Copt-gú

**Copt-gú** (Bohairic Copt-gú: ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, timetremənkhēmi; ing-gú: Coptic language) sī bi̍t-tshiat siong-kuan ê tē-hng gú-giân gú-hē, mā tāi-piáu Ai-ki̍p gú-giân ê tsuè-sin huat-tián, copt-gú li̍k-sú siōng uì kong-guân tē-3 sè-kí khai-sí teh Roma Ai-ki̍p iû copt-jîng sóo sú-iōng, Teh Muslim tsing-ho̍k Ai-ki̍p liáu-āu, copt-gú tō hōo Alapik-gú tshú-tāi uî Ai-ki̍p tsú-iàu ê kháu-gú, pīng teh kuí-ā-ê sè-kí tsi-lāi copt-gú ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á hōo alapik-gú sóo tshú-tāi. Copt-gú kin-á-ji̍t pìng-bô ū bó-gú jîn-sū tsûn-tsāi, Sui-bóng copt-gú guân-tsāi tsok-uî copt tāng-tsìng-káu kàu-tn̂g kap copt thian-tsú kàu-tn̂g ê jî-siông sing-ua̍h tiong ê lé-pài gî-sik gú-giân. Gú-giân, im-ūn-ha̍k ê tshòng-sin í-kip Ellás guā-lâi-gú ê ióng-ji̍p kā copt-gú kap tsá-kî ê Aiki̍p-gú khu-hun tshut--lâi. Copt-gú sī-iōng copt jī-bó lâi su-siá ê, tse-sī Elláda jī-bú ê tsi̍t-tsióng siu-kái hîng-sik, iah-koh ū kuí-ā-ê uì Ai-ki̍p thong-sio̍k-gú lāi-té tsió-lâi ê gia̍h-guā jī-bú.

Tsú-iàu ê copt gú-giân sī Sahidic-gú, Bohairic-gú, Akhmimic-gú, Fayyumic-gú, Lycopoli-gú kah Oxyrhynchite-gú. Sahidic copt-gú teh Asyut-gú hām Oxyrhynchus-gú siânn-tshī tsi-kan sú-iōng, pīng tehc. 325 – c. 800 AD. sî-kî tsok-uî tsi̍t-tsióng bûn-ha̍k gú-giân teh Ai-ki̍p tuā-huat-tshái. Bohairic-gú sī  ê gú-giân, tī 9 sè-kí liû-hîng, sī copt kàu-huē sú-iōng ê hong-giân. Sui-bóng bi̍t-tshiat siong-kuan, copt gú-giân teh im-ūn, gú-giân hîng-thài hām sû-luī hong-bīn hōo-siong bô kâng-khuán.

## Bîng-tshing ên-khí
Copt-gú ê pún-tē bîng-tshing teh Bohairic-gú (Delta) ê tē-hng gú-giân kiò-tsò ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (/təmətɾəmənˈkʰeːmə/); teh sahidic-gú (suann-khàm) tē-hng gú-giân tō kiò-tsò ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (/təməntəɾəmənˈkeːmə/). Lia̍t-sū tōng-sû "mouti" (ⲙⲟⲩϯ, 'to speak') ê tsōo-sû tsiân-tuat me(n)t- teh copt-gú tang-tiong tsiânn-tsò tsiânn-tsē thiu-siōng-bîng-sû (m̄-nā kán-ná sī hia--ê kah "gú-giân" iú-kuan ê bîng-sû). Su̍t-gú "remənkʰēmi/rəmənkēme" ê ì-sù sī "Aiki̍p-jîn", jī-bīn ê ì-sù sī "Ai-ki̍p ê lâng", sī rem- ê ho̍k-ha̍p-sû, tse tio̍h-sī copt bîng-sû ⲣⲱⲙⲓ/ⲣⲱⲙⲓ/ⲣⲱⲙⲉ, "lâng, jîn-luī" ê kòo-sîng tsōng-thài, + sio̍k-kik kài-sû (ə)n- (ⲛ̀, 'of') + piáu-sī "Ai-ki̍p" ê sû-gú, "kʰēmi/kēme" (ⲭⲏⲙⲓ/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ; tsham-kiàn Kemet). In-tshú, kui-ê piáu-ta̍t ê jîn-bîn ì-sù sī "Ai-ki̍p jîn-bîn ê gú-giân", hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò "Ai-ki̍p gú-giân".

Copt-gú ê līng-guā tsi̍t-ê bîng-tshing sī "təməntkuptaion" (ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ), sī lâi-tsū Copto-Elláda gú (Copto-Greek)  ê hîng-sik (ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ, 'Aiki̍p-gú'). Tsit-ê su̍t-gú "logos ən aiguptios" (ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ, "Aiki̍p-gú") teh Sahidic-gú mā-ū tsìng-bîng tsi̍t-tiám, m̄-ku logos hām aiguptios lóng khí-guân teh Elláda-gú. Teh Copt Tang-tsìng-káu Kàu-tn̂g ê gî-sik lāi-té, koh-khah tsìng-sik ê bîng-tshing sī "tiaspi ənremənkʰēmi" (ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, "Ai-ki̍p ê gú-giân"), "aspi" (ⲁⲥⲡⲓ) sī Aiki̍p ê gú-giân tān-sû.

