open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Shake It Off

"**Shake It Of**" ingoma yomculi waseMelika u-Taylor Swift kanye neyodwa ehamba phambili ephuma ku-albhamu yakhe yesihlanu yesitudiyo ka-*1989*. U-Swift ubhale izingoma nomculo nabakhiqizi uMax Martin no Shellback. Inqubo yokuqamba ingoma ethi "Shake It Off" isukela ekutheni abezindaba bahlale becubungula isithombe sikaSwift kanti amagama ale ngoma akhombisa ukuthi lo mculi wesifazane “akazi lutho” uma egxekwa abezindaba. Ngokomculo, i-"Shake It Off" iwumkhiqizo wokudansa we-pop osebenzayo osebenzisa i-drum loop, ithrekhi yomsindo we-saxophone, nesigaba sebhuloho esihambisana nokushaywa izandla.
I-Big Machine Records ikhiphe i-"Shake It Off" ngo-Agasti 19, 2014 ukuze ithuthukise i-1989 njenge-albhamu yokuqala ye-pop ka-Swift kulandela ukukhishwa kwezwe lakhe langaphambilini. Ithrekhi ivele ohlwini lwe-NME nolwe-Consequence lwakamuva lwango-2010. I-"Shake It Off" ifinyelele inombolo yokuqala e-Australia, Canada, Hungary, IMekisiko, New Zealand nase-Poland, futhi yanikezwa isitifiketi se-multi-platinum e-Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Norway nase-UK. E-United States, leli culo lavulwa endaweni yokuqala ku-*Billboard* Hot 100 futhi laqinisekiswa njengedayimane yiRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA). I-"Shake It Off" ilethele umculi wesifazane indondo yengoma eyintandokazi kuma-People's Choice Awards kanye nokuqokwa kathathu kuma-Grammy Awards. Ngemuva kwengxabano ngobunikazi bomsebenzi ngo-2019, u-Swift wanquma ukuphinda aqophe ingoma njenge-"**Shake It Off (Taylor's Version)**" futhi wayifaka ku-albhamu yakhe eqoshwe kabusha yango-2023, *[[1989 ( Taylor's Version)]]*.
## Ukusebenza okubukhoma

Ngomhla zingama-24 ku-Agasti, 2014, u-Swift wenza "Shake It Off" ekusakazeni kwe-TV kwe-MTV Video Music Awards ka-2014. U-Swift wabe esecula leli culo emiklomelweni yomsakazo yaseJalimane ngoSepthemba 4. Ukukhuthaza u-1989, u-Swift wenza i-"Shake It Off" ezinhlelweni zikamabonakude okubalwa kuzo i-X Factor UK ngo-Okthoba 12, I-X Factor Australia ngo-Okthoba 20, *UJimmy Kimmel Live!* ngo-Okthoba 23 kanye ne-*[[Good Morning America]]* ngo-Okthoba 29.
## umlando wokukhulula

## Imithombo
Uhla lwezinyoni zaseNingizimu Afrika

INingizimu Afrika iyizwe elikhulu, elikleliswa endaweni yama-25 ngobungako emhlabeni, futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezipholile nasezindaweni ezishisayo . Ngenxa yokuba nezinhlobonhlobo zesimo sezulu ezikhona, ivame kube nezinhlobo zezindawo eziyingqayizivele, ezinomthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezinga lezinto eziphilayo .
Kylie Minogue

**Kylie Ann Minogue** (owazalwa nge-28 Meyi 1968) ungumculi wase-Australia, umbhali wamaculo kanye nomlingisi.
Tumisang Makweya

**Tumisang Makweya** (10 July 1981) owaziwa nangokuthi **uDkt Tumi** ungumculi waseIRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, aphinde abe ngudokotela wezokwelapha kanye nesikhulumi. uMakweya ukhiphe ama-albhamu amaningi e-gospel waphinde wawina imiklomelo eminingana yomculo we-gospel.

## Iminyaka Yokuqala
UMakweya wazalelwa futhi wakhulela I-Seshego Limpopo Province, eNingizimu Afrika. Kusukela esemncane, wabonisa isithakazelo esinamandla emculweni futhi waqala ukucula esontweni. Naphezu kokuthanda kwakhe umculo, waphishekela umsebenzi wezokwelapha, waphothula nge-degree yezokwelapha e-IMedunsa University of Southern Africa (Medunsa).

## Umsebenzi womculo
Umsebenzi womculo kaMakweya waqala ngobuqotho ngemuva kokunqoba umncintiswano we- "SABC2 Gospel Star" ngo-2012. Lokhu kunqoba kwamenza wavelela futhi kwavula iminyango yohambo lwakhe lomculo.

## Izikhombo
Ukukhangisa

**Ukukhangisa** kuwumkhuba nobuchule obuaetshenziswa ukudonsela inhlozinga  emkhiqizweni noma inkonzo ethile  Ukukhangisa kuhlose ukwethula umkhiqizo noma inkonzo ngokuveza usizo, umenzelelo nezigubo ezithakaselwa abathengi. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukuqhakambisa ingudla noma inkonzo ethile, kodwa kungasethsnziswa nangezinye izindlela ezinhlobonhlobo, evame ukusebenza kakhulu ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano.
Umngakaniso

**Umngakonani** uyinkondolo engaba khona ngobuningi noma ubungako ngendlela ebonisa ukungaqhubeki noma inqubeko . Imingakonani ingaqhathaniswa ngokuthi "okuningi", "okuncane", noma "okulinganayo", noma ngokujuba inani lokuphindwa komuvo wokulinganisa . Isisindo, isikhathi, ibanga, umchadamezo, nengoni kungezinye zezibonelo ezijwayelekile zezinkondolo zomngakonani.

Umngakonani uphakathi kwezigaba eziyisisekelo zezinto ezikanye nezingabunjalo, isiqa, inguqulo, nobudlelwano. Eminye imingakaniso iyimingakaniso ngenxa yobunjalo bayo bangaphakathi (njengenani), kuyilapho eminye isebenza njengezimo (izinkondolo, umngako, izici) zezinto ezifana nezisindayo neziluhlengesi, ezinde nezifushane, ezibanzi nezincane, ezincane nezinkulu, noma eziningi nezincane.

Ngaphansi kwegama lobuningi kukhona lokho okungaqhubeki nokulubandlu futhi okuhlukanisekayo ekugcineni kube yizinto ezingahlukaniseki, okufana: *namabutho, ibhidli, umhlambi, uhulumeni, inkampani, iqembu, abantu, isiphithiphithi (kwezempi), umvumo, isixuku*, *nenani* ; zonke okuyizimo zamabizoqoqo . Ngaphansi kwegama lobukhulu/ubungako kukhona lokho okuqhubekayo noma okunzuko nokuhlanganisiwe futhi okuhlukanisekayo kube izingxenye ezincane ezihlukanisayo, njengalezi: *uTho, isisindo, isidlakalasi, uketshezi, isithako* - zonke izimo zamabizo angaqoqiwe.
Ukugcongca (kumngcikisho)

**Ukugcongca,** ngokombono ojwayelekile, kuwukudonda kwesikhathi phakathi kwembangela kanye nomthelela woshintsho oluthile ohlelweni oluqashelwe. Isibambezelo, okuyibizo elisetshenziswa kwezemifeketho, libhekisela ekugcongceni okuphakathi kwesifako esifakwa emfefenyekweni nokusabela okubonwayo noma okulalelwayo okuvamise ukwenzeka ngenxa yokudonda kwehleloxhumano kumfeketho wakuxhakaxholo. 

Ukugcongca ngokoqobo kuwumphumela wesivinini esilinganiselwe okungasabalala ngaso noma yikuphi ukwenanana koqobo. Ubukhulu besivinini buhlala bungaphansi noma bulingana nejubane lokukhanya . Ngakho-ke, lonke uhlelo loqobo oluqhelelene ngokoqobo (ngebanga) phakathi kwembangela nomphumela luzobhekama nohlobo oluthile lokugcongca, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwevuso olulutholayo.

