open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Siddharta Gautama

**UGautama Buddha** (noma **Siddharta Gautama**) wayeyisazi sefilosofi saseNdiya kanye nomfundisi ongokomoya. Wayengumsunguli weBuddhism. Waphila kusukela cishe ngonyaka wama-563 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu kuya cishe kuma-483 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.

UbuBudha (noma Inkolo kaBudha) laqala eNdiya elidala (ngeminyaka 2500 kade). Inkolo likhulu ye-Eshiya eMpumalanga.

UBudha wenkolo kaBudha, ungumuntu ube ekhanyisa. Akuzwi intukuthelo futhi akuhlupheki.
Izithombe ezingcolile

**Izithombe ezingcolile** (noma **izithombe zocansi ezingcolile, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile**) ziwukubukwa kwezindaba zobulili ngenhloso ekhethekile yokuvusa ubulili.Kungase kudlalwe umehluko phakathi kwezobuciko obucacile noma obunzima obungcolile, kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingase ziboniswe emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi omagazini, ama-animation, ukubhala, amabhayisikobho, ama-video, nemidlalo ye-video. Leli gama alihlanganisi imibukiso ebukhoma njengombukiso wezocansi kanye ne-striptease.Izihloko eziyinhloko zemidwebo ye-porn yanamuhla ngamamodeli we-porn, abenza izithombe ezingashintshi, kanye nabadlali be-porn abahlanganyela ezenzweni zobulili eziqoshiwe.

Amaqembu ahlukahlukene emphakathini aye abheka ukuvezwa kwesimo sobulili esibi, esiluthayo, nesingcolile, ezibiza ngokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ezama ukuzincisha ngaphansi kwemithetho yezinhlamba, zihlaziye noma zenziwe ngokungemthetho.Izizathu ezinjalo, ngisho nencazelo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ziye zahluka ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zomlando, zamasiko, nezesizwe.Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amabhayisikobho ahlukahlukene kaThomas Edison agxekwa njengamahlazo e-United States, kuyilapho i-Le Coucher de la Mariée ka-Eugene Pirou yathandwa kakhulu eFrance.Isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngokuqondene nengxoxo nokwethula ubulili siye saba nokubekezelelana kakhulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga, futhi izincazelo ezingokomthetho ze-hose ziye zalinganiselwa kakhulu, kusukela ngo-1969 nge-Blue Movie ka-Andy Warhol, *ibhayisikobho* yokuqala yabantu abadala ebonisa ubulili obucacile ekukhululwe emidlalweni ebanzi e-United States. Kwalandela i-Golden Age of Porn (1969X1984), lapho amabhayisikobho angcolile asezingeni eliphezulu aba yingxenye yesiko elivamile.

Imboni ekhulayo yokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yasungulwa engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20. Ukungeniswa kwe-video yasekhaya kanye ne-Intanethi kwabona ukuchuma embonini yezocansi yomhlaba wonke ekhiqiza izigidigidi zama-dollar minyaka yonke. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezidayiswayo zenza imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-US $ 2.5 e-United States kuphela, kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene nemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo ezihlobene nayo. Imboni yezocansi iphakathi kwama-$10 ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-12 e-US. Ngo-2006, imali etholakala emhlabeni wonke yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yayingu-$97 billion. Lo mboni uqasha izinkulungwane zabadlali kanye nabasebenzi abasekelayo nabakhiqiza. Iphinde ilandelwe yizincwadi ezikhokhelwayo zezimboni namaqembu ezentengiselwano, imibukiso yemiklomelo efana ne-AVN Awards, kanye nemithombo yezindaba, izinhlangano ezizimele (amaqembu ezinja), ama-ejensi kahulumeni, nezinhlangano zezombusazwe. Ama-video ahilela okuqukethwe okungavunyelwe kanye nokushushumbisa ubulili be-cyber kuye kwabekwa kumawebhusayithi athandwayo ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngekhulu lama-21.
UPhilip V waseSpain

**Filipe V** (Versalhes,  – Madrid, ), apelidado de "o Animoso", foi o Rei da Espanha em duas ocasiões diferentes, primeiro de 1700 até sua abdicação em janeiro de 1724 em favor de seu filho Luís I, e depois ao assumir o trono novamente em setembro de 1724 até sua morte. 

Era filho de Luís, Delfim da França e sua esposa Maria Ana Vitória da Baviera.

Filipe era o neto do rei Luís XIV da França. Seu pai tinha a reivindicação mais forte ao trono espanhol quando este ficou vago em 1700 com a morte do rei Carlos II. Entretanto, como ele e seu irmão Luís, Duque da Borgonha, não podiam perder seu lugar na sucessão francesa, Filipe foi nomeado sucessor de Carlos. Como a união da França e da Espanha sob um único monarca poderia desequilibrar o poder na Europa, as outras potências tomaram passos para impedir isso. Sua ascensão ao trono espanhol causou a Guerra da Sucessão Espanhola durante catorze anos, terminando apenas com o Tratado de Utrecht que proibia que os dois reinos fossem unidos.

Walwela amalungelo akhe njengeNkosi yaseSpain, waduma kakhulu ikakhulukazi eMadrid.

Filipe sucedeu seu tio-avô Carlos II, tendo sido o primeiro monarca espanhol da Casa de Bourbon. A soma de seus dois reinados, 45 anos e 21 dias, é a mais longa da história da monarquia espanhola.

Ukhunjulwa emlandweni waseSpain ngokuba ngumvikeli wezobuciko namasiko.

## isiqalo sempilo

Wazalwa ngo-1683 eVersailles, eyindodana kaLuis Grande Dauphin noMariana Victoria waseBavaria.
Ngakho-ke wayengumzukulu kaLouis XIV kanye nomzukulu kaCharles II waseSpain.
Wayekhuliswe ngobuKatolika ngokusekelwe ekufinyeleleni okungenzeka esihlalweni sobukhosi saseSpain.

## inkosi yasespain
Ngo-1700 uCharles II waseSpain washona futhi waqaphela uPhilip njengomlandeli wakhe.

Ngokushesha wamashela eSpain, kodwa u-Archduke Charles akazange awamukele lo mbono futhi ezithatha njengeNkosi yaseSpain, eqala impi.
Ngo-1713 uFelipe wawina futhi wamenyezelwa ngokuthi uFelipe V osungula indlu ye-bourbon.
Ukubusa kukaFelipe V kwakuzoshintsha kakhulu wadala umbuso ohlangene, wakhuthaza iSonto LamaKatolika futhi waya empini nePortugal.
UPhilip washona ngo-1746 eneminyaka engu-63 ubudala, ingxenye enkulu yobukhosi baseYurophu yavela kuye.
Louis XVI waseFrance

**&nbsp;**  ULouis XVI (23 Agasti 1754 - 21 Januwari 1793, Paris) wayeyinkosi yaseFrance kanye neNavarre kusukela ngo-1774 waze wakhishwa ngo-1792 ngesikhathi seNguquko YaseFrance, futhi wabulawa ngonyaka olandelayo.
IAzawad

**Azawad**, noma **Azawagh** (Tuareg: **Azawaɣ**, or **Azawad**; )  kwaba yisimo sesikhashana kusukela ngo-2012 kuya ku-2013. Ukuzimela kwayo kwamenyezelwa ngaphandle kohlangothi yi-National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) ngo-2012, kulandela ukuhlubuka kweTuareg.
ISahara lasentshonalanga

**Western Sahara** ()  iyindawo engxabano ngasogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye nasesifundeni saseMaghreb eNyakatho.
IHungariya

**Hungary** iyizwe elivalekile eCentral **[[IYurophu]]**. emngceleni neSlovakia enyakatho, i-Ukraine ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, iRomania empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga, iSerbia eningizimu, iCroatia neSlovenia eningizimu-ntshonalanga, ne-Austria ngasentshonalanga. IHungary inabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyi-10.
IMoldova

**Moldova** ( , ),  iyizwe elivaliwe eMpumalanga IYurophu .  Izungezwe iRomania ngasentshonalanga kanye ne-Ukraine enyakatho, empumalanga naseningizimu .  Inhloko-dolobha yaseMoldova nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke Chișinău.
Aliança dos aliados

umfelandawonye wabambisene Kuyiqembu elihlukile (elihambisanayo) le-polandball Yadalwa engxoxweni ngesiteshi soMbuso we-Ceara lapho womabili amandla afinyelela isivumelwano.
Umfelandawonye phakathi kwakho konke, ekuqaleni bekunamalungu ayi-6 e-Ceará Empire, i-Leo countryballs, i-Imperial Commodore, imephu yaseFrance, uVancorno kanye no-Arthur Brasil; omg.

