open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umtapowolwazi kaBessie Head

**Umtapolwazi kaBessie Head**  (ngaphambi kuka-2005 wawubizwa ngokuthi **UMsunduzi Municipal Library**, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho njenge-Natal Society Library) osePietermaritzburg, kuMkhandlu Wendawo yaseMsunduzi, ungumtapolwazi omdala kunayo yonke yaKwaZulu-Natal. Yasungulwa ngo-1849 futhi yaba umtapo wezincwadi osemthtweni ngo-1916. Waqanjwa ngegama lomlobi odumile uBessie Head.

## Umlando
Umlando womtapolwazi ungahlehliselwa emuva ekumisweni kweNhlangano Yezincwadi yasePietermaritzburg ngo-1846, esekelwa nguDavid Dale Buchanan, umhleli wephephandaba lendawo, i-Natal Witness. Yayinegumbi lokufunda nomtapolwazi omncane futhi yavulwa njengomtapo wezenhlalo wokuqala wasePietermaritzburg ngo-1849. Ekuqaleni kwakunzima, kodwa kamuva yasekelwa yi-Natal Society (eyasungulwa ngo-1851) eyayithathe i-Book Society ngo-1865, futhi yaqala ukuqoqa izimali zendawo ekuyo. Nge-guineas ezingu-2,000, iNhlangano yathenga i-20 Longmarket Street ngo-1876; yavulwa njengomtapolwazi womphakathi nomnyuziyamu ngoFebruary 1878.

Ngo-1916, **Umtapolwazi WaseNatal** wanikezwa isikhundla sokugcina ucwaningo ngokusemthethweni. Njengoba zonke izincwadi ezikhishwe INingizimu Afrika manje zigcinwe kumtapolwazi ngezinhloso zokubhalisa, kwadingeka ukuthi zandiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Izakhiwo ezintsha zeLongmarket Street zenezelwa ngo-1929 nango-1957, futhi isakhiwo seCommercial Road saqashwa kusukela ngo-1963.

Ngo-1967, ngemuva kokuba umkhandlu-dolobha uvumile ukuxhasa ngezimali umtapolwazi, waba umtapo wokuboleka mahhala. Phakathi neminyaka yobandlululo, umtapo wezincwadi wahlala uvulekele zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, futhi wakhula ngamagatsha angu-11 kulo lonke idolobha.[1]

Izakhiwo zomtapolwazi waseLongmarket Street ekugcineni zathathelwa indawo ngo-1975 ngomtapo wesimanje omusha owakhiwa eChurch Street, owavulwa ngo-17 June 1975. Lesi sakhiwo sahlala siyisakhiwo esiyinhloko somtapo wezincwadi wedolobha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Ngo-2004, iNhlangano yaseNatal yadlulisela umtapolwazi nabasebenzi bawo kUMasipala Wendawo waseMsunduzi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, isakhiwo esisha esixhaswa idolobha, esinefenisha kanye nesitoko esixhaswe yI-Carnegie Corporation, savulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-12 July 2007 futhi saqanjwa ngoBessie Head, umlobi waseNingizimu Afrika nomshisekeli omelene nobandlululo owazalelwa ePietermaritzburg.

**Umtapolwazi WoMkhandlu waseMsunduzi** namuhla ungomunye wemitapolwazi emihlanu yezincwadi yezomthetho yaseNingizimu Afrika. Iyona kuphela inhlangano yaseKwaZulu-Natal ephethe zonke izincwadi ezabhalwa ngumshisekeli wezombusazwe waseNdiya UMahatma Gandhi (owabandlululwa ngokohlanga futhi waxoshwa esitimeleni ePietermaritzburg ngo-1893).

## Izikhombo
Bessie Head Library. *Library Thing*. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
Umshuwalense Wezempilo Kazwelonke (iNingizimu Afrika)

Umshwalense Wezempilo Kazwelonke uyisenzo esaphasiswa yisiGungu sikaZwelonke saseNingizimu Afrika mhla ziyi-13 kuNhlangulana wezi-2023 kanye noMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezifundazwe mhla ziyisi-6 kuZibandlela wezi-2023. Mhla ziyi-15 kuNhlaba wezi-2024, 

umongameli wasamukela lesi senzo. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukusungulwa kohlelo lomshwalense wezempilo kazwelonke waseNingizimu Afrika, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-NHI, ngenhloso "yokuhlanganisa imali yomphakathi ukuze uthenge ngenkuthalo futhi ngamasu izinsiza zokunakekelwa kwezempilo" kanye nokudala "uhlaka olulodwa eRiphabhulikhi yonkana" uxhaso lomphakathi kanye nokuthengwa komphakathi kwezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, imithi, izimpahla zezempilo kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene nezempilo". Inhloso yalo mthetho ukusungula nokugcina Isikhwama Sikazwelonke Somshwalense Wezempilo esizosebenza “njengomthengi oyedwa kanye nomkhokhi oyedwa” wezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

Background
Ukhetho eNingizimu Afrika

**Ukhetho eNingizimu Afrika** lwenzelwa  ISishayamthetho sikaZwelonke, izishayamthetho zezifundazwe nemikhandlu yomasipala. Ukhetho lulandela umjikelezo weminyaka emihlanu, kanit ukhetho lukazwelonke nolwezifundazwe lwenziwa ngasikhathi sinye bese ukhetho lukamasipala lwenziwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Uhlelo lokhetho lusekelwe ekumelelweni ngokulinganayo ohlwini lweqembu, okusho ukuthi amaqembu amelwe ngokulingana nokwesekwa kwawo ngabavoti. Emikhandlwini yomasipala kunohlelo lobulungu obuhlanganisiwe lapho amawadi ekhetha khona amakhansela ngamanye kulabo ababalulwe ohlwini lweqembu.
Altay Bayındır

U-**I-Altay Bayдыр** (owazalwa ngo-14 April 1998) ungumdlali webhola likanobhutshuzwayo waseTurkey odlala njengomgcini webhola weqembu le-I-Premier League I-Manchester United Iqembu lesizwe laseTurkey.

## Umsebenzi weqembu

### I-Ankaragücü
Bayındır, Süper Lig'deki ilk maçına Ankaragücü formasıyla 30 Kasım 2018'de Çaykur Rizespor ile 1-1 berabere kaldı.

### I-Fenerbahçe
Ngo-8 July 2019, uBayдыр wajoyina I-Fenerbahçe ngesivumelwano seminyaka emine. U-Bayдыр waba ngumgcini webhola wokuqala okhethiwe ngaphambi komngane wakhe weqembu u-UHarun Tekin. Ngo-19 August 2019, wenza i-Fenerbahçe yakhe yokuqala ngokunqoba ngo-5-0 kuGaziantep eSukkrü Saracoğlu Stadium.

Ngo-3 October 2020, uBayдыр wasindisa i-penalty kU-Erik Sabo esontweni lesine ne-I-Fatih Karagümrük eyaphela ngo-2-1 ku-Fenerbahçe. Ngo-6 Disemba 2020, wasindisa elinye i-penalty, ku-URadosław Murawski, emdlalweni wesonto le-11 ne-I-Denizlispor lapho i-Fenerbahçe inqobe khona ngo-2-0. Wakhiqiza ingqikithi yama-saves ayisikhombisa phakathi nalomdlalo, lapho i-Fenerbahçe yehle yaba ngamadoda ayishumi ngemuva kokuthumela USerdar Aziz.

Ngo-30 October 2021, ekunqotshweni kwe-2-1 e-IKonyaspor, uBayдыр walimala ekushayisaneni USerdar Gürler ngomzuzu we-69 futhi washiya inkundla, wathathelwa indawo ngUBerke Özer. Ngosuku olulandelayo, u-Fenerbahçe wenza isimemezelo, ethi: "Nakuba kungekho ukuphuka okwatholakala ehlombe lika-Altay Bayдыр, kwabonwa ukuhlukana kwe-acromioclavicular. Kunqunywe ukuthi umdlali wethu uzohlinzwa futhi ukwelashwa kwakhe sekuqalile. " Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngeke atholakale cishe izinyanga ezintathu.

