印象派

**印象派**（；）係19世紀尾法國畫界開展嘅一場藝術運動。

## 特徵
印象派嘅畫作有以下嘅特徵：

*用幼細、但明顯睇得到嘅筆觸；
*構圖開放，放寬咗「主題」同「背景」之間嘅界線；
*平凡嘅題材，興畫日常生活嘅景象，相對於傳統歐洲畫藝偏好以歷史大事或者聖經故仔等「宏大」嘅嘢做題材；
*異常嘅視角；
*以物件嘅郁動作為人類感知嘅重要部份，好多時會用濛濛地嘅圖像代表物件嘅郁動－畫家嘗試捕捉望到物件嗰一剎那所見到嘅影像（「印象」）；
*強調準確噉描繪光嘅變化－印象派畫家受到當時物理學上光學知識嘅演進影響，反對當時歐洲畫家淨係喺室內畫畫嘅傳統，會走去室外畫畫，嘗試了解喺自然光下嘅物件嘅色水應該係點嘅。

以法國畫家莫奈喺 1874 年畫嘅油畫《日出印象》（法文：*Impression, soleil levant*）為例，日出印象廣泛噉俾人認同係印象派嘅代表作，呢幅畫題材好平凡，描繪一個日出景象，畫一個室外見到嘅景，而且畫中物件好濛，強調咗啲物件嘅郁動同光暗。

## 小史
印象派喺歷史上幾經轉折：初頭（當時嚟講好反傳統嘅）印象派廣受法國藝術界批評，例如因為印象派畫家興畫一啲平凡、日常生活當中嘅嘢，搞到當時嘅（偏好宏大題材嘅）法國畫界覺得佢哋難登大雅之堂；不過，打後喺一眾印象派畫家嘅努力下，印象派出咗好多重要嘅技法同名作，最後得到成個歐洲藝術界承認佢哋係一個有睇頭嘅藝術流派。而到咗廿一世紀，印象派經已成為西方藝術界嘅一個重要流派，仲影響咗世界多地嘅畫畫藝術，好似係粵港澳地區嘅嶺南畫派噉，就係結咗國畫同印象派思潮而生嘅一個畫派。

## 圖庫


File:Frederic Bazille Paysage au bord du Lez.jpg|Frédéric Bazille, *Paysage au bord du Lez*, 1870, Minneapolis Institute of Art
File:Sisley-Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne.jpg|Alfred Sisley, *Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne*, 1872, Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Berthe Morisot, Le berceau (The Cradle), 1872.jpg|Berthe Morisot, *The Cradle*, 1872, Musée d'Orsay
File:Guillaumin SoleilCouchantAIvry.jpg|Armand Guillaumin, *Sunset at Ivry (Soleil couchant à Ivry)*, 1873, Musée d'Orsay
File:Edouard Manet Boating.jpg|Édouard Manet, *Boating*, 1874, Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Sisley la seine au point du jour 1877.jpg|Alfred Sisley, *La Seine au Point du jour*, 1877, Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa, Le Havre
File:Edouard Manet 039.jpg|Édouard Manet, *The Plum*, 1878, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère.jpg|Édouard Manet, *A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère)*, 1882, Courtauld Institute of Art
File:Edgar Degas - After the bath, woman drying herself - Google Art Project.jpg|Edgar Degas, *After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself*, c. 1884–1886 (reworked between 1890 and 1900), MuMa, Le Havre
File:Edgar Degas - In a Café - Google Art Project 2.jpg|Edgar Degas, *L'Absinthe*, 1876, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 069.jpg|Edgar Degas, *Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers (Star of the Ballet)*, 1878
File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 032.jpg|Edgar Degas, *Woman in the Bath*, 1886, Hill–Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut
File:Edgar Degas - Dancers at the Barre - Google Art Project.jpg|Edgar Degas, *Dancers at The Bar*, 1888, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
File:Gustave Caillebotte - Paris Street; Rainy Day - Google Art Project.jpg|Gustave Caillebotte, *Paris Street; Rainy Day*, 1877, Art Institute of Chicago
File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1880, Portrait of Mademoiselle Irène Cahen d'Anvers, Sammlung E.G. Bührle.jpg|Pierre-Auguste Renoir, *Portrait of Mademoiselle Irène Cahen d'Anvers* (*La Petite Irène*), 1880, Foundation E.G. Bührle, Zürich
File:Renoir - The Two Sisters, On the Terrace.jpg|Pierre-Auguste Renoir, *On the Terrace*, 1881, Art Institute of Chicago
File:Girl with a Hoop.JPG|Pierre-Auguste Renoir, *Girl with a Hoop*, 1885
File:Claude Monet The Cliffs at Etretat.jpg|Claude Monet, *The Cliff at Étretat after the Storm*, 1885, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts
File:The Child's Bath by Mary Cassatt 1893.jpg|Mary Cassatt, *The Child's Bath (The Bath)*, 1893, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago
File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Mme Boursier and Her Daughter (Portrait de Mme Boursier et de sa fille) - Berthe Morisot.jpg|Berthe Morisot, *Portrait of Mme Boursier and Her Daughter*, c. 1873, Brooklyn Museum
File:Claude Monet, Le Grand Canal.jpg|*Le Grand Canal*, 1908, Claude Monet 


## 睇埋
*法國藝術
*表現主義
*嶺南畫派

## 攷

## 參考
*Baumann, Felix Andreas, Marianne Karabelnik-Matta, Jean Sutherland Boggs, and Tobia Bezzola (1994). *Degas Portraits*. London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-014-1
*Bomford, David, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, Ashok Roy, and Raymond White (1990). *Impressionism*. London: National Gallery. ISBN 0-300-05035-6
*Denvir, Bernard (1990). *The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism*. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20239-7
*Distel, Anne, Michel Hoog, and Charles S. Moffett (1974). *Impressionism; a centenary exhibition, the Metropolitan Museum of Art*, December 12, 1974-February 10, 1975. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-8709-9097-7
*Eisenman, Stephen F (2011). "*From Corot to Monet: The Ecology of Impressionism*". Milan: Skira. ISBN 8857207064.
*Gordon, Robert; Forge, Andrew (1988). *Degas*. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1142-6
*Gowing, Lawrence, with Adriani, Götz; Krumrine, Mary Louise; Lewis, Mary Tompkins; Patin, Sylvie; Rewald, John (1988). *Cézanne: The Early Years 1859-1872*. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
*Jensen, Robert (1994). *Marketing modernism in fin-de-siècle Europe*. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691033331.
*Moskowitz, Ira; Sérullaz, Maurice (1962). *French Impressionists: A Selection of Drawings of the French 19th Century*. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58560-2
*Rewald, John (1973). *The History of Impressionism* (4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0-87070-360-9
*Richardson, John (1976). *Manet* (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7148-1743-0
*Rosenblum, Robert (1989). *Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay*. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 1-55670-099-7
*Moffett, Charles S. (1986). "*The New Painting, Impressionism 1874-1886*". Geneva: Richard Burton SA.

## 拎

*Hecht Museum.
*Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein.
*Suburban Pastoral. The Guardian, 24 February 2007.
**Impressionism: Paintings collected by European Museums* (1999) was an art exhibition co-organized by the High Museum of Art, Atlanta, the Seattle Art Museum, and the Denver Art Museum, touring from May through December 1999. Online guided tour.
*''Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism'', exhibition catalogue fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which discusses Monet's role in this movement.
*''Degas: The Artist's Mind'', exhibition catalogue fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which discusses Degas's role in this movement.
*Definition of impressionism on the Tate Art Glossary.