open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bán-thô

**Bán-thô** (pí-kaù Hoâ-gí  *mántóu*) iah-sī **mī-pau**, **mī-thaû** (麵頭) sī chi̍t khoán ēng mī-hún chè-chō ê tiong-kok-sek si̍t-phín.

Thè kuè-sin--ê pē-pú chò-pah-ji̍t--ê chhè--ê sî-chūn só͘ chia̍h--ê bán-thô, kiò-chò **mī-thâu**, **bīn-thâu** (būn-thâu, bîn-thâu, bán-thâu) iah-sī **bīn-thâu-koé**.

Chiok-siū (祝壽) sî chia̍h--ê toā liap mī-thâu hō-chò "mī-thô".
Theodor W. Adorno

**Theodor W. Adorno** (), pún-miâ **Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund**, sī Tek-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, ga̍k-lí-ka kiam chok-khek-ka. I sī Frankfurt Ha̍k-phài ê sêng-goân.

## Chhut-sin
I-ê lāu-pē sī Tek-kok Iû-thài-lâng, lāu-bú sī Italia Thian-chú-kàu-tô͘.

## Chham-khó
*
Max Planck Hia̍p-hoē

**Max Planck Hia̍p-hoē** (Tek-gí: *Max-Planck-Gesellschaft*; **MPG**), choân-miâ **Chín-heng Kho-ha̍k ê Max Planck Hia̍p-hoē** (*Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften*), sī Tek-kok siāng jió-to ê gián-kiù ki-koan, lóng-chóng ū tāi-kài 80 keng ián-kiù-īⁿ.
Sòaⁿ-chng hòe-chûn

**Soàⁿ-chng hoè-chûn** sī chi̍t lūi siong-chûn, choân-bûn chài-sàng bô kò͘-tēng pau-chong ê hoè-bu̍t, chhan-chhiūⁿ kok-bu̍t, mûi-thoàⁿ, khòng-soa téng-téng.
Hòe-chûn

**Hoè-chûn** sī choân-bûn chài hoè-bu̍t, siong-phín ê chûn-chiah, sī sè-kài siong chú-iàu ê ūn-su kang-khu chi it.
Kok-chè bō͘-e̍k

**Kok-chè bō͘-e̍k** () sī khoà-kok ia̍h khoà khu-he̍k ê chu-pún, siong-phín he̍k-chiá lô-bū ê kau-oāⁿ, tī hiān-tāi sè-kài sī chin tiōng-iàu ê keng-chè oa̍h-tāng.
Captain Tubasa

***Captain Tubasa*** (キャプテン翼) sī chi̍t pō͘ í kha-kiû chò chú-tê ê Ji̍t-pún bàng-gah, chok-chiá sī Takahasi Yôiti (高橋陽一), tùi 1980 nî-tāi khai-sí liân-chài. Lāi-iông kóng-su̍t chiok-kiû ki-su̍t ko-chhiau ê siàu-liân Ôzora Tubasa án sió-ha̍k la̍k-nî-kip khai-sí kàu chìn-ji̍p chit-gia̍p chiok-kiû chi-kan só͘ hoat-seng ê kò͘-sū. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Anime
Chhiū-phû-tô

**Chhiū-phû-tô** (*Myrciaria cauliflora* (Mart.) O.Berg.) sī goân-pún seⁿ tī Pa-se ê chi̍t chióng koé-chí châng. Koé-chí âng ê sî-chūn, i ê phoê sī kiô-á sek.
Gravelines

**Gravelines** sī Hoat-kok Nord koān (*department*) ê chi̍t-ê siâⁿ, sǹg sī Flandre (Kē-tē-gí: *Vlaanderen*; Eng-gí: *Flanders*) tē-khu ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn.
Benjamin Franklin

**Benjamin Franklin** () sī Bí-kok ê kiàn-kok-chiá chi it, i mā sī chèng-tī lí-lūn-ka, kho-ha̍k-ka, hoat-bêng-ka; chò koè Pennsylvania ê tāi-piáu, Bí-kok ê goā-kau-koaⁿ, koh ū Bí-kok ê thâu jīm iû-chèng kio̍k-tiúⁿ. I ū chin chē iú-koan tiān ê ián-kiù kap hoat-bêng
Chúi sûn-khoân

**Chúi sûn-khoân** sī kóng chúi (H2O) tī tē-kiû piáu-bīn ê choán-î koè-têng. Phì-jū kóng hō͘-chúi loh ji̍p khe lāi, khe lâu ji̍p hái, hái-chúi kap khe-chúi koh siū jia̍t cheng-hoat chò chúi-ian, chúi-ian kàu thiⁿ téng kiat chò hûn, āu-boé koh chiâⁿ chò hō͘-chúi, tio̍h sī chi̍t-ê chéng-thé-siōng ê toā sûn-khoân.
Philip Sidney

