open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bûn-jī hē-thóng

:*Koan-hē tiān-náu ê "bûn-jī" chu-liâu, khòaⁿ [[bûn-jī (tiān-náu)]].*

**Bûn-jī hē-thóng** sī iōng tô·-hêng lâi kì-lok gí-giân ê hē-tóng. Chit chióng tô·-hêng, it-poaⁿ kiò-chòe bûn-jī. 1-ê gí-giân ē-sài iōng 1-chóng í-siōng ê bûn-jī hē-thóng lâi piáu-ta̍t. 1-ê bûn-jī hē-thóng ē-sài iōng tī 1-chóng í-siōng ê gí-giân. 1 thò bûn-jī hē-thóng kap 1-chóng gí-giân sio-kap ê sî, su-iàu 1-thò chiàⁿ-jī-hoat.

Bûn-jī hē-thóng it-poaⁿ ē-sài chho· hun chòe 3-lūi. **Piáu-ì bûn-jī** (logographic), **Im-chiat bûn-jī** (syllabic) kap **Phèng-im bûn-jī** (alphabetic).

## Bûn-jī hē-thóng ê le̍k-sú

## Piáu-ì/Tô·-siōng (Logographic) bûn-jī hē-thóng
Tī piáu-ì bûn-jī hē-thóng lāi, ki-pún-siōng 1-ê jī tio̍h tāi-piáu 1-ê oân-chéng ê kài-liām iah-sī ì-sù. Ūi-tio̍h beh piáu-ta̍t kap siá 1-ê gí-giân só·-ū ê kài-liām/ì-sù, su-iàu chin-chē bô-kâng ê jī. Kah phèng-im bûn-jī hē-thóng pí-khì-lâi, beh o̍h iōng piáu-ì bûn-jī siá 1-ê gí-giân ài ke poē chin-chē jī. Che sī piáu-ì bûn-jī ê 1-ê khat-tiám. In-ùi piáu-ì bûn-jī ê jī kap ì-sù sī sio-kap chò-hoé--ê. Kâng-khoán 1-thò piáu-ì bûn-jī hē-thóng chiáu-kóng ē-sài iōng-lâi siá bô-kâng-khoán ê gí-giân. M̄-koh, si̍t-chè siōng 1-thò piáu-ì bûn-jī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ka-na ē-sài tī chin oá ê gí-giân tiong-kan sio-thong. Pí-lūn kóng hàn-jī kap hàn-gí hē-thóng ê gí-giân. Che sī in-ùi SYNTAX ē hān-chè 1-ê piáu-ì bûn-jī ê thong-iōng-sèng. Ji̍p-pún-oē kap Hân-kok-oē lóng ū iōng hàn-jī, chia-ê hàn-jī ê ì-sù kap hàn-gí hē-thóng ê ì-sù chin-oá. M̄-koh, che 2-ê gí-giân kap hàn-gí chha chin-hn̄g. Só·-í, iōng hàn-jī siá ê hàn-gí bûn-jī tùi Ji̍p-pún-lâng kap hân-kok-lâng lâi kóng bô-hoat-tō lí-kái. 

Siōng tiōng-iàu ê piáu-ì bûn-jī hē-thóng sī hàn-jī. Kó·-chá ê Egypt bûn kap Maya bûn mā sī piáu-ì bûn-jī. M̄-koh chit 2-chióng bûn-jī í-kēng bô-leh-iōng--ah.

## Im-chiat (Syllabic) bûn-jī hē-thóng

## Phèng-im (Alphabetic) bûn-jī hē-thóng
1-ê phèng-im bûn-jī hē-thóng iōng 1-koá jī-bó lâi siá 1-ê gí-giân. Chia-ê jī-bó kap chit-ê gí-giân ê im-sò· ū siong-tong ê koan-hē. 1-ê lí-sióng ê phèng-im bûn-jī hē-thóng jī-bó kap im-sò· sī 1-ê tùi 1-ê tùi hó-hó: ē-hiáu siá tio̍h ē-hiáu tha̍k, ē-hiáu-tha̍k tio̍h ē-hiáu siá.

## Bûn-jī hē-thóng hun-lūi

Type of writing systemWhat each symbol representsExample
Piáu-ìmorphemeHàn-jī
Im-chatsyllableKatakana
Pheng-imIm-sò·Latin
Abugidaconsonant+vowel, vowelDevanagari
AbjadconsonantArabic
Featuralphonetic featureKorean


## Chham-khó
* Bûn-jī hē-thóng lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat
Bûn-jī hē-thóng lia̍t-toaⁿ

**Bûn-jī hē-thóng lia̍t-toaⁿ** lia̍t-chhut sè-kài-siāng chē-chē ê Bûn-jī hē-thóng.

## [[Piáu-ì]]/[[Tô·-siōng]] (Logographic) bûn-jī hē-thóng
* Hàn-jī
** Ji̍p-pún hàn-jī
** Hân-kok hàn-jī
** Oa̍t-lâm hàn-jī (Chữ Nho kap Chữ Nôm)
** Hiang-káng Kńg-tang-oē hàn-jī

## [[Im-chiat]] (Syllabic) bûn-jī hē-thóng
* Kana
* Hangeul (Tiâu-sián bûn-jī)

## [[Phèng-im]] (Alphabetic) bûn-jī hē-thóng
* Latin bûn-jī (Lô-má-jī)
* Kyril bûn-jī
* Hi-lia̍p-jī
* Armenia bûn-jī

## Abjad bûn-jī hē-thóng
* A-la-pek bûn-jī
* Jawi
* Hi-pek-lâi bûn-jī

p
## Agida bûn-jī hē-thóng
* Bangla bûn-jī
* Thài-bûn
* Lao-bûn
* Tamil bûn-jī
Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng

**Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng** (中國共產黨) kán-chheng chò **Tiōng-kiōng** (中共), 1921 nî tiàm Siōng-hái sêng-li̍p, sī Tiong-kok ê Kiōng-sán-tóng. 1949 nî Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kiàn-kok í-āu, Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng chiâⁿ-chò Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok î-it ê chip-chèng-tóng.

Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng hiān-chú-sî ê thâu-lâng sī chóng-su-kì Si̍p Kīn-pêng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê chèng-tóng
Lūi-pia̍t:Kiōng-sán Tóng
Bû-sán kai-kip

**Bû-sán-kai-kip** (; ): kin-kù Marx-chú-gī ê lūn-soat, tī Chu-pún-chú-gī siā-hōe lāi-té, ū-ê lâng bô ka-kī ê seng-sán chu-gôan, óa-khò chhut-bōe lô-tōng-le̍k () teh seng-chûn, cho-siū tio̍h Chu-sán-kai-kip ê pak-siah. In to̍h-sī kang-lâng.
Siā-hōe-chú-gī

**Siā-hōe-chú-gī** (hàn-jī: 社會主義/社会主义; Eng-gí: Socialism) sī chi̍t-khóan siā-hoē-keng-chòe-ha̍k (Socioeconomics) su-sióng, chú-tiuⁿ châi-sán ê hun-phòe kap ki-hōe èng-kai iû kûn-thé lâi kiōng-tông khòng-chè.

## Le̍k-sú

## Siā-hōe-bîn-chú-chú-gī

## Marx-Lenin-chú-gī tùi Siā-hōe-chú-gī ê khoàⁿ-hoat

Marx-Lenin-chú-gī khoàⁿ Siā-hōe-chú-gī sī Kiōng-sán-chú-gī ê chho͘-kip kai-tōaⁿ.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hoē-chú-gī
Kiōng-sán Tóng

**Kiōng-sán-tóng** (Hàn-jī:共產黨; Eng-gí: communist party) sī iōng kiōng-sán-chú-gī ûi chí-tō su-sióng, chú-tiuⁿ bû-sán-kai-kip choan-chèng, sī bû-sán-kai-kip ê chèng-tóng, ū-ê kok-ka kiò-chòe "kang-lâng-tóng", "lô-tōng-tóng".

Tē-saⁿ-kok-chè chí-hui ê kiōng-sán-tóng kiâⁿ Marx-Lenin-chú-gī lō·-soàⁿ.

Chóng--sī, āu-lâi ū kiōng-sán-tóng khai-sí kiâⁿ soán-kí lō·-soàⁿ.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Siā-hōe-tóng
* Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Tóng
* Trotsky-chú-gī
Kiōng-sán-chú-gī

**Kiōng-sán-chú-gī** (; ) sī chit-chióng kiàn-lı̍p tī Marx siā-hōe-chú-gī ki-chhó͘ siōng ê siā-hōe, chèng-tī ha̍k-soat, he̍k-chiá kóng sī ūn-tōng. Sī Marx-Lenin-chú-gī tui-kiû ê chòe-chiong sìn-liām.
Karl Marx

**Karl Marx** (), he̍k-chiá kiò chò **Má-khek-su** (), sī 1 ūi put-chí-á ū miâ-siaⁿ ê chèng-tī tiat-ha̍k-ka kap siā-hōe lí-lūn-ka, mā sī chôan sè-kài Marx-chú-gī ê gôan-sí-sian-chun. 

I tī Prussia ê Trier chhut-sì, tī Eng-kok ê London kòe-sin.

## Liân-kiat
ASCII

**ASCII** sī American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ì-sù sī Bí-kok chu-sìn kau-ōaⁿ piau-chún) ê kán-siá. It-poaⁿ tha̍k-chòe a-s-khi.
Pian-bé

**Pian-bé** sī jī ê chi̍p-ha̍p kap lēng-gōa 1-ê chi̍p-ha̍p ê tùi-èng. Lēng-gōa chit-ê chi̍p-ha̍p tiāⁿ-tīaⁿ sī sò·-jī, mā ū khó-lêng sī tiān-chú sìn-hō. Pí-lūn kóng, Morse bé sī 1-chióng Latin-jī kap telegraph key ê tùi-èng; ASCII kā Eng-gí iōng ê Latin-jī, sò·-jī, kap 1-kóa hû-hō tùi-èng kàu chéng-sò· kap chit-ê chéng-sò· ê 7-bit 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī.

## Tiān-náu
Beh iōng tiān-náu lâi chhú-lí bûn-jī, su-iàu tùi chit-ê bûn-jī chòe pian-bé. Pian-bé ê kòe-têng tī kài-liām téng ē-sái thià-chòe 2 pō-hūn. Tē 1-pō-hūn sī kā chit-ê bûn-jī hē-thóng ê ki-pún tan-ūi (ē-sái sī jī, jī-tô·, kap Grapheme) tùi-èng kàu 1-ê chéng-sò·.

