IJalimani

**iJalimani** (ngesiJalimani: *Deutschland*) iyisizwe laseYurophu. Ngokomthetho Umbusobala Wombumbanozifundazwe WaseJalimani (*Bundesrepublik Deutschland*), iJalimani inemigcele nezizwe ezimbalwa: iDenimaki, iFulansi, iPolandi, iTshekiya, i-Swidzalendi, iBelgium, iLuxembourg neNedalendzi. iJalimani iyisizwe elisezingeni eliphezulu lokuthuthuka kwabantu, nalobucwepheshe. 

Umlando waseJalimani mude kakhulu. Abantu bakudala baqale ukuhlala eJalimani iminyaka eyi-600,000 endlule. Abantu abangasinjengabamanje, ama-Neaderthal, ahlale lana iminyaka eyi-42,000 endlule. Abokhokho bamaJalimani baqhamuka esiKhathini seThusi kusukela iminyaka eyi-2000 ngaphambu kokuzalwa kuka-Jesu. Iningizimu laseJalimani laliwele ngaphansi kwamaRoma ngezi-100 zeminyaka ngaphambu kokuzalwa kukaJesu. Ngezi-800 ngasemuva kokuzalwa kukaJesu, u-Charlemagne usungule uMbuso wamaKarolingi olwaphenduka Umbuso Ongcwele Wamaroma. Ngezi-1700, uNapoleon wadiliza lombuso. Emuva kokuncintiswana koMbuso wasePreußen noMbuso waseÖsterreich, iPreußen isungule Umbuso Wesibili waseJalimani ngezi 1800. Lombuso uphenduke uMbusobala waseJalimani ngasemuva kweMpi Yokuqala Yomhlaba. Umbuso Wesithathu waseJalimani usungulwe ngamaNazi ngo-1930 kufikela u1945. Umbuso wanamuhla usungulwe emuva kokuphela kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. 

Ulimi olusemthethweni yisiJalimani esiPhezulu (*Hochdeutsch*) noma ngokulula IsiJalimani. iNhlokodolobha yi-Berlin. Ezinye izidolobha ezinkulu ziyi-Hamburg, München, ne-Frankfurt-am-Main. Indawo enenani labantu eliminyene elindlula ezinye izindawo yi-Rhine-Ruhr. Umbuso uhamba ngohlelo lwentandoyeningi. Inezidawo  eziyifa kumhlabawonke ezesithathu emhlabeni. 

## Umlando

### Umbuso Ongcwele wamaRoma

u-Charlemagne usungule umbuso wamaKarolingi (ngesiLatini: *Universum Regnum, Romanorum sive Francorum Imperium,* ngesiZulu: Ubukhosi Jikelele bobuRoma woMbuso wamaFranki) ngo800. Lombuso wawuyimbumbano yamazwe wamaJalimani lapho kubusa amakhosana khona. Nakuba amakhosana wayemuthobela Umbusi, amakhosana wayegcine amandla amaningi okuzibusa. Ngesinye isikhathi Umbusi wayenganawo amandla okuphatha. Umbuso waseMpumalanga Frankiya usungulwe makuhlukaniswa umbuso wamaKarolingi ngo-843. Kusukela u-919 kufika u-1024, kwakubusa umuzi ka-Liudolfinger (ovame ukubizwa umuzi ka-Otto ngenxa yokuthi ababusi bokuqala abathathu bebangu-Otto I, II nowesi-III) iMpumlanga Francia iqalwe ukubizwa Umbuso oNgcwele wamaRoma (*Heiliges Römisches Reich*) ngekhulu leminyaka eyi-13. Ngo-996, u-Gregory V wayengumbusi wokuqala owangumJalimani phaqa. Umbuso unqobe iNyakatho iTaliya ne-Burgundy (iBhegandi) ngaphansi kwomuzi wama-Salier.