**Sir Philip Sidney** (1554 nî 11 goe̍h 30 ji̍t 1586 nî 10 goe̍h 17 ji̍t) sī Eng-tē Elizabeth sî-tāi ê sî-jîn, tiâu-sîn, kap kun-jîn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân jîn-bu̍t
Thomas Hill Green

**Thomas Hill Green** (1836 nî 4 goe̍h 7 ji̍t - 1882 nî 3 goe̍h 26 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, mā-sī siā-hoē chū-iû-chú-gī ê su-sióng-ka.
Friedrich Naumann

**Friedrich Naumann** (1860 nî 3 goe̍h 25 ji̍t - 1919 nî 8 goe̍h 24 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê chèng-tī-ka kiam bo̍k-su.
Ìn-nî Tn̂g-lâng

**Ìn-nî Tn̂g-lâng** (Ìn-nî-gí: *Tionghoa-Indonesia*), he̍k-chiá kiò **Ìn-nî Hoâ-jîn**, sī tām Ìn-nî ê Tiong-kok î-bîn, chá-kî chú-iàu sī tùi Hok-kiàn kap Kńg-tang soá koè; hiān-sî ū lóng-chóng 1 chheng bān chó-iū.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

**Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono** (1949 nî 9 goe̍h 9 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Ìn-nî ê chèng-tī-ka, thè-hiu kun-koaⁿ. I tī 2004 tī soán chò Ìn-nî ê chóng-thóng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-nî Chóng-thóng
Tāi Tang-a Chiàn-cheng

**Tāi Tang-a Chiàn-cheng** (大東亜戦争) sī chí Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn sî-kî Ji̍t-pún tī Oán-tang tē-khu kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê chiàn-cheng. Chit-ê miâ chú-iàu sī chiàn-sî Ji̍t-pún só͘ sú-iōng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn
Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê le̍k-sú
Liân-pang Phêng-gī-hōe

**Liân-pang Phêng-gī-hōe** (Tek-gí: *Bundesrat*, Hoat-gí: *Conseil fédéral*, Italia-gí: *Consiglio federale*, Romansh-gí: *Cussegl federal*) sī 7-e sêng-oân cho͘ sêng ê Sūi-se chèng-hú tan-ūi, sī chi̍t khoán liân-ha̍p léng-tō ê "kok-ka siú-léng".

Lí-sū-hoē ê 7-ê lí-su hun-piat chú-koán 7-ê liân-pang hêng-chèng pō͘-mn̂g, pēng-chiá lûn-liû tan-jīm Sūi-se Liân-pang Chú-sek (he̍k-chiá kóng chóng-thóng).

Lūi-pia̍t:Sūi-se ê chèng-tī
Tiān-khì

**Tiān-khì** (電氣), it-poaⁿ kóng **tiān**, sī tiān-hô͘ liû-tōng só͘ sán-seng ê kok chióng hiān-siōng.

## Siong-koan
*Tiān-chú
*Tiān-liû
*Tiān-le̍k
*Tiān-ap
*Chēng-tiān
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse

**Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse** (1864 nî 9 goe̍h 8 ji̍t - 1929 nî 6 goe̍h 21 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê chèng-tī-ka kiam siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, siā-hoē chū-iû-chú-gī ê chá-kî hoat-tián-chiá.
Hông-tè chhân-eⁿ

**Hông-tè chhân-eⁿ** (Eng-gí miâ: Emperor Dragonfly; Ha̍k-miâ: *Anax imperator*) sī chi̍t khoán Aeshnidae kho, *[[Anax]]* sio̍k chhân-eⁿ.
Sè-pau-piah

**Sè-pau-piah** (細胞壁), sī chi̍t koá sè-pau siāng goā-chân só͘ moa ê kò͘-chō, ū chi-chhî, pó-hō͘, koè-lū ê kong-lêng. Sè-pau-piah chûn-chāi tī si̍t-bu̍t, sè-khún, chin-khún, chó-lūi kap chi̍t koá kó͘-sè-khún.
Chó-lūi

**Chó-lūi** (藻類; La-teng miâ: *Algae*) sī kúi khoán seng-bu̍t ê chi̍p-ha̍p, thoân-thóng-siōng chó-lūi sǹg sī si̍t-bu̍t; chóng nā chiàu kin-sè ê hun-lūi hē-thóng, "chó-lūi" m̄-sī goân-chéng ê hun-lūi tan-goân, sī pun-soàⁿ tī chin-he̍k seng-bu̍t lāi-bīn chi̍t kóa lūi-pia̍t.

