UHulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika

UHulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika uchaza amaqembu nohlelo oluphatha abantu baseNingizimu Afrika. Uhlelo wezombusazwe waseNingizimu Afrika uhlanganisa umbuso wentandayeningi lapho khona izakhamuzi  zilingana ngamalungelo nesithunzi. uMthethosisekelo ungumthetho obalulekile ukundlula imithetho namasiko onke eNingizimu Afrika ngoba usekela indlela ilizwe kufanele libuswe ngayo nedlela uHulumeni kufanele asebenze ngayo. uHulumeni unamagatsha amathathu: isishayamthetho, igatsha lokuphatha, negatsha lokuhlulela. Amagatsha ayagadana ukuze elinye lingagcizeleli phantsi amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi nokuthi angamenuli intandoyeningi.

Igatsha lokushaya umthetho libizwa ngePhalamende (luseKapa). Liqanjwa izindlu ezimbili: Isishayamthetho sikaZwelonke (indlu ephantsi) noMkhandlu kaZwelonke weziFundazwe. ISishayamthetho sikaZwelonke sikhetha omnye wezilunga zayo ukuthi abenguMongameli. uMongameli ukhetha iKhabhinethi yaseNingizimu Afrika. oNgqonqoshe bangamalunga eKhabinethi baphinde baphathe iminyango kahulumeni. uMongameli neKhabinethi bahlangene bayinhloko yegatsha yokuphatha (esePitoli). uMongameli ukhetha abehluleli abaphezulu egatsheni lokuhlulela. iNkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa amaCala iseBloemfontein kodwa iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo uhlala eGoli. 

iNingizimu Afrika ihlanganisa iziFundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye, ezinikezwe amandla okushaya imithetho nokuphatha izindaba ezilotshwe kuMthethosisekelo njengezikole nezempilo. iNingizimu Afrika iyilunga yezinhlangano zamazwe njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, umPhakathi weNtuthuko weZizwe eziseNingizumu yeAfrika (phecelezi i-SADC) neNhlangano ye-Afrika futhi inobudlelwane namanye amazwe lapho khona imelwe uhulumeni. amaButho okuvikela izwe angaphantsi kwamandla kahulumeni. 

iNyunyana yoBandlululo yaseNingizumu Afrika isungulwe yiPhalamende yaseMbusweni Ohlangeneyo ngokushaya uMthetho weNingizimu Afrika ngo-1909 owahlanganisa iKapa Koloni, iTransvaal, i-Orange Free State, iNatali namazwe wabantu abantsundu abomdabu baseNingizimu Afrika. iNkosi yaseNgilandi yayinhloko yezwe emelwe nguMbusi-Jikelele. Amandla okuphatha bekasezandleni zeNdunankulu okhethwe yiPhalamende. Ngo-1961, abantu amamhlophe bakhethe ukubayi-Riphabhuliki, basusa iNkosi yaseNgilandi nomkhulumeli wakhe, banyusa uMongameli woMbuso, kodwa bagcina amanye amagatsha ohulumeni owaqinisa ubandlululo nencindezelo wabantu abantsundu. Ngoba iHlangano Khongolose yase-Afrika (i-ANC) beyilwela ukukhululwa namalungelo wabantu abantsundu, umbuso wobandlululo wanika amaKhaladi namaNdiya ilungelo lokukhetha abameli babo ePhalamende kaNdluntathu. Ngo-1992, abamhlophe bakhetha ukuchitha umbuso wobandlululo. Ngo-1994, umbuso washaya umthethosisekelo wesikhashane wabuyisa amaHomeland eNingizimu Afrika. Ngezi-27 zikaMbasa ngo-1994, kwabanokhetho lwabantu bonke owabeka uMongameli omusha owanguMongameli wokuqala ontsundu, u-Nelson Mandela. Ngo-1996, iPhalamende yashaya uMthethosisekelo omusha osekela uhulumeni waseNingingizimu Afrika njengoba waziwa namuhla.

