open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa

**Ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa**, okuphinde kwaziwe ngokuthi u**kuphathwa kweziqoshwa nokwaziswa**, insebenzo engokwenhlangano enikezelwe ekuphathweni kokwaziswa enhlanganweni kuwo wonke umjikelezo wako wokuphila, kusukela ngesikhathi sokudalwa noma ukwamukelwa kuze kube sekulahlweni kwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza, ukujinja, ukukhweza, ukuphephisa, ukulanda, ukuthungatha, nokubhubhisa Noma ukulondoloza mlibe iziqoshwa. Indinganiso ye- 15489-1: 2001 standard ("ISO 15489-1:2001") ichasisa ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa "njengomkhakha wokuphathwa ngokucikelela ukuze kube nolawulo oluhlelekile nolufanele (efficient) kokudalwa, ukwamukelwa, ukunakekelwa, ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kweziqoshwa, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokuqoshwa nokunakekelwa ubufakazi nokwaziswa ngokuphathelene nobuqhebeqhebe besihwebi nezinano ngesimo sesiqoshwa." 

Iziqoshwa zenhlangano zilondoloza izici zenkumbulo yayo. Ekunqumeni ukuthi iziqoshwa zizogcinwa isikhathi eside kangakanani, ummumatho wokusebenziseka kwazo kabusha umqoka. Eziningi zigcinwa njengobufakazi beziqhebetho *(activities)*, izinano *(transactions)*, nezinqumo. Ezinye ziqopha ukuthi kwenzekeni nokuthi kungani kwenzekile. Injongo yokuphathwa kweziqoshwa iyingxenye yensebenzo ebanzi yokubusa enhlanganweni, ukuphathwa kwengcuphezo *(risk)*, nokuncamuka *(compliance)* futhi umnako wayo ngokuyinhloko usekuphatheni ubufakazi beziqhebetho zenhlangano kanye nokunciphisa noma ukuphebeza ingcuphezo eyamaniswa nazo. Ucwaningo lakamuva lubonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kokuphathwa kweziqoshwa kanye nokuziphendulela kwezokubusa.

## IsiCabango sesiQoshwa
Isicabango **sesiqoshwa** sichasiselwa ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokwencasiselo ye- ISO 15489 Information and documentation -- Records management,  *iziqoshwa* kuthiwa "ukwaziswa okudaliwe, kwamukelwa, kwanakekelwa njengobufakazi nanjengempahla inhlangano noma umuntu, ekuphishekeleni izibopho zomthetho Noma kwizinano zesihwebi."  Nakuba kunezinjongo eziningi nezinzuzo zokuphathwa kweziqoshwa, njengoba lencasiselo iveza, ulwangu olumqoka lweziqoshwa Ikhono lazo lokukhonza njengobufakazi besenzakalo. Ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa zoqobo kungasiza ukulondoloza lolulwangu lweziqoshwa.

Izifundo zakamuva ezinzulu zichasisa Iziqoshwa "njengonongo olufundekelayo lobuqhebeqhebe" njengoba luqoshwe abahlanganyeli noma ababukeli.  Lombono wobunano bugcizelela ukubaluleka komongo nenqubo ekunqumeleni nasencazelweni yeziqoshwa. Ngokuphambene, izincasiselo ezandulele zazigcizelela izakhi zobufakazi nokwaziswa zesiqoshwa. Emongweni ongokwenhlangano, iziqoshwa ziyimithako edaliwe noma eyamukelwe inhlangano kwisinano sesihwebi, noma ekuphishekeleni ukuncamuka izibopho zomthetho. Lencasiselo yesiqoshwa engokwenhlangano iqhamuka emibinweni yakuqala yomqogelelo *(archives)* njengokuhlanganiswa ngokwemvelo kweziqoshwa, okungukuthi "izincwadi ezibhaliwe, imidwebo, uTho olushicilelwe, olwamukelwe ngokusemthethweni noma olukhiqizwe indikimba elawulayo noma isikhulu sayo".
Isitshopolonco

**Isitshopolonco** , igama elakhiwa amabizo amabili ahlanganisiwe 'itshopi' kanye 'isilonco', (amanye amagama asikiselwe **isikwelemcijo** nelithi **idongolo**) isakhiwo ubuso baso obungaphandle obungamacala ayisilonco nahlangana esihlokweni esisodwa phezulu. Umumo oyisitshopolonco ngomqondo wesilinganisazwe. Isisekelo sesitshopolonco singaba unxantathu *(trilateral)*, noma sibe unxane *(quadrilateral)*, noma sibe inoma imuphi umumo ongonigcezi *(polygon)*. Ngokuba njalo, isitshopolonco sinobuso obumacala amathathu asilonco  (ngokungenani ubuso obune kuhlanganise nesiseko) . Isitshopolonco esiyigcagcane *(square)*, esinesiseko esiyigcagcane nobuso obune obungaphandle obuyizilonco, isona esaziwa kakhulu.

Umklamo wezitshopolonco, njengoba zinesisindo esiningi ezansi netshopi ondini, uchaza ukuthi mncane umthako ophezulu ocindizela isiseko. Lokhu kwabiwa kwesisindo kwavumela imiphakathi yakuqala ukuba ikhande izakhiwo ezizinzile neziyingqayizivele.     

Izimpucuko zangaphambili ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba zakha izitshopolonco. Isitshopolonco esikhulu ngomthamo Isitshopolonco esikhulu sase-Cholula, esifundeni sase-Mexico i-Puebla. Kwaphela iminyaka eyinkulungwane, izakhiwo ezinkulu emhlabeni kuyizitshopolonco—okokuqala Isitshopolonco esibomvu esisedlaveleni i-Dashur bese kuba Isitshopolonco esikhulu sika-Khufu, zombili eziseGibithe—lesi sesbili isona kuphela esiyingxenye Yezimanga eziyisiKhombisa zeZwe laseNdulo esele.
Ukuthwebula kwezezibhangqiwe

**Uthwebulo lwezezibhangqiwe** lusebenzisa izithwebuli eziqukethe izaca zezihlongibane zenzuba *(electronic photodetectors)* ezixhakamiswe *(interfaced)* kwisiguquli senzuko kuya kwezezibhangqiwe *(analog-to-digital converter (ADC))* ukuze sikhiqize imifanekiso egxiliswe uqwangwa *(lens)*, ngokumelene nokudaluleka efilimi lesithombe. Umfanekiso oguqulelwe kwezezibhangqiwe ugcinwa  njengesihele sesiCikizi esilungele ukuhidaniswa kwezezibhangqiwe okuqhubekayo, ukubukwa, ukushicilelwa ngamazuba, noma ukunyathelisa ngezezibhangqiwe.
INkece yezezibhangqiwe yebhangengodla

**Inkece yezezibhangqiwe yebhangengodla** ( **CBDC** ) (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi inkece yezezibhangqiwe **egunyaziwe)**   iwuhlobo lwenkece yezezibhangqiwe ekhishwa ibhangengodla,  kunokukhishwa ibhange lezentengiselwano .
Isithwebuli sezezibhangqiwe

**Isithwebuli sezezibhangqiwe** isithwebuli esithatha izithombe ngenkumbulo yezezibhangqiwe. Iningi lezithwebuli ezikhiqiza namuhla ngezezibhangqiwe, zithatha isikhundla salezo ezithatha izithombe ngefilimi lezithombe. Izithwebuli zezezibhangqiwe kuyimanje sezifakwa kwizilekeleli eziluntinti njengomakhalipha ngamakhono afanayo noma amaningana nolwangu lwezithwebuli ezinikezelwe (okusatholakala). Izithwebuli ezinikezelwe zeqophelo eliphezulu, nencasiselo ephezulu zisetshenziswa ochwepheshe nayilabo abafuna izithombe zomgangatho ophezulu.
UkuQopha kwezezibhangqiwe