## Siong-koan
* Nâ-sè-khún
* Goân-seng seng-bu̍t
Nâ-sè-khún

**Nâ-sè-khún**, mā ū kiò **Nâ-le̍k-chó**, La-teng-miâ ***Cyanobacteria***, sī chi̍t lūi sè-khún, kha-chá pat hong hun tī chó-lūi ē-té.
Tē-tiong-hái iân-hoāⁿ

**Tē-tiong-hái iân-hoāⁿ** sī kóng Tē-tiong-hái iân-hái ê tē-khu, ū chi̍t khoán hun-piat ê hong-sek sī chí Tē-tiong-hái sì-ûi ê Tē-tiong-hái khì-hāu hoān-ûi; mā ū chi̍t khoán si chí kam-lám chiu (*Olea europaea*) ê hun-pò͘ hoān-ûi.
Kì-ek

**Kì-ek** a̍h-sī **kì-tî** sī seng-bu̍t-thé tùi chu-sìn kap keng-giām ê pó-chûn, î-chhî kap hoê-sióng ê lêng-le̍k.
Sèⁿ-miā

Tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê lí-lō͘, **sèⁿ-miā** sī mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê chi̍t kóa sèng-chit. Chia ê sèng-chit hâm tāi-siā, hêng-tēng-sèng (*homeostasis*) ê pó-chhî, seng-tióng, seⁿ-thoàⁿ, koh ū tùi chhì-kek ê hoán-èng.

Lēng-goā, "sèⁿ-miā" chit-ê bêng-sû mā ū chin chē tiat-ha̍k ha̍k-chiá chong-kàu ê ì-bī.

## Siong-koan
* Oa̍h-mi̍h
* Sèⁿ-miā ê khí-goân
Gí-thài

**Gí-thài** (Hàn-jī: 擬態; Eng-gí: *mimicry*), sī kóng chi̍t chéng seng-bu̍t kap kî-tha khoán ê seng-bu̍t chin sio-siâng, jî-chhiá ū pó-hō͘ chok-iōng ê hiān-siōng. Gí-thài ê hêng-sek pau-hâm goā-piáu, hêng-ûi, siaⁿ-im, khì-bī, he̍k-chiá ūi-tì.

## Chham-khó
Ngô͘

**Ngô͘** (蛾) sī chi̍t lūi lân-si̍t-ba̍k (*Lepidoptera*) ê khun-thiông, lán-lâng mā tiāⁿ kóng ia̍h-á, chóng-sī "ia̍h-á" chi̍t-ê miâ-chheng bô bêng hun hô͘-tia̍p kap ngô͘; chē nn̄g toā lūi ê ia̍h-á tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k siōng mā bô chin choa̍t-tùi ê khu-pia̍t.
Lân-chhì-ba̍k

**Lân-si̍t-ba̍k** sī chi̍t toā lūi ê khun-thiông, it-poaⁿ mā kiò **ia̍h-á**, lāi-bīn hâm ô͘-tia̍p kap ngô͘.
Gutenberg Sèng-keng

**Gutenberg Sèng-keng** sī Johannes Gutenberg tī 1450 nî-tāi só͘ ìn-chè ê chi̍t pō͘ Sèng-keng, sī chá-kî ê oa̍h-jī ìn-soat chhut-pán-phín, hiān-sî tī thong sè-kài chhun 21 thò iáu koh chiâu-pī.

Lūi-pia̍t:Johannes Gutenberg
Köppen khì-hāu hun-lūi-hoat

**Köppen khì-hāu hun-lūi-hoat** sī chi̍t thó phó͘-phiàn sú-iōng ê khì-hāu hun-lūi hē-thóng, siāng-chá sī khì-hāu-ha̍k-ka Wladimir Köppen tī 1884 nî só͘ hoat-piáu, āu-lâi mā ū keng-koè tiâu-chéng.

Chit thò hun-lūi-hoat sī ēng si̍t-phoē (*vegetation*) ê chū-jiân hun-pò͘ chêng-hêng chò ki-chó͘, koh ka siōng ūn-tō͘ kap kàng-súi ê in-chú.

## Hun-khu

(Sek-tī chiàu chiàⁿ-pêng ê tô͘)

*A kûn: Jia̍t-tāi/ko-un khì-hāu
** 
** 
** 

*B kûn: Ta-sò (ta, poàⁿ-ta) khì-hāu
** 
** 
** 
** 

*C kûn: Un-tài/tiong-un khì-hāu
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 

*D kûn: Tāi-lio̍k/kē-un khì-hāu
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 

*E kûn: Ke̍k-tē khì-hāu
** 
** 

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Si̍t-phōe

**Si̍t-phōe** (植被; Eng-gí: *vegetation*) sī chi̍t-ê khu-he̍k lāi si̍t-bu̍t ê chéng-thé seng-tióng lūi-hêng.

## Siong-koan
* Flora
* Si̍t-bu̍t kûn-lo̍h
Oa̍h-pán

**Oa̍h-pán**, he̍k-chiá kong **oa̍h-jī-pán**, sī chi̍t khoán ìn-soat ê hêng-sek, lī-ēng ē-sái tín-tāng ê "jī", pí kò͘-tēng ê khek-pán kha hó oa̍h-iōng. Pâi-tēng oa̍h-pán ê khang-khoè kiò "pâi-jī".

