Lâng ê chhùi-khí

**Chhùi-khí ê chióng-lūi**
* Tōa-āu-chan (*molar*) ēng-lâi géng-bo̍ah chia̍h-mi̍h.
* Sió-āu-chan (*premolar*) kah tōa-āu-chan siō-siâng, ah-m̄-koh khah sè-ki, ū-sî-chūn hō-chòe siang-chiam-khí (*bicuspid*). 
* Carnassial ēng-lâi thiah-kā chia̍h-mi̍h, kan-taⁿ bah-si̍t tōng-bu̍t (*carnivore*) ū.
* Kak-khí (*canine*) ēng-lâi thiah-kā chia̍h-mi̍h, ū-sî-chūn kiò-chòe chiam-khí (*cuspid*).
* Mn̂g-khí (*incisor*) the̍h-lâi chhiat-tn̄g chia̍h-mi̍h, koh kiò-chòe chhiat-khí. 


Jîn-lūi ū 2-thò **[[chhùi-khí]]**, 1-ê sī ni-khí (Hàn-jī: 乳齒, Eng-gí: *deciduous tooth*) koh 1-ê sī éng-kiú-khí (Hàn-jī: 永久齒, Eng-gí: *permanent tooth*).

Tāi-iok tī chhut-sì 6 kó·-go̍eh ê sî khai-sí hoat ni-khí, it-ti̍t kàu 3 hòe chìn-chêng ē chôan-pō· hoat oân. Tán kàu 6 hòe chó-iū, ni-khí khai-sí thoat-lo̍h, éng-kiú-khí mā khai-sí hoat. Kàu 12 hòe ni-khí chôan-pō la̍k liáu, éng-kiú-khí tī-le̍h 18 hòe chó-iū lâi hoat oân. 

## Chhùi-khí ê sò·-liōng kap miâ-chheng

Ni-khí ū 20 khí, nā kā chhùi-khí hun-chò téng-ham, ē-ham kap tò-pêng, chiàⁿ-pêng 4-ê pō·-hūn, múi 1-ê pō·-hūn ū 5 khí. 

Ùi-chêng-kàu-āu téng-ham ê ni-khí hun-pia̍t sī kiò chò: 
* **[[Téng-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí]]** ( *upper deciduous central incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham ni chhek-mn̂g-khí]]** (*upper deciduous lateral incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí. 
* **[[Téng-ham ni kak-khí]]** (*upper deciduous canine*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-1 ni āu-chan]]** (*upper first deciduous molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-2 ni āu-chan]]** (*upper second deciduous molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.

Ùi-chêng-kàu-āu ē-ham ê ni-khí hun-pia̍t sī kiò chò: 
* **[[Ē-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí]]** (*lower deciduous central incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham ni chhek-mn̂g-khí]]** (*lower deciduous lateral incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí. 
* **[[Ē-ham ni kak-khí]]** (*lower deciduous canine*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-1 ni āu-chan]]** (*lower first deciduous molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-2 ni āu-chan]]** (*lower second deciduous molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.

Éng-kiú-khí ū 32 khí, ta̍k-ê pō·-hūn ū 8 khí. 

Ùi-chêng-kàu-āu téng-ham ê éng-kiú-khí hun-pia̍t sī kiò chò: 
* **[[Téng-ham éng-kiú chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí]]** (*upper permanent central incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí]]** (*upper permanent lateral incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham éng-kiú kak-khí]]** (*upper permanent canine*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan]]** (*upper first permanent premolar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-2 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan]]** (*upper second permanent premolar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]]** (*upper first permanent molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]]** (*upper second permanent molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Téng-ham tē-3 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]]** (*upper third permanent molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.