Incasiselo enembile yokugcongca incike kuhlelo oluqashelwe noma uhlobo lomfefenyeko. Kwezokuxhumana, umkhawulo ophansi wokugcongca unqunywa yinsizakusakaza esetshenziswa ukudlulisa ukwaziswa. Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezinezindlela ezimbili ezithembekile, ukugcongca kukhawulela izinga eliphezulu okungafufukiswa ngalo ukwaziswa, njengoba kuvame ukuba nomkhawulo enanini lokwaziswa olusemoyeni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukugcongca okushwayekayo kunomthelela oqinile ekwanelisekeni komsebenzisi nokusebenziseka emkhakheni wokwenanana komuntu-nenguxa.
Televisa

**I-Grupo Televisa, S.A.B.**, eyaziwa nje ngokuthi **i-Televisa**, yinkampani yezokuxhumana nokusakaza yaseMexico. Inkampani enkulu yemidiya ye-Latin America, ivamise ukuziveza njengomkhiqizi omkhulu wokuqukethwe kolimi lwesiSpanishi.

Ngo-Ephreli 2021, i-Televisa yamemezela ukuthi izothengisa impahla yenkampani yezokuxhumana nezokuzijabulisa kwa-Univision Communications, ezokwakha inkampani entsha eyaziwa ngeTelevisaUnivision. Ukuthengiselana kwaqedwa ngomhla zingama-31 kuJanuwari 2022, kanti i-Televisa inamasheya angama-45% enkampani.

## Iziteshi zikamabonakude
* I-Las Estrellas
* I-Canal 5
* I-Nueve
* I-Foro

## Izithenjwa
TV Globo

**I-TV Globo**, phambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi **i-Rede Globo**, iyinethiwekhi yethelevishini yamahhala yase-Brazil, eyethulwe umnikazi wezindaba u-Roberto Marinho ngomhlaka-26 Ephreli 1965. Iphethwe yinhlangano yabezindaba uGrupo Globo, yona ephethwe yizindlalifa zikaMarinho. Inethiwekhi yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ebambe iqhaza kuyo. I-TV Globo iyinethiwekhi ye-TV yezentengiselwano enkulu kunazo zonke e-Latin America futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu amanethiwekhi we-TV wezentengiso emhlabeni[ecashunwa] nomkhiqizi omkhulu wama-telenovelas. Konke lokhu kwenza i-Globo yaziwe njengenye yamanethiwekhi kamabonakude abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni kanye ne-Grupo Globo njengelinye lamaqembu amakhulu abezindaba.

I-Rede Globo ikomkhulu layo lisendaweni yase-Jardim Botânico e-Rio de Janeiro, lapho uphiko lwayo lwezindaba luzinze khona. Izitudiyo zokukhiqiza eziyinhloko zenethiwekhi zisendaweni eyinkimbinkimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Estúdios Globo, e-Jacarepaguá, edolobheni elifanayo. I-TV Globo yakhiwe iziteshi zikamabonakude ezingu-5 eziphethwe futhi ezisetshenziswayo kanye namanxusa angu-122 kulo lonke elase-Brazil kanye namanethiwekhi ayo omhlaba, i-TV Globo Internacional ne-TV Globo Portugal. Ngo-2007, i-TV Globo yahambisa ukusebenza kwayo kwe-analog ekukhiqizweni kwethelevishini enencazelo ephezulu yokusakaza ngedijithali.

## Izithenjwa
TV Azteca

**I-TV Azteca** iyinhlangano ye-multimedia yaseMexico ephethwe yi-Grupo Salinas. Kuyinkampani yezindaba enkulu yesibili ngobukhulu eMexico ngemuva kweTelevisa.

I-TV Azteca yavela e-Instituto Mexicano de la Televisión, inethiwekhi yethelevishini encane ephethwe uhulumeni ngemuva kokuba yenziwe yangasese ngo-1993.

## Iziteshi zikamabonakude
* I-Azteca Uno
* I-Azteca 7
* I-ADN 40
* I-A Más

## Izithenjwa
Ukungakanisa (inzululwazi)

Kumchazazibalo nenzululwazi yobufakazi **ukungakanisa** kuyisenzo sokubala nokulinganisa esiqoqa amaqaphelo emizwa yomuntu kanye nobungcweti babo kubeimingakonani . Ukungakanisa ngalo mqondo kuyisisekelo sendlelasu yenzululwazi .
Ubuhlobo beRwanda neNingizimu Afrika

**Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe[[IRuwanda|Rwanda]] ne [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|Ningizimu Afrika]]** buwubuhlobo obuphelele bezingxoxo phakathi kwamazwe amabili basungulwa ngoMeyi 1995.mazwe angamalungu e-African Union kanye ne-I-Commonwealth of Nations. 

## Umlando
Ubuhlobo obuphelele bezingxoxo phakathi kwamazwe amabili basungulwa ngoMeyi 1995.

Ubuhlobo beRwanda neNingizimu Afrika buye babhekana nezikhathi zokucindezeleka kusukela ngo-2013 lapho owayengumphathi wobunhloli waseRwanda, UPatrick Karegeya, ebulawa ngenkathi ehlala ekudingisweni eNingizimu Afrika. Ubuhlobo babuya buthakathaka ngo-2014 lapho owayengujenene waseRwanda I-Kayumba Nyamwasa ebulawa endaweni eseduze IGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. ENingizimu Afrika kokubili ukubulawa kukholelwa ukuthi kwahlelwa uhulumeni waseRwanda. Ngaphambi kokubulawa, umongameli waseRwanda UPaul Kagame wayemangalele iNingizimu Afrika ngokwamukela "amaphekula" ayefuna ukumkhipha emandleni.

## Izithunywa zezombusazwe ezihlala khona

* I-Rwanda inekhomishini ephakeme ePitoli.
* INingizimu Afrika inekhomishini ephakeme IKigali.

## Izikhombo
Inhlolamshiso

**Inhlolamshiso** iyisiklamo esilinganisa izinga lokushisa (izinga lokushisa noma ukubanda kwento) noma izinga lokushisa eliphansi (amazinga okushintsha kwezinga lokushisa emkhathini). Inhlolamshiso sinezici ezimbili ezibalulekile: (1) isihlonga sezinga lokushisa (isb. Isigaxa senhlolamshiso sesigidi) lapho ushintsho oluthile lwenzeka khona ngokuguquka kwezinga lokushisa; kanye (2) nezinye izindlela zokuguqula lolu shintsho lube amanani (isb. Umlinganiso obonakalayo ophawulwe kwinhloanshiso yesigidi noma ukufundwa kwezezibhangqiwe onongweni lwensibomvu). Izinhlolamshiso zisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni ukwalusa imidludlungu, kumchazazulu, kwezokwelapha ( *inhlolamshiso yezokwelapha* ), kanye nocwaningo lwenzululwazi.
Ukuphathwa kolwazi

**Ukuphathwa kolwazi**  iqoqo lezinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa, ukusebenzisa, nokwengamela ulwazi nemininingo yenhlangano. Kubhekisela kwiqhingasu oluxubuqeqesho elikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ukuze kufezwe izinjongo zenhlangano. Izifundo zokulawula umhwebo, izimiso zokwaziswa, ukuphatha, imitapolwazi, nenzululwazi yokwaziswa konke kuyingxenye yokuphathwa kolwazi, okuwumkhakha olokhu ukhona kusukela ngo-1991. Ukwaziswa nezinsizakusakaza, Inzululwazi yesiCikizi, impilonhle yomphakathi, kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi ngezinye zezifundo ezingaba nomthelela ocwaningweni lokuphathwa kolwazi. Izikhungo zakwangqondonkulu eziningi zihlinzeka ngeziqu zobuhuqazi ezigxile ngqo ekuphathweni kolwazi.Njengesigcoyi sezobuchwepheshe nokwaziswa kwabo, ukuphathwa kwezabasebenzi, noma iminyango yamaqhingasu omhwebo, imishumanqa eminingi emkhulu, izikhungo zikahulumeni, nezinhlangano ezingenzi inzuzo zinezinsiza ezakhelwe izinhlelo zokuphatha ulwazi lwangaphakathi. Lezi zinhlangano zithola isiqondiso sokuphathwa kolwazi kwimishumanqa eminingi ehlahlayo.
Ilungu:Dagelf

