open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
TDM-GCC

**TDM-GCC** (ing-gú: TDM-GCC) sī Microsoft Windows ê pian-i̍k-khì thò-kiānn. Tse sī tsiânn-tsē tsheh-tsi̍k tang-tiong thong-siông thui-tsiàn ê pian-tsi̍p-khì; bô-lūn sī tsiam-tuì tshoo-ha̍k-tsiá hām king-giām hong-hù ê tîng-sū-guân.

TDM-GCC kiat-ha̍p GCC kang-kū-tsi̍p ê siōng-sin ún-tīng pán-pún; tsi̍t-kuá-á iōng-teh Windows-Frignsteliness ê póo-ting í-ki̍p   ê  ; í-lâi tshòng-kiàn Microsoft pian-tsi̍p-khì hām pênn-tâi  ê khui-guân thè-tāi hong-àn. Uì Windows 98 í-lâi, jīm-hô pán-pún ê Windows lóng ē-sái kòo-kiàn 32 bit kah 64 bit 2 tsìn-tsè ê .

TDM-GCC sī tuì kî-thann sóo-tsāi tsū-iû sú-iōng ê tsoo-kiānn ê tiông-sin hun-phuè. Tsi̍t-ê siōng-tuā ê khu-pia̍t tio̍h-sī, TDM-GCC king-kái bi̍k-jīn ê GCC tsu-liāu-khòo ài ; pīng-tshiánn sú-iōng  khu-i̍k tsìn-hîng .

## Kah TDM-GCC pa̍k tsò-hué ê [[Chi̍p-sêng khai-hoat khoân-kéng|IDE]]
* 
* Dev-C++

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Exception handling
*Free and open-source software
*GNU General Public License

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* TDM-GCC website (redirects to https://jmeubank.github.io/tdm-gcc/)

Lūi-pia̍t:Pian-e̍k-khì
Siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō

**Siann-tiāu hû-hō** (ing-gú: tone letter; **tiāu-hû**, gōo-tōo piau-kì huat (five level tone mark); ji̍t-gú: 声調記号 (siann-tiāu kì-hō)) tio̍h-sī gōo-tōo tsè tiāu-ti̍t piau-kì huat, sī Tiō Goân-jīm tī 1920 nî-tāi huat-bîng ê tsi̍t-tsióng kì-lio̍k gú-giân tiāu-ti̍t ê hong-huat. Tiāu-hû teh Hàn-gú hong-giân, , í-ki̍p  ê tiâu-tsa tang-tiong tāi-liōng sú-iōng; teh kî-thann gú-giân ê biâu-siá tang-tiong iah-ū tsiânn-tsē íng-hióng.

## Unicode lāi-té ê Siann-tiāu hû-hō
Teh Unicode lāi-té, IPA siann-tiāu hû-hō ê pian-bé jû-hā:
;Piau-tsún kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
;Tó-píng ê siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

Tsia--ê án  ê sūn-sū tsoo-ha̍p. 

Tiám ê siann-tiāu hû-hō piáu-sī lû-hā: 

;Tiám ê siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
;Tò-píng ê siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

Although not defined specifically as IPA, many of the IPA staveless tone letters (or at least approximations of them, depending on the font) are available in Unicode:

;Bi̍k-jīm hi̍k-tsiá kuân bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
;Tiong bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
;Kē bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (Ph.D. Dissertation)
* 
* 
* 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*JSTOR

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*Gōo-tōo tiāu-ti̍t piau-kì huat 
*Tsù-im.phing-im.kok-tsè im-piau ê siann-tiāu hû-hō pí-kàu í-ki̍p tuì-ìng kàu ê im-ko 

Lūi-pia̍t:Im-ūn-ha̍k

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-jī
Ə̽

**Ə̽ ** (sió-siá **ə̽**), kiò-tsò "⟨Ə⟩ ê jī-bió tíng-kuân tsah  piàn-im im-hû ⟨⟩", sī Limburg-gí sú-iōng ê IPA im-sòo, pí-jū  ê IPA piáu-sī tsò ; piáu-sī tiong iong bió-im tsiap-kīn  í-kip   tsi-kan ê bió-im.

## Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
⟨Ə̽ ə̽⟩ — sī iōng teh piáu-sī tiong iong bió-im  kah   í-kip   tsi-kan ê bió-im  (ə̞). Iah-koh iōng teh piáu-sī im-tī   ê siann-tiāu jī-bió.

## Kè-sǹg-ki tāi-bé
 ê tíng-kuân ka-siōng tsi̍t-ê  hū-ka piàn-im im-hû ⟨⟩, ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê Unicode jī-hû lâi piáu-sī:

*Jī-bió kiat-kòo uî hun-khui-sik (ki-pún-siōng iû latin jī-bió  ka-siōng hū-ka piàn-im im-hû ⟨◌̽⟩):

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Low Franconian
*TDM-GCC

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie) with dictionaries Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish and a history of the Limburgish language 
*Veldeke Genk (in Genk dialect and Dutch)
*poem：元音音标的理解概要  

Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-bió Ə chah piàn-im im-hû
Lūi-pia̍t:Lating jī-bió hù-ka piàn-im hû-hō
Lūi-pia̍t:Ên-sin lating jī-bió
Lí Kiông

**Lí Kiông** (李強, ) sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok ê chi̍t ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t. I tùi 2023 nî khai-sí chiâⁿ-chò Kok-bū-īⁿ chóng-lí.
Isabella Scherer

**Isabella Medeiros Scherer**  (1996 nî 3 goe̍h 9 ji̍t) sī Pa-se ê ián-gôan.

## Ián-gôan
* Família Imperial (2012-2013)
* Experimentos Extraordinários (2014)
* Califórnia (2015)
* Que Talento! (2016)
* Malhação: Viva a Diferença (2017-2018)
* Psi (2019)
* Bom Sucesso (2019)
* MasterChef Brasil (2021)

## External Links
* Isabella Scherer - IMDb

Lūi-pia̍t:1996 nî chhut-sì
Rafael Vitti

**Rafael Alencar Vitti** (1995 nî 11 goe̍h 2 ji̍t) sī Pa-se ê ián-gôan.

## External Links
*Rafael Vitti - IMDb

Lūi-pia̍t:1995 nî chhut-sì
Rovaniemi

**Rovaniemi** sī Hun-lân  Lapland Tōa-khu. 

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Rovaniemi Chèng-hú

Lūi-pia̍t:Lapland Tōa-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Siâⁿ-chhī
André Frambach

**André Luiz Pfaltzgraff Frambach** (1997 nî 2 goe̍h 15 ji̍t) sī Pa-se ê ián-gôan.

## Ián-gôan
* Por Toda Minha Vida (2007)
* Queridos Amigos (2008)
* Duas Caras (2008)
* Ciranda de Pedra (2008)
* Dancinha dos Famosos (2008)
* A Favorita (2008)
* Paraíso (2009)
* Chico Xavier (2010)
* Passione (2010)
* A Lei do Amor (2016)
* O Rico e Lázaro (2017)
* Dormente (2017)
* Malhação: Vidas Brasileiras (2018–2019)

## External Links
*André Luiz Frambach - IMDb

Lūi-pia̍t:1997 nî chhut-sì
Chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ

**Lí-tiúⁿ** ia̍h-sī **Chhoan-tiúⁿ** (lē-sio̍k î khu, koān-hat-chhī he̍k-chiá-sī tìn--ê hō-chò "Lí"; lē-sio̍k î hiong--ê hō-chò "Chhoan") sī Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok ê siōng kē chân-kip tē-hng-koaⁿ. Sī thàu-kòe sì-tang chi̍t-tàu ê tēng-kî soán-kí soán--chhut-lâi-ê, bô liân-jīm ê hān-chè. Chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ sī bû-kip-chit, m̄-koh ū hiong-tìn-chhī-khu-kong-só͘ só͘ pian-lia̍t ê sū-bū pó͘-chō͘-hùi thang-hó ūn-iōng.

## Chit-lêng
Chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ hat-hā ū 100 chì 4,000 hō͘ put-téng. Chú-iàu ê khang-khòe pau-koat hoán-èng tē-hng su-kiû, hia̍p-chō͘ soan-tō chèng-lēng kah kí-pān lí-bîn oa̍h-tāng. I-chiàu *Tē-hng Chè-tō͘ Hoat*, chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ siū-tio̍h hiong-tìn-chhī-khu-tiúⁿ ê chí-hui chham kàm-tok, hū-chek pān-lí chhoan-lí ê kong-bū kah kau-pān sū-hāng. Tān-sī, si̍t-bū siōng in-ūi chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ sī ti̍t-chiap bîn-soán--chhut-lâi-ê, to̍k-li̍p-sèng kiông, ka-siōng kong-só͘ kah chèng-hú bô-hoat-tō͘ chiam-tùi bîn-soán ê chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ chò-chhut si̍t-chè tiàu-chit he̍k-chiá-sī chhú-hoa̍t. In-chhú hiong-tìn-chhī-khu-tiúⁿ it-poaⁿ bē ùi téng-thâu chí-hui, sī ē chhiáⁿ lâng hia̍p-chō͘, iû-kî khu-tiúⁿ sī chhī-tiúⁿ chí-phài--ê, i ê bîn-ì ki-chhó͘ pí lí-tiúⁿ khah kē.

## Chham-kiàn

* Chhun-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok koaⁿ-chè
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê tē-hng siú-tiúⁿ
Sat-thâng-che

**Sat-thâng-che** sī chi̍t khoán tùi thâng-thōa sú-iōng ê llông-io̍h, tī lông-gia̍p, i-io̍h, kang-gia̍p kah khiā-ke khoân-kéng. Sat-thâng-che ē-tàng chiam-tùi só͘-ū hoat-tián kai-tōaⁿ ê thâng-thōa, chhin-chhiūⁿ sat-nn̄g-che chham sat-iù-thâng-che.