## Igatsha lokushaya umthetho

Igatsha lohulumeni lokushaya umthetho laseNingizimu Afrika laibizwa ngePhalamendi. Liqukathwa ngezindlu ezimbili: Isishayamthetho sikaZwelonke (*National Assembly*; indlu ephansi) noMkhadlu kaZwelonke weziFundazwe (*National Council of Provinces*; indlu ephezulu). Noma uMkhandlu ubizwa njengendlu ephezulu, ISishayamthetho yisona esimandla amakhulu. Ukuthi uMkhandlu ubizwa njengendlu ephezulu kuvela emasikweni waseNgilandi lapho iPhalamende beyineNdlu yamaKhosi ebeyinamandla amakhulu. Njengoba iNingizimu Afrika esikhathini sokwakha iNyunyana ngo-1910 beyizama ukuzifanisa neNgilandi bese yalenda uhlelo luka-*Westminster* oluvela eNgilandi, kwaba injwayelo ukubiza uMkhandlu njengendlu ephezulu. 

Ngo-1996, uMkhandlu uthathe indawo yeziGele ePhalamendeni. UMkhandlu awukhethwa yizakhamuzi. Ukhethwa yizishayamthetho zezifundazwe. Izifundazwe zikhetha abalungu abalingeneyo; kusho ukuthi izifundazwe zonke zithola zithumela izithunywa eziyishumi babe amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye mabahlangene. Abathunywa bezifundazwe bavame ukulingana namaqembu asezishayamthetho ezifundazwe abakhethwe yizona. UMkhandlu unamandla okuqala imithetho emayelana udaba olubhekane nolimi, amasiko, amakhosi, nalapho iPhalamende nezifundazwe zinikezwe amandla alinganayo. Kufanele ivume yonke imithetho eguqula amandla ayo namandla namalungelo ezifundazwe. Inamandla okuxoxa nokuthatha izinqumo mayelana imithetho eqamuka eSishayamthetho.

ISishayamthetho ikwazi okuqala nokushaya nomu wumuphi umthetho onikezwe igunyo lapho khona amandla ayo angalingani namandla ezifundazwe. ISishayamthetho sinamandla okuguqula uMthethosisekelo nokukhetha uMongameli. ISishayamthetho sikhethwa yizakhamuzi. Amaqembu anikeza iKhomishini eZimele yoKhetho (i-IEC) uhlelo lwabathunywa ekufanele babe amalunga awo alingene amavoti abawatholayo ekhethweni. ISishayamthetho inamalunga ayingamakhulu amane. Ukusukela ukhetho luka-2024, izakhamuzi zikhetha amaqembu noma amakhandidethi azimeleyo ophepheni okuvota amathathu. Lokhu luvela emuva kokushaywa uMthetho wezoKhetho oluGuqulayo ngo-2023. Inkantolo yoMthethosisekelo uphoqe ISishayamthetho ukuthi sovumele amakhandidethi azimeleyo ukuthi akhethwa ngezizakhamuzi ukuze imithetho yokhetho iqondane nomthethosisekelo.

Izindlu zePhalamende zinamakhomiti lapho khona kucaningwa kuphinde kujulwe izindaba nemithetho elethwe phambi kwePhalamende ngaphambu ukuthi silethwe kuwonke amalunga. Izindlu zePhalamende zinamandla okusungula amakhomithi okuphenya udaba oluthize njengeKhomithi lokuPhenya ukutshontshwa kwemali kaMongameli uCyril Matamela Ramaphosa epulazini lakhe ePhala-Phala. USomlomo wePhalamende (kusukela ngo2024, uThokozile Didiza, exhaswa iSekela Somlomo u-Annelie Lotriet) ulawula inxoxo nohlelo lokuvota eSishayamthetho futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi igomo emile yePhalamende iyalandelwa. Usihlalo woMkhandlu udlala indima efana noSomlomo uMkhandlweni. Lapho behluke khona ukuthi uSomlomo unamandla okuphatha izintambo kuMongameli uma kungekhi ilunga legatsha lokuphatha eliqokwe ukuphatha.

