open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bertolt Brecht

**Bertolt Brecht** (pún-miâ **Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht**, ), 20 sè-kí kài ū éng-hióng-la̍t ê Tek-kok siā-hoē-chú-gī hì-kio̍k-ka, hì-tâi kàm-tok, si-jîn.

I ê hì-kio̍k lí-lūn hō chò sū-sū-kio̍k.
Gio̍k-toà-lōng-tia̍p

**Gio̍k-toà-lōng-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 玉帶挵蝶, ha̍k-miâ: *Daimio tethys*) kui-sio̍k-tī lōng-tia̍p-kho, si̍t-kó· thìⁿ-khui ū 32 kàu 37 mm. I ê goā-koan kah pe̍h-kûn-lōng-tia̍p beh-kâng-beh-kâng, m̄-koh téng-koân-si̍t-kó· tiong-ng ū khah toā-hêng ê pe̍h-pan, jî-chhiáⁿ ē-kha-si̍t-kó· piáu-bīn ê toā pe̍h-pan sī tī si̍t ê tiong-ng, ah pe̍h-kûn-lōng-tia̍p ê toā pe̍h-pan khah chiap-kīn goā-iân. Kang--ê kap bó--ê ê goā-koan chha-bô-goā-chē.  

Gio̍k-toà-lōng-tia̍p ji̍t--sî chhut-lâi oa̍h-tōng, si̍t-chháu-sèng, toà-tī chháu-á-châng, hun-pò· tī kē-hái-poa̍t kàu tiong-hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu, Sêng-thâng chhut-hiān tī chhun-thiⁿ kàu chhiu-thiⁿ. I kah-ì pái-hóng hoe-lúi kap suh hoe-bi̍t.
H. G. Wells

**Herbert George Wells** (it-poaⁿ kán-chheng **H. G. Wells**, 1866 nî 9 goe̍h 21 – 1946 nî 8 goe̍h 13) , Eng-tē chok-ka, siōng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín sī i ê kho-ha̍k siáu-soat (science fiction), chhiūⁿ kóng *[[Sî-kan Ki-khì]]* (The Time Machine), *[[Sè-kài Chi-kan ê Chiàn-cheng]]* (The War of the Worlds), *[[Khoàⁿ Bē Tio̍h ê Lâng]]* (The Invisible Man), *[[Moreau I-su ê Tó]]* (The Island of Doctor Moreau). I ê gia̍h-sò͘ chē, siáu-soat kap hui-siáu-soat (non-fiction) lóng ū, kî-tiong pau-koat chē-chē khoán-sek ê chok-phín, chhiūⁿ kóng tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat, le̍k-sú, siā-hoē phêng-lūn. I mā sī 1 ê kóng ti̍t-oē ê siā-hoē-chú-gī-chiá. Boé-kî ná chē chèng-tī-te̍k, kà-sī-te̍k ê chok-phín, chóng--sī khah bô chá-kî--ê hiah sî-kiâⁿ.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Siu tī Project Gutenberg ê chok-phín

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hoē-chú-gī-chiá
Jules Verne

**Jules Gabriel Verne** (), Hoat-kok chok-ka, kho-ha̍k siáu-soat ê khai-thian-chiá chi it. I tī hui-hêng, chǹg-chúi-théng boē phó͘-phiàn chìn-chêng tō teh siá koan-hē tāi-khì-chân, ú-tiū, chúi-ē lí-hêng ê kò͘-sū. Kin-kù Unesco thóng-kè ê Index Translationum, i sī thong sè-kài tē 3 chia̍p hông hoan-e̍k ê chok-ka. Ū-koá tù-chok bat chò tiān-iáⁿ poaⁿ.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Siu tī Project Gutenberg ê chok-phín

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka
Bertrand Russell

**Tē 3 tāi Russell Pek-chiok Bertrand Arthur William Russell** (; OM, FRS; ), Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok tiat-ha̍k-ka, lô-chek-ha̍k-ka, sò͘-ha̍k-ka, chok-ka. I gia̍h-sò͘ chē, chin chē bô siâng-khoán ê gī-tê lóng bat phêng-lūn--koè, mā mî-noā chò tiat-ha̍k ê tāi-chiòng-hoà khang-khoè. I toè Hoâ-cho̍k ka-cho̍k ê thoân-thóng chhap chèng-tī sū-bū, chi̍t-sì-lâng to sī hoán-tùi chiàn-cheng ê ūn-tōng-chiá, pau-koat hoán-tùi hu̍t-chú bú-khì, hoán-tùi Bí-kok phah Oa̍t-lâm. I hoán-tùi tè-kok-chú-gī, chàn-sêng kok-chè chū-iû bō͘-e̍k. Kàu kah boán-liân to iáu ū lâng chun-kèng i sī sè-kài ū miâ-siaⁿ ê tì-sek-hūn-chú.

Tī 1950 nî Nobel Úi-oân-hoē siúⁿ i Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng, o-ló i "tī kok-chióng ū-gia̍h ê siá-chok lāi-bīn ióng-hō͘ jîn-tō ê lí-sióng kap su-sióng ê chū-iû".

Russell tī 1920 nî hóng-mn̄g chhím kiàn-kok ê Soviet Liân-bêng, mā ū kìⁿ tio̍h Lenin. M̄-koh i kám-kak bē-tàng jīn-tông Lō͘-se-a ê kiōng-sán kek-bēng. I chú-tiuⁿ 1 khoán un-hô--ê, bîn-chú--ê siā-hoē-chú-gī.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiat-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Sò͘-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-pêng-chú-gī-chiá
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hoē-chú-gī-chiá
Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Su-hoān Tāi-ha̍k

**Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Su-hoān Tāi-ha̍k** (kán-chheng **Su-tāi**) sī chi̍t-keng tiàm-tī Tâi-pak-chhī Tāi-an-khu ê tāi-ha̍k. 1946 nî chhòng-li̍p, goân-té kiò-chò **Tâi-oân Séng-li̍p Su-hoān Ha̍k-īⁿ**, ū chi̍t-keng hù-sio̍k ê tiong-ha̍k.

## Le̍k-sú
Pún tāi-ha̍k goân chhòng-li̍p ê hāu-siā só͘-chāi-tē sī goân-té Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú ê Tâi-pak Ko-téng Ha̍k-hāu (臺北高等學校).

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Su-hoān Tāi-ha̍k

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê su-hoān tāi-ha̍k
Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Su-hoān Tāi-ha̍k Hù-sio̍k Ko-kip Tiong-ha̍k

**Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Su-hoān Tāi-ha̍k Hù-sio̍k Ko-kip Tiong-ha̍k**, sī Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Su-hoān Tāi-ha̍k hù-sio̍k ê tiong-ha̍k, kán-chheng **Su-tāi-hù-tiong**, ūi-tī Tâi-pak-chhī Tāi-an-khu, sī chiok ū-miâ ê ha̍k-hāu.
Tiân-cheng

**Tiân-cheng** (Hàn-jī: 田菁, ha̍k-miâ: *Sesbania cannabina*) kui-sio̍k-tī tāu-kho, sī chi̍t-nî-seng chháu-pún he̍k to-nî-seng bo̍k-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Goân-pún seⁿ tī jia̍t-tāi kap a-jia̍t-tāi, ū ê kóng sī Egypt, Tâi-oân tī 1930 nî-tāi ín-chìn chai-poê, sī chhân--lin tiāⁿ-khoàiⁿ ê le̍k-pûi si̍t-bu̍t. I hun-pō· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu, seng-tióng tī khòng-khoah ê pha-hng-tē. I kah-ì kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng, hoe-kî sī 6 goe̍h kàu 12 goe̍h.

## Hêng-thài

Keng ê ki-pō· bo̍k-chit-hoà, iù-ki seⁿ tn̂g-mo·. Koân tāi-iok 1 kàu 2 kong-chhioh.

Hio̍h-á sī it-hoê ngó·-sò· ú-chōng ho̍k-hio̍h, tn̂g 12 kàu 15 kong-hun, sió-hio̍h tn̂g 4 kàu 8 mm, tn̂g thó-îⁿ-hêng, thâu-chêng hit-toan tūn-tūn, ki-pō· chhoa̍h-chhoa̍h. Sió-hio̍h sò·-liōng tāi-hūn chhiau-koè 20 tùi.

Hoe n̂g-sek, ô·-tia̍p-hêng hoe-koan, 1 lúi kàu 3 lúi seⁿ tī hio̍h-á ê koh-ē-lang (e̍k-seng), chóng-chōng hoe-sū. 

Koé-chí sī ngeh-kó (莢果), tn̂g-tn̂g ti̍t-ti̍t.
Chiuⁿ-kó

**Chiuⁿ-kó** sī koé-chí ê 1 ê lūi-hêng, kui-sio̍k-tī tan-kó, kúi-á-chióng bô-kâng kho kap sio̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t lóng-ū, chin-chhiūⁿ kiô-kho ê kam-á-bi̍t, kiô-á, má-lêng-chî, chheⁿ-chiau, jím-tang-kho ê jím-tang, phô-tô-kho ê phô-tô téng-téng. Chiuⁿ-kó ê goā-kó-poê khah po̍h, tiong-kó-poê kap lāi-kó-poê tian-tó sī bah-chit kāu-chiap. Chiuⁿ-kó ê 1 lia̍p koé-chí lāi siân-chāi ū chiok-chē chéng-chí. Chiuⁿ-kó ê go̍k-phìn siù-chûn(宿存), kah kó-tì (果蒂) sio-liâm. Chiuⁿ-kó it-poaⁿ iû to-sò· ê sim-phoê kap-chò-choè ê chhû-lúi hoat-io̍k lâi--ê, khah-chió sī iû ko·-chi̍t-ê sim-phoê hoat-io̍k ê chiuⁿ-kó, in-chhú tī chiuⁿ-kó lāi-té tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē khoàⁿ tio̍h joā-chē ê keng-keh.
Soaⁿ-tang-séng

**Soaⁿ-tang-séng** (hàn-jī: 山東省), sī Tiong-kok tang-hng ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe tī Chè-lâm-chhī. Thài-san sī séng lāi-tiong siōng-kài kôan ê soaⁿ.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Chè-lâm-chhī (濟南市)
*Chheng-tó-chhī (青島市)
*Pin-chiu-chhī (濱州市)
*Tek-chiu-chhī (德州市)
*Tong-êng-chhī (東營市)
*Hâ-te̍k-chhī (菏澤市)
*Chè-lêng-chhī (濟寧市)
*Lâi-bû-chhī (萊蕪市)
*Liâu-siâⁿ-chhī (聊城市)
*Lîm-kî-chhī (臨沂市)
*Ji̍t-chiàu-chhī (日照市)
*Thài-an-chhī (泰安市)
*Î-hng-chhī (濰坊市)
*Ui-hái-chhī (威海市)
*Ian-tâi-chhī (煙台市)
*Chó-chng-chhī (棗莊市)
*Chu-phok-chhī (淄博市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Bī-kak hē-thóng

**Bī-kak hē-thóng** (Eng-gí: gustatory system) sī 1 khoán ti-kak hē-thóng, chú-iàu sī leh chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê sî, lī-iōng chùi-chi̍h téng-koân ê bī-kak-sió-thé (taste bud) lâi sán-seng chia̍h-mi̍h ê bī-kak, khoàⁿ chu-bī sī kiâm, chiáⁿ, sng, ia̍h khó͘.
Kam-kó

**Kam-kó** sī koé-chí ê 1 khoán, kui-sio̍k-tī tan-seng-kó, sī hûn-hiong-kho (芸香科) kam-kiat-sio̍k (柑桔屬) te̍k-iú ê koé-chí lūi-hêng. Kam-kó sī iû to-sim-phoê ê chú-pâng hoat-io̍k jî sêng. Goā-phoê sī iû goā-kó-phoê kap tiong-kó-phoê ha̍p-sêng; goā-kó-phoê tì-bi̍t koh kāu, ū iû-phàu, hâm-iú hui-hoat-iû sêng-hūn; tiong-kó-phoê so·-sang ná-chhiūⁿ hái-mî. Lāi-kó-phoê hun-chò joā-chē keng-keh (1 bān 1 bān), kāu chiap, kî-tiong ū chéng-chí.

