open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umhlakahlo

**Umhlakahlo** (igama elivela esenzweni sokuhlakahla noma ukuhlahlela) igatsha lomchazampilo omayelana nokufundwa kohlaka lweziphili namalunga azo omzimba. Umhlakahlo igatsha lwenzululwazi yemvelo ebhekelele ukuhlangana kohlaka lwezinto eziphilayo. Lena inzululwazi endala, eyaqala ezikhathini zanguna. Umhlakahlo uyamaniswa nokuthuthukiswa komchazampilo, umchazahlule *(embryology)*, umhlakahlo oqhathanisekayo, umchampilo wokuthubeka  *(evolutionary biology)*, kanye  phylogeny, njengoba lezi kuyizinqubo zokuphehla umhlakahlo, kokubili esikhathini esiseduze nasasikhathini eside. Umhlakahlo kanye nochazomzimba zicwaninga uhlaka nokusebenza kweziphili nezitho zazo, futhi ziwambhangqana wemikhakha ongokwemvelo, kaningi efundelwa ndawonye. Umhlakahlo womuntu uyinzululwazi eyisisekelo esetshenziswayo kwezokwelapha.

Umkhakha womhlakahlo wehlukaniswe waba izigaba ezimbili, owesimonkulu nowesimoncinci. Umhlakahlo wesimonkulu, noma umhlakahlo ophelele, uwukuvivnywa komzimba kwezitho zesilwane ngeso elingalekelelwe. Umhlakahlo ophelele ubandakanya nomukhakha womhlakahlo mbulu. Umhlakahlo wesimoncinci uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokubona ekucwaningeni izicubu zezinhlakacezingafani, waziwa ngokuthi umchaza *(histology)*, kanye nokufundwa kwamangqamuzana.

Umlando womhlakahlo waziwa ngokuba nokuqombola okuqonda imisebenzi yezitho nezinhlaka zomzimba womuntu. Izindlelasu seziye zathuthukiswa ngokuphawulekayo, zithuthuka kusuka ekuvivinyweni kwezilwane ngokuhlakahlela izidumbu zazo kuya ebuchwephesheni banamuhla bokuthwebula kwezokwelapha, ezihlanganisa amagu-X, umsindothule kanye nobuwonga.

## uMsuka nencasiselo

Umhlakahlo, ibizo elisuselwa esenzweni "sokuhlakahla" esisho ukuhlinza nokucwiya, njengalapho kuhlakahlwa isilwane, sisikwa ukuze kuvele izibilini zaso nohlaka lokwakheka kwaso ngaphakathi. Umhlakahlo uyisifundo senzululwazi sohlaka lweziphili kanye nokuhleleka kwazo, izitho zazo kanye nezicubi zazo. Uhlanganisa ummomo nokuma kwezitho ezihlukene, izithako ezakhiwe ngazo, kanye nokuhlobana kwazo nezinye izitho. Umhlakahlo uyehluka kuchazomzimba nakumchazaziqa, ezibhekelele izinsebenzo zalezo zitho kanye nezinqubo zevanga ezihilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, osomhlakahlo banaka umumo, ubungako, isikhundla, uhlaka, ukuhamba kwegazi kwesitho esifana nesibindi, kuyilapho abachazimzimba banaka ukukhiqizela kwenyongo, iqhaza lesibindi ekwakhekeni komsoco nasekulawuleni ukusebenza komzimba.
Inyuvesi yaseVienna

**IYunivesithi yaseVienna** (isiJalimane: Universität Wien) iyunivesithi yokucwaninga yomphakathi etholakala eVienna, e-Austria. Yasungulwa nguDuke Rudolph IV ngo-1365 futhi iyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni okhuluma isiJalimane. Ngomlando wayo omude futhi ocebile, inyuvesi isithuthuke yaba enye yamanyuvesi amakhulu eYurophu, futhi ingelinye elidume kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kuHumanities. 

Ihlotshaniswa nabawine imiklomelo kaNobel abangama-21 futhi bekuyikhaya lezemfundo lezazi eziningi zomlando kanye nezibalulekile ezifundweni.

## Indawo
Inyuvesi yaseVienna ayinayo ikhampasi eyodwa. Ngokomlando, inyuvesi yaqala ukusebenza isuka esifundeni sokuQala eduze neBandla lamaJesuit. Manje, izikhungo zemfundo zithatha izindawo ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha kulo lonke idolobha laseVienna. Isakhiwo esiyinhloko somlando e-Ringstraße sakha isikhungo senyuvesi futhi sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-die Uni". Ezinye izikhungo ezinkulu zamanyuvesi namahholo okufundisa aseduze endaweni yeSifunda Sokuqala Nesesishiyagalolunye saseVienna: okuthiwa yi-Lecture Hall Complex entsha (Neues Institutgebäude, NIG), ihholo lezinkulumo i-Althanstraße (UZA), ikhampasi emagcekeni. we-Historical General Hospital yase-Vienna, i-Faculty of Law (Juridicum) nezinye. I-Botanical Garden yaseNyuvesi yase-Vienna igcinwe esiFundeni Sesithathu, kanjalo noMnyango Wesayensi Yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo ezihlobene.

Okunye okufanele kukhulunywe ngakho iVienna Observatory, okungeyenyuvesi, kanye ne-Institute for University Sports (USI), ehlinzeka ngamathuba okuqeqeshwa nokuzilibazisa kubo bonke abafundi bale nyuvesi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-University of Vienna igcina izakhiwo ezingaphandle kweVienna ezifundazweni zase-Austrian zase-Lower Austria, E-Upper Austria, naseCarinthia. Lena ngokuyinhloko iminyango yocwaningo neyokuhlola ye-Biology, Astrophysics and Sports.

## Amakhono nezikhungo
Inyuvesi yaseVienna inamakhono ayi-15 nezikhungo ezinhlanu:

# I-Faculty of Catholic Theology
# I-Faculty yeTheology yamaProthestani
# I-Faculty of Law
# I-Faculty of Business, Economics and Statistics (okungafanele kudidaniswe ne-Vienna University of Economics and Business)
# I-Faculty ye-Computer science
# I-Faculty Yezifundo Zomlando Namasiko
# I-Faculty of Philological and Cultural Studies
# I-Faculty of Philosophy and Education
# I-Faculty of Psychology
# I-Faculty of Social Sciences
# I-Faculty yeMathematika
# I-Faculty ye-Physics
# I-Faculty of Chemistry
# I-Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography kanye ne-Astronomy
# I-Faculty of Life Sciences

# Isikhungo sezifundo zokuhumusha
# Isikhungo Sesayensi Yezemidlalo kanye Nezemidlalo Yasenyuvesi
# Isikhungo sebhayoloji yamangqamuzana
# Isikhungo se-Microbiology ne-Environmental Systems Science
# Isikhungo Semfundo Yothisha
Incaziso

**Incaziso** indlela yokuthuthukisa ukusimuza ngenhloso yokukhanyisa indawo, into, umlingiswa, noma iqembu.  Incaziso ingenye yezindlela zobugwilikinci *(rhetorical modes)* ezine (ezaziwa nangokuthi izindlela zokukhukuma), kanye nomqangqo *(exposition)*, nempikiso, nokusimuza *(narration)*. Kuzoba nzima ukubhala izincwadi ezihosha indlela eyodwa kulezi ezine.

## Incaziso ekubhaleni inganeko
Ukubhaleni inganeko nakho kunezindlela zakho ezilandelwayo: ukwenzekayo, umnqangqo, incaziso, inkulumo-ngxoxo, isifinyezo, nokuguquka. Umlobi uPeter Selgin ubyekisela kulezindlela ezihlanganisa okwenzekayo, inkulumo-ngxoxo, imidlinzo, isifinyezo, izigcawu, nencaziso. Kuyimanje, akukho ukuvumelana phakathi komphakathi wababhala mayelana nenani kanye nokwakheka kwezindlela zokubhala izinganeko nokusebenza kwazo.

