open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
UMjinjo wezishumi womtapolwazi

**Umjinjo wezishumi womtapolwazi**, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi **uhlelo lokujinjwa kwezincwadi**, yisimiso somjinjo wasemtapolwazi wezincwadi esivumela ukuba Izincwadi ezintsha zenezelwe  kumtapowolwazi endaweni yazo efanele ngokwezihloko. 
Washicilelwa okokuqala kwelaseMelika ngowe-1876 ngu-Melvil Dewey. Ngokwendabuko wachaziswa epheshaneni lamakhasi angama-44, futhi wandiswa waba imiqulu eminingana futhi wabukezwa izikhathi ezingama-23, isibukezo sokugcina sashicilelwa ngowezi-2011. Uphinde utholakale ngohlelo olufinyeziwe olufanele imitapolwazi emincane. UBambiswano olungenzi nzuzo, i-OCLC olukhonza imitapolwazi, kuyimanje yilona olunakekela loluhlelo futhi lukhipha nezivumelo zoxhakaxholo zokufikelela **i-WebDewey**, okungumxhantela ophefukiswa ngokuqhubekayo wesijengamazwi.

Umjinjo wenani lezishumi wangenisa isicabango sendawo nesikhomba ezicakathile. Ngaphambili imitapolwazi yayinikeze izincwadi izindawo ethaleni unomphela, ikakhulu ezazihlobene nohlelo lokuzithola hhayi ngesihlokondaba. Izimpawu zomjinjo zisebenzisa amanani amathathu wezigaba eziphezulu, ezinamanani angaphansi kweshumi ukuze andiseke ngokuqhubekayo.

## Imithombo

## Imithombo
Ukungcikisha isitshelezelo

**Ukungcikisha isitshelezelo** yisicabango sohlakahlisombulu, ikakhulukazi sokudludlungwa kolimi lwemvelo.
UmNgcikisho weMpilo

**Umngcikisho wempilo** noma ukugcikisha impilo kusho ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yomchazampilo nezinsiza zokungcikisha ukuze kukhandwe imikhiqizo esebenzisekayo, ephathekayo newusizo kwezomnotho. umNgcikisho wempilo usebenzisa ulwazi nobungcweti bezinzululwazi ezimbalwa ezifana nesisindo nokufufulwa komchadamezo, ezomdiki, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics, imidludlungu yokuhlukanisa nokucwenga, umklamo wesiyonzimvelo, inzululwazi yobuso, njll.
Umbhoshongo wokufufukisa

**Umbhoshongo wokufufukisa**, owaziwa nangokuthi **isigxobo samazuba**, uyisakhiwo eside, ngokuvamile esingumbhoshongo wensimbi, osetshenziselwa ukusekela izintambo zamazuba ezihamba phezulu .


Alter Mast in Mieroszow.jpg|Umbhoshongo we-voltage ephansi
Power line in Blachownia.jpg|Umbhoshongo we-voltage ophakathi
Delta pylon near Thuthukani ZA 2012.jpg|Umbhoshongo onamandla kagesi
Concrete lattice pylon with circuit breakers.png|Umbhoshongo kakhonkolo
Isifufukisi

Kwezezingabazuba, **isifufukisi** siyisiklamo esithumela iziyabizo sisebenzisa amaza womsakazo. Umsakazo ufufukisa usebenzisa umbhoshongo wokusakaza. Isifufukisi sona siguqula umzuba oqondayo kube umzuba ocikazayo ngokomjinge ofanele. Iningi lezifufukisi zisebenzisa umncwebe wegcaki ukuhlela umjinge wesithwalaza ongumphumela.
Ingcebo

Kwezomdandaniso wezimali, **ingcebo** iyinoma iyiphi insizakusebenza elawulwa umhwebo noma inhlangano yezomnotho noma okungeyazo.
Ukudludlunga imininingo

**Ukudludlunga imininingo** kungukuqoqwa nokuthonywa kwemininingo yezezibhangqiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe ukwaziswa okuphusile.  Ukudludlunga imininingo kuwuhlobo *lokudludlungwa kokwaziswa*, okuyisenzo sokudludlunga noma ukuguqula ulwazi ngezindlela ezihlongekayo kobukele.

## Izinsebenzo

Ukudludlunga imininingo kungabandakanya imidludlungu ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisa:

* Isiqiniseko &ndash; ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imininingo ehlinzekiwe inembile futhi iyafaneleka.
* Ukuhlukanisa &ndash; "Ukulungisa izinto ngokochunge noma ngamaqoqo ahlukene."
* Isifingqo &ndash; ukunciphisa imininingo eningiliziwe ngamaphuzu ayo ayinhloko.
* Umumo ogcwele &ndash; ukuhlanganisa izingcezu eziningana zemininingo.
* Isihlaziyo &ndash; "ukuqoqwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlaziywa nokuhlakahlwa kwemininingo."
* Ukubika &ndash; ukwenza uhlu lwemininingwane noma isifingqo semininingo noma ukwaziswa okucikiziwe.
* Umjinjo &ndash; ukubandlulwa kwemininingo ngokweminxa ehlukahlukene.

## Imithombo
Ukubuthwa kwemininingo

**Ukubuthwa kwemininingo** (noma **ukuqoqwa kwemininingo**) umdludlungu wokubutha nokulinganisa ukwaziswa okufunwayo esimisweni esisunguliwe, ukuze kutholakale izimpendulo zemibuzo futhi kucutshungulwe iziphumo. Ukubutha imininingo kuyisigcoyi socwaningo kuyo yonke imikhakha yemfundo, kuhlanganisa izinzululwazi zendalo nezenhlalo, kwezoluntu nakwezohwebo. Nakuba izindlelasu zingafani ngokoqeqesho, isigcizelelo sokuqinisekisa ukunemba nokwethembeka ekubutheni imininingo siyefana. Umgomo wakho konke ukuqoqwa kwemininingo kuwukuqopha ubufakazi obuzovumela ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kuhambe phambili ekubunjweni kwezimpendulo ezikholekayo zemibuzo ephakamayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimuphi umkhakha noma indlela ekhethwayo yokuchasisa imininingo engakaniswayo noma yezingabunjalo, ukubuthwa kwemininingo okunembileyo kuyingqikithi yokugcina ubuqotho bocwaningo. Ukukhethwa kwezinsiza ezifanele zokuqoqa imininingo kanye neziyalezo zokusetshenziswa kwazo kahle kuvame ukunciphisa amathuba wokuvela kwamaphutha.

## Indlelasu
Ukubuthwa kwemininingo nokuyifakazisisa kulandela izinyathelo ezine lapho kubandakanya ukubala abantu futhi kulandela izinyathelo ezinkotha lapho kubandakanya ukusangula.

Umdludlungu wokuqoqa imininingo osemthethweni uyadingeka, njengoba uqinisekisa ukuthi imininingo ebuthiwe iyachasiswa futhi inembile. Ngale ndlela, izigqibo ezilandelayo ezisekwe kwimizakuzakwana esocwaningweni zenziwa ngemininingo efakazisiwe. 