Ngo-18 March 2023, uBayдыр wandisa inkontileka yakhe, okwakufanele iphele ekupheleni kwenkathi, kuze kube ngu-2027. Ngo-17 April 2023, wahlinzwa I-lumbar hernia.

### I-Manchester United
Ngo-1 Septhemba 2023, uBayдыр wajoyina iqembu le-I-Premier League I-Manchester United ngesivumelwano sokuqala seminyaka emine, enenkululeko yokwandisa inkontileka yakhe ngesinye isizini, okwenza ukuthi abe ngumuntu wokuqala waseTurkey owasayina kuleli qembu. Imali yokudlulisa yabikwa ukuthi i-£4.3 million. Wenza ukuqala kwakhe ngo-28 January 2024 ekunqobeni kwe-4-2 e-INewport County e-I-FA Cup, waba ngumdlali wokuqala waseTurkey owavela kuleli qembu.

## Umsebenzi wamazwe omhlaba
U-Bayдыр wamele Iqembu laseTurkey elingaphansi kuka-20 emdlalweni we-Toulon ka-2018.

U-Bayдыр wabizelwa eqenjini lesizwe eliphakeme laseTurkey ngu-I-Şenol Güneş ngo-9 November 2020, emidlalweni ye-I-UEFA Nations League ne-I-Hungary IRussia. Wenza ukuqala kwakhe kwamazwe ngamazwe ngo-27 Meyi 2021, emdlalweni wobungane ne-I-Azerbaijan.

## Izikhombo

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

* Iphrofayili engosini ye-Manchester United F.C.
* I-Altay BayдырendaweniInhlangano Yezinyawo YaseTurkey 
* I-Altay Bayдыр-I-UEFAirekhodi lomncintiswano (Ukuqoqwa kwezinto)
U-Arda Güler

**U-Arda Güler** (owazalwa ngo-25 February 2005) ungumdlali webhola likanobhutshuzwayo waseTurkey odlala njengomdlali ohlaselayo ophakathi nendawo noma i-winger weqembu le-La Liga I-Real Madrid Iqembu lesizwe laseTurkey.

## Umsebenzi weqembu
UGüler waqala umsebenzi wakhe wentsha eqenjini lase-Ankara, i-Gençlerbirliği, ngo-2014. Ujoyine izinhlu zentsha ye-Fenerbahçe ngo-2019.

UUGüler wasayina inkontileka yobungcweti yeminyaka emibili nengxenye ne-Fenerbahçe ngo-13 January 2021. Wayebhekwa njengomntwana onethalente elihle futhi wayethathwa njengethemba elikhulu lekusasa.

### I-Real Madrid
Ngo-6 July 2023, iqembu le-La Liga i-Real Madrid lamemezela ukusayinwa kukaGüler ngenkontileka yeminyaka eyisithupha kuze kube nguJuni 2029. Isivumelwano saqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa isimiso sakhe sokukhululwa ngenkokhelo yokuqala yezigidi ezingama-€20, ephakeme kunezigidi ezingama-€17.5 ezazibekwe enkontilekeni yakhe yangaphambili ne-Fenerbahçe. U-Güler wacela i-Real Madrid ukuthi ikhokhe ngaphezu kwesiphakamiso sakhe sokukhululwa ukuze iqoqe izimali zeqembu lakhe langaphambili.

## Umsebenzi wamazwe omhlaba
UGüler ungumdlali osemusha waseTurkey, futhi udlale ku-Turkey U21s. Wenza ukuqala kwakhe kwezwe lonke le-Turkey ngo-19 November 2022, ngesikhathi benqoba umdlalo wobungane ne-Czech Republic ngo-2-1. Wafaka igoli lakhe lokuqala ngesikhathi edlala ngokumelene ne-Wales kuma-Euro 2024 qualifiers ngo-19 June 2023.

## Udumo

* INdebe yaseTurkey: 2022-23

* I-League: 2023-24
* I-Super Cup yaseSpain: 2023-24
* I-UEFA Champions League: 2023-24

## Izikhombo
Lisandro Martínez

**ULisandro Martínez** (owazalwa ngo-18 January 1998) ungumdlali webhola likanobhutshuzwayo wase-Argentina odlala ngokuyinhloko njengomdlali ophakathi weqembu le-I-Premier League I-Manchester United neqembu lesizwe lase-Argentine. Waziwa ngokunyakaza kwakhe ngebhola, amandla, kanye nokushaya okunonya.

## Umsebenzi weqembu
Ngomhlaka-16 Julay 2022, kwakuyisivumelwano phakathi ko-Manchester United ne-Ajax ukuthi bangasayini uMartínez ngezici ezingama-£ 47 kuya ezigidini ezingama-£ 49, kanye nezithasiselo ezingu-£ 8.5. Ngomhlaka-27 Julay, uMartínez wayeqedwa inkontileka yeminyaka emihlanu emsebenzini. Ngosuku olulandelayo, kwakwenziwe inqubomgomo ukuthi Pogba uzogqoka iyembe lesithupha. Ngo-7 Agasti, uMartínez wahamba eqenjini ekuthini uBrighton & Hove Albion e-Premier League ngobumnandi boku-2-1. Ngemuva kokudlala neLiverpool kanye neSouthampton, uMartínez wathola umklomelo we-Manchester United Player of the Month ngo-Agasti.

## Umsebenzi wamazwe omhlaba
Martínez won four caps for the Argentina under-20 team at the 2017 South American Youth Football Championship in Ecuador. The first came during the first stage against Venezuela, while the other three arrived during the final stage as Argentina finished fourth place and subsequently qualified for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup in South Korea. He received a call-up for the U-20 World Cup but failed to make an appearance, appearing on the substitutes bench once against Guinea. Martínez made one appearance for Argentina at under-23 level,in a 5–0 friendly victory against Bolivia in September 2019.

NgoMashi 2019, uMartínez wathola ukubizwa kwakhe kokuqala eqenjini eliphakeme. Uqale ukudlala I-Venezuela ngo-22 March IMadrid. UMartínez wavela kanye e-Copa América ka-2021, lapho i-Argentina yawina khona. Wayengumlandeli ongasetshenziswanga ekunqobeni kwe-Argentina ngo-3-0 phezu kwe-I-Italy ku-2022 Finalissima. Emdlalweni weNdebe Yomhlaba ye-FIFA ka-2022, uMartinez waphuma ebhentshini ngokumelene ne-I-Australia emdlalweni ka-16, wenza i-block ebalulekile ekudlaleni kuka-U-Aziz Behich. UMartinez wayeyingxenye ye-XI yokuqala ngokumelene INetherlands kuma-quarter-final futhi waphuma ebhentshini ngokumelene neMarthree. Emdlalweni wokugcina ngokumelene IFrance, wayengumuntu ongasetshenziswanga esikhundleni njengoba i-Argentina inqobe ngo-4-2 nge-penalty ukuze ithole isiqu sayo sesithathu seNdebe Yomhlaba.

## Izikhombo
U-Álex Berenguer

**U-Alejandro** "**I-Alex**" **UBerenguer Remiro** (owazalwa ngo-4 July 1995) ungumdlali webhola likanobhutshuzwayo waseSpain odlala njengomdlali ohlaselayo ophakathi nendawo noma i-winger ye-Athletic Bilbao. 

UBerenguer waqala e-I-Osasuna ngo-2014, wadlala e-Italy ne-ITorino izinkathi ezintathu, wabe esejoyina i-Athletic ngo-2020.

## Umsebenzi weqembu
UBerenguer wazalelwa ePamplona, eNavarre; umndeni wakubo use-Almería. Uphumelele eqenjini lentsha le-CA Osasuna, futhi waqala ukudlalela iqembu elidala lama-reserves emkhankasweni we-2013-14 e-Tercera División.

UBerenguer waqala ukudlala esigabeni esiphakeme sebhola likanobhutshuzwayo laseSpain ngo-22 September 2016.

Ngo-17 July 2017, uBerenguer wathengiselwa iqembu lase-Italy iTorino nge-€5.5 million (kanye ne-€1 million yamabhonasi). Kwafakwa futhi isimiso se-€1.5 million esengeziwe uma ethengiswa ku-Athletic Bilbao.