Ngaphansi kwababusi bomuzi ka-Hohenstaufen (1138 kufika 1254), amaJalimani akhuthazwe izikhosana zaseJalimani ukuhloma imizi empumalanga nasenyakatho kombuso. Kwabakhona indlala ngo-1315 kufikela 1317 eyazizwa ngeNdlala eNkulu (*Hungersnot*). Kusukela 1348 kufile 1350 kwabakhona ubhubhano omkhulu owaziwa ngoBufa Obumnyama (*Schwarzes Tod*) obulele abantu abaningi. Ngo-1356, kushicilelwe incwadi yemithetho ebizwa *i-Goldenen Bull* ethi Umbusi kufanele akhethwe amakhosana ayisikhombisa (*Kurfursten*). 

uMuzi wamaHabsburg ungene esikhundleni sasebukhosini boMbuso Ongcwele Wamaroma ngo-1438. Lomuzi wawubusa inxenye lalombuso ebizwa i-Österreich. Inxenye ye-Österreich yayingaphakathi koMbuso Ongcwele Wamaroma kepha enye inxenye yayingaphandle eyayibizwa "Imihlaba Yomqhele koNgcwele uStephen" noma ngokujwayelekile i-Hungary (ngesiJalimani: *Ungarn*). uJohannes Gutenberg ungenise ukuphrinta ngonhlobo obunyakazayo eYurophu ngezi-1440. Ngalelinguxa washicilela ibhayibheli lokuqala eYurophu elingabhalwanga ngezandla. Ngo-1517, u-Martin Luther ulobe incwadi yeziphakamiso eziyi-99 ezazigxeka umonakalo owawenzeka eBandleni lamaRoma kakhulu ngenxa yokudayiswa kokuxolelwa kwezono kubakholwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, iziphathamandla zebandla zamxosha. Amakhosana aseJalimani wameseka u-Martin Luther kulokhu. Kanjalo, kwasuka izimpi eMpakathi Yurophu. Nakuba kwakuvunyelwana ukuthi kuzoba nokuphilisana ngaphakathi kwalezibandla, kusukela 1618 kufikela 1648, kwaba nempi yeminyaka eyi-33 ngaphakathi kwamashokobezi (*Protestant*) kanye nebandla lamaRoma. 

Ngenxa yemivumelwano emibili ngaphakathi kwezihlangothi ezazilwa kulezizimpi (*Westfälischer Friede*), kwaphela impi lapho kubulewe abantu abayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili. Amazwe ase-Osterreich nase Preussen wayemakhulu ngaphakathi koMbuso Ongcwele Wamaroma.

### Umbuso wamaJalimani

Umbusi wamaFulentshi, uNapoleon I, uhlasele Umbuso Ongcwele Wamaroma ngo-1813. Ngenxa yezimpi ezihlongozile, uNapoleon uchithe Umbuso Ongcwele wamaRoma. Uhlephule izifundazwe zasentshonalanga nangaphakathi kweJalimani ukusungula Umfelandawonye weMfula Rhine. uNapoleon uhluliwe umdlelandawonye ezizwe zaseYurophu. Umfelandawonye weMfula Rhine wachithwa. Esikhundleni sawo, Umkhandlu waseVienna usungule Umfelandawonye wamaJalimani. Umbusi woMbuso oNgcwele wamaRoma, uCharles IV owayengowasemuzini wamaHabsburg waqokwa ebuMengamelini. Amazwe awayengaphansi koMfelandawonye woMfula Rhine abuyiselwe ukuzimela.

Kusukela u-1848 kufikela u-1849, izakhamuzi zaseJalimani zavukela imibuso yamazwe abo. Kwakuhloswe ukupheduka umbuso wamakhosana wencidezelo ngenkani nokuhlanganisa amaze wamaJalimani ukuba abe isizwe sinye. Ngokuba iNkosi yasePreußen uFriedrich Wilhelm walile ukwamukela umqhele wobukhosi bamaJalimani, inqubekelaphambili yokuhlanganiswa kwamaJalimani kwahlehliswa muva. iNkosi yasePreußen elandelayo uWilhelm I uqoke u-Otto von Bismarck abe Indunankulu yase-Preußen. Ngemuva kokuhlula amaDani empini yango-1864 ne-Österreich ngo-1866, u-Otto von Bismarck uhlanganise amazwe wasenyakatho yeJalimani ukubumba Umfelandawonye waseNyakatho Jalimani. Ngalokho, i-Österreich yavalelwa ngaphandle kweJalimani. Emuva kokuthi iPreußen ihlule iFulansi empini ka-1871, amakhosana waseJalimani athobele uWilhelm I ukuthi abe nguMbusi woMbuso wamaJalimani. Ngalokhu, iBerlin yakhethwa ukuba inhlokodolobha yaseJalimani.

