Utshwala

**Utshwala** buyisiphuzo sendakisa esikhiqizwa ngokuphisa nokuvubela okusahlamvu —ikakhulu umnhlayi (barley), nakuba kwesinye kusetshenziswa umdloyo (wheat), ummbila, izindumbuluzana, umthanca (oats).  Okusanhlamvu kuyancushuzwa ukuze umfukutho okuwo uphenduke izincithi, izincibilikayo emanzini kube inhlese. Ukuvutshelwa kwenhlese ngemvubelo kukhiqiza umzambiya noma ukucalahla kotshwala. Utshwala buyindakisa endala nephuzwa kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi budume kakhulu kuneinye izindakisa. Utshwala banamuhla buvutshelwa umbangu (hop), onezithokelo ezibabayo, ezikwazi nokuba isiphatheli sokukhweza nokuzinzisa isinambitho. Ezinye iziphatheli zokuthokela ezifana namakhambi, noma izithelo, nazo ziyafakwa esikhundleni sombangu. Kekuvuthselweni kwezentengiselwano, ukucalahla kwemvelo kufakelelwa ngokucalahla okuphoqiwe. 

Utshwala busatshalaliswa ngamagabha, nangamakani, futhi buthengiswa ematshwaleni nasezipotini.  Imboni yotshwala uhwebo lwembulunga yonke, futhi kukhonya izinkampani ezinkulu kanye anabathengisi abaningi nabakhiqizi bezifunda.

## uMsukagama
Elithi utshwala livela egameni lolimi olwandulela isintu, elaliphinyiswa kanje *ubu + ala*  okwakuyindlela yokubiza uphuzo endulo, lapho elithi *ala* lihlanganiswa nesiqalo 'ubu',  kodwa ngenxa yokulwangisa esizulwini, isiqalo 'ubu' sagcina sesinyamalele kwasale sekuthiwa utshwala.Lendlela yokuphimisa isabonakala ezilimini ezifana nesiLamba sona esithi *ubwalwa*, isiSuthu esithi *joala* nesiShona esithi *bgabga*.  Kanti igama lokuhlonipha utshwala elithi ubuwala, liwubufakazi bokuthi lena kwakuyindlela yokuphimisa yangaphambi kwemiphumela yokulwangisa.
Ukulwangiswa kwamagama into eyaziwayo, njengoba negama elithi utshani nalo livela kwelithi *ubu + ani* okuthi lapho kulwangiswa kusale utshani ngoba sinyamalele olwangeni isiqalo.
Amanye amagama wokuhlonipha utshwala ahlanganisa elithi ubucwanta, ubuhabulo, ubunatho, intantiya, ubuphuzo.

## uMlando

### Endulo

Utshwala buyisiphuzo esiphiswayo esidala kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bokuvubela buhlanganisa izinsalela zotshwala ezindala ngeminyaka eyizi-13,000, ezazisetshenziselwa imicikilisho abantu abayizimbadule, abake bahlala emigedeni esezintabeni zasKameli kwaIsirayeli. Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi utshwala babukhiqizwa naseGöbekli Tepe, eminyakeni eyizi-10000 edlule. Ubufakazi obucacile botshwala obukhiqiizwe ngomnhlayi batholalakala okokuqala ezintabeni zaseZagros entshonalanga nase-Irani.

Utshwala babunathwa naseGibhithe lasendulo, kukhona abavubukuli abaqagela ukuthi utshwala babunesandla ekwakhekeni kwezimoucuzeko ezihlukene. Abantu baseSumeri babephuza izinhlobonhlobo zotshwala, eziyisiphohlongo zikhandwa ngomhlayi, eziyishumi nambili ezomdloyo nezintathu zokusanhlamvu. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe, isisebenzi ngasinye sasinikezwa isamukezo saso samalitua ayisihlanu otshwala, ukuze Sithole umsonco futhi sehlise ukoma ukuze siqhubeke nomsebenzi wokwakha.

EShayina isiphuzo sasivutshelwa  ngezindumbulizana *(rice)* nangezithelo. Ezweni laseNdiya, abantu basendulo bashiya ubufakazi bokuthi nabo babeshwabadela utshwala obubizwa *sura*.

Utshwala basakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu busakazwa amaJalimani namaSeltik.  Utshwala obabuphizwa ngaleso sikhathi babuqukethe izithelo, uju, izonhlobo zezitshalo, izinongo, nezinye iziqa ezifana namakhambi ayizinkovo. Into eyayingekho kwakuyimibangu *(hops)*, eyafika kamuva, njengoba ukuphathwa kwayo kwaqala ngowe-822 nguCarolingian Abbot

Ngowe-1516, uWilliam IV, wavela nendlela ebizwa *Reinheitsgebot* (uMthetho wokucweba), okwaba umthetho wokulawula izingabunjalo lokudla osasetshenziswa nanamuhla,  owawuthi imiqobelo eyamukelekile yokuphisa utshwala amanzi, imibangu, nomnhlayi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamagabha angamabhodlela angamunwe kwaqalaIn ngowe-1912, inkampani ebizwa Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company yaseMilwaukee, eMelika. Lolo candululo lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla njengoba luvimbela imisebe yeLanga ukuba yehlise izingabunjalo botshwala ngaphakathi. Utshwala buyisiphuzo esiphizwa kakhulu nesithandwa kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ucwaningo owashicilelwa kakhulu lowezi-2018 lwasikisela ukuthi ukwehla komkhiqizo womnhlayi ngenxa yesomiso kuzohamba isikhathi kubangele ukungazinzi kwentengo nokutholakala kotshwala.

## Amagama otshwala ngesiZulu

Izitshabadu

IsiTshodo - flat beer

Isitshu - sour beer

Amabele

Ifumuka

Amaganu

Ugavini

Ingwebu

Igwele

Amahewu

Inhlanzelo

Injemane - corn wine

Ijiki

Isilahlane

iHiya

Umabhavana

uMaconsane

Isimehle

Inhlese

Izintshilontshilo

Isishimeyana - sweet cider

uMshudo

Imvingci

Isigomfane

Inkankatho

Imondiya

Isiqatha

Isiqombothi - bad beer

Imbamba

## Amaphatho