open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
UPatty Aubrey

**UPatty Aubrey** ungumbhali waseMelika waseCalifornia . Uhlanganise *Isobho Lenkukhu ochungechungeni lweSoul*, okuhlanganisa *neChicken Soup for the Christian Soul.* 

Ingqwele yokuthuthukisa abesifazane, u-Aubrey ubhale ngokuhlanganyela incwadi eqondiswe kwabesifazane bodwa ethi, *Chicken Soup for the Christian Woman's Soul.* Le ncwadi yayinezindaba zangempela zabesifazane ababhekene nezinselele, izikhathi ezinzima nokuvuselela ukholo lomuntu. Izahluko zihlanganisa Ukholo, Uthando Lomndeni, Amandla KaNkulunkulu Okuphulukisa, Ubungane, Ukwenza Umehluko, Izinselele kanye Nezimangaliso. 

Wavela ku *"Vuka!"* Uhlelo lwe-TV ngo-2015.   Ngo-2017 ukhonjiswe kwifilimu *ethi The Soul of Success.*  Imibhalo yakhe iye yaqashelwa njengebalulekile ohlotsheni lokuzisiza.   Ube negalelo ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene emkhakheni wokuzisiza,    ingqondo nomzimba,  ukuqeqesha,  izinkinga zokuphila,  imali,  impumelelo,  kanye nokusha.  Umbhali uLisa Nichols wabhala ukuthi u-Aubrey "ungamandla angenzeka".  Izincwadi zakhe zazibhekwa njengezokufundwa okubalulekile ezincwadini ezihlukene zokuzisiza. 

## I-Bibliography
**Isobho Senkukhu soMphefumulo WamaKristu** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu Somphefumulo Wowesifazane OngumKristu** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu Somphefumulo Womama Omusha** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu Somphefumulo Wodade** kaJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen kanye noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu soMphefumulo Womthandi Wasolwandle** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Lenkukhu likaBaba neNdodakazi Soul** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu seChristian Teenage Soul** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen kanye noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Lenkukhu Lomphefumulo Womama Olindelwe** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu Somphefumulo Wokusinda Komdlavuza** nguJack Canfield noMark Victor Hansen noPatty Aubery

**Isobho Senkukhu Somphefumulo Osindile** nguJack Canfield, Bernie S. Siegel, kanye noPatty Aubrey.

**Imvume Inikezwe** u-Kate Butler Cpsc kanye no-Patty Aubrey.

**Thatha Amandla Akho** nguPatty Aubery noMark Mirkovich.

## Izithenjwa
ULaurie Halse Anderson

**ULaurie Halse Anderson** ungumbhali waseMelika obhale izincwadi eziningi. Ubhala inganekwane ngezihloko eziningi ezahlukene. Wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 23, 1961, eNew York. Eseyingane encane, u-Anderson wayethanda ukulalela uyise exoxa izindaba nezinkondlo. Ngo-1983, u-Anderson washada noGregory H. Anderson, isikhulu sebhizinisi. Ngonyaka owodwa kamuva ngo-1984, wathola iziqu zakhe enyuvesi yaseGeorgetown eWashington DC U-Anderson useshicilele izincwadi eziningi zentsha kanye nezingane. Ubhale nezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene. Ezinye zezincwadi zika-Anderson ezaziwa kakhulu zihlanganisa *Speak*, *Fever 1793*, kanye ne *-Catalyst* . Abantu bayalazisa ikhono lakhe lokuthwebula amazwi nezimo zengqondo zentsha njengoba ibhekene nezinkinga zomuntu siqu ezincwadini zayo. Ngo-2009, u-Anderson wathola indondo kaMargaret A. Edwards ngeqhaza lakhe ezincwadini zabantu abadala.
USharon Draper

**USharon Draper** ungumbhali waseMelika, imbongi, kanye nothisha omkhulu . Usezuze imiklomelo eminingi ngokufundisa nokubhala izincwadi eziningi, izinkondlo kanye nezindaba ezimfushane. Wayenguthisha eCincinnati kusukela ngo-1970-1997 futhi waba umbhali ngo-1991, okuwumsebenzi awenzayo njengamanje. Isiqephu sakhe sokuqala kwaba "Ithoshi Elincane Elilodwa", indaba emfushane eyanyatheliswa kumagazini i -Ebony ngo-1991 njengomnqobi womncintiswano wezindaba ezimfushane ongenele abangu-20,000. Ekubhaleni kwakhe, ukhethe abalingiswa besilisa base-Afrika-baseMelika ukuthi banikeze izwi izinsizwa zase-Afrika-America.

## Isiqalo sokuphila
USharon Draper wazalwa ngo-Agasti 21, 1948 eCleveland, e-Ohio. Wayeyindodakazi endala ezinganeni ezintathu emndenini wakhe futhi wakhulela endaweni ebumbene.

## Imfundo
USharon Draper uthole i-BA yakhe ePepperdine University ngo-1971 kanye ne-MA yakhe eMiami University of Ohio ngo-1974.

## Umsebenzi wokufundisa
USharon Draper wayenguthisha wezikole zikahulumeni zaseCincinnati kusukela ngo-1970-1997, futhi wawina umklomelo Wothisha Wonyaka WaseMelika wango-1997 ngomsebenzi wakhe ezikoleni. Uchaze ukufundisa “njengobizo nobizo” lwakhe, futhi uthi “ufundisa ngoba kufanele. Kusenhliziyweni yami nasemphefumulweni wami; ingxenye yencazelo yami. Ngigcina ngifundisa noma ngabe ngikuphi."

## Izincwadi
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe eshicilelwe ihlanganisa:

* *Izinyembezi Zengwe*, 1994.
* *UZiggy kanye namaDinosaurs Amnyama*, 1995.
* *I-Forged by Fire*, ngo-1996.
* *U-Romiette noJulio*, ngo-1997.
* *Jazzimation*, 1999.
* *Ukufundisa Ngokusuka Enhliziyweni*, 1999.
* *Ayishiswanga Kakhulu kodwa iCrispy ezungeze imiphetho*, ngo-2001.
* *Ubumnyama Ngaphambi Kokuntwela kokusa*, 2001.
* *I-Double Dutch*, 2002.
* *Impi yaseJeriko*, 2003.
* *I-Copper Sun*, ngo-2006.
* *November Blues*, 2007
* *Ngaphandle Kwengqondo Yami*, 2010

## Imiklomelo
USharon Draper usezuze imiklomelo eminingi ekufundiseni nasekubhaleni. Uzuze umklomelo weCoretta Scott King Genesis weLiterature (1995), kanye nendondo ye-American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults umklomelo (1995) emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala. Ubuye wawina i-Ohio State Teacher of the Year (1997), US National Teacher of the Year (1997), Isitifiketi Sebhodi Likazwelonke, Ibhodi Likazwelonke Lamazinga Okufundisa Ochwepheshe (1995), Ibhodi Labaqondisi, Ibhodi Likazwelonke Lamazinga Okufundisa Ochwepheshe (1997), Umklomelo Kazwelonke Wokuhlonishwa Kwabesifazane AbangamaNegro Ekufundiseni (1997), kanye ne-Delta Kapa Gamma Honor Society for Women Educators.

## Izithenjwa


* "Sharon M. Draper." I-Biography in Context. Gale, nd Iwebhu.
* "I-World Book Online Reference Center | I-Online Reference Book| Online Encyclopedia." Incwadi Yomhlaba. Np, ngi Iwebhu. 23 Mar. 2015.
I-Afrocentric

* I-Afrocentrism, isiko elidumile kanye nemibono yayigxile emlandweni namasiko abantu abamnyama base-Afrika
* I-Afrocentricity, indlela yocwaningo kanye ne-methodological paradigm esetshenziswa ezifundweni zabantu abanyama ukugxilisa abantu abamnyama base-Afrika njengezifundo nama-ejenti ngaphakathi kwezimo zabo zomlando namasiko.
URuth Klüger

**URuth Klüger** (30 Okthoba 1931 &#x2013; 5 Okthoba 2020) wayenguthisha nombhali waseMelika owazalelwa e-Austria. WayenguSolwazi Emerita Wezifundo ZaseJalimane eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, e-Irvine  futhi owasinda ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe . Wayengumbhali we *-weiter leben ethengisa kakhulu: U-Eine Jugend* mayelana nobuntwana bakhe kuMbuso Wesithathu .  Uphinde wabhala ethi *[[Still Alive (book)|Still Alive]]* . Wazalelwa eVienna .