Nakuba u-Otto von Bismarck uhlose ukwakha ukuthula ngaphakathi kweJalimani nezinye izizwe zaseYurophu ukuze amandla ezwe abhekane nokubunjweni kwesizwe esibumbene, uMbusi wesibili, u-Wilhelm II, uhlongoze izimpi zokwandisa umhlaba obungaphansi kweJalimani. Emkhandlwini waseBerlin ngo-1884, iJalimani izikhethele amakoloni e-Afrika: eMpumalanga Afrika, eNingizimu Ntshonalanga Afrika, eThogo, naseKameruni. AmaJalimani adlele amazwe wase-Afrika umhlaba wabo. Futhi e-Ningizimu Ntshonalanga Afrika, kusukela u-1904 kufikela u-1908, amaJalimani abulele amaHerero namaNama abayizinkulungwane ezimashumi.

Ngenxa yokubulawa kweNkosana yaseÖsterreich-Ungarn uFranz Ferdinand, i-Österreich-Ungarn ihlasele iSerbska. Ngoba amaSerbi wayenobumbano neJalimani, iJalimani ihlasele i-Österreich-Ungarn. Lokho kuvuse Impi Yokuqala Yomhlabawonke. Ngo-1918, abaseYurophu bavumelene ukuqeda ukulwa emvulelwaneni yase-Versailles eFulansi. Lomvumelwano uphoqe iJalimani ukuthi ikhokhele izizwe zaseYurophu inhlawulo yokwakhakabusha nokuciphisa amabutho ayo ukugwema ukuvuka kweJalimani. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwavuswa imbedumehlwana eholele ekumenulweni kukaWilhelm II. Esikhaleni sombuso wasebukhosini, kwasungulwa Umbusobala.

### Umbusobala wase-Weimar noMbuso wama-Nazi

Umbusobala wase-Weimar (igama elijwayelekile nakuba lingasilona igama lasemthethweni eliqanjelwe idoloba lase-Weimar lapho umthethosisekelo uphawulwe nguMengameli Friedrich Ebert khona) usungulwe ngo-1919. Mpeleni, ngokomthetho Umbusobala wase-Weimar, wawunezinkinga eziningi ezifana nokwehla kwamandla emali ngokushesha nangobuningi okuholele ebumpofini eningini lenani labantu. Ukudangala Okukhulu (igama lesikhati lapho ngaphakathi ko-1929 no-1932 kwakunokuncipha kwomnotho emazweni amaningi aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika) uzale ubungabi nomsebenzi obungamaphesenti ayi-24. iNhlangano Yabasebenzi Yobusoshalizimu kaZwelonke (*Nationsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei* ngesiJalimani, owaziwa ngesiNgisi ngesifinyezo *Nazi Party*) yangena embusweni emuva kokhetho kaNhlangulana 1932. uMengameli uPaul von Hindenberg uqoke uAdolf Hitler ukuba iNdunankulu. AmaNazi anqonqise isakhiwo se-Reichstag (lapho isishayamthetho sikazwelonke sasihlezi khona) kepha balahle insolo yalelicala kumaKomunisti. Lenkohliso iholele ekutheni u-Adolf Hitler akhipe umyalelo okuhlehlisa amalungelo abantu nokwakha amakamu okuvalela abantu. Ngenxa yokushayiwa koMthetho Okumandlakalisa (*Ermächtigungsgesetz*), u-Hitler unikezwe amandla anganamkhawulo. 

Nakubo ngaphansi kwalombuso omusha kwakhiwe izingqalasizinda (njengemigwaqo ye-*Autobahn*), iJalimani iziphumele emvumelwaneni yase-Versailles eyayikhawula igunya lokudlondlobalisa amabutho ahlomileyo ayo. Phezu kwalokho, iJalimani ibulele izigidi eziyisithupha zamaJuda nezinye izinhlanga eYurophu. iJalimani yayihlose ukuqothula isizwe sonke sama Juda, ingubomgomo eyayibizwa "Insombululo Yokugcina". iJalimani inqobe iSaarland ngo-1935, i-Österreich (ngalesosikhathi seyaziwa ngegama lika-Austria ngesiNgisi, igama elihunyushelwa ku-Ostriya ngesiZulu) ngo-1939, neSudentenland ngo-1938. Nakuba kwakuvunyelwe nezinye izizwe zaseYurophu ukuthi iJalimani izogwema ukuhlasela abomakhelwane bayo, ihlasele iCzechoslovakia (iTshekosilovakiya) ngo-1939.