Chē-chē kam-kó sī jîn-lūi ê chia̍h-mi̍h he̍k tiâu-bī-liāu, chhin-chhiūⁿ kam-á, liú-teng, lê-bóng, iū-á téng-téng.
N̂g-cheng-hoe

**N̂g-cheng-hoe** (Hàn-jī: 黃鐘花, Eng-gí: yellow bell, ha̍k-miâ: *Tecoma stans*) kui-sio̍k-tī Chí-ui-kho (紫葳科, Bignoniaceae), sī siông-le̍k koàn-bo̍k.

## Hêng-thài

Hio̍h-á sī khia-sò· ú-chōng ho̍k-hio̍h, sió-hio̍h 11 kàu 17 hio̍h, kì-á-khí pian-iân.

Hoe sī n̂g-sek, hoe-koan lāu-á-hêng, 5 li̍h; hoe-go̍k sī lêng-liang-hêng; ho̍k-îⁿ-chui hoe-sū, téng-seng; hoe-kî tn̂g.

Koé-chí sī sok-kó.

## Hun-pò·

Goân-pún seⁿ tī Lâm Bí-chiu.

## Thoàⁿ-chéng ê hoat-tō·

Chhian-chhah-hoat he̍k iā-chéng-chí-hoat. Chhun-thiⁿ kap chhiu-thiⁿ sī chhian-chhah siāng-tú-hó ê sî-chūn.

## Iōng-tô·

Phûn-chai he̍k hoe-hn̂g khoàⁿ-súi ê chhiū-á. 


Image:Tecoma stans ng-cheng-hoe 001.jpg
Image:Tecoma stans0.jpg
Chǹg-chúi-théng

**Chǹg-chúi-théng** (鑽水艇; chhàng-chuí-kàm, chhàng-kàm), sī 1 chióng choan-tô͘ chhàng tī chúi--ni̍h sái ê chûn. Chǹg-chúi-théng mā hō chò **chiâm-chúi-théng**, **chiâm-hâng-théng**, **chiâm-chúi-lām**, **tshàng-tsuí-kàm**, **tsiâm-tíng**. Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn khai-sí tāi-liōng iōng; hiān-chhú-sî ta̍k-ê chú-iàu ê hái-kun ê chûn-tūi lóng ū. Bîn-iōng ê chǹg-chúi-théng kap chìm-chúi-théng (submersibles) iōng lâi chò hái-chúi ia̍h chiáⁿ-chúi--ni̍h ê kho-ha̍k gián-kiù, iah-sī chhàng-chúi-hu bē-kham-tit chǹg ê chhim-chúi.

## Chham-khó
* 〔潛水艇〕个台語 

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* 
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Chhàng-kàm
Thé-kak hē-thóng

**Thé-kak hē-thóng** (Eng-gí: somatosensory system) sī 1 khoán ti-kak hē-thóng, pau-hâm phoê-hu kám-kak, chhim-pō͘ kám-kak, pak-lāi kám-kak. Phoê-hu kám-kak pau-hâm chiap-chhiok chō-chiâⁿ ê chhiok-kak, ap-le̍k chō-chiâⁿ ê ap-kak, un-tō͘ chō-chiâⁿ sio ia̍h léng ê un-kak, kap thiàⁿ (pain); chiūⁿ (itch) ham ngiau (tickle) mā hông tòng-chò thiàⁿ ê kám-kak. Chhim-pō͘ kám-kak pau-hâm kin-bah chhun-kiu ham koan-chat ūi-tì ê kám-kak, chhiūⁿ kóng chu-sè (posture), ūn-tōng (locomotion), kap piáu-chêng. Pak-lāi kám-kak pau-hâm chhun-kiu ham thiàⁿ ê kám-kak.
Hīⁿ

**Hīⁿ** (耳) ia̍h **hīⁿ-á** (耳仔), **hīⁿ-khang** (耳空), sī 1 khoán kám-kak khì-koan, chú-iàu sī leh chiap-siu siaⁿ-im. Ùi seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê koan-tiám lâi khoàⁿ, bô kāng khoán ê chek-chui tōng-bu̍t ê hīⁿ-á chin sio-siâng, pí-lūn kóng hî kap jîn-lūi, m̄-koh kiat-kò͘ bô kāng iūⁿ. Hīⁿ-á m̄-nā ē-tàng chiap-siu siaⁿ-im̄, koh ē-tàng kám-kak sin-thé ê ūi-tì kap pêng-hêng.

## Kái-phò-ha̍k

# Goā-hīⁿ
# Hīⁿ-kài
# Hīⁿ-tō
# Kó͘-mo̍͘h
# Tiong-hīⁿ
# Thèng-sió-kut
# Thûi-kut
# Tiam-kut
# Tèng-kut
# Kó͘-sek
# Jiap-su-kut
# Eustachi-kóng
# Lāi-hīⁿ
# Kut-bê-lō͘ (*Bony labyrinth*)
# Sam-poàⁿ-kui-kóng
# Chêng-tiâⁿ
# Chêng-tiâⁿ-thang
# Îⁿ-thang
# Thèng-o-giû
# Chêng-tiâⁿ sîn-keng
# Thèng-o-giû sîn-keng
# Lāi-hīⁿ-tō
# Chêng-tiâⁿ thèng-o-giû sîn-keng

## Ki-lêng
Hīⁿ ê ki-lêng pau-koat chham-ú thèng-kak kap pêng-hêng. Thèng-kak sī keng-kòe khong-khì téng mi̍h kap kut-thâu thoân-tat kòe ê siaⁿ-pho. Gōa-hīⁿ kap tiong-hīⁿ sī khong-khì thoân-tat hoat-seng ê só͘-chāi. Siaⁿ-pho tat kàu kó͘-mo̍͘h ín-khí chìn-tōng, sòa--lâi tio̍h sī tiong-hīⁿ, keng-kòe saⁿ lia̍p thèng-kut thôan kàu o-giû-khak gōa bīn, koh ji̍p-khì tio̍h sī lāi-hīⁿ.

## Chham-khó
Phishing

**Phishing** sī 1 chióng lī-iōng siā-hoē kang-têng (social engineering) ki-khiáu chìn-hêng ê hoān-choē oa̍h-tōng. Phishing ê su̍t-á it-poaⁿ iōng tiān-chú thong-sìn ê ki-su̍t chò hām lâng chih-chiap ê koán-tō (tiān-chú-phoe kap chek-sî thong-sìn siāng phó͘-phiàn). In ké chò sī ē-khò-tit ê lâng ia̍h khì-gia̍p lâi-khì kā lâng ti̍h pì-bi̍t chu-liāu, chhiūⁿ kóng kháu-chō bi̍t-bé ia̍h sìn-iōng-khá ê iù-chiat. 

*Phishing* kap Eng-gí *fishing* (tiò-hî) ho͘ kāng im, ū chò-boê "tiò" su-jîn kim-hiông pì-bi̍t ê ì-sù.

## Tsham-kiàn
*Hué-gán

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Phiàn-su̍t
Lióng-chhe-lūi

**Lióng-chhe-lūi** sī 1 khoán tōng-bu̍t ê seng-bu̍t hun-lūi (taxon), sio̍k tī **Amphibia** chit ê kong, pau-hâm sù-ki tōng-bu̍t (tetrapod), kap bô the-mo̍͘h (amniote) ê 4 kha chek-chui tōng-bu̍t; léng-hoeh (cold-blooded), toā-hūn sî-kan tiàm tī lio̍k-tē. Hiān-chú-sî iáu oa̍h leh ê lióng-chhe-lūi ū 6,000 goā chéng.
Hû-song-hoe

**Hû-song-hoe** (hàn-jī: 扶桑花), he̍k **chiò-tiān-âng**, **âng-hu̍t-song**, **chu-gím-hoe**, **hu̍t-song-hoe**, **toā-âng-hoe**,**teng-á-hoe**, (ha̍k-miâ: *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis* L.) kui-sio̍k-tī Kím-khôe-kho (錦葵科, Malvaceae), sī siông-le̍k koàn-bo̍k. Seⁿ-sèng chiok ióng-kiāⁿ, sek-ha̍p tī pâi-chúi liông-hó, kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng seng-tióng. Pēⁿ-thâng-hāi chió. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō·-lâng chèng lâi chò chhiū-lî-á he̍k hoe-hn̂g khoàⁿ-súi iōng. 

## Hêng-thài

Chiò-tiān-âng ê keng ti̍t-ti̍t khia-khí, chē hun-ki.

Hió-á hō·-seng, ke-nn̄g-hêng, phi-chiam-hêng, he̍k khoah ke-nn̄g-hêng, chiam-thâu koh ū kì-á-khí-hêng ê pian-iân, soàⁿ-hêng thok-hio̍h (線形托葉), hio̍h-á piáu-bīn chhián-chhián ê chheⁿ-sek kim-ku̍t-kim-ku̍t. 

Hoe âng-sek, ùi hio̍h-pèⁿ ê koh-ē-lang hoat-chhut (e̍k-seng), ū tn̂g-tn̂g ê hoe-pèⁿ; hoe-pān 5 phìⁿ kńg-lê-hêng pâi-lia̍t; hoe-lúi thut-chhut tī hoe-pān goā-kháu-bīn, hiông-lúi seⁿ tī chū-thâu ē-kha. 

Kóe-chí sī sok-kó, ke-nn̄g-hêng.

## Thoàⁿ-chéng ê hoat-tō·
Chhian-chhah-hoat lâi thoàⁿ-chéng, 7 goe̍h kàu 9 goe̍h sī siāng-sek-tóng ê kùi-chiat. 


Image:Chinese hibiscus.jpg
Image:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Tierlexikon).jpg
Image:Hibiskus rosa-sinensis - Kwiat.JPG
Image:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis2 43.jpg
Cayena (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Icod de los Vinos, Tenerife, España, 2012-12-13, DD 01.jpg


## Goā-pō· liân-kiat

*Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(India)(http://in.pinterest.com/pin/
*  (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] *Revista Brasileira de Zoologia* **22**(1): 51–59.  PDF fulltext
* 
* The International Hibiscus Society (http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org)
* The American Hibiscus Society (http://americanhibiscus.org),(http://www.trop-hibiscus.com)
* The Australian Hibiscus Society Inc. (http://www.australianhibiscus.com)
He̍k-kó

**He̍k-kó** sī koé-chí ê 1 khoán, kui-sio̍k-tī tan-seng-kó, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī chhiûⁿ-bî-kho (蔷薇科)、chhú-lí-kho (鼠李科) chia-ê si̍t-bu̍t khoàⁿ--tio̍h. Chē-chē he̍k-kó hō· jîn-lūi tòng-chò ē-chia̍h-chit ê khoé-chí, chhan-chhiūⁿ thô-á, eng-thô, hēng-jîn kap chó-á téng-téng. He̍k-kó ê goā-kó-phoê po̍h-po̍h, tiong-kó-phoê kāu koh chē-chiap, lāi-kó-phoê sī tēng-sin ê ba̍k-chit, ē-tàng pó-hō· lāi-té ê chéng-chí, che sī he̍k-kó ê te̍k-sek. Lāi-kó-phoê lāi-té éng-éng kant-aⁿ ū 1 lia̍p chéng-chí. He̍k-kó sī iû chú-pâng siōng-ūi ê tan-sim-phoê chhû-lúi hoat-io̍k lâi--ê.
Gemini 3

**Gemini 3** (1965 nî 3 goe̍h 23 ji̍t — 1965 nî 3 goe̍h 23 ji̍t) sī Gemini kè-e̍k tiong ê te-it-chhù chài-lâng hui-hêng jīm-bū, mā-sī Bí-kok ê tē-it-chhù nn̄g-lâng thài-khong jīm-bū.

## Jīm-bū sêng-ôan
* Virgil Grissom
* John Young

## Thùi-pó· sêng-ôan

* Wally Schirra
* Tom Stafford
Ti-tu-kong

**Ti-tu-kong** ia̍h **Arachnida** sī chat-kha bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t, sio̍k-tī Chelicerata a-mn̂g ê 1 e kong. Ti-tu-kong sī lio̍k-tē chú-iàu ê chat-kha tōng-bu̍t, ū 65,000 ~ 73,000 ê chéng, pau-hâm ti-tu, lâ-giâ, giat-á (scorpion), ??? (opiliones), ??? (tick), kap ??? (mite).
Jîn-kó

**Jîn-kó** sī kóe-chí ê 1 khoán, kui-sio̍k-tī tan-seng-kó, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī chhiûⁿ-bî-kho (蔷薇科) ê si̍t-bu̍t khoàⁿ--tio̍h. Chē-chē jîn-kó hō· jîn-lūi the̍h-lâi chia̍h, chhan-chhiūⁿ phōng-kó, lâi-á、san-cha (siap-lâi-á) téng-téng. Jîn-kó ê goā-kó-phôe kah tiong-kó-phoê chi-kan kap-kài bô hun-bêng, lāi-kó-phoê kin-lūn tì-bi̍t，ū-ê bu̍t-chéng chhiūⁿ san-cha ê lāi-kó-phoê iah-ū chio̍h-sè-pau, chit-tē hui-siông--ê tēng. Lāi-kó-phoê kā koé-chí ê he̍k-sim hun-chò 5 ê sè-sè ê keng-keh, ta̍k-ê keng-keh ū 2 lia̍p chéng-chí tī--leh. Jîn-kó ê hoe-go̍k, hiông-lúi, hoe-chū chia ê kiat-kò· siù-chûn, ūi-tī kó-pèⁿ ê tùi-chhek. Jîn-kó sī iû 5 ê sim-phoê kap-chò-hoé chú-pâng ē-ūi ê chhû-lúi hoat-io̍k lâi-ê, tī siū-cheng āu, pau-ûi chú-pâng ê hoe-tháng kah chú-pâng tâng-chê hoat-io̍k, hêng-sêng kāu koh chē-chiap ê goā-kó-phoê kap tiong-kó-phoê. In-ūi jîn-kó tāi-pō·-hūn ê kóe-chí-bah pēng-m̄-sī ùi chú-pâng hoat-io̍k lâi-ê , in-chhú chit-lūi ê kóe-chí hō· lâng chheng-ho· chò ké-kó (假果).
Hō͘-kó

**Hō·-kó ** (瓠果) sī koé-chí ê 1 khoán, kui-sio̍k-tī tan-seng-kó, sī hô·-lô·-kho (葫蘆科) si̍t-bu̍t te̍k-iú ê koé-chí lūi-hêng. Chiok-chē hō·-kó hō·-lâng chò chhài-se, ē-chia̍h-chit ê koé-chí, he̍k hàn-io̍h sú-iōng, chhiūⁿ-kóng chhì-koe, chhài-koe, si-koe, tang-koe, bû-á-koe téng-téng. Hō·-kó ê goā-kó-phoê kah hoe-thok kap-chò-hoé seⁿ-chò khah tēng-sin ê koé-chí goā-phoê, tiong-kó-phoê kap lāi-kó-phoê kap-kài bô hun-bêng, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī pûi-kāu chē-chiap; tang-koe, mē-lóng-koe chia-ê koé-chí chhài-se chia̍h--ê tio̍h-sī chit-ê pō·-hūn. Hō·-kó ê thai-chō (胎座) hui-siông hoat-ta̍t, che-sī kah kî-thaⁿ koé-chí chiâⁿ bô-kâng ê só·-chāi, hoat-ta̍t thai-chō tī kóe-chí lāi-té chiàm liáu chin-toā ê khong-kan, si-koe chia̍h ê pō·-ūi tio̍h-sī thai-chō. Hō·-kó ū chiok-chē chéng-chí, chéng-chí toè-tio̍h thai-chō hun-pò· tī kó-si̍t lāi-té. Hō·-kó ê hoe-pī (花被) siù-chûn, ūi-tī koé-chí ê téng-koân, kah tì-thâu siōng-tùi ê ūi-tì. Hō·-kó sī iû chú-pâng ē-ūi ê saⁿ ê sim-phoê kap-chò-hoé ê chhû-lúi hoat-io̍k lâi-ê, hêng-sêng koé-chí ê tû-liáu chú-pâng iàu-ū hoe-thok, in-chhú hō·-kó mā-sī 1 chióng ké-kó (假果).
Pâ-thiông

**Pâ-thiông** ia̍h **Sauropsida** sī 1 khoán ē seⁿ nn̄g ê chek-chui sù-chi tōng-bu̍t, pau-hâm tō͘-tēng, choâ, ku, kho̍k-hî, sīm-chì mā ū lâng kā chiáu mā sǹg chham--loeh. Khu̍t-chéng ê khióng-liông mā sio̍k tī pâ-thiông-lūi.
Soaⁿ-phô-tô

**Soaⁿ-phô-tô** (Hàn-jī: 山葡萄, ha̍k-miâ: *Ampelopsis brevipedunculata*) kui-sio̍k-tī Phô-tô-kho, kah phô-tô chiâⁿ-sêng, lóng-sī ē soan-tîn peh-koân ê to-nî-seng lo̍h-hio̍h-sèng bo̍k-chit tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t. M̄-koh i ê hio̍h-á khah sè, koé-chí ū to̍k, bē-ēng-ê chia̍h. I hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu ke hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu, tiāⁿ hoat tī lō·-piⁿ, kap chhiū-nâ piⁿ. I kah-ì kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng. Hoe-kî chú-iàu sī tī 4--goe̍h kàu 6--goe̍h.

## Hêng-thài

Keng kim-kim ku̍t-ku̍t, he̍k lio̍h-lio̍h-á chho·-chho·, ū siang-chhe ê kńg-chhiu kah hio̍h-á tùi-seⁿ.

Hio̍h-á hō·-seⁿ, khoah ke-nn̄g-hêng, ū-sî-á 3 ê hun-lia̍t he̍k 5 ê hun-lia̍t; tūn-tūn ê kì-á-khí-hêng pian-iân; piáu-bīn ū kim-thâu. 

Hoe chhián-chhián ê chheⁿ-sek, hoe-hio̍h 5 phìⁿ chiâⁿ-gâu la̍k-khì; hoe ê ti̍t-kèng siāng-toā ē kàu 6 mm; chū-sàn hoe-sū kah hióh-á tùi-seⁿ, mā-sī siang-chhe 2 ki.

Koé-chí sī kiû-hêng ê chiuⁿ-kó, chho·-khí-seng sī chheⁿ-sek, choán pe̍h-sek, lo̍h-boé sek-chúi pìⁿ chí-nâ-sek.
Chúi-ke

**Chúi-ke** ia̍h **súi-ke** sī lióng-chhe-lūi lāi-té hō chò **Anura** (Hi-lia̍p-gí bô boé-liu ê ì-sù) ê 1 ê kong. Toā-chiah liáu-aū aū-kha tn̂g-tn̂g, sin-khu té-kó͘, chéng-thaû-á liân-phoê, ba̍k-chiu phok-phok, bô boé-liu. Toā-hūn koè poàⁿ-chúi (semi-aquatic) ê seng-oa̍h, m̄-koh tī lio̍k-tē gaû pê gaû thiàu. Tiāⁿ kā nn̄g seⁿ tiàm chúi-kheⁿ, chúi-tî (pond), ia̍h ô͘ (lake) --nih; iù-thâng (larva) hō chò tō͘-koai (tadpole), ū chhi (gill), tī chúi--nih hoat-io̍k. Toā-chiah liáu sī chia̍h-bah tōng-bu̍t (carnivore), sù-siông chia̍h chat-kha tōng-bu̍t, khoân-chat tōng-bu̍t (annelid), ham pak-kha tōng-bu̍t (Gastropoda). Tī seⁿ-thoàⁿ kùi-chiat (Estrous cycle) ê kiò-siaⁿ put-chí-á hiáng.
Pêng-ho̍k-keng pe̍h-hoe-chhài

**Pêng-ho̍k-keng pe̍h-hoe-chhài** (Hàn-jī: 平伏莖白花菜, ha̍k-miâ: *Cleome rutidosperma*)  kui-sio̍k-tī Pe̍h-hoe-chhài-kho (Capparaceae), sī chi̍t-nî-seng chháu-pún si̍t-bu̍t. I tī Tâi-oân ê tē-1-chhùi hoat-hiān kì-lo̍k sī 1979 nî Koeh Tiông-seng (郭長生) kàu-siū tī Sêng-kong Tāi-ha̍k hoat-hiān, só·-í tī Tâi-oân koh kiò-chò **sêng-kong pe̍h-hoe-chhài** (成功白花菜). Hun-pò· tī tiong-pō· kap lâm-pō· ê pêⁿ-tē kàu kē hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu, seng-tióng tī lō·-piⁿ, pha-hng-tē, kap chhân-hn̂g. I ê hio̍h-á sī Tâi-oân bûn-pe̍h-tia̍p, bûn-pe̍h-tia̍p, o·-tiám-hún-tia̍p, kap pat-tiông-san hún-tia̍p iù-thâng ê si̍t-chháu. 

I kah-ì kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng, kui-tang lóng-ū khui-hoe. 

## Hêng-thài

Keng ū chiòng-koàn lêng-chiah (縱稜), phoē se-se lang-lang ê mo·. 

Hióh-á sī hō·-seⁿ, saⁿ-chhut ho̍k-hióh; sió-hióh lêng-kak-hêng he̍k thó-îⁿ-hêng, siang-bīn phoē se-sàm ê iù-mo·.

Hoe sī chiáⁿ chí-sek he̍k hún-âng-sek, hoe-hióh 4 phìⁿ ko·-chi̍t-pêng, hoe khoah ū-kàu 15 mm; hoe ū tn̂g hoe-pèⁿ, ùi hió-á-pèⁿ ê koh-ē-lang hoat-chhut, chi̍t-tah kan-taⁿ hoat 1 ki hoe. 

Koé-chí sī soàⁿ-tiâu-hêng ê sok-kó, ū chiòng-koàn ê bûn-me̍h.
Gōng-á-soa

**Gōng-á-soa** ia̍h-sī kiò **Tāu-hū-soa** (ha̍k-miâ: *Rhincodon typus*, Eng-gí: Whale Shark) sī sè-kan siāng toā chiah ê oa̍h hî.  Chit chióng soa-hî sèng-tē un-sûn, tōng-chok sô, oân-choân khò thai (filter) sió seng-bu̍t chhoē chia̍h.  I sī **''Rhincodon'' sio̍k** kap **Rhincodontidae kho** î-it ê chéng.  Gōng-á-soa tī jia̍t-tāi hù-kīn ê sio-lo̍h hái-chúi ū tè chhoē.  Kho-ha̍k-kài jīn-ûi í-keng tī-teh 6-chheng-bān nî.

Gōng-á-soa ê toā-sè khó-pí hái-ang, thó-chia̍h ê hêng-ûi mā chhan-chhiūⁿ chi̍t-koá hái-ang.

## Chham-khó Chu-liāo

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Whale Shark Photograph-identification Library 
* Whale Shark And Oceanic Research Center
* Maldives Whale Shark Research Program
* Whale Sharks: Gentle Giants of the Seas
*  Foundation for the Protection of Marine Megafauna
*
Hún-chiáu

**Hún-chiáu** sī sio̍k tī **Columbidae** kho, iok-liōng ū 300 chéng ê chiáu-á. 

## Hun-lūi
Í-hā sī hún-chiáu kho ê a-kho kap ē-té ê sio̍k. Chiàu jī-bó pâi-lia̍t:
* A-kho Columbinae
** *[[Caloenas]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Chalcophaps]]*  (3 chéng)
** *[[Claravis]]* (3 chéng)
** *[[Columba (genre)|Columba]]* (33 chéng)
** *[[Columbina]]* (9 chéng)
** *[[Gallicolumba]]* (18 chéng)
** *[[Geopelia]]* (5 chéng)
** *[[Geophaps]]* (3 chéng)
** *[[Geotrygon]]* (18 chéng)
** *[[Henicophaps]]* (2 chéng)
** *[[Leptotila]]* (11 chéng)
** *[[Leucosarcia]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Macropygia]]* (10 chéng)
** *[[Metriopelia]]* (4 chéng)
** *[[Nesoenas]]* (2 chéng)
** *[[Ocyphaps]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Oena]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Patagioenas]]* (17 chéng)
** *[[Petrophassa]]* (2 chéng)
** *[[Phaps]]* (3 chéng)
** *[[Reinwardtoena]]*  (3 chéng)
** *[[Starnoenas]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Spilopelia]]* (2 chéng)
** *[[Streptopelia]]* (13 chéng)
** *[[Trugon]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Turacoena]]*  (2 chéng)
** *[[Turtur]]* (5 chéng)
** *[[Uropelia]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Zenaida]]* (7 chéng)
* A-kho Otidiphabinae
** *[[Otidiphaps]]* (1 chéng)
* A-kho Gourinae
** *[[Goura]]* (3 chéng)
* A-kho Didunculinae
** *[[Didunculus]]* (1 chéng)
* A-kho Treroninae
** *[[Phapitreron]]* (4 chéng)
** *[[Treron]]* (29 chéng)
** *[[Ptilinopus]]* (53 chéng)
** *[[Drepanoptila]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Alectroenas]]* (3 chéng)
** *[[Ducula]]* (39 chéng)
** *[[Lopholaimus]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Hemiphaga]]* (2 chéng)
** *[[Cryptophaps]]* (1 chéng)
** *[[Gymnophaps]]* (4 chéng)
Soa-hî

**Soa-hî** sī kut hē-thóng choân nńg-kut, sin-khu liû-soàⁿ-hêng (streamlined) ê hî, sio̍k tī **Selachimorpha** chhiau-ba̍k.  In khò 5~7 ê hî-chhi-li̍h (gill slits) ho͘-khip.  In ū 1 têng chin-phoê sió-khí (dermal denticles) khàm tī phoê-hu goā-bīn pó-hō͘ kiam ī-hông thâng kià-seⁿ, mā ū kái-siān liû-thé-le̍k-ha̍k (fluid dynamics) ê lō͘-iōng.  In ê chhùi-khí ū koh seⁿ ê châi-tiāu.  Soa-hî sī siōng chia̍p hō͘ lâng gō͘-kái ê 1 chióng lia̍h-chia̍h tōng-bu̍t (predator); nā m̄ sī siū tio̍h ui-hiap, in khêng-si̍t hán-tit kong-kek lâng.
Chiáu-lô

**Chiáu-lô** (Hàn-jī: 蔦蘿; Eng-gí: cypress vine; ha̍k-miâ: *Ipomoea quamoclit* L.) ia̍h sī kiò **sin-niû-hoe** (新娘花), chi̍t-nî-seⁿ tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Goân-pún seⁿ-tī jia̍t-tāi Bí-chiu, tī 1911 nî tùi Ji̍t-pún ín-ji̍p-lâi Tâi-oân chai-chèng. 

## Thoàⁿ-chéng ê hoat-tō·
Chhái-iōng chéng-chí pò-chéng-hoat, hoat-gê-lu̍t koân, gâu seⁿ-thoàⁿ.

## Seng-tióng ê koàn-sì
Seng-tióng ê sok-tō· kín, tī iú-ki-chit thô·-jiáng seⁿ tio̍h chiâⁿ hó-sè, seng-tióng kî-kan ài chù-ì im-chúi kap si-phûi; kah-ì kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng, ji̍t-thâu nā bô-kàu, kan-taⁿ hoat keng-ki bē khui-hoe. 

## Iōng-tô·
Hio̍h-á kap hoe lóng chin-súi, khoàⁿ-súi ê soan-tîn si̍t-bu̍t. 

## Hêng-thài
Hio̍h-á hō·-seng, ú-chōng, sió-hio̍h iù-iù tn̂g-tn̂g nā-chhiūⁿ chiam. 

Hoe chhim âng-sek mā-ū pe̍h-sek; hoe-koan nā-chhiūⁿ lāu-á, hoe-tâng iù-iù tn̂g-tn̂g, chiâⁿ-bīn khoàⁿ gō·-chheⁿ-hêng; chū-thâu pe̍h-sek thâu-chōng. Hoe-pèⁿ sió-kóa-á chho·-chho· kāu-kāu.

Koé-chí sī sok-kó, ke-nn̄g-hêng, chū-thâu siù-chûn tī koâng-téng, chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê chiam-chiam ê hêng. Chéng-chí khò-ngē sī o·-sek ê.
Tâi-oân n̂g-pan-lōng-tia̍p

**Tâi-oân n̂g-pan-lōng-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 台灣黃斑挵蝶, ha̍k-miâ: *Potanthus Confucius*) sī 1 chióng Lōng-tia̍p-kho ê boé-ia̍h-á. I ê si̍t thíⁿ--khui ū 23 kàu 30 mm khoah. I ê si̍t ê piáu-bīn (kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn) té-sek sī o͘-ka-pi-sek; téng-si̍t a-goā-iân ū 1 tiâu teng-n̂g-sek chiòng-toà, ah chiân-iân ǹg lāi phian-ji̍p; ē-si̍t tiong-hng ū 1 toāⁿ teng-n̂g-sek hoâiⁿ pan. I ê si̍t ê bak-tó͘-bīn té-sek sī n̂g-ka-pi-sek, pan-tiám hoe-bûn khah-bô bêng-hián. 

Sêng-thiông tī chhuⁿ-thiⁿ kàu chhiuⁿ-thiⁿ chi-kan chhut-hiān, seng-oa̍h tī pêⁿ-tē kap kē hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu. I ji̍t--sî oa̍h-tāng kap chhoē-chia̍h, sò͘-si̍t-sèng. I tiāⁿ tī khe-á piⁿ, thô͘-kha-tau, lo̍h-hióh-tui, he̍k chháu-châng ê khoân-kéng oa̍h-tāng.
Eng-á

**Eng** ia̍h **eng-á** (Eng-gí: eagle) sī béng-khîm lāi-té sio̍k-tī **Accipitridae** chit ê kho ê chiáu-á, pau-hâm lo̍k-bûn, bā-hio̍h, lâm-lō͘-eng, ... téng-téng.
Malacca Hái-kiap

**Malacca** [mēu le̍h kheuh] **hái-kiap** (Má-lâi-gí: **Selat Melaka**; Eng-gí: **Strait of Malacca**) sī 1 tsuā tsiâⁿ ue̍h ê hái-lōo, tī Malaysia puàⁿ-tó kah Indonesia Sumatra-tó ê tiong-hng. Keng-hūi sī (1.43N, 102.89E).

## King-tsè tiōng-iàu-sìng

Tì king-tsè ê kak-tōo khuàⁿ khí-lâi, Malacca hái-kiap sī sè-kài-tíng té tiōng-iàu ê 1 tsuā ūn-su hái-lōo, buē-su Suez Ūn-hô, á-sī Panamá Ūn-hô. Tsit-tsuā hái-kiap sī tsûn-tsiah lâi-óng Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kah Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ ê tsú-iàu lōo-tôo, khan-liân sè-kài-tíng 3 gê lîn-kháu té tsuē ê kok-ka, Ìn-tō͘, Ìn-nî kah Tiong-kok. 1-nî ū 5-bān tsiah tsûn tshut-li̍p, hū-tam tsuân sè-kài hèu-liōng ê 1/5 kàu 1/4. Sóo-ū tsûn-ūn tsio̍h-iû ê 1/4 king-kèu tsit-tsuā hái-kiap: tī 2003 nî, 1-li̍t tshap-it-to 1100-bān tháng (170-bān m³). I ê tn̂g-tōo sī 930 km, té ue̍h ê sóo-tsāi tó-á 38 km khuah.

## Hái-tsha̍t kah tah-bū

Tsit gê kak-sì sī hái-chha̍t kah kiaⁿ-háng (terrorism) ê bo̍k-phiau. Tsit kuí nî lâi, hái-tshat sī 1 hāng giâm-tiōng ê tāi-tsì, tì 1994-nî ê 25-paíⁿ tshiúⁿ-kiap piàn-kà 2000-nî ê 220-paíⁿ. 2003-nî tshun 150-paíⁿ, tsiàm tsuân sè-kài ê 1/3. 2004-nî liáu-aū koh-tsiah piàn tsuē.

Huân-ló kiaⁿ-háng sī in-uī kiaⁿ ū tuā tsiah tsûn ē khìi hōng kiap--khìi, kā-i tiâm-ē té khín ê sóo-tsaī (tó-á 25m tshim), tsiū-an-ne kā hái-kiap that--khiaih, hōo sè-kaì bōo-i̍k tio̍h tāng-siong.

Līng-guā 1 gê būn-tuê sī Sumatra-tó ta̍k-nî lóng tio̍h héu-sio, hōo kui gê hái-kiap bông-ian-sàn-bū, khuàⁿ-hn̄g tó-á 200m niā, hōo tsit tsuā khueh-tsa̍t-tsa̍t ê sing-lí suàⁿ-lōo piàn kah tsiâⁿ m̄-sī-khang.

Bô-tik-khak phái-lâng ē lī-iōng tah-bū ê sî-tsūn kiap tsûn huat-tōng kiaⁿ-háng sīi-kiāⁿ.
O͘-tiám-hún-tia̍p

**O͘-tiám-hún-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 黑點粉蝶, ha̍k-miâ: *Leptosia nina*) sī Hún-tia̍p-kho (Pieridae) ê chi̍t-khoán boé-ia̍h-á. 

Chhî Io̍k-hong (徐堉峰) tī 1999 nî "Tâi-oân-tia̍p Tô͘-kàm" (台灣蝶圖鑑) tē-it kńg chheh--nih, ū-kóng choân-kiû ê o͘-tiám-hún-tia̍p hō͘-lâng hun-chò 14 ê a-chéng, Tâi-oân ê chit-chéng pī jīn-ûi sī te̍k-iú a-chéng. Tâi-oân o͘-tiám-hún-tia̍p (*Leptosia nina niobe Wallace*) ê tē-it-ūi chhái-chi̍p kì-lo̍k-chiá sī Eng-kok-lâng Robert Swinhoe. 

## Hêng-thài

I ê si̍t-kó͘ nā thíⁿ--khui ū 40 kaù 45 mm khoah. I ê si̍t-kó͘ piáu-bīn kui-ê sī pe̍h--ê; chú-iàu ê te̍k-teng sī téng-koân-si̍t-kó͘ kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn tiong-hng oá goā-chhek ū 1 lia̍p bêng-hián ê o͘-sek pan-tiám; pak-tó͘-bīn téng-koân-si̍t-kó͘ thâu-chêng-iân kap ē-kha-si̍t-kó͘ ū iù-iù sè-sè o͘-ka-pi-sek ê tiám chhin-chhiūⁿ hûn ê khoán. Bó--ê si̍t khah îⁿ khah khoah, kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn téng-koân-si̍t ê si̍t-toan ū hoe-o͘-sek ê pan, pak-tó͘ boa̍t-toan kah ē-kha-si̍t āu-piah-iân lia̍h-chê. Kang--ê si̍t-kó͘ goā-hêng khah e̍h khah tn̂g, pak-tó͘ tn̂g-tō͘ chám-jiân khah té.

## Hun-pò͘

濱野榮次 ê "Tâi-oân Tia̍p-lūi Seng-thài Toā-tô͘-kàm" (台灣蝶類生態大圖鑑, 1986) chheh--nih siá-kóng, o͘-tiám-hún-tia̍p khòng-hoat hun-pò͘ tī Tâi-oân pa̍k-pō͘ kàu Hêng-chhun poàⁿ-tó it-tāi, lâm-pō͘ kē hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu khah-chia̍p-khoàiⁿ. Tû-liáu Tâi-oân, iah hun-pò͘ tī Ìn-tō͘, Sri Lanka, Jawa, Hui-li̍p-pin, Tiong-lâm poàⁿ-tó, kap Tiong-kok lâm-pō͘ chia ê só͘-chāi. Lí Chùn-iân (李俊延) kap Ông Hāu-ga̍k (王效岳) ê "Tâi-oân Ô͘-tia̍p Tô͘-kàm" (2002 nî) mā-ū kóng--tio̍h, o͘-tiám-hún-tia̍p tī tiong-lâm-pō͘ kui-tang lóng-ū thang khoàⁿ, ah pa̍k-pō͘ sī hhun-thiⁿ kàu chhiu-thiⁿ khah-chē. Tī Tâi-oân ê hun-pò͘ ē-sái koân kàu hái-poa̍t 1500 kong-chhioh. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē-tàng khoàⁿ tio̍h i tī chhiū-nâ-piⁿ chhiū-á-kha leh phoe, khin-sńg khoaⁿ-bān.

## Kià-chú si̍t-bu̍t

O͘-tia̍m-hún-tia̍p ê kià-chú si̍t-bu̍t ū Pe̍h-hoe-chhài-kho (Capparaceae) ê loē-hio̍h soaⁿ-kam (*C. acutifolia*), soaⁿ-kam (*C. formosana*), sió-chhì soaⁿ-kam (*C. henri*), Lân-sû soaⁿ-kam (*C. lanceolaris*), hî-bo̍k (*C. adansonii*), pêng-ho̍k-keng pe̍h-hoe-chhài (*C. rutidosperma*), téng-téng.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

http://tnl.org.tw/article/eco/leptosia.pdf
Vancouver

**Vancouver** [ban khu berh] (IPA [vænˈkuːvɚ]) tī Canada British Columbia lāi-bīn ê sai-lâm,
Canada se-pōo té hai/tuā ê siâⁿ-tshī kah hái-káng. Lîn-kháu 58-bān guā (2005-nî), nā hâm kau-khu (GVRD) suah sǹg, lîn
kháu 221-bān kha-tau (2005-nî), Canada tsuân-kok tē-3 miâ. Kah Vancouver-tshī saⁿ-uá-- ê ū 3-gê siâⁿ-tshī: Burnaby,
Richmond, West Vancouver.

Vancouver-káng (Port of Vancouver) sī sè-kài ê miâ-siaⁿ káng-kháu, Vancouver sī Pak-bí ê 
Los Angeles kah New York í-guā, tē-3 hai/tuā ê tiān-iáⁿ tshut-sán tiong-sim, hōng hō-tsuè Pak-Hollywood. Tī 2010-nî tsú-sīr tē-11 kài kuâⁿ--lâng ê Olympics (XXI Olympic Winter Games). Vancouver tī Canada sī sing-ua̍h sîng-pún tē-2 kuì ê sóo-tsāi. Tsuân sè-kài té hó khiā-khí ê 5-gê siâⁿ-tshī, Vancouver ta̍k-nî lóng hūn ū hūn.

Vancouver lua̍h-thiⁿ bô luā lua̍h, ūn-tōo 20 kàu 25 tiong-hng, kuâⁿ-thiⁿ bô luā kuâⁿ, 10 guā tōo, 1-nî lo̍h tsi̍t nn̄g páiⁿ serh. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kui-li̍t hōo lo̍h buē lī.

Tsiâⁿ-tsuē Tâi-guân lâng î-bîn lâi Canada, lóng khiā tī Vancouver khah tsuē.
Gemini 4

**Gemini 4** (1965 nî 6 goe̍h 3 ji̍t — 1965 nî 6 goe̍h 7 ji̍t) sī Gemini kè-e̍k tiong ê tē-jī-chhù chài-lâng hui-hêng jīm-bū, ti chit-chhù jīm-bū tiong, thài-khong-lâng Edward White chip-hêng liáu Bí-kok thài-khong-sú siōng tē-it-chhù (jîn-lūi le̍k-sú siōng tē-jī-chhù) ê EVA.

## Jīm-bū sêng-ôan

*James McDivitt 
*Edward White

## Thùi-pó· sêng-ôan

*Frank Borman
*Jim Lovell
Chek-soh tōng-bu̍t

**Chit-soh tōng-bu̍t** pau-hâm chek-chui tōng-bu̍t kap kúi-ā-chióng bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t.  In tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-lūi kui **Chordata** chit ê mn̂g.  In kiōng-tông ê te̍k-teng pau-koat tī sèⁿ-miā ê chi̍t-koá kai-toāⁿ ū chit-soh (notochord), ū poē-sîn-keng-kóng (dorsal nerve cord), ū ian-chhi-li̍h (pharyngeal slits), kap kong-āu-boé.
Bi̍t-pô

**Bi̍t-pô** (hàn-jī: 密婆) sī sio̍k-tī **Chiroptera** chit ê ba̍k ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. Siāng tiōng-iàu ê te̍k-sek tō sī in thaû-chêng-kha pìⁿ-chiâⁿ si̍t (wing), hō͘ in ē-hiáu poe (flight); chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t tō kan-taⁿ bi̍t-pô chiàⁿ-káng ē-hiáu poe; poe-chhí (flying squirrel) kap poe-hù-chhí (Flying possum) kan-taⁿ ē-hiáu chhu-poe (gliding) chi̍t-tè-á hn̄g, m̄ sī chiàⁿ-káng ē poe. Bi̍t-pô ê si̍t thián--khui ná-chhiūⁿ lâng ê chhiú, cheng-chha chéng-thaû-á hām chéng-thaû-á ū phoê-hu liâm--leh, chéng-thâu-á hām sin-khu mā ū.
Lo̍k-tô

**Lo̍k-tô** sī kui **Camelus** sio̍k ê ngó͘-tê tōng-bu̍t (even-toed ungulates), pun tan-hong kap siang-hong 2 chióng chéng. Tan-hong chéng (*C. dromedarius*) sio̍k-miâ hō chò A-la-pek lo̍k-tô, hoat-chó͘ tī Pak Hui-chiu. Siang-hong chéng (*C. bactrianus*) chū-pún tī A-chiu ū-tè-chhoē.
Chhiūⁿ

**Chhiūⁿ** ia̍h **Elephantidae** sī kaū-phoê tōng-bu̍t (Pachydermata) lāi-té ê 1 ê kho, mā sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê Proboscidea ba̍k chhun--lo̍h-lâi siāng boé 1 kho. Hiān-chú-sî kan-taⁿ chhun 3 ê chéng, chhun--ê tī 10,000 nî chêng ê peng-hô sî-kî (ice age) lóng khu̍t-chéng--khì.
Chúi-pà

縮圖|chúi-pà
**Chúi-pà**() sī chi̍t-ê chiok-toā ê chhiûⁿ-á he̍k thê-hoāⁿ, hoâiⁿ koè hô, kā chúi cha̍h--khí-lâi, chò chúi-khò͘.
Teng-á

**Teng-á** sī kim-sio̍k chò ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, ū pêⁿ-pêⁿ ê thâu kap tn̂g-tn̂g chiam-chiam ê boa̍t-toan. Iōng kòng-thûi-á ē-sái kā kòng--ji̍p-khì lēng-goā chi̍t-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ lâi-té. I chhiâng-chāi pī ēng-lâi kā nn̄g-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ sio-kap chò-hóe. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Ngó͘-kim ke-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Sok-ân-mi̍h
Kim ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)

**Kim ha̍p-kim** he̍k **khe-kim** tī khí-kho pī sú-iōng lâi chù-chō siu-ho̍k-thé, khí-lông, kio̍k-pō· kò·-tēng ké-chhùi-khí, kio̍k-pō· oa̍h-tōng ké-chhùi-khí téng-téng. Hâm n̂g-kim jú-chē ê khe-kim siong-tùi khah nńg khah jio̍k. Beh hù-ha̍p chò koh-iūⁿ siu-ho̍k-thé kap ké-chhùi-khí ê su-iàu, hoat-tián chhut koh-iūⁿ ê kim-ha̍p-kim. 

Tī khí-kho sú-iōng ê kim ha̍p-kim sī kim-tâng ha̍p-kim. Tâng ē-sái cheng-ka kim-ha̍p-kim ê kiông-tō· kap tēng-tō· 

## Hun-lūi

Kin-kù ADA specification tē-5 tiâu, ē-sái kā kim ha̍p-kim hun-chò 4 lūi.

### Tē-1 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim

Tē-1 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim hâm-kim-liōng 81% kàu 83%, in-ūi chin nńg, kan-taⁿ ēng tī siū-la̍t siāng-chió ê kham-thé (inlay), chhiūⁿ khí-hoāⁿ, lîn-chiap-bīn chia bô siū-la̍t ê só·-chāi, kap bó·-chi̍t-koá siū-la̍t chiâⁿ chió ê kā-ha̍p-bīn. I ē-sái tī chhùi-lāi ti̍t-chiap chhau-chok chò kham-thé.   

### Tē-2 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim

Tē-2 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim hâm-kim-liōng 76% kàu 78%, sek-ha̍p chò chù-chō kham-thé (*casting inlay*). 

### Tē-3 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim

Tē-3 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim hâm-kim 73% kàu 77%, sek-ha̍p chò khí-lông, sì-hun-chi-saⁿ khí-lông, thâu-chêng-khí kap āu-piah-khí ê kio̍k-pō· kò·-tēng ké-chhùi-khí. 

### Tē-4 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim

Tē-4 lūi kim-ha̍p-kim hâm-kim 71% kàu 74%, sek-ha̍p chò kio̍k-pō· oa̍h-tōng ké-chhùi-khí, kio̍k-pō· kò·-tēng ké-chhùi-khí, sì-hun-chi-saⁿ khí-lông, khí-lông.
Ba̍k-nī

**Ba̍k-nī** he̍k **ba̍k-nī-hoe** (ha̍k-miâ: *Jasminum sambac*) kui-sio̍k-tī Bo̍k-sai-kho (Oleaceae), sī siông-le̍k koàn-bo̍k. Goân-pún seⁿ-tī Ìn-tō͘ kap A-la-pek tē-khu. I kah-ì sio-lō chhî-lūn kap ji̍t-thâu iām ê khoân-kéng. I ū phang-bī, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō͘-lâng ka-ji̍t tê-bí lāi-té chò phang-thâu, mā chèng tī hoe-hn̂g he̍k hoe-khaⁿ khoàⁿ-súi. I tī 5--goe̍h chì 10--goe̍h khui-hoe.

## Hêng-thài

Ba̍k-nī châng koân 0.5 kàu 2 m kha-tau. Keng chiâⁿ iù, ū jiû-nńg ê mo͘. 

Hio̍h-á tùi-seⁿ, khoah ke-nn̄g-hêng, boa̍t-toan tūn-tūn he̍k lap-lap, ki-pō͘ îⁿ-hêng, pian-iân choân-iân.

Hoe pe̍h-sek, phang-phang, sàn-pâng hoe-sū; hoe-go̍k li̍h-phìⁿ sī soàⁿ-tiâu-hêng; hoe-koan hêng-chōng sī chhim phiat-á ê khoán, hoe-hio̍h tn̂g thó-îⁿ-hêng he̍k îⁿ-hêng; hiông-lúi 2 lia̍p bih tī hoe-koan phiat-á té. 

Koé-chí sī chiuⁿ-kó.
Jon Lech Johansen

thumb|Jon Lech Johansen (2005)
**Jon Lech Johansen** (1983 nî 11 goe̍h 18), mā hō chò **DVD-Jon**, sī 1 ê iōng ge̍k-hiòng kang-têng (reverse engineering) ki-su̍t kái chu-liāu keh-sek ê tiān-náu hacker. I siāng chhut-miâ ê tāi-chì sī tī 15 hoè ê sî kap lâng ha̍p-chok kái só tiâu DVD chu-liāu ê CSS (Content Scramble System) ián-soat-hoat (algorithm); sêng-kó hō chò DeCSS. Chóng--sī in-ūi hō͘ sán-gia̍p kò, ko-tiong it-nî-kip tō thoè-o̍h, kàu taⁿ. Liáu-āu i tō lóng toà nńg-thé kong-si chò nńg-thé kang-têng-su. I ê tiān-náu chai-bat sī ka-kī o̍h--ê.

Lūi-pia̍t:1983 nî chhut-sì
Chúi-teng-hiang

**Chúi-teng-hiang** (水丁香, ha̍k-miâ: *Ludwigia octovalvis*) kui-sio̍k-tī Liú-hio̍h-chhài-kho (Onagraceae), chi̍t-nî-seng he̍k nn̄g-nî-seng chháu-pún si̍t-bu̍t. I hun-pò͘ tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu. I sī chúi-seng si̍t-bu̍t, phó͘-phiàn seⁿ tī chúi-khut-á, khe, chhân-kau, chúi-kau, soaⁿ-kau chia ê tâm-sip thô͘-kha-tau, chhām khah ta-lī pha-hng ê chhân--nih mā chhiâng-chāi ū khoàiⁿ.

## Hêng-thài
Keng ū chiòng-koàn lêng-chiah (稜脊), chhiū-thâu tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ bo̍k-chit-hoà. Kui-châng seⁿ iù-mo͘. 

Hio̍h-á hō͘-seng, soàⁿ-tiâu-hêng he̍k e̍h ke-nn̄g-hêng.

Hoe n̂g-sek, hoe-hio̍h ū 4 phìⁿ; hoe-hio̍h ê boé-á tò-lap; hoe ê ti̍t-kèng ū-kàu 38 mm hia; hoe ko͘-chi̍t-lúi ùi hio̍h-á pèⁿ ê koh-ē-lang hia seⁿ--chhut-lâi. 

Koé-chí sī sok-kó, e̍h-e̍h tn̂g-tn̂g îⁿ-chū-hêng, boé-á ū siù-chûn go̍k-phìⁿ.
Bé

**Bé** ia̍h ***Equus caballus***, sī 1 khoán toā hêng ê khia-tê (odd-toed ungulate) chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, sio̍k-tī hiān-chú-sî *[[Equidae]]* kho *[[Equus]]* sio̍k 10 chéng lāi-té; ū-sî mā hông tòng-chò iá-bé (wild horse) ê a-chéng, ***Equus ferus caballus***. Siāng chá sī tiàm tī Bí-chiu ián-hoà, boé--á tī hia soah khu̍t-chéng; tian-tò tī Europa khah ū hoat-tián. Bé mā sī 1 khoán lo̍h-sèng (domesticated), ū keng-chè kè-ta̍t ê tōng-bu̍t; tī chong-kaù kap sîn-oē mā chin tiōng-iàu. Éng-koè bé ū ūn-su ê kong-lêng; mā ē-tàng chiâⁿ chò chia̍h-mi̍h, jiân-liāu, ia̍h i-bu̍t; sīm-chì sio-chiàn ēng ê chiàn-bé (war horse). Bé iok-liōng tī 10,000 nî chêng lo̍h-sèng, 5000 BC ū khah hián-bêng ê chèng-kù, kaù 2000 BC chiah khah phó͘-phiàn. Hit tang-chūn khí, iúⁿ-chhī--chhut-lâi ê bé tō ū chin chē khoán, ū-ê ē-tàng koà bé-oaⁿ lâi khiâ, ū-ê ē-tàng koà bé-kū (horse tack) lâi thoa bé-chhia (carriage) ia̍h lê (plow). Ū koá só͘-chāi ē chia̍h bé-bah ia̍h bé-leng, ū koá só͘-chāi bé sī kìm-khī ê chia̍h-mi̍h (taboo food). Tī sian-chìn kok-ka (developed country), bé tāi-thé sī ēng tiàm gī-niū ia̍h ūn-tōng; m̄-koh khah bô kang-gia̍p-hoà ê tē-khu iû-goân tio̍h bé lâi taù choh-sit.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bé-á
2006 nî 11 goe̍h

## 11 goe̍h 1 ji̍t
* 11 goe̍h 1 ji̍t: Kē-tē-kok hoat-seng Chu-sèng-ji̍t Tōa-chúi (*Allerheiligenvloed*).
* 11 goe̍h 1 ji̍t: Catalunya gī-hōe soán-kí. 

## 11 goe̍h 4 ji̍t
* 11 goe̍h 4 ji̍t: Au-chiu tōa sit-tiān, 1.5 chheng-bāng hō͘ siū éng-hióng.

## 11 goe̍h 7 ji̍t
* 11 goe̍h 7 ji̍t: Bí-kok Chiòng-gī-īⁿ soán-kí.
* 11 goe̍h 7 ji̍t: Bí-kok Chham-gī-oân soán-kí.
* 11 goe̍h 7 ji̍t: Nevada chiu-tiúⁿ soán-kí.

## 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t
* 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t: Hô-lân chóng soán-kí.
2006 nî 12 goe̍h

## 12 goe̍h 3 ji̍t
* 12 goe̍h 3 ji̍t: Venezuela chóng-thóng soán-kí.

## 12 goe̍h 10 ji̍t
* 12 goe̍h 10 ji̍t: O͘-soaⁿ gī-hōe soán-kí.

## 12 goe̍h 26 ji̍t
* 12 goe̍h 26 ji̍t: Hêng-chhun tē-tāng.
Sè-hio̍h chúi-teng-hiang

**Sè-hio̍h chúi-teng-hiang** (Hàn-jī: 細葉水丁香, ha̍k-miâ: *Ludwigia hyssopifolia*) kui-sio̍k-tī Liú-hio̍h-chhài-kho (Onagraceae), sī chi̍t-nî-seng chúi-seng chháu-pún si̍t-bu̍t. I hun-pò͘ tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu, seng-tióng tī chúi-khut-á, khe-hô, chúi-chhân, chhân-kau, chúi-kau, soaⁿ-kau, téng-téng tâm-sip ê khoân-khéng. Chhap-put-to kui-tang lóng ē khui-hoe.

## Hêng-thài

Keng ū 5 choā lêng-chek, ū hun-ki, keng-thâu tiāⁿ ē bo̍k-chit-hòa.

Hio̍h-á hō͘-seⁿ, phoe-chiam-hêng, tn̂g 1 kàu 9 cm, boé-á chiam-chiam lāi-lāi, hio̍h-pèⁿ bêng-hián, bô iù-mo͘. 

Hoe n̂g-sek ū 4 hio̍h hoe-hio̍h; hoe-go̍k 4 phìⁿ, ū iù-mo͘; chhû-lúi chū-thâu ko͘-chi̍t-ê, hiông-lúi 8 lia̍p. 

Koé-chí sī sok-kó, îⁿ-chū-hêng, ū iù-mo͘, tn̂g 15 kàu 30 mm, kāu 1 kàu 1.2 mm.
Kóng-ōe khì-koan

**[[Kóng-ōe]] [[khì-koan]]** (*speech organ*), he̍k-chiá kiò **hoat-im-khì** (*vocal apparatus*), sī gí-im-ha̍k (*phonetics*) ê bêng-sû, sī chí sán-seng giân-gí ê jîn-thé kò͘-chō,  thang sán-seng giân-gú (*language*) só͘ beh ti̍h ê chē-chē im-siaⁿ. 

In pau-koat chhùi-tûn, chhùi-khí, chhùi-chi̍h, khí-chô-chek (*alveolar ridge*), gēng-go̍k (硬腭, *hard palate*), joán-go̍k (軟腭, *soft palate*), chhiâu-sî-cheng (懸雍垂, *uvula*), kap siaⁿ-mn̂g (*glottis*), nâ-âu (larynx), hì téng-téng.
Kóng-ōe

縮圖|Kóng-ōe
**Kóng-ōe** (*speech*) ē-sái kóng sī sú-iōng siaⁿ-tòa kap hoat-im-khì (*vocal apparatus*) lâi sán-seng siaⁿ-im (*voice*) ê tōng-chok. Giân-gí mā ē-sái sī kî-thaⁿ ê khoán-sek, chhiūⁿ chhiú-gí (*sign language*).
Mî-iûⁿ

**Mî-iûⁿ** (Eng-gí: sheep) sī ***Ovis*** sio̍k ê tōng-bu̍t. Siāng chia̍p khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê mî-iûⁿ sī **lo̍h-sèng mî-iûⁿ**  (*Ovis aries*). Mî-iûⁿ kui sin-khu ê mo͘, ē hoan-chhaú (ruminant), sī 1 chióng sì-kha tōng-bu̍t (quadruped), chó͘-sian tāi-lí-khài sī A-chiu sai-lâm pêng ê iá-seⁿ iûⁿ-á (mouflon).
Choâ

**Choâ** sī léng-hoeh, bô kha ê pâ-thiông, ū lân, kap siān-thâng chin chhin, lóng sī Squamata ê hūn-chú.  Iū-koh ū kúi-ā-chióng bô kha ê siān-thâng, piáu-bīn chhan-chhiūⁿ choâ, m̄-koh m̄ sī.  

Choâ sī bah-si̍t tōng-bu̍t (carnivore), chia̍h sè-chiah tōng-bu̍t, pau-koat sì-kha-choâ, kî-thaⁿ ê choâ, niáu-chhí, chiáu-á, nn̄g, thâng-thoā.  Thâi oa̍h-mi̍h ê hong-hoat ū iōng kā--ê kiam pàng to̍k, mā ū iōng sok--sí ê.  Mā ū iáu oa̍h leh tō chò-chi̍t-chhùi kā thun thun lo̍h-khì--ê.

Choâ ēng sin-khu oan-khiau ê tōng-chok lâi kiâⁿ-lō͘.  Mā ū tiàm-tī chúi-tóe ê chôa.

Tâi-oân soaⁿ-nih kāu choâ.
Kurt Vonnegut

**Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.** (), Bí-kok siáu-soat-ka. I siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín thàu-lām khoe-sé (satire), o͘-sek chhiò-khoe (black comedy), kho-ha̍k siáu-soat téng-téng ê sêng-hun. Tāi-piáu-chok pau-hâm *[[Slaughterhouse Five]]* (1969), *[[Cat's Cradle]]* (1963), *[[Breakfast of Champions]]* (1973).
Phang

**Phang** sī **Apoidea** chhiau-kho (superfamily) ê khun-thiông, ē-hiáu poe; kap hó͘-thâu-phang (wasp) ham káu-hiā koan-hē chin sio-oá, lóng kui tī Hymenoptera ba̍k. Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k lia̍h-goā, sì-kè lóng ū phang, iok-liōng ū 20,000 ê chéng.

Phang ū-sî kan-taⁿ chí bi̍t-phang. Ū-sî Hymenoptera ba̍k lāi-té ē poe--ê lóng hông chún sī phang. 

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Phang-kûn Pang-hoāi Chèng-hāu-kûn (:en:Colony Collapse Disorder)
Ngó͘-tê tōng-bu̍t

**Ngó͘-tê tōng-bu̍t** sī **ngó͘-tê-ba̍k** (**Artiodactyla**) ê hit-koá ū-tê ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. In ê te̍k-teng sī tāng-liōng lúi-tāng tī tē-3 kap tē-5 kha-cháiⁿ, bô chhiūⁿ khia-tê tōng-bu̍t (Perissodactyla) toā-hūn he̍k-chiá-sī oân-choân i-lāi tē-3 cháiⁿ. Taⁿ iok-liōng ū 220 chióng chéng, kî-tiong chē-chē put-chí-á ū keng-chè kè-ta̍t.
Hàm-kiàⁿ

**Hàm-kiàⁿ** sī 1 tè phòng-kiàⁿ (phòng-bīn-kiàⁿ), iōng lâi kā 1 ê mi̍h ê iáⁿ-siōng hòng-toā.  Kiàⁿ-phìⁿ it-poaⁿ sī koà toà kheng lāi-té, kheng ū 1 ki pèⁿ thang gia̍h.
Káu-hiā

**Káu-hiā** sī tōng-bu̍t lāi-té 1 chióng hoat-tián kah chin sêng-kong ê khun-thiông. Káu-hiā sī siā-hoē-sèng khun-thiông, khiā-khí ê siū sī chióng chin ū cho͘-chit ê si̍t-bîn-tē, 1 ê siū hoān-sè ū kúi-nā pah-bān chiah. Ū koá bô kāng chéng ê chhim-lio̍k-sèng káu-hiā (invasive ant) koh ē saⁿ ha̍p-chok, kā chin khoah ê thó͘-tē lóng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ in ê chhiau-si̍t-bîn-tē (super-colonies). Káu-hiā-siū (ant colony) ná-chhiūⁿ 1 ê kò-thé leh ūn-chok, tiāⁿ hông tòng-chò 1 khoán chhiau-seng-bu̍t (superorganism).
Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k

**Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k** (酒精中毒, Eng-gí: alcoholism) sī chí chiú-cheng ím-liāu (alcoholic beverage) lim siūⁿ koè-thâu chē, tì-kàu cheng-sîn he̍k jio̍k-thé tī kò-jîn, ka-têng, siā-hoē, ia̍h khang-khoè chhut būn-tê. Bān-sèng ê chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k ē chō-chiâⁿ cheng-sîn-pēⁿ kap jio̍k-thé ê pēⁿ. Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k sī thong sè-kài lām-sám ēng io̍h (drug abuse) siāng giâm-tiōng ê būn-tê; chia̍h-hun (tobacco smoking) lia̍h-goā, chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k khai ê sêng-pún khah chē koè pa̍t chióng lām-sám ēng io̍h būn-tê ê chóng-ha̍p.
Gâm

**Gâm** (Hàn-jī: 岩 ia̍h 巖, Eng-gí: cancer), iā kiò **ok-sèng chéng-liû** (惡性腫瘤), sī sè-pau hun-lia̍t (cell division) bô chèng-siông lâi chō-chiâⁿ ê chin chē khoán pēⁿ. Gâm sè-pau ē thoàⁿ kah sio-oá ê seng-bu̍t cho͘-chit (biological tissue) iah sī *[[choán-î]]* (metastasis) kah pa̍t-ūi. Gâm sè-pau ē-tit thàu-kòe hoeh-lâu ia̍h lîm-pa hē-thóng (lymphatic system) lâi choán-î. Toā-sè-hàn lóng ū ki-hoe tio̍h gâm, jú ū-hòe hong-hiám jú koân, in-ūi chia̍h-lāu (senescence) liáu-āu, DNA sńg-tn̄g (DNA damage) ē jú giâm-tiōng. Tī sian-chìn kok-ka (developed country), **gâm-chèng** sī 1 chióng chú-iàu ê sí-bông in-sò͘.

## Chham-khó
Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t

**Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t** sī sio̍k tī **Vertebrata** a-mn̂g ê chit-soh tōng-bu̍t (Chordata); in ū chek-chui-kut (vertebrae) cho͘-sêng ê liông-kut (backbones), lāi-bīn pau chit-chhé (spinal cord). Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t tùi 5-ek 3-chheng-bān nî chêng ê Cambrian oa̍h-mi̍h po̍k-hoat (Cambrian explosion) khai-sí chìn-hoà, taⁿ ū kīn 5-bān 8-chheng chióng chéng, sī siōng toā tīn ê chit-soh a-mn̂g. In ê hūn-chú pau-hâm chē-chē lán bat ê toā-hêng lio̍k-tē tōng-bu̍t. Chhin-chhiūⁿ hî, lióng-chhe-lūi, pâ-thiông, chiáu-á, chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t téng-téng lóng sī.
Koaⁿ-ngē-hoà

**Koaⁿ-ngē-hoà** (Eng-gí: cirrhosis) sī 1 chióng koaⁿ-pēⁿ, khí-in sī bān-sèng koaⁿ-pēⁿ chō-chiâⁿ koaⁿ ê cho͘-chit chhiam-î-hoà, seⁿ koaⁿ-lan (nodule), siāng boé sit-khì kong-lêng. Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k kap C hêng koaⁿ-iām (hepatitis C) sī siāng sù-siông ê khí-tì. 2005 nî tī Tâi-oân koaⁿ-ngē-hoà kap bān-sèng koaⁿ-pēⁿ sī sí-in tē 6 ūi. Koaⁿ-ngē-hoà ē chō-chiâⁿ pak-chúi (ascites) ê hiān-siōng, che kap tn̂g-kî seng-oa̍h phín-chit bái, kám-jiám ki-hōe koân lóng ū tī-tāi. Koaⁿ-ngē-hoà kàu bóe--á bô châi-tiāu táⁿ-tia̍p, kan-taⁿ koaⁿ-chōng î-si̍t (transplant) 1 tiâu lō͘.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Ma-lá-lí-á

**Ma-lá-lí-á** (Eng-gí: malaria), mā hō chò **Kôaⁿ-jia̍t** (寒熱), sī 1 chióng goân-seng seng-bu̍t (protist) khí-tì ê thoân-jiám-pēⁿ, tī jia̍t-tài kap a-jia̍t-tài chin phó͘-phiàn. Pēⁿ-lâng ē chi̍t-ē-á hoat-sio, chi̍t-ē-á ùi-koâⁿ, koh ē thâu-thiàⁿ, péng-pak; giâm-tiōng--kàu-tè ē bô-ì-sek, io-chí sit-khì chok-iōng, sīm-chì kòe-sin.
Chhàu-hīⁿ

**Chhàu-hīⁿ** () ia̍h **sit-chhong** (失聰), mā hō **chhàu-hīⁿ-lâng** (), Chôan-chiu-ōe hong-giân ū hō "**chhàu-lâng**", sī chí thèng-kak chhut būn-tê, thiaⁿ bô siaⁿ-im. Khí-tì hoān-sè sī sian-thian, hoān-sè sī lō-bóe phoà-pēⁿ chō-chiâⁿ. 

Nā iáu bô kàu chhàu-hīⁿ-lâng hiah giâm-tiōng ê thèng-kak būn-tê hō chò **hīⁿ-khang-tāng**. 

## Siong-koan
* Thèng-kak chiòng-gāi
Cheng-sîn-pēⁿ

**Cheng-sîn-pēⁿ** ia̍h **jīn-ti chiòng-gāi** (cognitive dysfunction) ê ì-sù chin khoah, pau-hâm chêng-kám ia̍h chêng-sū bô ún-tēng, hêng-ûi bô hia̍p-tiau, jīn-ti ū chiòng-gāi ia̍h sún-siong, ... tang-sai. Chhan-chhiūⁿ ut-chèng (clinical depression), chiau-cho-chèng (generalized anxiety disorder), sò-ut-chèng (bipolar disorder), chêng-sîn-hun-lia̍t (schizophrenia) lóng sī chêng-sîn-pēⁿ. Cheng-sîn-pēⁿ ê khí-tì hoān-sè sī seng-bu̍t-sèng--ê (chhiūⁿ kóng lāi-hun-pì, hoà-ha̍k, ia̍h ûi-thoân chhut būn-tê), hoān-sè sī sim-lí-sèng--ê (chhiūⁿ kóng, sim-lí chhòng-siong ia̍h chhiong-tu̍t). Cheng-sîn-pēⁿ tiāⁿ ē tì-sú khang-khòe, tha̍k-chheh, jîn-chè-koan-hē, ... chhut būn-tê. Kháu-gí kóng--ê **sîn-keng-pēⁿ**, **(khí-)siáu** mā ē-tàng lia̍h-chò cheng-sîn-pēⁿ ê tông-gī-sû.
Goân-lí-chú-gī

**Goân-lí-chú-gī** (Eng-gí: *fundamentalism*) khah e̍h-bīn ê kái-soeh sī ēng tiàm chong-kàu hong-bīn, chú-tiuⁿ sèng-chheh (chhiūⁿ Sèng-keng) bûn-pún ê goân-choân chèng-khak, chiàu jī-bīn lo̍h-khì kái-soeh hiah-ê goân-lí ê thài-tō͘. 

## Iōng-gí
Ū lâng kā goân-lí-chú-gī hō chò **ki-pún-kàu-gī-phài**, chit jī mā hông ēng-lâi chí chò ūn-tōng ê thài-tō͘ chin giâm-keh chun-siú bó͘ mih goân-lí lâi kiâⁿ. Lēng-gōa mā ū **ki-iàu-phài** ê kóng-hoat.

## Khài-liām
Goân-lí-chú-gī sī chèng-tī kiam chong-kàu tang-tiong ê kip-chìn-phài (*radicalism*), i ē-tàng sǹg sī chi̍t khoán hiān-tāi ê siā-hōe ūn-tōng kap lí-liām-hē (*ideology*), chú-tiuⁿ tòe sèng-chheh bûn-pún giâm-keh ê ké-soeh lâi si̍t-hêng. Goân-lí-chú-gī ē-tàng sǹg sī tùi hiān-tāi-sèng ê sè-sio̍k hong-bīn ê hoán-khòng, m̄-koh i ia̍h bô sǹg sī thoân-thóng ūn-tōng. Goân-lí-chú-gī khí-heng ê sî-chūn sī 19 sè-kí.

## Chham-khó

## Siong-koan
* Goân-lí-phài kap Hiān-tāi-phài ê Cheng-gī
Pēⁿ-to̍k

**Pēⁿ-to̍k** (病毒; Latin-gí: *virus*, to̍k ê ì-sù) sī 1 khoán ēng hián-bî-kiàⁿ chiah khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê lia̍p-chú, ē tī seng-bu̍t ê sè-pau oè lâi oè khì. Pēⁿ-to̍k ū nn̄g-pe̍h-chit ê goā-khak, hō chò capsid, lāi-té ū ûi-thoân-mi̍h (genetic material); kap prion, viroid bô sio-siâng. Pēⁿ-to̍k ē oè hō͘ chin chē seng-bu̍t, pí-lūn kóng chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t (tōng-bu̍t, ko͘, si̍t-bu̍t) kap goân-he̍k-seng-bu̍t (sè-khún). Ē oè hō͘ sè-khún ê pēⁿ-to̍k hō chò *[[sè-khún-chia̍h]]* (bacteriophage). Gián-kiù pēⁿ-to̍k ê ha̍k-kho hō chò pēⁿ-to̍k-ha̍k, gián-kiù-chiá hō chò pēⁿ-to̍k-ha̍k-ka.
Mûi-to̍k

**Mûi-to̍k** (Eng-gí: syphilis) sī 1 khoán sèng-thoân-jiám-pēⁿ, khí-tì sī hō͘ sio̍k tī Spirochaetes mn̂g, hō chò *[[Treponema pallidum]]* ê sè-khún kám-jiám--tio̍h. Mûi-to̍k ū chin chē phian-miâ, chhiūⁿ kóng **kam-lāu**, **kam-chhng**, **soāiⁿ-á-hong**. 

Thoân-jiám ê lō͘-soàⁿ chha-put-to lóng sī thàu-koè sèng-chiap-chhiok; m̄-koh mā ū sian-thian (congenital) mûi-to̍k (a-bú thoân hō͘ the-jî), kap ti̍t-chiap chiap-chhiok tō lâi oè--tio̍h-ê (yaws).
Koan-chōng tōng-me̍h sim-chōng-pēⁿ

**Koan-chōng tōng-me̍h sim-chōng-pēⁿ** iā-sī **koan-sim-chèng** tio̍h-sī lán pō͘-pêng leh kóng ê **sim-chōng-pēⁿ**. Koan-sim-chèng ê khí-lí sī kiong-èng sim-chōng hiat-liû ê koan-chōng tōng-me̍h lāi-té-piah koân-téng sán-seng io̍k-chōng ngē-hoà pan-khoài, hiat-kńg choâⁿ-á ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á khì-hō͘ that-tiâu--leh, soah--lo̍h-lâi kiong-èng sim-ki ê hiat-e̍k kiám-chió, tì-sú sim-ki khiàm sng-sò͘ choâⁿ-á lâi sán-seng phō-sim-soa . Nā-sī kiong-èng sim-chōng bó͘-chi̍t-ê só͘-chāi ê hiat-liû chiâu-chn̂g thêng-chí, hit-tah ê sim-ki in-ūi bô-hoat-tō͘ tit-tio̍h sng-sò͘ kap êng-ióng-hun, ē chō-sêng bô-hoat-tō͘ mî-pó͘ ê siong-hāi, nā-án-ne kiò-chò kip-sèng sim-ki kéⁿ-that, kiâm-tiōng ê sî ē sí.
Chheⁿ-mê

**Chheⁿ-mê** ia̍h **chhiⁿ-mî** sī chí seng-lí iah sim-lí chhut būn-tê tì-sú sit-khì sī-kak, khoàⁿ bô mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê chōng-hóng.
Hong-sip-jia̍t

**Hong-sip-jia̍t** (*rheumatic fever*) sī koên-téng ho͘-khip-tō khì hō͘ group A β hemolytic streptococcus oè--tio̍h só͘-lâi ín-khí ê chi̍t-chióng tî-hoat-sèng kap hui-hoà-lâng-sèng ê pēⁿ-piàn, pau-khoat sim-chōng, koan-chat, phoê-hā cho͘-chit, kap kî-thaⁿ chōng-khì chhiūⁿ náu, hì ê hoat-iām-sèng chi̍t-pēⁿ. Lîm-chhn̂g-siōng chú-iàu ū sim-chōng-iām (carditis), to-hoat-sèng koan-chat-iām (polyarthritis), phoê-hā sió-kiat-chiat (subcutaneous nodules), erythema marginatum kap choea minor chia chē-chē ê chèng-thâu kap-kap-chò-hoé. I chú-iàu hoat-seng tī 3 hoè kàu 15 hoè ê gín-á-lâng.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* 台灣之風濕性心臟病