## Izithenjwa
Grávida de Taubaté

Okhulelwe e-Taubaté noma okhulelwe amanga e-Taubaté kwakuyigama lika-Maria Verônica Aparecida César Santos ngemuva kokukhulelwa kwakhe enamawele amane, okwaqala ngoJanuwari 2012. Isakhamuzi saseTaubaté futhi ongumnikazi wenkulisa, udaba lwakhe lwabikwa emithonjeni yezindaba eminingi futhi lubhekwa njengeyivelakancane, kanye nokubonakala kwakhe okudume kakhulu RecordTV. Kulolu hlelo, uMaria wawina amanabukeni negumbi elinefenisha lamadodakazi akhe okuthiwa. 

UChris Flores, ongumethuli walolu hlelo okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla, ucele intatheli ukuthi iphenye ngaleli cala, ethole ukuthi i-ultrasound eyethulwa uMaria yayingamanga. Kusukela lapho, uChris uthathwa njengomuntu "oveze" Owesifazane Okhulelwe waseTaubaté. UMaria wafuna ummeli ukuze amvikele, nowagcina esethi leli cala lingamanga. UMaria nomyeni wakhe, uKléber, bashushiswa ngecala lokukhwabanisa, kodwa inqubo yamiswa, futhi ngemva kweminyaka, yacinywa. Umnikazi we-ultrasound yokuqala naye wamangalela uMaria ngomonakalo wokuziphatha.

Kusukela lapho, Owesifazane Okhulelwe wase-Taubaté usephenduke i-inthanethi meme. Emgubhweni ka-2012, imvunulo yokukhulelwa mbumbulu yayithengiswa kakhulu edolobheni, futhi isijobelelo esithi "de Taubaté" size ukumela amacala amanga. Ngemva kwecala, uMaria wazihlukanisa, wafuna udokotela wengqondo futhi washintsha imikhuba nokubukeka kwakhe. UChris wazama ukumthola futhi ngo-2021, kodwa akazange aphumelele.
Kubulawa kuka Tshegofatso Pule

NgoJuni 2020, **uTshegofatso Pule** watholwa egwaziwe elenga esihlahleni eDurban Deep, eRoodepoort, eGoli . UPule, owesifazane waseNingizimu Afrika oneminyaka engu-28 ubudala, wayenezinyanga eziyisi-8 ekhulelwe ngaleso sikhathi. 

Ngemuva kophenyo, amaphoyisa athole ukuthi isoka lakhe, uNothuthuko Shoba, yilona elibe necala lokubulala ngokuqasha umshayi wesibhamu ukuba ambulale.  UShoba walahlwa yicala lokwakha itulo lokubulala namanye ahlobene nawo ngoMashi 2022. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, ngoJanuwari, umculi wengoma uMuzikayise Malephane wethula ubufakazi ngohlelo lwakhe noShoba lokubulala uPule.  UMalephane walivuma icala lokubulala ngoFebhuwari 2021. 

NgoJulayi 29 2022, uShoba ugwetshwe udilikajele. Umshayi womculo, uMalephane, ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-20 ngokubulala uPule. 

Ukubulawa kukaPule kudale ukukhala komphakathi ngezinga eliphezulu lodlame nokubulawa kwabesifazane eNingizimu Afrika.  

## Izinkomba
Nomfundo Moh

U**Nomfundo Ngcobo** (owazalwa ngo-2000), owaziwa ngelikaNomfundoh Moh ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika. Wazalelwa futhi wakhulela eNdwendwe, KwaZulu-Natal, umsebenzi wakhe waqala eneminyaka engu-16 ngo-2016.[1][2] U-Moh waqala ukuqashelwa ngemva kokukhipha elithi "Lilizela" ngo-2021. [3]

Ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano sokuqopha ne-Universal Music, waduma ngengoma yakhe yokuqala ethi **Amagama** (2022), eyaphuma nengoma eshisa izikhotha ethi "Phakade Lami"
Victor Ntoni

UVictor Mhleli Ntoni (21 June 1947–28 January 2013), wayengumculi waseNingizimu Afrika, phakathi kwezimpumelelo zakhe eziphawulekayo, uNtoni wasungula iqembu le-Afro Cool Concept ngo-1989 futhi waqokelwa kuma-South African Music Awards (SAMA) ka-2004 wawuthola omklomelo, futhi wahlela umculo ku-South African Songbook -- SA Folklore Music. Ingoma yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu ngethi “Wa thula nje".Ngesikhathi eshona uNtoni ubesephenduke igugu emphakathini we-jazz.

## Impilo nomsebenzi
UNtoni wazalelwa kwaLanga, eKapa, ​​wakhulela emalokishini aseKapa kanti waqala wafunda ukudlala isiginci ngaphambi kokushintshela kuma-bass amabili. Esemusha, wayedlala noMcCoy Mrubata eqenjini lakhe iThe Uptown sextet. Wazifundisa yena ngaphambi kokuba athole umfundaze wokuyofunda eBerklee College of Music eBoston ngo-1976.

Njengomqondisi womculo womculo uMeropa Ntoni wathatha uhambo lwase-Europe ngo-1975. Ngokusebenzisa isigubhu uNelson Magwaza wahlangana no-Abdullah Ibrahim, ecwecweni lakhe elithi Peace kanye namanye aqoshiwe azibandakanya nawo phakathi kuka-1971 no-1979. Wenza i-sextet noKippie Moeketsi, ngaphambi kokuyofunda eBerklee School of Music, wadlala noDudu Pukwana ngo-1978 (Diamond Express) kwathi ngo-1979 noHugh Masekela, wabuye wabhala izingoma ezihlanganisa nethi “Nomalizo”. Ngaphezu kwalokho uNtoni ubesebenzela uMike Ratau Mkhalemele, Iconoblast no-Ezra Ngcukana.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980, uNtoni wayengumqondisi womculo weCarling Circle of Jazz festival. Ngo-1989 wasungula iqembu i-Afro Cool Concept noDarius Brubeck, avakasha naye eNyakatho Melika, e-Italy naseThailand. Ngesikhathi uNelson Mandela ephuma ejele, uNtoni wabhala iculo elithi “The People Want Mandela”. Ngeminyaka yawo-1990 wayenoHilton Schilder, Vusi Khumalo noKhaya Mahalngu eqenjini elihlolwayo i-Iconoclast. Ubuye wadlala noRingo Madlingosa. Icwecwe likaNtoni elithi Heritage (2004) lithole izindondo ezinhle kakhulu futhi liqokwe emkhakheni othi “Best Contemporary Jazz Album” ngendondo yeSouth African Music Award (SAMA). Wabhala futhi wahlela umculo eNcwadini Yezingoma YaseNingizimu Afrika -. I-SA Folklore Music(UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wamagugu, 2012).

Ngo-2014 uNtoni uhlonishwe ngendondo ye-Order of Ikhamanga ngesiliva.

