open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Irostov-On-Don

**I-Rostov-on-Don** (esifushanisiwe ngokuvamile — ***i-Rostov*** ) – idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eningizimu-ntshonalanga Yerussia, isikhungo sokuphatha Sesouthern federal District kanye nesifunda Saserostov. Idolobha Lenkazimulo Yezempi (2008).

Yasungulwa ngomthetho Wombusi U-Elizabeth petrovna ngodisemba 15, 1749. Itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga Ye-East European Plain, kuwo womabili amabhange Omfula Idon, 46 km ukusuka lapho uhlangana Khona Nolwandle I-Azov, 1092 km eningizimu Yemoscow.

Inani labantu liyi – 1 135 968  abantu (2023), iyidolobha leshumi nanye elinabantu abaningi eRussia.  bahlala phakathi kwe-Rostov agglomeration (i-agglomeration yesithupha ngobukhulu ezweni ).

Leli dolobha liyisikhungo esikhulu sokuphatha, sezomnotho, samasiko, sesayensi, semfundo, sezimboni kanye nendawo ebaluleke kakhulu yezokuthutha Eningizimu Yerussia. Ngokungahleliwe, Irostov ibizwa ngokuthi "isango Lasecaucasus" nangokuthi "inhloko-dolobha eseningizimu Yerussia", kanye nelithi "Inhloko-dolobha Yasedon". Ngofebhuwari 21, 2019, Irostov-on-don yahlonishwa njengenhloko-dolobha yesifunda ezingeni lomthetho.

Ngo-2018, Irostov-on-don yayingelinye lamadolobha lapho kwaqhutshwa khona imidlalo Yendebe Yomhlaba.

## Amanothi

## Izincwadi

* I-Rostov-on-Don. Izindatshana zomlando. - Rostov-on-Don: Incwadi yeRostov. Isikhungo sokushicilela, ngo-1984.
* Abathengisi be *[[Бусленко, Николай Иванович|-Buslenko N. I.]]* Rostov: izindatshana zomlando nezomnotho emibhalweni, amaqiniso, izibalo, namazwana ombhali kanye nokuhlazeka kobuciko kanye nobuntatheli. - Rostov-on-Don, ngo-1994.
* *Shvetsov S. D.* E-Rostov endala. - Rostov-on-Don: Incwadi yeRostov. Indlu yokunyathelisa, ngo-1971.
* *Sidorov V. S.* Encyclopedia of Old Rostov futhi Nakhichevan-on-Don . Ngemiqulu engu-6. - T. 1. Rostov-on-Don, 1994-224 pp.: ukugula.; T. 2. Rostov-on-Don, 1994; T. 3. Rostov-on-Don, 1995.
* *Kulishov V.I.* Ezindaweni eziphansi zeDon. - М. Art, 1987. - 1767 p.: ukugula.
* *Shtakhanov M.* Umhlahlandlela we-Rostov . - 2006.
* *U-Ilyin A.* Umlando wedolobha laseRostov-on-Don. - Rostov-on-Don, 2006.
* Поспелов Е. М. Amagama ezindawo zomhlaba. Toponymic Dictionary / impendulo. ed. R. A. Ageeva. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M . : Izichazamazwi zesiRashiya, Astrel, AST, 2002. - 512 Nge. - 3000 amakhophi. —  .

## Izixhumanisi

* LENA I-ROSTOV — izindaba ze-Rostov-on-Don 161
* Ingosi esemthethweni ye-City Duma kanye ne-City Administration 
* I-Rostov-on-Don kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yezokuvakasha esifundeni saseRostov 
* I-Rost Angeles: igama lezindawo zedolobha kubantu
Indondo yeLanga Eliphumayo

Order of the Rising Sun ،isiJapane: 旭日 章, ebizwa ngokuthi “Kyokujitsu-sho iwuhlelo lwaseJapan olwasungulwa uMbusi uMeiji ngo-1875 ukuze lube umyalo wokuqala kazwelonke owanikezwa uhulumeni waseJapan futhi wanikezwa omongameli nosomabhizinisi abaqavile.
= Abamukeli bendondo =

* Mahmoud AlArabi 
* Ibrahim AlArabi.
* Zahi Hawass,
* Khaled AlAnani
* U-Mohamed AlAgha.
* Hisham Badr.
## External links

* Japan, Cabinet Office: Decorations and Medals
** Decoration Bureau: Order of the Rising Sun
* Japan Mint: Production Process
UClint Eastwood

UClint Eastwood ungumqondisi waseMelika, owazalwa ngoMeyi 31, 1930. Usewine imiklomelo eminingi ye-Academy izikhathi eziningana.https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/55386%7C33326/wp
Abadlali abadumile baseMelika

Abadlali abadumile baseMelika

* UClint Eastwood see
* UTom Hanks
* Morgan Freeman
* UJohnny Depp
* ULeonardo DiCaprio
* URyan Reynolds
* UTom Cruise
* uzokwenza uSmith
* URobin Williams
* URobert Downey Jr
* UBrad Pitt
* Harrison Ford
* Joaquin Phoenix.
U-Oprah Winfrey

****U-Oprah** Gail Winfrey** (/ˈoʊprə/; ngokuzalwa ngu-**Orpah Gail Winfrey; ** Masingana 29, 1954), owaziwa ngegama elilodwa ngokuthi u-Oprah, ungumphathi wezinhlelo zokuxoxa waseMelika, umkhiqizi womabonakude, umlingisi, umlobi, Umnikazi wemithombo yezindaba. Waziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwakhe lwezingxoxo, i-Oprah Winfrey Show, olusakazwa kusuka IChicago, olwalusebenza emsakazweni kazwelonke iminyaka engu-25, kusukela ngo-1986 kuya ku-2011. Ubizwa ngokuthi "iNdlovukazi Yezindaba Zonke", wayengumuntu wase-IAfrika waseIMelika ocebe kunabo bonke ngekhulu lama-20 futhi wake waba ukuphela kwe-billionaire yebala elimnyama emhlabeni. Ngo-2007, wayevame ukubalwa njengowesifazane onethonya kakhulu emhlabeni.

## UMLANDO
UWinfrey wazalelwa enhluphekweni emaphandleni aseMississippi kumama owayesamusha owamukhulisa eyedwa kamuva wakhulela edolobheni elingaphakathi laseMilwaukee. Uthe wahlukunyezwa ebuntwaneni nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yakhe yokweva eshumini nambili futhi wakhulelwa eneminyaka engu-14, indodana yakhe yazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi yashona isebuntwaneni. UWinfrey wabe esethunyelwa ukuba ayohlala nendoda ayibiza ngokuthi uyise, uVernon Winfrey, umgundi wezinwele eNashville, eTennessee, futhi wathola umsebenzi emsakazweni ngenkathi esesesikoleni esiphakeme. Lapho eneminyaka engu-19, wayengumxhumanisi wezindaba zendawo kusihlwa. Ukuvezwa kukaWinfrey okuvame ukuzwakala, okusheshayo ekugcineni kwaholela ekutheni adluliselwe enkundleni ye-talk show emini, futhi ngemuva kokuthuthukisa i-talk-show yendawo yaseChicago endaweni yokuqala,  waqala inkampani yakhe yokukhiqiza.

Udunyiswa ngokwakha uhlobo oluseduze kakhulu, lokuvuma izono lokuxhumana kwemithombo yezindaba,  Winfrey wathandwa futhi wagucula   uhlobo lwe-*tabloid  talk show* olwasungulwa nguPhil Donahue.[Maphakathi nawo-1990, uWinfrey wayesungule kabusha uhlelo lwakhe ngokugxila ezincwadini, ukuzithuthukisa, ukuqapha, nengokomoya. Nakuba egxekwa ngokudalula isiko lokuvuma izono, ukukhuthaza imibono Ukuzisiza eyimpikiswano, kanye nokuba nendlela egxile emizwelweni, kuye kwadunyiswa nangokunqoba ubunzima ukuze abe ngumsizi kwabanye. U-Winfrey waphinde wavela njengamandla ezombusazwe emncintiswaneni wobumongameli ka-2008, ngokusekela kwakhe u-Barack Obama kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakubiza amavoti angaba yisigidi esisodwa ngesikhathi sokhetho lwamaDemocratic lwango-2008. Ngonyaka ofanayo, wakha inethiwekhi yakhe, i-Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). Ngo-2013, uWinfrey wanikezwa uMongameli we-Freedom Medal nguMongameli U-Barack Obama.
UBrandy Norwood

UBrandy Ryana Norwood (owazalwa ngoFebhuwari 11, 1979), owaziwa njengoBrandy, ungumculi nomlingisi waseMelika ohlukaniswa ngemibono yakhe yobuciko.
Tyra Banks.

