open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Inhleleliso yesiCikizi

**Inhleleliso yesiCikizi** iluchungechunge noma iqoqo lemiyalelo ngolimi lokuhlelelisa okuyiyona iyenza isiCikizi sisebenze . Izinhleleliso zesiCikizi ziyisigcoyi esisodwa sehlelokusebenza, kuhlanganise nombhalo nezinye izigcoyi ezingaphatheki.

Inhleliso yesicikizi uma isesimweni sokufundwa umuntu ibizwa umkitizo *(source code)*.  Umkitizo udinga enye inhleleliso yesicikizi ukuze ukwazi ukugununda ngenxa yokuthi izicikizi zigununda iziyalelo zenguxa yazo kuphela. Ngalokho, umkitizo ungahunyushelwa eziyalelweni zenguxa ngokusebenzisa isikhumushi *(compiler)* solimi. (Izinhleleliso zolimi lwenguxa zihunyushwa ngokusebenzisa isihleli *(assembler)*.) Uhele *(file)* oluba ngumphumela lubizwa ngokuthi isigunundwa *(executable)*. Kolunye uhlangothi, umkitizo ungagunudwa ngaphakathi kwesihlakahli solimi.

Uma isigunundwa sifuneka ukuze sigunundwe, khona ingqalahlelo *(operating system)* izosigidlabeza enkumbulweni bese iqala inqubo. Isidludlungi esimqoka *(central processing unit)*  ngokushesha sizoqhebezela kuleyo nqubo ukuze silande, siguquzekelele,, futhi sigununde umyalelo ngamunye wenguxa.

Uma umkitizo udingeka ukuze ugunundwe wona, khona ingqalahlelo izogidlabeza isihlakahli esihambisanayo enkumbulweni bese iqala inqubo. Ngalokho isihlakahli sizogidlabeza umkitizo enkumbulweni ukuze sihumushe futhi sigununde umusho ngamunye. Ukugununda umkitizo kusilili (kudla isikhathi) kunokugununda isigunundwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihlakahli kufanele sifakwe esiCikizini.
IHwelanga

I**Hwelanga** iyinhlwa yevanga enophawu elithi **He** kanye nenani lobuchwe elingu- 2. iHwelanga linguhowo olungenambala, olungenaphunga, olungenasinambitho, oluchwe linye futhi linguhowo lokuqala eqenjini lohowo abaphakame ecansini lezinhlwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ayihlangani njalo namanye amavanga futhi ayakhi imixube. Ukudlidliza nokuncibilika kwayo kuphansi kuzo zonke izinhlwa. Iyinhlwa yesibili elula futhi ingeyesibili,  kweziyintilibathwa kumkhathilibe owaziwayo, ilandela ihwanzi.
UkuHlasela ngoDongoyi

UkuHlasela ngoDongoyi uhlobo lwempi yasemoyeni esebenzisa iziNdiza zempi eziswelumuntu (UCAV) noma iziNdiza  eziswelumuntu (UAV) ezithengiswayo ezifakwe izikhali. ElaseMelika, elamaNgisi, elwakwa-Israyeli, elaseShayina, iNingizimu Koriya, i-Irani, elamaNtaliyane, elaseFulansi, elaseNdiya, iPakisitani, elaseRashiya, iThekhi, kanye nelasePholendi, ngamazwe aziwa ngokukhiqiza izindiza zempi eziswelumuntu ezisemgidingweni kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2019. Ngonyaka wezi-2022, umshumanqa wase-Ukreyni obizwa Ukroboronprom kanye nenhlangano eyi-NGO ebizwa Aerorozvidka sezakhe odongoyi abanekhono lokugadla futhi zabasebenzisa empini.
Ukuhlasela ngodongoyi kungenziwa ngendiza yempi eswelumuntu ethengiswayo ngokuthi iqathaze uziqhumani, ihulukuqe ngesilabi, noma iphahlazeke esigcibisheni.  Kusuka ekuntweleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, iningi lezehlo zokuhlasela ngodongoyi zigunundwe umbutho waseMelika emazweni afana nase-Afganisitani, ePakisitani, eSiriya, e-Irakhi, eSomalia naseYemeni usebenzisa izilabi ezisuka emoyeni ziyephansi, kodwa ukuhlasela ngodongoyi sekusetshenziswa kakhulu ngelaseRashiya, i-Ukreyni, iThekhi, i-Azabheyijani kanye namaqembu alwayo afana namaHothi. Ukugadla ngodongoyi kuyasetshenziswa nasekusocongeni okuhleliwe ngamazwe ambalwa.

Ngowezi-2020 indiza eswelumuntu ekhandwe eThekhi egidlabezwe ngeziqhumane yahlonga futhi yahlasela amaviyo ka-Haftha eLibiya isebenzisa uhlakahlisombulu lwayo ngaphandle kwesiyalo, kusho umbiko wethimba lezingcweti ngeLibiya loMkhandlu wezokuvikela weUN, owashicilelwa ngondasa 2021. Lokhu kwathathwa njengokuhlasela kokuqala okwenziwe indiza eswelumuntu ngokusuka kuyo.

## UkuGadla ngodongoyi
IHwanzi

**IHwanzi** liyinhlwa yevanga enophawu H nenani lobuchwe '2'. IHwanzi liyinhlwa elula kakhulu. Esimweni esilingeni ihwanzi liwuhowo olunamachembe amachwembili anomcabayo H2. IHwanzi alinambala, alunasinambitho, alinabuthi, futhi lusha kalula. IHwanzi liyisiqa sevanga esiyinala kumkhathilibe, ngoba lwakha okungenani amaphesenti angama-75 alo lonke uTho. Izinkanyezi ezinjengelanga ngokuyinhloko zakhiwa iHwanzi esisesimweni sonyazani. Imvama yeHwanzi kuNomkhubulwane itholakala ngesibumbeko esimachembe njengamanzi kanye nemixube yemvelo.
INtshungwa (isithelo)

Igama elithi **inTshungwa** (noma iwolintsji) libhekisela esithelweni esidliwayo, liqanjwe ngombala waso okungumbala ontshungwa. Izintshungwa ziwumthombo omuhle wevithamini C. Ulumpe lwentshungwa luyingxenye ebalulekile yesidlo sansasa kubantu abaningi. "InTshungwa emtoti" okuluhlobo oludliwa kakhulu namuhla, lwaqala ukukhula emazweni asempuma naseningizimu Eshiya, kodwa kuyimanje lukhula ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
UDongoyi (inyosi)

**UDongoyi** inyosi yoju yeduna.
Ngokungafani nenyosi eyisisebenzi yensikazi, onodongoyi abanazo izindosi. Ababutheli kokubili isikhupha noma impova futhi abakwazi ukuzifunza ngaphandle kosizo lwezinyosi eziyizisebenzi. Indima yodongoyi ukuzeka nendlovukazi ekundizeni kokuzalanisa.
IsiPhilincinci

**IsiPhilincinci** siyisiPhili esinobungako obuyisimoncinci, nesingaphila njengengqamuzana elilodwa noma njengesixheke samangqamuzana.

Ukuba khona kweziphili ezincinyane ezingabonakali kwakucatshangelwa kusuka ezikhathini zasendulo, njengasemibhalweni yamaJayini yasendiya yangekhulu lesithupha BC. Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lweziphilincinci lwaqala ngokunyalulwa ngesiBonancinci ngowe-1670 ngu-Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Ngowe1850, uLouis Pasteur wathola iziphilincinci ezibangela ukuphuhla ezidlweni, okwaphikisa umbono wokuvela esithubeni. Ngo1880, uRobert Koch wavubukula ukuthi iziphilincinci zibangela isifo sofuba, uhudo, ujiyomgudu *(diphtheria)*, kanye nombhicosho.

