Isiphofu

**Isiphofu** (noma iGwava), iyisithelo esivamile sasezindaweni ezishisayo esitshalwa ezifundweni eziningi zasezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezincane. I-guava ejwayelekile *I-Psidium guajava* (i-lemon guava, i-apula guava) yisihlahla esincane somndeni we-myrtle (Myrtaceae), esivela IMexico, IMelika Ephakathi, ICaribbean nasenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika.

Igama elithi gwava liphinde linikezwe ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-*I-Psidium* njenge-strawberry guava (*I-Psidium cattleyanum*) kanye nophayinaphu gwava, *I-Feijoa sellowiana*. Ngo-2019, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-55 ama-guava akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke, aholwa yi-INdiya nge-75% yengqikithi. Ngokwezitshalo, ama-guava angamajikijolo.

Kubonakala sengathi igama elithi *gwava* belilokhu lisetshenziswa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-16 .  Igama elithathwe ku- Taíno,  ulimi lwama -Arawak, njenge  *ngomuthi we gwava* ngeSpanishi we-   Iguqulelwe ezilimini eziningi zaseYurophu nase-Asia, inesimo esifanayo. 

## Umsuka nokusakazwa
Amagwava avela endaweni okucatshangwa ukuthi isuka eMexico, eMelika ephakathi noma enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika kulo lonke elaseCaribbean. Izindawo zemivubukulo ePeru zakhipha ubufakazi bokutshalwa kwe-gwava ekuqaleni kuka-2500 BC.&nbsp;

Igwava lamukelwa njengesitshalo ezindaweni ezishisayo  zase-Asia, izingxenye ze-United States (eFlorida naseHawaii), e- Afrika eshisayo, nase-Oceania.  Amagwava alethwa eFlorida ngekhulu le-19  futhi akhuliswa lapho enyakatho ekude njengeSarasota, Chipley, Waldo kanye neFort Pierce . Kodwa-ke, ayisizinda esiyinhloko sempukane yezithelo zaseCaribbean futhi kumele avikelwe ekuthelelekeni ezindaweni zaseFlorida lapho lesi sinambuzane sikhona khona. 

Amagwava athakazelisa abalimi basekhaya ezindaweni ezishisayo njengenye yezithelo ezimbalwa zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezingakhula zibe yizithelo ezikhwameni zangaphakathi. Lapho zitshalwe ngembewu, izihlahla zegwava zingaveza izithelo eminyakeni emibili, futhi zingaqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo iminyaka engamashumi amane.

## Izinhlobo
Uhlobo oludliwa kakhulu, futhi oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-guava", yi-aphula gwava ( *i-Psidium guajava* ). Amagwava ayi- Myrtoideae ejwayelekile, anamaqabunga aqinile amnyama asindayo aphambene, alula, athambile ukuze abe yi-ovate, kanye  ). ubude. Izimbali zimhlophe, zinamacembe amahlanu kanye neziqu eziningi. Izithelo zingamajikijolo anembewu eminingi. 

Izinhlobo ze-*I-Psidium* zidliwa Izibungu ze-Lepidoptera, ikakhulukazi amabhu afana ne-Ello Sphinx (Erinnyis ello), *I-Eupseudosoma aberrans*, i-E. involutum, ne-Hypercompe icasia. Izimbungulu, njenge-*I-pronematus pruni* ne-*I-Tydeus munsteri*, zaziwa njengezinambuzane zezitshalo ze-I-apula guava (P. *I-Guajavanbsp;*) futhi mhlawumbe nezinye izinhlobo. I-bacterium *I-Erwinia psidii* ibangela izifo zokubola kwe-apula guava.

Isithelo sitshalwa futhi sithandwa abantu, futhi ezinye izilwane eziningi njengezinyoni ziyasidla, zisakaze kalula imbewu emanyaleni azo. E-I-Hawaii, i-strawberry guava (P. littorale) isibe uhlobo oluhlaselayo olusongela ukuqothulwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Ngokuphambene, izinhlobo eziningana ze-guava seziyivelakancane ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala futhi okungenani eyodwa (i-guava yaseJamaican, *I-P. dumetorumnbsp;*) isivele iphelile.

Ukhuni lwe-Guava lusetshenziselwa Ukubhema inyama eHawaii, futhi lusetshenziselwa imincintiswano ye-barbecue kulo lonke elase-United States. ECuba naseMexico, amaqabunga asetshenziselwa ukubhaka.

## Isithelo
Izithelo ze-Guava, ngokuvamile ezing + 1⁄2 kuya ku-4 + 1⁄2  ubude, ziyindilinga noma ziyindilinga kuye ngezinhlobo. Anamakha avelele futhi avamile, afana negobolondo le-lemon kodwa alicijile. Isikhumba sangaphandle singaba makhulu, ngokuvamile sinambitheka kabuhlungu, noma sithambile futhi sinobumnandi. Ngokwehlukil le phakathi kwezinhlobo, isikhumba singaba yinoma yikuphi ukuqina, ngokuvamile siluhlaza ngaphambi kokuba sivuthwe, kodwa singaba phuzi, onsundu, noma esiluhlaza lapho sesivuthiwe. I-pulp engaphakathi ingaba mnandi noma ibe mnandi futhi ingabi mhlophe ("ama-guava amhlophe") kuya kuma-guava abomvana ("ama-aguava abomvu"). Imbewu engxenyeni ephakathi nendawo iyahlukahluka ngenani nangokuqina, kuye ngezinhlobo.