Incaziso indlela yokubhala inganeko nokufufukisa isithombe somqondo sezinto ezithili zendaba. Yona kanye nenkulumo-ngxoxo, ukusimuza, umqangqo, nesifenyezo, incaziso ingenye yezindlela ezaziwa kabanzi zokubhala inganeko. Njengoba kubaluliwe encwadini ehlelwe ngu-Kirk Polking ebizwa "Ukubhala kusuka ku-A kuya ku-Z *(Writing from A to Z)*, incaziso ingaphezu kokunqwabelanisa imininingwane; iwukwenza into ethile ikhanye, iphile ngokukhetha nokuhlela ngokucophelela amazwi nemisho ukuze wakhe umthelela owufunayo. Ubunyoninco obufanele nobusebenza kakhulu ekwethuleni incaziso kusayinto esadingidwa phakathi kwababhali nabaqeqeshi bokubhala.
Inyuvesi yase-Edinburgh

**Inyuvesi yase-Edinburgh** (Scots: University o Edinburgh, Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann; efushanisiwe ngokuthi Edin. in post-nominals) inyuvesi yocwaningo lomphakathi ezinze e-Edinburgh, Scotland. Inikezwe umqulu wasebukhosini yiKing James VI ngo-1582 futhi yavulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1583, ingelinye lamanyuvesi amane asendulo aseScotland kanye nenyuvesi yesithupha endala esebenza ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni okhuluma isiNgisi.

Inyuvesi yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile e-Edinburgh ekubeni isikhungo esikhulu sobuhlakani ngesikhathi sokuKhanyiswa kweScotland futhi yaba nesandla ekutheni leli dolobha liqanjwe ngokuthi "i-Athens of the North." I-Edinburgh ibalwa phakathi kwamanyuvesi aphezulu e-United Kingdom nasemhlabeni.

## Amakhampasi nezakhiwo
# Indawo Emaphakathi
# Izakhiwo Zenkosi
# I-BioQuarter
# I-Easter Bush
# Jikelele waseNtshonalanga
Inyuvesi ibhekele izakhiwo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zomlando nesimanje kulo lonke idolobha, okuhlanganisa i-St Cecilia's Hall, ihholo lekhonsathi elakhiwe ngezinjongo ezindala kakhulu eScotland kanye nelesibili elidala elisetshenziswa eBritish Isles; I-Teviot Row House, inhloso endala kakhulu eyakhelwe isakhiwo sezinyunyana zabafundi emhlabeni;kanye nendawo yokuhlala yabafundi yaseNkantolo yaseMylne ebuyiselwe yekhulu le-17 enhloko yeRoyal Mile.
I-Black Panther: Wakanda Forever

***I-Black Panther: I-Wakanda Forever*** umbukelo wembudle waseMelika yango -2022 esekelwe kumlingiswa we- Marvel Comics u- Black Panther. Udidiyelwe umshumanqa i-Marvel Studios futhi wasabalaliswa i-Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, ulandela i-*Black Panther* (2018) futhi ungumbukelo wama-30 ohlwini lwe-Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Uqobdiswe nguRyan Coogler, obhale lomdlalo ekanye noJoe Robert Cole, lombukelo unezinkakha zombukelo ezilandelayo; uLetitia Wright, uLupita Nyong'o, uDanai Gurira, yWinston Duke, uFlorence Kasumba, uDominique Thorne, uMichaela Coel, uTenoch Huerta, uMartin Freeman, uJulia Louis-Dreyfus, kanye no-Angela Bassett. Kulombukiso, abaholi baseWakanda balwela ukuvikela isizwe sabo emva kokukhathama kweNkosi uThi'shala.

Amasu wokwenza iselamo *(sequel)* ahlanganiswa ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-Black Panther  ngoNhlolanja wezi-2018. U-Coogler wacela ukuba abiyiselwe njengomdidiyeli, futhi iMarvel Studios yakuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ithuthukisa iselamo maphakathi nowezi-2019. Izinhlelo zalombukelo zaguquka ngoNcwaba wezi-2020 lapho inkakha yalomdlalo uChadwick Boseman edlula emhlabeni ngenxa yomdlavuza wethumbu, okwenza i-Marvel iqome ukufaka omunye esikhundleni sakhe ukulingisa uThi'shala. Abanye abalingisi abaohambili nabo kwaqinisekiswa ukuba bazobuya ngoLwezi, futhi nesihloko samenyezelwa ngolwezi wezi2021. Ukuqopha kwasungula ekuoheleni kukaNhlangulana kuya ekuqaleni kukaLwezi ngiwezi-2021,  e-Atlanta nase-Brunswick, eGeorgia, kanye nase-Massachusetts, ngaphambi ngokukhawulwa okwavumela uwakwa-Wright  ukuba alulame ekulimaleni akuthole lapho beqopha. Ukuqopha kwasungula futhi maphakathi noMasingana wezi-2022 futhi kwaqedelwa ekupheleni kuMbasa e-Puerto Rico.

I-Black Panther: Wakanda Forever yaleketha eShashalazini El Capitan nelase-Dolby e-Hollywood zingama-26 kuMfumfu, 2022, futhi wakhululwa eMelika zingu-11 kuLwezi, 2022, ngjengombukelo ophelele wesigaba sesine se-MCU. Lombukelo wathola ukubuyekezwa okuhle kubagxeki, bedumisa ukuqondisa kuka-Coogler, uchunge lokwenzekayo, ukudidiyelwa nokuklanywa kwengqephu, ukudlala kwabalingisi (ngokukhethekile uWright, uBassett, uGurira, noHuerta), ukugqama kwemizwelo, ukuhlangana komculo, nokuhlonipha kwawo uBoseman, nakuba isikhathi esiwudlayo kanye nendaba isiyonke kuthole ukugxekwa. Lombukelo sewenze isamba esingaphezu kuka $331 emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuvinjezelwa kweJerusalema (70 CE)

**Ukuvinjezelwa kweJerusalema** ngo-70 CE kwaba isenzakalo esingumnqamulajuqu seMpi Yokuqala YamaJuda NamaRoma (66-73 CE), lapho ibutho lamaRoma elaliholwa umbusi wangomuso uTitus lavimbezela iJerusalema, umnyombo wokuvukela kwamaJuda esifundazweni seRoma saseJudiya .
Ithumbu (isidlulisi ketshezi)

Ithumbu, isiqongqolozi esilihoshoba esisetshenziselwa ukuthwala uketshezi (kanye nohowo) noma sisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izintambo zokukhanya noma izindophi zamazuba.

Igama elithi 'ithumbu' lihumusha womabili amagama athi *pipe and tube* ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa izinga lobuqatha nokungagugi ngokushesha, kuyilapho elithi "ithumbu lamanzi" lona lihumushe elithi *hose*, okuvame ukuba ithumbu eliphatheka kalula nelibhengcezayo. Ithumbu lingacaciswa kahle ngendinganiso yobungako balo, isb,. ubungako  bomklamo wethumbu, noma ibangandilinga langaphandle noma ngaphakathi noma ungqimba lodonga lwalo. Imiyinge yangempela yethumbu ivame ukungabi imiyinge yomklamo walo:
IMbudle

**Imbudle** ingumdwambu owaziwayo ogabe ngokuba nezidlikithi *(superpowers)*, namakhono angaphezu kwawabantu abavamile, futhi ineqhaza elifana neleqhawe, elibamba ngokusebenzisa amandla ayo ukusiza ekwenzeni umhlaba ube indawo engcono, noma ngokuzinikezela ekuvikeleni abantu nasekulwiseni ubugebengu. Inganeko yembudle *(Superhero fiction)* iwuhlobo lwenganeko egxile kumdwambu onjalo, ikakhulu kusuka ngeminyaka yowe-1930, ezincwadini zamafuzamuntu *(comic books)* zaseMelika (kamuva nasemibukisweni yase-Hollywood, yamalando, nemifeketho kamabobakude neyeBukwa), kanye nazinsizakusakaza zaseJaphani (ezihlanganisa ikamishibai, itokusatsu, imanga, ne-anime)
ICharles University

**ICharles University** (Czech: Univerzita Karlova, UK; Latin: Universitas Carolina; German: Karls-Universität), eyaziwa nangokuthi iCharles University ePrague noma ngokomlando njengeNyuvesi yasePrague (Latin: Universitas Pragensis), iyunivesithi endala futhi enkulu kunazo zonke i-Czech Republic. Ingenye yamanyuvesi amadala kunawo wonke eYurophu esebenza ngokuqhubekayo.

