open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amakha

Perfume (UK: /ˈpɜːfjuːm/, US: /pərˈfjuːm/; isiFulentshi: parfum) iyingxube yamafutha abalulekile anephunga elimnandi noma amakha (amakha), izinto ezilungiswayo nezincibilikisayo, ngokuvamile eziwuketshezi, ezisetshenziselwa ukunikeza umzimba womuntu, izilwane, ukudla, izinto, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala iphunga elimnandi. Ngo-1939, owathola umklomelo kaNobel weKhemistry, uLeopold Ružička wathi "kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zesayensi yesayensi kuze kube manje, iziqholo zibe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo mayelana nezindlela, ukuhlukaniswa okuhlelekile, kanye nethiyori.

Imibhalo yasendulo nemivubukulo ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakha kweminye yemiphakathi yakudala yabantu. Iziqholo zesimanje zaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngokuhlanganiswa kwezentengiselwano kwenhlanganisela yephunga elimnandi njenge-vanillin noma i-coumarin, eyayivumela ukwakheka kwamakha anephunga elalingatholakali ngaphambilini elivela kuma-aromatics emvelo.

## Umlando
Igama elithi perfume lisuselwa kwelesiLatini elithi perfumare, elisho "ukubhema". Iziqholo, njengobuciko bokwenza iziqholo, zaqala eMesophothamiya yasendulo, eGibhithe, empucukweni yase-Indus Valley futhi ngokunokwenzeka neChina Yasendulo. Yabuye yacwengisiswa amaRoma namaSulumane.

Usokhemisi orekhodiwe wokuqala emhlabeni uthathwa njengowesifazane ogama lakhe linguTapputi, umenzi wamakha okukhulunywa ngaye kuthebhulethi ye-cuneiform yangenkulungwane yesi-2 BC eMesophothamiya.Wacwenga izimbali, uwoyela, ne-calamus nezinye iziqholo, wayesezihlunga futhi azibuyisele endaweni ethule izikhathi eziningana.

Ezwenikazi laseNdiya, amakha neziqholo zazikhona empucukweni yase-Indus (3300 BC - 1300 BC).

I-allembic yaseByzantium yayisetshenziselwa ukudidiyela amakha

Isitsha samakha saseGibhithe lasendulo esimise okwenkawu; 1550-1295 BC; faience; ukuphakama: 6.5 cm, ububanzi: 3.3 cm, ukujula: 3.8 cm; I-Metropolitan Museum of Art (eNew York City)

Ngo-2003,  abavubukuli bathola lokho okukholelwa ukuthi [ngubani?] kungamakha amadala kakhulu asekhona ePyrgos, eCyprus. Amakha asukela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-4,000. Atholwa endaweni yasendulo yokwenza iziqholo, ifektri engamamitha-skwele angu-300 (3,230 sq ft) [8] enezindawo zokumisa okungenani ezingu-60, izitsha zokuxuba, amafaneli, namabhodlela eziqholo. Ezikhathini zasendulo abantu babesebenzisa amakhambi nezinongo, njenge-alimondi, i-coriander, i-myrtle, i-conifer resin ne-bergamot, kanye nezimbali. NgoMeyi 2018, isiqholo sakudala esithi "Rodo" (Rose) siphinde sadalelwa umbukiso weminyaka yonke weGreek National Archaeological Museum "Izici Ezingenakubalwa Zobuhle", okuvumela izivakashi ukuthi zisondele emandulo ngokusebenzisa ama-olfaction receptors azo.

## Kúbópha
UMlando woHlakahlisombulu

**Umlando woHlakahlisombulu** ( **AI** ) waqala ezikhathini zasendulo, ngezinganekwane, izindaba kanye namahlebezi ngezidalwa ezimbulu/ezikhandiwe ezinikezwe ubuhlakani noma Impaphamo yiziphepha ezingabahuqazi.
UMvethezo

Igama elithi **UMvethezo Noma umMvethezo** (kusuka esenzweni sokuvetheza, lisho 'ukukhuluma ulimi lwabezizwe'), lingabhekisela kunoma yiluphi lwezinhlobo ezimbili zolimi oluhlukile. :
Uhleloxhumano lweziNzwa

**Uhleloxhumano lwezinzwa** luyintandelo yezinzwa okungeyezinzwa ezingokwemvelo, noma, ngomqondo wanamuhla, Uhleloxhumano lwezinzwa-mbulu noma amaqhuzu.

Kanjalo, Uhleloxhumano lwezinzwa lungaba Uhleloxhumano lwezinzwa olungokwemvelo noma, Uhleloxhumano lwezinzwa olumbulu, futhi lusetshenziselwe ukuxazula izinkinga zohlakahlisombulu. Uxhumano lwenzwa engokwemvelo liwunongo  olwenziwe kumahleloxhumano ezinzwa-mbulu njengezisindo phakathi kwamaqhuzu. Iqhuzu elivumayo *(positive)* limelela uxhumano olukhabathayo *(excitatory connection)*, kuyilapho amanani aphikayo emelela uxhumano oluvimbayo *(inhibitory connections)*. Wonke amagalelo agwebukiswa isisindo bese aba isamba. Lobuqhebeqhebe bubizwa ngokuthi inhlanganisela ewumugqa
Ekugcineni, insebenzo yokuqhebezisa ilawula ukuqubuka *(amplitude)* yeziphumo. Ngokwesibonelo, amazinga amukelekile eziphumo avame ukuba phakathi kwe-0 Kanye no-1, noma angaba phakathi ko-1 kanye no-1.
Elizabeth Poe

**Elizabeth Poe**, ozwala, **Elizabeth "Eliza" Arnold, Jr. Hopkins Poe**, (1787 or 1788 - 1811), wayengunina ka Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - c. 1849).
Intandelo yezinzwa

**Intandelo yenzwa** igama elisho isibalo esiphelele sazo zonke izinzwa ezihlanganiswe amanombe *(synapses)* ukuze zigununde izinsebenzo eziqinile lapho ziqebheziswa. Izintandelo zezinzwa zixhumaxhumene enye kwenye futhi zakha amaxhoxho obuchopho amakhulukazi.

Amaxhoxho weziNzwa zemvelo afake ugqozi ekuklanyweni kwamaxhoxho ezinzwa-mbulu, kodwa lawo maxhoxho ezinzwa-mbulu imvama awazona izifaniselo eziphelele zamaxhoxho ezinzwa zemvelo.

Amagama asikiselwe oxhoxho lwezinzwa:

*axon - uluzi
*axon terminal - umdiyo woluzi
*axon branches - amagatsha woluzi
*synapse - inombe
*myelin sheat - umshume
*node of ranvier - isikhenkesi somshume
*dendrite - ikleleba
*nucleus - umongo
Injemane

**Injemane**, noma iwayini lesundu, liwuphuzo oludakayo olukhandwa ngobisi lwezinhlobo ezahlukene zesihlahla sesundu njengesandu, ingqasundu kanye nesundu lomqhekezani .
UmQhekezani

Umuthi **womQhekezani** ( ***Cocos nucifera*** ) , lomndeni uyilungu lesundu ( Arecaceae ) kanye nokuphela kwezinhlobo elliptical zomqhinqo wozalo lwe*Cocos* .
Indwemozwe

**Indwemozwe (**inhlanganisela yamagama 'indwemo' elivela esenzweni esithi 'ukundwema' nelithi 'izwe**<nowiki/>**') igama elivamise ukuchaza umphakathi ocatshangwayo, wamaphupho noma umphakathi onezimfanelo ezifiseleka kakhulu noma ezicishe ziphelele kumalungu awo.  Kodwa, lingabhekisela emphakathini ohlosiwe.

