Ulimi lwezandla lwaseningizimu Afrika

**Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika** (i- **SASL**,    Ulimi lwezandla oluyinhloko olusetshenziswa ngabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika . Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wengeze uPhiko Lukazwelonke Lwezilimi loLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika ngo-2001.I-SASL akuyona kuphela ulimi lwezandla olusetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika kepha yilona limi olukhuthazwayo njengolimi oluzosetshenziswa ngabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika,  yize abantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika ngokomlando musa ukwakha iqembu elilodwa.

Ngo-1995, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezithulu wangaphambilini waseNingizimu Afrika (i-SANCD) waguqulwa waba yi-Deaf Federation of South Africa (DeafSA),okwaholela ekuguqulweni kwenqubomgomo enkulu ezindabeni zabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika, njenge ukuthuthukiswa nokwamukelwa kolimi lwezandla olulodwa kanye nokukhuthazwa kolimi lwezandla ngaphezu komlomo. Izikole zabayizithulu zihlala zingenazinguquko, kodwa-ke, futhi izikole ezahlukahlukene zezingane eziyizithulu eNingizimu Afrika zisasebenzisa izindlela ezehlukene zolimi lwezandla, futhi ezikoleni eziningi zezithulu ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiluphi ulimi lwezandla kuyadumazeka noma akufundiswa nje.  Kunezinhlelo ezingaba yishumi nambili ezehlukene zolimi olukhulunywa ngomlomo eNingizimu Afrika.

Ngaphezu kwezilimi zezandla zaseNingizimu Afrika, uLimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika (ASL) lusetshenziswa futhi ngabantu abathile abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika. Izilimi eziningi zezandla zakuleli eNingizimu Afrika zikhombisa umthelela woLimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika.

I-SASL wulimi lwezandla olusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kwezindaba zethelevishini eNingizimu Afrika. Ulimi lwezandla luyasetshenziswa futhi ephalamende laseNingizimu Afrika, kodwa abahumushi abehlukene bolimi lwezandla baziwa ngokusebenzisa izimpawu ezahlukahlukene emiqondweni efanayo.Kunezikole ezungeze ama-40 zezithulu eNingizimu Afrika, iningi lazo lisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo ze-SASL.

Ulimi lwezandla luchazwe ngokusobala kumthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, kanti iSouth African Schools Act ivumela ukuthi kufundwe lolu limi esikhundleni solunye ulimi olusemthethweni esikoleni.  

Ngo-2011, bekunabahumushi abangama-84 be-SASL kwirejista yabahumushi be-DeafSA, okubandakanya abangu-43 ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa, abangama-31 asebephothule amahora angu-240 okuqeqeshwa kwabahumushi, kwathi abangu-10 abathole ulwazi olungeziwe lweminyaka emithathu futhi baphothula amanye amahora angama-480 okufunda. Kutolika abayi-7 be-SASL empeleni bagunyazwe yi-SATI / DeafSA. Abahumushi be-SASL bangafaka isicelo sokuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokuphothula ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni ku-SASL. 

## Isimo
ULimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika alufani ngokuphelele futhi luyaqhubeka nokuguquka. Ngenxa yokusabalala kwendawo kwabasebenzisi bayo kanye nezinqubomgomo zemfundo ezedlule, kukhona izilimi ezithile zasendaweni zoLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika nezimpawu ezinokuhlukahluka okuningi. Imizamo yangaphambilini yokwenziwa kwempahla eyinkomba nokulinganisa ulimi, njengezincwadi  (1980 *Ukukhuluma Nezithulu*,  1994 *Dictionary of SASL*  ), ingasetshenziswa kuphela njengamarekhodi omlando wolimi. Ukusakazwa kwansuku zonke kwe-TV ngolimi lwezandla kunikeza uLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika lwanamuhla ubumbano nobunye balo.

### Ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni
Kukhulunywa ngolimi lwezandla emithethweni emine yaseNingizimu Afrika, okuyi-Constitution, i-Use of Official Languages Act, i-South African Schools Act, ne-Pan South African Language Board Act.

#### Ukuqashelwa okujwayelekile
UMthethosisekelo uthi ibhodi elibizwa ngePan South African Language Board kufanele lisungulwe ukuze "likhuthaze, futhi lenze imibandela, yokuthuthukisa nokusetshenziswa kolimi lwezandla".  Ngokomthetho osungula iPan South African Language Board (Umthetho 59 we-1995), ibhodi lingasungula izinhlangano zolimi ukuze zileluleke "nganoma yiluphi ulimi oluthile, ulimi lwezandla noma ukuxhumana okungeziwe nokwenye ukuxhumana".

