open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
INzwa

**Inzwa** noma ingqamuzana lenzwa liyingqamuzana elikhabathiswa ngamazuba aqanguza namanya amangqamuzana ngezixhumo zekhethelo ezibizwa amanombe *(synapses)*. Inzwa iyisigcoyi esiyinhloko sesicubu senzwa kuzo zonke izilwane ngaphandle kweziphilincinci ezithile. Izinto okungezona izilwane njengezimila nokhunta azinawo amangqamuzana enzwa.

Izinzwa imvama zinjinjwa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu ngokwemisebenzi yazo. Izinzwa zokuzwa *(sensory neurons)* ezisabela evusweni elinjengokuthintwa, umsindo, noma ukukhanya okuthinta amangqamuzana ezitho zokuzwa, bese wona athumela iziyabizo emhlandleni noma ebuchosheni. Izinzwa zokudikiza *(motor neurons)* zamukela iziyabizo ezisuka ebuchosheni nasemhlandleni zokulawula konke kuqala ekufinyezweni kwemisipha kuya ekutshokozeni kwezindlala. Izinzwa ezixhumayo *(internuerons)* zixhuma izinzwa kanye nezinzwa maphakathi nendawo eyodwa esebuchosheni nona emhlandleni. Lapho izinzwa eziningi zixhumene ndawonye zakha lokho okubizwa ngomthandelo wezinzwa.

Izinzwa ezivamile ziqukethe umzimba wenZwa, amakleleba *(dendrites)*, noluzi olulodwa *(single axon)*. Umzimba unguhlaka oluyisiyingili, bese uluzi namakleleba kube izinkosa eziphuma kuwo umzimba. Amakleleba imvama aba ngamagatsha futhi ajijeka ibanga elingamamithancinci *(micrometers)* ayikhulu kusuka emzimbeni. Uluzi luphuma emzimbeni ngesiqatha esibizwa imbanda yoluzi *(axon hillock)* futhi lungaba imitha elilodwa kubantu noma ukweqa kweminye imiqhinqo. Luyaxhantela kodwa kodwa luvame ukugcina ilungangoni *(diameter)* elifanayo. Esihlokweni samagatsha oluzi kukhona imidiyo yoluzi *(axon terminals)*, lapho Inzwa ifufukisa khona iziyabizo ngamanombe eziya kwamanje amangqamuzana. Izinzwa kwesinye isikhathi ziswela amakleleba noma uluzi.

## Imithombo
Igcokama Elisha

Mthokozisi Ngwenya 
## 'Mthokozisi Ngwenya'
Mthokozisi Ngwenya professionally known as Young Croco Nsindamanzi was born on 12 November 2000. He's a Zimbabwean celebrity , Owner Director at Young croco Nsindamanzi Motor spares, a producer, a
.Young Croco has gifted Zimbabwe with the Business and continues to make a great

## life: background hails from Nkayi, Nkuba:Matema family, although he was born at Nkayi District.went to Sivomo Secondary School He spent most of his upbringing there with his grandmother, Racheal Matema.

##
Ilia II

**U-Ilia II** (isiGeorgia: ილია II), naye ohunyushwe njengo-Ilya noma u-Elijah (owazalwa ngomhlaka 4 Januwari 1933), uyi-Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia kanye nomholi wezenkolo weSonto lase-Georgia Orthodox. Ubizwa ngokusemthethweni njengo-Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseMtskheta-Tbilisi noMbhishobhi waseMetropolitan waseBichvinta noTskhum-Abkhazia, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II.
S'fiso ncwane

S'fiso ncwane "sixfingers" umculi wegospile,umbhali wamaculo,umphathi nefawunda yencwane communications

## Ama-Albhamu Akhe
2012:kulungile baba

2016:wethembekile baba
François Hollande

UFrançois Hollande, owazalwa ngo-Agasti 12, 1954, unguMongameli weFrance Republic kusuka ngoMeyi 15, 2012 kuya kuMeyi 14, 2017.
Rebecca walo omana

**Rebecca Walo Omana** (wazalwa 15 Julayi 1951) ungowase Congo isazi sezibalo, uprofesa, kanye no Usisi ka mfundisi
. U-Omana waba nguprofesa wesifazane wokuqala wezibalo e- Democratic Republic of the Congo ngo-1982. Ungumqondisi wohlelo lobudokotela lwezibalo kanye ne-informatics e- University of Kinshasa kanye uyisekela likamongameli we- African Women in Mathematics Association. Her izintshisekelo zezibalo zilele ku- *umehluko ohlukile*, *ukuhlaziywa okungahambisani nomugqa*, nokumodela.

[==Biography==

Omana wazalelwa [eDemocratic Republic of the Congo, ngomhlaka-15 Julayi 1951. Wayethanda izifundo zezibalo esikoleni samabanga aphakeme.  She made her religious profession to the Catholic Soeurs de St Francois d'Assise at the age of 18, and made her sacred vows in 1978.

Omana uthole isitifiketi sesayensi kwi-mathematics kusuka ku- *Université du Québec à Montréal* ngo-1979. Wathola i-master of science ngo-1982 evela ku- *Université Laval*. Kuzo zombili izikhungo, bekunguye yedwa owesifazane wase-Afrika kulo mnyango.  Ngalesi sikhathi u-Omana uthi:Bekufanele

ngiphindaphinde imizamo yokuba ngcono futhi ngisuse ubandlululo olubi ezinhlokweni ozakwethu noprofesa bami bazokwamukelwa. Kepha ngenxa yemiphumela, angamukelwanga nje kuphela kepha ngamenywa amaqembu ozakwethu emisebenzini yocwaningo. Ngo-1982, u-Omana waqala ukusebenza njengothisha futhi waba nguprofesa wesifazane wokuqala wezibalo eDemocratic Republic of the Congo.  U-

Omana wamzuzela Diplôme d'études approfondies ngo-1985 ne-Ph.D yakhe ngo-1990 evela ku- Université catholique de Louvain.  owesifazane wokuqala Congolese ukuze uthole iziqu lapho. 

ekusungulweni quarterly iphephabhuku multidisciplinary * la revue Notre Dame de la Sagesse * (RENODAS), Omana sasitholakala njengoba umqondisi. Uqondise izitshudeni eziningi zobudokotela. Unethemba lokuthi abanye babafundi bakhe bezobudokotela bazomjoyina phakathi kwesibalo esincane soprofesa besifazane eDRC.  U-Omana uhola uhlelo lobudokotela lwezibalo eNyuvesi yaseKinshasa.  Kusukela ngo-2010,  usebenze njengomphathi we-Université Notre Dame de Tshumbe (UNITSHU), eyunivesithi yomphakathi yamaKhatholika eyasungulwa ngonyaka ka-2010 e Tshumbe, eDRC . 

## Mathematical works

U-Omana ushicilele izincwadi ezimbili.  Umsebenzi wakhe wokulinganisa okujwayelekile ube nezicelo emikhakheni efana ne-epidemiology kanye nomthetho.

## Impilo yomuntu uqobo
Abazali baka-Omana abazona izifundiswa, kepha ezinye izingane zakwabo zineziqu zemfundo ephakeme.  Othisha bakhe nobaba wakhe bathonya isinqumo sakhe sokuba yisazi sezibalo. 

Uthe "izibalo ziyamnandi; njengoba igama lazo kungowesifazane, kuyisizinda okufanele sibe esethu thina besifazane".

## Izinkomba
Laura Emeline Eames Chase

**Laura Emeline Eames Chase** ongomunye wabambalwa bamazinyo besifazane eSt. Louis, eMissouri ngawo-1890, ilungu lokuqala lowesifazane le-American Dental Association. 