## Tē-lí hun-pòo
Copt-gú kin-á-ji̍t teh Copt Tang-tsìng-kài hām Copt Thiantshu kàu-tn̂g (í-kip hiān-tāi piau-tsún Alapik-gú) tang-tiong iōng gî-sik hîng-sik lâi sú-iōng. Tsit-ê gú-giân kán-ná teh Ai-ki̍p sú-iōng, li̍k-sú siōng teh líng-thóo í-guā uá-beh bô íng-hióng, tû-liáu khiā-tī Nubia ê siu-tō-īnn. Copt-gú siōng hián-tù ê gú-giân íng-hióng sī tuì Ai-ki̍p alapik-gú ê kok-tsióng tē-hng gú-giân, i-ê ti̍k-tiám sī-teh sû-luī, gú-giân hîng-thài, kù-huat hām gú-im ti̍k-ting hong-bīn kū-iú Copt ê ki-tshóo hām ti̍k-tsit.

### Tuì kî-thann gú-giân ê íng-hióng
Tû-liáu íng-hióng Aiki̍p alapik-gú  ê gú-huat, sû-luī kah kù-huat í-guā,  koh hiòng Alapik-gú hām  koh tsió-iōng i-hā ê sû-gú:

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin sú-iōng

### It-puann gián-kiú
* 
* Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In *The Anchor Bible Dictionary*, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.
* 
* Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In *The Coptic Encyclopedia*, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan Canada. 169–188.
* Kasser, Radolphe. 1991. "Dialects". In *[[The Coptic Encyclopedia]]*, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan Canada. 87–96.
* Wolfgang Kosack. Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
* Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. *Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Polotsky, Hans Jakob. 1971. "Coptic". In *Afroasiatic: A Survey*, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.

### Gú-huat hām bûn-huat gián-kiú
* Chaîne, Marius. 1933. *Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique*. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
* Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. *Koptisch – Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische*. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
* Jernstedt, Peter V. 1927. Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts. 'Comptes rendus de l'Academice des Sciences de l'Union République Soviétique Socialistes. 2, 69–74.
* 
* Layton, Bentley. 2000. *A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary*. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Layton, Bentley. 2007. *Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies*. Peeters Publishers, .
* Mallon, Alexis. 1956. *Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire*. 4th edition. Beyrouth.
* Mattar, Nabil. 1990. *A Study in Bohairic Coptic*. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.
* 
* Polotsky, Hans Jakob. 1987. *Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus*. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.
* 
* 
* Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. *Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study*. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.
* Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. *Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic*. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. .
* Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. *Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect*. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters. .
* Tattam, Henry, ''A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects'' (London 1863)
* Till, Walter C. 1994. *Koptische Dialektgrammatik*. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
* Vergote, Jozef. 1973–1983. *Grammaire copte*. Leuven: Peeters.
* Younan, Sameh. 2005. *So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar*. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.

### Jī-tián
* Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. *Coptic Etymological Dictionary*. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Crum, Walter Ewing. 1939. Coptic Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted by Sandpiper Books Ltd, London & Powells Books, Chicago, 2000.
* Wolfgang Kosack: *Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen.* Koptisch – Deutsch – Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, .
* Vycichl, Werner. 1983. *Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte*. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
* Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. *Koptisches Handwörterbuch*. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

### Phonology
* 
* Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds," *Orientalia* 62 (new series): 338–75.
*Greenberg, Joseph H (originally published 1962). "The interpretation of the Coptic vowel system," *On Language: Selected Writings of Joseph H. Greenberg*, eds., K Denning & S Kemmer. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990: 428–38.
* Grossman, Eitan and Martin Haspelmath. 2015. "The Leipzig-Jerusalem Transliteration of Coptic," *Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective*, eds., Eitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter. Berlin/Munich/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. 145–56.
*Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher. 1975. "The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Word in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic". University of Oxford. 32-671.
* Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology," *Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus)*, vol. 1, ed., Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–60.
* 

### Tsham-khó su-bo̍k
* Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), *A Coptic Bibliography*, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)
* Wolfgang Kosack: *Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch – Koptisch – Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste*. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, .
* Wolfgang Kosack: *Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale.* Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, .
* Wolfgang Kosack: *Basilios "De archangelo Michael": sahidice Pseudo – Euhodios "De resurrectione": sahidice Pseudo – Euhodios "De dormitione Mariae virginis": sahidice & bohairice : < Papyruskodex Turin, Mus. Egizio Cat. 63000 XI. > nebst Varianten und Fragmente. In Parallelzeilen ediert, kommentiert und übersetzt von Wolfgang Kosack.* Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2014. .
* Wolfgang Kosack: *Novum Testamentum Coptice. Neues Testament, Bohairisch, ediert von Wolfgang Kosack. Novum Testamentum, Bohairice, curavit Wolfgang Kosack. / Wolfgang Kosack.* neue Ausgabe, Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. .

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Modern Hebrew)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts 
* France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site. 
* Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology 
*  : Coptic language internet links  and bibliography  
* Coptica.ch Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French) 
* New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range 
* Online Coptic tutorial 
* A comprehensive Coptic language resource (Remenkimi) (Internet Archive) 
* Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard 
* Heike Behlmer, Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language 
* Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library 
* Ifao N Copte – A professional Coptic font for researchers. 
* a set of Coptic fonts 
* GNU FreeFont—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range. 

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