IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika

iNingizimu Afrika (ngokomthetho **iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika**, ngokwesijwayelekile **uMzansi**), iyilizwe eningizimu le-Afrika. iNingizimu Afrika inemigcele namazwe ayisithupha: iButswana neZimbabwe ngasenyakatho, iMozambiki ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, eSwazini ngasempumalanga, INamibhiya ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga. iNingizimu Afrika izungeze iLesotho. Futhi, inemigu yolwandle emibili: enye elwandlekazini yaseNdiya nenye ngaselwandlekazini yase-Atlantiki ezihlangana eKapa.

Kunokuhluka kwabantu ngokwelimi, kwehlanga nakwenkolo okuningi. Kunezilimi eziyishumi nambili ngokomthetho: isiZulu, isiNgisi, isiBhunu, isiTswana, isiTsonga, isiVenda, isiSuthu saseNyakatho (esaziwa ngokujwayelekile ngesiPedi) nesiSuthu saseNingizimu, isiNdebele saseNingizimu, isiSwazi, isiXhosa nokuphawula ngezandla. Futhi kunabantu bomdabu abangama-Khoi-San. Kunezinhlanga ezine zabantu: abaNsundu, abeLungu, amaNdiya namaKhaladi (inhlobo yabantu elihlanganisa abantu baseMalaysia, abantubomdabu, nabeLungu). Kukhonzwa izinkolo eziningi njengenkolo yomdabu, ubuKhrestu (elindlula ezinkolo ngenani labalandeli bayo), i-Islamu, isiHindu nesiJuda.

Ezombangazwe zilawulwa nguMthethosisekelo. uMthethosisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayahlonishwa nokuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngokulingana. uHulumeni unamagatsha amathathu ahlolanayo ukuthi angahluli amanye: isishayamthetho (iPhalamende ekhethwa ngabantu bonke abakhulile), igatsho lokuphatha (uMkhandlu wokuPhatha kaZwelonke), negatsha lobulungiswa (iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo nezinyi izinkantolo). Lelizwe lihlanganisa izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye: iNtshonalanga Kapa, iMpumalanga Kapa, iNyakatho Kapa, eGoli, iFuleyisitata, iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga, iLimpopo, kwaZulu-Natali neMpumalanga. Ineziqonga ezintathu: iPitoli, eKapa naseBloemfontein. Idolobha elunkulu kunazonke luseGoli.

Kwasukela iminyaka eyi-100,000 eyandlule, kwakuhlala amaKhoi-Sani ebaphila ngokuzulazula, ukuzingela izinyamazane nokuqoqa izitshalo zasehlathini. Kusukela iminyaka eyi-3000 eyandlule, kwaqala ukufika abantu basePhakathi Afrika abafuyayo, abalimayo, futhi abaqamba izinto ngensimbi. Bafudukele eNingizimu Afrika ngamaqembu alandelanayo. Bahlangana namaKhoi-Sani, baganana, bazalelana izingane. Abazukulu babo yibona ekuthiwa ngabantu abaNsundu ebayikhulu lenani labantu abahlala eNingizimu Afrika namhlanje. Ngo-1664, kwafika abantu baseNtshonalanga Yurobhu (namhlanje baziwa ngokuthi abeLungu). 

Bahlasela, bacindezela, futhi bahlukanisa abantu bomdabu ezindaweni ezithile futhi baphuca izizwe zabantu abaNsundu amandla okuzibusa nokuzimela. Futhi, basungula umbuso wobandululo okwehlanga kusukela u-1948 makungena i-National Party embusweni. Ngenxa yomzabalazo oludonswe phambili nge-African National Congress namanye amaqembu wabantu abansundu, nangemphoqo yamanye amazwe wangaphesheya (kakhulu wase-Afrika), umbuso wabeLungu wanikela amandla okubusa ngo-1994. Manje, iNingizimu Afrika ibuswa ngentandoyeningi kodwa kusekhona izinkinga: njengokungalingani ngemali ngaphakathi kwabantu bezihlanga ezihlukene, udlame ngenxa yobugebengu, nobumpofu nobungabi nomsebenzi. Noma kunjalo, iNingizimu Afrika inothile ukundlula amazwe wonke wase-Afrika. Ihloniphekile ngaphesheya ngenxa yokumela amalungelo wabantu abacindezelwayo nokukhutaza ukusebenzisana kamazwe.

## Igama
Kusetshenziswa amagama ambalwa akubiza iNingizimu Afrika. "IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika" iyigama elide ngokoMthethosisekelo. Kodwa kunabafundi besiZulu abathu igama likaRiphabhuliki liguqulwe kuMbusobala. Kusetshenziswa igama elifushane likaMzansi (igama lesiXhosa lasemthethweni). Ngenxa yokumbumbanan kwezihlanga ezahlukile emuva kwesikhathi sobandlululo, abantu balubiza "*Rainbow Nation*" (Iziswe Sokwethingo). Kunabantu abafunda ukuchitha amagama onke aqondene nekolonializimu. Ngakho ke bafuma lelilizwe libizwe "*Azania*".