**Ekuqopheni kwezezibhangqiwe**, isiyabizo senzwakalo noma sombukiso siguqulwa sibe indululo yamanani alubandlu amelela ushintsho olwenzeka emva kwesikhathi emfuthweni womoya enzwakalweni, noma embaleni wokukhanya osembukisweni. Lendululo yenani iyagcinwa esiqoqongeni. Ukuze kudlalwe isiqoshwa sezezibhangqiwe, amanani ayavumbululwa futhi aphinde aguqulelwe esimweni sawo sakuqala somsindo noma umbukiso wenzuko okuze azwakale noma abukwe.
INgqukuhlu

**INgqukuhlu** yisiqophaminano *(ledger)* esisatshaliswayo esinohlu olukhulayo lweziqoshwa (izingquku) ezikhongcwe ndawonye ngokuphephile ngezinducu zomchazanyandla. INgquku ngayinye iqukethe izinducu zomchazanyandla zengquku yangaohambili, eyisigxivizankathi, kanye nemininingo yokuthengiselana. Isigxivankathi *(timestamp)* sifakaza ukuthi imininingo yokuthengiselana ibe khona lapho Ingquku yakhiwa. Njengoba Ingquku ngayinye iqukethe ukwaziswa mayelana nengquku eyandulele, lokhu kwenza zakhe umhumo *(chain)* (qhathanisa nohlaka lohlu lwemininingo) noma uhlu lwezingquku ezikhongcene ngokulandelanayo. Ngokomphumela, ukuthengiselana ngengqukuhlu akunakugushwa *(irreversible)*, ngoba lapho kuqoshwa, imininingo ekunoma iyiphi ingquku ayisoze iguqulwe kamuva ngaphandle kokuthi ingaguqulwa yonke eminye engaphanbili nelandelayo.
UkuQaqulula

**Ukuqaqulula** kuyinqubo yezibalo eyenziwe ngamabomu eguqula igalelo elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kube umphumela owodwa noma ngaphezulu noma *imiphumela* . Leli bizo lisetshenziswa ngemiqondo ehlukahlukene, kusuka ekwenzeni uqaqululo lwesibalo olusebenzisa umcikizo, kuya kuxazuluko *(heuristics)* olungacacile lokuqaqulula iqhingasu emcintiswaneni, noma ukuqaqulula ithuba lokuba khona kobudlelwane obunempumelelo phakathi kwababili.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukwandisa isikhonbisa 7 kasithupha 6 isibalo esilula soqaqululo lomcikizo. Ukuqagela intengo engachemile yezinsiza zezimali usebenzisa unongo luka-Black–no-Scholes  kuwuqaqululo lomcikizo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
IsiQaqululi

**Isiqaqululi** senzuba siyisilekeleli senzuba esiphathwayo esisetshenziselwa ukwenza uqaqululo, lwezinhlobo ezisuka kwezibalo eziyisiseko kuya kumchazazibalo oyinkimbinkimbi.
Isifuzisi

Kumchazampilo, igama elithi **isifuzisi**, elihlobene nelithi ufuzo, lingaba nezincazelo eziningana ezahlukene. Kodwa esikwaziyo ukuthi izifuzisi ziyingxenye yoLibofuzo. ULibofuzo liwumzwayi ongaphakathi kwengqamuzana elithwala iziyalezo zokwenza izakhamzimba ezizodingwa ingqamuzana. Isifuzisi ngasinye siqukethe iqoqo elilodwa leziyalezo. Lezi ziyalezo imvama ziguqukezelela isakhamzimba esikhethekile. Isifuzisi esiwumzwayi sichazwa njengolungelunge lolibofuzo, oluguqukezayo ukuze lukhiqiza isimunyuci esisebenzayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezifuzisi eziyimizwayi: kukhona izifuzisi eziguqukezela isakhamzimba kanye nezifuzisi ezingaguqukezeli lutho. Abantu banezifuzisi ezingaba yizi-20 000 eziguqukezelela izakhamzimba kanye nezinye eziningi ezingaguqukezeleli. Ingxenye yezifuzisi zomuntu zivela kunina. Ingxenye esele yona ivela kuyise.
Inkindisi

Kumchazandalo wezinhlayiyana, **inkindisi** iwuhlobo lwenhlayiyana eyinhlanganisela yechwe equkethe inani eliyinqaba lezinkemfe zembumbelo  (okungenani ezin-3).
Isiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe

**Isiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe** isiyabizo esiwunongo lwemininingo ewuchunge/uhidi lwamanani alubandlu. Lokhu kuphambana nesiyabizo senzuko, esimelelwa amanani aqhubekayo.

Iziyabizo zezezibhangqiwe ezilula zimelela ukwaziswa ngezinyanda ezilubandlu zamazinga wenzuko. Wonke amazinga kulolo nyanda lwamanani amelela ukwaziswa. Ezintandelweni zezezibhangqiwe eziningi, isiyabizo singaba namanani amabili ayiqiniso; lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isiyabizo esimabhangqa.
INguquko yezezibhangqiwe

**Inguquko yezezibhangqiwe** ( **DX** ) ukuphembabusha ubuchwepheshe bezezibhangqiwe okwenziwa yinhlangano ukuze ishintshele kwezezibhangqiwe imikhiqizo, izinkonzo noma imigidingo okungeyona eyezezibhangqiwe. Impokophelo yokugunundwa kwako, ukukhulisa ubugugu ngocandululo, ukuqamba, nobungcweti babathengi nokwenza ngokufanele.

UkuGuqulela kwezeziBhangqiwe inqubo yokuguqula ukwaziswa kwenzuko kube isimo sezezibhangqiwe ngokusebenzisa isiguqulanzuko, esifana nesigqayi semifanekiso noma seziqoshwa zesilalelwa sezezibhangqiwe. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa koxhakaxholo kuye kwanda kusukela ekuqaleni kweye-1990, ukusetshenziswa kokuguqulela kwezezibhangqiwe nakho kwandile. Kodwa inguquko yezezibhangqiwe, ibanzi ukwedlula ukuguqulela kwezezibhangqiwe kwezinqubo ezikhona. Inguquko yezezibhangqiwe ihilela ukucubungula ukuthi imikhiqizo, izinqubo, nezinhlangano zingashintshwa kanjani ngokusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe bezezibhangqiwe ezintsha. Imbuyekezo yowezi-2019 yaphakamisa incasiselo yelithi inguquko yezezibhangqiwe ethi "inqubo ejonge ukuthuthukisa inhlangano ngokuletha ushintsho olubalulekile empahleni yayo ngokuhlanganiswa kokwaziswa, ezokucikiza, ezokuxhumana nezobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana." Inguqulo yezezibhangqiwe ingabukwa njengohlelo lobuchule-mphakathi.

Ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe bezezibhangqiwe kungaletha izibusiso esihwebini, kodwa, amanye amasiko wemishumanqa angadonsa kanzima ngenxa yezinguki ezidingwa inguquko yezezibhangqiwe.

Umbiko wezi-2015 waveza ukuthi imishumanqa ezathuthuka yezezibhangqiwe yayisebenzisa ukusingatha ngefu, izinkundla zokuxhumana, omakhalekhukhwini nezihlaziyi zemininingo, kuyilapho eminye imishumanqa yayisebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe ngazinye ezinkingeni eziqondile. Ngowezi-2017, ucwaningo olunye lwathola ukuthi zingaphansi kwama-40 ekhulwini izimboni eseziguqukele kwezezibhangqiwe (nakuba kwakwenziwa kakhulu kwezezindaba, ezehwebo, nezimboni zobuchwepheshe).
Inkemfe

**Inkemfe** iwuhlobo lwenhlayiyana eyisiseko kanye nesakhi esiyisisekelo soTho. Izinkemfe ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe izinhlayiyana ezibumbene ezibizwa izigqezema, ezizinze kakhulu kuzo yiziNelesi neziNtunge, okuyizigcoyi zendeni yechwe. Lonke UTho oluqaphelekayo lwakhiwa izinkemfe eziphezulu, ezinkemfe eziphansi nezinzuba. Ngenxa yesimongotho esaziwa ngokuthi ukuqongqwa kombala, izinkemfe soze uzothole ziqhingile; zitholakala kuphela phakathi kwezigqezema, ezihlanganisa izinkindisi (ezifana nezinelesi nezintunge) nezinye izinhlayiyana. Ngalesi sizathu, konke okwaziwayo ngezinkemfe kuthathwe ezingqaphelweni ezenziwa kuzo izigqezema.
Isigqezema

