open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pho-tōng hong-hiám

**Pho-tōng hong-hiám** (ing-gú: Volatility risk) sī iû-î hong-hiám in-sòo ê  piàn-huà jî-lâi tì-sú tâu-tsu tsoo-ha̍p kè-siàu piàn-huà ê hong-hiám. Pho-tōng hong-hiám thong-siông sik-iōng teh ián-sing kang-kū ê taut-su tsoo-ha̍p, kî-tiong i-ê ki-tshóo tsu-sán ê pho-tōng sìng sī kè-siàu tsú-iàu íng-hióng in-sòo.

## Tuì pho-tōng ê bín-kám-sìng
Tsún-tsat tâu-tsu tsoo-ha̍p (hi̍k-tsiá tsu-sán) kè-siàu tuì pho-tōng piàn-huà ê bín-kám sìng ê tsí-piau sī , tsik-sī tâu-tsu tsoo-ha̍p kè-ta̍tsiong-tuì teh piáu-ti̍t tsu-sán pho-tōng ê piàn-huà.

## Hong-hiám kuán-lí
Tsit tsióng hong-hiám ē-tàng sú-iōng sik-tòng ê kim-iông kang-kū lâi kuán-lí, Tsia ê kang-kū ê kè-siàu kài-tsāi teh ū-tīng kim-iông tsu-sán (kóo-phiò, siong-phín, lī-lu̍t tíng-tíng) ê pho-tōng sìng. Pí-jû kóo-phiò ê VIX kî-huè ha̍p-iok, hi̍k-tsiá lī-lu̍t ê siōng-ham-hān, hā-hān í-ki̍p tiāu-kî kî-khuân.

Hong-hiám kuán-lí sī tâu-tsu kuat-tshik kuè-tîng tiong hun-sik hām/hi̍k-tsiá giām-siu ê phuè-tì kah sik-pia̍t. Pún-tsit siōng, Teh ta̍k-pái tâu-tsu-tsiá hi̍k-tsiá tâu-tsu tsoo-ha̍p king-lí phîng-kóo tâu-tsu tang-tiong ê tsiâm-tsāi sún-sit ê sî-tsūn, tō-ē huat-sing tsit-tsióng tsōng-hóng. Teh it-tīng ê tâu-tsu bo̍k-piau tsi-hā, ē tshut-hiān ha̍p-sik ê kái-kuat hong-àn (hi̍k-tsiá bô kái-kuat hong-àn) lâi phîng-kóo tâu-tsu-tsiá ê bo̍k-piau kap hāu-lu̍t.

Put-tong ê hong-hiám kuán-lí ē tuì kong-si kah kò-jîn sán-sing hū-bīn ê íng-hióng.Pí-jû, khai-sí tī 2008-nî ê king-tsè sue-thè tsiânn-tuā ê thîng-tōo siōng sī iû-î kim-iông ki-kòo ê sìn-iōng hong-hiám kuán-lí song-sán tsō-sîng ê.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Derivative
*Implied volatility
* (tshī-tiûnn hong-hiám)
*Risk management
*Standard deviation
*Value at risk method
*Volatility risk premium

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*Never confuse risk and volatility 
*A guide to explaining risk, return and volatility 
*The Difference Between Volatility and Risk 

Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-iông hong-hiám
Chhī-chéng Hô-bûn

****** (hàn-jī:) sī Tâi-oân Bîn-kan Choân-bîn Tâi-sī Kong-si tī Tâi-oân Piau-chún-sî Lé-pài-it kah Lé-pài-gō͘ àm-sî 20:00 pò͘-chhut ê Hiong‑thó-kio̍k.

* Bîn-sī Koaⁿ‑hong-bāng‑chām.
BGM-71 TOW hoán tank tō-tān

**BGM-71 TOW huán tank tō-tān** (BGM-71 TOW ("kóng huat-siā, kong tui-tsong, suànn-tō", huat-im )sītsi̍t-tsióng Bí-kok huán tank tō-tān. TOW tshú-tāi SS.10 hām ENTAC tíng-tíng sè tsiânn-tsē ê tō-tān, thê-kiong tāi-iok nn̄g-puē ê iú-hāu siā-tîng,  koh-khah kiông-tāi ê tān-thâu; í-ki̍p tsiânn-tuā  kái-tsìn ê puànn tsū-tōng sī-suànn tsí-līng (SACLOS), iah-koh ē-tàng phuè-pī iā-kan âng-guā-suànn liap-iánn-ki ê sú-iōng.

TOW tī 1970-nî thâu-tsi̍t-pái sing-sán, sī sú-iōng siong kóng-huàn ê huán-tank tō-tān tsi-it. BGM-71 TOW i ē-tàng teh kok-tsióng tshiú-tōng hê-tsah hām tshia-tsài hîng-sik tsiàn-tàu-tshia lāi-té tshuē--tio̍h, iah kóng-huàn iōng-teh ti̍t-sing-ki tíng-kuân. BGM-71 TOW tsit-ê bú-khì siong-tāi-sing siû Hughes hui-ki kong-si tī 1960 nî-tāi sóo siat-kè, bo̍k-tsiân iû Raytheon kong-si sing-sán.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*
*The TOW Family
*TOW Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS)
*The TOW Anti-Tank Missile in Vietnam
*Dunstan, Simon (1982). *Vietnam Tracks-Armor in Battle*. Osprey Publications. .
*Gunston, Bill (1983). *An Illustrated Guide to Modern Airborne Missiles*. London: Salamander Books Ltd. .
*Starry, Donn A. General. *Mounted Combat in Vietnam*. Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90–17.
*

## Tsham-ua̍t

*MAPATS
*Nag ATGM
*Swingfire
*HOT (missile)
*AT-5 Spandrel
*AT-4 Spigot
*AT-14 Kornet
*OMTAS
*Shershen
*M47 Dragon
*FGM-148 Javelin
*ALAS (missile)
*HJ-8
*AGM-179 JAGM
*History of UAVs decoys
*List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number
*Abu TOW
*Sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū (im-bô͘-lūn)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*From early developmental XBGM-71 testing to the BGM-71A TOW
*www.fas.org
*More information at Designation Systems.net
*Discovery Channel program on "Modern Missiles" with best video information on TOW today. TOW part starts at two minutes
*TOW 2A Wireless
*TOW 2B Aero Wireless
*TOW Bunker Buster Wireless
*Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) Missiles

BGM-071
Sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū (im-bô͘-lūn)

**Sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū ([[Im-bô͘-lūn|im-biô-lūn]])** (ing-gú: The New World Order (NWO)) sī tsi̍t-tsióng im-biô-lūn, i ká-siat tsi̍t-ê pì-bi̍t tshut-hiān ê ki̍k-kuân tsú-gī sè-kài tsìng-hú. Kuan-î sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū ê im-biô-lūn ê kiōng-tông tsú-tê sī, tsi̍t-ê kū-iú tsuân-kiû tsú-gī gī-tîng ê pì-bi̍t kuân-lī tsing-ing tng-teh bi̍t-biô thong-kuè tsi̍t-ê to̍k-tshâi ê tan-it to̍k-tshâi ê tan-it sè-kài tsìng-hú —— i tio̍h-beh tshú-tāi tsú-kuân bîn-tso̍k kok-ka —— kah tsi̍t-ê  pau-lô bān-siōng ê suan-thuân tsue-tsiong thóng-tī sè-kài, i-ê ì-sik hîng-thài huan-hoo sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū ê kiàn-li̍p sī li̍k-sú tsìn-pōo ê tíng-tiám. In-tshú, tsiânn-tsē ū íng-hióng-li̍k ê li̍k-sú kah tong-tāi jîn-bu̍t hông tsí-khòng sī im-biô tsi̍p-thuân ê tsi̍t-pōo-hūn, tsit-ê  thong-kuè tsiânn-tsē  lâi tshik-uē tiōng-tāi ê tsìng-tī hām kim-iông sū-kiānn; tsū ín-huat hē-thóng sìng uî-ki kàu teh kok-ka hām kok-tsè tsân-bīn thui-tōng ū tsing-gī ê tsìng-tshik, lâi tsok-uî tshú-lí hām tsin-hing ê pōo-sòo.

Tī 1990 nî-tāi tshoo tsi-tsîng,  Sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū im-biô-lūn kan-na hān-tsè teh nn̄g-tsióng Bí-kok huán tsú-liû bûn-huà. Tsú-iàu sī hó-tsiàn ê huán tsìng-hú iū-i̍k, koh-lâi tō sī  tang-tiong kah  ê  tshut-hiān iú-kuan ê pōo-hūn. Gián-kiù im-biô-lūn kah tsong-kàu ki̍k-tuan tsú-gī ê ha̍k-tsiá, pí-jû  hām , kuan-tshat kàu iú-kuan Sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū ê  im-biô-lūn m̄-nā hōo tsiânn-tsē u-miâ-huà tì-sik ê kiû-tō-tsiá sóo tsiap-siū; lî-tshiánn í-king siàm-thàu kàu liû-hîng bûn-huà tang-tiong, tsū-án-ne khui-tshòng 20 sè-kí bua̍t hām 21 sè-kí tshoo Bí-kok ê tsi̍t-tuān sî-kî; hit-tang-tsūn ta̍k-ke tng-teh tsik-ki̍k uī-tio̍h tshian-hi-nî ê sè-kài bua̍t-ji̍t tsîng-kíng tsò tsún-pī. Tsia--ê tsìng-tī ha̍k-kài tam-sim, tuì sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū im-biô-lūn êtuā-kui-bôo khí-môo-kong tsuè-tsiong khó-lîng tuì Bí-kok tsìng-tī sing-ua̍h sán-sing huí-bia̍t-sìng íng-hióng;tsū-án-ne put-tuān sing-kip ê to̍k-lông kiông-pōo tsú-gī kàu to̍k-tshâi ki̍k-tuan bîn-tso̍k tsú-gī  ê hiau-khí.