## Le̍k-sú
Tī se-goân-chêng 2500 nî chìn-chêng, jîn-lūi tō ū leh sú-iōng lông-io̍h lâi ū-hông lông-chok-bu̍t ê sún-hāi. Chá-kî ê lông-io̍h èng-iōng sī tāi-iok 4,500 nî chêng sī liû. Tī 15 sè-kí, chhiūⁿ phi-sò͘, chúi-gîn kah iân chi-lūi, ū to̍k ê hòa-ha̍k bu̍t-chit tō hŏng iōng tī lông-chok-bu̍t téng lâi thâi-sí hāi-thâng. Tī 17 sè-kí, ū-lâng ùi hun-chháu thê-liān chhut nî-ko-tin chham Sulfate lâi tòng-chò sat-thâng-che sú-iōng. 19 sè-kí ín-chìn-liáu nn̄g-khóaⁿ koh-khah thian-liân ê lông-io̍h pyrethrum chham reoenone.

Sú-iōng sat-thâng-che hŏng jīn-ûi sī jī-cha̍p sè-kí lông-gia̍p seng-sán-le̍k seng-koân ê chú-iàu in-sò͘ chi-it. Tī 20 sè-kí, lông-gia̍p hoat-tián-liáu chok kín--ê, sat-thâng-che hō͘ lông-gia̍p ê sán-liōng chhèng-koân. Iah-m̄-koh, chha-put-to só͘-ū ê sat-thâng-che lóng ē hō͘ seng-thài-hē kái-piàn chok tōa, kî-tiong tāi-pō͘-hūn tùi jîn-thé iú-hāi, kî-thaⁿ ê ē lâu tī si̍t-bu̍t-liān tang-tiong.

## Lông-gia̍p-iōng Sat-thâng-che ê Hun-lūi
Sat-thâng-che chin chē chióng, só͘-í ū chin chē bô-kâng ê hun-lūi hong-sek:

* Chiàu sú-iōng hong-sek hun:
** Hē-thóng-sèng: chham ti̍t-bu̍t kap-chò-hóe. Thâng-thōa kā ti̍t-bu̍t chia̍h--khì ê sî ē sūn-sòa khip-siu sat-thâng-che.
** Chiap-chhiok-sèng: thâng-thōa chham ti̍t-bu̍t ti̍t-chiap chiap-sio̍k ê sî-chūn, ē khip-siu-tio̍h sat-thâng-che. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kah hóe-hun-che chò-hóe iōng.
* Chiàu lâi-goân hun-lūi:
** Thian-jiân: thian-jiân ê lông-gia̍p sat-thâng-che, chhiūⁿ nî-ko-tin kah âng-hoe pyrethrum, sī ùi ti̍t-bu̍t chū-jiân chè-chō--chhut-lâi--ê.
** Bû-ki: chham kim-sio̍k ha̍p-sêng, pau-koat arsenate, tâng chham hut-sò͘ ê ha̍p-sêng (chió iōng) chham liû-hông (chia̍p-chia̍p iōng).
** Iú-ki: hiān-chhú-sî siōng ū bī-lâi-sèng ê sat-thâng-che.
* Chiàu hòa-ha̍k te̍k-sèng hun-lūi:
** Iú-ki iâm-sò͘ sat-thâng-che
** Iú-ki lîn sat-thâng-che
** Carbamate lūi sat-thâng-che
** Khòng-bu̍t-sèng sat-thâng-che
* Chiàu chok-iōng ki-chè: chok-iōng ki-chè sī lēng-gōa chi̍t-chióng kā sat-thâng-che hun-lūi ê hong-sek. Ē-tàng ùi sat-thâng-che ê chok-iōng ki-chè liáu-kái io̍h-che tùi bo̍k-phiau hāi-thâng ê chó͘-hāi chok-iōng-tiám, mā ē-tàng lī-iōng io̍h-che ki-chè ê bô-kâng lâi chè-tēng hāi-bu̍t hông-tī ê chhek-lio̍k, lâi phiah-bián tan-it io̍h-che ê liân-sòa sú-iōng chō-sêng hāi-bu̍t ê nāi-io̍h-sèng he̍k-chiá-sī khòng-io̍h-sèng lâi sán-seng.

## Ka-iōng Sat-thâng-che ê Hun-lūi

Thong-siông ē chè-sêng chhiūⁿ pe̍h-hiā-hún ê hún-che. Hông-tī pe̍h-hiā tio̍h-ài sú-iōng ū thoân-jiám-sèng koh bān-sèng ê pe̍h-hiā-hún, tio̍h sī lī-iōng pe̍h-hiā pún-sin ê nn̄g-tōa phiah-sèng lâi thòaⁿ-khui.

## Chu-liāu Lâi-goân



Lūi-pia̍t:Kang-gia̍p
Lūi-pia̍t:Sat-thâng-che
Lūi-pia̍t:Lông-io̍h
Annalisa Cochrane

**Annalisa Cochrane** (1996 nî 6 goe̍h 21 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê ián-gôan.

## External Links
*Annalisa Cochrane - IMDb

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok cha-bó͘ ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:1996 nî chhut-sì
Fin Argus

**Steffan Fin Argus** (1998 nî 9 goe̍h 1 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê koa-chhiú, ián-gôan.

## Ián-gôan
* *[[The Commute]]* (2016–2017)
* *[[The Gifted (American TV series)|The Gifted]]* (2017)
* *[[Total Eclipse (web series)|Total Eclipse]]* (2018−2019)
* *[[Summer '03]]* (2018)
* *[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]* (2020)
* *[[Clouds (2020 film)|Clouds]]* (2020)
* *[[Stay Awake (film)|Stay Awake]]* (2022)
* *[[Queer as Folk]]* (2022) 
* *[[The Other Two]]* (2023)
Chheng-chin-giân

**Chheng-chin-giân** (), ì-sù "Bí-hó ê gú-giân", teh I-su-lân-kàu tiong, sī sìn-gióng soan-giân ê seng-bêng. I sī I-su-lân-kàu ê Gō͘-kong () chi-it (kî-thaⁿ sì sī lé-pài, chai-kài, thiⁿ-khò hām thiau-kīn). 

## Bûn-pún

A-la-pek-gí: ****
: **
Bân-lâm-gú hoan-e̍k: Tû-liáu Allah bô kî-thaⁿ ê sîn, Muhammad sī Allah ê sú-chiá.

## Tsù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t: Islam
Maryam tsiong

**Maryam tsiong** (麥爾彥章) (; ) sī Kó͘-lân-keng ê tē-19 tsiong (surah).

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* https://quran.com/maryam

Lūi-pia̍t:Quran
Kè-chng

Kè-chng (hàn-jī:) sī chi̍t chióng chhut-kè ê sî-chūn tòa ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, chhin-chhiūⁿ ka-khū, tû-á, kim-á, mā-ū chîⁿ, chi̍t chióng piáu-sī sin-niû ê āu-thâu-chhù ê sim-ì.

## sio̍k-gí
Tâi-lâm lâng ū “kè-chng chi̍t gû-chhia” ê sio̍k-gí.
Tō-lō͘-hoat (Ji̍t-pún)

**Tō-lō͘-hoat** (*Dōro Hō*) sī Ji̍t-pún tō-lō͘ siong-koan ê hoat-lu̍t.

Hū-chek ê chèng-hú ki-kò͘ sī Kok-thó͘ Kau-thong Séng. Pún hoat kui-hoān-tio̍h Ji̍t-pún tō-lō͘ ê tēng-gī, chéng-pī chhiú-sio̍k, koán-lí hùi-iōng hū-tam chham hoa̍t-chek téng-téng koh-hāng tō-lō͘ siong-koan sū-hāng. Hiān-hêng ê Tō-lō͘-hoat tī 1952 nîChiau-hô 27 nî6--goe̍h chhe 10 kong-pò͘ (-lu̍t tē 180 hō). Hoat-lu̍t ê tùi-siōng sī ko-sok kiau-chhia kok-tō, it-poaⁿ kok-tō, tō͘-tō-hú-koān-tō kah chhī-teng-chhoan-tō, chóng-kiōng 4 lūi (pún hoat tē 3 tiâu).

Kū ê Tō-lō͘-hoat (kū-hoat, 1919 nî Tāi-chèng 8 nîhoat-lu̍t tē 58 hō) tēng-gī tō-lō͘ sī kok-iú kong-bu̍t. Hiān-hêng hoa̍t-chek kan-na ū kok-tō (ko-sok kiau-chhia kok-tō kah it-poaⁿ kok-tō) sī kok-iú kong-bu̍t, nā-sī tō͘-tō-hú-koān-tō kah chhī-teng-chhoan-tō hun-pia̍t sio̍k tō͘-tō-hú-koān kah chhī-teng-chhoan ê kong-bu̍t.

Siong-koan ê hoat-lēng ū Tō-lō͘ Kau-thong-hoat, Ko-sok Kiau-chhia Kok-tō-hoat, Tō-lō͘ Kò͘-chō-lēng, Chhia-lióng Hān-chè-lēng. 1958 nî í-chêng iah-koh-ū Ke-lō͘ Kò͘-chō-lēng ê chûn-chāi.