Ngemvumelwano kaMolotov-Ribbentrop, iJalimani noMbumbano wamaSoviyethi bavumelene ukuhlephulelana ithonya ezizweni zaseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ngalokho iJalimani yahlasela iPholandi. Ngokuba iFulansi neBhulithani zazinomvumelwano okuvikelana nePholandi, zihlongoze impi neJalimani. ngo-1940, iJalimani ihlasele iDenimaki, iNoki, Netherlands, iBelgium, iLuxembourg neFulansi. Ngo-1941, iJalimani ihlasele iYugoslavia, iGreki, noMbumbano wamaSoviyethi. Phezu kwalokho, ihlongoze impi neMelika. iJalimani yakhe umdlelandawonye neTaliya. Ukubusa kwazo phezu kweYurophu neNyakatho Afrika, kukhawulwe ukuphumelela kwamaSoviyethi enkundleni yaseStalingrad. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-*Allies* ahlasele iTaliya, iJapani, neNyakatho Afrika, amaJalimani wayengeselwa muntu. Ama-Allies axoshe amaJalimani eFulansi. Futhi iJalimani ihlulekile ukunqoba Umbuso Ohlangeneyo enkundleni yaseBhulithani. 

kunqonqisweniaseJalimani ngenxa yokushayiwa ngamabhomu, amabutho aseJalimani ahlehlele muva ezama ukuvikela isizwe sabo. Ngenxa yenkundla yaseBerlin, u-Adolf Hitler uzibulele. Lokho kuholele ekudilikeni kwamaJalimani, azi nikela kuma-*Allies*. Ngenxa yokuhlasela izizwe eziningi zaseYurophu nokufeza ubugebengu ebuntwini, abaholi bamaJalimani bashushisiwe (iningi labo laboshiwa noma labulawa). iMelika, iFulansi, iBhulithani noMbumbano wamaSoviyethi zihlephulelane umhlaba waseJalimani.

### Ukuhlukaniswa kweJalimani

Ngo Mbasa ka-1949, ama-Allies (iMelika, iBhulithani neFulansi) avume ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezazingaphansi kombuso wabo ukuba isizwe esibizwa Umbusobala Wembumbanozifundazwe waseJalimani (*Bundesrepublik Deutschland,* noma ngokujwayelekile iNtshonalanga Jalimani). Inxenye eyayingaphansi kwamaSoviyethi yayibizwa Umbusobala Wentandoyeningi WaseJalimani (*Deutsche Demokratische Republik,* ngokujwayelekile iMpumalanga Jalimani). Nakuba iBerlin yayingaphakathi kwemigcele yaseMpumalanga Jalimani, yayinezihlangothi zimbili: entshonalanga ngaphansi kweNtshonalanga Jalimani, nempumalanga ngaphansi kweMpumalanga Jalimani eyabeka uhulumeni wayo khona. 

Ngo-1948, iMelika isungule isikhwama sokwesela amazwe aseYurophu kakhulu iNtshonalanga Jalimani ngemali yokuzakha kabusha. Ngo-1949, uKonrad Adenauer ukhethwe ukuba Indunankulu yokuqala yeNtshonalanga Jalimani. Ezi-1950, umnotho waseNtshonalanga Jalimani udlondlobale kakhulu. Ngo-1955, iNtshonalanga Jalimani ingene eUmdlelandawonyeni Yomvumelwano WaseNyakatho Atlantiki (isifinyezo sesiNgisi esidumile: *NATO*). Izizwe zaseMpumalanga Yurophu zisungule umbumbano ofanayo wazo obizwa iMvumelwano yaseWarsaw (inhlokodolobha lasePholandi) lapho iMpumalanga Jalimani yayiyilunga futhi yayiholwa nguMbumbano wamaSoviyethi. Ngo-1957, iJalimani yayilinye lwamalunga okuqala oMphakathi Wezombumnotho waseYurophu. Ukwakhiwe kebonda laseBerlin kukhawule ukwenqa kwemigcele ngaphakathi kwezakhamuzi zeMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Jalimani.