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

The following is a list of non-self-published non-fiction books that discuss New World Order conspiracy theories.
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Anti-globalization movement
*Tâi-oân jîn-théseng-bu̍t chu-liāu-khò͘

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* World Government summit Official Website
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Im-bô͘-lūn
Se-pō͘ ko-tē-sòaⁿ

**Se-pōo ko-tē-suànn** (ing-gú: West Highland Line; Scotland Gael-gú: Rathad Iarainn nan Eilean——"Thong-óng kûn-tó ê thih-tō") sī tsi̍t-tiâu liân-tsiap   hām  káng-kháu kah Scotland tiong-pōo Glasgow ê . Tsit-tiâu lōo-suànn tī 2009-nî to̍k-li̍p lú-iû tsa̍p-tsì Wanderlust ê to̍k-tsiá phîng-suán uî sè-kài siong-hó ê thih-lōo-suànn, iânn-kuè Gôlôsu tshut-miâ ê  kah Peru ê .  bāng-tsām suî-āu pò-tō kóng, tsit-tiâu lōo-suànn liân-suà tē-2 nî hông phîng-uî sè-kài hong-kíng siong-suí ê thih-lōo-suànn.

Se-pōo ko-tē-suànn sī thong-óng Scotland phian-uán to-suann ê se-hái-huānn ê nn̄g-tiâu thih-lōo-suànn tsi-it; līng-guā tsi̍t-tiâu sī liân-tsiap  kah  ê . Tsit-tiâu lōo-suànn sī Ing-kok tsuè se-tuann ê thih-lōo-suànn. Tsì-tsió teh bóo-tsióng thîng-tōo siōng, se-pōo ko-tē-suànn kah hông kiò-tsò  ê thih-lōo-suànn sī kâng tsi̍t-tiâu thih-lōo-suànn.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*  
* 

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

* 
* 
* 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Caledonian Sleeper

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Video of entire journey from Glasgow Queen Street over Fort William to Mallaig: filmed from the cab of the train.
*Video footage of Garelochhead railway station
*Lochailort railway station
Waitangi Tiâu-iok

**Waitangi Tiâu-iok** () sī Māori-lâng kah Eng-kok chèng-hú tī 1840-nî 2-go̍eh 6-ji̍t Liú Se-lân Waitangi chhiam-tèng ê Tiâu-iok.

## Tiâu-iok lāi-iông
### Chêng-giân

### Tē-it Tiâu

### Tē-jī  Tiâu

### Tē-saⁿ Tiâu
Chiàn-lio̍k kah kok-chè gián-kiù tiong-sim

**Tsiàn-lio̍k kah kok-tsè gián-kiù tiong-sim** (ing-gú: Center for Strategic and International Studies (**CSIS**)) sī tsi̍t-ê khiā-tī Bí-kok Washington, D.C. ê . CSIS sîng-li̍p tī 1962-nî, tsiân-sin sī  tsiàn-lio̍k hām kok-tsè gián-kiù tiong-sim. Tsit-ê tiong-sim tuì sè-kài kok-tē ê tsìng-tī, king-tsè kah an-tsuân būn-tê tsìn-hîng tsìng-tshik gián-kiù kah tsiàn-lio̍k hun-sik; ti̍k-pia̍t kuan-tsù kok-tsè kuan-hē, bōo-i̍k, ki-su̍t, kim-iông, lîng-guân kah tē-iân tsiàn-lio̍k.

Teh Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k tī 2019-nî tsuân-kiû tì-khòo pok-o lāi-té; CSIS hông phîng-lūn tsò Bí-kok sóo-ū ê líng-i̍k pâi-miâ tē-1 ê tì-khòo, tsuân-kiû "tíng-kip kok-hông kah kok-ka an-tsuân tì-khòo", tsuân-sè-kài tē-4 uī siōng-ka tì-khòo.  CSIS hông hō-tsò  "2016-2018 nî tsi-kan kok-hông kah kok-ka an-tsuân tshut-tsìng tiong-sim".

Kin-kì i-ê bāng-tsām suat-bîng, tsū sîng-li̍p í-lâi, CSIS "it-ti̍t tì-li̍k teh tsáu-tshuē hong-huat lâi uî-tshî Bí-kok tsok-uî sè-kài tsìng-gī li̍k-liōng ê tē-uī kah huân-îng". CSIS sī tsi̍t-ê tsìng-sik ê  ê tì-khòo, i-ê ha̍k-tsiá tāi-piáu kui-ê tsìng-tī phài-pia̍t bô kāng-khuán ê kuan-tiám. Tsit-ê tì-khòo í iau-tshiánn Bí-kok kok-huē kah hîng-tsìng pōo-mn̂g ê ti-miâ guā-kau tsìng-tshik hām kong-kiōng ho̍k-bū kuann-guân jî-lâi bûn-miâ; pau-kuat kah bîn-tsú-tóng hi̍k-tsiá kiōng-hô-tóng ū kuan-liân ê kuann-guân, í-ki̍p  bô kâng tsìng-tī puē-kíng ê guā-kok kuann-guân. CSIS hōo "" kā kiò-tsò "tiong-kan-phài" ê tì-khòo.

CSIS ū kú-pān tsìng-tī-ka lūn-tân; tse sī tsi̍t-ê hōo kok-tsè líng-tō-jîn huat-piáu kuan-tiám ê lióng-tóng tiûnn-sóo. Kuè-khì ê huat-giân-tsiá pau-kuat  Ban Ki-moon kah Bí-kok kok-ka án-tsuánn kòo-būn . Tû-liáu tsuân-kiû an-tsuân lūn-tân tsi-guā, tsit-ê tsit-ê tiong-sim iah-koh kú-pān CSIS-Schieffer ha̍k-hāu tuì-uē; tse-sī iû CBS sin-bûn ê Bob Schieffer tsú-tshî ê tsi̍t hē-lia̍t thó-lūn, pau-kuat tsiân   tsāi-lāi ê kok-hông-pōo kuann-guân huat-piáu én-káng.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*  
*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Dupont Circle

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*  
* Official website AMTI 

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok chèng-tī hām keng-chè tì-khò͘
Rust (pian-têng gú-giân)

**Rust** (Ing-gí tiong--ê ì-sù sī senn-sian--ê "sian") sī tsi̍t-ê tîng-sik gí-giân, tī 2010 nî tshòng-li̍p, iû Mozilla tsàn-chō͘. Tsù-tiōng Kì-i̍k-thé--ê an-tsuân kap tsip-hîng--ê hāu-lu̍t. I bô sú-iōng pùn-sò huê-siu (**), sú-iōng sóo-iú-koân kap piàn-sòo sènn-miā tsiu-kî lâi kuán-lí piàn-sòo--ê sú-iōng kî-kan.

## Tsù-sik

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Carbon

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*
TAI TF-X chiàn-ki

**TAI TF-X tsiàn-ki** (Türkiye tsiàn-tòo-ki; ing-gú: TAI TF-X; Türkiye tsiàn-tàu-ki) sī tsi̍t-tsióng ún-hîng siang e̋n-jín tsuân thinn-sî khong-iu tsiàn-tòo-ki, sī-iû   (TAI) kah BAE Systems tsò-uî i-ê hun pau-siong khai-huat. TAI TF-X tsiàn-tòo-ki kè-uē tshú-tāi Türkiye khong-kun ê F-16 tsiàn-tàu-ki pīng-tshiánn tshut-kháu kàu kok-guā.  suan-pòo TF-Xguân-hîng-ki tio̍h-beh tī 2023-nî 3-gue̍h 18-ji̍t lo̍h-suànn, tī 2023-nî nî-bué siú-pue.

## Khai-huat
Tī 2010-nî 12-gue̍h 15-ji̍t, Türkiye kok-hông kang-gia̍p tsip-hîng uí-guân-huē (SSIK) kuat-tīng siat-kè, khai-huat kah tsè-tsō kok-ka hâ tsi̍t-tāi khong-tiong iu-sè tsiàn-tàu-ki, TAI TF-X tsiàn-tàu-ki tio̍h-beh tshú-tāi Türkiye ê F-16 ki-tuī; ping-tshiann kah  tíng-tíng kî-thann kuan-kiān tsong-pī tâng-tsê tsok-tsiàn.

Tī 2011-nî, Türkiye kok-hông kang-gia̍p-pōo (SSM), tō sī Türkiye bú-tsong pōo-tuī ê tshái-kòo ki-kòo kok-hông kang-gia̍p-pōo (SSB), kah TAI tshiam-sú ki-pún lîng-li̍k kài-liām khai-huat hia̍p-gī. TAI hām TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) kā líng-tō tsiàn-tàu-ki ê siat-kè, tsìn-ji̍p kah khai-huat kuè-tîng. Tsia--ê gián-kiù tio̍h-ē kiat-sī tsiàn-tàu-ki ê sîng-pún, tông-sî tiâu-tsa tio̍h-beh tshái-iōng hām pau-kuat tó tsi̍t-kuá-á ki-hāi hāmtiān-tsú hē-thóng; pīng-tshiánn uì koh-khah kóng-huàn ê kak-tōo khuànn-tāi kun-iōng hâng-khong ê ki-gū hām thiau-tsiàn. Siong-tong teh 2000 bān bí-kim ê tsu-kim hông hun-phuè hōo Türkiye hâng-khong hâng-ú kang-gia̍p kong-si tsip-hîng ê uî-kî 2-nî ê kài-liām siat-kè kai-tuānn. TAI ê kuan-guân piáu-sī, kài-liām siat-kè kai-tuānn ing-kai tī 2013-nî ê nî-té uân-sîng; pīng-tshiánn tsún-pī tsi̍t-hūn pò-kò pīng the̍h-kau hōo tsóng-lí; í phue-tsún khai-huat kai-tuānn ê ū-sǹg hām khing-kè.  kā tsit-ê kè-uē biâu-su̍t tsò "ki̍k kî iá-sim pu̍t-pu̍t".

