open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ubuchwepheshe nobudlelwane babantu indaba sisondele noma noma siyaqhelelana

## Ubuchwepheshe Nobudlewano Babantu: Ingabe sisondele noma siyaqhelelana?
link=File:Taser_cell_phone.jpg|thumb|ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini
**Esikhathini** samanje,ubuchwepheshe sebuyinxenye enkulu yempilo yethu yansuku zonke.Abantu basebenzisa mpyutha komakhalekhukhwini,amakhoanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana ukuxhumana nokwabelana ngolwazi.Nakuba lokhu kwenza impilo yaba lula ,kuphinde kwavusa umbuzo wokuthi ingabe ubuchwepheshe busisondeza ndawonye noma busebenza siqhelelane.

Nalunye uhlangothi,ubuchwepheshe businika ithuba lokuxhumana nabantu abasemazweni akude.Umfundiangakwazi ukufunda ku inthanethi ,abukegako izifundo noma athumele imiyalezo kubangani bakhe noma kunini.Lokhu kusiza ekwandiseni ulwazi nasekuthuthukiseni amakhono.

Ngakhoke kubalulekile ukuthi sisebenzise ubuchwepheshe ngendlela efanele.Kufanele sibeke imingcele yokusebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini futhi sinikeze isikhathi sokuxhumana nabantu esiphila nabo nsuku zonke. Uma senza kanjalo ,sizokwazi ukujabulela izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe singalahlekelwa ubudlelwano babantu.

## Izinkomba

[

: Ubuchwepheshe
Umlotha: Umthelela nobuhle bomlotha emdlalweni wemvelo.

Umlotha:Umthelela nobuhle bomlotha emdlalweni wemvelo.

Umlotha uvamise ukubonwa njengento enobuthi futhi engcolisayo,kodwa empeleni unendima ebalulekile emvelweni nasempilweni yomuntu,umlotha uyinsalela ephuma emlilweni amashubeni noma ekushiseni kwezinto eziphilayo zokuphucula inhlabathi njengento yokuvikela izitshalo ekugugulekeni komhlabathi futhi kwesinye iskhathi usiza ekutshaleni nasekukhuleni kwezihlala.[1]

Kwezinye izikhathi, abantu bawusebenzisa njengephepha lokuhlanza,ekuphekeni,noma ekwenzeni izithako zemithi. Nokho,umlotha ungaba ingozi uma ungaphephile,njengoba ungadala ukungcoliswa komoya,amanzi nomhlaba.[2]

Umlotha awugcini ngokuba insalela kuphal,kodwa unamandla okuba usizo emvelweni,ekulondolozeni inhlabathi nasekuphetheni imvelo ngendlela ephumelelayo.Ukwazi ukusebenzisa umlotha ngokuhlakanipha kusho ukuhlonipha nokugcina ubuhle bemvelo.[3]

IZINKOMBA
https://www.sanbi.org/
https://www.dffe.gov.za/
https://www.fao.org/home/en
[hlela]
Isigaba: Imvelo
Leli khasi lagcinwa ukuhlelwa ngo-4 uNdasa 2026, nge-18:10. Page was rendered with Parsoid.
Umbhalo uyatholakala phansi kwe-Creative Commons Attribution-Sha
Umqhinqo

**Umqhinqo** uyingxenye eyisisekelo yokujinjwa noqhiwu lengqwangqwa yesiphili, kanye nengxenye yenkithimpilo. Ungachasiswa njengeqembu elikhulu leziphili lapho noma yiziphi ezinhlobo zobulili noma umbhangqwana  ofanele ungakhiqiza inzalo evundile,ngokuvamile ngokuzala ngokobulili. Ezinye izindlela zokuchazisa imiqhinqo zihlanganisa i-karyotype, uchunge loLibofuzo, i-morphology, ukuziphatha, noma i-ecological niche.
Inkonyane : Ukubaluleka Kwayo Empilweni Nasemvelweni

Inkonyane: Ukubaluleka kwayo empilweni nasemvelweni

**Inkonyane** iyingane yenkomo edlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomhlambi nasemphakathini. Lapho izalwa,idinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile njengokuphuzwa ubisi lukanina nokuhlala endaweni ehlanzekile ukuze ikhule ibe nempilo.Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iqala ukudla utshani nokunye ukudla kwezinkomo ize ikhule ibe inkomo ephelele.

Ngokwezomnotho ,inkonyane imele ikusasa lomhlambi wezinkomo.Uma ikhula kahle ,iba yinkomo ekhiqiza ubisi noma inyama, okusiza umndeni ukuthola ukudla nemali.Lokhu kubalulekile ikakjlukazi emiphakathini yasemakhaya lapho ukufuywa kwezinkomo kuyindlela yokuphila.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkonyane inendima ebalulekile emasikweni nasemvelweni.Imwele ukukhula nokwanda komndeni noma komhlambi.Nokho,kubalulekile ukuthi ukufuywa kwezinkomo kulawulwe kahle ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi phakathi kokuzuza komnotho nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

## Izinkomba
Ukugcotshwa Kwezinto Zokudla

I-Snack Wrap iyinto yemenyu  etholakala kwa -McDonald's's e-I-United States, ICanada, IYurophu nase-I-Australia. Iqukethe isifuba senkukhu emhlophe esingu 100%(eyomile noma ethosiwe), i-lettuce, ushizi we-i-cheddar jack, ushici we-Monterey Jack, kanye ne-sauce (i-ranch, isinaphi ye-honey noma i-salsa roja), esongwe nge-I-tortilla yempuphu ethambile. Yakhelwe ukuba isetshenziswe njengokudla okulula ukuze kwaneliswe indlala phakathi kokudla. Umkhiqizo ofanayo obizwa ngokuthi "Big Flavour Wraps" unikezwa e-McDonald's e-United Kingdom.

Umqondo we-McDonald's Snack Wrap waqala futhi waqala IPoland ngo-2004. Yethulwa ngokusemthethweni e-United States ngo-2006, futhi ekuqaleni yayitholakala kuphela ngenkukhu enoshukela kanye ne-ranch sauce. Ekuqaleni kuka-2007, kwenziwa ukukhetha esikhundleni senkukhu ethosiwe kanye / noma isobho le-honey mustard. Kwezinye izimakethe, i-salsa roja noma i-Chipotle BBQ nayo iyatholakala.

I-Snack Wrap yasungulwa njengomzamo wokudal into entsha yenkukhu ekhanga amakhasimende adlulayo. Isembozo sokuqala sasebenzisa inyama efanayo ne-Chicken Selects, evumela izindawo zokudlela ukupheka amaqoqo enkukhu kaningi futhi zinikeze amakhasimende umkhiqizo omusha. Into yemenyu nayo yethulwa ukuze kusetshenziswe isidingo esikhulayo "sosayizi wesidlo esincane  noma izinketho ezincane zesabelo .
Amabuya

**Amabuya** awukuphakama nokwehla kwenhlelembo yolwandle okubangelwa iziphoqi zomnyondo ezihlukahlukene ezivela  ngokuyinhloko elangeni naseNyangeni, ahlanganiswe nemiphumela yengwevamdiki eyamaniswa nokuzungeza Komhlaba-neNyanga kanye nokundiyaza komhlaba.
I-spectrum (umkhiqizo)

**I-spectrum** igama lokuhweba le-Charter Communications. Leli gama lisetshenziswa kabanzi ngabathengi bezimakethe namabhizinisi ezentengiselwano. Izinsizakalo ezihlinzekwa yi-Spectrum zihlanganisa Ithelevishini ye cable, Ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi, ukuphepha kwe-inthanithi, izinsizakalo eziphethwe, umakhalekhukhwini, kanye ukuxhumana okuhlangene.
Ukunyathela