* jī --> chéng-sò·
* jī-tô· --> chéng-sò·
* Grapheme --> chéng-sò·

Tē 2-pō-hūn sī kā chit-ê chéng-sò· tùi-èng kàu 1-ê sek-hap tiān-náu chhú-lí ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī. Siōng kán-tan ê sī iōng chit-ê chéng-sò· ê 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī. Khah ho̍k-cha̍p ê sī kā chit-ê chéng-sò· tùi-èng kàu 1-ê í-siōng (bô it-teng ài kò·-tēng kùi-ê) ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī.
* chéng-sò· --> chéng-sò· ê 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī.
* chéng-sò· --> 1-ê í-siōng ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī.

## Pian-bé lia̍t-toaⁿ
* ASCII
* EBCDIC
* ISO 8859:
** ISO 8859-1, ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, ISO 8859-4, ISO 8859-5, ISO 8859-6, ISO 8859-7, ISO 8859-8, ISO 8859-9, ISO 8859-10, ISO 8859-11, ISO 8859-13, ISO 8859-14, ISO 8859-15, ISO 8859-16
* Windows character sets:
** Windows-1251, Windows-1252, Windows-1258
* KOI8-R, KOI8-U
* ISCII
* VISCII
* Big-5
* GB:
** GB2312
** GB18030
* ISO 2022
* Unicode (And subsets thereof, such as the 16-bit 'Basic Multilingual Plane'). See UTF-8
* Taiwanese Package
Cho͘-sòe

**Cho͘-sòe** (租稅) ia̍h **sòe-kim** (稅金), sī tong hoat-jîn (khì-gia̍p, chi̍p-thé), he̍k-chiá kò-jîn thong-kòe pún-sin ê lô-tōng tit-tio̍h siu-ji̍p kah hôe-pò ê sî, óng-óng ài kiáu-la̍p hō kok-ka ia̍h it-tēng pí-lu̍t ê chîⁿ-hāng.

## Tsù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t:Châi-chèng
Big-5

**Big-5** sī 1-chóng iōng-lâi chhú-lí Hôa-gí iōng ê thôan-thóng hàn-jī ê pian-bé.  Bô pau-koat Kńg-tang-oē, Bân-lâm-gí téng-téng ê te̍k-sû Hàn-jī.  HKSCS sī Hiang-káng chèng-hú pó·-chhiong Big5 ê thê-àn, pau-koat-tio̍h Kńg-tang-oē-bûn su-iàu ê hàn-jī.

## Hoâ-gí miâ-chheng ê ián-piàn

Big-5 ê Hôa-gí miâ ū 2 chióng, kió-chóe **五大碼 (Ngó·-tāi-bé)** iah-sī **大五碼 (Tāi-ngó·-bé)**

Tâi-oân ê 13-keng kong-si tâng-chê khai-hoat 五大中文套裝軟體，財團法人資訊工業策進會 pang 五大中文套裝軟體 ché-tēng tiān-náu pian-bé, in-ūi chit-thō tiān-náu pian-bé tong-chho·-sî sī ūi 五大中文套裝軟體 so· khai-hoat, so·-í tioh kiò-chóe **Big-5**。

## Chham-khó· Bûn-hiàn
ISO

**ISO** (**Kok-chè Phiau-chún-hoà Cho͘-chit**) sī 1 ê hoa̍t-lo̍h kok-chè phiau-chún-hoà ê cho͘-chit. 

Sui-bóng ISO ê Eng-gí miâ sī *International Organization for Standardization*, ISO pēng m̄ sī chit ê miâ ê kán-siá (IOS). ISO chin chá tō koat-tēng iōng Hi-lia̍p-gí ê 1 sû *isos*, ì-sù sī "pêng-téng". Bô-lūn kî-tha kok-ka, gí-giân án-choáⁿ hoan-e̍k, kán-siá éng-oán î-chhî ISO.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* ISO ê koaⁿ-hong chām 
* ISO Phiau-chún ê te̍k-sû iōng-gí soat-bêng
IEC

**IEC** sī International Electrotechnical Commission ê kan-siá.

## Hōe-goân
* Canada - Standards Council of Canada
* Hoat-kok - Union Technique de l'Électricité et de la Communication (UTE)
* Tek-kok - Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN & VDE
* Ji̍t-pún - Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
* Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok - BSI ([British Standards Institute)
* Bí-kok - ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

## Lian-kia̍t
* IEC Home Page
* the IEV Vocabulary
Kok-chè-hòa kap chāi-tē-hòa

**Kok-chè-hòa kap chāi-tē-hòa** sī hō͘ nńg-thé ē-tàng ha̍p-sek bô-kâng tē-khu kap bô-kâng gí-giân ê iōng-chiá ê pō͘-sò͘.  **Kok-chè-hòa** (Eng-gí: Internationalization) kán-siá chòe **I18N**, **chāi-tē-hòa** (Eng-gí: Localization) kán-siá chòe **L10N**.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kok-chè-hòa kap chāi-tē-hòa
Ē-mn̂g-chhī

**Ē-mn̂g-chhī** (kán-thé hàn-jī: 厦门市, thoân-thóng hàn-jī: 廈門市) sī lâm Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn-séng hái-hoāⁿ Bân-lâm tē-tāi ê 1 ê hù-séng-kip siâⁿ-chhī. Ē-mn̂g hù-kūn ū Chiang-chiu, Choân-chiu. Ē-mn̂g chá-kî tī kok-chè bú-tâi ê miâ-chheng hō-chòe *Amoy*; che sī kun-kù Bân-lâm-gú ê hoat-im. Hiān-chú-sî Amoy kap āu-lâi ê *Xiamen* (Hôa-gú hoat-im) lóng ū lâng īng.

## Tē-lí
Hiān-chú-sî, Ē-mn̂g ū 6 ê khu tī Tāi-lio̍k. Ē-mn̂g-tó óa-kīn Kim-mn̂g, sī Hok-kiàn tē-4-tōa tó.

Ē-mn̂g ê khì-hāu sǹg sī a-jia̍t-tāi hêng, pêng-kun khì-un iok-lio̍k 21-tō· Celsius.

Ē-mn̂g-chhī ê cho̍at-tùi tē-lí ūi-tì tòa-leh tang-keng 118°04'04", pak-úi 24°26'46" hù-kīn. Khu-he̍k hōan-ûi pau-koat Ē-mn̂g-tó, Kó·-lōng-sū, tāi-lio̍k ê Tâng-oaⁿ, Chi̍p-bí, Hái-chhng, Siông-an kah kî-thaⁿ chōe-chōe hái-siōng ê sió tó-sū.

## Jîn-kháu

Kàu 2022 nî-bóe, ē-mn̂g-chhī lóng-chóng ū 530.8 bān lâng.

## Keng-chè

2022 nî ê pêng-kin GDP: ¥147,778 (iok-liok US$20,752). 659 ê Tiong-kok siâⁿ-chhī pâi tē-3-miâ.

## Le̍k-sú
縮圖|Tē 2 tsuā, tē 1 ê kî sī Ē-mn̂g 1787 nî sî-tsūn ê kî.
Tī se-goân 282 nî, Ē-mn̂g sī Tâng-oaⁿ-koān (Hàn-jī:同安縣), sio̍k Chìn-an-kūn (晉安郡).  Tī 1387 nî Bêng-tiâu iōng Ē-mn̂g chò phah hái-chha̍t ê ki-tē.  Hit-chūn sio̍k-î Choân-chiu.  Tēⁿ Sêng-kong tī 1650 nî tiàm hia khiā-khí, jī-chhiáⁿ kā miâ kái chò Su-Bêng-chiu (思明洲).  Put-jî-kò Boán-chheng tī 1680 nî koh-chài kā miâ kái tńg-khì Ē-mn̂g.  1912 nî Sin-hāi Kek-bēng liáu-āu Su-Bêng pìⁿ-chò 1 ê kōaiⁿ-miâ (?).  Chóng-sī bô-kàu 1 tang koh kái tńg-khì Ē-mn̂g-chhī.  Tī 1949 nî Ē-mn̂g chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê séng-ha̍t-chhī, sòa-lo̍h-lâi seng-téng chò hù-séng-kip-chhī.  Tī 1984 nî Ē-mn̂g chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê keng-chè-te̍k-khu.

Au-chiu-lâng tī 1541 nî tio̍h ū tī Ē-mn̂g chò seng-lí.  19 sè-kí ê Ē-mn̂g sī Tiong-kok chú-iàu chhut-kháu tê-bí ê káng-chhī, tì-tio̍h Au-chiu gí-giân khip-siu Hàn-gú ê kè-têng siū Ē-mn̂g-oē he̍k-chiá kî-thaⁿ ê Bân-gú éng-hióng.  Khó-pí kóng: *Amoy*, *tea* (tê), *cunshaw* (kám-siā), *ketchup*(kê-chiap).

Tē-1-chhù (?) A-phiàn Chiàn-cheng liáu-āu chhiam ê Lâm-kiaⁿ Tiâu-iok (1842) iau-kiû khai-hóng Ē-mn̂g kap kî-thaⁿ 4 ê hái-káng, che to̍h-sī Tiong-kok le̍k-sú siōng ê "Ngó·-kháu thong-siong" .

## Bûn-hòa
Chhiáⁿ cham-khó Bân-lâm bûn-hòa

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

Ē-mn̂g-chhī ē-kha ū 6 ê khu.

* Hái-chhng-khu (海滄區)
* Ô͘-lí-khu (湖里區)
* Chi̍p-bí-khu (集美區)
* Su-bêng-khu (思明區)
* Tâng-oaⁿ-khu (同安區)
* Siông-an-khu (翔安區)

Su-bêng kap Ô͘-lí-khu tī Ē-mn̂g tó-lāi.

Tī 2003 nî 5 go̍eh, gôan-té ê Kó͘-lōng-sū-khu (鼓浪嶼區) kap Khai-gôan-khu (開元區) ha̍p-pèng kàu Su-bêng-khu. Hēng-lîm-khu (杏林區) kái-miâ chò Hái-chhng-khu.  Siông-an-khu ùi Tâng-oaⁿ pun--chhut-lâi.

## Chham-khó
Kim-mn̂g-koān

**Kim-mn̂g-koān** (Hàn-jī: 金門縣; Kim-mn̂g-ōe: Kim-mn̂g-koāiⁿ; Phô͘-chhân-ōe: Ging-meóng-gā̤ⁿ) sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Hok-kiàn-séng ê koān, sī iû Tōa-kim-mn̂g-tó, Lia̍t-sū téng-téng ê hái-tó cho͘-sêng--ê, koh tāi-koán goân-té sio̍k Phô͘-chhân ê O͘-khiu. Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok Hok-kián-séng ê séng-chèng-hú siat tī leh Kim-mn̂g.

## Tē-lí
Kim-mn̂g tē-lí chō-phiau sī tang-keng 118°24′, pak-hūi 24°27′, tú-hó tī Kiú-liông-kang chhut-hái-kháu, hām Ē-mn̂g-tó sio-tùi-thâu, nn̄g-pêng kī-lī 1.8 kong-lí. Kim-mn̂g ê thó͘-tē pau-koah Tōa-kim-mn̂g-tó, Lia̍t-sū (Sió-kim-mn̂g), Tōa-tàⁿ, Jī-tàⁿ, lóng-chóng 12 ê tó-sū, chóng bīn-chek liōng-kî-iok 153.056&nbsp;km².

