帕特

**亞福帕特**（**Arvo Pärt**，IPA：ˈɑr̺vɔ ˈpær̺t，）係愛沙尼亞作曲家，喺Paide出世。佢嘅作品包括 Kanon Pokajanen、De Profondis、Te Deum、Passio、Tabula Rasa 等，以合唱聖樂最為人所知。有人叫渠嘅風格做「神聖簡約主義」。

## 生平
::「就喺愛沙尼亞，亞福嘅感覺同我地啲一模一樣[...] 我鍾意渠啲音樂，我鍾意渠嘅勇氣同天份。[...]渠同時代精神完全脱節，但係又咁鬼受歡迎，真係發人深省。渠啲音樂滿足人心深處嘅需要，同潮流一啲關係都無。* —[[Steve Reich]] 

帕特七歲開始喺 [[Rakvere]]嘅音樂學校學音樂，十四五歲時開始作曲。渠喺（愛沙尼亞首府）[[塔林]]音樂學院同[[Heino Eller]]老師學音樂時，有人話渠：「似乎 fing 吓衫袖就有啲音符跌落來」。當時好少聽到[[蘇聯]]以外嘅音樂，只有幾餅[[水貨]]帶同埋樂譜。

帕特出生時愛沙尼亞重係獨立國，但自[[1940年]]，蘇聯喺莫洛托夫同德國里賓特洛甫簽[[互不侵犯條約]]後佔領咗渠五十一年，減三年[[德國]]佔領期。


帕特嘅創作大概可分成兩段時期。早期俾[[簫斯達高維契]]、[[普羅歌菲夫]]、[[巴托]]影嚮，屬於好嚴肅嘅新古典派。後期，佢用咗[[荀伯克]]嘅[[十二音列技法]]同埋[[序列主義]]，激嬲咗當時蘇聯啲當權者，結果亦證明行唔通。同佢寫傳個 [[Paul Hillier]] 話：

:「……渠完全失落到覺得音樂最無用，連寫一粒音符嘅信心同意志都無。」
咁講法可能誇張咗啲，事關帕特係呢段時期譜寫咗渠部過渡性嘅第三交響曲。無論如何，呢度明顯係渠人生嘅難關。帕特嘅反應係：浸自己入早期音樂，番去歐洲音樂嘅根源。渠研習[[素樂]]，[[格利戈里素歌]]，同埋[[複調音樂]]喺[[文藝復興]]點樣出現。同時渠開始探索宗教，加入[[俄國東正教會]]。

此後帕特啲音樂徹底唔同曬。渠叫呢啲做[[tintinnabuli]] －好似鐘聲咁。呢啲音樂嘅特徵係簡單嘅[[和聲]]結構、好多無裝飾嘅單音同埋基本嘅三音和弦－－令人聯想鐘聲－－、節奏簡單而唔變。可見早期音樂嘅影響。另外，帕特係呢段時期譜咗好多教會斯拉夫語（*Slavonic*）同拉丁文聖樂。多數聽眾以呢啲後期音樂認識帕特。

1980年，渠搬咗過柏林住。

Manfred Eicher 喺1984年錄咗帕特 幾篇作品，歐西地區因而開始注意。
帕特曾經話過渠的音樂猶如光通過三棱鏡：每人理解音樂都唔同，夾埋好似成譜彩虹咁多種音樂體驗。

好幾齣戲，由1962年嘅"Väike motoroller"到2004年嘅 "Promised Land" 用過帕特啲音樂。
*憶布列頓*被[[Léos Carax]]用喺1991年嘅*Les Amants du Pont-Neuf*道，而被[[Michael Moore|Michael Moore's]]喺 *Fahrenheit 9/11*用來襯托2001年9月11號紐約市嘅場面。*Spiegel im Spiegel*被 [[Mike Nichols]]用喺2001年嘅 *Wit*道、2003年爬山紀錄片*Touching the Void* 道、同[[Gus van Sant]] 2003年嘅 *Gerry*道，呢道亦用咗*Für Alina*。

帕特篇新作*For Lennart*，喺2006年4月2號愛沙尼亞總統[[Lennart Meri]]嘅葬禮道有奏。

== 出名作品 ==
=== 聲樂加樂團 ===
* *Our Garden*, Cantata for children's chorus and orchestra (1959/2003)
* *Credo* for chorus ----樂團同鋼琴獨奏 (1968)
* *Wallfahrtslied* for tenor or baritone and string orchestra (1984/2000)
* *Te Deum* for chorus, string orchestra and tape (1984-5, rev 1992)
* *Berlin Mass* for chorus and organ or string orchestra (1992)
* *Litany* for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1994)
* *Como cierva sedienta* for soprano, chorus and orchestra (1998)
* *Cantiques des degrés* for chorus and orchestra    (1999/2002)    
* *Cecilia, vergine romana* for chorus and orchestra  (1999/2002) 
* *In Principio* for chorus and orchestra (2003)

