Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi

Ukukhiqhiza ugesi inqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi emithonjeni yamadla ayisiqalo. Ezimbonini zamandla kagesi, kuyisigaba sangaphambi kokuthengiswa kwayo (ukudluliswa , ukuchthisaswa , njll.) kubasebenzisi bokugcina noma ukugcina kwayo, Umzekelo, indlela yokugcina epompa.

Ugesi osebenzisekayo  awutholakali mahhala sdalo, ngakho kumele "ukhiqizwe", kuguqulwe ezinye izinhlobo zamandla zibe uges00i. Ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa ezikhungweni zikagesi, ezibizwa nangokuthi "ngeziteshi  zikagesi". Ugesi ujwayele ukukhiqizwa esiteshini samandla kagesi nge-generator ye-electromechanical, ngokuyinhloko ishukunyi yizinjini zokushisa  ezikhuthazwa ukushisa noma ukuklewuka kwe kwe-nuzi, kodwa futhi nangezinye izindlela ezifana  amandla okunyakazakwamanzi agobhozayo nomoya. Eminye imithombo yamandla ihlanganisa i-solar photovoltaics kanye namandla okushisa komhlaba. Kunezindlela ezingajwayelekile futhi eziqangelwaywo zokubuyisela amandla, njengemiklamo ye-I-fusion reactor ebheke ukukhipha ngokuqondile amandla emandleni anamandla kazibuthe akhiqizwa yizinhlayiyana ezisheshayo ezikhishwa inqubo yokuxhuma (bheka I-magnetohydrodynamics).

Ukukhuliswa kwezimboni zikagesi ezishiswa ngamalahle futhi ekugcineni iziteshi zikagesi, noma, uma kungenzeka, ukubamba ukukhishwa kwegesi ezishisayo, kuokudingekayo uk ukwehlisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kusolakala ukuthi kuzodingeka amandla avela elangeni  amaningi kakhulu kanye namandla  omoya, njengoba Isidingo sikagesi sikhula kakhulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kukagesi kwezokuthutha, amakhaya nezimboni. kepha ngonyaka ka-2023, kwabikwa ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke kwakusondela ezingeni eliphakeme lokukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngesimanga sokukhula kwamandla elanga nomoya.

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Izikhungo zamandla enuzi zingakhiqiza amandla amaningi kusuka ku-unit eyodwa. Kodwa-ke, izinhlekelele zenuzi ziphakamise ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwamandla enuzi, futhi izindleko zezikhungo zenuzi ziphezulu kakhulu. Izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi zitholakala ezindaweni lapho amandla angenzeka avela emanzini awelayo angasetshenziselwa khona ukuhambisa ama-turbine kanye nokuphehla ugwayi. Kungase kungabi umthombo owodwa wokukhiqiza osebenzayo ngokwezomnotho lapho ikhono lokugcina ukugeleza kwamanzi lilinganiselwe futhi umthwalo uhlukahluka kakhulu phakathi nomjikelezo wokukhiqizi waminyaka yonke.

Ama-generator kagesi aziwa ngezindlela ezilula kusukela ekutholeni i-electromagnetic induction ngawo-1830. Ngokuvamile, uhlobo oluthile lwe-primary mover njengenjini noma ama-turbine achazwe ngenhla, ushukumisa amandla kazibuthe aphendukayo adlule kuma-coil amisiwe entambo ngaleyo ndlela aphendule amandla emishini abe ngogesi. Okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zokuthengiswa zokukhiqiza ugesi ezingasebenzisi i-generator ama-I-photovoltaic solar kanye nama-fuel cell.

Cishe wonke amandla kagesi wezentengiselwano eMhlabeni aphehlwa nge-turbine, edonswa umoya, amanzi, isitimu noma igesi eshisayo. I-turbine ishayela i-generator, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule amandla ayo omshini abe amandla kagesi nge-electromagnetic induction. Kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene zokuthuthukisa amandla emishini, kufaka phakathi izinjini zokushisa, amanzi, umoya kanye namandla amagagasi. Ukuphehla ugesi okuningi kushaywa yizinjini zokushisa. 

Ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezinsalela kunikeza amandla amaningi kulezi zinjini, ngenani elikhulu elivela ekuhlukaneni kwe-nuclear futhi amanye avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo. I-turbine yesitimu yesimanje, eyasungulwa USir Charles Parsons ngo-1884, njengamanje ikhiqiza cishe u-80% wAmandla kagesi emhlabeni kusetshenziswa imithombo ehlukahlukene yokushisa. Izinhlobo ze-turbine zihlanganisa:

* Amanzi Esihwamukayo abiliswa ngamalahle ashiswe esiteshini sokuphehla ugesi. Cishe u-41% wawo wonke ugesi ukhiqizwa ngale ndlela.[1] Ukushisa kokuhlukana kwe-nuclear okwenziwa ku-nucleary reactor kwakha isitimu. Amandla kagesi angaphansi kuka-15% akhiqizwa ngale ndlela. Amandla avuselelekayo. Isitimu sikhiqizwa yi-biomass, amandla okushisa elanga, noma amandla okushisa komhlaba.
** Amanzi afakwa ngamalahle ashiswe esiteshini sokuphehla ugesi. Cishe u-41% wawo wonke ugesi ukhiqizwa ngale ndlela.
** Ukushisa kokuhlukana kwe-nuclear okwenziwa ku-I-nuclear reactor kwakha isitimu. Amandla kagesi angaphansi kuka-15% akhiqizwa ngale ndlela.
** Amandla avuselelekayo. Isitimu sikhiqizwa yI-biomass, Amandla okushisa elanga, noma Amandla okushisa komhlaba.
* Igesi yemvelo: ama-turbine aqhutshwa ngokuqondile amagesi akhiqizwa ukushisa. Umjikelezo ohlangene ushukunyiswa kokubili isitimu negesi yemvelo. Bakhiqiza amandla ngokushisa igesi yemvelo ku-I-turbine yegesi bese besebenzisa ukushisa okusele ukukhiqiza isitimu. Okungenani u-20% kagesi womhlaba ukhiqizwa igesi yemvelo.
* Amandla amanzi athathwa yI-turbine yamanzi ekuhambeni kwamanzi - kusuka emanzini awelayo, ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwamagagasi noma ama-thermal currents olwandle (bheka Ukuguqulwa kwamandla okushisa olwandle). Njengamanje, izikhungo zikagesi zamanzi zinikeza cishe u-16% kagesi womhlaba.
* I-windmill yayiyI-turbine yomoya yokuqala. Ngo-2018 cishe u-5% kagesi womhlaba wakhiqizwa ngumoya.

Ama-turbine angasebenzisa nokunye uketshezi oludlulisa ukushisa kunesitimu. Imijikelezo esekelwe ku-supercritical carbon dioxide inganikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kokuguqulwa ngenxa yokushintshana okusheshayo kokushisa, ukuqina kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nengqalasizinda yomjikelezo wamandla elula. Izingxube ze-supercritical carbon dioxide, ezisetshenziswa njengamanje, zingaqhubeka nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuthuthukisa umfutho wayo ophawulekayo namaphuzu okushisa.

Yize ama-turbine evame kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla ezentengiselwano, ama-generator amancane angashukunyiswa yizinjini zika-petrol noma zika-diesel. Lezi zingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza kwesivikelo noma njengomthombo oyinhloko wamandla emadolobhaneni aqhelelene.

Ingqikithi yokukhiqiza komhlaba ngo-2024 yayiyi-TWh engu-30,850, kufaka phakathi amalahle (34%), igesi (22%), amanzi (14%), amandla enuzi (9%), umoya (8%), ilanga (7%), uwoyela nezinye izinto zokubasa zezinsalela (3%), i-biomass (2%).

## Ukukhathazeka ngendawo ezungezile
Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the environment. In France only 10% of electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the US is higher at 70% and China is at 80%. The cleanliness of electricity depends on its source. Methane leaks (from natural gas to fuel gas-fired power plants) and carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant portion of world greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is responsible for 65% of all emissions of sulfur dioxide, the main component of acid rain. Electricity generation is the fourth highest combined source of NO, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter in the US.

Ngokusho kwe-I-International Energy Agency (IEA), ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okuncane kudinga ukubalelwa ku-85% wokukhiqizwa kukogesi emhlabeni wonke ngo-2040 ukuze kuvinjelwe imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Njengezinye izinhlangano ezihlanganisa i-Energy Impact Center (EIC)  kanye ne-United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), i-IEA icele ukwanda kwamandla enuzi nawokuvuselelayo ukuhlangabezana naleyo njongo. Abanye, njengomsunguli we-EIC uBret Kugelmass, bakholelwa ukuthi amandla enuzi ayindlela eyinhloko yokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngoba angaphinde anikeze amandla okubanjwa komoya okuqondile okususa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon ekhona emkhathini. Izikhungo zamandla enuzi zingaphinde zenze amaphrojekthi okufudumeza nokwehlisa usawoti esifundeni, kunciphise ukukhishwa kwe-carbon kanye nesidingo sokukhuliswa kukagesi. 