Ngenxa yokwenzeka kwezigameko zimbalwa kanye kanye (ukumenulwa kweNhlangano yeKomunizimu yoMbumbano wamaSoviyethi, ukuhlupheka komnotho waseMpumalanga Jalimani, nokufudumala kobuhlobo ngaphakathi kwamaJalimani amabili, ukuvuleka kwemigcele ngaphakathi kweHungari neOstriya), kwasekuvuleka imigcele ngaphakathi kwamaJalimani. Ngo-1990, iNhlangano Yesoshalizimu Yentandoyeningi yaseMpumalanga Yurophu, eyayiyinhlangano eyodwa eMpumalanga Jalimani, inqume ukuzidiliza nokubuyelana neNtshonalanga Jalimani. iNtshonalanga Jalimani idle izifundazwe zonke zaseMpumalanga Jalimani. Kanjalo iJalimani yahlangana futhi.

## Ezombusazwe
Uhlelo lwezombusazwe uhamba ngentandoyeningi ngomshayamthetho ongaphansi kwomthethosisekelo (*Grundgesetz*). Uhulumeni waseJalima unamagatsha amathathu:

* Isishayamthetho esinezindlu ezimbili: indlu yangaphansi (i-*Bundestag*) ekhethwe izakhamuzi, nendlu yangaphezulu (i-*Bundesrat*) ekhethwe izifundazwe.
* Sokuphatha (i-*Bundesregierung*) sineNdunankulu (umlisa: *Bundeskanzler*; umfazane: *Bundezkanzlerin*) nabangqongqoshe
* Sobulungisa sibandakanya iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo (*Bundes Verfassungsgericht*) nezinye izinkantolo

Umengameli (umlisa: *Bundespräsident*; umfazane: *Bundespräsidentin*) uyinhloko yombuso. Ukhethwa inhlangano yamalunga amele izifundazwe nabantu ebizwa Inhlangano kaZwelonke (*Bundesversammlung*). uMengameli umela isizwe ebudlelanweni nezinye izizwe futhi uphawulela isizwe imivumelwano ngaphakathi kwaso nezinye izizwe. Uma kungenzeka isimo esiphuthumayo, uMengameli unamadla okushaya umthetho ngaphandle kwemvumo yesishayamethetho. Osesikhundleni manje nguMnum. Frank-Walter Steinmeier owakhethwa ngo-2017. 

Indunankulu ikhethwa i-*Bundestag*. Iqoka abongqongqoshe be-*Bundesregierung*. Indunankulu iyinhloko yegatsha loku phatha. Osesikundleni manje kusukela 2025 nguMnum. Friedrich Merz. i-Bundestag ikhethwa ngohlelo oluhlanganisa ukuhletshulelwa kwezihlalo ngeningi lamavoti ezigodi zokhetho kanye nezinhlu zezinhlangano ezikhethwe ngenani lamavoti ezweni lonke jikelele. i-*Bundesrat* ikhethwa izishayamthetho zezifundazwe ngokwenani labahlali bazo. i-Bundestag inamandla okushaya namuphi umthetho kodwa imithetho eguqula amandla wezifundazwe noma eguqula ukuhlephulwa kwemali yentelo ngaphakathi kwezifundazwe nezinga likazwelonke. 

Kusukela 1949, uMbumbano YaseJalimani Yentandoyeningi Yobukristu (*Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands*) neQembu yaseJalimani Yentandoyeningi Yobusoshalizimu (*Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands*) athole iningi lamavoti kangangokuthi leziziqembu bezisemandleni kuyonke leminyaka. Kepha, zikhona iziqembu ezincane: iQembu Elikhululekile Lentandoyeningi, Umbumbano 90/Abahlaza (*Bündnis 90/Die Grünen*), Inxele (*Die Linke*) noKhetholuhlukile laseJalimani (*Alternative für Deutschland*).

### Izifundazwe
Izifundazwe eziyishumi nesithupha zaseJalimani (*Länder*) zinemithethosisekelo zazo. Futhi zinamandla amaningi okuziphatha. Lezizifundazwe zinezifunda ezi-401 (294 zasephandleni, 107 zasemadolobheni). Izifundazwe ezintathu (Berlin, Hamburg ne-Bremen) zingamadolobha.