## Amaphatho
I-Hanshin Tigers

I-Hanshin Tigers yiqembu le-baseball laseJapan.
## ukubuka konke

I-Hanshin Tigers iyiqembu le-baseball elidume kakhulu e-Japan futhi linabalandeli abaningi abanohlonze.
## kuqondiswe ngu

Umuntu okuthiwa uShofu Okada ungumphathi futhi udume kakhulu kunabadlali.Izitatimende zangemuva komdlalo ziyisipesheli saleli qembu.
ULibofuzo

**ULibofuzo** luyintshogcezi eyakhiwa amaphothe amabili azithandelayo waba impothempothe. Intshongcezi ithwala imiyalelo yofuzo yokuthuthukisa, ukusebenza, ukukhula nokuzalana kwazo zonke iziPhili ezaziwayo namagciwanyana amaningi. ULibofuzo kanye nesimunyuci ziyizimunyundeni. Izimunyundeni, kanye nezakhamzimba, amafutsha, nezifukuthisi eziwuxhoxho, zingezinye zezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zemizwayikazi esemqoka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila.
UmCabeko

**UmCabeko** uyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngenhloso yokweqa ingqinamba (efana namanzi, isigodi, umgwaqo noma ujantshi), imvama okusuke kunzima ukudlula kuyo. Kunemiklamo ehlukahlukene yemicabeko ngamunye owenzelwa injongo ekhethekile futhi esebenza ezimweni ezingafani. Imiklamo yemicabeko iyahlukahluka kuye ngezici ezifana nomsebenzi womcabeko, isimo sendawo lapho umcabeko ozoxhonywa khona, kanye nezithako ezisetshenziswa ukuwakha, nemali ekhona ezokuokhela ukwakhiwa kwawo.
Umfeketho wendwalazo

**UMfeketho wendwalazo** ungumfeketho wombukiso odlalwa kusetshenziswa izilekeleli zendwalazo. Iningi lemifeketho yendwalazo lisekwe ekucwileni komdlali, imvama okwenziwa ngeziqomondo ezifakwa ekhanda zomboniso wenhlolambukiso *(stereoscopic)* kanye nezilawuli zakhona.

Imboni yemifeketho yombukiso yenza iziqabavu zokuqala zendwalazo eminyakeni ye-1989, ikakhulu ngomfeketho we-Mattel obizwa *Power Glove* kanye nowe-Nintendo obizwa *Virtual Boy*. Lapho kungeniswa umkhiqizo wendwalazo wokuqala olungele abashwabadi, obizwa *Oculus Rift* ngowezi-2003, eminye imifeketho yendwalazo yalandela masinyane, kuhlanganisa nemifeketho ebikhona eyaguqulwa ukuze ifekethe emagobongweni wendwalazo, kanye nemifeketho emisha eklanyelwe Indwalazo. Nakuba amagobongo wendwalazo nemifeketho yayo yakhula ngokulinganiselwe ekupheleni kweyezi-2010, kwavela umifeketho wendwalazo obizwa *Half-Life: Alyx* owathuthukiswa inkampani ebizwa Valve, owawuthathwa ngokuthi ihlelokusebenza elibulalayo lemifeketho yendwalazo.
Indwalazo

**Indwalazo** ingubungcweti obufefenyekwayo obusebenzisa isithungathi-mumo kanye nomboniso oseduze neso weqhwibintathu ukunikeza umsebenzisi umuzwa wokucwila endwalifeni. Amahlelokusebenza wendwalazo  ehlanganisa awokuzijabulusa, awezemfundo ( njengowokuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha nakwezempi) kanye nawezokuhweba (afana nawemihlangano yendwalazo). Ezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zobuchwepheshe benkobo yendwalazo zihlanganisa ingempela elenezelwe, nengempela elididiyelwe, ezibizwa ngokuthi ingempela elijijiwe, nakuba izincasiselo zishintsha ngenxa yokufufusa kwalemboni.

Okwamanje, izinhlelo zendwalazo ezivamile zisebenzisa iziqomondo zendwalazo noma Izimo ezivezwa ngobuningi ukuze ziphehle imifanekiso yoqobo, imisindo yangempela nezinye izintshwayo ezishukumisa ukuba khona komsebenzisi endwalifeni. Umuntu osebenzisa izinsiza zendwalazo uyakwazi ukuthi abone izinto ezimzungezile ezweni elinomfiyiwe, ahamba hambe kulo, futhi ananane nolwangu noma Izinto zendwalazo. Lomthelela uvame ukubangwa iziqomondo zendwalazo eziqukethe isigcogco esinombukiso *(head-mounted display)* esinesihenqo esincinyane phambi kwamehlo, kodwana nomthelela ungadalwa nangamagumbi eklanywe ngokukhethekile anezihenqo eziningana ezinkulu. Indwalazo ivame ukuhlanganisa isibikemphinda senzwakalo *(auditory)* nombukiso, kodwana nezinye izinhlobo zemizwa ziyafakwa kanye nomazinkintshela ophoqiwe ngobuchwepheshe bemizwa.

## Izinhlobo nezindlelasu

Enye indlelasu indwalazo efezekiswa ngayo ibizwa indwalazo efefenyekwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izifefenyeki zokushayela, zenza umshayeli abe nomuzwa wokushayela isithuthi ngokoqobo ngokubikezela umdiki wesithuthi obangelwa igalelo lomshayeli nesibikemphinda sikangizosho ongumboniso, umdiki nenzwakalo yomshayeli ezihambisanayo.

## Umlando

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibon'imifanekiso enkathini yezinguquko zobuciko kwelaseYurophu kanye nomahloli'mifanekiso *(stereoscope)* owaqanjwa nguMnu. Charles Wheatstone, kokubili okwandulela indwalazo. Amaphatho wokuqala womsukamqondo wanamuhla wendwalazo aqhamuka nenganeko yenzululwazi.

## Imithombo
Makosi Consulting

IMakosi iyifemu yokubonisana ngezinsizakalo ezigxile ekuqalisweni kwephrojekthi yomhlaba wonke yezinsizakalo zezezimali kusukela ngo-2001. Ikomkhulu layo liseNew York, e-United States of America futhi yasungulwa eNingizimu Afrika nguDarren Isaacs . UDarren ungumfundi waseNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand eGoli, eGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika, oneziqu ze-Accounting and Finance . Ulwazi lwakhe luhlanganisa isu lebhizinisi, ubungozi bezezimali, ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi elisha; kanye ne-accounting .NgoFebhuwari 2023 uMakosi uhlonishwe njengoMqashi Ophezulu eNingizimu Afrika yi-Top Employers Institute . Uhlelo lwe-Top Employers Institute luklomelisa izitifiketi ezinhlanganweni ngokusekelwe ekubambeni kwazo iqhaza futhi kuphumele ocwaningweni lwazo Lwemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yakwa-HR. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa izindawo eziyisithupha ze-HR ezinezihloko ezingu-20 ezihlanganisa i-People Strategy, Indawo Yokusebenzela, Ukutholwa Kwamathalenta, Ukufunda, Ukuhlukahluka, Ukulingana Nokufakwa, Impilo, nokunye.

## Imithombo
Umtapowolwazi

**Umtapowolwazi** noma **umtapolwaz**i uyisibhidli sezincwadi eziqoqiwe, kanye neminye imibhalo nezinzisakusakaza, konke okufikeleleka kalula ukuba kusetshenziswe amalungu awo namalungu wezinye izikhungo ezimdibi munye wawo. Imitapoyolwazi ivame ukuba nezincwadi eziphathekayo noma ukufikelela kulezo okungezezibhangqiwe, futhi ungaba isakhiwo esisesizeni esithile , noma esikhenkeni sakuxhakaxholo noma kokubili. Isibhidli somtapowolwazi imvama sihlanganisa izinsiza ezishicilelwe okulula ukuba zibolekwe abazifunayo, kanye nomhibatho wamaphatho wezishicilelwa okungavunyelwe ukuba ziphume emtapolwazi nezibukelwa emagcekeni wawo kuphela. Kungenzeka kube neminye imithombo ephathekayo ngezinye izinikino, ezifana namafilimi wezentengiselwano, izinhlelo zikamobonakude, eminye imibukiso eqoshiwe, ezomsakazo, umculo neziqoshwa zezilalwelwa zesinikino se-DVD, Blu-ray, amacwecwe we-CD nekhasetho, singakabali ufikelelo lokwaziswa, umculo noma ezinye iziqikili ezigcinwe kwezizindamniningo zomchazamibhalo.

Imitapolwazi iyahluka ngobungako futhi ingahlelwa ibuye igcinwe indikimba yomphakathi efana nohulumeni, isikhungo (esifana nesikole noma ingodlandlu), umshumanqa, noma umdwambu ongasese. Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngemibhalo, imitapolwazi iphinde ihlinzeke ngezinkonzo zosomtapolwazi abangongcweti abacijisiwe ekutholeni, ekukhetheni, ekujikiliziseni nasekuhleleni ukwaziswa kuyilapho behlakahla izidingo zokwaziswa nasekushulubezeni nasekuhlaziyeni amanani amakhulu okwaziswa anezinsizakusebenza ezinhlobonhlobo.