Namuhla, inyuvesi inamakhono ayi-17 atholakala ePrague, eHradec Králové, nasePlzeň. I-Charles University ingelinye lamanyuvesi amathathu aphezulu e-Central kanye naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ibalwa cishe ngama-200–300 emhlabeni.
Umchazalwazi

**Umchazalwazi** noma **imfundiso yolwazi**, iyingxenye yenjulalwazi ephathelene nolwazi . Ubizwa nangokuthi umchachiso wolwazi, uhlwaya izinhlobo ezihlukene zolwazi ezifana nolwazi oluyisiphakamiso mayelana neziminya, ulwazi olusebenzayo olungamakhono, kanye nolwazi  olwaziwa ngenxa yobungcweti. Abachazilwazi bayanda izicabango zenkolelo, iqiniso, nesihlanguzo ukuze baqonde isimo solwazi. Ukuze bavubukule ukuthi luvela kanjani ulwazi, baphenya imithombo yokuzihlanguza, efana nentshwayo, ukuzihlola, inkumbulo, inhluzeko, nobufakazi.

Isikole sokuthandabuza sihlaba ngemibuzo ikhono lomuntu lokuzuza ulwazi kuyilapho ubunyolo *(fallibilism)* bona buthi ulwazi alunakuqinisekiswa. Abangcwetezi *(empiricist )* bathi lonke ulwazi luvela ezinzweni zobungcweti, kuyilapho abahluzeli *(rationalists)* bakholwa ukuthi kunolwazi olungancikile kubo. Abanamathisi *(Coherentists)* baphika ngokuthi inkokelo iyahlangulwa uma inamathelana nezinye izinkolelo. Abesisekelo *(Foundationalists)*, bona ngokuphambene babambelela ekutheni isihlanguzo sezinkolelo eziyisiseko asicakathile kwezinye izinkolelo.
IsiNcelisi

**Izilwane ezincelisayo** iqembu lezilwane ezinomgogodla ezakha isigaba s**eziNcelisayo** *(Mammalia)*, elibonakala ngokuba khona kwezindlala ezingamabele ezikhiqiza ubisi kwabesifazane ukuze bondle (ukuncelisa) izingane zabo, nange- neocortex (isifunda sobuchopho), uboya noma unwele, namathambo amathathu angaphakathi kwendlebe. Lezi zici zizihlukanisa ezihuquzini (nasezinyonini) ezaqebuka kuzo enkathini yomcalahle  *(Carboniferous)*, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 ezidlule. Iyizi-6,400 imiqhinkqo yezincelisi echazisiwe futhi yahlukaniswa izinhlelo ezingama-29. Izinhlelo ezinkulu, ngokwemimiqhinkqo yazo, iziququdi *(rodents)*, amalulwane *(bats)*,  nezi-*Eulipotyphla* (hedgehogs, moles, shrews, and others). Ezinye ezilandelayo ezibuchophokhulu *(Primates)* (ezihlanganisa abantu, apes, monkeys, and others), izifananzwane *(Artiodactyla)* (cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), kanye nezidlanyamaand *(Carnivora)* (izingobe, izinja, seals, and nezinye).
Isihuquzi

**Izihuquzi**, izilwane ezisesigabeni ezihuquzayo *(Reptilia)* , ziyiqembu elihlanganisa zonke ezibusosibankwa (*sauropsid*) ngaphandle kwezinyoni .  Izihuquzi eziphilayo zihlanganisa amafudu *(turtles)*, izingwenya,  ezimazenga *(squamates)* (izibankwa nezinyoka) nezimpumulonde *(rhynchocephalians)* (njenge-tuatara). Kusuka Ndasa 2022, izikomniningo lezihuquzi *(Reptile Database)* libandakanya imiqhinkqo eyizi-11,700. Ngokohlelo lokujinja oluvamile lukaLinnaeu, izinyoni zithwathwa njengesigaba esihlukile kunezihuquzi. Nokho, izingwenya zihlobene eduze nezinyoni kunezihuquzi ezinye eziphilayo, ingakho izimiso zokujinja *zomxhanta* zanamuhla zifaka izinyoni phakathi kwezihuquzelayo, kanjalo zichasisa kabusha leli bizo njengomxhanta. Ezinye izincasiselo zomtxhanta ziyaliyeka legama isihuquzi ngokuphelele futhi zikhetha umxhanta elithi ubusosibankwa *(Sauropsida)*, elibhekisela kuzo zonke *amniotes* ezihlobene eduze ezihuquzini zanamuhla kunezincelisi. Isifundo sezinhlelo ezivamike zezihuquzi, ngokomlando esihlanganisa izimpilambaxa, esibizwa ngokuthi *herpetology*.
Isigaba (kumchazampilo)

Ekujinjweni komchazampilo, **isigaba** siwuqhiwu lobungqwangqwa (*taxonomic rank*), futhi siwumuvo wobungqwangqwa, ingqwanye, kulolo qhiwu. Olunye uqhiwu olwaziwayo ngokohlelo lokulandelana ngobungako balo impilo, isidlangala, umbuso, umhibatho, uhlelo, umndeni, uzalo, nezinhlobo (imiqhinqo), kuyilapho isigaba singena phakathi komhibatho nohlelo.
Umbuso (kumchazampilo)

Kumchazampilo, elithi **umbuso** (elishumusha elesilathini : *regnum*, plural *regna* ) lisho uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa lwesibili oluphezulu, ngaphansi nje kwesidlangala.
IMiyonzi yeNzubawonga

Kumchazandalo, **imiyonzi yenzubawonga** ihlanganisa amaza wenkundla yenzubawonga, okuyiwona asabalala emkhathini futhi athwala isidlakathi senzubawonga. Ahlanganisa amaza omsakazo *(radio waves)*, 
amachadaza *(microwaves)*, 
insibomvu *(infrared)*, 
isokhanya *(light)*, 
uzukhwithi *(ultraviolet)*, 
amagu X *(X-rays)*, nemisebentathu *(gamma rays)*. 
Wonke lamaza ayingxenye yomungco wenzubawonga *(electromagnetic spectrum)*.