U-Klüger ushone ngo-5 Okthoba 2020 e- Irvine, eCalifornia ngezinkinga ezidalwa umdlavuza wesinye eneminyaka engu-88  

## Izithenjwa
Ikhala lenkinobho yenkanyezi yokuphupha

ikhala lenkinobho yenkanyezi yokuphupha

" **Yume no Hoshi no Button Nose** " (Yume no Hoshi no Button Nose) iwumdlalo we-anime  osakazwa ku -TV Asahi kusukela ngo -Okthoba 19, 1985 kuya ku -April 26 , 1986 . Ididiyelwe ngokuhlanganyela yi- Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) kanye no -Sanrio . Izikhala zokusakaza zikhona njalo ngoMgqibelo kusukela ngo-19:00 kuya ku-19:30 ( JST ). Iziqephu ezingama-26 sezizonke.

Upopayi wokuqala we-TV ka-Sanrio  , i-anime equkethe umlingiswa ka-Sanrio ethi **Button Nose njengomlingiswa oyinhloko.** Ezilungiselelweni ezisemthethweni ze-Sanrio, igama langempela le-Button Nose ngu-Trish, kodwa ku-anime, yi-Button Nose, hhayi u-Trish.

Ividiyo ngokwayo yayisivele yaqedwa ngo  1983 , kodwa kwaba ngemva kweminyaka emibili lapho yavezwa khona ngempela kumabonakude .

## Amazwibela
Intombazane eneminyaka engu-8 ubudala ehlala e-Strawberry Research Institute, i-Button Nose iyinzalo yomndeni wasebukhosini waseFukland Kingdom emhlabeni iCalitontou. Ngolunye usuku, lapho evakashele i-Planet Calitontou, umalume wakhe, inkosi, uDuke Fastener, wazuza isihlalo sobukhosi. I-Buttonnose, eyaba yinkosi yoMbuso WaseHookland kanjalo , izochitha izinsuku ezimnandi eMbusweni WaseHookland 

## abalingiswa

* Ikhala lenkinobho - Miyuki Muroi  (okwamanje ngu-Sanae Miyuki)
* Franklin - Masagoro
* Thika u-Tac Bon - u-Akira Kamiya
* I-Fastener Duke - Yanami Jouji
* I-Flower Prince - Shinobu Adachi
* Grand Chamberlain - Hiroshi Otake
* Isiqeshana -Kazue Komiya
* Amacici - Rei Sakuma

## abasebenzi

* Ukuhlela nokusalungiswa: Atsushi Tomioka  (Sanrio)
* Abakhiqizi: Shinji Nabeshima (Asahi Broadcasting), Tsunemasa Hatano (Sanrio)
* Umqondisi Omkhulu: Masami Hata
* Idizayini yoqobo yomlingiswa: Masayo Hirose
* Idizayini yohlamvu nokuqondisa komdwebo: Shigeru Yamamoto
* Imidwebo yasekuqaleni: Miwako Hattori, Etsuko Hamada, Kaoru Nakajima, Haruko Onishi, Nobuaki Wakabayashi, Masato Kimura, Masahiro Yoshida, Takashi Watabe, Mitsuhiro Yamada, Gaku Miyao, Yukiya Senda, Tomihiko Okubo, Mitsuru Hosoya , nabanye
* Ividiyo: Sachiko Yoneyama, Ikuichi Ito, Yukie Takahashi, Kiyoko Saito, Kiyo Mizutani, Junko Amano, Masako Sakano, Hiroko Masutani, nabanye
* Isilungiselelo sobuciko: Yukio Abe
* Umqondisi Wezobuciko: Kazutoshi Shimizu
* Izithombe: Teruo Abe, Kenji Noda, Koichi Okuda, Hiroyasu Omoto, nabanye
* Ukuhlela: Tomoko Kida
* Umculo: Kohei Tanaka
* Umqondisi Womsindo: Etsushi Yamada
* Imiphumela yomsindo: Mitsuru Kashiwabara
* Ubuchwepheshe bokuqopha: Tsugio Nakatogawa
* Umdidiyeli Womsindo: Yasuo Urakami
* Ukukhiqizwa Kwe-Acoustic: Ukuhlela Umsindo Wena
* Ukuthuthukiswa: IMAGICA
* Umphathi wokukhiqiza: Seiichiro Narikawa
* Inqubekelaphambili yokukhiqiza: Shoji Muronaga, Naofumi Yamauchi, Yoshitaka Fujimoto , Naoyuki Oshikiri, nabanye
* Ukubambisana kokukhiqiza: I-Top Craft (*Non-credit kukhredithi yefilimu)
* Ukukhiqizwa: I-Asahi Broadcasting, i-Sanrio
* Umbhali: Sanrio Co., Ltd. (*Non-credit on film credit)
Umqongo ImPambano

**Umqongo ImPambano** (owaziwa nangokuthi **Messier 42**, **M42**, noma **i-NGC 1976** ) ungumqongo osabalele otholakala kumZilafasimbe, ongasentshona esishomweni impambano.
Ukukhanyabanga

**Ukukhanyabanga**, ngumuvo wobude osetshenziselwa ukuveza amabanga ezinkanyezi futhi ulingana&nbsp;namakhilomitha ayizigidigidi eziyisi-9.46, noma&nbsp;amamayela ayisigidintathu eziyisi-5.88. Njengokuchasisa kweNhlangano yeZizwe yezomkhathi, ukukhanyabanga kuyibanga elihanjwa ukukhanya elinyeni ngonyaka owodwa wekhalenda likaJuliyasi.
ULele

**ULele** yizitshalo ezincane ezingenazimbali nezingenamithambo esigabeni sobungqwangqwa **sezimonyalembu** (*Bryophyta)*
Indaba yase-Tyroline Village

I-"Chirorin Mura Monogatari" ingumsebenzi wopopayi we-TV owasakazwa ku-NHK Educational TV kusukela ngo-Ephreli 6, 1992 kuya ku-March 19, 1993.  Iziqephu ezingu-170 sezizonke.
Inhleleleko yekhaya

**Inhleleleko yekhaya**  iyinhleleleko yesakhiwo yekhaya noma indlu, ibizwa nangokuthi **ikhaya elintwesi** noma **indlu entwesi**. Isimiso senhleleleko yekhaya selusa noma/futhi silawule izici zekhaya ezifana nokukhanyisa, isimo somchadamezo, izimiso zokuzijabulisa, kanye nezilekeleli. Singase sihlanganise nezokuphepha kwekhaya ezifana nokulawulwa kofikelelo nezimiso zesihlabamkhosi. Lapho zixhunywe noxhakaxholo, izinguxa zekhaya ziyingxenye ebalulekile yoXhakaxholo lwezinto.