### Tē-chit
Kim-mn̂g lia̍t-tó ê giâm-chio̍h í hoa-kong-gâm ûi-chú.

## Kau-thong
Kim-mn̂g tó-siōng chú-iàu kau-thong sī chhia-lō͘, chôan-tó chhia-lō͘ bi̍t-tō͘ tī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok pâi tē-it. Tùi-gōa kau-thong sī í hâng-khong ûi-chú, bo̍k-chiân khai-thong ê hui-lêng-ki hâng-sòaⁿ chú-iàu sī kàu-tè chit-kúi-ê só͘-chāi: Tâi-pak, Tâi-tiong, Ka-gī, Tâi-lâm kah Ko-hiông. Hái-ūn hong-bīn chú-iàu ū Liàu-lô kah Chúi-thâu nn̄g-ê káng-kháu, kî-tiong Chúi-thâu-káng mā-sī Sió-sam-thong chí-tēng ê káng-kháu, hām tùi-hōaⁿ ê Ē-mn̂g Hô-pêng bé-thâu chi-kan lóng-ū tēng-kî ê hang-soaⁿ.

## Le̍k-sú
Kim-mn̂g-koān kòe-khì*[Chū tang-sî khai-sí?]* sio̍k-î Hok-kiàn-séng Tâng-oaⁿ-koāiⁿ.

1915 nî, to̍k-lı̍p siat kōan.

## Chèng-tī
:''Chham-khó: Kim-mn̂g-koān Chèng-hú, Kim-mn̂g-koān Gī-hōe
Kim-mn̂g tē-khu sóan-bîn kiat-kò͘ chha-put-to sī hōan-nâ ê chi-chhî-chiá, le̍k-kài sóan-kí, hōan-nâ ê hāu-sôan-jîn tī chia pêng-kun tit-phiò-lu̍t lóng tī 9 siâⁿ í-siōng. Chit kúi tang Bîn-chìn-tóng sui-jiân tau-jı̍p chin chē hêng-chēng chu-gôan, kut-la̍t khai-kún, put-jī-kò in-ūi chāi-tē Kim-mn̂g peh-sìⁿ it-kòan bô chi-chhî Bîn-chìn-tóng ê chèng-tī chú-tiuⁿ, só͘-í hōan-le̍k-kun tī chia tı̍t-phiò-lu̍t khah kē.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Kim-siâⁿ-tìn 
*Kim-ô͘-tìn 
*Kim-soa-tìn 
*Kim-lêng-hiong 
*Lia̍t-sū-hiong 
*O͘-khiu-hiong (tāi-koán)

## Siong-koan liân-kiat
*Kim-mn̂g Kōaiⁿ-chèng-hú  bāng-chām
*Kim-mn̂g Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g bāng-chām
*Kim-mn̂g Ji̍t-pò Siā
*Kim-mn̂g Tāi-ha̍k bāng─Kim-mn̂g Sòaⁿ-téng Tì-sek-khò· 
*Lia̍t-sū Kong-kéng--Sió-kim-mn̂g 
*Kim-mn̂g Kun-pún Bûn-chhái Kang-chok-sek

## Chham-khó Bûn-hiàn

Lūi-pia̍t:Hok-kiàn-séng
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-sū
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-mn̂g-koān
John Van Nest Talmage

**John Van Nest Talmage** (**Táⁿ-má-jī**, hàn-jī: 打馬字; 1819 nî 8 go̍eh 18 kàu 1892 nî 8 go̍eh 19), khì kàu Tiong-kok Ē-mn̂g ê Sin Kàu thoân-kàu-sū.  I tāi-piáu Bí-kok Kui-chèng Kàu-hōe ùi 1847 nî kàu 1890 nî tī hia oa̍h-tōng.

I tī Bí-kok New Jersey-chiu ê Somerville chhut-sì.  I ê sió-tī Thomas De Witt Talmage mā sī bo̍k-su.  In ê ka-cho̍k kap Kui-chèng Kàu-hōe sio-siâng, pún-té tùi Kē-tē-kok lâi kàu Pak-Bí-chiu.

Tù-chok:
* *[[Tn̂g-oē Hoan-jī Chho-ha̍k]]* (唐話番字初學, 1852) - chá-kî Pe̍h-oē-jī ê kàu-châi.  (Chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ Pe̍h-ōe-jī le̍k-sú.)
* *Chinese-English Dictionary* (1885) - iōng Eng-gí kái-soeh Ē-mn̂g Bân-lâm-gí ê jī-tián.  1913 nî ê tē-3 pán hō·-chò *Ē-mn̂g Im ê Jī-tián*.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* David Abeel
* Thomas Barclay
* William Campbell
* Elihu Doty
* Carstairs Douglas
* George Gushue-Taylor
* James Laidlaw Maxwell
* Walter Henry Medhurst

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* *[http://www.geocities.com/vienna/2406/40YIC/Contents.html Forty Years in China]* (1894) - Talmage ê tōan-kì, Eng-bûn.
* Virtual American Biographies
Jī-tô͘

Tī oa̍h-jī ìn-soat lāi-té, **jī-tô·** it-poaⁿ piáu-sī 1-ê jī ê tô·-hêng piáu-teng. M̄-koh, mā khó-lêng sī kúi-nā-ê jī ia̍h-sī jī ê 1-pō·-hūn ê tô·-hêng piáu-teng. Jī sī 1-ê gí-giân kap chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê bûn-jī tan-ūi. Jī-tô· sī 1-chióng tô· ê tan-ūi. Pí-lūn kóng, 'ffi' sǹg 3-ê jī-bó, m̄-koh, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kan-na iōng 1-ê jī-tô· lâi piáu-sī. 'a̍' sǹg 1-ê jī, m̄-koh, tī Thong-iōng-bé, su-iàu iōng 2-ê jī-tô· 'a' kap '|' lâi piáu-sī kap chó·-ha̍p.

Iōng '明' chit-ê jī chòe lē. Chit-ê jī 1-poaⁿ kan-na iōng 1-ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat. M̄-koh, chit-ê jī ma ē-sài thià-chòe 2-ê jī-tô·, hun-piat sī '日' kap '月'. Iōng chit 2-ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat, kó-lêng ē ìn-chhut chhiuⁿ '日月' án-ne ê tô·. Chin phái-khòaⁿ.

M̄-koh, ka '明' thià-chòe 2-ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat ū 1-ê hó chhù, chit-ê hó chhù sī án-ne su-iàu ê jī-tô· ē-sài kiám-chió. Tī 1-ê jī iōng 1-ê jī-tô· ê chêng-hêng, beh ìn '日','月','明', su-iàu 3-ê jī-tô·. Na-sī '明' thiàⁿ iōng 2-ê jī-tô· ìn, kan-na su-iàu 2-ê jī-tô·. In-ùi jī-tô· ê sò·-bok it-tèng sī iú-han. Beh iōng chia-ê iú-han ê jī-tô· lâi ìn-soat pí jī-tô· sò·-bok koh khah chē ê jī ê sî, su-iàu ka jī thià-choè 1-ê í-siong ê jī-tô· lâi ìn. Iah tio̍h sī iōng jī-tô· khì chó·-ha̍p (tàu) chhut sin-ê jī.

Beh iōng 2-ê í-siong ê jī-tô· lâi chó·-ha̍p chhut 1-ê jī ê sî. Su iàu iōng 1-kóa ìn-soat ki-su̍t, na bô ìn ê jī ê chhiuⁿ '日月' án-ne phái-khòaⁿ. Pí-lūn kóng, beh iōng '方','土' chit 2-ê jī-tô· ìn-chhut '堃' chit-ê jī, su-iàn ū chhiâu-chhek 2-ê jī-tô· khèng tī chèng-khak ê ūi.

Tiān-náu hián-sī bûn-jī ki-pún-siong iōng sio-siang ê tò-lí. Jī-hêng ki-pún-siong sī jī-tô· ê chi̍p-hap. Iōng 1-ê jī-hêng lâi hiàn-sī bûn-jī ê ì-sù tio̍h-sī iōng chit-ê jī-hêng lâi-té ê jī-tô· lâi ōe-chhut bûn-jī.
Chiang-chiu-chhī

**Chiang-chiu-chhī** (Hàn-jī: 漳州市) sī Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn-séng ê tē-kip-chhī, tiàm-tī lâm-pō͘ iân-hái tē-khu.

## Tē-lí
Chiang-chiu-chhī óa-soaⁿ khò-hái, chéng-kô ê tē-sì sī sai-pak pêng khah kôan, tang-lâm pō͘ khah kē, ha̍t-khu hōan-ûi lāi ū soaⁿ-lūn kah pêⁿ-iûⁿ, tī Pêng-hô-kōan ê Tāi-khîn-soaⁿ (大芹山), hái-po̍at 1544 kong-chhioh kôan, sī chôan Chiang-chiu siāng kôan ê soaⁿ. 

Chiang-chiu siōng tōa ê hô-liû sī Kiú-liông-kang (九龍江), che sī Hok-kiàn tē-jī tōa ê hô-liû.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

Kóan-ha̍t ē-kah ê kōan-chhī: 
* Hiong-siâⁿ-khu (薌城區) 
* Liông-bûn-khu (龍文區)
* Liông-hái-chhī (龍海市) 
* Chiuⁿ-phó͘-koān (漳浦縣)
* Ûn-sio-koān (雲霄縣)
* Chiàu-an-koān (詔安縣) 
* Tang-soaⁿ-koān (東山縣) 
* Pêng-hô-koān (平和縣) 
* Lâm-chēng-koān (南靖縣) 
* Tiô-thoà-koān (長泰縣) 
* Hôa-an-koān (華安縣)

## Tē-hng bûn-hòa

Chhiáⁿ cham-khó Bân-lâm bûn-hòa

### Hì-khiok kah im-ga̍k
* Hiong-kio̍k (Koa-á-hì) 
* Pò͘-tē-hì 
* Ka-lé-hì 
* Kím-koa (koa-á)

### Le̍k-sú jîn-bu̍t
* Lîm Gí-tông (Lîm Gú-tông) 
* Khó͘ Tē-san 
* Tân Tiong-hô 

### Gí-giân
* Bân-lâm-gí
Tang-lâm A-chiu

**Tang-lâm A-chiu**, phó͘-thong kóng **Tang-lâm-a**, sī A-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê tang-lâm tē-tāi.

