open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ukusabalalisa

**Ukusabalalisa,** emkhakheni wezokuxhumana, kuwukusakaza umyalezo emphakathini ngaphandle kwesibikemphinda sezilaleli esiqondile. Ukusabalalisa kuhamba ngesumbono elivamile lombono wezokuxhumana, elibandakanya umthumeli nomamukeli. Umbono ovamile wezokuxhumana uyahlukanisa phakathi komthumeli othumela ukwaziswa, nomamukeli oqoqa ukwaziswa akudludlunge aphinde akuthumele emuva.
Umnyondo womhlaba

**Umnyondo womhlaba** obhalwa ngohlamvu g, ngumkhawulezo ohlangene onikwa izinto ngenxa yomphumela oxutshiwe womnyondo nomnyonkumbela.
Umhela wenzululwazi

Kwezokushicilela kwaNgqondonkulu, **umhela wenzululwazi** uyisishicwanjalo esishicilelwa ngenhloso yokuqombolisa inzululwazi, imvama ngokucobelela abafundi ngeziphumo zocwaningo. Imihela ihlose ukuba umnganga lapho abacwaningi, izazi, nosonzululwazi becobelelana khona ngezivubukulo zakamuva, ubuhlakani, nezindlelasu kuqeqesho lwenzululwazi oluhlukahlukene. Ngokungafani nomagazini bobungcwepheshi noma ubungoti, imihela yenzululwazi yaziwa ngezinqubo zezibuyekezo ezingasukumi phansi, ezihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso, ukwethembeka, ukukholeka, nezingabunjalo lokushicilelwayo. Indabuko yemihela yaqala ekhulwini le-17, futhi ukushicilelwa kwayo kuye kwaguquka kakhulu, futhi kwaba neqhaza elimqoka ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi lwenzululwazi, nasekukhuliseni izifundo zakwangqondonkulu, nasekwenzeni lula ukubambisana emphakathini wenzululwazi.
Ushicilelo lakwaNgqondonkulu

**Ushicilelo lakwaNgqondonkulu** liwumkhakha wokushicilela olwabelana ngocwaningo lakwangqondonkulu. Iningi lemisebenzi yakwangqondonkulu ivame ukushicilelwa ngezibhalwa eziyimihela, izincwadi noma iziphakamiso. Ingxenye yesibhalwa sakwangqondonkulu esingashicilelwa kodwana esixhonywa kuxhakaxholo zibizwa ngokuthi "izincwajana eziyimibiko". Iningi lemihela yenzululwazi neyezazi, kanye nezincwadi zobungoti nezakwangqondonkulu, nakuba zingabuyekezwa ibandla zonke, zesekwe amaphatho womhleli ukuze zamukelwe njengesifanele ukushicilelwa. Izingabunjalo lokubuyekezwa ibandla nezindinganiso zokukhethwa ziyahluka ngokomhela ngamunye, nangokomshicileli ngamunye, nangokomkhakha ngamunye.
INdayi ekhululekile

Kwezomnotho, **indayi ekhululekile** yisimiso sezomnotho lapho intengo ezingudla nezinkonzo inqunywa khona inhlinzeko nengqalelo evezwa abathengisi nabathengi.
Ukwabiwa (kwezomnotho)

Kwezomnotho, **ukwabiwa** kuyindlela umkhiqizo ophelele, imalingeniso, noma ingcebo okwabiwa ngayo phakathi kwabantu noma phakathi kwezici zokukhiqiza (njengomsebenzi, umhlaba, kanye nemali).
INdayi

Kwezomnotho, **indayi** iyinhlanganisela yezimiso, izikhungo, izinqubo, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo noma Izingqalasizinda lapho amaqembu ahlukene ehileleka ekwenananeni.
Isimiso samandla wamazuba

**Isimiso samandla wamazuba ** siwuxhoxho lwezigcoyi zamazuba ezakhelwe ukuhlinzeka, ukufufukisa, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla wamazuba. Isibonelo sesimiso samandla umdwayinga *(grid)* wamazuba ohlinzeka amandla wamazuba ezindlini nasezimbonini endaweni ebanzi. Umdwayinga wamazuba ubuye uhlukaniswe ngeziphehli ezihlinzeka ngamandla, isimiso sokufufukisa esithwala amandla kusuka eziphehlini, kanye nesimiso sokwaba esiphakela izindlu nezimboni eziseduze ngamandla.
Ukufufukiswa kwamazuba

**Ukufufukiswa kwamandla wamazuba** kuwukuphakwa kwezindathane zesidlakalasi samazuba kusuka esizeni sokuwaphehla, esinjengesiphehli samandla, kuya esikhumulweni esincane sendawo. Izingcingo ezixhumaxhumene eziyilungiselelo lalo mdikizo zakha ihleloxhumano lokufufukisa. Lokhu kuyahluka endleleni izintambo zasendaweni ezihlelwe ngayo kusuka esigculweni sesivuve esiphezulu kuya kubathengi, esibizwa ngokuthi ukwabelana ngamandla wamazuba. Uhleloxhumano oluhlanganisiwe lokufufukisa nokwabelana ngamazuba luyingxenye yokufufutha ngamazuba, okwaziwa ngokuthi umdwayinga wamazuba.
Muhammad Akbar

UMuhammad Akbar (7 Novemba 1954 - 16 February 2000) wayengumfundi wamaSulumane waseMuzaffargarh, ePunjab, ePakistan.

## Imithombo
IBandla LamaNazaretha

**Ibandla lamaNazaretha** (elidume ngokuthi "iBandla LakwaShembe") ibandla lezenkolo yesibili ngobukhulu e-Afrika elaqala ukusunguleka eNingizimu Afrika, lasungulwa ngo-1910.

Ibandla lazisa UShembe njengomholi futhi noMsindisi othunyelwe uNkulunkulu ukubuyisela izimfundiso zobu Afrika, ezabaprofethi, ukukhumbula indlu eMnyama kanye nokudumisa uNkulunkulu ngakugcina imithetho ayiloba ngenceku yakhe uMose. Amalungu ebandla angabagcini beSabatha futhi agwema ukudla izilwane ezingetshisi futhi ezingahlukanisile, ukubhema, kanye nezenzo zocansi ngaphambi komshado akumukelekile.

Ibandla lahlukana phakathi laba amaqembu amabili ngemuva kokukhothama kweNkosi uJohannes Galilee Shembe (iNkosi iLanga) ngo-1976. Iqembu elikhulu laliholwa iNkosi u-Amos Shembe (iNyangayezulu) "owayedume ngokuthi  umthente ohlabe usumdala" kwaze kwaba sekushintsheni kwakhe ibhantshi ngo-1995. INkosi uLonda Shembe "uPhasha" (ozalwa iNkosi iLanga)  wahola iqembu elincane ngokwesibalo khona eKuphakameni.

Kusukela ngo-2009, uqhekeko lwadlondlobala ebandleni laphinda lahlukana amaqembu amathathu ibandla esifundazweni saKwaZulu-Natal kanye neqembu elilodwa esifundazweni saseGoli.

 Ibandla lamaNazaretha lisebenzisa izikhumba zengwe njengengxenye yemvunulo esebenza emikhosini eyahlukene, ngenxa yesimo sokuncipha kwezinyamazane kanye nomthetho waseNingizimu Afrika omayelana nokuzingelwa kwezingwe  kwadalulwa ukuba akusavumelekile ukuzingela lezi zilwane ngakho akusetshenziswe amambatha angakhiwe ngesikhumba sengwe kodwa kwenziwe umfanekiso wayo ingwe. 

Ngo-18 Okthoba 2016, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaKwaZulu-Natal eThekwini yamemezela ukuthi umhlonishwa uVela Shembe ungumholi osemthethweni webandla lamaNazaretha ohlangothini lwaseThembezinhle ngemuva kokungaboni ngasolinye kwabaholi enkantolo, ukungavumelani kwakuloke kuqhubeka njalo emvakokuthi kuqale ngo-2011.  Indodana yomholi okhotheme iNkosiuMduduzi Shembe, ohlala emzini omkhulu waseBuhleni, namanje uyinhloko yebandla futhi amalungu amaningi ebandla akavumelani nesinqumo senkantolo njengoba emi ngelithi "uShembe akakhethwa izinkantolo futhi akakhethwa abasemhlabeni kodwa kuba ngabaseZulwini".
Uhwebo

**Uhwebo** lubandakanya ukudlulisa izingudla nezinkonzo kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye, imvama kunanwa ngemali. Osomnotho babhekisela esimisweni noma uxhaxha oluvuma kube nohwebo ngokuthi indayi.