UTyra Lynn Banks uyintatheli yaseMelika, umlingisi kanye nomculi (owazalwa ngo-1973). Ungumuntu wabezindaba waseMelika.
Liberland

ILiberland, ebizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iFree Republic of Liberland, iyizwe elincane elaqala endaweni engafunwanga engxenyeni esentshonalanga yoMfula iDanube phakathi kweCroatia neSerbia. I-Liberland yasungulwa ngomhla ka-13 Ephreli 2015 isishoshovu senkululeko sase-Czech u-Vít Jedlička.

Iwebhusayithi ye-Liberland esemthethweni ithi isizwe sadalwa emhlabeni ongenamuntu (terra nullius) owavela ngenxa yokuthi iCroatia neSerbia azizange zivumelane ngemingcele efanayo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25.  Le ngxabano yomngcele ifaka ezinye izindawo ezisempumalanga ye-Danube ezifunwa yi-Serbia ne-Croatia. ICroatia ibheka ezinye izindawo ezisentshonalanga yomfula, okuhlanganisa neLiberland, njengengxenye yeSerbia, nakuba iSerbia ingasawufuni lowo mhlaba.

Umhlaba ubulokhu ugadwa yiCroatia kusukela ngeMpi Yenkululeko YaseCroatia    kodwa iCroatia ivimbe abantu ukuthi beze eLiberland kusukela ngemuva nje kokusungulwa kwayo, okuhlanganisa izakhamizi zaseCroatia nezinye izakhamizi ze-EU. Ngaphambi kwalokho, cishe noma ubani wayengavakashela indawo. Abazingeli abanelayisensi, abadobi nabasebenzi bakwa-Hrvatske šume d.o.o. (I-Croatian Forests Ltd., inkampani yemithi ephethwe nguhulumeni) yenza ukuvakasha ngezikhathi ezithile. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2023, abakwaLiberland bekhona endaweni,   nakuba amaphoyisa asemngceleni waseCroatia ehlola amaphasipoti awo wonke umuntu ongena noma ophumayo. Amaphoyisa asemngceleni waseCroatia abeka imithetho yaseCroatia ngokumelene nemililo evulekile namatende avaliwe.

Alikho izwe eliyilungu leNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene elinikeze ukuqashelwa okuphelele kwe-Liberland, nakuba i-Liberland ivule ubudlelwano obusemthethweni ne-Somaliland ne-Haiti kanye nezinye izifundazwe eziqashelwa ngokwengxenye nezingaziwa kanye nama-micronations. NgoNovemba 2021, i-El Salvador yathola ithimba lenxusa elivela e-Liberland. 

## Izikhombo

## Amanye amawebhusayithi
* [//liberland.org/ Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni], nge-[//liberland.org/en/main/ English] kanye [//liberland.org/cz/main/ Czech]
* se-k-nemu-hrnou-370917 Ingxoxo nomsunguli u-Vít Jedlička
* http://inserbia.info/today/2015/04/czech-proclaims-new-sovereign-state-between-serbia-and-croatia-liberland/
* Siyakwamukela e-Liberland, Izwe Elisha Kakhulu Emhlabeni (Mhlawumbe)
* Ifilimu eyidokhumentari emayelana neLiberland – "Leli Alikho Izwe Lami Lomuntu"
Usomabhizinisi

**Usomhwebo** (elithi *usomabhizinisi* ibizomfakela) umuntu wesilisa noma wesifazane onobunikazi noma ubuqhebeqhebe bezentengiselwano, onezinkampani, onemikhando, noma izabelo elungiselelweni langasese, futhi usomhwebo wenza ubuqhebeqhebe bokuphehla ukugobhoza kwemali, intengiso, nemalingeniso esebenzisa abantu, ezezimali, ubuhlakani, kanye nempahla ukuze akhulise umnotho nenzuzo.

## Izithenjwa
Umkhathi

**Umkhathi** (noma **isikhala**) ngokwencazelo elula uyisilinganiso semingakontathu yomgamu ehlanganisa ubude, ububanzi, nokuphakama. Ngokomchazandalo wanamuhla umkhathi uyisilinganiso semingakomine esingenamkhawulo esibizwa ngokuthi umkhathinkathi, okusho ukuthi kujotshelelwa nesikhathi.
Isicabango somkhathi sithatha njengesibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu umkhathilibe. Kodwa, ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kosonjulalwazi kuyaqhubeka neiba angavumelani ukuthi ingabe umkhathi ungumenzo, noma ubuhlobo phakathi kwemenzo, noma uyingxenye yohlaka lesicabango. 

Ekhulwini leminyaka ye-19 nelama-20 abachazizibalo baqala ukuphenya izincazosimo okungezona ezika-Euclide, lapho okucatshangwa khona ukuthi umkhathi uyankumbela kunokuba yisicaba. Ngokomchachiso wokucakathana jikelele ka-Albert Einstein, umkhathi ongunge umnyondo uyanhlanhlatha encazelweni yomkhathi ka-Euclide. Imigcanso yokucakathana jikelele yafakazela ukuthi izincazosimo okungezona ezika-Euclide zinonongo olungcono lommumo womkhathi.
Intshogcezi

**Intshogcezi** yisiqa noma isithako esihilela imizwayi emikhulu ebizwa imizwayikhulu eyakhiwa izingxenye ezincinyane eziningi (ezigcezi). Ngenxa yomungco wezakho zazo obanzi, kokubili izintshogcezi zemvelo nezokuzakhela zineqhaza elimqoka nelisabalele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Izintshogcezi ziyahlukahluka kusuka kwezijwayelekile zocwazi le-polystyrene kuya kwizintshogcezimpilo zemvelo ezifana nolibofuzo nezakhamzimba eziyisiseko ohlakeni olungokwempilo nokusebenza kwayo. Izintshogcezi, kokubili ezemvelo nezilumbanisiwe, zikhandwa ngenqubo yokuntshogceza imizwayi eminingi emincane, ebizwa izintshotho. Isisindo sazo esikhulu, esicakathene nemiXube yemizwayi emincane, ikhiqiza izakhi eziyingqayizivele ezihlanganisa ubuqatha, ubunjobuluka obuphakeme, ubunjunguluka, nengabelo yokwakha izinhlaka ezingenasimo nezigudlumncwebe esikhundleni semincwebe.
Mahmoud Taher

UMahmoud Taher.  ungumGibhithe, owazalwa ngo-1952، Ungumongameli wangaphambili we-Egypt Al-Ahly Club.