Ngenxa yokuthi iziphilincinci zihlanganisa iningi leziphili ezingunongqamuzana zazo zontathu izidlangala zempilo lokhu kwenza zingafani. Izidlangala ezimbili kwezintathu, ingunazane nezinungwana, yizona eziqukethe iziphilincinci kuphela. Isidlangala sesithathu esiyiNswelandeni sihlanganisa zonke iziphili ezingumangqamuzana kanye nezinanjazane nezinambi ezingunongqamuzana oyigciwane. Ezinye ezinambi zihlobene nezilwane bese ezinye zahlobana nezimila. Kukhona neziphili ezingumangqamuzana ezisimoncinci ezifana nezilwanencinci, ezinye izikhunta, nezinye *i-algae*, kodwa lezi ngokuvamile azithathwa ngeziphilincinci.

Iziphilincinci zingaba nezindawo ezihlukile ezihlala kuzo, futhi ziphile ndawo zonke kusuka emachopheni kuya enkabazweni, ogwaduleni, *geysers*, ematsheni, kanye nasekujuleni kwezilwandle. Ezinye sezikwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu noma iziqanda kakhulu, ezinye ngaphansi komfutho omkhulu, kanti ezimbalwa ezifana *ne-Deinococcus radiodurans*, zihlala ezimweni ezinemiyonzi ephezulu. Iziphilincinci zakha imiphakathinci etholakala kuzo zonke iziphili ezingumangqamuzana. Kunobufakazi bokuthi amatshe aneminyaka eyizigidigidi ezintanthu ase-Ostraliya ake aqukatha iziphilincinci, okuwubufakazi obuqondile basendulo bempilo emhlabeni.

Iziphilincinci zibalulekile kusikompilo lomuntu nezempilo ngezindlela eziningi, zikhonza ngokuvubelisa izidlo kanye nokuhlanza intuthandle, kanye nokukhiqiza isivuthisi, izinzwayiza, kanye neminye imixube yoqebethompilo. Iziphilincinci ziyizinsiza ezimqoka kumchazampilo njengeziphili eziyisibonelo futhi seziye zasetshenziswa ekuhlaseleni ngamagciwane, nasebuphekuleni ngawo. Iziphilincinci ziyisigcoyi esibalulekile somhlabathi ovundile. Emzimbeni womuntu, iziphilincinci zakha umphakathinci womuntu, kuhlanganisa *negut flora* emqoka. Amagciwane abanga izifo ezithelelanayo ayiziphilincinci futhi, ngalokho, ayizigcibishe zezinyathelo zenhlanzeko.
Isizindalwebu

**Isizindalwebu** siyiqoqo lamakhasi olwebu nesiqikili esiyamaniswa nawo konke okuhlonzeka ngegama lesidlangala elilodwa futhi kushicilelwa ngesiphakeli lwebu esisodwa. Izibonelo zezizindalwebu i-Google, Facebook, Amazon, kanye ne-Wikipedia.

Zonke izizindalwebu ezifikelelwa umphakathi zakha iqoqovane elibizwa uLwebu lomhlaba wonke. Kukhona nezizindalwebu ezisisulu ezifikelelwa kuphela ngoxhoxho olusisulu, ezifana nesizindalwebu somshumanqa sangaphakathi sabasebenzi bawo.

Izizindalwebu imvama zenzelwa ukuphatha isihloko esithile noma injongo ethile, efana nezindaba, imfundo, ezentengiselwano, ezokunandisa, noma izinkundla zokuxhumana. Ukukhongca phakathi kwamakhasi kuqondisa ukuphequlula isizinda, imvama okusungula ngekhasi lokuqala.

Abasebenzisi bangafikelela izizindalwebu ngezilekeleli ezihlukile, ezihlanganisa iziCikizi, iziGonwa, izibhebhe, noMakhalipha. Ihlelokusebenza elisetshenziswa kulezilekeleli libizwa isiphequluli.
INdiza eswelumuntu

**INdiza eswelumuntu**, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi **iDongoyi**, iyindiza eswele itilosi, abashayeli noma abagibeli ngaphakathi kuyo. Izindiza eziswelumuntu ziyisigcoyi sesimiso sezindiza eziswelumuntu, esihlanganisa isilawuli esisezweni phansi kanye nohlelo lokuxhumana nayo indiza eswelumuntu. Ukundiza kwalezindiza kungagidinga ngesilawula-kude, esiphethwe umgidingisi ongumuntu, njengendiza etiloswa-kude, noma ngamazinga ahlukene okuzihleleleka, afana nesitilosi esisizayo, kufika endizeni ezihleleleka ngokugcwele engadingi ukungenelela komuntu.

## Kuchazwa kwebizo
Ibizo lesizulu elithi **udongoyi** lisuselwa kulelo elisetshenziswa ukuchaza inyozi yeduna, kulingiswa elesingisi, ngenjongo yokulisebenzisa indizana endiza ngaphandle komuntu okhwele kuyo. Elithi udongoyi. Leli bizo elithi udongoyi yilona okubonakele ukuba liyafaneleka, esikhubdleni sokuthi kusetshenziswe elesingis. Futhi ngaphezu kokuthi izindongoyi zinamahlelokusebenza, zibuye zibe ezizihlelelekayo futhi zisebenzisa nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuzivumela ukuba zigununde ukuthunywa kwazo ngaphandle kokubgenelela komuntu, ubuchwepheshe obufana nokucikizela efwini, umbono wesiCikiz, uhlakahlisombulu , Ukufunda kwenguxa, Ukufunda okunzulu nokuhlonga ngomchadamezo.

## Imithombo
UkuShicilela ngamazuba

Ukushicilela ngamazuba (okubizwa nangokuthi **ukushicilela**, **ukushicilela ngezezibhangqiwe**, noma ukushicilela kuxhakaxholo) kuhlanganisa ukushicilelwa ngezezibhangqiwe kwama- e-books, omagazini bezezibhangqiwe, nokuthuthukiswa kwemitapo yolwazi yezezibhangqiwe neziqukathomagama.
IziNsika Zendalo

**IziNsika zendalo** isithombe esathwetshulwa isihlongimkhathi iHubble senqeke yothunqathunqa nohowo emise okwemiboko yendluvu esemQongweni khozi, esishomweni nyoka, oqhele ngokukhanyabanga okuyizi-6,500–7,000 kusuka kuNomkhubulwane. Inaleli gama ngenxa yothunqathunqa nohowo ezisenqubweni yokuzala izinkanyezi ezintsha, kuyilapho zigebukwa ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi eziseduze ezisanda kudalwa. Lapho sithwetshulwa ngoMbasa 1, 1995, saba ingxenye yezithombe ezishumi eziphambili ze-Hubble kusizindalwebu Space.com.
IsiCibazulu

**IsiCibazulu**, noma **isiKhafulimlilo** yisithuthi esisebenzisa impokozo yomzoyizelo ukuze ziphangise ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umoya osizungezile. Isilumbamdili sesiCibazulu ikhiqiza ukuphokoza kokulumbana kohowo okukhishwa isiphafuzisi ngejubane elikhulu. Izilumbamdiki zesicibazulu zisebenza ngokugcwele ngeziphokozisi ezithwalwa phakathi kwazo; ngalokho isicibazulu singandiza phakathi kwelinya lomkhathi. Eqinisweni izicibazulu zisebenza ngokufanele elinyeni futhi zibhekana nenhluluko yokuphokoza ngenxa yengcindezi/umfutho womoyambulunga ozivimbayo.
Isithuthi

**Isithuthi** siyinguxa ethutha abantu noma impahla. Izithuthi zihlanganisa izinqola *(wagons)*, izingqayika *(bicycles)*, izithuthi eziyizimoto (izithuthuthu, izimoto, amaloli, amabhasi, iziphengezi zokuntinta *(mobility scooters)* zabakhubazekile), izithuthi zojantshi (izitimela, trams), izimpozamanzi *(watercraft)* (imikhumbi, izikebhe, nezithuthi zangaphansi kwamanzi), izithuthi izimpilambili, izindiza (amabhanoyi, ophephela), nezindizamkhathi.