## Ukuzalwa nempilo esemncane
ULaura Emeline Eames wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 12, 1856 futhi wafa ngo-Okthoba 12, 1917.  Ubuye wasebenzisa igama elithi Emma Eames Chase. Umndeni wakwa-Eames ubuhlala eduzane Lebanon, Tennessee lapho ubalwa 1860 Census;  bahlala lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-1862.  Washada nomculi Henry Seymour Chase Jr. ngoJanuwari 23, 1877, eSt. Louis.  Yena nomyeni wakhe babehlala nabazali bakhe eSt Louis, eMissouri lapho bebalwa Ukubalwa kwabantu okungu-1880 .  Indodana yakhe, u-Irwin Chase, wayengumklami wesikebhe esincane esasaziwa nge- "sea wasp" noma "Chaser", okungenani Ezingu-300 zazo zathengiselwa abaseBrithani ngokuzingela imikhumbi-ngwenya yezitha e World War I. 

## Umkhuba wamazinyo
UChase kubikwa ukuthi ungowesifazane wokuqala owemukelwa njengo ilungu eliphelele le American Dental Association  futhi njengodokotela wamazinyo wesifazane kuphela e St . Louis, Missouri ngawo-1890.  Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona nezinye odokotela bamazinyo besifazane abasebenza eSt. Louis ngesikhathi kubhalwa lo mbhalo.

Inhlolokhono yango 1896 ku St. Louis Dispatch ihlinzeka ngemininingwane engemuva kuChase nokwenza kwakhe amazinyo. Uthe ubaba wakhe ubengudokotela wamazinyo. Uthole iziqu e Iowa State University  isikole samazinyo ngo-1889 sasebenzisa umehluko DDS  I-athikili efanayo inikeze imininingwane ngokubukeka komndeni wakwaChase obekubandakanya nokwenza kukadokotela: "izindonga bezihlanganiswe ngomsebenzi womyeni kaNkk Chase ongasekho. "

## Ezinye izinhlangano
Chase wayeyilungu le- Daughters of the American Revolution. 

## Izinkomba
Aryanah

**I-Aryanah** noma **Ariana** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Ariana, eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
IMexico City Metro idlula ukuwa

Ngo-3 Meyi 2021 ngo-22: 25 CDT, isigaba esiphakeme kuMugqa 12 weMexico City Metro sadilika phakathi kweziteshi i-Olivos neTezonco eMexico City, eMexico. Kuze kube manje, bangu-24 abantu ababulewe ngesikhathi ibhuloho nesitimela liwela emgwaqweni ongezansi.

## Ingemuva

Umugqa 12 (owaziwa nangokuthi i-Golden line) ulayini omusha sha wohlelo lweMetro, ukwakhiwa kwalo kwaqala ngoSepthemba 2008. Kepha kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkonzo, ibibhekene nezinkinga ngezitimela ezingxenyeni eziphakeme, okuphoqe ukwehliswa kwejubane ngenxa yezinkathazo zokuphela. Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nesikhombisa kamuva, isigaba se-Atlalilco – Tláhuac, lapho kutholakala khona iziteshi zeTezonco ne-Olivos, savalwa izinyanga ezingamashumi amabili ukulungisa amaphutha ezobuchwepheshe nezakhiwo.

## Ukuwa
Ngo-3 Meyi 2021 ngo-22: 25 CDT, esigodini saseTláhuac, isitimela esiya esiteshini saseTláhuac sasidlula emgwaqeni ophakeme phakathi kwe-Olivos neTezonco. Cishe ngamamitha angama-220 ngaphambi kokufika esiteshini sase-Olivos, isigaba sadilika lapho i-girder eyayisekela ujantshi ihluleka, okwenza izimoto ezimbili zokugcina zokugcina zawa. Imfucumfucu iwele emotweni. Okungenani kushone abantu abangama-24 kwathi abanye abangu-70 balimala, kuhlanganisa nabangama-65 abasesibhedlela, abayisikhombisa babo abasesimweni esibucayi. Abashonile bahlanganisa nezingane. Ukweqa okungaphezulu kwakungamamitha ayi-5 (16 ft) ngenhla komgwaqo kodwa kugijima phezu kwesiqeshana esiphakathi kokhonkolo, okwaholela ekulimaleni okuncane kubashayeli emgwaqeni.

## Izinkomba
Guillermo Lasso

**Guillermo Alberto Santiago Lasso Mendoza** (owezalwa 1955) ngumongameli wabgaphimbilini e-Ecuador, 2021 - 2025.

## Imithombo
Nefza

**INefza** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Béja, eThuniziya.

## IJografi

Endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-500, ithatha isigodi esihlukanisa ukhahlamba lwezintaba ze-Kroumirie ngasentshonalanga kanye namaMogods asempumalanga.

Indawo ezungezile yakhiwe amahlathi e-oki kakhokho; uju, amafutha anephunga elimnandi nezokwelapha (amathani amathathu ngonyaka), nokhokho (amathani angu-1 000 ngonyaka) akhiqizwa lapho. I-Nefza itholakala cishe amakhilomitha ayishumi nanhlanu ukusuka ogwini, e-Zouarrat Beach, ephawula ikhefu elinesihlabathi ogwini olunamatshe amaningi. Indawo kamasipala kanye nemvelo yawo yathinteka ekwakhiweni nasekuvinjweni, ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, edamini iSidi El Barrak, elesibili ngobukhulu eTunisia, elithatha indawo engamahektha ayi-4,000. Imisebenzi yezolimo eniselwa ngenkasa izuza emanzini amaningi, ikakhulukazi ichibi eliye lakhiwe.

Iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha kwemvelo ihlelwa endaweni ethuthukisa ulwandle nezintaba.

## Ukulima kwePersimmon

Isithombe esiveza ama-persimmons (kaki) endaweni ezungezile e-Nefza.
Ukutshalwa kwePersimmon (isihlahla esikhiqiza isithelo esaziwa ngokuthi i-kaki, i-plaquemine, noma i-persimmon) yethulwa okokuqala e-Tunisia ngo-1943, edolobheni lase-Ouechtata kuthimba le-Nefza. Yabe isisakazekela kancane kancane emasimini omndeni aseduze, futhi yajabulela impumelelo evuselelwe lapho ukwakhiwa kwedamu i-Sidi El Barrak kuphakamisa umthamo wamanzi wendawo, njengoba isihlahla singakwazi ukumelana nomhlabathi ogcwele amanzi.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nakuba ukutshalwa kwe-persimmon sekusabalele naseCap Bon, isifunda saseNefza sihlala siyisikhungo sokukhiqizwa kwe-persimmon eTunisia, futhi isithelo (esibonakala njengesithombe esibaziwe endaweni ezungezile esigcawini esimaphakathi) sesibe isici esivelele samasiko edolobha.

## Imithombo
Goubellat

**IGoubellat** noma **Quballat** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Béja, eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
Majaz al Bab

**IMajaz al Bab** noma **Medjez el Bab** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Béja, eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
Menzel Abderrahmane

**IMenzel Abderrahmane** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Bizerte, eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
Borj El Amri

**IBorj El Amri** noma **Bordj El Amri** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Manouba, eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
Tunis

**ITunis** yidolobhakazi eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Tunis futhi liphinde libe yisiqongo sezwe lase eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
Surendra Pal Ratawal

**Surendra Pal Ratawal** ungusopolitiki waseNdiya ongumholi weqembu iBharatiya Janata kusuka eDelhi. Wakhethwa ePhalamende lezomthetho eDelhi evela esifundeni saseKarol Bagh ngo-1993, 2003 nango-2008 futhi wakhonza njengongqongqoshe kuhulumeni waseDelhi ngo-2008.