Imiyonzi yenzubawonga ihlanganisa amaza wenzubawonga, okuyimicikazo ehlanganisiwe yenkundla yamazuba neyewonga. Imiyonzi yenzubawonga noma amaza wenzubawonga adaleka ngenxa yokuguquka kwenkathi yenkundla yamazuba neyewonga. Ngokuncika ekuguqukeni kwenkathi nasemandleni aphehliwe, amabangacuphi ahlukene umungco wenzubawonga ayakhiqizeka. Elinyeni *(vacuum)*, amaza wenzubawonga ahamba ngejubane lokukhanya, oluphawulwa ngohlamvu C. Ensizeni enhlobonye, neyesihlukosimbe *(isotropic)*, ukucikaza kwezinkundla zombili kuqombothile kwenye nenye, futhi ziqombothile ohlangothini lwempekumpeku nolokusabalalisa amaza, futhi kwakha iZa elivundlile *(transverse wave)*. Indawo yeZa lenzubawonga ngaphakathi komungxo wenzubawonga awunakugagulwa  ngomjinge walo wokucikaza noma ibangacuphi lalo. AmaZa wenzubawonga omjinge ohlukile abizwa ngamabizo ahlukene njengoba enemithombo ehlukene kanye nemithelela ehlukene othweni. Ngokohlelo lomjinge okhulayo nebangacuphi elehlayo ahlelwe kanje: amaza onsakazo, amachadaza, imiyonzi yensibomvu, isokhanya, imiyonzi yozukhwithi, amagu -X nemisebentathu.
Isidlangala (kumchazampilo)

Ngokobungqwangqwa bomchazampilo, **isidlangala**, siwuqhiwu lobungqwangqwa oluphakeme lwazo zonke iziphili Uma zihlanganiswa ndawonye.
Uhlelo (kumchazampilo)

**Uhlelo** lungolunye uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa kwayisiphohlongo amakhulu obungqwangqwa buka-Linnaeus. Ekujinjweni komchazampilo, uhlelo buwuqhiwu lobungqwangqwa olusetshenziswa ekujinjeni IziPhili. Uqhiwu olungaphezulu kwalo, uhlelokhulu, ngesinye isikhathi lufakwa phezu kohlelo, bese uhleloncane *(suborder)* lufakwe ngaphansi kwalo. Uhlelo lungachazwa njengomhlambi wemindeni ehlobene.
Ingqwangqwa (kumchazampilo)

Kumchazampilo, **ingqwangqwa**  ucwaningo lwenjulalwazi lokwetha, ukuchasisa kanye nokujinja amaqembu  eziphili ngokwezinkondolo zazo ezifanayo. Iziphili zehlukaniswa ngokwezingqwanye  (taxa) futhi lamaqembu anikezwa uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa; amaqembu oqhuwi oluthile angaqoqwa ngomumo ophelele ukuze kwakheke iqembu loqhiwu oluphakeme, kanjalo kudaleke uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa. Uqhiwu oluyinhloko olusetahenziswa namuhla lwaziwa ngokuthi Isidlangala, umbuso, Umhibatho, isigaba, uhlelo, umndeni, inzalo nomqhinqo.
UQhiwu lobuNgqwangqwa

Ekujinjweni kwezinto eziphilayo, **uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa** liwumngangatho wokuhlobana kweqembu leziphili (ingqwanye) ekuzalaneni kwazo ngokoqhiwu. Uhlelo oluvamile lubandakanya imiqhinqo, uzalo, umndeni, uhlelo, isigaba, umhibatho, umbuso, isidlangala. Ukufundwa ngengqwangqwa kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ezemixhantelo *(cladistics)*.

Uqhiwu ngalunye luvame ukuba neminxa eminye ngaphansi kwalo, okuyiyona echazisa kabanzi ngezinhlobo zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalo, uqhiwu ngalunye lujinjwe ngaphakathi kweminxa ebanzi yeziphili bamaqembu eziphili ehlobene eduze ngefa lofuzo noma ulwangu aluthole kukhokho munye. Uqhiwu lwanoma imuphi umqhinkqo kanye nencaziso yozalo kungokwesisekelo; okusho ukuthi ukuze uhlonze isiphili esithile, imvame akuyona imfuneko ukubalula uqhiwu olunye ngaohandle kwalolu olubili lokuqala.
Ukubusa komthetho

**Ukubusa komthetho** kuyinjulalwazi yezombusazwe ethi zonke izakhamuzi kanye nezikhungo zasezweni, embusweni, noma emphakathini zingaphansi kwemithetho efanayo, kuhlanganise nabashayimthetho nabaholi. Ukubusa komthetho encwadini ethi "Encyclopedia Britannica" kuchasiswa ngokuthi "izinyathelo, izinqubo, izikhungo, inkambiso, noma umkhuba osekela ukulingana kwazo zonke izakhamuzi emthethweni, futhi kuqinisekise uhlobo lukahulumeni ongachemile, futhi kuvikele ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuchemile. Leli bizo ukubusa komthetho lihlobene eduze nelithi ngokomthethosisekelo kanye nelithi *Rechtsstaat* futhi libhekisela esimweni sombusazwe, hhayi ezinqumweni zomthetho ezenziwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalomushwana kwaqala ekhulwini le-16 eNgilandi. Ngekhulu elilandelayo, isazi senkolo uSamuel Rutherford wawusebenzisa ekuphikiseni ngokumelene nelungelo elingcwele lamakhosi. UJohn Locke wabhala ukuthi inkululeko emphakathini isho ukuthobela imithetho eyenzwe isishayamthetho kuphela nesebenza kubo bonke, kuyilaphi umuntu ekhululekile emigoqweni kahulumeni noma esisulu yenkululeko yakhe. "Ukubusa komthetho" kwagqanyiswa nakakhulu ekhulwini le-19 umahluleli ongungisi uA. V. Dicey. Kodwa, isimiselo sako, uma kungewoba umushwana, wawaziwa izingqandavu zasendulo. UAristotle wabhala: "Kufaneleka kakhulu ukuba unthetho ubuse kunanoma imuphi phakathi kwezakhamuzi: ngesimiselo esifanayo, uma kungumenzelelo ukubeka amandla amakhulu kubantu abakhethekile, kufanele bamiswe ukuba babe abanakekeli, nezikhonzi zemithetho."

Ukubusa komthetho kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu uthobela umthetho, kuhlanganisa nabashayimthetho, izikhulu eziphoqa umthetho, nabahluleli. Ngalomqondo, kuphambene nobushiqela noma umbuso wabambalwa, lapho ababusi bethathwa njengabanga phezu komthetho.
Isiqa

**Isiqa** noma **isiqa sevanga** siwuhlobo lotho esinesakhiwo sevanga esingaguquki nezakhi eziyisici saso. Amanye amaphatho anezela ngokuthi isiqa asinakuhlukaniswa ngezinhlwa eziyisakhi saso nganoma iyiphi indlela yokuhlukanisa, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokusiphula izibhonqi zevanga. Iziqa ziyatholakala kuyiziqa ezilula, noma imixube yevanga, noma iziqungo *(alloys)*. Izinhlwa zevanga kungenzeka zibandakanywe noma zingabandakanywa kuncasiselo, okuyinto encike embonweni wengcweti.

Iziqa zevanga imvama zibizwa ngokuthi "ezicwebile" ukuzihlukanisa ezimvubweni. Isibonelo esivamile sesiqa sevanga amanzi acwebile; anezakhi ezifanayo zeqhatho elifanayo lehwanzi nesOhwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba agonqwe kude nomfula noma enziwe engqalabeni *(laboratory)*. Ezinye iziqa ezitholakala ngesimo esicwebile idayimani (umcalahle), imbedu, itswayi (inaside chwenzi) noshukela okhumuziwe (isincishuko). Nokho, eqinisweni, asikho isiqa esicwebile ngokugcwele, futhi ukucweba kwesiqa kungacaciswa ngokuqondene nokusebenza kwaso.

Iziqa sevanga zitholakala zimkhumenqe, ziwuketshezi, ziwuhowo, noma ziwunyazani, futhi zingaguquka phakathi kwezimo zotho lapho kuguquka izinga lokushisa noma umfutho nesikhathi. Iziqa zingahlanganiswa nezinye noma ziguqulwe kwezinye ngokulumbana kweziqa.
Umxube

**UmXube**, noma **umxube wevanga** noma **isiqa esiwumxube**, yisiqa esakhiwa imizwayi eminingi efanayo equkethe amachwe avela ezinhlweni ezihlanganiswe ndawonye umnqalo wevanga. Imizwayi enamachwe enhlwa eyodwa akuyona umXube. Umxube ungadluliselwa kwesinye isiqa ngokusabela kwevanga, okungabandakanya ukunanana nezinye iziqa. Kulenqubo, iminqalo ephakathi kwamachwe ingagqashuka futhi/noma kwakheke iminqalo emisha.