Só͘ chāi-iáⁿ siāng chá hong kì-lio̍k ê oa̍h-pán ki-su̍t sī Tiong-kok Sòng tāi ê Pit Seng (畢昇) tī 1040 nî chó-iū hoat-bêng; tī Tiâu-sián mā hoat-tián chhut kim-sio̍k oa̍h-pán. 1377 nî ê *[[Ti̍t-chí Sim-thé Iāu-chiat]]* (直指心體要節) sī hiān-chûn siāng kó͘ ê oa̍h-pán ìn-soat-phín.

Tī 1450 nî chó-iū, Tek-kok ê Johannes Gutenberg hoat-bêng chhut sin ê oa̍h-pán ìn-soat ki-su̍t, i ēng iân, siah kap stibium chè-chō oa̍h-pán jī, sī hiān-tāi oa̍h-pán ìn-soat ê khí-thâu.
Ìn-soat

**Ìn-soat** sī têng-hok chè-chō bûn-su kap tô͘-oē ê ki-su̍t, thoân-thóng siōng sī lī-iōng ìn-soat-ki kā ba̍k-chúi ìn tī choá téng-bīn. 

Le̍k-sú siōng só͘ chai siāng chá ê bo̍k-pán ìn-soat sī hoat-seng tī Tiong-kok Hàn-tiâu, āu-lâi koh tī Sòng-tiâu hoat-tián chhut Pit Seng ê oa̍h-pán ìn-soat. Chóng-sī hiān-tāi ìn-soat chú-iàu sī tùi  15 sè-kí Johannes Gutenberg ê ki-su̍t hoat-tián chhut--lâi.

## Siong-koan
* Iáⁿ-ìn
Gô͘-im

**Gô͘-im** sī Hàn-jī tī Ji̍t-gí ê chi̍t khoán tha̍k-im, sī Ji̍t-pún tī ín-ji̍p Tiong-kok Sûi-tiâu kap Tông-tiâu ê Hàn-im (漢音) chìn-chêng tio̍h lûi-thong ê Hàn-jī tha̍k-hoat, khó-lêng sī tùi hit tang chūn Tiong-kok ê Lâm-tiâu lâi thoân-ji̍p.
Hū-kho-ha̍k

**Hū-kho-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: *Gynaecology*) sī chí choân bûn lú-sèng, iû-kî seⁿ-thoàⁿ hē-thóng ê i-ha̍k hun-chi.
Chhiú-su̍t

**Chhiú-su̍t** sī i-ha̍k siōng chhim-ji̍p sin-thé ê tī-liâu hong-sek. Goā-kho-ha̍k sī chit hong-bīn ê choan-bûn; chóng-sì chhan-chhiūⁿ siū-i-ha̍k, gê-i-ha̍k ha̍k-chiá tiong-i-ha̍k, mā lóng ū lī-ēng chhiú-su̍t.
Siù-i-ha̍k

**Siù-i-ha̍k** sī choân-bûn tī-liâu tōng-bu̍t, iû-kî poê-phoāⁿ tōng-bu̍t (thióng-bu̍t), sán-gia̍p tōng-bu̍t (ka-thiok), he̍k-chiá iá-seng tōng-bu̍t ê i-ha̍k.
Goā-kho-ha̍k

**Gōa kho ha̍k** sī lī-ēng chhiú-su̍t lâi tī-liâu siū siong ha̍k-chiá phòa pēⁿ ê i-ha̍k kho-bo̍k.
Si̍t-chèng-chú-gī

**Si̍t-chèng-chú-gī** (Eng-gí: *positivism *) sī chi̍t khoán jīn-sek-lūn, chè-hān chū-sin kin-kù keng-giām-sèng ê chu-liāu lâi hoat-hiān tì-sek. Auguste Comte sī si̍t-chèng-chú-gī ê hoat-tián-chiá.

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k tiat-ha̍k
Auguste Comte

**Auguste Comte** (1798 nî 1 goe̍h 19 ji̍t - 1857 nî 9 goe̍h 5 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, mā sī siā-hoē-ha̍k kap si̍t-chèng-chú-gī ê chhòng-kiān-chiá chi it.
Ha̍k-si̍p

**Ha̍k-si̍p** sī tit-tio̍h he̍k-chiá kái-piàn tì-sek, koan-liām, hêng-ûi, kang-hu kap hèng-chhù ê koè-têng, sī lâng kap tōng-bu̍t ê lêng-le̍k. 

