open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Somxhamama

uSomxhamama (uMxhamama). Umlando uveza ukuthi wayeyinyosi (imbongi) yesilo sakwaDukuza, ingonyama uShaka kaSenzangakhona, okunguyena owaloba izinhlavu nemigqa yezibongo zobhuku luka Menzi. Uyise kaSomxhamama kwakungu Soshaya bengabakwa Sibisi. USomxhamama wabuye wagqama ngothando ayenalo ngeLembe elikhonze kakhulu kangangokuthi walendlalela ekukhothameni kwalo emva kokuba ligabadelwe abafowabo abantwana uDingane noMhlangana belekelelwa uMbopha kaSithayi belibulala esigodlweni salo sakwaBulawayo. Okungacacile kahle ngokuhamba kuka Mxhamama  ngesikhathi esisodwa nokukhothama kweLembe ukuthi ingabe wabulawa ingonyama uDingane ngesikhathi soMfecane lapho egabadela bonke ababesondelene neLembe ukuvimba izinduku zokuvukela umbuso wakhe noma walindlalela ngendlela yosiko lokutshala inkosi kwaZulu lapho kukhona abafihlwa ngqo elibeni elilodwa nomzimba ngaphambi umzimba wengonyama.
Isixungwane

**Isixungwane** (noma umxungo) kuwukuxungeka kwelondomzimba okuwenza lisabele ngokweqisayo lapho umzimba udibana futhi uhlonza isixunga (allergen) esivamile njengosongo. Ukuba nesixungwane kubangela **Izifo zomxungo** ezifana nomgubane, i-allergic conjunctivitis, isixungwane sofuba, i-I-atopica dermatitis, isixungwane sokudla, kanye ne-I-anaphylaxis. Izimpawu zezifo zonxungo zingase zihlanganise amehlo abomvu, ukuqubuka okulumayo, Ukukhwehlela, amafinyila, ukuphelelwa umoya, noma ukuvuvukala.
Ukuvongoza

****'Ukuvongoza** (noma **ukuvongozela*') kuyingxenye yokusabela komzimba okuvikela izicubu zawo. Ukusabela okuvongoza imithambo kungabangelwa yizinto eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukulimala okungokomzimba, "izicubu ezifile, ezilimale, ezingasebenzi kahle noma ezicindezelekile",  amagciwane, izicasuki, ubuthi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukuvikeleka komzimba, izixunga, kanye neziqa ezingaphandle (isib. i-silica netsheboya). Izimpawu ezinhlanu eziyinhloko *ukushisa*, *Ubuhlungu'', ukubomvuleka, ukuvuvukala, nokungasebenzi.
Umbijongo

**Umbijongo** uyisakhiwo esiwudlomothi esinezitezi eziningi okungahlalwa kuzo. Imithombo eminingi yesimanje ichaza imibijongo njengengamamitha ayi-100  noma ayi-150 ukuphakama, yize kungekho ncasiselo eyamukelwayo, ngaphandle kokuthi yizakhiwo ezinde eziwudlomothi. Imibijongo ingase ibe namahhovisi, amahhotela, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nezindawo zokudayisa. Imibijongo iwulwangu oluvamile lwezidlavela ezinkulu, ngokuvamile ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu sendawo kanye nokutholakala komhlaba okulinganiselwe.

## Incasiselo

Igama elithi "umbijongo" lisho isakhiwo esakhiwe ngohlaka lwensimbi noma izinye izithako. Ngowesichazamazwi sikaVilakazi igama elithi umbijongo liyefana nelithi ubijongo elisho isakhiwo esidlomothi, esiphakeme. Futhi lihlobene nelithi umboshongo. Izakhiwo ezihlala abantu eziyimibijongo zaqala ukubonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ezakhiwa emadolobheni amakhulu aseMelika njengeNew York City, iPhiladelphia, iBoston, iChicago, iDetroit, neSt . Louis .  

Umbijongo wokuqala owakhandwa ngohlaka lwensimbi kwakuyisakhiwo Somshuwalense Wekhaya, ekuqaleni esasinezitezi eziyi-10 eChicago ngowe-1885; kwanezelwa izitezi ezimbili ezengeziwe.  Abanye bakhomba iSakhiwo sikaJayne esinezitezi eziyi-10 sasePhiladelphia (1849–50) njengembijongo omdala,  noma iSakhiwo i-Equitable Life esinezitezi eziyisikhombisa saseNew York, esakhiwa ngowe-1870. Ukwakha ngesikhehle sensimbi kuye kwavumela imibijongo emide yanamuhla ukuba yakhiwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ilondomininingo

**Ilondomininingo** noma **ukulondolozw kwemininingo** umdludlungu wokuvikela ukwaziswa kwezezibhangqiwe ukuze kulondwe ezinsongweni zakuxhakaxholo. Ilondomininingo kusho ukulondolozwa kwemininingo yezezibhangqiwe, njengaleyo etholakala kuzizindamininingo, ivikelwa endluzuleni ebhubhisayo nasezenzweni ezingafuneki zabasebenzisi abangagunyaziwe,  njengokuhlasela kuxhakaxholo noma ukuputshuka kwemininingo.  Ilondomininingo lilondoloza izigciyo zesicikizi, ihlelokusebenza, iziqoqongelo, kanye nemininingo yeziklamo zabasebenzisi. Ilondomininingo lilondoloza imininingo  yezinhlangano, izinkampani kanye nezilawuli zokuphatha.

Ilondomininingo liqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwemininingo yomuntu ngamunye, njengemibhalo yomazisi kanye nemininingo yasebhange, futhi kuvimbela abangagunyaziwe ekuyifinyeleleni, ekwebeni kanye nokulahleka kwemininingo  yomuntu ngamunye. Ilondomininingo livikela ukuputsheka kwemininingo okwenzeka ezinkampanini nasezimbonini. Izinyathelo ezinhle zokulondoloza imininingo ezimbonini zinciphisa amathuba okuputshuka kwemininingo, futhi abasebenzi bangathembela enkampanini ngokuphathwa kwemininingo yabo kanye nokwaziswa okuyimfihlo ukuthi kugcinwe kuphephile kuyilapho izinkampani ziqhubeka nokuba idumela elihle. 

Unxantathu we-CIA (Ubumfihlo, Ubuqotho, kanye Nokutholakala) kusetshenziselwa wona ukubheka ukuthi ukulondolozwa kokwaziswa kwenza okufanele. Ubumfihlo, buvikela ukwaziswa ekufinyelelweni ngendlela engagunyaziwe; Ubuqotho, buqinisekisa ukuthi imininingo ithembekile; kanye nokutholakala, okusho ukuthi imininngo ingafinyelelwa abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe uma idingeka; lo nxantathu uyimigomo emithathu yokuphepha kwedatha.  Ukungalahlwa encasiseselweni yelondomininingo, kusho isiklamo/inkonzo ekhombisa ukuthi imininingo ivelaphi kanye nobufakazi bobuqotho. 

## Ezobuchwepheshe

### Ukunyandla indingilizi
Isidlakalasi selanga

**Isidlakalasi selanga** (noma **isidlakalasi sombaso**) siyisidlakalasi esiyonzayo esivela ekukhanyeni nasekhozeni leLanga, okuyizinto ezingalawulwa ngokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe ezihlukahlukene ezifana namazuba welanga, isidlakalasi sekhoza lelanga (kuhlanganise Ukufudumeza amanzi ngelanga) kanye nokwakha ngeLanga. Siwumthombo oyingqikithi wesidlakalasi esivuselelekayo.
INyuvesi

**INyuvesi** (lisuselwa kwelesiLatini universitas 'iphelele') iyisikhungo semfundo ephakeme  nesocwaningo esihlomulisa ngeziqu zakwaNgqondonkulu kuqeqesho lakwaNgqondonkulu oluhlakahlukene.  Elithi *Inyuvesi* lisuselwa emshweni wesiLatini , osho ukuthi "umphakathi wabafundisi nezazi".  Amanyuvesi avame ukunikeza kokubili izinhlelo zezimfunda nezabagogodile.