## Tshoo-pōo tsu-guân

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* TAI TF-X official website 
* Future Turkish Fighter Concepts Revealed at IDEF 13  
*Tim Robinson: Turkey's TF-X fighter throws a lifeline to UK military aerospace. In: aerosociety.com. 2. Februar 2017. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Siang-huat phùn-siā-ki
Hok-kiàn hō hâng-khong bió-kàm

**Hok-kiàn hō hâng-khong bió-kàm** (Hok-kiàn (18); hàn-gú: 中國人民解放軍海軍福建艦, : 18; **Hok-kiàn hō hâng-khong bió-lām**), í Hok-kiàn-síng bīng-miâ, sī tē-1 tsiah 003-hîng hâng-khong bió-kàm (NATO/ Hokkèn-kip CV), bo̍k-tsîng tng-teh tsong-siu. Hok-kiàn-hō uî tiong-kok jîn-bīng kái-hòng-kun hái-kun (PLAN) kiàn-tsō, tī 2022-nî 6-gue̍h 17-ji̍t hā-tsuí, sī tiong-kok tē-1 tsiah uân-tsuân tsū-tsú siat-kè ê kòo-tīng-i̍k hâng-khong bió-kàm, phuè-pī CATOBAR hē-thóng hām tiān-tsû tuânn-siā-khì.

003-hîng siōng-thâu-á hông hui tsìng-sik kiò-tsò 002-hîng hit-tong-sî tiong-kok bô uân-tsíng ê tē-2 tsiah hông-bió hông tsí-tīng tsó 001A-hîng. Suann-tang síng ê kuann-hong pian-hō002-hîng teh tiâo-tshì kî-kan kong-pòo. In-tshú, kuan-tshat-ka jīn-uî tē-3 tsiah hâng-bió tio̍h-sī 003-hîng.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Chinese aircraft carrier programme

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*China Naval Modernization:Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress
OpenAI

**OpenAI** (Ing-gú: OpenAI) sī tsi̍t-king jîn-kang tì-lîng (AI) gián-kiù si̍t-giām-sik, iû îng-lī-sìng kong-si OpenAI LP kah i-ê bó-kong-si hui îng-lī-sìng OpenAI Inc. sóo tsoo-sîng. Tsit-king kong-si hőng jīn-uî sī DeepMind ê kìng-tsing tuì-tshiú, tī AI líng-i̍k tsìn-hîng gián-kiù lâi tsō-hok tsuân jîn-luī ê hong-sik, tshiok-tsìn kah huat-tián iú-hó jîn-kang tì-lîng ê bo̍k-piau. Tsit-ê tsoo-tsit tī 2015 nî-té iû  Elon Musk, Sam Altman tíng lân tī Kū-kim-suann tshòng-li̍p; tsia--ê lâng kiōng-tông jīn-kuan 10 ik Bí-guân. Musk tī 2018-nî 2-gue̍h sî-khì táng-sū-huē tsit-bū; m̄-kú mā koh-sī kuan-tsōo-tsiá. Tī 2019-nî, OpenAI LP the̍h-tio̍h Microsoft 10 ik bí-guân ê tâu-tsu.

## Li̍k-sú

Tī 2015-nî 12-gue̍h, Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Reid Hoffman, Jessica Livingston, Peter Thiel, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Infosys kap YC Research suan-pòo sîng-li̍p OpenAI, pīng-tshiánn sîng-lo̍k hiòng tsit-ê ha̍p-tsu khì-gia̍p tâu-tsu tshiau-kuè 10 ik Bí-guân. Tsit-ê tsoo-tsit koh piáu-sī, in tio̍h thong-kuè hiòng kong-tsiòng khai-hòng in-ê tsuan-lī hām gián-kiù, kah kî-thann ki-kòo hām gián-kiù jîn-guân "tsū-iû ha̍p-tsok" OpenAI ê tsóng-pōo khia teh Kū-kim-suann Mission-khu ê Pioneer tuā-lâu.

2016-nî 4-gue̍h 27-ji̍t, OpenAI huat-pòo kiông-huà ha̍k-si̍p gián-kiù pênn-tâi "OpenAI Gym" ê khai-hòng tshik-tshì-pán (public beta). Tī 2016-nî 12-gue̍h 5-ji̍t, OpenAI huat-pòo "Universe", Tse sī tsi̍t-ê nńg-thé pênn-tâi; iōng tī tshik-liông kah hùn-liān AI tī tsuân-kiû huān-uî lāi thê-kiong ê iû-hì, bāng-tsām kah kî-thann ìng-iōng tîng-sū ê thong-iōng tì-lîng.

Tī 2018-nî 2-gue̍h 21-ji̍t, Mask sî-tiāu táng-sū-huē sik-uī, lí-iû sī kah Tesla tsú-tōng kà-sú khì-tshia AI khai-huat "tsiâm-tsāi ê bī-lâi tshiong-tu̍t lī-ik", m̄-kú iu-guân sī kià-hù-tsiá.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Amazon Web Services (AWS)
*Infosys
*YC Research
*GPT-3

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*  

Lūi-pia̍t:501(c)(3) cho͘-chit
Kán-tan koat-gī-àn

**Kán-tan kuat-gī-àn** (ing-gú: simple resolution) teh Bí-kok sī kan-na iû tsham-gī-īnn hi̍k-tsiá tsiòng-gī-īnn thong-kuè ê li̍p-huat tshòo-si. Iû-î kan-na ū tsi̍t-īnn  thong-kuè, kán-tan ê kuat-gī bē the̍h-kau hōo tsóng-thóng, mā bô kū-iú huat-lu̍t hāu-li̍k. Tsit-ê kuat-gī iōng-teh tsè-tīng ta̍k ê ki-kòo ūn-tsok ê kui-tsik tíng-tíng ê sū-hāng. Tsit-tsióng luī-hîng ê kuat-gī kan-na iōng-teh tāi-piáu kok-huē ê tsi̍t-ê gī-īnn hîng-sū hi̍k-tsiá huat-giân.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Concurrent resolution
*Joint resolution
*Non-binding resolution
*Procedures of the United States Congress
*Chûn-pe̍k kheng-siâ chhì-giām

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* US Senate Glossary
Baykar Bayraktar Akıncı

**Bayraktar Akıncı** (Türk-gú huat-im: [bajraktar akɯnd͡ʒɯ], Raider lit.“”) sī Türkiye kok-hông kong-si Baykar tsè-tsō ê ko-khong tn̂g-sî (HALE)  (UCAV). Tsiân sann-ki pōo-tuī tī 2021-nî 8-gue̍h 29-ji̍t tsìn-ji̍p Türkiye bú-tsong pōo-tuī ho̍k-i̍k.

Tsit tsiah hui-ki siong-tuā ê khí-pue tāng-liōng (MTOW) tshiau-kuè 5.5 tòng, kî-tiong 1350 guā kguî ū-hāu tsài hū-tsài. Akıncı phuè-pī nn̄g-tâi o-lûn phu-lóo phé-lá huat-tōng-ki, kū-iú nn̄g-tsióng bô kâng luī-hîng ê thui-li̍k lîng-li̍k, hun-pia̍t sī 450 hi̍k-tsiá 750 hp. Akinci phuè-pī tiān-tsí tsi-tshî hām tuì-khòng hē-thóng, siang uē-tshenn thong-sìn hē-thóng, khong-tuì-khong luî-ta̍t, hông-lòng luî-ta̍t kah kok-ka sian-tsìn ê ha̍p-sîng khong-kìng luî-ta̍t.

## Bô-jîn-ki tsu-guân

## Tôo-siōng

File:BayraktarAkıncı Teknofest2019 (3).jpg|Bayraktar Akıncı Teknofest 2019
File:Bayraktar Akıncı SİHA (UAV).jpg|Bayraktar Akıncı Teknofest 2019
File:BayraktarAkıncı Teknofest2019 (2).jpg|Bayraktar Akıncı Teknofest 2019 (Tsih-tsài)


## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV
*Baykar Bayraktar TB1
*Baykar Bayraktar TB2
*Baykar Bayraktar TB3
*Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma
*TAI Anka
*TAI Aksungur
*TRT Habe
*Unmanned combat aerial vehicle
*Pó-hō͘ chhòng-sí kè-ōe

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*BAYKAR Teknoloji--Bayraktar Akıncı  
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Türkiye bû-jîn hâng-khong-ki
Pó-hō͘ chhòng-sin kè-ōe

**Pó-hōo tshòng-sin kè-uē** (ing-gú:Defend Innovation) sī (EFF) tī 2012-nî 6-gue̍h huat-khí ê tsi̍t-hāng tsuan-lī kái-kik kè-uē. Tsit-ê kè-uē siōng-thâu-á the̍h-tshut Bí-kok tsuan-lī tsè-tōo ê 7-hāng kái-kik, pau-kuat sok-té  ê kî-hān, iau-kiû teh sin-tshíng tsuan-li ê sî-tsūn the̍h-kiong ūn-hîng ê nńg-thé tāi-bé; í-ki̍p phiah-bián to̍k-li̍p hi̍k-tik tsuan-lī huat-bîng ê tshim-kuân jîn ê tsik-jīm.

## Kiat-kó
Uì 2012-nî 6-gue̍h í-lâi, tsit-ê kè-uē uì lu̍t-su, nńg-thé kang-tîng-su, huat-īnnàn-kiānn kah kî-thannlâi-guân siu-tsi̍p iú-kuan tsuan-lī tsè-tōo ê sìn-sit. Siu-tsi̍p ê sìn-sit hām EFF tsū-sin ê tsuan-gia̍p tì-sikb siong kiat-ha̍p; pīng-tshiánn huē-pian tsò tsi̍t-hūn kiò-tsò "Beh án-tsuánn siu-ho̍k lán phò-tshuì ê tsuan-lī hē-thóng" ê pe̍h-phuê-su. Kî-tiong siông-sè kài-siāu se̍h teh tsuan-lī hē-thóng ê būn-tê; pīng-tshiánn the̍h-tshut kok-huē, tsuan-lī-kio̍k kah nńg-thé kong-si ē-sái si̍t-si ê kái-kuat hong-àn. Tsit-ê pe̍h-phuê-su ē-tàng teh Defend Innovation ê bāng-tsām ting-kua hi̍k-tshú.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Electronic Frontier Foundation
*Patent troll
*Software patent debate

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*  
* Electronic Frontier Foundation
Tiong-kok kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi

**Tiong-kok kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi** sī tī kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài tāi-piáu Tiong-kok ê kiû-tūi.