## Kò͘-sêng

* Tē-1 chiong  Chóng-chek
* Tē-2 chiong  It-poaⁿ Kok-tō chi Ì-gī pēng-ki̍p Kî Lō͘-sòaⁿ Chí-tēng chham Jīn-tēng
** Tē-5 tiâu (It-poaⁿ Kok-tō chi Ì-gī ki̍p Kî Lō͘-sòaⁿ Chí-tēng)
* Tē-3 chiong  Tō-lō͘ chi Koán-lí
** Tē-1 chiat  Tō-lō͘ koán-lí-chiá
** Tē-2 chiat  Tō-lō͘ chi kò͘-chō
** Tē-3 chiat  Tō-lō͘ chi chiàm-iōng
** Tē-4 chiat  Tō-lō͘ chi pó-choân téng-téng
** Tē-4 chiat chi 2  Tō-lō͘ chi li̍p-thé khu-e̍k
** Tē-5 chiat  Khoài-sok kong-lō͘ ()
** Tē-6 chiat  Kha-ta̍h-chhia-tō téng-téng ()
* Tē-4 chiong  Tō-lō͘ Siong-koan Hùi-iōng, Siu-ji̍p ki̍p Kî Hāu-iōng Hū-tam
* Tē-5 chiong  Kàm-tok
* Tē-6 chiong  Tō-lō͘ Sím-gī-hōe
* Tē-7 chiong  Cha̍p-chek
* Tē-8 chiong  Hoa̍t-chek

## Gōa-pō͘ Liân-kiat

* Tō-lō͘-hoat tiâu-bûn

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún tō-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê hoat-lu̍t
Jamie Miller

**Jamie Miller**  (1997 nî 9 goe̍h 9 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê koa-chhiú.

## Koa-chhiú
**The City That Never Sleeps* (2020)
**All I Want for Christmas Is You* (2020)
**Onto Something* (2020)
**Hold You 'Til We're Old* (2021)
**Here's Your Perfect* (2021)
**Running Out of Roses* (with Alan Walker) (2021)
**I Lost Myself In Loving You* (2022)
**Last Call* (2022)

## External Links
* jamiemillermusic.com
* Jamie Miller - YouTube
* Jamie Miller - Facebook
* Jamie Miller - Instagram
* Jamie Miller - Twitter

Lūi-pia̍t:Ui-le̍k-sū jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-kok cha-po͘ koa-chhiú
Ko-chhiong

**Ko-chhiong** (高昌) sī kó͘-chá Se-he̍k ê chi̍t ê ông-kok, tī kin-á-ji̍t Sin-kiong ê Turpan Chhī hū-kīn.
Pang

**Pang** só͘-chí ê sī:

* Kok, Kok-ka
* Pang-kok
* Siâⁿ-pang
** Hi-lia̍p Siâⁿ-pang
* Chi̍t-kóa kok-ka ê it-kip hêng-chèng-khu (chhiūⁿ , , kah ) ê hoan-e̍k. He̍k-chiá-sī hoan-chò Chiu
** Tek-kok ê pang
** Ìn-tō͘ ê pang
** Bián-tiān ê pang

## Siong-koan Tiâu-ba̍k

* Pang-liân-chè () sī iû kúi-lō to̍k-li̍p kok-ka cho͘-sêng ê sang-lēng ê kok-ka Liân-bêng.
* Liân-pang-chè () sī iû kúi-lō chèng-tī si̍t-thé (kiōng-hô-kok, Chiu, kah pang) kap-chò-hóe ê chi̍t-chióng kok-ka chèng-thé.
Tiong-kok liân-hō lia̍t-toaⁿ

Ē-kha sī Tiong-kok liân-hō lia̍t-toaⁿ.

## Hàn
### Se Hàn

### Sin

### Keng-sí

### Tong Hàn

## Sam-kok
### Chô Gūi

### Sio̍k Hàn

### Sun Ngô͘

## Chìn
### Se Chìn

### Tong Chìn

## Si̍p-lio̍k-kok
### Chiân Tiō

### Sêng Hàn

### Chiân Liâng

### Hiō Tiō

### Chiân Ian

### Chiân Chîn

### Hiō Chîn

### Hiō Ian

### Se Ian

### Se Chîn

### Hiō Liâng

### Lâm Liâng

### Lâm Ian

### Se Liâng

### Hā

### Pak Ian

### Pak Liâng

## Lâm-pak-tiâu
### Lâm-tiâu
#### Lâu Sòng

#### Lâm Chê

#### Lâm Liông

##### Se Liông

#### Lâm Tân

### Pak-tiâu
#### Pak Gūi

#### Tong Gūi

#### Se Gūi

#### Pak Chê

#### Pak Chiu

## Sûi

## Tông

## Ngó͘-tāi
### Hiō Liông

### Hiō Tông

### Hiō Chìn

### Hiō Hàn

### Hiō Chiu

## Si̍p-kok
### Ngô͘

### Lâm Tông

### Ngô͘-oa̍t

### Chhó͘

### Bân

### Lâm Hàn

### Chiân Sio̍k

### Hiō Sio̍k

### Keng-lâm

### Pak Hàn

## Sòng
### Pak Sòng

### Lâm Sòng

## Liâu

### Pak Liâu

### Se Liâu

## Se Hā

## Kim

## Goân

### Pak Goân

## Bêng

### Lâm Bêng

## Chheng

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Joshua Bassett

**Joshua Bassett** (), pún-miâ **Joshua Taylor Bassett**, sī chi̍t-ūi Bí-kok ê cha-po͘ ián-goân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok cha-po͘ ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:2000 nî chhut-sì
Ji̍t-pún liân-hō lia̍t-toaⁿ

Ē-kha sī Ji̍t-pún liân-hō lia̍t-toaⁿ.

## Asuka sî-tāi

## Nara sî-tāi

## Heian sî-tāi

## Kamakura sî-tāi

## Nanboku-tyô sî-tāi kap Muromati sî-tāi
### Lâm-tiâu (Tāi-kak-sī-thóng)

### Pak-tiâu (Chhî-bêng-īⁿ-thóng)

### Thóng-it í-hāu

## Sengoku sî-tāi

## Azuti Momoyama sî-tāi

## Edo sî-tāi

## Kīn-tāi kap hiān-tāi

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Oa̍t-lâm liân-hō lia̍t-toaⁿ

Ē-kha sī Oa̍t-lâm liân-hō lia̍t-toaⁿ.

## Chiân Lý Tiâu‎

## Đinh Tiâu‎

## Chiân Lê Tiâu‎

## Lý Tiâu‎

## Trần Tiâu‎

## Hồ Tiâu‎

## Hiō Trần Tiâu‎

## Lê Tiâu Chho͘-kî‎

## Mạc Tiâu‎

## Lê Tiâu Tiong-heng Sî-kî‎

## Tây Sơn Tiâu‎

## Nguyễn Tiâu

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Thian-tō (2023 nî tiān-sī-kio̍k)

***Thian-tō*** (hàn-jī:) sī Tâi-oân Sam-lip Tâi-oân Tâi tī Tâi-oân Piau-chún-sî Lé-pài-it kah Lé-pài-gō͘ àm-sî 20:00 pò͘-chhut ê Hiong‑thó-kio̍k.

* Sam-li̍p Tiān-sī-tâi Koaⁿ‑hong-bāng‑chām.
Darcy Rose Byrnes

**Darcy Rose Byrnes** (), sī Bí-kok kiam Ài-ní-lân ê koa-chhiú, ián-gôan.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok koa-chhiú
Lūi-pia̍t:1998 nî chhut-sì
Thài-iông tsiong

**Thài-iông tsiong** (太陽章) (; ) sī Kó͘-lân-keng ê tē-91 tsiong (surah).

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* https://quran.com/as-shams

Lūi-pia̍t:Islam
Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí
Khó-chhì-īⁿ

**Khó-chhì-īⁿ** (考試院) sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê chòe-ko khó-chhì ki-koan, kán-chheng **chhì-īⁿ** (試院). I miâ lāi-té ê "khó-chhì", m̄-nā chí bûn-koaⁿ ê khó-soán niā-niā, mā pau-koat koan-hē tio̍h bûn-koaⁿ jîn-sū hêng-chèng ê siong-koan sū-bū. tû-liáu īⁿ pún-pō͘ í-gōa, Khó-chhì-īⁿ ē-kha koh ū 4 ê tiong-iong jī-kip ki-koan, hun-pia̍t sī Khó-soán-pō͘、Chn̂g-sū-pō͘、Pó-hùn-hōe kah Ki-kim kàm-lí-hōe. Khó-chhì-īⁿ só͘ chióng-koán ê "khó-chhì" sū-bū kah kàu-io̍k hong-bīn ê "khó-chhì" bô-kâng, sī hō͘ kok-ka thê-poa̍t iu-siù jîn-châi ê chhek-giām, chhin-chhiōⁿ Tiong-kok kó͘-chá-sî ê kho-kí. Só͘-í, Khó-chhì-īⁿ kí-pān ê kong-chit jîn-oân ko-phó͘-khó kah Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ só͘ kí-pān ê seng-ha̍k khó-chhì (chhiōⁿ kok-tiong kàu-io̍k hōe-khó) bô-kâng, Khó-chhì-īⁿ tû-liáu kí-pān kong-chit jîn-oân khó-soán í-gōa, mā ū pān-lí choan-mn̂g chit-gia̍p kah ki-su̍t jîn-oân ê khó-chhì (kán-chheng **choan-ki-ko-khó**), hō͘ ū choan-gia̍p he̍k-chiá te̍k-sû ki-su̍t ê jîn-oân (chhiōⁿ i-seng, lu̍t-su, kiàn-tio̍k-su, ki-su) téng-téng ê choan-gia̍p jîn-oân ē-sái the̍h-tio̍h kok-ka ê chu-keh jīn-chèng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-hôa_Bîn-kok_tiong-iong_chèng-hú_ki-koan
Ann Rose Nu Tawng

**Ann Rose Nu Tawng** （）sī Bián-tiān chi̍t-ê Thian-chú-kàu Sèng-hong-chē ê lú-cheng, i tī 2021 nî kam-goān hi-seng ka-kī ê sìⁿ-miā, mā-ài pó-hō͘ tô-lān ê lâng, ín-khí Thian-chú-kàu Kàu-hông kah BBC ê chù-ì, i mā hō͘-lâng soán ji̍p-khì BBC Kin-kok Pah-miâ jîn-soán. 

## Seng-pêng
Ann Rose Nu Tawng sī Sèng-hong-chē ê lú-cheng. 

Tong-sî kéng-chhat tī Myitkyina lia̍h-pó͘ siàu-liân ê khòng-gī-chiá ê sî, i hō͘-lâng chù-ì tio̍h.Khòng-gī-chiá chah in ka-kī chè-chō ê tún-pâi kah an-choân-mō͘-á, kéng-chhat sī kui-sin-khu pau-bi̍t-bi̍t. Khòng-gī oa̍h-tōng hoat-seng tī 2021 nî 2-ge̍h chhoe-1 Aung San Suu Kyi hō͘ kun-hong chèng-piàn thui-hoan liáu-āu. Ann Rose Nu Tawng kūi--lo̍h-lâi kiû kéng-hong mài tùi i siu-iông ê siàu-liân-lâng khí-kha-tāng-chhiú. I kóng kûn-chiòng sī hô-pêng khòng-gī, m̄-koh kèng-hong kóng in kan-na sī chip-hêng jīm-bū. Ann Rose Nu Tawng kóng nā-sī boeh thâi-lâng, i ē-tàng hiàn-chhut in sìⁿ-miā.