Izithuthi zasezweni zijinjwa kabanzi ngento esetshenziswayo ukuzishayela neziphoqi eziziqhuba ngokumelene nephansi: ukuba namasondo, ukuba nojantshi.

## uMlando

* Imikhumbi yakudala kweyake yatholwa ngukumba kwabavubukuli ibizwa imikhumbi yezingodo, omunye wayo owatholwa ebhukwini kwelaseHollandi, kuthiwa ngeleminyaka eyizi-8049-7510 BC ubudala.

## Izinhlobo zezithuthi

Kunezingqayika ezingaphezu kwenqindi eyodwa (1 billion) ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Ngowezi-2002 kwakunezimoto ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-590 nezithuthuthu eziyizigidi ezingama-205 ezisebenzayo emhlabeni. Ngokungenani, sekwenziwe izingqayika eziyizigidi ezingama-500 zohlobo lweJuba elindizayo *(Flying Pigeon)* zaseShayina, okuyisibalo esizidlula zonke ezinye izinongo zezithuthi. Unongo lwesithuthi olukhiqizwa ngobuningi yisithuthuthu esibizwa *Honda Super Cub*, eseqe izigidi ezingama-60 kwesezidayisiwe ngowezi-2008. Unongo lwemoto olukhiqizwa kakhulu lubizwa *Toyota Corolla*, njengoba sekukhiqizwe izigidi ezingama-35 zalo ngowezi-2010. INdiza enephiko eligxilile eyaziwa kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi *Cessna 172*, njengoba seziyizi-44,000 esezikhandiwe ngowezi-2017. Uphephela okhiqizwa kakhulu ngowase-Soviet obizwa ngokuthi *Mil Mi-8*, osekukhoqizwe izi-17,000 zawo. INdiza ewumzoyizelo wokwenza imali oseqhulwini ubizwa ngokuthi *Boeing 737*, kubalwa ezingaba yizi-10,000 ngowezi-2018.  Ibhasi elaziwa kabanzi yilelo lihlobo lwe-ZiU-9.

## Imithombo
UMdali

**Unkulunkulu ongoMdali** (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi **uMdali** ) ungunkulunkulu okunguye owadala Umhlaba, nomkhathilibe enkolweni yabantu nasezinganekwaneni.
IGciwanyane

**IGciwanyane** liyisenzi esithelelanayo esisimoncinci esizinyalisa kuphela ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana aphilayo eziphili .
Amagciwanyane lithelela zonke izinhlobo zempilo, kusuka ezilwaneni nezimila kuya kuziphilincinci, kuhlanganise nezinungwana nezingunazane. Kusukela mhla isibhalwa sikaDimitri Ivanovsky ngowe-1892 sichazisa ngegciwane elingesona isinungwana elalithelela izimilo zogwayi kanye nokuvubukulwa kwegciwane likagwayi lamalobo nguMartinus Beijerinck ngowe-1898, sekube namagciwanyane ayizi-9,000 nokweqa achaziswe ngokuningilza ezigidini zezinhlobo zamagciwanyane asemvelweni. Amagciwanyane atholakala kuwo wonke amaxhaxhamvelo*(ecosystem)* emhlabeni futhi ayisiphili esanda kunazo zonke eziphilayo. Ukufundwa kwamagciwanyane kubizwa ngokuthi umChazagciwanyane, okuwumkhakha womchazampilonci.
IsiThununu esisamuntu

**Isithununu esisamuntu** siyisithununu esifuze umuntu ngokuma. Lomklamo kungaba owokuthi sisebenze kalula, lapho sisebenzisa izinsiza nendawo yabantu, ngenjongo yomgcanso. Imvama, izithununu ezisamuntu zinesingasenhla, ikhanda, izingalo ezimbili, nakuba ezinye izithununu ezisamuntu zinganyaliza ingxenye encane yomzimba, okuyisingasenhla. Ezinye izithununu ezisamuntu zinamakhanda aklanyelwe ukunyaliza ulwangu lobuso bomuntu njengamehlo, nemilomo. Izimomothu ziyizithununu ezisamuntu ezakhelwe ukufuza umuntu ngokombalazi.

## uMlando
Isicabango sesithununu esisamuntu sidabuka emasikweni amaningi ahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Okunye ukulanda kwaphambili kwalelisu lesihlelelekwa esiwumenzo ngesiminyaka yekhulu lesi-4 BCE ezinganekwaneni zaseGrisi nasenkolweni ezihlukahlukene  nemibhalo yenjulalwazi yaseShayina. Izinyanyali ezingokoqobo zezihlelelekwa ezisamenzo zenziwa kamuva eMpuma ephakathi, kwelase-Ithali, eJaphani naseFulansi.

### Kwelamantaliyana

Eminyakeni ye-1400, uLeonardo da Vinci wavela nesicabango esiyinkimbinkimbi sesithununu esiguxazelayo esibhince izivikelo, esikwazi ukuhlala, ukuma, nokudikizisa izingalo zaso ngokwaso. Sisonke leso sithununu sasigidinga ngohlelo lwemidonso nezindophi.
UXhakaxholo lwezinto

**UXhakaxholo lwezinto** igama elichazisa izinto ezibonwayo (noma amaqembu ezinto ezinjalo) ezinezihlonga, ikhono lokudludlunga, inhlelokusebenza, nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuxhuma futhi babelane ngemininingo nazinye iziLekeleli nezimiso ngoxhakaxholo noma amanye amaxhoxho wokuxhumana. Uxhakaxholo lwezinto luye lathathwa njengegama elidukisayo ngokuba iziLekeleli azidingi ukuxhuma kuxhakaxholo lomphakathi, zidinga nje ukuba zixhunywe kuxhoxho.

Lomkhakha usuthubekile ngenxa yokuhlangana kwezobuchwepheshe eziningana, ezihlanganisa ukucikiza okusabalele, izinzwi zesithengiswa, izimiso ezihlayiziwe eziba namandla, kanye nokufunda kwenguxa. Imikhakha engokwesiko yezimiso ezihlayiziwe, amaxhoxho wezinzwi aswelintambo, izinhlelo zokulawula, inhleleleko (kuhlanganisa nenhleleleko yasekhaya nasembijongweni), zonke zikwazi ukuvumela uxhakaxholo lwezinto ngazodwa nanjengembumba. Endayini yabashwabadeli, ubuchwepheshe boxhakaxholo lwezinto bumqondofana nemikhiqizo ephathelene nesicabango "sekhaya elintwesi", kuhlanganise nezinguxa nezilekeleli (ezifana nezokukhanyisa, isifinamchadamezo, izinhlelo zokuvikela ikhaya, izithwebuli, nezinye iziLekeleli zasekhaya) ezixhasa amaxhaxhahlelo avamile, nezingalawulwa ngezinguxa ezifana nomakhalipha nezinkentezi ezintwesi. Uxhakaxholo lwezinto luyasetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Kunezikhalo ezimbalwa mayelana nezingcuphezo zokukhula kwezobuchwepheshe boxhakaxholo lwezinto nemikhiqizo yalo, ikakhulukazi endabeni yengasese nokuvikeleka, futhi ngokomphumela , kube nomdiki owenziwa ngohulumeni nezimboni ekunakeni lezikhalazo, ohlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zomhlabawonke nezasendaweni, iziqondiso, nezinqumo ezilawulayo.
Uhleloxhumano lesiCikizi

**Uhleloxhumano lesiCikizi** luyiqoqo leziCikizi ezabelana ngezinsiza ezitholakala noma ezihlinzekwa amaqhuzu wamahleloxhumano. IziCikizi zisebenzisa amagumelo wokuxhumana avamile kuxhakaxhumano lwezezibhangqiwe ukuze zixhumane zodwa. Amaqhuzu wamahleloxhumano *(network nodes)* esicikizi angahlanganisa izicikizi zasendlini, iziphakeli, izimpahla zamahleloxhumano, noma ezinye izisingathi *(hosts)* zekhethelo zenjongo ebanzi. Zihlonzwa ngamakheli wamahleloxhumano, futhi zingaba namagama ezisingathi. Izisingathii zikhonza njengemigqabo yenkumbulo yamaqhuzu, eziguqulwa kancane emva kwesabelo sokuqala.