## Izinkomba
Mahandar Nagpal

**Mahandar Nagpal** (owazalwa ngomhlaka: 17 Ephreli 1959) ungumholi weqembu iBharatiya Janata futhi wayeyilungu lesiShayamthetho saseDelhi. Ngo-1996, wakhethwa njengeKhansela le-MCD. Ngo-2013, wakhethwa waba yilungu lesiShayamthetho saseDelhi esivela esifundeni saseWazirpur.

## Izinkomba
Parduman Rajput

**Parduman Rajput** (owazalwa ngo-1963) ungumholi weBharatiya Janata Party futhi owayeyilungu lesiShayamthetho saseDelhi.

## Izinkomba
Idelela

Ingubo kajini ejwayelwe ukugqokwa nesikibha ngaphansi. Loluhlobo lwengubo kujwayele ukugqokwa abantu abasha(youth) okuyingubo eyisesitayeleni kuleli.
Kasserine

**IKasserine** ngumasipala futhi yidolobha eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Kasserine, eThuniziya.

## Imithombo
Uhlu lwamadolobha ase Gibhithe

Ngezansi uhlu lwa madolobha ase Gibhithe.

## 0-9
*10th of Ramadan
*15th of May
*6th of October

## A
* Abu El Matamir
* Abu Hummus
* Abu Tesht
* Akhmim
* Al Khankah
* Alexandria
* Arish
* Ashmoun
* Aswan
* Asyut
* Letopolis

## B
*Badr
*Baltim 
*Benha 
*Basyoun
*Biyala 
*Belqas
*Beni Mazar
*Beni Suef
* Biba 
*Bilbeis
*Birket El Sab 
*Borg El Arab
*Nasser

## C
*Cairo

## D
*Dahab
*Dairut 
*Damanhur 
*Damietta
*Dar El Salam 
*Dir Mawas 
*Dekernes
* Dendera
*Desouk
*Dishna

## E
*Edfu
*Edku
*El Alamein
*El Ayyat
*El Badari
*El Badrashein
*El Bagour
*El Balyana
*El Dabaa
*El Delengat
*El Fashn
*El Ghanayem
*El Hamool 
*El Hamam 
*El Hawamdeya
*El Husseiniya
*El Idwa
*El Mahalla El Kubra
*El Mahmoudiyah 
*Ptolemais Hermiou
*El Manzala
*El Maragha 
*El Matareya 
*El Qantara
*El Qanater El Khayreya
*El Qoseir
*Cusae  
*El Rahmaniya
*El Reyad
*El Saff
*El Santa
*Sebaiya
*El Senbellawein 
*El Shorouk
*El Tor 
*El Waqf
*El Zarqa
*Esna
*Ezbet El Borg

## F
*Faqous 
*Faraskur 
*Fayed 
*Faiyum

## G
*Girga
*Giza

## H
*Hihya 
*Hosh Essa 
*Hurghada

## I
*Ibsheway 
*Ismailia
*Itay El Barud

## K
*Kafr El Sheikh
*Kafr El Dawwar
*Kafr Saad
*Kafr Saqr
*Kafr Shukr
*Kerdasa
*Khanka
*Kharga Oasis
*Khusus
*Kom Hamada
*Kom Ombo

## L
*Luxor

## M
*Maghagha
*Mallawi
*Manfalut
*Mansoura
*Matai
*Menouf
*Marsa Alam
*Mersa Matruh
*Metoubes
*Minya
* Mit Abu El Kom
* Mit Abu Ghaleb
* Mit Elwan
*Mit Ghamr
*Memphis
*Mut

## N
*Nag Hammadi 
*Naqada
*New Administrative Capital (NAC)
*New Alamein
*New Aswan
*New Asyut
*New Borg El Arab
*New Cairo
*New Damietta
*New Minya
*New Nubariya

## O
*Obour

## P
*Port Said

## Q
*Qaha 
*Qallin 
*Qalyub 
*Qena
*Qift 
*Quesna 
*Qus 

## R
*Rafah
*Ras Burqa
*Ras El Bar
*Ras Ghareb
*Ras Sedr
*Ras Shokeir
*Rosetta

## S
*Sadat City
*Safaga
*Sahel Selim
*Saint Catherine
*Samalut
*Samannud
*Saqultah
*Shubra Khit
*Sharm El Sheikh
*Sherbin
*Sheikh Zuweid
*Shibin El Qanater
*Shibin El Kom
*Shubra El Kheima
*Sidi Barrani
*Sidi Salem
*Sinnuris
*Siwa Oasis
*Sidfa
*Sohag
*Suez

## T
*Tahta 
*Tala 
*Talkha 
*Tamiya 
*Tanta 
*Tell El Kebir
*Tima 
*Toukh

## W
*Wadi El Natrun

## Z
*Zagazig
*Zefta

## Okuhlobene
* Izifundazwe zase Gibhithe

## Imithombo
El Husseiniya

**I-El Husseiniya** yidolobha elikwisifundazwe se Sharqia, eGibhithe. Leli dolobha laqanjwa emva kweNkosi uHussein Kamel.

## Imithombo
Joyous Celebration

**Joyous Celebration** (also known as "MTN Joyous Celebration" or just "Joyous") is a multi-award winning gospel group from South Africa. It produces a mix of contemporary and traditional gospel music. The choir was established in 1997 and has produced many well know singers including Ntokozo Mbambo, Khaya Mthethwa, Brenda Mtambo, and many more. 

## Albums
The show has made it a norm to do a live recording of each album annually followed by the tours after the album release. However, for the year 2023 no recording took place, the choir rather recorded Joyous Celebration 28 in the Easter weekend of 2024. 

Joyous Celebration albums are sequentially numbered from Joyous Celebration 1 to Joyous Celebration 27; with some of the albums bearing sub-names; perfect example of Joyous Celebration 27 named fully "Joyous Celebration 27: Victory & Hope". There are also some albums that have been released outside of the notabe order (Joyous Celebration Rewind 2011; Joyous Celebration Rewind 2; Joyous Celebration 20 Alumni).

Each album mostly have 26-35 songs on it.

Songs in each album are usually led the by the choristers, the co-founders (Pastor Mthunzi Namba and Pastor Jabu Hlongwane), and a guest artist. It should be noted that some songs are just choir songs by the whole choir without being led by a specific person. Joyous Ceebration 18 to Joyous Celebration 22 also includes Poems by Nokwethemba Mchunu. 

## Recent Project
A live recording of Joyous Celebration 28 was held during the Easter Weekend in Durban International Convention Centre, Durban, South Africa. 

The recording has been well received by fans of the choir and has been praised for being joyful and energetic. What everyone can expect to see from the album when it has been released are: 

• New members to the choir who all had solo songs they led.

• The traditional outfits used a first set uniform, noting the diversity and representation of all South African tribes within the choir. 

• Rather expect not to see, are some choir members who are not part of Joyous Celebration 28 after resignations.

• Some choir members who have not led a solo in a long time also pulled up. 

For another recording again, the co-founders; Mthunzi Namba and Jabu Hlongwane are not part of Joyous Celebration 28. 

The release date of Joyous Celebration 28 hasn't been announced.
Mersa Matruh

**IMersa Matruh** noma **Marsa Matruh** yidolobhakazi eliyisiqongo sesifundazwe se Matrouh, eGibhithe.

## Imithombo
Mit Abu El Kom

**IMit Abu El Kom** yidolobhana elikwisifundazwe se Monufia, eGibhithe. Owayengumongameli wase Gibhithe u-Anwar Sadat (1918—1981) wazalelwa kuledolobhana.

## Imithombo
New administrative capital of Egypt

**I-New Administrative Capital** yidolobha elisakhiwa futhi elizoba yisiqongo esisha sezwe lase Gibhithe. Leli dolobha lakhiwa esifundazweni se Cairo.