Kunezinhlobo ezine ezinkulu zemixube, ezihlukaniseka ngendlela amachwe aqalangene ngayo ndawonye. Imixube yemizwayi, ehlanganiswe iminqalonzuba *(covalent bonds)*; imixube yesihonyo yona ihlanganiswe iminqalo yesihonyo; imixube yenkimbi yona ehlanganiswe iminqalo yenkimbi.

Isicabayo sevange yisona esicacisa inani lamachwe enhlwa ngayinye kumxube womzwayi, kusetshenziswa izimpawu zevange neziqakaqwana ezingamanani. EMhlabeni wonke, kunemixube yevange eyizi-350,000 (ehlanganisa nezingxube zeziqa) ezibhalisiwe ukuba zingakhoqizwa futhi zisetshenziswe.

## Izincasiselo
Noma yisiphi isiqa esinezinhlobo zamachwe ezinhlwa amabili kuya phezulu ahlukene  ngokwesilinganiso esimisiwe sesihlolazinhlwa *(stoichiometric)* singabizwa *ngomXube*; leligama lenza umqondo lapho sicubungula iziqa ezicwebileyo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zakhiwa izilinganiso ezimisiwe ezinhlobo zamachwe amabili kuya phezulu ezingaguqula imiXube yevange, ngokusabela kwevange, kube imiXube nona iziqa eznaachwe ambalwa. Isicabayo sevange indlela yokuveza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezilinganiso zamachwe akha umXube wevange, kusetshenziswa uphawu kwevange olumelela inhlwa yevange, neziqakaqwana ezimelela inani lamachwe akhona. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi akhiwa amachwe weHwanzi amabili aqalangene nexhwe lesOhwe elilodwa: Isicabayo sevange similar kanje  H2O.

ImiXube yevange inohlaka lwevange oluyingqayizivele noluchasisiwe olubanjwe ndawonye ngohlelo oluchasisiswe leminqalo yevange. ImiXube yevange ingabe imiXube yemizwayi eqalangwe umnqalonzuba, amatswayi wona aqalangwe iminqalo yesihonyo. Izinhlwa zevange ngokuvamile sithathwa njengemiXube yevange, zihlumba ezimfunekweni ezimbili, nakuba zinemizwayi equkethe amachwe amaningi.

## uMlando wesicabango

### uRobert Boyle

Igama lesizulu elithi "umXube"—lisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi compound elisho ivange noma ingxubevange ehlayizwe kahle, eziqa ezixutshwe kahle. Nakuba umehluko phakathi komXube nengxube ungacacile kahle, umehluko ophakathi kwelithi Inhlwa yevange nomXube wona ucacile.

## Amaphathelelo
Uketshezi

**Uketshezi** luyingxenye yezimo zotho eziyisisekelo ezine (kanye nesinqumela, uhowo nonyazani). Uketshezi lunomthamo ongaguquguquki, kodwa alinako ukuma kwako. Zonke iziphoqi ezincane ezihlangana namanzi ziwenza aguqule ukuma nokugeleza kwawo. Ngenxa yalokho, UmNyondo wenza ukuba amanzi athathe umumo wegobongo angaphakathi kwalo. Imizwayi eyizakhi zoketshezi iyona eyenza ukuba uketshezi lunyukuze ngokukhululekile. Imitshoko egeleza lusilili ivame ukuba nobunjungunjungu obuphezulu. Eminye imitshoko iba nobunjungunjungu obuphezulu ize ibonakale sengathi iyisinqumela. Izibonelo zoketshezi zingamanzi, amafutha, negazi.

Ubugqinsi boketshezi buvame ukuba seduze nobesinqumela, futhi buba ngaphezu kwalobo bohowo. Ngalokho, uketshezi nesinqumela zombili zibizwa ngokuthi utho olujiyile. Kwelinye icele, njengoba uketshezi nohowo kunekhono lokugobhoza, kokubili kubizwa ngokuthi umtshoko.

Uketshezi lwakhiwa izinhlayiyana ezincane zotho eziqhikizayo, ezifana namachwe, abanjwe ndawonye izibhonqa mizwayi *(intermolecular bonds)*. Njengohowo, uketshezi luyakwazi ukugobhoza futhi lube nesimo sesiqukathi salo. Ngokungafani nohowo, uketshezi luzigcina linobugqinsi obungaguquguquki futhi aluhlakazeki ukuba lugcwale sonke isikhenke sesiqukathi.

Nakuba uketshezi olungamanzi luyintilibathwa emhlabeni, lesi simo sotho akusona esivamileyo kumkhathilibe, ngenxa yokuba sinemfuneko yokuba kube namazinga okushisa/ingceindezi emqingo ukuze sibe khona. UTho olwaziwayo kumkhathilibe kuvame ukuba uhowo (kuthunqathunqa) noma unyazani (ezinkanyezini).

## Isingeniso

Uketshezi ungesinye sezimo zotho eziyinhloko, ezinye zihlanganisa isinqumela, uhowo nonyazani. Uketshezi eqinisweni ungumtshoko. Ngokungafani nesinqumela, unenkululeko yokunyukuza ngokuthanda. Iziphoqi ezibhonqa ndawonye imizwayi yesinqumela isebenza isikhashana esincane kuketshezi , okwenza uketshezi lugobhoze kuyilapho isinqumela siqinile.
Isiqungo

**Isiqungo** siyingxube yezinhlwa zevanga enye yazo kuyinkimbi. Ngokungafani nemixube enezitshodisi eziyinkimbi, isiqungo iyazigcina zonke izakhi zenkimbi esithakweni esisha, ezifana nokudlulisa amazuba, ubuqhatha, ukufiphala, ukucwazimula, kodwa singaba nezakhi ezihlukile nalezo zezinkimbi ezicwebile, ezifana nobukhwepha ebukhulu nokuqina. Kwezinye izindawo, isiqungo, singanciphisa intengo yesithako sonke kuyilapho silondoloza izakhi ezimqoka.
Isinambitho

**Uhlelo lokunambitha** noma **umuzwa wokunambitha** uyisimiso sezinzwa esinesibopho sentshwayizo yokunambitha. Isinambitho siyintshwayizo ekhiqizeka noma evuseka lapho isiqa esisemlonyeni sisabela ngokwevanga namangqamuzana wezamukezi zesinambitho ezisemahlumeleni wesinambitho emlonyeni, ikakhulukazi olimini.
Umhibatho

Kumchazampilo, **umhibatho** izinga lokujinja uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa olungaphansi kombuso nangaphezulu kwesigaba .
Uketshe

**Uketshe** (lihumusha elesiLatin, , elisho ukuthi "amanzi",)  linguketshezi olugeleza ohlelweni loketshe, uhlelo olwakhiwa imithambo yeketshe kanye namaqhuzwana oketshe afana nohlelo lwemithambo ngendlela yokusebenza,  ewukubuyisela uketshezi olusuka ezicutshini ukuze lujikeleziswe kabusha. Ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokubuya-komtshoko, umtshoko omaphakathi ungena emathunjaneni oketshe- (umtshoko omaphakathi kwamangqamuzana kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba). Lomtshoko woketshe ube usufufuthwa ngomthambo omkhulu emaqhuzweni oketshe, lapho iziqa zisuswa khona ngamangqamuzana oketshe ezicubu futhi amangqamuzana adingilizayo enezelwa emtshokweni, ngaphambi kokuchithekela kumthambo ongaphansi komthivothi okwesokunene noma esokhohlo *(right or the left subclavian vein)*, lapho uxubana khona negazi lemithambo.
Umvalo

**Umvalo** lungusuku noma inkathi ebekelwe imikhosi noma ukuzilibazisa. Imivalo yomphakathi ihlelwa iziphathimandla zomphakathi futhi iyahluka ngokwemibuso nezifunda. Imivalo yezenkolo ebizwa ngokuthi amaholide noma izinsuku ezingcwele ihlelwa izinhlangano zenkolo ukuze amalunga azo akwazo ukuhlanganyela kuyo, nazo lezi zinsuku zigujwa njengemivalo yomphakathi emazweni agcwele amalunga waleyo nkolo. Eminye imivalo yenkolo efana nokhisimuzi, seyaphenduka eyomhlaba (secularise) ingxenye noma bonke abayigubhayo. Ngaphezu kokukwenza awomhlaba, imivalo eminingi iphenduke ezentengiselwano ngenxa youkhula kwezimboni.