Lēng-goā, ha̍k-si̍p ê kài-liām mā ē-táng èng-iōng tī ki-hâi, chóng-sī kap seng-bu̍t ha̍k-si̍p ê ki-chè bô sio-siâng.
Nara sî-tāi

**Nara sî-tāi** (奈良時代) sī Ji̍t-pún le̍k-sú-siōng ê hun-kî, hit tang chūn Ji̍t-pún ê kiaⁿ-siâⁿ siat tī Nara (Heizyô-kyô).
Hêng-ûi

**Hêng-ûi** sī kóng lâng kap kî-tha tōng-bu̍t kò͘-thé, he̍k-chiá chi̍t-ê hē-thóng (chhan-chhiūⁿ lâng ê kûn-thé) goā-sin ê tōng-chok. 

## Siong-koan
* Tōng-ki
* Sim-lí
* Hêng-ûi-ha̍k
* Hêng-ûi-chú-gī
Kó͘ Eng-gí

**Kó͘ Eng-gí** sī gí-giân-ha̍k tang-tiong tùi Eng-gí chá-kî hêng-sek ê chheng-ho͘, sī Sai German gí-giân ê hun-ki. Kó͘ Eng-gí chú-iàu sī ùi 5 sè-kí chì 12 sè-kí ê England kap Scotland lâm-pō͘ liû-thong, sú-iōng ê bîn-chok hō chò Anglo-Saxon.

Kó͘ Eng-gí ū sû-hêng piàn-hoà, hâm 5-ê kè (chú-kè, pin-kè, sio̍k-kè, ú-kè kap kang-khū-kè); tī jîn-chheng tāi-sû ū siang-sò͘ hêng, mā hun tan-sò͘ kap ho̍k-sò͘. Lēng-goā, só͘-ū ê bêng-sû lóng hun sèng-piat.

Tùi 9 sè-kí khai-sí, Kó͘ Eng-gí toā têng-tō͘ siū Kó͘ Norse-gí ê éng-hióng. 12 sè-kí liáu-āu, chìn-ji̍p Tiong-kó͘ Eng-gí ê sî-tāi.

## Siong-koan
* Eng-gí ê le̍k-sú

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Old English Discord server
*Old English/Modern English Translator
*Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet
*Old English Letters 
*
*Another downloadable keyboard for Windows computers
*Guide to using Old English computer characters  (Unicode, HTML entities, etc.)
*The Germanic Lexicon Project
*
*The Lord's Prayer in Old English from the 11th century (video link)
*Over 240 Old English poems are edited, annotated and linked to digital images of their manuscript pages, with modern translations, in the ''Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project'' : https://oepoetryfacsimile.org

;Dictionaries
*Bosworth and Toller, ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online''
*
*
*Dictionary of Old English

;Lessons
*Old English Online by Jonathan Slocum and Winfred P. Lehmann, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
*
*
Eng-gí ê le̍k-sú

Eng-gí sī Sai German gí-giân ê chi̍t hūn-chú. Goân-thâu chú-iàu sī German-lâng ji̍p Britain ê sî-chūn chah--ji̍p-khì ê Anglo-Frisii-hē kok khoán hong-giân. Hia-ê German-lâng, goân-sin chú-iàu sī khiā tī kin-á-ji̍t Tek-kok ê sai-pak kiam Kē-tē-kok tē-khu.

Khí-seng, Kó͘ Eng-gí hâm chin choē hun-soàⁿ ê khiuⁿ-kháu, liû-thong tī hit chūn Eng-lân tē-hng ê chiòng Anglo-Saxon ông-kok. Āu--lâi, kî-tiong ê Āu-kî Sai Saxon hong-giân (*Late West Saxon*) ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á pìⁿ chò chú-liû.

Goân-pún ê Kó͘ Eng-gí koh tī 8, 9 sè-kí ê sî-chūn, siū tio̍h tùi Scandinavia lâi cheng-ho̍k ê bîn-chok só͘ kóng ê Pak German gí-giân éng-hióng. Kàu 11 sè-kí, sio̍k Romance gí-giân ê Kó͘ Norman-gí, mā tī Norman lâng thóng-tī Eng-lân ê sî-chūn éng-hióng Eng-gí.

Siū Scandinavia-lâng ê éng-hióng, Eng-gí ê gí-hoat piàn khah tan-sûn, sû-lūi piàn hong-hù. Norman-lân ê thóng-tī, koh hō͘ Eng-gí ka-thiam chin choē sio̍k La-teng-hē ê Romance gí-giân sû-lūi, te̍k-pia̍t sī koaⁿ-hú ê iōng-gí.

