Lūi-pia̍t-sû (gú-giân-ha̍k)

**Luī-pia̍t-sû** (ing-gú: classifier, sok-siá-sû sī ***' hi̍k-tsiá ***'; **hun-luī-sû**); mā-ū lâng kā kiò-tsò ) teh gú-giân-ha̍k lāi-té sī tsí phuānn-suî bîng-sû ê jī-sû hi̍k-tsiá , ē-tàng kun-kù luī-pia̍t-sû sóo tsí ê tuì-siōng ê luī-hîng hông khuànn-tsò "hun-luī" ê bîng-sû. Hun-luī-sû ū-tang-sî-á mā-hông kiò-tsò liōng-sû hi̍k-tsiá kè-sòo-sû. Hun-luī-sû teh tsi̍t-kuá gú-giân tang-tiong huat-hui-tio̍h tiōng-iàu ê tsok-iōng, iû-kî-sī Tang-a ê , pau-kuat hàn-gú, bânlâm-gú, ji̍t-gú kah ua̍tlâm-gú tíng-tíng ê gú-giân. Au-tsiu ê  lāi-té luī-pia̍t-sû nā m̄-sī bô tsok-iōng tō-sī hông pian-iân-huà. Teh ing-gú lāi-té khó-lîng sú-iōng ê hun-luī-sû huān-lē sī té-gú (phiàn-gú) lāi-té ê tsi̍t-kuá-á phiàn-tuān ê iōng-huat, pí-jû: "three pieces of paper (sann-tiunn tsuá)" tíng-tíng ê huān-lē.

Teh kū-iú liōng-sû ê gú-giân lait-e, liōng-sû thong-siông teh bîng-sû hông kè-sòo ê sî-tsūn sú-iōng, tsik-sī hit-tong-sî liōng-sû hām  tâng-tsê tshut-hiān ê sî-tsūn. Teh tsit-khuán hun-luī-sû sī gú-huat ti̍k-sik ê gú-giân tang-tiong, tsu-jû "sann-ê" tsi-luī ê té-gú thong-siông su-iàu piáu-sī tsò "sann-ê X (siánn-mi̍h khuán) lâng", kî-tiong X sī sik-iōng teh "lâng" tsit-ê bîng-sû ê hun-luī-sû. Hun-luī-sû ū-tang-sî-á mā-ū kî-thann ê kong-lîng; teh Tiong-bûn lāi-té, hun-luī-sû thong-siông kǹg-teh bîng-sû ê thâu-tsîng tsò  (sû-gī sī "tsit-ê" hi̍k-tsiá "hit-ê").  Hàn-gú ê hun-luī-sû thong-siông ia̍h hông kiò-tsò , sui-bóng ū tsi̍t-kuá-á tsok-tsiá ū-kā tsit nn̄g-ê su̍t-gú tsìn-hîng hun-luī ê khu-hun. Koh teh Bí-kok ê tshiú-gú lāi-té, ti̍k-tīng ê  in-ê tshiú-hîng tāi-piáu-tio̍h bîng-sû teh khong-kan tang-tiong ê hong-hiòng.

Hun-lūi hē-thóng hām  tsi-kan tsûn-tsāi-tio̍h tsi̍t-kuá-á sio-kāng-khuán ê sóo-tsāi, sui-bóng in tsi-kan ū tsûn-tsāi bîng-hián ê tsha-ī. Tsah-ū hun-luī-sû ê gú-giân, teh tsia--ê gú-giân lāi-té khó-lîng tsûn-tsāi-ū sòo-pah-ê hun-luī-sû. Kū-iú bîng-sû-luī (ti̍k-pia̍t sī-ū  khu-hun ê ti̍k-sìng) ê gú-giân, óng-óng kū-iú khah tsió-liōng ê hun-luī-sû. Tsit-khuán bíng-siù-luī ê gú-giânbô-tiānn-tio̍h uá-khò bîng-sû sóo pau-hâm ê ì-gī, m̄-kù tsit-khuán gú-giân kū-iú tsiann-tsē-tsiòng ê gú-huat kiat-kó hâm-gī.

## Kài-su̍t
Luī-pia̍t-sû sī teh tsi̍t-kuá-á gú-huat piáu-sī ê siōng-hā-bû tang-tiong tînn-tuè bîng-sû ê tān-sû (hi̍k-tsiá teh tsi̍t-kuá-á hun-sik lāi-té, ), thong-siông huán-ìng-tio̍h bîng-sû ê bóo-tsióng kài-liām hun-luī, tsú-iàu khiā-tī i  ê ti̍k-ting. In-tshú, tsi̍t-tsióng gú-giân khong-lîng ū tsi̍t-ê hun-luī-sû iōng teh piáu-sī lâng-ê bîng-sû, līng-guā tsi̍t-ê iōng teh piáu-sī pîng-bīn bu̍t-thé ê bîng-sû, koh līng-guā tsi̍t-ê iōng teh piáu-sī sî-kan-tuan ê bîng-sû, tíng-tíng Kā hun-luī-sû hun-phuè hōo mā-ū khó-lîng teh bóo-tsióng thîng-tōo siōng sī pukho ū-tshik ê, ū tsi̍t-kuá-á ê bîng-sû àn-tsiàu li̍k-sú siōng khak-li̍p ê kuàn-lē tshái-iōng bóo tsi̍t-kuá-á ê hun-luī-sû.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

* Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). Classifiers in Yidiny. In R. M. W. Dixon (ed.), *Where have all the adjectives gone?* (pp.&nbsp;185–205.) Berlin: Mouton. 
* Walsh, M. (1997). Noun classes, nominal classification and generics in Murrinhpatha. In M. Harvey & N. Reid (eds.), *Nominal classification in Aboriginal Australia* (pp.&nbsp;255–292). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 
* Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2000). *Classifiers: A typology of noun categorization devices*. Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . 
* Allan, Keith. (1977). Classifiers. *Language*, **53**, 2, 285–311. 
* Craig, Colette. (ed.) (1986). *Noun Classes and Categorization: Proceedings of a Symposium on Categorization and Noun Classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983*. Typological Studies in Language, 7.  Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 
* Rude, Noel. (1986). Graphemic classifiers in Egyptian hieroglyphics and Mesopotamian cuneiform. In Colette Grinevald (ed.), *Noun Classes and Categorization* (pp. 133-138.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 
* Senft, Gunther. (ed.) (2008). Systems of nominal classification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
* Grinevald (Craig), Colette. (2004). "97. Classifiers," in: C. Lehmann, J. Mugdan et al. (eds.), Morphology, An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation. Volume 2. Berlin – New York: De Gruyter, 1016–1032. 
* Goldwasser, Orly & Colette Grinevald (Craig) (2012). "What Are Determinatives Good For?," in: E. Grossman, S. Polis & J. Winand (eds.), Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian. Hamburg: Widmaier, 17–53. 
* Bauer, Brigitte. L. M. (2017). Nominal Apposition in Indo-European Its Forms and Functions, and Its Evolution in Latin-Romance. Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter. Chapter 3: 62–88. 

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Tsí-tshing/Referent)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*SIL: Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a noun class? 

Lūi-pia̍t:Sû-sèng