Ngo-2 October 2020, i-Athletic Bilbao yafinyelela isivumelwano neTorino ngokudlulisa uBerenguer, owavuma isivumelwano seminyaka emine namaLions. NgoJanuwari 2021 wathola indondo yomnqobi neqembu lakhe elisha ku-Supercopa de España ka-2020-21 edlalwa ISeville.

Ngo-6 April 2024, wafaka i-penalty yokuwina emdlalweni wokugcina we-Copa del Rey ngokumelene IMallorca, owanikeza iqembu lakhe isiqu sabo se-24 emncintiswaneni, waqeda isomiso seminyaka engamashumi amane.

## Izikhombo
Liam Scales

ULiam Scales (owazalwa ngo-8 August 1998) ungumdlali webhola wase-Ireland, odlala njengomdlali ophakathi noma ongakwesobunxele weqembu laseScotland i-Celtic kanye neqembu lesizwe lase-Republic of Ireland.

## Ukuphila Komuntu Siqu
I-Scales ivela I-Barndarrig, I-County Wicklow. Wafunda isi-Ireland kanye nezifundo zokuma kwezwe e-University College Dublin. Uyisikhulumi esikhuluma kahle isi-Ireland.

## Umsebenzi weqembu
UScales waqala umsebenzi wakhe ne-Arklow Town ngaphambi kokusayina ne-UCD ngo-2015. Wenza i-League of Ireland yakhe yokuqala ngo-8 July 2016, wadlala izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu kuleli qembu, futhi wawina i-Collingwood Cup kanye nesiqu se-League of Ireland First Division ngo-2018.

Ngo-2019, wahlolwa amaqembu aseNgilandi iManchester City neBristol Rovers, futhi kwakubonakala ukuthi uzosayina neBristol Rovers ngaphambi kokuba isivumelwano siphelelwe yisikhathi.

Wathuthela e-Shamrock Rovers ngenkathi ka-2020. Uphinde wavela izikhathi eziyisikhombisa neqembu emincintiswaneni yaseYurophu, wafaka igoli elilodwa, futhi waxoshwa emdlalweni wakhe wokuqala eYurophu. NgoJulayi 2021, uchazwa "njengomdlali oshisa kakhulu kunabo bonke e-League of Ireland" futhi wahlotshaniswa nokudluliswa kweqembu.

Ngo-26 November 2021, waqokwa eqenjini le-PFAI Team of the Year ka-2021, njengoba kwavotelwa abadlali abanye naye.

Ngemva kokukhula izinsuku ezingu-51 e-Shamrock Rovers, uScales wathola inkontileka yeminyaka emine neqembu laseScotland i-Celtic ngo-Agasti 2021. Ngo-23 September 2021, waqala ukujoyina i-Celtic ngokuthatha i-Raith Rovers ngo-3-0 e-Celtique Park e-Scottish League Cup.

## Umsebenzi wamazwe omhlaba
Wabizelwa emuva yi-Ireland ngo-October 2023. Ngo-13 October 2023, wenza ukuqala kwakhe kwezwe lonke kweRiphabhuliki yase-Ireland ekunqotshweni kwe-2-0 IGreece e-I-Aviva Stadium.

Umphathi we-Republic of Ireland UStephen Kenny wembula ngo-7 November 2023 ukuthi uScales uzophinde abizwe njengengxenye yeqembu ukuze adlale ne-INetherlands ne-INew Zealand.

## Izikhombo
U-Alistair Johnston

U-**U-Alistair UWilliam Johnston** (owazalwa ngo-Okthoba 8, 1998) ungumdlali ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo oqeqeshiwe waseCanada odlala njengomdlali wesokudla weqembu laseScotland i-Celtic ne-Canada National Team.Iqembu Lesizwe laseCanada.

Johnston kwakungaphambili wadlala e-Major League Soccer ngo-INashville SC kanye ne-CF Montreal, futhi nase-League1 Ontario ye-UVaughan Azzurri.

## Umsebenzi weqembu
NgoJanuwari 9, 2020, uJohnston wakhethwa ngo-11 yi-INashville SC ku-MLS SuperDraft ka-2020. Wathola inkonzo ngokusemthethweni neqembu ngoFebhuwari 25, 2020. Ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, okwakwenza ukunqoba kwe-Nashville ku-MLS Back Tournament kugcwele kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhona ukubona phakathi kweqembu. Ukuqala kwakhe kwahlehliswa, kwakhona ngo-Agasti 12, ngokubambisana ne-FC Dallas, efika esikhundleni. Wenza ukuqala kwakhe ezinsukwini ezine kamva, futhi ngaphambili ngeDallas. Wasiza leli qembu ukuba lifinyelele kuma-MLS Playoffs ngenkathi yabo yokuqala, lapho kwehluka izikhathi ezingu-18.

Ngo-September 22, 2021, uJohnston wafaka igoli lakhe lokuqala le-MLS ekunqobeni I-Inter Miami ngo-5-1. NgoDisemba 2021, i-Nashville yamemezela ukuthi isebenzisa inkontileka kaJohnston, imgcina kuleli qembu kuze kube inkathi ye-MLS ka-2022.

NgoDisemba 23, 2021, i-CF Montreal yathola uJohnston eNashville ukuze ithole imali eyisigidi sama-dollar, kodwa i-Nashville nayo isetshenziswa iphesenti lemali yokudlulisa ekuthengisweni kwesikhathi esizayo. IMontreal yayiqiniseka isivumelwano ngoDisemba 27 futhi yayamemezela ukuthi uJohnston naye wayesayine isivumelwano esisha esimthatha kuze kube ngu-2023, okwenza kube nezindlela zokukhetha ngo-2024 kanye no-2025. Wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala we-Montreal ngoFebhuwari 23, esikhundleni seqembu le-Liga MX i-Santos Laguna, okwakuthi engxenyeni yesibili yeqembu le-CONCACAF Champions League ye-2022. UJohnston wafaka igoli lakhe elilodwa eMontreal ngoMeyi 14, wafaka igoli elibili ekunqobeni kwe-2-0 I-Charlotte FC.

Ngo-December 2022, i-CF Montréal yamemezela ukuthi idlulisele uJohnston eqenjini laseScotland i-Celtic, kusukela ngo-January 1. Wasayina inkontileka yeminyaka emihlanu neqembu laseGlasgow. Lapho kumenyezelwa, uJohnston wathi engqungqutheleni yabezindaba ukuthi owayengumdlali we-Celtic futhi manje owayengumdlalo we-CF Montréal UVictor Wanyama waba nethonya elikhulu esinqumweni sakhe sokuthuthela eBhoys.

## Umsebenzi wamazwe omhlaba
UJohnston wamukela isimemo sekamu Iqembu lesizwe laseCanada ngoJanuwari 2021. Wenza i-Canada yakhe yokuqala ngoMashi 25, 2021, njengomdlali we-69th-minute we-IBermuda emdlalweni wokuqala we-World Cup qualifying ye-2022, futhi wafaka igoli lakhe lokuqala le-Canada emdlalwa olandelayo we-Cayman Islands. NgoJuni 2021 uJohnston waqokwa eqenjini lamadoda angu-60 le-CONCACAF Gold Cup ka-2021, futhi ngoJulayi 1 waqokwa ecenjini lokugcina.

NgoNovemba 2022, uJohnston wabizelwa eqenjini laseCanada leNdebe Yomhlaba ye-FIFA ka-2022, lapho eyadlala khona yonke imidlalo emithathu yaseCanada. NgoJuni 2023 uJohnston waqokwa eqenjini lamadoda angu-23 laseCanada le-CONCACAF Nations League Finals ka-2023.