## Imithombo
J'aime pas les noirs
David LaChapelle

**UDavid LaChapelle** owazalwa ngoMashi 11, 1963 eFairfield, e-Connecticut, e-USA, ungumthwebuli wezithombe waseMelika futhi ongumenzi wamafilimu owaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe kwezemfashini, ezokukhangisa nezithombe ezinhle zobuciko. Isibhamu sakhe sokuqala kwakuyisithombe sikanina, uHelga LaChapelle, egqoke i-bikini futhi ephethe ingilazi yaseMartini [ref. kudingeka], kuvulandi ePuerto Rico. Lokhu kwakungukuqala kothando lwakhe.

Ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumculi, wasebenza isikhashana kuStudio 54, ikilabhu elidumile eNew York, ngenkathi esafunda. 

Wasebenza njengomculi eNorth Carolina School of the Arts wabe esefunda eNew York School of the Arts. Lapho efika, uLaChapelle wajoyina i-Art Students Association kanye neSikole Sezobuciko Obubonakalayo. U-Andy Warhol wamnika umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kumagazini we-Interview.

Izincwadi zakhe zinezithombe eziningi zezinkanyezi zaseMelika, njengoBritney Spears, uMarilyn Manson, uRyan Phillippe, uDrew Barrymore, Uma Thurman, uLeonardo DiCaprio, uPamela Anderson, uLana Del Rey, uNaomi Campbell, noma lowo amethula njengomnyuziyamu wakhe, u-Amanda Lepore .

Umsebenzi wakhe, owenziwa kakhulu ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo wemboni yezemfashini (izingubo, izesekeli ...) uqukethe ukulungisa isithombe senhlanhla eyakhelwe ukuthandwa kwezentengiselwano ngendlela yokuthi bekungeke kube nemithetho (eParis Hilton, ukuxolisa kanzima Izidakamizwa) nokunikeza abalaleli abancane onxiwankulu isiqinisekiso sokuthi bangabesigaba senhlalo esihlukaniswe nemisebenzi yomhlaba.

Ngo-2005, uDavid LaChapelle wabonakala endimeni yakhe kwifilimu ka-Ondi Timoner ethi Dig!

Ngawo lowo nyaka, wenza iRize, idokhumentari emayelana nokuduma nokuhlekisa - imidanso eyaqala emphakathini wase-Afrika-waseMelika weSouth Central Los Angeles futhi ibonakala ngezinyathelo nokunyakaza kwejubane elimangazayo nobunzima - okwazuza imiklomelo kuSundance Film Ifestivali ne-Aspen Film Festival.

Ngo-2006, washiya umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumthwebuli zithombe zomagazini abakhulu bezemfashini futhi wathuthela epulazini lezinto eziphilayo eHawaii: "Ngama ngoba ngangingenalutho engingakusho ngemfashini. Ngangihlala kwindida: ngangazi ukuthi injabulo ayisiyo injabulo 'ngivela ekuthengeni izicathulo ezimbili noma isikhwama esisha, noma kunjalo yilokho omagazini abakushoyo.Ngakho-ke noma ngangisesicongweni somdlalo wami, ngalandela imizwa yami ngahamba.Nganquma ukuba ngumlimi.

Kodwa-ke, uyaqhubeka nokuthwebula izithombe ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokwesibonelo kuLandscape yakhe, esola imiphumela yokuthuthuka kwezimboni.

Ngo-2009, wafaka umculi uLady Gaga enqunu, egcwele izibazi, amabele nezocansi kufihlwe ngamaphephandaba1.

Muva nje [Nini?] Ubalwa njengomunye wabalingiswa abayishumi ababaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni ngumagazini i-American Photo, uqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe ngemiklomelo eminingi.

Ngo-2009, iM Monnaie de Paris yethula izithombe ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili nguDavid LaChapelle. Umagazini i-Photo wanikela ngodaba olukhethekile kuye ngoMashi.

Umelwe yigalari kaDaniel Templon eParis naseBrussels.
People's Provincial Assembly

**IPeople's Provincial Assembly** (yaziwa nangegama layo lesiFulentshi i- APW [elifushane ngokuthi yi-*[[:fr:Assemblée populaire de wilaya|Assemblée populaire de wilaya]]*]) yisigungu sezepolitiki esilawula izifundazwe zase- Algeria. Iqukethe umhlangano okhethwe kwi- universal suffrage iminyaka emihlanu. Lo mhlangano uphinde ukhethe umengameli, *umengameli wePhalamende Labantu*. Umuntu osesikhundleni esiphakeme kunazo zonke kwisifundazwe ubizwa nge-Wāli, ekhethwa ngumengameli. Amavoti okugcina ama-PMA nama-PPAs ayengo-Lwezi 23, 2017.

## Imithombo
Izifundazwe zase Aljeriya

Ngezansi yithebula eliqukethe izifundazwe zase I-Aljeriya kanye nemininingwane yazo.

## Okuhlobene

* Izifunda zase Aljeriya
* Amadolobha ase Aljeriya

## Imithombo
Jerry Phele

**UJerry Phele** (owazalwa 1 Julayi 1956) ungumlingisi odumele ukudlala noma ukulingisa indawo ka-Mofokeng kumdlalo wamabona kude owaziwa ngokuthi Emzini Wezinsizwa. Ubuye walingisa kweminye imidlalo kamabonakude edumile njenge-Skwizas ne The Throne.

UPhele ubengomunye owayesethubeni lokukhethwa ukuze abe yilungu le-African Content Movement okhethweni lukazwelonke lwango -2019 lwaseNingizimu Afrika.

## Imithombo

## Imithombo engaphandle
Wayback Machine

**I-Wayback Machine** ingumshini womlando wedijithali ye-World Wide Web. Yasungulwa yi-Internet Archive, umtapo wolwazi ongenzi nzuzo ozinze eSan Francisco, eCalifornia. Idalwe ngo-1996 futhi yethulwa emphakathini ngo-2001, ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abuyele "emuva ngesikhathi" futhi abone ukuthi amawebhusayithi abukeka kanjani phambilini. Abasunguli bayo, uBrewster Kahle noBruce Gilliat, basungule iWayback Machine ngenhloso yokunikeza "ukufinyelela kulo lonke ulwazi" ngokugcina amakhophi agcinwe emakhasini ewebhu angasasebenzi.

Kusukela yadalwa ngo-1996, kungezwe amakhasi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-544 kulengobo yomlando. Le nsizakalo iphinde yaqubula impikiswano yokuthi ngabe ukudala amakhasi afakwe kungobo yomlando ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi kungukuphula umthetho we-copyright kwezinye zeziphathimandla.

## Imithombo
Ceramics

I-ceramic yinto engajwayelekile
Ama-athomu nama-molecule angomsuka ongaphili (ongewona owendalo).

okuqinile okungewona okwensimbi okwenziwe ngenhlanganisela yensimbi noma engeyona eyensimbi eyenziwe futhi yenziwa lukhuni ngokushisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngokuvamile, aqinile, amelana nokugqwala futhi aqhekekile.Ceramic 'livela egameni lesiGreki elisho' ubumba '. Izimpahla zasekhaya ezakhiwe ngobumba, izinto zobuciko kanye nemikhiqizo yokwakha siyazijwayela sonke, kepha izitsha zobumba ziyingxenye eyodwa yomhlaba we-ceramic.

Esikhathini samanje igama elithi 'ceramic' linencazelo ebanzi futhi lifaka izinto ezifana nengilazi, izinto zobumba ezisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zikasimende.