## uHulumeni

### Ezokubusa

uHulumeni unamagatsha amathathu anikezwe amandla angafani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzohlala kubuswa ngentandoyeningi eNingizimu Afrika:

* Isishayamthetho: iPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika linezindlu ezimbili: isiGunga sikaZwelonke (indlu engaphansi) noMkhandlu kaZwelonkwe weziFundazwe (indlu engaphezulu)
* Igatsha lokuphatha: uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika noMkhandlu kaZwelonke wokuPhatha
* Igatsha lobulungiswa: iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, iNkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa amaCala nezinye izinkantolo

uMongameli uyinloko yombuso nenhloko yoMkhandlu kaZwelonke wokuPhatha. uMongameli uqoka aboNgqongqoshe abahola iminyango kahulumeni. uMongameli unamandla okwamkela noma ukubiyisa imithethosivivinywa ePhalamende. uMongameli ungumkhuzi omkhulu woMbutho wokuVikela waseNingizimu Afrika futhi umela ilizwe lonke ekwakheni ubudlelwane nezinye izizwe. uMongameli ukhethwa iningi lenani lwamalunga wesiGunga sikaZwelonke. Ohleli esikhundleni manje ngu-Cyril Ramaphosa owakhethwa ngo-2019 nango-2024. Akuvumelekanga ukuthi uMongameli ahlale ukundlula izikhathi ezimbili esikhundleni. uMongameli kufanele aqoka amalunga wePhalamende ukuba abangqongqoshe kodwa kuvumelekile akuthi akhethe abantu ababili ukuthi babengabangqogqoshe.

Makundlula iminyaka eyinhlanu, izakhamuzi zikhetha imihlangano zezombangazwe ukuthi zibamele esiGungeni sikaZwelonke naseziShayamthethweni zeziFundazwe. Imihlangano inikeza iKhomishini eziMele yoKhetho izihlu zamalunga afuna ukuthi bayimele esiGungeni naseziShayamthethweni. iKhomishini eziMele yoKhetho izonikeza imihlangano izihlalo esiGungeni naseziShayamthethweni ngobuningi bamavoti abawatholile ekhethweni. Amalunga anikezwa izihlalo ngokulandelana ezinhlwini ezazinikezwe iKhomishini. Kuvumelekile ukuthi inhlangano ikhiphe amalunga ahleli ngaphansi kwegama layo. Izifundazwe zinikezwe izihlalo ezilinganayo eMkhandlwini kaZwelonke weziFundazwe. Amalunga ayo akhethwa iziShayamthetho. Imihlangano inikezwa izihlalo eMkhandlwini ngobuningi bamalunga abanawo esiShayathethweni wesiFundazwe esithile. IsiGunga sikaZwelonke sinamandla okushaya imithetho ngadaba noma luphi endlula uMkhandlu kaZwelonke weziFundazwe — ngoba umsebenzi wayo uqondane kakhulu nezindaba zolwimi, amasiko nemiphakathi. 

uMthethosisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme kuyonke imithetho. iPhalamende inamandla okushaya nomayimuphi umthetho ohambisana nayo. iziNkantolo zegatsha yobulungiswa zinamandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho iyalendelwa. iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo inamandla okuchitha noma yimuphi umthetho ongahambisani nomthethosisekelo. Ezinye izinkantolo zihlulela ukuphikisana ngaphathi kwabantu nezinhlangano futhi zihlulela amacala womthetho wobugebengu. Izinkantolo zinamandla okugweba abantu amacala nokubabophisa ukuze kubenokulungiswa nokuxola ezweni. Izinqumo zezinkantolo zibayinxenye yomthetho welizwe ngoba zichaza ukuthi imithetho ngempela isho ukuthini.

### Ezombangazwe

Inhlangano enkulu eyayibusa iyodwa eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-1994 kufikela ngo-2024 yi-African National Congress (ANC). i-ANC isungulwe ngo-1912. Ngenxa yokuxoxisana nokuvumelana ne-*National Part*y (NP) ukuthi ubandlululo okwehlanga uchithwe ukuze abantu abansundu bakhone ukuvota, i-ANC iphumelele emikhethweni yokuqala eyisikhombisa ukuthi aboMongameli abane bokuqala besikhathi senkululeko babuye kuyo: kusukela uNelson Mandela kufika kuCyril Ramaphosa. iNhlangano yabelungu eyayibusa futhi eyasungula ubandlululo okwehlanga, i-NP, ibuse neANC eHulumendini yokuBumbana yango-1994. Kodwa ngasemuva kwesikhathi seHulumende yokuBumbana, i-NP yachithwa. Amanye amalunga ayo angena kwi-ANC. 

iQembu elaliphikisane ne-ANC kusukela u-1999 kwakuyi-*Democratic Party*, elaguqula igama kwi-*Democratic Alliance* (DA) kufikela u-2024. Ngo-2009, i-DA yathatha amandla eNtshonalanga Kapa kufika manje. Ngo-2024 yavuma ukungena emfelondawonyeni wezinhlangano lapho i-ANC beyidonsa phambili. *iNkatha* yasungulwa yiSilo uSolomoni kaDinuzulu ngezi-1920. uMntwana uMangosuthu Buthelezi wayiguqula igama kwiNkatha Freedom Party wayiphendula inhlangano yezombangazwe ngo-1975 eyaphatha kwaZulu esikhathini sobandlululo kufikela u-1994. Ngo-1994 yavuma ukubayilunga lemfelondawonye yeHulumende yokuBumbana futhi yabayinhlangano enkulu esifundazweni esasisisha ngalesosikhathi sakwaZulu-Natali kodwa yahlulwa yi-ANC ekhethweni wango-2004. 

