紐賓士域 (紐澤西州)

**紐賓士域**（，）係美國紐澤西州城市，係政府駐地。

紐賓士域喺曼哈頓西南方向，喺南岸。根據2010年美國人口普查，紐賓士域嘅人口係55,181，比2000年普查結果48,573多咗6,608（增長13.6%）。

羅格斯大學就喺紐賓士域。而因為周邊聚集咗好多醫學機構，包括Robert Wood Johnson大學醫院同Saint Peter's大學醫院，以及羅格斯大學醫學院同紐澤西州立大學Robert Wood Johnson醫學院，所以紐賓士域又叫做「the Hub City」。有幾間國際藥企嘅集團總部同生產設施亦喺呢個城市，譬如強生同百時美施貴寶。

紐賓士域嘅多元種族亦幾特別。舊時試過紐澤西四分一嘅匈牙利裔人口都住喺呢個城市，1930年代，呢個城市每三個居民就有一個係匈牙利裔。時至今日，都仲有匈牙利社群住响處，亦有越來越多亞裔同拉丁裔社區喺Robert Wood Johnson大學醫院附近嘅French街周圍發展起身。

## 史
### 名嘅來源
今日紐賓士域呢個地頭，最早係Lenape族嘅美洲土著喺度生活。呢度第一個歐洲人定居點喺1681年建立，先係叫做「*Prigmore's Swamp*」（1681–1697），之後叫做「*Inian's Ferry*」（1691–1714）。1714年，呢個定居點改名紐賓士域，個名係源自德國下薩克森嘅Braunschweig市（低地德語叫做「*Brunswick*」）Braunschweig市喺當時嘅漢莎同盟同後來嘅神聖羅馬帝國好有影響力，亦係Duchy of Hanover（後來嘅Principality of Hanover）一個行政中心。紐澤西殖民地紐賓士域定居點成立之後無耐，漢諾威王朝（又叫做「*House of Brunswick*」）嘅Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg兼漢諾威選帝侯，佐治，登基成為英王佐治一世（1660-1727）。呢個城市個名亦可以話係源自英王佐治二世，亦即係Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg。

### 殖民地時期及美國建國初期
紐賓士域地處紐約市同費城之間，喺一條叫做「*King's Highway*」嘅早期道路（南卡羅萊納州Charleston到麻省波士頓）旁邊，又喺Raritan河邊，所以紐賓士域成為一個重要商埠，服務美洲殖民地嘅旅客同商人。紐賓士域喺1736年成立鎮法團（），喺1784年成為特許城市（）。根據1798年Township Act，紐賓士域喺1798年歸入鎮法團（）。美國獨立戰爭嗰時，喺1776年12月到1777年6月，紐賓士域俾英國佔領。

The *[[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]* received one of its first public readings, by Col. John Neilson, in New Brunswick on July 9, 1776, in the days following its promulgation by the Continental Congress.

The Trustees of Queen's College (now Rutgers University), founded in 1766, voted to locate the young college in New Brunswick, selecting the city over Hackensack, in Bergen County, New Jersey. Classes began in 1771 with one instructor, one sophomore, Matthew Leydt, and several freshmen at a tavern called the 'Sign of the Red Lion' on the corner of Albany and Neilson Streets (now the grounds of the Johnson & Johnson corporate headquarters). The Sign of the Red Lion was purchased on behalf of Queens College in 1771, and later sold to the estate of Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh in 1791. Classes were held through the American Revolution in various taverns and boarding houses, and at a building known as *College Hall* on George Street, until Old Queens was erected in 1808. It remains the oldest building on the Rutgers University campus.  The Queen's College Grammar School (now Rutgers Preparatory School) was established also in 1766, and shared facilities with the College until 1830, when it located in a building (now known as Alexander Johnston Hall) across College Avenue from Old Queens. After Rutgers University became the state university of New Jersey in 1945, the Trustees of Rutgers divested itself of Rutgers Preparatory School, which relocated in 1957 to an estate purchased from the Colgate-Palmolive Company in Franklin Township in neighboring Somerset County.