## Igatsha lokuphatha

Igatsha lokuphatha liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyenziwa ezweni. UMongameli ukhethwa yiSishayamthetho emuva kweminyaka eyinhlanu. UMongameli akavumelekanga ukuthi akhethwe kantathu; kufanale ukuthi aphume esihlalweni uma ekhethwe kabili. UMongameli uyinhloko yombuso neyohulumeni. Amazwe amaningi avame ukuba nenhloko yombuso nenhloko lohulumeni abahlukile. Kodwa iNingizimu Afrika ihluke ngoba ihlanganisa lezikhundla. Lokhu kuvela embusweni wobandlululo lapho UMongameli wathola amandla weNgqongqoshe ePhezulu ekuyiyona ebeyenza umsebenzi ofana nokuqoka amalunga eKhabinethi. 

UMongameli umela ilizwe lonke. Kungakho imivumelwane ngaphakathi kweNingizimu Afrika namanye amazwe axoxisanwa futhi aphawulwa nguye. Futhi, nguyena othuma amanxusa amele iNingizimu Afrika. Phezu kwalokho, uwamkela amanxusa wamanye amazwe. UMongameli unamandla wokubuyisa imithetho esavivinywa ePhalamendeni uma efuna ukuthi atshintshwe. Unamandla okuqoka ongqonqoshe eKhabhinethi futhi ulawula imihlangano yeKhabhinethi njengosihlalo waso. UMongameli unamandla okuyalela amaButho kaZwelonke wokuVikela waseNingizimu Afrika. Unamandla okuqoka amakhomishini wokuphenya udaba oluthize njenge-Khomishini yokuHlola ukuBanjwa kwomBuso elaphenya inkohlakalo eNingizimu Afrika.

iKhabhinethi ingumkhandlu ophakeme wegatsha lokuphatha. Ngokomthethosisekelo, amalunga ayo kufanele abengamalunga ePhalamende. UMongameli uvumelekile ukuthi aqoke amangqongqoshe amabili noma ukuya phansi angasiwona amalunga ePhalamende. IKhabhinethi ithatha izinqumo mayelana ukuphakamisa komthethosivivinywa phambu kwePhalamende. Futhi axoxa aphinde angqume mayelana izinqubomgomo ezilandelwa ezweni. 

Ungqongoshe uyinhloko yomyango wehulumeni. Umyango uphatha izindaba ezithile zezwe. Futhi imithetho ibanika amandla okuthatha izinqumo nokuqoka abaqhashi emnyangweni yabo. Abanye ongqongqoshe bangamalunga yoMnyango yobuMongameli; lokho kusho ukuthi basebenzisana kakhulu noMongameli. UMongameli unegunya lokuqamba, ukuchitha nokuhlanganisa iminyango ngokuthanda yena. Kunomnyango oyedwa angavumelekanga ukuwuchitha: uNgqongqoshe wezemali oyinhloko yoMnyango yoMgcinamafa kaZwelonke. Lomnyango uphethe isabelomali, intela nokuchithwa kwemali lezwe lonke.
## Igatsha lokwehlulela

Igatsha lokwehlulela liqinisekisa ukuthi kunobulungiswa nokuthi umthetho uyagcinwa ezweni. Leligatsha ligada amanye amagatsha ukuthi angandluli amandla uphiwe wona ngokomthethosisekelo nokuthi imithetho nemiyalelo yawo ahambelana nomthethosisekelo. Leligatsha lihlulela amacala, lixazulula ukuphikasana, nokuthulela ukuqonda komthetho. Kukhona imithetho elotshwe nguPhalamende nezishayamthetho zezifundazwe futhi kube khona imithetho ongalotshwanga wesiko nokujwayela, futhi kube nomthetho ovela ezinqumeni zamankantolo.

INkantolo yoMthethosisekelo iyinkantolo yokugcina yokudlulisa amacala aqondene nomthethosisekelo. Abantu abakhoni okudlulisa amacala kwelinye izinga legatsha lobulungiswa ngoba amacala onke ezweni agcina ngalo. Futhi ayiphoqwanga ukuthi ilalele amacala onke; kuvumelekile ukuthi izibe amanye futhi iphindisele amacala ezinkantolweni ezingaphansi kwayo. Lenkantolo ihlala eGoli. INkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa amaCala laseNingizimu Afrika iyinkantolo yokugcina yokudlulisa amacala angaqondananga nomthethosisekelo. Lenkantolo ihlala eBloemfontein okuthiwa iqonga legatsha lokuhlulela. Inhloko yegatsha lokuhlulela iJaji eliPhakeme, uMandisa Maya. 