Imivalo ingaba nengqikithi, igubhe noma ikhumbule abantu abathile, izenzakalo noma amasu, noma kube engenayo ingqikithi, kube izinsuku zempumuzo ezingena sizathu noma umqondo othile. Kwamanye amazwe elithi umvalo lisho izinsuku okuvalwe ngazo emisebenzini, esikoleni, izinsuku zokuvakasha.  ENingizimu Afrika ngezinsuku zomvalo kaDisemba, kuvalwa izikole, nabantu abasebenzayo bayavala, abahlala ezidlaveleni bayahamba babuyele emakhaya, abanye basebenzisa lenkathi ukuthi bayozilibazisa.

## uMsukagama
Igama elithi *umvalo* livela kusichazamazwi sikaVilakazi noDoke njengelihumusha elithi holiday, elisho usuku okuvalwe ngalo emsebenzini, okungasetshenzwa ngalo ngenxa yomthetho olubekele umgubho othile. Bese elithi iholide, liyibizomfakela elivela kwelith holiday elisho 'usuku olungcwele.' 
Ezinye izinsuku okuthiwa zingcwele zisuke zingekho ngcwele ngokwenkolo. ingakho elithi umvalo lifaneleka ngoba ezindaweni eziningi kusuke kuvaliwe, Nina ubani osebenza ngalokusuku kufanele akhokhelwe jgokuohindiwe ngoba akulona elokusebenza.

## Amaphathelelo
Ezolimo

**Ezolimo** noma **ukulima** kusho ukukhulisa izilimo nezithelo, futhi namuhla sekuhlanganiswa nokufuya izilwane nakuba kuyizinto ezihlukene. 
**Ezolimo** zaqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, kodwa kuyahlawumbiselwa ukuthi kuyinto endala kangakanani. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kwaqala lapho abantu beqala ukudela impilo yokuzinga izindawo ngezindawo bezingela ukudla, futhi beqala ukuhlala nokwakha izidlidli.

**Umsuka Wezolimo**
Ezolimo kanye nokufuya kungenzeka kwaqala endaweni yamazwe avundile esuka emfuleni inayili oseGibhithe kuya eMesophothamiya. Abantu baqala ezolimo lusilili ngokulima izilimo ezimbalwa abazozidla nemindeni yabo, kodwa belokhu bebuthela okunye ukudla ngokuzingela. Kungenzeka baqala ukulima emilimelo ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu nomhlabathi. Ukulima umlimelo kungondla izinkumbi zabantu kunokubuthela nokuzingela.

Lokhu yikho okwenza ukuba izibalo zabantu zikhule kuze kube namuhla.

## Amaphatho
Molefi Oliphant

**UMolefi Nathanael Oliphant** (6 Mashi 1952) ungumqondisi wezemidlalo zikanobhutshuzwayo waseNingizimu Afrika . UMolefi usebambe izikhundla ezehlukene ezinhlakeni zebhola zasekhaya nezangaphakathi, okubalwa kuzo iNational Olympic Committe of South Africa, Council of Southern African Football Association ( COSAFA ) kanye ne-International Federation of Football Association ( FIFA ). UMolefi ubengomunye wababambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuletheni iNdebe Yomhlaba yeFIFA ka -2010 eNingizimu Afrika. 

## Izithenjwa
UMnyango (kahulumeni)

**Umnyango** noma **umnyango kahulumeni (** **ihhovisi**, noma **uphiko** ) amagama asetshenziswa izigungu eziphezulu ezinhlakeni zikahulumeni ezilawula umkhakha othile zokuphathwa komphakathi .

Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlango zivame ukutholwa osombusasazwe abayingxenye yeBandla eliyisgungu esiphezulu - sezikhulu zikahulumeni - indikimba esebenzisa iziqu ezifana nokuthi ungqongoshe, unobhala, noma umphathiswa, futhi zivame ukuba nezisebenzi zenkonzo yomphakathi ezingachemule kwezombusazwe, eziphethe imigidingo yawo; zibuye ziqondise nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziyingxenye yesibopho esingokombusazwe. Ohulumeni bangaba neminyango ehlukene ngezinhlobo zayo.
INgqoqelolwazi ekuxhakaxholo

**INgqoqelolwazi ekuxhakaxholo**, ebizwa nangokuthi  **Ingqoqelolwazi** **yezezibhangqiwe**,  ingqoqelolwazi efinyeleleka ngoxhakaxholo . Izibonelo zihlanganisa iWikipedia kanye ne-Encyclopædia Britannica.

## UkuGuqulela kwezezibhangqiwe kwesiQikili esidala
NgoMasingana 1995, i-Project Gutenberg yaqala ukushicilela isiqakaqo se- ASCII ye-Encyclopædia Britannica, uhlelo lwe-11 (1911), kodwa ukungavumelane ngendlelasu esetshenziswayo kwamisa lowo msebenzi emva komqulu wokuqala. Ngezizathu zenhlanga *(trademark)*  lokhu kwashicilelwa kwingqoqelolwazi i-Gutenberg. Kamuva i-Project Gutenberg.  I-Project Gutenberg seyishicilele imiqulu ngokohlu losonhlamvu futhi isishicilelo sayo sakamuva  sibizwa *Volume 17 Slice 8: Matter–Mecklenburg* sashicilelwa mhla ziyisi-7 kuNdasa 2013.   I-*Britannica* yakamuva yona yaguqulelwa kwezezibhangqiwe abashicileli bayo, futhi yathengiswa njengecwecwe le-CD-ROM kuqala, ngokulandelayo njengenkonzo yakuxhakaxholo.

Ngonyaka wezi-2001, isiqakaqo se-ASCII sayo yonke imiqulu engama- 28 sashicilelwa ku-*Encyclopædia Britannica* uhlelo lwe-11 ngomthombo; futhi isikwebezo sesivimbekufanisa *(copyright)* senezelwa emthakweni efakiwe. Leso sizindalwebu asisekho.

Ezinye izinkebengo zokuguqa kwezezibhangqiwe ziye zaqombola kwezinye izihloko.  Isibonelo esisodwa i-*[[Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)]]* eyaguqelwa kwezezibhangqiwe i-Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

Ukuguqulelwa kwezezibhangqiwe okunempumelelo kwaba okwe-Bartleby Project okuyingqoqelolwazi ekuxhakaxholo esuselwa kwi-*[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]*, uhlelo lwesithupha, nokwenzeka ekuqaleni kowezi-2000 futhi ehlelwabusha ngesikhathi esinqunyinyiwe.