## Hō-miâ
**Lâm-iûⁿ** chit jī it-poaⁿ ì-sù kah Tang-lâm-a beh-kâng; lēng-gōa khó͘-chá ū "Hoan-pêng" ê kóng-hoat.

## Kok-ka

* Bûn-lâi
* Hui-li̍p-pin
* Ìn-nî
* Kán-po͘-chē
* Liâu-kok
* Má-lâi-se-a
* Myanmar (Bián-tiān)
* Oa̍t-lâm
* Sin-ka-pho
* Tang Timor
* Thài-kok

Tang-lâm-a ê bīn-chek ū 4,000,000 km². Tī 2022 nî ū chhiau-kòe 6.7-ek lâng tiàm hia khiā-khí, kî-tiong ū chhiau-kòe 5-hun-chi-1 (1.45-ek) tī Ìn-nî ê Java-tó téng-koân.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Lâm-tó-gí-hē
* Tang-lâm-a Kok-ka Cho·-ha̍p (ASEAN)
David Abeel

**David Abeel** (Hàn-miâ Ya Bili, 雅裨理, 1804 nî 6-go̍eh 12 kàu 1846 nî 9-go̍eh 4), Bí-kok Kong-lí-hōe phài khì Tang-lâm-a, Tiong-kok ê thoân-kàu-sū, i-seng; 1840 nî-tāi tī Ē-mn̂g soan-kàu.

Kap Bí-kok Kui-chèng Kong-hōe Kàu-hōe ū ha̍p-chok koan-hē.

1826 nî tùi New Brunswick Sin-ha̍k-īⁿ pit-gia̍p.

Tī 1829 nî seng khì kàu Kńg-chiu.  Hóng-mn̄g Java-tó, Thài-kok (1831).  Sin-khu khiàm-an, tī 1833 nî tńg khì Bí-kok.  Hóng-mn̄g Melaka, Borneo (1839).

1842 nî (?) tī Kó·-lōng-sū (*Kolongsu*) siat 1-ê soan-thoân Ki-tok-kàu ê tiong-sim.

1844 nî liáu-āu, i hām Borneo lâi ê Elihu Doty, William John Pohlman ha̍p-chok.

I seⁿ tī Bí-kok New Jersey-chiu ê New Brunswick (1804); sí tī New York-chiu, Albany (1846).

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* Ricci Roundtable on the History of Christianity in China 
* Amoymagic.com
Bí-kok Kui-chèng Kàu-hōe

**Bí-kok Kui-chèng Kàu-hōe** (Eng-gí:  Reformed Church in America, "tī Bí-kok ê Kui-chèng Kàu-hōe")

## Su-bo̍k
* Historical Series of the Reformed Church in America  - pau-koat *The Reformed Church in China (1841-1951)*.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/institution/view.aspx?institutionID=468
Bí-kok Kong-lí-hōe

**Bí-kok Kong-lí-hōe** (hàn-jī: 美國公理會; Eng-gí: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, ABCFM), 1 ê Ki-tok-kàu (Sin-kàu) hái-gōa thoân-kàu cho·-chit (Kong-lí-hōe, Congregationalists). 1810 nî chhòng-li̍p, 1961 nî kap kî-tha siong-koan ê soan-kàu-hōe ha̍p-pèng chò United Board for World Ministries.

Chá-kî ū kî-tha ê kàu-phài hūn-chú hām Kong-lí-hōe ū ha̍p-chok he̍k-chiá miâ-gī-siōng ê koan-hē, pau-koat Tióng-ló Kàu-hōe (1812-1870), Bí-kok Kui-chèng Kàu-hōe (1826-1857), Tek-kok Kui-chèng (1829-1866).

1830 nî khai-sí tī Tiong-kok oa̍h-tōng. 

Tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t: David Abeel.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) 公理會 (英文)
George Gushue-Taylor

**George Gushue-Taylor** (Hàn-miâ: **Tè Jîn-siū**, 戴仁壽, 1883 nî 12 goe̍h 6 - 1954 nî 4 goe̍h 23), Canada i-seng, thoân-kàu-sū.  I sī *[[:en:Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k|Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k]]* chit pún Pe̍h-oē-jī kàu-kho-su ê chok-chiá.

*Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k* 1917 nî 10 goe̍h 5 tī Ji̍t-pún Yokohama ìn-soat.  Hit nî 10-goe̍h 8 tī Tâi-oân hoat-hêng.  Pō͘-hūn sû-lūi ū Lô-má-jī, Hôa-bûn, Eng-bûn tùi-chiàu.  Lóng-chóng 676 ia̍h, tô͘ 500-gōa-tiuⁿ.  Lōe-iông pau-koah sió-jî-kho, hū-sán-kho, kip-chín, cheng-sîn oē-seng, kái-phoà téng-téng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

* Ông Kok-ki:  Bûn-bêng jīm-bū:  Tè Jîn-siū kap i-liâu soan-kàu - Eng-bûn pán 
* Kài-siāu ''Lāi-gōa-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k''  (Hôa-gí)
* http://taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/07/24/44929/print 
* http://www.presbyterian.ca/archives/exhibithomepage.html

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*''Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k'' sò͘-ūi-pán
Kok-ka

**Kok-ka** sī 1 ê ū thó͘-tē, chú-koân ê chèng-tī tan-ūi. Kok-ka ū chèng-hú hoa̍t-lo̍h hêng-chèng, pau-koat lī-iōng kéng-chhat, kun-tūi chè-tō͘ chip-hêng hoat-lu̍t (chhin-chhiūⁿ kā jîn-bîn khioh-sòe). Hiān-tāi ê kok-ka it-poaⁿ ū hiàn-hoat; pau-koat chi̍t-kóa ông-kok mā sī.

Ū-kóa kok-ka tī le̍k-sú-siōng iû 1 ê chú-iàu ê cho̍k-kûn/bîn-cho̍k kiàn-li̍p, a̍h-sī tī kiàn-kok ê kòe-têng ū kúi-ā-ê cho̍k-kûn chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê ū ì-sek ê kûn-thé. Ū lâng chheng-ho͘ chit khoán kok-ka sī bîn-cho̍k kok-ka. Mā ū kok-ka iû kúi-ā-ê ū thoân-thóng thó͘-tē ê bîn-cho̍k chó͘-sêng, āu--lâi kè-sio̍k î-chhî ka-kī ê bûn-hòa, chèng-tī ì-sek kap hêng-chèng tan-ūi, sīm-chì ū chū-tī-koân, kî-á, kok-koa. Chit-khoán kok-ka lāi-té ê tan-ūi ū-sî oân-nā ū lâng chheng-hō͘ sī "kok-ka"; in it-poaⁿ bô hoa̍t-lo̍h gōa-kau ê koân-lī. Chhiūⁿ Liân-ha̍p ông-kok ê Ui-le̍k-sū, Se-pan-gâ ê Catalunya, Tan-be̍h ê Føroyar-tó, Lō͘-se-a lāi-pō͘ ê Mordovia Kiōng-hô-kok (Мордовскяй Республикась).

Kok-ka ê léng-thó͘ ū-sî m̄-sī kui tè kiap chò-hóe. Chhin-chhiūⁿ Tang Timor ū sè-tè thó͘-tē (Oecussi-Ambeno) tī Ìn-nî thóng-tī ê Sai Timor.

## Chham-chiàu

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Pang-kok (*state*)
* Kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ (Àn-chiàu tāi-lio̍k pâi-lia̍t)
Kán-po͘-chē

**Kán-po͘-chē** (), choân-chheng **Kán-po͘-chē Ông-kok** (; ), Tang-lâm-a ê kok-ka. Tâng-pêng koh kòe sī Oa̍t-lâm, sai-pak-pêng Thài-kok, pak-pêng Láu-o, lâm-pêng Thài-kok-oan. Siú-to͘ tī Phnom Penh.

## Le̍k-sú

Tī 1000 nî chó-iū khai-sí ū ko-téng bûn-bêng chhut-hiān tī hia. Khmer bûn-bêng tùi 9 sè-kí chì 13 sè-kí hoat-tián, chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê tè-kok, siú-to͘ siat tī Angkor.

Āu--lâi Khmer tè-kok ê léng-thó͘ ná lâi ná liû-sit, iû Thài-kok, Oa̍t-lâm chiàm--khì he̍k-chiá siu--tńg-khì. Tī 1863 nî Kán-po͘-chē pìⁿ Hoat-kok "pó-hō͘" ê thó͘-tē, ia̍h-chiū-sī ha̍p-pèng tī Hoat-kok léng Indochina miâ-gī hā. Ji̍t-pún tī Tē-jī-pái Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn chiàm-niá Kán-po͘-chē. Kán-po͘-chē tī 1953 nî soan-pò͘ to̍k-li̍p.

Bí-kok tī Indochine Chiàn-cheng (1946-1975) bat tāi-liōng hong-chà Kán-po͘-chē , tì-sú bîn-kan sí-siong kīn 600,000 (liōng-kî-iok). Tī 1970 nî Lon Nol chiong-kun chiūⁿ-tâi, soan-pò· sêng-li̍p Khmer Kiōng-hô-kok. Hoán-tùi Lon Nol, kiōng-sán chú-gī ê Âng-sek Khmer tī 1975 nî tit-tio̍h chèng-koân, kái kok-hō chò Kán-po͘-chē. In î-chhî 3 tang ê siā-hōe kek-bēng ko·-kè chō-sêng 80 bān chì 300 bān lâng sí-bông.

Oa̍t-lâm tī 1978 nî phah-ji̍p Kán-po͘-chē, Kán-po͘-chē Kiōng-sán-tóng sit-khì chèng-koân. 1993 nî khai-sí ū soán-kí, iû Liân-ha̍p-kok chàn-cho·. Hit nî 9 goe̍h Kán-po͘-chē chiâⁿ-chò ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok. 1998 nî pān choân-kok-sèng ê soán-kí. Kán-po͘-chē ê chèng-kio̍k ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á ún-tēng--lo̍h-lâi, Kán-po͘-chē Kiōng-sán-tóng chhun ê kun-le̍k tâu-hâng.

## Tē-lí

Kán-po͘-chē ê bīn-chek ū 181,040 km&sup2;. Kap Thài-kok kong-ke ê piⁿ-kài ū 800 km, kap Láu-o kong-ke 541 km, kap Oa̍t-lâm kong-ke 1228 km. Iân Thài-kok-oan ê hái-hoāⁿ-soàⁿ ū 443 km.

Un-tō· tī 10&nbsp;°C kàu 38&nbsp;°C tiong-kan. 5-go̍eh kàu 10-go̍eh sī Kán-po͘-chē ê tâm kùi-cheh. Sai-lâm chhoe--lâi ê jia̍t-tāi monsoon (kùi-hong) tòa lâi Thài-kok-oan, Ìn-tō·-iûⁿ ê sip-khì; 9-go̍eh, 10-go̍eh ê hō·-chúi te̍k-pia̍t chē. 11-go̍eh kàu 3-go̍eh sī ta kùi-cheh. Tang-pak lâi ê kùi-hong chhoe tùi hái-hoāⁿ khì. Chiaⁿ-go̍eh kàu 2-go̍eh hō·-chúi siōng chió.