Uhlobo lwasendulo lohwebo, isinano, lwalwenziwa ngokwenanwa kwezingudla nezinkonzo ngokuqondile ngezinye izingudla nezinkonzo, okungukuthi, ukuhweba ngezinto ngaphandle kwemali. Abahwebi banamuhla ngokuvamile bakhoza ngokusebenzisa insiza kunana, efana nemali. Ngokomphumela, **ukuthenga** kuyahlukaniswa esenzweni **sokudayisa**, noma enzuzweni.

## Imithombo
Izingudla nezinkonzo

**Izingudla** ziyizinto eziphathekayo (kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi), njengepeni noma amaphumezi. **Izinkonzo** ziwubuqhebeqhebe obuhlinzekwa ngabanye abantu, obufana nabafundisï noma abancweli bezinwele. Uma zihlangene, izingudla nezinkonzo ziwukukhiqizwa, ukwabela, nentshwabadelo  okuzenza ziphase ubuqhebeqhebe bomnotho nohwebo. Ngokombonoyisu wezomnotho, intshwabadelo yezingudla nezinkonzo ithathwa njengeletha usizo (ukwaneliseka) kumshwabadeli noma umsebenzisi wazo, nakuba nayo imihwebo ngokwayo izisebenzisa izingudla nezinkonzo lapho ikhiqiza ezinye izingudla nezinkonzo.
UMose (uMprofethi)

**UMose/Moses/Moshe** ucatshangwa njengomprofethi obaluleke ukwedlula bonke abaprofethi ngokobuJuda kanti ungomunye wababalulekile enkolweni yobuKrestu, eyobuSulumane, I-Druze Faith, iBahá'í faith nakwezinye izinkolo zika-Abhrahamu. Ngokwebhayibheli neKhurani, uMose wayewumholi wabakwa-Israyeli futhi engummukezeli womthetho uye futhi ohlonishwa ngokubhala imibhalo yamazwi "avela ezulwini" abhalwe kwiThora (izincwadi ezinhlanu zokuqala ebhayibhelini).

Ngokwencwadi ka-Eksodusi, uMose wazalwa ngesikhathi lapho abantu bakubo, ama-Israyeli, isizwana esasigqilaziwe, sasidlondlobala khona ngokwesibalo, umphumela walokho kwaba ukukhathazeka kukaFaro ukuthi bangase bazihlanganise nezitha zamaGibhithe. UJokebedi unina kaMose ongumHebheru wamfihla ngenkathi uFaro eyaleza ukuthi kubulawe abantwana abafana abasanda kuzalwa ukuze kwehle isibalo sama-Israyeli. Ngendodakazi kaFaro (eyaziwa ngokuthi indlovukazi uBhithiya eMidirashi) wathathwa wakhuliswa njengotholakele emfuleni iNayili wase ekhulela endlunkulu yaseGibhithe.
Isithuthi sehwanzi

**Isithuthi sehwanzi** siyisithuthi esisebenzisa iHwanzi ukuhamba. Izithuthi zeHwanzi zihlanganisa izithuthi zomgwaqo, izithuthi zojantshi, Izicibazulu zomkhathi , izikhuphuluzi, imikhumbi edlezwa yihwanzi kanye nezindiza ezidlezwa yihwanzi. Amandla wokunyakazisa aphehlwa ngokuguqula isidlakalasi sevanga seHwanzi kube isidlakalasi sokuguxazela, ngokusabelisa iHwanzi ngesOhwe kwimpathanzuba yesivamelo ukuze kudlezwe isidikizisi samazuba, noma ngokushiswa lweHwanzi phakathi kwesilumbamdiki.

IHwanzi liyisivamelo sezicibazulu eziningi futhi lisha ngokuhlanzekile kunezinye izivamelo ezifana nejawani, kodwana lidinga imiphongolo elikhulu yokuligcina. Indiza yeHwanzi ayilindelwe ukuba ingathwala abagibeli abaningi ibanga elide ungakafiki owezi-2030.

Emnyakeni wezi-2019, cishe amaphesenti ayithoba nesiphohlongo (98%) ehwanzi ayekhiqizwa ngokudlidlizisa ijawani, okungumdludlungu ophafuza umCalahle ontuhlambili. Ihwanzi lingakhiqizwa ngenqubo yencazamanzi *(electrolysis)*, noma ngomchadavanga *(thermochemical)* ngokusebenzisa ukudla kwemfuyo, okungumdludlungu obiza kakhulu. Ezobuchwepheshe ezinhlobonhlobo zithuthukiswa ngenhloso yokwehlisa izintengo ngokwanele, nokukhiphula amanani ngokwanele, ukuba zincintisane nokukhiqizwa kwehwanzi ngohowo lwemvelo.

Izithuthi ezisebenzia ubuchwepheshe behwanzi ziyazuza kakhulu ngokufaka isivamelo kanye , kodwana kunemithelela engemihle.

Ohltsheni lwezithuthi ezincane kanye nezimoto ezithwala abagibeli, ukwamukelwa kwehwanzi kusemuva kunezimoto zamazuba.  Ucwaningovlowezi-2022  lwathola ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezOmnotho wezilinganiso, uma kuqhathaniswa nengunqulo yokusetshenziswa kweHwanzi, zenza. , kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimoto zehwanzi ezaziwayo ezindayini ezithile: iToypta Mirai (2014–), okuyimoto yokuqala ekhiqozwe ukuthengiswa enesiphathavame , kanye neHyindai Nexo (2018–). Akhona namabhasi aneziohathavame.
UMdlankuma

***UMdlankuma*** uhlobo lwenyoka enesihlungu esibeka futhi enamazinyo atholakala ngemuva emlonyeni.

## Ukhelo
Utholakala eNingizimu Afrika, e-Swatini, eZambia, eBotswana, eZimbabwe, eMozambique, kanye naseDemocratic Republic of the Congo.

## Incazelo
Ijwayele ukuba nombala ophuzi sansundu ngokukhanya emhlane ebese igaba ngomugqa mugqa omnyama ohla ngomgogodla.Umqala kanye nekhanda kona kujwayele ukuba munyama, ebese uba mpofu maqondana namehlo.

Ezindala zingafinyelela ebudeni obulinganiselwe kuma-33.5 wama cm, kuth' umsila wona ulinganiselwe kwisi-7 sma cm ubude. 

Ingxenye yesilebe sangezansi sibonakala kalula lapho igec' umthathu (1⁄3) wobudemaduze nesilebe sangaphezulu. Kuthi isilebe sangaphambili sona singaba side, siphinde sibanzeke cishe ukugec' umdumbu nangxenye (3/2) kuyela kwimidumbu emibili nangxenye uma usuka embokweni wayo. Izeng' elilodwa elidlul' iso. amazeng' ayisi-7 kwisilebe sangenhla, kuthi elesithathu kanye nelesine wona asondele ngqo emehlweni, elesihlanu lithintana nezenga lasekhanda. Uzeng' olunxa oluxhumene namazeng' amatene, amade acish' ukulingana noma adlule law' amazeng' atetiwe. Law' amatene wona athinta namathathu omlomo.

Amazenga angemuva kwekhanda ayi-15, wona ayashelela. Ibe namazeng' onya abalelwa kwi-138 kuyela kwi-166; uzenga lomdidi oluphelele;  kanye namalandela abalelwa kuma-37 kuyela kwangama-53, nawo futhi aphelele.

Idla iziNkuma kuphela kuthi yona idliwe ezinye izinyoka (okufaka phakathi amahhumela kanye neziNhlabamuva), ebese kuthi iziCabucabu, oFezela kanye namaShongololo wona akujwayelekile ukuthi ayidle. Ingumabekaqanda yona, kanti ikwazi ukubeka amaqanda asukela kwama-2 kuyela kwama-4 ehlobo.