Washona kulandela isifo senhliziyo esibhedlela iHelen Joseph eGoli ngomhla zingama-28 kuMasingana 2013, eshiye emhlabeni umkakhe nezingane eziyisithupha.
Randall Abrahams

U- **Randall Abrahams** (owazalwa ), ungumdlali we-TV waseNingizimu Afrika, umbhali kanye futhi nomsakazi owaziwa kakhulu ngokuhlulela ama- *Idols SA* lapho athola khona isiteketiso 'Ijaji Elibi'. Wayenalolu hlelo kumasizini angu-17 okuqala.  

Ngo Febhuwari ka 2022, abadidiyeli be- *Idols South Africa* bakhipha isitatimende sokuthi u-Abrahams ngeke asaabuye njengejaji la se idols. 

NgoMeyi ka 2022, u-Abrahams wafakwa njengesikhulu esiphezulu sePrimedia Broadcasting .

U-Abrahams uphinde wasebenza njengomqondisi ophethe we- Universal Music Group eNingizimu Afrika. 

## Izithenjwa

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

* Randall Abrahams ku Twitter
Lasandra Majola

ULasandra Majola ungumculi Pop, Afro Soul, RNB, Neo Soul kanye ne Jazz wase NewLands East. Usasebenze kwingoma azoyikhipha maduze futhi uyethemba ukuthi izoshiya isizwe sifisa amanye.

ULasandra wavelela emculweni emcimbini wogogo nomkhulu bakhe ecula iculo ela culwa UBeyonce elithi "Swing Low Sweet Chariot" eneminyaka emine. ULasandra akagcinile ngobuhle nokuthanda ingqephu kodwa uhlakaniphile futhi unogqozi.

Ungumculi onemnyaka eyishumi nanhlanu nje kuphela kodwa usecule ku- AmaZulu Sports Awards, Durban Jazz Festival, International Jazz, Dine with Lady Khoza, umshado kaDJ Sox, Go Durban, ANC Gala Dinner, nomcimbi wesinto womculi UKwesta.

Lasandra usethole imikomelo eminingi kanye nodumo ngomculo wakhe. Lemikomelo kubalelwa I Gateway Fame, uShaka Marine World Talent Search for Stars. Uyaqinisekisa futhi ukuthi umsebenzi weskole uhamba phambili. Ufisa ukufundela iMusic ne Drama emfundweni ephakeme. Lokhu uyazithemba ukuthi kuyomenza omculi onolwazi olujulile ngebhizinisi kanye nomculo.

ULasandra wazalelwa esibhedlela iMcCord mhlazi ngu 3 March 2003 kubantwana abane. UMama wakhe ophinde abe imanager yakhe usemqeqeshe ngokomculo seloku abona ukuzimisela nokuba yiciko enezinyanga eziyisi khombisa.

ULasandra usebenza kanzima ukubamba umculo nemfundo kanye kanye futhi uyathola uxhaso oluningi lwamama wakhe, inkampani akuyo iTouch Africa Records nomndeni wakhe owengezekile abalandeli bakhe.

Uyafisa ukusebenzisana ngokomculo noma ukunandisa emcimini noNaima Kay, Happy Girl, DJ Black Coffee, Davido, Kwesta no Nasty C.

Reference:

"Dudu Khoza - UKHOZIFM" http://www.ukhozifm.co.za/sabc/home/ukhozifm/shows/onairpersonalities/details?id=d7b943bf-1bab-4e9c-8cb8-550e629bc56c&title=Dudu%20Khoza 

"Dolphins by Starlight" https://ushakamarine.com/dolphinsbystarlight/?utm_source=DBS2021_MainWebpage&utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=DBS_2021_EventPage_CTA&utm_id=Dolphins_By_Starlight_2021_Webpage

"Lasandra’s jack of all trades | Dailysun" https://www.dailysun.co.za/amp/dailysun/celebs/lasandras-jack-of-all-trades-20210628 to
The soil

iThe Soil iqembu labaculi abathathu abacula ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinsimbi. Leli qembu lasungulwa ngonyaka ka2003 eNingizimu Afrika eSoweto, lihlanganisa uNtsika Ngxanga okunguyena umculi oholayo, liphinde libe noLuphindo kanye noBuhlebendalo Mda.

 
**Umlando**

**2003-2010: Ukwakhiwa**

Yasungulwa ngo-2003 lapho wonke amalungu ehlangana eTikelo Secondary School ngezikhathi ze-jam session. Ngaleso sikhathi leli qembu lalaziwa ngokuthi 'Izinhlayiya Zomhlaba' futhi lalinamalungu angaphezu kwama-4. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, amanye amalungu ahamba ngenxa yezinye izingxoxo. Ngo-2010, leli qembu lalinamalungu amane: uBuhlebendalo Mda (umculi), Ntsika Ngxanga (umqambi omkhulu wezingoma nomculi), uLuphindo (umshayi wesibhakela nomculi) noSamkelo Lelethu Mdolomba, odume ngelikaSamthing Soweto. UMdolomba wayekhona ngesikhathi kuqoshwa icwecwe lokuqala laleli qembu, nokho, ngenxa yezingxabano zenkontileka kanye nokungaboni ngaso linye, uSamkelo wanquma ukulishiya wayosungula iqembu le-jazz lesimanje iThe Fridge lapho asebenza khona njengomculi ophambili.

**2010-2017:** 

**The Soil, Reflections: (Live In Joburg) , Nostalgic Moments, Echoes of Kofifi**

Ngo-2011, i-The Soil yakhipha igama layo lokuqala elithi LP The Soil elazuza isikhundla seplatinamu, ladayisa amakhophi angaphezu kuka-50,000. Ngomhla ziyi-7 kuMfumfu 2013, i-albhamu yabo yokuqala ebukhoma ethi Reflections: (Live In Joburg) yakhululwa futhi yazuza i-Best R&B/Soul/Reggae Album kuma-South African Music Awards ka-2014. I-albhamu yabo yesibili ethi Nostalgic Moments yakhululwa ngedijithali ku-iTunes ngomhlaka-15 kuMandulo 2014. Yenziwe yatholakala ukuze ithengwe ngamakhophi aqinile ngomhla ka-22 kuMandulo 2014. I-Nostalgic Moments ithole isibuyekezo esihle kubagxeki bomculo. I-albhamu ihlanganisa ukubonakala kwezihambeli zeLadysmith Black Mambazo nomculi we-hip hop uKhuli Chana. Emcimbini we-14 wamaMetro FM Awards, iqembu lawina i-Best Produced Album (Nostalgic Moments) kanye ne-Best Duo/Group. Ngo-2015, leli qembu laqokwa emkhakheni weBest International Act: Africa kumaBET Awards 2015.

Ngomhla zingama-21 kuMfumfu, 2016, i-albhamu yabo yesithathu enesihloko esithi Echoes of Kofifi yakhululwa eNingizimu Afrika futhi yahlangabezwana nokubuyekezwa okuhle kwabagxeki bomculo. I-albhamu iqokwe kuma-South African Music Awards emkhakheni we-Best Engineered Album, Best duo/group of the Year kanye nesigaba se-Best Afro-pop Album. Ibhendi iphinde yaphromotha i-albhamu nge-Nostalgic Moments Tour ngoNtulikazi 2014 Emalahleni.

NgoNhlangulana 2020, ibhendi yenza isinqumo sayo sokuthatha ikhefu elingapheli ukuze iqhubekisele phambili amaphrojekthi ayodwa.
U-Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

U-Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891 - 1956) wayengungqondongqondo waseNdiya, i-philanthropist, isazi sezomnotho kanye nomguquli wezenhlalakahle. Ubhale uMthethosisekelo waseNdiya. Uthathwa njengomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu eNdiya. Waqala inhlangano yama-Dalit Buddhist futhi wabuyisela ubuBuddha eNdiya.
UNagarjuna

UNagarjuna (150 - 250) wayengungqondongqondo wamaBuddha waseNdiya wase-Mahāyāna, isazi, usanta kanye nesazi sefilosofi. Ubhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezazi zefilosofi zamaBuddha ezibaluleke kakhulu. U-Jan Westerhoff umbheka "njengomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu emlandweni wefilosofi yase-Asia."
DIAO

**Dmytro Vyacheslavovich Kuznetsov**  (Ephreli 1, 1996, Redkino, Tver Region, Russia), owaziwa kangcono ngaphansi kwegama lesiteji **DIAO** - umqambi waseRussia, DJ, umculi, umbhali-umculi, umdidiyeli womculo.