Izakhiwo zomtapowolwazi zivame ukuba nezindawo ezithile zokufundela, kanye nezindawo ezivamile zokufunda kweqembu nokusebenzisana, futhi zingaba nezinsiza zomphakathi zokufikelela kwizinsizakusebenza zezingabuzuba, ezifana neziCikizi nofikelelo kuxhakaxholo.

## UMsukagama
Elithi umtapolwazi liyinhlanganisela yamagama amabili, umtapo + ulwazi, ukuze lichaze indawo ewumthombo wolwazi, lapho ulwazi luyinala khona, lutatshwa khona ngabalufunayo. Ngokwesichazamazwi sikaVilakazi elithi umtapo lisho indawo noma isakhiwo siwumthombo wento ethile ngobuningi. Leligama livela esenzweni ukutapa esisho ukugqoba, ukumoncula okuthile njengalapho abavukuzi bemoncula izimbiwa emigoding, basuke betapa, indawo abatapa kuye, ingumtapo wezimbiwa.

## Umlando
Umlando wemitapolwazi waqala endulo lapho ulwazi lwalugcinwa futhi luhlelenjwe phakathi kwemibhalo. Imitapolwazi yokuqala yayihlanganisa nokuqogelela izindlela zokuloba zokuqala — njengezibhebhe okwakulotshwa kuzo ngokugweda endaweni yaseSumeri eminyakeni eyizi-2600 BC edlule.
Winsor McCay Award

Umklomelo we-Winsor McCay unikezwa abantu ngabanye ngokuhlonishwa kweminikelo yokuphila konke noma umsebenzi wobuciko bokugqwayiza ekukhiqizeni, ukuqondisa, ukugqwayiza, ukuklama, ukubhala, ukulingisa izwi, imiphumela yomsindo nemisindo, umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe, umculo, ukufundisa kochwepheshe, nokunye. imizamo ekhombisa igalelo elincomekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kokugqwayiza.

Indondo yethulwa emiklomelweni ka-Annie yaminyaka yonke, eyethulwa yi-International Animated Film Society, i-ASIFA-Hollywood. Lo mklomelo wasungulwa ngo-1972, futhi uqanjwe ngokuhlonishwa komqalisi wopopayi uWinsor McCay.

## Recipients
* † Posthumously awarded
Umqogelelo

**Umqogelelo** kuwukuqongelelwa kweziqoshwa ezingokomlando – kunoma iyiphi insiza – noma isakhiwo lapho zibekwe khona.

Imiqongelelo iqukatha imibhalo eyimithombo eyinhloko enqwabelene ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile sokuba khona komuntu noma inhlangano, futhi iyagcinwa ukuze iveze insebenzo yalowo muntu noma inhlangano. Abaqogeleli abayizingcwepheshi nabosomlando ngokuvamile bayaqonda ukuthi imiqogelelo iyiziqoshwa ngokwemvelo nangokwesidingo eziphehlwe njengomkhiqizo wobuqhebeqhebe obuvamile bokomthetho, bezentengiselwano, bokulawula, noma babantu. Babuye bawuchasisa ngokomfanekiso ngokuthi "imitshokozo yesiphili",  futhi yehlukaniseka emibhalweni elotshwe noma yadalwa ngenhloso yokuqanguza umlayezo okhethekile kwabasazozalwa.

## Imithombo
Inzululwazi yokuqogelela

**Inzululwazi yokuqogelela**, or **izifundo zomqogelelo**, yisifundo sombono sokwakha nokukhetha imiqogelelo, okungamabhidli emibhalo, iziqoshwa zomsindo nezilekeleli zokuqoqonga imininingo.

Ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kukhethwe umqogelelo, kudingeka kutholwe futhi kuhlolwe izithako eziqoshiwe, nokuba kube lula ukuzifikelela kamuva lapho zidingeka. Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, inzululwazi yokuqogelela ifuna ukuphucula izindlelasu zokuxilonga , ukuqoqonga, ukukhweza, nokuhlela uqukathomgama lweziqoshwa.

Isiqoshwa somqogelelo sikhweza imininingo engasoze yaguqulwa. Ukuze ube yigugu ebantwini, umqogelelo kufanele uthembeke. Ngalokho, umqogeleli unesibopho sokuqinisekisa imibhalo yomqogelelo, efana nemibhalo engokomlando, ukuze aqinisekise ukwethembeka kwayo, ubuqotho bayo, nokusebenziseka kwayo. Iziqoshwa zomqogelelo kumele zibe yilokho ezithi ziyikho; zimelele ngokunembile ubuqhebeqhebe ezazidalelwe bona; zethule isithombe esicacileyo ngoyaca lwesiqikili; futhi zibe sesimweni sokusebenziseka nasendaweni efikelelayo.

## Imithombo
Ukuqoqonga imininingo

**Ukuqoqonga imininingo** noma **Isiqoqonga mininingo** kuwukuqoqonga imininingo noma ukuqoshwa kokwaziswa ngaphakathi **kwesiqoqonga**. Ukubhala, iziqoshwa zeFomografi, isiqophawonga, neziindingilizi zokukhanya zonke ziyizibonelo zezinsizakuqoqonga. Amachembe wemvelo afana nolibofuzo ne-RNA nawo athathwa njengeziqoqonga zemininingo. Ukuqopha kungenziwa cishe nganoma yiliphu uhlobo lwesidlakathi. Isiqoqonga mininingo samazuba sidinga amandla wamazuba ukuze siqoqonge imininingo.

Ukuqoqonga imininingo ngensiza yezezibhangqiwe, efundwa yinguxa kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi *imininingo yezezibhangqiwe*. Ukuqoqonga imininingo yesiCikizi ngenye yzinsebenzo ezimqoka zesiCikizi senjongo evamile. Imibhalo yamazuba ingagcinwa endaweni encane kakhulu kunemibhalo yephepha.

## Insizakuxhumana yokuqopha
Inzisa yokuqopha iyinto ephathekayo emumatha ukwaziswa. Ukwaziswa okusanda kukhiqizwa buyasatshalaliswa futhi bungaqoqongwa phakathi kwezinsizakuxhamana ezine - isishicilelo, isiqophamdiki *(film)*, ezobuwonga, nezikukhanya - futhi bungabukwa noma buzwiwe ngokugeleza kokwaziswa okune - ucingo, umsakazo nomabonakude, kanye noxhakaxholo  kuhlanganisa nokuthi buqashelwe ngamaqaphelo ngokuqondile. Ukwaziswa kwezezibhangqiwe bona buqoqongwa ngezinsikakuxhumana zamazuba sebuyizinikino ezihlukene zokuqopha.

## Imithombo
Isimiso soketshe

**Isimiso soketshe**, noma **uhlelo loketshe**, siwuhlelo lwesitho sezilwane ezinomgogodla oluyingxenye yamasosha omzimba, futhi luhambisana nesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi .
Ukudludlungwa kwesiyabizo

**Ukudludlungwa kwesiyabizo** kungumkhakha ongaphansi komngcikisho wamazuba ogxile ekuhlaziyeni, ekugwabukiseni nasekulumbaniseni *iziyabizo*, njengalapho kudludlungwa umsindo, izithombe, iziyabizo zokudlidlizeka, ukudludlungwa kwesilinganiso sokuphakama, kanye nezilinganiso zenzululwazi. Ubunyoninco bokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo busetshenziswa nasekungqandiseni ufufukiso, ukuqoqonga imininingo, ukulungiswa kweziyabizo ezingacacile, emgangathweni wombukiso ongemuhle kanye nasekuhlongeni izigcoyi zokunakwa esiyabizweni esilinganisiwe.

