Ukubhangqisa

**Ukubhangqisa** noma **Ukuguqulela kwezezibhangqiwe** inqubo yokuguqula ukwaziswa kube isinikino sezezibhangqiwe (i.e. ukuyenza ifundwe isicikizi). Umphumela kube ukufuzwa kwento, umfanekiso, umsindo, umbhalo, noma isiyabizo  (imvama kuba isiyabizo senzuko) etholwe ngokuphehla uchunge lwamanani achazisa iqoqo elilubandlu lwezangulo. Umphumela ubizwa ufuzo lwezezibhangqiwe, noma phecelezi, isithombe sezezibhangqiwe uma kuyinto, noma isimo sezezibhangqiwe uma kuyisiyabizo. Kwinsebenzo yanamuhla, imininingo eguqulelwe kwezezibhangqiwe isesimweni samanani abhangqiwe (amabhangqa), ancedisa ukudludlungwa ngezicikizi zezibhangqiwe kanye neminye imigidingo, kodwa ukubhangqisa  kusho "ukuguqulwa komthako wenzuko kube isinikino sezibalo"; isimiso seshumi noma esinye samanani singasetshenziswa ngokufanayo.

Ukubhangqisa  kumqoka kakhulu ekudludlungeni imininingo, ukuyiqoqonga, nasekuyifufukiseni, ngokuba "kuvumela ukwaziswa kwazo zonke izinikino ukuba kuthwalwe ngemfanelo efanayo futhi kudidiyelwe." Nakuba imininingo yenzuko ivame ukuba ngezinzile, imininingo yezezibhangqiwe kulula ukuba yabelwe futhi ifikelelwe, futhi ngokombono, ingasatshalaliswa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuphehleka, uma nje izofudukiselwa ezinikinweni ezintsha, ezizinzile, ngokwesidingo. Lamathuba sewaholele ezinkebengweni zokuguqulelweni kwezezibhangqiwe kwezikhungo okuklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ufikelelo kanye  nokukhula okukhulu komkhakha wokukhweza ngezezibhangqiwe.

## INqubo

Ibizo elithi ukubhangqanisa imvama lisetshenziswa lapho izinhlobo ezihlukene zokwaziswa, ezifana nento, isiqakaqo, umsindo, umfanekiso, noma iphimbo, ziguqulelwa kumkitizo wamabhangqa. Umnyombo walenqubo ungukuvumelana okwenzeka phakathi kwesilekeleli esithwebulayo kanye nesilekeleli esidlalayo ukuze iziphumo ezivelayo zifuze umthombo wendabuko ngokwethembeka okukhulu, futhi umenzelelo wokubhangqanisa usejubaneni nasekunembeni lolohlobo lokwaziswa olungafufikiswa ngalo ngaphandle kokuwohloka uma kuqhathaniswa nokwaziswa kwenzuko.

Ukwaziswa kwezezibhangqiwe butholakala buyinani elilodwa kwamabili, bungaba yi-0 noma i-1. Lamanani aziwa ngokuthi izincwana, bese uchunge lwezi-0 nezi-1 olwakha ukwaziswa lona lubizwe ngokuthi izincu.

Iziyabizo zenzuko zingakanani aqhubeka umlibe. Kodwa iziyabizo zezezibhangqiwe zilubandlu (amanani abandluliwe elinye kwelinye).

Ukubhangqanisa kwenzeka ngezingxenye izimbili:
;Ukubandlula: ukufundwa kwesiyabizo senzuko  *A*, kanye, ngezikhathi ezithile eziyizikhawu zomjinge, ukusangulwa kwenani lesiyabizo. Ukufundwa ngakunye okunjena kubizwa *isangulo* futhi kungathathwa njengokunemba okungapheliyo kukesigaba;
;Ukungakanisa: Izangulo zihlanganiswa zibe iqoqo elilodwa lamanani aziwa ngokuthi imingakaniso.
Ngokuvamile, zombili lezinto zingenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa , nakuba ziyizicabango ezihlukene.

Uhide lwamanani wezezibhangqiwe lunngaguqulwa kube isiphumo senzuko esicishe silingane nesiyabizo zenzuko sendabuko. Lokhu kuguqulwa kubizwa ngokuthi INguquko yenzuko eba ngezezezibhangqiwe. Izinga lokusangula nenani lezincwana ezisetshenziswa ukufuza amanani ziyahlangana ukunqumela icishelo lesiyabizo senzuko ukubhangqanisa okuzoba naso.

## Umlando

* 1957 Kwaqanjwa IsiCikizi esaziwa ngokuthi phecelezi *The Standards Electronic Automatic Computer* (SEAC). Ngalowo nyaka, uRussell Kirsch wasebenzisa isigqayi somgqomo oshwilayo nesijijabane *(photomultiplier)* esixhinywe esiCikizini i-SEAC ukuze akhande umfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe wokuqala (onemiqavo engama-176x176) esusela esithombeni sendodana yakhe ewusana. Lomfanekiso waqoqongwa enkumbulweni ye-SEAC ngesibalimininingo futhi ungabukwa nge memory *cathode ray oscilloscope*'.
* 1971 Kwaqanjwa izilekeleli ezibhaqwe umlelesa *(Charge-Coupled Devices)* ezazenza ukuguqulela kusuka emniningweni yenzulo kuya kweyezibhangqiwe kube lula.
* 1986 umsebenzi wokuveza isinikino esibizwa JPEG waqala.
* 1990s Imitapolwazi yaqala ukugqaya amaqoqo ukuze ihlinzeke ngofikelelo ngesizindalwazi.

## Imithombo