Umkomfanaka

**Umkomfanaka**  kuyinto esekhulile kabanzi zinhlobo hybrid bohlobo lwe- *Fragaria*, bebonke eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-strawberry, okuyinto kutshalwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yezithelo zalo. Isithelo lesi sithandwa kakhulu ngephunga laso lesici, umbala obomvu ogqamile, ukuthungwa okunamanzi nobumnandi.Kudliwa ngobuningi, kungaba okusha noma ekudleni okulungiselelwe njengejamu, ujusi, ophaya, u -ayisikhilimu, ukuxubana nobisi noshokoledi.Ukunambitheka kwama-sitrobheli okufakelwa namaphunga nakho kusetshenziswa kabanzi emikhiqizweni efana namaswidi, insipho, i- lip gloss, amakha, neminye eminingi.

I-strawberry yensimu yaqala ukukhiqizwa eBrittany, eFrance, ngawo-1750s ngesiphambano *seFragaria virginiana* esivela empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika *naseFragaria chiloensis*, esasilethwa sisuka eChile ngu- Amédée-François Frézier ngo-1714.Izinhlobo *zeFragaria* × *ananassa* zithathe indawo, ekukhiqizeni ezentengiselwano, sitrobheli *yasehlathini (iFragaria vesca* ), okwakuyizinhlobo zokuqala ze-sitrobheli ezalinywa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. 

Umkonfanaka akuyona, ngokubuka kwezitshalo, ijikijo *(berry)*. Ngokomthetho, kuba aggregate -accessory izithelo, okusho ukuthi esinamanzi ingxenye isuselwe hhayi kusukela amaqanda sitshalo kodwa kusukela ayesisebenzisa ukuthi ubamba amaqanda."Imbewu" ngayinye ebonakalayo (i- achene ) engaphandle kwesithelo empeleni ingenye yamaqanda esimbali, enembewu ngaphakathi kuyo. 

Ngo-2019, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba kwama-strawberry kwakungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-9, eholwa yiChina ngama-40% esewonke.

## Umlando

I**sitrobheli**    yensimu yokuqala yatshalwa eBrittany, eFrance, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ama-strawberry asendle kanye nokukhethwa okulinyiwe kusuka ezinhlotsheni ze-sitrobheli zasendle kwakuwumthombo ovamile wesithelo.

Ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, izinkomba zokutshalwa kwe-sitrobheli zase zivame kakhulu.Abantu baqala ukuyisebenzisela izinto zayo zokwelapha futhi izazi zezitshalo zaqala ukuqamba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene.ENgilandi isidingo sokulima isitrobheli njalo sasesikhuphukile maphakathi nekhulu le-16.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-strawberry nokhilimu kwenziwa nguThomas Wolsey enkantolo yeNkosi uHenry VIII.Imiyalo yokutshala nokuvuna ama-strawberry yavela yabhalwa ngo-1578.Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 kwase kucashunwe izinhlobo ezintathu zaseYurophu: *F. vesca*, *F. moschata*, no- *F* . viridis.I-strawberry yensimu yatshalwa ehlathini bese kuthi izitshalo zisakazwe ngokweqile ngokusika abagijimi.

UDuchesne unqume ukuthi *uF ananassa* abe yinhlanganisela *kaF. Chiloensis* *noF* . Virginiana. *F. ananassa*, okhiqiza izithelo ezinkulu, ubizwa kanjalo ngoba ufana uphayinaphu ngephunga, ukunambitheka kanye nesimo samajikijolo.ENgilandi, izinhlobo eziningi zika- *F. ananassa* zenziwa, futhi zakha isisekelo sezinhlobonhlobo zesimanje zama-strawberry ezilinywayo nezidliwayo njengamanje.Ukufuya okwengeziwe kwenziwa naseYurophu naseMelika ukwenza ngcono ukuqina, ukumelana nezifo, usayizi nokunambitheka kwama-strawberry. 

## Incazelo nokukhula

Amajikijolo avame ukuqoqwa ngokwenqubo yawo yezimbali.Ngokwesiko, lokhu kube nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwama-strawberry "azala uJuni", athela izithelo zawo ekuqaleni kwehlobo kanye nama-strawberry "ahlala ethwala", avame ukuthela izitshalo eziningana zezithelo kuyo yonke inkathi.  Isitshalo esisodwa kuyo yonke inkathi singaveza izikhathi ezingama-50 kuya kwezingama-60 noma cishe kanye ezinsukwini ezintathu. 

Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngo-2001 lwabonisa ukuthi ama-strawberry empeleni avela emikhubeni emithathu eyisisekelo yezimbali: usuku olufushane, usuku olude, nosuku olungathathi hlangothi.Lokhu kubhekisa ekuzweleni kobude besikhathi besitshalo nohlobo lwe- photoperiod elenza ukwakheka kwezimbali.Izilimo ezingathathi hlangothi zosuku zikhiqiza izimbali kungakhathalekile ukuthi zithathwa nini izithombe. 