## Chham-khó chū-liāu
Ò-chiu kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi

**Ò-chiu kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi** sī tī kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài tāi-piáu Ò-chiu ê kiû-tūi.

## Chham-khó chū-liāu
Chûn-pe̍k kheng-siâ chhì-giām

** khing-siâ tshì-giām** (Hàn-jī: 船舶傾斜試驗; Ing-gú: inclining test) sī tī tsûn-pi̍k tíng-kuân tsìn-hîng ê tsi̍t-hāng tshì-giām, lâi khak-tīng tsûn-pi̍k ê , khin-tsûn tāng-liōng kah tiōng-sim tsō-piau.Tsit-ê tshik-tshì sik-iōng tī tn̂g-tōo khah tuā 24m ê sin-kiàn tsûn-pi̍k, í-ki̍p īng íng-hióng ún-tīng-sìng ê hong-sik tsìn-hîng kái-tsong ê tsûn-pi̍k khing-siâ tshik-tshì tîng-sū; iû  kah kî-thann ê kok-tsè hia̍p-huē kui-tīng.

Tsûn-pi̍k ê tāng-liōng ē-tàng thong-kuè tho̍k-tshú  pīng-tshiánn kah í-king tsai-iánn ê liû-thé tsīng-li̍k-ha̍k ê ti̍k-sìng tsìn-hîng pí-kàu lâi khin-sang khak-tīng. Tsú-tō (主導) ún-tīng-sìng ê  (穩心懸度; GM) ē-sái uì siat-kè tang-tiong kóo-sǹg tshut-lâi, m̄-koh tsún-khak ê ta̍t pit-su thong-kuè khing-siâ tshik-tshì lâi khak-tīng.

Khing-siâ tshik-tshì thong-siông tī pîng-tsīng ê thinn-khì, tiānn-tiānn ê tsuí-tiong tsìn-hîng tī kīn-hái, pīng-tshiánn bô khò-tsûn ê hān-tsè lâi ta̍t-kàu tsún-khak-sìng. Ún-sim kuân-tōo (GM) uī-tì sī thong-kuè huâinn-hiòng î-tōng tāng ê mi̍h lâi khak-tīng ê, tio̍h-sī tī khó-lîng ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā sán-sing 1-4 tōo huān-uî lāi ê í-king tsai-á khing-hok (傾覆) ê li̍k-kí (力矩). Uì tsûn-pi̍k ê tshùn-tshioh hām phû-tāng ê uī-tì ē-tàng liáu-kái tsûn-pi̍k ê hue-ho̍k ti̍k-sìng (phû-li̍k), phìng-tshiánn tshik-liông ka-kuân tsûn-pi̍k ê pîng-hîng kak-tōo, ē-sái kè-sǹg ún-sim kuân-tōo (GM).

Tō tshin-tshiūnn tī sin-tsûn ê tshik-tshì tang-tiong kâng-khuán, pit-su tsai-iánn tāng-liōng piàn-huà pīng tshik-liông khing-siâ kak-tōo. Tsi̍t hē-lia̍t tāng-liōng () ūn-tōng iōng teh hi̍k-tik  (GM) ê pîng-kun ê ta̍t hām hong-tsha (方差).

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*Ferreiro, L.D. (2006): *Ships and Science: The Birth of Naval Architecture in the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1800 (Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology)*, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 
* , ''Inclining test unified procedure''.

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Metacentric height
*Naval architecture
*Semi-submersible
*International Maritime Organization
*Ship stability
*Draft (hull)
*International Association of Classification Societies
*Roketsan kong-si

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Inclining Experiment- Determining Metacentric height of the ship 
*Inclining tests--Conoship International 
*2 Preparations for the Inclining Test 
*INCLINING EXPERIMENT--Marine Inbox 
*Guidance notes for carrying out an inclining test
Roketsan kong-si

**Roketsan [[kong-si]]** (ing-gú: Roketsan Roket Sanayii ve Ticaret A.S.) sī tsi̍t-king khiā-tī Türkiye Ankara tsú-iàu ê Turkiye bú-khì tsè-tsō-siong hām kok-hông sîng-pau-siong. Tsit-king kong-si tī 1988-nî iû Turkiye kok-hông kang-gia̍p tsip-hîng uí-uân-huē (SSİK) sóo sîng-li̍p, tsong-tsí sī teh kiàn-li̍p Turkiye ê tō-tān ki-su̍t kang-gia̍p ki-tē, lî-tshiánn tsit-king kong-si tsiânn-kín tsiânn-tsò Turkiye 500 kiông ê kang-gia̍p kong-si tsi-it.

Roketsan bo̍k-tsiân ê kóo-tong pau-kuat Turkiy bú-tsong pōo-tuī ki-kim-huē (55.5%),  (15%),  (15%), Vakıflar Bankası (10%),  (4.5%) Roketsan í-kî tsióng-luī ka-ia̍h ê tsè-tō hām hui-tsè-tō hué-tsìnn í-ki̍p Bora, Atmaca, Cirit, UMTAS kah OMTAS tíng-tíng ttān jî-lâi tshut-miâ. Tsit-king kong-si iah-koh uī Stinger, Rapier kah ESSM tō-tān sing-sán tsí-hē-thóng, pīng-tshiánn uī kî-thann tsong-ha̍p bîn-iōng hām kun-iōng pênn-tâi thê-kiong ki-su̍t kah kang-tîng kái-kuat hong-àn. Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tián thu̍t-tshut iōng teh bô-jîn-ki ê sió ti̍t-kìng tsing-khak tá-kik tsà-tuânn.

Roketsan sī uî-it tsi̍t-king teh i-ê sóo-iú siat-kè kah khai-huat kuè-tîng tang-tiong hi̍k-ti̍k  CMMI/DEV 3 (lîng-li̍k sîng-si̍k-tōo bōo-hn̂g tsi̍p-sîng - khai-huat) phue-tsún ê Türkiye kong-si.

Teh “Kok-hông sin-bûn” siōng-ū kè-ta̍t ê kok-hông kang-gia̍p kong-si pâi-hâng-pńg tang-tiong,  Roketsan kong-si tī 2018-nî hām 2019-nî hun-pia̍t pâi-miâ tē 96 uī kah tē 89 uī. Tī 2020-nî pâi-miâ tē 91 uī.

Roketsan kong-si mā-sī Teknofest hâng-khong ú-hâng hām ki-su̍t tsiat-ji̍t ê tsoo-tsit tsi-it.

## Li̍k-sú
Roketsan kong-si tī 2013-nnî tshiam-tīng ha̍p-tông kiàn-siat kok-ka UFS hâng-thian huat-siā hē-thóng kè-uē. 2013-nî, Türkiye tsìng-hú phue-tsún iû Roketsan kong-si kiàn-tsō tē-1 ê uē-tshenn huat-siā tiong-sim. Tī 2020-nî 8-gue̍h, Roketsan kong-si uē-tshenn huat-siā, thài-khong hē-thóng kah sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiú tiong-sim sîng-li̍p.

Kin-kì kok-hông kang-gia̍p tsóng-tshâi İsmail Demir kóng, tī 2021-nî 6-gue̍h 29-ji̍t, Türkiye hām Bangladesh tsìng-hú tshiam-sú tsi̍t-hūn kok-hông liōng-kái pī-bông-lio̍k, kā Roketsan kong-si ê sán-phín tshut-kháu kàu Bangladesh. Roketsan kong-si í-king tī 2021-nî 6-gue̍h thong-kuè līng-guā tsi̍t-hāng kau-i̍k hiòng Bangladesh lio̍k-kun kau-hù TRG-300 hóo sik to-kuán hue-tsîm-phàu. Teh tsiap–lo̍h-lâi ê kui-nî lāi, Bangladesh tio̍h tsiânn-tsò Türkiye hām Roketsan kong-si siōng-tuā ê kok-hông siat-pī kheh-hōo tsi-it. Tī  2021-gue̍h 10-gue̍h, Bangladesh lio̍k-kun tsiap-siu tē-2 phi TRG-300 hóo sik tō-tān hē-thóng.