75% ê tē tī hái-poa̍t 100 m í-hā. Thó·-tē ê sim-chōng tē-tài tī Tonlé Sap ("Tōa ô·") kap chiu-ûi ê pêng-goân. Chia ê thô·-bah siōng sek-ha̍p tiū-á ê chèng-choh, jîn-kháu mā siōng chē.

## Jîn-kháu

Kán-po͘-chē ê jîn-kháu 9-siâⁿ khah ke sī Khmer-lâng. Cham-lâng (sìn-gióng Hôe-kàu) sī siōng chú-iàu ê chío-sò· cho̍k-kûn. Ia̍h ū-kóa Oa̍t-lâm-lâng, Hàn-lâng.

Khmer-gí hām Oa̍t-lâm-gí lóng sio̍k Lâm-a-gí-hē ê Mon-Khmer hun-ki.

Siōng chú-iàu ê chong-kàu sī Siōng-chō-pō͘ Hu̍t-kàu, che kòe-khì siū Kán-po͘-chē Kiōng-sán-tóng ap-chè, taⁿ í-keng koh oa̍h-thiàu.

## Keng-chè

Chng-kha chú-iàu ê keng-chè sêng-sán sī lông-gia̍p kap óa-khò lông-gia̍p ê oa̍h-tōng. Chè-chō-gia̍p ê sán-liōng iú-hān.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kampuchea
Giân-gú

**Giân-gú** (言語), he̍k-chiá **gú-giân** (**gí-giân**, 語言), **ōe-gí** (話語) a̍h-sī **ōe** (話), sī 1 thò tāi-piáu kap thoân-ta̍t ì-gī ê hē-thóng. Giân-gú ū kiat-kò͘, pau-koat gí-hoat, siaⁿ-ūn. Giân-gú thàu-kòe hû-hō thoân-ta̍t; hû-hō ê mûi-kài pau-koat siaⁿ-im, chhiú-sè, piáu-chêng, chu-sè, bûn-jī...téng-téng.

Giân-gú lêng-le̍k sī lâng siōng ki-pún ê hêng-ûi chi it. Lâng ê giân-gú chē-chē khoán; chóng--sī bô 1 thò goân-chek ū-hoat-tō͘ khek-koan tēng-gī giân-gú chi-kan ê piⁿ-kài.

## Chham-khó

## Siong-koan
* Giân-gú-ha̍k
* Phó͘-sè gí-giân-khoân soan-giân
* Giân-gú hêng-siau


Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Piau-kì-hoat
Ji̍t-pún

**Ji̍t-pún** (, tha̍k *Nippon* a̍h-sī *Nihon*), tiàm tī Tang A-chiu ê hái-tó kok-ka, tī Tiâu-sián Poàn-tó kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ tiong-kan.

Ji̍t-pún ê jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō· sī só·-ū í-khai-hoat kok-ka tang-tiong tē-1-koân ê.

## Tē-lí seng-thài
Ji̍t-pún tiàm-tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Hóe-khoan ê hóe-soaⁿ tē-tài, khin-tō· tē-tāng chia̍p-chia̍p ū, sam-put-gō·-sî chhek koh khah lī-hāi. Tōa tē-tāng ta̍k sè-kí hoat-seng kúi-nā-pái, hái-tiòng chhiâng-chāi tòe tī āu-piah, chō-sêng tōa chai-lān. Kīn-lâi hoat-seng ê tē-tāng ū 2004 nî ê Chyuetu Tē-tāng kap 2005 nî ê Tōa Hansin Tē-tāng. Un-chôaⁿ móa-móa-sī, chē-chē khai-hoat chò tō·-ká-tiong-sim.

Ji̍t-pún kûn-tó khì-hāu un-hô; lâm-hong sio-lo̍h, sio̍k-î a-jia̍t-tài, pak-hong (Hokkaidô) chheng-liâng, sio̍k-î un-tài.

Ji̍t-pún ê lio̍k-tē chú-iàu pau-koah 4 tōa tó kap 1 cho· kûn-tó: Hokkaidô (北海道), Honshû (本州), Sikoku (四国), Kyûshû (九州), kap Ryûkyû Kûn-tó (琉球). 73% sī soaⁿ-tē, ta̍k-ê tōa tó to ū 1 liâu soaⁿ-me̍h. Huzi-soaⁿ siāng koân (3,776 m). 80% ê tē sī sim-lîm. Tōa-pō·-hūn m̄-sī goân-sú-nâ, sī tī kòe-khì 300 tang sin chèng ê chhiū-châng. Tokugawa Bō·-hú ê chèng-chhek kó·-lē pó-io̍k sim-lîm.

## Jîn-kháu
Ji̍t-pún tōa-pō·-hūn sī soaⁿ-tē, kan-taⁿ 20% chó-iū sī pêⁿ-tē. Soaⁿ-tē jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō· kē, siâⁿ-chhī kap lông-tē lóng tī pêⁿ-tē, hia jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō· hui-siông koân.

## Keng-chè

Tī Tokugawa sî-tai khai-sí tōa-liōng khai-hoat hái chu-goân.

## Le̍k-sú sū-kiāⁿ
* **1467** nî: lōe-chiàn
* **1603-1867**: Tokugawa Bō·-hú

## Siā-hōe

## Chèng-tī

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

Ji̍t-pún téng-chân ê hêng-chèng tan-ūi àn-chiàu thoân-thóng pun chò to͘-tō-hú-koān 4 lūi, iā-chiū-sī ū 1 ê to͘ (Tang-kiaⁿ), 1 ê tō (Hokkaidô), 2 ê hú (Kiaⁿ-to͘, Tāi-pán) kah 43 ê koān.  Lēng-gōa iū-koh pun chò kúi-nā-ê tē-khu.

### Hokkaidô
* Hokkaidô tē-khu - Hokkaidô

### Honshû

* Tôhoku tē-khu - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Hukusima
* Kantô tē-khu - Ibaraki, Totigi, Gunma, Saitama, Tiba, Tang-kiaⁿ (Tôkyô), Kanagawa (í-siōng sio̍k-chheng "it-to͘-lio̍k-koān")
* Tûbu tē-khu - Yamanasi, Nagano, Niigata, Toyama, Isikawa, Hukui, Gihu, Sizuoka, Aiti, Mie
* Kinki (Kansai) tē-khu - Siga, Kiaⁿ-to͘ (Kyotô), Tāi-pán (Ôsaka), Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama
* Chûgoku tē-khu - Tottori, Simane, Okayama, Hirosima, Yamaguti

### Sikoku
* Sikoku tē-khu - Tokusima, Kagawa, Ehime, Koti

### Kyûshû
* Kyûshû tē-khu - Hukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ôita, Miyazaki, Kagosima

### Ryûkyû Kûn-tó
* Ryûkyû tē-khu - Okinawa

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Phû-tô-gâ-gí

**Phû-tô-gâ-gí** (língua portuguesa; phôtôgâ-gí, pôotôgâ-gí), 1 khoán Romance gí-giân ê kok-chè gí-giân, goân-thâu tī Phû-tô-gâ. Bó-gú jîn-kháu oá-kīn 2-ek, choân sè-kài pâi tē-6-ūi; Romance gí-giân tang-tiong kan-na Se-pan-gâ-gú ū koh khah chē bó-gú jîn-kháu. 

Chú-iàu ê sú-iōng kok-ka: Angola, Pa-se, Mozambique, Phû-tô-gâ, Tang Timor, Ò-mn̂g, São Tomé kap Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Cabo Verde.

## Tsù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t:Roman gí-cho̍k
Tang A-chiu

**Tang-a**, ia̍h **Tang [[A-chiu]]**, sī chí A-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê tang-pêng tē-tāi, Au-chiu-lâng chheng-ho͘ sī Oán-tang. Bīn-chek iok-lio̍k sī 664-bān pêng-hong kong-lí (A-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê 15%).

Ē-kha ê kok-ka tī Tang-a:

* Ji̍t-pún
* Lâm-hân
* Pak Tiâu-sian
* Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok (Se-chōng, Chheng-hái kah Sin-kiong sio̍k Tiong-a)

Ē-kha ê chèng-tī tan-ūi kan-taⁿ chió-sò͘ kok-ka sêng-jīm sī 1-ê kok-ka:
* Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok (Tâi-oân, Phêⁿ-ô͘, Kim-mn̂g, Má-chó͘)

Ē-kha ê kok-ka ū-sî-chūn hông tòng-chò sī Tang-a ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn:

* Bông-kó͘-kok (tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hông tòng-chò sī tī Tiong-a)
* Oa̍t-lâm (it-poaⁿ tòng-chò sī tī Tang-lâm-a)

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Hàn-jī-bûn-hòa-khoan
* Thài-pêng-iûⁿ-kîⁿ (*Pacific Rim*)
* Tang-pak-a
* Tang-iûⁿ
Tâi-oân ESP Hia̍p-hōe

**Tâi-oân ESP Hia̍p-hōe** (Ji̍t-gí: 台湾エスペラント協会), Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân Esperanto cho·-chit.  Pān-sū-chhù siat tī Tâi-pak Báng-kà Ē-khàm.  Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ sī chú-iàu ê oa̍h-tōng hoān-ûi.  Hia̍p-hōe ê chiân-sin hō·-chò "Ji̍t-pún ESP Hia̍p-hōe (Japana Esperantista Asocio) Tâi-oân-chi-pō·", iû Kodama Sirô (児玉四郎) tī 1913 nî chhòng-pān.  Āu--lâi iû So· Phek-hui (蘇璧輝), Liân Un-kheng (連溫卿) hoāⁿ, jī-chhiáⁿ kā kái-miâ.

Hia̍p-hōe bat hoat-hêng goe̍h-khan *La Verda Ombro* (1919-1924, "Le̍k-ǹg" ê ì-sù), chú-pian sī Liân sī.  *La Verda Ombro* bat hām pa̍t-kok ê cho·-chit chò khan-bu̍t kau-oāⁿ ê kau-liû.

Hia̍p-hōe ū chiam-tùi sè-kài pa̍t-ūi ê chèng-tī hoat-tián hoat-giân.  Tī 1932 nî 11 goe̍h 6, in tī Tâi-oân Sin-bîn-pò hoat-piáu khòng-gī Ji̍t-pún chhim-lio̍k Tiong-kok Tang-pak ê bûn-chiuⁿ, m̄-koh hō· tong-kio̍k san-tû.  Tī 1933 nî Hia̍p-hōe sêng-li̍p "Deutsch Hoán-bûn-hòa Khòng-gī Tông-bêng" khòng-gī Tek-kok Adolf Hitler ê chèng-tī.  In kó·-chhoe Sè-kài-gí ê oa̍h-tōng mā siū-tio̍h kéng-chhat ê kan-sia̍p.