Ezinye izizindalwebu zihlinzeka ngezingqoqelolwazi ezikuxhakaxholo, ezinye zazo ezitholakala ku-Wikisource, nokuNgenzeka zibe eziphele kunalezi eziku-Wikisource, noma kube izinhlelo ezihlukile.
IsiPhathanzuba esidlwezwabusha

**Isiphathanzuba esidlwezwabusha**, noma isiphathanzuba esiqoqongayo, siwuhlobo lwesiphathanzuba esidlwezwayo, okuthi lapho siphelelwa amazuba, sidlezwee kabusha izikhathi eziningi njalo uma kuphele amazuba, sihlukile kuleso esilahlwayo uma siphelelwa amazuba, sona esivame ukufika sesifukuthiwe.
UmNgcikisho wengabuzuba

**UmNgcikisho wesizubisi** lunguqeqesho olungaphansi komngcikisho wamazuba owavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi uhlukaniseka ngokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwezigcoyi eziqebethayo ezifana nesidlulisiqeku, iziLekeleli zokukhulisa nokulawula ukugobhoza kobuzuba. Phambilini umNgcikisho wesizubisi wawusebenzisa izilekekeli ezingomenziwa ezifana neziqhebezi, izihibanzuba *(resistors)*, nezimumathi *(capacitors)*.

Wemboza imikhakha efana: nezizubisi zenzuko, izizubisi zezezibhangqiwe, izizubisi zabashwabadeli, izimiso ezihlayiziwe nezizubisi zamandla. Uyabandakanyeka nasemikhakheni eminingi ehlobene nawo, ngokwesibonelo umchazandalo wesimo esinqumile, umngcikisho womsakazo, ezokuxhumanade, izimiso zokulawula, ukudludlunga isiyabizo, umngcikisho wezimiso, umngcikisho wesicikizi, umngcikisho wamathuluzi, ukulawula amandla wamazuba, nezobuthununu.
Isigcoyi samazuba

**Isigcoyi senzuba** IsiLekeleli esiyisiseko esiphakathi kwesimiso senzuba esisetshenziselwa ukuba nomthelela kuzinzuba nomzuba wazo. Izigcoyi zenzuba imvama ziyimikhiqizo yeziMboni, ezitholakala ngazodwa futhi akufanele zididaniswe nezigcoyi zamazuba.
Isibonancinci senzuba

**IsiBonancinci senzuba** siyisibonancinci (esibizwa isibonakhulu) esisebenzisa umsebe wezinzuba eziphangisisiwe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa. Njengoba ibangacuphi lenzuba  lingaba lifushane izikhathi eziyizi-100,000 kunamabane esokhanya, izobonancinci zenzuba zinezinga elikhulu lokubona kuzibonancinci zokukhanya futhi zingembula uhlaka lwezinto ezincane.
UmPhikishintsho

Kusayensi yezombangazwe, **UmPhikishintsho,** umuntu onemibono yezombusazwe evuna ukubuyiselwa emasisweni, isimo sangaphambilini sezombusazwe somphakathi, lowo muntu akholelwa ukuthi sinezici ezinhle ezingekho emphakathini wangaleso sikhathi.
Umkhiqizi wecwecwe

**Umkhiqizi wecwecwe** noma **Umdidiyeli wecwecwe,** ungumholi wobuciko nobunyoninco bomsebenzi wokuqopha, olawula isikhathi se-studio nokuqeqesha abaculi, futhi ezinhlotsheni ezidumile ngokuvamile ukhiqiza umsindo nesakhiwo sengoma.    Umkhiqizi wecwecwe , noma umdidiyeli, ufaniswa nomqondisi wefilimi noma umqondisi wobuciko. Umkhiqizi oyinhloko *(executive producer)*, kolunye uhlangothi, wenza umklamo wokuqopha wenzeke ngokuba umhwebi, bese umngcikishi wesilalelwa ugidinga ezobuchwepheshe.

## Amaphatho
IsAlumbe

**IsAlumbe** (i- **aluminium** ngesiNgisi saseMelika neseCanada ) iyinhlwa enophawu&nbsp;**I-Al** kanye nenani lobuchwe&nbsp;13. IsAlumbe sinogqinsi oluphansi kunolwezinkimbi ezivamile, ecishelweni elilodwa kwamathathu. Linobududu noma uzwano olukhulu nesOhwe, futhi lwakha ungqimba okuvikelayo lwentuhla ebusweni lapho lugalazwe emoyeni. IsAlumbe emehlweni uma ulibuka lifuze iCwebe, kokubili ngokombala nangekhono elikhulu lokukhwentuza ukukhanya.
Ukukhwentuza (kumchazandalo)

**Ukukhwentuza** kuwukuguquka kokuqonbotha kweZa kuxhakasimo *(interface)* okuphakathi kwezinto ezimbili ukuze IZa libuyele lapho lidabuka khona. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukukhwentuza kokukhanya, amaza womsindo namanzi. UMthetho wokukhwentuza uthi ukuze kube nokukhwentuza okubonwayo (isithunzi esibukweni) ingoni yeZa elenzekayo ilingana nengoni elikhwentuzwa ngayo.

Kwezomyamuko *(acoustics)*, ukukhwentuza kubangela izinanelo  *(echoes)* futhi kusetshenziswa  ku-*sonar*. Ku-*geology*, kubalulekile ekufundweni kwamaza okudlidlizeka. Ukukhwentuza kuqashelwa ngamaza asebusweni bamanzi aqoqene. Ukukhwentuza kuyaqashelwa ezinhlobweni eziningi zeZa lenzubawonga, ngaphandle kwesokhanya, Ukukhwentuza kwe-VHF kanye nemijinge ephezulu kubalulekile kufufukiso lomsakazo nakusiFuniseli. Amagu X aqinile kanye nemisebentathu nazo zingakhwentuzwa ezingonini eziphansi kusetshenziswa isibuko sekhethelo soku "grazing"
Umlando wezokwelapha

Amagama **isiqoshwa sezokwelapha**, **isiqoshwa sezokwelashwa** asetshenziswa  ukuchaza izincwadi ezihlelekile zomlando wezokwelapha wesiguli esisodwa nokunakekelwa kwaso ngaso sonke isikhathi endaweni ethile yomhlinzeki wokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Isiqoshwa sezokwelashwa sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukene "zeziqopho" ezifakwe esikhathini eside ngabasebenzi bezempilo, beqopha iziqaphelo nokuhlunzekwa kwemithi nezilapho, iziyalezo zokusebenzisa imithi nezilapho, izivivinyo, imibiko njll. Ukunakekelwa kweziqoshwa eziphelele nezinembile kuyimfuneko kubahlinzeki bezempilo futhi ngokuvamile kuyaphoqelelwa njengemfanelo yemvume nesifakazelo.
Iziqoshwa zomphakathi

**Iziqoshwa zomphakathi ziyimibhalo** noma izingcezu zokwaziswa ezingeyona imfihlo futhi ngokuvamile eziphathelene nokuziphatha kukahulumeni.
Isiqoshwa somhlaba

**Isiqoshwa somhlaba** imvama insebenzo esezingeni eliganya imbulunga nengcono kakhulu kwezake zaqoshwa futhi eqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni yekhono, umidlalo, noma olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi okhethekile.
Isitshopolonco (kuchazosimo)

Kuchazosimo, **isitshopolonco** siwumumo omyinge-mithathu. Sinamacala ayisilonco ahlangana esihlokweni phezulu, esibizwa undi. Isitshopolonco esinesiseko esiyigcagcane (ezansi) namacala amane sibizwa ngokuthi isitshopolonco esiyigcagcane. Isitshopolonco esinesiseko esiyisilonco sibizwa isiloncone *(tetrahedron)*. Isitshopolonco esinesiseko  Zonke izitshopolonco  zisimo-mbaxa *(Self-dual)*.
Okulundwa

**Okulundwa** ngomunye wemibala emithathu eyinhloko kunongo lwemibala ye-RYB (umbono wemibala engokwesiko), kanye nakunongo lwemibala lwe- RGB (eyengezwayo) . Okulundwa kumi phakathi kokhwithi no-cyan kumongco wokukhanya. Iso libona okulundwa lapho libuka ukukhanya okunebangacuphi eliqhoqhobele phakathi kwamacishelo ebangancuncu *(nanometers)* elingama-450 nama-495.
OPhuzi

