Isiqavithi

**Isiqavithi** siyihlelokusebenza elisetshenziselwa ukuqhuba izingxoxo zokuqavitha kuxhakaxholo ngomqhafazo noma  umqafazo-nkulumo, esikhundleni sokuxoxa nomuntu ngokuqondile.Izinhlelo zesiqavithi, ziklanyelwe ukufefenyeka ngokugculisayo indlela umuntu acondoza ngayo engxoxweni. Iziqavithi zanamuhla eziningi zitholakala kuxhakaxholo futhi zisebenzisa  uHlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo ngezinhlelo zalo ezinekhono lokubamba ingxoxo nomsebenzisi zisebenzisa ulimi lwemvelo. Lolo hlobo lweziqavithi zivame ukusebenzisa ukufunda okunzulu kanye nokudludlungwa lolimi lwemvelo. Iziqavithi zibe nesibunge kusuka ngowezi-2020 lapho kuqala ukudlondlobala kohlakahlisombulu, ikakhulu lapho isiqavithi i-ChatGPT siba sematheni, futhi silandelwa ezinye esincintisana nazo ezifana ne-Gemini, iClaude kanye no-Grok.  Iziqavithi zohlakahlisombulu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinongo zolimi ezinkulu eziyisisekelo, ezifana ne-GPT-4 noma unongo lolimi lwe-Gemini olucolisiselwe ukusetshenziswa ngokukhethekile.

Umkhakha oyinhloko lapho iziqavithi ziqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kakhulu umkhakha wenkonzo yabathengi, okuyiwona ogcwele izilekeleli zoxhakaxholo.

## Umlando

### Isivivinyo sikaTuring
Ngowe-1950, isibhalwa sika-Alan Turing esithi "Izinguxa zokucikiza nenhlakahliso" saphakamisa okubizwa ngokuthi Isivivinyo sikaTuring njengombandela wenhlakahliso. Lombandela ocakathe ekhonweni lenhleleliso yesiCikizi lokulingisa umuntu engxoxweni exoxwa nomuntu elotshwa bukhoma futhi ngendlela umuntu ongumahlulelo azohluleka ngayo ukuhlukanisa kahle —esebenzisa isiqikili sengxoxo kuphela — phakathi kwenhleleliso kanye nomuntu.

### Iziqavithi zokuqala
Inhleleliso kaJoseph Weizenbaum ebizwa ELIZA yashicilelwa okokuqala ngowe-1966. UWeizenbaum alashongo ukuthi uELIZA ulumuke ngempela, futhi isingeniso sephepha lakhe sethula uELIZA njengembundane engayindawo.

Ukugidinga kukaELIZA kwakubandakanya ukuhlonza amazwi nemisho engongizosho eyisifako, nesiphumo sezimpendulo ezifanayo noma ezihleleliswe kusengaphambili eziqhubekisela ingxoxo phambili.

Ngowe-1978 to some time after 1983, umklamo iCYRUS ojolwa nguJanet Kolodner wakha isiqavithi esfefenyeka Cyrus Vance owayengumengamelo waseMelika. Sasisebenzisa ukuhluzulula ngokomongo, futhi siphefukisa isizindamininingo saso mihla yonke ngoku  parsing izindaba ezihamba ngocingo enhlangano iUnited Press International. Le nhleleliso yakwazi ukudludlunga izindaba eziphathelene nokwesula esikhundleni kukaMengameli   Cyrus Vance ngoApril we-1980, futhi ithimba eliphethe lakha esinye isiqavithi esifefenyeka owangena esikhundleni, uEdmund Muskie.

Ngowe-1984, kwakhishwa uhlelo oluxhakizimo lwenhleleliso ebizwa Racter olwalunjengesiqavithi.

Isiqavithi u-A.L.I.C.E. sakhishwa ngowe- 1995. Lesi siqavothi sisebenzisa ulimi *(markup language)* olubizwa AIML, olukhandelwe isifuzangxoxo *(conversational agent)* futhi sitshenziswa abakhandi abahlukene beziqabitho ezifana no-Alice. U-A
L.I.C.E unguhlakahlisombulu olubuthaka olungakwazi ukucubungula. Lusekwe ebuchuleni obufanayo nobuka-ELIZA bokuhlobanisa izifanelo.

### Iziqavithi zanamuhla zezinongo zolimi ezinkulu

Iziqavithi zanamuhla ezifana ne-ChatGPT zisekelwe ezinongweni zolimi ezinkulu ezibizwa iziguquzi eziqeqeshiwe eziphehlayo (GPT). Zisekelwe kungqalasizinda yokufunda okunzulu ebizwa Iziguquzi, equkethe izinhleloxhumano zezinzwa mbumbulu.

## Amaphathelelo