Ophumelele umncintiswano womculi we-pop ka-2016 ekuqokweni - i-duet engcono kakhulu, futhi ophumelele "Ukuncintisana Kwezwe" ekuqokweni - i-duet engcono kakhulu.

Umbambiqhaza wombukiso " Izingoma " ku- TNT, isizini 1, kanye nomuntu ozimele wemiqhudelwano ethi "Parade of Talents".

## I-Biography
UDmytro wazalwa ngo-April 1, 1996 edolobhaneni laseRedkino, esifundeni saseTver, emndenini wabasebenzi abavamile.

Ubaba washiya umndeni kusenesikhathi, uDmytro wayehlala nonina nogogo wakhe. Kwabe sekushada umama kwazalwa udadewabo. UDmytro ubewuthanda umculo kusukela ebuntwaneni.

## Imiklomelo

* Umnqobi we "Konakivskih lights" 2014-2017.
* Owinile emqhudelwaneni wamathalente wesifunda esigabeni se-rap ngo-2016 nango-2019.
* Owine umklomelo wethusi "RAP-Style 2020".
* Owenza kahle kakhulu ngoJulayi 2020 ngesitayela se-Rap ngokwenguqulo yomsakazo "Igagasi Elisha".
* Umculi ohamba phambili wango-2020 njengengxenye yephrojekthi ethi "Izinkanyezi Ezintsha ku-New Wave! ".
* Uhlomule ngeziqu ze-II ne-III emqhudelwaneni othi "Inkondlo Esiyifunda Impi".
* Uthole indondo ye-III degree ekuqokweni kwe-"Rap artists"
* Uphumelele i-3rd degree emncintiswaneni wobuciko "Dala Okuhle"
* Owine emqhudelwaneni Wabaculi Abancane

## I-Discography

### EP

## Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

* UDmytro ungumsunguli weqembu le-pop-rock i-Cool Looks Klan, kanye nomsunguli welebula yomculo i-DIAO.

## Amanothi

## Isixhumanisi

* Isayithi elisemthethweni
Rafael Orozco Maestre

**URafael José Orozco Maestre** (Owezalwa 24 ngoMashi, 1954 – 11 ngoJuni, 1992), Wayeyiciko waseColombia futhi engomunye wabameleli abakhulu bomculo odumile waseColombia.
U-Ashoka

U-Ashoka (304 - 232 BCE), owaziwa nangokuthi u-Ashoka Omkhulu, wayengumbusi waseNdiya woMbuso WaseMaurya. Wabusa cishe lonke izwekazi laseNdiya kusukela 268 BCE kuya ku-232 BCE. I-Ashoka yakhuthaza ukusabalala kweBuddhism kulo lonke elase-Asia yasendulo. Abaningi babembheka njengomunye wababusi abakhulu emhlabeni.
Grand P

**Moussa Sandiana Kaba** (1990) ungumculi waseGuinea, umlingisi waseGuinea. UGrand P uthintwa yi-progeria emnike uhlaka oluthile.
UmThanya

**uMthanya** uyinkimbi ethambile, emhlophe sabucwebe enophawu Li. UyiNhlwa yevanga yesithathu ecansini lezinhlwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uneziNelesi ezintathu endenini yawo kanye neziNzuba ezintathu ezizungezile. UmThanya ubuye usetshenziswe ekwenzeni izimpathanzuba kanye nakweminye imithi.
Peter III wasePortugal

Peter III wasePortugal 
UPedro III (Lisbon, 5 July 1717 - Queluz, 25 May 1786), oqanjwe ngokuthi iCapacidónio, iSacristão kanye ne-Edificador, wayeyiNkosi Consort yasePortugal kanye nama-Algarves kusukela ngo-1777 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.
Belting

I-Belt (noma i-vocal belting ) iyindlela ethile yokucula lapho umculi ephatha izwi lesifuba ngaphezu kwekhefu noma i-passaggio enengxenye yezwi lekhanda. Ukubhinca ngezinye izikhathi kuchazwa ngokuthi "izwi lesifuba esiphezulu" noma "izwi elixubile" (akumele kudidaniswe nendlela yokuxuba), nakuba lokhu kwenziwa ngokungalungile kungase kulimaze izwi. Ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi irejista yezwi, nakuba lokhu kubuye kungalungile ngokobuchwepheshe; kunalokho igama elichazayo lokusetshenziswa kwerejista. Abaculi bangasebenzisa ibhande ukuze badlulisele izimo ezikhona eziphakeme.

I-Belting yaba yinto evamile emculweni we-Broadway kulandela ukudlala kuka-Ethel Merman ku-Girl Crazy (1930), ikakhulukazi engomeni ethi "I Got Rhythm". Ukulandelana kwekhredithi okuvulayo kwefilimu ye-James Bond i-Goldfinger (1964) ihlanganisa ingoma yesihloko eyenziwe ngu-Shirley Bassey, eyasungula ibhande njengekhwalithi yesiginesha yamafilimu ka-James Bond aqhubeka kwaze kwaba ekhulwini elilandelayo.
INzawu

**INzawu** iyisidalwa esihuquzelayo sasezinganekwaneni esivela emlandweni wamasiko amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Izinkolelo ngokuphathelene nezinzawu zihluke kakhulu ngokwezifunda, kodwa izinzawu emasikweni asentshona kusukela eminyakeni ephakathi zazivame ukuvezwa zinamaphiko, zinezimpondo, ezinyawo ezine, futhi zikwazi nokuphefumula umlilo. Izinzawu emasikweni asempuma zivame ukuvezwa zingenamaphiko, zinezinyawo ezine, ziyizidalwa ezisanyoka nezinobuhlakani obuphakeme. Ukufana phakathi kwezici zezinzawu kuvame ukuba umdidiyelo wolwangu lwempaka, inyoni, nesibandazi. Ongoti bakholwa ukuthi izingwenya ezinkulu ezingasekho noma ezifudukayo zinenswebu efana nazo, ngokukhethekile lapho kuhlanganwa nazo emaxhaphozini, futhi kungenzeka ziwunongo lwemifanekiso yezinzawu kwelasempuma yanamuhla.

## uMsuka
Elithi iNzawu ibizo elisho isilo sasemanzini sezinganekwane, esiyinyoka esaziwa nangokuthi 'uNanabosele'. Elithi iNzawu livela kusenzukuthi "zawu" , okuvela isenzo esithi "ukuzawula" kuso. Ngakho inzawu ibizo lento ezawulayo, kungaba ngamazinyo wayo. Isilo iNzawu kwakukholelwa ukuthi sinamazinyo acijile, azawula kwasani, amakhulu. Kodwa sasivame ukuba nekhanda elilodwa. Kuthiwa uma amakhanda eqa kwamabili, akuseyona inzawu kuphela, kodwa sekuyinkanyamba.
Umkhumbi-ngwenya

**Umkhumbingwenya** ungumkhumbi okwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi kwamanzi. Leli gama libhekisela kuzo zonke iziqutshwa ezithwala abantu nezikwazi ukutshuza ngaphansi kwamanzi.