= Izithenjwa =


= Bhekafuthi =
* losomabhizinisi baseGibhithe ‎

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle
Mahmoud Othman

U-Othman Ahmed Othman {{lang-ar|  عثمان أحمد عثمان   wazalwa ngo-1917. Ungusomabhizinisi nosopolitiki ovelele.Ungomunye wabasunguli be-Arab Contractors Company, okuyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke yama-Arab, kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-1982.
## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

## Izithenjwa


= Bhekafuthi =
* losomabhizinisi baseGibhithe
I-Paulownia Flower Medal

I-Order of the Paulownia Flowers (桐花章, Tōka shō) Umklomelo wasungulwa ngo-1888 ngesikhathi se-Meiji Restoration njengomklomelo ophakeme kunawo wonke ku-Order of the Rising Sun. Lo mklomelo unikezwa omongameli, ongqongqoshe, nosomabhizinisi abazuze okuvelele. impumelelo.
Ahmed Bahjat Fattouh

**Ahmed Bahgat Fattouh** owazalwa ngo-1951 futhi washona ngo-2021, wayengusomabhizinisi waseGibhithe futhi ephethe ubuzwe baseMelika. Umsunguli we-Bahjat Group of Companies, umsunguli we-Dream TV, nomsunguli. Unekhono echwebeni lakhe lobuhlakani futhi uyashesha ekusebenzelaneni kwakhe, okuholele empumelelweni.
## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle
Isimelo somthetho

Ngokomthetho, ukuba **nesimelo** kusho "ukuba nesibopho noma ukuziphendulela emthethweni; ukubophezeleka ngokomthetho".  Isimelo somthethe sinake kakhulu kokubili umthetho wokuhlalisana nomthetho wobugebengu futhi singavela kunoma yiziphi izici zomthetho, ezifana nesivunelwano, intela, noma izinhlawulo ezikhishwa izinhlangano zohulumeni. umbizeli nguyena okufanele asungule, noma afakazele isimelo.
Isijengamazwi somtapowolwazi

**Isijengamazwi somtapowolwazi** siyincwadi yokubhalisa zonke izinto zomchazamibhalo ezitholakala kumtapolwazi noma iqembu lemitapolwazi, efana noxhoxho lwemitapolwazi  esezindaweni ezihlukene. Isijengamazwi semitapolwazi siyiqembu sibizwa isijengamazwi sobumbano. Isibhalo somchazamibhalo kungaba yinoma yini enokwaziswa (njengencwadi, amahele wesiCikizi, imifanekiso, nezithako zamabalazwe njll) nethathwa njengesibhalo somtapolwazi, noma isibhalo semitapolwazi eyiqembu, noma isijengamazwi esikhongciwe (sekhasilwebu) uma nje lubalulekile esijengamazwini nakubasebenzisi bomtapolwazi.

## Impokophelo

Ngonyaka we-1841, u-Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi kanye no-Charles Ammi Cutter ngowe-1876 baqala umsebenzi owahlahla indlela ekuchasiseni imithetho yokujengamazwi yokuqala eyacabaywa ngokuqondene nezinongo zesumbono. U-Cutter yena waziveza ngokusobala izimpokophelo zohlelo lomchazamibhalo encwadini yakhe ethi *Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalog*. Ngokuka-Cutter, lezo zimookophelo yilezi

1. ukwenza umuntu athole incwadi enalezi zici ezilandelayo ezaziwayo (impokophelo yokuhlonza):
* umlobi
* isihlokosiqu
* isihlokondaba
* usuku lokushicilelwa

2. ukuveza okukhona emtapowolwazi (impokophelo yokuthungatha)
* ngokomlobi oveziwe
* ngokwesihlokondaba esiveziwe
* ngokohlobo lwencwadi eveziwe

3. Ukulekelela ekukhetheni incwadi (impokophelo ecubungulayo)
* ngokohlelo lwayo (ngokomchazamibhalo)
* ngokwesidwambu sayo (ngokwesihloko)

Lezi zimpokophelo zisengawashelwa ngokwezincasiselo zanamuhla formulated throughout the 20th century.

Ezinye izingqalabutho zalomkhakha kwakunguShiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan noSeymour Lubetzky.

Izimpokophelo zika-Cutter zabuyekezwa nguLubertzky kanye neNgqungquthela yeMithetho yokuJengamazwi (CCP) eyayise Paris ngowe- 1960/1961, nokwaphumela eMthethweni yaseParis yokuJengamazwi (PP).

Isigabavu sakamuva sokuchazisa izinsebenzo zesijengamazwi somtapowolwazi senziwa ngowe-1998 ngeziMfuneko ezisebenzayo zeziQoshwa zomchazamibhalo (FRBR), ezichazisa imisebenzi emine yomsebenzisi: ukuthola, ukuhlonza, ukukhetha, nokuzuza.

## Imithombo
Isichazambhalo

**Isichazambhalo** njengoqeqesho, ngokwesiko lakwangqondonkulu luwukucwaningwa kwezincwadi njengezinto eziphathekayo, nezingokwesikompilo; ngalomqondo lungabizwa nangokuthi isichazancwadi. Umbhali nomchazimbhalo uJohn Carter wachazisa isichazambhalo njengebizo elinemiqondo emibili: owokuqala, lisho uluhla lwemibhalo noma izincwadi zokufunda okuqhubekayo noma imisebenzi ecutshungulwa umbhali (**isichazambhalo esinanisayo** ; omunye umqondo, osebenza kubaqoqi, usho "ucwaningo lwezincwadi njengezinto eziphathekayo," futhi usho "incaziso ehlelekileyo yemibhalo njengezinto" (noma **isichazambhalo esichazisayo**).

## uMsukagama
Ibizo elithi isichazambhalo liyazichaza ngokwalo ukuthi incazelo yalo igabele ngakuphi, ukuchaza imibhalo. uMlando walomkhakha usitshela ukuthi kusuka endulo, lapho izincwadi zisafaniselwa ngesandla, nasekhuwlini le-12 lapho "ukulotshwa kwezincwadi okungubuqhebeqhebe bengqondo" kwakusetshenziswa igama elifanayo. Kodwana incazelo yaleli bizo yanamuhla ivela ekhulwini le-17, okuyincazelo yokuchaza imibhalo noma izincwadi. Kuyimanje, lomkhakha woku chaza imibhalo siwande ngezinga elihlanganisa nezifundo ezicubungula incwadi njengento ngokwayo. Isichazamibhalo, empishekelweni yako ehleliweyo yokuqonda indulo kanye nemanje ngemibhalo elotshiwe neshicilelwe, sichazisa indlela yokumonyula ukwaziswa kuleyo mibhalo. Abachazimibhalo banelukuluku lokuqhathanisa izihlelwa zeziqakaqo kunokuthi bahlakahle umqondo wazo noma bahlole ubumqoka bazo.

## Umkhakha wemfundo
**Umchazambhalo** uyisici esikhethekile senzululwazi yomtapolwazi (noma INzululwazi yoMtapolwazi noKwaziswa) kanye nenzululwazi wezibhalo. Wasungulwa umlisa obizwa Paul Otlet (1868–1944), owasungula umkhakha wezibhalo, okuyigatsha lenzululwazi yokwaziswa, futhi owabhala ngokuphathelene "nenzululwazi yomchazambhalo". Kodwana, kukhona abathi lomkhakha womchazambhalo ofile, futhi awandile kakhulu. Kodwa uHjørland wawuvikela lomkhakha ngowezi-2007.

Ucwaningo olungakanisayo lomchazambhalo lubizwa inhlolambhalo *(bibliometrics)* futhi lusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqumo ezinkulu zeqoqo ezifana nokucisha izicikicelo.
.

## Imithombo
Isizindamininingo

KwezokiCikiza, **isizindamininingo** siyiqoqo lemininingo elihlelekile eliwuhlobo lwesiqoqonga semininingo esisekwe esimisweni sokulawula imininingo (DBMS), okuyihlelokusebenza elinanana nabasebenzisi, kanye  nesizindamininingo ngokwaso ukuze ligcine futhi lihlaziye imininingo. Isimiso sokulawula isizindamininingo ngokwengeziwe sihlanganisa izinhlaka eziwumnyombo zokulawula isizindamininingo. Uma kukhulunywa ngesimiso sokulawula isizindamininingo kuhlanganiswa isizindamininingo ngokwaso, kanye namahlelokusebenza ahilelekile. Imvama elithi "isizindamininingo" lisebenza ukubhekisela kunoma yisiphi isimiso sokulawula isizindamininingo, noma isimiso sesizindamininingo noma ihlelokusebenza eliyamaniswa nesizindamininingo.
Isizindamininingo sesichazambhalo

**Isizindamininingo sesichazambhalo** siyisizindamininingo seziqoshwa zesichazambhalo. Leli yiqoqo elihlelwe kuxhakaxholo lwamaphatho emisebenzi elotshiwe efana neziqakaqwa, izibhalwa zephephandaba, izethulo zengqungquthela, imibiko, izishocilelwa zikahulumeni nezomthetho, izigunyazi nezincwadi. Ngokuphambene nemifako yojengamazwi womtapolwazi, iningi leziqoshwa zesizindamininingo sesicchazambhalo zichazisa izibhalwa namaphepha wengqungquthela kunemibhalonye ephelele, futhi zivame ukuqukatha izincaziso zesihloko esinothileyo ngesimo samazwi amqoka, amabizo womjinjo wezihloko, nemikhanyango.
Isiqoshwa somchazamibhalo

**Isiqoshwa sesichazambhalo** siyisifako esifakwa kwinkomba yesichazambhalo (noma isijengamazwi somtapolwazi ) esimele futhi esichazisa insizakusebenza ethile. Isiqoshwa sesichazambhalo siqukethe izici zemininingo eyimfuneko ukuba ilekelele abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuhlonza futhi bahoshe lezo zinsizakusebenza, kanye nokwaziswa okusekelayo okwengeziwe, okwethulwa ngesinikino sesichazambhalo esihleliwe. Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kungasekela izinsebenzo zesizindamininingo esikhethekile esifana nesihlwayi, noma isiphequli (ngamazwi amqoka), noma kungahlinzeka isethulo esigcwele sesiqikili sento.