Kèng-hong ê thó-lūn ōe-bīn hō͘  koan-chhat-goân hip--lo̍h-lâi, jî-chhiáⁿ kong-pò͘ tī bāng-lō͘ téng, āu-lâi hō͘ BBC kah *[[The Guardian|Ūi-pò]]* pò-tō.Kàu-hông mā-ū phêng-lūn in hi-seng ê kú-tōng.

2021 nî 12-ge̍h, BBC kā i phêng-ûi Kin-kok Pah-miâ chi-it.

## Chù-sek

Lūi-pia̍t:1975 nî chhut-sì
Lūi-pia̍t:Chāi-sè jîn-bu̍t
Lo-lōng-choân

**Lo-lōng-choân** (Hàn-jī: 罗弄泉; Eng-gí: *Lorong Chuan*) sī Sin-ka-pho Tang-pak-khu Si̍t-liông-kong ê chi̍t ê hun-khu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tang-pak-khu (Sin-ka-pho)
Sù-bí (Sin-ka-pho)

**Sù-bí** (Hàn-jī: 四美; Eng-gí: *Simei*) sī Sin-ka-pho Tang-khu Tām-pin-nî ê chi̍t ê hun-khu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tang-khu (Sin-ka-pho)
Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-ka-pho ê kui-ōe-khu
Tyler Alvarez

**Tyler Alvarez** (), pún-miâ **Tyler Sage Alvarez**, sī chi̍t-ūi Bí-kok ê ián-goân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok cha-po͘ ián-goân
Sè-pau-mo̍͘h

**Sè-pau-mo̍͘h** (**細胞膜**) sī hun-keh sè-pau lāi-bīn kah gōa-bīn ê mo̍͘h, i sī iû siang-têng lîn-chi (雙重磷脂) cho͘-sêng--ê.
Lūi-pia̍t:Sè-pau kái-phó͘-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Mo̍͘h-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Sè-pau khì-koan
Tiong Ka-tòng

**Tiong Ka-tòng** (1977-nî 7-ge̍uh - ; **Tiunn Ka-tòng**), Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok An-hui síng Hok-khiu kuān jîn-sū, kok-tsè kuan-hē ha̍k-tsiá, Siōng-hhái Ho̍k-tàn Tāi-ha̍k Lâm-a gián-kiú tiong-sim tsú-jīm, It-tài it-lōo gián-kiú tiong-sim tsú-jīm, Bí-kok gián-kiú tiong-sim ê kàu-siū, Tâi-uân gián-kiú tiong-sim ê kàu-siū.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Nuclear proliferation
*Counterterrorism
*Export control
*China–United States relations

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* 张家栋 - 复旦大学国际问题研究院 
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiuⁿ--sī
Lūi-pia̍t:1977 nî chhut-sì
Lūi-pia̍t:Chāi-sè jîn-bu̍t
Le̍k-sek Kiàn-tio̍k

右|縮圖|250x250像素|Bí-kok Kok-ka Khoân-kéng Pó-hō͘-kio̍k Kansas-siâⁿ Kho-ki Tiong-sim. Chit-ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t ū í-hā ê le̍k-sek kòng-hiàn:<br /><br />
[縮圖|270x270像素|[Technische Kang-gia̍p Tāi-ha̍k siat-kè ê chi̍t-keng a-jia̍t-tài choân seng-thài kiám-thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê chhù. Kā thài-iông-lêng tòng-chò ûi-it ê lêng-goân, ū lâng kap chū-jiân kiōng-chûn ê koan-tiám]]
**Le̍k-sek kiàn-tio̍k** ah-sī **Le̍k kiàn-tio̍k** () sī chi̍t-khoán tī pún-sin koh-ū i ê sú-iōng ê sèⁿ-miā chiu-kî tang-tiong, phì-jû: soán-chí, siat-kè, kiàn-siat, êng-ūn, ûi-hō͘, hoan-sin, thiah-tû téng-téng ê múi-chi̍t-ê kai-tōaⁿ lóng ū chò-kàu khoân-kéng iú-siān kap chu-goân iú-hāu ūn-iōng ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t. Mā ē-sái kóng, le̍k-sek kiàn-tio̍k tī-leh siat-kè siōng ê bo̍k-te̍k sī beh tī jîn-chō kiàn-tio̍k chham chū-jiân khoân-kéng chi-kan chhōe-tio̍h chi̍t-ê pêng-hêng. Che tio̍h su-iàu siat-kè thoân-tūi, kiàn-tio̍k-su, kang-têng-su hām kheh-hō͘ tī choan-àn ê ta̍k-ê kai-tōaⁿ lāi phòe-ha̍p. Le̍k-sek kiàn-tio̍k ê si̍t-chok tio̍h pó͘-thiⁿ-liáu kó͘-tián kiàn-tio̍k siat-kè tī keng-chè hāu-ek, si̍t-iōng-tek, nāi-iōng-tō͘ chham sù-sī-tō͘ hong-bīn ê put-chiok.

## Le̍k-kiàn-tio̍k chí-phiau
Le̍k-kiàn-tio̍k tī-leh kòe-khì sī kóng, *siau-mô͘ siōng chió ê tē-kiû chu-goân, chè-chō siōng chió ê hùi-khì-bu̍t* ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t, m̄-koh chit-má ê kái-soeh koh-khah khoah: ''seng-thài'', ''chiat-lêng'', *kiám-hùi*, ''kiān-khong'' ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t.
## Siat-kè goân-chek
[縮圖|267x267像素|[Lillis Khì-gia̍p Chong-ha̍p Tōa-lâu chiàⁿ-bīn ê piah sī sú-iōng Kiàn-tio̍k chéng-ha̍p thài-iông-lêngê chò-hoat]]

* Chún-chat lêng-goân: lī-iōng thài-iông-lêng. Kin-kù chū-jiânthang-hong ê goân-lí lâi siat-tì hē-thóng, hō͘ kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t ē-tàng lī-iōng joa̍h--lâng ê sî ê hong-hiòng.
* Chún-chat chu-goân
* Chún-chat chúi chu-goân
* Hôe-kui Tāi-chū-jiân
* Sù-sī koh kiān-khong ê seng-oa̍h khoân-kéng
* Tang-loán-hā-liâng

## Ta̍k-ê kok-ka he̍k-chiá tē-khu ê jīn-chèng chè-tō͘
[縮圖|[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lōe-chèng-pō͘ Le̍k-kiàn-tio̍k Phiau-chiong 2005 nî pán]]

Lūi-pia̍t:Kiàn-tio̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Kē lêng-goân siau-mô͘ kiàn-tio̍k
Chhian-jîn kè-ōe

**Tshian-jîn kè-uē** (hàn-gú: 千人計劃; hái-guā ko-tsân-tshù jîn-tsâi ín-tsìn kè-uē (海外高層次人才引進計劃)) sī Tiong-kok kiōng-sán-tóng tiong-iong uí-guân-huē tsoo-tsit-pōo, Tiong-huâ jîn-bîn kiōng-hô-kok jîn-li̍k tsu-guân hām siā-huē pó-tsiong-pōo tsú-kuán, Tiong-iong jîn-tsâi kang-tsok hia̍p-tiāu sió-tsoo 2008-nî 12-gue̍h khí tsoo-tsit si̍t-si kè-uē, kè-uē sì-khoo-liàn-tńg tio̍h Tiong-kok huat-tián tsiàn-lio̍k bo̍k-piau, tiōng-tiám ín-tsìn teh hái-guā ha̍k-si̍p tsō-si̍t ê ko̍-tsân-tshù jîn-tsâi. Teh 2018-nî 9gue̍h 29-ji̍t, tshian-jîn kè-uē tshing-liân hāng-bo̍k phîng-sím kang-tsok sió-tsoo in-uī khó-liông tio̍h kàu hái-guā jîn-tsâi ê an-tsuân pó-tsiong; jî-lâi iau-kiû put-tik tuì-guā kong-khai the̍h-tio̍h "Tshian-jîn kè-uē" tsia--ê jī-gán. Tī 2020-nî 4-gue̍h 18-ji̍t, "Tshian-jîn kè-uē" teh Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k ê Baidu, Sogou tíng-tíng ê tshiau-tshuē e̋n-jín í-ki̍p Weibo, WeChat tíng-tíng ê siā-kau bāng-lōo ê tshiau-tshuē kiat-kó í-king hông pîn-pâi. 

Tī 2018-nî liáu-āu, Bí-kok liân-pang tiâu-tsa-kio̍k jīm-uî tsit-ê kè-uē sī-iû Tiong-kok kiōng-sán-tóng tsú-tō; kè-uē sîng-uân khan-kha̍p iû Tiong-huâ jîn-bîn kiōng-hô-kok tsìng-hú tsí-hui hā ê kàn-tia̍p hîng-uî.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Tiong-kok hêng-tōng kè-ōe
*Changjiang Scholars Program (長江學者獎勵計劃)
*（siang-tîng tui-sòo; 雙重追訴、雙重危險、雙重危險禁止原則）
* (tsua̍t-tuì-sìng tap-piān; 絕對性答辯)
*Ok-mô͘ kah Amorth sîn-hū

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* Chinese Talent Program Tracker at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology
Liân-in-sī

**Liân-in sī** (hàn-gú: 蓮因寺; Lianyin Temple; huān-gú: कमलम्हेतु अरण्य (Kamalam-Hetu Araṇya); tl：Lên-in Sī (Лêн-ин Сӣ); gô-gú: Ленинь Храм) sī khiā-tī Tâi-uân Lâm-tâu kuān Tsuí-lí hiong ê hu̍t-sī. Uî tshàm-hûn huat-su tī 1963-nî kah tē-tsú Sìng-in (性因) huat-su tī Tsuí-lí hiong ting-khàm tshun sóo tshòng-kiàn ê hu̍t-sī. I-tsí tong-tāi lu̍t-tsong tāi-tik Tsû-tsiu tāi-su, thuân-sîng "Í kài uî su" (以戒為師) ê tsông-lîm tō-tiûnn tsok-hong.