## Sán-phín

## Siat-si
* Tân-io̍h tshú-lí siat-si (Munition Disposal Facility (MAAT))
* Air Bag Project “Booster Bag” used in airbag systems by ARC Automotive Company /U.S.A.produced by ROKETSAN.
* Tân-io̍h kàm-tshik siat-si (Ammunition Surveillance Facility (MIGYEM))
* Thài-khong hē-thóng kah sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiú tiong-sim (Space Systems and Advanced Technologies Research Center)

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Kóo-hūn iú-hān kong-si/S.A. (corporation))
* (Kun-hué kang-gia̍p/Arms industry)
*Multiple rocket launcher

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* ROKETSAN official website 
* ROKETSAN Products & Services  
* Turkish Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM)
Au-chiu Kha-kiû Liân-bêng

**Au-chiu Kha-kiû Liân-bêng** (, UEFA) sī chi̍t ê kha-kiû liân-bêng, chham-ka ê kok-ka chú-iàu tī Au-chiu.
A-chiu Kha-kiû Liân-bêng

**A-chiu Kha-kiû Liân-bêng** (, AFC) sī chi̍t ê kha-kiû liân-bêng, chham-ka ê kok-ka chú-iàu tī A-chiu.
BM-21 Grad hóe-chìⁿ-phàu

**BM-21 Grad ** (gô-gú: БМ-21 "Град", "Grad" ê ì-sù sī "ping-pha̍uh"; ing-gú: BM-21 Grad) sī soo-liân siat-kè ê tsū-hîng-sik 122  to-kuán hué-tsìnn huat-siā-khì. Tsit-ê hē-thóng kap M-21OF hué-tsìnn siōng tsá khai-huat tī 1960 nî-tāi tshoo-kî, pīng-tshiánn tī 1969-nî 3-gue̍h teh  kî-kan thâu-pái si̍t-tsiàn sú-iōng. BM tāi-piáu "boyevaya mashina" (gô-gú: боевая машина – tsiàn-tshia), phian-miâ "Grad" ê ì-sù sī "Ping-pha̍uh". Iû BM-21 ūn-tsài hué-tsìnn kah M-21OF hué-tsìnn tsoo-sîng ê uân-tsíng hē-thóng hông tsí-tīng tsò M-21 iá-tsiàn hué-tsìnn hē-thóng. Uân-tsíng ê hē-thóng thong-siông hông kiò-tsò Grad to-kuán hué-tsìnn huat-siā-khì hē-thóng.

Teh pak-iok (NATO) kok-ka, tsit-ê hē-thóng (uân-tsíng hē-thóng hi̍k-tsiá kan-na ūn-tsài  niā-niā) siōng-thâu-á hông kiò-tsò M1964. Kî-thann ū kuí-ā ê kok-ka í-king ho̍k-tsè Grad hi̍k-tsiá khai-huat luī-sū ê hē-thóng. Teh Gôlôsu ho̍k-i̍k ê sî-tsūn, BM-21 Grad ê ū-kî thè-tāi-phín sī . Tsiânn-tsē sio-kāng ê 122 mm MLRS hē-thóng sī-iû bô-kāng-khuán ê kok-ka khiā-tī BM-21 Grad sóo tsè-tsō ê.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
*International Institute for Strategic Studies
*Soviet–Afghan War

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 122&nbsp;mm Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) "GRAD" on the Ural-375 6×6 truck chassis – Walk around photos 
* Globalsecurity.org 
* Enemyforces.com 
* Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
* BM-11 at FAS.org  
* RM-70 at Army.cz 
* WR-40 Langusta at krucjata.org.pl 
* Iraq BM-21 
* Полевая реактивная система М-21 (M-21 Field Rocket System) 
* Легкая переносная реактивная система "Град-П" (Grad-P Light portable rocket system) 
* Shooting battalion (strike multiple rocket launchers) YouTube 
* The Grad system: A hot hail of cluster-fired rockets
Tiong-Pak Bí-chiu kap Caribe Hái Kha-kiû Liân-bêng

**Tiong-Pak Bí-chiu kap Caribe Hái Kha-kiû Liân-bêng** (, CONCACAF) sī chi̍t ê kha-kiû liân-bêng, chham-ka ê kok-ka chú-iàu tī Tiong Bí-chiu, Pak Bí-chiu kap Caribe Tē-khu.
Tâi-oân Goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k-gí

**Tâi-oân Goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k-gí**, sī só͘-ū keng-kòe Hêng-chèng-īⁿ hu̍t-tēng ê Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k só͘ sú-iōng ê kok-chióng gí-giân ê thóng-chheng, kok gí-giân lóng sī Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok ê kok-ka gí-giân, Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi hông hō-chò **Takasago-gí** (). Chú-iàu hun-pò͘ tī Tâi-oân kah Âng-thâu-sū nn̄g ê tó-sū téng-koân goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k tòa ê só͘-chai, pau-koat chin chē gí-kûn, bo̍k-chêng keng-kòe Hêng-chèng-īⁿ jīn-tēng ê gí-giân lóng-chóng ū 15 chióng, ē-kha ē-sái koh hun-chò 41 ê hong-giân, kā '''cho̍k-gí Lô-má-jī''' tòng-chò chiàⁿ-jī-hoat, chóng sú-iōng jîn-kháu tāi-iok sī 26 bān lâng, chiàm Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok chóng jîn-kháu ê 1.2%.

Tâi-oân Goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k-gí lóng sio̍k-î Lâm-tó gí-hē, hâm Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí kah Tao-gí (Tao-gí bô sio̍k-î Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí-giân, sī sio̍k-î Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân ê "Batanic gí-kûn"). Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí àn-chiàu kè-sǹg hong-sek bô-kâng, khó-lêng ū 16 kàu 20 gōa ê gí-chióng, i-hā gí-chióng hun-lūi í "*Bîn-cho̍k-gí*" chò ki-chhó͘, siâng-sî chham-khó Lí Jîm-kùi (2006) ê hun-lūi, kā Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí hun-chò Pak Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k, Tiong Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k, Lâm Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k, kah Tang Tâi-oân Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k sì ê hun-chi. 

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí
Ing-gú piáu-im jī-bió

**Ing-gú piáu-im jī-bió** (ing-gú: English Phonotypic Alphabet (**EPA**)) sī-iû  hām  tsiok-sū khai-huat ê tsi̍t-tsióng  jī-bió; siōng-thâu-á sī tsò  ê sán-bu̍t. Sui-jiân lóng m̄ pat tit-tio̍h kóng-huàn ê tsiap-siū; m̄-kuh EPA ê im-sòo í-king hông la̍p-ji̍p hiān-tāi kok-tsè im-piau (IPA).

EPA siōng-thâu-á huat-piáu tī 1845-nî 6-gue̍h. Suî-āu, EPA ê tshut-pán kā jī-bió khok-tián kàu Tik-gú, Alápik-gú, Sepangâ-gú, , Huat-gú, Welsh-gú, Ítālì-gú, Hōlân-gú, Pholân-gú, Photôgâ-gú kah Huān-gú ê kái-pian pán.

## Jī-bió
Jī-bió jû-hā (ū tsi̍t-kuá-á kīn-sū-ti̍t í-lâi sik-ìng Unicode)

### 1843 nî-bué (ing-gú)
Tsit-ê kai-tuānn tn̂g guân-im ū huâinn-kòng, té guân-im tō bô.

;Tn̂g guân-im
Ɨ /iː/, E /eɪ/, A /ɑː/, Ɵ /ɔː/, Ʉ /oʊ/?, ꭐ-bar /uː/

;Té guân-im
I /ɪ/, ⵎ /ɛ/, Ʌ /æ/, O /ɒ/, U /ʌ/, ꭐ /ʊ/

(tsi̍t-ê ha̍p-sik ê ⟨ꭐ⟩ koh-khah kuânlî-tshiánnbô tiám, tshin-tshiūnn ⟨Ɯ⟩ m̄-kuh tiong-ng ê sû-kàn bô kî-thann ê hiah-kuân, pīng-tshiánn tsiànn-pîng-ē--átshi bô tshìn-suànn)

;Siang guân-im
Ɯ /juː/, ⅄ /aɪ/, ş /aʊ/?

;Kiám-tsió ('bôo-hôo) guân-im
Ǝ /ə/, ⵎ /ᵊ/

;Hú-im
P B, T D, Є J /tʃ dʒ/, K G

F V, Θ Δ /θ ð/, S Z, Σ Σ /ʃ ʒ/,

L R, M N, И /ŋ/, Y W H.

:_a /eɪ/
:(Ā)ᶐ /ɑː/
:Ɵɵ /ɔː/
:_ɷ /oʊ/
:Ɯɯ /uː/
:Ii /ɪ/
:Ee /ɛ/
:Aɑ /æ/
:Oo /ɒ/
:Uu /ʌ/
:_(ꭐ)
:_ᶙ /juː/
:Yy /j/
:Ww /w/
:Hh /h/
:Pp /p/
:Bb /b/
:Tt /t/
:Dd /d/
:Єꞔ /tʃ/
:Jj /dʒ/
:Cc /k/
:Gg /ɡ/
:Ff /f/
:Vv /v/
:Ꞁ(ⱦ) /θ/
:Ƌ(đ) /ð/
:Ss /s/
:Zz /z/
:Σʃ /ʃ/
:(Ʒ)ʒ /ʒ/
:Rr /r/
:Ll /l/
:Mm /m/
:Nn /n/
:(Ŋ)ŋ /ŋ/

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*The Phonetic Journal
*Tuscan dialect
*English-language spelling reform
*Phonetics
*Alexander John Ellis
*Isaac Pitman

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* <span lang="en">Third Revised Proposal to encode characters for the English Phonotypic Alphabet (EPA) in the UCS, October 18th 2011</span>  
* Completion of the Phonotypic Alphabet 
* Extension of the Phonotypic Alphabet 

Lūi-pia̍t:piáu-im jī-bió

Lūi-pia̍t:Tha̍k-chheh
Sūi-tián kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi

**Sūi-tián kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi** sī tī kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài tāi-piáu Sūi-tián ê kiû-tūi.

## Chham-khó chū-liāu
Í-sek-lia̍t kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi

**Í-sek-lia̍t kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi** sī tī kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài tāi-piáu Í-sek-lia̍t ê kiû-tūi.

## Chham-khó chū-liāu
EPUB

**EPUB** (ing-gú: Electronic Publication (EPUB)) sī tsi̍t-tsióng sú-iōng ".epub" bûn-kiānn khok-tián miâ ê tiān-tsí tshut-pán-bu̍t bûn-kiānn keh-sik. Tsi̍t-ê su̍t-gí sī tian-tsí tshut-pán-bu̍t ê sok-siá, ū-tang-sî-á kiò-tsò ePub. Tsiânn-tsē tiān-tsí ua̍t-to̍k-khì lóng tsi-tshî EPUB, tuā-to-sòo tì-lîng tshiú-kī, pîng-pán tiān-náu kah kè-sǹg-ki lóng ē-tàng sú-iōng kiam-iông ê nńg-thé. EPUB sī iû kok-tsè sòo-jī tshut-pán lūn-tân (IDPF) huat-pòo ê ki-su̍t piau-tsún. EPUB tī 2007-nî 9-gue̍h-á tsiânn-tsò IDPF ê kuan-hong piau-tsún, tshú-tāi kū-ê khai-hòng tiān-tsí-tsheh (OEB) piau-tsún.