Iziqoshwa zesichazambhalo zivame ukuhosheka kusuka ezikhombweni zesichazambhalo ( izizindamininingo zesichazambhalo zanamuhla) ngegama lombhali, isihloko sencwadi, ibizo lesikhombo, noma igama elimqoka. Iziqoshwa zomchazamibhalo kungabhekiselwa kuzo njengezibambeli noma incazamininingo. Iziqoshwa zesichazambhalo zingamelela izinhlobonhlobo zeziqikili ezishicilelwe, ezihlanganisa namaphepha ajwayelekile, izishicilelwa ezibhangqisiwe noma ezidalwe ngokwezezibhangiwe. Umdludlungu wokudala, ukwenanana, nokukhweza iziqoshwa zesichazambhalo zingxenye yomdludlungu omkhulu obizwa ulawulo lesichazambhalo.
Isilulumininingo

**Isilulumininingo** siykhosomba lokuqoqonga nokuphatha ngokuqhubekayo amaqoqo emininingo angafaki nje amakhosombe afana nesizindamininingo, kodwa nezinhlobo zesilulu ezilula ezifana namaheke alula, nezincwazuba, njll
Unyandla olungungiwe

**Unyandla olungungiwe** luyisimiso sokuxhumana ngasese lapho abasebenzisi baso abaxhumanayo kuyibo kuphela abahlanganyelayo.
Ilifu lokuqoqonga

**Ilifu lokuqoqonga** liwunongo lokuqoqonga imininingo yesiCikizi lapho khona imininingo yezezibhangqiwe iqoqongwa emachibini omhluzangqondo, abizwa ngokuthi "**ilifu** ".
Ukhongco

KwezokuCikiza, **ukhongco** luyisiqondisi sezezibhangqiwe esiyisana emniningweni umsebenzisi angase ayilandele noma aqondiswe kuyo ngokuthi aqhebeze nje kuphela. Ukhongco lukhomba embhalweni ophelele noma esicini esiqondile esisembhalweni. Isiqakaqulu sona siyisiqakaqo esinamakhongco. Isiqakaqo okukhongcwa kusuka kuso sivame ukubizwa *isiqakaqo nqala*. Isimiso sehlelokusebenza esisetshenziselwa ukubuka nokudala iziqakaqulu siyisimiso sesiqakaqulu, futhi ukudala ukhongco kubizwa *ukukhongca*. Umsebenzisi olandela amakhongco kuthiwa *uyaphequlula* noma uphequlula isiqakaqulu.
Umthundohwe

**Umthundohwe** ungumXube okungewona owemvelo wenihwe nehwanzi onesicabayo NH3 .

Kungumkhiqizo obalulekile wezimboni. Cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-200 e-ammonia akhiqizwa minyaka yonke. Cishe ama-80% e-ammonia akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke aguqulwa abe umanyolo wokwenziwa njenge-ammonium nitrate, i-ammonium phosphates, i-ammonium sulfate, i-urea kanye ne-calcium ammonium nitrate. Ama-20% asele asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nemithi. I-Ammonia ibhekwa njengesithwali samandla esibalulekile ezinhlelweni zamandla zesikhathi esizayo. 

I-Ammonia ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-Haber-Bosch: ingxube yegesi ye-hydrogen ne-nitrogen isabela ku-450-520°C kanye nomfutho we-100-150 bar lapho kukhona i-catalyst yensimbi. Njengamanje, i-hydrogen edingekayo enqubweni ye-Haber-Bosch ikhiqizwa ngamafutha emvelo (igesi yemvelo noma amalahle), okuholela ekukhishweni kwe-CO2. I-ammonia evuselelekayo ingakhiqizwa uma i-hydrogen ikhiqizwa nge-electrolysis yamanzi kusetshenziswa ugesi ovuselelekayo (amandla elanga nawomoya). I-Afrika inamandla amahle okukhiqiza i-ammonia evuselelekayo futhi inciphise ukuncika ekungenisweni komanyolo.
IntshOngohwe

**IntshOngohwe** (noma **isOhrwenkashu** )  umzwayi okungewona owemvelo onesicabayo sevanga esithi **O3**. Lolu uhowo olunombala olundwa ophaphathekile lunevumba eliyintshongo. IntshOngohwe liyinhlobombe yesOrhwe engazinzile ukwedlula inhlobombe ebuchwembili O
2, okwenza icezule umoyambulunga osezansi kube O
2 (isOrhwembili). IntshOngohwe yakhiwe ngesOrhwembili ngesenzo sokukhanya kukazukhwithi nemilelesa yamazuba emkhathini womhlaba. Iyatholakala ngamanani amancane kuwo wonke umoyambulunga, kodwana amanani ayo amakhulu asebuhalalazini bentshOngohwe e stratosphere, okuyiwona omunyunga imiyonzi kazukhwithi ebuya elangeni.
Amaphatho

**Amaphatho** awubuhlobo obuphakathi kwezinto lapho khona into eyodwa iqoka, noma isebenza njengensiza yokuxhuma noma ukukhongca kwenye into.
Izibhalo zamaphatho

**Isibhalo samaphatho** siwumsebenzi ongeyona inganeko, ofana nephepha lwakwaNgqondonkulu, incwadi noma isishicwanjalo *(periodic)*, okuyizinto umuntu angabhekisela kuzo ukuthola ukwaziswa. Ukwaziswa kwazo kuhloswe ukuba kutholakale ngokushesha lapho kudingeka. Izibhalo lezi zivame *ukuphathwa* lapho kudingidwa okunye ukwaziswa, kunokuthi zifundwe ngokuphelele. Inkobo yokubhala esetshenziswa kulezibhalo idlulisa ukwaziswa; ababhali bagwema ukusebenzisa inkomba siqu, futhi bagcizelela iziminya.

Izikhomba ziwulwangu olugcwele kakhulu ezibhalweni zamaphatho. Izibhalo zamaphatho eziningi zihlanganiswa amathimba wabanikezeli abaqondiswa umhleli oyedwa noma abaningana, kunokuba nomlobi oyedwa. Amahlelo aphuculiwe nawo avame ukushicilelwa lapho edingeka, mhlawumbe kanye ngonyaka.

Izibhalo zamaphatho zihlanganisa izinsizakufunda, Izincwadi zonyaka, amabalazwe, izichazamibhalo, izichazamazwi ezichazimibhalo, izinjengamazwi ezifana nezinjengamazwi zomtapowolwazi nezobuciko, Izincwadi zezikhombo, izichazamazwi, izikhombo ezifana nezikhombo zemihibo nezikhombo zocingo, izingqoqelalwazi, izichazamafilimu, amaphephandaba kahulumeni, izikhomba ezifana nezikhombo zomchazamibhalo nezezingcaphuno, njll. Iningi lezibhalo zamaphatho ziyatholakala ngohlobo lwesingabuzuba okungaba ihlelokusebenza lamaphatho, ama-SiDi-ROM, amaDividi, noma ngoxhakaxholo. I-Wikipedia, okuyingqoqelalwazi ekuxhakaxholo, iyisibhalo samaphatho kokubili esikhulu nesifundwa kakhulu emlandweni.