## Ukukhiqizwa

Ngo-2022, ukukhiqizwa kwe-guava emhlabeni wonke kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-59, okuholwa yi-India nge-44% yengqikithi (itafula; Ama-mango nama-mangosteens kuhlanganisiwe). Abakhiqizi besibili kwakuyI-Indonesia neChina.

In Mexico and other Latin American countries, the beverage agua fresca is often made with guava. The entire fruit is a key ingredient in punch, and the juice is often used in culinary sauces (hot or cold), ales, candies, dried snacks, fruit bars, and desserts, or dipped in chamoy. *Pulque de guayaba* ("guayaba" is Spanish for guava) is a common alcoholic beverage in these regions. &#x5B;*nbsp;sourcenbsp;needed*&#x5D;

Emazweni amaningi, i-guava lidliwa lingaphekiwe, ngokuvamile isikwa ibe izingxenye noma lidliwe njenge-apula; ldliwa futhi nenqwaba yosawoti nopelepele, impuphu ye-cayenne noma inhlanganisela yezinongo (masala) . EPhilippines, i-guava elivuthiwe lisetshenziselwa ukupheka i-*sinigang*. I-Guava liyisidlo esincane eCuba njenge-pastalitos de guayaba; futhi eTaiwan, ithengiswa emakhoneni amaningi emigwaqo nasezimakethe zasebusuku ngesikhathi sezulu elisishisayo, ihambisana namaphakethe empupu le-plum eyomisiwe exutshwe noshukela nosawoti wokucwilisa. EMpumalanga ye-Asia, i-guava ivame ukudliwa nenhlanganisela yempuphu ye-plum emnandi nemanzi. Ijusi ye-Guava idliwa emazweni amaningi. Isithelo esivame ukufakwa kuma-salad ezithelo

Ama-guava abomvu angasetshenziswa njengesisekelo semikhiqizo enosawoti efana nama-sauce, esikhundleni sikamatisi, ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa i-asidi. Isiphuzo singenziwa ngokuxutshwa kwezithelo namaqabunga e-guava, eBrazil ebizwa ngokuthi i-chá-de-goiabeira, okungukuthi, "itiye" lamaqabunga esihlahla se-guava.

## Ukudla,
I-guava elilvamile elingaphekiwe ngamanzi angu-81%, ama-carbohydrate angu-14%, amaprotheni angu-3%, namafutha angu-0.5% (itafula). Ngamanani aphawulwe amagremu angu-100 (3.5 , i-guava eluhlaza inikeza ama-kilojoule angu-285 (68 kilocaloriesawu Amandla okudla futhi awumthombo ocebile we-fiber yokudla ne-vitamin C (254% ye-Daily Value, DV), namazinga alinganiselwe e-I-folate (12% DV) ne-i-potassium (14% DV, itafula). I-guava elngavuthiwe liqukethe I-lycopene (itafula).

## Ama-phytochemicals
Amaqabunga e-Guava aqukethe kokubili ama-carotenoid nAma-polyphenols, njenge-  (+) -gallocatechin ne-i-leukocyanidin. Njengoba ezinye zalezi zikhungo zikhiqiza isikhumba sesithelo nombala wenyama, ama-guava abomvu-olintshi avame ukuba ne-polyphenol eningi kanye ne-carotenoid kunelawo aphuzi-uluhlaza.

### Amafutha enhlamvu
Amafutha embewu ye-Guava angasetshenziselwa imikhiqizo yokupheka noma izimonyo. Igcwele I-Linoleic acid.

## Imithi yomdabu
Kusukela ngawo-1950, ama-guava - ikakhulukazi amaqabunga - aye acwaningwa ngezakhi zawo, izakhiwo ezingase zibe khona zezinto eziphilayo kanye nomlando wezokwelapha zomdabu.

## Izilokazane
Ama-fungal pathogens, *I-Neopestalotiopsis* ne-Pestalotiops izinhlobo ziyizinhlobo ezibangela i-guava scab eColombia.

## Ukusakazeka
Ukufakwa kwamanzi kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokusakaza isitshalo se-guava. Ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezintsha ngenkathi igcina izici zesitshalo esiyinhloko. Le   indlela yokukheth igatsha elinempilo ukwenza isika esincane egatsheni, kanye nokufaka i-hormone yezimpande ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande. Igatsha bese lisongwa nge-turf moss enomsokama bese limbozwa ngepulasitiki ukuze kusize kugcinwe umswakama. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, izimpande zizokwakheka, bese isitshalo esisha singasikwa kumzali bese sifakelwa enhlabathini. Le ndlela inenzuzo kakhulu kuma-guava ngenxa yempumelelo yayo ephakeme kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza izitshalo ezithwala izithelo ngokushesha.