## Sî-tāi hun-tōaⁿ
Eng-gí ê hoat-tián le̍k-sú ē-tàng hun 3-ê chú-iàu sî-tāi, Kó͘ Eng-gí sī chha-put-to kong-goân 1100 nî í-chêng; Tiong-kó͘ Eng-gí (*Middle English*) s tāi-khài 1100 nî kàu 1500 nî; Kīn-tāi Eng-gí (*Modern English*) sī tāi-khài 1500 nî í-āu. Kīn-tāi Eng-gí ē-tàng koh hun chò Chá-kî kap Boán-kî, kài-sòaⁿ siat tī 1700 nî chó-iū.

## Goân-chho͘ Eng-gí
German-lâng ê gí-giân sī Eng-gí khí-sian ê goân-thâu, ki-tiong pâu-koat liáu Angle-lâng, Saxon-lâng, Frisii-lâng kap Jute-lâng, lēng-gōa mā khó-lêng ū Frank-lâng. Tī chia-ê German-lâng khì kàu Britain í-chêng, in chiū í-keng tùi Lia̍p-teng-gí lāi-bīn o̍h liáu chin chē ēng-gí, phì-jû "wine" (phû-tô-chiú), "cup" (poe-á), "bishop" (chú-kàu) téng-téng.

## Kó͘ Eng-gí
It-poan sǹg kong-goân 449 ní German pō͘-lo̍k khai-sí ji̍p-chhim Britain tē-hng.

## Chham-khó
Sai German gí-chi

**Sai German gí-chi** sī German gí-cho̍k ê saⁿ toā hun-chi chi it, ē-té hâm Tek-gí, Eng-gí, Hô-lân-gí téng-téng.

Lūi-pia̍t:German gí-cho̍k
Lô͘-sái

**Lô͘-sái** ia̍h-sī kiò **lô͘-thoàⁿ** sī liān kim-sio̍k liáu, tû-liáu kim-sio̍k í-goā, chhun ê pō͘-hūn. Chit-chióng mi̍h-kiāⁿ bē-sái tò tī lông-gia̍p-khu, chúi-goân-khu. M̄-ko nā keng-koè chhú-lí liáu, tō ē-sái the̍h lâi chō-lō͘. 

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Liân-oe̍h

**liân-oe̍h** (liân-ui̍h, 連劃, 聯-; Eng-gí: *hyphen*) a̍h-sī **liân-jī-hō** (連字號), sī chi̍t khoán piau-tiám hû-hō.

## Chiap jī ê liân-oe̍h
Tī Dionysius Thrax ê Hi-lia̍p-gí tì-chok í-keng ū kā liân-oe̍h phiat chò bûn-hoat kì-hō. Hong-hoat sī tiám tī jī-sû ē-té (hit-chūn Hi-lia̍p bûn-jī bô keh khòng-keh) ê chi̍t sûn oan-khiau pit-oe̍h, tāi-piáu nn̄g-ê jī-sû sī ài chò chi̍t hāng tan-to̍k khài-liām lâi liáu-kái. La-tin bûn-jī tī 2 sè-kí bóe kàu 3 sè-kí ê sî, mā o̍h Hi-lia̍p bûn-jī bô ēng khòng-keh; chóng-sī kàu 8 sè-kí ê sî, koh siū hui bú-gí tha̍k-chiá, pí-lūn Celt lâng cheng-lū ê koàn-sì éng-hióng, têng-sin chhái-ēng khòng-keh. Hit-tang-chūn ê chhau-siá-sai, nā khòaⁿ tio̍h bô pit-iàu ê khòng-keh, chiō ōe chiūⁿ chá-chêng Hi-lia̍p-sek ê liân-oe̍h chò má-kuh. 9 sè-kí í-āu, Hi-lia̍p-gí mā siū éng-hióng kái-ēng khòng-keh, liáu-āu iû-kî koh siū Gutenberg sek ê ìn-soat éng-hióng, kū Hi-lia̍p-sek ê liân-oe̍h chiām-chhù hông hòe-tû.

## Óa-piⁿ-sek ê liân-oe̍h
Liân-oe̍h ê lēng-gōa chi̍t khoán khí-goân, sī chi̍t khoán "óa-piⁿ-sek" (*marginal*) ê liân-oe̍h, sī siá tī in-ūi thiàu chōa soah thiah-khui ê jī-sû chêng pòaⁿ-pêng āu-piah, piáu-sī kap pâi ji̍p ē-kha hit chōa ê jī-sû āu pòaⁿ-pêng liân-sio̍k. Tī 10 sè-kí ê Eng-lân, chit sek ê liân-oe̍h í-keng ū ēng.