Ngo-2014, uJulius Malema, owayenguMongameli weQembu laBasha le-ANC, wasungula inhlangano yakhe, i-*Economic Freedom Fighters* (EFF). Yafika ezingeni yokuba inhlangano entathu ngobukhulu esizweni ekhethweni wango-2024. u-Jacob Zuma, owayenguMongameli weNingizimu Afrika kusukela u-2009 kufikela ku-2018, wasungula inhlangano yoMkhonto weSizwe ngo-2023 owandlula i-EFF ngenani lamavoti ekhethweni wango-2024. Kusukela u-2024, i-MK iyinhlangano ephikisayo-ngokomthetho ngoba i-DA ingene emfelandawonyeni ne-ANC. Ngo-2024, iNhlangano yoMkhonto wesiZwe ithole amavoti andlula imihlangano yonke kwaZulu-Natali, kodwa ngenxa yokubumbana kwe-IFP, i-DA, ne-ANC, yavalelwa ngaphandle kwezibambo zokubusa kulesosifundazwe.

### Imphoqelelo yomthetho

Amaphoyisa waseNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi: *South African Police Service*) anomsebenzi wokuphoqelela umthetho esizweni nokuvikela umphakathi. Kuneziteshi eziyi-1,154 zamaphoyisa futhi kunabaqhashi emaphoyiseni abayi-150,950. Ngokuba abantu abazizwa baphephile ngenxa yobugebengu obuningi, iNingizimu Afrika inobalo lwezinkampani zokuphephisa olundlala izizwe zonke emhlabeni. Inani labantu abasebenzela lomkhakha undlula izigidi eziyi-2.5 (futhi, ngobuningi, bandlula amaphoyisa namajoni mabehlangene).

Kunobugebengu obuningi eNingizimu Afrika njengokudlwengula kanye nodlame wokuhlukumeza izingane nabesifazane: amaPhoyisa amemeza ukuthi abesifazane abayi-75,871 ngo-2023 kufika ku-2024 abathintwe udlame, ukudlwengula nokubulawa. Kuvamile ukuthi abesifazane bahlukunyezwe ngabantu abesilisa ababaziyo. Futhi kunobunye ubugebengu njengzigameko zokudunwa nokutshontshwa kwezimoto, ukuthunjwa kwabantu, ukugqekeza ezindlini nasemahhovisini, nenkohlakalo ehulumendeni njengokutshontsha izimali zesizwe. OweyenguMengameli uJacob Zuma wasungula iKhomishini yokuHlola ukuThunjwa kweZwe ngo-2017 noCyril Ramaphosa wasungula iKhomishini yokuHlola ukuGxambukela nobuGebengu ezeMbangazweni ngo-2025 ngenxa yokujula nobubanzi kwenkohlakalo ebolisa uhulumeni. 

### Ubudlelwano nezinye izizwe

iNingizimu Afrika liyilunga yemihlangano yamazwe njengeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo (isiNgisi: *United Nations*), iNhlangano yase Africa (isiNgisi: *African Union*), i-BRICS (inhlangano yeBrazil, iNdiya, iShayina, neNingizimu Afrika), iNhlangano yoMhlabawonke woHwebo (isiNgisi: *World Trade Organisation*), iNkantolo yoMhlabawonke wobuGebengu (isiNgisi: *International Criminal Court*), i-*Commonwealth of Nations*, iKomithi yoMhlabawonke wama-Olympics (isiNgisi: *International Olympic Committee*), i-*Fédération Internationale de Football Association* (i-FIFA), Inhlangano yoMhlabawonke yabaSebenzi (isiNgisi: *International Labour Organisation*). Noma buthi ukubanda ubudlelwano neMelika, iNingizimu Afrika isebenzisana futhi ihwebana nayo kakhulu kanye namanye amazwe ekuthiwa wase-"Mpumalanga" njengeNhlangano yaseYurobhu (ngesiNgisi: *European Union*).

iNingizimu Afrika lidume ngaphesheya ngokukhulumela amalungelo wabantu abahluphekile. Ngo-2024, izamile ukusiza iYukreyini neRashiya zixoxisane ukuqeda imipi yabo. Ngo-2022, iNingizimu Afrika ivulele i-Israyeli icala eNkantolo yoMhlabawonke yobuLungiswa mayelana ukubhubhisa kwamaPalestini eGaza. iNingizimu Afrika ithumela amajoni ukuthi agcine ukuthula ezindaweni lapho kunempi yezakhamuzi khona njengase-DRC (isiNgisi: ''Democratic Republic of the Congo''), eMozambhiki, eLesotho, eSudani, naseBhurundi. Ngenxa yodlame nenhlupheko eZimbabwe, iNingizimu Afrika yamkele ababaleki. Futhi yamkele ababaleki ngobuningi abaqhamuke kwezinye izizwe ezinempi njengeSomaliya, Khongo-Kinshasa, eMozambhiki naseSudani. 