## facebook
News

**News**' imayelana nathi sibuyekeza zonke izindaba noma izindaba mayelana nemicimbi yamanje. Lokhu kunganikezwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuxhumana،zemidiya izwi lomlomo, ukunyathelisa, izinhlelo zeposi, ukusakaza, isistimu ebukhoma noma Telecommunications Electronic ukuxhumana, okuyinkundla yezokuxhumana ehlanganisa yonke imicimbi.

## References

## Sources and further reading
* Allan, Stuart, *News Culture*. (2nd ed. McGraw Hill Open University Press, 2004. )
* Ayalon, Ami. *The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History*. (Oxford UP, 1995. )
## External links

*
UmNgcikisho wamazuba

**UmNgcikisho wamazuba** noma (**ubunjiniyela bakagesi**) uqeqesho lwezomngcikisho oluphathelene nocwaningo, umklamo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensiza zokusebenza, izilekeleli, nezimiso ezisebenzisa amazuba, izigabuzuba, kanye nobunzubawonga .
Amaphatho wezezibhangqiwe

**Amaphatho wezezibhangqiwe** (noma  **amaphatho wakuxhakaxholo** ) ayinkonzo yokunikezela ngosizo lwamaphatho womtapolwazi kuxhakaxholo, nalapho umsebenzi wamaphatho uqhutshwa ngesiCikizi khona .
Ukudla okuGuqulwe iziFuzisi

**Ukudla okuGuqulwe iziFuzisi**, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi **ukudla okuNgcikishwe iziFuzisi**, noma **ukudla okuNgcikishwimpilo** kungukudla okukhiqizwa ngeziphili eziguqulwe uLibofuzo lwazo kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zomngcikisho wezofuzo .

## Incasiselo
Ukudla okuguqulwe izifuzisi ziwukudla okukhiqizwa ngeziphili eziguqulwe ulibofuzo lwazo kusetshenziswa izindlela zomngcikisho wezifuzisi ngokuphambene nokuzalanisa.. Igama elithi *umngcikisho wezifuzisi* noma *ukuguqula izifuzisi* asho into eyodwa, futhi lamagama achaza izindlela zokukhipha noma ukucobelela izifuzisi ezithile ofuzweni lesiphili.

NgokweNhlangano Yezempilonhle Yamazwe, "Ukudla okukhiqizwa ngeziphili eziguqulwe izifuzisi kufanele bubizwe ngokuthi Ukudla okuguqulwe izifuzisi.

Akukacaci ukuthi yini eyakha okuthile kube isiphili esiGuqulwe izifuzisi (GMO), amazwe Omhlaba neziNhlangano zamazwe azikaphumo nencasiselo eyodwa.

Ukuphawula Ukudla namagama athi 'akuguquliwe izifuzisi (Non-GMO' noma 'GMO-free') kwezomdayiso kuhlezi kuguquguquka. Imikhiqizo efana netswayi, amanzi, equkethe Izinto eziguquliwe Kodwa yona engenakuguqulwa, hlezi ophawula ngenjongo yokwenza sengathi ihlabahlosile ngokwempilo.

## Amaphatho
UmNgcikisho wezifuzisi

**UmNgcikisho wezifuzisi**, obuye ubizwe ngokuthi **ukuguqulwa kwezifuzisi** noma **ukulunjwa kwezifuzisi**, kuwukuguqulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezifuzisi zesiphili kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe .
IsiNyantuli

**Isinyantuli** siwuhlobo lomdwayinga wamanani omngakobili (2D), owaqanjwa ngowe-1994, yinkampani yaseJapani iDenso Wave ukuze inhlange izingxenye zezimoto. Isinyantuli siqukethe amagcagcane amnyama ahlelwe aba umdwayinga ogcagcene emzindeni omhlophe, kuhlanganisa neziphawuli ezethenjwayo, ezifundwa kalula yisilekeleli esithwebulayo, esifana nesithwebuli, futhi zidludlungwe ngokusebenzisa Isilungisaphutha sika-Reed-noSolomon kufika lapho umfanekiso uhlakahlwa khona ngokufanele. Khona imininingo efunekayo imonyulwa ezifanelweni zaso zikhona ezigcoyini ezimveku nezilutsheku zomfanekiso wesinyantuli.
IsiPhili esiguqulwe isiFuzisi

**IsiPhili esiguqulwe isiFuzisi** yinoma yisiphi isiPhili esinezithako zofuzo ezishintshiwe kusetshenziswa umNgcikisho wesifuzisi. Incasiselo eqondile yesiphili esiGuqulwe izifuzisi nokuthi wakhiwa yini imngcikisho wezifuzisi iyahlukahluka, futhi eyakamiva ithi isiphili esiGuquliwe 'asisekho njengoba sasidaliwe noma sasizaliwe ngokwemvelo.'  Zininingi IziPhili eseziguqulwe izifuzisi, futhi zihlanganisa izilwane, izitshalo ngisho neziphilincinci.
Isilwane esiguqulwe iziFuzisi

**Izilwane eziguqulwe iziFuzisi** ziyizilwane eziguqulwe iziFuzisi  ngezinjongo ezehlukene ezihlanganisa ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa, ukukhulisa inani lazo, ukwandisa ukumelana kwazo nezifo, njll. Iningi lezilwane eziguqulwe iziFuzisi zisesigabeni socwaningo kuyilapho inani eliseduze lalezo ezizofakwa endayini lisalincane. 

## Amaphatho
Isizindamininingo esikuxhakaxholo

**Isizindamininingo esikuxhakaxholo** siyisizindamininingo esifinyeleleka ngoxhoxho lwasendaweni noma  uxhakaxholo, ngokuphambene nalolo oluqoqongwe esiCikizini ngasinye noma isilulu saso esifakiwe (njenge-CD).
Umchazamncwebe

**Umchazamncwebe** yinzululwazi yomgcanso yokunqumela ukuhleleka kwamachwe ezinqumeleni zomncwebe. Umchazamncwebe uyisihloko esiyisiseko emikhakheni yenzululwazi yezithako nakumchazandalo wezimo ezijiyileyo. Igama elithi umchazamncwebe lisuselwa emazwini amabili wesizulu ("umchaza" elisho inqubo echazayo + nelithi "umncwebe" elisho isimo esincwamanzi). NgoNtulikazi wezi-2012, inhlangano yezizwe yaqaphela ukubaluleka kwenzululwazi yomchazamncwebe ngokumemezela ukuthi owezi-2014 kuzoba unyaka wamaZwe womHlaba woMchazamncwebe.
Umfundindalo

**Umfundindalo** (noma umchazindalo) ungusonzululwazi onobuchule emkhakheni womchazandalo, ohlanganisa ukunanana phakathi koTho nesidlakalasi kuyo yonke imilinganiso yobude nesikhathi ubude nesikhathi kumkhathilibe. Abafundindalo ngokuvamile banesithakazelo esisuseni noma imbangela yesimongotho, futhi bahlela ukuqonda kwabo besebenzisa umchazazibalo. Umsebenzi wabo uhilela imikhakha eminingi ehlanganisa: umkhakha wamaChwe, nowezinhlayiyana zeChwe, kanye nomchazandalo wempilo. Lo mkhakha uvame ukuba nezinhlobo ezimbili zabafundindalo: Umfundindalo womgcanso, onobuchule ekuqapheleni Isimongotho semvelo nasekuthuthukiseni isihlaziyo semigcanso, owesibili Umfundindalo womchachiso, onobuchule ekunongozeni ngokomchazazibalo zonke izimiso zemvelo ukuze ahluze, achaza futhi aqagule isimongotho semvelo.

Abafundindalo bayakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwazi abaanalo ekuxazululeni izinkinga noma ekuqambeni ezobuchwepheshe ezintsha ,Umchazandalo osetshenziswayo noma Umchazandalo ongcikishayo).
Umnyikilizo

**Umnyikilizo** ungumnyakazo wemizwayi yesibhunyeli (uketshezi) lapho idlula phakathi kolwelwesi, isuka esibhunyelini esisodwa kuya kwesinye , okuyinto eyenzeka ngaphandle kwesiphoqi sangaphandle.
Table Mountain

**Table Mountain** (        ;    ) iyintaba eyisiqongo esiyisicaba eyakha indawo eqavile ebheke idolobha laseKapa eNingizimu Afrika .