## Imithombo
Ukudludlungwa kwesiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe

**Ukudludlungwa kwesiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe** (DYB) ukusetshenziswa kokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo, okufana neziCikizi noma izidludlungi zeziyabizo zezezibhangqiwe ezikhethekile, ukuze ziqhogoye imigidingo ehlukene yokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo .
Ukuzinkintshela

**Ukuzinkintshela** (noma **umazinkintshela**) yisenzo esenzeka lapho iziphumo zesimiso zibuyiselwa kuso njengezigalelo eziyingxenye yomhumo kanobangela nemiphumela owakha intandelo noma inkintsha. Khona ke lesimiso kungathiwa *siyazinkintshela*. Isicabango sikanobangela nemiphumela kumele kuqikelelwe lapho sisetshenziswa ezimisweni zokuzinkintshela:

## Imithombo
Isishinguxa

**Isishinguxa** yisidalwa esinazo zombili izingxenye zomzimba ezingokwemvelo kanye nezobunguxampilo. "Isishinguxa" asifani nezomNgxiksho wendalo *(bionics)*, ezeziThununumpilo *(biorobotics)*, noma IziThunjeza *(androids)*.

## Incaziso nencasiselo
"Isishinguxa" ibizo elibhekisela kuleso siphili esibuyiselwe insebenzo yaso noma ikakhulukazi, esithuthukise amakhono aso ngenxa yendidiyelo yezigcoyi zokuzakhela noma ubuchwepheshe bokuzakhela ubuxhomeke kwisibikemphinda *(feedback)* sohlobo oluthile, ngokwesibonelo, isengeselo *(prostheses)*, izitho mbumbulu, izifakelelo *(implants)* noma, kwezinye izimo, ubuchwepheshe obumbathwayo. Ezobuchwepheshe bezishinguxa bungakwazi nokuphasa ubuhlakani bexongo. Elinye ibizo elihlobene eduze, nelibanzi ngelithi "umuntu ojotshelelwe". Nakuba izishinguxa ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizincelisi, zibuye zihlanganise nezothamlilo, kodwa kuthiwa zonke iziphili zingafakelwa izinguxa.

## Ummomo wezishunguxa zezinganeko

Ngokwenganeko yenzululwazi, umboniso ovamile wesishinguxa ngowesothamlilo (noma wesilwane) esinezinguxa elijotshelelwe emzimbeni waso.

Kodwa, izishinguxa zingavezwa njengezifana nezithununu kakhulu noma ezinjengabantu kakhulu. Zingabuye zivezwe njengezithununu ezisamuntu.

Izishinguxa ezinommomo osamuntu kungenzeka zembesa izingxenye zazo zobunguxa ngezivikelo noma izindwangu. Imishinguxa ingaba nezingxenye noma imizomba yobunguxa ebonakala ngathi eyomuntu. Kuyinto evamile ukuba imishinguxa ukuba zibe namakhono wezimbudle kanye nezidlikithi esikhulu esihlanganisa nezinzwi ezithuthukisiwe, ubuchopho obusizwa yisiCikizi, noma izikhali ezakhelwe kuwo.

## Imithombo
Amadlala woketshe

**Amadlala woketshe**, noma **amaqhuzwana woketshe**,  ayisitho esimise okwezinso esimisweni soketshe kanye nesimisweno sokuzivikela esiguquguqukayo .
Ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe

**Ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe** ukusetshenziswa kwesCikizi sezezibhangqiwe ekudludlungeni imifanekiso yezezibhangqiwe ngokusebenzisa  umkholezima .  Njengomkhakha oyingxenye yokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe, ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe kunemenzelelo eminingi ukwedlula ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wenzuko. Kuvumela izinhlobonhlono ezibanzi zemikholezima ukuba isetshenziswe kwemininingo yegalelo futhi kungagwema nezinkinga ezifana nokwakheka komsindo nesithikimezi *(distortion)* lapho kudludlungwa. Njengoba imifanekiso ichasiswa ngemiyinge emibili (nangaphezulu) ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe kungenzeka kunongwe ngesimo ngezinhlelo zemiyingeningi. Ukuphehlwa nokuthuthukiswa kokudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe yizinto ezithintwa yizici ezintathu: esokuqala , ukuthuthukiswa kweziCikizi; esesibili, ukuthuthukiswa komchazazibalo (ikakhulu umbono womchazazibalo olubandlu); esesithathu, ukwanda kwengqekelelo yezinsiza ezinhlobonhlobo kwezemvelo, ezolimo , kwezempi, ezimbonini nakwezenzululwazi yokwelapha.

## Imithombo
UTho oluhlelelisekwayo

**UTho oluhlelelisekwayo** liwutho olunekhono lokuziguqula izakhi zalo ezingokoqobo (umumo, ukuminyana, i-moduli, ukudluliseka, izakhi zokukhanya, njll.) ngohlobo oluhlelelekayo, ngokusekelwe kokugalelwa ngumsebenzisi noma ezihlelelekiwe.
Isiqomondo sendwalazo

**Isigcogco sendwalazo** (noma **isiqomondo sendwalazo**) yisilekeleli esifakwa ekhanda esihlinzeka ngesimo sendwalazo kulowo osifakileyo. Izigcogco zendwalazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi nemifeketho yendwalazo eyimibukiso kodwana ziyasetshenziswa nakwamanye amahlelokusebenza, kuhlanganisa izifefenyeki nezicijisi. Izigcogco zendwalazo zivame ukuhlanganisa nombukiso wenhlolamfanekiso (ovezela iso ngalinye imifanekiso engafani), Umsindo ozungezayo, nezihlonga ezifana nenhlola mkhawulezo *gyroscopes* yokuthungatha ukuma kwekhanda lomsebenzisi ukuze umbuko wesithwebuli sendwalazo uhambisane nommiso wegqalo lomsebenzisi osezweni langempela.

Ezinye izigcogco zendwalazo zihambisana nezihlonga ezithungatha amehlo kanye nezilawuli zomfeketho. Izobuko zendwalazo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe olubizwa ngokuthi izithungatha khanda, obuguqula isikhundla sombono lapho umuntu ejika ikhanda lakhe. Ubuchwepheshe kungenzeka bungabi obunconekayo, njengoba buphazamiseka lapho ikhanda lijika ngokushesha. Nakuba kunjalo, buyaqhubeka ngokunikela ngobungcwethi bokucwila.

## Umlando
Indwalife

**Indwalife** iyizwe elifefenyekwa ngesicikizi elingaba nalabo okungabasebenzisi abakwaziyo ukudala isidwambu sabo siqu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bakwazi ukuhlwaya indwalife ngokuzimele, babuye bahlanganyele ebuqhebeqhebeni balelo zwe futhi baxhumane nabanye. Lezi zidwambu kungaba iziqakaqo, imifanekiso, noma imidwambu eyimibukiso yabukhoma enenzwakalo nokuzwa ukuthinta. Izindwalife zihlobene eduze namazwe ayisithunzi.
Amandla wamazuba

**Amandla wamazuba** ayizinga lokufufukisa isidlakalasi samazuba entandelweni. Leli zinga lilinganiswa ngama-watt, izinkulungwana, izigidi nezinqindi zama-watt zibizwa ngokuthi kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts ngokukandelana. Kufuneka amagama wesizulu.
Isilumbamdiki

**Isilumbamdiki** siyinguxa eklanyelwe ukuguqula ezinhlobo zesidlakathi zibe umdiki.  

Imithombo yesidlakathi ekhona ihlanganisa impekumpeku engahlivele (isb. isidlakathi somnyondo esisetshenziselwa ukuphehla amandla wamazubomjilimbo), isidlakathi somchadamezo, isidlakathi sevanga, amazuba angahlavele nesidlakathi senuzi (isb. ingxubano yenuzi). Iningi lalemidludlungu iphehla umchadamezo njengohlobo lwesidlakathi, okuyinto eyenza izilumbamdiki zomchadamezo zibaluleke.