Izinto zobumba zendabuko - izitsha zobumba
Ubumba bungenye yezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezindala kakhulu zabantu. Izingcezu zobumba zobumba ezitholwe muva nje esifundazweni saseHunan eChina zenziwe nge-carbon ezineminyaka eyi-17 500-18,300 ubudala.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zobumba zichazwa njengobumba, itshe kanye nobumba.

Ubumba lusetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezenziwe ngetafula lezitsha zobumba nezinto zokuhlobisa. Ingenye yezinto ezindala kakhulu ezisetshenziswa kubumba.

Ubumba lushiswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (1,000-1,150 ° C), kukhiqizwa umkhiqizo onamakhaza amancane, ojiyile. Ukunqoba i-porosity yayo, into edutshuliwe imbozwa ngophuli wengilazi ocolekile omiswe emanzini (i-glaze) bese idutshulwa okwesibili. I-Faience, i-Delft ne-majolica yizibonelo zobumba.

Ubumba lwe-Stoneware lushiswa ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme (cishe ngo-1,200 ° C) lize lenziwe lifane nengilazi (livrified). Ngenxa yokuthi i-stoneware ayisebenzi, i-glaze isetshenziselwa umhlobiso kuphela. Kuyinto eqinile, emelana ne-chip futhi ehlala isikhathi eside efanelekile ukusetshenziswa ekhishini ukupheka, ukubhaka, ukugcina uketshezi kanye nokuphaka izitsha.

I-porcelain iyi-ceramic emhlophe eqinile kakhulu. Izinhlobo zokuqala zobumba zavela eChina cishe ngonyaka we-1600BC, kwathi ngo-600AD, ubumba lwaseChina lwaluyinto eyigugu nabathengisi base-Arabia. Ngoba i-porcelain yayihlotshaniswa neChina futhi yayijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amapuleti, izinkomishi, izitsha zokuhlobisa kanye neminye imisebenzi yobuciko obuhle, ivame ukuhamba ngegama elithi 'fine china'.

Ukwenza i-porcelain, amanani amancane engilazi, i-granite kanye ne-feldspar amaminerali agaywa ngobumba olumhlophe lwe-kaolin. Amanzi abe esenezelwa kumpuphu omhlophe ocolekileyo ovelayo ukuze uxoveke futhi usebenze kahle. Lokhu kudonswa kuhhavini kuya phakathi kuka-1,200-1,450 ° C. Kusetshenziswa ama-glazes okuhlobisa alandelwe ukudubula okuqhubekayo.

I-Bone china - okulula ukuyenza, enzima ukuyipheka futhi iqine kune-porcelain - yenziwa ngokungeza umlotha kusuka emathanjeni ezinkomo kubumba, amaminerali e-feldspar nesihlabathi esihle se-silica.
Inkolo nobungqingili

**[[Ubudlelwano]]** phakathi kwenkolo nobungqingili buyehluka kakhulu esikhathini nendawo, ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezinkolo namahlelo ahlukahlukene, maqondana nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobungqingili nobungqingili. Izimfundiso zanamuhla zezinkolo ezinkulu zomhlaba namasonto azo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimweni zengqondo ngalokhu kuthambekela kwezocansi.

Phakathi kwamahlelo ezenkolo ajabula ukwenqaba lokhu, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuphikisana, ezisukela ekukhuthazeni buthule izenzo zobungqingili, ezinqabela ngokusobala imikhuba yezocansi yabantu bobulili obufanayo phakathi kwabalandeli bazo futhi ziphikisana ngokuqinile nokwamukelwa kobungqingili emphakathini, ukuxhasa unswinyo lobugebengu kuze kube yisijeziso esikhulu , ngisho nokuvumela ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungafanele.

Kodwa-ke, abanye abalandeli bezinkolo eziningi babheka ubungqingili noncubulili kahle, futhi amanye amahlelo ajwayele ukubusisa imishado yabantu bobulili obufanayo futhi axhase amalungelo e-LGBT, umkhuba okhulayo njengoba iningi lamazwe athuthukile lisebenzisa imithetho esekela amalungelo e-LGBT.

Ngokomlando, amanye amasiko nezinkolo zazingenisa uthando, ubulili kanye nobulili bobulili obufanayo, izinganekwane namasiko anjalo atholakala emhlabeni jikelele. Isimo sobungqingili enkolweni yamaHindu siyindida. Imibhalo yamaHindu iqukethe okumbalwa okucacisiwe kobuhlobo bobulili obufanayo, yize abanye bejezisa. Ubulili be-Ayoni, obufaka ucansi lomlomo nolwangemuva, abuzange buthathwe njengecala elibi, futhi bungase benziwe kwezinye izimo.  Imikhosi yomshado wamaSikh ayicacisi ngokobulili, ngakho-ke umshado wobulili obufanayo kungenzeka ngaphakathi kweSikhism. 

## Izigaba
Izigaba:Ubunqigili,Inkolo
Bungqingili

**Ubungqingili** ukuheha kwezothando, ukukhangana ngokocansi, noma ukuziphatha kocansi phakathi kwamalungu wobulili obufanayo noma ubulili. [] Njengokuthambekela kwezocansi, ubungqingili "buyindlela ehlala njalo yokuheha okungokomzwelo, kwezothando, kanye / noma kocansi" kubantu bobulili obufanayo. Iphinde "ibhekise emqondweni womuntu wobuyena osuselwa kulokho okuhehayo, izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlobene, nokuba yilungu emphakathini wabanye ababelana ngalezo zinto ezikhangayo."
Ucansi ngomlomo

**<big>Ucansi ngomlomo</big>**, kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi *ukuya ocansini ngomlomo*, kungumsebenzi wocansi ohilela ukuvuselela isitho sangasese somuntu ngomunye umuntu esebenzisa umlomo (kufaka phakathi izindebe, ulimi, noma amazinyo) nomphimbo. Ucansi lomlomo lungenziwa esibunwini, emthondweni, nasendunwini.
Isixhakangqamu

**Isixhakangqamu** siwuxhoxho oluyinkimbinkimbi,  oluxhuma izinkosa *(filaments)* zezakhamzimba ezitholakala kwingqimbazana yawo wonke amangqamuzana, kuhlanganisa nalezo zezinungwana nezingunazana. Phakathi kwezimvelendeni *(eukoryotes)*, ijija kusuka endenini yengqamuzana kuya olwelwesini lwengqamuzana futhi yakhiwa izakhamzimba ezifanayo eziPhilini ezahlukahlukene. Yakhiwa izigcoyi ezintathu eziyinhloko, izinkosancinci *(microfilaments)*, izinkosa ezingaphakathi kanye namathumbuncinci *(microtubules)*, futhi konke lokhu kungakwazi ukukhula ngokushesha noma ukuqaqeka kuye ngezidingo zengqamuzana.
I-exoskeleton

**I-exoskeleton** (kusuka ku-Greek έξω, éxō "yangaphandle" ne-σκελετός, amathambo "skeleton" ) amathambo angaphandle asekela futhi avikele umzimba wesilwane, ngokungafani namathambo angaphakathi (endoskeleton), ngokwesibonelo, umuntu . Ekusetshenzisweni, ezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu zama-exoskeletons zaziwa ngokuthi "amagobolondo". Izibonelo zezilwane ezinama-exoskeleton zifaka izinambuzane ezinjengezintethe namaphela, nama-crustaceans anjengezinkalankala nama-lobster, kanye namagobolondo ezipanji ezithile kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene ama-molluscs, kufaka phakathi lawo weminenke, ama-clams, amagobolondo ezinyosi, ama-chiton ne-nautilus . Ezinye izilwane, njengofudu nofudu (ikhasi lamagobolondo), zine-endoskeleton kanye ne-exoskeleton.
IsiNcithelo

**IsiNcithelo**, noma ushukela wezithelo, ushukela olula we-ketonic olutholakala ezitshalweni eziningi, lapho uvame ukuhlanganiswa nesiNcishuko ukwakha i-sucrose yesiNcithimbili. Ingenye yeziNcithinye amathathu okudla, kanye ne-glucose ne-galactose, efakwa ngqo egazini ngesikhathi sokugaya. UFructose watholakala ngusokhemisi waseFrance u-Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut ngo-1847. Igama elithi "fructose" laqanjwa ngo-1857 usokhemisi waseNgilandi uWilliam Allen Miller. I-fructose emsulwa, eyomile iqinile, imhlophe, ayinaphunga, i-crystalline solid, futhi iyincibilikisi enamanzi kakhulu kunabo bonke ushukela.I-Fructose itholakala kuzithelo zezinyosi, izihlahla nezomvini, izimbali, amajikijolo kanye nemifino eminingi yezimpande.