Amanyuvesi okuqala eYurophu asungulwa ezikoleni ezazigcinwe Isonto ngenhloso yokufundisa abapristi.

## Umlando

### Incasiselo
Umsuka wesikhungo esibizwa ngeNyuvesi usentshona lapho igama lesiLathini  elalibhekisela khona "kubantu abazihlanganise baba yinhlangano, umshumanqa, umphakathi weziphepha".  Lezi ziphepha, iningi lazo elalihlala emanxulumeni nasezidlidlini, ziqala ukuhloma izinhlangano zabafundi nabafundisi, kwadingeka zibe nezimvume namalungelo angokomthetho wokusebenza, futhi kanjalo lezo zinhlangano zaziwa ngokuthi amanyuvesi. Njengezinye izinhlangano zeziphepha, zazizilawula futhi amalunga zo aneziqu zokufaneleka kwawo.

Namuhla, leli gama lisho "isikhungo semfundo ephakeme esihlinzeka abafundi ngemfundo yezihlokondaba ezingadingi izandla futhi lezikhungo zinamandla wokuthwesa ngeziqu". 

Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanyuvesi njengoba siwazi, anomsuka wasentshona, asebenza ngendlela yasentshona, njengoba namuhla sewagcwele uMhlaba wonke.

## Amaphathelelo
Isifakazelo sakwaNgqondonkulu

**isifakazeoo sakwaNgqondonkulu** noma **isifakazslo semfundo** siyincwadi efakazela ukuthi umuntu uthole imfundo ethile noma uphumelele ekuvivonyweni noma ochungechungeni lezivivinyo.

Emazweni amaningi, isifakazelo siyisiqu esitholwa emfundweni yesigaba sesibili.
Imvoko

**Imvoko** ibizo elisho izwe elizimele ngokomthetho kodwa elingaphansi kwethonya elinamandla lezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezempi noma ukulawulwa kwelinye izwe. Leli gama lihlobene nelithi izivoko elisho Izinto ezibekwa emkhathini ukuba zizungeze umZulane

Elithi imvoko lisetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukubhekisela emazweni angamalungu e-Central and Eastern Europe e-Warsaw Pact ngesikhathi Impi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye naseMongolia naseTuva phakathi kuka-1924 no-1990, konke okwakubuswa ngokwezomnotho, ngokwesiko, nangokwezombusazwe yISoviet Union.
Umtapolwazi womphakathi

**Umtapolwazi womphakathi** ungumtapolwazi, ngokuvamile obolekisayo, ofinyelelekayo emphakathini futhi uvame ukuxhaswa ngezimali zomphakathi, njengentela. Ugidingwa osomtapolwazi kanye nabanye abayizingchwepheshi, nabo abayizisebenzi zikahulumeni .

Kunezinkondolo ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo ezitholakala kuyo yonke imitapolwazi yomphakathi:

* ngokuvamile isekelwa ngentela (ngokuvamile zendawo, nakuba noma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni lingakwazi futhi linganikela);
* ilawulwa yibhodi ekhonza izimfuno zomphakathi;
* ivulekele wonke umuntu, futhi wonke amalungu omphakathi angafinyelela eqoqweni lawo;
* izinikele ngokuphelele, akekho ophoqelekile ukusebenzisa izinkonzo ezinikezwayo;
* ihlinzeka ngezinkonzo zomtapolwazi kanye nokwaziswa mahhala.
Umtapolwazi wocwaningo

**Umtapolwazi wocwaningo** ungumtapolwazi oqukethe iqoqo elijulile lezincwadi zesihlokodaba esisodwa noma eziningana, okuhlanganisa nemithombo eyinhloko neyesibili.  Imitapolwazi yocwaningo isungulelwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zocwaningo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, igcwele izincwadi zangempela ezinesiqikili sezingabunjalo eliphezulu. Imitapolwazi yocwaningo ivame ukutholakala ezikhungweni zemfundo noma zocwaningo eziphishekela leso sihloko futhi zikhonza amalungu aleso sikhungo.    Imitapolwazi emikhulu yamanyuvesi ibhekwa njengemitapolwazi yocwaningo, futhi ivame ukuqukatha amagatsha akhethekile emitapolwazi yocwaningo. Le mitapolwazi ihlinzeka ngezincwadi zocwaningo kubafundi nakubasebenzi balezi zinhlangano ukuze bazisebenzise futhi iyakwazi ukushicilela futhi ithwale izincwadi ezikhiqizwe yilezi zikhungo futhi izenze zitholakale kwabanye. Imitapolwazi yocwaningo ingafikeleleka nakumalungu omphakathi afisa ukuthola ulwazi olujulile ngaleso sihloko esithile.
Umtapolwazi wesikole

**Umtapolwazi wesikole** (noma **isikhungo sezinsizakusakaza** ) ungumtapolwazi ongaphakathi kwesikole lapho abafundi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nabazali babo kanye nabasebenzi bekwazi ukuboleka izinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile ezokubhala noma zezibhagqiwe. Umgomo womtapolwazi wesikole noma isikhungo sezinsizakusakaza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu omphakathi wesikole afinyelela ngokulinganayo "ezincwadini nasekufundeni, ekwazisweni, kanye nasebuchwepheshe bezokwazisa".  Umtapolwazi wesikole noma isikhungo sezinsizakusakaza "sisebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zezinsizakusakaza . . . uyazihleleleka, futhi usebenzisa uxhakaxholo [kanye nezincwadi] ukuqoqa ukwaziswa." 

Imitapolwazi yesikole ayifani nemitapolwazi yomphakathi ngoba isebenza "njengezingqalaba ezihlozinge kubafundi ezisekela, zijije, futhi zisokohlise uhlelo lwemfundo yesikole... Umtapolwazi wesikole usebenza njengesikhungo sokuxhumanisa zonke izincwadi ezisetshenziswa esikoleni."
Umtapolwazi wakwaNgqondonkulu

**Umtapolwazi wakawaNgqondonkulu** ungumtapolwazi oyingxenye yesikhungo semfundo ephakeme, osekela uhlelo lwemfundo kanye nocwaningo lwabafundisi benyuvesis nabafundi.   Izincwadi zokufunda, ezihloselwe ukwengeza ukufundisa komfundisi futhi ezigcinewe kumtapolwazi wakaNgqondonkulu, bezilokhu zaziwa ngokuthi "izinqolobane". Ngaphambi kokuba izinsiza zogesi zitholakale, izinqolobane zazikhishwa njengezincwadi zangempela noma njengezifaniselo zezihloko zezibhalwa zomhela ezifanele. Imitapolwazi yakaNgqondonkulu yanamuhla ihlinzeka ngofinyelelo kwizinsizakusebenza zezibhangqiwe.
Isibumbu

Ngokomhlakahlo womuntu, kanye nasezilwaneni ezincelisayo ngokuvamile, ***isibumbu*** , futhi esaziwa ngokuthi ***ubumbu*** kwabesilisa.    siyinqwaba yenyama esandilinga yezicubu ezinamafutha etholakala phezu kwalapho kuxhuamana khona amathambo esibumbu.    [   

## Isakhiwo
Kwabesifazane, *isibumbu* sakha ingxenye engaphambili nephezulu yenhlunu . Sihlukana sibe amalebe amakhulu, kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomsele owaziwa ngokuthi uvava lwenhlunu (*pudendal cleft)* oluzungeze ezinye izingxenye zenhlunu ezifana: amalebe amancane, umsunu, i-urinary meatus, ukuvuleka kwenhlunu, kanye ne -vulval vestibule .   

