INkecesomane

**Inkecesomane** uhlobo lwenkece yezezibhangqiwe olusebenzisa izihele zezezibhangqiwe *(digital files)*. Iyinkece eklanyelwe ukusebenza njengensiza yokunanana ngoxhoxho lwesicikizi engancikile egunyeni eliphethe, elifana nohulumeni noma ibhange, ukuze liyisingathe noma liyinakekele. Iwuhlelo olunyombululiwe lokuqinisekisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli besinano banayo imali abathi banayo, okwenza singabikhona isidingo sabangena phakathi, njengamabhange, lapho imali ithunyelwa kusuka ngapha kuya ngale.

Iziqoshwa zobunikazi bomuntu ngamunye bezinhlamvu zigcinwa kwisiqophaminano sezezibhangqiwe *(digital ledger)*, okuyisizindamininingo esicikizwe ngomchazanyandla oqatha wokuphephisa iziqoshwa zokuthengiselana, ukulawula ukukhanda kwezinhlamvu ezengeziwe, nokuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kobunikazi bezinhlamvu. Naphezu kwegama lazo, izinkecesomane azithathwa njengenkece yangempela ngomqondo owamukelwe, ngaphezu kokuphathwa ngezindlela ezingafani, kuhlanganisa ukujinjwa njengezithengiswa *(commodities)*, izintwisha *(securities)*, nezinkece, izinkecesomane ngokuvamile zithathwa njengesigaba esihlukile sezingqangqa. Ezinye izinhlelo zezinkecesomane zisebenzisa abaqinisekisi ukuze zinakekele inkecesomane. Onongweni lobufakazi bezinhlamvu *(proof-of-stake)*, abanikazi bafaka izinhlamvu zabo njengesibambiso. Njengembuyiselo, bathola igunya kulezo zinhlamvu ngokulingana nezinhlamvu abazifakile. Ngokuvamile, labanikazi abafaka izinhlamvu bathola ubunikazi obengeziwe kuzo, emva kwesikhathi esithile.
Inkecesomane ayitholakali ngesimo esiphathekayo (njengemali yephepha) futhi ayikhishwa abasemagunyeni. Izinkecesomane zivame ukusebenzisa ulawulo olunyomboluliwe ngokuphambene nenkece yezezibhangqiwe yebhangengodla (CDBC). Lapho kunyatheliswa inkecesomane, idalwa ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwayo, noma lapho ikhishwa ngoyikhiphayo, kuthathwa ngokuthi inyombonisiwe. Lapho igunundwa ngolawulo olunyomboluliwe, inkecesomane ngayinye isebenza ngobuchwepheshe besiqophaminano esabiwe, imvama ingqukuhlu, okuyibona obukhonza njengesizindamininingo sokwenanana sobala.

Inkecesomane yokuqala yaziwa ngelithi Bitcoin, yona yakhululwa okokuqala njengehlelokusebenza lomthombo' vulekile ngowezi-2009. Kusuka ngoJanuwari ngowezi-2023, kwase kukhona ezinye izinkecesomane eziyizi-25,000 endayini, phakathi kwazo, zazingama-40 ezazinoju low olwedlula inqindi eyodwa yamadola ($1 billion).

## Umlando
Ngonyaka we-1983, umnyandli waseMelika uDavid Chaum wavela necebo lwemali yesingabuzuba yohlobo lomchazanyandla ebizwa *ecash*. Kamuva, ngowe-1995, wawugununda esebenzisa  i*Digicash*, uhlobo lokuqala lokukhokhela ngengabuzuba yomchazanyandla. I-*Digicash* yayidinga ihlelokusebenza lomsebenzisi ukuze akhiphe imali ebhange futhi ahlonze izivuli ezinyandliwe neziqondile ngaphambi kokuthinylwa kozoyamukela. Lokhu kwavumela  inkece yezezibhangqiwe ukuba engabi nomkhondo komuntu wesithathu.

Ngonyaka we-1996, iNhlangano yezokuPheoha yeZwe *(National Security Agency)* yashicilela iphepha elinesihloko esithi *How to Make a Mint: The Cryptography of Anonymous Electronic Cash*, elalichazisa ngesimiso senkecesomane. Lelo phepha lashicilelwa okokuqala ohluwini lwezincwadi lakwa-MIT futho emuveni ngowe-1997 lwavela kwi- *The American Law Review*.

## Incasiselo esemthethweni
NgokukaJan Lansky, inkecesomane iyisimiso esihlangabezana nemibandela eyisithupha:
# Lesi simiso asidingi igunya eliyinhloko; ubunjalo baso bunakekelwa ngokuvumelana kwabo bonke.
# Lesi simiso sigcina isibukezo esifingqiwe senkecesomane ngayinye nobunikazi bayo.
# Lesi simiso siyakuchasisa ukuthi inkecesomane ngayinye ingadalwa. Uma inkecesomane eyodwa idalwa, isimiso siyachasisa izimo zomsuka wayo nokuthi ubunini bayo buzonqunywa kanjani
# Ubunini benkecesomane ngayinye bungafakazelwa kuphela ngokomchazanyandla.
# Lesi simiso sivumela iminanomali ukuba yenziwe lapho ubunini bomchazanyandla buzoguqulwa. Isitatimende somnanomali singakhishwa kuphela yilowo ofakazela ubunini benkece ekhona.
# Uma iziyalezo ezimbili ezihlukene zokuguqula ubunikazi bomchazanyandla zifalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, isimiso sizogununda esisodwa.

## Imithombo