Sawubona, igama lami ngingu-Konrad. Ngikhuluma isiZulu esincane. Ngihlala edolobheni iKoloni. Ulimi lwami isiBhunu. Ngiyasithanda isibhakabhaka nezinkanyezi. Ngiyawathanda namakhompyutha. Zonke izinto ezithakazelisayo engizifunda lapha. Nami ngingumAfrika, kodwa ngabona isipoki manje, ukuthi ngiba kanjani umlungu.
Ukuphathwa kokwaziswa

**Ukuphathwa kokwaziswa** kuwukuqoshwa, ukuqoqongwa, ukuhoshwa, nokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okufanele nokuyingqanda. Kungaba ukuphathwa kokwaziswa komuntu siqu noma inhlangano. Ukuphathwa kokwaziswa kwezinhlangano kuthinta umjikelezo wobuqhebeqhebe benhlangano: ukuzuzwa kokwaziswa emthonjeni owodwa noma eminingi, ukugcinwa nokusatshalaliswa kokwaziswa kulabo abakudingayo, kanye nokulahlwa kwalo ngokuluqogelela noma ukusula nokulumonyula.

Lo mjikelezo wenhlelemba ukwaziswa ubandakanya ababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa izingabunjalo, ukufinyeleleka kanye nokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okuzuziwe; labo abanesibopho sokuqoqonga  kwako ngokuphephile; nalabo abakudingayo ukuze benze izinqumo . Ababambiqhaza bangase babe namalungelo wokukhanda, ukuguqula, ukusabalalisa noma ukususa ukwaziswa ngokuvumelana nezinqubomgomo zokuphathwa kokwaziswa kwenhlangano .

Ukuphathwa kokwaziswa kuhlanganisa zonke izicabango ezijwayelekile zokuphatha, ezihlanganisa ukuhlela, ukuhlelemba, ukwenza uhlaka, ukudludlunga, ukulawula, ukucubungula kanye nokubika ngobuqhebeqhebe bokwaziswa, konke okudingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zalabo abaneqhaza noma  imisebenzi yenhlangano encike olwazini.. Lezi zicabango ezivamile zivumela ukwaziswa ukuba kwethulwe phambi kwezethameli noma iqembu elilungile labantu. Ngemva kokuba abantu sebekwazi ukusebenzisa lokho kwaziswa, kuzuza isizima esikhulu.

Ukuphathwa kokwaziswa kuhlobene eduze, futhi kugqagqana nokuphathwa kweminingo, izinhlelo, ubuchwepheshe, imidludlungu futhi – lapho ukutholakala kokwaziswa kubaluleke kakhulu empumelelweni yenhlangano - iqhingasu . Lo mbono obanzi womihakha wokuphsthwa kokwaziswa uyaphikisana nombono wangaphambili, wokuthi umjikelezo wokuphatha kokwaziswa wudaba lezomgidingo oludinga izinqubo ezithile, amakhono enhlangano kanye nezindinganiso eziphathelene nokwaziswa sengathi kungumkhiqizo noma inkonzo.
Ukuklewuka kwenuzi

**Ukuklewuka kwenuzi**  uhlobo lokusabela lapho inuzi lechwe linkampuka libe amanuzana amabili noma ngaphezulu amancane. Umdludlungu wokuklewuka uvamise ukukhiqiza amabane womsebentathu futhi udedela inani elikhulu kakhulu lesidlakalasi ngisho nangamazinga anamandla okubola okuyonzayo .
Ukuxubana kwenuzi

**Ukuxubana kwenuzi** noma **ingxubano yenuzi** uhlobo lokusabela lapho amanuzi echwe amabili noma ngaphezulu (isibonelo, amanuzi  wamaChembe eHwanzi  ideuterium ne -tritium ), exubana ukuze akhe amanuzi echwe elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kanye neziNtunge . Umehluko ngesisindo phakathi kwezisabeli nemikhiqizo ubonakala njengokudedelwa noma ukumuncwa kwesidlakalasi .
Ukusabela kwenuzi

Kumchazandalo wenuzi kanye nomchazatho wenuzi, **ukusabela kwenuzi** umdludlungu lapho amanuzi wechwe amabili, noma inuzi kanye nenhlayiyana yechwe engaphandle zingqubizana ukuze zikhiqize i - nuclide eyodwa noma ngaphezulu .
Ukuphathwa kwemininingo

**Ukuphathwa kwemininingo** kuhlanganisa zonke izintwaso ezihlobene nokuphatha imininingi njengensizakusebenza ebalulekile, kuwumkhuba wokuphatha imininingo yenhlangano ukuze ihlaziyelwe ukwenziwa kwezinqumo .
Uhlaka lwezintwaso zakwangqondonkulu

Izintwaso zakwangqondonkulu noma uqeqesho lakwangqondonkulu luyigatsha lolwazi, olufundiswayo futhi olucwaningwayo njengengxenye yemfundo ephakeme . Intwaso yethwasa ngokuvamile ichasiswa ngosiba lasenyuvesi nezinhlangano zezifundiswa eziyingxenye yayo kanye nemihela yakwangqondonkulu okushicilelwa kuyo ucwaningo .

Izintwaso ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwalezo ezisungulwe kahle cishe kuwo wonke amanyuvesi anezinhlu ezichasiswe kahle zemihela nezinkomfa kanye nalezo ezisafufusa ezisekelwa amanyuvesi ambalwa kuphela nokushicilelwe. Izintwaso zingaba namagatsha, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi imikhakhantwaso.

Uhlaka olulandelayo lusinikeza umbono kanye nesiqondiso sezihloko zezintwaso zakwangqondonkulu. Esimweni ngasinye, ukungena ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu loqhiwu (isb., kwezoLuntu) kuneqembu lezintwaso ezifanayo; ukungena ezingeni eliphezulu ezilandelayo (isb., kwezomculo) kunentwaso enezinga elithile lokuzihleleleka nokuba wubuhlonzi obuyisisekelo obuzwiwa izifundiswa zakhona. Amazinga aphansi woqhiwu ayimikhakhantwaso ngokuvamile enganalo iqhaza ekwakhiweni kokuphathwa kwenyuvesi.
Umsebentathu

**Umsebentathu**, owaziwa nangokuthi **imiyonzintathu** (uphawu  ), iwuhlobo lwemiyonzi yenzubawonga engena ejulayo evela ekunananeni okuphezulu kwesidlakalasi njengokubola okuyonzayo kwamanuzi echwe noma izenzakalo zezinkanyezi ezifana nezidungazela zelanga.
Isithelezi

**Isithelezi** (noma **ihlelokusebenza elisithelezi** ), luyinhleleliso yesicikizi esetshenziselwa ukutheleza, ukuhlonga, nokuhlanza uhlelo oluyingozi.

Uhlelo lwesithelezi ngokwendabuko yasungulwa ukuze ihlonge futhi ihlanze amagciwanyani esicikizi, ingakho kuthiwa isithelezi. Nokho, ngokwanda kolunye uhlelo oluyingozi, isithelezi saqala ukuvika ezinye izinsongo zesicikizi. Eminye imikhiqizo ihlanganisa nokulonda isicikizi kuma -URL ayingozi, ugaxekile kanye nokuyenga.

## uMlando

### Inkathi yowe-1971–1980 (eyandulela isithelezi)
Igciwanyani lokuqala elaziwayo lesicikizi lavela ngowe-1971 futhi lalibizwa ngokuthi *Creeper virus*. Leli gciwanyani lalihlasela izicikizikhulu zohlobo le-DEC PDP-10 ezazigununda ihlelomgidingo TENEX.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi igciwanyani *Creeper* lasuswa inhleleliso ebizwa *Reaper* eyakhandwa nguRay Tomlinson. Abanye abantu bathatha leyonhleleliso njengohlelo lesithelezi lokuqala olwalotshwa -- noma kunjalo, Kodwa kumqoka ukuveza ukuthi leyonhleleliso ebizwa *Reaper* nayo kwakuyigciwanyani eliklanyelwe ukususa igciwanyani *Creeper*.