### Ezokuvikela

umButho kaZwelonke oVikelayo waseNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi: *South African National Defence Force*) unikezwe umsebenzi wokuvikela amagcele waseNingizimu Afrika - yiwona wodwa wemibutho evumelekile ukuhloma. Lombutho unamagatsha amane: amaButho waseMhlabeni, waseLwandle, waseBhakabhakeni, nawezeMpilo. amaButho waseLwandle ahlome imikhumbi yempi eyi-44, njengemikhumbi enthathu yangaphansi kwamanzi. Namhlanje amaButho waseLwandle abhekane nokubamba abazingeli nabadwebi bezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zaselwandle ezivikeleliwe kanye nobunye ubugebengu elwandle. Futhi, ilwa namagcwelegcwele waselwandle eMozambhiki. amaButho waseMhlabeni asebenza e-Afrika ezindaweni ezibhekane nempi ukuthi zibenokuthula futhi bavikela imigcele yaseNingizimu Afrika. amaButho waseBhakabhakeni alwa kubhakabhaka lweNingizimu Afrika.

Kukhona izinkampani ezikhandela umButho waseNingizimu Afrika izikhali nenye impahla: iDenel, iMilkor, iParamount Group ne-Reutech Radar Systems. Uphinde uthenge izinto eMbusweni Ohlangeneyo, eMelika, eJalimani, eJapani, eTaliya naseSwidi. Isabelomali somButho yizigidigidi eziyi-51.8 zamaRand ngoyaka ka-2024. Kunamajoni ahlangene ayi-71,235. iNduna yamaJoni Jikelele nguRudzani Maphwanya.

### Izifundazwe
Kunezifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye. Zinesishayamthetho esikhethwa ngasemuva kweminyaka eyihlanu kanye nePhalamende. Izifundazwe zineNdunakulu ekhethwa abalunga besishayamthetho. Indunankulu ikhetha abangqongqoshe bomiKhandlu yesiFundazwe yokuPhatha. Zonke izifundazwe zineNkomfa yeNkantolo ePhezulu yaseNingizimu Afrika ekudluliswa amacalo khona ngamphambe ukuthi adluliselwe eNkantolo yoMthehtosisekele nomaNkantolo ePhakeme Yokudlulisa Amacala.

Izifundazwe zinabomasipala abayi-205 bendawo futhi abayi-52 phezukwabo abesifunda. Kunamamasipala ayisishiyagalombili abanamandla wesifunda nendawo ekuthiwa ama-*metropolitan* lapho kuhlala inani labantu eliningi khona: iGoli, eKapa, eThekwini, ePitoli, eKurhuleni, eNelson Mandela Bay, eBufallo City naseMangaung. Izifundanzwe yilezi ezilandelayo:

## Ezomnotho

iNingizimu Afrika inesimo somnotho osathuthuyako. e-Afrika yonke, iyona ethuthuke kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe ngomboni futhi inkulu uzindlula zonke: phezu kwezigidigidi eziyigidi eziyi-1.030 zamaDola ngokulinganisa amandla emali (isiNgisi: *purchasing power parity*) noma izigidigidi eziyi-418 zamaDola ngobunjalo nje (isiNgisi: *nominal*). Umkhiqizo ohlukaniswe okwekhanda, undlula amazwe amaningi e-Afrika: phezu kwamaDola ayi-16,080 wamaDola. Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bacebe ukundlula izizwe zonke zase-Afrika: izigidigidi eziyi-650 zamaDola. 

iNingizimu Afrika ihwebana kakhulu namanye amazwe ase-Afrika, iShayina, iMelika, iJalimani, iSpaniya, noMbuso oHlangeneyo. iNingizimu Afrika ikhiqize insimbi njengegolide, iplatinamu, ipaladium, imanganese, ichrome, namalahle. iNingizimu Afrika ikhiqiza umbila, umoba, amazambane, iwayini, itiya yerooibos, namafutho wemifino, futhi imfuyo yezinkomo, izinkuku, izimvu nezimbuzi, iletha imali eningi. 

Ngenxa yobuhle, isimo sezulu esimnandi, izindawo zokubona izinyamazane, ukudla okumnandi newayini edumile ngaphesheya, nokuthuthuka kwengqalasizinda, iNingizimu Afrika ivakashelwa ukundlula wonke amazwe ase-Afrika. Futhi inezindawo eziningi eziklomiswe ngokuba ifa elibalulekile emhlabeni wonke. iNingizimu Afrika inomkhakha womnotho wezemali othembekile kakhulu. i-Johannesburg Stock Exchange (lapho kuhwetshwa izibopho emali namasheya emankampanini) indlula amanye amamakethi e-Afrika ngobukhulu kwemali nangokuthuthuka. 

Ngemphoxeko alikho ilizwe emhlabeni elinobungalinga kwemali njengeNingizimu Afrika. Lesimo singenxa yobungalingani kwomholo, ukungasebenzi kwenani elinkulu labantu, nobumpofa oluthinta abantu abaningi. Kunabantu abandlula u-33% abangasebenzi noma u-44% ngencazelo eyandiswa. Abantu abangu-55%, baphila ngaphansi kwezinga lobumpofu bukazwelonke, futhi abantu abangu-25% basezingeni lobumpofu lokuba encupeni yokungadli okwanele. Kunzima ukuthi umnotho wenze usebenze olingene abantu bonke abafuna umsebenzi ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lemfundo, ubunzima bokusungula amabhizinisi nokutshala imali ngenxa yemigomo engakhuthazi ubuzisebenza. Futhi, isikhathi sobandlululo sishiye abaningi abansundu banganyo indlela olukuzithuthukisa, ngesibonelo, ngokulima ngoba bengenamhlaba.