## Izikhombo
Ukufa kukaMichael Jackson

UMichael Jackson ngoJuni 25, 2009, umculi waseMelika washona ngenxa yokudakwa ngokweqile kwe-propofol e-Los Angeles, eCalifornia, eneminyaka engu-50 ubudala. Indawo yaseHolmby Hills yedolobha ayiphefumuli futhi ishaya ngamandla; wanikeza i-cardiopulmonary.
Propofol

I-Propofol iyisakhi esisebenzayo sokwenziwa kwe-anesthetic emthanjeni esetshenziselwa ukungeniswa nokugcinwa kwezinzwa ezivamile. Ngamakhemikhali kuthiwa yi-2,6-disopropylphenol. Ukwakhiwa kugunyazwe ngaphansi kwegama lomkhiqizo i-Diprivan.
Umchaciso wenzululwazi

**Umchaciso wenzululwazi** uyincazelo yesici sezwe elingokwemvelo nomkhathilibe esingahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi siqinisekiswe ngokuhambisana  nendlelasu yenzululwazi, kusetshenziswa amagumelo engqaphelo, isilinganiso, nokucubungula imiphumela okwamukelekayo. Ezimweni ezivumayo, eminye imichaciso iyavivinywa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo zomgcanso.
Ukucikiza okukhathumbukiso

**Ukucikiza okukhathumbukiso** (okwenziwa **isiCikizi** **esikhathumbukiso**) kuyinoma yibuphi ubuchule obuhlukahlukene bokwenana abantu nezicikizi obuqondwa ngabasebenzisi njengokwenzeka ezweni langempela, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemizimba yabo kanye nezimo ezingokoqobo, esikhundleni sokuvinjelwa esihenqweni sesicikizi nokujolozela sona sodwa. Lo msukamqondo uphendukezela umkhuba owaziwayo  wokufundisa abantu ukunanana nezicikizi ezimweni zezezibhangqiwe , futhi esikhundleni salokho ufundisa iziCikizi ukuba ziqonde futhi zinanane kangcono nabantu ngendlela engokwemvelo ezweni labantu. Lo msukamqondo uhlangana neminye efaka phakathi ingempela elandisiwe, ingempela elenezelwe, ingempela elixutshiwe, isixhakazimo somsebenzisi esingokwemvelo, ukucikiza komongo, kanye nokucikiza okundawozonke.

IziCikizi ezikhathumbukiso imvama zihlanganisa izihlonga—ezifana nezithwebula ze-RGB, izithwebula zobunzulu, izithungatha zomngakothathu (3D), imivo yokulinganisa ingwevamdiki, namanye amathuluzi—ukuze zihlonge futhi zithungathe imizimba yabantu abaseduze (kuhlanganisa izandla, izingalo, amehlo, imilenze, imilomo ) lapho kunokwenanana nabantu nezicikizi esikhaleni zomngakothathu. Ziphinde zisebenzise umbono wesicikizi ukuzama ukuqonda izigcawu zangempela zezwe, ezifana namagumbi, imigwaqo nezitolo, nokufunda izinhlanga, ukuqaphela Izinto, ukukhanda amabalazwe emingakothathu nokunye okuningi. Phezu kwalokho zisebenzisa iXR kanye neMR ukuze ijobelele ngokukhatha imifanekiso nenzwakalo yemingakothathu kulokho okubonwa futhi kuzwiwe umuntu ukuze athole ukwaziswa noma ikuphi kunokuthi ajolozele isihenqo esivamile somngakombili.
Isikhathambukiso

**Isikhathambukiso** isiklamo sokukhanya esikhatha isithombe (noma izithombe ezinyakazayo) embusweni bento, ngokuvamile isihenqweni sokukhatha noma odongeni. Iningi lezikhathambukiso ziveza umfanekiso ngokukhipha ukukhanya ngesiqwanga esincane esiluntwentwe, kodwana ezinye izikhathambukiso ezintsh zingakhatha umbukiso ngokuqondile, ngokusebenzisa iziCwazi.
Ukuguxazela kohoyana

**Ukuguxazela kohoyana** (noma **ukucondoza kohoyana)** umchaciso oyisiseko somchazandalo ochazisa ukucondoza kwemvelo emilinganisweni yechwe nangaphansi kwayo.

Kuyisisekelo sawo wonke **umchazandalo wohoyana**, ohlanganisa umchazaTho wohoyana, umchaciso wobuhoyana, ubuchwepheshe bohoyana, kanye nenzululwazi zokwaziswa sohoyana.
St. Anne's Church, Moxi

This week has been build in end ofLeli sonto lakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 yI-Paris Foreign Missions Society, futhi lavuselelwa futhi lanwetshwa ngo-1930. Originally housing the mission of Moxi, it has been controlled by the state sanctioned Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association since 1957.
Ukucikiza ngohoyana

**IsiCikizi sohoyana** yisicikizi esisebenzisa isimongotho sokuguxazela kohoyana. Emilinganisweni yalo emincane, uluTho olungokoqobo luziveza zombili izakhi zezinhlayiyana nezamaza, futhi ukucikiza ngohoyana kuyasizakala ngalokhu kucondoza ngosizo lwezigcoboyi ezikhethekile. Umchazandalo wakudala awukwazi ukuchaza ukugidinga kwalezi ziklamo zohoyana, futhi isiCikizi sohoyana esisheshayo singaqhogoya ezinye iziqaqululo ngokushesha kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi isiCikizi sanamuhla "esivamile". Ngokukhethekile, isiCikizi sohoyana esikhulu singaphazamisa amacebo wonyandla asetshenziswa kabanzi futhi silekelele abachazindalo ekuqhogoyeni imifefwnyeko yoqobo; kodwana, ubunjalo bamanje bobuciko ngokuyinhloko busahlolwa futhi abusebenzi, bunezingqinamba eziningana zokusetshenziswa okuwusizo.
Umkhiqizo (womhwebo)

Kwezomdayiso, **umkhiqizo** uyinto, noma isimiso, noma inkonzo etholakalayo ukuze isetshenziswe abathengi njengoba kunengqekelelo yabathengi; uyinoma yini enikezwa indayi ukuze kwaneliswe inkanuko noma isidingo sekhasimende. Ekuthengiseni, imikhiqizo ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izimpahla, futhi kwezokukhiqiza, imikhiqizo ithengwa njengezithako eziyisiseko bese ithengiswa njengezingudla eziqediwe. inkonzo nayo ibhekwa futhi njengohlobo lomkhiqizo.
Unongo lomhwebo

**Unongo lomhwebo** luchazisa indlela inhlangano ekhanda ngayo, ifufuthe ngayo, futhi ithathe ukubaluleka,  kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, amasiko noma kwezinye izimo. Kumhwebo ngamunye, luchazisa indlela eqondile yokucondoza kwawo, yokuchitha imali, nendlela yokungenisa imali ngendlela ekhiqiza umveza.
Uhlakahlisombulu lwezezimboni

Uhlakahlisombulu lwezezimboni, ngokuvamile lubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kohlakahlisombulu ezimbonini nasemihwebeni. Ngokungafani nohlakahlisombulu jikelele oluwuqeqesho locwaningo olusekhaleni lokwakha izinhlelo ezicikiziwe eziqhogoya imisebenzi edinga ubuhlakani bomuntu, iminako yohlakahlisombulu lwezimboni isekusetshenzisweni kwezobuchwepheshe zalolo hlobo ukuxazulula izindawo zokudabuka kwezimboni zokwakhela amakhasimende isizima, ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo, ukwehliswa kwezindleko, ukuganyiswa kwesiza, isihlaziyo esibikezelayo kanye nokuvuvukulwa kokuqonda.