Tôo-su hâng-gia̍p gián-kiù sió-tsoo jīn-khó EPUB 3 tsò pau-tsong luē-iông êsiú-suán keh-sik; pīng-tshiánn piáu-sī tsuân-kiû tôo-su tshut-pán hâng-gia̍p ing-kai se̍h teh tan-it piau-tsún thuân-kiat it-tì. EPUB keh-sik hông si̍t-hiān tsò tsi̍t-ê tsûn-tóng bûn-kiānn; iû gīm-tuà lāi-iông ê XHTML bûn-kiānn í-ki̍p tôo-siōng kah kî-thann tsi-tshî ê bûn-kiānn sóo tsoo-sîng ê. EPUB sī siōng kóng-huàn tsi-tshî ê to̍k-li̍p teh kiong-ìng-siong ê khiā-ttī XML ê tiān-tsí-tsheh keh-sik; iah tio̍h-sī kóng, tsha-put-to sóo-ūê ngē-thé ua̍t-to̍k-khì lóng tsi-tshî EPUB.

## Li̍k-sú
Tsò-uî khai-hòng tiān-tsí-tsheh tshut-pán kiat-kòo ê hōo-kè pán-pún, EPUB 2.0 tī 2007-nî 10-gue̍h hi̍k-tik phue-tsún; pīng-tshiánn tī 2010-nî 9-gue̍h hi̍k-tik uî-hōo king-sin (2.0.1).

EPUB 3.0 kui-huān tī 2011-nî 10-gue̍h sing-hāu; iû 2014-nî 6-gue̍h ê tshù-iàu uî-hōo king-sin (3.0.1) tshú-tāi. Sin-ê tsú-iàu kong-lîng pau-kuat tsi-tshî tsing-khak pòo-kio̍k hi̍k-tsiá tsuan-iōng keh-sik (kòo-tīng pòo-kio̍k bûn-tóng-àn); pí-jû báng-gà tsheh, kah MathML ê tsi-tshî. Tong-tsiân ê EPUB pán-pún sī 3.2, tī 2019-nî 5-gue̍h 8-ji̍t sing-hāu. Keh-sik kui-huān (ê bûn-pún) tsìn-hîng tiōng-tsoo kah tshing-lí; keh-sik tsi-tshî uán-tîng thok-kuán tsu-guân kah sin jī-thé keh-sik (WOFF 2.0 hām SFNT); pīng-tshiánn sú-iōng koh-khah sûn ê HTML kah CSS.

Tī 2016-nî  5-gue̍h, IDPF sîng-guân phue-tsú  World Wide Web liân-bîng (W3C) ê ha̍p-pìng, "í uân-tsuân tuì-tsê tshù-pān-gia̍p kah hi̍k-sim Web ki-su̍t".

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*GNU General Public License (GPL)
*MathML
*Open eBook

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* ISO/IEC TS 30135-1:2014 - EPUB3 — Part 1: EPUB3 Overview 
* IDPF EPUB Validator  (Github-repository) 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu tóng-àn keh-sek
FIFA Lâm-chú sè-kài pâi-miâ

**FIFA Lâm-chú sè-kài pâi-miâ** () sī FIFA chè-tēng ê lâm-chú kha-kiû kok-ka-tūi ê sè-kài pâi-miâ lia̍t-toaⁿ.

## FIFA Lâm-chú sè-kài pâi-miâ

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Z̩

**Z̩** (sió-siá **z̩**), kiò-tsò "⟨Z⟩ ê té-pōo sū-suànn im-hû"; mā ē-tàng kiò-tsò "⟨z⟩ jī-hû ē-kha tsah té-pōo tsah  ê im-hû ⟨◌̩⟩", sī  kah  sú-iōng ê lating jī-im; piáu-sī  hú-im. Z̩ ê kiat-kòo sī jī-bió Z ê ē-kha ka-siōng tsi̍t-ê .

## Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
⟨Z̩ z̩⟩ — sī iōng teh  kah  lāi-té ê piáu-im jī-bió; sī piáu-sī IPA ê tso̍k khí-gûn tshat-im [z͇]. Iah-koh iōng teh piáu-sī im-tī tso̍k khí-gûn sat-tshat-im .

## Kè-sǹg-ki tāi-bé
⟨Z⟩ kah i ē-kha ê  ⟨◌̩⟩ ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê Unicode jī-hû lâi piáu-sī:

*Jī-bió kiat-kòo uî hun-khui-sik (ki-pún lating jī-bió , ka-siōng piàn-im hû-hō ⟨◌̩⟩):

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Kpelle language
*Shixing language
*Ligne verticale souscrite

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*Kpelle language and syllabary 
*Shuhi--Ethnologue 

Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-bió Z chah piàn-im hû-hō
Lūi-pia̍t:Lating jī-bió ē-kha chah iông-ik im-hû
2NE1

**2NE1** () sī Hân-kok ê ián-chhiùⁿ thoân-thé, sêng-goân sī 4-ê cha-bó͘ gín-á, pau-hâm CL, Minzy, Dara, Bom. 2016 nî kái-sàn.

## Sêng-oân miâ-toaⁿ

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
*
Sū-óa-bûn

[縮圖|341x341像素|Hiān-tāi Tek-kok lāi ê Sū-óa-bûn (âng-sek). Nn̄g-sek ê só͘-chāi sī [Schwarzwald-Baar Kūn|O͘-chhiū-nâ Bâ-á Kūn, hia sī Sū-óa-bûn hong-giân  kah Siōng Lâi-in hong-giân (*Oberrheinalemannisch*) kah Khang-sū-thán-ô͘ hong-giân (*Bodenseealemannisch*) ê kòe-tō͘ tē-tài. Ah Pó͘-tǹg-ô͘ Kūn sai-pō͘ m̄ sī hiān-tāi Sū-óa-bûn ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn. Âng-sek khu-he̍k tiong-ng hit tiâu o͘-sòaⁿ sī Baden-Württemberg (sai) kah Bavaria (tang) ê kài-sòaⁿ.]]
縮圖|Baden-Württemberg ê bûn-chiong
**Sū-óa-bûn** (Hàn-jī: 士瓦文; Tek-gí: **Schwaben**) sī Tek-kok sai-lâm-pō͘ chi̍t ê bûn-hòa-siōng, le̍k-sú-siōng, mā sī gí-giân-siōng ê tē-lí-khu. Sū-óa-bûn chit-ê miâ-chheng sī ùi tiong-sè-kí ê Sū-óa-bûn Kong-kok lâi--ê, kong-kok ê léng-thó͘ kah lēng-gōa chi̍t ê thoân-thóng tē-lí-khu A-lê-bān (*Alemannen*) ū tùi-tâng.

Sū-óa-bûn ê chāi-tē-lâng kiò-chò Sū-óa-bûn-lâng (*Schwabe*, *Schwaben*), in kóng ê ōe sī Sū-óa-bûn-ōe (*Schwäbische Dialekte*). 

## Tē-lí
Sū-óa-bûn ê kiong-kài bô bêng-khak ê tēng-gī, Au-chiu chiok chē bûn-hòa khu-he̍k mā lóng sī án-ne. Put-jî-kò, hiān-tāi lán it-poaⁿ sī kā kó͘-chá ê Sū-óa-bûn Hêng-chèng-kho͘ (*Schwäbischer Reichskreis*), he̍k-chiá sī ì-sù kāng-khoán ê Württemberg Chiu, he̍k-chiá sī hiān-tāi Thú-bēng-kǹg Hêng-chèng-khu (*Reg.-Bez. Tübingen*; tû-khì Bodensee Kūn í-chêng Bâ-tǹg tē-khu ê pō͘-hūn lia̍h-gōa), Sū-tu̍t-kat Hêng-chèng-khu (*Reg.-Bez. Stuttgart*), koh ū Bái-ián Sū-óa-bûn (*Reg.-Bez. Schwaben*).

## Le̍k-sú
右|縮圖|Kong-goân 1000  nî chó-iū ê Sū-óa-bûn Kong-kok
Tī Thih-khì Sî-tāi, Sū-óa-bûn Tē-khu siù-tio̍h La-tián Bûn-hòa ê éng-hióng, só͘-í in ê bûn-hòa mā ū Gallia ê ki-chhó͘ tī--leh. Lô-má Tè-kok sî-tāi, chia sī Raetia-séng ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn.

### Sū-óa-bûn Kong-kok
**Sū-óa-bûn** **Kong-kok** sī goân-pún Tang Hu̍t-lân-khek Ông-kok (tiō-sī āu-lâi ê Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok) ê chi̍t ê pō͘-lo̍k kong-kok. Hit-chūn ū kiàn-li̍p kúi-nā-ê tiōng-iàu ê siu-hōe-īⁿ, chhiūⁿ Sèng Ka-liân (*St. Gallen*) siu-hōe-īⁿ kah Lâi-hek-náu (*Reichenau*) siu-hōe-īⁿ, Sū-óa-bûn chū-án-ne tī chit-ê sî-kî chiâⁿ-chò chi̍t ê tiōng-iàu ê Kó͘-chá Ko-tē Tek-gí ê bûn-hòa tiōng-tìn.