Ngokomthetho Wokusetshenziswa Kwezilimi Ezisemthethweni, uMthetho Nombolo 12 wezi-2012, yonke iminyango kahulumeni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kumele zibe nenqubomgomo yolimi ethi yiziphi izilimi ezibhekwa njengezilimi ezisemthethweni zalelo bhizinisi, futhi inqubomgomo yolimi ngalunye kumele icacise nokuthi umnyango noma inhlangano ihlose ukuxhumana nabantu abalulimi abalukhethayo "ulimi lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika".

Alukho uLimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika noma olunye ulimi lwezandla olungelona ulimi olusemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika . Ngo-2008 iNgqungquthela Yokusebenzisa Inqubomgomo ye-SASL yaqoqa ababambiqhaza abaningi ababalulekile okubandakanya izifundiswa, abacwaningi kanye nothisha, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, abameli kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukukhuthaza uLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika ukuze lwaziwe njengolimi olusemthethweni lweshumi nambili lwaseNingizimu Afrika.

#### Ukuqashelwa kwezemfundo
NgokoMthetho Wezikole waseNingizimu Afrika, uMthetho 84 ka-1996, zonke izikole kumele zibe nenqubomgomo yolimi, nokuthi uma kukhethwa izilimi zenqubomgomo enjalo, "uLimi Lwezimpawu olwaziwayo" kufanele lucutshungulwe kube sengathi lunolimi olusemthethweni kanye ezinye izilimi eziyishumi nanye ezisemthethweni.

Ngokwenqubomgomo "yolimi kwezemfundo" ngokwesigaba 3 (4) (m) soMthetho Kazwelonke Wenqubomgomo Yezemfundo, Umthetho 27 ka-1996, izinhloso ezinkulu zenqubomgomo yoMnyango Wezemfundo yolimi kwezemfundo zifaka phakathi "ukuxhasa ukufundiswa nokufundwa kwazo zonke ezinye izilimi ezidingwa ngabafundi noma ezisetshenziswa yimiphakathi eNingizimu Afrika, kufaka phakathi izilimi ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zenkolo, izilimi ezibalulekile ekuhwebelaneni nasemazweni omhlaba, kanye noLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye Nokuxhumana Okuhlukile Nokungezelelwe ". 

Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika lwamukelwa njengezinye zezilimi zokufundisa emfundweni yabafundi abayizithulu.

### Izibalo zabantu
Isibalo sabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika (abantu abayizithulu abangama-600,000 kanye nabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.4 abanokungezwa ezindlebeni)  asinikezi umfanekiso oqondile wenani labantu abakhuluma ngoLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika. Okwamanje asikho isilinganiso esilinganiswayo sabantu abaxhumana ngolimi lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Izilinganiso ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusuka kubasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingama-700,000 kuya kwezi-2.Kwenziwa isicelo kuMkhandlu Wokucwaninga Ngezesayensi Yabantu (South Africa) ukuthi bakulinganise lokhu njengengxenye yokubalwa kwabantu okwenzeka ngo-2011. [ idinga ukuvuselelwa ]

## Izici zolimi

### Ukupela ngeminwe

Ukupela ngeminwe kuyindlela esetshenziswayo yokusayina esetshenziselwa ukupela izinhlamvu nezinombolo (izinombolo, amakhadinali). Ngakho-ke, ukupela ngeminwe kuyindlela yolimi lwezandla *yokuboleka* amagama ezilimini ezikhulunywayo, kanye namagama esipelingi abantu, izindawo nezinto. Kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo ukubhekisa egameni elibhaliwe.

Amanye amagama avame ukubhalwa ngeminwe ajwayele ukuba yizimpawu zawo uqobo (abe "yiqhwa"), alandele izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwezilimi njengokufakwa kwe-alphanumeric nesifinyezo.Isibonelo, elinye lamagama ezimpawu eKapa lisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezifakwe iminwe i- *CT* (ukuguqulwa kwesandla sombhalo ngohlamvu 'C' kuya kuhlamvu 'T' kuzo zombili izihlakala ngokuzungeza ku-eksisi evundlile). Inyanga kaJulayi ivame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi 'JL-Y'.