Uhlakahlisombulu kanye nokufunda kwenguxa kuye kwaba yizinto eziyinhloko ezixhasa ukusetshenziswa kwemininingo ekukhiqizeni kuleminyaka yakamuva ngenxa yezici eziningi ezahlukene: Izihlonga ezishibhile kanye nomdludlungu ohlelelekiwe yokuzuza imininingo; Ikhono lezicikizi elinamandla kakhulu lokucikiza nokuqhogoya imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngejubane elisheshayo ngezindleko eziphansi; Ingqalasizinda yokuxhumana okusheshayo nokufikelela ezinkonzweni zamafu zokuphatha imininingo kanye nokucashwa kwamandla okucikiza.
Uhlakahlisombulu kuhulumeni

**[[UHlakahlisombulu|Uhlakahlisombulu]]** lusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene k**[[UHulumeni|uhulumeni]]**. Lungasetshenziselwa ukuqombolisa izinhloso zenqubomgomo yomphakathi (ezindaweni ezinjengezinkonzo eziphuthumayo, ezempilo nezenhlalakahle), kanye nokulekelela umphakathi ukuba unanane nohulumeni (ngokusebenzisa izilekeleli zoxhakaxholo, ngokwesibonelo).
Isilekeleli sakuxhakaxholo

**Isilekeleli sakuxhakaxholo** siyisgcoyi sohlelo esingaqhogoya imisebenzi noma izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi umsebenzi yena ufake isitshelezelo esinjani, kungaba imiyalo noma imibuzo, elotshiwe noma ekhulunyiwe. Ubuchwepheshe baloluhlobo buvame ukufaka amakhono esiqavithi wokufefenyeka ingxoxo yabantu, njengokuqavita kuxhalaxholo, ngenjongo yokwenza ukuxhumana nabasebenzisi babo kube lula. Ukuxhumana kungaba ngombhalo, isixhakazimo esisazobe, noma izwi - njengoba ezinye izilekeleli zikwazi ukuhlakahla inkulumo yomuntu futhi ziphendule ngezwi elididiyelwe.
Ukuziphatha

Ukuziphatha ukuzigcina uyi virgin. Ukubhebhana noma ucansi kuyingozi ngoba wena ungatheleleka kwizifo zocansi. Kumunandi ukubhebhana.
Unongo lomhwebo wesicikicelo

**Unongo lomhwebo wesicikicelo** lichazwa ngokuthi unongo lomhwebo lapho ikhasimende kufanele likhokhe uthungethunge lwentengo ngezikhathi esithile ukuze lifikelele ekutholeni umkhiqizo noma inkonzo ethile. Lolu nongo lwasungulwa ngabashicileli bezincwadi nezishicwanjalo ekhulwini le-17, futhi manje lusetshenziswa imihwebo eminingi, izizubdalwebu eziningi ngisho nezinkampani zokuthakwa kwemithi ngokubambisana nohulumeni.
Ukuphixana kohoyana

**Ukuphixana kohoyana** yisimongotho seqembu lezinhlayiyana eziphehlwayo, ezinananayo, noma ezihlanganyela ukusondelana ngendawo ngendlela eyenza ubunjalo bohoyana benhlayiyana ngayinye yeqembu bungachaziseki ngokuhlukile kubunjalo bezinye, kuhlanganisa nalapho izinhlayiyana zihlukaniswe ngebanga elikhulu. Isihloko sokuphixana kohoyana sisekujuleni komehluko phakathi komchazandalo omdala nomchazandalo wohoyana: ukuphixana kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuguxaza kohoyana esingatholakali kwezokuguxazela ezindala.

Izilinganiso zezigubo zoqobo ezifana nesikhundla, umjijeyane, ukumpimpiliz nokuluthuzeka okwenziwa izinhlayiyana eziphixene, kwezinye izimo, kulula ukuthola ukuthi zihlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbhangqwana wezinhlayiyana ziphehlwa ngendlela eyenza ukumpimpiliza kwazo sibe ize, futhi inhlayiyana eyodwa kutholakala ukuthi impimpiliza ishwilelemuva *(clockwise)* ngamachopho wokuqala, khona ukumpimpiliza kwenhlayiyana yesibili, lapho kulinganiswa ngamachopho afanayo, kuzoshwilelaphoko *(anticlockwise)*. Lokhu kucondoza kuletha imithelela eyinkiyankiya.

Lesi simongotho kwakuyisihlokondaba sephepha langowe-1935 lika-Albert Einstein, uBoris Podolsky, noNathan Rosen, namaphepha kaErwin Schrödinger kamuva. UEinstein wafunga ukuthi lokhu kucondoza akunakwenzeka, futhi kwephula imithetho yembangela futhi waphika wathi umbono wamukelwe wokuguxazela kohoyana kusho ukuthi awuphelele.
Umngcikisho wemininingo

**Umngcikisho wemininingo** ubhekisela ekwakhiweni kwezimiso ukuze kuvunyelwe ukubuthwa nokusetshenziswa kwemininingo. Le mininingo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza isihlaziyo nenzululwazi yemininingo; okuvame ukubandakanya ukufunda kwenguxa. Ukwenza imininingo ukuba isebenziseke kuvame ukubandakanya ukucikiza okukhulu nokuqoqongwa, kanye nokudludlunga imininingo.
Basshunter

**Basshunter**, **Jonas Erik Altberg** (owazalwa 22 ngoDisemba 1984, Halmstad) unguhlabeleli waseISwidi, umkhiqizi womculo kanye ungu-DJ.

## I-Discography
### Ama-albhamu e-Studio
* *[[The Bassmachine]]* (2004)
* *[[LOL (^^,)|LOL <(^^,)>]]* (2006)
* *[[Now You're Gone – The Album]]* (2008)
* *[[Bass Generation]]* (2009)
* *[[Calling Time]]* (2013)

### Abangashadile
* "The Big Show" (2004)
* "Welcome to Rainbow" (2006)
* "Boten Anna" (2006)
* "Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA" (2006)
* "Jingle Bells" (2006)
* "Vifta med händerna" (2006)
* "Now You're Gone" (2007)
* "Please Don't Go" (2008)
* "All I Ever Wanted" (2008)
* "Angel in the Night" (2008)
* "Russia Privjet (Hardlanger Remix)" (2008)
* "I Miss You" (2008)
* "Walk on Water" (2009)
* "Al final" (2009)
* "Every Morning" (2009)
* "I Promised Myself" (2009)
* "Saturday" (2010)
* "Fest i hela huset" (2011)
* "Northern Light" (2012)
* "Dream on the Dancefloor" (2012)
* "Crash & Burn" (2013)
* "Calling Time" (2013)
* "Elinor" (2013)
* "Masterpiece" (2018)
* "Home" (2019)
* "Angels Ain't Listening" (2020)
* "Life Speaks to Me" (2021)
* "End the Lies"  (2022)
* "Ingen kan slå (Boten Anna)"  (2023)

## Amakhasi ngaphandle

*
Angelique Rockas

**Angelique Rockas **  ungumlingisi, umkhiqizi futhi uyisishoshovu. Wazalelwa eBolksburg, eGaunteng, futhi unabazali abangamaGrikhi. Wasungula inkampani yezinhlanga ezahlukene i-Internationalist Theatre  eLondon ngo-1981,
   futhi wethula amadrama amakhulu ase-Europe ngabalingisi abaphula imigoqo yobuhlanga. U-Athol Fugard
Isifayelo

**Isifayelo** siwuhlelo olwenziwa lutholakale ngohlobo lwezezibhangqiwe ukuze luthululwe kuxhakaxholo. Ngokwesibonelo, uchunge lweziqephu zamahele enzwakalo yezezibhangqiwe, angathululwa umsebenzisi awafake esiklamweni sakhe siqu ukuze awalelwe ngesinye isikhathi. Izifayelo ngokuyinhloko ziyizinsizakusakaza zenzwakalo, kodwa ezinye ziyimibukiso, kungaba yisiqikili esiyinhloko noma isijobelelo senzwakalo;  zibe yisibunge eminyakeni yamuva ngosizo lwenkundla -I-YouTube.
Uhlelo Lomsakazo

**Uhlelo lomsakazo**, luyisiqephu sesiqikili esihloselwe ukusakazwa emsakazweni. Kungase kube umkhiqizo owenziwa kanye, noma ingxenye yochungechunge olwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Uhlelo olulodwa lochunge lubizwa ngokuthi isiqephu.
Usabusa

I-Still Reigning iyi DVD esebenza bukhoma yeqembu le thrash metal Slayer ekhishwe ngo 2004 nge American Recordings Kuqoshwe e Augusta Civic Center ngoJulayi 11, 2004, umdlalo.
Richard Neal