Khah-ló͘-lēng Ông-tiâu bóe-kî, **Sū-óa-bûn** si̍t-chè-siōng sī kok-li̍p--ê. 10 sè-kí chá-kî ū nn̄g ê ông-tiâu leh thóng-tī Sū-óa-bûn, chi̍t-ê sī thóng-tī Khu-hē-chhiàn (*Churrätien*) tē-khu ê Hun-hu̍t-lī-tēng (*Hunfriding*) pek-chiok, chi̍t-ê sī thóng-tī Bā-á (*Baar*) Tē-khu ê A-ha-ló͘-heng (*Ahalolfings*)  ka-cho̍k. Nn̄g ê ông-tiâu chi-kan ū hoat-seng chhiong-tu̍t, lo̍h-bóe, tī 919 nî ê Bín-thah-hù-ò (*Winterthur*) Chiàn-cheng  tiong, Hun-hu̍t-lī-tēng ê Bú-hā-toh 2-sè (*Burchard II*) sèng-lī. Tang Hu̍t-lân-khek ê sin kok-ông Hái-in-lī-hi 1-sè, sêng-jīn Bú-hā-toh 2-sè sī chi̍t ê kong-chiok, m̄-kò tī 960 nî-tāi, Bú-hā-toh 3-sè thóng-tī ê Sū-óa-bûn Kong-kok khì hō͘ O͘-thô͘ 1-sè ê Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok chia̍h-tiāu.

## Bûn-hòa

### Gí-giân
縮圖|Alemanni hong-giân thoân-thóng-siōng (19, 20 sè-kí) ê hun-pò͘

Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok tē-lí
Lūi-pia̍t:Baden-Württemberg ê tē-lí
U̱

**U̱** (sió-siá jī-bió: u̱), í-hā kiò-tsò  tsah  ⟨◌̱⟩, sī tsi̍t-ê j-sòo iōng teh su-siá Hui-tsiu ê , , ,  kah ; Bí-tsiu ê Amarakaeri-gú, Bribri-gú, Cabécar-gú; Tiong-kok ê Comaltepec-gú Ojitlán-gú, Ozumacín-gú, Central Pame-gú; Au-tsiu ê Suī-tián Noarootsi-gú, Tāi-iûnn tsiu ê Huli-gú tíng-tíng ê jī-bió tíng-kuân. U̱ ê jī-thé jī-hîng tio̍h-sī teh jī-bió U ê té-pōo iōng tn̂g im-hû piàn-im hû-hō piáu-sī. M̄-thang kā U̱ kah té-pōo ū tsah suànn ê U  kô-tsò-hué.

## Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
⟨U̱ u̱⟩ — Piáu-sī pì âu uân-tûn bió-im ê  [ṵ]; mā iōng teh piáu-sī pì āu put uân-tûn bió-im  ê im-tī.

## Kok-tsióng gú-giân ê iōng-huat
Teh  lāi-té,  ê té-pōo iōng tn̂g-im hû-hō sī piáu-sī pì āu uân-tûn bió-im  [ṵ].

## Kè-sǹg-ki tāi-bé
⟨U̱ u̱⟩  ⟨◌̱⟩ ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê Unicode jī-hû piáu-sī:

*Jī-bió kiat-kòo hun-khui-sik (ki-pún latin jī-bió, piàn-im hû-hō):

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*(es + tca) Doris Anderson et Lambert Anderson, Diccionario ticuna — castellano, coll. « Serie Lingüística Peruana » (no 57), 2017 (lire en ligne] archive) 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Creaky voice
* (Vocal fry register)
* (Macron below/◌̱)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Ticuna (Brazil) language. Evangelism tools, church planting resources, Christian songs and audio bible study materials. Download free MP3s. 
*Ticuna people group in all countries--Joshua Project 
*Classification of South American Indian languages : Loukotka, Čestmír, 1895-1966 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive 

Lūi-pia̍t:U ê piàn-im jī-bió
Lūi-pia̍t:Ē-pō͘ chah tn̂g-im-hû ê latin jī-bió
Park Sandara

**Park Sandara** (, ), gē-miâ **Dara** (), sī Hân-kok ê cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú. I goân-lâi sī 2NE1 ê sêng-oân.
CL (koa-chhiú)

**CL** (), pún-miâ **Lee Chae-rin** (), sī Hân-kok ê cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú. I goân-lâi sī 2NE1 ê sêng-oân.
Seungri

**Seungri** (, ), pún-miâ **Lee Seung-hyun** (), sī Hân-kok ê chi̍t ê koa-chhiú.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hân-kok koa-chhiú
G-Dragon

**G-Dragon** (, ), pún-miâ **Kwon Ji-yong** (), sī Hân-kok ê chi̍t ê koa-chhiú. I taⁿ sī BIGBANG ê sêng-oân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hân-kok koa-chhiú
Aespa

**Aespa** (æspa, ) sī Hân-kok ê im-ga̍k thoân-thé.

## Sêng-oân miâ-toaⁿ

Lūi-pia̍t:Hân-kok ga̍k-thoân
MAMAMOO

**MAMAMOO** () sī Hân-kok ê im-ga̍k thoân-thé.

## Sêng-oân miâ-toaⁿ

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Hân-kok ga̍k-thoân
TikTok

**TikTok** (ing-gú: TikTok) teh Tiong-kok ê bîng-tshing tio̍h-sî Douyin (hàn-gú: 抖音 (dǒuyīn)), sī Tiong-kok kong-si  ióng-iú ê tsi̍t-tsióng té sī-pîn thok-kuán ho̍k-bū. TikTok thok-kuán iōng-hōo the̍h-kau ê sī-pîn, tong-ûn sî-kan uì 15 bió tsì 10 hun-tsing put-tíng. TikTok sī Douyin ê tsi̍t-ê uân-tsuân to̍k-li̍p ê kok-tsè-huà pán-pún, tī 2016-nî 9-gue̍h teh tiong-kok tshī-tiûnn huat-pòo. TikTok tī 2017-nî teh tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k í-guā ê tuā-to-sòo tshī-tiûnn tsiam-tuì iOS hām Android thui-tshut;  m̄-kuh, TikTok tī 2018-nî 8-gue̍h 2-ji̍t kah līng-guā tsi̍t-king tiong-kok siā-kau muî-thé ho̍k-bū  ha̍p-pìng liáu-āu tsiah teh tsuân-kiû ê huān-uî lāi ē-tàng sú-iōng.

TikTok hām Douyin kū-iú tsha-put-to kāng-khuán ê iōng-tsiá kài-bīn; m̄-kuh bô-huat-tōo hóng-mn̄g hōo-siong ê luē-iông. In ê sū-hāu-khì lóng khia-tī siong-ìng ìng-iōng tîng-sū khó-iōng ê tshī-tiûnn. Nn̄g-tsióng sán-phín uán-jiân; m̄-kuh kong-lîng pīng-bô uân-tsuân sio-kâng. Douyin pau-kuattsi̍t-ê sī-pîn lāi tshiau-tshuē kong-lîng, e-sai thong-kuè lâng-bīn tshiau-tshuē in ê koh-khah tsē ê sī-pîn; í-ki̍p kî-thann kong-lîng, pí-jû kòo-bé, ū-tīng lú-siā kah tsè-tsok tē-lí piauk-i ê phîng-lūn.

Tsū thui-tshut í-lâi, TikTok kah Douyin tit-tio̍h tsuân-kiû ê ti-miâ-tōo. Tī 2020-nî 10-gue̍h, TikTok ê tsuân-kiû tshiú-ki tíng-kuân ê hā-tsài-liōng tshiau-kuè 20 ik piàn.  kā TikTok phîng-lūn tsò 2020-nî tsing-tióng tē-3 kín ê phín-pâi, kan-na pâi-ê Zoom hām Peacock āu-piah.  kā TikTok hông phîng-lūn tsò 2021-nî siōng-siū huan-gîng ê bāng-tsām, tshiau-kuè google.com bāng-tsām.

Kah Facebook hām tuā-to-sòo kî-thann siā-kau muî-thé sio-kâng; TikTok iah in-uī sîng-ún tíng-tíng sim-lí íng-hióng jî-lâi siū-tio̍h phue-phîng, í-ki̍p iú-kuan put-tong luē-iông, tshò-gōob sìn-sit, sím-tsa tsè-tōo, tsiat-tsè kah iōng-hōo ún-su ê tsing-gī. Uì 2020 nî-tāi tshoo í-lâi, Bí-kok pó-siú-phài tsí-tsik Tiktok bāng-tsām kah Tiong-kok tsìng-hú ha̍p-tsok kàm-sī iê iōng-hōo. Tsia--ê tsí-khòng hām im-biô-lūn pōo-hūn sī-iû Targeted Victory tíng-tíng kiōng-hô-tóng tsu-sûn kong-si í-ki̍p Facebook bió kong-si  sóo huat-tshut ê.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*List of most-followed TikTok accounts
*List of most-liked TikTok videos*
*Musical.ly
*Timeline of social media
*Kah bō͘-e̍k iú-koan ê tih-ui châi-sán-koân hia̍p-tēng

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Official website 
* Douyin 

Lūi-pia̍t:Bián-hùi nńg-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Bāng-lō͘ bûn-hòa

Lūi-pia̍t:Im-ga̍k nńg-thé
Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ

**Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ** (唱盤), ia̍h-sī kiò chò **choan-chi̍p** (專輯), sī im-ga̍k lo̍k-chè ê pó-chûn hêng-sek.
Jay (chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ)

***Jay*** sī Tâi-oân koa-chhiú Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī 2000 nî hoat-hêng ê kò-jîn tē-1 tiuⁿ chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ.

## Khek lia̍t-toaⁿ
Pat-tō͘ Khong-kan

***Pat-tō͘ Khong-kan*** () sī Tâi-oân koa-chhiú Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī 2002 nî hoat-hêng ê kò-jîn tē-3 tiuⁿ chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ.