### Ubudlelwane nezinye izizwe

iJalimani iyilunga le-Nhlangano Yomvumelwano WaseNyakatho Atlantiki (NATO), iNhlangano Yokusebenzisana okoMnotho neNtuthuko (OECD), i-G7, iBhange Yomhlaba, Isikhwama Sezimali Sezizwezonke, Umkhandlu WaseYurophu, noMbumbano waseYurophu. Nakuba iJalimani inomlando lude lokulwa neFulansi, kulezinsuku unomfelandawonye oqinile nayo kanye nezizwe zaseNetherlands, Belgium, Ostriya, neLuxembourg. Futhi iJalimani inobudlelwane obuqinile neMelika neIsirayeli. 

### Ezokuvikela
i-*Bundeswehr* iyibutho laseJalimani yokuvikela. iButho lasemhlabeni liyi-*Heer*, lasebhakabhakeni liyi-*Luftwaffe*, laselwandle liyi-*Marine,* loxhakaxholo liyi-*Cyber- und Informationsraum*. iJalimani ichithele amabutho izigidigidi ezi-97 zama-Euro ngo-2024. Inamajoni asebenzayo ayi-180,215 nabasebenzi abayi-80,761. Kufikela 2011, kwakuyimphoqo ukuthi abesilisa baqeqeshelwe impi mabaneminyaka eyi-18 kodwa lokhu akusakwenziwa. 

## Umnotho

Umnotho waseJalimani uhambisana nohlelo oluhlanganisa ukuhweba okukhululekile kanye nesoshalizimu. Inabasebenzi abafundile abanobukhono obungcweti. Inenkohlakalo encane kakhulu nobucwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu. Inomnotho omkhulu ukundlula zonke izizwe zaseYurophu. Emhlabeni wonke, ihlulwa yiShayina neMelika wodwa. Umnotho waseJaliman unemikhakha emithathu: amasevisi (72%), ukukhanda (27%) nokulima nokufuya (1%). Abantu abangama phesenti ayi-3.2 abanamsebenzi. iJalimani iyinxenye engamaphesenti ayi-28 womnotho woMbumbano waseYurophu. Imali esetshenziswayo iyi-Euro (€). iBhange Ephakeme YaseYurophu ihleli eFrankfurt-am-Main eJalimani. iJalimani inensalela ekuhwebeni eyisibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke ngasemuva kwe-Shayina.

iJalimani ikhiqiza izimotho (izinkampani ezingaphambili ziyi-Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz neBMW), izinhlelelo zezicikizi (i-SAP ihamba phambili kulelikhasi), izinguxa zesayensi nokukhanda (i-Bosch), ukuthutha ngezindiza (Lufthansa), izimpahla (Adidas) nobucwepheshe (Siemens). Nakuba iJalimani inezinkampani ezinkulu, umkhiqizo omningi uqhamuka ezinkampanini ezincane nezingaphakathi ngobukhulu. Kushintshiselana amasheya e-Frankfurt Stock Exchange. 

iJalimani inobukhulu besine ekushicilelweni kwamaphepha wocwaningo wesayensi. Izinguxa eziningi ezimqoka esikhathini samanje ziqanjwe kuqala eJalimani: izimotho (1885), izichikizi, inguxa yokuphrinta (1440). Abosomasayensi baseJalimani bembule  ulwazi oluningi ezomchazazibalo, ezomchazandalo, nezomchazamkhathi. 

iJalimani inengqalasizinda ethuthukile ezingeni eliphezulu: imigwaqo (*Autobahn*), izitimela (*Eisenbahn*), imisele, nezikhululo zemikhumbi nezindiza. Itheku laseHamburg liyisikhululo semikhumbi empahla elesithathu ngobukhulu. Inxenye eyingamaphesenti ayi-40 wogesi ukhiqizwa amandla avuselelekayo futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kamandla amaphesenti ayi-11 kusukela 1990. iJalimani ilekuqaleni ekuguqulweni kwezibi ukuthi zisetshenziswe kabusha. 

## Ezezibhalo zaBantu

## Imithombo