## Amaphatho

# The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
# Boulenger, G.A. 1896. *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III*. London. pp. 259–260.
# Wallach, V. "*Aparallactus lineatus* (Peters) and *Aparallactus niger* Boulenger: Two Valid Species from West Africa." *Journal of Herpetology* 28.1 (1994): 95–99.
# "Aparallactus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
# Boulenger, G.A. 1896. *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III*. London. p. 260.
# "Aparallactus capensis (Black-headed centipede-eater, Cape centipede-eater)". www.biodiversityexplorer.info. Retrieved 2023-07-24.

* Smith, A. 1849. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, 3 (Reptiles). Smith, Elder, and Co. London. p. 16.

## Izixhumanisi Zangaphandle

* Ikhasi le-inaturalist
Incazamininingo

**Incazamininingo** "iyimininingo ephana ngokwaziswa ngeminye imininingo", kodwana ayisona isiqikili semininingo ngokwayo, njengomqhafazo womyalezo noma umfanekiso ngokwawo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezihlukene zencazamininingo, zihlanganisa:
* **Incazamininingo echazisayo** – ukwaziswa okuchazisayo mayelana nensizakusebenza. Isetshenziselwa ukuvubukula nokuhlonza. Ihlanganisa izici ezifana nesihlokosiqu, isifinyezo, umlobi, namazwi amqoka.
* **Incazamininingo engokohlaka** – incazamininingo emayelana neziqukathi zencazamininingo futhi ikhombisa indlela Izinto eziyimbumbuthela ezihlanganiswa ngayo, ngokwesibonelo, indlela amakhasi ahlelwa ngayo kube izahluko. Ichazisa izinhlobo, izinhlelo, nobudlelwane nezinye izinkondolo zezibhalo zezezibhangqiwe.
* **Incazamininingo yobuphathi** – ukwaziswa okuwusizo ekuphatheni insizakusebenza, njengohlobo lwensiza, izivumelo nokuthi yadalwa nini nakanjani.
* **Incazamininingo yephatho** – ukwaziswa okumayelana nesiqikile nezingabunjalo lemininingo yezibalomininingo.
* **Incazamininingo yezibalomininingo** – ibizwa nangokuthi imininingo yomdludlungu, ichazisa imidludlungu eqoqa, idludlunge noma ikhiqize imininingo yezibalomininingo.
* **Incazamininingo yezomthetho** – ihlinzeka ngokwaziswa okumayelana nomkhiqizi, umninimkhiqizo, nesivumelo esisobala, uma sikhishwa.

Incazamininingo ayiboshelwanga kunoma yimiphi iminxa esiyibalile, njengoba ikwazi ukuchazisa noma yiliphi ucezu lemininingo ngezindlela eziningi.

## Imithombo
Impokozo

**Impokozo** ichazwa ngokuthi ukuphehleka kwesiphoqi ngokufuqwa noma ukudonswa ngenhloso yokuguqula umdiki wento, efana nendikimba enganyakazi noma umtshoko. Lelibizo lisuselwa kwisenzukuthi sesiZulu esithi 'phoko' esisho phambili, ukuya phambili. Uhlelo lwempokozo luqekethe umthombo wamandla okuguxazela, nesiphokozisi.
Shebeshxt

**Lehlogonolo Katlego Chauke** ungumculi we-rap waseNingizimu Afrika futhi ungumuntu oyimpikiswano owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uShebeshxt. Wazalelwa futhi wakhulela Lebowakgomo, Limpopo. Wavela ekuqashweni ngaphambi kwe-single yakhe ephambili ethi "Ke Di Shxt Malume" ngemuva kokuba ihambe kabanzi kwi TikTok yokwabelana ngevidiyo futhi ithole imibono emihle evela kubantu abafana ne uFocalistic.

Ngo-2023, umculi we-rap wasayina isivumelwano esikhulu nenkampani edumile yase-Italy I-Lamborghini wines by Lamborghini,  ngokushesha ngemva kokuba avele ku-Podcast and Chill ne-MacG futhi wenza umlando ngokuba yisivakashi sokuqala esake sabukwa ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphandle kwe-rekhodi, Umdlalo wethelevishini noma ukudlala Umsakazo.
Umgcanso kaTryon wamagundane

**Umgcanso kaTryon wamagundane** ngumgcanso womchazangqondo owenziwa nguRobert Tryon ngontaka we-1940 futhi washicilelwa eNcwadini yoNyaka ye-National Society for Studies in Education.

## Ukuqhutshwa komgcanso

Ngaphambi kwesiphelo socwaningo luka Robert Tryon lokuzalanisa ngokukhetha amagundane, ngowe-1942, iningi labachazingqondo *(psychologists)* lalikholwa ukuthi isimo sendawo yisona esikhiqiza umehluko esimilweni somuntu, hhayi izifuzisi noma ufuzo. UTryon wayefuna ukuveza ukuthi ufuzo yilona olulawula isimilo. Ukuze afeze lokho, uTryon wenza umgcanso ozohlola ikhono lezizukulwane zamagundane ezilandalenayo lokuqeda usogekle. Wasombulula umgcanso wakhe ngokubeka amagundane ahluke ngokwezifuzisi kusogekle, ephawula lawo enza amaphutha ambalwa ngokuthi "antwesi", bese lawo anamaphutha amaningi awaphawula ngokuthi "aluthuntu". UTryon kamuva wazalanisa "antwesi" angamaduna kanye nansikazi "aluthuntu". Emuva kokukhula kwamagundane azelwe, uTryon waphinda futhi nawo wawahlola ngosogkle, wabuye wahlukanisa "antwesi" kanye "naluthuntu", eqhubeka nokuzalanisa "antwesi" kanye "nantwesi" bese "aluthuntu" nalawo "aluthuntu". UTryon lokhu waqhubeka ekwenza izizukulwane eziyisikhombisa zamagundane, elokhu ekhanda inzalo "entwesi" naleyo "eluthuntu". Ukuze aveze ukuthi isimilo asinamthelela kumagundane ezalaniswe ngokukhetha ngokwezifuzisi, futhi ukuze anciphise amathuba wamaphutha eziphethweni zakhe, uTryon waphambanisa ukukhula kwagundane amancane "antwesi", ukuze akhuliswe unina "oluthuntu", kanjalo nalawo "aluthuntu" akhuliswe unina "ontwesi". Izinguquko ezizimele kulomgcanso wakhe kwakuyimibhangwana engabazali, isimo sendawo kanye nabazali bamagundane, kuhlanganisa nenani lamagundane ayingxenye yosogekle. Izinguquko ezicakathile kwakuinani lamaphutha enziwe amagundane ezilingweni eziyi-19 kusogekle.

## Ukusikisela nezigqibo

Nakuba imiphumela yalomgcanso yabonisa ukuthi amagundane "abukhali" ayenamaphutha ambalwa kakhulu kusogekle kunalawo "aluthuntu", kwaphakama umbuzo mayelana ngezinye izinzwi, izidikizisi, izishukumisi, neziñqubo zokufunda ezinethonya emiphumelweni yalomgcanso. Iphutha elivamile elabonakala kulomgcanso nakweminye efanayo laliwukuphetha ngokuthi inguquko eqashelwa ekuqhogoyeni kwamafundane kusogekle kuqondene nekhono lokufunda jikelele. Kodwa lokho akulona iqiniso. Kunalokho, kuyinkolelo eyamukelwayo phakathi kwabacwaningi besimilo sofuzo ukuthi impakamo yamagundane kwakuyinto esemgcansweni kaTryon kuphela; kanjalo akudingeki kube ngenxa yomehluko ekulamukeni ukufunda  phakathi kwamaqembi wawo. Ukwehlula kwezifuzisi, okufana nombono oxhunyiwe, ungenza amanye amagundane abe "bukhali" noma "luthuntu", kodwana akunqumi ubuhlakani bawo. Noma kunjalo, umgcanso kaTryon kasogkle wamagunda odumile wabonisa ukutho umehluko ekuqhogoyeni kwamagundane okwezifuzisi njengoba isimo sendawo sawo sasifana futhi silawulwa.

