umbhali angasebenzisa ukuyalelisa ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi umfundi uyaqhubeka nokufunda isibhalwa kanye nokudonsela ukunaka kwakhe kwezinye izibhalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, imishwana efana nokuthi "iyaqhubeka ekhasini lesithathu" iyalelisa umfundi ukuba avulle ikhasi lapho isibhalwa siqhubekiswa khona.

Nakuba isiphetho esihle siyisithako esibalulekile sezibhalwa zephephandaba, isimo sokuphuthuma kwangqingetshe *(deadline)* sisho ukuthi ukuhlela ngokufanisela ngezinye izikhathi kuba ukucisha konke okungacutshunguliwe endabeni ngokuhambisana nesikhala esitholakayo ekhasini. Ngalokho, ababiki bamaphephandaba baqeqeshelwa ukubhala ngohlobo lwesitshopolonco esihlanekezelwe *(inverted pyramid style)*, ngokufaka ukwaziswa okubalulekile esigabeni sokuqala nesesibili. Uma imininingwane ebaluleke kancane ifuqelwa ekugcineni kwendaba, khona imithelela emibi yokuhlela ngokufanisela okuqinile izonciphiswa.
Umchazathixo

**Umchazathixo** uwukucwaningwa okuhlelekile kwesimo esingcwele futhi, kabanzi, kwezinkolelo zenkolo. Umchazathixo ufundiswa njengesifundelo sasemanyuvesi nasezufndelweni *(seminaries)*. Uphathelene nesiqikili esiyingqayizivele sokuhlaziya okungaphezukwemvelo, kodwa ubuye ubhekane nomchazalwazi wenkolo, ubuze imibuzo futhi ufune ukuphendula umbuzo wokwambulwa. Isambulo sibandakanya ukwamukela uThixo, izithixo nabonkulunkulwana, hhayi njengokuqabavile noma okungaphezu kwezwe lemvelo, kodwa njengokuzimisele nokunekhono lokuxhumana nezwe lemvelo, futhi ngokukhethekile, ukuzambula eluntwini. Nakuba umchazathixo usuphenduke umkhakha odumile, abalandeli benkolo basabheka umchazathixo njengomkhakha obasiza ukuba baphile futhi baqonde izicabango ezifana nempilo nothando nezibasiza ukuphila ngokuthobela onkulunkulu ababalandelayo nababakhulekayo.

Abachazithixo basebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukile zenhlaziyo nempikiso (yobungcweti, yenjulalwazi, echazuhlanga, yomlando, nezinye) ukuzisiza baqonde, bachaze, bavivinye, bagxeke, bavikele noma baqhakambise izintilibathwa zezihloko zenkolo. Njengasenjululwazini yomcondozo nakwezomthetho, izimpikiso zivame ukuzindlekela ukuba khona kwemibuzo engakaxazululwa eyandulele, futhi bathuthukisa ngokwenza imizekelo kuyo ukuze bahoshe izibhekiso *(inferences)* ezintsha zezixazululo ezintsha.
Ezombusazwe

**Ezombusazwe** (noma **ezombangazwe**)  iqoqo lobuqhebeqhebe obuyamaniswa nokwenza izinqumo ngamaqembu, noma ezinye izinhlobo zobudlelwane bamandla phakathi kwabantu, njengokusabalalisa izinsiza noma ubulomo. Igatsha lenzululwazi yomphakathi ecwaninga ezombusazwe nohulumeni ibizwa ngokuthi inzululwazi yezombusazwe.

Ezombangazwe igama elingasetshenziswa ngendlela enhle njengalapho ziba kukhulunywa "ngesixazululo sezombangazwe" okuwuqoba uphondo nokungabi nodlame, noma lingasebenza sakuchazisa "njengobuciko noma inzululwazi kahulumeni", kodwa futhi linomqondo ongemuhle. Lesicabango siyisachasiswa ngezindlela eziningi, futhi izinsondelo ezihlukene zinemibono ehlukene yokuthi ingabe kufanele lisetshenziswe kabanzi, noma ngokulinganisela, ngobungcweti Noma ngenjwayelo, nokuthi ingabe ukuphikisana noma ukubambisana kubalulekile kuzo.

Kunezindlelasu ezinhlobonhlobo ezisetshenziswa kwezombangazwe, ezihlanganisa ukuqhakambisa imibono yomuntu yombusazwe phakathi kwabantu, ukuxoxisana nabanye abantu bezombusazwe, ukushaya imithetho, nokusebenzisa iziphoqi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, kuhlanganise ukulwa impi ngokumelene nezitha. Ezombangazwe sisetshenziswa kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi, ngohulumeni bezendawo banamuhla, imishumanqa nezikhungu kufika embusweni ephethe, nasezngeni lamazwe.

Emibusweni yesizwe yanamuhla, abantu bavame ukwakha amaqembu ezombusazwe ukuze amelele imibono yabo. Amalunga eqembu avame ukuvumelana ngokuthatha ukuma okuthile ezindabeni eziningi futhi avumelane ngokweseka izinguquko ezifanayo emthethweni nakubaholi. Ukhetho imvama kuba umncintiswano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene.

Isimiso sombusazwe siwuhlaka oluchasisa izindlelasu zombusazwe ezamukelekile emphakathini. Umlando wemibono yezombusazwe ungalandelwa kufikela emuva endulo, emisebenzini enethonya entshona efana nomBusobala (Republic) kaPlatho nethi Ezombusazwe (Politics) ka-Arisitotile, nemibhalo yesandla ka-Komfushiyasi kanye ne-Athashasitra ka-Shanakiya empuma.