Kumchazandalo wezinhlayiyana, **isigqezema** siyinhlayiyana yeChwe eyinhlanganisela eyakhiwe izinkemfe ezimbili noma ukweqa ezihlanganiswe ukwenanana okuqinile. Ziyefana namachembe ahlanganiswe isiphoqi samazuba. Iningi lesisindo sotho oluvamile siqhamuka ezigqezemeni ezimbili: inelesi nentunge, kuyilapho iningi lesisindo senelesi nesentunge sikhona ngenxa yesidlakathi esibhonqayo sezinkemfe zazo, ngenxa yesiphoqi esiqatha.
Ingcinyane

**Ingcinyane** iyinhlayiyana eyisisekelo esebenza njengenhlayiyana yokushintshana (noma i- gauge boson ) yesiphoqi esiqinile phakathi  kwezinkemfe .
Ukucwasa ngokwebala

**Ukucwasa ngokwebala** inkolelo yokuthi amaqembu abantu anezici zokuziphatha ezingafani ezihambisana nezimfanelo ezizuzwe njengefa futhi zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe kumpakamo yolunye uhlanga kunolunye.   Kungase futhi kusho inhlengo, ukuquphula, noma ubutha obuqondiswe kwabanye abantu ngenxa yokuthi bangabolunye uhlanga noma isizwe .  Ukucwaswa kwabantu base-Afrika, ikakhulukazi labo abadabuka e-Afrika, kuhlala kuncishiswa eFrance.https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2023/02/15/racisme-91-des-personnes-noires-en-metropole-se-disent-victimes-de-discrimination_6161879_3224.html.
Isigqayi somsakazo

**Isigqayi** siyisamukezi somsakazo esikwazi ukungena ngenhleleleko, noma ukugqaya, imijinge elubandlu emibili noma ukweqa, siyeke lapho sithola isiyabizo phakathi kwayo bese siqhubeke nokugqaya eminye imijinge lapho ufufukiso lokuqala luphela.

Ibizo elithi *isigqayi* imvama libhekisela kwizamukezi zokuxhumana ngokuyinhloko ezihloselwe ukwalusa izimiso zomsakazo eziluntinti zemijinge yamaza aphezulu VHF nemijinge yamaza aphakeme UHF, ngokungafani, nesamukezi esisetshenziselwa ukwalusa ufufukiso lwemaza alufuphi omhlaba wonke.

Kaningi, lezi zigqayi zingangena *(tune)* emiqwengukweni *(modulation)* ehlukene efana nalena- (AM, FM, WFM, etc.). Izigqayi zangaphambilini zazilusilili, ziwugqinsi futhi zibiza. Namuhla, izihidanisincane *(microprocessors)* zenza izigqayi zikwazi ukugcina izinkulungwane zemigudu *(channels)* futhi zaluse amakhulu emigudu ngomzuzwana. Izinhlobo zakamuva zikwazi ukulandela izimiso zomsakazo ezindlelambili kanye nokunyandlulula *(decode)* ufufukiso lwezezibhangqiwe lwe-APCO-P25. Kokubili izigqayi eziphathwayo nezesicikizi ziyatholakala. Izigqayi zisetshenziswa kakhulu amaphoyisa, abezinkonzo eziphuthumayo zomlilo nekwelapha. Ukugqaya ngomsakazo imvama kubamba iqhaza emikhakheni yezintatheli, nasekuphenyeni ubugebengu, futhi kwenziwa kwezokuzilabazisa kubantu abaningi emhlabeni.
Inhleleleko

**Inhleleleko** ichazisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zobuchwepheshe ezikwazi ukunciphisa ukungenelela komuntu emidludlungweni, okungukuthi ngokunqumela izinqumo, ubuhlobo bezinqobu ezincane, nezenzo ezihlobene, kanye nokufaka lezo zinqumelo ezinguxeni. Inhleleleko yinto ephunyeleliswe izinsiza ezihlukene ezihlanganisa ezobunguxa, ezomjilimba, ezohowo, ezamazuba, izilekeleli zezigabuzuba, neziCikizi, ikakhulu lapho kuhlanganiswe konke. Izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezifana nemikhando yanamuhla, izindiza, nemikhumbi, imvama zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yazi zonke lezinto. Inzuzo yenhleleleko ihlanganisa ukonga ekuqasheni abasebenzi, ukusaphaza okuncishisiwe, ukonga izindleko zamazuba, ukonga izindleko zezithako, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komgangatho, ukunemba.

Inhleleleko ihlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinsiza nezinhlelo zokulawula ezifana nezinguxa, izinqubo zasemkhando, izidlidlizi, nezinkangu zomchadamezo *(heat treating ovens)*, ukuqhebeza amaxhoxho wocingo, ukululeza *(steering)*, ukuzinzisa imikhumbi, izindiza, nezinye iziLekeleli nezithuthi ezincishiswe ukungenelela komuntu.

## Umlando

### Endulo

Kwakungumsebenzi wamaGreki nama-Arabhu  (enkathini ephakathi kwama- 300&nbsp;BC kanye nowe- 1200&nbsp;AD) ukuba bagcine isikhathi esinembile. EGibhithe lenkathi ka-Ptholemi, cishe ngowama- 270&nbsp;BC, uSitesibasi wachazisa isilawuli esintantayo sikanozikhathi, isilekeleli esingafani nebhoshi lanamuhla elinembulungana ebhodweni. Lesi silekeleli kwakuyinguxa yasendulo elawulwa ngomazinkintshela. Ukuvela komazisinkathi oyinguxa ekhulwini le-14 kwenza unozikhathi kanye nesimiso sakhe somazinkintshela kuphele ngaye.
Umnotho wehwanzi

**Umnotho wehwanzi** usebenzisa iHwanzi ukuze ukhiphe umcalahle emikhakheni yezomnotho okunzima ukuyifakela amazuba,  empeleni, leyo imikhakha "okunzima ukuyiyeka" njengosimende, inqimbi, ezokuthutha ezihamba ibanga elide njll. Ukuze kukhishwe izivuthisi zentshicwa *(fossil fuels)* futhi kwehliswe ukuguquka kwezulu, ihwanzi likhandwa ngamanzi kusetshenziswa imithombo evuselelekayo efana nesivungu nokukhanya kwelanga, futhi ukuvutha kwayo kuphafuza umusi wamanzi *(water vapor)* kumoyambulunga.

IHwanzi liyisivuthisi esinesibhekubheku, kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesivuthisi sezicibazulu, kodwa izinselele ezithile ezimbalwa zivimbela ukukhiqizwa komnotho wehwanzi wezinga elikhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nobunzima bokukhanda izangxoko zesikhathi eside, amathumbu kanye namathuluzi enjini; ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe benjini obungathengwa nobusebenza ngokuphephile ngehwanzi; ukukhatyazeka ngezokuphepha mayelana nokulumbana okuphezulu kwesivuthisi sehwanzi nesOhwe emoyeni ozungezile; izindleko zokukhiqiza ihwanzi ngenqubo yesicazwamazabu *(electrolysis)*; kanye nokuntuleka kobuchwepheshe bebanesiqa *(photochemical)* obucazukisa amanzi ngokufanele. IHwanzi lungasabela ngaphakathi kwekhukhu lesivuthisi, elikhiqiza ngokufanele amazuba ngenqubo egusha isiCazwamazuba samanzi. Noma kunjalo umnotho wehwanzi uyathuthuka lusilili njengengxenye encane yomnotho womcalahle ophansi. Nakuba ekuqaleni uhowo lwehwanzi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi alutholakali ngokwemvelo ngobuningi, lokhu sekuveziwe ukuthi akulona iqiniso; isimiso sehwanzi kuyimanje siyasetshenziswa esifundeni saseBourakebougou, eMali, ukukhiqizela amanxuluma azungezile amazuba. Sekuphinde kwavubukulwa ihwanzi elingokwenvelo ezindaweni ezisezwekazini, nezisemanzini eminyakeni yakamuva futhi lokhu kuvule indlela yomkhakha olugwadlu yehwanzi elingokwemvelo, kuseke imizamo yoshintsho lwesidlakalasi. Ngonyaka wezi-2019, cishe zonke  (okungama-95%) izindodla zehwanzi ezingama-70 million ezisetshenziswa minyaka yonke kuhidaniso lwezimboni, ikakhulukazi kwizikhuthazi zokudla komhlaba ezingama-45 ekhulwini, zikhiqizwa ngesiguqula jawani somusi (SMR) eaibuye siphafuzele emoyeni uhowo olungcolile umCalahle ontuhlambili
Ubuzuba