## Imithombo
Isiphokozisi

**Isiphokozisi** siyisiklamo esidingilizayo esinamacembe ayonzayo ahlonywe ngokocophelela ngokwsimo esinsongensonge, okuthi lapho eshwilwa enza kube kube nompokozo eya phambili phakathi komtshoko ofana namanzi noma umoya. Iziphokozisi ziyasetshenziswa ekufutheni umtshoko ethunjini noma ukuze kukhandwe impokozo yomkhumbi emanzini noma yendiza emoyeni.
U-Alpha Shelembe

U-**I-Alpha Shelembe** ungusopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika owayemele uKhongolose(ANC) eSishayamthetho Sesifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natal kusukela ngo-2014 kuya ku-2019. Phakathi kuka-2006 no-2011, wayengumkhandlu wendawo kUMasipala Wendawo waseMsunduzi, lapho ayekhonza khona njengoMkhulumeli kusukela ngo-2006 kuya ku-2010 kanye nePhini likaMongameli isikhathi esifushane ngo-2011. Wasula emkhandlwini ngoNhlangulana ka-2011 ngemuva kokubhikisha isikhathi eside okufuna ukususwa kwakhe. Waziwa nangemisebenzi yakhe njengomholi wendawo we-ANC egatsheni leqembu likaMoses Mabhida e-Umgungundlovu, kufaka phakathi njengosihlalo wesifunda wegatsha phakathi kuka-2012 no-2014.

## Ukuphila kwasebuntwaneni

UShelembe uvela KwaShifu eduze kwaseHowick namuhla eKwaZulu-Natal (ngaphambili Isifundazwe saseNatal). Uyise kaShelembe, uMprofethi U-BL. Shelembe, wayengumholi weBandla LamaNazaretha aseKuphumuleni okungolunywe lwezinhlangothi zeBandla LamaNazareth.  Uyise washada izikhathi eziningana futhi uShelembe wayeyizibulo kubafowabo abaningi, kuhlanganise nomfowabo oyiwele, u-Omega, obikwa ukuthi kamuva wasebenza e-National Treasury nase-Ithala Bank. Ngokusho kwephephandaba i-Witness, uShelembe wayeyisishisekeli seNkatha ngawo-1980 nawo-1990.
Johannes Galilee Shembe

**INkosi u-Johannes Galile Shembe, iNkosi iLanga, iNkosi YaseKuphakameni** (27 kuNtulukazi 1904- 19 Zibandlela 1976) wabe engumholi wesibili weBandla LamaNaretha. Waqala ukuhola ibandla kusukela ngo-1935 emva kokukhothama kukayise uMprofethi u-Isaiah Shembe umsunguli webandla. Walihola leli bandla kwaze kwaba sekukhothameni kwakhe ngoZibandlela ka-1976. Ekuthatheni kwakhe izintambo zobuholi eKuphakameni wenza umsebenzi umkhulu wokuqoqa imisebenzi eminingi yezenzo zikaShembe ukuthi ibhalwe phansi. Ngo-1940 washicilela nencwadi yeZihlabelelo ZamaNazaretha okuwumqulu  oqukethe izimfundiso nezihlabelelo zokukhonza ezafika ngoMprofethi kanye nezafika ngaye. iNkosi iLanga iyona eyetha kabusha iBandla lamaNazaretha labizwa ngokuthi i-Nazareth Baptist Church.http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1011-76012017000200007
Isilumbamdiki somusi

**Isilumbamdiki somusi** siyisilumbamdiki somchadamezo esiqhogoya umsebenzi wobunguxa sisebenzisa umusi njengomtshoko wokuthi sisebenze.
Intuthu

**Intuthu** iwukukhishwa  kwezinhlayiyana ezisamoya nohowo  eziphafuka lapho kukhona okushayo noma i-pyrolysis, kanye nomngakonani lomoya odonswa noma oxutshwe kube inqwaba. Ngokuvamile iwumkhiqizo ongafuneki wemililo (kuhlanganise izitofu, amakhandlela, izilumbamdiki ezishisa ngaphakathi, Izibani zamafutha, kanye izindawo zokubasa), kodwa ingasetshenziselwa Ukulawula izinambuzane (ngokuzishunqisela), ukuxhumana (ukhipha ugwayi, ukubhema, nokubhema, ukuvikela, nokubhembula).
Ukuvubuqeqesho

**Ukuvubuqeqesho** noma **izifundo ezixubuqeqesho** zibandakanya inhlanganisela yezifundo eziningi zakwangqondonkulu kubuqhebeqhebe obubodwa (isib, umbhidlango wocwaningo).

## Imithombo
Uqeqesho lakwaNgqondonkulu

**Uqeqesho lakwaNgqondonkulu** noma **intwaso yakwangqondonkulu** umhiba wolwazi olufundiswa futhi lucwaningwe ekolishi noma ezingeni lasenyuvesi. Izintwaso ziyachasiswa (ingxenye ) futhi ziqashelwa imihela yakwangqondonkulu lapho kushicilelwa khona ucwaningo, nayizinhlangano zafundileyo neminyango yakwangqondonkulu esemakolishi nasemanyuvesi lapho ongoti bazo bekhona. Izintwaso zakwaNgqondonkulu ngokwesivumelwano zinkampulwe zaba ezoluntu (ezihlanganisa injulalwazi, uLimi, ubuciko nezifundo zesikompilo), izintwaso zenzululwazi (ezifana nomchazandalo, umchazatho, kanye nomchazampilo), nezinzululwazi ezithe chwephe njengomchazazibalo nenzululwazi yesicikizi; izinzululwazi zenhlalo kwesinye isikhathi zibalwa njengomunxa wesine.

Abantu abayamaniswa nezintwaso zakwaNgqondonkulu bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi izongcweti noma ongoti.

Nakuba izintwaso zakwaNgqondonkulu ngokwazo zingahlozingile entweni eyodwa, Kodwa ezinye izisondelo ezifana nentwasoningi, ukuxubuqeqesho zivame ukudidiyela izici zezinye izintwaso.

Abanye abacwaningi bakholwa ukuthi esikhathino esizayo, izintwaso zakwaNgqondonkulu, zizofakelelwa ngalokho abathi Mode 2 noma "inzululwazi elama-kwangqondonkulu", ebandakanya ukuzuza ulwazi lwezintwaso, olulethwa ngokubambisana kongoti abahlukene boqeqesho lakwaNgqondonkulu.
Izikhombo zesichazambhalo

**Izikhombo zesichazambhalo** ziyisichazambhalo esihloselwe ukuba wusizo ekutholeni izishicilelwa. Izingcaphuno zivame ukufakwa kuluhlu lwababhali nolwezihlokondaba oluhlukanisiwe, noma kuthungethunge lokulandelana kosonhlamvukazi olulodwa olungaphansi kohlelo lwezihloko ezigunyaziwe ezaziwa ngokuthi isilulumagama esilawulwayo, esithuthukiswe ngenkonzo yezinkombo emva kwesikhathi eside. Izikhombo zaloluhlobo zikhishwa ngesimo sezishicwanjalo ezinyathelisiwe, noma kuxhakaxholo. Kusuka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowe-1970 kuqhubeke zivame ukukhandwa njengeziphumo zesizindamniningo sezichazambhalo (kuyilapho ekuqaleni zazihlanganiswe ngesanda kusetshenziswa amakhadi ezikhombo).

"Ngokubheka okuhlukahlukene, izikhombo ziyibizo elimqondofana nelithi ujengamazwi, ngoba izimiselo sesihlaziyo ziyafana, kodwana nakuba izikhombo zimane zicinga isihlokondaba, isijengamazwi sona sihlanganisa nezingcaciso ezichazisayo ezinake isihlokondaba.".