Izindwemozwe ezihlawumbiselwayo zigxila —phakathi kokunye—ekulinganeni, naseminxeni efana nezomnotho, uhulumeni nobulungisa, kodwa ngendlelasu nohlaka lokuzigununda oluhlukahlukayo ngokusekwa inkolelombono. ULyman Tower Sargent uveza ukuthi isimo sendwemozwe sinokuziphikisa ngokwaso ngoba imiphakathi ayishoni nganxanye njengamanzi futhi inezinkanuko eziphikisanayo ngalokho ayikwazi ukwaneliswa ngokufanayo. Uma simcaphuna uthi: "Kunezindwemozwe zocosulelwano, zobuhlohlesakhe, zobukhosi, zombusowabantu, zokungabuswa, zoxhaxhamvelo, zobufazanisi, zobunzalamizi, zokulingana, zobuqhiwu, zokucwasa ngokwebala, zophiko lobunxele, zophiko lobunene, zokulungisa, zothanda olukhululekile, zomkhaya ojijiwe, zomndeni omncane, zobungqingili, nezinye eziningi ezifana nezobundalo, namaKristu anqunu,... abanye baphika ngokuthi, ubundwemozwe, bumqoka ekuthuthukisweni isimo soluntu. Kodwa uma busethsenziswa kabi, bungaba ingozi. Kulapho indwemozwe eba nokuziphikisa khona. *Utopianism: A very short introduction* (2010) Okulungene nendwemozwe yilokho okubizwa ngobuNuphe *(dystopia)*. Izinganeko zendwemozwe nobuNuphe zinesibunge emunxeni wezincwadi.

## Imithombo
Umcikizo

**Umcikizo** yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuqaqulula lwesibalonqangi olulandela unongo oluchasiswe kahle (isb, Umkholezima). 

iziLekeleli eziyizinguxa noma zamazuba (noma, ngokomlando, abantu) abenza imicikizo abaziwa ngokuthi abacikizi. Umkhakha owaziwa kakhulu ngokufunda ngemicikizo yilowo wenzululwazi yesicikizi.
Edgar Allan Poe

**Edgar Allan Poe** (1809, Boston, Massachusetts, - Oktobha 7, 1849 {okuqagelayo}), owazalwa **Edgar Poe**, owayaziwa kakhulu ngezinganekwane zakhe ezingaqondakali kanye macabre. Inkondlo Edgar Allan Poe edume kakhulu ayibhala, "Igwababa", yahyatheliswa ephephandabeni elithi, "The Evening Mirror", futhi, New York City, New York, ngo Januwari 29, 1845. Poe wazalelwa Boston, Massachusetts, futhi wayeyindodana yomlingisi wase-American vaudeville owazalwa eNgilandi, Elizabeth Poe (c. 1787 or 1788 - 1811).
Igwababa

**Igwababa**, kwakuyinkondlo eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo Januwari 29, 1845, ephephandabeni, "The Evening Mirror". Inkondlo yabhalwa Quarles (enye yamagama mbumbulu kwe Imbongi yaseMelika kanye nombhali, Edgar Allan Poe (1809, - c. 1849).). Umugqa odume kakhulu wenkondlo yilapho, "Igwababa" ithi, **Ungalokothi**.
Inkampani

**Inkampani** iyinhlangano engokomthetho emelela abantu abazihlanganisile, kungaba ngokwemvelo, ngokomthetho, noma kokubil, abanempokophelo eyodwa eqondile. Amalungu wenkampani anenjongo eyodwa futhi ayabumbana ukuze afeze izimpkokophelo eziqondile azifunayo. Izinkampani zivame ukuthatha izimo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nalezi:

* ukuba izinhlangano zokuzithandela, ezihlanganisa izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo
* ukuba imihwebo, enenjongo yokwenza umvezo
* ukuba izinhlangano zentwisha namabhange
* ukuba izikhungo zemfundo nezinhlelo zazo

Inkampani ingenziwa ibe ngumuntu osemthethweni kuze inkampani ngokwayo ulibe nesimelo esiwumkhawulo lapho amalunga ehluleka ukwenza imisebenzi yawo ngokwesimemezelo sasobala sokuba inkampani, noma inqubomgomo eshicilelwe. Lapho inkampani ivalwa, kungadingeka ukuba ithengise ukuze igweme isibopho esingokomthetho.

Izinkampani zingaziyamanisa futhi zizibhalise njengezinkampani ezintsha; izinhlangano ezivelayo zibizwa ngokuthi amaqembu ezinkampani.

## Izincazelo nezincasiselo
Inkampani ingachasiswa ngokuthi "umenzo okhandiwe", ongabonakali, ongaphatheki, odalwa ngokomthetho, onesithunzi esingokomthetho, uchunge lwaphakade, nomqwamba owodwa. Ngaphandle kwezikhundla ezithile eziphezulu, izinkampani azithintwa ukufa, ukuhlanya, noma izikweletu zamalungu wazo.
Inhlangano engenzi nzuzo

**Inhlangano** **engenzi nzuzo** ( **NPO** ), eyaziwa nangokuthi inhlangano **engesona isihwebi**, [  ] **inhlangano engeyona eyenzuzo**,  noma **isikhungo esingenzi nzuzo**,  yinhlangano esemthethweni ehlelelwe futhi egidingelwa inzuzo yabathile noma yomphakathi, ngokungafani nenhkangano eligidinga njengesihwebi esihlose ukukhiqizela abanikazi balo inzuzo .
Intutho

**Intutho** noma **ezokuthutha**,  kuwukuhanjiswa okuhlosiwe kwabantu, izilwane, kanye nezingudla ukusuka kwenye indawo kuya kwenye.

Ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha iqukethe kokubili izakhiwo ezingenakususwa, ezihlanganisa imigwaqo, imigudu esemoyeni, ujantshi, imigudu esemanzini, imisele, nemigudu yamathumbu, kanye nezikhumulo ezifana nezikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zezitimela, izikhumulo zamabhasi, imitapo, izikhumulo zamaloli, izikhumulo zokuthela isivuthisi, kanye  nezikhumulo zolwandle. Izikhumulo zingasetshenziselwa kokubili ukunanisela abagibeli nomthwalo kanye nokunakekela izithuthi.

Izindlela zokuthutha yinoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zokuthutha ezisetshenziselwa ukuthwala abantu noma imithwalo. Zingase zihlanganise izithuthi, izilwane ezigitshelwayo, kanye nezilwane ezithwalayo. Izithuthi zingase zihlanganisa izinqola, izimoto, amasondombili, amabhasi, izitimela, amaloli, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izindiza zamanzi, imikhumbi-mkhathi nezindiza.

## Umlando
Ngo-1903 izelamani zakwaWright zabonisa indiza yokuqala elawulekayo ephumelelayo, futhi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I (1914-1918) indiza yaba indlela esheshayo yokuthutha abantu nokuhambisa izimpahla emabangeni amade.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945) izimoto nezindiza zathatha amasheya aphezulu ezokuthutha, zehlisa ujantshi namanzi kwaba yimpahla kanye nezinsiza zabagibeli abahamba isikhashana.

## Imithombo
Izingudla

Kwezomnotho, **izingudla** ziyimpahla eyanelisa izimfuno zabantu futhi zibahlinzeka ngosizo, ngokwesibonelo, njengomkhozi noma ikhasimende elithenga umkhiqizo ozomanelisa. Kunomehluko ovamile phakathi kwezingudla ezidlulisekayo, kanye nezinkonzo, ezingadluliseki nakancane.

Ingudla eqinisweni "iyingudla yezomnotho" uma inosizo kubantu kodwa iyivelakancane ngokuqondene nengqekelelo yayo okwenza kudingeke umzamo womuntu ukuze ayithole. Ngokuphambene, izingudla zamahhala *(free goods)*, ezifana nomoya, zihlinzekwe zaba yinala ngokwemvelo futhi aziwudingi umzamo otheni wokuzithola. Izingudla ezisisulu *(Private goods)*, ziyizinto zabantu, ezifana nempahla yasendlini, omabonakude, imixhaka, omakhalekhukhwini, cishe noma yini okungeyabantu noma esetshenziswa nsukuzonke engekhona ukudla.

Ingudla yomshwabadeli *(consumer good)* noma "ingudla ephelele" iyinoma yini ezoshwabadelwa ekugcineni, kunokuba isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni enye ingudla. Ngokwesibonelo, iziko lechadaza *(microwave oven)* noma usondombili *(bicycle)* okuthengiselwa umshwabadeli njengengudla ephelele noma ingudla yomshwabadeli, kodwa izigcoyi ezidayiselwa ukusetshenziswa kulezo zingudla zibizwa izingudla eziphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphicwa *(textiles)* zingasetshenziswa ekukhandeni ngokuqhubekayo ezinye izingudla.