## Imisebenzi nesakhiwo somkhumbingwenya
Nakuba imikhumbi-ngwenya yokuhlola yayakhiwe ngaphambili, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya kwaqala phakathi nekhulu le-19, futhi imikhumbi-ngwenya yamukelwa imikhumbi-ngwenya eminingana. Aqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I (1914-1918), futhi manje asetshenziswa emikhunjini eminingi yemikhumbi, emikhulu nemincane. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezempi kubandakanya: ukuhlasela imikhumbi engaphezulu yesitha (umthengisi nezempi) noma eminye imikhumbi-ngwenya; ukuvikelwa komthwali wendiza; ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi; ukusebenza ngokunyenya ezindaweni ezingavunyelwe lapho kuqoqwa ubuhlakani futhi kwenziwa ukuhlola; ukuphika noma ukuthonya ukunyakaza kwezitha; ukuhlaselwa komhlaba okujwayelekile (isibonelo, ukwethula i-cruise missile); kanye nokufakwa ngokucashile kwamaxoxo noma amabutho akhethekile. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo komphakathi kuhlanganisa: isayensi yasolwandle; ukusindisa; ukuhlola; kanye nokuhlolwa nokunakekelwa kwesikhungo. Imikhumbi-ngwenya ingalungiselelwa imisebenzi ekhethekile efana nemishini yosesho nokuhlenga kanye nokulungisa amakhebula angaphansi kolwandle. Zibuye zisetshenziswe embonini yezokuvakasha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokumba umlando bangaphansi kolwandle. Imikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje yokucwilisa ekujuleni kwamanzi iphuma ku-*bathyscaphe*, eyavela kwinsimbi yokutshuza.

Imikhumbi-ngwenya eminingi emikhulu inomzimba oyisilinda oneziphetho zekhoni kanye nesakhiwo esime mpo, ngokuvamile esitholakala phakathi kwemikhumbi, egcina izinsiza zokuzwa nezokuxhumana kanye namathuluzi okubuka okungaphandle kusuka ngaphakathi, phecelezi *periscope*. Kumikhumbi-ngwenya yesimanje, lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi iseyili eMelika kanye ngophiko noma i-fin eYurophu. Isici semiklamo yangaphambili kwakuyisigodlo sokulawula umkhumbi: okuyisihlangu sokumkhumbi esihlukile sokucindezela ngaphezu komzimba omkhulu wesikebhe evumela ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okubuka okungaphandle kusuka ngaphakathi amafushane. Kukhona isiphakeli ngemuva, kanye namaphiko ahlukahlukene okulawula amandla amanzi okunyakaza. Imikhumbi-ngwenya emincane, ejulile, kanye nekhethekile ingase iphambuke kakhulu kulo mklamo ongokwesiko. Imikhumbi-ngwenya iyatshuza futhi iphinde ivuke ngokusebenzisa izindiza zokutshuza nangokushintsha inani lamanzi nomoya emathangini kubhalasti ukuze kuthinte ukuhamba kwawo.

## Imithombo yolwazi
UmZilafasimbe

**umZilafasimbe** igama lomthalakazi ohlanganisa uhlelo lozungezolanga lethu, unegama elichazisa ummomo womthalakazi uma uwubuka usemhlabeni: umthende owufasimba wokukhanya obonakala esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku owakhiwa izinkanyezi ezingahlukaniseki ngeso lenyama. Igama elithi *umZilafasimbe* lihunyushwe kwesiLatini **', kusukela kwelesiGreki  ( **' ), elisho ukuthi “indlela yobisi”.    Emhlabeni, umZilafasimbe ubonakala njengomthende ngoba uhlaka lwawo olumise okwendingilizi lubhekwa kusuka ngaphakathi. uGalileo Galilei ungowokuqala ukuxazulula umthende wokukhanya ube izinkanyezi ngesihlongimkhathi sakhe ngowe-1610. Kuze kube seminyakeni ye-1920 iningi losozinkanyezi lalicabanga ukuthi umZilafasimbe uqukethe zonke izinkanyezi zomkhathilibe. Iziqapho ezenziwa ngu-Edwin Hubble, ezalandela impikiswano enkulu phakathi kwabachazimkhathi uHarlow Shapely noHerber Curtis, zaveza ukuthi umzilafasimbe ungumthalakazi owodwa kwiminye eminingi.
IBhululu

**IBhululu**, elaziwa nangokuthi **umbokwane omabhadu-bhadu**, liwuhlobo lwezinhlanzi zasolwandle emndenini wombokwane .

## Incazelo

IBhululu liwumbokwane omkhulu ongafinyelela kumamitha ama-3 ubude, kodwa izifanekiso esivame ukuhlangana nazo zincane kakhulu.  Umzimba walo osesimweni senyoka unombala osizinda omhlophe kuya kophuzi onamachashaza amaningi amnyama ahluka ngobungako nangokuma kuya ngomuntu kanye nendawo ezihlala kuyo izilwane.  Ngakho-ke, imibokwane ehlala phezu kolwandle olunamanzi acwebile izoba namachashaza amancane amnyama kunalawo adungekile.  Amagama ayo asukela kulesi sici sombala.

## Ukusabala kanye nendawo yokuhlala
IBhululu liyisilwane esisabalele kuyo yonke indawo yolwandle oluchachambhile( yase-Indo-West Pacific) kusukela empumalanga yezwekazi  iAfrika, okufakaphakathi noMtubakazi, kuze kufike ePapua New Guinea kuphinde kusuke eningizimu yeNihono (eJapan) kuyavala  kuMzakathambho omkhulukazi.  

Lihlala kugange lwoMzikathambho. Emini, lihlezi lucashe emfantwini ngaphansi kwemitha eli-1 kuya kwangama-45 ukujula (3.3 no-148.5 wamafithi). 

## UMchazampilo
IBhululu liyisidlanyama. Lishiya umbhudu walo ebusuku ukozingela izinyamazane  ngakuMzakathambho. Isikhathi esiningi luthanda izinhlanzi ezincane kanye indawo yayo ebusuku ukuze iyozingela inyamazane yayo eduze kolwandle. Idla kakhulu izinhlanzi ezincane kanye  nezihleke .  Ezindala zijwayele ukuba izihhahhamela endle. 

## Amaphatho


## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

* Marinespecies.org: ''Gymnothorax favagineus''
* Izinhlanzi zase-Australia : ''Gymnothorax favagineus''
* 
* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006).     
* Photos of
Young Stunna

**USandile Msimango** odume **ngelikaYoung Stunna** ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika. Udume ngezingoma ezithi “Bopha” nethi Adiwele. Uphinde wasebenza kakhulu nabadidiyeli bamarekhodi uDJ Maphorisa noKabza De Small .

## Umsebenzi

Waqala ukwenza umculo eneminyaka engu-13 futhi wathatha isinqumo sokuphishekela umculo njengomsebenzi. Ekuqaleni wayengumculi we-hip-hop kusukela ngo-2012 ngaphambi kokushintshela ku- amapiano . Wathola igama elithi Young Stunna kubalandeli bakhe eDaveyton lapho akhulela khona.  Waduma ekuqaleni kuka-2021 njengengxenye yohlu lwehabhu lepiyano-lapho edlala ku-Felo Le Tee kanye nethi Mellow & Sleazy's smash amapiano hit, “ *Bopha* ”.  

Ngo-Okthoba 2021, wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala, ethi, *Notumato* ehlanganisa abaculi baseNingizimu Afrika u- DJ Maphorisa, Blxckie, Sizwe Alakaine, noKabza De Small.  Ingoma yakhe ethi " *Adiwele* " ifinyelele kunombolo 1 emsakazweni wonke waseNingizimu Afrika njengoba isibalo saba yizigidi ezingama-23.4. 

Ngasekupheleni kuka-April 2022, i-Stunna yavezwa u- Spotify ku-Spotify documentary ethi *Freedom Sounds: From Kwaito to Amapiano* .