Izikhombo zingalekelela ekuhlwayeni Izincwadi, ngokwesibonelo, ezoqeqesho lakwaNgqondonkulu (isbn: *[[Philosopher's Index]]*), nemisebenzi yohlobo oluthile (*[[Biography Index]]*) noma eshicilelwe ngesinikino esikhethekile (*[[Newspaper Abstracts]]*), noma eziqendwini zesichilelwa esimhide (*[[New York Times Index]]*).

## Imithombo
Umgalitshe

**Umgalitshe** yidalwa elinzika elinesiqikili esiphezulu sesAlumbe. Ungumthombo oyinhloko emhlabeni wesAlumbe nomGandambulu.
ISabatha

Ezinkolweni zika -Abrahama , **iSabatha** (lisuka olimini lwesiHeberu elithi שַׁבָּת *Šabbāṯ* ) kuwusuku olubekelwe ukuphumula nokukhonza. NgokweNcwadi ka-Eksodusi , iSabatha liwusuku lokuphumula ngosuku lwesikhombisa, oluyalwe nguNkulunkulu ukuba lugcinwe njengosuku olungcwele lokuphumula, njengoba uNkulunkulu ephumula ekudalweni .  Umthetho wokugcina iSabatha ( iShabbat ) usuka emyalweni weBhayibheli othi “ Khumbula usuku lwesabatha, ulungcwelise ”.

ISabatha ligcinwa enkolweni yobuJuda nakwezinye izihlobo zobuKristu ( njengamanye amahlelo obuProthestani nawaseMpumalanga ). ENingizimu Afrika iSabatha ligcinwa kakhulu inkolo yobuNazaretha. Imikhosi efana neSabatha, noma evela kulo, ikhona nakwezinye izinkolo. Leli gama lingase lisetshenziswe ngokuvamile ukuchaza imikhosi efanayo yamasonto onke kwezinye izinkolo.
Khayalamabandla NBC

**IBandla laseKhayalamabandla**  *(Khayalamabandla Nazareth Baptist Church)* liwuhlelo lwamaNazaretha olizinze endaweni yase-Sweetwaters, eMgungundlovu. Ukusungulwa kwalo kwaqala ngoNhlangulana ka-2019, emumva kokuthi kufike izwi likaNkulunkulu kuBaba uNkunziyendoda Thusi. Izwi lamehlisela umsebenzi okumele wenziwe ukubuyisela isidima sobuNazaretha esesishabalele kanye nokukhulula abantu osizini nokunye okuningi. 

Kuleli bandla akekho umholi ohlala esihlalweni njengokujwayele ukwenzeka emabandleni amaNazaretha. Leli bandla likholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu kuphela ongumholi walo. Konke elikwenzayo ngokwenqubo yokukhonza lithathisela emithethweni yobuNazaretha, ebhayibhelini nasezwini likaNkulunkulu elikhuluma ikakhulukazi kuBaba uThusi njengesithunywa sikaNkulunkulu.

Ubuholi bobuNazaretha obuqhakanjiswa ileli bandla obezithunywa zikaNkulunkulu kusukela kuMqaliwendlela (Isaiah Shembe), iNkosi iLanga (J.G Shembe), uMhlalineziyoni ( B.L Shelembe) noBaba u-B.A Gwala ngokulandelana kwabo kusukela NGO-1910 kuya ku-2012.
AmaNazaretha

**UmNazaretha**  *(ubuningi: AmaNazaretha)* umuntu osuke ethathe isifungo sokuzahlukanisela uJehova(uNkulunkulu). Ukuzahlukanisela uNkulunkulu kusho ukugwema ezintweni eziningi okubalwa kuzo nezibhalwe encwadini ka-Numeri 6 ebhayibhelini. 

Enkolweni kaMose lesi sifungo sabe saziwa ngokuthi isethembiso sobuNaziri. Ebhayibhelini kwabe kukhona obuNazaretha besikhashana kanye nobuNazaretha baphakade. AmaNazaretha afana noSamsoni, uSamuweli noJohane uMbhabhadisi babalwa njengababethathe isifungo sobuNaziri baphakade.

ENingizimu Afrika ibandla lamaNazaretha elasungulwa uMprofethi u-Isaiah Shembe alakhela ikomkhulu eNanda okuthiwa iseKuphakameni,ilona elidume ngokubizwa ngokuthi "elamaNazaretha" futhi liyayigcina imithetho yobuNaziri, empeleni yonke imithetho kaMose liyithatha ngokuthi eyobuNaziri. Kuleli bandla ukuba umNazaretha akusho kuphela ukuzahlukanisela uNkulunkulu kodwa kusho ukuzigcina ungcwele ngaso sonke isikhathi. 

Ibandla lamaNazaretha liyabhabhadisa. Isifungo sithathwa ngokuthi uma umuntu eyamukela inkolo uyaguqa phambi kwebandla athi "Ngiyayikhetha iNkosi yaseKuphakameni " emumva kwalokho uyabhabhadiswa kuphinde kube nohlelo lwenkonzo okuthiwa Inkonzo kaMahlukanandlela. Kuwumgomo kuleli bandla ukuthi isifungo sobuNazaretha kube esaphakade *([[Izihlabelelo ZamaNazaretha]] : Umthandazo weSabatha verse 11)*
EKuphumuleni Nazareth Baptist Church

**EKuphumuleni** imuzi wamaNazaretha omkhulu okwaHhaza endaweni yase-Howick. Lo muzi wakhiwa uMprofethi u-BL Shelembe owayeyiSiyoni ngokuyalelwa yizwi likaNkulunkulu. Kwahamba isikhathi izwi lamthuma eKuphakameni eNkosini iLanga lapho afike abhabhadiswa khona wamukela inkolo yobuNazaretha. Wabe eseba uMfundisi waseKuphakameni obheke umuzi waseKuphumuleni owabe usunjengethempeli elingaphansi koKuphakama. 

Kwenye yezintshumayelo zakhe eKuphumuleni wakhuluma ngokuqambeka komuzi wathi *"maNazaretha lapha kuthiwa iseKuphumuleni ngoba ubuNazaretha busaphumule siyeza isikhathi lapho buzosukuma khona".*

Njengamanje ibandla lamaNazaretha aseKuphumuleni selihlukene laba yizinhlangothi ezimbili, kukhona amaNazaretha asala KwaHhaza aholwa yiNkosi u-Alpha Shelembe (Inkanyezi Yokusa) bese kuba khona aseMaqongqo aholwa iNkosi uLizwi Shelembe. Womabili lawa ngamadodana kaBaba u-BL Shelembe.
Isidludlungi mazwi

**Isidludlungi mazwi** yisilekeleli   noma inhleleliso yesiCikizi ehlinzeka ngokwenza igalelo, ukuhlela, ukunikinela kanye neziphumo zesiqakaqo, ngokuvamile ngolwangu oluthile olwengeziwe.
izidludlungi zokuqala zaziyiziklamo eziphathekayo zokudludlunga amazwi, kodwa ezanamuhla ziyinhleleliso ezidludlunga mazwi ezigunundwa ezicikizini.

Izinsebenzo zezinhleleliso zezidludlungi mazwi zihlanganisa lezo ezihlela amazwi, nalezo ezakhelwe ukushicilela. Nakuba umehluko phakathi kwalezo ezihlela amazwi nalezo ezishicilelayo umncane, izidludlungi mazwi sezizuze ulwangu olusha kusukela kuhlelo lwezi- 2010 lwe-Microsoft Word.

Izinhleleliso ezidludlunga mazwi ezivamile zihlanganisa i-LibreOffice Writer, Google Docs kanye ne-Microsoft Word.
IMpilimpili

***IMpilimpili***, elibuye laziwe ngokuth' **uMadevobovu** liwuhlobo lwenyoka engaphansi komndeni obizwa ngokuthi iColubridae. Lez' izinhlobo zitholakala e-eningizimu yezwekazi  I-Afrikha, kwiSahara.

## Incazelo
*IMpilimpili* libonakala ngomzimba walo omhlwathi noma ompunge, uphinde ube namacashacasha amuhlophe amancane ngobubanzi bawo. Linekhand' elixube imibala emunyama, obovu, kanye noncombho. Likwaz' ukukhula lize lifinyelele kumasentimitha angama-70 ubude ngokujwayelekile, kodwa lingawadlula ize iyoyibamba kwi mitha elilodwa ubude.