The New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784 in New York, moved to New Brunswick in 1810, sharing its quarters with the fledgling Queen's College. (Queen's closed from 1810 to 1825 due to financial problems, and reopened in 1825 as Rutgers College.) The Seminary, due to overcrowding and differences over the mission of Rutgers College as a secular institution, moved to tract of land covering  located less than one-half&nbsp;mile (800&nbsp;m) west, which it still occupies, although the land is now in the middle of Rutgers University's College Avenue campus.

New Brunswick was formed by Royal charter on December 30, 1730, within other townships in Middlesex and Somerset counties and was reformed by Royal charter with the same boundaries on February 12, 1763, at which time it was divided into north and south wards. New Brunswick was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 1, 1784.


File:OldQueensRutgers.jpg|十九世紀早期Old Queen's嘅畫像
File:New Brunswick 393262530.jpg|起緊電車線，大概係1885年
File:Raritan River, New Brunswick, New Jersey (1903).jpeg|1903年嘅Albany Street Bridge
File:Aero view of New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1910 (cropped).png|1910年紐賓士域嘅航拍


### 美國黑人社群
黑人社群喺18世紀尾出現。1810年美國人口普查列咗53個自由黑人同164個黑人奴隸。Morris街39號嘅錫安山African Methodist Episcopal Church，1825年成立，原先喺Division街25號，係紐澤西最古老嘅黑人教會之一。

### 匈牙利裔社群

New Brunswick began attracting a Hungarian immigrant population around the turn of the 20th century. Hungarians were primarily attracted to the city by employment at Johnson & Johnson factories located in the city. Hungarians settled mainly in what today is the Fifth Ward.

The immigrant population grew until the end of the early century immigration boom. During the Cold War, the community was revitalized by the decision to house refugees from the failed 1956 Hungarian Revolution at Camp Kilmer, in nearby Edison. Even though the Hungarian population has been largely supplanted by newer immigrants, there continues to be a Hungarian Festival in the city held on Somerset Street on the first Saturday of June each year. Many Hungarian institutions set up by the community remain and active in the neighborhood, including: Magyar Reformed Church, Ascension Lutheran Church, St. Ladislaus Roman Catholic Church, St. Joseph Byzantine Catholic Church, Hungarian American Athletic Club, Aprokfalva Montessori Preschool, Széchenyi Hungarian Community School & Kindergarten, Teleki Pál Scout Home, Hungarian American Foundation, Vers Hangja, Hungarian Poetry Group, Bolyai Lecture Series on Arts and Sciences, Hungarian Alumni Association, Hungarian Radio Program, Hungarian Civic Association, Committee of Hungarian Churches and Organizations of New Brunswick, and Csűrdöngölő Folk Dance Ensemble.

Several landmarks in the city also testify to its Hungarian heritage. There is a street and a recreation park named after Lajos Kossuth, the famous leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The corner of Somerset Street and Plum Street is named Mindszenty Square where the first ever statue of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty was erected. A stone memorial to the victims of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution also stands nearby.

### 拉丁裔社群
紐賓士域人口有大約50%自稱係拉丁裔，比例係紐澤西州城市入邊第14高。由1960年代開始，好多拉丁美洲嘅人來到紐賓士域生活。1970年代，好多市民喺波多黎各移民過來。1980年代，好多人由多米尼加共和國移民過來，之後仲有來自危地馬拉、洪都拉斯、厄瓜多爾同墨西哥嘅。

### 舊區重建

## 地理
根據美國美國人口調查局，紐賓士域市總面積係5.789平方英里（14.995&nbsp;km2），包括5.227平方英里（13.539&nbsp;km2）嘅土地同0.562平方英里（1.456&nbsp;km2）嘅水域（水域率9.71%）。紐賓士域屬於Raritan河谷（紐澤西境內一連串嘅城市）。佢同Piscataway鎮、Highland Park、Edison鎮以及Franklin鎮（Somerset郡）一樣都係喺Raritan河谷嘅南邊。佢亦喺紐華克同紐約市嘅西南邊，特倫頓同費城嘅東北邊。

### 氣候

New Brunswick has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification *Cfa*) typical to New Jersey, characterized by humid, hot summers and mild winters with moderate to considerable rainfall throughout the year. There is no marked wet or dry season.