Pí-lūn Eng-gí ê óa-piⁿ-sek liân-oe̍h ēng-hoat thang chhiūⁿ:

Thâu-chêng ê sém-phoh lāi-bīn *representatives* thiah chò *represen* kap *tatives*, tiong-ng chiap liân-oe̍h piáu-kì.

## Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê sú-iōng

Liân-oe̍h tī Pe̍h-ōe-jī chú-iàu ê sú-iōng, chiàu Carstairs Douglas tī 1873 nî chhut-pán ê Ē-mn̂g-ōe sû-tián lāi-bīn ké-soeh, sī ēng lâi kā liân-sio̍k ho͘-im ê jī-sû im-chat chiap chò-hóe; jî-chhiá mā khó-lū tio̍h mài kā jī chiap siuⁿ kòe tn̂g--khì. In-ūi pian-siá khang-khòe ê cheng-chha, Douglas sû-tián pún-sin tùi liân-oe̍h ê sú-iōng, iû-kî tú tio̍h 3-ê im-chat ê jī-sû ê sî-chūn, sī iû-goân iáu bô it-tì--ê. Lēng-gōa hit chūn mā í-keng ū ēng **siang-liân-oe̍h** piáu-tat khin-siaⁿ ê siat-kè.

Tī kin-sè khah ún-tēng thong-hêng ê Pe̍h-oē-jī kè-sio̍k 19 sè-kí ê siat-kè, kā liân-oe̍h ēng chò chiong im-chiat liâm chò jī-sû ê hû-hō. Lēng-gōa mā pó-chhî chá-chêng siang-liân-oe̍h ê ēng-hoat, piáu-sī chiap āu ê im-chat ho͘ khin-siaⁿ. 

Pe̍h-ōe-jī ia̍h ū bô tàu liân-oe̍h ê siá-hoat. Che tang-tiong chi̍t khoán sī ēng jī-sû chò tan-goân, kā chē-ê im-chat liân chò-hóe siá. koh ū chi̍t khoán siat-sióng sī o̍h Oa̍t-lâm-gí ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat kā im-chat pun-khui siá.

## Tiān-náu chhú-lí
Tī tiān-náu sú-iōng ê ASCII bûn-jī pian-bé lāi-bīn, liân-oe̍h kap kiám-hō sī kong-ke ēng "hyphen-minus" hû-hō, siat tī būn-jī 45 (*character 45*); nā Unicode sī siat tī U+002D (-); lēng-goā, oân-ná ū hun-li̍p ê pian-bé: liân-oe̍h sī U+2010 ( ‐ ); kiám-hō sī U+2212 ( − ).

## Chham-chiàu
### Su-chì
* 
* 
* 

### Chù-kha

## Khòaⁿ lēng-gōa
* Dash
Ìn-Au gí-hē

**Ìn-Au gí-hē** (Ìn-tō·-Au-chiu gí-hē) sī sè-kài-siōng ê chi̍t kûn gí-giân, ē-té hâm Au-chiu, Iran kap Lâm-a ê chē khoán chú-iāu gí-giân. Kî-tiong jîn-kháu khah chē--ê ū Se-pan-gâ-gí, Eng-gí, Hindi-gí, Phû-tô-gâ-gí, Bēng-ka-lá-gí, Lō͘-se-a-gí, Tek-gí, Marathi-gí, Hoat-gí, Í-tāi-lī-gí, Punjab-gí, Urdu-gí.
Pak German gí-chi

**Pak German gí-chi** sī German gí-cho̍k ê saⁿ toā hun-chi chi it, ē-té hâm Tan-be̍h-gí, Sūi-tián-gí, Ná-ui-gí, Peng-tó-gí téng-téng.

Lūi-pia̍t:German gí-cho̍k
Alfred Sisley

**Alfred Sisley** () sī Hoat-kok ê Ìn-siōng-phài oē-ka. I chú-iàu lóng oē hong-kéng siá-seng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-siōng-phài
Chhù-goā siá-seng

**Chhù-goā siá-seng**, Hoat-gí kóng *en plein air*, ì-sù sī "kui--ê tī khong-khì lāi," sī kóng tī chhù-goā khai-hòng khong-kan lâi siá-seng. Chhù-goā siá-seng sī oē hong-kéng ûi chú, chit khoán oa̍h-tāng chú-iàu sī (tùi Se-iûⁿ lâi kóng) 19 sè-kí Ìn-siōng-phài liû-hêng liáu-āu khah ū phó͘-phiàn; nā tī í-chá, tô͘-oē ê chú-kak it-poaⁿ sī lâng.
Auguste Renoir

**Pierre-Auguste Renoir** (1841 nî 2 goe̍h 25 ji̍t - 1919 nî 12 goe̍h 3 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê Ìn-siōng-phài oē-ka. Nā pí-tùi hong-kéng, i ke-khah hèng-chhù oē lâng, iû-kî oē lú-sèng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-siōng-phài
Im-chat