## Tsai-kài ha̍k-huē
Uì 1966-nî khai-sí, Liân-in sī khai-pān tāi-tsuan tshing-liân "Tsai-kài ha̍k-huē" (齋戒學會). Ta̍k-nî hioh-kuânn hām hioh-jua̍h kok khai-pān "Pat-kuan tsai-kài" (八關齋戒) tsi̍t-piàn, hioh-jua̍h ta̍k-pái nn̄g-kài, hioh-kuânn tsi̍t-kài.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Guangji Temple (Beijing)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*蓮因寺資訊網 
*蓮因寺簡介 - 蓮因寺 
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Chúi-lí-hiong
Eliza Scanlen

**Eliza Jane Scanlen** () sī chi̍t-ūi Ò-chiu ê cha-bó͘ ián-goân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-chiu ián-goân
Tong-san Ah-thâu

**Tong-san ah-thâu** sī 1970 nî-tāi ùi Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm-chhī Tong-san-khu khí-ke ê ū-miâ ah-bah sió-tiám-á. Tī hit-liah ê Chan-bûn-khe in-ūi chhī chúi-ah ū-miâ.

## Châi-liāu
Tāi-pō͘-hūn sī ah-thâu kah ām-kún, mā ē lām ah-si̍t-á, tn̂g-á-tō͘, chi̍h, kha-chhng, ah-chiúⁿ kah ah-thúi.

## Chiùⁿ
Iōng thn̂g-ko a̍h-sī be̍h-gê-thn̂g, tāu-iû, hàn-io̍h téng-téng phòe-liāu kā bī chú kah kiâm-tiⁿ kiâm-tiⁿ.

## Chè-chok
縮圖|Tong-san ah-thâu

* Iōng chiùⁿ khì ló͘ ah-thâu, hō͘ chiùⁿ ê bī cháu li̍p-khì si̍t-châi lāi-té.
* Koh iōng ko-un kā si̍t-châi chìⁿ kah so͘-so͘-so͘, jiân-āu chia̍h iōng tek chhiám-á chhiám khí-lâi bē.

## Chham-kiàn

* Tâi-oân sió-tiám-á
* Tâi-oân liāu-lí
* Tâi-oân chia̍h-si̍t
* Tâi-lâm sió-tiám-á

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-lâm-chhī chia̍h-si̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Tong-san-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Ah-bah chè-phín chham ah-bah liāu-lí
Bân-lâm hu̍t-ha̍k īⁿ

**Bân-lâm hu̍t-ha̍k īnn** (hàn-gú: 閩南佛學院) khia-tī Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn síng Ē-mn̂g tshī Lâm phóo-tô sī (南普陀寺) ê lāi-té, iû  (臨濟宗) Ài-hûn phài (喝雲派) tsi-hā ê Tsuán-hông (轉逢) huê-siūnn kah Lâm phoo-tô sī si̍p-hong tsông-lîm tē-1 jīm tsú-tshî  Huē-tsuân (會泉) huat-su kiōng-tông tshòng-pān tī 1925-nî 9-gue̍h 1-ji̍t. Bân-lâm Hu̍t-ha̍k īnn uî Tiong-kok siong-tsá ê Hu̍t-ha̍k īnn.

## Li̍k-sú kài-hóng
1925-nî 9-gue̍h 1-ji̍t, tsit-kang sī Bân-lâm Hu̍t-ha̍k īñ ê tshòng-pān ji̍t. Siú-jīm īnn-tiúnn sī Huē-tsuân (會泉) huat-su, hù īnn-tiúnn uî Siông-sing (常惺) huat-su.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Eight precepts

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*闽南佛学院
Chiat-chún Lêng-goân

[右|縮圖|267x267像素|Gōa-kháu ê kóng-kò-teng chin  liáu lêng-goân, mā ē chō-sêng [kng-hāi lâi u-jiám lán ê khoân-kéng]]
**Chiat-chún lêng-goân** (kán-chheng-chò **chiat-lêng**, mā ē-tàng kóng **chún-chat lêng-goân**) sī iōng kiám-chió lêng-goân siau-mô͘ ê hong-sek lâi kiám-chió tùi khoân-kéng ê u-jiám. Chiat-lêng ē-sái thàu-kòe thê-koân lêng-goân ê sú-iōng hāu-lu̍t, he̍k-chiá sī kàng-kē thoân-thóng lêng-goân ê siau-mô͘-liōng. Chún-chat lêng-goân ē-tàng kiám-chió un-sek khì-thé pâi-kàu tāi-khì-khoan, kiám-chió thòaⁿ-sò͘ kha-jiah, hō͘ tāi-khì tang-tiong ê un-sek khì-thé ûi-chhî tī tú-tú-á hó ê chōng-thài, í-bián chō-sêng khì-hāu ē ū chiok tōa ê kái-piàn.
Lūi-pia̍t:Khoân-kéng pó-hō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Khì-hāu piàn-tōng
Lūi-pia̍t:Chiat-lêng kiám-thòaⁿ-sò͘
Scoville niû-pió

**Scoville niû-pió** (ing-gú: Scoville scale; **Scoville liōng-huà tsí-piau**) sī kin-kì huan-kiunn-á sòo ê lông-tōo, í Scoville jia̍t tan-uī (SHU) kì-lio̍k ê  kah kî-thann bu̍t-tsit ê hiam-lua̍h tōo (hi̍k-tsiá "jia̍t-tōo") ê tshik-liông ti̍t, kî-tiong hiam-lua̍h sòo sī tsú-iàu sîng-hūn.

Tsit-ê niû-pió í-kî tshòng-sū jîn, Bí-kok io̍h-tse-su Wilbur Scoville ê miâ-jī bīng-miâ, Wilbur Scoville tī 1912-nî the̍h-tshut ê hong-huat hông kiò-tsò Scoville kám-kuan tshik-tshì. Scoville kám-kuan ê tshik-tshì sī tsi̍t-tsióng tsú-kuan ê pîng-kóo, iû-î tsia̍h-kuè hiam-kiunn-á ê jîn-luī tuì luī hiam-kiunn-á sòo ê m-bín-kám-tōo sóo ttik-tshut–ê.

Līng-guā tsi̍t-tsióng hong-huat, tio̍h-sī ko-hāu i̍k-siōng sik-phóo-huat (HPLC); ē-tàng iōng-teh hun-sik liōng-huà luī hiam-kiunn-á sòo hâm-liōng, tsò-uî tshì-kik liōng-huà tsí-piau. Tsia̍t-tsí 2011-nî, tsú-kuan kám-kuan tshik-tshì í-king teh tsiânn-tuā thîng-tōo tíng-kuân hōo HPLC tíng-tíng hun-sik hong-huat sóo-lâi tshú-tāi.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*pH
*Sng

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* Wilbur Scoville profile on
NNDB

**NNDB** (Notable Names Database (NNDB)) bîng-jîn sòo-kì-khòo sī tsi̍t-ê pau-kuat 40,000 guā lâng siông-sè lí-li̍k ê . Soylent Communications sī tsi̍t-king to̍k-tsu khì-gia̍p, ia̍h-sī tsú-pān kuè tsit-má í-king kái-suànn ê Rotten.com suànn-tíng kong-si, Kā NNDB biâu-su̍t uî tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t ê "tsîng-pò tsū-ha̍p-khì (intelligence aggregator)", tu̍t-tshut in-ê jîn-tsè kuan-hē. Rotten.com líng-i̍k tī 1996-nî iû-tsiân Apple hām Netscape nńg-thé kang-tîng-su Thomas E. Dell tsù-tsheh, i ia̍h iōng i-ê internet tsi pia̍miâ "Soylent" jî-lâi bûn-miâ.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*NameBase

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Chu-liāu-khò͘
Chhiám-á (tek-á)

縮圖|
**Chhiám-á**, a̍h-sī **tek-chhiám-á**, **tek-chhiám**, sī chi̍t-khoán chhú-lí chia̍h-mi̍h ê ke-si. Chú-iàu ê iōng-tô͘ sī kā mn̍gh-kiāⁿ chhiám chò-hóe, chhiūⁿ: hang-bah, a̍h-sī koh-chióng ê sió-tiám-á. Tek-chhiám-á sī iōng tek-á chò--ê, só͘-í hō-chò chit-ê miâ. Ū-sî, tī gōa-kháu chhiú-lāi kan-na ū tek-chhiám-á ê sî, mā ū-lâng ē kā nn̄g-ki the̍h chò-hóe, chò tī lâi iōng. 

## Chham-kiàn

* Khí-thok
Lūi-pia̍t:Chìn-si̍t ke-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Chú-chia̍h ke-si
Má-koan Tiâu-iok

***Má-koan Tiâu-iok*** (、), koh hō-chò ***Ē-koan Tiâu-iok*** (), ***Chheng Ji̍t Káng-hô Tiâu-iok*** () he̍k-chiá ***Tiong Ji̍t Káng-hô Tiâu-iok***, sī Tāi-chheng Tè-kok kah Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok tī 1895 nî 4 goe̍h 17 hō (Tāi-chheng Kong-sū 21 nî 3 goa̍h 23 hō; Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok Bêng-tī 28 nî 4 goe̍h 17 hō) chhiam-tèng ê tiâu-iok.

Chit-ê tiâu-iok chèng-sek soan-kò Kah-ngó͘ chiàn-cheng ê kiat-sok, mā hō͘ Tāi-chheng Tè-kok kā Hok-kiàn Tâi-oân-séng (hâm Phêⁿ-ô͘) kah liâu-lêng-séng lâm-pō͘ ê Liâu-tang Poàn-tó koah hō͘ Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok; Tâi-oân tio̍h ùi-chia khai-sí 50 tang ê Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi. Siâng-sî, Tāi-chheng Tè-kok soan-pò͘ beh hòng-khì tùi Tiâu-sián kúi-pah-tang ê chong-chú-kok tē-ūi, hō͘ Ji̍t-pún ē-sái tī kúi-nā tang í-āu kā Tiâu-sián chiàm-khì. Liâu-tang poàn-tó in-ūi Lō͘-se-a, Tek-kok kah Hoat-kok kài-ji̍p tio̍h bô koah chhut--khì ah.