Izingudla ezithengiswayo *(Commercial goods)* zithathwa njengemikhiqizo ephathekayo ekhandwayo futhi khona eyenziwa ukuba itholakale ukuze isatshalaliselwe ukusetshenziswa embonini yezentengiselano. Izingudla zentengiselano kungaba ogandaganda, izithuthi zentengiselano, izinhlaka eziluntinti, amabhanoyi, ngisho nezithako zokufulela uphahla. Izingudla zentengiselano nezomuntu siqu ziyiminxa ebanzi kakhulu ehlanganisa konke umuntu akubonayo kusuka ekuvukeni kwakhe endlini yakhe, endleleni yakhe ebheke emsebenzini nakubona nasekufikeni kwakhe emsebenzini.

Igama elithi Izithengiswa *(Commodities)* lingasetshenziswa njengomqondofana nelithi izingudla zomnotho, kodwa livame ukubhekisela ezithakweni zemvelo ezidayisekayo *(marketable)* nasemikhiqizweni eyinhloko.

Nakuba izingudla ezivamile ziphatheka, ezinye izigaba zezingudla, ezifana nokwaziswa, zisesimweni esingaphatheki. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwezinye izingudla iphumezi liyinto ephathekayo, kuyilapho izindaba zisesigabeni sezingudla ezingaphatheki futhi esibonwa njengensiza efana nesishicilelwa noma umabonakude.
UMkhandlusidlidli

**UMkhandlusidlidli** noma **Umasipala** noma **uMkhandludolobha** uvamise ukuba wuphiko olulodwa lwempathelo  oluhleliwe nolunamandla okuzibusa noma amagunya njengoba kuvuma imithetho kazwelonke neyesifunda ongaphansi kwayo.

Ibizo elithi *uMkhandlusidlidli* (ikakhulukazi elithi *uMkhandlu*) limiqondobili njengoba lisho ibandla elibusayo, elibizwa umkhandlu, futhi lisho indawo esemingceleni lapho ibandla elibusayo elinegunya khona.

UMkhandlusidlidli kungaba inoma iliphi igunya lezombusazwe, kusuka esifundeni esiziphethe esifana nesiGunya sase-Monaco, kuya emuzini omncane ofana ne-West Hampton Dunes, e-New York.

Imingcele lapho umkhandlusidlidli onegunya khona ihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

* indawo eyodwa enabantu engesidlavela, isidlidli noma umuzi.      only one populated place such as a city, town, or village
* izindawo ezifanayo ezimbalwa (isb., izindawo zegunya zaseMelika esifunde se-New Jersey (1798–1899) ezifana namanxuluma abusa imizi embalwa, imikhandlu yase-Mexico, nemikhandlu yase-Colombia)
* izingxenye zezindawo ezifana nalezo kuphela, ngesinye isikhathi izindadawe zesidlavela, ezifana nemikhandlu engama-34 yase-Santiago, e-Chile

## Amandla wezombusazwe
Amandla wemikhandlu iyahlula kusuka ekuzibuseni kuya ekuthobeleni ngokuphelele umbuso. Imikhandlusidlidli ingaba negunya lokuthelisa bantu ngabanye nasemishumanqa ngemalingeniso, intela yempahla, nentela yemishumanqa, kodwa ingabuye yamukele uxhaso olukhulu embusweni. Kwamanye amazwe wase-Yurophu, afana neJalimani, kanjalo nakweminye imikhandlusidlidli yaseNingizimu Afrika, imikhandlusidlidli inelungelo elingokomthethosisekelo lokuhlinzeka ngezidingongqangi ngokusebenzisa imishumanqa ephethwe sobala.

## Amabizo wasemazweni ahlukene

### uMkhandlu
Amabizo ahlobene nelithi "UMkhandlusidlidli", iningi lawo abhekisela ohlakeni lomingcele noma kwezombusazwe.
Ukuhlelelisa isiCikizi

**Ukuhlelelisa isicikizi** noma **ukukitiza** kuyinqubo yokuqamba uthungethunge lweziyalezo, ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhleleliso ezilandelwa yizicikizi ukuze ziqhogoye imisebenzi.  Ukuhlelelisa kubandakanya imisebenzi efana nokuhlaziya, ukuphehla umkholezima, iziqondiso zokugununda izingqubo, ngokuloba umkitizo ngolunye lwezilimi zokuhlelelisa. Umkitizo wenhleleliso ubhalwa ngolimi olulodwa noma ukweqa olwaziwa abahlelelisi olugunundwa isididiyeli esiyinhloko, kunokuba kube umkitizo wenguxa. Injongo yokuhlelelisa iwukuthola uchunge lwemiyalelo ezohleleleka insebenzo yomsebenzi esicikizini, imvama ongowokuxazulula inkinga ethile. Ukuhlelelisa kweqophelo imvama kudinga ubungcweti ezihlokweni ezimbalwa, kuhlanganisa ulwazi lwesidlangala sohlelo, imikholezima yekhethelo, nenhluzangqondo ehlelekile.

Imisebenzi ehlobene nehambisana nokuhlelelisa ihlanganisa ukuvivinya, ukuntwalalula *(debugging)*, ukunakekela umkitizo, ukugununda izinhlelo zokwakha, kanye nokuphathwa kwezichule *(artifact)*, ezifana nomkitizo wenguxa wezinhleleliso sezicikizi. Lezi zinto zingathathwa njengengxenye yenqubo yokuhlelelisa, Kodwa imvama kusetshenziswa ibizo elithi ukuthuthukiswa kwehlelokusebenza ukuchaza lenqubo enkulu kuyilapho amabizo athi ukuhlelelisa, ukugununda, noma ukukitiza akhwezelelwa ukulotshwa komkitizo. Ubunjiniyela behlelokusebenza buhlanganisa ubuchule bobunjiniyela nezenzo zokuthuthukisa inhlelokusebenza. Ubunjiniyela obugushayo buhlobene nenqubo esetshenziswa abaklami, abahlaziyi, nabahlelelisi ukuze baqonde Inhleleliso ekhona futhi bagununde kabushe insebenzo yayo.
Umkitizo

Kwezokucikiza, **umkitizo** uyiqoqo leziyalezo ezibhalwa kusetshenziswa ulimi lokuhlelelisa olufundwa ngabantu, imvama oluyisiqakaqo esicacile. Umkitizo wenhleleliso ngokukhethekile uklanyelwe ukwenza lula umsebenzi wabahlelelisi besicikizi, okuyibona abacacisa izenzo okufanele zenziwe isicikizi lapho bebhala umkitizo.

Umkitizo imvama uguqulwa isihlelembi *(assembler)* noma isihlanganisi *compiler)* kube umkitizo wenguxa omabhangqa nongagunundwa isiCikizi. Khona umkitizo wenguxa uba otholakalayo ukuze ugunundwe esikhathini esizayo.

Iningi lamahlelokusebenza asatshalaliswa ngesimo esibandakanya izihele ezigunundekayo kuphela. Uma umkitizo bewuzobandakanywa kuzo, lokho bekuzoba usizo kumsebenzisi, umhlelelisi noma umhleli wesimiso, omunye wabo ongaba nesifiso sokufundisisa noma aguqule inhleleliso.

Kwezinye izimo, kuye ngezobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswayo, umkitizo ungahlakahlwa futhi ugunundwe ngokuqondile.

## IziNcasiselo

Incasiselo kaRichard Stallman, ecabaywe kwimvume yakhe ye-GPL ye-1989, yaphakamisa umkitizo njenganoma isiphi isimo ihlelokusebenza elenziwe ngaso:
 “Umkitizo” womsebenzi usho uhlobo lomsebenzi okhethiwe wokwenza ushintsho oluncane kuwo. 