## 知名人物

喺紐賓士域出世，或者喺度生活過，或者同紐賓士域有緊密聯繫嘅人，包括：
* 雅裨理（1804-1846），荷蘭歸正會傳教士。
* Garnett Adrain（1815-1878），美國眾議院議員。
* John Bayard（1738-1807），商人、軍人同政治人，喺1785、1786年，係大陸議會賓夕法尼亞嘅代表之一，後來做過紐賓士域市長。

* James Berardinelli (born 1967), film critic.
* James Bishop (1816-1895), represented  in the United States House of Representatives from 1855 to 1857.
* Charles S. Boggs (1811-1877), Rear Admiral who served in the United States Navy during the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War.
* PJ Bond, singer-songwriter.
* Jake Bornheimer (1927-1986), professional basketball player for the Philadelphia Warriors.
* Brett Brackett (born 1987), football tight end.
* Derrick Drop Braxton (born 1981), record producer and composer.
* Sherry Britton (1918-2008), burlesque performer and actress.
* Gary Brokaw (born 1954), former professional basketball player who played most of his NBA career for the Milwaukee Bucks.
* Jalen Brunson (born 1996), basketball player.
* William Burdett-Coutts (1851-1921), British Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1921.
* Arthur S. Carpender (1884-1960), United States Navy admiral who commanded the Allied Naval Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II.
* Jonathan Casillas (born 1987), linebacker for the NFL's New Orleans Saints and University of Wisconsin.
* Joseph Compton Castner (1869-1946), Army general
* Wheeler Winston Dixon (born 1950), filmmaker, critic, and author.
* Michael Douglas (born 1944), actor.
* Linda Emond (born 1959), actress.
* Jerome Epstein (born 1937), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate  from 1972 to 1974 and later went to federal prison for pirating millions of dollars worth of fuel oil.
* Anthony Walton White Evans (1817-1886), engineer.
* Mervin Field (1921-2015), pollster of public opinion.
* Louis Michael Figueroa (born 1966), arguably the most prolific transcontinental journeyman.
* Margaret Kemble Gage (1734–1824). wife of General Thomas Gage, who led the British Army in Massachusetts early in the American Revolutionary War and who may have informed the revolutionaries of her husband's strategy.
* Morris Goodkind (c. 1888 - 1968), chief bridge engineer for the New Jersey State Highway Department from 1925 to 1955 (now the New Jersey Department of Transportation), responsible for the design of the Pulaski Skyway and 4,000 other bridges.
* Vera Mae Green' (1928-1982), anthropologist, educator and scholar, who made major contributions in the fields of Caribbean studies, interethnic studies, black family studies and the study of poverty and the poor.
* Alan Guth (born 1947), theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
* All involved in the Hall-Mills Murder case of the 1920s.
* Augustus A. Hardenbergh (1830-1889), represented New Jersey's 7th congressional district from 1875 to 1879, and again from 1881 to 1883.
* Mel Harris (born 1956), actress.
* Mark Helias (born 1950), jazz bassist / composer.
* Laurie Hernandez (born 2000), artistic gymnast representing Team USA at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
* Sabah Homasi (born 1988), mixed martial artist who competes in the welterweight division.
* Christine Moore Howell (1899-1972), hair care product businesswoman who founded Christine Cosmetics.
* Adam Hyler (1735-1782), privateer during the American Revolutionary War.
* Jaheim (born 1978, full name Jaheim Hoagland), R&B singer.
* Dwayne Jarrett (born 1986), wide receiver for the University of Southern California football team 2004 to 2006, current WR drafted by the Carolina Panthers.