Nakuba isibumbu sikhona kokubili kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngesizulu sibizwa ubumbu kwabesilisa, futhi sivame ukuba nkulu kwabesifazane.  

## Umsukagama
Igama elithi *isibumbu* noma *ubumbu* lisuselwa olimini olwandulela isintu, egameni elithi 'vumbu' elisho indawo engaphezu komthondo noma inhlunu okumila kuyona amashishi. Abesilisa banobumbu, kodwa elithi isibumbu lisho kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane, kodwa ngokuqondile lisho abasifazane.
Isigcibisholo esimpezayo

**Isigcibisholo esimpezayo** yisigcibisholo esiqondiswayo, esiziphokozisayo esikwazi  ukuzisekela lapho sindiza sisebenzisa ukuphalala ngomoyamfuku emoyeni.  Izigcibisholo ezimpezayo ziklanyelwe ukufufutha umthwalo omkhulu emabangeni amade ngokunemba okuphezulu. Izigcibisholo ezimpezayo zanamuhla zikwazi ukuhamba ngejubane eliphakeme, i-supersonic, noma i-hypersonic, ayazihambela, futhi ayakwazi ukundiza ngendlela endondayo, ephansi kakhulu.
Umnsalo nomcibisholo

**Umnsalo nomcibisholo** uhlelo lwezikhali zokujiba oluhlanganisa isiklamo esijobulukayo (umnsalo) kanye nezicitshwa ezinde (imicibisholo). Abantu babesebenzisa iminsalo nemicibisholo ekuzingeleni nasekuhlaseleni enduki, futhi lo mkhuba wawuvamile emasikweni amaningi angaphambi komlando. Kwakuyizikhali zempi ezibalulekile kusukela emlandweni wasendulo kuze kube sekuqaleni kwenkathi wanamuhla, lapho zingasasebenzi kakhulu ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezibhamu ezinamandla futhi ezinembile. Namuhla, iminsalo nemicibisholo  kusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuzingela ezemidlalo.
INhlangano Kazwelonke YaseNingizimu Afrika Yezomkhathi

**INhlangano Kazwelonke YaseNingizimu Afrika Yezomkhathi** (noma i**SANSA** ) iyinhlangano kahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika enesibopho sokuqhakanjiswa nokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo lwe-aeronautics kanye ne-aerospace . Ikhuthaza ukubambisana ebuqhebeqhebeni obuhlobene nomkhathi kanye nocwaningo lwenzululwazi yomkhathi, ifuna ukuthuthukisa umngcikisho wenzululwazi ngokusebenzisa abantu, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokuthula komkhathinga, futhi isekela ukudalwa kwesimo esivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezobuchwepheshe bomkhathi ngaphakathi kohlaka lukahulumeni kazwelonke. 

I-SANSA yasungulwa ngomhlaka-9 kuDisemba ngowe-2010 ngoMthetho Kazwelonke Wenhlangano Yezomkhathi . 

Kuyimanje, izinto eziyinhloko ezihlozingwa yi-SANSA zifaka phakathi ukusebenzisa imininingo etholwe ngokuhlonga buqamama okwenziwa ngezivoko nangeminye imiklamo ukuze kuhlolwe izikhukhula, imililo, ukuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nezimongotho zemvelo eNingizimu Afrika nasezwekazini lase-Afrika.
Inhlakahliso yehwebo

**Inhlakahliso yehwebo** iqukethe amaqhingasu, izindlelasu, nezobuchwepheshe okusetshenziswa imihwebo ukuhlaziya imininingo nokuphathwa ukwaziswa komhwebo ukuze kulekelelwe amaqhingasu omhwebo nokusebenza kwawo. Imisebenzi ejwayelekile yezobuchwepheshe benhlakahliso yehwebo ihlanganisa ukubika, ukudludlunga isihlaziyo kuxhakaxholo, ukuhlaziya, ukuthuthukiswa kwesiqwembe somhwebo, ukuvukuzwa kwemininingo, ukuvukuza umdludlungu, ukudludlungs izenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, Ukuphathwa komqhogoyo womhwebo, ukubeka imigomo, ukuhlunga umbhalo, isihlaziyo esibikezelayo, kanye nesihlaziyo esilaphayo.
Isilumuki

**Isilumuki** ngumuntu oyingcithabuchopho, ucwaningayo, ocabangayo ngesimo sengempela, ikakhulukazi isimo somphakathi kanye nezixazululo ezihlongozwayo zezinkinga zawo ezivamile. Isilumuki kungaba umsunguli noma umlamuli  ezindabeni zesilo, uyahlanganyela kwezombusazwe, kungaba ukuvikela isiphakamiso esithile noma ukuhlaba ukungabi nabulungisa, ngokuvamile ngokwenqaba, ukukhiqiza noma ukwandisa Inkolelombono, nangokuvikela uhlelo lwezindinganiso.
Umcibisholo

**Umcibisholo** uyisicitshwa esiqinile esijikijelwa ngomnsalo. umcibisholo uvame ukuba nomphini omude, oqinile, oqondile onomphingo obukhali (futhi elicijile) ephiselwe phambili, izigculisi eziningi ezifana nezimpaphe zifakwa esidunu, zibe nesikhala ngemuva sokufuqwa isinsalo somcibisholo. Isikhwama esithwala imicibisholo eyengeziwe ukuze kuhlale kalula sibizwa ngokuthi isambo.
Inhlakahliso yezempi

**Inhlakahliso yezempi** uqeqesho lwezempi olusebenzisa izindlela zokubutha ukwaziswa nokuluhlaziya ukuthola isiqondiso nesiqondo sokulekelela abakhuzibempi ngezinqumo zabo. Le njongo ifinyelelwa ngokuhlolwa kwemininingo evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, eqondiswe ezidingweni zomsebenzi zomkhuzi noma ukuphendula imibuzo njengengxenye yokuhlelwa komgidingo noma komkhankaso. Ukuze kube nesihlaziyo, izidingo zokwaziswa zomkhuzi ziqala ngokuhlonzwa, bese zihlanganiswa ekubuthweni, ukuhlaziyeni, nasekusabalaliseni inhlakahliso.
Ubunhloli

***'Ubunhloli***', **ukukopola**, **ukunconda** noma **ukujeqeza**, njengengxenye yomkhakha wenhlakahkiso, isenzo sokuthola eyimfihlo, noma ngandlela thile ukwaziswa okubalulekile. Lokho kwaziswa okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi inhlakahliso noma buhlakani. Ingcwepheshi eqeqeshelwe ukwenza imigidingo yobunhloli nguhulumeni ingase iqashwe njengenhloli noma umkopoli okanye umncondi. Ubunhloli bungenziwa ezweni langaphandle, ngaphakathi noma buqamama. Lo mkhuba ucashile futhi uyimfumbe, njengoba ngokwencasiselo ungamukeleki. Kwezinye izimo, kungaba yithuluzi elingokomthetho lokuphoqelela umthetho futhi kwezinye, kungaba okungekho emthethweni futhi okujeziswa umthetho.