Amahleloxhumano wesicikizi angajinjwa ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise insiza yokufufukisa *(transmission medium)* esetshenziswa ukuthwala iziyabizo, uyacabanzi, imibandela yoqanguzo yokuhlela isinyokotho sohleloxhumano *(network traffic)*, umumo, izindlela zokulawula isinyokotho, kanye nenhloso yohlelo lonke.

Amahleloxhumano wesicikizi aseka izinhlelokusebenza eziningi nezinkonzo, ezifana nofikelelo kusindalwazi somhlaba, izilalelwa zezezibhangqiwe, ukusetshenziswa okwabiwe kwezinhlelokusebenza neziphakeli zokulondoloza, izinguxa zomqhafazo *(fax machines)*, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwencwazuba nezinhlelokusebenza zokuthumela imiyalezo ngokuphazima.

## uMlando
Ukwakha uxhoxho lwesiCikizi kungathathwa njengegatsha lenzululwazi yesicikizi, umNgcikisho wesiCikizi, nezokuxhumana, njengoba kuncike emibonweni nasekusebenzeni koqeqesho oluhlobene nakho. Ukwakha uxhoxho lwesiCikizi kwathonywa uyaca olubanzi lokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nezingqophamlando.
Isilinganiso

**Isilinganiso** siwukungakanisa ubungako bento noma isehlo, ukuze kusetshenziswe ukuqhathaniseni nezinye izinto noma izehlo.  Ngamanye amazwi, isilinganiso siyinqubo yokunquma ubukhulu noma ubuncane bomgangatho obonwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nephatho eliyisiseko lomgangatho wohlobo olufanayo. Ubunjalo nokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso kuncike komongo nomkhakha okukhulunywa ngawo. Kwezenzululwazi yemvelo nezobunjiniyela, izilinganiso azibhekiseli ezakhini ezicatshangwayo zezinto noma izehlo, okuhambisana neziqondiso zenhlangano ebhekele ízisindo nezilinganiso emhlabeni. Kodwa, kweminye imikhakha efana nezibalo kanye nezinzululwazi zomphakathi nokucondoza, izilinganiso zingaba namazinga amaningi, angahlanganisa lawo acatshangwayo, aqondile, angumgama kanye namanani okuqhathanisa.

Isilinganiso siwumgogodla wohwebo, inzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe nocwaningo lokungakanisa kwezoqeqeshwa eziningi. Ngokomlando, ziningi izinhlelo zokulunganisa ezazikhona zemikhakha ehlukahlukene yokuphila kwabantu ukuze zilekelele ekuqhathaniseni kuleyo mikhakha. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwakufezekiswa izivumelwano zasendaweni phakathi kwabahwebelanayo. Kusuka ngekhulu le-18, izintuthukiso zaqombolela ekuhkanganiseni, izindinganiso ezamukelwe kabanzi ngokuzihlanganisa zibe isimiso semivo somhlaba *( International System of Units (SI)*. Lesi simiso sinciphisa zonke izilinganiso zibe inhlanganiso yomchazazibalo yemivo yesibalo isikhonbisa. Inzululwazi yokulinganisa iphishekelwa emkhakheni womchazakulingana *(metrology)*.  

Isilinganiso sichasiswa njengomdludlungu wokuqhathanisa umngakonani ongaziwa ngomngakonani owaziwayo.
Isondo

**Isondo** liyisigcoyi esiyindilinga esihloselwe ukundiyaza emshizeni. Isondo liyisigcoyi esibalulekile sesondo nomshiza okuyingxenye yezinguxa ezilula eziyisithupha. Amasondo, lapho ehlangane nemishiza, avumela ukuba izinto ezinzima kube lula ukuzihambisa ngokwenza ukuthi kube khona umdiki noma intutho kuyilapho aseka umthwalo, noma enza umsebenzi ezinguxeni. Amasondo afana nesondo lomkhumbi, isondo lokuqondisa, isondo lombumbi, kanye nesondo lokundiza.

Izibonelo ezivamile zesondo zitholakala kwezokuthutha. Isondo liphunguza umshikisho ngokwenza ukunyukuza lapho liqonqoloza kanye nemishiza. Ukuze isondo lindiyaze, kudingeka kube nesiphoqi esizokwenza kube nomjijayane oqombolayo. Ngokusebenzisa isondo, abase-Sumeri baqamba isilekeleli espimpilizisa ubumba lapho umbumbi elubumba kube into ayifunayo.
IsiThununu sezimboni

**Isithununu sezimboni** siwuhlelo lwesithununu olusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza. Izithununu zezimboni ziyahlelelekwa *(automated)*, ziyahleleliseka *(programmable)* futhi ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngamachopho amathathu noma amane.

Imisebenzi ewunongo yezithununu ihlanganisa ukushisela, ukubheca, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlakahla, ukukhuphulula nokubeka eziqengqeni zomthandelo ezishicilelwe, ukugcishaza nokugqaba, ukuqhinqa, ukuhlola imikhiqizo, nokuvavanya; yonke efezwa ngokukhuthazela, ngejubane eliphezulu nobunyoninco.

Ngonyaka wezi-2000, kuqagelwa ukuthi izithununu zezimboni ezingaba isigidi esi-1.64 zazigidingiswa umhlaba wonke.

## Izinhlobo nolwangu

Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha zezithununu zezimboni.

### Isithununu esinyewuziwe
Izithununu ezinyewuziwe ziyizithununu zezimboni ezaziwa kakhulu. Zifana nengalo yomuntu, okwenza zibizwe nangokuthi izilumba. Ukunyewuza kwazo ngokukhululeka amazinga ambalwa kuzivumela ukuba izingalo zazo zinyakaze kabanzi.

### Isithununu esizihlelelekayo
**Isithununu esizihlelelekayo** yisithununu esiqhogoya ngaphandle kokulawulwa umuntu. Izithununu zokuqala ezizihlelelekayo.

## Imithombo
Misuzulu Zulu

**ISiko uMisuzulu kaZwelithini**  (owazalwa zingama-23 kuMandulo 1974) uyiNkosi ebusayo yesizwe samaZulu . Nakuba uMisuzulu eyindodana yesithathu endala yeSilo uGoodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, uyindodana yokuqala yeNkosikazi yeSilo uGoodwill Zwelithini iNdlovukazi uMantfombi Dlamini . UMisuzulu waba yindlalifa ngemuva kokushona kukayise mhla ziyi-12 kuNdasa wezi-2021,   nokho nakuba aqokwa ngokusemthethweni njengenkosi yesizwe samaZulu, ukugcotshwa kwakhe ngokwendabuko akuzange kwenzeke kwaze kwaba zingama-20 kuNcwaba wezi-2022 ngemva *kokungena* ngokwesiko kwesizwe samaZulu. umcimbi wesibaya *sezinkomo* (owaziwa ngokungena Esibayeni)*,* esibayeni . INkosi yagcotshwa ngokusemthethweni futhi yaqashelwa nguhulumeni ngomhla zingama-29 kuMfumfu wezi-2022.
Isifo

**Isifo** siyisimo esixakile ezijiyeza kabi ukusebenza kwazo zonke izingxenye noma ingexenye ethile yesiphili, futhi lokhu kusuke kungabangelwa ukulimala noma ikuphi kwangaphandle. Izifo zaziwa ngokuba izimo zokugula eziyamaniswa nezimpawu noma izinkomba ezicacile.
Imoto ezishayelayo