* James P. Johnson (1891-1955), pianist and composer who was one of the original stride piano masters.
* William H. Johnson (1829-1904), painter and wallpaper hanger, businessman and local crafts person, whose home (c. 1870) was placed on the State of New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places in 2006.
* Robert Wood Johnson I (1845-1910), businessman who was one of the founders of Johnson & Johnson.
* Robert Wood Johnson II (1893-1968), businessman who led Johnson & Johnson and served as mayor of Highland Park, New Jersey.
* Woody Johnson (born 1947), businessman, philanthropist, and diplomat who is currently serving as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
* Mary Lea Johnson Richards (1926-1990), heiress, entrepreneur and Broadway producer, who was the first baby to appear on a Johnson's baby powder label.
* Joyce Kilmer (1886-1918), poet.
* Littleton Kirkpatrick (1797-1859), represented  in the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1855, and was mayor of New Brunswick in 1841 and 1842.
* Ted Kubiak (born 1942), MLB player for the Kansas City/Oakland Athletics, Milwaukee Brewers, St. Louis Cardinals, Texas Rangers, and the San Diego Padres.
* Floyd Mayweather Jr. (born 1977), multi-division winning boxer, currently with an undefeated record of 50-0; he grew up in the 1980s in the Hiram Square neighborhood.
* Jim Norton (born 1968), comedian.
* Robert Pastorelli (1954-2004), actor known primarily for playing the role of the house painter on *[[Murphy Brown]]*.
* Stephen Porges (born 1945), Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
* Franke Previte, composer.
* Phil Radford (born 1976), Greenpeace Executive Director.
* Miles Ross (1827-1903), Mayor of New Brunswick, U.S. Representative and businessman.
* Gabe Saporta (born 1979), musician and frontman of bands Midtown and Cobra Starship.
* Jeff Shaara (born 1952), historical novelist.
* George Sebastian Silzer (1870-1940), served as the 38th Governor of New Jersey. Served on the New Brunswick board of aldermen from 1892 to 1896.
* James H. Simpson (1813-1883), U.S. Army surveyor of western frontier areas.
* Arthur Space (1908-1983), actor of theatre, film, and television.
* Larry Stark (born 1932), theater reviewer and creator of Theater Mirror.
* Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal (born 1969), guitarist, musician, composer.
* Joe Theismann (born 1949), former professional quarterback who played in the NFL for the Washington Redskins and former commentator on ESPN's *[[Monday Night Football]]*.
* William Henry Vanderbilt (1821-1885), businessman.
* John Van Dyke (1807-1878), represented  in the United States House of Representatives from 1847 to 1851, and served as Mayor of New Brunswick from 1846 to 1847.
* Paul Wesley (born 1982), actor, known for his role as "Stefan Salvatore" on The CW show *[[The Vampire Diaries]]*.
* Rev. Samuel Merrill Woodbridge (1819-1905), minister, author, professor at Rutgers College and New Brunswick Theological Seminary.
* Eric Young (born 1967), former Major League Baseball player.
* Eric Young Jr. (born 1985), Major League Baseball player.
* All members of The Gaslight Anthem
* All members of Streetlight Manifesto

## 姊妹城市
紐賓士域有四個姊妹城市，根據所列:

* 匈牙利Hajdú-Bihar郡Debrecen市
* 日本福井縣福井市
* 愛爾蘭Munster省Limerick郡Limerick市
* 日本山形縣鶴岡市

## 參考

## 出面網頁

* 
* 紐賓士域泊車管理局
* 紐賓士域公立學校
* 紐賓士域公立學校數據, National Center for Education Statistics
* 紐賓士域風景變遷
* 紐賓士域資訊中心
* 紐賓士域發展公司
* 紐澤西歷史地圖，包括紐賓士域
*