**Ubuzuba**, ngokuvamile obukhonjiswa ngophawu-  buwumlelesa odluliswa inelesi eyodwa noma, ngokulinganayo, ubukhulu bomlelesa ophikayo odluliswa  inzuba eyodwa, enomlelesa −1  .
Umzulendle

**Umzulendle** ungumzulane ongaphandle kwesimiso sethu sikanozungezilanga. Ubufakazi bokuqala bomzulendle baqoshwa ngonyaka we- 1917 kodwa bangaqashelwa njengabo. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuqala kokuhlongwa kwenziwa ngowe-1992. Umzulane ohlukile, owahlongwa okokuqala ngowe-1998, waqinisekiswa ngowezi-2003. Kusuka ngoLwezi mhla zilu-1 2022, sekunemizulendle eqinisekisiwe eyizi-5,246 ezimisweni semizulane eziyizi-3,875, kuyilapho izimiso ezingama-842 zinemizulane edlula owodwa.
UMabonakude

**UMabonakude** uyinsiza yokuxhumanade ngokufufukisa imifanekiso enyakazayo nomsindo. Leli bizo libhekisela kwisilekeleli esibukwayo, noma insiza kamabonakude wokufufukisa. UMabonakude uyinsiza yokukhangisa, ezokunandisa, izindaba, nezemidlalo.

UMabonakude waqala ukuba khona ngokwenziwa kwemigcwanso eminyakeni ye-1920, kodwa kungemuva kweminyaka embalwa yokuthuthukisa kwawo lapho lobu buchwepheshe bahuhiswa kubathengi. Emva kweMpi yoMhlaba yesibili, uhlobo oluphuculiwe lokusakaza ngomabonakude wemifanekiso emnyama-mhlophe lwaba nesibunge kwelaseBrithani naseMelika, futhi omabonakude baqala ukwanda emakhaya, ezihwebeni, nasezikhungwini. Ngesikhathi seminyaka ye-1950, umabonakude waba Insiza eyinhloko ekuthonyeni uvo lomphakathi.  Maphakathi neye-1960, ukusakaza ngemifanekisk emilobolobo kwangeniswa eMelika nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile.

Ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeziqongeleli ezifana ne-Beramax neziqophi ze-VHS, amacwecwe wesiCwazi, ama-CD, ama-DVD.
IHwanzi elihlanzekile

**IHwanzi elihlanzekile** (GH2 noma GH 2 ) igama elisho ihwanzi elikhiqizwa ngamandla avuselelekayo  noma isidlakalasi somcalahle ophansi .
Umbuso wabantu

**Umbuso wabantu** noma **intando yeningi**, igama elisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elesiGriki elithi *Democracy (δημοκρατία: umvubo wamabizo amabili, elithi dēmos 'abantu' nelithi kratos 'umbuso')* elisho uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho abantu banegunya lokucubungula nokunquma ngokushaywa komthetho ("umbuso wabantu oqondile"), noma lapho bekhetha izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizokwenza lokho ("umbuso wabantu ngababhekeli"). Labo abathathwa ngokuthi "abantu" nokuthi igunya lihlukaniselwana kanjani noma abantu  baliphathiswa ababhekeli kanjani ezinye izinto ezaguquka emva kweminyaka nangamazinga ahlukene emazweni ehlukene, kodwa emva kweminyaka iningi labantu bamazwe ombusowabantu liye labandakanywa nalo ohlelweni. Izinsika zombusowabantu zihlanganisa inkululeko yokubuthana, nokuzihlanganisa nanoma ubani, amalungelo empahla, inkululeko yenkolo nokuba nezwi, ukubandakanywa nokulingana, ubusakhamuzi, ukuvuma kwababuswayo, amalungelo okukhetha, inkululeko ekuphucweni nguhulumeni ngokungemthetho ilungelo lokuphila nenkululeko, kanye namalungelo abayingcosana.

Isicabango sombuso wabantu siye saguquka kakhulu emva kwesikhathi. Uhlobo lwendabuko lombusowabantu kwakungumbuso wabantu oqondile. Uhlobo lombusowabantu oludumile namuhla umbusowabantu ngababhekeli, lapho abantu bekhetha izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizobabusela njengombusowabantu womgwamaqa *(parliamentary)* noma umbusowabantu kamongameli.

Ukwenziwa kwezinqumo kwansuku zonke okuvamile emibusweni yabantu kusebenzisa intando yeningi, nakuba ezinye izindlela zokuthathwa kwezinqumo ezifana nobuningikazi *(supermajority)* nokuvumelana nazo zibe ingxenye yemibuso yabantu. Lezi zifeza injongo emqoka ekubandakanyweni nasekubeni ngokomthetho okubanzi ezindabeni ezibucayi—ngokuphambukulingana ubuningi—futhi kanjalo kube isandulela ezingeni lomthethosisekelo. Kumxhantela ovamile wombusowabantu wobukhululeki, amandla weningi asebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lababhekeli bombusowabantu, kodwa umthethosisekelo ukhawula iningi futhi uvikela ingcosana—imvama ngokuhlanganyela kwabo bonke emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye athile, isb. inkululeko yokuba nezwi noma inkululeko yokuzihlanganisa nanoma ubani.
pipiounkakiinpipikakaland
Ubuchwepheshe

**Ubuchwepheshe** buwukusetshenziswa kolwazi ukuze kufinyelelwe empokophelweni esebenzayo ngendlela ecaciswayo nekhiqizekayo. Igama elithi ***ezobuchwepheshe*** lona lisetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwa emikhiqizweni yobuchwepheshe. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kwenziwa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, inzululwazi, izimboni, ukuxhumana, ezokuthutha, nasempilweni yansuku zonke. Ezobuchwepheshe zihlanganisa izinto eziphathwayo ezifana nezingcedi noma izinguxa kanye namathuluzi angaphatheki afana namahlelokusebenza.

Izintuthukiso zobuchwepheshe eziningi ziye zaholela ezinguqukweni zomphakathi. Ezobuchwepheshe zasendulo ezaziwayo kwakuyithuluzi letshe, elalisetshenziswa enkathini yanguna, lilandelwe ukusetshenziswa komlilo, okwaba negalelo ekukhuleni kobuchopho bomuntu nasekuthuthukiseni ulimi enkathini yeqhwa. Ukuqanjwa kwesondo enkathini yethusi kwenza kube lula ukuntinta kabanzi nokukhandwa kwezinguxa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kwakamuva, kuhlanganisa isinyathelisi sokushicilela, ucingo, kanye noxhakaxholo kudilize izithiyo zokuxhumana futhi kwangenisa umnotho wolwazi.

Nakuba Ubuchwepheshe bunamagalelo ekuthuthukiseni umnotho nasekuphuculeni ukuxhuma kwabantu, bubuye bube nemithelela engemihle efana nokungcolisa umoya nokugcugcisa izinsizakusebenza, noma bungaba isisusa sezinkinga emphakathini njengokungasebenzi kwabantu ngenxa yezobuchwepheshe eziwphumela wenhleleleko. Lokhu sekuphumele ekutheni kube nezpikiswano kwezenjulalwazi nakwezombusazwe ngokuphathelene neqhaza kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, imicondozo yobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokunqanda imijeyezo engavezwa yibo.