**Ukunyathela** (noma isimo sokunyathela, isimo sokuhamba) kuyindlela yokunyakaza kwamalungu omzimba ezilwane, okuhlanganisa nabantu, laphobehamba phezu kwesisekelo esiqinile. Izilwane eziningi zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunyathela, zikhetha indlela yokunyathela ngokusekelwe esivininini, indawo eziyinyathelayo, isidingo soviva, kanye nokukhabangula kwesidlakalasi. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane zingasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokunyathela ngenxa yokwehluka komzimba okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezithile zokunyathela, noma ngenxa nje yezintandokazi eziguquliwe ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokwehluka kwendawo yokuhlala. Nakuba izindlela ezahlukene zokunyathela zinikezwa amagama athile, ubunzima beziphili kanye nokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile kwenza lokhu kwahlukana "kungacace" kahle. Izindlela zokunyathela zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezindlela zokunyathela ngezinyawo, kodwa izifundo zakamuva zivame ukukhetha izincazelo ezisekelwe kumishini.
Finetown

**IFinetown** iyinxuluma elincane eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-40 kusuka esidlaveleni saseGoli. Liyinxuluma eliseduze nenxuluma lase-Orange farm, Ennerdale neNingizimu Lenasia. Lingelinye lamanxuluma avela kamuva eNingizimu Afrika, futhi iningi labahlali bakhona babevela kubasebenzi abadilizwe emilimileni eseduze ekuqaleni konyaka we-1980, nabasebenzi ababesebenza emgwaqeni onguthelawayeka iN1.
Isigcibishe

**Izigcibishe zokudubula** yizinto ezinezinhlobo nezimo ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukudubula ngesibhamu, isithunyiso (rifle), ugongolo (shotgun) kanye naseimidlalweni yokudubula, kanye nezicibo (darts), ukucibishela, nokunsala umnsalo nomcibisholo kanye neminye imidlalo ehlobene nezibhamu. Indeni ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkengelele (bulleye). Izigcibishe zingenziwa ngephepha, injoloba "ezilaphayo" noma inqimbi . Kukhona futhi nezigcibishe zamazuba ezinganikeza umdubuli impendulo eqondile yendawo yokudubula.
Iduku lokusula

Iduku lokusula (/ˈhæŋkərtʃɪf/; ibizwa nangokuthi i-**hankie** noma, ngokomlando, iduku lokusula noma i-**fogle**) uhlobo lwe-kerchief noma i-bandanna, ngokuvamile indwangu eyisikwele esincane engaphathwa ephaketheni noma esikhwamweni sezandla ngezinhloso zokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu njengokusula Izandla noma ubuso, noma ukufutha ikhala. Iduku lokusula ngesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa njengento yokuhlobisa esikhwameni sesifuba sesudi; ingabizwa ngokuthi isikhwama sesikwele. Iduku lokusula liphinde libe yinto ebalulekile emidansweni eminingi yobantu ezifundeni eziningi njengeBalkans IMpumalanga Ephakathi; isibonelo somdanso wabantu ofaka amaduku wokusula womdabu yi-Greek Kalamatianós.

## Ukusetshenziswa kwesimanje
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingaba umfanekiso wesigaba sezenhlalo nezomnotho somsebenzisi, hhayi nje ngoba ezinye izinto zibiza kakhulu, kodwa ngoba ezinye izinto zikhanga kakhulu futhi ziyasebenziseka kulabo abasebenzisa iduku lokusula okungaphezu kwesitayela. Iduku lokusula ligenziwa ngokotini, ingxube kakotini, indwangu yokwenziwa, usilika, noma ilineni.

Amaduku okusula aphinde asetshenziswe njengendlela yokuthwala izinto ezincane lapho isikhwama noma ubhasikidi ungatholakali. Zingase futhi zisebenze esikhundleni sebhandeshi ngenxa yokulimala okuncane. E-I-United Kingdom, umkhuba wokugqoka iduku lokusula elinamakhona aboshwe ekhanda lakho ebhishi sekuwumkhuba ojwayelekile weposikhadi lasolwandle.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ama-duku okusula amhlophe ayephakamiswa, ngokuvamile ngabesifazane (amadoda ngokuvamile aphakamisa izigqoko zawo), ukuze abonise ukuvunyelwa ezenzakalweni zomphakathi ezinjengezindwendwe noma imihlangano yezombusazwe.

Ukusebenzisa iduku lokusula kugcizelela ukunyakaza kwezandla ngenkathi ukudansa kuyisici somdanso wesiko waseNtshonalanga Afrika nase-Afrika-Melika, kulokhu kokugcina ikakhulukazi emikhosini yomshado. Iduku lokusula luyinxenye lwezingubo zendabuko ezinhlobweni ezithile zomdanso womdabu waseNgilandi, njengomdanso kaMorris.

Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwawo okuhlosiwe, angasetshenziselwa ukuhlanza imishini, ukucwebezela izicathulo, ukuhlanza izandla nobuso, ukubonisa ukunakwa, njenge-band yomjuluko, i-neckerchief, njengokuvikela ekuphefumuleni uthuli, ukulungisa izicathelo, ukusika izingcezu zokugqoka, ukusika njengezibhamu zesimo esiphuthumayo, I-Molotov cocktail wick (ibhomu lomlilo), isibambo sokupheka esishisayo, ibhandeshi, i-tourniquet, noma i-sling.

## Izikhombo
Umona

**Umona** ngokuvamile ubhekisela emicabangweni noma imizwa yokungaqiniseki, ukwesaba, nokukhathazeka ngexa yokuntuleka kwezinto ezithile noma ukuphepha.

*Umona* ungahlanganisa umuzwa owodwa noma ngaphezulu njengentukuthelo, ukucasuka, ukunganeleki, ukungabi namandla noma ukuyanya. Ngokwencazelo yayo yokuqala, Umona uhlukile k*winzondo*, yize la magama amabili womabili adume kakhulu olimini lwesiNgisi, njegoba umona manje nawo uthatha incazelo ekuqaleni eyayisetshenziselwa inzondo kuphela. Le mizwa emibili ivame ukudidaniswa, njengoba ivame ukuvela esimweni esifanayo.

Umona uwukuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile ebudlelwaneni babantu, futhi ubonakale ezinganeni ezincane ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezinhlanu. Abanye abacwaningi bathi umona ubonakala kuwo wonke amasiko futhi uyisici sembulungiswa yonke. Kodwa-ke, abanye bathi umona uwumzwelo wesiko ohlukile.

Umona ungaba ngowokusola noma owesabela, futhi uvame ukuqiniswa njengohlelo lwemizwa enamandla eqine kakhulu futhi lwakhiwe njengokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kwendawo yonke. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ziphakamise amamodeli amaningana okufunda izinqubo ezibangela umona futhi zithole izici eziholela emona. Izazi zezenhlalo zibonise ukuthi izinkolelo namagugu osiko adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yini ebangela umona nokuthi yini eyakha ukubonakaliswa komona ngendlela eyamukelekayo emphakathini. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithole izici ezingase zithonye ngokungazi ukubonakaliswa komona.

Kuwo wonke umlando, abaculi bahlolile itimu yomona emidwebweni, amabhayisikobho, izingoma, emidlalweni, ezinkondlweni, nasezincwadini, futhi Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zinikeze imibono yenkolo yomona esekelwe emibhalweni yezinkolelo zazo.