Eminye imithombo yakudala ichasisa umkitizo njengohlobo lwesiqakaqo solimi lokuhlelelisa, ngokwesibonelo:

Umkitizo uwuhlobo lwehlelokusebenza njengoba lubhaliwe ngokwendabuko (i.e., lalotshwa esicikizini) ngumuntu ngesiqakaqo esicacile *(plain text)* (i.e., izimpawu zosonhlamvusibalo ezifundekayo).
Isiyinga

Kwezomdiki womtshoko, **isiyinga** siyindawo lapho umtshoko uyingiliza uzungeze ngathi uzungeza okuthile, okungaba okuqonda uqombothe noma ngokunkumbela. Iziyinga zibumbeka emtshokweni ogoqoziwe, futhi ziyabonakala nasemayondweni entuthu, nasezivungwini ezizungeze isishingushane, noma uthuli.
Isindiyane

**Isindiyane** (ibizo elisuselwa esenzweni sokundiyaza) Isilekeleli esiyinguxa esindiyazayo esigqoba isidlakalasi ekugobhozeni komtshoko sisiphendule umsebenzi owusizo. Umsebenzi okhiqizwa isindiyane lapho uhlanganiswa nesiphehli ungasetshenziselwa ukuphehla amandla wamazuba. Isindiyane siyinguxa endiyazisayo *(turbo machine)* okungenani enengxenye eyodwa enyakazayo ebizwa isindiyisi *(rotor)*, ewumshiza noma umgqomo onamekwe ngezibhexe *(blades)*. Umtshoko odikizayo ungena ezibhexeni bese ufaka isidlakalasi sokundiyaza esindiyisini. Izibonelo zezindiyane zokuqala *windmills and waterwheels.*

## Imithombo
Isihlelakwenza

Kumchazazibalo nasesifundweni senzululwazi yesicikizi, **isihlelakwenza** singuchungechunge olunomkhawulo lwemiyalezo enembile, evame ukusetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga eziqondile noma ukwenza umcikizo. Izihlelakwenza zisetshenziswa njengeziqondiso zokwenza uqaqululo nokudludlunga imininingo. Izihlelakwenza ezithe thuthu zingenza izisuso ezihlelelekiwe (ezibizwa ngokuthi inhluzo ehleleliwe) futhi zingakusebenzisa njengezivivinyo zomchazazibalo ne-*logic*, ukuphambukisa ukugunundwa komkitizo ngemigudu ehlukene (okubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi ukuthatha isigqibo okuhlelekiwe). Ukusebenzisa izici zabantu njengezichazisi zezinguxa ngokomfanekiso noma ukungathekisa kwakuyinto eyayenziwa ngu-Alan Turing ngokusebenzisa amabizo afana nokuthi "inkumbulo", "ukuphequlula" nelithi "imvusi".

Ngokuphambene, insobozelo *(heuristic)* iwuhlobo lwendlela yokuxazulula izinkinga engacacisiwe ngokuphelele noma engaqinisekise ukuvela kweziphumo ezingqanda noma ezinembile, ikakhulu ezidlangalaleni zezinkinga lapho kungekho khona iziphumo ezingqanda noma ezinembile ezichasiswe kahle.

Njengendlelasu ephumelelayo, isihlelakwenza singavezwa ngesamba samazwi esinomkhawulo somkhathi nesikhathi, kanye nangolimi olusemthethweni oluchasiswe  ukuze kuqaqululwe insebenzo yomchazazibalo. Kusukela esimweni esiyisileke nasegalelweni lokuqala, imiyalezo izochazisa umcikizo ozothi lapho ugunundwa, uqhubeke ngokwenani elinomkhawulo  lezimo ezichasiswe khake eziwuchunge, kuze kube yilapho ukhiqiza "isphumo"  futhi ukhawuka esimweni sokugcina esiphelayo . Ushintsho kusuka esimweni esithile kuya kwesilandelayo alunqunyelwe; ezinye izihlelakwenza, ezaziwa ngokuthi izihlelakwenza ezithukelayo, zihlanganisa igalelo lokwethukela.

## uMlando
### Izihlelakwenza zasendulo
Kusuka enguna, izinkambiso zezinyathelo  zokuxazulula izinkinga zomchazazibalo ziye zafakazelwa. Lezi zihlanganisa umchazazibalo waseBhabhiloni (cishe ngowezi-2500 BC), umchazazibalo waseGibhithe (cishe ngowezi-1550 BC), umchazazibalo waseNdiya (cishe ngowezi-800 BC nakamuva), umchazazibalo waseGrisi (cishe ngowezi-240 BC, isb. isihlungo sika-Erathositini izihlelakwenza zika-Yukulide), kanye nomchazazibalo wase-Arabiya (ngekhulu le-9, isb. izihlelakwenza zomchazanyandla zokugqabula iziguqukezelo ezisekwe kwisihlaziyo somjingo).

### U-Al-khwarizim nesihlelakwenza
Cishe ngonyaka wama-825, uMuhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi waloba i-kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("INcwadi yoMcikizo waseNdiya") kanye ne-kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("UkweNgeza nokuPhunguza kwizibalonqangi zaseNdiya"). Yombili lemibhalo yahlulukwa ngolimi lesi-Arab sendabuko. (Kodwa enye incwadi yakhe ye-algebra isasekhona.)

## Imithombo

## Imithombo
Ukufunda kwenguxa

**Ukufunda kwenguxa** yibizo elibhekisela ekuxazululweni kwezinkinga ebezizovimba abahlelelisi ukuba bakwazi ukuthuthukisa imikholezima, kepha kunalokho lezo zinkinga zixazululwa ngokulekelela izinguxa ukuba "zivubukule" imikholezima yazo, ngaphandle kokutshelwa ngokuqondile ukuba zenzeni yinona yimiphi imikholezima evela kumuntu. Kamuva, amaxhoxho weNzwa wokuzakhela aphehlwayo akwazile ukuqoqoda imiphumela yezindlela ezandulele. Izinsondelo zokufunda kwenguxa ziye zasetshenziswa ezinongweni zolimi ezinkulu, umbono wesiCikizi, ukuhlonza iphimbo, ukuhlunga incwazuba, kwezolimo nakwezokwelapha, lapho kubiza imali eningi ukuthuthukisa imikholezima ezoqhogoya imisebenzi eyisidingo.

Iziseko zomchazazibalo wokufunda kwenguxa zitholakala ngezindlelasu zokuhlelelisa komchazazibalo. Ukumonyula imininingo omunye umkhakha ohlobene, ogxile kwisihlaziyo semininingo esihlwayayo esisebenzisa ukufundwa okungaqondisiwe.

## Imithombo
Ukunyandla

Kumchazanyandla, **Unyandla** noma **ukunyandla** inqubo yokuguqukezela *(encoding)* ukwaziswa. Lenqubo iphendula ukuloba okuyindabuko kokwaziswa, okwaziwa ngokuthi isiqakaqo esicacile *(plaintext)*, ikuphendule kube isiqakaqo esiguqukezelwe *(ciphertext)*. Ngokwemfuneko, yilabo abagunyaziwe kuphela abangakwazi ukusinyalula *(decipher)* isiqakaqo esiguqukezelwe sibe isiqakaqo esicacile futhi ukuze bafikelele ekwazisweni okuyindabuko. Ukunyandla ngokwakho akukuvimbeli ukukhubezwa kodwa kuvimbela lowo ofuna ukweqela isiqikili esiqondekayo.

Ngokwezizathu zobuchule, icebo lokunyandla livame ukusebenzisa isihluthulelo sonyandla sobunyozelele *(pseudo-random)* esiphehlwa umkholezima. Kuyinto engenzeka ukuba kunyandlululwe umyalezo ngaphandle kwesihluthulelo, kodwa kuyicebo lonyandla oluklanywe kahle, kuzodingeka amakhono nezinsiza zomcikizo. Umphiwa ogunyaziwe angawunyandlulula kalula umyalezo ngesihluthulelo asihlinzekwe umsunguli kubaphiwa abagunyaziwe kuphela.