**IMoto ezishayelayo**, ephinde yaziwe ngokuthi **imoto yenhleleleko**, **imoto engenamshayeli**, noma **imoto eyisithununu**, iyimoto efakwe inhleleleko yesithuthi, okusho ukuthi iyisithuthi esihamba emhlabeni esikwazi ukuzwa indawo esizungezile futhi sihambe ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. IziMoto ezizishayelayo zihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zeziNzwi ukuze zizwe indawo ezungezile, lezi kungaba izithwebuli zomchadamezo, isiFunimaza, isifunikhanyo, sonar, GPS, isilinganisibanga, nemivo yezilinganiso zomjijo. Izinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukile zikhumusha ukwaziswa kwezinzwi ukuze zihlonze imikhondo yokugegeleza eqondile, kanye nezithiyo nezimpawu ezimqoka. UHlakahlisombulu lungasetshenziswa ukuze lufunde konke ukwaziswa kwezinzwi okubuthiwe ukuze lulawule isithuthi futhi lweseke imisebenzi yokuzishayela-okuyinhleleleko ehlukene. Njengezobuchwepheshe zangomuso, lezi moto zibikezelwa njengezizoba negalelo elikhulu ezimbonini zezokuhamba, ezempilo, ezenhlakakahle, ezokuhlelwa kwezidlidli, isinyokotho, umqiniseko, indayi yezisebenzi kanye neminye imikhakha.
IsiThununu senkonzo

IsiThununu senkonzo sakhelwe ukusiza abantu, imvama ngokwenza imisebenzi engcolile, ethunazayo, ekude, eyingozi noma ephindaphindwayo. Imvama ziyazihleleleka *(autonomous)* noma zigidingiswe uhlelo lokulawula olwakhelwe kuzo, olunemikhetho yokuphambimyalo *(override)* ngesandla. Ibizo elithi "isithununu senkonzo" alinayo incasiselo eqondile. Inhlangano yoMhlaba yokuNdinganisa ichasisa "isithununu senkonzo" njengesithununu "esenza imisebenzi ewusizo kubantu noma emathuluzini ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yenhleleleko yezimboni”.
Iselusi sesiCikizi

**Iselusi sesicikizi** siyisilekeleli esiwumphumo wokubukisa ngokwaziswa ngesimo sezithombe noma izilobo. Iselusi esisodwa ziqukethe isibukisi sokubukwa *(visiual display)*, izizubi eziwusizo *(support electronics)*, isihlinzeki sidlakalasi, umshaba, izixhumi zamazuba, nezilawuli ezingaphandle zomsebenzisi.
IziNkentezi zesiCikizi

**Izinkentezi zesicikizi**, ziyizinkentezi ezithengiswayo ukuze zisetshenziswe ezicikizini, nakuba imvama zingasetshenziswa nakwezinye izidlali zilalelwa, ezifana nezidlali ze-MP3. Iningi lezinkentezi ezinjalo zineziqongisi futhi zidinga umthombo wesidlakathi, imvama ohlinzekwa ngesiphenduzi se-AC *(AC adapter)*, iziphathanzuba, noma isikhenke se-USB. Isixhumi sesigaleli seziyabizo imvama singamamilimitha amathathu nanhlanu; izixhumi ze-RCA nazo ziyasetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi, futhi isikhenke se-USB singahlinzeka kokubili isiyabizo nesidlakalasi (kudinga intandelo eyengeziwe, futhi kufanele isicikizi kuphela). Izinkentezi zesixhumaduze *(bluetooth)* esifukuthwa isiphathanzuba azidingi izintambo. Izicikizi eziningi zinezinkentezi zesidlakathi esiphansi nezinga eliphansi ezakhelwe kuzo; lapho izinkentezi zangaphandle zixhunyiwe zijiyeza izinkentezi ezakhelwe phakathi. U-Altec Lansing uyena owokuqala owakha indayi yezinkentezi zesicikizi ngowe-1990.

Izinkentezi zesicikizi ziyahluka ngomgangatho nangentengo. Izinkentezi zesicikizi ezigxishwa nohlelo lesicikizi ngezinye izikhathi ziba ncane, kuba ezimnonfi, futhi nezinomgangatho womsindo ongemuhle. Ezinye izinkentezi zesicikizi zinolwangu lokulinganisela olufana nezilawuli zombodlo, nokunsininiza. Izinkentezi zesixhumaduze *(Bluetooth)* zingaxhunywa ngokusebenzisa intambo yesicikizi yokuxhuma izilekelelli.

Izinkentezi zesicikizi eziyinkimbinkimbi ziba nesihhohhozi *(subwoofer)*.

Ezinye izinhlobo zesicikizi ziba nezinkentezi ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Izicikizi eziyizigonwa zinezinkentezi ezididiyelwe ezakhelwe phakathi, imvama zincane  ukuze kulondolozwe indawo futhi zikhipha umsindo womgangatho omubi.

## Amaphatho
UmFefenyeko wesiCikizi

**Umfefenyeko wesicikizi** uyinqubo yonongo lomchazazibalo, eyenziwa esicikizini, eklanyelwe ukubikezela ukucondoza, noma imiphumela, yesimiso sangempela noma esenzeka ngokoqobo. Ukwethembeka konongo lomchazazibalo kunganqunywa ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yalo kanye nemiphumela eyenzeka ngokoqobo elihlose ukuyiqagula. Imifefenyeko yesicikizi seyiphenduke usizo ekunongeni ngokomchazazibalo izimiso zemvelo eziningi kwezomchazandalo *(physics)* (umchazandalo wokucikiza), umchazazinyezi *(astrophysics)*, umchazazulu *(climatology)*, umchazatho *(chemistry)*, umchazampilo *(biology)*  nakwezokukhiqiza, kanye nasezimisweni zabantu kwezomnotho, kwezomchazangqondo *(psychology)*, inzululwazi yomphakathi, ezempilo nezobunjiniyela. Umfefenyeko wesimiso umelelwa njengokusebenza konongo lwesimiso. Ungasetshenziswa ukuhlwaya nokuzuza ubuhlakani obusha kwezobuchwepheshe ezintsha, kanye nokuqagela ukugunundwa kwezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuxazula ngokuhlaziywa.

Imifefenyeko yesicikizi yenziwa ngokugununda izinhleleliso zesicikizi ezingaba zincane, ezigununda ngokushesha ezilekelelini ezincane, noma izinhleleliso ezinkulukazi ezingasebenza amahora noma izinsuku ezinde ezicikizini ezisekwe oxhoxhweni. Umlinganiso wezehlo ezifefenyekwa ngemifefenyeko yesicikizi sewedlule noma yini ebingenziwa noma ifinyelelwe ngonongo lomchazazibalo wephepha nepeni. Ngowe-1997, Imifefenyeko womhlangabezo wogwadule webutho eligasela elinye wabandakanya ukunongiswa kwezinganono *(tanks)* eziyizi-66,239, amaloli nezinye izithuthi ezweni elifefenyekiwe lase-Kuwait, ngokusebenzisa izicikizikazi eziningana oHlelweni lokuNamuhlisa isiCikizi eziGununda Kakhulu loMnyango wezokuVikela eMelika. Ezinye izibonelo zihilela unongo lamachwe ayisigidigidi okuwohlozeka kwesithako ; unongo lwamachwe ayizigidi ezi-2.64 esicubu esikhiqiza Isakhamzimba  esiyinkimbinkimbi sazo zonke IziPhili, ikhingana *(ribosome)*, ngowezi2005; umfefenyeko ophelele womjikelezo wokuphila we-*Mycoplasma genitalium* ngowezi-2012.

Ngenxa yezindleko zomcikizo womfefenyeko, imigcanso yesicikizi isetshenziswa ukwenza isisuso esifana nokuqagela ukungakanisa.
Ukuhlaziya Imininingo

Ukuhlaziya Imininingo kuyinqubo yokuhlola, yokuhlanza, yokuguqula, kanye nokwenza unongo lwemininingo ngenhloso yokuvubukula ukwaziswa okuwusizo, ukwazisa iziphetho, kanye nokusekela ukuthathwa kwezinqumo.  Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kunezici eziningi, ezihlanganisa ubuchule obunhlobonhlobo ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene, futhi kuyasetshenziswa kwimihwebo ehlukene, kwezenzululwazi, nasezidlangaleni zenzululwazi yomphakathi. Ezweni lanamuhla lezohwebo, ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kunendima ekwenzeni izinqumo zibe ezenzululwazi kakhudlwana nasekusizeni imihwebo *(businesses)* igidinge ngokufanele.