## uMsuka
Igama elithi "Ubuchwepheshe" lisuselwa egameni lesizulu eliyisenzukuthi elithi "chwephe" okuvela kuso isenzo esithi "chwephesha" esisho ukwenza izinto ngobunono nangekhono. Umsuka wabizo lesizulu cishe wafaka noMsuka webizo lwesingisi elithi *Technology* elivela kwelesiGriki elichazwa kanje: *( Τεχνολογία, from τέχνη 'art, craft' and -λογία, 'study, knowledge')* . Ubuchwepheshe buwulwazi lokuthi Izinto zenziwa kanjani.

Amanye amagama wesizulu ahumusha futhi ahambelane namanye wesingisi asuselwa yilawa:
* *Technique* - ubuchule
* *Technical* - ubunyoninco
Kodwa nawo angahunyishwa ngokuthi Ubuchwepheshe njengoba asho ukusebenzisa ikhono nobuhlakani bezinga eliphezulu.
Uqwembe lothimba

**Uqwembe lothimba** liwuqwembe lomdlalo olusetshenziselwa ukudlala uthimba. Liqukethe amagcagcane angama-64, izinhlu eziyisi-8 nemiqobe eyisi-8, okuyilapho izinkomo zothimba zibekwa khona. Loluqwembe lumise okwegcagcane (square) futhi lunemibala emibili yamagcagcane amancane, omnyama nomhlophe, ngesifanelo esimabhadubhadu. Lapho kudlalwa, uqwembe lumiswa ngendlela eyenza ukuba ingoni yegcagcane elingakwesokhohlo ecaleni lomdlali ngamunye kube elombala omhlophe.
Imboni (kwezomnotho)

Kumnothokhulu, **imboni** iyisigaba somnotho esikhiqiza iqoqo lezithako zemvelo ezihlobene eduze, izingudla, noma izinkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu angabhekisela embonini yokhuni noma embonini yomshwalensi.

Lapho kucutshungulwa iqembu elilodwa noma umshumanqa, umthombo wawo oyinhloko wemalingeniso uvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kujinjwa ezimboni. Ngokwesibonelo, Inhlangano yeNdinganiso yokuJinja iziMboni (ISIC) – esetshenziselwa ukukhipha izibalomininingo zamazwe omhlaba    – ijinja "imivo yezibalomininingo" ngokobuqhebeqhebe bezomnotho ezibenzayo ngokuyinhloko. Kanjalo iMboni ichasiswa "njengeqoqo lemivo yezibalomininingo ejinjwe emunxeni ofanayo we-ISIC". Kodwa, umhwebo owodwa awudingi ukuba ube sembonini eyodwa, njengalapho umhwebo omkhulu (ovame ukubizwa ngembumbuthela) uzuhlukanisa ukuze ujwebe ezimbonini ezihlukene.
UHulumeni

**Uhulumeni** uluhlelo noma iqembu labantu elibusa umphakathi ohleliwe, ngokuvamile umbuso.

Ngenxa yencaciselo ebanzi eyamaniswa nawo, uhulumeni imvama uhilela isishayamthetho, isigungu songqongqoshe, nezokwahlulela. Uhulumeni uyindlela esetshenziswayo ukuphoqelela izinqubomgomo ezingokwenhlangano, kanye nendlela yokunquma inqubomgomo. Emazweni amaningi, uhulumeni uba nohlobo lomthethosisekelo, umbhalo wegemu nenjulalwazi yawo yokubusa.

Nakuba zonke zinhlobo zezinhlangano zinohlelo lokubusa, ibizo elithi uhulumeni livame ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukubhekisela kohulumeni bamazwe abacishe babe ngama-200 kanye nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwabo.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu zezimiso zezombusazwe esikhathini samanje zihlanganisa imibuso yabantu, ubukhosi, umbuso wezicukuthwane, kanye nemibuso yesandla esiqinile nendlovukayiohikiswa. Ngokomlando izinhlobo zohulumeni ezidumule zihlanganisa ubukhosi, umbuso wedlanzana, umbuso wabantu, umbuso kathixo, nobushiqela. Lezi zinhlobo azitholakale zihamba ngazodwa ngokuphelele, futhi uhulumeni oyingxube yiwona ojwayelekile. Isici esiyinhloko sanoma iyiphi injulalwazi kahulumeni indlela amandla okubusa izwe azuzwa ngayo, okuyinto ezindleleni ezimbili zokubusa etholakala ngomncintiswano wokhetho nangefa elizuzwayo.

## INcasiselo noMsuka
Elithi uhulumeni igama elisetshenziswa ukuchasisa uhlelo noma isimiso esibusayo sombuso noma umphakathi. INgqoqelolwazi i-Columbia ichasisa uhulumeni ngokuthi "yisimiso sokulawula umphakathi esinelungelo lokushaya imithetho, nelungelo lokuyiphoqelela, futhi siphathiswe iqembu elithile labantu emphakathini." Nakuba zonke izinhlobo zezinhlangano zinendlela yokubusa ngaphakathi, igama elithi uhulumeni lisetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekubhekiseleni kohulumeni abazimele bamazwe womhlaba abangaba ngama-200, kanye nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwabo, ezifana nohulumeni beziFundazwe kanye nohulumeni basezindaweni.

Ibizo elithi 'uhulumeni' livela ekuphinyisweni kwegama lesibhunu elithi 'goerverment' , ekuqaleni elaliphinyiswa ngokuthi 'uhulumende'.
IMiyonzi

Kumchazandalo, **imiyonzi** (noma **amagu**, okanye **imisebe**) ukuphafukiswa noma ukufufukiswa kwempekumpeku ngesimo samaza noma izinhlayiyana emkhathini noma ngensiza yomthako. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:
* IMiyonzi yeNzubawonga, efana namaza womsakazo, amachadaza, insibomvu, iSokhanya, amagu-X, kanye nemisebentathu (γ)
* IMiyonzi yezinhlayiyana, efana nemiyonzi ngqala *(alpha radiation (α))*, imiyonzi bhetha *(beta radiation (β))*, IMiyonzi yenelesi kanye nemiyonzi yentunge (izinhlayiyana ezilingana nempekumpeku ephumule)
* IMiyonzi yomyamuko, efana nomsindothule *(ultrasound)*, umsindo, Kanye namaza womdlikizo (ancike ensizeni engokoqobo yokufufukisa)
* IMiyonzi yomnyondo, ethatha isimo samaza womnyondo, noma izingqimbana enkumbeleni yomkhathinkathi.

Imiyonzi ivame ukumunxaniswa njengehonyozekayo noma engahonyozeki kuncike esidlakathini sezinhlayiyana eziyonzwayo. Imiyonzi eyonzwayo ithwala okungaphezu kwe-10 lwama-eV, okuyisbalo esanele ukuhonyoza amachwe namachembe nokuphula izibhonqi zevanga. Lokhu kungumehluko obalulekile ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu yokuba ingozi eziphilini eziphilayo. Umthombo ovamile wemiyonzi ehonyozayo izithako eziyonzayo eziphafuka imiyonzi α, β, or γ, equkethe indeni yehwelanga, izinzuba, *positron*, nezinelesi.
Ongxiwankulu

**Ongxiwankulu** yisigaba somphakathi, esilingana nesigaba esiphezulu kanye nesigaba esimaphakathi somphakathi. Bahlukaniswa, ngokuphambene, nesigaba sabasebenzi ngobunjinga babo, kanye nempahla abanayo ngokwesiko nangokwemali. Babuye bahlukaniswe ngezigaba, esincane  *(petite)*, esiphakathi *(moyenne)*, esikhulu *(grande)*, esiphezulu* (haute)*, nesanguna *(ancienne)* futhi zizonke zibizwa ngokuthi "ongxiwankulu".

Ongxiwankulu ngomqondo wendabuko yabo, bahlobene eduze nokuba khona kwezidlavela *(cities)*, eziqashelwa imithetho yasemanxulumeni (e.g., imithetho yemikhandlusidlidli, amalungelo esidlidli, nomthetho wesidlidli waseJalimani), ngakho babengekho ongxiwankulu ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi zasesidlaveleni.