## imithombo
Intshicwa

**Intshicwa** (ibizo elisho ukuthi okushicilelwe) iyinoma yiziphi izinsalela ezikhwezekile, ukushiceka, noma imikhondo yanoma iyiphi into eyake yaphila endulo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amathambo, amagobolondo, izikhehlekandle *(exoskeletons)*, izishicelo ezisematsheni zezilwane noma amagciwane, izinto ezikhwezeke phakathi kwenomfi, izinwele, nokhuni oluphenduke itshe nasezinsaleleni zolibofuzo. Izintshicwa sezizonke zaziwa ngokuthi *uMlando wezintshicwa*.
Ingempela elenezelwe

**Ingempela elenezelwe** liwubuchwepheshe besicikizi obuveza imifanekiso yezezibhangqiwe eliyenezela ezweni langempela elikhona. Ngokwesibonelo lobu buchwepheshe bungaveza isinabalala sezezibhangqiwe phezu komgandayo ongenalutho. Abufani nendwalazo yona evame ukwenza umuntu azizwe akwenye indawo. Into ebalulekile kakhulu ngeNgempela elenezelwe umkhuba walo wokuhlanganisa izigcoyi zezezibhangqiwe zibe yingxenye yalokho umuntu akushwayayo ngezwe langempela, kunokuthi zibe umbukiso wemininingo nje, kodwana ngokudidiyela leyo mizwa embozayo, eshwaywa njengengxenye yemvelo.
Isidwambu

KwezokuCikiza, **Isidwambu** singumfanekiso omelela umsebenzisi noma umdwambu wakhe. Izidwambu kungaba imifanekiso yobuqhwibimbili (2D) bezidlangala zoxhakaxholo nezinye izinkundla, lapho zaziwa nangokuthi izithombe zesihamuza njll. Ngokuhlukile, isidwambu singaba nesimo sonongo lobuqhwibintathu, olusetahenziswa ezweni loxhakaxholo nasemifekethweni yevidiyo, noma kube umdwambu wokuzicabangela ongenasimomo esiwumfanekiso, njengasemidlalweni.

Ibizo elithi *isidwambu* lakhiwe kususela kwelithi "umdwambu" elisho 'umuntu isiqu sakhe, nezinkondolo ezimehlukanisa esilwaneni.'  Elithi isidwambu ngenxa yokuba nesiqalo 'isi' esisebenza ezintweni ezingaphili, liyafaneleka kakhulu njengoba kungumfanekiso ofefenyekiwe, hhayi umuntu ophilayo uqobo. Izidwambu, eziwumfefenyeko nje, ziyasetshenziswa ezijinjweni zakuxhakaxholo ezihlanganisa izinkundla zokuxhumana, abalekeleli bakuxhakaxholo, izinkundla zomqhafazo, nasemazweni wezezibhangqiwe afana ne-*World of Warcraft* kanye ne-*Second Life*. Zingaba nesimo somfanekiso noma isithombe somuntu sangempela, njengoba zibonwa ezinkundleni ezinjengo-Facebook kanye no-Linkedln, noma isidwambu sendwalazo esidabuka ezweni langempela. Imvama, lezi zidwambu zenzelwa ukuba sixhase izinjongo ezihlukene.

Ucwaningo lwakwaNgqondonkulu luye lwahlozinga endleleni izidwambu ezingathonya ngayo imiphumela yokuxhumana nobuhlonzi bezezibhangqiwe. Abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa izidwambu ezinezinkondolo zezinganeko ukuze bazuze ukwamukelwa emphakathini noma ukwenza lula ukwenanana. Kodwana, izifundo sezithole ukuthi iningi labasebenzisi bakhetha izidwambu ezinenswebu yomuntu siqu.

## Imithombo
INzululwazi yoMtapolwazi noKwaziswa

**INzululwazi yoMtapowolwazi noKwaziswa** noma **izifundo zomtapowolwazi nokwaziswa,**  wumkhakha woqeqeshombaxa ovame ukudingida ukuhleleka, ukufinyeleleka, ukuqoqwa, kanye nokuvikela/ukulawulwa kokwaziswa, kungaba okuphathekayo (isb. ubuciko, ukuqulwa kwamacala., njll.) noma izimo zezezibhangqiwe.

Abanye bathatha izingqeqesho zendabuko ezimbili, inzululwazi yomtapowolwazi nenzululwazi yokwaziswa, njengemikhakha ehlukene. Nokho, kuvamile namuhla ukuthi kusetshenziswe ibizo elimqondofana noma liyekwe elithi "umtapowolwazi" bese kukhulunywa ngeminyango yokwaziswa. Sekwaba nemizamo yokuvuselela isicabangelo sezifundo zokubhalabhala *(documentation)*. Ukuhlelwa kokwaziswa nezinsizakusebenza zokwaziswa ziyizici eziyisiseko zenzululwazi yomtapowolwazi nokwaziswa.
Ukujinja

**Ukujinja** yikhono nobuqhebeqhebe bokuqaphela ulwangu olufanayo noma ukufana okuphakathi kwezici zobungcweti bezwe ( njengezinto, izehlakalo, noma amasu ), ukuhlela nokujinja obungcweti ngokuzihlanganisa neqembu elithile (okungukuthi, umunxa, isigaba, noma uhlobo),   ngesisekelo sezici zazo, ulwangu lwazo, ukufana kwazo noma ezinye izilinganiso ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke eqenjini.
Umjinjo (umbono ovamile)

Igama elithi **Umjinjo** liyisicabango esibanzi esihlanganisa inqubo yokujinja, iqoqo lamaqembu angumphumela wokujinjwa, kanye nokujutshwa kwezici zifakwe emaqenjini akhiwe. Ukujinja yisicabango esiyisiseko nesiyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zobuqhebeqhebe. Umjinjo ngokwawo wumkhakha wezemfundo oxubuqeqesho, owakhiwa uqeqesho oluhlanganisa injulalwazi, umchazampilo, ukuhlelwa kolwazi, umchazangqondo, izibalomininingo nomchazazibalo.

## Izincasiselo
Ibizo elithi *umjinjo* lingasebenza kokukodwa noma konke okulandelayo:
* inqubo yokujinja (ukubandlula nokwabela izinhlobo zezinto emaqenjini ahlukene)
* iqoqo lamaqembu angumphumela, aziwa ngokuthi *izigaba*  (also called a *classification system*)
* ukujutshwa kwezici ezigabeni ezakhiwe
Ukujinja—ngomqondo obanzi onikeziwe—kuyisicabango esiyisiseko futhi kuyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zobuqhebeqhebe.

## Imithombo
INswelandeni

**INswelandeni** yisiphili esinengqamuzana elilodwa nesiswele indeni kanye nezinye izithokazane zolwelwesi. Esimisweni sombuso ohlukene kabili ngokwencazelo ka- Édouard Chatton, izinswelandeni zazijinjwa ngaphakathi kombuso owodwa. Kodwana esimisweni sesidlangala esihlukene kathathu, esisekwe esihlaziyweni semizwayi, izinswelandeni zihlukaniswe zaba izidlangala ezimbili: Izinungwana kanye nezingunazana. Iziphili ezinendeni zibekwa esidlangaleni sesithathu, iMvelendeni. Izinswelandeni zavela kuqala kunezimvelendeni.
Isithokazane

Kumchazampilo wengqamuzana, **isithokazane** siwucezwana oluncinyane olukhethekile, ngokuvamile olungaphakathi kwengqamuzana, elinensebenzo ethile eqondile.
INzwayiza

**Izinzwayiza** ziyizakhamzimba ezisebenza njengezikhawulezisi zemvelo ngokuthi zikhawulezise ukusabela kweziqa. Imizwayi leyo izinzwayiza ezingasebenza kuyo ibizwa ngokuthi *substrates*, futhi inzwayiza isebenza ngokuguqula leyo substrate kube imizwayi ehlukene eyaziwa ngokuthi izimonyulo.
INdeni yengqamuzana

**INdeni yengqamuzana** iyisithokazane esithungelwe olwelwesini esitholakala emangqamuzaneni ezimvelendeni. Amangqamuzana ezimvelendeni anendeni eyodwa, kodwana kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamangqamuzana, ezifana namangqamuzana egazi abomvu, ezingenazo izindeni, kanye nezinye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Uhlaka olumqoka ekwakhekeni kwendeni lungulwelwesi olulukhonko nolungunge Isithokazane sisonke futhi luqhinga okuphakathi kwalo kuhlukane nengqimbazana.
UMtapolwazi weZwelonke waseNingizimu Afrika

**UMtapolwazi weZwelonke welonke waseNingizimu Afrika** yisikhungo sikahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika esinakekela umtapowolwazi kazwelonke wazo zonke izinto ezishicilelwe eziphathelene nezwe.
Isimunyundeni