## Imithombo
Inhleleleko yesakhiwo

**Inhleleleko yesakhiwo** **(BAS)**, eyaziwa nangokuthi **uhlelo lokuphathwa kombijongo,** ingukulawula kwenhleleleko okunyombonisiwe kwe-HVAC (umchadamezo, ukungena nokulawulwa komoya) yesakhiwo, amazuba, ukukhanyisa, ukufiphaza, ulawulo lofikelelo, izimiso zokuphepha, nezinye izimiso ezihlobene.
IsiVuvebane

**IsiVuvebane** singukuguqulwa kokukhanya kube ngamazuba ngokusebenzisa izithako eziyizidlulisiqeku *(semiconductors)* neziveza umphumela wesivuvebane, okuyisimongotho esifundwa kumchazandalo, ivangabane *(photochemistry)*, nakunzubaziqa *(electrochemistry)*. Umthelela wesiVuvebane usetshenziswa ukuphehla amazuba nanjengeNzwabane *(photosensors)*.
Ukuqavitha kuxhakaxholo

**Ukuqavitha kuxhakaxholo** ibizo elingabhekisela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana olwenzeka kuxhakaxholo oluhlinzeka ngokufufukiswa kwemiyalezo yemiqhafazo okusheshayo kusuka kuthumelayo kuya kothunyelelwayo. Imiyalezo yokuqavitha ngokuvamile ilufuphi ukuze labo abahlanganyela ekuthumeleni basheshe bayifunde futhi basabele kuyo. Ngalokho, kudaleka umuzwa ofana nokuba nengxoxo yangempela, okuyinto ehlukanisa ukuqavitha nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ezinkundleni zoxhakaxholo nangencwazuba ngomqhafazo. Ukuqavitha kuxhakaxholo luhlanganisa ukuxhumana kwabantu ngapha nangale kanye nokuxhumana ngokusakaza kwabaningi, kanye nokuqavitha ngezwi noma ngombukiso, noma kungaba ulwangu lwenkonzo yolwebu yokungqungquthela *(conferencing)*.
IBangacuphi

Kumchazandalo, **ibangacuphi** lingubude obakhiwa ibanga lamaza lapho ephinda ukuvingqoza. Liyibanga eliphakathi kwamachopho amabili alungene nalandelanayo esigaba esifanayo samaza, njengasezilubeni ezimalumbe, imikhombe, noma izanhlukano-nguqu, futhi liyinkondolo kokubili yamaza akhenkethayo namaza amileyo, kanye nezinye izifanelo ezenziwa amaza. Ukugusha kwebangacuphi kubizwa ngokuthi umjingo wendawo. Ibangacuphi livame ukuboniswa ngohlamvu lwesiGriki olubizwa *lambda* (λ).
Iziququdi

**Iziququdi** ziyizilwane ezincelisayo zohlelo lwe-ziququdayo, ezibonakala ngebhangqana elilodwa lezigxavuli ezikhula ngokuqhubekayo emihlathini ngayinye engenhla nangaphansi.
Umjinge

**Umjinge** uyinani isenzakalo esiphindayo esenzeka ngalo ngomuvo wesikhathi. Kumchazandalo, umjingo wamaza uyinani iziluba zamaza ezidlula ngalo echophweni ngomzuzwana owodwa (iziluba zamaza ziyiziqongo ezakhiwa amaza). Futhi kubhekiselwa kuwo ngokuthi umjingo wesikhashana uma ucaciswa, futhi uhlukile kunomjingo wengoni. Umjingo ulinganiswa ngamahaza (Hz) alingana nesenzakalo esisodwa ngomzuzwana owodwa. Inkathi ingumgamu wesikhathi ophakathi kwezenzakalo, ngakho inkathi ingumnano womjingo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma inhliziyo inesigqi somjingo wezikhathi eziyi-120 ngomzuzu (amahaza ama-2), inkathi, umgamu—T isigqi esiziphinda ngawo—uyisigamu somzuzwana (imizuzwana engama-60 ehlukaniswa ngezigqi eziyi-120). Umjingo uyisilinganisi esibaluekile esisetshenziswa kwezenzululwazi nakwezomngcikisho ukucacisa izinga lezimongotho ezicikazayo neziqhikizekayo, ezifana nomqhikizeko wezinguxa, iziyabizo zomsindo, amaza womsakazo, nokukhanya.

## Izincasiselo nemivo

Ezimongothweni eziyingilizayo ezifana nemicikazo, amaza, noma ngokwezibonelo zomdiki wobumbano olulula , ibizo elithi *umjingo* lichasiswa ngokuthi inani lemiyingilizo noma imiqhikizeko emuveni owodwa wesikhathi. *Inkathi* *T* iyisikhathi esidlekayo ekuqedeni ukuyingiliza okukodwa kokucikaza noma ukundiyaza. Ukuhlobana phakathi komjingo nenkathi uchazwa ilesimikithisi 
f = \frac{1}{T}.

Ibizo elithi *umjinge wesikhashana* lisetshenziselwa ukugcizelela ukuthi umjingo unenkondolo eyinani lesenzakalo esiziphindayo esenzeka ngalo kumuvo wesikhathi.
Ubunzima

KwezeNzululwazi nomNgcikisho, **ubunzima** noma **isinzima** sento yisiphoqi esisebenza entweni ngenxa yamandla womnyondo .   

## Amaphatho
I-ChatGPT

**I-ChatGPT**  iyisiqavithi sohlakahlisombulu esithuthukiswe yi-OpenAI esanyakulwa ngoLwezi wezi-2022. Yakhelwe phezu kwamahlelokusebenza we-OpenAI womndeni we-GPT-3 wezinongo zolimi ezinkulu futhi yalungiswa-ngobunomfiya kusetshenziswa ubunyoninco bokufunda okuqondiswayo nokufunda okufakelelwayo.

I-ChatGPT yanyakulwa njengonyanyali mhla zingama-30 kuLwezi 2022, futhi yathola ukunakwa ngokushesha ngenxa yezimpendulo zayo eziningiliziwe neziqephuzayo kuzo zonke izidlangala zolwazi. Kodwa ukunemba kwesiminya sayo okumaqokolo, kuye kwahlonzwa njengengqinamba ephawulekayo. Emva kokukhululwa kwe-ChatGPT, ukubalwa kwemali ye-OpenAI kwakuhamba kwizigidgidi ezingama-29 ngowezi-2023.

Unongo olusha lakwa-OpenAI olubizwa GPT-4, lwakhululwa mhla zili-14 kuNdasa 2023, futhi seluyatholakala kubasebenzisi be- ChatGPT Plus.

## Ukuqeqeshwa

I-ChatGPT iyilungu lomndeni wezinongo zolimi lwesiGwebuzi esesiQeqeshiwe esiPhehlayo *(generative pre-trained transformer GPT)*. Yalolongwa kahle (okuyindlela yokufunda okudluliswayo) kuhlobo oluphuculiwe lakwa-OpenAI lwe-GPT-3 olwaziwa ngokuthi  "GPT 3.5". Inqubo yokulolongaa kahle yasebenzisa kokubili ukufunda okuqondisiwe kanye nokufunda okugcizilelwe *(reinforcement learning)* kumdludlungu obizwa ukufunda okugcizilelwe kumbuyiswa womuntu *(reinforcement learning from human feedback RLHF)*. Zombili lezindlela zazisebenzisa abaqeqeshi abangabantu ukuze ziphucule ukusebenza konongo. Ekufundeni okuqondiswayo, unongo lwahlinzekwa ngezingxoxo lapho abaqeqeshi babe nhlangothi zombili: bengabasebenzisi kanye nabalekeleli bohlakahlisombulu. Ekufundeni okugcizilelwe, abaqeqeshi abangabantu baqala ngokufaka kuqhiwu izimpendulo zonongo zezingxoxo ezidlule. Lolu qhiwu lwasetshenziswa ekudaleni "izinongo zokuhlumulisa" lezo ezasiza ekulolongeni kahle unongo kusetshenziswa lokho okubizwa *(Proximal Policy Optimization PPO)*.

## Ulwangu

IChatGPT iyisiqavithi esiqekethayo kanye nesilekeleli sohlakahlisombulu esisekelwe kuzinongo zolimi ezinkulu. Iyakwazi ukubhala nokulungisa izinhleleliso zesicikizi; ukuqamba umculo, imidlalo kamabonakude, izinganekwane, kanye nezibhalwa zabafundi; ukuphendula imibuzo yezivivinyo (kwesinye isikhathi, kuye ngesivivinyo, ngendlela edlula abantu); ukuphehla amasu womhwebo; ukuhumusha nokufingqa umbhalo; ukufefenyeka uhlelo lakwaLinux; ukufefenyeka yonke inkundla yokuqavitha; noma ukufeketha imidlalo efana je-tic-tac-toe.