Ukuvukuza imininingo kungubuchule bokuhlaziywa kwemininingo ngokukhethekile obugxila ekunongeni izibalo nokuvubukukwa kolwazi ngezinjongo yokubikezela kunokuchazisa, kuyilapho ubuhlakani bohwebo buhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kwemininingo encike kakhulu ekubumbutheni *(aggregation)*, ngokugxila kakhulu ekwazisweni kohwebo. Ekusebenzeni kwezibalo, ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kungahlukaniswa kube izibalo ezichazisayo *(descriptive statistics)*, ukuhlaziya imininingo okuhlwayayo *(exploratory data analysis (EDA))*, kanye nokuhlaziya imininingo okuqinisekisayo *(confirmatory data analysis (CDA))*. i-EDA igxila ekuvubukuleni ulwangu olusha emininingweni kuyilapho i-CDA igxila ekuqinisekiseni noma ekumbuluziseni isihlawumbiselo esikhona. Uhlaziyo olubikezelayo lugxila ekusetshenzisweni konongo lezibalo ukuze kubikezelwe sakubhula noma ukujinjwa kokubikezelwa, kuyilapho ukuhlaziywa kwesilobo kusebenza ubuchule bezibalo, ulimi nohlaka ukugqoba nokujinja ukwaziswa emthonjeni yezilobo, okuwuhlobo lemininingo engahluziwe. Konke okungenhla kuyizinhlobo zokuhlaziywa kwemininingo.

Ukudidiyela imininingo kuyisandulela sokuhlaziya imininingo, futhi ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kuxhumene eduze nomboniso wemininingo kanye nokuchakalaliswa kwemininingo.

## Inqubo yokuhlaziya imininingo

*Isihlaziyo* sisho ukuhlukanisa okuphelele kube yizingcezu ezihlukene ukuze zihlolwe ngayinye. *Ukuhlaziya imininingo*  Umdludlungu wokuthola imininingo engahluziwe, kanye nokuyiguqula kube ukwaziswa okunosizo ekuthatyeni izinqumo. *Imininingo* iyabuthwa futhi ihlaziywe ukuze kuphendulwe imibuzo, kuvivinywe izihlawumbiselo , noma kufakazelwe imichaciso.

Ngowe-1961, usozibalomniningo  uJohn Tukey, wachasisa ukuhlaziya imininingo ngokuthi:"kuyizinqubo zokuhlaziya imininingo, ubuchule bokuhlakahla iziphumo zaleyonqubo, izindlela zokuhlela ukubuthwa imininingo ukuze ihlaziywe kalula, nangokunembile, nazo zonke izinguxa neziphumo zezibalomniningo ezisebenza ekuhlaziyweni kwemininingo."Kunezigaba ezimbalwa ezihlukanisekayo, ezichaziswa ngezansi. Lezi zigaba ziyaziphinda, ngokuthi isibikemphinda sezigaba ezisemuva siletha umsebenzi owengeziwe ezigabeni eziphambili. Unongo olusetshenziselwa ukuvukuza imininingo elibizwa CRISP, nalo kunezigaba ezifanayo.

## Imithombo
IsiCikizi esiyisiBhebhe

**IsiCikizi esiyisibhebhe**, esivame ukubizwa **isiBhebhe**, siyisilekeleli esiphathwayo, imvama esinenhleleliso nentandelo yombukiso wesihenqo esithintwayo, kanye nesiphathanzuba esifukuthwabusha, konke okufakwe phakathi kwesigxisho esisodwa esiyisicaba nesilubunda. Izibhebhe, njengoba ziyizicikizi, zenza okwenziwa ezinye izicikizi, kodwa zintula amakhono egalelo/mphumela ezinye ezinawo. Izibhebhe zanamuhla zifuze omakhalipha *(smartphones)*, umehluko okhona owokuthi izibhebhe zinkulu kunomakhalipha, zinezihenqo ezingaba amacentimitha ayi-18 noma ukweqa, uma zilinganiswa bulungangoni, futhi kungenzeka zingabi nofikelelo kuxhoxho lwekhukhu *(cellular network)*. Ngokungafani nezicikizi ezigonwayo *(laptops)*, izibhebhe imvama zisebenza ngenhleleliso efana neyomakhalipha.

Umbukiswano wesihenqo esithintwayo ugidingwa emiqanguzo yezandla egunundwa umunwe noma ipeni lezezibhangqiwe (isicikici), kunokuthi kube nesikhombi *(mouse)*, isibheqe esithintwayo, noqwembe lokuchofoza lwezicikizi ezinkulu. Izicikizi eziphathwayo zingajinjwa ngommomo nokuba khona koqwembe lokuchofoza loqobo. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezibhebhe, ukhethe neNcwajana, azinalo uqwembe lokuchofoza loqobo futhi zivame ukusebenzisa uqwembe lwendwalazo oluvezwa esihwenqweni esithintwayo. Ukuze zivale isikhala sokuntula uqwembe lokuchofoza loqobo, iningi lezibhebhe ziyakwazi ukuxhuma ezibhebheni soqobo esizimele ngamazafuphi *(Bluetooth)* noma i-USB.
IMininingo

Ekuphishekeleni ulwazi, **imininingo** iyiqoqo lamanani alubandlu adlulisa ukwaziswa, achazisa umngakonani, izingabunjalo, isiminya, izibalomininingo, neminye imivo eyisisekelo yencazelo, noma uhide lwezimpawu ezingase zihlakahlwe ngokuqhubekayo . Umniningo uyisimo ngasinye eqoqweni lemininingo. Imininigo ngokuvamile ihlelwa yaba izinhlaka ezifana namacansi anikeza umongo nencazelo eyengeziwe, futhi zingase zisetshenziswe njengemininigo ezinhlakeni ezinkulu. Imininingo ingasetshenziswa njengeziguquki enqubweni yokucikiza .  Imininingo ingase imelele amasu ayizicabango noma izilinganiso eziphathekayo. Imininingo ivame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwenzululwazi, ezezimali, cishe nakuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemsebenzi engokwenhlangano yabantu.

## Izinhlobo zemininingo
Izibonelo zamaqoqo emininingo zifaka:
* Imininingo yomchazamhlaba
* Imininingo yesikompilo
* Imininingo yenzululwazi
* Imininingo yezezimali
* Imininingo yezibalomininingo
* Imininingo yesimo sezulu
* Imininingo yemvelo
* Imininingo yezokuthutha

Imininingo imelela amaqiniso angahleliwe kanye nezibalo ezingasetshenziswa ngendlela eyenza kugcinwe ukwaziswa okuwusizo kuwo.

Imininingo iqoqwa kusetshenziswa ubuchule obufana nokulinganisa, ukuqapha, ukubuza, noma ukuhlaziya, futhi ngokuvamile ngokumelelwa amanani noma izimpawu nazo ngokuqhubekayo ezingahidaniswa. Imininingo yasebaleni iyimininingo eqoqwe esimweni esingalawuleki. Imininingo yomgcanso iyimininingo ephehlwe enkambisweni yomgcanso wenzululwazi olawulwayo. Imininingo ihlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana noqaqululo, ukuhluza, ukuxoxa, ukwethula, ukukhangelisa *(visualization)*, noma ezinye izinhlobo zangemva kwesihlaziyo. Ngaphambi kwesihlaziyo, imininingo engahluziwe imvama **iyahlanzwa**:

Imininingo ingabukwa njengezingcezu ezincane zokwaziswa okuyisiminya engasetshenziswa njengesiseko sokuqaqulula, ukuhluza, noma ukuxoxa. Imininingo ingahluka kusuka kumasu ayimikhanyango *(abstract ideas)*  kuya ezilinganisweni zoqobo, kuhlanganisa nezibalomniningo *(statistics)*. Imininingo exhunywe ngezihloko eyethulwa ngomongo ofanelekayo ingathathwa njengokwaziswa. Izingcezu zokwaziswa ezixhunywe ngokwengwikithi zingachaziswa ngokuthi ubuhlakani bemininingo. Umqongelelo wobuhlakani obuqoqekayo emva kwesikhathi obuphumela ekudidiyelweni kwemininingo kube ukwaziswa, ungachaziswa ngokuthi ulwazi. Imininingo seyichaziswe "njengamafutha amasha umnotho wezezibhangqiwe". Imininingo, njengesicabango esibanzi, ubhekisela esiminyweni sokuthi kukhona ukwaziswa noma ulwazi olumelelwa noma oluhuqukezelwe esimweni esifanele ukusetshenziswa kangcono.