## Ukudla
*IMpilimpili lidla amaSele, iziGcilikishi, kanye nezinye izinyoka (Yize lokhu kuyinte evamise ukubonakala lapho linqokotshwe khona)*.

## Amasuku ewaphilayo
IMpilimpili likwazi ukuphila iminyaka emaphakath kwayi-10 ubudala kanye neyi-15.

## Ukuzala
Izinsikazi ezindala zeziMpilimpili zibeka cishe amaqanda abalelwe kwayisi-6 kuyofinyelela kwayi-19 ehlobo.

## Ukhelo
IMpilimpili lingelokudabuka ezansi kwezwekazi i-Afrikha, liyatholakala eZambia, uMzansi wonkana(Ngaphandle kwasesifundazweni sasenhla nentshonalanga) kanye naseLesotho, eSwatini, eZimbabwe, eNigeria, eningizimu  kanye nemaphakathi eMozambique, kanye nasenyakatho yeBotswana.

## uKhelo
IMpilimpili liyinyoka ethanda izindawo eziyisihlambho, iPhondo, oHlongweni,  kanye nezindawo ezitshamithi.

## Izikhombo

# Wagner, P., Penner, J., Rödel, M.-O., Luiselli, L., Branch, W.R., Chirio, L., Howell, K. & Malonza, P.K. 2021. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T13264994A13265005. Downloaded on 05 September 2021.
# "*Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia* ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
# "Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia ". Biodiversity Explorer, the Web of Life in Southern Africa.  Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine

## Ukufunda okwengeziwe

* UBoulenger GA (1896). Ikhathalogi yezinyoka eBritish Museum (Umlando Wemvelo). Umqulu III. , equkethe i-Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ ne-Proteroglyphæ)... London: Abaphathi beBritish Museum (Natural History).   (Taylor noFrancis, abanyathelisi).  xiv + 727 pp. + Amapuleti I-XXV.   (Leptodira hotambœia, amakhasi 89-91). (*I-leptodira hotambœia*, amakhasi 89-91).&nbsp;
* [Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 9] I-Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Uhlelo lwesithathu olubukeziwe, Uhlelo lwesibili. ISanibel Island, eFlorida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp.  .   (*I-Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia*, p. 97 + Plate 33).&nbsp;
* ULaurenti JN (1768). *I-specimen medicum, ibonisa i-synopsin reptilium emendatam cum cum experimentis circa venena ne-antidota reptilium austriacorum.* Vienna: "Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattern". 214 pp. + Amapuleti I-V.  (*I-Coronella hotamboeia*, izinhlobo ezintsha, k. 85). &nbsp; (ngesiLatini).
Umjaho wamagundane

**Umjaho wamagundane** uwukuphishekela ize okungenamkhawulo, nokuwukuzinqoba. Lomusho ulinganisa abantu namagundane azama ukuzizuzela umklomelo onjengenjibini, ngokuyize. Ungabuye ubhekisele emshikashikeni owomncintisano wokuphumelela ngokwezimali.

Lo musho uvame ukuyamaniswa nomkhuba wokuphila okhathazayo, oziphindaphindayo noncisha umuntu isithuba sokunethezeka nokuthokoza.
Umtshoko

Kumchazandalo, **umtshoko** uwuketshezi, uhowo, noma esinye isithako esiqhubeka nokunyukuza futhi zitshokozele (***ukugobhoza***) ngaphansi kokucindezela, noma amandla angaphandle.
U-Robert Proctor

**U-Robert Proctor** angase abhekisele:

* URobert Proctor (umlobi wezincwadi) (1868-1903), umlobi wezinombolo waseNgilandi
* URobert Proctor (i-hockey yasenkundleni)  (owazalwa ngo-1949), umdlali we-hocney wasenkundleni wase-Australiya
* URobert N. Proctor (owazalwa ngo-1954), usomlando wenzululwazi waseMelika
* UBob Proctor (umlobi)  (1934-2022), umlobi wokuzisiza nokuzikhulisa waseCanada
Ukuphefukisa

**Ukuphefukisa** (noma **impefuko)** ngumdludlungu wokufakelela umkhiqizo omdala ngohlobo olusha lomkhiqizo ofanayo.  KwezokuCikiza nezezingabuzuba zasendlini impefuko kuvame ukuba ukufakelelwa sesigcobosi noma ihlelokusebenza ngelisha noma olungcono, njengonjongo yokwenza isimiso sayo sibe esamanje kanye nokuphefula izinkondolo zaso.
UNapoleon Hill

**U-Oliver Napoleon Hill** (October 26, 1883 - November 8, 1970) wayengumlobi waseMelika wezifundo zokuzisiza.  Waziwa kakhulu ngencwadi yakhe ethi *[[Think and Grow Rich]]* (1937), ephakathi kwezincwadi zokuzisiza ezithengiswa kakhulu kunazo zonke. Imisebenzi kaHill yaphikelela ngokuthi ukulindela okuqinile kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuphila komuntu. Iningi lezincwadi zakhe lakhuthazwa njengezimiso ezichazayo ukuze kufinyelelwe "empumelelweni".
IsiGwaqane

**IsiGwaqane** siwukudla kwesintu okuvanganiswe ngeMpuphu kanye noBhontshisi. Lapho kuvanganiswe uBhontshisi kanye neLayisi esikhundleni seMpuphu, siye sikubizo lokho ngokuthi isiThwalaphishi.

## Imiyalelo yokupheka
Ukupheka isiGwaqane kuyinto elula yize kuthatha isikhathi nje.
* Kala uBhontshisi ozowudinga.
* uKhethe uBhontshis wakho, uqikelele ukuthi awunamatshe.
* Ufak' eBhodweni, wengez' amanzi ebese uyawuyeka ugxabhe.
* Lapho sewuvuthiwe khona, uzobheka ukuth' inkovu kaBhontshisi izolunela yini uphuthu lwakho.
* uma ingeke ilunele, nezela amanzi uwuyeke ugxabhe imizuzwana.
* Landela ngokufaka iMpuphu enkovwin yaBhontshisi, ukuyeke kugxabhe.
* Emva kwemizuzu emi-5 kugxabha, govuza kuze kuhlangane uphuthu.
* Ehlisa isitofu, ebese ugovuza njalo emva kwemizuz' emi-5.
* uzolubonda njalo luze luvuthwe.

Lapho sesivuthwe khona isiGwaqane sakho, ungasidla sodwa noma usidle nesishebo sakho sekhethelo.

## Ukuthosela
* Qoba u-Anyanyisi 
* Beka ipan' estofini, ulilinde lishise.
* Fak' amafutha alingene, uwalinde imizuzwana nje.
* Faka u-Anyanyisi wakho emafutheni, ulokh' ugoqoza ukuze ungashi.
* Faka noma iziphi izinongo zakho ozithandayo.
* Lapho sezivuthiwe izinongo zakho, buyisela isiGwaqane esitofini.
* Thululela konke okusepanini ukufake ebhodweni lesiGwaqane (uqikelele ukuthi awuzishisi)
* Bond kahle kuze kuhlangane konke.
* Linda imizuzwana mande uphul' ibhodwe lakho.
Undwendweni

**Undwendweni** inkanyezi ewuqhakamelakazi obomvu, futhi ingenye yezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu ezibonwa ngeso lenyama. Uvame ukuba inkanyezi egqame kakhulu ebusuku, ulandela iPhisi, okuyinkanyezi yesibili egqamileyo esishomweni impambano. Unombala omtshezi noma osabomvu.
U-Brian Tracy

**UBrian Tracy** uyisikhulumi somphakathi esishukumisayo esingumKhanada-waseMelika nomlobi wokuzithuthukisa.  Ungumlobi wezincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili?(80) ezihunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi. Izincwadi zakhe ezithandwayo yi-*Earn What You're Really Worth,* *Eat That Frog*!*Dla Lexoxo!*, *No Excuses!*

## Ukuphila kwasebuntwaneni nemfundo

UTracy wazalwa mhlazi-5 Masingana 1944 e-Charlottetown, ePrince Edward Island, eKhanada. Wafunda e-University of Alberta e-Edmonton, e-Alberta.