## Umsuka
Leli gama lisuselwe kwelesi-French *jalousie*, elakhiwe ku-*jaloux* (jealous), futhi lisuselwe kwi Low Latin *zelosus* (egcwele intshisekelo), yona isuselwe egameni lesiGreek  (*zēlos*), kwesinye isikhathi "omona", kodwa kaningi ngomqondo omuhle elisho "ukuncintisana, intshisekelo, amandla" (elinomsuka osho "ukubilisa, ukubola"; noma "imvubelo"). &#x5B;*kudingeka umthombo*&#x5D; Umona"wolimi lwebhayibheli"  "ukungabekezeleli ukungathembeki" kanti esingisini esiphakathi esithi zealous is good. Elinye igama lokuqala elithi *gelus* lisho "ukuphatha nokusola" igama lase seliphenduka *jelus.*

## Izikhombo
Imbewu

Kwezomchazazitshalo, **'Imbewu** iwuhlaka lesitshalo oluqukethe umbungu noluqoqonge imisoco phakathi kweqanda. Elithi imbewu lisho noma into etshalwayo,
Inhlali

**Inhlali** uhlobo lwesilwane esincelisayo emndenini i-Erinaceidae . Itholakala e- Angola, eBotswana, eLesotho, eNamibia, eNingizimu Afrika, eTanzania naseZimbabwe .
Umthobokala

**Umthobokala** (owaziwa nangokuthi ipentshisi) umuthi okhithikayo othela izithelo ezidliwayo ezinomsoco ezinezinkondolo ezahlukahlukene. Iningi lemithobokala libizwa ngokuthi ngegama lomfakela amapentshisi, kanti izinhlobo ezinamabala acwebezelayo, ezingafiphali zibizwa ngokuthi **imithoboncwaba**. Nakuba zivela ohlotsheni olufanayo, zibhekwa njengezithelo ezihlukile kwezentengiselwano.

## Incazelo
Ikhiwane

**Ikhiwane** liyisithelo esidliwayo esithelwa umuthi ( **umkhiwane** ), uhlobo lomuthi noma isihlahla emndenini wezitshalo eziqhakazayo i-Moraceae. Utshalwe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi manje utshalwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke.  Umkhiwane uhlobo lohlobo lomkhiwa, oluhlanganisa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-800 zasezindaweni ezishisayo zenkabazwe nezishisayo zenjikalanga.
Draft 3

**Isigebengu** umuntu owenza izinto ezingekho emthethweni noma owenza izinto ezilimaza abanye abantu noma umphakathi.  Abantu abaningi abazizwa bephephile ngenxa yobugebengu futhi kuphazamisa ukuthula emphakathini kugcine kungasabi nokubona ngasolinye emphakathini ngenxa yokweba, ukulimaza abantu, ukubulala, ukuthumba nokunye konke lokhu kwenza abantu bahlale ngokusaba ezindaweni zabo. 

Ziningi izizathu ezingenza umuntu abe isigebengu, kungaba ukuswela, ukungasebenzi, noma ukungabi nemfundo konke lokhu kudala ukuba umuntu azibandakanye nobubi. Kodwa kwesinye isikhathi kungaba ukuthi umuntu uthole abangani abangalungile noma indawo akhulele kiyo ngiyo engalungile. Ukuba isigebengu akunamiphumela emihle ngoba ungagcina uzithola usuboshiwe isikhathi eside kakhulu ngenxa yokuphula umthetho, lokhu kungamosha impilo yakho kuphinde kube nomthelela omubi emndenini nasemphakathini. 

Imfundo ibalulekile, ukuqondiswa kahle ekhaya nasesikoleni, kanye namathuba emisebenzi kungasiza kakhulu ekubhubhiseni ubugebengu emphakathini. Uma kungasetshenziswana futhi kubambiswane kungakhetha umphakathi ophephile nongcono ngakho ke kubalulekile ukuthi abantu bafundiswe ngobuhle bokulandela umthetho nokuhlonipha abanye. Ngakho ke umphakathi nomthetho kumele basebenzisane ukulwa nobugebengu. 

## Izinkomba:
Ibhoshi

**Ibhoshi** liwucezu lesigcoyi sokuthuthwa kwendle (umchamo nendle) futhi ngezinye izikhathi Isishidabi, ukuze kuyolahlwa. Ibhoshi lisebenzisa amanzi, kuyilapho kukhona amabhoshi angasebenzisi amanzi. Amabhoshi angaklanyelwa ukusetshenziswa uhlezi, abe nesihlalo sasebhoshi, ikakhulu uma kucatshangelwa abakhubazekile, noma ukusetshenziswa uqosheme, okuvame  kakhulu e-I-Asia, lapho ebizwa khona ngokuthi ibhoshi lokuqoshama.  Ezindaweni zamanxuluma, amabhoshi anamanzi axhunywe nohlelo lokuthutha indel: ezindaweni eziqhingiwe, axhunylwe nethangi lendle. Amanzi wedle kuthiwa amanzi amfipha. Amabhoshi aswele amanzi wona indle ayifaka emgodini, noma isiqukathi esikhishwayo noma esinye isiqoqonga nesiklamo sokukhipha indle nomchamo. NgesiZulu ibhoshi kuthiwa **INdlu yangasese**.

Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa amabhoshi wanamuhla buyahlukahluka. Kukhona amabhoshi akhiwe ngenhlakasha (ceramic), ukhonkolo, ucwazi noma ukhuni. Ezobuchwepheshe ezintsha zokukhanda amabhoshi zihlanganisa ukugolokoxa (flushing) okukabili, ukugolokoxa okuphansi, isihlalo sebhoshi esifudumalayo, ibhoshi elizihlanzayo, izithunda zabesifazane nezithunda eziswele amanzi. Izindiza zinamabhoshi akhandelwe ukusebenza emoyeni. Ngokuvamile ebhoshi kusetshenziswa isshidabi ukuze kugcinwe inhlanzeko yomuntu.
Draft4

**Isikhova** isilwane esinamehlo amakhulu asisiza ngokubona kahle ebusuku ngoba saziwa njengenyoni ehamba ebusuku, sivame ukuhlala emahlathini, ezihlahleni ezinkulu noma ezindaweni ezithulile. Lamehlo waso asisiza ukuthi sikhone ukuthola ukudla kalula.  Isikhova sidla amagundane, izinyoni ezincane kanye nezinye izilwane ezincane. Sisebenzisa iziphoqa zayo eziqinile ukuze sibambe ukudla kwaso, indlela yaso yokundiza ithule kakhulu ngakho ke lokho kwenza kube lula ukuthi sibambe ukudla kwaso ngaphandle kokubonwa. 

Isikhova siyinxenye yezilwane ezibaluleke kakhulu emvelweni ngoba isiza ukulawula inani lezilwane ezincane emhlabeni. Izilwane ezinjengamagundane uma amaningi kakhulu angalimaza izitshalo noma izimpahla zabantu. Ngakho ke isikhova sisiza ukubhalansa emvelweni. Abanye abantu bakholela ukuthi isiskhova siletha amashwa noma imimoya emibi, kodwa lekho akusilo iqiniso yinkolelo yabantu phela isikhova siyazifanela nezinye izinyoni.Asinawo amandla omlingo noma wokwenza okubi. 

Amaphuphu esikhova adinga ukunakekelwa, alethelwe ukudla futhi avikeleke ezitheni kuze kube ukuthi aseyakwazi ukuzundizela. Kubalulekile ukuthi abantu bavikele izilwane ezifana nesikhova. Ukunakekela imvelo kusiza ukuthi izilwane ziqhubeke ziphile. Khumbula ukuthi uma sinakekela isikhova, sisiza ngokugcina imvelo ipphilile futhi ibhalansi. 

## Imikhomba:
Isihlokosiqu

**isihlokosiqu** sencwadi, noma sanoma yimuphi omunye umbhalo oshicilelwe noma umsebenzi wobuciko, siyigama lomsebenzi elivame ukukhethwa ngumlobi. Isihlokosiqu singasetshenziselwa ukuhlonza umsebenzi, ukuveza umongo, ukuveza isifinyezo esincane sesiqikili sawo, nokwenza umfundi abe nelukuluku. 

Eminye imisebenzi yenezela isihlokosiqu ngesihlokwana. Imibhalo engenazo izihlokosiqu ezihlukene ingabhekiselwa ku-incipit yayo (igama lokuqala), ikakhulukazi leyo ekhiqizwa ngaphambi kokuba umkhuba wokufaka izihlokoziqu uthandwe. Ngesikhathi usabhalwa, umsebenzi ungabizwa ngesihlokosiqu sesikhashana. Ingxenye yomthetho ingase ibe isihlokosiqu esifushane noma isihlokosiqu eside. Kusijengamazwi somtapolwazi, isihlokosiqu esifanayo sinikezwa umsebenzi onesihlokosoqu esithinziyelayo.