Ngokomlando, izinhlobonhlobo ezingafani zokunyandla ziye zasetshenziswa ukusiza kumchazanyandla. Ubunyoninco bokunyandla bangaphambili babusetshenziswa ekuthumeleni imiyalezo empini. Kusuka lapho, sekuvele ubunyoninco obusha osebusetshenziswa ndawo zonke ekucikizeni kwanamuhla. Icebo lokunyandla lwanamuhla lusebenzisa izicabango zesihluthulelo-somphakathi ngesihluthulelo esifanayo. Ubunyoninco bokunyandla banamuhla buqinisekisa ukuvikeleka ngokuba iziCikizi zanamuhla ziyehluleka ukugegema unyandla.
Umchazanyandla

**Umchazanyandla** noma **umchazansitho** umkhuba nesifundo sobunyoninco bezokuxhumana eziphephile lapho kunosongo lwezitha ezincondayo. Ngobubanzi jikelele, umchazanyandla lumayelana nokwakha kanye nokuhlaziya izinyathelo ezingavimbela abanye abangenamvume noma umphakathi ukuba bafunde imiyalezo yangasese, esisulu. Umchazanyandla wanamuhla useyanhlukwaneni yemikhakha yomchazazibalo, inzululwazi yesicikizi, ezokuvikela ukwaziswa, Ubunjiniyela bamazuba, ukuhidanisa isiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe, umchazandalo, nezinye. Izicabango ezijulile ezihlobene nezokuvikela ukwaziswa (ubumfihlo bemininingo, ukuthembeka kwemininingo, ukuqinisekiswa, nokungaphikwa kwesivumelwano) nazo zisemnyombweni womchazanyandla. Ukusetshenziswa komchazanyandla okusebenzayo kuhlanganisa ezentengiselwano zenzuba, amakhadi wokukhokha asekwe kumazubela, izinkece zezibhangqiwe, imithopho yesiCikizi, kanye nezokuxhumana zemibutho yezempi.
Uhleloxhumano lofikelelo

**Uxhoxho lokufikelela** liwuhlobo loxhoxho lwezokuxhumana oluxhuma ababhalisile kumhlinzeki ngenkonzo wabo oseduze .
Umkitizo wenguxa

Kwezokuhlelelisa isicikizi, **umkitizo wenguxa** ulimi olusezingeni eliphansi lokuhlelelisa, oluqukethe iziyalezo zolimi lwenguxa, ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula isihidanisi esiyinhloko sesicikizi (CPU). Isiyalezo ngasinye zibangela i-CPU ukuba yenze umsebenzi othile, ofana nokugidlabeza, ukugcina, ukweqa, noma umgidingo wenhluzo yesibalonqangi (ALU) engxenyeni eyodwa noma ukweqayombhaliso we-CPU noma inkumbulo.
Ulimi lokuhlelelisa

**Ulimi lokuhlelelisa** liwuhlelo lomqopho lokuloba izinhleleliso zesicikizi. Iningi lezilimi zokuhlelelisa ziyizilimi esisemthethweni ezisekwe-esiqakaqweni, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuba imifanekiso. Ziwuhlobo lolimi lwesicikizi.
Umhlelelisi

**Umhlelelisi wesicikizi**, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi **umthuthukisi wehlelokusebenza**, noma **umngcikishi wehlelokusebenza**, **umhlelelisi** noma **umkitizi,** umuntu okhanda izinhleleliso zesiCikizi - ngokuvamile zehlelokusebenza lesicikizi esikhulu.

Umhlelelisi umuntu obhala/akhande amahlelokusebenza wesicikizi ngokuhlinzeka isicikizi ngolimi lokuhlelelisa oluqondile. Iningi labahlelelisi banobungcweti obubanzi ekucikizeni nasekukitizeni ezilimini zokuhlelelisa eziningi ezihlukahlukene nasemathaleni *(platforms)*, afana ne-*Structured Query Language (SQL), Perl, Extensible Markup Language (XML), PHP, HTML, C, C++ and Java*.

Ulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu ngumhlelelisi (isb., Assembly, C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Lisp, Python, Java, etc.) lungaba nesiqalo samabizo abaliwe. Abanye abasebenza ngezilimi zokuhlelelisa ulwebu bangahle bafake isiqalo sesiqu sabo ngelithi ulwebu.
Kuopio

**Kuopio** iyidolobha elikhulu ngobukhulu eFinland kanye nedolobha elikhulu kunawo eMpumalanga Finland. Kukhona iphile mayelana 121 557 izakhamuzi (2022). Imizi yalo engumakhelwane kukhona Siilinjärvi, Maaninka, Karttula, Suonenjoki, Leppävirta, Vehmersalmi, Riistavesi, Juankoski futhi Nilsiä.
Isiyabizo senzuko

**Isiyabizo senzuko** siyinoma yisiphi isiyabizo esiqhubekayo umline esimelela omunye umngakonani, okungukuthi, *esifana* nomunye umngakonani. Ngokwesibonelo, kwisiyabizo somsindo senzuko, ubuvuve besiyabizo buyahluka kulobo bengcindezi yamaza omsindo ngokuqhubekayo.

Ngokuphambene, isiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe simelela umgangatho wesikhathi ohlukayo njengoba usuke unguthunge olusangulwayo lwamanani angakanisiwe. Ukusangula kwezezibhangqiwe kuphoqelela uyacabanzi oluthile.

Ibizo elithi isiyabizo senzuko imvama libhekisela kwiziyabizo zamazuba; kodwana, nezobunguxa, ezohowo, nezamajilimba, kanye nezinye izimiso ziyakwazi ukudlulisa noma ukuthathwa njengeziyabizo zenzuko.
Injoloba

**Injoloba** ebizwa nangokuthi **intwentshe**, iwumkhiqizo oqukethe izintshogcezi zomxube we-*isoprene* yemvelo, enezisihla ezincane zeminye imixube yemvelo. IZwe lamaThayi, iMalashiya kanye neNdoneshiya angamazwe amathathu ahamba phambili ekukhiqizeni injoloba.
Intwentshe

**Intwentshe** iyinhlengenhlenge *(emulsion)* yezinhlayiyancinci zentshogcezi *(polymer microparticles)* ezisemanzini. Izintwentshe zitholakala emvelweni, kodwa izintwentshe ezikhandiwe nazo zidumile.

Emvelweni, intwentshe itholakala ingumtshoko osabisi ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo ezingaba ishumi ekhulwini. Iyinhlengenhlenge eyinkimbinkimbi eshumanqayo lapho ihlangana nomoya, equkethe Izakhamzimba, *alkaloids, starches*, Ushukela, Amafutha, *tannins, resins, and gums*. Uvame ukutshokozwa emva kokulimala. Ezitshalweni eziningi, intwentshe imhlophe sabisi, kodwa kwezinye iphuzi, intshungwa, noma intwentshe emtshezi. Umsebenzi wayo ezitshalweni ukuzivikela izinambuzaneni ezidla Izitshalo. Intwentshe akufanele iphambaniswe nomtshoko wesitshalo *(sap)*; ngoba uyisiqa esihlukile, esikhiqizwa ngokuhlukile futhi esinemisebenzi ehlukile.

Ngokuvamile imikhiqizo yentwentshe ibizwa ngokuthi ngeyenjoloba, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi intwentshe igama elibuye libhekisele kwinjoloba yemvelo, ikakhulu injoloba engaphekiwe.
IsiLimela

**IsiLimela** esaziwa nangokuthi **M 45** namanye amagama ngamasiko ahlukene, singukunyonta (asterism) kanye nesixheke sezinkanyezi esivulekile esiqukethe izinkanyezi ezishisayo zohlobo lwe-B enyakatho-ntshona yesishomo inkunzi *(Taurus)*.  Lesi sixheke siqhele ngebanga elingukukhanyabanga okungama-444, yisixheke esiseduze kakhulu nomhlaba, futhi sibonakala kalula nangeso lenyama ebusuku. Lesi xheke siqukethe umqongo okhwentuzayo obizwa NGC 1432, kanye nesifunda HII, kanye nomqongo obizwa NGC 1435, owaziwa nangokuthi umqongo Lubane. Ukukhazimula kwezinkanyezi zesilimela, yikhona okwenza kube lula ukubona lesi sixheke ngeso lenyama, ngisho ngisho noma usendaweni enomukubalo wokukhanya.