## Umsebenzi

UTracy ungusihlalo futhi ungumphathi ophethe (CEO) weBrian Tracy International, okungumshumanqa uTracy awusungulwa ngo-1984 I-Vancouver, eBritish Columbia. Lo mshumanqa unikeza izeluleko ngokuhola, ukuthengisa, Ukuzethemba, imigomo, isu, ubuciko, kanye nengqondo yempumelelo. Inendlunkulu engxenyeni yeBankers Hill yaseSan Diego, eCalifornia.
Uzikhulise

**Uzikhulise, Uthuthuko Lomuntu-Siqu** noma **Ukuzithuthukisa** kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ethuthukisa amakhono omuntu, eyakhe izimali zomuntu, yenza kube lula ukuqashwa, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila, nokwenza kube lula ukufezeka kwamaphupho nezifiso. Ukuthuthuka komuntu  kungenzeka phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokuphila komuntu futhi akugcini esigabeni esisodwa sokuphila komuntu. Kungase kuhlanganise izinyathelo ezingokomthetho nezingahleliwe zokuthuthukisa abanye ezindinganeni ezinjengothisha, umqondisi, umeluleki, umphathi, noma umqeqeshi.  Uma ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kwenzeka esimweni sezikhungo, kubhekisela kwizindlelasu, izinhlelo, amathuluzi, amasu, nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezinikezwa ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kwabantu abadala ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye ezinhlanganweni.  &#x5B;*<span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2020)">need quotation to verify</span>*&#x5D;
Umzwelo

**Imizwelo** iyizimo zengqondo ezibangelwa izinguquko ze-I-neurophysiological, ezitamaniswa ngokuhlukahlukene nemicabango, imizwa, ukusabela kokuziphatha, kanye nezinga lokujabula noma ukungajabuli.
Ubungcweti

**Ubungcweti** bubhekisela ezenzakalweni umuntu adlula kuzo jikelele, ikakhulukazi ezintshwayweni, noma olwazini olusebenzayo nokujwayelana okukhiqizwa yilemidludlungu.
Ingempela

**Ingempela** liyimbumbuthela noma umumo ogcwele wakho konke okungokoqobo noma okukhona kuwo wonke umkhathilibe, ngokuphambene nalokho okucatshangelwayo, okungekho noma okungekhona okoqobo. Izizwe ezihlukene, noqeqesho oluhlukeneyo lunezincazelo ezingafani ngeNgempela.
Ubukhona

**Ubukhona** buyisimo sokuba ngokoqobo noma ukuhlanganyela engempeleni. Amazwi athi "ukuba khona", "ingempela", nelithi "iqobo" avame ukusetshenziswa njengamqondofana.
I-Obsessive-compulsive disorder

**I-Obsessive-compulsive disorder**  noma **i-OCD** isifo sengqondo esibizwa nangokuthi **i-obsessive-compulsive syndrome** noma **i-SOC.** Kweminye imibhalo kwaziwa ngokuthi *i-obsessive-compulsive disorder*, *i-obsessive-coactive syndrome* noma i- *obsessive-compulsive disorder* kanye ne *-obsessive syndrome* futhi, ngaphambi kokukhishwa kohlelo lwesithathu olubuyekeziwe lwe- *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*, njenge *-obsessive-compulsive. (psycho)neurosis*, *(psycho) obsessive-compulsive neurosis* noma nje *(psycho) obsessive neurosis* kanye *(psycho) compulsive neurosis* . Lesi sifo sibonakala ngokuba khona kwemicabango eqinile kanye ne -ego-dystonic (i-obsessions) kanye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo (impoqo) lapho isiguli sibika ukuthi sinokulawula okuncane noma akukho nhlobo. Ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile kuvame ukuxaka futhi akunanjongo kodwa kuphoqa intando yesifundo ongakwazi ukuzibamba kodwa ayenze ngaphandle kokuzwa isimo esijulile sosizi. 

Ku- psychoanalysis isachazwa **ngokuthi i-obsessive neurosis** . Lesi sifo sihlanganisa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuzibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ikakhulukazi kubonakala nge-anancasm,  uphawu oluhlanganisa imicabango ecindezelayo ehambisana nokuphoqelelwa (izenzo ezithile noma amasiko okufanele zenziwe) ezama ukuqeda amandla. ukuthatheka. 

I-Obsessive-compulsive disorder - eyahlukaniswa phakathi kwezinkinga zokukhathazeka yi- DSM-IV-TR,  yi-2010 ICD-9-CM,  yi- ICD-10  kanye ne- *Merck Diagnostic Manual kanye Ukwelapha* -  manje sekucatshangelwa abaningi, ngenxa yempendulo yakho engaqinisekile yokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa ezikhathazayo, njengenhlangano ezimele ye-nosographic. Ngakho-ke, i-Obsessive-compulsive disorder ichazwa njenge-nucleus ye-psychopathological ngokwayo, enenkambo nezimpawu ezingavamile, kanye nezixhumanisi ezithile zebhayoloji ezivela kancane kancane.  Ku-DSM-5, isahluko esikhethekile esibizwa nge *-Obsessive-compulsive disorders kanye nokuphazamiseka okuhlobene* kwadalwa,  okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwe-obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, dermatillomania (excoriation disorder), i-compulsive buying syndrome. kanye nazo zonke iziyaluyalu zokulawula umfutho (akufanele kudidaniswe nezidakamizwa kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla, ngokuvamile nengxenye eyimpoqo).

I-Obsessive-compulsive Anxiety Disorder akufanele kudidaniswe ne -Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), i-pathology esikhundleni salokho okungeyezinkinga zobuntu. I-OCD ine- comorbidity ephezulu kanye nokuphazamiseka kokugwema, i-social phobia, i- schizotypal disorder, ama -phobias amaningana, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa (ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka).
Isijengamazwi sobumbano

**Isijengamazwi sobumbano** siyisijengamazwi somtapowolwazi esihlanganisiwe esichazisa amaqoqo imitapolwazi ebumbene Izijengamazwi zobumbano zakhelwa izinhlobo eziningi zezinsizakusakaza, kuhlanganisa izincwadi, i-microform, amakhadi futhi muva nje, izizindamininingo zesingabuzuba ezixhoxhiwe.
Usomtapolwazi

**Usomtapolwazi** ngumuntu osebenza njengengcwepheshi yomtapolwazi futhi uyena ohlinzeka ngofikelelo ekwazisweni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngezinhlelo zezenhlalo noma zobuchule, noma imiyalo yokwaziswa ngezincwadi kubasebenzisi.

Iqhaza likasomtapolwazi seliguquke kakhulu emlandweni, njengoba ikhulu leminyaka lakamuva selingenise izinsizakuxhumana nezobuchwepheshe ezintsha eziningi. Kusuka emtapolwazi yasendulo kufika emthonjeni yolwazi yanamuhla, bekulokhu kunabagcini nabasabalalisi bokwaziswa obutholakala emtatsheni yemininingo. Iqhaza nezibopho ziyahluka njebgoba zicakathe ngohlobo lomtapolwazi, nezinsebenzo ezidingekayo ekunakekeleni izibhidli nokuzenza zitholakale kubasebenzisi.
Inxuluma

**Inxuluma** liwuhlobo lokuhlakiswa kwabantu. Incasiselo yaleligama liyahlukahluka  emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Nakuba kwamanye amazwe leli gama ngezinye izikhathi lihlotshaniswa nendawo esesidlaveleni engafani nasemakhaya, lokho kugabele ukuba yinto eyivela kancane ngokomthetho. Emazweni anjenge-I-Australia, ICanada, IScotland, nasezingxenyeni ze-I-United States, leli gama libhekisela ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu noma ezisakazeke kakhulu ukuba zingabhekwa njengezidlavela.
UDavid Tlale