## Ukulima
Izinhlobo ze-Strawberry ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi, umbala, ukunambitheka, ukuma, izinga lokuzala, isikhathi sokuvuthwa, isikweletu sesifo kanye nomthethosisekelo wesitshalo.Ngokwesilinganiso, isitrobheli sinezinhlamvu ezingaba ngu-200 kolwelwesi lwangaphandle.Amanye ayahlukahluka emahlamvu, kanti amanye ayahlukahluka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ekukhuleni okulinganayo kwezitho zawo zocansi.Ezimweni eziningi, izimbali zivela njenge-hermaphroditic ngesakhiwo, kepha zisebenza njengowesilisa noma owesifazane. 

Ngenhloso yokukhiqiza ukuthengisa, izitshalo zisakazwa zisuka kubagijimi futhi, ngokuvamile, zisatshalaliswa njengezitshalo zezimpande ezingenalutho noma ama-plugs.Ukutshala kulandela eyodwa yamamodeli amabili ajwayelekile — i-plasticulture yonyaka, noma uhlelo olungapheli lwemigqa ehlanganisiwe noma izindunduma.Izindlu zokugcina izithombo zikhiqiza inani elincane lama-strawberry ngenkathi engekho. 

Enye indlela enkulu, esebenzisa izitshalo ezifanayo unyaka nonyaka ezikhula emigqeni noma ezindundumeni, zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo.Inezindleko eziphansi zokutshala imali, nezidingo eziphansi zokulungisa.Izithelo zivame ukuba ngaphansi kune-plasticulture. 

Ama-Strawberries nawo angasatshalaliswa yimbewu, yize lokhu ngokuyinhloko kungumsebenzi wokuzilibazisa, futhi akujwayele ukwenziwa kakhulu kwezentengiso.Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezitshalo ezisatshalaliswa ngembewu zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya, kanti ucwaningo lokukhula lusuka embewini ngokuhweba luyaqhubeka. Imbewu (ama-achenes) itholwa ngokusebenzisa abahlinzeki bembewu abathengisayo, noma ngokuyiqoqa nokuyigcina esithelweni.

Ama-strawberry angatshalwa futhi ezindlini ezimbizeni ze-sitrobheli.Yize isitshalo singeke sakhula ngokwemvelo endlini ebusika, ukusetshenziswa kwezibani ze-LED kuhlanganiswe ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu kungavumela ukuthi isitshalo sikhule phakathi nobusika.Ngokwengeziwe, ezindaweni ezithile njengesifundazwe saseFlorida, ubusika yisikhathi sokukhula kwemvelo lapho ukuvuna kuqala khona maphakathi noNovemba. 

I-Kashubian sitrobheli ( *iTruskawka kaszubska* noma i- *Kaszëbskô malëna* )isithelo sokuqala sasePoland ukunikezwa ukuvikelwa kokuhweba ngaphansi komthetho we-EU.Ikhiqizwa ezigodini zaseKartuzy, eKościerzyna naseBytów nakomasipala basePrzywidz, Wejherowo, Luzino, Szemud, Linia, Łęczyce naseCewice eKashubia .Izinhlobo ezilandelayo kuphela ezingathengiswa njenge- *kaszëbskô malëna* : iSenga Sengana, i-Elsanta, i-Honeoye ebekwe njenge-Extra noma i-Class I. 
File:Dülmen, Kirchspiel, Erdbeerfeld -- 2015 -- 6492-6.jpg|Inkambu ye-Strawberry eNyakatho Rhine-Westphalia, eJalimane
File:Plasticulture.jpg|Ezwenikazi laseYurophu, ikakhulukazi e-Ukraine, ukuvunwa kwe-sitrobheli ezindaweni zokugcwala kusakazeke kabanzi


### Ukulima nokuvuna
Izitshalo eziningi ze-sitrobheli manje sezondliwa ngamanyolo wokufakelwa, ngaphambi nangemva kokuvuna, futhi kaningi ngaphambi kokutshala ku-plasticulture. 

Ukugcina ikhwalithi ephezulu, amajikijolo avunwa okungenani njalo ngemuva kosuku.Amajikijolo akhiwa amakepisi asanamathele futhi okungenani kusele uhhafu we-intshi yesiqu.Ama-strawberry adinga ukuhlala esitshalweni ukuze avuthwe ngokuphelele ngoba awaqhubeki ukuvuthwa ngemuva kokukhiwa.Amajikijolo abolile futhi avuthwe ngokweqile ayasuswa ukunciphisa izinkinga zezinambuzane nezifo.Amajikijolo awagezwa kuze kube ngaphambi nje kokudliwa. 

Imininingwane yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezitshalo kuyasetshenziswa ukuthola izindlela zokuzala.Umanyolo we-nitrogen uyadingeka ekuqaleni kwawo wonke unyaka wokutshalaNgokuvamile kunamazinga anele e-phosphorus ne-potash lapho amasimu evundiselwe isivuno esiphezulu.Ukuhlinzeka ngezinto eziningi eziphilayo, isivuno sekhava noma rye sitshalwa ebusika ngaphambi kokutshala ama-strawberry.Ama-Strawberries akhetha i-pH kusuka ku-5.5 kuye ku-6.5, ngakho-ke i-lime ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa. 

Inqubo yokuvuna nokuhlanza ayikashintshi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Ama-strawberry athambile asavunwa ngesandla.Ukulinganisa nokupakisha kuvame ukwenzeka emkhakheni, hhayi endaweni yokucubungula. Emisebenzini emikhulu, ama-strawberry ahlanzwa ngemifudlana yamanzi namabhande okuhambisa.