### Ingqalasizinda

Ingqalasizinda yaseNingizimu Afrika ivame ukuba ncono ukundlula amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika kodwa akusho ukuthi konke kulungile. Kunemigwaqo engamakhilomitha ayi-754,600 eNingizimu Afrika, eseshumi emhlabeni wonke ngobude kodwa imiGwaqo eminingi inezigodi. Imigqa yezitimela indlula-30,000 amakhilomitha ngobude. iNingizimu Afrika yilizwe lokuqala e-Afrika ukuba nesitimela esihamba ngokushesha: iGautrain eGoli. Imigqa yezitimela eminingi ingphantsi kweTransnet, inkampani yakahulumeni. Ngenxa yokushiswa kwezitimela, ukutshontshwa nokuphulwa kwemishini, nokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okungalungiswa, izinga lengqalasizinda zezitimela zaseNingizimu Afrika luyawohloka. Izitimela zivame ukungcola, ukungaphephanga, nokungafiki ngesikhathi ngenxa yokungaphathwi kahle. Imikhakha eminingi emiphakathini nasemnothweni njengamamayini athembele ezitimeleleni ukuthutha impahla nabantu ngobuningi.

iNingizimu Afrika ithembele emalahleni ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ikomothi yoGesi eyaziwa nge-Eskom yayisungulwe ngo1923. Ngokuzama ukukhuthaza izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi zingene emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ugesi ngezi-1999, uhulumeni uvimbe i-Eskom ukuthu ingakhi iziteshe zogesi ezintsha. Kodwa lokhu akusizanga. I-Eskom ibihluleka ukukhiqiza ugesi owanele ngenxa yokwanda ngokushesha kwezakhamuzi ezixhumakelwe nogesi emuva kwesikhathi sobandlululo lapho abelungu namabhizinisi kwakuyiwona wedwa ewathola ugesi. Ngoba imigqa yogesi yayidonsa nzima ukufikisa ugesi ebantwini bonke, umbuso unqamule izibopha ezivimbe i-Eskom ukuthi yakhe iziteshi zogesi. Ekuzameni ukwakha iziteshi zeMedupi neKusile, kwamoshakala imali, kwanda isikolodo kangangokuthi wawuncane ngendlela ephoxekisayo umkhiqizo wogesi. Ngenxa yalezizinkinga, kwasuka ukunciphiswa kwegesi ngesikhathi esihlelekile ngo-2007. Kusukela u-2024, isimo sithi ukuguquka ngenxa yokuqotshwa kweNgqongqoshe yoGesi omusha uKgosientso Ramkgopa. 

iNingizimu Afrika yilizwe lokuqala e-Afrika ukukhiqiza ugesi ngenuzi: kunesitheshi sogesi wenuzi eKapa, iKoeberg. iNingizimu Afrika enezikhumulo zezindiza zamazwewonke: i-OR Tambo neLanseriya eGoli, nenyeEkapa, iSilo uShaka eThekwini, neNkosi uDavide Stuurman eGqeberha. INingizimu Afrika inezikhumulo zezindiza ezi-401. Futhi inetheku elikhulu eThekwini eliwandlula wonke amazwe ase-Afrika ngokusinda kwempahla ethwalwa izikhumbi ezingena khona. Futhi kunezitheku zaseKapa, eGqeberha naseSaldanha lapho Umbutho woLwandle ugcina imikhumbi yempi khona. 

### Isayensi nobuchwepheshe

Kunokuhlakani nobuchwepheshe obuqhamuka eNingizimu Afrika olundlula okulindelwe nabantu abaningi. Emandulo kwakukhona abantu bomdabu eMpumalanga abakhe ikhalenda yamatshe eyokuqala yokuchaza iminyaka nesikhathi ekuthiwa yiNzalo yeLanga kusukela iminyaka eyi-75,000 kufika ku-200,000 ewandlule. Abantu baseMapungubwe eLimpopo baqambe impahla ngegolide kusukela iminyaka eyi-500 kufika ku1100 eyandlule. Ngemuva kokufika abelungu nokusuka wesikhathi sogesi, imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe yanda. Ngo-1882, iKimberley, eNyakatho Kapa yayidlobha lesibili emhlabeni ukukhanyisa imigwaqo ngemibani yogesi. 

Ngo-1955, kuqalwe ukukhiqiza amafuthi emalahleni eNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yobuchwepheshe baseSasol. Ngo-1957, isayensi nesikhomba sokwakha umshini ohlola ubungaphakayi bomzimba womuntu, iCAT Scan, bewuqamuka eNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yomsebenzi woSolwazi u-Allan Cormack. Ngo-1967 uChristiaan Barnard noHamilton Naki bebangabantu bokuqala bokwenza isihlinzelo esivulekile sokufaka inhliziyo yomuntu komunye umuntu ophilayo esibhedlele seGroote Schuur eKapa. Ngezi-1980, iNingizimu Afrika yayilizwe lokuqala lase-Afrika ukwakha izikhali zenuzi. Ngo-1995, uMark Shuttleworth udale uhlelo lokuvimba ukuthwetshulwa kwamakhompiyutha ekuthiwa yi-Thawte. go-2004, uMark Shuttleworth wadala uhlelo lokulawula amakhompiyutha, Ubuntu, elisasetshenziswa nanamhlanje. 