**UDavid Tlale** (29 kuMasingane 1975) ungumklami wemfashini waseNingizimu Afrika. Wazalelwa e-I-Vosloorus eNingizimu Afrika. Wakhuliswa unina ongayedwa. Umsebenzi wakhe uboniswe eKapa Fashion Week, eNew York Fashion Week, naseParis Fashion Week. Uphinde waklama amaqoqo abathengisi abakhulu njenge-Edgars. UTlale wafika engxenyeni yokugcina emncintiswaneni we-Elle New Talent Show waseNingizimu Afrika ngo-2002. NgoMeyi 2003, iTlale yaqala ama-studio wokuklama IKapa naseGoli.
Umtapolwazi waseRandburg

**Umtapolwazi waseRandburg** ungomunye wemitapolwazi yesifunda wesidlavela saseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Isiza sawo siphakathi kweSikhungo Somphakathi WaseRandburg, esinomtholampilo waseRandburg kanye noMnyango Wezimvume Zokushayela. Umtapolwazi ulekelela izindawo ezifana nenxuluma LaseCosmo kanye namaphethelo azungezile.Umtapolwazi waseRandburg ubalwa phakathi kwemitapikwazi engama-89 yoMkhandlu waseGoli. Uyingxenye yemitapolwazi yeSifunda B soMkhandlu waseGoli, futhi uhamba phambili emizwamweni yoMkhandlu yokuguqula imitapolwazi ngokwezezibhangqiwe ngokusungula izinhlelo ezifana ne-mLiteracy. Ngo-August wezi-2023, lo mtapolwazi wanikwa *inverter* ukuze ukwazi ukulekelela abasebenzisi bawo nalapho kunomnyamangabomu. Imitapolwazi iyizikhungo zomphakathi ezimqoka zokufunda nokucobelelana ngolwazi, futhi izinhlelo zemfundo zingaba nomthelela omkhulu emohakathini. Osomtapolwazi baseGoli baqhakambisa nokusetshenziswa kwamahlelokusebenza afana ne-Overdrive Libby, kanye ne-African Story Book (ASb reader) ukuze baphembe umoya wokuthanda ukufunda. Kukhona nesifunda sezezibhangqiwe esikkanyelwe abahlala emgwaqeni esibizwa "*Project: Master Class*" sokubafundisa amakhono wezezibhangqiwe nezinye izifundo zakuxhakaxholo.

## Umlando

Lo mtapolwazi wavulwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1962, ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa isidlidlu saseRandburg. Wasungulwa ngenxa yezimfuno zomphakathi zokufikelela ukwaziswa nezinsizakisebenza. Kwaqale kwasungulwa umtapolwazi omncane otshelekana ngezincwadi ngonyaka we-1957 ezindlini zoMkhandlu ngaleyo nkathi. Lesi sikhala esincane, esasigidingwa amavolontiya, sagxina sesikhulile sesiwumtapolwazi omkhulu kusuka ngonyaka we-1971.

## Amaphathelelo
Umkhando

**Umkhando** uyisakhiwo sezimboni, imvama esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezakhiwo eziningana ezigcwele izinguxa, lapho izisebenzi zikhiqiza khona izinto noma zigidinge izinguxa ezidludlunga into ziphenduke ezinye.
Inzululwazi yesiCikizi

**Inzululwazi yesiCikizi** iyisifundo somcikizo, ukwaziswa nenhleleleko.         Inzululwazi yesiCikizi ihlanganisa uqeqesho lwesumbono (olufana nemikholezima, isumbono lomcikizo, nesumbono lokwaziswa) kanye noqeqesho olusetahenziswayo (olufana nokuklanywa nokugunundwa kwehlelozigcoyi nehlelokusebenza). Nakuba lesifundo sithathwa njengoqeqesho lakwaNgqondonkulu, inzululwazi yesiCikizi ihlobene kakhulu nokuhlelelisa isicikizi.

Imikholezima kanye nezinhlaka zemininingo zimqoka kunzululwazi yesicikizi. Isumbono lomcikizo lunake Izinongo zomcikizo ezikhanyangwayo kanye nezigaba ezivamile zezinkinga ezingaxazululwa ngazo. Umkhakha womchazanyandla kanye nezokuphepha kwesicikizi zibandakanya ukufunda ngezindlela zokuvikela ukuxhumana nokuvimbela ukuntengantenga kwezokuphepha.

## Imithombo
Inhlayiyana

Ngokwenzululwazi yomchazandalo, **inhlayiyana** iyinto encane echaziswa ngezakhi eziningana zokwakheka noma zevanga, njengommumatho, ubugqinsi, noma isisindo. Zihlukahluka kakhulu ngobungako noma umngakonani, kusuka  kwezinhlayiyaneni zechwe njenge-njengenzuba, kuya ezinhlayiyaneni ezisimoncinci njengeChwe nemizwayi, kuya ezinhayiyeninkulu njengenqotho nezinye Izithako ezisanhlamvu.
Cindy Makhathini

**UCindy Makhathini** ungusaziwayo omkhulu wezinkundla zokuxhumana nomthonyi wezoxhakaxholo, osezakhele udumo olukhulu ngezithombe namabukwa akhe ahehayo okutholakala ezinkundleni zokuxhumana eziningi. Waziwa ngokuthi I-Ndlovukazi yase-Afrika*( African Queen)* okuyisiteketiso esibhekiswe ebuhleni bakhe, ukuzethemba nokuba nomfutho kwakhe.
IBandla LobuKristu LaseZiyoni

**IBandla LobuKristu LaseZiyoni** (**I-ZCC**) lingelinye  lamakhulu kakhulu emasontweni asungulwe e-Afrika akhona eNingizimu Afrika, futhi liyingxenye yenhlangano yeZionism yase-Afrika. Indlunkulu yesonto iseZion City Moria esifundazweni saseLimpopo (i-Northern Transvaal endala), eNingizimu Afrika.

Ngokusho kokubalwa kwabantu kwaseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1996, isonto lalinamalungu ayizigidi ezingu-3.87. Ngokubalwa kwango-2001 eNingizimu Afrika, amalungu ayo ayenyukele kumalungu ayizigidi ezingu-4.97.&nbsp;
Ucwazi

**Ucwazi** igama elihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezilunjanisiwe noma ezikhandwe ngezithako ezilunjaniswe kancane kusetshenziswa izintshogcezi njengezithako eziyinhloko. Ubucwazi bazinto eziwucwazi benza kube lula ukuba zicabayeke, zakheke noma zicindezelwe zibe izinto ezinqumile zemimo ehlukahkukene. Ukubumbeka kanye nezinye izakhi ezinhlobonhlobo ezifana nokuba luhlengesi, ukungagugi, ukubhebgcezeka, nokungambi eqolo lapho zikhiqizwa, kwenze kwanda kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Ocwazi bavame ukukhandwa ngokwezimiso zezimboni ezinkulu. Iningi locwazi banamuhla bakhandwa kususelwa ezivuthisini zeziqa ezifana nohowo lwemvelo noma amafuthetshe; kodwana, izindlelasu zokukhiqiza zezimboni zakamuva zisebenzisa imixhantela ekhandwe ngezithako ezivuselelekabusha, ezifana nalezo ezigqotshwe kummbila noma kukotini.
Ubucwazi

Kumchazandalo nakwinzululwazi yezithako, **ubucwazi** (obaziwa nangokuthi **ukufacazeka kocwazi**) buyikhono lesithako esinqumile lokuthi sikwazi ukufacazeka unomphela, okuyinguquko yomumo enganakushintshwa noma kungenziwani.
IsiChazamazwi

IsiChazamazwi siyikhasi onhloso yalo ukunikezela izithombhe zalokho esikuchazayo. Sihlanganiswe Inhlangano Isichazamazwi Sabahumushi ngenhloso yokulekelela ukukhulisa uLimi isiZulu.

## Amagama

Ezamazuba

*IsiZulu
#uMakhalekhukhwini
#uMakhalipha
#Iselula*

* IsiBhaca
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*IsiPhuthi
Umjinjo wasemtapolwazi

**Umjinjo wasemtapolwazi** uluhlelo lokuhlelwa kolwazi lapho khona imithombo ihlelwa ngokohlelo lomjinjo futhi ihlelwa ngokwesimiso.