**Richard Edmund Neal** (uvame ngo-February 14, 1949) unomdabu we-American ohlala njengomqondisi we-U.S. waseMassachusetts's 1st district yasekongresi kusukela ngo-1989. I-district, ethandwa njengase-2nd district kusukela ngo-1989 kuya ku-2013, ikhona i-Springfield, West Springfield, Pittsfield, Holyoke, Agawam, Chicopee kanye ne-Westfield, kanye kuyinto yasezindaweni ezindaweni kakhulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika. Umdwebo weDemocratic Party, u-Neal uthathe isikhundla saseMassachusetts kwi-House of Representatives yase-US kusukela ngo-2013, futhi futhi unomdabu wama-House delegations e-New England.
UGert-Johan Coetzee

**UGert-Johan Coetzee** (owazalwa ngo-18 uNobemba 1987), ungumdwebi wemfashini waseNingizimu Afrika. I-atelier yakhe yemfashini isendaweni yaseLinden, IGoli esifundazweni saseGauteng. Usebenza kakhulu ngezingubo zokugqoka ezibomvu, uphinde aklame uhlu lwe ukulungele ukugqoka. UCoetzee waziwa ngokugqoka osaziwayo baseNingizimu Afrika nabamazwe omhlaba emicimbini yokhaphethi obomvu.
INqakathiso yaseDetmold

**INqakathiso iDetmold (**(NGesiJalimane: LWL-Freilichtmuseum Detmold - Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Volkskunde; ngesiNgisi: "LWL Open-air Museo Detmold: I-Westphalia State Museum for Folkloristics") iyiNqakathiso esendaweni yaseDetmold esifundeni sase-Ostwestfalen-Lippe eNyakatho ne-Rhine-Westphalia, eJalimane. Yasungulwa, kanye neNqakathiso iHagen , ngonyaka we-1960, yase ivulelwa umphakathi ekuqaleni kwonyaka we-1970. LeNqakathiso iphethwe yi-Landschaftsverband Westfalen-I-Lippe  (LWL, igunya lesifunda laseWestphalia naseLippe eNyakatho ne-Rhine-Westphalia).

## Imibukiso
Izakhiwo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zomlando eziqhamuka ezweni lonkana zasuswa zalethwa lana noma zakhiwa kabusha, okufaka phakathi neziGele, izindlu zasemaPlazini, ezifulelwe ngotshani, kanye nezihunguza. Amayeka angaphezu kwama-200 (0.81 km2) amasimu   asetshenziselwa ukugibela amahhashi adonsa izinqola, ukudwayizela, kanye nokuNqukela. Inqakathiso ibuye ibe nemibukiso ekhethekile, okufaka phakathi ukukhandwa kwensimbhi kanye nokubunjwa kwezitsha. Ivulwa ngankathi , phakathi kwezi-1 kuMbhasa kanye nama-31 kuMfumfu.

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

*   (ngesiJalimane, isiNgisi, nesiDashi)
IsiThuba

**IsiThuba** isilekeleli esigcina futhi siphinde sikhombhise isikhathi. Isithuba singezinyeni zezilumbho ezindala zabantu omsebenzi waso kwakungukulinganisa isikhathi kumzingo omufishane kunaleyo yemvelo efana nosuku, inyanga elinganiswa ngokthwasa konyezi kanye neNkathi yonyaka. Abantu sebesebenzise izilekeleli ezisebenza ngezindlela ezehlukileyo ukugcina isikhathi cishe iminyaka engamakhulunyaka. 

Izandulela zithuba zamanje zazisuselwe ekuthwaseni kwimvelo: ithunzela likhombhisa isikhathi ngokusebenzisa ilanga kanye nesithunzi esidalwa induku yaso. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zeziqophasiyiba, esidume kakhulu nje ilesi sesihlabathi (Hourglass). Isiqophasiyiba samanzi, kanye naleso seLanga zingezinye zezilekeleli ezokugcina isikhathi ezindala kakhulu. Ukulunjwa kwesizinge, okuyikho okwaholela ekulunjweni kwezithuba ezinguxazelayo ngeminyaka ye-1300 eYurophu, zona ezazigcina isikhathi ngokusebenzisa izithekezelo kuhle kwezabelasisindo.

Awukho umehluko phakathi kwesithuba sasendlini kanye naleso sesihlakala, phela zombhili zenza umsebenzi ofanayo, okungukugcina ziphinde zikhombhise isikhathi. izithuba ezisebenzisa izizwayizwayi zaqala ukwakhiwa ngekhuluminyaka eliyi-15. Phakathi kwekhuluminyaka le-15 kuyela  kwele-16, ukukhandwa kwezithuba kwanda kakhulu. Ukulangaba okwalandela kwaba yilokho bokuqikelela umnembo okwenzeka emva konyaka we-1656, lapho uChristiaan Huygens esethule isithuba sosulu. Enye yezinto eyayiqhuba ukwakhiwa kwezithuba ezinembhayo ekugcinweni kwesikhathi, ileyo yokutilosa olwandle. IziThuba ezisebenza ngamazuba zanelwa ngonyaka we-1840, kuthi izithuba zona zathulwa ngekhuluminyaka lama-20. Ukwakhiwa kwezigcinazuba ezincane yikho kanye okwadala ukuthi zisabalale kakhulu izithuba.
IKopano Matlwa

**uKopano Matlwa** (owazalwa ngo-1985) ungumbhali nogqirha waseMzantsi Afrika, owaziwa ngenoveli yakhe ethi Spilt Milk,egxile kwisizukulwana esizelwe sikhululekile saseMzantsi Afrika esithi "Born Free", kanye neCoconut, inoveli yakhe yokuqala, ethetha ngengxaki zobuhlanga, isigaba, kanye nokwenziwa kwamakoloni kwiGoli yamaxesha angoku. UCoconut wanikwa imbasa ye European Union Literary award ngo-2006/2007 waphinda wazuza imbasa yeWole Soyinka Prize yencwadi eAfrika ngo-2010. I-Spilt Milk yayikwuluhlu olude lwe mbasa ye Sunday Times Fiction ka-2011.
I-Mbulelo Mzamane

**I-Mbulelo Vizikhungo Mzamane** (28 July 1948 - 16 February 2014) wayengumbhali waseMzantsi Afrika, imbongi, kunye nokuba sisazi semfundo. &nbsp;Wachazwa nguMongameli ongasekhoyo UNelson Mandela "njengenkokheli enombono kunye nokuba ngomnye weyona ezinqgondi ezinkulu zaseMzantsi Afrika". Ngexesha lokusweleka kwakhe, uNjingalwazi Mzamane wayeyinkokeli yeprojekthi nomhleli weprojekthi yakhe awayisungula ngokwakhe, **i-Encyclopaedia of South African Arts, Culture and Heritage**, awayibiza ngokuba sisipho sakhe sokugqibela eMzantsi Afrika.https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/prof-mbulelo-vizikhungo-mzamane-posthumous

## Ukuphila kwasebuntwaneni
I-Lebogang Mashile

Indodakazi yabazali baseNingizimu Afrika ababedingisiwe, **uMashile** wazalelwa e-United States, ePawtucket, eRhode Island, futhi wabuyela eNingizimu Afrika maphakathi nawo-1990 ngemuva kokuphela Ubandlululo. Waqala ukufunda umthetho nobuhlobo bamazwe omhlaba e-I-University of the Witwatersrand kodwa waba nesithakazelo kakhulu kwezobuciko. Kanye noMyesha Jenkins, Ntsiki Mazwai noNapo Masheane, wasungula iqembu lezinkondlo iFeela Sistah.
IsiLili

**IsiLili** noma **umBhede** Siyindawo yokulala noma yokuphumula eLawini. Leli igama liqhamuka kwisandulelaSintu, lapho khona liqukethe umqondo wendawo yokulala. IziLili zesimanje zisigabambhili; umqolo owakhiwe ngamapulangwe, ebese umbhozwa ngendwangu ukuze ubukeke, ebese kuba nesithivi sona esintofontofo. IziLili zasendulo kwakuba iCansi, ebese kuba nesiqamelo esibaziwe ngesigodo.
ITirana

**** (IsiAlbani: **Tirana**) isiqongo saseAlbaniya.

## Web

* www.tirana.al
* The official guide of Tirana – Visit Tirana


File:Skanderbeg square tirana 2016.jpg|  
File:Toptani Shopping Mall Tirana 2016.jpg|  
File:Tirana Kapllan Pasha Tomb.jpg|  
File:Catedral de la Resurección de Cristo, Tirana, Albania, 2014-04-17, DD 13.JPG|  
File:Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg|  
File:Castillo de Petrela, Petrela, Albania, 2014-04-17, DD 07.JPG|  
File:Kulla e Sahatit-Tiranë.jpg|
Isiphepho iBret

isiphepho u-Bret kwaba esokuqala kweziyisihlanu zeSigaba 4 seziphepho ezavela ngesizini yesiphepho sase-Atlantic yango-1999 kanye nesishingishane sokuqala se-tropical kusukela iSiphepho u-Jerry ngo-1989 ukufikela e-Texas ngesikhathi kunesiphepho esinamandla. 