=== 聲樂加樂隊（或鋼琴） ===
* *An den Wassern zu Babel saßen wir und weinten* for voices or choir and organ or ensemble (1976/1984) 
* *Sarah Was Ninety Years Old* for three voices, percussion and organ  (1977/1990) 
* *De profundis* for chorus, percussion and organ (1980) 
* *Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem* for soloists, vocal ensemble, choir and instrumental ensemble (1982)
* *Es sang vor langen Jahren* for alto, violin and viola (1984)
* *Wallfahrtslied* for tenor or baritone and string quartet (1984)
* *Stabat Mater* for 3 voices and string trio (1985)
* 悲憐經 (*Miserere*) for 獨唱者(soli)、合唱、樂隊（*ensemble*) (1989)
* *Zwei Wiegenlieder* for two women’s voices and piano (2002)
* *L'Abbé Agathon* 女高音、四支中提琴、四支大提琴(2004/2005)

=== 合唱（或同埋管風琴） ===
* *Missa syllabica* for chorus and organ (1977)  
* *Summa* for chorus (1977)
* *Magnificat* for chorus (1989)
* *Bogoroditse Djevo* for chorus (1990)
* *Dopo la Vittoria* for chorus (1996)
* 慚悔卷(??) ( *Kanon Pokajanen*)-- 合唱 (1997) 
* *Triodion* for chorus (1998)
* Which Was the Son of... (2000)    
* *Nunc Dimittis* for chorus (2001)
* *Peace upon you, Jerusalem* for female chorus (2002)

=== 樂團 ===
* *Nekrolog* for orchestra op.5 (1960)
* Symphony No.1 for orchestra op.9 (1963)
* *Perpetuum mobile* for orchestra op.10 (1963)
* Symphony No.2 for orchestra (1966)	
* Symphony No.3 for orchestra (1971)
* *Wenn Bach Bienen gezüchtet hätte ...* for piano, wind quintet, string orchestra and percussion (1976)
* *Fratres* for chamber ensemble (1976 and on, many versions)
* *Arbos* for brass and percussion (1977/1986)
* *Cantus In Memoriam Benjamin Britten* ---絃樂團同鐘(1977) 
* *Psalom* --絃樂團    (1985/1995/1997)
* *Festina Lente* --絃樂團同豎琴 (1988)
* *Summa* --絃樂團 (1991)
* *Silouans Song* --絃樂團  (1991) 
* *Trisagion*  --絃樂團   (1992) 
* *Mein Weg* 十四支絃樂器同敲擊  (1999)          
* *Orient & Occident* --絃樂團 (2000)
* *Lennartile / Für Lennart* -- 絃樂團(2006)
* *La Sindone* for orchestra and percussion (2006)

=== 獨奏加樂團 ===
* *Pro et Contra*, Concerto for Cello and Orchestra (1966, for [[Mstislav Rostropovich]])
* *Credo* for chorus, orchestra, and piano solo (1968)
* *Tabula Rasa*, Double Concerto for two violins, string orchestra and prepared piano (1977)
* *Fratres* for violin, string orchestra and percussion (1992)
* *Concerto piccolo über B-A-C-H*  for trumpet, string orchestra, harpsichord and piano (1994)
* *Darf ich ...*  for violin, bells and string orchestra  (1995/1999) 
* *Lamentate*  for piano and orchestra (2002)

=== 器樂 ===
* *Two Sonatinas*, Op.1, for piano (1958)
* *Für Alina* for piano (1976)
* *Variationen zur Gesundung von Arinuschka* for piano (1977)  
* *Spiegel Im Spiegel* for violin or cello and piano (1978)
* *Fratres* for violin and piano (1980)
* *Summa* for string quartet (1990)
* *Mozart-Adagio* for violin, cello and piano (1992/1997, from [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s Piano Sonata in F major (K 280))
* *Passacaglia* for violin and piano (2003)
* Annum per Annum (organ)
* Pari Intervallo (organ)

== 印刷源 ==
* [[Paul Hillier|Hillier, Paul]]. *Arvo Pärt*. (Oxford : University Press, 1997). ISBN 0-19-816616-8

== 彈出去 ==

* [http://www.musicolog.com/part_lenten.asp Arvo Pärt] — extensive site
* [http://www.arvopart.info/ arvopart.info] — another comprehensive site with current news
* [http://www.arvopart.org/ David Pinkerton's Arvo Pärt archive] — yet another extensive site, with some good analytical writing.
* [http://www.mmguide.musicmatch.com/artist/artist.cgi?ARTISTID=1086260&TMPL=LONG#bio Biography in MUSICMATCH Guide] - Small biography and list of works.
* [http://www.saintpaulsunday.org/features/9810_part/index.htm *Arvo Pärt and the New Simplicity*] — text of a radio interview from October 11, 1998
* [http://www.uemusic.at/truman/en_templates/view.php3?f_id=996&spr=en Pärt's page at Universal Editions] — purchase scores and find out about performances of Part's music worldwide, plus detailed work list
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/homeentertainment/story/0,,1114656,00.html Steve Reich about Arvo Pärt, in an interview with Richard Williams, *The Guardian'', January 2, 2004]
* Spike Magazine Interview

## 註


## 出面網頁

類:愛沙尼亞人