## Isiqalo sokuphila

UStunna osemncane wazalelwa eDaveyton, eNingizimu Afrika futhi wakhulela emndenini wamaKristu futhi wayevame ukucula ekwayeni yesonto. Unina wayengumculi futhi uyise wayenendawo yokucima ukoma eyayine-jukebox. Ukuchitha isikhathi ethaveni ngezimpelasonto kumveze kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zomculo okubalwa kuzo iRnB neKwaito .

## Imfundo

Ufunde eBenoni West Primary naseLee Rand High School eBenoni. Uphothule u-matric e-Unity Secondary School eDaveyton.

## Imiklomelo

### Ama-BET Awards

### Dstv Mzansi Viewer's Choice Awards

### Imiklomelo Yomculo WaseNingizimu Afrika

## Isiqalo sokuphila

UStunna osemncane wazalelwa eDaveyton, eNingizimu Afrika futhi wakhulela emndenini wamaKristu futhi wayevame ukucula ekwayeni yesonto. Unina wayengumculi futhi uyise wayenendawo yokucima ukoma eyayine-jukebox. Ukuchitha isikhathi ethaveni ngezimpelasonto kumveze kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zomculo okubalwa kuzo iRnB neKwaito .
IsiPhoqi

KumChazandalo, **isiphoqi** siyithonya elingaguqula umdiki wento. Siwukufuqa noma ukudonsa okwenzeka phakathi kwezinto. Isiphoqi singabangela into enesisindo ukuba ishintshe isivinini sayo, ngokuthi iphangise. Sibizwa ngokuthi ukwenanana ngoba uma into eyodwa yenza okuthile kwenye, ukwenza kwayo kuzolinganiswa nokusabela kwaleyo engumenziwa. Lombono waziwa ngokuthi uMthetho womdiki wesithathu, lapho ukwenza nokusabela "kulingana futhi kulungene." Izinto ezihlukene zimane ziyilokho isiphoqi esisebenza phakathi kwakho. Kuneziphoqi ezingafani ezisebenza phakathi kwezinto ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, umNyondo usebenza phakathi kwezinto ezinisisindo, njengelanga nomhlaba. Esinye isibonelo isiphoqi seNzubawonga, esisebenza phakathi kwezinto ezinomlelesa, njengenzuba noma indeni yechwe.
UmQongo

**UmQongo** (igama elisho amafu noma intuthu eqongileyo) uyingxenye yenqeke ecwazimulayo eyakhiwa uhowo lwehwanzi ehonyozekile, uthunqathunqa kanye nonyazani. ImiQongo iyizifunda okwakheka izinkanyezi kuzo emkhathini, lokhu kwenzeka ngokuthi izingxenye zohowo, uthunqathunqa, nezinye izithako "zibumbane" ndawonye zakhe izifunda ezisiluthe, eziwongela olunye utho kuzo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eziba siluthe ngokwanele ukuba kudaleke izinkanyezi ngaphakathi kwazo. 

Iningi lemiqongo mikhulu ngobungako; eminye inokukhanyabanga okungamakhulu ngesilungazingoni. UmQongo obonakalayo emehlweni abantu abasemhlabeni, uzobonakala umkhulu, kodwa ongaqhakazi ngokwanele. UmQongo ImPambano, okungumqongo oqhakaza kakhulu esibhakabhakeni, siyakwazi ukuwubona ngeso lwenyama namuhla, nakuba osozinkanyezi basendulo babengawuboni. Nakuba imiqongo isiluthe kunomkhathinga eyizungezile, iningi layo isiluthe kancane kunanoma iliphi ilinya elikhandwe emhlabeni – ifu lomqongo elingangomhlaba lingaba nesisindo esiyisamba esincane kakhulu.
INguxa elula

**INguxa elula** iyisilekeleli esiguqula ukuqombotha noma amandla esiphoqi. Ngokwenjwayelo, ingachasiswa ngokuthi inguxa elula esebenzisa umenzelelo wobunguxa ukuze yandise amandla. Ngokuvamile, leli bizo libhekisela ezinguxeni ezilula zakudala eziyisithupha ezachasiswa osonjulalwazi bemvuselelo kanje:

isiXakaxo

iSondo nomshiza

uMdonso

uGxalo

iZembe

Isibhinyi

Inguxa elula isebenzisa isiphoqi esingasebenza ukuze yenze umsebenzi ngokomelene nesiphoqi esiwumgidlabezo owodwa. Ngokuthalazisa umshikisho, umsebenzi owenziwa emgidlabezweni ulingana nomsebenzi owenziwa isiphoqi esingasebenza. Inguxa ingakhulisa inani lesiphoqi somphumela, ngesilinganiso esifanayo enciphisa ngalo ibanga lokidika komgidlabezo. Isiqhatho somphumela esiphoqini sokusebenza sibizwa ngokuthi umenzelelo wobunguxa.

Izinguxa ezilula zingathathwa "njengezinguklu zokwakha" eziyisisekelo okwakhiwe ngazo izinguxa eziyinkimbinkimbi (izinguxa eziyimixube). Ngokwesibonelo, amasondo, isixakaxo nemidonso ziyasetshenziswa zonke ekusebenzeni kwendingimbili *(bicycle)*. Umenzelelo wobunguxa wenguxa engumxube ungumkhiqizo wezenzelelo zobunguxa wezinguxa ezilula eyakhiwe ngayo.

Nakuba ziqhubeka nokuba mqoka kwezobunguxa nakunzululwazi esebenzayo, ezobunguxa zanamuhla sezigabavile embonweni wokuthi izinguxa ezilula ziyizinguklu zokwakha eziwumgabelo okwakhiwe ngazo ezinye izinguxa, okuwumbono owaphakama eNguqukweni yezemboni. Ubunkimbinkimbi bokungafani okukhulu kwamakhongco ezinguxa zanamuhla, okwavela ekuGuqukeni kwezimboni, buchaziswa ngokunganele yileminxa elula eyisithupha. Abalobi abahlukene bangemva kwemvuselelo bahlanganise uhlu olubanzi "lwezinguxa ezilula", imvama ngokusebenzisa amabizo afana nokuthi izinguxa eziyisiseko, izinguxa eziyimixube, noma izici zezinguxa ukuze bazihlukanise ezinguxeni zakudala ezingehla. Ekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1800, uFranz Reuleaux wayesehlonze amakhulu ezici zezinguxa, ezibiza ngokuthi izinguxa ezilula. Umbono wenguxa wanamuhla uhlaziya izinguxa ngemihumo yezomdikizo eyakhiwa amakhongco ayisiseko abizwa amaphahla ezomdikizo.
UmFefenyeko

**Umfefenyeko** ungukulingisa umgidingo wenqubo noma isimiso sezwe langempela. UmFefenyeko uyindlela yokubona into yenzeka kube kuwukuthi ayenzeki ngokoqobo. Umfefenyeko udinga ukuba kusetshenziswe isifaniselo; isifaniselo simelela izici noma imicondozo yesimiso noma inqubo ekhethiwe, kuyilapho umfefenyeko umelela ukuthubeka kwesifaniselo nemva kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, umfefenyeko ungasetshenziselwa ukubikezela okungase kwenzeke ngokukandelayo, noma okwenzeke endulo. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa iziCikizi ukuze kugunundwe umfefenyeko.
Isimongotho

**Isimongotho** siyisenzakalo esibonwayo. Leli gama lisho isehlo esibonwa ngokuqondile ngamehlo, umbukwane omangazayo. Ngokuvamile lisho isehlakalo esingenakuchazwa kalula. Kunzululwazi, isimongotho simelela noma isiphi isehlo esingasihlonga noma sisiqophe. Kunzululwazi, igama elithi 'qapha' *("observe")* lisho okungaphezu kokubonakala emehlweni enyama. Lisho 'ukuzweka', ukuthinteka, ukunukeka, ukubonwa, ukuzwiwa. Imizwa *(senses)* yethu iyajijeka lapho sisebenzisa izinsiza ezihlukile eziqopha lokho esingakuboni, zikwenze kubonakale kithi.
Ngakho, nakuba ezinye izenzakalo kulula ukuziqapha, ezinye zidinga ezobuchwepheshe ukuze ziqapheleke.