Izintuthukiso kwezobuchwepheshe zokucikza seziholele ekufikeni kwemininingo emikhulu, okuvame ukubhekisela kwimingakonani emikhulu yemininingi, evame ukuba semlinganisweni we*petabyte*. Ngokusebenzisa izindlelasu zokuhlaziya ezijwayelekile, kuba nzima ukusebenza ngamaqoqomniningo amakhulu njengalawa. Ekusabeleni kulenkinga, umkhakha osemusha wenzululwazi yesicikizi usebenzisa ukufunda kwenguxa nezinye izindlelasu (zohlakahlisombulu) ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezindlelasu zokuhkaziya imininingo emikhulu.
UkuCikiza

**Ukucikiza** kuyinoma ibuphi  ubuqhebeqhebe obugxike empokopheleni obudinga izinsiza, buzuze kuzo, noma budale izinguxa zokucikiza. Ukucikiza kuhlanganisa ucwaningo nomgcanso ngezinqubo zomkholezima, nokuthuthukiswa kokubili kwezinsiza ezingaphandle neziphakathi. Ukucikiza kunezici zenzululwazi, zomngcikisho, zomchazazibalo, zobuchwepheshe nezomphakathi. Izigaba zokucikiza ezinkulu zihlanganisa  
umngcikisho wesicikizi, Inzululwazi yesiCikizi, *(cybersecurity)*, inzululwazi yemininingo, izimiso zokwaziswa, ezobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa kanye nomngcikisho wehlelokusebenza.

Ibizo elithi "ukucikiza" limqondofana nelithi ukubala nelithi ukuqaqulula. Ezikhathini zangaphambili, lalisetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa ngomsebenzi owenziwa abacikizi abangabantu, manje owenziwa izinguxa zokucikiza.

## Umlando
Umlando wokuCikiza mude ukwedlula umlando wezigcoyi zokucikiza futhi uhlanganisa nomlando wezindlelasu ezihloselwe ukwenziwa ngepeni nephepha (noma umcako nokhethe) ngosizo lwamacansi noma ngaphandle kwawo. UkuCikiza kuhlobene eduze nokumelelwa kwamanani, nakuba izicabango zomchazazibalo eziyimfuneko yokucikiza kungezangaphambi kwezinhlelo zezibalonani. Insiza yasendulo eyaziwayo eyayisetshenziswa ekucikizeni, isihlohlo sokubala, okucatshangwa ukuthi saqanjwa eBhabhiloni cishe maphakathi neminyaka yezi-2700 kuya kwezi-2300 BC.

## IsiCikizi
IsiCikizi siyinguxa ekwazi ukuthonya imininingo ngokuvumelana neqoqo leziyalezo ezibizwa izinhleleliso zesicikizi Lenhleleliso inisimo esigunundekayo esingasetshenziswa isiCikizi ngokuqondile ukuze sigununde iziyalezo. Inhleleliso efanayo emkitizweni wayo ofundwa-umuntu, ivumela umhlelelisi ukuba afunde futhi athuthukise uthungethunge lwezinyathelo ezaziwa ngokuthi umkholezima. Ngenxa yokuthi iziyalezo zingagunundwa izicikizi ezinhlobonhlobo, iqoqo elilodwa leziyalezo liguqulwa libe iziyalezo zenguxa ngokuvumelana nohlobo lwesidludlungi esimqoka.

## Uqeqesho lokucikiza

### UmNgcikisho wesiCikizi

UmNgcikisho wesicikizi wuqeqesho oludidiyela imikhakha embalwa njengomngcikisho wamazuba nenzululwazi yesiCikizi ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izigcoboyi nehlelokusebenza.

## Imithombo
INtuhla

**INtuhla** iwumxube wevanga enomcabayo oqukethe ngokungenani iChwe elilodwa lesOhwe kanye nenye inhlwa. Intuhla ngokwayo iyisihonyo *(ion)* esinemilelesa ephikayo emibili yesOhwe. Imvama yegobohla likaNomkhubulwane liqukethe izintuhla. Ngisho nezithako ezibhekwa njengezinhlwa ezicwebile nazo zivela uqweqwe lwentuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, incwazi yesAlumbe *(aluminium foil)* ivela isikhumba esilubunda se-Al2O3 (ebizwa ingqimba yentuhla) evikela incwazi ekugegedlekeni okuqhubekayo.
Inxoza

**INxoza** iyisiqa semvelo noma sokuzakhela (esimbulu) eside ngokuphawulekayo kunokuba banzi. Inxoza ivame ukusetshenziswa uma kukhiqizwa ezinye izithako. Izithako zomngcikisho eziqatha zivame ukuhlanganisa nenxoza, ngokwesibonelo, inxoza yomcalahle kanye namagcezihwe anobunzima bamachembe aphezulu *(ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene)*.

Izinxoza ezididiyelwe zivame ukukhiqizwa ngemali ephansi futhi ngamanani amakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinxoza zemvelo, kodwa endabeni yezambatho, izinxoza zemvelo zinemihlomulo efana nokunethezeka, kunalezo zokuzakhela.

## Izinxoza zemvelo
Izinxoza zemvelo zitholakala ngobumo benxoza, futhi zihlanganisa lezo ezikhiqizwa yizitshalo, izilwane, nayimidludlungu yemvelo. Zonke zingajinjwa ngokuphathelene nendabuko yazo:
ULwazi

**ULwazi** lungachasiswa ngokuthi ukuqaphela isiminya (amaqiniso) noma amakhono asebenzayo, futhi lungabhekisela nasekwazini izinto noma izimo. Ulwazi lweziminya, olubuye lubizwe ulwazi lwesiphakamiso, luvame ukuchasiswa njengokholo lweqiniso oluhlukile embonweni noma ingqagelweni ngenxa yesihlanguzo esihle. Nakuba kunokuvumelana okubanzi phakathi kosonjulalwazi ukuthi ulwazi lwesiphakamiso luwuhlobo lokholo lweqiniso, izimpikiswano eziningi zenjulalwazi zigxila esihlanguzweni: ukuthi ingabe luyadingeka ngempela, nokuthi singaluqonda kanjani, nokuthi ingabe kukhona okunye okudingekayo kunalo. Lezi zimpikiswano zanda ngamandla ngenxa yochunge lwemigcanso yokucabanga eyenziwa nguEdmund Gettier futhi zahlokoloza izichasiso ezinye ezihlukile. Ezinye zazo zilandula ukuthi isihlanguzo siyindingeko futhi zifaka ezikhundleni saso, ngokwesibonelo, ukwethembeka noma ukubonkaliswa kwezici zokuqonda. Ezinye ziphika ngokuthi isihlanguzo siyadingeka kodwa zicabayo izimfuneko ezengeziwe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abekho abanqobi bokholo noma ngokuthi umuntu akanakuba nokholo uma lungamanga.

