農業史

**農業史**講農業歷史，講人馴化草木禽獸，講農耕牧畜，同埋農業技術發展普及。

全球農業分成唔同區講，各有各，有種種唔同物種。舊世界、新世界，一齊至少有區分做十一區，各自農業起源中心。一萬二千年前，出現農業，改變人類生活方式。由流浪狩獵採集，轉為定居耕種。

野生穀物至少十萬四千年前收集食用 ，但馴化要等到好耐之後。西元前二萬一千年，見到細細地，耕田種草本來食證據，加利利湖岸邊考古地奧哈勞二啲人留低。西元前九千五百年，八種新石器時代農作物，黎凡特就有。八種指艾麥、小麥、脫殼大麥、青豆、扁豆、苦豆、三角豆同亞麻。耕田種黑麥，可能都好早，不過說法有爭議。唔理點，黑麥從西南亞傳到大西洋岸過程，無關新石器時代農作物。而稻米呢，西元前六千二百中國就馴化咗，耕田證據追到西元前五千七百年，一齊有綠豆、黃豆同紅豆。一萬一千年前，兩河流域馴化咗豬，之後到羊。西元前八千五百年，土耳其同印度馴化歐洲野牛。西元前三千年，馴化咗駱駝。

非洲撒哈拉以南，西元前三千年，沙希爾地帶馴化高粱，西元二千年，馴化埋御穀。 西元前二千五百年，好幾笪地方，都馴化咗大薯。西非都有，但唔知幾時。連同豇豆一齊。稻米，專指光稃稻，喺西非獨立馴化，西元前千年就耕種。西元前三千年，埃塞俄比亞馴化咗苔麩，可能連穇子一齊，連帶小油菊、象腿蕉同咖啡。非洲馴化食用草本有西瓜、秋葵、酸豆同黑眼豆，木本有可可果同油棕。西元前三千年，種芭蕉。西元前一千五年，種香蕉。重有，西非馴化有盔珍珠雞。西元前七千年，東北非馴化山加牛，之後同其他品種雜交。

南美洲，西元前九千年，開始種植幾種植物，後來不過小農作物。安第斯山脈一帶，西元前八千年到西元前五千年之間，馴化咗薯仔，連同菜豆、南瓜、蕃茄、花生、古柯、羊駝、天竺鼠一齊馴化。西元前七千年，亞馬遜流域馴化咗木薯。同期，粟米有路由中美洲到南美，呢度佢由種野草大芻草馴化，經人工選擇成粟米。西元前四千二百年，祕魯馴化咗棉花，去到現代變成紡織業至緊要材料。西元前三千年，美國東部有耕作痕跡。有好多都種過，都畀粟米、南瓜同菜豆替代，稱三姊妹。

西元前七千年，新幾內亞馴化咗蔗同根菜。同一時期，巴布亞新畿內亞，種香蕉同雜交。澳洲，農業有但時期未確定。西元前六千六百年，畢住邊有古老鰻魚陷阱，而且種唔同作物，小菊苣到香蕉都有。

青銅時代，由，見證咗美索不達米亞蘇美爾、古埃及、古蘇丹、印度次大陸嘅印度河谷文明、古中國同古希臘等文明嘅農業密集化，由西元前一百年年到西元，世界人口隨住土地使用而持續增長，由牛嘅稻烷排放同水稻嘅快速增加所證明古典古代時代，古羅馬嘅擴張，無論係共和國定係帝國，都係建立喺現有嘅農業體系上面，同時亦建立咗成為中世紀農業嘅基石嘅庄園體系喺1492年克里斯托弗 · 哥倫布嘅航行之後，哥倫比亞交易所將新世界嘅農作物，例如玉米、薯仔、蕃茄、紅薯同木薯，帶嚟歐洲，同埋將舊世界嘅農作物，例如小麥、大麥、稻米同蕪菁，同埋包括馬、牛、羊同山羊等嘅牲畜帶嚟美洲。

西元前三千三百年，青銅時代，農業日益加強，各大文明睇到，有兩河流域蘇美爾、古埃及、古蘇丹、印度次大陸中印度河谷文明、古中國同古希臘等。西元前一百年到後一千六百年，世界人口不斷增長，土地使用隨之增多。鐵器時代同古典時期，古羅馬擴張，無論共和國定係帝國，皆立足喺農業之上。古地中海同西歐，奠基於農業。而莊園制度，就喺中世紀農業上畀構成。中世紀，無論歐洲定伊斯蘭世界，農業都經歷改造，技術有進步，農作物有擴散，經由安達盧斯，糖、稻米、棉花同生果樹，好似橙樹咁，都引入歐洲。一四九二年哥倫布航行之後，哥倫布大交流將新世界作物，例如粟米、薯仔、番茄、蕃薯同木薯引入歐洲，而舊世界作物例如小麥、大麥、稻米同蘿蔔引入美洲，連帶馬、牛、綿羊同山羊。

喺新石器革命之後，好快就引入灌溉、輪作同肥料，而且過去二百年，由英國農業革命開始，就走得更遠。一九〇〇年起，發達國農業，同埋部份發展中國農，有大幅增長，機械農耕取代人力，得益於合成肥料、農藥同篩選繁殖。哈伯法以工業規模合成硝酸銨氮肥，增加農作品產量。現代農業帶來社會、政治同環境問題。人口過多、水污染、生物燃料、基因改造生物、關稅同農業補貼。因應問題，二十世紀出現有機農業，替代合成農藥。

## 攷

## 文獻

### 調查

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* Federico, Giovanni. *Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture 1800–2000* (Princeton UP, 2005) highly quantitative
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* ; covers historiographical traditions within geographic regions across the world.

### 現代之前

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* 
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### 現代

* Collingham, E.M. *The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food* (Penguin, 2012) 
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* 
* 
* Mintz, Sidney. *Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History* (Penguin, 1986)
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### 歐洲

* Ambrosoli, Mauro. *The Wild and the Sown: Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1350–1850* (Cambridge UP, 1997)
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* Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina, Rachel Duffett, and Alain Drouard, eds. *Food and war in twentieth century Europe* (Ashgate, 2011)

### 北美洲

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* 
* Gras, Norman. *[http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2845579 A History of Agriculture in Europe and America],* (F.S. Crofts, 1925)
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* 
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