## KuNjulalwazi
Kunjulalwazi yanamuhla, ibizo elithi isimongotho lisho izinto njengoba zingcwetizwa ngemizwa futhi zicubungulwa umqondo njengezihlukile kwezinye izinto ngokwazo. Kumqangqo wakhe wokuqala *(inaugural dissertation)*, onesihloko esithi titled "Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World", u-Immanuel Kant (1770) wabeka umbono wokuthi umqondo womuntu unezivimbelo zomhlaba womhluzamqondo futhi kanjalo ukhumusha futhi uqonde izehlo ngokuhambisana nommomo wazo. Wabhala ukuthi abantu bangabhekisela esehlweni kuphela ngokuvumelwa imizwa yabo, kodwa bangayingcweti leyonto ngokwayo. Lokhu kwenza umqondo ngokuqondene nomgqangu wokuxhumana *(communications-channel (epistemology)* ozifunza ngesibhidli sezifako (ontology) kodwa hhayi ngomuzwa wokusebenzisa ukucabanga okuhlakaniphile. Kanjalo, ibizo elithi isimongotho libhekisela kunoma isiphi isehlakalo esifanelwe ukuphenywa nokudingidwa, ikakhulukazi izinqubo nezehlo ezingavamile noma ezibaluleke ngokuhlukile.

## KuNzululwazi

Ekusetshenzisweni kwalo kwinzululwazi, elithi Isimongotho lisho noma yisiphi isehlakalo esibonwayo, kuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokusiqapha, ukusiqopha, nokuqoqa imininingo. Ngokukhethekile kumchazandalo, ukufundwa kwesimongotho kungachaziswa njengezilinganiso ezihlobene noTho, isidlakathi, noma isikhathi, njengeziqapho zika-Isaac Newton zokuzungeza kwenyanga kanye nezomnyondo; noma iziqapho zika-Galileo Galilei zomdiki womlence.

Kwinzululwazi yemvelo, isimongotho isehlo esiqaphelekayo noma isenzakalo. Ngokuvamile, leli gama lisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa kwezimbangela zaleso senzakalo. Isibonelo sesimingotho soqobo yisimongotho esibonwayo sokuzungeza kwenyanga noma isimongotho sokucikaza komlnence.

## Amaphatho
I-Wikipedia yesiZulu

**IWikiphidiya yesiZulu** wuhlelo lweWikiphidiya yolimi lwesiZulu, ingqoqelolwazi ekhululekile, enesiqikili esivulekile. Yaqala mhla zingama-30 kuNovemba ngowezi-2003, yakhuphukela kuzibhalwa ezingama-186 kusukela zili-13 kuMeyi, wezi-2009, futhi yafinyelela izibhalwa ezingama-766 mhla zingama-25 ku-April , wezi-2016, okwayenza yaba uhlelo lwezilimi lwama-247 olukhulukazi lwe-Wikipedia (ukwehla kusuka ku-221 ngosuku olufanayo lwangaphambili). 

Yayinezibhalwa eziyizi-10,594 ngo- October wezi-2022 kanye nabasebenzisi bayo ababhalisiwe abangama- 34. NgoJanuwari wezi-2026 ibe nezibhalwa eziyizi-11,855 nabasebenzisi bayo abangama-33 ababhalisiwe.

## Umlando
Nakuba bekuyiWikiphidiya yesithathu yolimi lwase-Afrika ukufinyelela izihloko eziyi-100, inqubekelaphambili ibihamba kancane, futhi isidlulwe yinqwaba yezinye izilimi zase-Afrika.

Njengoba isiZulu siqondakala kakhulu nesiXhosa, zombili okuyizilimi zesiNguni, kuyenzeka ukuthi izihloko ezikushicilelo lwesiZulu zihunyushelwe kalula esiXhoseni ukuze zisetshenziswe iWikipedia yesiXhosa. Imizamo efanayo ye-trans-wiki yenziwe ezinhlelweni zolimi lwesi-Scandinavia, njengesi- Swedish, isi- Norwegian, nesi- Danish ngethuluzi lokusebenzisana le-Wikimedia le- ** .

NgoMasingana 2012, kwahlongozwa ukuba iWikiphidiya yesiZulu ivalwe. Lesi siphakamiso sachithwa kuNdasa 2012. 

## Imithombo

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle
UmCikizi

Igama elithi " **umCikizi** ", elalisetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 (ukubhalwa kwalo kokuqala kusukela ngo-1613),  lalisho "umuntu ocikizayo": umuntu oqaqulula izibalo, ngaphambi kokuba  iziCikizi zamazuba zitholakale ezitolo. U- Alan Turing wachazisa "isiCikizi esingumuntu" njengomuntu "okufanele alandele imithetho engaguquki; akanalo igunya lokuchezuka kuyo nganoma iyiphi imininingwane." [2] Amathimba abantu, ngokuvamile abesifazane kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kuya phambili, ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza izibalo ezinde futhi ezivame ukukhathaza; umsebenzi wahlukaniswa ukuze lokhu kwenziwe ngokuhambisana. Izibalo ezifanayo zazivame ukwenziwa ngokuzimela ngamaqembu ahlukene ukuze kuhlolwe ukunemba kwemiphumela.

## Indabuko kwezenzululwazi
Ogqayinyanga benkathi yokuVuselelwa babesebenzisa igama elithi umcikizi *(computer)* ngokufanayo nalapho bethi umchazizibalo, ekubhekiseleni emisebenzini yao yokuqaqulula ukuma kwemizulane. Babevame ukuqasha 'umcikizi' ukuze abalekelele. Kubantu abenza lowo msebenzi, abafana noJohannes Kepler, ukulekelela usonzululwazi ekucikizeni kwakuyisikhundla sesikhashana kuze kube yilapho bekhuphukela phezulu. Ngaphambi kokufackwalhe, uJohn Napier, wasikisela izindlela zokuthi "abantu abafundileyo, okungenzeka banabafundi nabacikizi abaningi" basize ekwakhiweni kwecansi lenhluzanani *(logarith table)* eliphuculiwe.
UmGcanso

**UmGcanso** uyinkambiso egunundelwa ukusekela noma ukuphikisa  isihlawumbiselo, noma ukunquma ukusebenza noma ukuba iqiniso kwento engakalingwa. Imigcanso iphana ngokuqonda ngembangela-nomphumela ngokubonisa ukuthi yimuphi umphumela owenzeka lapho isici esithile sithonywa. Imigcanso iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngomgomo nobukhulu kodwa njalo incike enqubweni ephindekayo kanye nasekuhlaziyeni okuhluzekile kwemiphumela. Kukhona futhi izifundo eziyimigcanso yemvelo .

Ingane ingase yenze imigcanso eyisisekelo ukuze iqonde ukuthi izinto ziwela kanjani phansi, kuyilapho amaqembu ososayensi engathatha iminyaka yophenyo oluhlelekile ukuze athuthukise ukuqonda kwawo Isimongotho. ImiGcanso nezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi eyenziwa ngezandla zibaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni kwabafundi ekilasini lesayensi. Imigcanso ingakhuphula amaphuzu okuhlolwa futhi kusize umfundi ukuthi ahlanganyele kakhulu futhi akuthakasele akufundayo, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.  Imigcanso ingahluka kusukela ekuqhathaniseni komuntu siqu nalokho kwemvelo (isb. ukunambitha ushokoledi ohlukahlukene ukuze uthole oyintandokazi), kuya kokulawulwa kakhulu (isb. ukuhlolwa okudinga izinguxa eziyinkimbinkimbi okuqondiswa ososayensi abaningi abanethemba lokuthola ulwazi mayelana nezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwechwe). Ukusetshenziswa kwemigcanso kwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwenzululwazi yemvelo neyomphakathi .