Ubunhloli buvame ukuba yingxenye yomzamo wezikhungo zikahulumeni noma iiminako yezentengiselwano.
Umngcikisho wezempi

**Umgcikisho wezempi** uchazwa njengobuciko, inzululwazi, nomkhuba wokuklama nokwakha imisebenzi yezempi kanye nokugcina imigqa yezokuthutha yezempi kanye nokuxhumana kwezempi . Abangcikishi bezempi nabo banesibopho sokuqapha ezomwezontutho phezu kobuchule bezempi. Umngcikisho wezempi uyindlela eyandulela umngcikisho womphakathi, okwamanje uhlukile ngendlela osetshenziswa ngayo kuzo zonke izifundo kanye nemisebenzi ekhethekile. Ekhulwini lama-20 nelama-21, umngcikisho wezempi uhlanganisa nokuzivikela kwe-CBRN kanye neminye imikhakha yomngcikisho efana nobuchule bomngcikisho wezinguxa nomngcikishowamazuba.
Umthalakazi omakhophelana

**Umthalakazi omakhophelana** uhlobo lomthalakazi onesimo esikhophelene. Uluhlobo oluyingxenye yezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemithalakazi echazwe ngu -Edwin Hubble ojinjini lwakhe lwe-Hubble kanye nomsebenzi ka-1936 *i-The Realm of the Nebulae*,  kanye nemithalakazi eyingoqelal kanye nogungubele . Imithalakazi emakhophelana (E), kanye nemithala egungubele (S0) enezinkatha diski zayo ezikulu, kanye nemithalakazi ye-ES    enezinkatha zayo zomlinganiso ophakathi, ziyingxenye engaphansi yemithalakazi "yohlobo lokuqala".
Umthalakazi omfihlimfihli

**Umthalakazi omfihlimfihli** ungumthalakazi ongenaso isimo esijwayelekile esihlelekile, ngokungafani nomthalakazi oyingoqela noma omakhophelana .  Imithalakazi emfihlimfihli ayiweli kunoma yiziphi izigaba ezijwayelekile zochungechunge lukaHubble, futhi ivame ukuba imfihlimfihli ngommomo, ayinalo inkaba equmbile noma isici sesakhiwo sengalo egoqelayo .  Lokhu kungabikho kwesakhiwo kumthalakazi omfihlimfihli  kuholela emazeni esiluthe esincane kulemithalakzi. Lokhu kwenza imithalakazi enfihlimfihli ibe yizindawo eziyinhloko zokucwaninga  ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesiluthe samaza.
Umthalakazi ogoqele

**Imithalakazi egoqele** yakha isigaba somthalakazi owachazwa ekuqaleni ngu -Edwin Hubble emsebenzini wakhe ka-1936 *othi The Realm of the Nebulae*  futhi, ngenxa yalokho, iyingxenye yojinji lukaHubble . Imithalakazi egoqele eminingi iqukethe inkatha eyisicaba, endiyazayo equkethe izinkanyezi, uluhowo nothuli, kanye nokubunganyela okuphakathi kwezinkanyezi okwaziwa ngokuthi ingqumu . Lemithalakazi ivame ukuzungezwa umqhele omncane wezinkanyezi, iningi lazo ezihlala ezixhekeni ezibhulungeni.
Isihlongamkhathi Esikhulu e-Afrika eseNingizimu

**Isihlongamkhathi Esikhulu e-Afrika eseNingizimu** ( **SALT** ) siyisihlongamkhathi sokukhanya esigamamitha ali-9.2 esiklanyelwe ukuhlola ukukhanya. Sakhiwe uyaca lwezibuko eziyizingonithupha ngokuma ezingama-91, isibuko ngasinye sinobubanzi obuyimitha eli-1, okuholela esibukweni esingonithupha esiphelele esilinobungako obuli-11.1 ngamamitha angu-9.8.&nbsp;m.  Kodwa-ke, ukuvuleka kwentba yaso kungamamitha ali-9.2 kuphela. Sitholakala eduze kwenxuluma laseSutherland esifundeni saseKaroo esiwugwadule oluncane, eNingizimu Afrika . Siyilungiselelo leHholobuko Lmochazamkhathi laseNingizimu Afrika, okuyisikhungo sikazwelonke sokuhlola ukukhanya eNingizimu Afrika.
Umthalakazi ogungubele

**Umthalakazi ogungubele** (onophawu S0) oluhlobo lomthalakazi ophakathi komakhophelana (onophawu E) kanye nogoqele ngokohlelo lokujinja immimo yemithalakazi. Uqukethe inkatha enkulu kodwa awunazo izingalo ezigoqele.  Imithalakazi egungubele iyimithalakazi yenkatha elahlekelwe utho lwayo lwenqeke ngakho izinkanyezi azakheki kuwo nhlobo. Kodwa, isalugcinile uthuli enkatheni yayo.Ngenxa yalokho, iqukethe izinkanyezi ezigugayo.
Unyaka Omusha

**UNyaka Omusha** (noma **Uncibijani**) yisikhathi noma usuku lokuqala unyaka omusha wekhalenda uqala ukubalwa khona. Amasiko amaningi agubha lesi senzakalo ngandlela thile.  Ekhalendeni likaGrigori, uhlelo lwekhalenda olusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, uNyaka Omusha uvela ngoJanuwari 1 ( uncibijani, olwandulelwa isandulela ncibijani ). Lolu futhi kwakuwusuku lokuqala lonyaka ekhalendeni lokuqala likaJulian kanye nekhalenda lamaRoma (ngemva kuka-153 BC). 

Ngokosiko lesizulu lasendulo, unyaka omusha ubuqala ngenyanga kaNcwaba, ngokwekhalenda likaMaqubintuli. NgokwesiZulu, unyaka ubalwa ngezilimela. NgokwesiZulu,

unyaka uqala ngokuqhuma kohlaza ezintabeni, nokuqhakaza kweziphephane, nokuhluma kweminyezane neminye imithi eqandela unyaka. NgokwesiZulu unyaka uqala eNtwasahlobo. Inyanga yesiZulu iqala ngokwethwasa kwenyanga lena eyibhamuza ekhanyisayo; kungakhathalekile ukuthi ikhalenda lesilungu lona liqala ngasiphi isikhathi senyanga. 

## Ngohlobo
Ngokusekelwe emakhalendeni esetshenziswayo, iminyaka emisha ivame ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kweminyaka emisha kaMaqubintuli  noma iminyaka emisha yelanga .
Isigculo Sasemkhathini Samazwe

**Isigculo Sasemkhathini Samazwe** ( **ISS** ) siyisigculo esikhulu sasemkhathini esahlanganiswa esihamba ozungezweni oluphansi futhi sinakekelwa izinhlangano ezinhlanu zomkhathi nabasebenzi bazo ngokubambisana ezifana: noNASA (yaseMelika), i-Roscosmos (Russia), i-ESA (Europe), i-JAXA (Japan), kanye ne -CSA (Canada). Njengesgculo sasemkhathini esikhulu kunazo zonke esake sakhiwa, sisebenza ngokuyinhloko njengeskhungo sokwenza imigcanso yenzululwazi kumnyondoncinci kanye nokufunda indawo yasemkhathini .
Isigculo Sasemkhathini SaseShayina

**Isigculo Sasemkhathini SaseShayina**,   yisigculo sasemkhathini esinabasebenzi abahlala njalo esakhiwe yiShayina futhi siqhutshwa yiNhlanhano Yezomkhathi yaseShayina.  Isigculo lesi esibizwa Tiangong siwumklamo oyigqukuma, onamagqukuma amanye axhunywe ndawonye ngenkathi esozungezweni lomhlaba oluphansi, phakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-340 kuya kwangama-450 ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba. Yisigculo sokuqala sasemkhathini saseShayina sesikhathi eside, ingxenye yohlelo lweTiangong kanye nengqikithi "yeSinyathelo Sesithathu" soHlelo Lomkhathi Olunabantu laseShayina ; sinomthamo ocindezelwe ongu- 340 m    , okungaphezu kancane kwengxenye yesithathu yobukhulu beSigculo Sasemkhathini Samazwe. Lesi sigculo sasemkhathini sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba okwenza imigcanso esekelwe emkhathini kanye nendawo yokwakha amandla okucandulula okusha kwezenzululwazi nezobuchwepheshe.
Ukugcomba