Ùi-chêng-kàu-āu ē-ham ê éng-kiú-khí hun-pia̍t sī kiò chò: 
* **[[Ē-ham éng-kiú chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí]]** (*lower permanent central incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí]]** (*lower permanent lateral incisor*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham éng-kiú kak-khí]]** (*lower permanent canine*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan]]** (*lower first permanent premolar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-2 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan]]** (*lower second permanent premolar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]]** (*lower first permanent molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]]** (*lower second permanent molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.
* **[[Ē-ham tē-3 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]]** (*lower third permanent molar*), tò-pêng kap chiàⁿ-pêng hun-pia̍t ū 1 khí.

Tē-3 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan iū-koh kiò-chò **[[tì-hūi-khí]]** he̍k-sī **tì-khí**.
sái-poe-khí kap kak-khí kap-chò-hóe kiò-chok **thâu-chêng-khí** (*前牙*, *anterior teeth, labial teeth*) , sió-āu-chan kap tōa-āu-chan tâng-chê kiò-chok **aū-chan** (*後牙*, *posterior teeth, buccal teeth*) he̍k **āu-piah-khí**.

## Chhùi-khí ê hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat

Chhùi-khí ê **hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat** (*tooth notation*) ē-tàng kán-hòa chhùi-khí ê miâ-chheng, hong-piān piáu-sī bó· 1-khí chhùi-khí. Pí-jû kóng "chiàⁿ-pêng téng-ham chiàⁿ mn̂g-khí" nā sú-iōng *Set Square system* lâi piáu-sī tio̍h-sī "1_|"; sú-iōng *FDI tooth notation system* tio̍h-sī "#11"; sú-iōng *American tooth notation system* tio̍h-sī "#8"; sú-iōng *European tooth notation system* tio̍h-sī "#1+".

### Zsigmondy-Palmer, Chevron, or Set Square system

Che sī Tâi-oân gê-i sú-iōng siāng phó·-phiàn ê hē-thóng, iû-kî sī chhiú-siá ê pēⁿ-le̍k.

:Éng-kiú-khí

:Ni-khí

### FDI hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat

Kok-chè Gê-i-ha̍k Liân-bêng ê hē-thóng (ISO 3950:1984) sī siāng phó·-phiàn ê piáu-sī-hoat. Sè-kài Oē-seng Cho·-chit chi-chhî chit thò. Che sī Tâi-oân tiān-náu hē-thóng – iû-kî sī Tâi-oân Tiong-iong Kiān-khong Pó-hiám-kio̍k ê tiān-náu hē-thóng – só· sú-iōng ê chhùi-khí hû-hō piau-sī-hoat hē-tóng. 

:Éng-kiú-khí

:Ni-khí

### Bí-kok hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat

Che mā hō·-chò *Universal Numbering System*.

:Éng-kiú-khí

:Ni-khí

### Au-chiu hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat

Chit thò siāng chió lâng iōng.

:Éng-kiú-khí

:Ni-khí

## Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k

Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k ùi the-jî tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē tē-6 lé-pài tio̍h khai-sí, it-ti̍t kàu 25-hōe chó-iū tē-3 tō·-āu-chan ê khí-kha oân-choân hêng-sêng chiah kiat-sok. 
Ni-khí ê hoat-gê sūn-sū khah bô-tek-khak, m̄-koh it-poaⁿ sī iû-chêng-kàu-aū. Éng-kiú-khí ê hoat-gê sūn-sū ū khah tiāⁿ-tio̍h.

## Chhùi-khí ê hêng-thài

 
Lán chhùi phah--khui só· khòaⁿ tio̍h ê chhùi-khí, kî-si̍t kan-taⁿ sī chhùi-khí ê **khí-koan** (*牙冠*, *dental crown*), tī khí-hoāⁿ lāi-té iah-ū **khí-kin** (*牙根*, *dental root*), m̄-koh phó·-thong lóng kā kiò-chok "**khí-thâu**", ná chhan-chhiⁿ sī chhiū-á ê chhiū-thâu, m̄-sī ū 1-kù ōe án-ne kóng: "chhiū-thâu nā khiā hō· chāi, tio̍h m̄-kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe choh hong-thai". Liân-kiat khí-koan kap khí-kin ê pō·-ūi hō-choh **khí-ām-pō·** (*齒頸部*, *dental cervical area*).