Emkhakheni wokuklama izincwadi, isihlokosiqu sivame ukuboniswa emgogodleni, esembozweni sangaphambili, nasekhasini lesihlokosiqu.
Inhlamvulu

Izinhlamvulu ziyiqembu elisakazeke kabanzi futhi elisakazeke kakhulu lezitshalo eziphilminyaka eziqhakaza ezimbalwa ezinamajikijo alundwa noma ansomi.
Umkwezi

**Umkwezi** uyisithelo sesihlahla somkwezi, uhlobo lwesihlahla esivela ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Isithelo esidliwayo sineziqenqe ezinkulu ezihamba emaceleni aso (ngokuvamile 5-6). Uma isikwa phakathi, ifana inkanyezi, okuyinikeza igama lesithelo somkwezi.
UGqumgqumu

**Ugqumgqumu** uyinhlobo sesitshalo somndeni we-nightshade (Solanaceae). . NgesiNgisi, kuthiwa i-Cape gooseberry.
Umthamuji

**Umthamuji** uhlobo lwesithelo se-citrus esinombala ontshungwa, esibhekwa njengohlobo lwe-I-Mandarin orange (*I-Citrus reticulata*), noma uhlobo oluhlobene eduze, ngaphansi kwegama le-***I-Citrus tangerina***,    noma njengengxube (Citris × tangerina) yezinhlobo ze-mandarin Orange, enengxenye ethile ye-I-pomelo.

## Amaphatho
Umthunduluka

**Umthunduluka** yisihlahla esincane esinezingatsha ezincane. Iyingxenye yomndeni we-Olacaceae ovela kuzo zonke Izifunda ezishisayo zenkabazwe Ngokukhethekile, umthunduluka uvela ezifundeni zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi IBotswana, IKenya, IMalawi, IMozambique, INingizimu Afrika, ITanzania, e-I-Uganda, ISambia, naseZimbabwe.

## Amaphatho
Umchoko

**Umchoko,** noma **imichoko** yiqembu lemithi emincane, ethelimbewu, eveza izithelo emndenini we-Rutaceae.  Isithelo esidliwayo sifana kakhulu nentshungwa ngombala, ukwakheka, kanye nomzimba, kodwa sincane kakhulu, cishe silingana Umnqumo omkhulu.
UMcako

**Umcako** uyisithelo sezinhlobo eziningana ze-citrus, iningi lazo eliyinhlanganisela yohlobo lwe-Citrus (umndeni we-Rutaceae). Imicako ngokuvamile mincane, iyindilinga engathi isaqanda enenyama eluhlaza nesikhumba futhi inambitheka munyu ngenxa yesiqendu sayo esigcwele -i-citric acid.
Ingeji

***Ingeji*** iwuhlobo lesithelo se-citrus engenazo izinhlamvu futhi elula, eyaziwa nangokuthi **I-satsuma ngesiMandarin** noma **I-Mandarin yaseJapane**.
INhlwanyene

**INhlwanyene,** (noma **upopo**) yizitshalo somqhinqo obizwa  ***iminhlwanyene***  ongomunyecwemiqhinqo engama 21 eyamukelwe enzalweni yama Carica emndenini wama Caricaceae. Yaqala ukutshalwa eMesoamerica, eningizimu neMexico ezikhathini zamanje kanye naphakathi ne Melika . *INhlwanyene* kubuye kube igama lesithelo. ngonyaka wezi-2024, izwe lase-India Ilona ebelijamba phambili ekukhiqizeni lesithelo. Igama lesiZulu elithi *Inhlwanyene* Umsuka walo waziwa kahle, kodwa livela eqoqweni lamagama aqanjwe uBusisiwe Ngomangwe Mazibuko.

Inhlwanyene iyisitshalo esikhulu esinamakhambi, ngokuvamile esinesiqu esisodwa esikhula kusuka kumamitha amahlanu kuya kwayishumi (16 kuya ku-33ft)  ubude, namaqabunga ahlelwe ngendlela esontekile aphezulu esiqwini. isiqu esingaphansi sinemigqa ebonakalayo lapho amaqabunga nezithelo kutholakala khona. Amaqabunga makhulu, awu50-70 wamasentimitha  ubukhulu, anamaloba ajulile agxila  ayisikhombisa. Zonke izingxenye zezitshalo ziqukethe Intwentshe kuma-laticifers ahlanganisiwe.

## Amaphatho
I-Igando

**I-Igando** eyaziwa nangokuthi umgwaqo i-Igado umphakathi osendaweni kahulumeni wendawo wase-Alimosho eSifundeni saseLagos, eNingizimu-Ntshonalanga INigeria. Ngo-26 July 2016, izilwi ezisolwayo ze-Niger Delta zahlasela idolobha, zabulala abantu abaningana futhi zacekela phansi impahla. I-Alimosho General Hospital itholakala emgwaqweni i-Igando oholela emgwaqeni i-Isheri egbeda.

I-Igando iyindawo ematasa eLagos State ngenxa yezimakethe zayo ezidumile zendawo kanye nobukhulu bomgwaqo oholela e -Iyana-Iba, umgwaqo i-Isheri Egbeda kanye nase-Ikotun . Eceleni komgwaqo ohamba usuka esitobhini sebhasi sase-Igando uya e-Ikotun yilapho kutholakala khona i-Igando Community High School. Uhlelo Lokuthutha Amabhasi Asheshayo lwaseLagos lutholakala nasesitobhini sebhasi sase-Igando.

Izungezwe izimakethe zendawo ezibizwa ngokuthi imakethe yase-Igando, eyaziwa kakhulu edolobheni lase Alimosho, esifundazweni saseLagos.

* Isikole Esiphakeme Somphakathi sase-Igando
Inselele ye-Vodacom ka-2011

Inselele ye Vodacom ka 2011 kwakuwumqudelwano webhola lezinyawo lobungane owadlalelwa eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ku 16 ka Ntulikazi kuya ku 23 ka Ntulikazi  ngonyaka ka 2011, lomdlalo wawuncintisanwa ngamaqembu aseNingizimu Afrika i-Orlando Pirates ne-Kaizer Chiefs, kanye neqembu laseNgilandi i-Tottenham Hotspur, lapho i-Spurs eyanqoba ngama goli amathathu eqandeni ku Orlando pirates emdlalweni wokugcina ukuze ithole isicoco somdlalo.

## Izindawo Zokudlalela
Inselele ye Vodacom ka-2011 yadlalelwa kumadolobha amane.

Iqembu laseNgilandi le Premier League i-Tottenham Hotspur lamemezela nge 15 ka Ntulikazi ngo 2011 ukuthi lizoletha iqembu elinamandla eNingizimu Afrika ku nselele ye Vodacom.
 

## Imidlalo

### Umjikelezo Wokuqala
 

 

 

 

## Izikhombo

* I-Vodacom Challenge.com
Umbono Wokuhlasela

" **I-Infestation Hypothesis** " yisiqephu sesibili sesizini yesihlanu ye *[[The Big Bang Theory (Izinhlelo ze-TV)|-The Big Bang Theory]]* esaqala ukusakazwa ku- CBS ngoSepthemba 22, 2011. Yisiqephu sama-89 sisonke. Kuso, uSheldon ukhathazeka lapho uPenny ethola isihlalo esisha, kuyilapho uLeonard ezama ukwenza ubuhlobo bakhe bebanga elide noPriyabusebenze. Lesi siqephu sabukelwa cishe ababukeli abayizigidi ezingu-12 e-US futhi sathola ukubuyekezwa okuxubile.