**Izimunyundeni** ziyimizwayinkulu lapho ukwaziswa kwezifuzisi kuqoqongwa khona. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimunyundeni: ULibofuzo kanye nesimunyuci. Izimunyundeni zivumela iziphili ukuba zifufule ukwaziswa kofuzo ngokulandelana kwezizukulwane. Lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana, ulibofuzo lwalo luyafaniselwa bese ludluliselwa kwisizukulwane esilandelayo sengqamuzana. ULibofuzo luhleleke lwaba iziphathafuzo ezitholakala phakathi endeni yamangqamuzana ethu.
IMvelendeni

**IMvelendeni**, leyo amalungu ayo aziwa ngokuthi **izimvelendeni** ), iyisidlangala seziphili ezihlukahlukene ezinamangqamuzana anendeni noma avela indeni. Zonke izilwane, Izitshalo, ukhunta, nezinye iziphili ezinengqamuzana elilodwa zibizwa izimvelendeni. Zakha iqembu elikhulu lezinhlobo zokuphila zikanye namaqembu amabili wezinswelandeni: Izinungwana nezingunazana. Izimvelendeni zimelela iqeqebana elincane leziphili, kodwana ngenxa yobungako bazo obukhulu, ubuningi bazo embulungeni bukhulu kunalobo bezinswelandeni.
INgunazana

**INgunazana** iyisidlangala seziphili ezinengqamuzana elilodwa. Lezi ziphilincinci ziswele iNdeni yengqamuzana ingakho zibizwa izinswelandeni. Izingunazana ekuqaleni zazibizwa Izinungwana, kodwa lokho kwabuye kwalungiswa ngenxa yokungafani nazo.
Isimunyuci

**Isimunyuci** siwumzwayi wentshogcezi omqoka kakhulu ezinsebenzweni eziningi zempilo, kungaba ngokuqhogoya insebenzo ngokwayo (isimunyuci esingashayeleli) noma ngokwakha uhlaka lokukhiqiza izakhamzimba (isimunyuca esithunywayo). Isimunyuca kanye nolibofuzo zombili ziyizimunyundeni. Izimunyundeni zakha ingxenye eyodwa kwezine zemizwayikhulu emqoka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila.
List of Inter Milan chairmen

Okulandelayo uhlu **losihlalo be- [[Football Club Internazionale Milano]]** . 

Umongameli wokuqala womlando we-Inter Milan kwakunguGiovanni Paramithiotti, owayengomunye wabasunguli beqembu. UParamithiotti walandelwa u-Ettore Strauss ngonyaka owodwa kamuva kulandela isinqumo esivela kubangane beqembu.

Umongameli othathe isikhathi eside kunabo bonke kwaba nguMassimo Moratti,  owathenga iklabhu ku- Ernesto Pellegrini ngo-1995  UMorati wasebenza ngokuqhubekayo njengomongameli kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-2013, ngokusula okubili kulolu hlelo: okokuqala ngoMeyi 2009,  wahoxisa uJulayi olandelayo,  futhi okwesibili kusukela ngoJanuwari 2004 kuya kuNovemba 2006, lapho indima yanikezwa khona. UGiacinto Facchetti kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe.  

Ubumongameli bukaMassimo Moratti buphinde banqoba kakhulu emlandweni weqembu,  wawina izindebe eziyi-16 kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-2011 okuhlanganisa nezicoco ezinhlanu zeSerie A, ezine Coppa Italia, ezintathu Supercoppa Italiana, UEFA Cup eyodwa, eyodwa Champions League, neyodwa FIFA INdebe Yomhlaba Yeqembu .  Umongameli wesibili owanqoba kakhulu kwakungekayise kaMassimo Moratti, u-Angelo,  owayeyinhloko yeqembu kusukela ngo-1955 kuya ku-1968,  ewina izicoco ezintathu ze-Serie A, ama-Champions League amabili, nezindebe ezimbili ze-Intercontinental . 

Isikhathi sikaMorati saphetha ngo-2013, lapho iqembu lithengwa kwezomabhizinisi wase-Indonesia u-Erik Thohir, owaba ngumongameli wokuqala wangaphandle we-Inter Milan..   Ngo-2018, uThohir wathengisa iqembu kuSteven Zhang, owakubamba umongameli omncane kunabo bonke, bese kwabe kukhona nomongameli wangaphandle kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kweqembu ukunqoba indebe  
## Uhlu losihlalo




## Izithenjwa


## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

* Uhlu losihlalo be-Inter Milan kwa-Inter.it
AC Milan

**** (  ), evame ukubizwa ngokuthi **AC Milan** (  ) noma umane **uMilan** (  ),  iyiklabhu yebhola ekhokhelwayo eMilan, Italy, eyasungulwa ngo-1899.   Ikilabhu isebenzisa wonke umlando wayo, ngaphandle kwesizini ka-1980-81 kanye neka-1982-83, endizini ephezulu yebhola lase-Italy, elaziwa ngokuthi ngeSerie A kusukela ngo-1929-30. IMilan inqoba izinketho ezintathu ze-Intercontinental Cup kanye ne-FIFA Club World Cup eyodwa, izicoco ezihlanganyelwe ze-European Cup / Champions League (okuqala ekhophiwe lase-Italy), i-UEFA Super Cup ezicoco ezifakelwe izikhathi ezintathu kanye ne-Cup Winners' Cup ezicoco ezimbili.. Ngeziqu ze-19 ze-league, iMilan ibandakanyeke njengeqembu lesibili eliphumelela kakhulu ku-Seria A nezimbangi zendawo i-Inter Milan (futhi eneziqu ze-leag ezingu-19), ngemuva kwe-Juventus (iziqu ze-League ezingu-36). Baphinde banqobe i-Copa Italia izikhathi ezinhlanu, kanye ne-Supercoppa Italiana izikhathi eziyisikhombisa.

Imidlalo yasekhaya kaMilan idlalwa eSan Siro, eyaziwa nangokuthi iStadio Giuseppe Meazza. Le nkundla, eyakhiwa usihlalo wesibili kaMilan uPireo Pirelli ngo-1926 futhi yabelwa kusukela ngo-1947 nezimbangi zedolobha i-Internazionale.,  iyona enkulu kunazo zonke ebholeni lase-Italy, enekhono eliphelele le-75,817.  Banombango osunesikhathi eside bebhekene ne-Inter, abagijima nayo iDerby della Madonnina okungelinye lama-derby alandelwa kakhulu ebholeni. 

Ikilabhu ingelinye lamazwe acebe kakhulu ebholeni lase-Italy nelomhlaba.  Bekuyilungu elisungule leqembu elingasekho i-G-14 lamakilabhu ebhola ahamba phambili e-Europe kanye nokungena esikhundleni salo, i- European Club Association . 
## Izithenjwa



## Amakhasi amangaphandle
*  (in Italian, English, and Chinese)
* AC Milan at Serie A (in English and Italian)
* AC Milan at UEFA
* Globalsportsarchive
UmGambana

**UmGambana** uyinhlwa yevanga enophawu **u-Ga** kanye nenani lobuchwe  elingama-31. Wavubukulwa ngonyaka we-1875, umgambana uyingxenye yeqembu le-13 ecansini lezinhlwa futhi lufana nezinye izinkimbi zalelo qembu (isAlumbe, inzulumbi nomThohla).
Inhlwa elumbanisiwe