I-Square Kilometre Array yiqoqo lwezibonakude ezisinikeza ukhono lokucwaninga izinkanyezi nezinye izizulane ezisemkhathini. Abasolwazi baseNyuvesi yaseKapa bafake isandla ekwakheni kwehlelo lokulawula amakhompiyutha e-*Large Hadron collider*, umshini eSwitzerlandi oshayisana izihlamvukazi zamatomi ukufunda imithetho ejulile yendalo. iNingizimu Afrika ithole inhlobo yesifo seCoronavirus i-Omicron kuqala ngo-2021. uSolwazi uMashudu Tshifularo waseNyuvesi yasePitoli uyena wokuqala emhlabeni wonke ukuphumelela ekufakeni kwethambo langaphakathi lwendlebe eliqanjwe ngokuphrinta kwezilinganiso ezintathu ngo-2019.

## Ezezibalo zabantu

Kunenani labantu elindlula izigidi eziyi-64 eNingizimu Afrika, nokuminyana kwabantu abayi-51.8 ngesikhilomitha-skwele. Kunenani labantu abangangenanga ngokwomthetho abayizigidi ezinhlanu, kakhulu abantu baseZimbabwe. Kunabantu abansundu abangamaphesenti ayi-81, abelungu abangamaphesenti ayi-7.3, amaKhaladi abayi-8.2% namaNdiya ayi-2.7%. IsiZulu sincelwe ebeleni ngabantu abangamaphesenti ayi-24.4 (ukundlula izilimi zonke ngobuningi), isiXhosa silandela ngo-16.4% isiBhunu ngo-10.6%, nesiNgisi ngo-8.7%. Noma kunjalo, isiNgisi sitshenziswa emabhizinisini, nasezimfundisweni nasehulumendeni ukundlula izilimi zonke. 

Inani labantu abandlula u-79%, bakholelwa ebuKhrestini, ukundlula inani lezinkolo zonke ezinye. ebuKhrestini kunamaZayoni abayi-11%, abaZalwane (amaPentekositi) abayi-8.2%, abaseRoma abayi-7.1%, amaWesile ayi-6.8% nabebandla laseNetherlands abayi-6.2%. AmaMuslimi, abantu abakholelwa esintwini kuphela nabaHindi bangango 1%. Kodwa, baningi abantu abahlanganisa ubuKhrestu nenkolo yomdabu njengamasiko akubo. AmaMuslimi avema ukuba amaKhaladi waseKapa (ama-*Cape Malay*) namaNdiya. Kukhona nomphakathi omncane wamaJuda.

### Ezemfundo

Ngowezi-2025 kwakunabantu abadala abangamaphesenti ngama-95% abakwazi ukufunda. Ingeyesibili enamazinga wemfundo aphezulu e-Afrika, ilandela iSeychelles. INingizimu Afrika inohlelo lwezemfundo olunamazinga amathathu: olokuqala ngezikole zamabangaphansi kulandele izikole zamabangaphezulu (ezingaphansi kweminyango yezifundo yezifundazwe), kugcine imfundo ephakeme yamanyuvesi namakolishi. iNingizimu Afrika isezingeni eliphansi ngezemfundo emhlabeni malulinganiswa namanye amazwe ngezizathu ezimbalwa:

* Imaki lokuphasa esikoleni ngu-30%
* Abantu abaningi abaphasi ngo-Bachelor, oludingekayo ukuqhubeka ukufunda emanyuvesini
* Ngu-50% wezingane eziqala isikole ezizophasa umatekuletsheni
* Inani labafundi abasebangeni llesishiyagalolunye abakwazi ukufunda noma ukubala okufanelwe iminyaka yabo
* Ngoba esikhathini sobandlululo, umbuso wavimba amathuba amaningi wokufunda nokuqeqeshwa, awukho umkhuba wokufunda emiphakathini eminingi
* Kunodlame, izidakamiswa nokuswela imithombo nengqalasizinda ezikoleni eziningi ezenza ukufunda kubenzima.

Kungakho, abazali abakhonayo ngokwemali bamikisa Izingane zabo ema-*Model C* (izikole ezagcinelwa abelungu esikhathini sobandlululo) nomaezikolweni ezizimele. Ngoba abaningi Abantu abampofu abanayo imali enele ukumikisa Izingane zabo kulezikole, Izingane zabo ezifunda ezikoleni zikahulumeni zisala emuva. Lokuhlukana emizingeni emibilo yokufunda, yenza ukuthi kubenzima ukuthi abantwana abaqhamuka emakhazeni abampofu ukuthi baphumelele ezinfundweni eziphezulu. Uhulumeni uzamile ukulinganisa amathuba ngezinhlelo nemingqubomgomo ehlukene njengokunikeza abantwana amampofu imifundaze phecelezi i-NSFAS (isiNgisi: *National Student Financial Aid Scheme*) namanye amaqhinga. 