Kunjulalwazi ka-Marx, ongxiwankulu bayisigaba somphakathi esaba ngabanikazi bezinsiza zokukhiqiza ngesikhathi kuvela izimboni zesimanje futhi bayisigaba iminako yabo yomphakathi kuyinani lempahla nokulondolozwa kwentshahla *(capital)* ukuze baqinisekise ukungapheli kobukhulu babo kwezomnotho emphakathini.

## Umlando

### Indabuko nokuvuka

Ongxiwankulu bavela njengesimongotho somlando nezombangazwe ekhulwini leshumi nanye lapho imizi yaseYurophu ephakathi neseNtshona ziguqula izidlavela zohwebo nobuchule. Lokhu kwandiswa kwezidlavela kwabanga ukuqoqana endaweni eyodwa kwezomnotho ngenxa yokuvela kwezinhlangano ezizimele zeziphepha. Iziphepha zaqhamuka lapho osomhwebo (abasebenzs ngensimbi, ukhuni nabathilazi) bexabana nabaPhathimhlaba ababefuna imali yomqasho, bethi isizokhuphuka imali yokuqasha.

Ongxiwankulu yibona, eminyakeni ephakathi ababehlohla esabo futhi kwezombangazwe ababexhasa ababusi ngokumelene nesiyaluyalu esingokomthetho nangokwezimali esasibangwa abaphathimhlaba abangamagovu. Ekhulwini le-16 ongxiwankulu baseNgilabdi nakwelamaDashi baphenduka iziphoqi ngokwezimali – nangokombangazwe – baba yiziphoqi ezaketula uhlelo lobuphathimhlaba; futhi amandla wezomnotho anqoba amandla wezempi kwezombangazwe.

## Amaphatho
Umqobelo

**Umqobelo** uyisiqa esiyingxenye yemvubo (ngomqondo obanzi). Ngokwesibonelo, ekuphekeni ukudla, iziyalezo zokupheka zineziqondiso zokuthi imiphi imiqobelo okufanele isetshenziswe ukulungiselela isidlo. Imikhiqizo eminingi yentengiselwano iqukethe imiqobelo eyimfihlo okwethenjwa ukuba izokwenza kangcono kunemikhiqizo encintisana nayo. Embonini yokuKhendlimithi *(pharmaceutical)*, umqobelo oqebethayo ingxenye yesicabayo esimponya umthelela olindelwe umkhozi.

Imithetho yezwe ivame ukuba nemfuneko yokuthi imikhiqizo yokudla ukuphekiwe iveze uhlu lemiqobelo, ikakhulukazi uhlu lezijotshelelwa ezithile.

Emazweni amaningi athuthukile, umthetho udinga ukuthi kube nohlu lemiqobelo ebhalwe ngokwezisindo zayo emikhiqizweni. Uma umqobelo ngokwawo uqukethe eminye imiqobelo (njengezinqgqezu zekhekhe eziyingxenye yesithoko selaza oluyiqhwa "sekhekhe nolaza"), khona lowo mqobelo ufakwa ohlwini ngamaohesenti aso akhona, nemiqobelo yaso ivezwa eceleni kwaso phakathi kwabakaki.

Igama elithi izakhi livame ukusetshenziswa ukubhekisela eziqeni ezakha isicubu sesidalwa. Kanjalo yonke imiqobelo iyizakhi, kodwa akuzona zonke izakhi eziyimiqobelo.
Isithako

**Isithako** siwutho noma ingxube yezinto ezithake okuthile. Izithako zingaba ezicwebile noma ezingacwebanga, uTho oluphilayo noma olungaphili. Izithako zingajinjwa ngesiseko sezakhi zazo ezingokoqobo nezingokwevanga, noma ngendabuko yazo engokwezwe noma insebenzo engokwemvelo. Inzululwazi yezithako iwukufundwa kwezithako, izakhi zazo nokusebenza kwazo.

Izithako zemvelo ziyadludlungwa ngezindlela ezihlukene zokuthonya izakhi zazo, ngokuzihlambulula, ukuzibumba noma ngokuzixuba nezinye Izithako. Izithako ezintsha zingakhiqizwa ngezithako zemvelo ngokudidiyela.

Kwezezimboni, izithako ziyizigalelo ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ukuze zikhiqize imikhiqizo noma ezinye ezithako eziyinkimbinkimbi.

## Izici ezingokomlando
Izithako ziqopha umlando wesintu. Uhlelo lwezinkathi zanguna ezintathu (iNkathi yeTshe, iNkathi yeThusi, iNkathi yeNsimbi) lwalandelwa izinkathi ezingokomlando: inkathi yenqimbi ekhulwini lwe-19 , inkathi yegcezi maphakathi nekhulu elilandelayo (inkathi yomnomfi) kanye neknatho yesilicon engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20.
Ukuthokela

**Ukuthokela** inqubo yokujobelela ukudla ngezithokelo, izinongi, utswayi, noma ushukela, ngenhloso yokunandisa isinandiso esithile.

Izithokelo zihlanganisa amakhambi *(herbs)* nezinongi, nazo ngokwazo ezibizwa ngezithokelo. Noma kunjalo, u-Larousse Gastronomique uthi "ukuthokela nokunandisa akuyona into eyodwa", egcizelela ukuthi ukuthokela kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kancane noma kakhulu kwetswayi uma kulungiswa ukudla. Itswayi lingasebenza ukugqoba amanzi, noma ukwandisa isinandiso semvelo sokudla okukwenza kube kunothe kakhulu, kuye ngesidlo. Loluhlobo lwenkambiso lufana nokwelapha. Ngokwesibonelo, itswayi lwasolwandle (itswayi elincushuziwe) luhlukuhlwa enyameni yenkukhu, yesiklabhu, kanye nenyama yenkomo ukuze luyithothise futhi luthuthukise isinandiso. Ezinye izithokelo ezifana nomkhengele omfipha ne-*basil* zidlulisela isinandiso sazo ekudleni. Isidlo esiklanywe kahle singahlanganisa izithokelo ezihambisana kahle.   

Ukwenezela ezithokelweni namakhambo akhethiwe, isikhathi sokujobelela ngezinandiso sinomthelela ekudleni okuphekwayo noma okulungiswayo.
INgqalaba

**Ingqalaba** (ibizo elithathwe esikhwameni senyanga sokuthwala imithi) isakhiwo esihlinzeka ngezimo ezilawulwayo lapho okwenziwa khona ucwaningo lwenzululwazi noma lwezobuchwepheshe, imigcanso, nokulinganisa. Izinkonzo ezenziwa engqalabeni zihlinzekwa ngezizinda ezihlukahlukene: amahhovisi abelaphi, imitholampilo, izibhedlela, kanye nezikhungo zokuphathela zesifunda noma zikazwelonke.

## Imbuyekezo
Ukuhlelwa neziqikili zezingqalaba zinqunywa izimfuneko ezihlukayo zongoti abasebenzi kuzo. INgqalaba yomchazandalo ingaqukatha isikhawulezisi senhlayiya *(particle accelerator)* noma ingosi yelinya *(vacuum chamber)*, kuyilapho engqalabeni yokucandinkimbi *(metallurgy)* kungaba nethuluzi lokubumba noma ukucandula izinkimbi noma ukuvivinya ukuqina kwazo. Umthakizinhlwa *(chemist)* noma umchazimpilo bangasebenzisa ingqalaba emanzi, kuyilapho ingqalaba yomchazingqondo *(psychologist)* kungaba igumbi elinezibuko ezibheke nhlanye nezithwebuli ezifihliwe zokuqapha ukuziphatha. Kwezinye izingqalaba, njengakulezo ezisetshenziswa usonzululwazi besiCikizi, iziCikizi (noma iziCikizikazi) ziyasetshrnziswa ekwenzeni imifefenyeko noma ukuhlaziya imininingo. Osonzululwazi kweminye imikhakha basebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zezingqalaba. Osonjiniyela basebenzisa izingqalaba ukuze baklame, bakhe, futhi bavivinye iziLekeleli zobuchwepheshe.