## Umdwebo
ULeonard noPriya, osebuyele eNdiya, baqhubeka nobuhlobo babo ngezinsuku zokudla kwasemini nge-Skype. Isimo sothando sicasula uSheldon, bese ehlala noPenny efulethini lakhe. USheldon uhlala esihlalweni esisha sikaPenny futhi uyasihalalisela, kodwa lapho ezwa ukuthi usithole emgwaqweni uba nokunganaki ngokuthola "izintwala zesihlalo" njengoba ene-mysophobia. Uzama ngokungaphumeleli ukumenza asuse isihlalo. Uphinde akhulume no-Amy ukuthi akhulume noPenny ngesihlalo. UPenny ucasukile ingako uthi uSheldon "uyashaya" u-Amy; u-Amy washeshe uxolisa, waqheda wahlala esihlalweni. Kukhona okuthile esihlalweni owamluma futhi amantombazane abaleka efulethini; noPenny efunga u-Amy ukuthi uzofihla. Ngelinye usuku, uHoward noRaj bathola isihlalo ngaphandle kwemizi futhi banquma ukusiletha efulethini likaSheldon noLeonard ukuze uRaj angahlali phantsi.

Ngenkathi uLeonard no Priya bekhuluma ngobuhlobo obude, uHoward usikisela ukuthi bahileleke ebuhlotsheni be-cybersex. Ngesikhathi sokuthandana kwabo okulandelayo, uLeonard noPriya baqala ukumula impahla zabo, kodwa isikrini siyaqina njengoba uPriya esezokhumula ihembe lakhe. uHoward kamuva uthola imilomo emibili yemishini efana nokuqabulana: lapho umuntu othile ebeka izindebe zakhe emlonyeni owodwa, omunye umlomo ulingisa ukunyakaza.
Ikhakhangeji

Ikhakhangeji umuthi we-citrus wasezindaweni ezishisayo esaziwa ngesithelo saso esikhulu, esikhakhayo kuya esimtoti sakubaba, esimunyu. Inyama yesithelo ihlukaniswe ngezigaba futhi ihlukahluka ngombala kusuka kophuzi ophaphathekile kuya kobomvu klebhu.
UMfula uMzimkhulu

**UMfula uMzimkulu** wumfula waseNingizimu Afrika. Ngasemandulo, uMzimkulu wawuyingxenye yomngcele phakathi kwezifundazwe zase-Eastern Cape ne KwaZulu-Natal. Njengamanje lo mfula uyingxenye yeMvoti kuya e-Umzimkulu Water Management Area. Ngasekupheleni kuka-February minyaka yonke, lo mfula ubayindawo la okuba nomunye wemincintiswano yezikebhe ethandwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, i-Drak Challenge.

lo mfula ugeleza uvela ngase zintabeni zase Drakensberg enyakatho ye Rhino Peak, ekubeni umthombo wawo use  mgceleni wase Lesotho. Ugeleza ubheke eningizimu la okune Indian Ocean, la ongena khona nge estuary ese Port Shepstone. Ekubeni umngenelo wawo omkhulu kuwu mfulauBisi ongenela osebeni olungakwesokudla. Amadolophu ase Umzimkulu ahlanganisa i Underberg ne Umzimkhulu.

I-scaly yellowfish * (Labeobarbus natalensis) * inhlanzi etholakala esimisweni soMfula i-Umzimkulu kanye nase-U-Usgeni, I-Umkomazi, Thukela nase-i-Ummolozi. iwuhlobo oluvamile esifundazweni saseKwaZulu-Natal futhi ihlala ezindaweni ezihlukene phakathi kwamagquma aseDrakensberg kanye namazwe aphansi asogwini.

* Uhlu lwemifula yaseNingizimu Afrika
* Uhlu lweziqhingi zaseNingizimu Afrika

## Izikhombo

#

* Izinsizakalo Zamanzi Ukuhlelwa Kwezikhombo - Imibono Yezinsiza Zamanzi
U-A-Reece

**ULehlogonolo Ronald Mataboge** (owazalwa ngo-27 March 1997), owaziwa ngoA-Reece, ngumculi we-rap waseNingizimu Afrika, umbhali wezingoma nomkhiqizi we-rekhodi. Wazalelwa futhi wakhulela ePitoli, IGauteng.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala, u-A-Reece wasayinwa ngaphansi kwe-Raw X Productions umkhiqizi womculo i-pH Raw X. U-A- Reece wathola ukuvelela kazwelonke ngaphansi kwe-Ambitiouz Entertainment ngo-2015, ngemuva kokukhululwa kwe-ngoma yakhe, "Couldn't", eyayihlanganisa u-I-Emtee. U-A-Reece wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala, iPharadesi (2016), eyakhiqiza izingoma ezifana ne-"Couldn't" ne-"Mgani". Ngemuva kokuphikisana nabaphathi be-label, u-A-Reece washiya i-Ambitiouz ukuze abe ngumculi ozimele ekupheleni kuka-2016.

Ngo-2017, u-A-Reece wasebenzisana nabangane bakhe nomkhiqizi uMashbeatz ukusungula i-The Wrecking Crew. Kulezi zikhathi ze-studio, wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yesibili ethi From Me to You & Only You. Ngo-2018, Wakhipha I-Albhamu Yokubambisana ne-Ecco the Beast ne-Wordz enesihloko esithi Lost Long Letters (*L3*), i-single eyinhloko kwakungu- "Welcome to My Life". Ngo-October ngalowo nyaka wakhipha i-EP yakhe yesihlanu, ethi And I'm Only 21. bese Ngo-2019, wakhipha i-Reece Effect.

Ngo-2021, u-A-Reece wasayina isivumelwano sokusakaza nenkampani ye-A&R Platoon ephethwe yi-Apple Music, egxile ekupakisheni abaculi abasanda kuvela ngaphambi kokuba bathole inkontileka ye-label enkulu, futhi i-mixtape yakhe ethi Today's Tragedy, Tomorrow's Memory: The Mixtape yakhishwa komagazini be-*I-Forbes*, Clash ne-*I-Flaunt*.

I-albhamu yesithathu yase-studio ka-A-Reece i-P2: The Big Hearted Bad Guy (2023), yaphuma okokuqala eNingizimu Afrika.

Ngo-2025 u-A-reece wakhipha i-albhamu ethi BUSINESS AS USUAL ngesonto elifanayo uNasty Cwakhipha i-albhamu ethi FREE.

U-A-reece uphinde abe yinxusa lomkhiqizo we-compaVans clothing.

## Impilo yokuqala kanye nomsebenzi
Indongoyi endwazayo

**Indongoyi endwazayo** ( **LM** ) uhlobo lwendiza eswelumuntu ezibhubhisayo ehlonyiswe ngesiqhumi evame ukuklanywa ngenjogo yokundwaza emoyeni iqhutshwa umqhubi okude esebenzisa isihlonga sokungcibisha ngenzubakhanya noma isithwebuli kanye nekhongco lemininingo kuze kube yilapho sekuhlonzwe isigcbishe, bese siyoziqhumisa kuso.     Izindongoyi ezindwazayo ezihlabaziyonzi (anti-radar) ziluhlobo lwezindongoyi ezindwazayo ezisebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlonga inhlabaziyonzi noma isigcoyi lokukhomba lweznubakhanya ukuthola isiyonzi sesitha ngokuzulazula nokusibhubhisa ngemva kokusihlonga.   Amagama avamile alendngoyi ngesizulu ahlanganisa **udongoyi olundwazayo**,     **indongoyi yenkelenkele**,    noma **indongoyi eziqhumisayo.**
Isivalela

**Isivalela** siyindawo evalekile evame ukwakhiwa nge- mesh, imigoqo, noma izintambo, ezisetshenziselwa ukubopha, ukuqukatha noma ukuvikela into noma othile. Isivalela singafeza izinjongo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukugcina isilwane noma umuntu oboshiwe, ukubamba isilwane noma umuntu, umbukiso wesilwane enqobokweni, noma ukuvikela into ezinsongweni zangaphandle (okungukuthi ukwebiwa, umonakalo). 

## Ukwakhiwa
Njengoba isivalela ngokuvamile sihloselwe ukugcina izidalwa eziphilayo, okungenani ingxenye ethile yesakhiwo salo kumele ibe ngendlela yokuthi kungene ukukhanya nomoya. Ngakho-ke ezinye izivalela zingenziwa ngemigoqo ebekwe eduze ukuze isiboshwa esihlosiwe singene phakathi kwawo, noma amafasitela ambozwe nge-mesh yohlobo oluthile.

## Izivalela zezilwane
Isiqalaba sentaba

***Isiqalaba sentaba***  indabuko yaso ise -Afrika, sitholakala eNingizimu Afrika kuya eKenya, umuthi omncane noma isihlahla esitholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile noma ezinehlathi, ngokuvamile emagqumeni amatshe.  Amaqabunga ao anesikhumba futhi awanaboya. Ikhanda lembali lilodwa noma ngesixheke zezimbali ezitathu noma ezine ane-involucral bracts anombala obomvu okhanyayo, ondwebu noma omhloshana. Isithelo siwumuthi onoboya obuningi. Lo mqhinqo uyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi umeniqhinqwana eminingana .
Ukubaluleka kwemili-mili kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Umfanekiso ubonisa ingxowa enkulu ye-Ithuba Maize (ITAU) Super Maize Meal emi nkqo ngaphandle ecaleni komthi. Ingxowa ibekwe kwindawo enesanti, mhlawumbi ebaleni okanye kufutshane nendlu. Ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nezityalo ezingqongileyo zibonisa ukuba umfanekiso uthathwe ngaphandle emini. Ingxowa imhlophe kwaye ibhalwe ngokucacileyo ukuba "Super White" maquillary meal, okukutya okuqhelekileyo kwimizi emininzi.

Isidlo sombona sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekutyeni kwemihla ngemihla kwabantu abaninzi eMzantsi Afrika. Sisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseleleni ukutya okufana nepapa, iporridge etyebileyo eyenziwe ngombona ocoliweyo. Ipapa idla ngokukhonzwa nenyama, imifuno, okanye umhluzi, kwaye ityiwa ziintsapho kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngenxa yokuba ifikeleleka kwaye iyanelisa, isidlo sombona sithathwa njengokutya okuqhelekileyo kuluntu oluninzi.

Ubungakanani bengxowa obuyi-50 kg bubonisa ukuba isenokuba yenzelwe usapho olukhulu, ikhitshi loluntu, okanye ivenkile. Ukuthenga isidlo sombona ngobuninzi kunokunceda iintsapho zigcine imali kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba zihlala zinokutya okwaneleyo okufumanekayo. Ibinzana elithi "Amandla oBomi" elibhalwe kwingxowa ligxininisa indlela ukutya kombona okubaluleke ngayo njengomthombo wamandla kunye nokondla.

Indawo ekuyo ifoto ikwabonisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla kumakhaya amaninzi apho ukutya kugcinwa kulungele ukuphekwa kunye nokutya kwentsapho. Ubukho bomthi kunye nendawo engqongileyo yendalo bubonisa indawo elula, yasekhaya apho ukutya okusisiseko okufana nomgubo wombona kubalulekile.

Ukuqukumbela, umfanekiso ugxininisa ukubaluleka komgubo wombona njengokutya okuphambili okuxhasa isondlo semihla ngemihla kwaye kuxhase iintsapho. Awumeli nje kuphela ukutya kodwa nendima yezolimo kunye nezityalo ezisisiseko ekuboneleleni ngamandla kunye nokondla uluntu.

## Iingcebiso
Umgubo wePap kunye nombona ekutyeni kwaseMzantsi Afrika. (2009). EJozi: Ukutya kwaseMzantsi Afrika. Ifumaneka apha:  .

Naidoo, D. (2021). Umbona uyinto esisiseko yezigidi eMzantsi Afrika. Ifumaneka apha:  .

Iposi. (2024). Ngaba kufuneka sitye iporridge yomgubo wombona? Ifumaneka apha:  .

Isidlo sikaMielie. (2025). IWikipedia. Ifumaneka apha: .

IMagazini iBona. (2024). Iingenelo zempilo zomgubo wombona. Ifumaneka apha:  

*
Isiqalaba senkangala

***Isiqalaba senkangala*** uhlobo lwesihlahlana noma umuthi omncane oyingxenye yohlobo lwe- *lwesiqalaba*,    futhi olutholakala emahlathini nasezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zotshani benkangala .
Isiqalaba

***Isiqalaba*** uzalo lwezitshalo eziqhakazayo zaseNingizimu Afrika, ( ngesiBhunu : *suikerbos* ). ziwuhlobo lozalo lomndeni wakwaProteaceae .
Umtapolwazi wase ufh

**Umtapowolwazi wase UFH** yindawo yabafundi yokufundela njalo neyokutapa ulwazi olugcinwe ezincwadini, lomtapo wolwazi utholakala e University of Fort Hare ese Alice kwisifundazwe sase Easter cape.

### amanani abafundi ngezikhathizokugcwala
umtapowolwazi wase UFH uvamise ukuba namanani aphezulu abafundi abawusebenzisayo ngezikhathi zasebuku okudalela ukuthi abanye abafundi bagcine bengayithola indawo yokuhlala ukuze bafunde izincwadi zabo okuyikhona okuphoqela ukuthi bagcine bengasafundanga or bayozama ezinye izindawo zokufundela ngoba kungafundeki ezindlini zabo ngenxa yomsindo.kepha lezi ezinye izindawo ezifana nama odithoriyamu ziyashesha ukuvalwa kuno mtapowolwazi.

#### uphawulo lwabafundi kwindlela zokuphucula lo mtapowalozwi wase UFH
abafundi base UFH bacebisa ukuthi kwengezwe isikhathi sokuvulwe kwezinye indawo ezifana nama odithoriyami ukuze bakwazi ukuyofundela khona makugcwele kumtapowolwazi wase UFH




#### izinkomba
INhlabanjano

**Inhlabanjano** (i-Ananas comosus) iyIsitshalo sasezindaweni ezishisayo esinesithelo esidliwayo; iyisitshalwa esibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho emndenini we-Bromeliaceae.

Inhlabanjano ivela INingizimu Melika, lapho esilinywe khona amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.
Isimiliminci

**Isimiliminci** siyisithelo esifanayo nejembuluka **i-granadilla,** zombili ziyizithelo zezitshalo eziningana zohlobo lwe-*I-Passiflora*. Sivela ezifundeni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika kusuka eningizimu IBrazil kuya IParaguay kuya enyakatho ye-I-Argentina.
Umhalinadi

Umhalinadi (***I-Punica granatum***) uyisihlahla esithwala izithelo, esikhithika amaqabunga emndenini we-Lythraceae, emndenini ophansi we-I-Punicoideae, esikhula sibe phakathi kwamamitha angu-1.5-5 (5-16  ubude.  Sinothe ngokuyamaniswa ngokomfanekiso nezinganekwane emasikweni amaningi, uvela ethafeni lase-Iran elihlanganisa I-Iran, I-Caucasus, I-Turkmenistan, I-Afghanistan IPakistan.
INqakadi

**Inqakadi** iyintongomane lomuthi womnqakadi nezihlobo zawo eziseduze (uhlobo lwe-*UCercus*, *I-lithocarpus* Notholithocarpus ne-Lithocarpus, emkhayeni we-Fagaceae); eyaziwa nangokuthi **ama-glans**.
Umkleleva

**Umkleleva** uyisithelo esidliwayo izinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo uhlobo lwe-*I-Rubus* zomndeni we-rose, iningi lazo lisohlotsheni lwe-Idaeobatus. Leli gama lisebenza liphinde lisebenze kulezi zitshalo ngokwazo. Imikleleva inezinhlamvu ezihlala njalo ezineziqu ezinokhuni.
Isithubuka

Izithubuka ziyiqembu lezihlahla ezincane eziluhlazamlibe noma imivini elandelayo ye-***I-Oxycoccus*** ye-Vaccinium. Izithubuka ziphansi, ziyizihlahla noma imivini efinyelela kumamitha amabili (7  ubude futhi aphakeme ngamasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwangu-20 (2 kuya ku-8 ; aneziqu ezincane ezingenawo amakhuni futhi zinamaqabunga amancane oluhlaza njalo.  Izimbali zindwebu klebhu
I SADiLaR yase Forte

**iSADiLaR yase Forte**, bekuwumsebenzi othathe indawo kwi nyuvesi yase forte la obekuze abantu bakwa SADiLaR bezophawula njalo bafundisa abafundi base forte nge Wikipedia kanye nezinye zama plathifom ahambisana ne Wikipedia njalo nokuthi i athikili ibhalwa kanjan.