Amanyuvesi aseNingizimu Afrika ahloniphekile e-Afrika nasemhlabeni wonke ngokukhiqiza izinga locwaningo nokufundisa olulingana namazwe asesingeni eliphezulu lentuthuko. Amanyuvesi adulime yilawa: iNyuvesi yaseKapa, iNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand, iNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch, iNyuvesi yaseGoli, iNyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natali, neNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika. INyuvesi yaseFort Hare ikhiqize abaholi abaningi bezepolitiki njengo-Nelson Mandela owayenguMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, uRobert Mugabe owayenguMongameli waseZimbabwe, uSeretse Khama owayenguMongameli waseButswana, uJulius Nyerere owayenguMongameli waseThanzaniya, no-Oliver Tambo owayenguMongameli we-ANC.

### Ezempilo

Owesilisa uvame ukuphila iminyaka eyi-59.3, owesimame uvame ukuphila iminyaka eyi-64.4 kodwa abantu abansundu nabantu abampofu bavame ukuphila isikhathi esifushane ukundlula abelungu nabantu abacebile, futhi umehluko mukhulu. Kuvame ukushona Izingane ezincane eziyi-24 ngenkulungwane yabantu. Kunabantu abayi-13.5% abaphila nesifo sengculazi. Inani labo liyaphunguleka ngenxa yokumbatha ijazi lomkhwenyana ecansini nokuphuza imishanguzo ecindezela legciwane egazini. 

Ukungalingani kobude bempilo ngaphakathi kwabacebile nabampofu kungenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ukhokhela bonke abantu abampofu ngemali yentelo kodwa lemali kufanele ufeze izidingo zabantu abayi-84% kodwa abantu abancono ngesimo semali (u-16% wabantu) bakhona ukukhokhela izinsizo zempilo, ukuze bakhone ukuhambela izibhedlela ezizimele lapho izinga lokuphathwa lindlula izibhedlela zikahulumeni. Futhi, ngokwanda kwemali, umuntu ukwazi ukuhlala endaweni ephephile, ukuthola usizo ngokushesha, ukudla ukudla okuphilisayo, nokudela izingozi ezehlela abantu abahlupekayo. 

Kungakho uhulumeni we-ANC uzama ukuvusa i-NHI (iNtshulensi yezeMpilo lakaZwelonke) ukuze uhulumeni kuhlinzekelwe izinga elinganayo lezempilo kubonke abantu. Kodwa baningi abangavumi ngoba iNingizimu Afrika ayinabo abantu  abalaphayo abanele inani labantu (0.3 wamadokotela ngenkulungwane yabantu, ngaphantsi kwe-2.5 yamadokotela ngenkulungwane yabantu ephakanyiswa uMhlangano woMhlabawonke wezeMpilo). Futhi, kuzofuneka ukuthi imali yentelo ekhokelwayo ngabambalwa abasebenzayo ikhuphuke kakhulu. Nokuthi umkhakha wezibhedlela elizimele awunayo imibhede elingene abantu bonke baseMzansi. Okwamanje i-NHI ayikakabikhona.

## Ezamasiko nobuciko

### Ezomculo
Imiculo yamapiano, ikwaito nesipantsula idalwe eGoli. Imiculo yeGqom, iMaskandi, iMbaqanga nesiCathamiya iqhamuka kwaZulu. Abantu balalela umnculo omunye ohlukile njengehouse, iHip-Hop, iclassical, ipop, igospel nezinye. Kunabaculi abadumile abaqhamuka eNingizimu Afrika njengeLadysmith Black Mambaso eyaklomiswa ngeGrammy Award kabili (besicathamiya), uBrenda Fassie, uYvonne Chaka-Chaka noLeleti Mbuli (bepop), Hotstix Mabuza, uMiriam Makeba noweyengumyeni wakhe uHugh Masekela (bejazz), amaHotella Queens (bembaqanga), iHhashi eliMhlophe (wemaskandi), iSoweto Gospel Choir eyaklomiswa ngeGrammy Award, iJoyous Celebration neSpirit of Praise (begospel), uMbongeni Ngema (owayenza umculo wamamuvi njenge-*Lion King* owaklomiswa nge-Academy Award, neSarafina). Kukhona nabaculi babelungu njengoKurt Darren (womculo wesiBhunu) Fokofpolisiekar (bomculo werock), ne-Die Antwoord (be-Hip-Hop yesiBhunu). Izikhungo zokufundisa umcule ezidumile yiKolishi yaseNingizimu Afrika yoMculo (yaseNyuvesi yaseKapa), namanye amanyuvesi. 

### Ezokungcebeleka

iNingizimu Afrika inomkhakha wamamuvi, yezinhlelo zikamabonakude nokujabulisa othuthukile futhi ohloniphekile e-Afrika nangaphesheya. Amamuvi enzwe eNingizimu Afrika aklomiswe ama-Academy Award (phecelezi ama-Oscar) ngo-*Tsotsi*, no-*My Octopus Teacher.* Ezacishe zaklomiswa ngo-*Yesterday*, *Old Righteous Blues*, ne-*Last Ranger*. Kukhona amanye amamuvi adumile njenge-*District Nine*, *The Gods Must Be Crazy*, *Jerusalema*, *Oh Schucks.... It's Schuster!*, *Mama Jack*, Sarafina!, *White Wedding*, *How to Ruin Christmas*, *iNxeba* (eyacindezelwa nguhuhulumeni ngenxa yokuveza isiko lokusoka lwamaXhosa kanye nobudlewane labesilisa abathandanayo). 