Izingqalaba zenzululwazi ziyatholakala njengamagumbi wokucwaninga nezindawo zokufundela ezikoleni nasenanyuvesi, Imboni, kuhulumeni, noma ezakhiweni zombutho wempi, ngisho nasemikhumbini nakuzo izindizamkhathi.
ULwebu lwesi-3

**uLwebu lwesi-3** (olwaziwa nangokuthi **uLwebu 3.0**    ) liwumbono lwempindo entsha yoLwebu loMhlaba Wonke ohlanganisa izicabango ezifana  nokunyomboniswa, ezobuchweoheshe bengqukuhlu, kanye nezomnotho ezisekelwe kuzigqabo.
Isinongi

**Isinongi** kungaba imbewu, isithelo, impande, igxolo, noma enye into yesitshalo ngokuyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukunandisa noma ukufaka imibala ekudleni.
Isithako semvelo

**Isithako semvelo** noma isithako esingadidiyelwe, impahla emqoka, yisithako esiyisiseko esisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingudla, izingudla eziphelele, isidlakathi, noma izithako eziphakathi zokuhlinzeka imikhiqizo ephelele yakusasa.

Ibizo elithi *isithako semvelo* lisho izithako ezingadidiyelwe, noma ezididiyelwe kancane; isb. intwentshe eyifukutho, amafutha angahluziwe, ukotini, amalahle, insimbi yemvelo, umoya, izigodo, amanzi, noma "noma yimuphi umkhiqizo wezolimo, ezamahlathi, zodobo noma izimbiwa ngesimo sazo esingokwemvelo noma esezishintshiwe ukuze zilungele ukuhuhiswa Emazweni wonke ngamanani amakhulu."  Ibizo elithi *isithako semvelo isibili* lisho isithako esiyimfucuza esihlumeleliswebusha saphindwe sabuyiselwa ukuze sisetshenziswe njengesithako esikhizayo.

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UbuCiko boHlakahlisombulu

**UbuCiko boHlakahlisombulu** igama elichaza yonke imisebenzi yobuciko ekhandwe ngokusebenzisa uhlakahlisombulu.

## amathuluzi nezinqubo
### imifanekiso

Kunezindlela eziningi zokukhanda ubuciko bohlakahlisombulu, ezihlanganisa inqubo  "esekwe emithethweni" yokuphehla imifanekiso ngokusebenzisa izifanelo zomchazazibalo, imicikizo efefenyeka imishwe ngesihlanguli nezinye izitheleli ezibhecwayo *(painted effects)*, kanye nohlakahlisombulu noma imicikizo yokufunda nzulu efana namaxhoxho aphehla impikiswano neziguquli.   

Uhlelo lokuqala olumqoka lobuciko bohlakahlisombulu libizwa AARON, futhi lathithukiswa ngu-Harold Cohen, ekupheleni kweminyaka yowe1960. I-AARON iyisibonelo esiqavile sobuciko bohlakahlisombulu enkathini yokuhlelelisa ngohlakahlisombulu oluyizimpawu *(symbolic artificial intelligence)* ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwayo indlela esekwe emithethweni yezimpawu ukuze iphehle imifanekiso. U-Cohen wathuthukisa i-AARON ngomgomo wokuthi akwazi ukugema *(code)* isenzo sokudweba. Esimweni sayo sanguna, i-AARON yayikhanda imidwebo elula yombala omfipha nomhlophe ngokuyibheca. Lokhu kwakulandelwa ngokuthi u-Cohen aqedele imidwebo ngokuyibheca. Kuyo yonke leyominyaka, wasungula nokuthuthukisa indlela yokuthi i-AARON ikwazi ukubheca. U-Cohen waklama i-AARON ukuba ibhece ngokusebenzisa izihlangulo ezikhethekile neziklweli *(dyes)* ezazikhethwe inhleleliso ngokwayo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwakhe.
Isakhamzimba

**Izakhamzimba** zingamachembempilo *(biomolecules)* namachembekhulu *(macromolecules)* aqukethe uhume olude olulodwa noma ngaphezulu lwezinsalela ze-*amino acid*. Izakhamzimba ziveza izaca eziningi zezinsebenzo ngaphakathi kwesiphili, ezihlanganisa ukukhawulezisa ukusabela komkhwentuko, ukunyaliza uLibofuzo, ukusabela evusweni, ukuhlinzeka ngohlaka emangqamuzaneni naseziphilini, nokuthutha amachembe kusuka esikhundleni esisodwa kuya kwesinye isikhundla. Izakhamzimba ziyehluka esinye kwesinye ngokuyinhloko ngochunge lwazo lwama-*amino acids*, olulawula uchunge lwama-*nucleotide* ezifuzisini zazo, futhi oluvame ukuba nesiphumo sesakhamzimba ezifingqeke saba uhlaka lomyinge-mithathu oluqondile olunquma ukuqebetha kwalo.
Isihlongabuso

**Isihlongabuso** siwubuchwepheshe besiCikizi obusetshenziswa ukuhlonza ubuso babantu ngemifanekiso yezezibhangqiwe. Ukuhlonga ubuso kubuye kubhekisele kumdludlungu womchazangqondo lapho abantu bethungatha futhi benaka ubuso babantu esigcaweni esibonwayo.

=Imithombo==
UMakhalipha

**uMakhalipha** uyisilekeleli esiyisicikizi esiphathwayo esivube izinsebenzo zocingo oluluntinti nezesicikizi ensizeni eyodwa. Omakhalipha bahlukaniseka kalula phakathi komakhalekhukhwini abavamile ngezigcoyi eziqinile kanye nezihlelo ngqala ezibanzi, ezifakwe uhlelokusebenza, uxhakaxholo (kuhlanganisa nokuphequlula ulwebu oyaceni oluluntinti), kanye nensebenzo yezinsizagcezi *(multimedia)* ezifana (nomculo, imibukiso, izithwebuli, nemifeketho), ezifakwe kanye nezinsebenzi zocingo ezifana nokushayela ngezwi, nomqhafazo. Omakhalipha imvama baqukethe amazubela entandelo ehlayiziwe *(integrated circuit (IC) chips)*, ezifaka neziNzwi ezinhlobonhlobo.

Omakhalipha bokuqala babehuhiswa ngokuyinhloko endayini yohwebo, ngemizamo yokuvala isikhenke sensebenzo yezilekeleli zezezibhangqiwe ezisetshenziswa umuntu ezixhaswe Ubuchwepheshe bokhukhu, kodwa ezilinganiselwe ngenxa yokuba izigaxa ezinkulu ngokwesimo, nokuba besiphathanzuba esivutha isikhathi esincane, namaxhoxho wokhukhu wenzuko alusilili, kanye nokuba semuva kwezinkonzo zemininingo ezingenantambo. Lezi zinkinga zaxazululeka lapho kungeniswa ama-transistor amancane (ngokomthetho ka-Moore), nesiphathanzuba eziphuculiwe somthanya, amaxhoxho wemininingo yezezibhangqiwe esheshayo (ngokomthetho ka-Edholms).
Ukuhumusha kwenguxa

**Ukuhumusha kwenguxa**,  noma ukuhumusha ngomshini (akumele kudidaniswe nokuhumusha okulekelelwa isicikizi, kuwukuhumusha okwenziwa umuntu elekelelwa inguxa noma ukuhumusha okunananayo ), kuyingxenye yomkhakha wezilimi zesicikizi ophenya ukusetshenziswa kwehlelokusebenza ukuhumusha umbhalo noma inkulumo isuka kolunye ulimi iye kolunye.