Igciwanyani *Creeper* lalandelwa amanye amagciwanyani amaningana. Elinye elaziwayo elavela lalibizwa *Elk Cloner*, ngonyaka we-1981, futhi lalihlasela izicikizi zohlobo lwe-Apple II.

## Amaphatho
Isithwebuli

**Isithwebuli** siyisiklamo esetshenziselwa ukuthwebula nokuqoqonga izithombe nemibukiso, kungaba ngokwezezibhangqiwe kusetshenziswa isihlonga mfanekiso samazuba, noma ngokwevanga ngesithako  esizwa ukukhanya njengefilimu yezithwebulo . Njengobuchwepheshe obubalulekile emikhakheni wokuthwebula imifanekiso nokuqopha imibukiso, izithwebuli zineqhaza elikhulu ekuqomboleni kobuciko bemifanekiso, izinsikakusakaza, ezokuzijabulisa, indlozabukhoma, kanye nocwaningo lwenzululwazi. Ukusungulwa kwenguxa yokuthwebula kuhlehlela emuva ngekhulu le-19 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaguquka ngokuphefuka kwezobuchwepheshe, nokwaholela kuyaca olukhulu lezinhlobo nezinongo ekhulwini lama-21.

Isithwebuli sisebenza ngenhlanganisela yezigcoyi zobunguxa nezimiso eziningana. Lezi zifaka phakathi ukulawulwa kokuchayeka, okulawula inani lokukhanya okufinyelela isihlonga noma ifilimu; isififiyelo, esififiyela ukukhanya; isitholambono, esivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi ahlole kuqala umfanekiso; kanye nefilimu noma isihlonga, ethwebula umfanekiso.
Ukugolomba

**Ukugolomba** noma **isidobo** wuhlobo lomngcikisho wezenhlalo kanye nobuqola lapho abahlaseli bekhohlisa abantu ukuze baveze ukwaziswa okubucayi  noma bafake uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompyutha olunjengamagciwanyani, izinyundu, i - adware, noma nezihlengelelo . Uhlaselo lokugolomba seluyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuvame ukulingisa isizindalwebu esingcibishiwe, okuvumela umhlaseli ukuthi abone yonke into ngenkathi isisulu sizulazula kwisizindalwebu, futhi eqa noma yimiphi imingcele yokulondeka eyengeziwe Kanye nesisulu.  Kusukela ngowezi-2020, isidobo noma ukugolomba sekuwuhlobo lobugebengu boxhakaxholo oluvame kakhulu, njengoba i-Internet Crime Complaint Center ye-FBI ibika izehlakalo eziningi zokugolomba kunanoma iluphi olunye uhlobo lobugebengu boxhakaxholo. 

NgesiZulu, igama elithi "ukugolomba" linencazelo efanayo nalelo elithi 'ukudoba' futhi lisho ukusebenzisa into ethile ukuze udobe noma uhehe isisulu ngenhloso yokusibamba. Linencazelo efana nelesingisi elithi phishing elaqoshwa okokuqala ngo-1995.
Ukukhabangula

**Ukukhabangula** ( **umkhabangulo** noma **inkabangulo**) yikhono elivame ukulinganiswa lokugwema ukwenza amaphutha noma ukusaphaza izinto, isidlakalasi, imizamo, imali, nesikhathi lapho kuqhogoywa umsebenzi. Ngomqondo ojwayelekile, yikhono lokwenza izinto kahle, ngempumelelo, futhi ngaphandle kokumosha noma ukusaphaza. 

Ngokwamagama omchazazibalo noma inzululwazi, ukukhabangula kusho izinga lokuqhogoya elisebenzisa inani elincane lezifako ukuze kufezwe inani eliphakeme leziphumo.
Ukuqola

**Ukuqola**, noma **ubuqola**, umzamo wokugebenga umuntu noma iqembu labantu ngemva kokuzuza ukwethenjwa yibo kuqala .
Ukudandanisa

**Ukudandanisa**, okwaziwa nangokuthi **umDando**, kuyinqubo yokuqopha nokudludlunga ukwaziswa okumayelana nemihwebo yezomnotho, efana nemihwebo nemishumanqa .   Ukudandanisa kulinganisa imiphumela yobuqhebeqhebe bezomnotho benhlangano futhi kudlulisela lolu lwazi kubabambiqhaza abahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa abatshalizimali, ababolekisi, abaphathi nabalawuli.  Abasebenza emkhakheni wezomdando  baziwa ngokuthi abadandanisi. Amagama athi "ukudandanisa" kanye "nomdando wezezimali" avame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana. 

Umdando ungahlukaniswa ube yimikhakha embalwa ehlobene ehlanganisa ukudandanisa izimali, umdando wabaphathi, umdando wentela, kanye nomdando wezindleko. Ukudandanisa izimali kuhlozinga umbiko wolwazi lwezezimali zenhlangano, kuhlanganisa nokulungiselelwa kwemidando yezezimali, ukuze kufundwe abasebenzisi balokho kwaziswa abangaphandle abafana nabatshalizimali, abalawuli nabahlinzeki. Umdando wabaPhathi uhlozinge ekulinganisweni, esihlaziyweni nasekubikweni kolwazi olusetshenziswa abaphathi ngaphakathi ukuze bathuthukise imigidingo yomhwebo. Ukuqoshwa kwezinanamali ukuze okufingqiwe kwezezimali zethulwe emdandweni wezimali, kwaziwa ngokuthi ukugcinamabhuku, futhi uhlelo lokuqopha kabili yilona oluvamile. Izimiso zokwaziswa komdando ziklanyelwe ukuphasa ubuqhebeqhebe bokudandanisa nobuhlobene nakho.

## uMsukagama

Womabili amabizo elithi "Umdando" nelithi "ukudandanisa" aqhamuka esenzweni "danda", ngokwesichazimazwi sikaVilakazi noDoke esisho 'ukubikwa kwezifiso zoMnumzane noma ukwenza iziqondiso zomuzi: ukuhlela izindaba zomndeni; ukutshala indima ngemigqa."   Kungenzeka ukuthi elithi "danda" lihlobene eduze nelithi "landa". Lencazelo ikhanyiswa amagama ahlobene nesenzo ukudanda afana nelithi "ukudandabuza" elisho 'ukulanda undendende noma umbiko omude.' UVilakazi noDoke bathi elithi "Umdando" lisho umbiko noma amahebezi. Lokhu lwenza leligama lifaneleke njengoba ukubalwa kwezimali kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuhlanganisa umbiko wezimali, okungumdando wezimali, noma ukudandaniswa kwezimali. 

### umchazabizo
**Umdando** uchasiswa ngezindlela ezihlukene ngokuthi ukugcinwa noma ukulungiselelwa kweziqoshwa zeminanomali yenhlangano, ukuhlaziywa, ukufakaziswa nokubikwa kwalezo ziqoshwa kanye nezimiselo zomdando nezinqubo zomdando ezamukelwa jikelele; lelibizo kanye nelithi **ukudandanisa** asho umsebenzi owenziwa umdandanisi.

## Izihloko
Umkhakha wokudandanisa unemikhakhana embalwa noma izihloko ezingaphansi kwawo efana nokudandanisa izimali, Ukudandanisa okuphezulu *(management accountinauditing)* , ukucwaninga amabhuku, ezentela, nokudandanisa izinhleloxhumano zokwaziswa.