## uMsuka
Igama elithi umbusazwe (umbangazwe) ngesiZulu lisuselwa esenzweni sokubusa + izwe, bese elithi umbangazwe lona lisuselwa esenzweni sokubanga + izwe. Zombili lwezenzo, ukubusa nokubanga, zihilelekile kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuphatha izwe.

### Izincasiselo
Ezombusazwe zingachasiswa ngezindlela eziningana, ongoti bazichaza ngalendlela:
* Harold Lasswell: "Ubani uzothola okuthile, nini, kanjani."
* David Easton: "igunya elabelana ngezizima emphakathini."
* Vladimir Lenin: "ukuvezwa okuqokothelwe kwezomnotho."
* Otto von Bismarck: "ikhono lokuhlezi ukhetha okulimaza kancane, nokuwusizo kakhulu, ezimeni eziguquguqukayo."
* Bernard Crick: "uhlobo lokubusa oluhlukile lapho abantu besebenza ndawonye ngemigudu yezikhungo ukuze baxazulule izinkiya."
* Adrian Leftwich: "zihlanganisa bonke ubuqhebeqhebe bokubambisana, ukucebezisana nombango phakathi kwemiphakathi."

## Amaphatho
Isisu

**Isisu** siyisitho esinemisipha, esiluhohomba emgudwini wamathumbu okudla kubantu nezinye izilwane eziningi, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezingenamgogodla eziningana .
Ukuba luntwentwe

Emkhakheni womchazakhanyo *(optics)* , **ukuba luntwentwe** noma **ubuncwamanzi** isakhi esingokoqobo sokuvumela ukukhanya ukuba kudlule maphakathi nento ngaphandle kokusakazeka kwabo. Emlinganisweni omkhulu (lapho imiyinge imikhulu kunamabangacuphi amabane ahilelekile), amabane kungashiwo kuthiwe alandela umthetho ka-Snell. Ukuba luntwentwebi? *(Translucency)* nakho kuvumela ukukhanya kudlule, kodwa akuwulandeli umthetho ka-Snell emlinganisweni omkhulu; amabane angasakazeka kunoma yiziphi izixhakasimo *(interfaces)* ezimbili, noma ngaphakathi, lapho kuba nenguquko ekugwincizeni. Ngamanye amazwi, into eluntwentwebi yakhiwa izigcoyi ezinokugwinciza okufanayo. Izinto eziluntwentwe zibonakala zicacile, zincwamanzi, zibonisa konke ukukhanya. Isakhi esilungene nokuba luntwentwebi  sibizwa imfiphalo *(opacity)*.
IYunivesithi yaseCentral European

**IYunivesithi yaseCentral European** (Central European University, CEU) iyunivesithi yamazwe omhlaba ezimele yabantu. Yasungulwa futhi yaxhaswa nguGeorge Soros ngo-1991, ngokusekelwe kumamodeli aseMelika. Yasungulwa eBudapest, ibisebenza eVienna kusukela ngo-2020.

## Imfundo
Banikela ngezifundo ze-master kanye nezobudokotela ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yezenhlalo neyobuntu.

Phakathi kwemikhakha efundwe kakhulu ifilosofi, isayensi yengqondo, isayensi yezepolitiki, ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, umlando, ezokuphatha, ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nezibalo emkhakheni wezomnotho.

## Izithombe

File:Közép-európai Egyetem, Oktober 6. utca, 2017 Lipótváros.jpg|
File:Nádor Street 9, CEU building.jpg|
File:Central European University Business School.JPG|
File:Inauguration of the Central European University Vienna Campus - 49084687973.jpg|
Umsakazo

**Umsakazo** ubuchwepheshe bokuyabiza *(signaling)* nokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa amaza omsakazo. Amaza omsakazo angamaza wenzubawonga omjinge ophakathi kwamahaza angama-30 (Hz) namahazakazi angama-300 (GHz). Aphehlwa ngesilekeleli samazuba esibizwa ngesifufukisi *(transmitter)* esixhunywe kwisihoshamoya *(antenna)* esiyonza amaza, futhi amukelwa esinye isihoshamoya esixhunywe kwisamukezi msakazo. Umsakazo usetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla, kwezokuxhumana ngomsakazo, isifuniseli, ukugegeleza ngomsakazo, ukulawula buqamama, ukuzwa buqamama, nakweminye imisebenzi.
Aristotile

**UAristotile** , (ngesiGreki u*-Aristotélēs*,  ; 384–322&nbsp;BC) wayeyisazi sefilosofi yamaGreki kanye nesazikwasani- (*polymath)* ngesikhathi seGrisi endala yasendulo.
Ezomnotho

Ezomnotho ziyinzululwazi yomphakathi efunda ngokukhiqizwa, ukwabiwa, nokushwabadelwa kwezingudla nezinkonzo.

Ezomnotho zigxila ekucondozeni nasekwenananeni kwezensi zomnotho nokuthi iminotho isebenza kanjani. Umnothoncinci uhlaziya lokho okubukwa njengezici eziyisiseko zomnotho, ukwenanana kwazo, nemiphumela yaleyo minano. Izenzi ngazinye zingahlanganisa, ngokwesibonelo, imindeni, imishumanqa, abathengi nabadayisi. Umnothonkulu uhlaziya umnotho njengesimiso lapho ukukhiqizwa, ukushwabadelwa, ukonga, notshalomali ukunanana khona, kanye nezici eziwumthelela: ukuqashwa kwabasebenzi, Intshahla *(capital)*, nomhlaba, impanyazo yenkece *(currency inflation)*, ukukhula komnotho, nezinqubomgomo zasobala ezinomthelela kulezici.