## Umsukagama
Igama elithi 'isilimela' lihlobene eduze nokuthi ukulima, lima, elinomsuka kwelithi 'limela' olimini olwandulela isintu, elisho inkathi yokulima, intwasahlobo. Ukuze abantu bazi ukuqala kwenkathi yokulima, babebheka izinkanyezi, futhi ukuvela kwesixheke sezinkanyezi, kwakusho ukuqala kwenkathi yokulima  Ingakho lesi sixheke naso sagcina sesibizwa isilimela.

## Izinkanyezi ezigqamile
Isilimela sinezinkanyezi ezigqamile ebusukus eziyithoba ezinamagama wesintu ahambisana nombala wazo olundwa:

Ufefe - Alcyon

uLuhlaza - Atlas

Inguduza - Electra

Umgulugu - Maia

uLubane - Merope

Ikhwanyana - Sterope

Ulushodo - Pleione

uMyaka - Celaono

uMkhasilili - Taygeta

Lamagama aqanjwe asuselwa ezintweni ezifana nezimbali, izinoyini nobuhlalu, ezinombala olundwa.
Amaphoyisa

**Amaphoyisa** noma **onoNgqayi** (noma **oNgqo**)  bayindikimba emisiwe yabantu abagunyazwe ngumbuso, ngenjongo yokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, impilonhle nempahla yezakhamuzi, kanye nokuvimbela ubugebengu nezibhelu ebantwini. Amandla abanawo ngokusemthethweni ahlanganisa ukubopha nokusebenzisa imphoqo evunyelwe ngumbuso ngokunika wona wodwa igunya lodlame. Leli bizo livame ukuyamaniswa nemibutho yonongqayi yezifunda ezinikwe igunya lokusebenzisa amandla wamaphoyisa ngaphakathi kwendandawo abanesibopho kuyo noma echasiswe ngokomthetho. Imibutho yonongqayi ivame ukuchasiswa njengehlukile kweyezempi nekwezinye izinhlangano ezibandakanyekayo ekuvikeleni umbuso kubabhozomeli bezizwe; kodwa, izigaba zezihonga nombutho wezempi nazo zinegunya lokuphoyisa umphakathi. Imibutho zamaphoyisa ngokuvamile iwumkhakha wezinkonzo zomphakathi, futhi ixhaswa ngentela.

Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho ingxenye yobuqhebeqhebe bokuphoyisa. Ukuphoyisa kuhlanganisa uyaca lobuqhebeqhebe Ezimeni ezihlukene, kodwa obuseqhulwini ukugcinwa kokuthula. Kwamanye amazwe, ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, ubuqhebeqhebe bamaphoyisa babuhlanganisa nokugcina izigaba zabantu zihlukene nokuvikela impahla yangasese. Imibutho yamaphoyisa seyigxwele yonke indawo enkathini yamanje. Kodwa iqhaza lawo libuye libe nezigigaba njengoba amanye enza inkohlakalo, engamaphoyisa anesihluku, futhi kwezinye izikhathi eyisandla sabomashiqela nondlovukayiphikiswa.

Umbutho wamaphoyisa ungabizwa ngokuthi umnyango wamaphoyisa, inkonzo yamaphoyisa, uphiko lwamaphoyisa, uphiko olulwa nobugebengu, izinhlaka zezomthetho. Amalunga wombutho abizwa amaphoyisa namanye amagama achaza izikhundla zawo, afana neNgqovolo, uSigaxamabhande, uMsengi, uMvivi noma uMkhuzi, kuhlanganisa nezinhlomeli noma omantshingelane.

Kunamagama amaningi asemgwaqeni asetshenziswayo wamaphoyisa. Amagama wakudala, amanye masha futhi amanye akusaziwa nokuthi uMsukagama wawo wawuthini. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesiZulu kukhona amagama afana noQonda, abohada, abo-4 njll.

## uMsukagama
Elithi *iphoyisa/amaphoyisa* ibizomfakela elivela kwelisiNgisi elithi *police* elalinemiqondo ehlanganisa 'umuzi, umbuso, umphakathi', nalo elisuselwa kwelesiFulentshi *police* (elisho 'ukuthula emphakathini'), nalo elivela  kwelesiLathini elithi *politia*, elaliwumfakela wegama lesiGriki elithi (πολιτεία *politeia*) elisho 'isakhamuzi, uhulumeni,', elalisuselwa kwelithi (πόλις *polis*) elisho 'inxuluma'.

### Uqhiwu lezikhundla eNingizimu Afrika
*INgqovolo - *Constable*
*USigaxamabhande - *Sergeant*
*INdunayeshumi - *Warrant Officer*
*IPhini leNdunayekhulu - *Lieutenant*
*INdunayekhulu - *Captain*
*UMsengi oyiphini - *Lieutenant Colonel*
*UMsengi - *Colonel*
*UMvivi - *Brigadier*
*ISekelamkhuzi oyiphini - *Major General*
*UMkhuzi oyiphini - *Lieutenant General*
*ISekela Mkhuzi - *Deputy General*
*UMkhuzi - *National Commissioner*

## Amaphatho
IChwenzi

**IChwenzi** inhlwa eyisiqa enophawu Cl kanye nenani lobuchwe eliyi- 17. Ecansini lezinhlwa litholakala phakathi koFusihwe nombhulufu futhi izakhi zalo ziphakathi nendawo kuzo. Ichwenzi liwuhowo oluphuzi sakuhlaza ezingeni lokushisa legumbi. Liyinhlwa esabela kalula futhi liyisenzi esithuhlayo esinamandla: phakathi kwezinhlwa, ilona elinobudududu benzuba obuphezulu futhi lingelesithathu ngemuva kwesOhwe neFusihwe ezinobunzubanxele *(electronegativity)* emlinganisweni ka-Pauling obuyekeziwe.
UFusihwe

**UFusihwe** uyinhlwa yevanga enophawu F kanye nenani lobuchwe eliyisi- 9. Uyisakhatshiwo esilula kakhulu futhi utholakala esimweni esijwayelekile njengehowo oluwubuthi, oluyichwembilo eliphuzi sakuohaphatheka. Njengenhlwa esabelayo enzubanxele, lusabela kakhulu, njengoba lusabela nazo zonke ezinye izinhlwa ngaphandle kuhowo olulula.
UmBhulufu

**UmBhulufu** inhlwa yevanga enophawu Br **kanye** nenani lobuchwe elingam- 35. Uyinhlwa yesithathy elula eqenjimi le-17 ecansini lwezinhlwa (izakhatshiwo) futhi unguketshezi omtshezi-nsundu ohwamukayo emazingeni asendlini osheshayo ukuba isisi somhwamuko webala elifanayo. UmBhulufu wagonqwa ngokuphumelelayo abachazizinhlwa ababili ababezimele, uEyad Autyfi (ngowe-1825) no-Antoine Jérôme Balard (ngowe-1826).
Inkwithi

**Inkwithi** iyinhlwa yevanga enophawu I kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama- 53. Futhi isisindo sobuchwe sayo (inani lezinelesi nezintunge) liyi-127. Iyingxenye yeqembu lesi-7 ecansini lezinhlwa. Inkwithi ayiyona inkimbi.
IsAtsha

**IsAtsha** siyinhlwa yevanga enophawu **At**  nenani lobuchwe elingama- 85. Siyinhlwa eyivelakancane etholakala ngokwemvelo egobohleni lomhlaba, evela njengomkhoqizo wokubuhla kwezinhlwa ezihlukene ezinzima. Isangulo salenhlwa esicwebile asikaze sibuthwe, ngoba noma iliphi unyanyadu olusimokhulu lwaso lungasheshe luhwamuke ngokushesha ngenxa yomchadamezo wokuyonzeka kwalo.
Ukufudumala kwembulunga