Aū-chan ê khí-koan ū 5-ê piáu-bīn, hun-pia̍t sī (1) **kā-ha̍p bīn** (咬合面, *occlusal surface*), (2) **kīn-sim bīn** (近心面, *mesial surface*), (3) **oán-sim bīn** (遠心面, *distal surface*), (4) **sia̍t-chhek bīn** (舌側面, *lingual surface*), kap (5) **gia̍p-chhek bīn** (頰側面, *buccal surface*). Thâu-chêng-khí ê gê-koan kah aū-chan sio-siâng mā-ū 5-ê piáu-bīn, m̄-koh kā-ha̍p bīn kiò-chok **chhiat-toan** (切端, *incisal edge*), gia̍p-chhek bīn kiò-chok **tûn-chhek bīn** (唇側面, *labial surface*), kî-tha 3-ê bô-piàn.

Aū-chan ê kā-ha̍p bīn ū koân ū kē, koân--khí-lâi nā chhan-chhiūⁿ soaⁿ-lûn--ê kiò choh **kā-lûn**(咬崙, kā-thâu, 咬頭, *cusp*); lap--lo̍h-khì ná khe-kok--ê kiò chò **kā-khut** (咬窟,kā-o,咬窩, *fossa*) kap **hoat-io̍k-kau** (發育溝, *developmental groove*). Téng-ē-chô ê chhùi-khí ka-ha̍p (咬合)--khí-lâi ê sî-chūn, kā-lûn kap kā-khut siōng-tùi kā chò-hóe. Kā-khut siāng chhim ê só·-chāi kiò-chò **[[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]]** (小窟及裂縫, sió-o kap kau-lia̍t, 小窩及溝裂, *pit and fissure*). Sió-āu-chan it-poaⁿ ū 2-ê kā-lûn, gia̍p-chhek kap sia̍t-chhek kok 1-ê. Tōa-āu-chan pō·-pêng ū 4-ê he̍k 5-ê, chiâⁿ-hán-tit ū tē-6-ê; téng-ham tōa-āu-chan ū 4-ê, gia̍p-chhek kap go̍k-chhek kok 2-ê; ē-ham tōa-āu-chan ū 5-ê, gia̍p-chhek 3-ê, sia̍t-chhek 2-ê.

## Chhùi-khí ê kái-phoà

Chhùi-khí ê khí-koan siāng gōa têng sī **[[khí-iū-chit]]** (*牙釉質*, *enamel*), tē-2 têng sī **[[khí-pún-chit]]** (*牙本質*, *dentin*), siāng lāi-té sī **[[khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ]]** (*牙髓腔*, *pulp chamber*). Khí-kin siāng gōa têng sī **[[khí-kut-chit]]** (*牙骨質*, *cementum*), tē-2 têng sī khí-pún-chit, siāng lāi-té sī **[[kin-kńg]]** (根管, *root canal*). Khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ kap kin-kńg lāi-té ū **[[khí-chhóe]]** (*牙髓*, *dental pulp*), i sī **[[sîn-keng]]**, **[[hoeh-kńg]]** kap **[[kiat-tē-cho·-chit]] ** só· kò·-sêng. Chhùi-khí sī thàu-kòe **[[khí-chiu-cho·-chit]]** lâi kò·-tēng tī chhùi-lāi.