**Isakhiwo se-Fructose(amakhemikhali)**

I-Fructose iyi-6-carbon polyhydroxyketone.Crystalline fructose isebenzisa isakhiwo esinamalungu ayisithupha se-cyclic, esibizwa nge-β-d-fructopyranose, ngenxa yokuzinza kwe-hemiketal ne-hydrogen-bonding yangaphakathi. Kwisixazululo, i-fructose ikhona njengenhlanganisela yokulingana kwe-tautomers β-d-fructopyranose, β-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructofuranose, α-d-fructopyranose ne-keto-d-fructose (ifomu elingeyona i-cyclic).

Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-d-fructose tautomers esixazululweni kuhlobene nokuhlukahluka okuningana, okufana ne-solvent kanye ne-temperature.d-Fructopyranose kanye ne-d-fructofuranose ukusatshalaliswa emanzini kukhonjwe kaningi njenge-70% ye-fructopyranose ne-22% ye-fructofuranose.
IsiNcithinye

**IsiNcithinye** *(monosaccharide)*, sibizwa nangokuthi ushukela olula, siwuhlobo olula kunazo zonke zoshukela kanye nemuvo uyisiseko (iminxazwi *(monomers)*) okwakhiwe ngalo izifukuthusi *(carbohydrate)*. 
Imvamisa siwumncwebe oqinile,  ongenambala, okuncibilikayo emanzini. Ngokuphikisana negama lawo elithi (shukela), iziNcithinye ezithile kuphela ezinambitheka kamtoti.
Isicabayo *(formula)* esijwayelekile sithi CnH2nOn, noma i- [Cn (H2O) n] noma i- {CH2O} n (yize kungewona wonke amachembe afaka lesicabayo)

Izibonelo zesiNcithinye zihlanganisa  IsiNcihleke, IsiNcithelo nesiNcintusi. 

## imininingwane
IsiNcithinye siyisakhi sokwakha IsiNcithimbili (njenge-sucrose ne-lactose) neziNcithiningi *(polysaccharides)* (njenge-cellulose nesitashi). Ichwe ngalinye lomcalahle lisekela iqembu le*(hydroxyl yi-chiral)*, ngaphandle kwalezo ezisekupheleni kochungechunge. Lokhu kuphakamisa amafomu amaningi we*(isomeric))*, onke anesicabayi esifanayo sevanga. Isibonelo, isiNcintusi nesiNcishuko zombili zingama-*(aldohexoses)*, kepha zinezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba nezakhiwo zevanga.

IsiNcithinye esiyisincishuko sidlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni komzimba, lapho amandla evanga akhishwa khona *[[I-glycolysis|nge-glycolysis]]* kanye nomjikelezo we*(citric acid)* ukuhlinzeka amandla ngezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izinCithinye zingaguqulwa emzimbeni ophilayo zjbe yisiNcishuko.
I-glucose

**IsiNcishuko** siwushukela olula onesicabayo samangqamuzana C6H12O6. Isincishuko siyisincithinye esigcwele kakhulu, isigaba esingaphansi sezifukuthisi. Isincishuko senziwa kakhulu izitshalo nobulembu obuningi ngesikhathi somdibakhanyo *(photosynthesis)* kusuka emanzini nakumcalahle ontuhlambili, kusetshenziswa amandla avela elangeni, lapho isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-cellulose ezindongeni zamangqamuzana, isifukuthisi esiningi kunazo zonke emhlabeni. umthombo wamandla kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Isincishuko somkhwentuko sigcinwa njengegcezi *(polymer)*, ezitshalweni ikakhulukazi njengesitashi ne-amylopectin, nasezilwaneni njenge-glycogen. Isincishuko sijikeleza egazini lezilwane njengoshukela wegazi. Uhlobo olwenzeka ngokwemvelo lwesincishuko yisincishuko-d, kuyilapho isincishuko -l sikhiqizwa ngokwenziwa ngamanani amancane uma kuqhathaniswa futhi ibaluleke kancane. Isincishuko siyisincithinye eesqukethe amachwe ayisithupha omcalahle neqembu le-aldehyde, ngakho-ke iyi-aldohexose. Ichembe lesincishuko lingaba khona nge-open-chain (acyclic) kanye nefomu le-ring (cyclic). Isincishuko senzeka ngokwemvelo futhi sitholakala ezithelweni nakwezinye izingxenye zezitshalo zikhululekile. Ezilwaneni, isincishuko sikhishwa ekuwohlokeni kwe-glycogen kunqubo eyaziwa njenge-glycogenolysis.

**Isakhiwo namakhamikhali**
IsiNcithimbili

**I-disaccharide** (ebizwa nangokuthi ushukela ophindwe kabili noma i-biose) ushukela owakhiwa lapho ama-monosaccharides amabili ehlanganiswa nokuxhumana kwe-glycosidic. Njengama-monosaccharides, ama-disaccharides amashukela alula ancibilika emanzini. Izibonelo ezintathu ezivamile yi-sucrose, i-lactose, ne-maltose.

Ama-disaccharides angenye yamaqoqo amane amakhemikhali ama-carbohydrate (ama-monosaccharides, ama-disaccharides, ama-oligosaccharides, nama-polysaccharides). Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-disaccharides — i-sucrose, i-lactose, ne-maltose — zinama-athomu ayi-12 ekhabhoni, anefomula ejwayelekile C12H22O11. Umehluko kulawa ma-disaccharides ungenxa yokuhlelwa kwe-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-molecule.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-monosaccharides kushukela ophindwe kabili kwenzeka ngokusabela kwe-condensation, okubandakanya ukususwa kwe-molecule yamanzi emaqenjini asebenzayo kuphela. Ukuhlukanisa ushukela ophindwe kabili kuma-monosaccharides awo amabili kwenziwa nge-hydrolysis ngosizo lohlobo lwe-enzyme ebizwa nge-disaccharidase. Njengoba ukwakha ushukela omkhulu kukhipha i-molecule yamanzi, ukuyiqeda kudla i-molecule yamanzi. Lokhu kusabela kubalulekile emzimbeni. I-disaccharide ngayinye idiliziwe ngosizo lwe-disaccharidase ehambisanayo (i-sucrase, i-lactase, ne-maltase).molecule.
Isifo seCovid

**ICoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)** yisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa i-acute coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Icala lokuqala elaziwayo latholakala eWuhan, eChina, ngoDisemba 2019. Lesi sifo selokhu sabhebhetheka emhlabeni wonke, saholela kubhadane oluqhubekayo.