Iyindawo ekhanga izivakashi, enezivakashi eziningi ezisebenzisa umgwaqo wezintambo noma eziqwala izintaba ziye phezulu. Lentaba inezinhlobo zezitshalo eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishagalombili namashumi amabili, ezingama shumi ayisishagalombili ngephesenti zazo zingama fynbos. I-Table Mountain National Park iyipaki kazwelonke evakashelwa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, iheha abantu abayizigidi ezingu-4.2 minyaka yonke ngezinhloso ezihlukahlukene. Iyingxenye yemihlaba eyake yahlukaniswa yisizwe akhuluma isiKhoe, njenge-!! (i-"High Clan").
Joao Grimaldo

**Joao Grimaldo** (owazalwa 20 Febhuwari 2003) umdlali oqeqeshiwe webhola odlala njengoba Umgadli ngoba Sporting Cristal ku-Liga 1 neqembu lebhola lezinyawo lasePeru
INyandezulu

***INyandezulu***, inyoka encane ngomzimbha, iluhlaza, ebese iba namabala amnyama cishe umzimbha wonke. Ayina buthi okusho ukuthi ayisiyo neze ingozi. Itholakala ezwenikazi I-Afrika.

## Ukhelo
INyandezulu itholakala kusukela ezweni laseSudan, e-uGanda, eGuinea uye njalo empumalanga yezwekazi iyofinyelela naseTanzania kanye nase Nigeria. 

## Incazelo
Umbala uluhlaza okotshani, ebese iba namabala amnyama cishe umzimbha wonke. Ubude bayo bulinganiselwa kuma sentimitha angama-60 kuya kwangama-90.

## Umchazampilo
INyandezulu iyinyoka ejwayele ukutholakala ezihlahleni kanye nasemahlathini lapho zizingela khona izigcibilikishi(izigaqambha) kanye namasele asezihlahleni. Zingompetha ekunompeleni kanti futhi ziyakwazi nokubhukuda, zibona kahle, kanti futhi zihlale ziqaphile lapho zikhona. Azisibo neze ogwevanendawo kanti zingahambha amabanga amade lapho ziyokweluka. Ziyizinyoka ezingesiyo ingozi (azinabuthi) kanti futhi zijwayele ukubonakala emakhaya. 

INyandezulu inyoka edida imibala, ehlala egoyile, kanti zibaleka kuqala lapho zisebungozini. Akuvamisile ukuthi ibonakale emadolobheni.

## Enqokobeni
Kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuzigcina njengezinqoboka, ziyagoya kanti futhi azidli noma yini, kuphela nje izigcibilikishi kanye namasele asezihlahleni, kodwa bayazinqoboka baphinde baziizalanise kahle nje. 

## Ukuzalana
Izinsikazi zingabeka amaqanda abalelwa kwama-3 kuya kwayi-12 amajana njalo ehlobo, kuthi ichwane lona lilinganiselwe kuma sentimitha angama-25 ubude (kusukela kutshubungu kuyofinyelela emsileni). 

## Amaphatho

* Branch, Bill. 1988. *Field Guide to the Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa*.

## Ukufunda okwengeziwe

* UBranch, uBill. 2004. I-Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Sanibel Island, eFlorida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp.  .   (*I-Philothamnus semivariegatus*, pp. 93-94 + Plates 30, 99).&nbsp;
* USmith, u-Andrew 1840. *Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa* *...* London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury.  (Smith, Elder and Co., printers).  (*I-Dendrophis semivariegata*, Plate LIX, LX, LXIV, Figure 1).
I-Rio Negro Esporte Clube

**I-Rio Negro Esporte Clube** yayiyiklabhu yebhola yaseBrazil, evela edolobheni laseTeresina, inhloko-dolobha yeSifundazwe sasePiauí. Udlale ezinye izinhlelo zePiauí Football Championship ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Ngo-1961, uthole indawo yesishiyagalombili.
Umnyamangabomu

**Umnyamangabomu**, obizwa nangokuthi **ucimicimi** noma **ukucishakonga**, kuwukuvalwa kwamandla wamazuba okuyinto eyenziwa ngabomu lapho ukufufuthwa kwamazuba kuyekwa khona ngezikhathi ezithile ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zendawo abiwa kuyo.

## Emazweni asathuthuka
Iminyamangabomu sekuyinto evamile neyenzeka nsuku zonke emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, lapho khona ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamandla wokuphehlwa kwamazuba kusephansi noma kunengqalasizinda ephethwe kabi. Ezimisweni eziphethwe ngokufanele, kulapho khona izinhlelo nezijubo zeminyamangabomu zishicilelwa kusengaphambili ukuze abantu bazilunguselele yona. Kodwana ezimisweni eziphethwe ngokunganaki, iminyamangabomu yenzeka ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, ngokuvamile noma yinini lapho umjinge wokufufukiswa kwamazuba kunganele bonke.

Lokhu kuba nemithelela ehlukahlukene, futhi kungaphazamisa okulindelwe imiphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezweni laseGhana, ucimicimi usho ukulindelwa kokuthathwa kwamazuba ngaphandle kwesixwayiso ngenxa yomnyamangabomu.

### ENingizimu Afrika
Kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2007, iNingizimu Afrika ibilokhu ibhekene neziwombe eziningana zomnyamangabomu zokwehlisa umthamo wamazuba noma ukuwacisha ngenhloso yokuwonga. Lezi zazibangelwa ingqekelelo ephezulu yamazuba ezweni okwakungaphezu kokuhlinzekwa kwawo, nokwaphinde kwandiswa ukuguga kwengqalasizinda, ukunganakekelwa kwayo, nokwakhiwa lusilili kwesikhumulo zamandla ezintsha. Kamuva kuye kwavezwa ngulowo okhulumela uEskom uSikhonathi Mantshantsha, ukuthi inkohlakalo ekukhishweni kwamathenda kanye nokudicilelwa *(Sabotage)* phansi kwengqalasizinda yamandla okwenziwa abasebenzi kube okunye kwezinto eziyinhloko ezibangela ucimicimi. Lokhu sekube nomthelela omubi nolimaza umnotho waseNingizimu Afrika futhi kube neqhaza elikhulu ekunciphoseni indlela okhula ngayo.

## Imithombo
Uhlelo lokwaziswa

**Uhlelo lokwaziswa** luyinqubo, yenhlalobuchule, nesemthethweni yokuhlela eklanyelwe ukuqoqa, ukudludlunga, ukuqoqonga, nokusabalalisa ukwaziswa. Ngokombono wenhlalobuchule *(sociotechnical)* uhlelo lokwaziswa lwakhiwa izigcoyi ezine: umsebenzi, abantu, uhlaka, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Uhlelo lokwaziswa lungachasiswa ngokuthi ukudidiyelwa kwezigxoyi ukuze kuqoqwe, kuqoqongwe futhi kudludlungwe imininingo ngenjongo yokuthi imininingo isetshenziswe ukuphana ngokwaziswa, inikele olwazini nasekukhiqizeni yezezibhangqiwe enosizo ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, futhi imininingo iyasetshenziswa ekuhlinzekeni ngokwaziswa nasekufakeni isandla olwazini.

**Uhlelo lokwaziswa lesiCikizi** liyisimiso esiqukethe abantu nezicikizi ezidludlunga noma zihlakahle ukwaziswa. Leli bizo libuye lisebenze ukubhekisela ohlelweni lesicikizi oluhlonywe ngehlelikusebenza.