## Khek lia̍t-toaⁿ
Si̍p-it-goa̍t tek Siau-pang

***Si̍p-it-goa̍t tek Siau-pang*** (,  "11 goe̍h ê Chopin") sī Tâi-oân koa-chhiú Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī 2005 nî hoat-hêng ê kò-jîn tē-6 tiuⁿ chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ.
Ngó͘ hún bông

***Ngó͘ hún bông*** (,  "Goá chin bâng") sī Tâi-oân koa-chhiú Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī 2007 nî hoat-hêng ê kò-jîn tē-8 tiuⁿ chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ.
Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tek Chhông-pian Kò͘-sū

***Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tek Chhông-pian Kò͘-sū*** (,  "Chiu Kia̍t-lûn ê chn̂g piⁿ kò͘-sū") sī Tâi-oân koa-chhiú Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī 2016 nî hoat-hêng ê kò-jîn tē-14 tiuⁿ chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ.
Choè Úi-tāi tek Chok-phín

***Choè Úi-tāi tek Chok-phín*** (,  "Choè Úi-tāi ê Chok-phín") sī Tâi-oân koa-chhiú Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī 2022 nî hoat-hêng ê kò-jîn tē-15 tiuⁿ chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ.
A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi

**A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi** sī tī kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài tāi-piáu A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok ê kiû-tūi.

## Chham-khó chū-liāu
Lī-pa-lùn kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi

**Lī-pa-lùn kok-ka kha-kiû-tūi** sī tī kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài tāi-piáu Lī-pa-lùn ê kiû-tūi.

## Chham-khó chū-liāu
Chhòng-iōng CC siū-koân tiâu-khoán

**Tshòng-iōng CC siū-kuân tiâu-khuán** (ing-gú: Creative Commons (CC) license; **Tì-sik kiōng-hióng hí-khó**) ê hí-khó sī ún-tsún bián-huì hun-huat kî-thann siūpán-kuân pó-hōo ê "tsok-phín" tsi kui-tsióng  tsi-it. Tong tsok-tsiá siūnn-beh siū-ú thann-jîn hun-hióng, sú-iōng ê kuân-lī sî-tsūn, sú-iōng CC hí-khó; pīng-tshiánn í tsok-tsiá tshòng-tsok ê tsok-phín uî ki-tshóo. CC uī tsok-tsiá thê-kiong lîng-ua̍h sìng (pí-jû, in khó-lîng suán-ti̍k kan-na ún-tsún tuì kip-tīng ê tsok-phín tsìn-hîng hui siong-gia̍p ê iōng-tôo); pīng-tshiánn pó-hōo sú-iōng hi̍k-tsiá tiông-sin hun-huat tsok-tsiá tsok-phín ê lâng bián-siū tshim-huān pán-kuân ê tam-iu, kan-na ài in tsun-siúí-hā tiâu-kiānn teh tsok-tsiá hun-huat tsok-phín ê hí-khó tang-tiong tsí-tīng.

Ū kui-tsióng luī-hîng ê tì-sik kiōng-hióng hí-kh. Ta̍k ê hí-khó-tsìng ê bô kâng ê sóo-tsāi teh kài-tsāi kui-ê tsoo-ha̍p, tsia--ê tsoo-ha̍p kuat-tīng hun-huat tiâu-khuán. In siōng-thâu-á tī 2002-nî 12-gue̍h 16-ji̍t iû tshòng-kiàn tī 2001-nî ê Bí-kok hui îng-lī kong-si Creative Commons huat-pòo. Iah-koh ū 5-ê pán-pún ê hí-khó-tsìng thò-kiānn; pian-hō uì 1.0 kàu 4.0. Tio̍h-sī 4.0 hí-khó-tsìng thò-kiānn tī 2013-nî 11-gue̍h huat-pòo, sī siōng-sin ê. Sui-jiân tì-sik kiōng-hióng hí-khó siōng-thâu-á khiā-tī Bí-kok ê huat-lu̍t thé-hē; m̄-kuh hiān-iú ū kui-ê sik-ìng kok-tsè-huat ê tì-sik kiōng-hióng kuán-hat tuan-kháu.

Tī 2014-nî 10-gue̍h,  (Open Knowledge Foundation) phue-tsún tì-sik kiōng-hióng CC BY、CC BY-SA hām CC0 hí-khó hû-ha̍p luē-iông kah sòo-kì ê "" (Open Definition).

## Tsù-kiok

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Free-culture movement
*Free music
*Free software
*Non-commercial educational
*Soo Tsìng-liông (蘇正隆)
*Ōe-seng mî-tiâu sòe

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*  
* Full selection of licenses 
* *[[freedomdefined:Licenses|Licenses]]*. Overview of free licenses. freedomdefined.org 
* ''WHAT IS CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE''. – THE COMPLETE DEFINITIVE GUIDE 
* Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 3.0 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tì-sek châi-sán-koân hoat
Hui-siông Lu̍t-su Ú Eng-ú

**Hui-siông Lu̍t-su Ú Eng-ú** (, ) sī Hân-kok ENA tī 2022 nî 6 goe̍h 29 li̍t kàu 8 goe̍h 18 li̍t chi-kan hòng-sàng ê liân-sio̍k-kio̍k, ta̍k lé-pài-saⁿ kah sì àm-sî káu tiám siú-pò͘ (UTC+9). Netflix tòe Hân-kok kok-lāi tī kāng-chi̍t-kang chiūⁿ-sòaⁿ. Chit-chhut hì sī iû *Lōng-bān I-seng Kim Sai-hū* hē-lia̍t tō-ián Lâu Lîn-ti̍t kah tiān-iáⁿ *Chèng-lîn* ê pian-kio̍k Bûn Tì-oān tâng-chê chè-chok, pēng iû Phoh Un-pin, Khiong Thài-ngó͘ chham Khiong Kî-éng só͘ chú-ián--ê. Kio̍k-chêng biô-siá chi̍t-ē tī tōa-hêng lu̍t-su sū-bū-só͘ siōng-pan, thâu-náu khiáu-kah nā thian-châi, soah ū Chū-pì-chèng ê Ú Eng-ú. I kái-koat-liáu chióng-chióng àn-kiāⁿ, lō͘-bóe chiâⁿ-chò chi̍t-ūi chin-chiàⁿ--ê lu̍t-su ê kò͘-sū.
Lūi-pia̍t:CS1 Hân-kok-gí chu-liāu (ko)
Ōe-seng mî-tiâu sòe

**Uē-sing mî-tiâu suè** (ing-gú: tampon tax hi̍k-tsiá **gue̍h-king suè** (period tax)) sī tuì uē-sing mî-tiâu hām kî-thann lí-sìng uē-sing iōng-phín tsing-siu ê tsing-ta̍t suè hi̍k-tsiá siau-siū suè; lî-tshiánn kî-thann hông khuànn-tsò ki-pún pit-su-phínê sán-phín tio̍h hióng-iú bián-suè tē-uī. Uē-sing mî-tiâu suè it-sû m̄ sī kuan-hong tsí-tīng; kiok-sī tsi̍t-ê liû-hîng iōng-gú, sī iōng-lâi ín-khí ta̍k ê tuì tsit-ê būn-tê ê kuan-tsù. Uē-sing mî-tiâu suè sī tsi̍t-tsióng hún-âng suè.

Bián-suè ê tsi-tshî-tsiá jīn-uî, uē-sing mî-tiâu uē-sing kin, gue̍h-king kah kî-thann uî ki-pún gue̍h-king tsiu-kî ho̍k-bū ê sán-phín kòo-sîng lú-sìng bô-huat-tōo phiah-bián ê pit-su-phín, ing-kai kah kî-thann bô-huat-tōo phiah-bián ê bián-suè pit-su-phín tâng-tsê kui-luī, pí-jû tsa̍p-huè hām kò-jîn i-liâu iōng-phín. BBC kóo-kè, teh tāi-iok 30–nî ê sî-kan lāi-té, lú-sìng ta̍k-kò-gue̍h su-iàu sú-iōng  tāi-iok tsi̍t-tsiu. Sui-jiân siau-siū suè ê tsìng-tshik ē-in su-huat kuán-hā khu jî-lâi piàn-ī; m̄-kuh tsia–ê sán-phín thong-siông kin-kì kah hui pit-su-phín sio-kāng ê suè-lu̍t tsing-suè, pí-jū teh bí-kok; m̄-kuh teh kî-thann ê kok-ka, pí-jū ing-kok hām ireland, teh uē-sing iōng-phín hong-bīn kiám-tsió hi̍k-tsiá tshú-siau tuì tsia–ê sán-phín ê it-puann siau-huì suè. Teh hông mn̄g–tio̍h tuì lâm-sìng tông-tíng bián-tû ê sî-tsūn, tsi-tshî-tsiá tsing-piān kóng: bô jīm-hô ê lâm-sìng sán-phín (pau-kuat pī-īng-thò) ē-tàng kah lú-sìng uē-sing iōng-phín siong-tê pīng-lūn; in-uī gue̍h-king sī sing-lí-sìng ê, "lú-sìng uē-sing m̄-sī tsi̍t-tsióng suán-ti̍k". M̄-kuh, kî-thann ê lâng tsing-piān kóng: tsiânn-tsē kok-ka iû-uân tuì uē-sing-tsuá tíng-tíng kî-thann ê ki-pún pit-su-phín ting-suè, pí-jū teh ing-kok suè-lu̍t uî 20%. Iû-î tsuat tāi-to-sòo lú-sìng uē-sing iōng-phín ê siau-huì-tsiá sī lú-sìng; in-tshú sîng-pún tsing-ka hông phue-phîng sī-tuì lú-sìng ê kî-sī. Uē-sing mî-tiâu suè m̄-sī ti̍t-tsiap tuì lú-sìng uē-sing iōng-phín ting-siu ê ti̍k-piat-suè.

Tāi-iok uì 2004nî khai-sí, tsiânn-tsē kok-ka tshú-siau hi̍k-tsiá kàng-kē uē-sing mî-tiâu hām hōo-tiàm ê siau-siū suè; pau-kuat Kenya, Canada, India, Colombia, Australia, Germany kah Rwanda.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Culture and menstruation
*Pink tax
*Gender-based price discrimination in the United States
*Period underwear
*Illinois chòe-ko hoat-īⁿ

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* Period tax website