**Imbangela**

I-COVID-19 ibangelwa ukutheleleka ngegciwane elinzima le-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

**Ukwelapha**

Akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile, okusebenzayo noma okwelapha isifo se-coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), isifo esibangelwe yigciwane le-SARS-CoV-2. [183] [idinga ukuvuselelwa] [184] Ngakho-ke, itshe legumbi lokuphathwa kwe-COVID- 19 ukunakekelwa okusekelayo, okubandakanya ukwelashwa ukuqeda izimpawu, ukwelashwa okunamanzi, ukwesekwa komoya-mpilo nokuma okujwayelekile njengoba kudingeka, kanye nemithi noma amadivayisi wokusekela ezinye izitho ezibalulekile ezithintekile.

**Ezinye Izilwane**

Abantu babonakala bekwazi ukusabalalisa leli gciwane kwezinye izilwane, uhlobo lokudluliswa kwezifo olubizwa nge-zooanthroponosis.

Ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, ikakhulukazi amakati nama-ferrets, zingalithola leli gciwane kubantu abanaleli gciwane. [] Izimpawu emakati zihlanganisa ukuphefumula (okufana nokukhwehlela) kanye nezimpawu zokugaya ukudla. [] Amakati angasabalalisa leli gciwane kwamanye amakati, futhi angakwazi ukusabalala igciwane liya kubantu, kepha ukudluliswa kwekati-kuya-kumuntu kwe-SARS-CoV-2 akukatholakali. Uma kuqhathaniswa namakati, izinja azisengozini yokungenwa yileli gciwane.Iziphathimandla ezandisa ubungozi bokudlulisa zibandakanya ukuqabula, ukukhotha, nokuphulula isilwane

**Umlando**

Leli gciwane kucatshangwa ukuthi lingokwemvelo futhi livela ezilwaneni, [] ngokutheleleka nge-spillover. [] Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi icala lokuqala (okuthiwa yi-patient zero) lavelaphi futhi uphenyo ngemvelaphi yalolu bhubhane luyaqhubeka. [] I-Phylogenetics ilinganisela ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 yavela ngo-Okthoba noma ngoNovemba 2019. [] Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic algorithm kwaphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi leli gciwane lalizungeza eGuangdong ngaphambi kweWuhan. [] Yize olunye ucwaningo lwase-Italy luphakamisa ukuthi lwalukhona lapho ekuqaleni Septhemba 2019. [] Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi yehla ku-coronavirus ehlasela amalulwane asendle, futhi isakaze kubantu ngokusebenzisa umphathi wezilwane zasendle ongumxhumanisi. [] Ithuba lokuthi leli gciwane likhishwe ngephutha elabhorethri nalo lisacatshangelwa ngokuqhubekayo. []
Imbali

**Izimbali**, ziyizakhiwo zokuzala zezitshalo eziqhakazayo .Ngokuvamile, zakhiwe ngamazinga amane ayindilinga azungeze ukuphela kwesiqu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: amaqabu, angamaqabunga aguquliwe asekela imbali; amacembe, avame ukuklanywa ukuheha abathuthi bempova; ama-stamens esilisa, lapho kuvela khona impova ; kanye ne -gynoecia yesifazane, lapho kwamukelwa khona impova futhi ukunyakaza kwayo kuqondiswa eqandeni. Uma izimbali zihlelwe ngeqembu, zaziwa ndawonye njenge- inflorescence.

Ukuthuthuka kwezimbali kuyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebalulekile emijikelezweni yokuphila yezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Ezitshalweni eziningi, izimbali zikwazi ukukhiqiza amangqamuzana obulili obubili. Impova, engakhiqiza amangqamuzana obulili abesilisa, ithuthwa phakathi kwezingxenye zesilisa nezesifazane zezimbali ngokuthutha impova. Ukuthuthwa kwempova kungenzeka phakathi kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, njengokuthuthwa impova, noma phakathi kwezimbali esitshalweni esisodwa noma ngisho nembali efanayo, njengokukhishwa impova. Ukuhamba kwempova kungabangelwa yizilwane, njengezinyoni kanye nezinambuzane noma izinto ezingaphili njengomoya namanzi. Umbala nokwakheka kwezimbali kusiza inqubo yempova.

Ngemuva kokuthatha impova, amangqamuzana obulili ahlanganiswa ndawonye enqubweni ukuvundiswa, okuyisinyathelo esiyinhloko ekuzaleni ngokobulili. Ngokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana okwenuzi, ingqamuzana elivelayo likhula libe imbewu, equkethe izakhiwo zokusiza ukusinda nokukhula kwesitshalo esizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye yensikazi yembali iba izithelo, bese ezinye izakhiwo zezimbali zife. Umsebenzi wesithelo ukuvikela imbewu futhi usize ekusakazekeni kwayo kude nesitshalo esiyinhloko. Imbewu ingasakazwa yizinto eziphilayo, njengezinyoni ezidla izithelo bese zisakaza imbewu lapho zikhishwa. Izinto ezingaphili njengomoya namanzi nazo zingasiza ekusakazeni imbewu.

Izimbali zaqala ukuvela phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-150 kuya kwezingu-190 edlule, ngesikha seJurassic. Izitshalo ezinezimbali zithathe indawo yezitshalo ezingenazo izimbali  eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwezimbali zokuzala. Ekufundeni ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo, izimbali ziyisici esiyinhloko esisetshenziswa ekuhlukanisweni izitshalo. Ezikhathini zasemandulo abantu babesebenzisa izimbali kwezinye izinhloso ezihlukahlukene, njengokuhlobisa, imithi, ukudla, namakha. Empilweni yabantu, izimbali zisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobuciko, izincwadi, imikhuba yenkolo, imicibilisho, nemikhosi. Zonke izici zezimbali, njengombala, ukuma, iphunga, zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu phakathi kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Zihluka ngobukhulu kusuka ku-  inch) kuya kumitha elilodwa (3.3 , futhi ngaleyo ndlela zisukela ekunciphiseni kakhulu nasekunciphiseni, kuya ekubuseni ukwakheka kwesitshalo. Izitshalo ezinezimbali zibusa iningi lezimiso zemvelo zomhlaba, futhi ngokwazo zisukela kuma-orchid amancane nezitshalo ezinkulu zezitshalo kuya ezihlahleni ezinkulu.
Isidoda

**Isidoda** yiseli lokuzala labesilisa, noma i-gamete, ngezinhlobo ezingathandeki zokuzala ngokocansi (amafomu lapho kunengqamuzana enkulu yokuzala "yowesifazane" kanye nelincane, "lowesilisa". Izilwane zikhiqiza isidoda se-motile esinomsila owaziwa njenge-flagellum, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-spermatozoa, kanti amanye ama-algae abomvu nesikhunta akhiqiza amaseli wesidoda angenayo i-motile, eyaziwa njenge-spermatia. Izitshalo eziqhakazayo ziqukethe isidoda esingenayo i-motile ngaphakathi kwempova, kuyilapho ezinye izitshalo ezingaphansi njenge-ferns namanye ama-gymnosperms enesidoda se-motile.
Izibalo

**Izibalo (Ngesingisi:Mathematics)**(from Greek: μάθημα, máthēma, 'knowledge, study, learning') kufaka ukutadisha izihloko ezinjengethiyori (ithiyori), ukwakheka (i-algebra), isikhala (i-geometry), noshintsho (ukuhlaziywa). Ayinayo incazelo eyamukelwa ngokuvamile.