 

**Hurricane Bret** was the first of five Category&nbsp;4 hurricanes that developed during the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season and the first tropical cyclone since Hurricane Jerry in 1989 to make landfall in Texas at hurricane intensity. Forming from a tropical wave on August&nbsp;18, Bret slowly organized within weak steering currents in the Bay of Campeche. By August&nbsp;20, the storm began to track northward and underwent rapid intensification on August&nbsp;21. After this period of strengthening, Bret attained its peak intensity with winds of  and a barometric pressure of 944&nbsp;mbar (hPa;&nbsp;). Later that day, the storm weakened to a Category&nbsp;3 hurricane and made landfall on Padre Island, Texas. Shortly thereafter, the storm weakened further, becoming a tropical depression 24&nbsp;hours after moving inland. The remnants of the storm eventually dissipated early on August&nbsp;26 over northern Mexico.
Umthetho

**Umthetho** uyiqoqo lemiyalo eyenziwe futhi ephoqelelwa yizikhungo zomphakathi noma zikahulumeni ukuze zilawula ukuziphatha, incasiselo yomthetho eqondile iwudaba lwempikiswano endala.  Umthetho wake wachaziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokuthi uyinzululwazi nangokuthi ungubuciko bezobulungisa. Imithetho ephoqelelwa nguhulumeni ingenziwa yiqembu noma umuntu oyedwa wesishayamthetho, okuyisenzo esikhiqiza amagume; ingenziwa ibandla eligunundayo kukhiqizeke izimemezelo nezilawulelo; noma isungulwe abahluleli ngesandulelo, ngokuvamile ezindaweni zomthetho wabehluleli. Abantu abangasese bangakha izivumelwano ezibophayo ngokomthetho, ezihlanganisa izivumelwano zokulamula ezisebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano kunalezo ezisetshenziswa enkantolo. Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho ngokwayo kungathonywa umthetho-sisekelo, obhaliwe noma ongabonakali, kanye namalungelo abhalwe kuwo. Umthetho ubumba ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, umlando kanye nomphakathi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi usebenza njengomlamuli wobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu.

Izimiso zomthetho ziyahluka ngokwegunyandawo, njengoba ukwahluka kwazo kuhlaziywa ngokomthetho oqhathanisayo. Ngokwegunyamandla lomthetho wobuntu, isishayamthetho noma enye indikimba emqoka iyona eyakha umthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho wabehluleli, àbehluleli kungaba yibona abenza imithetho yokugcina besebenzisa isandulela, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokho kungachithwa inkantolo ephakeme noma isishayamthetho. Ngokomlando, umthetho wenkolo waba nethonya ezindabeni zezwe, futhi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-21, usasebenza kweminye imiphakathi yamakholwa. Umthetho weShariya osekwe ezimiselweni zamasulumani usetshenziswa ngesimiso somthetho esiyinhloko emazweni ambalwa, ahlanganisa elase-Irani nalase-Saudi Arabiya.

Ukujula komthetho kungankampulwa ngezindalangala ezimbili: umthetho wasobala uphathelene nohulumeni nomphakathi wonke, kuhlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wokuphatha, kanye nomthetho wobugebengu; kuyilapho umthetho wangasese uphathelene nemibango yomthetho phakathi kwabemelelwe emikhakheni efana nezivumelwano , impahla , ukugeja, ukuphambeka, nomthetho wezentengiselwano. Lo mehluko uyaqina emazweni anomthetho wobuntu, ikakhulu lawo anesimiso esihlukile sezinkantolo zolawulohlelo; ngokuphambene, ukuhlukanisa umthetho ngokuthi osobala nongasese kugagulwa kancane kumagunyamandla womthetho wabehluleli.

Umthetho uwumthombo wocwaningo lomlando womthetho, injulalwazi, isihlaziyo sezomnotho nomthetho wokuhlalisana. Umthetho uphinde uphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile neyindida ngokuphathelene nokulingana, ukulunga nobulungiswa.

## uMsukagama
Umsukagama welithi umthetho uvela esiqwini *thetha* , okuvela kuso isenzo sokuthetha esinezincazelo ezifana nokuqala icala, ukuthethisa (ukuthetha), nokukhipha isigqibo (isithetho). 

## Amaphatho
Mthandeni SK "Igcokama Elisha" Manqele

Sibusiso Manqele (owazalwa zingama-24 kuMbasa 1988). UMthandeni SK ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika, umculi nombhali wezingoma.I-"Paris", equkethe i-Lwah House, ikhishwe ngomhlaka-9 Agasti,

## Albums
•I-Thousand(2017)

•Amagolide(2017)

•Ithuna Ledixa(2018)

•Iskorokoro Sam(2019)

•Idog Style(2019)

•Imfolomane(2020)

•Amavolovolo(2021)

•Iskhova Sikazwelonke(2022)

•Iblow Job(2022)

•Amakhothangqoko(2023)
Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho

**Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho** ubuqhebeqhebe obenziwa amalungu kahulumeni ahlelelwe ukuphoqa ukulandelwa komthetho ngokuvubukula, ukuphenya, ukunqanda, Ukuhlumelelisa, nokujezisa abantu abaphula imithetho ebusa umphakathi. Leli gama lihlanganisa ukusebenza kwamaphoyisa, izinkantolo nezokuhlunyeleliswa. Lezi zigcoyi ezintathu zesimiso sobulungiswa nobugebengu zingagidinga ngokuzimela noma njengeqembu ngokucobelelana ngeziqoshwa nangokubambisana. Emhlabeni wonke, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuyamaniswa nokuvikelwa komphakathi, impilo, impahla, nokugcina ukuthula emphakathini.

Isicabango sokuphoqelelwa komthetho saqala endulo, futhi kwakuhlezi kunezindlela ezihlukene zokuphoqelelwa komthetho namaphoyisa emphakathini eminingi. Imithetho yemibuso yanamuhla isebenzisa ibizo elithi umphoqeleli womthetho (*izinhlaka zomthetho*) noma umphoqeleli wokuthula ukuze ihlanganise bonke abagunyazwa umbuso ngamandla noma igunya lokuba amaphoyisa; ngokuvamile, wonke umuntu ofungisiwe ukuthi abophe omunye ngokwephula umthetho wobugebengu uyahlanganiswa egameni elithi **umphoqeleli womthetho**.

Nakuba ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kukhathazeke ngokunqanda nokujezisa ubugebengu, kunezinhlangano ezikhona ukuze zinqunde ukwephulwa kwemithetho ehlukahlukene, ngokuthi zisebenzise izijeziso ezingekho qatha ezifana nokuvavanywa.
UGatsheni

**Mlungisi Khuzani Ndlovu**(14 ngoMbaso 1990) Obuye aziwe ngegama elithi,"**UGatsheni Igagu Lasophongolo**", Ungumculi womculo ka**Maskandi** odabuka **Ophongolo,Kwazulu-Natali**.Ozakhele idumela elikhulu nge-Alibhamu yakhe ethi Inhlupheko (2021) edayise kakhulu wade u**RISA** wayichaza ngeshaye i-platinamu.