Kwezokucikiza, **ukugcomba** kuyisenzo sokugcina  esiwumlando wezehlakalo ezenzeka ohlelweni lwesicikizi, njengezinkinga, amaphutha noma ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemigidingo yamanje. Lezi zehlakalo zingase zenzeke kuhlelomgidingo noma kolunye uhlelokusebenza. Umyalezo noma *umbhalo wesigcombo* uyaqoshwa ngesehlakalo ngasinye esinjalo. Le miyalezo yelsigcombo ingasetshenziswa ukwelusa nokuqonda ukugidinga kohlelo, ukulungisa izinkinga, noma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa . Ukugcomba kubaluleke kakhulu kuhlelokusebenza elitshenziswa abasebenzisi abaningi, ukuze kube nombono onyombonisiwe wakho konke ukugidinga kohlelo.
Isikhumulo samatekisi

**Isikhumulo samatekisi** (esibizwa nangokuthi **Irenki yamatekis**') yindawo yokuma imigqa emgwaqeni noma endaweni engasese lapho amatekisi ashaya ujenga khona ukulinda abagibeli.
Ubulumuki

**Ubulumuki** noma ukulumuka umbono wengqondo ogcizelela ukusetshenziswa, ukuthuthukiswa, nokusetshenziswa kwelumuko, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokuphila kwengqondo yesilumuki. Emkhakheni wenjulalwazi, igama elithi *ukulumuka* likhomba enye yezindlela ezimbili zokucabanga ngokucophelela ngesimo somhlaba: (i) ngokukhankanya, okuwukwazi okuthathwe kuphela ekucabangeni; kanye (ii) ngokomgcanso, okuwukuthi ulwazi oluthathwe kuphela kokungcethwe ngezinzwa. Indlela ngayinye yobulumuki izama ukuqeda amaphutha anganaki, aphutha, noma asonta ubufakazi mayelana "nokuthi yini okufanele ibe khon" esikhundleni "salokho okukhona" isimeni sezwe.
Isilumbamdiki somtshazo

**Isilumbamdiki somtshazo** uhlobo lwesilumbamdiki esisabelayo, esitshaza ngokushesha uhowo olufudumele (imvama umoya) ophehla isilukuzelo sisebenzisa impokozo yomtshazo. Nakuba le ncazelo ebanzi ingahlanganisa Isicibamkhathi, umtshazamanzi, kanye nempokozo ehlayiziwe, igama elithi isilumbamdiki somtshazo libhekisela kusilumbamdiki somtshazo esiphefumula umoya esifana nentshazahowo nezinye. Ngokuvamile, izilumbamdiki zomtshazo ziyizilumbamdiki ezishisayo ngaphakathi.
Isilukuzelo

**Isilukuzelo** siyisiphoqi sokusabela esichaziswa ngomgakonani kusetshenziswa umthetho wesithathu kaNewton. Lapho isimiso sikhiphela noma sishushisela isisindo ohlangothini olulodwa, isisindo esishushiswayo sizobangela isiphoqi samandla alinganayo kodwa aqonde kolunye icala ukuze asetshenziswe kulesisimiso.
Isiphoqi esetshenziswa endaweni eqondene noma evamile nendawo abizwa nangokuthi isilukuzelo.
Iduna

Ngokomchazamkhathi**, Iduna** liyindikimba esemkhathini ezungeza umzulane, umzulane osichwe noma eye indikimba efana nayo, eyiduna ngokwayo. Amaduna ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi **inyanga**, okuyibizo elilsuselwa enyangeni yoMhlaba.

Kuzungezohlelo lwelanga, kunemizulane eyisithupha enamaduna, sewewonke amaduna akulemizulane, cishe angama-419, futhi wonke azungeza indikimba ethile. Izindikimba zimkhothi ezibizwa ogqayinyanga ngokuthi imizulane esichwe, zonke zinamaduna: Orcus, uNochoko, uNohunga, Quaoar, uNoviyo, Gonggong, kanye noNogxada.

## Amagama asetshenziswayo
Iduna lokuqala elaziwayo kusukela endulo iNyanga, kodwa abanye babecabanga ukuthi inkanyezi noma "ngomzulane" kwaze kwaba ilapho uKhopenikasi ethula incwadi ethi *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* ngonyaka we-1543. Amaduna ayangabhekwa njengesigaba kwaze kwaba ilapho uGalelio evubukula izinyanga zikaMkhulukhulwana. Naye uGalelio wayebiza lamaduna ngokuthi imizulane *(Planetæ)*, kodwa abanye abavubukuli babekhetha amanye amagama ukuze bawahlukanise nezindikimba ayizungezayo.

Umuntu wokuqala owasebenzisa elithi "iduna" *(satellite)* ukuze achazise indikimba ezungeza enye kwaba ugqayinyanga waseJalimani uJohannes Kepler, encwajaneni yakhe ethi *Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus* ("Isilandiso NgamaDuna Amane kaMkhulukhulwana Aqashelwe") ngonyaka we-1610. Leli gama walithatha kwelesiLathini elithi *satelles*, elisho inceku, inhlomeli, ngesiZulu ebizwa ngokuthi *iDuna* ehlezi iseduze neNkosi njengnsila yayo. Wasebenzisa elithi iDuna ngoba lezindikimba zihlezi zihambisana nomzulane eziwuzungezayo emkhathini.

NgesiZulu elithi iDuna liyafaneleka ukuze libhekisele ezindikimbeni ezisemkhathini ezizungeza umzulane, ukuze kugwemeke ukuthinziyela kwalelo elithi iNyanga, njengoba libuye lisho nomelaphi kanye nongoti. Bese elithi "isivoko" lona libhekisele kuma *satellite* wokuzakhela afana neSputnik okwaba yisivoko sokuqala esakhiwe abantu, ukuzungeza uMhlaba. Okusho ukuthi:
*IDuna - natural satellite
*Isivoko - artificial satellite 

Elithi iduna nelithi uMhlaba angasetshenziswa ngokushintshana njengoba cishe asho okufana, kodwa elithi iduna lihlanganisa zonke izindikimba ezizungeza imizulane kuhlanganisa neNyanga. 
Bese izindikimba ezakhiwe abantu ezizungeza indikimba esemkhathini zona zibizwe izivoko, okuyigama elisuselwa kwelithi *imvoko* elisho izindawo ezichazwa ngokuthi phecelezi 'satellite'. Ngakho elithi izivoko lisho izinguxa zokuzungeza indikimba esemkhathini

### Incasiselo yelithi iNyanga

Awukho umkhawula ophansi ochaza ukuthi iNyanga liyinto enjani, njengoba noma iyiphi indikimba esemkhathini ezungeza umzulane wozungezohlelo lweLanga, noma incane kangakanani kuthiwa iNyanga, nakuba izindikimba ezincane eziyondweni zikaNomaxhama, zona zibizwa ngokuthi 'izinyangana'. Izinyangana nezinyanga zemihlatshana ezizungeza imihlatshana njengo-Dactyl, nazo kuthiwa izinyangana.

Umkhawulo ophezulu nawo uyathinziyela. Izindikimba ezimbili ziyachaziswa ngokuthi umzulane olukhonko kunokuthi umzulae neduna lawo. Imihlatshana efana no-90 Antiope nayo ibhekwa njengemihlatshana elikhonko, kodwa ayikaze yaba nencasiselo yokuthi iyini inyanga..
Umhlabana

**Umhlabana** ungumzulane omncane —uyinto enkulu kunomhlabatshe (ngemitha elilodwa kuyaphezulu) engewona umzulane noma ubhaqanyezi —ezungeza ngaphakathi kozungezohlelo lwelanga noma ezungezana noMkhulukhulwana. Imihlabana ayizindikimba ezinamatshe, eziyinkimbi, noma eziqandayo ezingenawo umoyambulunga, futhi ezijinjwa kabanzi ngohlobo -C ( ezinomCalahle), uhlobo -M ( ezinkimbi ), noma uhlobo -S ( ezinegcaki ). Ubunako kanye nobumo bemihlabana buyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ezinqwabeni ezincane zemfucumfucu ngaphansi kwekhilomitha elilodwa ukuya eCeres, umzulane osichwe ocishe ube yi-1000&nbsp;yamakhilomitha obulungangoni. Indikimba  ejinjwa njengobhaqanyezi, hhayi umhlabana, uma inomsila lapho ufudunyezwa imiyonzi yelanga, yize okubonwe muva nje kusikisela ukuqhubeka phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zemizimba.
Umtshazo (umtshoko)

**Umtshazo** iwukundululwa komtshoko okuphafuzelwa entweni ezungezile, ngokuvamile kusuka ohlotsheni oluthile lwe-i-nozzle, isisungubezi noma imbobo.
Indiza etshazayo

****indiza** etshazayo** (noma nje **intshazi**) indiza (cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi Indiza enezimpiko ezigxilile) ephokziswa ngesilumbamdiki sentshaza esisodwa noma ngaphezulu.

Nakuba izilumbamdiki zezindiza eziziphokozisayo ngokuvamile zifinyelela ekukhabanguleni ngejubane eliphansi kakhulu nokuphakama, izilumbamdiki sentshaza zifinyelela ekukhabanguleni kakhulu ngejubane eliseduze noma ngisho nangaphezulu kwejubane lomsindo.
UNomadwala

**UNomadwala** ungumzulane osichwe enkatheni yemihlatshana ephakathi kozungezo lukaNotshezi noMkhulukhulwana. Kwakungumhlabana wokuqala owaziwayo, owatholakala mhla lulunye kuJanuwari mgowe-1801 nguGiuseppe Piazzi ePalermo Astronomical Observatory eSicily, futhi wamenyezelwa njengemzulane omusha. Unomadwala kamuva wajinjwa njengomhlabana futhi muva nje njengomzluane osichwe, okuwukuphela kwawo ongekho ngaphesheya komzila kukaNolundwa futhi omkhulu kuleyo engenayo inyanga.
IsiShayamthetho Sesifundazwe SaseGauteng

**Isishayamthetho Sesifundazwe saseGauteng** siyisishiyamthetho sesifundazwe saseGauteng eNingizimu Afrika. Siyindikimba elimshabamunye onamalungu angama-80 akhethwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Isishayamthetho samanje, esesikhombisa, sakhethwa mhla zingama-29 kuMeyi wezi-2024 futhi siwumgwamanda ongenabuningi noma iqembu elinamalungu amaningi, kanti uKhongolose ulahlekelwe iningi lakhe langaphambilini, kodwa usalokhu uyiqembu elikhulu elinamalungu angama-28. Isishayamthetho siseHholo lesidlavela enkabeni yeGoli .
Ishaqantuva

**Ishaqantuva** (noma **Umthulonyondeni)** yinhlwa yevanga; inophawu **U** nenani lobuchwe elingama-92. Liyinkimbi empunga sacwebe ochungeni lwezAcagu esixwexweni sezinhlwa. Ichwe leshaqantuva lunezinelesi ezingama-92 nezinzuba ezingama-92, Eziyisithupha zazo ziyizinzuba ezinanayo. Ishaqantuva libhucuka ngokuyonzayo, ngokuvamile ngokuphafuka izinhlayiyana Nye.
IZethe

**Izethe** siyinhlwa yevanga; linophawu **Zn** nenani lobuchwe elingama-30. l

Liyinkimbi eluvendle kancane emazingeni okushisa egumbi futhi libukeka limhlophe salundwa lapho kususwa ukuthuhleka.
Ukusetshenziswa kohlakahlisombulu

**Uhlakahlisombulu** luyikhono lezinhlelo zokucikiza eziqhogoya imisebenzi evame ukuyamaniswa nenhlakahliso yomuntu, njengokufunda, ukucubungula, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukushwaya, nokwenza izinqumo. Uhlakahlisombulu selusetshenziswe ezinhlelweni eziningi ezimbonini nakwangqondonkulu. Emkhakheni woHlakahlisombulu, kunemikhakhana eminingana. Umkhakhana woKufunda kwenguxa usetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene zenzululwazi nezentengiselwano ezihlanganisa ukuhumusha ulimi, Ukuhlonza isithombe, Ukwenza izinqumo,  ukulinganisa izikweletu, kanye nezentengiselwano kuxhakaxholo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nentuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wohlakahlsombulu oluphehlayo, olusebenzisa izinongo eziphehlayo ukukhiqiza umbhalo, izithombe, amavidiyo noma ezinye izinhlobo zemininingo. Lesi sibualwa sichazisa ngokusetshenziswa kohlakahlisombulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Izaza

**Amazaza** ayiqembu lezinhlanzi ezithambile, eziyisicaba ezinezigwedlo zesifuba ezinwetshiwe, ezakha uhlelo  **ezizazayo**. Aziwa ngekhono lokuzaza ngamazuba ayizivuve eziqala kusiphohlongo kuya kwezingama-220, kuye ngomqhinqo, ngenhloso yokuzingela inyamazane kanye nokuzivikela.  Kunezinhlobo ezingu-69 emindenini emine.

Mhlawumbe amalungu aziwa kakhulu yilawo ozalo lwezinzaza. Isikhali esibizwa izaza esicitshwa ngaphansi kolwandle siqanjwe ngayo lenhlanzi.
Imbelu

**Imbelu**, iyinhlanzi enkulu, efudukayo kakhulu edla ezinye izilwane ezibonakala ngengcofo ende, eyisicaba, ecijile. Imbelu iwukuphela kwelungu lomndeni **wezinkembane** .   Ziyizinhlanzi zemidlalo ezidumile zomndeni wemimncumunde (-billfish) . Imbelu inomzimba omgunquluza, futhi ilahlekelwa amazinyo namazenga lapho isikhulile. Lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala kabanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudumele zolwandle iAtlantic, iPacific, ne-Indian, futhi ngokuvamile zingatholakala kusukela eduze kobuso bamanzi kuya ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-550, futhi ngokungavamile kuze kufike ekujuleni okungamamitha ayizi-2,234.  Ngokuvamile zifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ngobude.
Umncumu

**Umncumu** noma imincumu iyizinhlanzi ezidla inyama emanzini anetswayi ezitholakala emndenini omkhulu **wezinkembane**, ezibonakala ngezindebe ezicijile eziyimincumu ezivelele, nangobukhulu bazo obukhulu; ezinye zinde kunezingamamitha amane. Imincumu ihlanganisa izinhlanzi ezifana namazwezwe (*sailfish*) kanye nexhushela (*marlin*), ezakha umndeni wamathanta ; kanye nembelu, ilungu elilodwa lomndeni wezinkembaneni . Ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezidla izinhlanzi ezincane eziningi.
Umbokwane

**Imibokwane** iyizinhlanzi ezinamacabompiko (ray-finned) ezingaphansi kohlelo **lwezinkazule** *(Anguilliformes)*, eliqukethe izinhlelwana eziyisishiyagalombili ,  imindeni engama-20, izizukulwane ezili-164, kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba yi-1000.   Imibokwane ikhula kakhulu kusukela esigabeni sokuqala samaqhimizana kuya esigabeni sokugcina sokukhula futhi ngokuvamile ayizincuke .