Uma kukhulunywa **ngenhlwa elumbanisiwe** kukhulunywa ngenye yezinhlwa zevanga ezingama-24 ezaziwayo ukuthi azitholakali ngokwemvelo emhlabeni: lezi zikhandwe ngobuchule bomuntu bokulumba izinhlayiyana eziyisiseko esebenzisa isiyonzi senuzi *(nuclear reactor)*, isiKhawulezisi sezinhlayiyana (*particle accelerator)*, noma ukuqhuma kwesiqhumani seChwe; ngaleyondlela, kuthiwa "zilumbaniswe", "zikhandiwe" njll. Lezi zinhlwa ezilumbanisiwe yilezo ezinenani lobuchwe eliqala ngama-95 kuya kwi-118, njengoba zivezwe ngombala osansomi ecansini lezinhlwa eliveziwe: lezi zinhlwa ezingama-24 zaqala ukukhandwa phakathi kweminyaka yowe-1944 nowezi-2010. Inqubo yokudala inhlwa elumbanisiwe ihilela ukugxishela ngezinelesi ezengeziwe enuzini lenhlwa enenani lobuchwe elingaphansi kwama-95. Zonke izinhlwa ezilumbanisiwe ezaziwayo azizinzile, kunalokho ziyabucuka kuye ngamazinga wazo angafani: izimpilo-sigamu zamaChembe wazo aphile isikhathi eside ayahluka kusuka kumzuzwanancinci kuya ezigidinga zeminyaka.
Whey protein

**I-Whey protein** iyinhloko yeprothini ecelwa ngokwenziwa kwawo ngesichitho esikhanyayo sokwenza isibindi somhlaba, etholakala njengombiko wemali engakaze kube ngowokwenza ubisi. I-prothini zikhona i-α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, i-serum albumin kanye ne-immunoglobulins. I-Glycomacropeptide ikhona futhi isisebenziswe njengomkhiqizo wezigaba zesine, kodwa akuyona yeprothini. I-Whey protein kumele iqinisekise njengemkhiqizo wemfuzo yeprothini, futhi khona imiyalo yemindeni emikhulu ephambili kwaso. Uhlu lwezincwadi olukhombisa 2010 kwi-European Food Safety Authority Journal lwavumela ukuthi inkulumo edingekayo ayinikwa ikholwa lombiko. Ngokokuthi ingozi yemisipha, I-Whey protein ibonisa ukuthi iyatholakala kangcono kumathiphu aphikisayo wemfuzo yeprothini, njengoba ikhona I-casein noma isoy.
## Ukwenziwa kwe-whey

Ukwenziwa kwe-whey kubuya uma umlilo usele waphakathi uma kuqashulwe ubisi ngenkathi ukwenza ubelele, kanye nezinto zonke ezibonakalayo ezizikhanyisiwe kwibisi ngemuva kokubayisha i-pH kuya ku-4.6 ngenkathi kwenziwa ubelele. Kungukwengeza yezinye i-5% yelactose ngamanzi kanye nezithakazelo zokunyakaza zibisi kanye nezinsimbi zokunyakaza. Inkampani yangaphambili kuyenza ngokuthula ukucikidwa, noma isici seprothini sokuqinisekisa kubalwa yilactose, izinsimbi kanye nezinto ezikhiqizwe ezikungapheliyo ezizinsimbi. Isikhombisa, ukulungiswa kwezimembwembe kuyotholakala izinsimbi ngezinsimbi, i-lactose kanye nezizwe ezifileyo ezindawo ezindawo ezizodwa ezisondelayo.

Ukucikidwa kwe-whey kungashintsha ngokukhishwa. Ukucikidwa okukhulu (njengoba kwenziwe ezindaweni ezenzakalelayo ezenzakalelayo ngaphansi kwezinsimbi ezincane ngenxa yokuphakama kwe-72 °C ezinethiwele ngokufezekisa) kucikisa izinsimbi zewhey. Ngesikhathi ukuphakama kwe-whey protein yangaphambili akukhombisi ukuncikiswa uma kwenziwa umsele kanye nokuthunyelwa kombilisela noma uthutha i-bisi, ukucikiswa kweprothini kwe-whey kugxila izinhlamvu ze-protein ezine, futhi kushintsha umbilisela we-protein.
## Izinhlelo zokubhala
Peptide

**Amashumi esipeptayidi** kuyinkambu enkulu yezizinto zasemanzini ezinolunye ngamakhubedu ezibandakanya ngezibophezelo zepeptide. Umphandela wewu-polipeptayidi ngumqondo ongakhokheli, ozungeza ngendlela ejwayelekile yokuzikhandakhazela. Amashumi esandulela ukuya ezingamakhulu abaphozi basekhaya ngabathengisi ngokumkhawulela yabadlali bezindawo. Izindulela ezifanayo nezikhulu ezingaphezu kuka-20 zasepeptayidi zingamagama okuthola umkhawulo, kuzobanzima zibe ngabavimba, izindulela ezintathu, nesindulela ye-tetrapeptide.

Amashumi esipeptayidi avela phansi kwezingozi ezinamkhawulo, izingebi zemvelo, izingebi zezinye, izingebi zezinsimbi, kanye nezingebi ezinjalo.

Amashumi esandulela aveza ngomsebenzi wezezinto zasemanzini ozinikwa ngendlela yobudlelwane, kumele athambise ku-ligand ezindaweni ezifanayo njengama-coenzyme kanye ne-cofactor, kubalwa phansi komphandela wasepeptayidi okanye izindawo ezintathu ze-macromolecule njengoba kusayiniswa kwemvelo njengoba kusayiniswa ngeDNA kanye neRNA]], okanye kuzinkulungwane zezinkulungwane ezinjalo.

Amino acids okufanele bakhombisele emazingeni amashumi esipeptayidi azithengiselwa ngemvume.ezilwanyana. I-umlozi lusebenza ekuzikhandeni kwezinsimbi zokudlela. Zonke izipeptayidi nje ezifana namashumi esandulela azinayo i-N-terminal (umlando wesinye isithakazelo) kanye ne-C-terminal (umlando wosinye isithakazelo) owukuphela kokuqala kwepeptayidi (njengokuboniswa kwetetrapeptide esihogweni).
## Izinhlelo zokubhala
Arbutin

**U-Arbutin** (IPA: [ˌɑrˈbutɪn]), iglycoside ye hydroquinone ebukhishwe kwezityalo ezintsha zemithi yemithi yebearberry ekwakhelwe kwi genus *Arctostaphylos*, phakathi kwemithi yezemithi eziningi ezihlukene, ngokwesiko yeEricaceae njengokwazo. Kwihepha, iyokugqugquzela ityrosinase futhi ngalokho ibophelela indlela yokubumba kwe melanin. Njengendlela yokubumba umhlahlandlela wezomhlaba wokwehlukahluka, U-Arbutin kumele isetshenziselwe njengegalelo lokukhanya ikhambi. Kunenkathi encane kakhulu ye-Arbutin ekutholakalweni kwiwheat, pear izindezi, kanye nezinye izindawo zokudla eziningi. Kuyakhiwa kwenziwa futhi kwi*[[Viburnum opulus]]* futhi kwi*[[Bergenia crassifolia]]*. Arbutin futhi wayenziwa ngezimo yokubomba iSchisandra chinensis.

Ikhona izinyanga ezindala zasebudokotini, i-Bearberry, enazo i-Arbutin, ihlukene ngokuthi yisiza esizalwa nge urinary tract infection.

## Ikhambi lokukhanya ingozi
Ukucwala i-Bearberry kwisetshenziselwa ezamabhunu okukhanya ikhambi ezimelwe ukusetshenziswa kahle kanye nokuzungezileka okuphelele. Yisiza esetshenziselwa kakhulu ekhambi lokukhanya okusetshenziswayo, i-Arbutin ifaka inani elikhulu kunamathuluzi angama-300 μg/mL abo babolekwe ezimeleni zehuman melanocytes kubalulekile kakhulu i-tyrosinase nangokuvamile ithuluzi lomelanin ngaphandle kwamathizo alula yokuphila.

### Amaphutha
U-Arbutin ungu glucoside we hydroquinone, futhi kungaba nezinqumo ezithile zeqhwa. Kodwa kunezingxenye ezibeka ukuthi i-Arbutin iyathuthukisa inhlanhla yokugula. I-German Institute of Food Research kwa Potsdam ibonisa ukuthi izinzululwazi ezindala zingakulungiswa ukuthi i-intestinal bacteria izingenelela i-Arbutin ingashintsha ihydroquinone, okuyisiphi isimo esiphezulu sikhuthazo sabantu abakhubazekile.