"**Izinhlelo zokwaziswa**" nazo ziwumkhakha wakwangqondonkulu ocwaninga ngezinhlelo ikakhulukazi eziqondene nokwaziswa kanye namahleloxhumano ahambisana nazo wezigcoyi zesicikizi namahlelokusebenza abantu nezinhlangano abazisebenzisayo ukuze baqoqe, bahlunge, badludlunge, badale futhi basabalalise imininingo. Kugxilwa kakhulu ohlelweni lokwaziswa olunemikhawulo, abasebenzisi, izidludlungi, isiqoqonga, izifako, iziphumo, kanye namahleloxhumano wokuxhumana abaliwe.
Imithetho yomdiki kaNewton

**Imithetho yomdiki kaNewton** yimithetho emithathu eyisisekelo yezobunguxa bakudala echaza ubudlelwano obuphakathi komdiki wento neziphoqi ezisebenza kuwo.
Ingqalasizinda yomphakathi

**ingqalasizinda yomphakathi** iyingqalasizinda evuleleke ukuba isetshenziswe umphakathi (omelwe uhulumeni).
Isidondwane

**Isidondwane** noma **Unomalenjane** (umfino owaziwa nangokuthi **indibili enkulu**  ne- ****** ngesibhunu) siyisitshalo esinamaqabunga amancane esinoshukela esitholakala INingizimu Afrika.
Vaporization

**Ukurhwamuka** kwenhlwa noma umXube kuwukuguquka isimo kusuka esimweni soketshezi kuya esimweni somhwamuko.
Ezokuxhumakude

**Ezokuxhumakude**, yibizo elisho ukufufukiswa kokwaziswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezobuchwepheshe kusetshenziswa intambo, umsakazo, ukukhanya, noma ezinye izinhlelo zeNzubawonga.
Isihlongabane

**Izihlongabane** ziyiziphuphuthi kukhanya noma eminye imiyonzi yenzubawonga. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezingafani zezihlongabane ezijinjwe ngezindlela ezihlonga ngazo, ezifana nesihlonguzuba *(photoelectric)* noma isihlongavanga *(photochemical)*.
Umoyambulunga Womhlaba

**Umoyambulunga woMhlaba** bakhiwa ubuhalalazi bohowo oluxubileyo olubizwa ngokuthi **umoya**, obubanjwe umNyondo, ukuze bungunge ubuso boMhlaba. Uqukethe amanani ahlukahlukene e- aerosols nezinhlayinhlayi (particulates) ezenza kube nesimo sezulu esifana namafu nofasimbe. Umoyambulunga uyisivikelo esiphakathi kobuso boMhlaba nomkhathinga. Uvikela ubuso boMhlaba kumaqhumanyezi, nemiyonzi kazikhwithi yeLanga, unciphise nomehluko wamazinga okushisa phakathi kobusuki nemini, futhi ugcina umhlaba ufudumele ngokugcina ikhoza ngomthelela womshabasiluju. Umoyambulunga usabalalisa ikhoza nomswakama ezindaweni ezihlukene usebenzisa imisinga yomoya, futhi uhlinzeka ngezimo zevange nezezulu ezivumeka ukuba khona kwempilo eMhlabeni.

Ngokwesibalo semizwayi, umoya owomile uqukethe amaphesenti angama-78.08 eNihwe, amaphesenti angama-20.95 esOhwe, amaphesenti ayi-0.93% argon, amaphesenti ayi-0.04% omCalahle ontuhlambili nolunye uhowo oluyingcosana. Umoya ubuye uqukathe isibalo esiluhwexu somhwamuko wamanzi.

Umoyambulunga woMhlaba wanguna wawunohowo oluhlumelele kumqongo welanga, Kodwa leso sigubo saguqula ekuhambeni kwesikhathi, sikhinyabezwa izici ezifana nezintshabamlilo, ukushwamuka, ukugadlazeka, ukuzulenza, nokuthubeka kwempilo. Namuhla, ubuqhebeqhebe babantu buyaqhubeka nokuguqula umoyambulunga, ngokuguquguquka kwezulu (okubangwa ukugencwa kwamahlathi, nesivamelo sezintshicwa- ezenza imbulunga ifudumele, ukuphela kwesintshongohwe.

Umoyambulunga uyazaca lapho ubhekwa ekuphakameni futhi awunamngcele owuhlukanisa nomkhathinga. Kármán line okumakhilomitha ayi-100 usetshenziswa njengencasiselo eyamukelwayo yomngcele womkhathi. Kunobuhalalazi ubumbalwa ubuhlukaniseka ngokwezinkondolo zabo kumoyambulunga, ezihlanganisa amazinga okushisa, isigubo, obubizwa kanje:
* Izulumbulinga  - *troposphere*
* Ihowombulunga - *stratosphere*
* Ishambulunga - *mesosphere*
* Iluvumbulunga - *thermosphere*
* Amalambulunga - * exosphere*
Isigubo somoya, amazinga wokushisa nomfutho kuyahlukahluka kulobu buhalalazi uma buys phezulu. Umoya ofanele ukusetshenziswa kumdibakhanya yizitshalo futhi uphefunyulwe izilwane itholakala kuzulumbulunga.

Isifundo esicwaninga umoyambulunga woMhlaba sibizwa umchazamoya, futhi sihambisana neminye imikhakhanyana efana nezeSimo sezulu, nomchazandalo womoyambulunga.
Isincwana

**Isincwana** siwumuvo oyisiseko kwezokucikiza nakwezokuxhumana zezibhangqiwe. Isincwana simelela isimo somhluzangqondo esinamanani amabili angavela. Lamanani avamise ukumelelwa ngezinombolo ulunye ("1") noma ilize ("0"), kodwana amanye amaswempu afana noYebo/Cha, iQiniso/aManga nawo ayasetshenziswa.

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwalamanani kanye nezimo eziphathekayo zesiqoqonga noma isilekeleli esiyisisekelo kuyindaba yesivumelwano, futhi izabelo ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa ngisho nangaphakathi kwesilekeleli noma inhleleliso efanayo.
Ukuguqukezela (ezomphawu)

**Ukuguqukezela**, kwezomphawu, kuchazwa njengomdludlungu wokudala umyalezo ozofufukiswa yilowo ozowuthumela kulowo ozowamukela.
Darren Isaacs

UDarren Isaacs uyiChartered Accountant yaseNingizimu Afrika (CA).

## Makasemqani
UDarren wakhulela eGoli, esifundazweni saseGauteng eNingizimu Afrika. Uthole iziqu zeChattered Accounting eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand ngo-2001. Ungumsunguli kanye no-CEO weMakosi Consulting, inkampani yangasese ephethwe yi-accounting consulting services eNew York, United States of America.
UDarren wakhulela eGoli, esifundazweni saseGauteng eNingizimu Afrika. Uthole iziqu zeChattered Accounting eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand ngo-2001. Ungumsunguli kanye no-CEO weMakosi Consulting, inkampani yangasese ephethwe yi-accounting consulting services eNew York, United States of America. 

## Umsebenzi noMakosi Consulting
UDarren usungule iMakosi Consulting ngo-2006 ngemuva kokubona igebe kanye nokungabi nentshisekelo embonini yamabhuku entsheni. Wabona ukuthi abantu abadala abanolwazi bathatha umhlalaphansi kuyilapho abantu abasha bengaboni ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokucwaninga kwamabhuku njengokuthakazelisayo noma okujabulisayo njengomsebenzi.
IMakosi Consulting ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokubalwa kwezimali embonini yezezimali futhi igxile ekuqashweni kwabasebenzi kanye nesiqondiso sokuphathwa kwephrojekthi. UMakosi igama Zulu elisetshenziswa ukuchaza umholi noma inkosi yomuzi noma umphakathi wasemakhaya, yigama ayebizwa ngalo intokazi yetiye ngenkathi yenza amaphepha akhe enkampanini yabalingisi. Indlunkulu yaseMakosi isedolobheni laseNew York, futhi iqashe abasebenzi abasebenza kude neNingizimu Afrika, Australia, UK kanye ne-United States of America. 
## Izimpumelelo
* 2014 UMakosi ukleliswe ku-1,401 ohlwini lukamagazini we-Inc. lwezinkampani ezizimele zase-US ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu ezingama-5000. 
* Ngo-2015 uMakosi ubekwe ku-38 ohlwini lwe-Crain lwezinkampani ezizimele ezikhula ngokushesha zaseNew York ezingama-50 ezinkonzweni zezezimali.
* NgoFebhuwari 2023 iMakosi yafakwa ohlwini lwabaqashi abaphezulu eNingizimu Afrika yi-Top Employers Institute ngemikhuba yayo yezabasebenzi. 
*

## Izikhombo
Rayming PCB

**Rayming PCB & Assembly** eyasungulwa ngo-2005 ingumkhiqizi webhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe (PCB). Bahlinzeka ngama-PCB aphambili e-Rigid-Flex kanye ne-Copper Plated Flexible PCB yezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto nemishini yezokwelapha esezingeni eliphezulu. Inkampani ikhiqiza amadivayisi e-IoMT amadivayisi e-IoT kwezolimo, ikhaya, ulayini wemboni, ezokwelapha, njll. ngogesi nezinye izinkonzo. I-RAYMING PCB izinze e-Shenzen, e-China. Le nkampani iphakathi kwabathengisi abakhulu be-Automotive PCB Market.