## '''Ama-Alibhamu'''
•Isigqila Sengoma(2017)

•Umakhal'esondela(2019)

•Yimi Inkosi(2020)

•Inhlupheko(2021)

•Isiqeqe(2022)

•Uyihlo nonyoko(2023)
Amafu

Ngokomchazazulu, **ilifu** (noma **amafu** ebuningini) uhowovange oluqukethe izingcezu zamaconsi oketshezi, imincwebe ekhazileyo nezinye izinhlayiyana ezibonakalayo ezijitshwe kumoyambulunga wendikimba ewumzulane noma emkhathini ofanayo. Amanzi noma amanye amavanga ahlukene aba yisakhi samaconsi nemincwebe. Emhlabeni, amafu akhiwa umthelela wokubhunyeka komoya lapho ubanda kufika esimweni samazolo, noma lapho uzuza umswakama owanele (osesimweni somhwamuko wamanzi) ovela emthonjeni olungene nawo ukuze ukhuphule izinga lokushisa elizungezile.

Amafu ayabonakala kwizulumbulunga, ihowombulunga, neshambulunga. Umchazamafu uyinzululwazi yamafu, efundwa kabanzi kumchazandalo wamafu okuyigatsha lomchazazulu. Amafu ahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba zobuhalalazi bomoyambulunga atholakala kuzo.
Izinhlobo zamafu eziyinhloko ezaziwayo ngesiZulu zibizwa: amafuthuthu, amafufu, amafufenaba, amafenala, amayezi. Amafu esigaba esiphansi awanazo izijobelelo eziwahlukanisa kwamanye amafu ngolimi lesiZulu, kubonakala sengathi anikwa igama kuye ngomthelela wawo emvelweni. Kodwana amafu esigaba esiphakathi anikwa isijobelelo "aza", kuyilapho amafu esigaba esiphezulu wona asebenzisa ibizo "amayezi" njengesiqalo. Izinhlobo zamafuthuthu azikhasa phansi ebusweni bomhlaba zaziwa ngokuthi inkungu.

Kuhowombulunga nakwishambulunga, amafu atholakala lapho anawo amagama awachazayo ngokwezinhlobo zawo. Lawo mafu, avame ukuba nommomo womgubezelo othuthu noma ummomo wemithende yamayezi. Kodwana akuvamile ukuwabona njengoba etholakala emachotsheni omhlaba. Amafu ayatholakala kumoyambulunga weminye imizulane nasezinyangeni ezisohlelweni likanozungezilanga. Kodwana, ngenxa yezinkondolo zawo zamazinga okushisa ahlukene, avame ukwakhiwa ezinye iziqa ezifana nejawani (*methane*), umthundohwe, nesimunyane sesibabuli kanye namanzi.

Amafu wezulumbulunga kungenzeka anomthelela oqondile ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Kuthiwa angakhwentuza imisebe yelanga okuyisenzo esinomthelela wokubandisa indawo la mafu atholakala kuyo, noma angavalela imiyonzi yamaza ekhwentuzela emuva emhlabeni nokuyisenzo esinomthelela wokufudumeza. Ukuphakama, umumo, nobugqinsi bamafu yizici eziyinhloko ezinomthelela ekufudumaleno nasekubandeni komhlaba nomoyambulunga. Amafu akheka ngaphezu kwezulumbulunga ayivelakancane futhi azace kakhulu ukuba angaba nethonya esimweni sezulu.

## Umsukagama
Umsuka wegama elithi "Amafu" kungenzeka livela kwisenzukuthi **fu** esisho ukufutha, ukufusa, njengoba amafu ebonakala sengathi. Elinye igama elisho amafu ngelithi "amayezi" elingasasebenzi kakhulu ukuchaza Amafu jikelele, kodwana selichaza uhlobo lwamafu ayimishwe.

## Amaphatho
Umhwamuko wamanzi

**Umhwamuko wamanzi** uyisimo esiluhowo samanzi.Ungesinye sezimo zamanzi esitholakala kwihwambulunga.Umhwamuko wamanzi ongakhiqizwa ngenqubo yokuhwamuka, noma ukudlidliza kwamanzi awuketshezi or ngokumoyaka kweqhwa.Umhwamuko uluntwentwe, njengezakhi eziningi nomoyambulunga.Ngaphansi kwezimo zomoyambulunga ezivamile, umhwamuko wamanzi uphehlwa ngokuqhubekayo inqubo yokuhwamuka futhi ususwa ukujika.Awukho lugqinsi njengezinye izakhi eziningi zomoya futhi uyisisusa sokuchaduluka okungabanga amafu nenkungu.
Amayezi

**Amayezi** awuhlobo lwamafu aphezulu akhiwa imincwebe yeqhwa. Amayezi avama ukubonakala ensokonsoko enemicu emhlophe. Amayezi avame ukwakheka lapho umoya ofudumeleyo, nowomisileyo ukhuphuka, udala ukuzikiseka komhwamuko wamanzi ezinhlayiyeni zothuli olusankimbi noma olusamatshe esithikilini sesibhakabhaka. Emhlabeni, akheka phakathi kwamamitha ayizinkulngwane ezine (4,000) nezinkulungwane eziingamashumi amabili (20,000) phezu komthebelele wolwandle.

Amayezi akheka kusuka eziqongweni zeziphihli nezezishingishane futhi kwezinye izikhathi abikezela ukuza kwemvula noma iziphihli. Nakuba ewuphawu lokuza kwemvula neziphihli, amayezi nawo ngokwawo akhithikisa uhoyana lwemincwebe yeqhwa. Le mincwebe iyahlaphazeka, incibilike, futhi ihwamuke lapho ikhithika idlula emoyeni ofudumele nowomisileyo futhi ayifiki nokufika phansi. Amayezi yiwona afudumeza umhlaba. Umhlaba ofudumalayo uzogcina ukhiqiza amanye amayezi engeziwe, nokuzigcina kungumazinkintshela ozifakelelayo.

Izimongotho zokukhanya ezifana nemiqhele, zikhiqizwa ukukhanya lapho kunanana nemincwebe yeqhwa emayezini. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zamafu ezimbili zesigaba esiphakeme ezibizwa amayezenaba kanye namayezecuya.  Amayezenaba abonakala ngathi awukhethe lwamafu, kuyilapho amayezecuya efana nesifanelo sezigaxana zamafu. Ngokuphambene namayezi namayezenaba, amayezecuya aqukethe amaconsi wamanzi akhazisiweyo.

Amayezi ayakheka nakumoyambulunga kaNotshezi, iNdonsa, uNomaxhama, uNomakhekheba nakuNolundwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zalawa mayezi zakhiwa iqhwa lomthundohwe noma lejawani, njengeqhwa lamanzi elakha amayezi kuNomkhubulwane. Ezinye izinhlobo zamafu wenqeke emkhathini zakhiwa izinhlayiyana zothuli, nazo zibizwa ngokuthi amayezi.

## Incaziso
Ukuna

Kumchazazulu, **ukuna** kuyinoma yimuphi umkhiqizo wokujiyeka komhwamuko wamanzi womoyambulunga owehla usuka emafwini ngenxa yokudonsa komnyondo.  Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuna zihlanganisa umkhizo, imvula, isichotho, umkhitho, pellets zeqhwa, isichochwane nesiqhotho. Ukuna kwenzeka lapho ingxenye yomoyambulunga ibhunyelwa umhwamuko wamanzi, ukuze amanzi ajiyeke futhi "ane" noma akhithike. Ngalokho, inkungu nofasimbe akukhona ukuna; umhwamuko wako awujiyeki ngokwanele ukuze wehle, ngakho inkungu nofasimbe akukhithiki. (Inhlanganisela enjalo ibizwa ingqumbu.) Izinqubo ezimbili, okungenzeka zisebenza kanye kanye, zingaholela ekutheni umoya ujiyezwe umhwamuko wamanzi: kubandise umoya noma kwengeze umhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni. Ukuna kwakheka njengamaconsi amancane ahlangana ngokungqubuzana namanye amaconsi emvula noma imincwebe yeqhwa phakathi kwelifu.

TYPES OF PRECIPITATION - IZINHLOBO ZOKUNA

Liquid - Eluketshezi

Freezing - Enqandisayo

Frozen - Enqumile

LIQUID - ELUKETSHEZI

Drizzle - umkhizo

Rain - imvula

Fog condensation - umzolo