## Amaphatho
INkwenkwezi

**Inkwenkwezi** noma **iSandulela** yinkanyezi eqhakaza kakhulu kumlaza oseningizimu we -Carina kanye nenkanyezi yesibili ngokugqama esibhakabhakeni ebusuku .
Indlelasu yenzululwazi

**Indlelasu yenzululwazi** (noma **uhlelo lwendlelasu yenzululwazi**,  **indlelakwenza yenzululwazi**) iyindlelasu yenhlulo yokuzuza uLwazi oluphathelelwayo lapho kwenziwa imigcanso yenzululwazi eyasungulwa ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa (17). Ngokomlando, yasungulwa kudala kusuka enkathini yasendulo. Indlelasu yenzululwazi ihlanganisa uqaphelo olucophelelayo olubhangqwe nokuthandabuza okunamandla, ngenxa yokuthi iziphetho ezithile zingathikameza ukuhlakahlwa okunembile koqaphelo. Uphenyo lwenzululwazi luhlanganisa ukudala isihlawumbiselo esivivinyekayo ngokubenzisa ukuhluza, nangokusivivinya ngemigcanso nesihlaziyo sezibalomininingo, nangokuguqula noma ukusiyeka isihlawumbiselo uma  imiphumela ivuma.

Nakuba izinqubo zihluka phakathi kwemikhakha, imidludlungu eyisisekelo ivame ukufana. Ngokwemininingwane eyengeziwe: indlelasu yenzululwazi ihlanganisa ukuqazikela (izincazelo ezihlawumbiselayo), ukubikezela imiphumela enengqondo yesihlawumbiselo, bese kwenziwa imigcanso noma amaqaphelo asekelwe kulezo zibikezelo.  Isihlawumbiselo siwukuqazikela okusekelwe olwazini oluzuzwe ngenkathi kucingwa izimpendulo zombuzo. Izihlawumbiselo kungaba eziqondile noma ezibanzi kodwa kufanele ziphikiseke, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kuhlonzwe umphumela ongavela womgcanso noma ingqaphelo ongqubuzana nezibikezelo ezinyalulwe kwisihlawumbiselo; ngale kwalokho, isihlawumbiselo asikwazi ukuhlolwa ngokunengqondo. 

Nakuba loluhlelo oluyindlelasu yenzululwazi luvamise ukwethulwa njengochunge lwezinyathelo ezimisiwe, empeleni lumelela izimiselo ezivamile. Akuzona zonke izinyathelo ezenzekayo kulo lonke uphenyo lwenzululwazi (noma ngezinga elifanayo), futhi azihlali zilandelana ngendlela efanayo.   Imivubukulo eminingana ayizange ilandele unongo lwensizakufunda yendlelasu yenzululwazi futhi ithuba libe neqhaza. 

## Amaphatho
Ukudoba

**Ukudoba** kuwubuqhebeqhebe bokuzama ukubamba izinhlanzi . Izinhlanzi zivame ukubanjwa njengezilwane zasendle ezivela endaweni yemvelo ( emanzini ahlanzekile noma olwandle ), kodwa zingase zibanjwe emanzini agcwele njengamachibi, imisele, amaxhaphozi esiqiwu kanye namadamu . ubunyoninco bokudoba buhlanganisa ukudonsa ngesihili, ukwenza i-longlining, ukujikijela, ukuqoqa ngesandla, ukugwaza, ukuhilela, ukulengisa ama-angle, ukudubula nokucupha, kanye nobunyoninco obulimazayo nobuvame ukungqubuzana nomthetho njengokujuqa ngamazuba, ukuqhumisa kanye nobuthi .
Isikhwence sokukhanya

**Isikhwence sokukhanya** siyisikhwence sesiCikizi esisebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya, ngokuvamile i -light-emitting diode (LED), kanye nesihlonga kukhanya, esifana neyaca lama -photodiode, ukuze sihlonge umnyakazo ohlobene nendawo.
Umsukagama WesiZulu

Leli ikhasi elakhelwe ukuqondisa nokwazisa abathandi bolimi lwebele ngamagama nomsuka wawo. Lakhelwe ukuthi lisebenze njenganesichazamazwi kodwa injongo enkulu ukuthi libe yingqoqelalwazi ngoba izincazelo ezinikezwa izichazamazwi imvamo ziba mfishane kakhulu, zinganiki ulwazi olwenelisayo noluphelele. Leli khasi futhi kuvulelekile ukuthi uma kukhona onolwazi oluthe thuthu abuyekeze kumbe alungise amaphutha ukuze kuthuthuke ulimi isiZulu. 

=Uhla=
**A**

________

- [aba (bz) ''iz''
Izaba

**- aba (bz) [izaba]**- umzamo ongayi ndawo wokuzikhipha otakwini noma ecaleni; umzamo wokugcina wokwenza into; izatala. 
=Ukwakheka=
Kubukeka sengathi leli gama lakheke ngendlela efanayo nelithi "ukuzama" umehluko kwaba ukuphimiseka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Asikho isiqiniseko ukuthi iliphi elidala phakathi kwelithi "ukuzama" nelithi "ukuzaba" kodwa womabili asho into eyodwa. Njengoba sekuke kwavela, igama "izaba" lihlobene kakhulu naleli elithi "ukuzaba". Ukuzaba kusho ukuzama noma kunzima. Bese kuthi izaba kube imizamo yokuhlenga isimo esithile. Kulona futhi leli gama ukuzaba kuphinde kuvele igama elithi ukuzabalaza, okusho ukuzimelela entweni ethile.

=Isisho=
**Ukubika izaba** - kusho ukuchaza indaba engaqondakali uzama ukuzikhipha enkingeni
UJehova

**UJehova ''('<nowiki/>***<nowiki/>*isiHebheru: Yahweh'') igama likaNkulunkulu okubhalwe ngaye ebhayibhelini lesiHebheru owayekhonzwa kakhulu ngabantu bakwa-Israyeli basemandulo. Ibhayibheli liveza ukuthi lona uNkulunkulu okunguyena weqiniso nokunguye owadala izulu nomhlaba. Nakuba isihumusho esijwayelekile simbiza ngokuthi uJehova kodwa izihumusho eziningi zolimi lwesiNgisi lusebenzisa igama elithi "Lord" esikhundleni saleli elithi Jehova. Ngesihebheru sasendulo leli gama lalibhalwa kanje "𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄". Ibhayibheli ku-Eksodusi 3 liveza ukuthi leli gama lisho ukuthi "Nguye oNguye". Nakuba esihumushweni sesiZulu livela kusukela kuGenesisi 2 kuza neno kodwa uEksodusi 6 uveza ukuthi kwaqala ngoMose ukuthi lo Nkulunkulu abizwe ngaleli gama yize wayekhona nasezikhathini zandulela lezo kodwa wayaziwa ngamanye amagama. Lokhu kufikisa esiphethweni esithi kusho ukuthi ukufakwa kwaleligama encwadini kaGenesisi enkulumweni yabantu basebhayibhelini kwanezezelwa abahleli bemibhalo kamumva. Ukuthi aze agcine ebizwa ngoJehova kwaba ingenxa yokuthekelwa kolimi ngesikhathi sokusabalala kwenkolo yobuKrestu. Ababehluleka ukuthi "Yahweh" baguqula u-Y waba u-J wase u-W eba u-V, kwagcina kuphimiseka ngokuthi uJehova. UbuKhrestu bufika nje olimini isiZulu uNkulunkulu usebenza ngokuthi uJehovah.
Iso

**Iso** liyisitho esinezinzwa ezivumela isiphili ukuba sishwaye ukwaziswa okubonwayo . Iso lihlonga ukukhanya bese likuguqule kube izimpithi zenzubavanga ezinzweni. Liyingxenye yesimiso sokubona somzimba .