Ulwazi lungakhiqizwa ngezindlela eziningi. Umtombo obalulekile wolwazi lobungcweti ubizwa intshwayo, engukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa. Osomibono abaningi abahlanganisa nokuzihlola ngaphakathi izimo zomqondo njengomthombo wolwazi. Eminye imithombo okuhlale kuxoxwa ngayo ihlanganisa inkumbulo, isazela senhluzeko, ukugigiyela, nobufakazi. Ngokwemfundiso yosisekelo, eminye imithombo eliyisiseko ngomqondo wokuthi ikwazi ukuhlanguza izinkolelo ngaphandle kokuncika ezimweni zomqondo. Lesibizelo siyalandulwa ikakhulu yolabo benhlezekelo *(coherentists)*, abaphikisa ngelithi kudingeka inhluzekelo ethile phakathi kwazo zonke izimo zomqondo zokholwayo ukuze kube ulwazi. Ngokwabe mfundiso yokungenasigcino, kudingeka umqokozo ongenasigcino wezinkolelo.

Izici eziningi zolwazi zisaphenywa, futhi luneqhaza ezingqeqeshweni ezihlukahlukene. Luyisihloko sokuqala emkhakheni womchazalwazi, ocwaninga lokho okwaziwa umuntu, indlela abazuze ulwazi ngayo, nokuthi kusho ukuthi ukwazi ngokuthile.
IMininingo (isayensi yesicikizi)

Emkhakheni wenzululwazi yesiCikizi, imininingo iyinoma iluphi uchunge lwezimpawu olulodwa noma eziningi; umniningo unguphawu olulodwa lwemininingo. Imininingo idinga isikhumusho ukuze ibe ukwaziswa. Imininingo yezezibhangqiwe *(digital data)* iyimininingo emelelwa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwamanani amabhangqa ('1' and '0'), esikhundleni sokumelelwa amaNani ayiNzuko *(analog)*. Ezinhlelweni zesiCikizi zanamuhla (emva kowe-1960), yonke imininingo ingeyezezibhangqiwe.

Imininingo itholakala ngezimo ezintathu: Imininingo egculile, imininingo emdiki, imininingo eqebethayo. Imininingo ephakathi kwesiCikizi, imvama, ihamba njengemininingo elungene. Imininingo ephumayo noma engenayo esiCikizini, imvama, ihamba njengemininingo eluhidi. Imininingo ethathwe kusiLekelelei senzuko, esifana nesihlonga senhlolamshiso, ingaguqulelwa kwezezibhangqiwe ngokusebenzisa isibhensi *(modem)*. Imininingo emelela amanani, izigqabo noma izimpawu ukuze isiCikizi siqhogoye imigidingo, iyaqoqongwa futhi iqoshwa kwinsizakuxhumana yokuqopha yewonga, yokukhanya, yamazuba noma eyinguxa, futhi izofufukiswa ngesimo seziyabizo zezezibhangqiwe zamazuba noma iziyabizo zeBonanyo. Imininingo ingena futhi iphume phakathi kwesiCikizi ngeziLekeleli ezixhunywayo.

Izici zenkumbulo yesiCikizi zoqobo zibandakanya ikheli nencu *(byte)* yengcinamininingo. Imininingo yezezibhangqiwe imvama igcinwa kwizizindamininingo ezihlobene, futhi ingamelelwa njengamabhangqa ayisicabango. Imininingo ingahlelwa ngezinhlobo ezihlukene zezinhlaka zemininingo , ezihlanganisa uyaca, izithombe, nezinto. Izinhlaka zemininingo zingagcina imininingo yezinhlobo ezihlukene, ezihlanganisa amanani, imicu, kanye nezinye izinhlaka zemininingo .

Merged content from Imininingo (isayensi yesiCikizi to here.
IPhehlwa

**IPhehlwa** umkhiqizo womchago owenziwa ngezigcoyi zamafutha nezakhamzimba zolaza oluphehliwe. Lingumhlenge *(emulsion)* onquma kancane ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, oqukethe ngokwenanifuphi amafuthephehlwa angama-80 ekhulwini. Ezingeni lokushisa legunbi isetshenziswa njengesigcobi, esincibilikiswa njengesinandisi, futhi lisetshenziswa njengamafutha ekubhakeni, ekwenzeni *(sauce)*, ekuchachambiseni ngomcengezi, nakwezinye izinkambiso zokupheka.
UBhobe

UBhobe isiphuzo sobisi esibilisiwe. Ngokwesikothi, kwakungamanzi ayesala ngemuva kokuphehlwa kwePhehlwa kulaza. Emazweni asentshona, iphehlwa alenziwa ngolaza.
UmQungo

**Umqungo** umkhiqizo wobisi oluqungiwe olunesithokelo esikahle nenjimbili ewulaza olusamhluzi. Luphinde lwaziwe ngokuthi **ingqunge**, **ihongo**.
IsiPhathanzuba

**IsiPhathanzuba** siwumthombo wamandla wamazuba ahlanganisa amakhukhwana enzubavanga *(electrochemical)* eyodwa noma eziningi ezinoxhumo lwangaphandle  olufukuthisa izilekekeli zamazuba. 

Lapho isiphathanzuba sihlinzeka ngesidlakalasi, umdiyo ovumayo uba i*(cathode)* bese umdiyo ophikayo uba i*(anode)*. Umdiyo ogqabwe ophikayo ungumthombo wezinzuba ezigobhoza kuntandelo yamazuba engaphandle ziye kumdiyo ovumayo. Lapho isiphathanzuba sixhunywe kumgidlabezo wamazuba ongaphandle, ukulumbana kwe*(redox)* kuguqula izilumbeki *(reactants)* zibe imikhiqizo yesidlakalasi esiphansi, bese isidlakalasi sifufuthelwa entandelweni yamazuba engaphandle njengesidlakalasi samazuba. Ngokomlando leligama elithi "isiphathanzuba" lalibhekisela kusekeleli esakhiwa amakhukhwana, kodwa namuhla selihlanganisa nesilekeleli esinekhukhwana elilodwa.

IziPhathanzuba eziyinhloko yilezo ezisetshenziswa kanye bese ziyalahlwa, njengoba isizubisi *(electrode)* singenakulungiseka lapho sisebenzile; isibonelo esaziwayo esesiphathanzuba sengqubathi esisetshenziswa kwisibanikazi *(flashlight)* nakwezinye izilekeleli zamazuba eziningi. IziPhathanzuba zesibili yilezi ezifukuthwabusha *(rechargeable)* ezileleseka ezikhathi eziningana ngobuzuba; lapho ukwakheka kwezizubisi kungabuyiswa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa isiphathanzuba sesimunyu somthofu esisetshenziswa ezithuthini kanye neziphathanzuba zomthanya-sihonyo osetshenziswa kuzilekeleli eziphathwayo zamazuba ezifana neziGonwa *(laptops)* kanye noMakhalekhukhwini.

Iziphathanzuba ziza ngemimo nobungako obuhlukene, kusuka kumakhukhwana amancane afukuthisa izilekeleli zokuzwa *(hearing aids)* nabomazisinkathi bohlakala, kuya kuziphathanzuba-ngodla ezinkulu ezilingana negumbi ezihlinzeka ngesidlakalasi esigciniwe noma amandla aphuthumayo izikhungo zemininingo yesicikizi neminano yocingo.

Iziphathanzuba zinesidlakalasi esicacile esiphansi uma ziqhathaniswa nezivuthisi ezivamile ezifana namafuthetshe.

## uMlando
### Iziqambo

Eminyakeni yowe-1930s, umqondisi weNgcinamagugu yase-Bagdad noMnyango wezaNguna e-Iraq u-Wilhelm König, wabika ukuthi sekuvubukulwe isiphathanzuba sase- Baghdad, inguxa yangekhulu lokuqala equkethe ikhamba le-*ceramic*, usokhele, nensimbi. Waqazikela ukuthi sasisetshenziselwa inqubo ye-*electroplating*, kodwa imibono yakamuva isikisela ukuthi kwakuyinguxa esetshenziswa ukulapha ngamazuba.