Inkinga eyisisekelo ephathelene nokuphehla ugesi kanye nezindlela zamanje zokuphehla ugasizi ezisetshenziswa namuhla yimiphumela emibi kakhulu yendawo ezungezile ezinqubo eziningi zokupheha. Izinqubo ezinjenge-coal ne-gas azikho nje kuphela ekhipha i-carbon dioxide njengoba ishisa, kodwa ukukhipha kwazo emhlabathini nakho kuthinta indawo ezungezile. Izimayini zamalahle ezivulekile zisebenzisa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ukukhipha amalahle futhi zinciphise amathuba okusetshenziswa komhlaba okhiqizayo ngemuva kokumba. Ukukhishwa kwegesi yemvelo kukhipha isilinganiso esikhulu se-methane emkhathini lapho kukhishwa emhlabathini, okwandisa kakhulu amagesi abamba ukushisa emhlabeni wonke. Yize izikhungo zamandla enuzi zingakhulumi nge-carbon dioxide ngokukhiqiza ugesi, kunezingozi ezihlobene nemfucumfucu yenuzi nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yenuzi. 

Ukuphehla ugesi okuphakathi kukhiqizwa izikhungo ezinkulu eziphakathi, ezithunyelwa ngezindlela zokudlulisa kubathengi. Lezi zindawo zivame ukuba kude nabathengi futhi zisakaze ugesi ngezintambo zokudlulisa ugesi ophakeme esiteshini, lapho usakazwa khona kubathengi; umqondo oyisisekelo uwukuthi iziteshi ezinkulu ze-multi-megawatt noma ze-gigawatt zenza ugesi kubantu abaningi. Iningi lamandla kagesi asetshenzisiwe lakhiwa ngokukhiqiza okuphakathi. Ukuphehla ugesi okuningi okuphakathi kuvela ezikhungweni ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi eziphethwe ngamafutha anezinsalela njengamalahle noma igesi yemvelo, yize izikhungo ezinkulu zokuphakela ugesi ngamanzi nazo zivame ukusetshenziswa.

Isizukulwane esiphakathi ngokuyisisekelo siphambene isizukulwane esisakazekile. I-distributed generation iyinhlanganisela encane kagesi emaqenjini amancane abathengi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa nokukhiqiza ugesi ngokuzimela ngelanga noma ngomoya. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-generation isakazekile njengoba kuye kwabonakala ukuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo ekusebenziseni izindlela zokuphehla Amandla avuselelekayo njenge-solar ophahleni.

Imithombo yamandla ephakathi nendawo yizikhungo ezinkulu zamandla ezikhiqiza inani elikhulu likagesi kubathengi abaningi. Izikhungo eziningi zamandla ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni okuphakathi nendawo yizikhungo zamandla okushisa okusho ukuthi zisebenzisa uphethiloli ukufudumeza isitimu ukukhiqiza igesi enomoya ophenduka i-turbine futhi aphehla ugesi. Lena indlela engokwesiko yokukhiqiza amandla. Le nqubo incike ezinhlotsheni eziningana zobuchwepheshe ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi osakazekile, okuyizinhlobo zemvelo zamalahle, igesi kanye nezinhlobo ze-nuclear zokuphehla ukushisa. Muva nje ilanga nomoya sekuyisilinganiso esikhulu.

Izigungu zokukhiqiza gesi wemvelo zisebenza kangcono kunokukhiqiza ugesi wamalahle, nokho zinomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa hhayi kakhulu njengokukhiqiza amalahlec. Akukhona nje ukuthi zikhiqiza i-carbon dioxide ngokushiswa kwegesi yemvelo, ukukhipha igesi lapho imayini kukhipha isilinganiso esiphawulekayo se-i-methane emkhathini.

Izikhungo zamandla enuzi zikhiqiza ugesi ngokusebenzisa ama-turbine esitimu lapho ukushisa kungena khona ngenqubo yokuhlukana kwe-nuclear. Njengamanje, amandla enuzi akhiqiza u-11% wawo wonke ugesi emhlabeni. Ama-nuclear reactors amaningi asebenzisa I-uranium njengomthombo wokuphehla uphethiloli. Inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukana kwe-nuclear, amandla, esimweni sokushisa, akhululwa lapho ama-athomu e-nucleus ehlukana. Ugesi wenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-nuclear reactor lapho ukushisa okukhiqizwa ukuhlukana kwe-nucleary kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza isitimu esiphenduphendulela ama-turbine futhi sinikeze amandla ama-generator. Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-nuclear reactors, zonke ngokuyisisekelo zihamba ngenqubo le nqubo.

Ukukhishwa okuvamile okubangelwa izikhungo zamandla enuzi ngokuyinhloko ukushisa okulahlekile kanye nowoyela osetshenzisiwe. Engxenyeni yokungcebeleka, inani elikhulu lama-radioisotopes lingadedelwa endaweni ezungezile, okubangela ingozi yesikhathi eside ekuphileni. Lengozi ibilokhu iyinkinga eqhubekayo yabasekeli bemvelo. Izingozi ezinjeng- Amathathu Mile Island, Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl Inhlekelele yenuzi yaseFukushima zibonisa le nkinga.

## Izinkomba