ImiGcanso ivame ukufaka izilawuli, eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa imithelela yokuhluka ngaphandle kokuhluka okukodwa okuzimele . Lokhu kukhulisa ukwethembeka kwemiphumela, ngokuvamile ngokuqhathanisa phakathi kwezilinganiso zokulawula nezinye izilinganiso. Izilawuli zesayensi ziyingxenye yendlelasu yenzululwazi . Ngokufanelekile, zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo emgcansweni ziyalawulwa (zibalwa izilinganiso zokulawula) futhi azikho ezingalawuleki. Emigcanswei enjalo, uma zonke izilawuli zisebenza njengoba kulindelekile, kulula ukuphetha ngokuthi umgcanso usebenza njengokuhlosiwe, nokuthi imiphumela ingenxa yomthelela wokuhluka okuhloliwe.
IsiHlawumbiselo

IsiHlawumbiselo  siyincazelo ephakanyiswayo ngesimongotho esithile. Ukuze isihlawumbiselo sibe isihlawumbiselo sesayensi, indlelasu yesayensi inendingeko yokuthi umuntu kufanele akwazi ukusihlola . Ososayensi ngokuvamile basekela izihlawumbiselo zesayensi ngeziqaphelo zangaphambili ezingenakuchazwa ngokwanelisayo zemibono yesayensi ekhona. Nakuba igama elithi "isihlawumbiselo" nelithi " umbono " evame ukusetshenziswa ngokufanayo, isihlawumbiselo sesayensi asifani nombono yesayensi. Isihlawumbiselo esisebenzayo siyisihlawumbiselo esamukelwe okwesikhashana esiphakanyiselwe ucwaningo oluqhubekayo  ngokwenqubo esungula ngokuqagela noma umcabango ofundile. 

## Imithombo
UCandululo

**UkuCandulula** isenzo sokugununda amasu umphumela waso okuba ukungeniswa kwezimpahla noma izinkonzo ezintsha noma ukuthuthukiswa kokunikezwa kwezimpahla noma izinkonzo.  I-ISO TC 279 kundinganiso-ISO 56000:2020  ichasisa ucandululo ngokuthi  “yinto entsha noma eguquliwe efezekisa noma esabalalisa kabusha ukuba igugu”. Abanye banezincasiselo ezahlukene; isici esivamile ezincasiselweni ukugxila ebusheni, ekuthuthukisweni, nasekusabalaleni kwamasu noma ubuchwepheshe.

Izincasiselo zakudala zocandululo zihlanganisa lezi:

* ukungeniswa kwento entsha.* (Merriam-Webster kuxhakaxholo)

* isu, indlelasu noma isilekeleli esisha. (Merriam-Webster kuxhakaxholo)

* ukuxhashazwa kwamasu amasha ngempumelelo (uMnyango wezohwebo nezimboni, UK).

* ushintsho oludala umyinge omusha wokusebenza Peter Drucker (Hesselbein, 2002)

Ucandululo imvama lwenzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo eshaya khona, izinqubo, izinkonzo, ezobuchwepheshe, imisebenzi yobuciko noma unongo lwesihwebi okuyizinto abacandululi abazenza zitholakale [[INdayi|ezindayini]], [[UHulumeni|kohulumeni]] nasemphakathini. Ucandululo luhlobene, kodwa alufane nokuqamba: ucandululo luthambekele ekubandakanyeni ukugunundwa okusebenzayo kokuqamba (okusho. ikhono elithuthukisiwe) ukuze kube khona umthelela onenhloso endayini noma emphakathini, futhi akuzona zonke izinto ezicandululwayo ezidinga ukuqamba okusha.

Ucandululo lobuchwepheshe imvama luziveza ngenqubo [[umNgcikisho|yomngcikisho]] lapho inkinga exazululwayo kungeyesimo sobuchwepheshe noma inzululwazi. Inqubo ephambene nocandululo ibizwa ngokuthi *exnovation*.

==Incasiselo==
Izinhlolovo zezincwadi ezimayelana nocandululo ziye zathola ukuthi kunezincasiselo ezihlukene. Ngowezi-2009, uBaregheh nabanye , bathola izincasiselo ezingaba ngama-60 emaphepheni ahlukene wezenzululwazi, kuyilapho inhlolovo yowezi-2014 yona yathola izincasiselo ezingaphezu kwama-40.  Ngokusekwe kwinhlolovo yabo, uBaregheh nabanye, bazama ukuchasisa incasiselo yoqeqeshoningi futhi nansi incasiselo abafinyelela kuyo:<blockquote>"UCandululo lungumdludlungu onezigaba eziningi lapho izinhlangano ziguqula amasu kube imikhiqizo, inkonzo noma izinqubo ezintsha/eziphuculiwe, ukuze zithuthuke, zincintisane futhi zizihlukanise ngokuphumelelayo endayini."</blockquote>
Kwinhlolovo yeziMboni yokuthi ihlelokusebenza lemboni lichasisa ucandululo kanjani, kwacubungulwa lencasiselo elandelayo eyanikwa ngu-Crossan no-Apaydin, eyakhela phezu kwincasiselo yenhlangano yokubambisana nentuthuko kwezomnotho *(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'': 
Usonhlaloyabantu waseMelika u-Everett Rogers, yena waluchasisa kanje:"Isu, isenzo, noma into eshwaywa njengentsha ngumuntu ngamunye noma olunye uhlaka lokuyamukela"
Ngokuka-Alan Altshuler beno-Robert D. Behn, ucandululo luhlanganisa ukuqamba okungokwendabuko kanye nokusetshenziswa ngobunomfiya futhi bachasisa ucandululo njengokuphehla, ukwamukela ngokuqaphela amasu, imikhiqizo, izinkonzo, nemidludlungu emisha.
IPhicamvelo

**IPhicamvelo** igatsha lenjulalwazi lokufunda isimo esiyisisekelo sengempela, izimiso zokuqala zobukhona, ubuhlonzi noshintsho, umkhathi nesikhathi, imbangela, indingeko, kanye nokuNgenzeka.  Lihlanganisa imibuzo emayelana nesimo sempaphamo kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo noTho, phakathi kwesiqakatho nesithonga, naphakathi kokungase  nokoqobo .  Igama elithi "iPhicamvelo" livela emagameni amabili esiZulu, lapho ehlangene, ngokwezwi nezwi asho "okuphica noma okungaqondwa abantu noma imvelo, Izinto ezibonakala ziphica abantu lapho bezama ukuziqonda, okungale kwemicabango engokwemvelo, okukwelinye izinga".  

iPhicamvelo licwaninga imibuzo ehlobene nokuthi kuyini ukuba okuthile kube khona nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zobukhona ezikhona. Iphicamvelo lifuna ukuphendula, ngendlela engaqondakali nejwayeleke ngokugcwele, imibuzo ethi: 

* Yini ekhona
* iNjani leyonto

Izihloko zophenyo lwephicamvelo zihlanganisa ubukhona, izinto kanye nezakhi zazo, umkhathi nesikhathi, imbangela nomphumela kanye nokungenzeka . iPhicamvelo lithathwa njengelinye lamagatsha amane ayinhloko enjulalwazi kanye nomChazalwazi, umhluzangqondo, kanye nezemicondozo .
Insipho

**InSipho** ilitswayi lwesimunyane esinamafutha elisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukene yokuhlanza nokugcoba. Ezimweni zekhaya, izinsipho ziyiziCababuso *(surfactants)* ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza, ukugeza, nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlanza indlu. Ezimweni zasezimbonini, izinsioho zisetshenziswa njengezijiyisi, izigcoyi zezigcobo, kanye nezanduleli zezisheshisisi.