1990 nî sêng-li̍p ê Tajvana Esperantista Asocio http://www.uea.org/landoj/azio/tajvano.html kap ESP Hia̍p-hōe bô le̍k-sú-siōng ê koan-hē.

## Tù-chok
* 組織的研究エスペラント講習書 (日本エスペラント協会台湾支部編; 191?, Tâi-oân, 緑星社)

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* 張炎憲、李筱峰、莊永明 pian, *Tâi-oân Kīn-tāi Bêng-jîn-chì* 《台灣近代名人誌》tē-4-chi̍p, tē 104-105 ia̍h.
* Sè-kài/Ji̍t-pún ê Esperanto Ūn-tōng-sú Nî-pió (Ji̍t-gí)
* Kài-siāu Hân-kok, Tâi-oân ê Sè-kài-gí ūn-tōng  (Polska-gí)
Lí Teng-hui

**Lí Teng-hui** (李登輝, ), chhut-sì tī taⁿ Tâi-ôan Sin-pak-chhī Sam-chi-khu. I sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok tē-it ūi bîn-sóan ê chóng-thóng. Í-chá ê Ji̍t-pún miâ hō-chòe "Iwasato Masao" (岩里政男).

Kong-gôan 1944-nî 1 go̍eh, tng-tong siàu-liân ê Lí Teng-hui tī Ji̍t-pún Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k ji̍p-ngó·. Chò-peng tiong-kan, i khó-tiâu Ji̍t-pún Chiba Ko-siā-phàu Ha̍k-hāu (千葉高射炮學校), siâng nî-tō· 8 go̍eh 19 hō, Lí--sian chìn-seng ūi lio̍k-kun siàu-ūi, liáu-āu liam-mī tī Tâi-ôan Kiong-hiông thè-ngó·. 

Liōng-kî-iok tī 1972-nî, Lí Teng-hui tit-tio̍h Kok-bîn-tóng chhâi-keng léng-he̍k pâi-chí lâng ê khan-sêng, ka-ji̍p KBT, chhú-khì it-ti̍t tit-tio̍h Chiúⁿ Keng-kok ê khì-tiōng, bat chò-kòe "hêng-chèng-īⁿ chèng-bū úi-ôan" , "Tâi-pak chhī-tiúⁿ", "Tâi-ôan-séng chú-se̍k" , "Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok hù-chóng-thóng" téng-téng ê koaⁿ-hâm (官衔). Kàu-kah Chiúⁿ Keng-kok kòe-sin liáu-āu, Lí Teng-hui chiap-jīm chóng-thóng, koh kiam chip-chèng-tiúⁿ, lóng-chóng 12-nî hiah-ni̍h kú. 

Lí Teng-hui chāi jīm ê chho·-kî chi-chhî Tiong-kok thóng-it, m̄-koh āu--lâi lióng-hōaⁿ hō·-siong chi-kan sìn-jīm ê thêng-tō· bô kàu, ah bîn-kan koh put-sî chhut-hiān chi̍t-kóa mô·-chhat sū-kiāⁿ bô tit-tio̍h ôan-bóan ê kái-koat, kaù-kah sià-jīm ê chòe-āu 1-nî, Lí Teng-hui kèng-jiân soah lâi piáu-thāi kóng lióng-hōaⁿ koan-hē sī "te̍k-sû kok í kok ê koan-hē" (Lióng-kok-lūn). 2000-nî, chóng-thóng soán-kí, KBT sit-lī, Lí Teng-hui ūi taⁿ-khí chek-jīm, sî-khì tóng-chú-se̍k ê chit-bū, pēng-chhiáⁿ tī kāng nî-tō· 5 go̍eh, iā-tio̍h-sī chóng-thóng jīm-kî kài-móa sià-jīm kòe-āu, kong-khai chú-tiuⁿ Tâi-ôan to̍k-li̍p, chiâⁿ-chòe Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng ê si̍t-chè léng-tō-lâng chi-it. Pòaⁿ-nî āu, Lí-Teng-hui tio̍h-chhiú chhòng-li̍p 1-ê sin--ê chèng-tóng: Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng (Tâi-Liân-Tóng), chiâⁿ-chòe chit-ê chèng-tóng ê cheng-sîn léng-siù.

Tâi-ôan Thôan-kiat Liân-bêng chú-tiuⁿ kiàn-li̍p Tâi-ôan-lâng ê Tâi-oân Kiōng-hô-kok, chhiàng-gī "Tâi-ôan chiàⁿ-miâ" ê ūn-tōng. 2004-nî chìn-chêng to̍h í-keng hām KBT chhé-kah lī-lī-lī ê Lí Teng-hui, iū-koh kiâⁿ chhut-lâi hē-la̍t thīn Bîn-Chìn-Tóng ê hāu-sóan-jîn Tân Chúi-píⁿ, i ho·-iok siā-hōe kok-kài ài hō· Tân Chúi-píⁿ sêng-kong liân-jīm, i kóng án-ne Tâi-ôan chiah ē-tàng hiáng-siū chú-kôan to̍k-li̍p ê tē-ūi.

2020 nî 2 goe̍h, Lí Teng-hui in-ūi lim gû-ling cha̍k-tio̍h, ji̍p-khì Tâi-pak Êng-bîn Chóng-pēⁿ-īⁿ tī-liâu, m̄-koh chōng-hóng hoán khí hoán tó, tī chit-nî--ê 7 goe̍h 30 ji̍t, Lí Teng-hui tī pēⁿ-īⁿ kòe-óng, hiáng kî-siū (耆壽) 98 hòe.

## Chham-khó


## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Kûn-chhek-hōe 
* Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng bāng-chām 

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Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-pak-chhī Chhī-tiúⁿ
Tiān-náu chhú-lí Pe̍h-ōe-jī

Le̍k-sú siōng ū kúi-nā-chióng chhú-lí Pe̍h-oē-jī ê tiān-náu ki-su̍t, kî-tiong tōa-pō·-hūn lóng hóng ìn-soat-pán ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat kap jī-bó gōa-hêng.  Chóng--sī bô kòa siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō ê "ASCII Pe̍h-oē-jī" oân-ná sî-kiâⁿ, te̍k-pia̍t sī tiàm hui-chèng-sek ê tiûⁿ-bīn kèng-ka chē lâng iōng.

*TW301
*HOTSYS
*Taiwanese Package (TP)
*Thong-iōng-bé (Unicode)
**Pe̍h-ōe-jī Keyman jī-pôaⁿ
** Khai-hòng ê Phang-chhaú (OpenVanilla) su-ji̍p-hoat ê pe̍h-ōe-jī hàn-lô *module*.  http://openvanilla.org, http://openvanilla.org/index.cgi?OVPOJ004ScreenShots 
**ToCyrillic phoè-ha̍p Mozilla Firefox
**Tâi-lô Pheng-im Su-ji̍p-hoat
*Kan-nā iōng ASCII ê hē-thóng (ASCII Pe̍h-oē-jī)

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*Pe̍h-oē-jī tiān-náu bûn-su chhú-lí ê gián-kiù  (lūn-bûn)
*Title: Proposal to add Latin characters required by Latinized Taiwanese languages to ISO/IEC 10646 1997-06-26
*Proposal Summary Form – Latinized Taiwanese  N2507
*Proposal to add COMBINING RIGHT DOT ABOVE as required by Taiwanese Holo language Romanization to ISO/IEC 10646  N2628
*Comments on “Combining dot above” – N2628  N2669
*Revised Proposal for encoding A Supplemented Set of IPA Combining Marks, Modifier Letters & Five-Degree Contour Tone Marks in the BMP of the UCS  N2713
Ji̍t-pún-gí

**Ji̍t-pún-gí** (Ji̍t-bûn:  *Nihongo*) sī Ji̍t-pún kok-lāi siōng chú-iàu ê gú-giân. Chit-chūn it-poaⁿ lóng hō-chòe **Ji̍t-gí** () kah **Ji̍t-bûn** ().

Sui-jiân Ji̍t-pún ê hoat-lu̍t bô khak-si̍t kui-tēng kóng Ji̍t-gí sī koan-hong gú-giân; put-kò, in ê chin chē hoat-tiâu lóng kui-tēng ài sú-iōng Ji̍t-bûn lâi su-siá. Tī Ji̍t-pún ê ha̍k-hāu tiong, mā lóng iōng Ji̍t-gí kah Ji̍t-bûn teh kàu-io̍k kah ha̍k-sip; Ji̍t-gí sī kong-iōng gí-giân sī sū-si̍t.

Ji̍t-pún-gí chú-iàu tī Ji̍t-pún sú-iōng; Tâi-oân, Tiâu-sián, Tiong-kok Tang-pak mā ū siū-koè si̍t-bîn-tē kàu-io̍k ê lāu-lâng ē-hiáu.

## Te̍k-teng

## Hun-pò͘
Ji̍t-pún-gí ê sú-iōng hoān-uî chú-iàu sī tī Ji̍t-pún kok-lāi. Tī Ji̍t-pún, bô-lūn tiān-sī, hòng-sàng kah tiān-iáⁿ, iáu-sī sió-soat, manga kah pò-chóa, chha-put-to lóng sī sú-iōng Ji̍t-gí.

## Hoat-im


## Ū tī-tāi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
Tiong-kó͘ Ji̍t-pún-gí

## Chù-kái

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Ji̍t-pún-gí kana Liân-kiat lia̍t-toaⁿ (PDF)
Chiàn-tàu-ki

**Chiàn-tàu-ki**/**chiàn-tò͘-ki** sī kun-ki ê chi̍t-chióng, tī kun-sū siōng iū-koh kiò-chòe **kan-bia̍t-ki** (Tiong-bûn: 歼灭机), éng-kòe mā kiò-chòe **khu-tio̍k-ki**. It-poaⁿ tī khong-chiàn tang-tiong, hū-chek kek-lo̍h te̍k-jîn ê hui-ki.

Chiàn-tàu-ki te̍k-tiám sī ki-tōng sèng-lêng chán, sok-tō· kín, tī khong-tiong ê chiàn-tàu-le̍k kiông. Chiàn-tàu-ki siāng chú-iàu ê jīm-bū sī khong-chiàn pēng-chhiáⁿ to̍at-chhú chè-khong-kôan; lēng-gōa, mā ē-tàng nôa-cha̍h te̍k-jîn ê hong-chà-ki, kong-kek-ki kah sûn-hâng tō-tôaⁿ. 

Jîn-lūi le̍k-sú siōng tē-it chiah chiàn-tàu-ki, chhut-sì tī kong-gôan 1915 nî ê Hoat-kok. 

## Chiàn-tàu-ki ê hoat-tián kap le̍k-sú

*
Oa̍t-gí (Kńg-tang-oē)

**Oa̍t-gí** (粵語), mā kiò choè **Kńg-tang-ōe** (廣東話), sī Hàn-gí-cho̍k ê chú-iàu gí-giân chi-it. Thong-hêng tī Tiong-kok lâm-hong ê Kńg-tang-séng, Kńg-sai-séng, Hiong-káng, Ò-mn̂g kah Tang-lâm-a chi̍t-kóa só͘-chai, sī hái-gōa tn̂g-lâng siāng-chú-iàu ê thong-hêng gí-giân. Kńg-tang-ōe iū kiò-chòe **Kńg-chiu-ōe**, **Oa̍t-gí**, **Pe̍h-ōe**, i ê miâ-chheng sī àn Tiong-kok kó·-tāi lâm-hong ê sió-sò· bîn-cho̍k "Oa̍t" (越) tńg—kòe-lâi-ê.

Sè-kài siōng tāi-iok ū 7000-bān lâng tī-leh sú-iōng Kńg-tang-ōe, sui-jiân pí bōe kòe Phó·-thong-oē, mā sǹg-sī sè-kài chú-iàu ê 1-chióng gí-giân.

Àn gí-giân-ha̍k ê koan-tiám lâi kóng, Kńg-tang-ōe kah chin-chōe Hàn-gí hong-giân siâng-khóan, pó-liû chiok-chē kó·-tāi Hàn-gí ê te̍k-tiám.

Kńg-tang-ōe ê hoat-im kah Phó·-thong-ōe ū chin-tōa ê bô-kâng, chú-iàu thé-hiān tī siaⁿ-tiāu kah ūn-bú. Kńg-tang-ōe ê siaⁿ-tiāu chin ho̍k-cha̍p, lóng-chóng ū 9-ê siaⁿ-tiāu, kó·-tāi Hàn-gí 3-ê ji̍p-siaⁿ-tiāu lóng-chóng pó-liû tī Kńg-tang-ōe lāi-té, che to̍h-sī “-t, -k, -p”. Che í-gōa, “-n, -m, -ng” chit-thò ôan-chéng ê phīⁿ-im-ūn (鼻音韻) mā pó-chûn tī Kńg-tang-ōe tang-tiong.

Siāng tiōng-iàu—ê, Kńg-tang-ōe kàu-taⁿ pó-chûn tio̍h chin-chōe kó·-tāi Hàn-gí ê iōng-sû kóng-hoat í-ki̍p gí-khì chō·-sû. Chià-ê te̍k-tiám tī hiān-tāi Hàn-gí tang-tiong chha-put-to khòaⁿ bōe-tio̍h—ah.

## Chham-koan
* Kńg-tang-ōe Pheng-im
## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* 學廣東話

Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-gí
Lūi-pia̍t:Kńg-tang-séng
Marx-chú-gī

**Marx-chú-gī** sī kin-kù Karl Marx su-sióng ê chèng-tī keng-chè lūn-soat.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Marx-Lenin-chú-gī (Lenin-chú-gī)
Su-kì-sò͘

**Su-kì-sò͘** (Eng-gí: *grapheme*) sī bûn-jī hē-thóng ê 1-ê tan-ūi. Tùi phim-im bûn-jī lâi kóng, su-kì-sò͘ ki-pún-siōng tùi-èng kàu im-sò͘ (*phoneme*).
Im-sò͘

Thoân-thóng gí-giân-ha̍k jīn-ûi **im-sò·** sī 1-ê gí-giân ê siaⁿ-im hē-thóng ê ki-pún tan-ūi.

Chá-kî ê gián-kiù-chiá hoat-kak tan-sûn biô-siá gí-giân ê siaⁿ-im (gí-im) ū i ê hān-chè. Gí-im chi-kan ê chha-pia̍t pēng bô tāi-piáu "ū ì-gī ê chha-pia̍t". In kā 1 ê gí-giân lāi-té siong-koan ê gí-im chéng-lí chò 1 ê lí-lūn siōng ê im-sò· tan-ūi. Im-sò· piáu-hiān chhut-lâi ê piàn-hòa tō-sī hia ê gí-im.

Āu--lâi ū gían-kiù-chiá jīn-ûi im-sò· sī 1 khóan sím-lí tan-ūi.

Ū-ê gí-giân bûn-jī ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat óa-kīn im-sò· hun-sek.

Chá-kî ê Hō-ló-oē Pe̍h-oē-jī khu-pia̍t *ts* kap *ch*. Chóng--sī chit 2 ê jī-bó ē-sái kóng tāi-piáu kāng-ê im-sò· ê bô kāng piáu-hiān (allophone). Āu--lâi ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat tō kan-na iōng *ch*.
Tiōng-le̍k

**Tiōng-le̍k** (Hàn: 重力; pe̍h-ōe-im: **tāng-la̍t**; Eng: *gravitation*, *gravity*) sī Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê iōng-sû, mā hō-chò **bān-iú-ín-le̍k** ia̍h **bān-iú-ín-la̍t**, sī kóng ū chit-liōng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ ài beh sio oá ê chok-iōng. Tiōng-le̍k sī chū-jiân-kài 4 chióng ki-pún-la̍t ê 1 chióng, lēng-goā 3 chióng sī tiān-chû-la̍t, jio̍k-la̍t, ham kiông-la̍t; tiōng-le̍k sī chit lāi-té siōng sè, m̄-koh chok-iōng siōng hn̄g, koh tiāⁿ-tio̍h ū chok-iōng--ê. Kó͘-tiān le̍k-ha̍k kā tiōng-le̍k tòng-chò ū chit-liōng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ sán-seng ê la̍t. It-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn kā tāng-la̍t tòng-chò ū chit-liōng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ kā sî-khong oan-khiau liáu-aū ê chok-iōng, m̄ sī 1 chióng la̍t. Tī Liōng-chú tiōng-le̍k (quantum gravity) ê lí-lūn, ū lâng ká-siat ū tiōng-chú (graviton) thang thoân-pò tiōng-le̍k.

## [[Newton]] [[kó͘-tiān le̍k-ha̍k]] ê tēng-gī
Jīm-hô nn̄g-ê ū chit-liōng (*mass*) ê bu̍t-thé tiong-kan, lóng ū chi̍t-ê hō·-siong khip-ín ê le̍k-liōng, chiū-sī **tāng-le̍k**.

Tiōng-le̍k kap bu̍t-thé ê chit-liōng ū ē-bīn ê koan-hē:

　　　F=\frac{GMm}{r^2}

　　　\begin{matrix}G=6.672\times10^{-11} \quad N\ m^2\ kg^{-2} \\ \ \ \ =6.672\times10^{-8} \quad cm^3\ g^{-1}\ s^{-2}\end{matrix}

***F*** sī nn̄g-ê bu̍t-thé chi-kan ê le̍k-liōng

***G*** sī Bān-iú ín-le̍k siông-sò· (*universal gravitational constant*)

***M*** kap ***m*** hun-pia̍t sī nn̄g-ê bu̍t-thé ê chit-liōng

***r*** sī nn̄g-ê bu̍t-thé (*M* kap *m*) ê kī-lī
Hok-chiu-chhī

**Hok-chiu-chhī** (hàn-jī: 福州市; Se-hng ū-sî siá Foochow, Fuchow; Hok-chiu-oē: ) sī Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn-séng ê tē-kip-chhī kiam séng-to͘, mā sī Hok-kiàn siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Tē-lí

Hok-chiu kap Hok-kiàn tōa-pō͘-hūn ê tē-kip-chhī sio-siâng, óa-kīn hái-hoāⁿ.

## Le̍k-sú

Kong-gôan 1405 nî kàu 1433 nî tiong-kan, Bêng-tiâu ê Tēⁿ Hô 7-pái chhōa chûn-tūi tùi Hok-chiu chhut-hoat, kiâⁿ-koè Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ, khì kàu Hui-chiu.

Lâm-kiaⁿ Tiâu-iok (1842) pek Chheng-tiâu khai-hòng Hok-chiu kap Tiong-kok kî-thaⁿ 4 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

Hok-chiu ē-kha hun 5 ê khu, 6 ê koān kap 2 ê chhī.

* Kó͘-lâu-khu (鼓樓區)
* Chìn-an-khu (晉安區)
* Tâi-kang-khu (臺江區)
* Chhng-soaⁿ-khu (倉山區)
* Má-boé-khu (馬尾區)
* Tiông-lo̍k-khu (長樂區)
* Bân-chheng-koān (閩清縣)
* Bân-hâu-koān (閩侯縣) 
* Éng-thài-koān (永泰縣) 
* Hok-chheng-chhī (福清市) 
* Liân-kang-koān (連江縣, hun-tī) 
* Lô-goân-koān (羅源縣)
* Pêng-thâm-koān (平潭縣)

## Jîn-kháu

Hok-chiu ū bē-chió lâng î-bîn khì kàu Bí-kok, kî-tiong bē-chió khui sè-keng chhan-thiaⁿ.

## Bûn-hòa

Hok-chiu chāi-tē ê gí-giân sio̍k Hàn-gí Bân-tang-gú, hō-chò Hok-chiu-oē.
Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ

**Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ** sī choân sè-kài tē-3-tōa ê hái-iûⁿ. I chiàm tē-kiû 20% ê bīn-chek. Í-pak sī Lâm A-chiu, sai-pêng sī A-la-pek poàn-tó hām Hui-chiu, tang-pêng sī Má-lâi poàn-tó, Sunda-tó, Australia, lâm-pêng sī Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ.
Oān-chō͘ kau-chè

**Oān-chō·-kau-chè** (hàn-jī: 援助交際; kán-siá: **oān-kau**), it-poaⁿ chí cha-bó· gín-á, te̍k-pia̍t sī ha̍k-seng-á, khò "bē-chhun" a̍h-sī kî-tha ê sèng kau-koan lâi bóan-chiok seng-oa̍h khai-siau ê su-iàu.  Chóng--sī mā ū cha-po· gín-á chìn-hêng oān-kau.

Chit ê sû tùi Ji̍t-pún-oē *enzyo kôsai* (hàn-jī: 援助交際) lâi ê.  Chit ê bêng-sû bó·-chióng thêng-tō· hoán-èng (siàu-liân) chham-ú-jîn tùi oān-kau ê thāi-tō·.  Khah chē bô jīn-ûi oān-kau chhiūⁿ thoân-thóng siā-hōe ê bē-chhun, tek-kha̍k ū hù-bīn ê ì-gī.

Tī Tâi-oân, Ji̍t-pún, bô kì-miâ ê bāng-lō· khai-káng-keng (Eng-gí: chatroom) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī chih-chiap ê chú-iàu kang-khū.  Chìn-chi̍t-pō· ê iok-sok ū khó-lêng iōng tio̍h chhiú-ki, e-mail, "té-sìn" (Hoâ-gí: 短訊) téng-téng ê sin thong-sìn kho-ki.

Oān-kau kap hèng siau-hùi chú-gī ê siàu-liân-lâng ē-bûn-hòa ū tī-tāi.  Ji̍t-pún 1980 nî-tāi ê keng-chè sêng-tióng sit-pāi liáu-āu, khai-sí ū oān-kau bûn-hòa chhut-hiān.  Ū-ê koan-chha̍t-chiá jīn-ûi oān-kau pang-chān siàu-liân-lâng î-chhî in ê seng-oa̍h hong-sek, bē siū ka-têng keng-chè lo̍h-chhē ê éng-hióng.  Mā ū ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi oān-kau sī 1 khoán chiâⁿ-lâng ê gî-sek.

Oān-kau sī Tâi-oân mûi-thé tī 21 sè-kí chho·-kî jia̍t-mn̂g ê sin-bûn oē-tê.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún bûn-hòa
Seng-le̍k

Tong liû-thé (pí-lūn-kóng khong-khì kap chúi) lâu-kòe chi̍t-ê bu̍t-thé ê sî, ē tī bu̍t-thé piáu-bīn sán-seng ap-le̍k, chia--ê ap-le̍k hun-pò· (*distribution*) it-poaⁿ lâi kóng lóng chin ho̍k-cha̍p, nā-sī keng-kòe chek-hun (Hàn-jī: 積分), ē-tàng tit-tio̍h chi̍t-ê ha̍p-le̍k, chit-ê ha̍p-le̍k ē-tàng hun-chò nn̄g-ê hong-hiòng, kap liû-thé kâng hong-hiòng--ê hō-chò chó·-le̍k, khiā-ti̍t (Hàn-jī: 垂直)--ê hō-chò phû-le̍k, iōng hâng-khong-ha̍k siong-koan--ê su̍t-gí lâi kóng tio̍h-sī **seng-le̍k**, iā-chiū-sī hō· hui-hêng-khì seng-khong ê le̍k-liōng.

## Seng-le̍k kap e̍k-phò·-bīn
Nā-sī beh thó-lūn seng-le̍k, chiū ài liáu-kái e̍k-phò·-bīn.

Hui-hêng-ki su-iàu seng-le̍k, lú-tōa lú-hó, tông-sî chó·-le̍k ài lú-sè lú-hó. E̍k-phò·-bīn sī jîn-lūi só· chai-iáⁿ ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ tang-tiong, ē-tàng tī-leh sán-seng seng-le̍k ê sî, ū siāng-sió chó·-le̍k ê hêng-thé.

## Seng-le̍k ê lí-lūn
ISO 3602

**ISO 3602** sī ISO chhut-pán--ê 1 thò piau-chún, iōng-lâi tēng-gī Ji̍t-gí **Hùn-lēng-sek [[Lô-má-jī]]** ( *Kunrei-siki Lômaji*) khá-nah--ê pheng-siá.

## Hùn-lēng-sek ê Khá-nah Pheng-siá

## Kî-thaⁿ
Tn̂g-im--ê bó-im	téng-kôan ài ke	iông-ek-hû (揚抑符, circumflex, ˆ), m̄-sī tn̂g-im-hû (Macron, ¯), lû Ôsaka (大阪, Tāi-pán)--ê "ô".

## Chham-khó
*Hepburn-sek Lô-má-jī

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
*ISO 3602  (Kunrei-siki = 訓令式; Nippon-no-Rômazi-Sya kiàn-gī)
Koa-á-hì

**Koa-á-hì**, 1-chióng iōng Bân-lâm-gí ián-chhiùⁿ ê hì-khiok, liû-hêng tī Tâi-ôan, Hok-kiàn Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g kah Tang-lâm-a ê Bân-lâm-lâng siā-khu. 

Koa-á-hì hêng-sêng tī Tâi-ôan.  Chá-kî ê hì-khek hām kó·-chá-sî Chiang-chiu chāi-tē ê bîn-kan khiok-gē "koa-á" (錦歌, gím-koa) koan-hē bi̍t-chhiat, khan-liân chin chhim. Hit-tong-sî liû-hêng tī Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g chit-tah ê bîn-kan im-ga̍k gē-su̍t koa-á, tòe-tio̍h Tn̂g-soaⁿ-lâng î-bîn ê kha-pō·, thôan khì-kàu Tâi-ôan. Koa-á sī Kóa-á-hì siōng ki-pún ê chó·-sêng pō·-hūn. Chha-put-to tī kong-gôan 20 sè-kí chho·-kî, kóa-á-hì ùi Tâi-ôan thôan tò-tńg-khì Hok-kiàn Bân-lâm tē-khu, tit-tio̍h Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g peh-sèⁿ ê hí-ài kah thiàⁿ-sioh, chiâⁿ-chòe Bân-lâm thôan-thóng tē-hng hì-khiok. Koa-á-hì tī Bân-lâm só·-chāi iū kiò-chòe "Hiong-kio̍k" (薌劇). Koa-á-hì ê im-ga̍k khiok-tiàu cha̍p-chiok hong-hù, ū chhit-jī-á, "tōa-tiāu", "pōe-su-tiāu", "cha̍p-liām-tiāu", siāng tiōng-iàu ê sī "khàu-tiâu-á". Che í-gōa, iū-koh khip-siu chin-chōe Tâi-ôan bîn-kan koa-iâu kah tē-hng im-ga̍k, chhin-chhiūⁿ Kheh-ka soaⁿ-koa. Koa-á-hì chú-iàu ê ián-chàu ga̍k-khì sī tōa-kóng-hiân, khak-á-hiân, Tâi-ôan phín-á kah go̍eh-khîm. Koa-á-hì ê piáu-ián, kak-sek, hì-ho̍k, hòe-chong, lô-kó·-chhim (鑼鼓鋟) téng táⁿ-kek ga̍k-khì ki-pún-siōng hām Kiaⁿ-kio̍k sio-siâng. 

Koa-á-hì ê ián-chhut kio̍k-bo̍k, tōa-to-sò· sī bîn-kan thôan-soat, pí-lūn-kóng *[[San-pek Eng-tâi]]*, *[[Tân-saⁿ Ngō·-niû]]* téng-téng, āu--lâi, iū-koh kái-phian chin-chōe ê Kiaⁿ-kio̍k kio̍k-bo̍k, mā cheng-ka chin-chōe Tiong-kok le̍k-sú tê-châi ê kio̍k-bo̍k.

## Koa-á-hì ê piáu-ián hêng-thài
*Iá-tâi (goā-tâi) koa-á-hì.
*Lāi-tâi koa-á-hì.
*Tiān-sī koa-á-hì.
*Tiān-iáⁿ koa-á-hì.
*Kóng-pò· koa-á-hì.
### Lo̍h-tē-sàu (落地掃) koa-á-hì
Gî-lân tē-khu chá-kî ê koa-á piáu-ián sī chò "pún-tē koa-á," mā ū lâng kóng sī "lāu koa-á," "thoân-thóng koa-á," "kū-kǹg koa-á." Chit chióng lo̍h-tē-sàu koa-á-hì sī khah kó͘-chá ê piáu-ián hêng-sek, lūi-sū po-koa, á-sī chhia-kó͘ sió-hì.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Koa-á-hì chu-sìn-chām 
*Tâi-oân koa-á ha̍k-hoē 
*台灣民間文學歌仔冊資料庫(Tâi-oân bîn-kan bûn-ha̍k koa-á-chheh chu-liāu-khò͘)
Iran

**Iran** ( **' ), chèng-sek choân-miâ **Iran Islam Kiōng-hô-kok** ( **') sī A-chiu ê kok-ka.

## Le̍k-sú

Tùi Pho-su kap Elam ê chá-kî kì-lio̍k ū chhut-hiān tī Assyria Tè-kok ê chu-liāu. Tāi-iok tī Chêng 640 nî-tāi, Cyrus 1-sè pat phài tāi-piáu kìⁿ Assyria ê thóng-tī-chiá Ashurbanipal.

Iran sī Tiong-tang tē-khu kok-ka, kó͘-chá-sî Tiong-kok-lâng kā in hō-chò "Pho-su". 1925 nî, Pahlavi ông-tiâu kiàn-li̍p, 1935 nî 3 go̍eh kái-miâ "Iran". Tī le̍k-sú siōng, chit-ê kok-ka put-sī cho-siu tio̍h pa̍t-kok ê chhim-lio̍k. 

1941 nî, Eng-kok kap So͘-liân liân-ha̍p chhim-hoān Iran, chiong kok-ông Reza Shah kóaⁿ thè-ūi; liáu-āu i-ê hāu-seⁿ Muhammad Reza Shah tī 1953 nî chiap-ūi, niá-chhōa chi̍t kái Pe̍h-sek Kek-bēng, kái-kek pau-koat thó͘-tē kap lú-sèng tâu-phiò-koân téng sū-bū. Kong-gôan 1977 nî-té, Iran kok-lāi po̍k-hoat liáu hóan-tùi Kun-chú-chè chèng-kôan ê chèng-tī tōng-lōan, 1979 nî ōaⁿ tiâu-tē liáu-āu, sêng-li̍p Iran Islam Kiong-hô-kok.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chong-kàu
Chong-kàu: Islam-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu, Iû-thài-kàu, Zoroaster-kàu.

## Chù-kha

## Chham-chiàu
* 
*
ANSI

**ANSI** sī **American National Standards Institute** (Bí-kok Kok-ka Piau-chún Hia̍p-hoē) ê kán-siá. ANSI sī 1-ê su-jîn, hui-êng-lī ê ki-kò͘. I chú-iàu ê sū-kang sī chè-tēng Bí-kok kok-lāi ê kang-gia̍p piau-chún. I sī ISO kap IEC ê hoē-goân.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
Microsoft Windows

**Windows Chok-gia̍p Hē-thóng** sī Microsoft kong-si chhut-phín ê chok-gia̍p hē-thóng (OS). Ē-kha lia̍t-chhut chêng kah taⁿ ê pán-pún:

## Pán-pún le̍k-sú
* DOS ki-chhó·
** Windows 1.0 (1985)
** Windows 2.0 (1987)
** Windows 3.0 (1990)
** Windows 3.1 (1992)
** Windows 95 (1995)
** Windows 98 (1998)
** Windows 98 Second Edition (1999)
** Windows Millennium Edition (Me) (2000)
* NT Kernel ki-chhó·
** Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
** Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
** Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
** Windows NT 4.0 (1996) - che sī siōng-boé 1 ê ha̍h RISC kiàn-tio̍k (DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC) ê pán-pún. Āu-lâi ê pán-pún chiam-tùi x86-té ê nn̄g-thé kap IA-64 ê CPU (chú-iàu pháng server OS iōng ê).
** Windows 2000 (2000)
** Windows XP (2001)
** Windows Server 2003 (2003)
** Windows Vista (2007)
** Windows 7 (2009)
** Windows 8 (2012)

## Tsù-kái