Ochwepheshe bezibalo bafuna futhi basebenzise amaphethini [] ukwakha izingqikithi ezintsha; baxazulula iqiniso noma amanga alokho ngobufakazi bezibalo. Lapho izakhiwo zezibalo ziyizibonelo ezinhle zezinto ezingokoqobo, ukucabanga ngezibalo kungasetshenziswa ukunikeza ukuqonda noma ukubikezela ngemvelo. Ngokusetshenziswa kokukhishwa kanye nengqondo, izibalo zithuthukisiwe kusukela ekubalweni, ekubaleni, ekulinganisweni, nasekufundweni okuhlelekile kobujamo nokunyakaza kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Izibalo ezisebenzayo bekungumsebenzi wabantu kusukela kudala njengoba amarekhodi abhaliwe ekhona. Ucwaningo oludingekayo ukuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo kungathatha iminyaka noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka okuphenywa okuqhubekayo.
Ochwepheshe bezibalo

**Isazi sezibalo** umuntu osebenzisa ulwazi olunzulu lwezibalo emsebenzini wabo, imvamisa ukuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo. Ochwepheshe bezibalo bakhathazekile ngezinombolo, idatha, ubungako, isakhiwo, isikhala, amamodeli, noshintsho.

**Imvelaphi**

Esinye sezazi zezibalo zokuqala kwakunguThales waseMileto (c. 624 – c. 546 BC); umenyezelwe njengesazi sokuqala sezibalo kanye nomuntu wokuqala owaziwayo okutholwe kuye ukutholakala kwezibalo. [1] Ubizwa ngokusetshenziswa kokuqala kokucabanga okususwayo okusetshenziswe kuJiyomethri, ngokuthola izilinganiso ezine kuThales 'Theorem.

Inani lezazi zezibalo ezaziwayo lakhula ngenkathi uPythagoras waseSamos (c. 582 – c. 507 BC) esungula iPythagorean School, imfundiso yayo ukuthi izibalo zazilawula indawo yonke futhi isiqubulo sayo sasithi "All is number". igama elithi "mathematics", futhi okuqala ngalo isifundo sezibalo ngenxa yalo.

Owesifazane wokuqala wezibalo owaqoshwa ngumlando kwakunguHypatia wase-Alexandria (AD 350 - 415). Ulandele ubaba wakhe njengoMtapo Wezincwadi eGreat Library futhi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi ngezibalo ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngenxa yengxabano yezepolitiki, umphakathi wamaKrestu e-Alexandria wamjezisa, ecabanga ukuthi uyabandakanyeka, ngokumhlubula futhi wakhuhla isikhumba sakhe ngamagobolondo (abanye bathi ngamathayili okufulela). 

Isayensi nezibalo emhlabeni wamaSulumane ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwalandela amamodeli nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxhaswa kwehlukahluka ngokuya ngezazi. Kwakuwukusekelwa okubanzi kanye nezinqubomgomo eziqinile zengqondo ezisetshenziswe ngababusi abathile ababevumela ulwazi lwesayensi ukuthi lukhule ezindaweni eziningi. Imali yokuhumusha imibhalo yesayensi ngezinye izilimi yayiqhubeka phakathi nokubusa kwamaCaliph athile, kwavela ukuthi izazi ezithile zaba ngongqondongqondo emisebenzini eziyitolikayo zabuye zathola ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo ngokuqhubeka nokwakha isayensi ethile. Njengoba lawa ma-sciences athola ukunakwa okubanzi kwabaphezulu, izazi eziningi zamenywa futhi zaxhaswa ngemali yokufunda izifundo ezithile zesayensi. Isibonelo somhumushi nesazi sezibalo esazuza kulolu hlobo lokusekelwa kwakungu-al-Khawarizmi. Isici esivelele sezazi eziningi ezisebenza ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaSulumane ezikhathini zasendulo ukuthi zazivame ukuba ngama-polymath. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi umsebenzi we-optics, i-maths ne-astronomy ka-Ibn al-Haytham.
Isihlongamkhathi

**Isihlongamkhathi** (noma **isibonakude**) siyisiklamo esisetshenziselwa ukupopola izinto ezikude ngokuhlonga ukuphafuka kwazo, ukumunyunga kwazo noma ukukhwentuza kwazo imiyonzi yenzubawonga. Ngokwendabuko, sasiyinsiza yokukhanya esebenzisa izififiyela *(lenses)*, izibuko ezibhenile, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili ngenhloso yokubona izinto ezikude – kuyisibonakude sokukhanya. Namuhla, lesi siklamo sesikwazi ukuhlonga izingxenye ezihlukene zomungco wenzubawonga.

Izihlongamkhathi zokuqala ezaziwayo ezisebenzayo kwakuyilezo ezigwincizayo *(refracting)* ezazi fakelwe izififiyela zenhlaka futhi ezaziqanjwe kwelamaDashi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Zazisetshenziselwa kokubili ukuBona ezweni nokubona emkhathini.

Isihlongamkhathi esikhwentuzayo, esisebenzisa izibuko ukuze siqoqe futhi sihlozinge ukukhanya, saqanjwa iminyaka eyishumi ingakapheli kuqanjwe esigwincizayo.

Ekhulwini lama-20, kuye kwaqanjwa izihlongamkhathi ezintsha ezinhlobonhlobo, ezihlanganisa isihlongamkhathi somsakazo (1939's) nesihlongamkhathi sensibomvu (1960's).

## uMsukagama
Ibizo elithi isihlongamkhathi liyinhlanganisela yamabizo amabili, 'isihlonga' (elithathwe esenzweni ukuhlonga) + 'umkhathi' (elisho indawo ezungezile efinyelela kude). Elithi isibonakude lona lilingisa elesingisi elithi *telescope* elimsuka wolimi lwesiGreki sasendulo ochazwa kanje:  isiGriki τῆλε, (tele: 'kude') + σκοπεῖν, (skopein: 'ukubona'); uma lihlangene τηλεσκόπος, teleskopos 'ukubona kude', uma ngesiZulu kufakwa isiqalo 'isi' lisho ukuthi isibonakude.
Womabili lamabizo ayafaneleka njengoba adlulisa umqondo womsebenzi walesi siklamo.

## Umlando

Irekhodi lokuqala elikhona lesibonakude kwakuyilungelo lobunikazi elaliyi-1608 elethwe kuhulumeni waseNetherlands ngumenzi wemibukiso waseMiddelburg uHans Lippershey for a telescope refracting. UGalileo wezwa ngakho futhi, ngo-1609, wazakhela eyakhe inguqulo, futhi wenza umbono wakhe ngeteleskopu wezinto zasezulwini
Icansi lezinhlwa

**Icansi lezinhlwa** liwumbukiswano oyicansi wezinhlwa zevanga, ezihlelwe ngenani lobuchwe, ukumiswa kwenzuba, kanye nezakhi zevanga eziphindaphindayo. Liyisicabayo esidwetshiwe somthetho wezinkathi, othi izakhi zezinhlwa zevanga ziveza icishelo lobunkathi oluncike enanini lazo lobuchwe. Icansi lihlukaniswe laba izinxande ezine ezibizwa izingquklu *(blocks)*. Izinhlu noma imigqa eyisikhombisa yecansi, ibizwa ngokuthi izinkathi. Imigqobe *(columns)* ibizwa ngamaqembu, aqukethe izinhlwa ezinezici ezifanayo ngokwevanga. Amaqembu ayisithupha amukele amagama kanye namanani abazinikiwe: isibonelo, izinhlwa zeqembu lesi-17 ziyizakhatshiwo *(halogen)*; kanti iqembu le-18 lingamahowo ekhethelo *(noble gases)*. Imithambeko kuyinto egcwele kulo lonke ucansi, njengoba isici esingenkimbi *(nonmetallic)* sikhula kusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, futhi kusuka phansi kuya phezulu eqenjini, futhi isici sobunkimbi *(metallic)* sikhula ekuqombotheni okumalungana. Isizathu esiyisisekelo salemithambeko ukuhleleka kwezinzuba emachweni. Icansi ngokukhethekile lifaka amachwe angenamlelesa nanenani elilinganayo lezinelesi ezinomlelesa ovumayo kanye nezinzuba ezinomlelesa ophikayo ohlwini lwendawo eyodwa.