Igama elithi "umbokwane" liphinde lisetshenziswe nakwezinye izinhlanzi ezimise okombokwane, njengombokwane ozazayo (uhlobo lwezinzazane *Electrophorus*), amabalane - mud eels (okulandelana ne -Synbranchiformes), kanye nemibokwane yalasha (umndeni we -Notacanthidae ).
Imbothwane

**Imbothwane** uhlobo lwenhlanzi eziphalalayo (anadromous) emndenini wonombothwane futhi ingenye yezinhlobo eziyisithupha zezimbothwane zase-Pacific . Imbothwane
Ibhavula

**Amabhavula** ayiqembu lezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile ezifana ne-carp, cishe zonke ziwuzalo lembavulane *(Barbus)* . Ngokuvamile atholakala emifuleni enamatshe kanye nasemifuleni enamatshe egeleza kahle enongcosana yesOhwe esincibilikisiwe, okuthiwa indawo yamabhavula. Ibhavula elivamile elidala lingaba phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-25 kuya kwangama-240.
Umthalakazi ogoqele olukutu

**Umthala ogoqele olukutu** ungumthalakazi ogoqele onomumo olukutu phakathi nendawo ngenxa yezinkanyezi. Amakutu atholakala cishe ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu zazo yonke imithalakazi egoqele kumkhathilibe, futhi ngokuvamile athinta kokubili ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi uhowo lwenqeke ngaphakathi kwemithalakazi egoqele futhi angathinta izingalo ezigoqelayo. Umzilafasimbe, lapho kukhona khona uzungezohlelo lwelanga, ujinjwa njengomthalakazi ogoqele olukutu.
Ujikijelotho

**Ujikijelotho** liwuphafukwa okuphawulekayo kotho lonyazani kusuka ovivini lwelanga luye kwibhamuzalanga. Ujikijelotho luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesidangazela selanga nezinye izinhlobo zobuqhebeqhebe belanga, kodwa akukho ukuvumeln ngalokhu.
Isiklamo esiphathwayo

**Isiklamo esiphathwayo** siyisicikizi esincane ngokwanele ukuba siibanjwe futhi sisebenze sisesandleni. Iziklamo eziphathwayo ngokuvamile zifukuthwa iziphathanzuba futhi zinesihenqo esiyisicaba kanye nesiklamo sokufaka esisodwa noma ngaphezulu esakhelwe ngaphakathi, njengesihenqo sokuthinta noma uqwembe lokuqhofoza . Iziklamo eziphathwayo zesimanje zivame ukugcizelela ukuba nohleloxhumano olungenantambo, kokubili ukuxhuma kuxhakaxholo nakwezinye iziklamo eziseduze nazo, njengezigcogco noma izinhlelo zokuzijabulisa ezingaphakathi emotweni, ngokusebenzisa- iWi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, uhleloxhumano lwekhukhu, noma ukuxhumana okuseduze . 

## Izinhlobo
Isiklamo

**Isiklamo** ngokuvamile siyithuluzi elakhiwe. Elithi **Isiklamo** lingabhekisela nakulokhu:

## Kwezobuchwepheshe

### Kwezokucikiza, izingazuba, izinguxa kanye nezokuxhumakude

* Isilekeleli, isiklamo somsebenzi othize
* IsiCikizi, isiklamo sokubala
* Isihele sesiklamo, isixhakazimo sengxokolwana engaphandle
* Isigcoyi samazuba, isiklamo esingafakwa ekwakhiweni kwezigcoyi zezingabazuba
* Igajethi, ngokuvamile evame ukufana nesiklamo; ivame ukusetshenziswa lapho igama elithile lingaziwa kahle noma lingenakukhunjulwa
* Isiklamo esiphathwayo, isicikizi esincane njengemakhalekhukhwini noma isibhebhe
* Inguxa/ Umshini, isiklamo somshini
* Isiklamo sezokwelapha, isiklamo esenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha
* Isiklamo esixhunywayo, isigcoyi sangaphandle kodwa esixhunyelwa kalula kwisicikizi
IGobela lemvelo

**IGobela lemvelo**, noma IGobela ledwala liwumhlabasiqu onegobela elakheke nentuba enkulu ngaphansi. Amagobela angokwemvelo avame ukwakheka lapho amawa asezweni, isiwewe sasogwini, ama-flipper noma ama-stacks engaphansi egugulwa ulwandle, imifula noma ezizulenza (izinqubo zangaphansi).
Ukukhanya kwelanga

**Ukukhanya kwelanga** kuyingxenye yemiyonzi yenzubawonga ekhishwa yiLanga (okungukuthi imiyonzi yelanga) bese yamukelwa Umhlaba, ikakhulukazi isokhanya elishwayekayo emehlweni omuntu kanye nokulhanya kwensibomvu engabonakali (ngokuvamile okuqondwa ngabantu njengokufudumala) kanye nokukhanya kazukhwithi (ongase kube nemiphumela engokomzimba efana noluvuko).
Izimo zenyanga

**Izimo zenyanga** ziyizimo ezibonakalayo zosuku nobusuku enyangeni njengoba zibukelwa kude. Ngenxa yokuthi inyanga ivaliwe eMhlabeni, umjikelezo wezimo zenyanga uthatha inyanga eyodwa futhi wenzeka ohlangothini olufanayo lwenyanga, oluhlale lubhekene noMhlaba. Ngokwenkulumo evamile, izimo ezine zenyanga eziyinhloko ziyisitime, isihhemu, ukudilingana kanye nesicheme; izimo ezine ezincane yisidengele, isidilingana, ithwasa, kanye nenhlendla iyemuka. Inyanga ephelele iyisikhathi esiphakathi kwesitime kuya kwesinye isitime : ngenxa yobukhophelana bozungezo lwenyanga, lesi sikhathi siyaguquguquka futhi silinganiselwa ezinsukwini ezingaba ngama-29.5.

Ummom wenyanga (isimo sayo) uyaguquka kancane kancane ngenyanga eyodwa njengoba izikhundla ezicakathayo zozungezo lwenyanga lapho izungeza  uMhlaba, kanye noMhlaba ozungeza ilanga, ziguquka. Uhlangothi olubonakalayo lwenyanga lukhanyiswe ilanga ngamazinga ahlukile, kuye ngesikhundla senyanga ozungezweni lwayo, kanye nengxenye ekhanyiswe yilanga ehlukahluka kusuka ku-0% (makuyisitime) kuya cishe ku-100% (mayidilungene).
Uhleloxhumano lwamazuba

**Uhleloxhumano lwamazuba** iwukuxhumana kwezigcoyi zamazuba (isb., iziphathanzuba, izivimbazuba, ama-inductor, ama-capacitor, isiqhebezi, ama-transistors ) noma unongo lokuxhumana okunjalo, oluqukethe izinto zamazuba (isb., imithombo yesivuve, imithombo yoluzuba, ukumelana, ama-inductance, ama-capacitance ). **Intandelo yamazuba** iwuhleloxhumano oluqukethe umazinkitshenla ovaliwe, olunikeza indlela yokubuyela kwamazuba. Ngakho-ke zonke leintandelo zingamahleloxhumano, kodwa akuwona wonke amahleloxhumano ayizintandelo (yize amahleloxhumano angenaye umazinkintsehal ovaliwe evame ukubizwa ngokuthi **izintandelo ezivulekile** ).
Isifundazwe esikhululekile se-orenji

I-Orange Free State kwakuyiRiphabhulikhi yamaBoer engenalwandle eyayikhona eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-1854 kuya ku-1902, lapho yahlulwa khona ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili yamaBoer.
Umlenze

**Umlenze** uyilungu eliithwala isinzima somzimba futhi eliwumhlakahlo wokuhamba, ngokuvamile unomumo wensika. Lapho umuntu ehamba, imilenze isebenza "njengozime olunwebekayo".  Inhlanganisela yokunyakaza kuwo wonke amalungu inganongolozwa njengelungu elilodwa, eliqondile elikwazi ukushintsha ubude nokujikeleza kwelungu lenqulu elisiqondoningi.
Isandla