## Chù-kha
Khái-soân-mn̂g

[右|縮圖|300x300像素|[Arc de triomphe de l'Étoile|Pa-lí Khái-soân-mn̂g]]
**Khái-soân-mn̂g** sī chi̍t-khoán kì-liām-sèng ê to̍k-li̍p kiàn-tio̍k kiat-kò͘, oân-kong-mn̂g hêng, sī mn̂g ê chi̍t-khoán. Siōng kán-tan ê hêng-sek ê khái-soân-mn̂g sī iû: nn̄g-ê oân-kong-mn̂g liân-chiap ê tōa kiô-chiam lâi cho͘-sêng, téng-koân ū chi̍t-ê kng-seⁿ--ê thiāu-téng he̍k-chiá sī lâu-koh, téng-thâu ē-tàng an tiau-siōng he̍k-chiá ū khek kì-liām bêng-bûn. Chú-thé kiat-kò͘ thong-siông ē khek chng-thāⁿ, phû-tiau chham hōng-hiàn-chiá téng-téng. Koh-khah iù-kang ê khái-soân-mn̂g mā ū khó-lêng siat chē-ê oân-kong-mn̂g.

Khái-soân-mn̂g sī kā Kó͘-tāi Lô-má kiàn-tio̍k ū koan-hē, sī siōng ū éng-hióng-la̍t kah siōng te̍k-sû ê kiàn-tio̍k lūi-hêng chi-it. Khái-soân-mn̂g hŏng jīn-ûi sī kó͘-tāi Lô-má-lâng só͘ kiàn--ê, iōng-lâi kì-liām chiàn-cheng sèng-lī ê tiōng-tāi kong-kiōng sū-kiāⁿ, phì-lūn kóng, kiàn-li̍p sin--ê si̍t-bîn-tē, kiàn-chō tō-lō͘ a̍h-sī kiô, hông-sit sêng-oân kòe-sin, he̍k-chiá sī sin hông-tè chē-thiⁿ téng-téng. Lâu kàu hiān-tāi ê Lô-má khái-soân-mn̂g ū Tito Khái-soân-mn̂g, Settimio Severo Khái-soân-mn̂g kah Costantino Khái-soân-mn̂g. Chia ê khái-soân-mn̂g khai-phòa-liáu chin chē āu-Lô-má kok-ka chham thóng-tī-chiá lâi bô͘-hóng, tì-sú sè-kài koh-tè lóng lâi óa kó͘-tāi Lô-má khái-soân-mn̂g ê iūⁿ khí ka-tī ê mn̂g. Siōng chhut-miâ--ê sī Hoat-kok ê Pa-lê Khái-soân-mn̂g, Lō͘-se-a Sèng Pí-tek-pó ê Narva Khái-soân-mn̂g kah Eng-kok Lûn-tun ê Wellington Oân-kong-mn̂g.

Khái-soân-mn̂g sêng-pún tio̍h ū khèng-chiok kun-sū sêng-kong ê soan-thoân kong-lêng, in-chhú bô èng-tong chham kì-liām mn̂g, oân-kong-mn̂g kah siâⁿ-mn̂g lām chò-hóe kóng. Phì-lūn, Tek-kok Pek-lîm ê Brandenburg Mn̂g, Bí-kok Niú-iok ê Washington Kóng-tiûⁿ Oân-kong-mn̂g he̍k-chiá sī Ìn-tō͘ Sin Delhi ê Ìn-tō͘ Mn̂g.
Lūi-pia̍t:Chiàn-cheng kì-liām-but
Lūi-pia̍t:Khái-soân-mn̄g
Éng-chheng

**Éng-chheng** sī Tâi-oân tī 1895 nî 5-goe̍h 25 kah 10-goe̍h 21 iōng ê nî-hō, ì-sù sī "Éng-oán hāu-tiong Tāi-chheng", in-ūi Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok sêng-li̍p bô-gōa-kú tio̍h hőng bia̍t-bông ah, chit-ê nî-hō lóng-chóng iōng pah-gō͘ kang niā-niā.
Tâi-oân-séng Chèng-hú Chú-se̍k

**Tâi-oân-séng chèng-hú chú-se̍k** (it-poaⁿ kán-chheng-chò **Tâi-oân-séng Chú-se̍k**; tī lāi-pō͘ kán-chheng-chò **Séng-hú Chú-se̍k**) sī Tiong-hôa bîn-kok Tâi-oân-séng siōng koân hêng-chèng siú-tiúⁿ, mā-sī Tâi-oân-séng Chèng-hú ê chú-koaⁿ. Iû Hêng-chèng-īⁿ īⁿ-tiúⁿ thê-chhiáⁿ Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chóng-thóng jīm-bēng, hū-chek Séng-chèng-hú hat-sio̍k (轄屬) ê koh-hāng chèng-bū. Chit-ê koaⁿ-chit ùi 1947 nî 5--goe̍h 16 khai-sí, tī 1994 nî 12--goe̍h 21 khai-sí bat kái-chè-chò Tâi-oân-séng séng-bîn ti̍t-soán ê **Tâi-oân-séng Séng-tiúⁿ**, hoat-tēng jīm-kî sì-tang; āu--lâi in-ūi Tâi-oân-séng Chèng-hú ê kong-lêng gia̍p-bū kah cho͘-chit tiâu-chéng, 1998 nî 2--goe̍h 21 koh-chài khoe-ho̍k chhú chit. 2018 nî 7--goe̍h chhe-1, Hêng-chèng-īⁿ kā Séng-chèng-hú ê gia̍p-bū iông-ji̍p tiong-iong chèng-hú; chit-ê chit-ūi tio̍h khàng kàu chit-má. 2019 nî khai-sí chèng-sek la̍p-ji̍p Hêng-chèng-īⁿ ê gia̍p-bū ī-soàn tang-tiong - Séng-chèng-hú ê ī-soàn kui-lêng (歸零)--khì.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê tē-hng siú-tiúⁿ
Ok-mô͘ kah Amorth sîn-hū

**Ok-môo kah Amorth ** (The Devil and Father Amorth) sī tsi̍t-pōo 2017-nî ê Bí-kok kì-lio̍k-phìñ, iû William Friedkin sóo tsip-hîng tō-ián, kì-lio̍k Italy Alatri tshun ê tsi̍t-miâ kiò-tsò "Cristina" ê hū-lú tsi tē-9 pái khu-môo, tsi̍t-piàn khu-môo gî-sik sī-iû Gabriele Amorth sîn-hū sóo tsú-tshî.

## Ên-guân
* Gabriele Amorth
* Robert Barron
* William Friedkin

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Box Office Mojo
*74th Venice International Film Festival
*LD Entertainment
*The Orchard (company)
*Vanity Fair (magazine)
*Louisiana chiu ê hoat-lu̍t

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

*
Chheng-kok kok-kî

**N̂g-lêng-kî** sī Chheng-kok 1888 nî í-āu iōng ê kok-kî.

## Pōe-kéng
Siōng-chá Tiong-kok bô kok-kî ê kài-liām, m̄-koh àn-chiàu hit-tang-chūn ê kok-chè si̍p-koàn, nā chûn bô kòa kok-kî tio̍h ē hőng tòng-chò sī hái-chha̍t, só͘-í Tiong-kok-lâng tio̍h tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kòa gōa-kok kok-kî lâi bō͘-e̍k, chō-sêng chi̍t-kóa gō͘-hōe, tio̍h put-sî ū gōa-kok tāi-sài kiàn-gī Chheng-kok mā ka-kī chè-tēng chi̍t-ê kok-kî, hong-piān in chai-iáⁿ he sī tó-ūi lâi ê chûn, mā hong-piānTiong-kok-lâng chò seng-ì.

## Le̍k-sú
### Saⁿ-kak N̂g-lêng-kî

1862 nî khai-sí, Chheng-kok chè-tēng saⁿ-kak-hêng ê kî-á lâi khǹg tī koaⁿ-chûn téng-koân, m̄-koh chèng-hú iá-sī bô kā i tòng-chò sī kok-kî.

### Tn̂g-ko-hêng N̂g-lêng-kî
1881 nî, Chheng-kok hoat-hiān tio̍h pat-ê kok-ka lóng-sī iōng tn̂g-ko-hêng ê kî-á, soah kā Saⁿ-kak N̂g-lêng-kî kái-chò tn̂g-ko-hêng.

Chheng-kok koaⁿ-oân tī gōa-kok ê sî, khòaⁿ-tio̍h pa̍t-ê kok-ka lóng ū ka-kī ê kî-á, kan-na Chheng-kok bô mi̍h-kiāⁿ thang kòa, tio̍h chhiáⁿ Chû-hi Thài-hiō chè-tēng kok-kî, siōng-bóe i soán-te̍k N̂g-lêng-kî chò Chheng-kok kok-kî, pēng-chhiáⁿ soaⁿ-po͘ tùi Kong-sū 14 nî (1888 nî) khai-sí, N̂g-lêng-kî chiâⁿ-chò Tāi-chheng kok-kî.
Ke-tâi

Mā ē-tàng liām tsò "kue-tâi", "kere-tâi". Sī tsi̍t tsióng thâng-á, senn tī ke ê sing-siōng. Ke-á senn ke-tâi sī tsin phóo-phiàn ê tāi-tsì.
Ka-tsáu

hàn-jī siá tsò"虼蚤". Thé-hîng tsin sè, guā-piáu sī 深咖啡色. Āu-kha tn̂g koh ū-la̍t, gâu thiàu. tiānn-tiānn kià-senn tī 哺乳動物 sin--siōng. Khò suh-hueh為生.
IShowSpeed

**Darren Watkins, Jr.** (Eng-gí: *Darren Watkins Junior*; chhut-sì 2005 nî 1 goe̍h 21 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê ián-goân.
Link 22

**Link 22** (Link 22) sī HF hām UHF pîn-tuān ê an-tsuân sòo-jī bô-suànn-tiān liān-lōo, tsú-iàu iû kun-tuī iōng-teh .

## Li̍k-sú
Link 22 ê bo̍k-piau sī:

## Link 22 kài-lám
Link 22 sī pak tāi-se-iûñ kong-iok tso-tsit (NATO) ê an-tsuânbô-suànn-tiān hē-thóng, ē-tàng thê-kiong  (BLOS) thong-sìn. Link 22 hōo-siong liân-thong khong-tiong, tē-bīn, tsuí-hā kah tē-bīn tsiàn-su̍t sòo-kì hē-thóng; pīng-tshiánn iōng teh tsham-ú-kok kun-sū tan-uī tsi-kan ê tsiàn-su̍t sòo-kì kau-uānn. Link 22 tio̍h-beh teh hô-pîng sî-kî, guî-kî sî-kî kah tsian-tsing tang-tiong pōo-sú; í-lâi tsi-tshî pak-iok hām bîng-kun ê tsian-tsing jīm-bū.