Umusho othi **ukufudumala komhlaba** ochazisa **ukuqubuka kwesimo sezulu** — ukukhuphuka okuqhubekayo kwamazinga okushisa kwembulunga — nemithelela yako esimisweni sesimo sezulu somhlaba. Ukufudumala kwembulunga ngomqondo obanzi kuhilela ushintsho lwasendulo lwesikhathi eside lesimo sezulu somhlaba. Ukuqubuka kwesilinganiso samazinga okushisa embulunga akhona manje kusheshisa kakhulu kunoshintsho lwangaphambili, futhi ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukushisa izivuthisi zentshicwa ngabantu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezivuthisi zentshicwa, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye neminye imikhuba yezolimo neyezimboni kwandisa uhowo lomshaboshisayo *(greenhouse gases)*, ikakhulu umCalahle ontuhlambili kanye nejawani *(methane)*. Uhowo lomshaboshisayo lugwinqa ingxenye yomchadamezo oyonzwa uNomkhubulwane emva kokufudumezwa ukukhanya kwelanga. Isamba esikhulu salohowo sivimba iningi lomchadamo kumoyambulunga osenzansi kaNomkhubulwane, okudala ukuba kube nokufudimala kwembulunga.
Ukugwamandwa kombuso

**Ukugwamandwa kombuso** noma **ukugwamandwa kwamandla ombuso** uhlobo lwenkohlakalo yezombangazwe ehlelekile lapho abantu abathile beba nethonya elikhulu ezinqubweni zombuso zokuthatha izinqumo ukuze kuzuze bona.

Leli gama lasetshenziswa okokuqala iBhange loMhlaba ngonyaka wezi-2000, ukuchazisa isimo esasikwamanye amazwe ase-Eshiya ePhakathi ayephuma ngaphansi kobuKhomanisi base-Soviet. Ngokuqondile, lalisebenza ezimweni lapho amaqeqebana akhohlakele ayesebenzisa ithonya lawo phezu kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze benzele uhulumeni izinqumo ukuze baqinise ukuma kwabo ngokomnotho; amalungu alamaqeqebane kamuva aziwa ngokuthi izinjinga.

Izinsolo zokugwamandwa kombuso ziye zaholela ekubhikisheni ngokumelene nohulumeni wase-Bhulgariya ngowezi-2013–2014 nangowezi-2020–2021 nase-Romaniya ngowezi-2017, futhi kwabangela inkambabeyibuza kwelaseNingizimu Afrika kusuka ngowezi-2016.

## Ukuchasisa ukugwamandwa kombuso
Incasiselo endala yokugwamandwa kombuso ibhekisela endleleni izinkambiso zomthetho (ezifana nemithetho nemikhuba yomphakathi) nokubusakwezikhulu zikahulumeni okuthonywa ngayo izikhulu zikahulumeni, imishumanqa exhaswa umbuso, imishumanqa esisulu noma abantu abasisulu, ukuze bathonye izinqubomgomo zombuso nemithetho kuvune bona.

Ukugwamandwa kombuso kuwukufuna ukuthonya ukushaywa kwemithetho, ukuze bavikele futhi baqhakambise abalingisi abathile abanethonya nezimfuno zabo. Ngalendlela kuyahluka kwezinye izinhlobo zenkohlakalo lapho kuzifunela ukuphoqwa kwemithetho ekhona ngokuchema.

Ukugwamandwa kombuso akuyona into engekho emthethweni, lokhu kuncike ekunqumeni kombuso ogwamandiwe ngokwawo, futhi kungalingwa ngokunxenxwa *(lobbying)* noma ukuthonywa sisulu. Leli thonya lingenziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezikhungo zombuso, ezihlanganisa isishayamthetho, ibandla lesigungu, iminyango,  kanye nezokwahlulela, noma ngenqubo yokukhetha ekhohlakele. Lokhu kufana nokugwamandwa kweziqondiso kodwa kuyehluka ngomlinganiso nangezinhlobo zezinto ezithonywayo, futhi ngokungafani nokugwamandwa kweziqondiso, ithonya elisisulu alibonakali kalula.

Isici esikuhlukanisa nenkohlakalo ukuthi, nakuba imiphumela yamacala enkohlakalo (ngokwesinqumo senqubomgomo noma isiqondiso) ingaqinisekisiwe, emacaleni okugwamandwa kombuso umphumela uyaziwa futhi uthambekele ekubeni ngozuzisayo kulabo abagwamande umbuso. Ngowezi-2017 iqembu lezingqandavu laseNingizimu Afrika lavela nesicabango embikweni wokugwamandwa kombuso kulelizwe onesihloko esithi "Umbiko wokukhashelwa kwesithembiso". Inhlaziyo yagcizelela umdwambu wezombusazwe wokugwamandwa kombuso, futhi uphika ngokuthi eNingizimu Afrika izicukuthwane ezinamandla zaphula umthethosisekelo futhi zeqa UMthetho ukuze zikhonze inkebengo yezombusazwe, ezazikholelwa ekutheni ayinakufezwa ngaphansi kohlaka lobugemu/umthethosisekelo okhona.
Umfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe

**Umfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe** umfanekiso owakhiwa izici zesithombe, ezaziwa nangokuthi *imiqavo*, ngasinye *sinenani elilinganiselwe*, *elilubandlu* esinokuqina nezinga elithuthu okumelelwa  *izibalo* okuyiziphumo zensebenzo yaso yemiyinge emibili ephakelwa njengokufakwayo ngezixhumanisi zaso zesikhala ezichazwe ngokuthi *x*, *y amachopho* ka-x kanye namachopho, ngokulandelanayo.
Iklabishi

**Iklabishi**, elihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zesilinywa se- Brassica *oleracea*, isitshalwa kabili esinamaqabunga aluhlaza, abomvu (abukhwebezane), noma amhlophe (aluhlaza okotshani), esilinywa njalo ngonyaka njengesilimo semifino   ngenxa yamakhanda aso amaqabunga aminyene.
Baoshu

**U-Li Jun** (李峻; owazalwa ngo-1980), owaziwa ngegama lepeni elithi Baoshu (), ungumbhali waseShayina obhala amanoveli aqanjiwe esayensi kanye namanoveli eziyinganekwane. Enye yezincwadi zakhe, *i-Three Body X* (eshicilelwe njenge-The Redemption of Time ngesiNgisi), iyengezela inoveli elithi Ukuphela kokufa ka-Liu Cixin. U-Baoshu uthole iziqu ze-Master of Philosophy eNyuvesi yasePeking, kanye ne-master yesibili ngemva kokufunda e-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Ngo-2012 waqala ukusebenza njengombhali wensumansumane yesayensi wesikhathi esigcwele.
UmBumane

**UmBumane** ( *Brassica oleracea* ) isitshalo esiwumfino esidliwayo emndenini weklabishi (umndeni wakwa-Brassicaceae, uzalo lwe- *Brassica* ) esinekhanda elikhulu eliqhakazayo, isiqu kanye namaqabunga amancane ayamaniswa naso adliwa njengesilimo .
Umkleshe

**Umkleshe** ( *Spinacia oleracea* ) isitshalo esiqhakazayo samaqabunga ayimifino esidabuka enkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Asia .
Insimbi

**Insimbi** iyinhlwa yevanga enophawu u- **Fe** kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama- 26. Iyinkimbi yeqembu lesi-8 lecansi lezinhlwa. Iyinhlwa eyinala kakhulu ngesisindo sayo emhlabeni, ngaphambidlana kwesOhwe, kulezo ezibumba umnyombo ongaphakathi womhlaba. Futhi iyinhlwa yesine eyinala egobohleni lomhlaba.
Impahla

**Impahla** iyisimiso samalungelo esinika abantu ulawulo olusemthethweni ezintweni eziyigugu, futhi ibhekisela nasezintweni eziyigugu ngakwazo. Kuye ngesimo sempahla, umnikazi wempahla angaba nelungelo lokuyishwabadela, ukuyiguqula, ukuyaba, ukuyichasisa kabusha, ukuyiqashisa, ukutsheleka ngayo, ukubambisa ngayo, ukuyidayisa, ukuyinana, ukuyidlulisa, ukuphana ngayo noma ukuyibhubhisa, noma ukvimbela abanye ekwenzeni okufanayo kuyo, kanye nokuyilaxaza; kuyilapho kungakhathaliseki isimo sempahla, umnikazi unelungelo lokuyisebenzisa ngokufanele ngaphansi kwamalungelo awaphiwe wempahla.

Kwezomnotho nakwezomnotho wezombusazwe, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ezibanzi zempahla: impahla esisulu *(private property)*, impahla esobala *(public property)*, kanye nempahla ehlanganyelwe (ebizwa nangokuthi impahla yobumbano). Impahla okungayabantu abaningi ingaphathwa noma ilawulwe ngezindlela ezifanayo noma ezihlukile, ezilula noma eyizinkimbinkimbi, ngokulinganayo noma ngokungalingani. Kodwa, kulindelwe ukuba intando yomuntu ngamunye ngokuphathelene nempahla ichasiswe ngokucacile, ukuze ihlukanise ubunikazi nentela kumqasho. Abanini mpahla bangalindela ukuthi izintando zabo *(wills)* zivumelane, noma lapho zingaphikisani, kungani nekhona ezinye noma efanekekayo kakhulu.
Impahla esisulu

**Impahla esisulu** igama elisemthethweni lobunikazi bempahla yizinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Impahla esisulu yahlukaniseka kalula empahleni yomphakathi ekungeyombuso noma inhlangano yembuso nasempahleni yomuntu siqu, nasempahleni enobunikazi obuhlanganyelwe noma yobambiswano, enabanikazi abayiqembu labantu noma inhlangano ezimele.

Impahla esisulu iyisisekelo sobuhlohlesakhe, okunguhlelo lwezomnotho olusekwe ebunikazini obusisulu bezinsiza zokukhiqiza nokugidingela inzuzo kwazo. Umehluko phakathi kwempahla esisulu neyomphakathi uyahluka kuye ngenjulalwazi yezombusazwe, kuyilapho imibono yocosulelwano iveza umehluko phakathi kwalempahla. Njengesicabango sakwezomthetho, impahla esisulu echasiswa futhi iphoqwe isimiso sezombangazwe sezwe.
IChwenzi entuhlambili

**IChwenzi entuhlambili** liwumxube wevanga onesicabayo i-ClO 2 otholakala njengohowo oluphuzi-sakuhlaza ngaphezu kuka-11.&nbsp;°C, njengoketshezi olubomvu sansundu phakathi kuka-11&nbsp;°C kanye -59&nbsp;°C, futhi njengemincwebe elundwa egqamile ngezansi −59&nbsp;°C. Ngokuvamile iphathwa njengesincibilikisi esinamanzi.
Amandla enuzi eNingizimu Afrika

INingizimu Afrika iwukuphela kwezwe e-Afrika elinesikhungo samandla enuzi. Isiteshi sase-Koeberg sitholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-30 enyakatho yeKapa. Sineziphehlisi amanzi acindezelwe amabili asebenza nge-uranium neziphehla cishe u-5% kagesi eNingizimu Afrika ngo-2022.
Izimbulu

**Izimbulu**, noma **izimbulu ezisamuntu** noma **[[Isihuquzi|izihuquzi ezinezicizomenzo]]**, izidalwa eziqanjiwe ezivela ezinganekwaneni, izinganeko, nasemibonweni yephako.

## Ezinganekwaneni
Ezinganekwaneni zase- Eshiya eseningizimu naseNingizimu-mpuma ne-Eshiya, amaNāga ayizidalwa ezisangcwele ezingabantu ingxenye nenyoka ingxenye.

Izibizelo zokubonwa kwezidalwa eziyizimbulu zenzeka kakhulu eziFundeni ezisezansi zaseMelika, lapho kugcwele ubhuku. Eminyakeni ye-1980, kwakubonwa cishe amakhulu ezimbulu endaweni yase-Bishopville, eSouth Carolina.

## Kunganeko
Izinhlanga zezimbulu ezinezicizomenzo *(anthropomorphic reptilians)* noma izidalwa ezinjalo zivela kaningi ezinsomini nakwinganeko yenzululwazi. Zivame ukusekelwa kwizihuquzi ezinhlobonhlobo ezifana nezibankwa, izingwenya, izingwenyatha, izinyoka, izilomazenge, kanye nakuzo izinzawu zenganeko. Zivame ukuvezwa njengamaqhawe amandla, nakuba ubuhlakani bazo kunabantu buhlukahluka – njengoba kunjalo nangezinye izinhlanga ezinezicizomenzo, ukufuza kwazo abantu okukhulu kuvame ukuveza ukucondoza "okuphucikile".
Isithunu soxhakaxholo

**Isithunu soxhakaxholo**, **isithununu [[Isizindalwazi sokuxhumana somhlaba jikelele|solwebu]]**, **IsiThununu** noma kalula nje **isithunu**, ihlelokusebenza eliqhuba imisebenzi ehlelelekiwe ( imibhalo )  kuxhakaxholo, ngokuvamile ngenhloso yokulingisa imiqebetho yabantu kuxhakaxholo, njengokuthumela imiyalezo, ngomlinganiso omkhulu.
IsiPheresiya

**IsiPheresiya** (فارسی) igama lenye yezilimi ezikhulunywa eNtshonalanga Asia.  Lulwimi lwesizwe sase I-Irani, I-Afganistani, ITajikistani.

## Amakhasi amanye
* Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website
IXhwe

**Ixhwe** liyinhlwa yevanga enophawu **Xe** kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama- 54. Liwuhowo olusiluthe, olungenambala, olungenaphunga olutholakala kumoyambulunga womhlaba ngamanani amancane.  Nakuba ngokuvamile ingasabeli, ingabhekana nokulumvana kweziqa ezifana nobumbeka kweXhwe lomFusikhazi *(xenon hexafluoroplatinate)*, umxube wohowo lwekhethelo lokuqala ukuba ludidiyelwe.
IBehlezani

**iBehlezani** inhlwa yevanga enophawu **Be** nenani lobuchwe lesi- 4. Liyinqimbi empunga, eqinile, engasindi kanye nengqubathi yoMhlaba entekenteke . Liyinhlwa ehlengembili *(divalent)* etholakala ngokwemvelo kuphela ngokuhlangana nezinye izinhlwa ukwenza izimbiwa. Amatshe ayigugu aphawulekayo anebehlezani eliphezulu  ahlanganisa imbehle *(beryl)* (isincwamanzi  *(aquamarine)*, umhlazazana *(emerald)* ) nembehlehlaza *(chrysoberyl)*. Liyivelakancane  kumkhathilibe, ngokuvamile litholakala njengomkhiqizo wokusakazeka kwezindeni zechwe ezinkulu ezihlangane nemisebe yomkhathi . Ngaphakathi kweminyombo yezinkanyezi, ibehlezani liyancipha njengoba lihlanganiswa libe izakhi ezisindayo. Ibehlezani lakha cishe amaphesenti angu-0.0004 ngesisindo soqweqwe lomhlaba. Ukukhiqizwa kwebehlezani yaminyaka yonke emhlabeni okungamathani angama-220 ngokuvamile kukhiqizwa ngokukhipha imbehle yezimbiwa, inqubo enzima ngoba intungo yebehlezani ibopha kakhulu isOhwe .
INimbi

**INimbi** siyinhlwa yevanga enophawu **Ni** nenani lobuchwe elingama- 28. Liyinkimbi ecwebezelayo emhlophe-sacwebe enombala osambedu kancane. INimbi iyinkmbi eqinile futhi enwebekayo. Inimbi ecwebile iyasabela ngokwevanga kodwa izingcezu ezinkulu zisabela lusilili uma umoya ungaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba lokungasabeli lwentuhla yenimbi lwakheka ebusweni balo ukuvimbela ukugqwala okuqhubekayo. Noma kunjalo, inimbi yomdabu ecwebile itholakala oqweqweni lomhlaba ngamanani amancane kuphela, imvamisa emadwaleni amgethembi *(ultramafic)*, nangaphakathi kwamaqhumanyezi amakhulu eNimbinsimbi angagalazwanga esOhweni lapho engaphandle komoyambulunga woMhlaba.