Futhi kunezinhlelo zamabonakude ezidumile njenge-*Shaka Zulu* (kudlala uHenry Cele, eyayenzwa kabusha ngegama lika-*Shaka iLembe*), *Velaphi*, *eMzini weziNtsizwa*, *Generations* (owayenza kabusha ngegama lika-*Generations: the Legacy*), *Skeem Saam*, *Scandal*, *The River*, *Isidingo*, *Uzalo*, *The Queen*, *Blood and Water*, *Kings of Joburg*. Kwakunohlelo lwabantwana kamabonakude njengo-*Yo TV! Land*, *Hectic Nine9.* Kunezinhlelo ezilandela izimpilo zabantu, ifashini, noma ezikhombisa ukuncintisana njenge-*Friends Like These*, *Selimathunzi* nezinye. I-South African Broadcasting Corporation iyinkampani kahulumeni elimandla amakhulu ngokubanamatshaneli kamabonakude nomsakazo njenge SABC1, 2 no-3, SABC News, SABC Sport, uKhozi FM, Umhlobo weNene, neLesedi FM. Isiphathamandla esiziMele zokuXhumana saseNingizimu Afrika silawula imigqubomgomo nemibandela elawula umkhakha wamabonakude, umsakazo nentanethi.

### Ezobuciko

Ubuciko njengokuzihlobisa noma ukuhlobisa izindawo zokuhlala yinxenye yesiko elimnqoka ebantwini baseNingizimu Afrika ngoba luveza ubutho bomuntu nomphakathi futhi unikeza abantu yokuziveza uqobo. AmaNdelele adumile ngokudweba izithombe zemibala ezindlini zabo, nokumbatha ubucwebe bensimbi. Ama-Khoi San wayedweba izithombe emihumeni. AbaNguni, amaKhoi-San, nabaTswana baziwa nokumbatha izikhumba zezilwane nobucwebe bobuhlalu. AmaTsonga namaVenda banomlando omude wokuthunga izingubo ngokotini (olwaziwa ngelimi lakubo nge-*mpela ya swinwela*). Kusukela izi-1800, kunezindwangu ezazivela njenge-*Seshweshwe* samaTswana, amaPedi nabeSuthu, ingubo ye-*Seanamarena*, kanye nom-*Bhaco* wamaXhosa. Kunezakhiwo eziphakeme zokukhombiswa ubuciko nezithombe eNingizimu Afrika njenge-Zeits Museum of Contemporary Art, Iziko South African National Gallery, ne-Johannesburg Art Museum

### Ezobucikomazwi

Ukubhala akuveli ngokomdabu eNingizimu Afrika ngoba abantu bomdabu bebandlulisa umlando ngokukhuluma. Kodwa makufika abahwebi nezithunywa zevangeli kwaqala ukubhalwa ngokuhumusha iBhayibheli elwimini lwesintu. Lokhu kuqale isiko sokubhala izincwadi. Ababhali abadumile ngo-Steve Bantu Biko (umholi weBlack Consciousness Movement odume ngokubhala u-*I Write What I Like*), uNelson Mandela (owabhala umlando wempilo yakhe nokumelana nobandlululo u-*Long Walk to Freedom*), uSolomon Plaatjie (owabhala u-*Mhudi*: *An Epic of South African Native Life a Hundred Years Ago*), uJohn Langalibalele Dube (ubaba we-ANC, owabhala *iNsila kaShaka*), Athol Fugard (owabhala u-*Cry, my Beloved Country*), Nadine Gordimer (owaklomiswa i-*Nobel Prize in Literature*), Alan Paton (owabhala imidlalo), uMazisi Kunene (umbhali wezinkondlo).

### Izinsuku zomphakathi zokuguba okuthile

* 1 uMasingana: uSuku lokuGuba ukuQalwa kwoNyaka oMusha.
* Ngo-Ndasa kufika kuMbasa: uLwesihlanu oMuhle oguba ukuqala kwePasika, ilanga lokuhlatshwa kukaJesu Khrestu. 
* Usonto olulandela uLwesihlanu oMuhle: uSuku wemiNdeni, ogujwa ngenxa yokuvuka kukaJesu Khrestu kwabafileyo
* 21 uNdasa: uSuku lokuGuba amaLungelo waBantu. Luyisikhumbuzo lwokubhubhiswa kwabantu baseSharpeville ngenxa yokushisa ama-dompass.
* 27 uMbasa: uSuku lokuGuba iNkukuleko. Luyisikhumbuzo lokhetho wokuqala wentandoyeningi lapho abansundu bavumelekile ukuvota.
* 1 uNhlaba: uSuku lokuGuba abaSebenzi.
* 9 uNcwaba: uSuku lokuGuba abesiFazane. Luyisikhumbuzo sabesifazane benhlangano iBlack Sash abahambale eZakhiweni zeNyunyana ukumelana nobandlululo okwehlanga
* 24 uMandulo: uSuku lokuGuba amaSiko. Luyisikhumbuzo sokushona kweSilo samaBandla uShaka kaSenzangakhona Zulu
* 16 uZibandlela: uSuku lokuGuba ukuBuyiselana. Kwakuwusuku wokuguba ukunqoba kwamaBhunu empini yaseNcome
* 25 uZibandlela: uKhesimusi. Kugujwa ukuzalwa kukaJesu Khrestu.

### Izimpawu

## Imithombo