Amagama abhalwe ngeminwe awathathi indawo yokusebenzisa izimpawu ezikhona:kuthatha isikhathi eside ukusayina futhi kunzima ukukubona. Uma igama elibhalwe ngeminwe liboleka, ukupela ngeminwe kuncike kubo bobabili abasebenzisi abanolwazi lolimi olukhulunywayo (isiNgisi, iSotho, isiBhunu njll. ). Yize amagama afanele (njengegama lomuntu, igama lenkampani) evame ukubhalwa ngeminwe, kuvame ukuba yisinyathelo sesikhashana kuze kube yilapho umphakathi Wezithulu uvumelana ngokushintshwa kwegama leSign.

### Amagama ezimpawu nezisho
Amagama ezimpawu yizimpawu ezithile ezihlotshaniswa namagama afanele (indawo, umuntu, inhlangano).Amagama ezimpawu avame ukukhethwa ngokuya ngempahla ebonakalayo. Isibonelo, igama lesibonakaliso likaNelson Mandela lisayinwe kusetshenziswa isandla esiyisicaba se-B *esilandela ulayini wezinwele ngaphezulu kwekhanda.I*gama lezimpawu zebhange i-ABSA lenziwa ngezandla zombili kulandela ukunyakaza okushiwo ku-logo yenkampani.

### Ukuhluka
INingizimu Afrika ingelinye lamazwe ambalwa aqashelwa ngokusemthethweni ulimi lwezandlaCishe kukhona ukwehluka kwesifunda, kepha abasayinayo abavela ezweni lonke bangazwana kalula, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngokwesibonelo eForamu Yabayizithulu minyaka yonke.

Kuyinkolelo evamile kubantu baseNingizimu Afrika, ngisho naphakathi kwabantu baseNingizimu Afrika abayizithulu, ukuthi imiphakathi yezilimi ezahlukahlukene inezilimi zezandla ezehlukene.Lokhu ngokusobala kungumphumela wokuthi Izithulu zingakwazi ukuqonda abahumushi bolimi lwezandla abavela kweminye imiphakathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi "abahumushi" abanjalo abalusebenzisi ulimi lwezandla, kepha kunalokho basayinda isiNgisi esisayiniwe, isiXhosa esisayiniwe, njll.,Futhi yilabo kuphela abafundiswe la makhodi okufakelwa abangawaqonda.(Bheka ulimi olunamakhodi ngesandla eNingizimu Afrika . )

## Umlando wemfundo yabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika
Umugqa wesikhathi: 

* Izinduna ezingama-1863 zase-Ireland ziqala *izinhlelo zokuqeqesha* ngolimi lwezandla
* I-1874 *Grimley Institute for the Deaf and Dumb* esungulwe nguBridget Lynne eKapa
* *Isikole i-* 1881 De La Bat esungulwe eWorcester
* Ukwamukelwa kwe-1920 kokufunda ngomlomo ezikoleni zezithulu
* 1934 Ngokwahlukana phakathi *European* nezikole *Non-European*
* Ngo-1941 kwaqalwa isikole sokuqala "sabaNsundu."
* I-1984 Medium of education ishintshile ukusuka kolimi lwendabuko (ulimi lwendabuko) kuya esiNgisini ezikoleni *zeMnyango Wezemfundo Nokuqeqesha*
* "Ulimi lwezandla" lwango-1996 (kodwa hhayi ikakhulukazi i-SASL) okukhulunywe ngalo kuMthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika njengolimi oluzothuthukiswa

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1863, izindela zase-Ireland zazibandakanyeka ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha Izithulu.  Ulimi Lwezandla Lwase-Ireland, *"ekuqaleni olwaluthonywe kakhulu uLimi Lwezandla LwaseFrance "* kuthiwa lube nomthelela obonakalayo ezilimini zezandla emhlabeni, kubandakanya naseNingizimu Afrika. 

Ngo-1874 eKapa, isikhungo sokuqala sezithulu esibizwa *ngeGrimley Institute for Deaf and Dumb* sasungulwa ngowesifazane wase-Irish Deaf ogama lakhe linguBridget Lynne.  

Ngo-1881 eWorcester, kwasungulwa *isikole sabangesiThulu iDe La Bat.*

Kusukela ngo-1877, odade baseDominican baqala ukuhlala eduze kweTheku. Ngo-1884, uDade Stephanie Hanshuber waseJalimane wethula *indlela yomlomo* eNingizimu Afrika. 

Ngo-1888 kwavulwa ngokusemthethweni "iKing William's Town Convent School for the Education of the Deaf".

*"Njengoba bukhona ubufakazi obuncane bomlando, kuthathwa ngokuthi uLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika lunenhlanganisela yethonya lase-Ireland elivela kwizindela zaseDominican Irish, kanye naseBrithani kanye nethonya laseMelika.* *(Ulimi lwezandla wulimi lwemvelo lwezithulu.* *) "*