## Imithombo
IsiCikizikhulu

**IsiCikizikhulu** siyisicikizi esinezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza uma siqhathaniswa nesicikizi senjongo evamile. Insebenzo yesiCikizikhulu ivame ukulinganiswa ngemigidingo yezintantanani *(float points, FLOPS)* ngomzuzwana kuneziyalelo eziyisigidi ngomzuzwana (MIPS). Kusuka ngowezi-2017, sekube khona isicikizikhulu ezingenza ezintantnani eziyi-1017. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isiCikizi sasendlini singasebenza maphakathi namakhulu izintantananinqindi (1011) kuya emashumini ezintantananizaca (1013). Kusuka ngoLwezi kowezi-2017, zonke isicikizikhulu ezisheshayo zomhlaba ezingama-500 bezisebenza ngezingqalahlelo olusekwe kwi-Linux. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyenziwa kwelaseMelikq, eYurophu, eThayiwani, eJaphani, naseShayina ukuze kwakhiwe iziCikizikhulu zomlinganisokhulu ezinamandla kakhulu nezibuqabavu ngokobuchwepheshe.

## Imithombo
Inani lobuchwe

**Inani lobuchwe** noma **inani lomlelesa wenuzi** (uphawu Z) yenhlwa yevanga liyinani lomlelesa osenuzini yechwe. Enuzini evamile, leli nani lilingana nenani lenelesi noma inani lezinelesi ezisenuzini yawo wonke amachwe aleyonhlwa. Inani lobuchwe lingasasetshenziswa njengesihlonzi sezinhlwa zevanga ezivamile. Echweni elivamile elingaleleswanga, inani lobuchwe lilingana nenani lezinzuba.

EChweni elivamile eliqukethe iziNelesi, iziNtunge neziNzuba, isamba senani leChwe Z kanye nenani leNtunge N zakha inani lesisindo seChwe A. Njengoba iziNelesi neziNtunge cishe zinesisindo esifanayo (futhi isisindo seziNzuba zishaywa indiva ngezinjongo eziningi), isisindo seChwe noma yiliphi lapho sivezwa ngomuvo wenani lesisindo seChwe, siphakathi komuvo ekhulwini (1%) walo lonke inani A.

AmaChwe anenani lobuchwe elifanayo kodwana anamanani eziNtunge ahlukene, futhi kanjalo anamanani esisindo ahlukene, aziwa ngokuthi amaChembe. Zingaphezu kwezigamu ezintathu izinhlwa ezitholakala ngokwemvelo eziyizingxube zamaChembe, futhi inani lobuChembe lengxube yeChembe yenhlwa esesimweni esichasisiwe emhlabeni, linqumela ubunzima bechwe obuyindinganiso yenhlwa. Ngokomlando, kwakuyilobo bunzima bechwe bezinhlwa (makuqhathaniswa neHwanzi) obabutholakala ngobuningi obulinganiswa abachazibotho ekhulwini le-19.
Isidlakalasi samazuba

**Isidlakalasi samazuba** siyisidlakalasi esihlobene neziphoqi zezinhlayiya ezileleswe ngamazuba kanye nomdiki walezo zinhlayiya (ngokuvamile izinzuba ezintanjeni, kodwa hhayi njalo).
UmQhibuki

**UmQhibuki** ngumuntu onekhono kwezobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa nosebenzisa ulwazi analo lobuchule ukuze afinyelele empokophelweni noma anqobe ingqinamba, ngaphakathi kwesimiso esicikizwe ngezindlela ezingezona ezindinganiso ebekiwe. Nakuba ibizo elithi umqhibuki seliyamaniswa bokuqhibuka ezokuphepha – umuntu osebenzisa ulwazi analo lobuchule ukuze axhaphaze futhi agqekeze ezimisweni zesicikizi futhi afikelele imininingo engenakufikelelwa kalula – ukuqhibuka ikhono elingasetshenziswa nayizikhungo zomthetho ezimweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zomthetho nabaswbenzi bazo ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzisa ubunyoninco bokuqhibuka ukuze ziqoqe ubufakazi ngezigilamkhuba nezigebengu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa amathuluzi wokungaziwa (afana ne-VPN, noma ulwebu olufiphele) ukuze zisitheze ubuhlonzi bazo kuxhakaxholo, ngokuzishaya sengathi ziyizigebengu nazo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zabancondi zomhlaba nazo zingasebenzisa ubunyoninco bokuqhibuka emisebenzini yazo engokomthetho. Kolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhibuka nokugasela kuxhakaxholo izinto  ezisetshenziswa ngokungemthetho izinhlangano zomthetho nezokuphepha (lapho zenza ubuqhebeqhebe obungagunyaziwe), futhi zisetshenziswa nawumbuso njengesikhali empini engokomthetho nengekho emthethweni.
Geragera Booth Indaba

UGeragera Booth Monogatari (~ monotari) uyi-anime yethelevishini esekelwe emgqeni wamahlaya nguWill Ray Markers eNetherlands. Yasakazwa ku-TV Tokyo kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1987 kuya ku-March 29, 1988. Iziqephu ezingu-52.
Inzululwazi yemvelo

**Inzululwazi yemvelo** ingelinye lamagatsha esayensi aphathelene nencaziso, ukuqonda nokubikezela izimongotho zemvelo, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obunamandla obuvela ezingqaphelweni nasemigcansweni . Izinyathelo ezifana nembuyekezo ecubungulayo nokuziphindaphinda kwemiphumela kusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba yiqiniso kokuqombola kwenzululwazi.

Inzululwazi yemvelo ihlukaniswa kube amagatsha amabili ayinhloko: Inzululwazi yempilo kanye nenzululwazi yokoqobo. Inzululwazi yempilo yaziwa nangokuthi umchazampilo, futhi Inzululwazi yokoqobo ihlukaniswe ngamagatshana kanje: umchazandalo, umchazatho, inzululwazi yomhlaba, umchazamkhathi. La magatsha wenzululwazi ahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo kube amagatsha akhethekile (imikhakha ). Njengezinzululwazi zobufakazi, izinzululwazi zemvelo zisebenzisa izinsiza ezifana nomchazazibalo kanye nomhluzamqondo, ukuguqula ukwaziswa okuphathelene nendalo kube izilinganiso okulula ukuzichaza ngokulandela "imithetho yendalo".
UmNgcikisho wesiCikizi

**UmNgcikisho wesiCikizi** uyigatsha lomngcikisho wamazuba kanye nenzululwazi yesicikizi elididiyela imikhakha eminingana yenzululwazi yesicikizi nomngcikisho wesizubisi obudingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izingxenyekazi zesicikizi nehlelokusebenza .
Sunoman Igundane

**Sunoman Igundane** (IsiNgisi: Mickey Mouse). Disney Television Animation. Disney-ABC Domestic Television. 2013.
Yebo

Spaghetti
Cooking Instructions: services:7pour 4litres of water Into a deep 10ml salt(optional)and bring to a brisk boil.Gently push 500 g spaghetti into Bolling water.Stir to separate strands . Briefly cover with lid until water boils again .Cook uncovered in fast bolling water for9-11 minutes until barely tender (Al dente). Remove from heat and drain in a colander or seive Serve immediately with your favourite sauce or topping
IGcikiva

**Igcikiva** liyinto eyisinqumela enomgakontathu ngokomchazabukhulu. Igcikiva linamagumbi ayisiphohlongo kanye nezinqenqe ezilishumi nambili eziqombothile zobude obulinganayo, inhloso ukuthi lezi zinqenqe zakhe amagcagcane ayisithupha obungako obufanayo, Liyisibonelo sezingonithupha.

Igcikiva linesibunge emasikweni amaningi, kuhlanganisa kunto nasemidlalweni, kwezobuciko, amadudamqondo, nemiklamo yezakhiwo. Amagcikiva ayatholakala nesezinhlakeni zemincwebe, kwezenzululwazi, naseziklamweni zezobuchwepheshe. Iyatholakala nasemibhalweni yasendulo, efana nombhalo kaPlato othi *Timaeus*, ochazisa ngeqoqo lezikhumanqa namuhla ezibizwa izikhumanqa zikaPlato, oyamanisa igcikia nenhlwa yasendulo yomhlaba.

Igcikiva lingafanekiswa ngezindlela eziningi. Isibonelo esisodwa ukuthi udwebe isazobe esinamaqoqo wamagumbi axhunywe ngoqenqe.
IGcagcane

Kusilinganisazwe sika-Ekilidu, **igcagcane** lingumacalazaqa ovamile, okusho ukuthi linezinhlangothi ezine ezilinganayo nama izingoni ezine ezilinganayo (izingoni ezingamazinga angama-90, π/2 ama-radian angles, noma izingoni eziqhiyeme ).
Isabella Scherer

U-**Isabella Medeiros Scherer** (17 February 1996 - ) owaziwa nangokuthi u-**Isabella Scherer**, ungumlingisi waseIBrazili. UngowaseIBrazili.

## Ifilimu
* Família Imperial (2012-2013)
* Experimentos Extraordinários (2014)
* Califórnia (2015)
* Que Talento! (2016)
* Malhação: Viva a Diferença (2017-2018)
* Psi (2019)
* Bom Sucesso (2019)
* MasterChef Brasil (2021)

## Izinkomba
Umhwebo

**Umhwebo (**noma **umhibo** okanye **Ibhizinisi)** umkhuba wokuziphilisa noma ukwenza imali ngokukhiqiza noma ukuthenga nokudayisa imikhiqizo ( njengezingudla nezinkonzo ). Ubuye ube yinoma yibuphi ubuqhebeqhebe noma umbhidlango owenzelwa imveza.

Ukuba negama lomhibo akuwuhlukanisi umhwebo kumniniyo, okusho ukuthi umnikazi womhwebo unesibopho nesimelo ngezikweletu zawo umhwebo. Uma umhwebo uzuza izikweletu, labo obakweletayo bangayishaqa impahla yomnikazi siqu. Isimiso sokukhokha intela semihwebo sihlukile kuleso semishumanqa. Uhlaka lomhibo alivumeli ukuba ukhokhe entela yomshumanqa. Umnikazi wawo uyena okuthathwa intela kuye siqu kuwo wonke umngeniso womhibo.

Leli bizo livame ukusetshenziswa nalapho kuchazwa inkampani, efana nomshumanqa noma umfelandawonye.

Imishumanqa, ngokungafani neziMnini munye nezabaLingani, ziyizinhlaka ezihlukile ngokomthetho futhi zihlinzeka ngezimelo ezilinganiselwe kubanikazi bazo noma amalunga azo, futhi kufanele ikhokhe intela yomshumanqa. Imishumanqa akukho lula futhi kuyabiza ukuyihlela, kodwana iphana ngokuvikeleka kanye nemivuzo kubanikazi/amalunga ayo.
Udoti wondlebe zikhanya ilanga

**Udoti omhlophe** inhlamba eyinhlamba yobuhlanga nehlobene nezigaba   esetshenziswa ngesiNgisi saseMelika ukuze kubhekiselwe kondlebe zikhanya ilanga abaswele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni eningizimu ye-United States .Le  ilebula ,isho isigaba senhlalo phakathi kwabamhlophe futhi ikakhulukazi izinga lokuphila elehlisiwe. ,,  Isetshenziswa njengendlela yokwehlukanisa "abahloniphekile nabakhuthele" "abampofu abahle" kumavila, "abangaqondi, abangabongi nabanengekayo" "abamhlophe ababi". Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kunikeza abamhlophe bezinga eliphakathi naphezulu indlela yokuziqhelelanisa nobumpofu nokungabi namandla kwabamhlophe abaswele, abangakwazi ukujabulela lawo malungelo, kanye nendlela yokuphika ukuziphatha kwabo abakubonayo. 

Leli gama liye lamukelwa kubantu abahlala emikhawulweni yenhlalakahle yomphakathi, ababonakala beyingozi ngenxa yokuthi bangase babe nezigebengu, ezingalindelekile,engeqageleki futhi ngaphandle kokuhlonipha igunya lezombangazwe, lezomthetho, noma lokuziphatha.  Nakuba leli gama lisetshenziswa kakhulu  yizindawo zasemadolobheni  neziphakathi nendawo ehlazisayo ngabamhlophe basemadolobheni nabasezingeni eliphakathi njengesibonakaliso sesigaba,  abanye abaculi abamhlophe bazichaza ngokuthi "udoti omhlophe", bakubheka njengebheji lokuhlonipha, futhi babungaze imibono ehlukene engavamile kanye nezinhlalo zangaphansi kokumhlophe.    

Izazi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 zahlola izizukulwane zemindeni ezazibhekwa "njengezihlambalazi", njengomndeni wakwaJukes kanye nomndeni wakwaKallikak, womabili amagama mbumbulu emindeni yangempela. 

udoti wosindlebe zikhanya ilanga ohluphekile, igama elisetshenziselwa kokubi okuhluphekile ", hhayi ukuyhandiswa "izicukuthwane  nokusebenza kanzima" kokuhle okuhluphekile.  Igama elilodwa elisetshenziswa kubantu abanjalo lalithi "tackeys" noma "tackies".  Ngokwe-Oxford Dictionaries, yake yasetshenziswa kumahhashi enani  elincane noma elingenagugu, yase idluliselwa *kubantu* ababonakala benenani elincane noma abangenalo igugu.  Kungase kube nesikhathi esimaphakathi lapho lalisetshenziswa khona ukuchaza labo okungenzeka babedla izambane likapondo kodwa bengenazo izimpande zomndeni noma inkuliso enhle.  yona manje ngokuvamile ibhekisa kunoma yini eshibhile, edubulayo, engadubuli, eyimbewu, noma enganambitheki. 

*Kudoti wondlebe zikhanyilanga: amakhulu amane ngokweminya angatsheliwe kumlando wekilasi emelika*  usazi mlando  uNancy Isenberg uhlanganise uhlu olude, kodwa olungacacile, lwamagama ahlekisayo asetshenzisiwe ukubhekisa kubantu abamhlophe abadla imbuya ngothi
Ukulinganisa kwamasiko

**Ukulinganisa kwamasiko** kuyinqubo lapho iqembu elincane noma isiko lifika lifane neqembu leningi lomphakathi noma lihlanganise izindinganiso, ukuziphatha, nezinkolelo zelinye iqembu ngokugcwele noma kancane. 

Izinhlobo ezehlukene ezokulinganisa amasiko zihlanganisa ukufanisa ngokugcwele futhi nokufanisa ngempoqo.Ukufanisa ngokugcwele iyo evame kakhulu phakathi kwazo zombili,ngoba kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalayo.

Ngesikhathi sokulinganisa kwamasiko, amaqembu amancane kulindeleke ukuthi azivumelanise nezinqubo zansuku zonke zesiko elivelele ngolimi nokubukeka kanye nezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zenhlalomnotho ezifana ,nokungena emphakathini wendawo wamasiko nokuqashwa. 

Iqembu elincane noma isiko lingena ngokuphelele esikweni elibusayo lapho izici ezichazayo zesiko ledlanzana zingaxabene kangako noma zinyamalale ngokuphelele; kuyilapho kwezinye izinhlobo zokutholwa kwamasiko njengokuhlanganiswa **kwamasiko** okutholakala kakhulu emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi, iqembu elincane emphakathini othile lamukela izici zesiko elibusayo ngokusanokuhlanganisa
Ubumpumputhe bebala lobuhlanga

**Ubumpumputhe bokucwasa ngokwebala** 

ubumpumputhe bokucwasa ngokwebala  kusho ukucwasa kanye nokubandlulula ngokwebala kanye ngokwehlanga  ekutheni kube nobandlululo ngokwemibala  nokungafani kwabantu abakhona la eningizimu indlela abantu  abaphathwa ngayo ngenxa yobuhllanga kanye nemibala yabo okuxabanisa abantu futhi kubahlukumeze ngenxa yokutshenwa ukuthi akubona abala eningizimu noma bashaywe ngenxa yemibala yabo  kanye nobuhlanga  njengokubamba inkolelo yokuthi uhlanga noma ubuzwe bomuntu akufanele buthonye okuwukuthi indlela lowo muntu aphathwa ngayo emphakathini.                                                       . . 

ezinkathini ezendlule  abantu baseningimu benza isivumelwano sokuthi leli gama kuzofanele lisetsenziswe njengaga lokugwema ukucwasa kanye nokubandlulula  phakathi kwabantu basemzanzi abcwasana ngokwebala kanye ngokubuhlanga.

## Emibonweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US
ngonyaka ka-1896 kwaba khona uphikiswano lapho khona   uJustice wabhala ngokuthi umthethosisekelo  wukuleli awuboni ubandlululo phakathi kwemibala wathi zonke izakhamuzi ziyalingana ngokwamalungelo futhi phambi komthetho akekho umuntu ongaphezulu komunye sonke siyalingana noma ngabe umuntu enjani lokho akusho ukuthi lowo muntu akuyena owakuleli singabuntu sakhiwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. ungahunyushwa ngokuthi imithetho akumele ihlukanise abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene. 

* Ngombono ofanayo ngonyaka ka 1978  baphikisana ngocwaningo *eliyimpumputhe lombala*, bebhala ukuthi "ngeke ... sivumele ubumpumputhe bombala bube  iqiniso lokuthi abaningi 'badalile. abalinganayo' esikhathini sokuphila kwethu baye baphathwa njengabaphansi ngokomthetho nayizakhamuzi ezikanye nabo." 
* Embonweni wakhe ophikisana  "  Umthethosisekelo awuboni imibala kanye nokuqaphela umbala. Ukuze ugweme ukungqubuzana nesigatshana sokuviken&#x5B; **omthetho awawukhulunywe u justice ngo nyaka ka 2003 esilinganayo, isigaba esiphika inzuzo, esidala umonakalo, noma esithwesa umthwalo akufanele sisekelwe kuhlanga. Ngalowo mqondo, uMthethosisekelo awuboni umbala. Kodwa uMthethosisekelo uyaqaphela umbala ukuze uvimbele ukucwasa ukuba kuqhutshekwe nokuhlehlisa imiphumela yokucwasa okwedlule. '  
* E
Bushra Razack

## Bushra Razack

**U-Bushra Razack** uchwepheshe wokuthuthukiswa komphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika , i-ejenti yezinguquko kanye nosizo lwabantu olugxile ekuxoxisaneni nababambiqhaza. Uzalelwe eKapa , esifundazweni saseWestern Cape eNingizimu Afrika wafunda esikoleni samabanga aphezulu eMnambithi, KwaZulu-Natal lapho afunda khona u-matric ngo-2003. 

## Ukukhula kwakhe
U-Bushra Wakhulela ekhaya lezintandane enezinye izingane ezingu-70 futhi kusukela esemncane wafunda ukubaluleka kokubuyisela. Lapho eneminyaka eyi-12, wamela iNingizimu Afrika kuKhongolose yokuqala Yomhlaba Yentsha eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Millennium Young People's Congress e-Honolulu, eHawaii . Ungomunye wababhali bencwadi ethi, 'Rescue Mission', ukuhlola kwentsha kwe-UN's Millennium Development Goals eyethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo eGoli  eNingizimu Afrika .UBushra uthola ugqozi emiphakathini asebenza nayo njengeMitchells Plain , Cape Flats kanye nePhilippi esifundazweni saseWestern Cape eNingizimu Afrika.

Njengamanje uyi-CEO ye-Philippi Village e-Philippi , isikhungo somphakathi esidala amathuba emisebenzi futhi siphakamise amalungu omphakathi wendawo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlinzeka ngendawo enempilo nephephile yokuxhumana nabantu ngokusebenzisa amabhizinisi, ubuciko, amasiko kanye nabahleli bezinhlelo zemfundo .

## Imiklomelo kanye Nezimpumelelo
Ngo-2017 uBushra wakhethwa yiMail & Guardian njengomunye wabantu abasha abahamba phambili abangama-200 eNingizimu Afrika
Ulimi lwesiNagri

**Ulimi lwesiNagri**' noma **IsiSyloti**' Ulimi lwase-Indorian olukhulunywa eSigodini saseSurma engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Bangladesh, eBarak. Isigodi esisenyakatho-mpumalanga indian isifunda Assam, kanye nesifunda esisenyakatho ye-Tripura ye-Tripura. Ulimi nalo lukhulunywa into ebalulekile inani labantu kwezinye izifundazwe ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya kanye naphakathi kwabafuduki baseNdiya baya Umbuso Ohlangeneyo. Okwamanje, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-8 bakhuluma lolu limi e-Bangladesh, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-3 e-India, kanye  nabantu base Umbuso Ohlangeneyo.

## Umlando Wolimi lwe-Sylhetti
Okhokho bakaSylhett badabuka emathafeni aseSylheti eBangladesh yanamuhla naseNdiya yasendulo, kancane kancane besakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Umsuka wolimi lwesiSylheti kucatshangwa ukuthi uvela Magadhi, okuwulimi lwakudala olukhulunywa ezwenikazi laseNdiya. Ulimi lwaqala ukukhula ngokuzimela kwezinye izilimi zesigodi zesiBengali kusukela ngekhulu le-13, ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa ngokwendawo namasiko kwesifunda saseSylhet.

I-Sylhetti diaspora, ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi abantu abafuduke besuka e-Sylhet baya Umbuso Ohlangeneyo, USA, Canada nase-Australia, isize ukukhuphula ulimi kuze kufike ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. kahle. Ngenxa yokufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, lolu limi selufinyeleleka kalula kulabo abaluthakaselayo ngokolimi nangokwesiko lolu limi.

## Izici zolimi lwe-Sylhetti

Onkamisa bolimi lwesiSylheti bahlukile kwezinye izilimi zaseMpumalanga. Ihluke kakhulu ngokwe-pronunciation, ifonetiki, magama kanye uhlelo lolimi kwezinye izilimi zaseMpumalanga. Isilulumagama se-Sylheti siboleka kakhulu amagama kweminye imindeni yezilimi, okuhlanganisa isi-Hindi, isi-Urdu kanye nesi-Arabic. Izici eziyingqayizivele zalolu limi, kanye nezincwadi zalo ezinothile, ziye zaholela ekuvuseleleni umdlandla weSylheti phakathi kwesizukulwane esisha. Naphezu kokusibekela izilimi ezisemthethweni, isiSylheti sisakhulunywa izigidi zabantu e-Bangladesh, e-India kanye nasemiphakathini yaseSylhetti ediaspora emhlabeni jikelele.

## Ifoneloji

## Ngokwezindawo

## Bhekafuthi
* Ulimi lwesiNagri
UNongo lolimi olukhulu

**UNongo lolimi olukhulu** ( **NLK** ) lingunongo lolimi oluhlanganisa uxhoxho lwezinzwa olunezilinganisi eziningi (ngokuvamile amabhiliyoni ezisindo noma ngaphezulu), oluqeqeshwe ngenani elikhulu lombhalo ongegqabiwe kusetshenziswa ukufunda okuziqondisayo siqu .
Okunye (ifilosofi)

ku-phenomenology amagama athi omunye kanye nomunye osisekelo akhomba omunye umuntu nokwehlukana kwabo.Enye ihlukile futhi iphambene nobuthina bethu kanye nokufanayo. ubudlelwano phakathi kobuntu nomuntu ukuhlobana kwezici ezibalulekile.                                                  

isimo kanye nokulingana kobunye isimo sokuhluka nokungwajwayelekile  kubumnini bomphakathi bomuntu 

kanye nobunikazi bobuqu

isimo sokunye ukungahambisani komuntu kanye nezinkambiso zomphakathi.igama elithi okunye liphinde lichaze isenzo sokunephisa sokubizwa nokuchaza umuntu ngomuntu oyingxenye yesigaba esingaphansi komphakathi somunye 

igama elithi **Omunye** lichaza isenzo sokunciphisa sokubizwa nokuchaza umuntu njengomuntu ongowokuzalwa endaweni engaphansi, njengomuntu oyingxenye yesigaba esingaphansi komphakathi somunye. Umkhuba Wokungahlangani ungabandakanyi abantu abangahambisani nenkambiso yeqembu lomphakathi, okuyinguqulo yobuwena  ngokufanayo, endaweni yomuntu, umkhuba wabanye abantu usho ukubakhipha kanye nokubasusa eqenjini lenhlalakahle baye emaphethelweni omphakathi, lapho izinkambiso zomphakathi ezivamile zingasebenzi kubo, ngenxa yokuba ngomunye.
UHlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo

**UHlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo** (noma **uhlakahlisombulu olukhiqizayo**) liwuHlakahlisombulu olukwazi ukuphehla isiqakaqo, imifanekiso, umfanekisobhanya, umkitizo wehlelokusebenza nezinye izinsizakusakaza, lusebenzisa izinongo zokuphehla. Izinongo zohlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo zifunda izifanelo nohlaka lwezitshelezelo eziyimininingo efakwa kuzo, bese ziphehla imininingo emisha enezinkondolo ezifanayo.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka kusuka ngowezi-2020, ukuthuthukiswa kwesici sonongo lokufunda kwenguxa olweseka Ukufunda okunzulu kwamahleloxhumano weziNzwa kwavumela izimiso ezimbalwa zohlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo ezaziwa ngokwamukela izitshelezelo ezifakwa kuzo. Lezi zihlanganisa iziqavithi zonongo lolimi olukhulu ezifana neChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, isiqavithi esibizwa Bard, nezimiso zobuciko bohlakahlisombulu eziguqula umbhalo kube umfanekiso ezifana neStable Diffusion, Midjourney kanye neDALL-E.

Izinkampani ezisemkhakheni ehlukahlukene ziyalusebenzisa uhlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo, kuhlanganisa nalezo zinkampani ezisemkhakhemi wokukhanda amahlelokusebenza, nakwezempilo, ezezimali, ezokuzijabilisa, ezenkonzo yabathengi, ezentengiso nomdayiso, ezobuciko, nokubhala, kanye nokuklama umkhiqizo.  

Uhlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo seluyasetshenziswa ukwenza ubugebengu bakuxhakaxholo, nasekukhohliseni nokulumba abantu ngobunyolo nangombukisonyali. Izinongo zohlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo zicijiswa ngemisebenzi enamalungelo agodliwe ngaphandle kwemvume yabaohetue amalungelo. Iningi lezinhlelo zohlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo zisebenzisa amazikomininingo amakhulu akhinyabeza imvelo, ashwabadela amanzi amaningi ukuze azipholise, futhi asebenzisa isidlakalasi esiphezulu esikhula mihla yonke.

## Imithombo
Philippi Village

I-Philippi Village iyintuthuko exube ukusetshenziswa okuyikhaya lomphakathi ohlukene wosomabhizinisi namabhizinisi amancane, anezindawo zokudayisa, amahhovisi kanye nemicimbi kanye nezemidlalo, imfundo kanye nezinkonzo zamasiko ePhilippi, EKapa, IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu AfrikaI . Kuthathwa njengogqozi kanye nemodeli yebhizinisi emadolobheni aseCape Flats,IKapa. Inhloso enkulu yePhilippi Village ukuhlinzeka ngezindawo zokusebenza ngokubambisana kosomabhizinisi abancane, kanye nokudala amathuba emisebenzi kanye nokuphakamisa igama lomphakathi wendawo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kube indawo ephilayo ephephile ukuxhumana nomphakathi. Ngokugubha iminyaka yayo yokuqala, iPhilippi Village yamemezela ukuthi isidale imisebenzi ehlala njalo engama-66 kanye nemisebenzi yetoho engama-284 futhi isingathe imicimbi eyi-15 esikhungweni sayo somhlangano .

I-Philippi Village yasungulwa nguBushra Razack usomabhizinisi ophumelele imiklomelo yezenhlalakahle, i-ejenti yezinguquko, uchwepheshe wobuntu kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi  . Wazalelwa eKapa wafunda amabanga aphezulu eMnambithi, IKwaZulu-Natali, lapho aqeda khona ibanga leshumi ngo-2003. Ukhule nezinye izingane ezingu-70 ekhaya lezintandane kwathi eneminyaka eyishumi nambili wamela iNingizimu Afrika ekuqaleni. I-World Youth Congress eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Millennium Young People's Congress e-Honolulu County, eHawaii . Ungomunye wababhali bencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi: "Rescue Mission", ukubuyekezwa kwentsha kweMillennium Development Goals ye-UN eyethulwe eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo, eGauteng, EGoli (isifundazwe), IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika.

## Izithenjwa
Khanyi Mbau

**UKhanyisile Mbau** ungumlingisi waseNingizimu Afrika, umculi kanye nomethuli wezinhlelo zikamabonakude.
Lasizwe Dambuza

**UThulasizwe Siphiwe Dambuza** (owazalwa ngezi-19 zika-Julayi ngonyaka ka-1998), owaziwa **ngelikaLasizwe**, ungusaziwayo wase Ningizimu Afrika, owaziwa ngokuba ngumlingisi, umethuli wezinhlelo zikamabonakude kanye nezika-YouTube.
Babes Wodumo

**UBongekile Mildred Simelane** (owazalwa ngenyanga kaMashi, zingu 25, ngonyaka ka-1994), owaziwa kakhulu ngelikaBabes **Wodumo** ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika wohlobo lomculo owaziwa ngegqomu kanye nomdidiyeli wokucula. 

## Imithombo
Umshumanqa

**Umshumanqa** uyinhlangano —imvama iqembu labantu noma inkampani—egunyazwe umbuso ukuba ibe yinhlangano eyodwa (engokomthetho neqashelwa yimithetho yasobala neyasese "njengezelwe ngokomthetho" okuyenza ibe ngumuntu ngokusemthethweni) futhi iqashelwa ngaleyondlela ngokomthetho ngokwenjongo ethile.: Izinhlangano zangaphambili zazisungulwa ngomthetho ( owawugunyazwa yinkosi noma umgwamanqa). Iningi lezindadawo ziyakuvumela ukwakhiwa kwemishimanqa emisha ngokubhalisa. Imishumanqa itholakala ngezinhlobo eziningi kodwana ihlukaniswa ngokwendawo lapho egunyazwe khona ngokusekwe ezicini ezimbili: ngokukhipha izabelo noma ukwenza imveza. Ngokucakathe enanini labaniniyo, umshumanqa ungajinjwa njengomumo ogcwele noma oyisilabi.
IGumelo loxhakaxholo

**IGumelo loxhakaxholo** (**GX**) luyigumelo lwezokuxhumana kwesendlalelo soxhoxho olutholaka phakathi kwegumelo loxhakaxholo lokudlulisa imininingonyanda kuyo yonke imingcele yoxhoxho.
Isiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo

**Isiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo**, ngokuvamile esaziwa ngokuthi **i-TCP/IP**, siwuhlaka lokuhlelemba iqoqo lamagumelo wezokuxhumana asetshenziswa kuxhakaxholo nakumaxhoxho esicikizi afanayo   ngokuya ngemibandela esebenzayo
IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa

**IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa** (GLF ) lingelinye lamagumelo ayisisekelo ayingxenye yesiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo.
CarryMinati

U **-Ajey Nagar** (  ; owazalwa ngo-12 Juni 1999), owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi **u-CarryMinati**, ungumdlali we-YouTube waseNdiya futhi osakaza ovela eFaridabad, eNdiya. Waziwa ngamavidiyo akhe okugazinga, ama-comic skits kanye nokusabela ezihlokweni ezihlukahlukene ze-inthanethi esiteshini sakhe *i-CarryMinati* .  Esinye isiteshi sakhe *i-CarrysLive* sizinikele ekudlalweni nasekusakazeni bukhoma .
Joshua Bassett

U**Joshua Taylor Bassett** (owazalwa ngoDisemba 22, 2000) ungumlingisi waseMelika. Waziwa ngendima yakhe eyinkanyezi njengoRicky Bowen e*High School Musical: The Musical: The Series*.

NgoMeyi 2021, waphuma njengelungu lomphakathi we-LGBTQ+.

NgoJanuwari 2021, u-Bassett walaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yokushaqeka kwe-septic kanye nokuhluleka kwenhliziyo.

## Izinkomba
Ezengabuzuba

**Ezengabuzuba** ziwuqeqesho lwenzululwazi nomngcikisho olufunda futhi lusebenzise imithetho yomchazandalo ukuze ziklame, zikhande futhi zigidinge izinguxa ezilumba izinzuba nezinye izinhlayiyana ezinobuzuba.
Big Nuz

**IBig Nuz** kwakuliqembu leKwaito laseNingizimu Afrika, omvelaphi yalo isedolobheni laseThekwini, KwaZulu-Natali, elasungulwa ngonyaka ka 2002.
DJ Tira

**UMthokozisi Khathi** (owazalwa ngo-Agasti zingu 24, ngonyaka ka 1976),  odume ngegama lesiteji u **-DJ Tira**, ungu- DJ waseNingizimu Afrika, umdidiyeli werekhodi kanye nomculi we -Kwaito, Igqomu kanye House.
DJ Clock

**UKholile Elvin Gumede**, (owazalwa zingama-16 kuNhlaba, ngonyaka ka 1988),   owaziwa kakhulu ngelika **DJ Clock**, ungu-DJ waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomdidiyeli wokuqopha umculo.
JR (umrepha)

**UTabure Thabo Bogopa Junior** (owazalwa zingu 13 kuNdasa ngonyaka ka 1987), owaziwa kakhulu ngelika- **JR**, ungusomabhizinisi nomculi waseNingizimu Afrika.
Hip Hop Pantsula

**UJabulani Tsambo** (owazalwa zingu 14 Septhemba ngonyaka ka 1980 - washona zingu 24 Okthoba ngonyaka ka 2018), owaziwa kangcono ngegama lesiteji lakhe elithi **Hip Hop Pantsula**, kamuva elanqanyulelwa laba ngu- **HHP**, wayengumculi we Motswako (Motswakolista) waseNingizimu Afrika, owayecula ngezilimi eziningi, ikakhulukazi isiTswana.
Boity Thulo

**U-Boitumelo Thulo** (owazalwa enyangeni ka Ephreli zingu 28, ngonyaka ka 1990), odume ngelika- **Boity**, ungumdlali wakumabonakude waseNingizimu Afrika, umrepha, umlingisi, usomabhizinisi wesifazane kanye nemodeli.
Ama-South African Music Awards esi-27

Ama-South African Music Awards **esi- 27,** okuyimiklomela yeminyaka yonke, kwaba wuhlelo lwesi-27 lwemiklomelo yomculo waseNingizimu Afrika.
Ezezibhangqiwe zoLuntu

**Ezezibhangqiwe zoLuntu** indima yobuqhebeqhebe bemfundo ehlanganisa ezokucikiza noma ezobuchwepheshe bezezibhangqiwe kanye noqeqesho lwezoLuntu. Ezezibhangqiwe zoLuntu zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kwezinsizakusebenza zezibhangqiwe lwezoLuntu, kanye nesihlaziyo zokusebenza kwazo. Ezezibhangqiwe zoluntu zingachasiswa ngokuthi yizindlela ezintsha zokwenza ucwaningo ezibandakanya ukubambisana, ukuxuba uqeqesho, kanye nocwaningo, ukufundisa nokushicilela okusebenzisa ukucikiza. Lendima iletha izinsiza nezindlelasu zezibhangqiwe ekufundweni kwezoluntu ngokuqaphela ukuthi okushicilelwe phansi akuseyona insiza eyinhloko yokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa ulwazi.

## Amaphatho
Ezoluntu

**Ezoluntu** ziwuluhlu loqeqesho lobungqandavu olufunda izici zoluntu kanye nosikompilo lwabantu . Ngenkathi yeMvuselelo, leligama lalisetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa izifundo ezingezona ezobuNgcwele futhi lalibhekisela kulezo zifundo namuhla ezibizwa ngokuthi eziNgabuni  (classics), eziphathelene nokufunda okungafaki nkolo phakathi ngaleyonkathi. Namuhla, Ezoluntu zijinge ukuchasiswa ngokuthi yinoma imuphi umkhakha ongaphandle lwenzululwazi yemvelo, inzululwazi yomphakathi, nenzululwazi evamile efana (nomchazazibalo, kanye nenzululwazi esetshenziswayo noma ukuqeqeshwa okuChwepheshile. Ezoluntu zisebenzisa izindlelasu ngokuyinhloko okuthiwa ziyacubungula noma ziyagagula, futhi zigcwele isici esingokomlando kakhulu— okuzenza zihluke endleleni yenzululwazi yemvelo egxila ebufakazini obuphathekayo ngokuyinhloko; kodwa, ngokungafani nezinzululwazi, awukho umlando wezoluntu ovamile oziveza njengoqeqesho oluqavile ngokwalo.

## Imithombo
Amagatsha wenzululwazi

**Amagatsha wenzululwazi**, aphinde abizwe ngokuthi **imikhakha yenzululwazi** noma **uqeqesho lwenzululwazi**, ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa kube amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:
* Inzululwazi yemithetho: kufundwa izimiso zomthetho, ezifana nalezo ezingaphansi kwamagatsha omhluzamqondo, nomchazazibalo, okusetshenziswa kuwona phecelezi *[[a priori and a posteriori|a priori]]*, ngokuphambene nobufakazi bomgcanso, indlelasu. Kufundwa izinhlaka ezikhanyangwayo ezichaziswa ngezimiso zemithetho.
* Izinzululwazi zemvelo: kufundwa ngesimongotho semvelo (kuhlanganisa izici zendabuko, ezomchazazwe, ezendalo, ezeziqa, kanye nezomchazampilo kumkhathilibe). Inzululwazi yemvelo iyahlukaniswa kube amagatsha amabili ayinhloko: Inzululwazi yendalo kanye nenzululwazi yempilo.
* Inzululwazi yenhlalo: kufundwa ngokucondoza kumuntu emphakathini kanye nezici zesiko.

Ulwazi lwenzululwazi kufanele lusekwe yisimongotho esiqashelwayo futhi kufanele lukwazi ukufakaziselwa abanye abacwaningi ezimweni ezifanayo.

## Amaphatho
Ukudludlunga imininingo ngamazuba

**Ukudludlunga imininingo ngamazuba kun**gabhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlela ezihlelelekiwe ukudludlunga imininingo yezentengiselwano.
Umbukisonyali

**Imibukisonyali** ( okuyigama eliyinhlanganisela yelithi  "umbukiso" kanye nelithi "nyali" ) iyizinsizakuxhumana ezilumbanisiwe  nezithonywe ngokwezezibhangqiwe ukuze zenane ngokugculisayo ukubukeka komuntu othile ngommomo womunye. Imibukisonyali iwukulunjwa kommomo wobuso kusetshenziswa izindlelasu eziphehlayo ezinzulu. Nakuba isenzo zokukhanda isiqikili esiwubunyolo kungeyona into entsha, imibukisonyali isebenzisa ubunyoninco obunamandla bokufunda kwenguxa kanye nohlakahlisombulu ukuze iphehle isiqikili esiyimibukiso nezilalelwa esikwazi ukukhohlisa kalula. Izindlelasu eziyinhloko zokufunda kwenguxa ezisetshenziswa ukukhanda imibukisonyali zisekwe ekufindeni okunzulu futhi zibandakanya ukuqeqesha izinhlaka zoxhoxho lweziNzwa olumbulu, noma amaxhoxho aphehlayo (GANs). Bese umkhakha wokuphanda imifanekiso wona uthuthukise ubuchule bokuhlonga imifanekiso elunjiwe.

## Imithombo