UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa

**Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa**  buyiqoqo lemikhakha ehlobene ehlanganisa iziCikizi, ihlelokusebenza, uLimi lokuhlelelisa ukudludlunga, nokuqoqonga ukwaziswa. UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa buyingxnye yobuchwepheshe boKwaziswa nokuxhumana. **Isimiso sobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa** ngokuvamile okuyisimiso sokwaziswa, isimiso sekuxhumana, noma ngokungagunci, isimiso sesiCikizi — sihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zesicikizi, amahlelokusebenza, nezinsiza ezixhunywayo — ezigidingwa iqembu elincane labasebenzisi bobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, futhi **umklamo wobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa** ngokuvamile usho ukuthunywa nokugunundwa kwesimiso sobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa. IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require meticulous planning, seamless integration, and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.

Nakuba abantu kudala baqala ukuqoqonga, ukulanda, ukulumba, nokuxhumana  ngokwaziswa kusuka ekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso zokuloba zangaphambili, ibizo elithi *ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa* ngomqondo walo wanamuhla laqala ukuvela esibhalweni sangowe-1958 esashicilelwa kwi-*Harvard Business Review*; ababhali u-Harold J. Leavitt no-Thomas L. Whisler abaphawula ukuthi "ubuchwepheshe obusha abunalo igama elilodwa elimisiwe. Sizobubiza ngokuthi Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa." Incasiselo yabo iqukethe iminxa emithathu: ubuchule bokudludlunga, ukusebenza kwezindlelasu zezibalomininingo kanye nomchazazibalo ekuthatheni izinqumo, nokufefenyeka kokucabanga kohlelo oluphakeme ngezinhleleliso zesicikizi.

Leli bizo livame ukusetshenziswa njengomqondofana wezicikizi nezixhoxho zesicikizi, kodwa lihlanganisa nezinye ezobuchwepheshe zokusabalalisa ukwaziswa ezifana nomabonakude nezincingo. Imikhiqizo embalwa nezinkonzo ezimbalwa eziyingxenye yomnotho ziyamaniswa nobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, zihlanganisa izingxenye zesicikizi, amahlelokusebenza, izingabazuba, izidlulisinzuba , uxhakaxholo, nezokuthengisa ngoxhakaxholo.

Ngokusekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe zokuqoqonga nokudludlunga ezisethsenziswayo, kulula ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezine ezingafani zokuthuthuka kobuChwepheshe boKwaziswa: ngaphambi kobunguxa (3000 BC — 1450 AD), inkathi yobunguxa (1450—1840), inzubanguxa (1840—1940), izingabazuba (1940 kuze kube manje).

Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa buyigatsha lenzululwazi yesicikizi, olungachasiswa njengokufundwa  okukhulu kwenkambiso, uhlaka, nokudludlungwa, kwezinhlobo zemininingo. Njengoba lomkhakha uqhubeka nokuguquka emazweni omhlaba, ukubaluleka kwawo sekukhulile, okuyilapho esiqala esibona khona ukungeniswa kwezifundo ezihlobene nenzululwazi yesicikizi emfundweni ye-K12.

## uMlando

Amasu wenzululwazi yesicikizi aqala ukugagulwa ngaphambi konyaka we-1950 esikhungwini sobuchwepheshe saseMassachusetts (MIT) naseNyuvesi kaHarvard, lapho okwakudingidwa futhi kucatshangwa khona ngezintandelo zesiCikizi neziqaqululo zamanani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imikhakha wobuchwepheshe boKwaziswa nowenzululwazi yesicikizi yaqala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu futhi yakwazi ukuphatha ukudludlungwa kwemininingo eminingi. Izibhalwa zongoti zaqala ukushicilelwa yizinhlangano ezihlukene.

## Amaphatho