Eziphilini eziphakeme, iso liwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokubona oluqoqa ukukhanya okuvela endaweni ezungezile, lilawule ukuqina kwakho nge- diaphragm, likuhlozinge ngokuhlanganiswa okulungisekayo kwezififiyela ukuze akhe unfanekiso, liguqule lowo mfanekiso kube iqoqo leziyabizo zamazuba, bese lifufukisela lezo ziyabizo ebuchosheni ngemigudu yezinzwa exhuma iso ngemithambo yeso iqonde odlebeni lokubona nakwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho.
Inkonzo (kwezomnotho)

**Inkonzo** iyisenzo noma ukusetshenziswa kokuthile, umthengi, inkampani, noma uhulumeni azimisele ukukukhokhela .  Izibonelo zihlanganisa umsebenzi owenziwa abancweli bezinwele, izinyanga, abameli, osonguxa, amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense, njalo njalo. Izinkonzo zomphakathi yilezo ezikhokhelwa umphakathi (isifunda sezwe, inyunyana yezimali noma isifunda) wonke. Ngokusebenzisa izinsizakusebenza, ikhono, ubuhlakani, nobungcweti, abahlinzeka nenkonzo bazuzisa abashabadeli nenkonzo. Izinkonzo zingachasiswa njengezenzo ezingaphatheki noma imiqhogoyo lapho umhlinzeki wenkonzo enikeza ikhasimende isizima.
Insizakusebenza

**<span lang="en" dir="ltr">''Insizakusebenza''</span>** ibizo elibhekisela kuzo zonke izithako ezitholakala endaweni yethu ezifinyeleleka ngokobuchwepheshe, ezisebenzisekayo ngokwezomnotho nezilondolozekayo ngokwesiko futhi ezisisiza ukuba sanelise izidingo zethu nezimfuno zethu. Izinsiza zingajinjwa kabanzi ngokutholakala kwazo njengezinsiza ezivuselelekayo noma njengesiza zezwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Into ingase ibe insizakusebenza ngobuchwepheshe. Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa izinsizakusebenza zingahlanganisa ingcebo eyengeziwe, insebenzo efanekayo yesimiso, noma umthombo othuthukisiwe. Ngokombono womuntu, insizakusebenza evamile iyinoma yini ekwazi ukwanelisa izidingo nezimfuno zomuntu.
Ikhomishini Yamalungelo Abantu yaseNingizimu Afrika

I-South African Human Rights Commission (**SAHRC**) yamiswa ngo-Okthoba 1995 njengesikhungo esizimele sesishiyagalolunye. Ithola igunya layo Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ngendlela ye-Human Rights Commission Act ka-1994.
Ukuncayisa

**Ukuncayisa** ubunyoninco obungokomqondo  lapho umuntu ezama ukuthonya omunye umuntu ngokuzenza athandeke kakhudlwana kulowo ongumngcibishe. Umchazingqondo ngokwenhlalo u-Edward E. Jones, wachasisa ukuncayisa ngokuthi "isigaba sokucondoza kweqhingasu okuklanyelwe ukuthonya omunye umuntu mayelana nobuwonga bezimfanelo zomuntu siqu."  Ucwaningo lokuncayisa seluhlonze amaqhinga akhethekile wokuzincayisela:
Ucebediso

**Ucebediso** (noma **ukucebedisa**) kuwukuxhumana okwenziwa abameleli bamazwe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma izikhungo ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, ngenhloso yokuthonya ezenzakalo esimisweni samazwe ngamazwe.  

Ucebediso luyithuluzi eliyinhloko lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle emele imigomo ebanzi namaqhingasu aqondisa ukwenanana kombuso namazwe omhlaba wonke. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano, imibimbi, nezinye izinhlaka zobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ngokuvamile kuwumphumela wezinqubo nokucebedisana. Abacebedisi bangasiza ekulolongeni izwe ngokweluleka izikhulu zikahulumeni .
Ukucebezisana

**Ukucebezisana** yinkulumongxoxo ephakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukuze kuxazululwe ukungezwani, kube nomenzelelo kumuntu ngamunye noma ibandla, noma kusongozwe iziphumo ezizokwanelisa izimfuno ezihlukahlukene. Izinhlangothi zifisa ukuvumelana ngezindaba ezinentshisekelo kuzo zombili .  Isivumelwano singaba yinzuzo kubo bonke noma kwabanye abathintekayo. **Abacebezisi** kufanele basungule izidingo zabo kanye nezimfuno kuyilapho befuna ukuqonda izidingo nezimfuno zabanye ababandakanyekayo ukuze bandise amathuba wokufeza izinkozo *(deals)*, ukugwema izingxabano, ukwakha ubudlelwano namanye amaqembu, noma ukukhulisa izinzuzo ezifanayo.
Isiko

**Ukuzazi ngokwesiko** kuyingxenye yesiqu somuntu, noma ukuzicabangela kwakhe kanye nokuzibona kwakhe, futhi kuhlobene nobuzwe, ubuhlanga, inkolo, isigaba senhlalo, isizukulwane, indawo, ubulili nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lweqembu elingokwenhlalo elinosiko lwalo oluhlukile. Ngale ndlela, ubunikazi bamasiko kuyisici somuntu ngamunye kuphinde kube yisici seqembu elifanayo ngokwesiko lamalungu abelana ngobunikazi obufanayo bamasiko noma indlela abakhuliswe ngayo. Ubunikazi beSiko kuyinqubo engalungisiwe eqhubeka ngokuguquka phakathi kwezinkulumo zezenhlalo, amasiko, kanye nezomlando. Abanye abantu babhekana nezinguquko eziningi zobunikazi bamasiko uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye, labo abashintsha kancane ngokuvamile baba nobunikazi obucacile bamasiko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi banokuhlanganisa okunamandla nokho okuzinzile kwesiko labo. 

Kunezingcezu ezintathu ezakha isazi somuntu ngokwamasiko: ulwazi lwamasiko, ilebula yesigaba, nokuxhumana nabantu. Ulwazi lwamasiko lubhekisela ekuxhumekeni komuntu kubunikazi bakhe ngokuqonda izici eziyinhloko zesiko labo. Ilebula yesigaba ibhekisela ekuxhumekeni komuntu kubunikazi bakhe ngobulungu obungaqodile bamasiko ashiwo. Ukuxhumana komphakathi kubhekisela ekuxhumekeni komuntu kubunikazi bakhe ngobudlelwane bakhe bomphakathi. Ubunikazi bamasiko buthuthukiswa ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo. Okokuqala, umuntu uthola ukuqonda isiko ngokugxila kulawo magugu, izinkolelo, nemikhuba. Okwesibili, umuntu ube esekhomba njengelungu lalelo siko ngokuya ngesikhundla sakhe kulowo mphakathi. Okwesithathu, bakha ubudlelwano obunjengomndeni oseduze, abangani abaseduze, osebenza nabo nomakhelwane. 

Isiko igama eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi elivame ukuphikisana nezifundiswa eziqopha ukuhlukahluka kwencazelo engu-160. ukweseka umcabango wesiko ukuthi liyashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nasezimeni ezahlukene okuholela ekutheni abantu abaningi namuhla bazihlonze ngesiko elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kanye nezindlela eziningi ezahlukene.

Kuyisici esichaza ukuthi umuntu ungubani, esinengxenye endleleni azibona ngayo namaqembu azibonayo. Ukuqonda komuntu ngobuntu bakhe kanye nobunye kukhula kusukela ekuzalweni futhi kubunjwa yizindinganiso nezimo zengqondo ezikhona ekhaya nasemphakathini ozungezile.
UbuZiyoni

**UbuZiyoni** buyinhlangano yobuzwe besikohlanga  eyavela eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 eyayihlose ukusungula ikhaya lesizwe samaJuda, okwakuzofezwa ngokungqonelwa kwePalestine,  okuyisifunda okwakuyizwe lakwaIsrayeli ebuJudeni,  esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wamaJuda . AmaZiyoni ayefuna ukwakha izwe lamaJuda ePalestina elinomhlaba omkhulu, onamaJuda amaningi, kanye nama-Arabhu ambalwa asePalestina ngangokunokwenzeka. 

UbuZiyoni baqala ukuvela eYurophu ephakathi naseMpuma njengombutho wobuzwe yezwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, isabela eziwombeni ezintsha zokulwa namaJuda futhi isabela ekukhanyiselweni kwamaJuda okubizwa - Haskalah.   Ukutheleka kwezifiki zamaZiyoni ePalestina ngalesi sikhathi kuthathwa njengesiqalo sombango wamaJuda namaPalestina . Isibizelo samaZiyoni ngePalestina sasisekelwe emcabangweni obandlululayo wokuthi ilungelo lamaJuda elingokomlando lokuthola umhlaba lingaphezu kwelama-Arabhu.