Link 22 kè-uē siōng khai-sí sī iû 7 ê kok-ka "lí-kái pī-bōng-lio̍k" () ê tsi-tshî tsi-hā ha̍p-tsok khai-tián. Siōng khai-sí 7 ê kok-ka sī Canada, Huat-kok, Tik-kok, Italy, Hô-lân, Ing-kok (UK) kah Bí-kok (US), kî-tiong Bí-kok sī tsú-pān-kok. Sepangâ í-king tshú-tāi sîng-uî NILE  "NATO Link 11 ê kái-tsìn pán" (NATO Improved Link Eleven) ê ing-gú kán-sok jī-thâu) kok-ka.

Link 22 khai-huat sī uī-tio̍h tshú-tāi hām khik-ho̍k Link 11 ê í-ti khuat-hām. Link 22 iah-koh tsí-tsāi teh kah Link 16 tsìn-hîng póo-tshiong hām khin-sang hōo-siong tshau-tsok. Link 22 ê siat-kè kū-iú tsū-tōng-huà hām kán-tan ê kuán-lí; í-lâi khak-pó Link 22 pí  Link 11 kah Link 16 koh-khah iông-ī kuán-lí. Tsit-ê kè-uē hông kiò-tsò "NATO Link 11 ê kái-tsìn pán”, kán-tshing "NILE". NILE hē-thóng thê-kiong ê tsiàn-su̍t sòo-kì-liān í-king tsìng-sik bīng-miâ kiò-tsò Link 22.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

* The Link 22 portal for NILE Nations  @ NATO Improved Link Eleven (NILE)
* The Link 22 portal for Foreign Nations  @ NATO Improved Link Eleven (NILE)
* Link 22 modem (SPC) @ DRS Technologies
* Link 22 modem (SPC) @ Rockwell Collins (This product has been discontinued in 2015.)
* Link 22 modem (SPC) @ Elbit Systems Deutschland
* Link 22 International Government-Off-The-Shelf products presentation @ Northrop Grumman

## Tsham-ua̍t
*MIL-STD-6011 (Link 11)
*Link 16

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
*Link 22 solutions
*TechnoBit LINPro Tactical Data Link Processor for Link-22 and more
N̂g Jîn-hun

**N̂g Jîn-hun** (黃仁勳, , ) sī chi̍t ūi Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm chhut-sin ê Bí-kok seng-lí-lâng, i sī hōe-tô͘ cheng-phìⁿ kong-si NVIDIA ê kiōng-tông chhòng-pān-jîn kiam chip-hêng-tiúⁿ.
Chio̍h-ba̍k

**Chio̍h-ba̍k** (石墨) sī thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê chi̍t chióng tông-sò͘-thé. I ê sek-chúi o͘-o͘, ū kim-ku̍t, bô thang-kng, bong khí-lâi iû-leh-leh. Chio̍h-ba̍k ē kòe-tiān. 

## Kiat-kò͘
左|縮圖|200x200像素|chio̍h-ba̍k chân-chōng kiat-kò͘ ê chhek-bīn-tô͘
左|縮圖|200x200像素|chio̍h-ba̍k chân-chōng kiat-kò͘ ê téng-bīn-tô͘
Chio̍h-ba̍k ê chiⁿ-thé kiat-kò͘ sī pêⁿ-bīn chân-chōng (層狀). Múi chi̍t chân ê thòaⁿ-sò͘ goân-chú lóng sī chiáⁿ la̍k-kak-hêng.

## lō͘-ēng
Chio̍h-ba̍k ê lō͘-ēng pau-koat chè-chō tiān-ke̍k, iân-pit-iân (鉛筆鉛), ku̍t-lūn-che (滑潤劑), mā ē-sái tòng-chò tiong-chú kiám-sok-che (中子減速劑).

## 參看

* soān-chio̍h
* chio̍h-ba̍k-hi
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-su̍t châi-liāu
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad sī Bí-kok Walt Disney Chè-chok (Walt Disney Productions) kong-si 1949 nî chhut-phín ê tiān-iáⁿ, kái-pian chū British, American ê jî-tông siáu-soat *[[The Wind in the Willows]]*, *[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]*, sī Disney chè-chok ê tē 11 chhut tōng-ōe tn̂g-phiⁿ tiān-iáⁿ (feature film).

Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-oē
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Disney
Hia̍p-siong tsiong

縮圖|'''Hia̍p-siong tsiong'''
**Hia̍p-siong tsiong** (協商章) (; ) sī Kó͘-lân-keng ê tē-42 tsiong (surah).

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* https://quran.com/ash-shura

Lūi-pia̍t:Quran
Harris Dickinson

**Harris Dickinson** (), sī chi̍t-ūi Eng-lân ê cha-po͘ ián-goân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ián-goân
Louisiana chiu ê hoat-lu̍t

**Louisiana tsiu ê huat-lu̍t** (Law in the state of Louisiana; Law of Louisiana) ê huat-lu̍t pí-kàu Bí-kok kî-thann 49 ê tsiu ê huat-lu̍t kū-iú koh-khah tsē khuánn ê ian-guân. Su-huat ——  tio̍h-sī su-îng pōo-mn̂g tong-sū-jîn tsi-kan ê sit-the huat, tsú-iàu sī ha̍p-tông hām tshim-kuân hîng-uî —— kū-iú bîn-huat ti̍k-ting, í Huat-kok hām Sepangâ huat-tián í-ki̍p tsuè-tsiong ê Lômá-huat uî ki-tshóo, pīng siu--tio̍h tsi̍t-kuá Îngbí-huat ê íng-hióng. Louisiana tsiu ê hîng-huat tsiânn-tuā thîng-tōo siōng í Bí-kok ê Îng-bí huat uî ki-tshóo. Louisiana tsiu ê hîng-tsìng huat tsóng-thé siōng kah liân-pang tsìng-hú hām kî-thann tsiu ê hîng-tsìng huat luī-sū. Louisiana tsiu ê tîng-sū huat hām Bí-kok kî-thann tsiu ê ting-su huat ki-pún siōng it-tì,  lî-tshiánn Bí-kok kî-thann tsiu ê tîng-sū huat koh thong-siông í Bí-kok liân-pang bîn-sū sòo-siōng kui-tsik uî ki-tshóo.

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

* Cairns, John W. (2015). *Codification, transplants and history: law reform in Louisiana (1808) and Quebec (1866)*. Clark, NJ: Talbot Publishing.
* 
* 
*  

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Louisiana Bar Exam
*Louisiana Civil Code
*Louisiana State Bar Association
*Socialist law
*Bí-kok liân-pang bîn-sū sòo-siōng kui-tsik (Federal Rules of Civil Procedure)
*Fleitas v. Richardson

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Search Louisiana Laws . Official site of Louisiana State Legislature
* Louisiana Supreme Court. Official site of Louisiana Supreme Court.
* Louisiana Administrative Code from the Louisiana Office of the State Register
* Louisiana Register from the Louisiana Office of the State Register
* Local ordinance codes  from Public.Resource.Org
* Civil law to Common Law dictionary. Unofficial, self-archived copy of 1995 newsletter article, from personal website of Stephan Kinsella.
* Access to the Louisiana Civil Code in English and in French: LSU Paul M. Hebert Law Center, Center of Civil Law Studies
* Case law: 

Lūi-pia̍t:Au-lio̍k hoat-hē
Louisiana chiu chòe-ko hoat-īⁿ

**Louisiana tsiu tsuè-ko huat-īnn** (huat-gú: Cour suprême de Louisiane) sī Bí-kok Louisiana tsiu ê tsuè-ko huat-īñ hām tsiong-sím huat-īñ. Hiān-tsú-sî tsuè-ko huat-īñ iû 7-miâ huat-kuañ sóo tsoo-sîng, teh New Orleans ê  khui-tîng.

Tsuè-ko huat-īñ hām Louisiana tsiu huat-lu̍t li̍k-sú siōng í 18 sè-kí ê Huat-kok kah Sepangâ si̍t-bîn tsìng-hú uî ki-tshóo. Hiān-tsú-sî tsuè-ko huat-īñ ê kin-guân ē-tàng tui-sòo kàu tsia--ê  khai-tuan.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Louisiana ê huat-īnn (Courts of Louisiana)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*Louisiana Supreme Court Online
*Historical Archives of the Supreme Court of Louisiana (from the LOUISiana Digital Library)
Kok-Ka Káu-Io̍k Tiat-Lí

**Kok-Ka Káu-Io̍k Tiat-Lí** (Má-lâi-gír: Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan), sǐ Má-Lâi-Se-A thui-hêng ê kàu-io̍k hong-chiam. Bo̍k-tek sǐ ki-îr kok-bîn kàu-io̍k ê lé-liām, ta̍k-hǎng kàu-io̍k oa̍t-tǎng ê kír-pǒaⁿ long-sǐ ûi-liáu oân-sêng Kok-Ka Káu-Io̍k Tiat-Lí ê pún-tek, tio̍h sǐ sin-thé, chêng-kám, cheng-sîn, tī-le̍k, ka̍h siǎ-hǒe hong-bīn pêr-iúⁿ chôan-lêng ê lâng. Chit sǐ tùi kàu-io̍k choan-ka tǐr 1988 nî tiǎⁿ lo̍h-lâi ê.
Bí-kok lio̍k-kun iû-kî-peng ha̍k-hāu