Ngokwesisekelo, ukuhumusha ngenguxa kumane kuwukufaka amazwi olunye olimi esikhundleni solunye ngenguxa,  kodwa lokho kukodwa akukhiqizi isihumusho esihle ngoba kusadingeka ukuqashelwa kwemishwana ephelele kanye naleyo elingana nayo olimi okuhunyushelwa kulo. Amazwi olimi oluthile akwenzeki ukuba wonke abe nalingana nawo ngolunye ulimi, futhi amazwi amaningi aba nencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa.
Izifenqo zaseGibhithe

**Izifenqo zaseGibhithe** noma **izigwedo** **ezingcwele**, kwakuyindlela yokubhala esemthethweni eyayisetshenziswa eGibhithe Lasendulo, eyayisetshenziselwa ukubhala ulimi lwaseGibhithe. Izifenqo zihlanganisa ulobophawu *(logographic)*, *syllabic*, nezici zosonhlamvukazi, kanye nezimpawu eziyi-1000 ezingafani. Izifenqo eziqhazeni zazisetshenziselwa izincwadi zenkolo emaphepheni nasokhunini. Iziqakaqo zaseGibhithe ezimbili zakamuva, umkleklongcwele *(hieratic)*  nomkleklophansi *(demotic)*, zazisuselwa kulo uhlobo lokubala ngezifenqo, kanjalo ngesiqakaqo sokuqala saseSinayi esathubeka kamuva saba osonhlambukazi baseFenike. Kosonhlamvukazi baseFenike kwavela izinhlelo ezimbili (isiGriki nesiAramayi),  isiqakaqo sezifenqo zaseGibhithe eziwukhokho weziqakaqo eziningi zanamuhla ezisetshenziswayo, ezaziwayo zifaka phakathi isiLathini nesiqakaqo sesi-Cyrillic (esavela ngesiGriki) kanye nesiqakaqo sase-Arabiya nezinye.
Isihonyo

**Isihonyo** siyichwe noma imizwayi enomlelesa wamazuba oyisamba.
Umlelesa wenzuba uthathwa njengophikayo ngokuvumelana futhi lomlelesa ulingana futhi umalungana nomlelesa wenelesi, othathwa njengovumayo ngokuvumelana. Umlelesa oyisamba wesihonyo akuyona inguqu ngoba inani waso lezinzuba liyalingana nenani laso lezinelesi.
Uhlelo lwenhlonzabuso

**Uhlelo lwenhlonzabuso** liwubuchwepheshe obukwazi ukuqhathanisa ubuso bomuntu obusemfanekisweni wezezibhangqiwe noma uhlakana lombukiso kanye nesizindamininingo esigcina iqoqo lobuso. Lolu hlelo luvame ukusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa abasebenzisi bokuthile ngezinkonzo zokuqinisekisa, futhi busebenza ngokukhomba kanye nokulinganisa ulwangu lobuso olusesithombeni esikhethiwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwalobuchwepheshe kwaqala ngezinhlelo ezifanayo eminyakeni ye-1960, njengohlobo lenhlelokusebenza lwesiCikizi. Kusuka lapho, uhlelo lwenhlonzabuso luye lwasetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhathini zakamuva komakhalipha nakwezinye izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe, ezifana nezobuthununu. Ngenxa yokuthi inhlonzabuso yesicikizi ibandakanya ukulinganisa izici zochazomzimba zomuntu, uhlelo lwenhlonzabuso lumunxaniswa njengesilinganisimuntu *(biometric)*. Nakuba ukunemba kwezinhlelo zenhlonzabuso njengobuchwepheshe besilinganisimuntu kuphansi kunobenhlonzaliso *(iris recognition)* nobenhlonzazithupha *(fingerprint recognition)*, busethsenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yenqubo yabo yokungathintani nabantu. Izinhlelo zenhlonzabuso ziyasetshrnziswa kwisinanelo somuntu-nesicikizi esithuthukile, ibukwa lesiqaphabukhoma *(surveillance video)*  kanye nokufaka ohlwini kwezithombe ngokwenhleleleko.

Izinhlelo zenhlonzabuso zisetshenziswa  namuhla ngohulumeni nayimishumanqa esilulu emhlabeni wonke. Igqino lwazo luyahlukahluka, futhi izinye izinhlelo endulo ziye zayekwa ngenxa yokungabi negqino. Ukusetshenziswa lohlelo lwenhlonzabuso kuye kwavusa izimpikiswano, lapho abanye bethi luhlukumeza ingasese lezakhamuzi, futhi luvame ukuhlonza abantu ngokunganembile, lukhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili nangokobuhlanga, futhi aluvikeli imininingo elinganisimpilo ebalulekile. Ukuvela kwezinsiza ezifana nombukonyali *(deepfake)* nakho kuphakamise iminako ngokuphepha kwazo. Lokhu kukhuluma sekuholele ekunswinyweni kwezinhlelo zenhlonzabuso ezidlaveleni ezimbalwa kwelaseMelika. Ngenxa yokukhula kwezikhalazo zomphakathi, umShumanqa iMeta seyimemezele izinhlelo zokuvala uhlelo lwenhlonzabuso lwe-Facebook, yacisha nemininingo yesigqaya buso yabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwezigidigidi. Lolushintsho luzomelela ukugudluka okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwenhlonzabuso emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe.

## uMlando wobuchwepheshe benhlonzabuso
Inhlonzabuso ehlelekile yethulwa eminyakeni ye-1960.U-Woody Bledsoe, u-Helen Chan Wolf, no-Charles Bisson beza nesu lokusebenzisa isiCikizi ukuba sihlonze ubuso babantu. Inkebengo yabo yenhlonzabuso yokuqala yabizwa ngokuthi "umuntu-nguxa" ngokuba ukuma kolwangu lobuso esithombeni kwakufanele kucaciswe ngumuntu kuqala ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa isiCikizi.
Izinungwana

**Izinungwana** (ubunye: **isinungwana** ) iziphili ezikhona yonke indawo, ezikhululekile ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa ingqamuzana elilodwa lokuphila. Zakha isidlangala esikhulu seziphilincinci zezinswelandeni. Ngokuvamile zingamamithancinci *(micrometre)*  ambalwa ngobude, izinungwana zaziyizinhlobo zokuphila zokuqala ukuvela emhlabeni, futhi zisatholakala kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlala kuzo. Izinungwana zihlala emhlabathini, emanzini, kuziphethu zesimunyane, emfucuzeni eyonzayo, nasekujuleni kwempilombulunga yegobohla lomhlaba. Izinungwana zimqoka ezigabeni eziningi zomjikelezo womsoco ngokuvuselela imisoco njengokuzinzisa inihwe evela kumoyambulunga.
Ukhunta

Amakhowe (lat. Fungi noma i-Mycota) awumbuso wemvelo ephilayo ohlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic ezihlanganisa ezinye zezici zazo zombili izitshalo nezilwane. Amakhowe afundwa yisayensi ye-mycology, ethathwa njengegatsha le-botany, njengoba amakhowe ngaphambilini ayehlukaniswa njengengxenye yombuso wezitshalo.

Umqondo wamakhowe njengombuso ohlukile wamiswa kwezesayensi ngeminyaka yawo-1960, nakuba u-E. Fries ahlongoza ukuhlukanisa lo mbuso ngo-1831, futhi uCarl Linnaeus wazwakalisa ukungabaza lapho ebeka amakhowe embusweni wezitshalo “kuSystem of Nature” yakhe. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, umqondo wesikhunta se-polyphyletic ekugcineni wasungulwa.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, idatha yezakhi zofuzo, i-cytology kanye ne-biochemistry yayiqoqwe, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa leli qembu lezinto eziphilayo zibe amagatsha amaningana angahlobene futhi lisabalalise phakathi kwemibuso ehlukene, kusale eyodwa kuphela embusweni "wangempela", noma amakhowe ngokwawo. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, igama lesayensi elithi “amakhowe” lase lingaqondakali.

Ngomqondo omncane, ngokombono we-biological systematics, amakhowe ayi-taxton, omunye wemibuso yemvelo ephilayo. Ngomqondo omdala, obanzi, leli gama lilahlekelwe incazelo ye-taxon futhi lisho iqembu le-ecological-trophic elihlanganisa i-heterotrophic eukaryote nohlobo lwe-osmotrophic lokudla okunomsoco. I-Mycology ngokwesiko iyaqhubeka nokufunda ngezidalwa ezinjalo.

Ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji kanye nemvelo kwamakhowe kukhulu kakhulu. Leli elinye lamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene kakhulu ezinto eziphilayo, eseziyingxenye ebalulekile yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni.