INtshonalanga Kapa

**iNtshonalanga Kapa** (isiBhunu: *Wes-Kaap*, isiNgisi: *Western Cape*) yisifundazwe eNingizimu Afrika, elise ningizimu-ntshonalanga lezwe. Liseceleni kweNyakatho Kapa ngasenyakatho, iMpumalanga Kapa ngasempumalanga, ilwandekazi Atlantiki ngasentshonalanga nasenzansi nelwandekazi Ndiya ngasenzansi. Idolobha elikhulu futhi eliyisi qonga lapho kuhlala uhulumeni wesifundazwe yiKapa. Lesifundazwe sinenani labantu abayizigidi eziyisikhombisa - emkhakheni wesithathu eNingizimu Afrika, ngasemuva kweGoli neKwaZulu-Natali. 

Lesifundazwe sisungulwe nguMthethosisekelo wesiKhashane ngo-1994. Ngaphambu kwalokho lesifundazwe besiyinxenye yesifundazwe sakudala iKapa leThemba eLihle. Ngaphambu kokufika kwabantu baseHolandi ngo 1661, kwakuhlala abaKhoi-San iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. uJan van Riebeeck wathunya yiNkampani eHlangene yeziNdiya zaseMpumalanga (ngesiHolandi: *Vereenigde Ost-Indische Compagnie*, phecelezi i-VOC), ukuze akhe indawo lapho imikhumbi eqonde futhi eziqhamuka eNdiya nezinye izindawo eShiya zingaphumula khona. amaBhunu alethe izigqili nabanye abantu baseMalaysia naseIndonesia.

Ngenxa yokuthi iFulansi ngaphansi kaNapoleon wokuQala yanqoba inetherlands, uMbuso oHlangeneyo wahlasela iKapa. AmaBhunu (phecelezi ama-*Voortrekker*; abaHambaphambili ngesiZulu) bagoduka bashona enyakatho. iNgilandi yakhulisa indawo ebayibusayo, balwa nabaXhosa (nezinye izizwe ezihlobene nabo. Ngenxa yeMpi yesiBilu yamaBhunu nabaNgisi, kusukela 1899 kufika ku1902, iKapa Koloni yahlanganiswa neRiphabuliki Ningizimu Afrika (i-Transvaal), iNatali, neOrange Fuleystati ukwenza iNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1910. Noma abesilisa abansundu abanomhlaba bebavumelekile ukuthi bavote kulesifundazwe, baphucwa lelilungelo ngo-1968, ngenxa yebandlululo ngehlanga. ekuPhethweni kwalesihlelo sombuso ngo-1994, abantu abansundu bebakwazi ukuphila, ukuvota nokwenza yonke into abelungu bebakhona ukuwenza kulesi fundazwe.

## Ezendalo, iSimo seZulu, neSimo soMhlaba

iNtshongalanga Kapa inobungakho bendawo obungamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-129,000. Yisona sisodwa isifundazwe eNingizimu Afrika esinezilwandekazi ezimbili: iAtlantiki neNdiya (ethi ukufudumala ukundula umakhelwane). Lokhu kuletha ubuningi nokuhlukahlukana kwezinhlanzi, izilwane, nezintshalo. Lezilwandlekazi zishayisana nokuhlukana kwesimo nesimiso somhlaba kangangokuthi iNtshonalanga iKapa ibenezindawo zesimo sezulu eziyisithupa. 

iNhlonhlo yaseKapa inesimo sezulu esifana neLwandle Mediterranean e-Yurophu ngokuba kuna imvula ngobuSika, kuwome futhi kushise ngoHlobo. Ukuze zingafi, izitshalo zalendawo zineziqabunga ezincane, ukuze zigabi nesidingo semanzi ezinyangeni ezomile. Lokho kuwenza lezitshalo zingafani nezinye izitshalo emhlabeni wonke. iKaroo yindawo engaphakathi evame ukushisa unyaka wonke futhi ingabi nemvula eningi. Kulendawo kumila intshalo eqinile ekwazi ukugcina amanzi amaningi ukuze iphile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwemvula. Lobuningi nokuhlukana wezinhlobo zezitshalo kuwenza lezizindawo sibizwe i-Cape Floral Region, indawo yobuhluka obukhulu emhlabeni, ngesiNgisi i-*megadiverse region*. Ngenxa yalokho, i-UNESCO (isikhungo seZizwe Ezihlangeneyo esibhekana nesiko, imfundo, nesayensi) iklomise lendawo, ekuthiwa isiFunda seziMbali zaseKapa (ngesiNgisi *Cape Floral Region*), indondo ye-*World Heritage Site* (indondo yezindawo ezibalulekile futhi eziyifa ebantwini bonke).

Kuneqoqo lezintaba ekuthiwa yi-*Cape Fold Belt*, ezihlukanisa igu lolwandle nezindawo ezingaphathi. Amabhande ezintaba ezidumile yilezi azilandelayo: i-Table Mountain Range, Twelf Apostles, Hottentot Hollands. i-Cape Fold Belt iyinxenye yezintaba ezibizwa *The Great Escarpment* ngesiNgisi, ezihlukanisa ingaphakathi lweNingizimu Afrika nezindawo ezisegwini lolwandle lwayo. Ezinye izindawo zithi ukuphola kancani futho zibe nemvula ena ngohlobo elungele ukutshala amagilebhisi wewayini ezibizwa *The Cape Winelands* ne-*Garden Route*. 

Ngokuba lesifundazwe siwomile masilinganiswa nezinye izifundanzwe zaseNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweNyakatho Kapa), ayikho imifula eminingi enkulu. Embalwa ekhona ethi ukuba nkudlwana na ndenyana yiOlifants, i-Breede, i-Berg ne-Gourits. Ubudala bezidwala bezintaba buyisimanga: amatshe alendawo avele iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-510 kufika ku-330, esikhathini esibizwa *Cambrian-Ordovician*. Kuphinde kubenehlathi lemithi olwaziwa nng-Afromontane, eliphethe imithi ende kakhulu njenge *Outenique Geelhout*.

## Ezokubusa nepolotiki

Njengezinye izifundazwe, iNtshonalanga Kapa ibuswa ngendlela ehambelana noMthethosisekelo waseNingizimuA frika kodwa ihluke kwezinye ngoba izishayele umthethosisekelo wayo (uMthethosisekelo waseNtshonalanga Kapa). Nganxa yalokho isishayamthetho sayo sibizwa ngePhalamende yesiFundazwe yaseNtshonalanga Kapa, nomkhandu wokuphatha ubizwa iKhabhinethi yesiFundazwe. Ngokuba iNkomfa yaseNtshonalanga Kapa yeNkantolo ePhezulu yaseNingizimu Afrika ihlala eKapa, amagatsha wonke wehulumeni yaseNtshonalanga Kapa akuleyodolobha, lokho kwenza iKapa isiqongo salesisifundazwe. 

uNdunankulu wamanje ngu-Alan Winde kusukela u-2019, owe-Democratic Alliance, inhlangano enkulu kakhulu ePhalamendeni yesiFundazwe. Democratic Alliance yiyona iqembu yokuqala esikhathini senthandoyeningi kusukela u-1994, esikhone ukuphuca i-African National Congress isikhundla sokuphatha esifundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika ngo-2009. i-African National Congress ihleli esikhundleni sokuphikisana. Amanye maqembu wezokubusa ezikhona ezidumile yilezi ezilandelyo: i-Patriotic Alliance eyasungulwa ngu-Gayton Mckenzie, ne-Economic Freedom Fighters yaka-Julius Malema ephethe imikhandlu yabafundi kwamaningi amanyuvesi. iNketho kazwelonke yokugcina yayingo-2024, lapho abahlali banikeze i-DA esinye isikhathi esikhundleni sesifundazwe.
## iSimo soMnotho

iNtshonalanga Kapa inomkhiqizo ohlangene wonyaka oyizigidigidi eziyi-918 zamaRandi ngo-2022 (noma izigidigidi ezi-56 zamaDollar waseMelika) - umkhiqizo olandela iGoli neKwaZulu-Natali ngobuningi. Kusho ukuthi lesifundazwe sisodwa sinikela emkhiqizweni waseNingizimu Afrika jikelele amaphesenti ayishumi nane. Imiboni eletha umkhiqizo omkhulu yilawa alendaleyo: ezokuvakashela, ukudweba izinhlanzi, ukwenza kwewayini, ezolimo, ubuchwepheshe bezokwazisa, ezemali, nokukhanda impahla nezinye izinto. iNtshonalanga Kapa idumile nangapheshaya ngenxa yobuhle bayo nezindawo ezingi zokuvakasha njenge Victoria & Albert Waterfront, i-Table Mountain, i-Garden Route. Ngoba isimo sezulu nomhlabathi ucishe ufane naseYurophu kakhulukazi iLwandle Mediterranean, iKapa ikhiqiza iwayini edumile ngaphesheya. Kukhona izinkampani eziyengamela intshalo yemali nezinikela amanye amasevisi wezemali ezihleli eKapa naseStellenbosch, amadolobha amakhulu kulesifundazwe.

Isikhumulo sezindiza esikhulu isiKhumulo samaBhanoyi samaZwejikelele saseKapa, lapho kufika inani labagibeli abayizigidi eziyi10.18 ngenyaka. iTheku laseKapa lamkela isisindo sempahla esiyizigidi eziyi16.7 ezithwalwe imikhumbi - ngasemva kweTheku laseThekwini ngobuningi. Lesifundazwe yisona kuphela elizwekazini Afrika lonke elinomthamo wokukhiqika ugesi wenuzi: eKoeberg, eKapa. Inani labantu abangenawo umsebenzi lingaphansi kwamaphesenti amashumi ababili (20%), ngaphansi kwazonke izifundazwe zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngenxa yalokho, ukunga lingani ngemali (noma kuphezulu kakhulu maliqhathanyiswa nezinye izindawo eMhlabeni wonke jikelele) kungaphansi kokungalingani kwemali okujwayelekile eNingizimu Afrika. Ngemphoxeko, kusekhona abantu abaningi, kakhulu emalokishini njengase Cape Flats, abaphila ebumpofini ngenxa yokuswela umsebenzi namathuba okuqala ababhizinisi, noma bangomakhelwane nezindawo lapho izindlu zibiza okwelinonile ngemali khona.

## Ezemfundo

iNtshonalanga Kapa inamanyuvesi amakhulu adumile ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lemfundo: iNyuvesi yaseKapa, iNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch, iNyuvesi yobuChwepheshe yeNhlonhlo yaseKapa, neNyuvesi yaseNtshonalanga Kapa. iNyuvesi yaseKapa isungulwe ngo-1829, lokho kuyenza isikhungo sokufunda esindala ukundlula amanyuvesi wonke eNingizimu Afrika; ilamana neNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch eyasungulwa ngamaBhunu esaba ukuthi bazosala emuva kwabaNgisi ezimfundweni eziphakeme. Esikhathini samanje lezinyuvesi ezintathu zifundisa inani labantu elindlula izinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngenyaka, ziphinde zikhiqize ucwaningo ngesayensi, ubuchwepheshe neminye imikhakha yokufunda.

Kunezikolo ezidumile njenge Bishops Diocesan College, Rondebosch Boys & Girls Schools, Wynberg Boys & Girls Schools, South African College School, ne-Paul Roos Gimnasium ezidumile eNingizimu Afrika ngezinga eliphezulu lokufunda kukamatekuletsheni kanye nezemidlalo ezivela khona. Amajoni afundiswa eSikoleni Somqeqesho samaBhutho waseNingizimu Afrika, e-Simon's Town. Ubukhona bwezikole ezidumile akusho ukuthi akukhona izinkinga ngezemfundo, ngoba abantwana abampofu bafunda ezikoleni ezihlupekayo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwoMnyango wezeMfunda wesiFundazwe nezinhlangano ezingenzi inzuzo, okuthiwa ama-*charter schools*, isimo sezemfundo (esibonakaliswa ngokukhula kwenani labantwana abanomatekuletshini) sibancono. Amaphesenti ama-43 wabantu abaneminyaka amashumi amabili naphezulu baqede umatekuletsheni, futhi amaphesenti ayi-14 wabantu baqede izimfundo eziphakeme, kundlula izifundazwe zeNingizimu Afrika zonke.

## Ezempilo

Isibhedlela esikhulu sombuso, yi-Groote Schuur Hospital, lapho u-Christian Barnard no-Hamilton Naki benza inhlizeko yokuqala evulekile yenhliziyo emhlabeni wonke jikelel. Ezinye izibhedlela eziphezulu yi-Tygerberg Hospital, Netcare Christiaan Barnard Hospital kanye  ne-Red Cross Memorial Children's Hospital. iTygerberg Hospital yinkulu ukundlula zonke izibhedlela esifundweni makubalwa imibhede, emva kwe-Christ Hani Baragwanath Hospital, isibhedlela ezindlula zonke izibhedlela ngesibala semibhede eNingizimu Afrika.

Ebuhlungwini, iNtshonalanga Kapa ayiphunyukanga esishayweni senculazi esehlele iNingizimu Afrika yonke. Ngenjabulo, inani labantu abaphila ngenculazi bangaphasi kwamaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili, inani labantu elingaphansi kwazonke izifundazwe eNingizimu Afrika. iNtshonalanga Kapa, ngengezinye izifundazwe, ihlupeka ngokushona kwebahlali bayo ngenxa yokulimala okuhlangene nodlame nengozi emgwaqeni, izifo ezihambelana nedlela yokuphila njenge izifo zehliziyo namaphaphu, nezifo ezanda ngamagciwane njengesifo sofuba. Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka enyinhlanu zaseNtshonalanga Kapa zisindile ekugeleni ngenxa yezifo ezilethwa yindlala uma ziqhathanyiswa nazingane zezinye izifundazwe. Kodwa akusho ukuthi abeko mpe abantwana abanga bhekani nendlala ngenxa yokuhlupheka nokuhlala emigwaqeni noma ubungabi nabazali ababanakekelayo.

## Ezezibalo zaBantu
iNtshonalanga Kapa inenani labantu elinduli ezigidi eziyisikhombisa. Ngokuba ubungako bendawo bundlula amakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-129,000, lesifundazwe sinokuminyana kwabantu olungakwa-45 yabantu ngesikhilometha-skwele nye. iNani lohlanga labantu elindlula ezinye yangamaKhaladi (baphezu kwe-42%), kulandele Abantu abansundu (ngamaphesenti ama-39), abeLungu kwa-16%, kusale amaNdiya (nenye inhlobo yabantu abaqhamuka eShiya) ngakwa-1%. Amaphesenti ama-41 wabantu bancele isiBhunu ebeleni, kulandele isiXhosa, ngamaphesenti ama-39, nesiNgisi ekugcineni ngakwa-22%. Kepha, emabhizinisi, ezimfundweni nakuhulumeni, ulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu yisiNgisi. 

Inani labantu elingakwa-90% elinendlu yangasese eshaywayo ngamanzi, ama-86% asebenzisa ugesi ukupheka, ama-93% asebenzisa  ugesi ukukhanyisa. AbaKhrestu bangamaphesenti ama-85, kulandele abalandela inkolo yamdabu nenkolo ye-Islam ngokulingana kwa-5%. Inani labantu ngobulili bucishe bulengane ngabesifazane nabesilisa - ngabesifazane abayikhulu kunabesilisa aba-96. Abantu abangama-89% bahlala ezindaweni ezthuthikuile ngokwakhiwe (kusho ukuthi amadolobha), futhi kuhlala abantu abangama-66% edolobheni laseKapa nezindawo eziseduze. Amanya amadolobha athi ukuba nkudlwana iStellenbosch, i-George, i-Paarl, i-Mossel Bay, ne-Worcester.
## Imithombo