### indawo la okungenelwe khona lomsebenzi
lomsebenzi ungenelwe kwi computha lab enyuvesi yase forte ese Alice kusifundazwe sase Eastern cape,  la ebekumenye khona abafundi bakwa computha kanye nabafundi bezilwini zase ningizimu afrika.

abafundi base forte bafunde okuningi kakhulu njalo okubalulekile nge wikipedia

#### izinkomba
Insungubezi kaHomuzi

**Insungubezi kaHomuzi**  iyinsungubezi ephakathi kwechwebakazi lasePheresiya Kanye nechwebakazi lase-Omani. Iyona ndlela ewumcingo wasolwandle osula kuchwebakazi lasePheresiya ebheke kuthantala lolwandlekazi futhi iyingoni yokukhwingca esemqoka kwezamaqhingasu. Yayihlezi injalo amakhulu eminyaka, iphakathi kwamazwe acebe ngokuhweba ngempahla kanokusho, kodwa yayiswele itheku elifikelelekayo lokuhweba. Encwadini yakhe yesikhumbulo, uBabur, owayeyi *padishah* yokuqala yoMbuso kaMughal, walanda indaba yendlela izinkovela *(almonds)* ezazithwalwa ngayo ziyiswa esifundeni esikude sasesigodini sikaFerghana kusetshenziswa insungubezi kaHomuzi ukuze zifinyelele izindayi.

Ogwini olusenyakatho kunezwe lase-Irani, ogwini oluseningizimu kukhona ingasiqhingi iMusandam], eyabelwe amazwe iUAE Kanye ne-Omani. Insungubezi inobude obungamakhilomitha ayi-104, nobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angama 64

Phakathi neminyaka yowezi-2023–2025, amaphesenti angama-20 ohowo lwemvelo olutshekeziwe (liquefied natural gas (LNG)) namaphesenti angama-25 wamafutha ohwebo kwakudlula ensungubezini ngonyaka. Insungubezi ayikaze ivalwe isikhathi eside ngisho nalapho kuliwa izimpi zaseMpuma ephakathi (ngokuphabene nensungubezi kaTirani)  nakuba izwe lase-Irani lalihlezi lisabisa ngokuyivala, futhi kwenziwa namalungiselelo wokufaka iziqhumani.

## uMsukagama

Igama lesiPheresiya elithi "Homuzi" kuthiwa igama likathixo wenkolo yamaZoroasta u-Ahura Mazda. Abanye bathi cha, leli igama lesiPheresiya elithi *Hur-Mogh* elisho ukuthi 'indawo yezingqasundu'. Kunomchachiso othi insungubezi yaqanjwa ngo-Ifra Hormizd, umama weNkosi uShapuri II, owabusa kusuka ngo-309 kuya ku397AD.

NgesiZulu elithi 'insungubezi' lisho indawo engumcingo, kungaba eyamanzi ephakathi kwamazwe.

Kusuka ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka kuya phambili, ngokombono weqhingasu labaqoneli, kuthiwa insungubezi kaHamuzi yabangebalulekile futhi yadlondlobala ngokufika kwamaPutukezi.

## Ikhono lwezwe lase-Irani lokuvimba imikhumbi

Inselele yewakanyaka yezi-2002 kwakungumdlalo omkhulu wokuqeqesha umbutho wezempi waseMelika ngowezi-2002. Le nselele yayifefenyeka imizamo yezwe (elinjenge lase-Irani) yokuvala insungubezi. Imiphumela yaba undabuzekwayo. Iqhingasu elifefenyekwayo lase-Irani lehlula umbutho wezempi waseMelika kbi.

Isilotshwa sowezi-2008 umhela obizwa Internationa Security, saphika ngokuthi izwe lase-Irani linamandla wokuvala insungubezi isikhathi esingangenyanga eyodwa, kuvinjwe sonke isinyokotho semikhumbi, futhi imizamo yezwe laseMelika yokuyivula uzosusa impi. Kwesinye isilotshwa, lo mhela washicilela impendulo eyayiphikisa okulotshwe kuqala futhi yathi insungubezi ingavulwa ngesikhathi esifushane.

## Amaphathelelo
Insungubezi

**Insungubezi** iyindikimba yamanzi exhumanisa izilwandle ezimbili noma izibisha zamanzi. Amanzi angaphezulu, ikakhulukazi, asendaweni efanayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi angageleza ngensungubezi kunoma iyiphi indlela, yize ukuma kwezwe ngokuvamile kunciphisa ukugeleza ngandlela thile. Kwezinye izinsungubezi, kukhona umsinga weqondo elichachazayo. Ngokuvamile, insungubezi ingumngqangu omncane ophakathi kwezindawo ezimbili zomhlaba . Insungubezi iyindawo yokuqongelela inhlabathi, lapho izikhala ezilingana nesihlabathi zivame ukuvela ezindaweni ezimbili zokuphuma zensungubezi, zakha abalandeli abangaphansi kwamanzi noma omahlukanamfula . Ezinye izinsungubezi akulula ukudlula kuzo ngomkhumbi ngoba zimcingo kakhulu, zijulile kakhulu, noma ngenxa yokuba khona kwemiyambi noma iziqhingi .
Isundu elinabayo

***Isundu elinabayo***  umqhinqo wesitshalo esiqhakazayo emndenini wesundu odabuka e-Afrika eshisayo, e- Arabian Peninsula naseMadagascar . Sayiswa eFlorida, ePuerto Rico, eBermuda, eTrinidad naseTobago, eziQhingini zaseLeeward, eTunisia naseVietnam .  Izitshalo zitholakala kusukela olwandle kuya ebangeni elingamamitha angu-3000, ezindaweni ezivulekile emahlathini emvula, emahlathini anezimvula kanye nasezintabeni ezinamatshe.
Umgqasundu

***Umgqasundu***, uhlobo lwesitshalo esiqhakaza izimbali emndenini wesundu i-Arecaceae, oluvela esifundeni kusukela ezifundeni zechebakazi kuya ePakistan. Lutshalwa ngenxa yezithelo zalo ezimnandi ezidliwayo ezibizwa ngokuthi **izingqasundu**. Lolu hlobo lutshalwa kabanzi enyakatho ye-Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Australia, eNingizimu naseNingizimu -mpumalanga ye-Asia, ePortugal, eSpain, ogwini lwaseMedithera, kanye nasezindaweni zasehlane zaseNingizimu California. Lo muthi utholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo nezishisayo kancane emhlabeni jikelele.    *Umgqasundu* uhlobo lomqhinqo wesundu, oluqukethe izinhlobo ezingu-12-19 zezihlahla zesundu zasendle .
ILala

***Ilala*** noma **igiyamo**  uhlobo lomuthi wesundu esidabuka empumalanga ye -Afrotropics .  Sitholakala empumalanga ye-Afrika kusukela eSomalia kuya Kwazulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika, futhi sitholakala nasezindaweni ezisogwini lwaseMadagascar naseJuan de Nova Island eziQhingini zomngqangu waseMozambique .
Umvuma

***Umvuma***, isundu laseWest Africa  uhlobo lwesundu ohlotsheni *lweRaphia* . udabuka eBenin, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo, Central African Republic, Cameroon, naseDemocratic Republic of the Congo ( = Zaire = Congo-Kinshasa ).   ugcwele kakhulu ngasemifudlaneni yaseNiger Delta, Cross River, Lagos nase Ikorodu eNigeria .
Amasundu

**Amasundu** awumndeni wezitshalo eziqhakazayo eziphiliminyaka, ohlelweni lwe -monocot olubizwa- Arecales . Uhlobo lwazo lokukhula lufana olwezitshalo ezinombelayo, izihlahla, izitshalo ezifana nemithi nezingenaziqu, zonke ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi **amasundu** . Lezo ezinesimo esifana nesihlahla zibizwa ngokuthi **izihlahla zesundu** .  Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingu -181 ezinemiqhinqo engaba ngu-2,600 eyaziwayo,   iningi layo ikhawulelwe ezimweni zezulu ezishisayo nezingaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo . Iningi lezihlahla zesundu lihlukaniswa ngamaqabunga azo amakhulu, ahlanganisiwe, aluhlaza okotshani, aziwa ngokuthi amahlumela, ahlelwe phezulu kwesiqu esingamagatsha, ngaphandle kohlobo lweziphicwa *-Hyphaene*, olunamagatsha esundu. Kodwa-ke, izihlahla zesundu zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezici zomzimba futhi zihlala cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala ngaphakathi kobubanzi bazo, kusukela emahlathini emvula kuya ezingwadule .