## Chhùi-khí ê chi̍t-pēⁿ, tī-liâu kap ū-hông
 
**[[Chiù-khí]]**, **[[khí-chhóe-pēⁿ]]**, **[[khí-chiu-pēⁿ]]** kap **[[chhùi-khí sòng-sit]]** sī chhùi-khí siāng chia̍p khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê chi̍t-pēⁿ, **[[gê-i-ha̍k]]** sī beh gián-kiù, tī-liâu kap ū-hông **[[chhùi-khí]]** í-ki̍p chhùi-khiuⁿ kap go̍k-gân-bīn (嘴腔佮顎顏面,*oral and maxillofacial*) ê chi̍t-pēⁿ. In-chhú nā-ū chhùi-khí ê būn-tê, tio̍h-ài chhōe **[[gê-i-su]]** lâi chhú-lí. Chhùi-khí chi̍t-pēⁿ ê ū-hông siāng tiōng-iàu--ê sī kò-jîn ê **[[chhùi-khiuⁿ ōe-seng]]** ê khang-khòe, pí-jû-kóng sú-iōng **[[khí-bín|khí-bín-á]]** **[[sé-chhùi]]** kap sú-iōng **[[khí-sòaⁿ]]** (齒線, *dental floss*), nā chòe-liáu ū hāu-lu̍t tio̍h ē-tàng ta̍t-kàu bo̍k-piau. Koh-lâi sī tēng-kî ê chhùi-khiuⁿ kiám-cha kap **[[Khí-kho ê hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]]** ê si-ú téng-téng ū-hông chhò·-si.

## Khí-lia̍t hoat-io̍k koh-iūⁿ, chhut-khí chiàng-gāi, kap hiō-thian pēⁿ-piàn

### Chhùi-khí kiat-kò· ê koh-iūⁿ
* Khí-iū-chit hoat-io̍k-put-choân (牙釉質發育不全, *amelogenesis imperfecta*) 
* Khí-pú-chit hoat-io̍k-put-choân (牙本質發育不全, *dentinogenesis Imperfecta*) 
* Kài-hòa-kòe-tȱ (鈣化過度, *hypercalcification*)
* Kài-hòa-put-choân (鈣化不全, *hypocalcification*)
* Kut-chit-khì-tû (骨質去除, *deossification*) - Kut-chit ê sòng-sit

### Chhùi-khí hêng-chōng ê koh-iūⁿ (''Anomalies of form'')

* Khí-tiong-khí (齒中齒, *dens in dente* , lāi-hām-gê, 內陷牙, *dens invaginatus*)
* Gōa-thut-gê (外突牙, *dens envaginatus*)
* Chòe-seng-sèng khí-kin (贅生性齒根, *supernumerary roots*) 
* Oan-khiau-khí (彎曲齒, *dilaceration*) 
* Pèng-seng-khí (併生齒, *germination*)
* Gê-iông-ha̍p (牙融合, *fusion of teeth*) - Sio-óa ê 2 ki chhùi-khí gê-phe hoat-io̍k kî-kan gê-pú-chit kap-chò-hóe.
* Kiat-ha̍p-khí (結合齒, *concresence*)
* Khí-iū-chit chu (齒釉質珠, *enamel pearl*)
* Gû-hêng āu-chan (牛形臼齒, *taurodontism*)
* Eng-jiáu-hêng kā-thâu (鷹爪形咬頭, *talon cusp*)

### Chhùi-khí sȯ̀-bok ê koh-iūⁿ (''Abnormalities with number of teeth'')

* To-khí-chèng (多齒症, *hyperdontia*) 
* Khoat-khí kî-hêng (缺齒畸形, *hypodontia*)

### Chhùi-khí tōa-sió ê koh-iūⁿ (''Abnormalities with size of teeth'')

* Sió-khí-chèng (小齒症, *Microdontia*)
* Kì-khí-chèng (巨齒症, *Macrodontia*)

### Chhut-khí ê chiàng-gāi

* Chhut-seng-khí (出生齒, natal tooth)
* Bâi-ho̍k-khí (埋伏齒, impacted tooth)
* Ī-ūi (異位, transposition): 2-khí chhùi-khí ê ūi-tì sio-oaⁿ ê ì-sù.

### Hiō-thian-sèng ê pēⁿ-piàn

* Kā-sún (咬損, attrition) 
* Bôa-sún (磨損, abrasion)
* Se̍k-sún (蝕損, erosion)
* Piàn-sek (嘴齒 ê 變色, dental discoloration)
* Khí-kut-chit cheng-seng (齒骨質增生, hypercementosis)

### Kî-thaⁿ

* Chhùi-khí ê liâm-liân (嘴齒 ê 粘連, dental ankylosis)