Amajaji aqokwa nguMongameli ngaphambu ukuthi iKhomishini yoNzonzo yobuLungiswa ilethe amakhandidethi. LeKhomishini inabameli, izinjingalwazi ezomthetho emanyuvesi, amalunga ePhalamende, namajaji. UMongameli akaphoqwanga ukulandela umbono wayo. Kuvumelekile ukuthi athathe isinqumo asithandayo mayelana ukuthi uqoka bani. Kodwa UMongameli uvama ukuhlonipha ubuchwepheshe ngokwezomthetho beKhomishini.

INkantolo ePhezulu ingaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme. Inezigaba ezinamandla okudlulisa amacala nokuhlulela izindaba ezindlula amandla weziNkantolo zikaMantshi. Inezigaba eziqondane nezifundazwe zezwe. Lokho kusho ukuthi amacala ehlulelwe esifundazweni esithile adluliswa esigabeni seNkantolo esiPhezulu salesosifundazwe. Kunezinkatolo ezinobuchwepheshe emkhakheni othile eziqhathaniswa neNkantolo ePhezulu neNkantolo ePhakemeyo ngamandla, ngokwesibonelo iNkantolo yokuDlulisa Amacala wezobuSebenzi ilingana neNkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa Amacala ngezinga mayelana ezobusebenzi. Futhi, kunezinkantolo zamaButho okuVikela okuqinisa ukuhleleka emabuthweni ezingaphansi kwoNgqongqoshe wokuVikela naboMakadebona Bempi. Ukuze abantu bakhone ukufinyelela ebulungisweni kalula noma izinxabano ezingaphakathi kwabo zixazululwe ngokushesha, kunezinkantolo zokufaka izicelo ezincane.

## Izifundazwe
Isifundazwe yindawo ezweni enamandla okushaya umthetho nokuphatha izindaba ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo wayo. Ziqukatha izinga lesibili likahulumeni. Ngokomthethosisekelo, zinamandla okushaya umthetho nokuphatha izindaba emikhakheni ethize. ENingizimu Afrika kunezifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye: iNtshonalanga Kapa, iMpumalanga Kapa, iNyakatho Kapa, iGoli, iFuleystati, iKwazulu-Natali, iLimpopo, INyakatho-Ntshonalanga, neMpumalanga. Lezifundazwe zidalwe ngumthethosisekelo wombuso wentandoyeningi. Ihlanganise amaHomeland nezifundazwe ebezikhona esikhathini sombuso wobandlululo:

* **[[ILimpopo]]** ikhelane neZimbabwe ngasenyakatho, iMozambhiki ngasempumalanga, iMpumalanga neGoli ngasenzansi, INyakatho-Ntshonalanga ngasenzansi ntshonalanga. Isiqonga sayo sisePholokwane. Sihlanganise indawo esenyakatho kwesifundazwe iTransvaal amaHomeland iGazankulu neLebowa.
* **[[IMpumalanga]]** ikhelane neLimpopo ngasenyakatho, iSwazini neMozambhiki ngasempumalanga, iGoli ngase ntshonalanga, iKwazulu-Natali ngasenzansi, neFuleyistati ngasenzansi ntshonalanga. Isiqonga sayo siseMbombela (i-*Nelspruit*). Sihlanganisa indawo esempumalanga naseningizimu eTransvaal neHomeland ekuthiwa kaNgwane.
* **[[EGoli (isifundazwe)|IGoli]]** ikhelane neMpumalanga ngasempumalanga, iLimpopo ngasenyakatho, INyakatho-Ntshonalanga ngasentshonalanga, neFuleyistata ngasenzansi. Iqonga sayo sisedolobheni iGoli lapho kuhleli INkantolo yoMthethosisekelo. Sidalwe e-ndaweni ukuthiwa i-Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging yaseTransvaal. Igatsha lokuphatha lihleli enhlokodolobha elingasenyakatho leGoli: iPitoli.
* **[[INyakatho-Ntshonalanga|INyakatho-Ntshongalanga]]** ikhelane neBotswana ngasenyakatho, iGoli ngasempumalanga, iFuleyistati ngasenzansi mpumalanga, neNyakatho Kapa ngasentshonalanga nasenzansi ntshonalanga. Isiqonga sayo siseMahikeng (i-*Mafikeng*). Sihlanganisa indawo engasentsonalanga kweTransvaal nasenyakatho mpumalanga kweKapa Koloni neHomeland ekuthiwa yiBophuthatswana.
* **[[INyakatho Kapa]]** ikhelane neNyakatho Ntshonalanga ngasenyakatho mpumalanga, iFuleyistati ngasempumalanga, iMpumalanga Kapa ngasenzansi mpumalanga, iLwandlekazi Atlanthiki ngasengasentsonalanga, neNtshonalanga Kapa ngasenzansi. Isiqonga siseKhimbali (i-*Kimberley*). Idalwe yindawo enkulu eseNyakatho kwesiFundazwe Kapa. 
* **[[IFuleyisitata|IFuleyistata]]** ikhelane neNyakatho Kapa ngasentshonalanga, iMpumalanga Kapa ngasenzansi, ilizwe elizimele laseLesotho, neKwazulu Natali ngasempumalanga. Isiqonga saso kuseMangaung (i-*Bloemfontein*) lapho khona kuhleli INkantolo ePhakeme yokuDlulisa amaCala. Lokho kulenza isiqonga segatsha lobulungiswa nenhlokodolobha yesithathu seNingizimu Afrika. Sihlanganisa ifundazwe sakudala se-Orange Free State neHomeland seQwa-Qwa.
* **[[IKwaZulu-Natali|IKwazulu-Natali]]** ikhelane neMpumalanga, iMozambhiki neSwazini ngasenyakatho, iFuleyistati ngasenyakatho ntshonalanga, Umbuso waseLesotho ngasentshonalanga, iMpumalanga Kapa ngasenzansi ntshonalanga, neLwandekazi Ndiya ngasempumalanga. Isiqonga saso siseMngungundlovu (i-*Pietermaritzburg*). Ihlanganise i-Homeland yaKwazulu nezifundazwe sakudala seNatali.
* '''INtshonalanga Kapa''' ikhelane neNyakatho Kapa ngasenyakatho, iMpumalanga Kapa ngasempumalanga, iLwandlekazi Atlanthiki ngasentshonalanga nasenzansi. Isiqonga siseKapa futhi kuyinhlokodolobha lwesibili ngoma iPhalamende ihlezi khona. 
* '''IMpumalanga Kapa''' ikhelane neFuleyistata ngasenyakatho, iKwazulu-Natali ngasenyakatho mpumalanga, iNtshonalanga Kapa ngasentshonalanga, iNyakatho Kapa ngase nyakatho ntshonalanga, neLwandlekasi Ndiya ngasenzansi. Ihlanganise amaHomeland eTranskei neCiskei nendawo eseNingizimu Ntshonalanga esiFundazwe Kapa esikhathini sobandlululo esandlula. Isiqonga saso siseBhisho.
Uhulumeni kwesifundazwe uneSishayamathetho seFundazwe noMkhandlu okuPhata wesiFundazwe. ISishayamthetho seFundazwe sinendlu eyodwa. Sikhethwa yizakhamuzi ezihlala khona okhethweni olukhulu oyenzeka kanye kanye nokhetho lwePhalamende. Amalunga awo akhethwa ngokwenani lamavoti amaqembu wezombusazwe awatholayo ekhethweni. Amakhandidethi angamela amaqembu noma azimele ngokwabo. ISishayamthetho sesiFundazwe sinamandla okushaya imithetho esenbenza ngaphakathi kalesosifundazwe. ISishayamthetho sesiFundazwe sikhetha iNdunankulu eqoka amalunga woMkhandlu oPhethe. UMkhandlu oPhethe uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyenzeka esifundazweni. 

## Amathombo afundiwe