## Amaphatho
INyuvesi yaseLimpopo

**Inyuvesi yaseLimpopo** (Afrikaans: Universiteit van Limpopo) inyuvesi yomphakathi esifundazweni saseLimpopo, INingizimu Afrika. Yakhiwa ngo-1 January 2005, ngokuhlangana kwe-University of the North ne-Medical University of South Africa (MEDUNSA). Lezi zikhungo zangaphambili zakha amakamu e-I-Turfloop ne-MEDUNSA eyunivesithi, ngokulandelana. Ngo-2015 ikamu le-MEDUNSA lahlukana laba yi-ISefako Makgatho Health Sciences University.
Ukufikelela ukwaziswa

**Ukufikelela ukwaziswa** kuyinkululeko noma ikhono lokuhlonza, ukuzuza nokusebenzisa isizindamininingo noma ukwaziswa ngempumelelo. 

Kunemizamo eyahlukene yocwaningo ngokufikelela ukwaziswa impokophelo yayo iwukwenza kube lula futhi kube nomthelela kakhudlwana kubasebenzisi abangabantu ukuze bafikelele futhi baqhubeke nokudludlunga amanani amakhulu nangenakulinganiswa emininingo nokwaziswa .

Kukhona ezobuchwepheshe ezisebenza endaweni evamile ezifana ukudoncula ukwaziswa, Ukuthapa isiqakaqo, Ukuhumusha kwenguxa, kanye Nokujinja isiqakaqo .
UKUZALA : AMAGAMA

Umuntu- uyabaletha noma uyateta

Ikati – liyephuka 

Inkomo- iyazala

Inyamazane-  iyazala 

Inkukhu – iyachamusela 

inyoni- iyachamusela

Inja – iyanyelezela 

ingulube – iyahulula
Makhosazana Xaba

**uSolwazi uMakhosazana Xaba** (owazalwa ziyi-10 kuNtulikazi 1957) ungumbhali wezinkondlo waseMzansi nomlobi wezindaba ezimfushane. Uqeqeshwe njengomhlengikazi futhi usesebenze njengozempilo wabesifazane kwizinhlangano ezingenz' inzuzo, kanye nokubhala ngobulili nempilo. UnguSolwazi wokugala abafundi kuMnyanga wobuntu kwiNyuvesi i-University of Johannesburg.

## uMlandompilo
UMakhosazana (Khosi) Xaba wazalelwa eMgungundlovu (eGreytown), KwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika, ezalwa nguGlenrose Nomvula Mbatha kanye noRueben Bejanmin Xaba, umntwana wesibili ezinganeni ezinhlanu. Uneziqu ze-MA ezifundweni zokuloba azethweswa eNyuvsi I-University of the Witwatersrand (Wits University) futhi usabhala umlandompilo kaNoni Jabavu.

U-Xaba wathola umklomelo we-Deon Hofmeyr kwezokuloba (2005) ngendaba yakhe emfushane engashicilelwanga ethi "Running". Izinkondlo zakhe ziye zavela kwizishicilelo ekubalwa kuzo i-*Timbila*, Sister Namibia, Botsotso, South African Writing, Green Dragon and Echoes, futhi zaqoqelwa kwi-These Hands (2005)  kanye ne-Tongues of Their Mothers (2008). Incwadi yezindaba zakhe ezimfushane, i-Running and Other Stories, yashicilelwa ngo-2013, futhi yawina i-2014 UNadine Gordimer South African Literary Awards Short Story Award.

UXaba ungumhleli wesiqoqelo sika-2026 esithi Njengomoya ongathinteki: isiqoqelo sezinkondlo, esikhuluma "ngempilo, izinakazelo kanye nekusasa labesimame abathandana nabobulili obufanayo".

Uphinde waphosa itshe esivaveni kwisiqoqelo sika-2019 esithi  Amadodakazi amasha ase-Afrikha, esasihlelwe nguMargaret Busby.

Beno-Athambile Masola, u-Xaba wethula incwadi ethi Noni Jabavu: isihambi ekhaya, isiqoqelo sezishicilelo zephephandaba zikaJabavu kwiDaily Dispatch ngo-2023.

## Imisebenzi

* *Lezi Zandla: Izinkondlo*. I-Timbila Poetry Project, Elim Hospital, Limpopo Province, 2005. Izinkondlo.  .
* *Izilimi Zomama* Babo. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2008. Izinkondlo.  
* *Ukugijima Nezinye Izindaba*. [Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 9] Izinganekwane.  
* Njengomoya ongathinteki: Isiqoqelo sezinkondlo (umhleli). I-Harare: Izincwadi zikaMaThoko, 2016. Iqoqo lezinkondlo.  
* *ubutshodiso bamanzi asebhodleleni*.  Izinkondlo.  ISBN&nbsp;

## Izikhombo
Udliki noluqobo

Kwinjulalwazi, **udliki noluqobo**  kuyizimiso ezimbili ezixhumene kakhulu u-Aristote azisebenzise ukuhlaziya umdiki, imbangela, ukucondoza, kanye nochazomzimba *emibhalwenicyakhe iPhysics*, *Metaphysics*, *Nicomachean Ethics*, kanye *noDe Anima* . 

Isicabango sodliki, ngokwa lo mongo, ngokuvamile ubhekisela kunoma yikuphi "ukwenza" into okungathiwa inako. U-Aristote akazange acubungule lonke ulwenzeko njengolufanayo , futhi wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwalolo oluvele olufezeka ngokwalo lapho izimo zilungile futhi kungekho okuluvimbayo.  Uluqobo, ngokungafani nodliki, luwumdiki, ushintsho noma ubuqhebwhebe obumelela isenzo noma ukugcwaliseka kolwenzeko, lapho olwenzeko luba lufezeka ngomqondo ophelele.  Ngakho-ke yomibili le mibono ibonisa inkolelo ka-Aristotle yokuthi izehlakalo emvelweni azizona zonke ezemvelo ngokweqiniso. Ngokubona kwakhe, izinto eziningi zenzeka ngengozi, futhi ngenxa yalokho azenzeki ngokwenjongo yemvelo yezinto.
Umdiki

Kumchazandalo, **umdiki** wenezeka lapho into ishintsha isikhundla sayo ngokuphathelene noluma ngesikhathi esithile . Umdiki uchaziswa ngokomchazazibalo mayelana nokukhwebuka, ibanga, isivinini, umkhawulezo, ijubane, nohlaka loluma esibukelini, esilinganisa ukuguquka kwesikhundla sendikimba ngokucakathene nalolo luma ngoshintsho lwesikhathi. Igatsha lo mchazandalo elichazisa umdiki wezinto ngaphandle kokubhekisela kumbangela yawo libizwa ngokuthi *ezokuphekuza*, kuyilapho igatsha elifunda iziphoqi kanye nomthelela wazo emdikini lubizwa ngokuthi *ama-dynamics* .
Ijubane

Kumchazampeku, **ijubane** lento ngubukhulu boshintsho lwesikhundla sayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma ubukhulu boshintsho lwesikhundla sayo ngomuvo wesikhathi; ngalokho-ke luwumngakonani lesikala elingaphiki.  **Ijubane elimaphakathi** nento emgameni wesikhathi yibanga elihanjwa into ehlukaniswa ubude bomgamu;  **ijubane elisheshayo** liwumkhawulo wejubane esimaphakathi njengoba ubude besikhathi sesikhawu sisondela elizeni.
Izindlela zokucinga umsebenzi kwi-inthanethi

**I**-**inthanethi** yithuluzi lezobuchwepheshe elisetshenziswa umhlaba wonke ukuxhumana, ukucobelelana ngolwazi lisebenzisa iwebhusayithi exhumanisa wonke amawebhusayithi kusukela kuma-imeyili kuya ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Ivumela ukuba ulwazi lutholakale masinyane phakathi kwezindawo eziningi emhlabeni wonke.