## Imithombo

## Isixhumanisi sangaphandle
*
P.A.O.K. (inhlangano yebhola lezinyawo)

****I-PAOK** FC** (ngesiGreki , Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών, Panthessaloníkios Athlitikós Ómilos Konstadinoupolitón, "Pan-Thessalonian Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans"), eyaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi i-PAOK Thessaloniki noma nje i-PAAK, iyiqembu ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo eliqeqeshiwe laseGrisi eliseThessaloniki, IMacedonia. -PAOK ingelinye lamaqembu aphezulu asekhaya, asekelwa kabanzi eNyakatho yeGreece futhi linamalungu esithathu ngobukhulu ezweni, ngokusho kwezinhlolo-vo kanye nocwaningo lwakamuva.  olwenziwa nguMarca ngo-Agasti 2018, lubike ukuthi i-PAOK iyiqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo laseGrisi elithandwa kakhulu emithonjeni yezokuxhumana.

Yasungulwa ngo-20 April 1926 ngAbabaleki abangamaGrikhi ababalekela IThesalonika besuka IConstantinople ngemuva kweMpi yamaGrikhi namaTurkey (1919-1922), idlala imidlalo yabo yasekhaya I-Toumba Stadium, inkundla yebhola likanobhutshuzwayo enabantu abangu-29,000. Igama labo, kanye nesibonakaliso seqembu, ukhozi olunezinhloko ezimbili lwesitayela saseByzantium olunezimpiko ezihoxisiwe, luhlonipha inkumbulo yabantu nezindawo (ikakhulukazi ezivela edolobheni laseConstantinople) ezake zaba nge UMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalanga. I-PAOK njengamanje idlala e-I-Super League ephezulu, eye yawina izikhathi ezintathu (ngo-1976, 1985 no-2019). Banqobe izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili zeNdebe yaseGreece (ngo-1972, 1974, 2001, 2003, 2017, 2018, 2019 no-2021). 

Ikilabhu ibiyingxenye yomdlalo "omkhulu abane" bendabuko ebholeni lamaGreki, kanye nezimbangi zedolobha lase-Athene iPanathinaikos, i-AEK Athens ne-Olympiacos Pireaus. Iqembu lithole impumelelo yalo enkulu yasekhaya ngokuqeda iDouble ngo-2019 ngenkathi linqobe iligi lingahlulwa, lalahlekelwa okungu-26 emidlalweni engu-30.

Ithimba liphinde laziwa ngokweseka kwalo okwedlulele, neqembu labalandeli balo, i-Gate 4, elizibandakanye ezigamekweni eziningi eziphawulekayo zobuxhwanguxhwangu.

Leli qembu liye lavela izikhathi eziningana e-I-UEFA Europa League, kodwa alikaze lifinyelele esigabeni seqembu le-I-UEFA Champions League. I-PAOK ifinyelele kabili kuma-quarter-final omncintiswano waseYurophu, ku-1973-74 European Cup Winners' Cup (inkomishi yabawinile indebe yaseYurophu) kanye naku-2021-22 UEFA Europa Conference League. I-PAOK iwukuphela kweqembu laseGreece elinokunqoba okuningi kunokulahlekelwa emlandweni wabo waseYurophu (ukunqoba okungu-81, ukudlala okungu-63 nokunqotshwa okungu-76, kusukela ngo-3 August 2023) futhi ukunqoba kwe-UEFA Cup nge-0-7 kude ne-Locomotive Tbilisi ngo-16 September 1999 kungokukhulu kakhulu okufinyelelwe yiqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo laseGreece kuyo yonke imincintiswano yaseYurophu.
Ingwevamdiki

**Ingwevamdiki** ukungabela kwezinto ezidikizayo ukuba zihlale zinyakaza, nezinto eziphumule zihlale ziphumule, ngaphandle uma kunesiphoqi esibangela ukuba ijubane noma ukuqombotha kwazo lezo zinto kuguquke. Ingwevamdiki iyingxenye yezimiselo eziyisisekelo zomchazandalo wakudala, esichaziswa nguIsaac Newton eMthethweni wokuQala woMdiki (owaziwa ngokuthi Isimiselo seNgwevamdiki). Ingenye yezibonakaliso eziyinhloko zesisindo, okuyisakhi somngakonani esiwumnyombo wezimiso eziphathekayo. UNewton wabhala wathi:

UMTHETHO I. Konke okuyinto kubhekakade lapho kusesimweni sokunganyalazi, noma lapho kuhamba emgqeni oqondile, ngaphandle uma kuphoqwa ukuba kuguquke leso simo yiziphoqi ezinethonya.|author=Isaac Newton|title=Principa|source=Translation by Cohen and Whitman, 1999

Encwadini yakhe yonyaka we-1687 ebizwa *[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]*, UNewton wachasisa ingwevamdiki njengesiphoqi:

INCASISELO III. Lokho okuyi- *vis insita*, noma isiphoqi esingaphakathi kotho, kungamandla okugweva zonke izindikimba, okuthi uma zisenawo, ziqabave ukubhekakade ngawo kuleso simo ezikuso, kungaba isimo sokunganyakazi noma sokudikiza ngokungaguquli ziqombola emgqeni oqondile.

## Imithombo
Zil Money

**I-Zil Money** iyinkundla yokukhokha yebhizinisi kuya kwebhizinisi. I-Zil Money yethule izici eziningi ezifana ne-“Credit Card Payroll” yama-SME ukuze iwasize alawule ukugeleza kwemali okukhokhelwayo. I-Zil Money ihlanganisa nesoftware eminingi yokubala njengeSage, Xero, QuickBooks, Zoho, Gusto, Zapier, Bill.com, njll. ukuze kusheshiswe izinkokhelo zebhizinisi. U-Zil Money uyinkampani engaphansi kwe-Zil Corporation, nayo eyayiphethe i-OnlineCheckWriter.com kanye ne-ZilBank.com. I-Zil Money iphinde ibambisane ne-Plexe kanye ne-Sunrise Bank.

## Imithombo

## Isixhumanisi sangaphandle
*
Ukusakaza

**Ukusakaza** kuwukwabelana ngesiqikili somsindo olalelwayo nombukiso obukwayo ezethamelini ezihlakazekile kusetshenziswa izinsizakuxhumana, kodwana imvama kusetshenziswa umungco wenzubawonga ongamaza womsakazo, kuxhunyaniswa oyedwa neningi. Ukusakaza kwaqala ngomsakazp we-AM owawuyisibunge futhi usetshenziswa kakhulu eminyakeni eseduze nowe1920 ngenxa yokwanda Isifufukisikwezifufukisi zomsakazo zegudu lelinya nezamukeli zomsakazo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, izindlela zokugununda ukuxhumana ngamazuba (ngomsakazo, ucingo) zazichazwa ngokuthi zixhumanisa oyedwa noyedwa,njengoba umyalezo obhekiswe koyedwa. Ibizo elithi *ukusakaza* lafaneleka kanjalo njengoba lisetshenziswa nakwezolimo, lapho lisho khona ukusakazwa kwembewu endaweni ebanzi. Ngendlela efanayo, kwezokuxhumana lisho ukusakazwa nokwabelana ngokwaziswa ngezincwadi endaweni ebanzi. noma ngezingcingo. Izibonelo zokufufukisa ngomsakazo ekuxhumaneni koyedwa neningi kwesigculo esisodwa sisakazela abalaleli abaningi zavela eminyakeni eqala ngowe-1898.

## Amaphatho