**Ophuzi** umbala ophakathi kohlaza nokuntshungwa otholakala kumungco wokukhanya . Uyavezwa nawukukhanya kubangacuphi eliqhoqhobele lwamabangancuncu angama-575-587. Uwumbala oyinhloko ohlelweni lwemibala ephunguziwe *(subtractive)*, esetshenziswa ekubheceni nasekushicilileni ngombala. Kunongo lombala lwe- RGB, olusetshenziswa ukukhanda imibala ezihenqwni zikamabonakude nesicikizi, okuphuzi kuwumbala wesibili owakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa obomvu nohlaza ngokulinganayo.
Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe

**Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe,** igama okuvubwe amabizo amabili ukucikiza kwezezibhangqiwe kanye nomnotho, futhi ibizo eliyinhlanganisela elichazisa ukuthi kuza kanjani ubuqhebeqhebe bezomnotho obenzeka ezakhiweni zodaka namatshe (ukukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa, ukuhweba) buguqulwe  uxhakaxholo, uLwebu loMhlaba Wonke, kanye nobuchwepheshe bengqukuhlu.   Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe waziwa ngezinhlobo zamagama ahlanganisa umnotho wakuxhakaxholo, umnotho wolwebu, umnothosomane, kanye nomnotho omusha. Selokhi umnotho wezezibhangqiwe uqhubeka nokujija kanye nokuthatha isikhundla somnotho ovamile, akusekho ukuhlukaniseka phakathi kwalezinhobo zomnotho ezididiyelwe.    Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe ungumphumela wezigidigidi zezinano *(transactions)* zakuxhakaxholo zangemihla ezenzeka phakathi kwabantu, izinhlangano (imihwebo, izikhungo zemfundo, nezingenzi nzuzo),  nsezilekelelini zokucikiza ezisabakalisiwe (iziphakeli, izigonwa, omakhalipha, etc.) ezisebenza ngoxhakaxholo, uLwebu loMhlaba wonke, kanye nobuchwepheshe bengqukuhlu. Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe uthubekela ngokushesha ekubeni uxhakaxholo lwezinto,  futhi wawungeke ube khona ngaphandle kwesimo sawo samanje ngaphandle koxhakaxholo.

Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe usekwa ukusabalala kwezobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa nokuxhumana kuyo yonke imikhakha yemihwebo ukuze ithuthukise ukukhiqiza kwayo. INguquko yezezibhangqiwe yomnotho iguqula izicabango ezamukelwe ngokuphathelene nokuthi imihwebo ihlelwe kanjani, abakhozi bayithola kanjani imikhiqizo nezinkonzo, nokuthi imibuso idinga ukuzamukela kanjani izinselele ezintsha zokulawula ngemithetho. Ikusasa lomsebenzi, ikakhulu kusuka ekuhlaseleni kobhadane lwe-COVID-19, nalo lunegalelo emnothweni wezezibhangqiwe. Abantu abaningi sebasebenza kuxhakaxholo, kanti  ngokukhula kubuqhebeqhebe bakuxhakaxholo obunikela emnothweni womhlaba, imishunanqa eseka izimiso zoxhakaxholo ezokwenza inzuzo eningi.

Ukuguqukela kwezezibhangqiwe komnotho kushintsha izicabango ezamukelwe ngendlela imihwebo ehlelwe ngayo, nangendlela amakhasimende azuza ngayo izingudla nezinkonzo, nendlela imibuso okudingeka yamukele ngayo izinselele zolawulo. Umnotho wezezibhangqiwe unamandla wokusiza ukwenanana ngokomnotho kwemibuso, imihwebo nabantu ngabanye. Ukuvela komnotho wezezibhangqiwe sekuvuse izimpikiswano ezintsha ngamalungelo wasese, ukuncintisana, kanye nentela, kanye nezinkulumo ngokulawulwa komnotho wezezibhangqiwe kuzwelonke naphakathi kwamazwe.

## Incasiselo
UmNotho wezezibhangqiwe obizwa nangokuthi umNotho oMusha, ungumnotho lapho kusetshenziswa ukucikiza ngezezezibhangqiwe ngobuqhebeqhebe bomnotho.

Ibizo elithi umNotho wezezibhangqiwe laqala ukusetshenziswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1990. Ngokwesibonelo, iningi lamaphepha wobungqandavu ashicilelwa yisiKhungo soCwaningo lomNotho wezezibhangqiwe seNyuvesi yase-New York. Leli bizo laliyisihloko sencwadi ka- Don Tapscott yangowe-1995, ethuli "UmNotho wezezibhangqiwe: Isethembiso nokujiyezela eminyakeni yobuhlakani obuxhoxhiwe.

Ngokuka-Thomas Mesenbourg (2001), zintathu izigcoyi eziyinhloko zesicabango somnotho wezezibhangqiwe ezingahlonzwa:

## Imithombo
Imininingo yezezibhangqiwe

Ngokombono wokwaziswa nasezimisweni zokwaziswa, **Imininingo yezezibhangqiwe** ingukwaziswa okumelelwa uhidi lwezimpawu ezilubandlu ngazinye ezingaba amanani engenasigcino njengosonhlamvukazi noma izinombolo. Isibonelo umbhalo wesiqakaqo *(text document)*, oqukethe uhidi lwezimpawu ezingusonhlamvunani *(alphanumeric)*. Isimo esivamile semininingo yezezibhangqiwe ezimisweni zokwaziswa zananuhla imininingo emabhangqa, emelelwa uhidi lwezincwana (amanani) amabhangqa ngalunye elingaba inani lalawa amabili, kungaba ingungu 0 noma umuvo 1.

Imininingo yezezibhangqiwe ingaqhathaniswa nemininingo enzuko, yona emelelwa izinhlobo eziqhubekayo zamanani angokoqobo. Imininingo yenzuko ifufukiswa ngesiyabizo senzuko, esingagcini ngokuba amanani aqhubekayo, kodwa siyahlukahluka ngokuqhubekayo kuye ngesikhathi, siyinsebenzo yesikhathi eqhubekayo yenani-loqobo. Isibonelo umfutho womoya ohlukayo ophakathi kweZa lomsindo.

Igama elithi "ezeziBhangqiwe" liqhamuka kwelithi 'izincwana ezibhangqiwe' noma 'amanani amabhangqa' *(binary digits)*, njengoba lamanani abhangqiwe, konke okusebenzisa isimiso seziyabizo samanani alubandlu, kuthiwa ngezezibhangqiwe, okusho ukuthi ezamanani/izincwana ezibhangqiwe.   Leli bizo lesizulu lingasetshenziswa kwezokucikiza nezenzuba, ikakhulu lapho ukwaziswa kwezwe loqobo kuguqulelwa esibalweni sesimo esimabhangqa njengasemsindweni wezezibhangqiwe noma ukuthwebula kwezezibhangqiwe..

## Uguquko lwezimpawu zibe okwezezibhangqiwe
Njengoba izimpawu (ngokwesibonelo, osonhlamvunani *(alphanumeric)* abayizimpawu ezicikizi) bengaqhubeki unomphela, ukumelela izimpawu ngokwezezibhangqiwe kulula kunokuphendulwa kokwaziswa kwenzuko noma okuqhubeka njalo kube okwezezibhangqiwe. Esikhundleni sokusangula *(sample)* nokungakanisa *(quantization)* njengalapho kuguqulwa inzuko kube ngeyezezibhangqiwe, ubuchule obufana nokugaba (interrogate ) kanye nokuguqukezela buyasetshenziswa.

## Izimo
Imininingo yezezibhangqiwe itholakala ngezimo ezintathu ezilandelayo: Imininingo egculileyo, imininingo efufuthwayo, kanye nemininingo esetshenziswayo. Izimfanelo zobumfihlo, ubuqotho nokufumaneka, kudingeka zilawulwe kuwo yonke umjikelezo yemininingo kusuka 'ekudalweni' kuya ekulahlweni kwayo.