**Isandla** siyisitho esineminwe esitholakala ekugcineni kwengalo noma ugalo olungaphambili ezilwaneni ezibuchophokhulu njengabantu, amashimpanzi, izinkawu, nama -lemur. Ezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ezimbalwa njenge- koala ( enezithupha ezimbili eziphikisanayo "esandleni" ngasinye kanye nezintupha ezifana kakhulu nezintupha zomuntu) zivame ukuchazwa njengezine "izandla" esikhundleni sezidladla sezingalo zazo zangaphambili. Iraccoon ivame ukuchazwa "njengeneizandla" yize izithupha eziphikisanayo zingekho.
Izinyanga zikaNolundwa

Kunezinyanga ezili-16 ezaziwayo zomzulane uNolundwa, iningi lazo eziqanjwe ngamagama wababesondelene nomndeni weNkosi uZwide kaLanga kuyilapho ezinye ziqanjwe ngezinye izinto.  Inyanga enkulu kunazo zonke uSokhephu, eyavubukulwa nguWilliam Lassell ngomhlaka-10 Okthoba we-1846, izinsuku ezili-17 ngemva kokuvubukulwa kukaNolundwa uqobo. Kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ngaphambi kokutholakala kweduna lesibili lemvelo, uNombengula, ngowe-1949, kwathi eminye iminyaka engama-40 yadlula ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale uSoshangane, inyanga yesibili ngobukhulu kaNolundwa, ngonyaka we-1989. 

### Amagama wezinyanga
uSokhephu - *Triton*

uNomhlanjana - *Naiad*

uSigxobana - *Thalassa*

uSikhonyana - *Despina*

uShemana - *Galatea*

uDayingubo - *Larissa*

uMphepha - *Hippocamp*

uSoshangane - *Proteus*

uNombengula - *Nareid*

uMbenjwa - *Halimede*

uSomaphunga - *Sao*

uNtombazi - *Laomedeia*

uNtombazana - *Psamathe*

uNqabeni - *Neso*
Izinsizakuxhumana

**Izinsizakuxhumana** ziyizindlela ezisetshenziswa abantu ukuxhumana nokushintshana ngokwaziswa njengabathumeli nabamukeli bako. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsizakuxhumana ezifinyelela izilaleli eziningi ngokuxhumana okukhulu zibizwa ngokuthi *imithombo yezindaba* .
Ixhushela

**Amaxhushela** ayizinhlanzi zomndeni **Izinkembane**, ohlanganisa izinhlobo eziphakathi kwezili-9 ne-11, kuye ngegunya lobungqwangqwa.
Izwezwe

**Izwezwe** liwuhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili leziinhlanzi zasolwandle zohlobo lwe- Istiophorus, ezingezomndeni wezinkembane. Zihlala zinombala olundwa kuya kompunga futhi zinenkondolo yesigwedlo somhalne esikhulu esicishe saba umzwezwe omkhulu ogcwele umhlane.
Isiveke

**Isiveke** siyinhlanzi yokhalo lwezimbadi enobuthi emndenini wofezelwane, uhlelo wezifuzufezela . Le nhlanzi ivela kakhulu esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific, kodwa isibe uhlobo oluhlaselayo oLwandle lwaseCaribbean, kanye nase -East Coast ye-United States kanye ne-East Mediterranean futhi itholakala naseBrazil eFernando de Noronha .
IQheshela

**Iqheshela** umqhinqo wezibucwebe (mojarra) emndenini wezinhlanzana (Gerreidae).   Lo mqhinqo uchazwa  njengoyingxenye yozalo lwezinhlangezwa ezisantulo (*Mugil) .*   Ngokuyinhloko zihlala emanzini anetswayi namanzi aswele itswayi, kodwa ziyangena emanzini ahlanzekile. Lo mqhinqo lunekhono elifana nokuzinza kwe-gyroscopic, okuvumela ukuthi luhlale endaweni eguquguqukayo ngokuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi ageleza nxazonke kwalo.  Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanzi kulo mndeni, lolu hlobo lubhalwe njengolungenandaba kakhulu ohlwini olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Lolu hlobo luchuma ngobuningi kulo lonke ukusabalala kwalo. Ubuningi balo bubenza babe umthombo omkhulu wokudoba kwezentengiselwano namuhla. Nakuba lungadingeki kakhulu, ukusabalala kwalo nokutholakala kwalo ezindaweni ezingajulile zasogwini kubenza babe yisisulu esilula sokudoba. EMexico, bakhiqiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-9.5 ngonyaka.
Ixola

**Ixola** (eqanjwe ngoba ingqofo  yayo ifana neyesikhwenene) iyincekwa (iqembu eliyisisekelo kumchazampilo wokuzithubeza kwemvelo eliqukethe ukhokho oyedwa kanye nazo *zonke* izizukulwane zayo) yezinhlanzi ezibekwe emndenini ongaphansi kwe- **Scarinae** womndeni we -wrasse (Labridae).   Ngaphambilini ezaziphathwa njengomndeni wazo (Scaridae), izifundo zofuzo zithole ukuthi zifakwe ngokujulile ngaphakathi kwe-wrasses, futhi manje ziphathwa njengomndeni ongaphansi kwe-Scarinae.  Njengoba zinezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-95, iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lezinhlobo lise- Indo-Pacific . Zitholakala eziqongweni zamakhorali, ogwini olunamadwala, kanye nasezindaweni zotshani basolwandle, futhi zingadlala indima ebalulekile ekugugulekeni kwemvelo    ngoba zidla amakhorali. Lo msebenzi uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokucebisa okuqukethwe kwesihlabathi phansi kolwandle oluzungezile.
UMantshingelane

**UMantshingelane** (owaziwa nangokuthi **umvakashi**, **umqaphi**, noma **umlindi** ) ungumuntu oqashwe yinhlangano noma umuntu ukuvikela ingcebo yomqashi wakhe (impahla, abantu, imishini, imali, njll.) ezingozini ezahlukahlukene (njengobugebengu, imfucuza, umonakalo, ukuziphatha okungaphephile kwabasebenzi, njll.) ngokuphoqelela izinyathelo zokuvimbela izingozi. Abavakashi laba benza lokhu ngokuzenza babonakale ukuze bavimbele izenzo ezingekho emthethweni nezingalungile, bebheka (ngokuqondile ngokuvakasha, noma ngokungaqondile ngokwalusa izinhlelo zezinhlabamkhosi noma ngezithwebuli zendlozabukhona) ukuthola izimpawu zobugebengu noma ezinye izingozi (njengomlilo), bethatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa umonakalo (njengokuxwayisa nokuphelezela abantu abangena ngenkani bephuma esakhiweni), futhi babike noma yiziphi izehlakalo kubakhozi babo kanye nakwabezinkonzo eziphuthumayo ( njengamaphoyisa noma abezimo eziphuthumayo ), njengoba kufanele.  

Omathsningelane ngokuvamile bagqoka imifaniswano ukuze babonise igunya labo elisemthethweni lokuvikela impahla yangasese. Omantshingelane ngokuvamile balawulwa yimithethonqubo yezomthetho, ebeka izidingo zezimfuneko (njengokuhlolwa komlando wobugebengu) kanye neziphathimandla ezivunyelwe zomantshingelane endaweni ethile. Iziphathimandla ezivunyelwe zomantshingelane ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezwe kanye nesifunda esingaphansi kwezwe. Omantshingelane baqashwa izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imihwebo, iminyango kahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano kanye nezinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo (isib. amasonto nezinhlangano zosizo).