Amasundu awumndeni wezitshalo ezitshalwa kakhulu nezaziwa kabanzi. Ayebalulekile kubantu emlandweni, ikakhulu ezifunden ezifana neMpuma ePhakathi nase-Afrika eseNyakatho.  Kunemikhoqizo eminingi nokudla okunhlononhlobo okuvela kuwo amasundu. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, amasundu asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlobiseni izindawo. Endulo, amasundu ayeluphawu lezinto ezifana nokunqoba, uxolo, nokuvunda noma inzalo.

## Amaphatho
Inkundu

***Inkundu*** uzalo lwmiqhinqo eyili -14 yesundu, oluvela endaweni eqala eziQhingini zaseCanary entshonalanga, ngaphesheya kwe -Afrika esenyakatho nephakathi, kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu ( iCrete ), futhi luqhubeka kulo lonke elaseningizimu ye -Asia, kusukela e-Anatolia empumalanga kuya eningizimu yeShayina naseMalaysia .  Izindawo emila kuzo zihlukahlukene njengoba ivela ezindaweni ezifaka phakathi amaxhaphozi, izingwadule, kanye nogu lolwandle lwe-mangrove . Izinhlobo eziningi *zenkundu* zivela ezindaweni ezomile kancane, kodwa zivame ukutholakala eduze kwamazinga aphezulu amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imifula, noma imithombo . Lolu hlobo aluvamile phakathi kwamalungu omndeni ongaphansi kweCoryphoideae ngokuba namaqabunga e-pinnate, kunokuba abe namaqabunga e-palmate.
Ithantala

**Ithantala** noma **umthantala**  yinoma yikuphi ukuqongeleleka okukhulu kwamanzi ebusweni bomhlaba. Leli gama livame ukubhekisela kumathantala olwandlekazi, olwandle, namachibi, kodwa lihlanganisa amachibi amancane amanzi afana namachibi, amaxhaphozi, noma okungajwayelekile, amadamana . Ithantala akudingeki luthule noma livinjelwe; imifula, imifudlana, imisele, nolunye ulwangu lomchazamhlaba lapho amanzi asuka endaweni ethile aye kwenye nazo zibhekwa njengamathantala. 

## Izinhlobo
Amathantala angahlukaniswa ngezigaba:

# Amanzi emvula
# Amanzi asebusweni
# Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba
Umngqangu

Kumchazamhlaba woqobo kanye nemchazayila, **umngqangu** uhlobo lomhlabasiqu lapho kukhona ithantala lamanzi amcingo, njengomfula, umahlukanomfula noma insungubezi . Elithi *umngqangu li*bhekisela ekwakhekeni kwemvelo, igama elithi *umsele* lona lingasho isakhiwo esifanayo esikhandiwe, nakuba nalo libuye lisho isakhiwo semvelo.

Imingqangu ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamachweba kanye nezinye izizinda zamanzi ezisetshenziselwa ukuzulazula ngemikhumbi . Ngokwemvelo, imingqangu ishintsha ukujula kanye nomthamo wazo ngenxa yokuguguleka kanye nezinqubo zokubeka . Abantu banakekela imingqangu okulula ukuzulazula kuyo ngokumba imigodi kanye nezinye izinqubo zomngcikisho.
Utshani

**Utshani** obaziwa nangokuthi **inkotha,** buwumndeni omkhulu futhi ogcwele yonke indawo wezitshalo eziqhakaza izimbali ezimkhasichwe (monocotyledonous) ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi **utshani bangempela** . Lo mndeni uhlanganisa utshani obusanhlamvu, uqalo, utshani bezinkangala kanye nezinhlobo ezitshalwe zotshani isingasinandi nasemadlelweni . Utshani umndeni owaziwa kakhulu eqenjini elingakahleleki elaziwa ngokuthi ubutshani .

Njengoba kunozalo olungaba angama-780 kanye nemiqhinqo engaba yizi-12,000,  Utshani buwumndeni wezitshalo wesihlanu ngobukhulu, bulandela i- Asteraceae, i-Orchidaceae, i-Fabaceae kanye ne -Rubiaceae .
Ubutshani

**Utshani** bubhekisela emindenini eyahlukene yezitshalo . Imindeni emithathu emikhulu **yezitshalo ezingatshani** zihlanganisa utshani bangempela ( utshani ), amakhwani ( i-Cyperaceae ), kanye nama-rushe ( i-Juncaceae ). Izinandi namadlelo ngokuvamile akhiwa utshani bangempela, obuhlanu bawo bumboza amaphesenti angama-46 wendawo yokulima emhlabeni: izindumbuluzana, umdloyo, ummbila, umnhlayi, kanye nomoba .  

Igama elithi "utshani" lisetshenziswe eqenjini elikhulu lezitshalo ezingahlobene, okuhlanganisa nezitshalo ezinamaqabunga neziqu zazo ezidliwa yizilwane ezifuywayo nezasendle. 

Utshani bungabhekisela endaweni eluhlaza, njengotshani, isiqiwu, noma insimu, futhi buvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa noma imidlalo efana ne nomphebezo wesinandi noma izitsha .  Kusukela ngawo-1970, ezinye izindawo zemidlalo ziye zafaka utshani bokwenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokulungisa.

## Amaphathelelo
Ubhukubhuku

***Ubhukubuku*** imiqhinqo yezitshalo eziqhakazayo eziphiliminyaka emndenini wobuluko. ENyakatho Melika, igama elivamile elithi ubhukubhuku ontobo libhekisela nasendaweni engaphakathi yobuluko.
Umgonswane

**Umgonswane**, noma umdenda obomvu, uyisigonswane esinamaqabunga abomvu, uhlobo olutholakala kabanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo ezomile zase-Afrika naseningizimu ye-I-Arabia. Umdwnda obomvu ngokuvamile uyisihlahla noma umuthi onesilinganiso esiphansi. Yisifonswane esihwexuzayo kuye ngesimo sezulu sendawo kanye nendawo, ngokuvamile isihlahla esincane emithambekeni enamadwala aphakeme, noma mhlawumbe isihlahla esikhulu emathafeni afudumele nasendaweni ephansi. Ngowe-1829 isithunywa sevangeli URobert Moffat sathola isangulo esikhulu esiyivelakancane, lapho kwakubekwe khona izindlu ezinotshani eziyishumi nesikhombisa zesizwe somdabu, ukuze zingafinyeleleki kumabhubesi. [Umbhalo waphansi 1][umbhalo waphansi 2]
Isisantu

**Isisantu** (*I-Ficus Salicifolia*) siyinhlobo yezigonswane ezihlala ziluhlaza ezisuka ezindaweni eziphakathi zaKwaZulu-Natal ngasenyakatho kuya eMpumalanga Afrika eshisayo, ezintabeni zaseSahara, eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia, nase-Iran. Ikhula ikakhulukazi emagqumeni anamadwala nasemaweni agudle imifula yamanzi futhi ingase ikhule kancane ibe ngamamitha angama-33  ubude, futhi ithole umqhele onamaqabunga.