## Funda kabanzi

Ferulic acid
Taxifolin
## Izilimi

## Izinhlelo zokubhala
Tranexamic acid

I-Tranexamic acid (*TXA*) iyisithombo esetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa noma ukuphindaphinda ukubulawa kobugebengu okusenzo zangaphakathi, ukukhulisa i-"blood loss" emtholampilo ezintweni ezikulezi zisuswa: ukubulawa kwezwe ezingamakhulu, ukugcwalisa okuphuma esibayeni, ukwenzekwa kwezombusazwe, ukucimekwa kwe-dental, ukucimekwa kwezibopho kanye nokususwa kwezikhumbuzo ezingaphakathi. Kusetshenziswa futhi ukuthi uye kwamaphilisi ezingeni eliphezulu zokudala. Kusetshenziswa kungasendaweni ukuya kwe-oral kanye nangokugcina emtholampilweni wesango injection into a vein.

## Umqondofanayo wokusebenza
I-Tranexamic acid iyinhlangano yeduthuluzi efana nesethetiki yomhlaba, i-amino acid yomhlaba lysine. Isetshenziswa njengendlela yokusebenza i-antifibrinolytic ngokushintshana kanye nokuphuma lokusebenza kwamanye amaklasi. Lokhu kushitsha indlela yokuqhubekeka kwe-plasminogen kuze kube inkeke yokuqhubekeka, okwenza ukuphinda fibrin ukulweleke kanye nokulondoloza uhlelo lwesihloko sesifuba se-fibrin. I-Tranexamic acid inamahlebezane eyisikhombisa eminyakeni emithathu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-ε-aminocaproic acid, ingakuthi ukuphinda indlela yokusebenza yeproteini isine IC<sub>50</sub> = 87 mM), kanye ikwenzela ukungabulala uqobo lwesethetiki sokuqhuba (urokinase plasminogen activator) ngezinsika eziningi (Ki = 2 mM), ezinokuhleleka kakhulu phakathi kwezikhumbuzo zonke ze-serine proteases.

Amaphutha ehlukahlukene. Kunezinye ezihlukahlukene ezihlukile njengeqoqo lezinye ezinjengokubuka color vision, ukulweliswa kwesihloko (blood clots), kanye nolwazi oluyinhloko (allergic reactions).Kusetshenziswa okuncane futhi kubekhona izinga elibi kubo abantu abahlukene nezifo zomqondo. I-Tranexamic acid iyasitshela ukusebenzisa kwawo kwezokungaphakathi nokuphephethwa. I-Tranexamic acid iyinhlangano yezinye ezintsha ezibalulekileyo zokuqhuba ukusetshenziswa kwaso.

I-Tranexamic acid yabhala ngonyaka ka-1962 ngabafundi bezolimi bezaseJapan uShosuke kanye no-Utako Okamoto. Iyikhophi yezokwakha zaseWorld Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. I-Tranexamic acid ikhona njengomthombo we-generic.
## Izinhlelo zokubhala
Kojic acid

'I-Kojic acid' iyinhlanganiso yomdabu wezenhlalo ngeformula ye. Iyindlela yokwakha kwezomdabu engasiza kuyindlela yendawo njengenkosi yokuvakasha eyamukelekileyo eyagcina emkhakheni wokulungiswa ebizwa ngokuthi "chelation" eyenzelwe izitho ezingakaze zifikelele ngamathayimishi angamapunje amaningi ezintsha zamafunghi, kube khona izihlobo eziningi, ngokwesibongo semZulu kusuka e-*[[Aspergillus oryzae]]*, eyezithandwa emZulu njengombiza womunye wamafunghi *koji*. I-Kojic acid iyindlela yokucitsha entsha engakhombisa ngokomzimba wezomdabu womsindo wamafu nesikhumba, iyisetshenziswa emsebenzini wokulungiswa kwesitshalo somzimba nokukhula komuntu, nesetshenziswa kuma-nyama kanye nezitshalo kwezinti, nokusetshenziswa kumithi yendawo kanye nezitshalo zezenhlalo ukuze kube khona ukuvikeleka noma ukugwema imibala yezinto. Iyakhihla into enqabile ebomvu ngokwekhromosomu yeferric ions.
## Izinhlelo zokubhala
Security company

**Inkampani yezokuphepha yangasese** Iyinkampani yebhizinisi eyenza izinsizakalo zokuphepha ezihlomile noma ezingahlomile kanye nobuchwepheshe emikhakheni yangasese noma yomphakathi.

## Umbono Obanzi
Izinkampani zezokuphepha ezizimele zicazwa yi-U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics njengamakhasimende abeziphatha izinsizakalo zokugada nokubheka, njenge-bodyguard, i-guard dog, ukuphepha kokupaka, kanye nezinsizakalo zokugadza. Abaningi babo bazinikeza izinsizakalo ezikhethekile eziphambili uma ikhasimende lifuna. Izibonelo zezinsizakalo ezinikezwa yilezi zinkampani zihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa komsebenzi ongekho emthethweni noma ukungena, ukulawulwa kwezimoto, ukulawulwa kokufinyelela, kanye nokuvinjelwa komlilo nokweba kanye nokutholakala. Lezi zinsizakalo zingachazwa kabanzi njengokuvikelwa kwezisebenzi kanye/ noma izimpahla. Ezinye izinkonzo zokuphepha ezifana ne-rover patrol, bodyguard, kanye nezinsizakalo zezinja zokugada zifakiwe, kodwa ziyingxenye encane kakhulu yemboni. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwesikhathi sokuqhubeka kwesifo sase-COVID-19, ezinye izinkampani zezokuphepha zahlanganyela nezinsizakalo zokuphakelwa kwemigomo.

Imboni yezokuphepha yangasese ikhula ngokushesha okwamanje kunezisebenzi zezokuphepha zesikhathi esigcwele eziyizigidi ezimbili e-United States futhi leli nani kulindeleke ukuthi lenyuke ngamaphesenti angu-21 ngo-2020, okwenza imboni yezokwelapha ibe ngu- $ 100 billion ngonyaka, kanye nokukhula okulindeleke ukuba kube ngu- $ 200 billion ngo-2010. I-United States ingumthengi omkhulu emhlabeni wezinsizakalo zezempi nezokuphepha ezizimele, futhi imboni yezokuphepha ezizimelwe e-US yaqala ukubona ukwanda okukhulu kwesidingo ngo-2010. Kusukela lapho, imboni yezokuphepha yase-US kakade ikhule yaba imakethe eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 350.
## Amagama avamile
Izisebenzi zezinkampani zezokuphepha ezizimele zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "onogada bezokuphepha" noma "izikhulu zokuphepha", kuye ngemithetho yombuso noma yezwe ezisebenza kulo. Izinkampani zezokuphepha ngokwazo ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi "izinkontileka zokuphepha", kodwa lokhu akuvamile ngenxa yokudideka nezinkontileka zezempi ezizimele, ezisebenza ngaphansi kokuxhaswa okuhlukile. [yini?&#x5D;
## Bheka futhi
* Umqaphi
* Ukuphepha kwe-computer
* Inkampani yezempi yangasese, umhlinzeki wezinkonzo ezikhethekile nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nemisebenzi yezempi nemisebenzi efanayo. Izinkampani zezempi ezizimele ngezinye izikhathi zizibiza ngokuthi izinkampani zezokuphepha ngenxa yokuxhumana kabi negama elithi inkampani yezempi eziyimele ngenxa yezenzo zeBlackwater e-Iraq.
* Inhlangano yokuvikela yangasese
* Uhlu lwezinkampani zezokuphepha ezizimele
* Umqaphi wezokuphepha
* Ukuphepha okungokomzimba
* Amaphoyisa azimele
* Imboni yezokuphepha yangasese eNingizimu Afrika

## Izikhombo

## Izixhumanisi zangaphandle
* Private Security Companies’ Firearms Stockpiles - Small Arms Survey Research Note on firearms ownership by private security companies

* Izinkampani Zokuphepha Ezizimele Izikhwama Zesibhamu - Ukuhlolwa Kwezikhali Ezincane Uhlelo Lwezincwadi Zokuphatha izibhamu Izinkampani Zezokuphepha Ezizimelwe