**Bí-kok lio̍k-kun iû-kî-ping ha̍k-hāu** (U.S. Army Ranger School) sī tsi̍t-mn̂g uî-kî 62 kang ê Bí-kok lio̍k-kun sió pōo-tuī tsiàn-su̍t kah líng-tō-li̍k khò-tîng; tsú-iàu ê tsong-tsí teh puê-ióng kah pōo-tuī ti̍t-tsiap siong-kuan ê kong-lîng ki-lîng, tsia--ê pōo-tuī ê jīm-bū sī teh kīn kū-lî tsiàn-tàu kah ti̍t-tsiap hué-li̍k tsiàn-tàu tang-tiong kah ti̍k-lîn kau-tsiàn. Iû-kî-ping hùn-liān tī 1950-nî 9-gue̍h teh Georgia Benning pó (tsit-má kiò-tsò ) kiàn-li̍p. Uì sîng-li̍p í-lâi, iû-kî-ping khò-tîng kiông beh bô piàn-huà. It-ti̍t kàu tsuè-kīn, tse-sī tsi̍t-ē uî-kî 8-tsiu ê khò-tîng, hun-tsò 3-ê kai-tuāñ. Khò-tîng bo̍k-tsiân uî-kî 61 kang, hun-tsò 3-ê kai-tuāñ: Benning kai-tuāñ, suañ-tē kai-tuāñ kah  tâm-tsuí-tē kai-tuāñ.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

* 
* 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Ranger Assessment and Selection Program
*Recondo School
*United States Army Air Assault School
*United States Army Airborne School
*United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 
* 
* US Army Ranger Training Manuals
Nitrite

**Nitrite** (a-siau sng iâm; hàn-gú: 亞硝酸鹽) im lī-tsú ê huà-ha̍k sik uî NO−2. Nitrite (a-siau sng iâm, tsú-iàu sī a-siau sng iâm natrium (sodium nitrite)) kóng-huàn iōng-teh kui-ê huà-ha̍k hām tsè-io̍h. Nitrite im lī-tsú sī tsū-liân-kài tām-sòo sûn-khuân tang-tiong phóo-phiàn tsûn-tsāi ê tiong-kan thé. Nitrite tsit-ê bîng-tshing mā tsí-tshut kū-iú -ONO ki-thuân ê iú-ki hua-ha̍p-bu̍t, in sī "a-siau sng" (Nitrous acid) ê ester.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*
* Coudray, Guillaume, *Who poisoned your bacon*. London: Icon Books, 2021. 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Curing (food preservation)
*Alkyl nitrites

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Material Safety Data Sheet, sodium nitrite (archive)
*ATSDR – Case Studies in Environmental Medicine – Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity (archive) – US Department of Health and Human Services (kong-kiōng líng-i̍k)
*Article about Toxicity of Nitrite
Solar (koa-chhiú)

**Solar** (, ), pún-miâ **Kim Yong-sun** (), sī Hân-kok ê cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú. I taⁿ sī MAMAMOO ê sêng-oân.
Minatozaki Sana

**Minatozaki Sana** (; ), gē-miâ **Sana** (), sī Ji̍t-pún chhut-sin ê Hân-kok cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú. I taⁿ sī lú-chú thoân-thé Twice ê sêng-oân.
Lêng Gē-tok

縮圖|275x275像素|Lêng Gē-tok
**Lêng Gē-tok** (宁艺卓, ), gē-miâ **Ningning** (), sī Tiong-kok chhut-sin ê Hân-kok cha-bó͘ gē-jîn. I taⁿ sī lú-chú thoân-thé aespa ê sêng-oân.
Giselle (Ji̍t-pún koa-chhiú)

**Giselle** (, ), pún-miâ **Utinaga Eri** (), sī Ji̍t-pún chhut-sin ê Hân-kok cha-bó͘ gē-jîn. I taⁿ sī lú-chú thoân-thé aespa ê sêng-oân.
Karina (Hân-kok koa-chhiú)

**Karina** (, ), pún-miâ **Yu Ji-min** (), sī Hân-kok  ê cha-bó͘ gē-jîn. I taⁿ sī lú-chú thoân-thé aespa ê sêng-oân.
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Who Framed Roger Rabbit sī 1988 nî Touchstone Pictures chè-chok, Bí-kok ê tiān-iáⁿ.  

Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-oē
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Disney
Bián-e̍k kiám-cha-tiám

**Bián-i̍k kiám-tsa-tiám** (immune checkpoint) sī bián-i̍k hē-thóng ê tiâu-tsiat-khì. Tsia--ê tôo-kìng tuì tsū-ngóo nāi-siū tsì-kuan tiōng-iàu, ē-sái hông-tsí bián-i̍k hē-thóng bô-ka khu-pia̍t  teh kong-kik sè-pau. M̄-kū, ū tsi̍t-kuá-á tsíng-liû ē-tàng thong-kuè tshì-kik bián-i̍k kiám-tsa-tiám tsit-ê bo̍k-piau lai pó-hōo ka-kī bián-siū kong-kik..

Ap-tsè sìng kiám-tsa-tiám hun-tsú in-uī i teh tsiânn-tsē tsióng gâm-tsìng tang-tiong ê ìng-iōng tsiâm-li̍k in-tshú tsiânn-tsò gâm-tsìng bián-i̍k liâu-huat ê piau-pà. Bo̍k-tsiân phue-tsún ê kiám-tsa-tiám ap-tsè-tse ē-tàng tsóo-tn̄g CTLA4, PD-1 kah PD-L1. Pîng-tsiā siong-kuan khoh-ak ê huat-hiān,  hām  îng-hi̍k 2018-nî sing-bu̍t tsè-io̍h kho-ha̍k  kah Nobel sing-li tsióng hi̍k-tsiá i-ha̍k tsióng.

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

## Tsham-ua̍t
*CTLA4
*PD-1
*PD-L1

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Checkpoint Receptor Assays
*Immune Checkpoint Proteins
*Immune checkpoint inhibitors: use them early, combined and instead of
*Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
*Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Their Side Effects
*【2018諾貝爾生醫獎】癌症免疫療法新突破
Durvalumab

**Durvalumab** (piau-pà PD-L1) í Imfinzi phín-pâi siau-siū, sī FDA phue-tsún ê gâm-tsìng bián-i̍k liâu-huat, iû  Medimmune/AstraZeneca sóo khai-huat.Durvalumab sī tsi̍t-t-tsióng jîn-luī bián-i̍k kiû-nn̄g-pe̍h G1 kappa (IgG1κ) tuann clone khòng-thé, ē-tàng tsóo-tn̄g tîng-sū-sìng sè-pau sí-bông phuè-thé 1 (PD-L1) hām PD-1 (CD279) ê hōo-siong tsok-iōng. Durvalumab sī tsi̍t-tsióng bián-i̍k kiám-tsa-tiám ik-tsè-tsè io̍h-bu̍t.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*CTLA-4
*LAG-3
*Atezolizumab (Tecentriq; target PD-L1)
*Avelumab (Bavencio; target PD-L1)
*Pembrolizumab (Keytruda; target PD-1)
*Nivolumab (Opdivo; target PD-1)
*Cemiplimab (Libtayo; target PD-1)
*Ipilimumab (Yervoy; CTLA-4 inhibitor)
*Tremelimumab (Imjuno; CTLA-4 inhibitor)
*Relatlimab (LAG-3 inhibitor)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 
* 
*Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
*Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Their Side Effects
*【2018諾貝爾生醫獎】癌症免疫療法新突破
Tong-lîm tāi-hu̍t

**Tong-lîm tāi-hu̍t** (hàn-gú: 東林大佛;  ing-gú: Donglin Buddha; huān-gú: दओङलइन बुद्ध), uî Tsīng-thóo-tsong tsong-kàu tō-tiûnn. Tong-lîm tāi-hu̍t khiā-tī Tiong-kok Kang-se síng Kiú-kang tshī Lû-san tshī Un-tsuânn tìn Tsīng-thóo īñ, Lû-san ê lâm-hong; kuân 48m, Tong-lîm tāi-hu̍t sī sè-kài siōng-kuân ê A-mí-tōo hu̍t tâng-siōng. Tī 2013-nî tsùn-kang ê Tong-lîm tāi-hu̍t sī-iû ū tsīng-thóo-tsong tsóo-tîng tsi tshing-hoo ê Lû-san Tong-lîm sī sóo tiāu-kiàn. Tong-lîm sī sú-kiàn tī Tang-tsìn guân-hing guân-nî (kong-guân 402-nî), huat-me̍h thuân-sîng 1600 guā-nî, hióng-iú "Khong-lû sìng-kìng tē-it tō-tiûnn, thian-hā liân-tsong tsuè-tshoo tsóo-tîng" (匡廬勝境第一道場，天下蓮宗最初祖庭) tsi miâ-siann. Hāng-bo̍k iû Tiong-kok kok-ka tsong-kàu sū-bū kio̍k tī 2007-nî 5-gue̍h phue-tsún kiàn-siat. Tī 2013-nî 3-gue̍h, Tong-lîm sī tsīng-thóo īñ (Tong-lîm tāi-hu̍t kuán-lí hong) hōo Tiong-kok kok-ka tsong-kàu sū-bū kio̍k phue-tsún tsò Hu̍t-kàu tō-tiûñ. Tsóng tâu-tsu tāi-iok 4.7-ik khoo, tsuân-pōo kiàn-siat king-huì lâi-tsū sè-kài kok-tē sìn-tôo kah siān-sim jîn-sū ê kià-hù, kiàn-sîng liáu-āu bián-huì tuì-guā khai-hòng, bô-beh tsìn-hîng siong-gia̍p huà ê ūn-tsok.

## Tôo-siōng

File:Huxisanxiaotu.jpg|Sòng-tāi "Hóo-khe sam-tshiò tôo" (虎溪三笑图), uē tiong Tô Ian-bîn, Huī-uán, Lio̍k Siu-tsīng siong-huē Lôo-san, piáu-sī Jû Sik Tō sam-ka hô-bo̍k siong-tshù.
File:东林寺.JPG|Lôo-san Tong-lîm sī


## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Tong-lîm sī

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*東林大佛 景點介紹 
*東林大佛裝藏祝聖法會圓滿舉行