## Thola imibandela yokucinga umsebenzi
Ngaphambi kokuba ungene kuma webhusayithi zazi ukuthi ufuna luphi uhlobo lomsebenzi noma indima ozoyidlala kulowo msebenzi, cacisa ukuthi ufuna siphi isikhundla. Yazi izimboni nezinkampani ohlose ukusebenza nazo. Yazi indawo okumele usebenzele kuyo. Cacisa ukuthi ufuna yiphi inhlobo yomsebenzi, okungaba umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele, umsebenzi wesikhashana, ama-internship noma izinkontileka. Yazi ukuthi isipiliyoni sakho sikuphi. Yenza i-CV ebuyekeziwe ukuze iziqu zakho nofakazi bakho kuthembeke. Bhala incwadi yesicelo somsebenzi uma idingeka. 

**Sebenzisa izinjini zokucinga umsebenzi**

Lama webhusayithi aqoqa ukufakwa kohlu lwemisebenzi emithonjeni eminingi:
* Indeed(indeed.com): Sebenzisa uhlu ngokomholo, indawo kanye nenkampani.
* LinkedIn(linkedin.com/jobs): Sesha imisebenzi bese uyaphawula ukuze uzoxhumana nabaqashi.
* Imisebenzi yaku-google: Kwi webhusayithi ka-google sesha ukuthi "imisebenzi eseduze nami"

## Sebenzisa izihlungi ngokuhleleka
Sebenzisa amagama akhethiwe ukusesha umsebenzi. Hlunga ngosuku ethunyelwe ngayo, inkampani, iholo kanye nezinga lesipiliyoni.

## Vakashela amawebhusayithi ezinkampani
Uma kukhona izinkampani ofuna ukusebenza kuzo, vakashela ikhasi labo lomsebenzi ngokujwayelekile. Balandele ezinkundleni zokuxhumana okuwu-LinkedIn no twitter ukuze uthole izimemezelo.

## Hlala uhlelekile futhi ungaguquki
Landelela isicelo sakho somsebenzi. Hlela iskhathi sokusesha nsukuzonke noma masonto onke.

## IZINKOMBA
Dennis,A.(2025) Available at:
(Accessed:22 April 2025)
Amabhuzu (i-albhamu)

I-Boots yi-alibhamu yokuqala ye-studio kaNancy Sinatra, eyakhishwa yi-Reprise Records ngoNdasa mhla ziku 15, ngonyaka ka1966. I-alibhamu, ehlelwe futhi yaqondiswa nguBilly Strange, yakhiqizwa nguLee Hazlewood. Ifinyelele ezingeni lesihlanu eshadini le 200. Ihlanganisa i-"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", eyaba sesiqongweni eshadini le- Hot 100 kanye ne-UK Singles Chart.
Ukukhokhela intela eNingizimu Afrika

**Ukukhokhela intela** kungabandakanya ukukhokhelwa okungenani kwamazinga amabili ahlukene kahulumeni: uhulumeni oyinhloko nge-SARS noma uhulumeni wendawo.[2] Ngaphambi kuka-2001 uhlelo lwentela lwaseNingizimu Afrika " lwalusekelwe emthonjeni", lapho imali engenayo ikhokhelwa khona intela ezweni lapho ivela khona. 

Izimali ezingenayo kahulumeni omkhulu zivela enteleni yemali yoholo, intela ye-value added kanye nentela yenkampani. Imali engenayo kahulumeni wendawo ivela ngokuyinhloko ezibonelweni ezivela ezikhwameni zikahulumeni oyinhloko kanye nezinga lamasipala. Ngonyaka wezezimali we-2018/19, i-SARS yaqoqa ama-R 1 287.7 bhiliyoni (elingana nama-US $ 86.4 bhiliyoni)  emalini engenayo yentela, isibalo sama-R71.2 bhiliyoni (noma ama-5.8%) ngaphezulu kunaleso sonyaka wezezimali odlule.[5]
Isiqhwanqwa

Kumchazandalo woTho olujiyile, **isiqhwanqwa** siyisithako esihlelekile ngokwendawo (okungukuthi isikhumanqa ) esinezigubo zamatshoko. Endabeni yeHwelanga-4, kusukela ngowe-1960 bekucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe isiqhwanqwa.  Kusukela ngowezi-2017, ubufakazi obuqandikhanda bokuba khona kwalesi simo bahlinzekwa imigcanso eminingana kusetshenziswa ubuchwe bamaJiyo ka- Bose-Einstein .  Izimo ezijwayelekile ezidingekayo ukuze kuvele ubuqhwanqwa eziqeni esithile kuyisihloko socwaningo oluqhubekayo.
Ukucubungula

Ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile, **ukucubungula** kuwukubhekisisa okuhlelekile nokuhlola ukufaneleka, isizima nobumqoka kokuthile, kusetshenziswa umbandela olawulwa iqoqo lezindungabiso. Kungasiza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano, uhlelo, umklamo,  nanoma yikuphi ukungenelela noma isinyathelo sokuhlola noma iyiphi inhloso, isiphakamiso esingafezeka, nanoma iyiphi enye indlela ; noma ukukhiqizeni izinga lempumelelo noma isizima maqondana nenhloso nezimpokophelo kanye nemiphumela yanoma yisiphi isenzo esinjalo esesiqediwe. 

Inhloso eyinhloko yokucubungula, ngaphezu kokuthola ukuqonda mayelana nezinhlelo zangaphambilini noma ezikhona, ukunika amandla ukuzindla nokusiza ekuhlonzeni ushintsho lwesikhathi esizayo.  Ukucubungula kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuveza nokulinganisa izihloko ezithakaselwayo kuzo ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhakha yabantu, okuhlanganisa ezobuciko, ubulungiswa bobugebengu, izisekelo, izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, uhulumeni, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nezinye izinsiza zabantu.
Umfeketho

**Umfeketho** kuyinhlanganisela yobuqhebeqhebe eyenzelwa ukuzilibazisa. Umfeketho noma ukufeketha kuvame ukuyamaniswa nezingane nobuqhebeqhebe ebusezingeni lazo, kodwa bungenziwa nanoma nangabantu abasezigabeni ezihlukene zokuphila, kuyenziwa nayizilwane ezinokuhlakanipha, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni.

Ukufektha kuvame ukuhlakahlwa njengokuntela; nokho umdlali angahlozinga empokophelweni yakhe, ikakhulukazi lapho ukudlala kuhleliwe futhi kubhekiswe emgomeni, njengasemdlalweni. Ngakho-ke, umfeketho ungahluka kusuka kovovonono, ohalahala, ozenzakalelayo, nontelayo kuya kohleliwe noma ngisho nobhamazelayo. Ukufeketha akubona ubuqhebeqhebe nje bokuzilibazisa; kunodliki lokusebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke entsheni, kwabadala, kanye nezinhlobo zeziphili ezisezingeni eliphezulu (ezibuchophokhulu). Akukhona nje ukuthi umfeketho uqhakambisa futhi ulekelele ekukhuleni okungokomzimba (njengokuxhumana kwesandla namehlo), kodwa futhi usiza ekukhuleni kokuqonda namakhono wokuxhumana, futhi ungaba isinyathelo sokudidiyelwa, okungaba inqubo ecindezelayo kakhulu. Ukudlala yinto izingane eziningi ezihlanganyela kuyo, kodwa indlela ukufeketha okwenziwa ngayo ihlukile phakathi kwamasiko, futhi indlela izingane ezihlanganyela ngayo ekufeketheni iyahlukahluka.

## Incasiselo
Umbhalo oyinhloko emkhakheni wezifundo zokudlala uyincwadi ethi *I-Homo Ludens* eyashicilelwa okokuqala ngowe-1944 nezinhlelo eziningana ezalandela, lapho UJohan Huizinga echaza khona umfeketho ngalendlela elandelayo: : 13