**im-chat** () sī lâng kóng-oē chhut siaⁿ-im ê ki-pún tān-ui, pí-lūn-kóng "lâng" chit-ê bêng-sû tio̍h sī chi̍t-ê im-chat. Pe̍h-oē-jī thoân-thóng-siōng nā teh siá Tâi-gí pún-sin ê giân-gí, lóng sī ēng liân-oe̍h (-) kā im-chat keh khui.
Sûi

**Sûi** (隋) sī Tiong-kok kó͘-chá ê tiâu-tāi, tī 581 nî kiàn-li̍p, sī Gūi Chìn Lâm-pak-tiâu sî-tâi liáu-āu chi̍t kài Tiong-kok ê thóng-it. Tī 619 nî chêng-āu hō͘ Tông-tiâu chhú-tāi.
Sûi-pit-ōe

**Sûi-pit-ōe** (Eng-gí: *sketch*; Hoat-gí: *esquisse*) sī ōe khah kán-tan kiam ōe khah kín ê ōe. Phó͘-thong sī bô chún-pī beh ōe hō͘ goân-choân. Chit-ê ki-su̍t tiāⁿ ēng tī siá-seng.
Bernhard Karlgren

**Bernhard Karlgren** (1889 nî 10 goe̍h 15 ji̍t - 1978 nî 10 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Sūi-tián ê hàn-ha̍k-ka, bûn-hiàn-ha̍k-ka kiam gí-giân-ha̍k-ka. I sī Sūi-tián ê hàn-ha̍k khí-chō-chiá. I hō ka-tī chi̍t-ê Hàn-miâ kiò **Ko Pún-hàn** (高本漢).
Alvar Aalto

**Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto** (1898 nî 2 goe̍h 3 ji̍t - 1976 nî 5 goe̍h 11 ji̍t) sī Hun-lân ê kiàn-tio̍k-su kiam siat-kè-su. I ê chok-phín hâm kiàn-tio̍k, ka-khū, pháng-chit-bu̍t, po-lê poe-á téng-téng.
A-lûn

**A-lûn** (Hi-pe̍k-lâi-gí: אַהֲרֹן‎ *Ahărōn*; Hi-lia̍p-gí: *Ααρών*) sī Sèng-keng kap Kó͘-lân-keng só͘ kì ê jîn-bu̍t, i sī Mô͘-se ê hiaⁿ-ko, ū-sî mā hong kiò **Lī-bī lâng A-lûn**. I sī kó͘ Í-sek-lia̍t-lâng thâu-chi̍t-ê tāi chè-si.
Hàn-bûn

**Hàn-bûn** (漢文) mā ū kóng **kó͘-bûn** (古文), **bûn-giân-bûn** (文言文), he̍k-chiá **bûn-giân** (文言), sī Tiong-kok ê kó͘-tián bûn-thé, ēng bûn-gí lâi kì sū, kap kháu-gí bô tùi-tâng. Tī Ji̍t-pún, Oa̍t-lâm, Tiâu-sián téng tē, Hàn-bûn mā sī kó͘-chá ê bûn-su hêng-sek. Hiān-tāi tī Tâi-oân ê Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok kok khoán hoat-lu̍t tiâu-bûn kap chèng-hú kong-bûn, oan-ná iáu ū pō͘-hūn bûn-giân ê sèng-chit.

Tī Bân-lam-gú tiong, bûn-giân-bûn ài iōng Hàn-bûn tha̍k-chheh-im tha̍k, á piàn-tiāu ê kui-chek chhām kháu-gí bô-kâng.

## Siong-koan
* Pe̍h-oē-bûn
* Bûn-giân-im

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hòa
Tâi-oân ê koān

**Koān** (縣) sī Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Tâi-oân tē-hng hêng-chèng-khu ê tan-ūi, ti̍t-chiap sio̍k séng koán-lí, tē-ūi kap séng-hat-chhī pêⁿ. Koān koán-hat koān-hat-chhī, tìn kap hiong.

Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Tâi-oân hiān-sî ū 13 ê koān
* Tâi-oân-séng koán-hat 11 ê koān:
::
* Hok-kiàn-séng koán-hat 2 ê koān: Kim-mn̂g-koān kap Liân-kang-koān (Má-chó͘-tó).
Na'vi-gí

**Na'vi-gí** sī ūi tiān-iáⁿ *[[Avatar]]* só͘ hoat-bêng ê jîn-chō gí-giân. Tī *Avatar* kò͘-sū tiong, Na'vi-gí sī Pandora seng-kiû téng lâng-hêng chū-bīn "Na’vi" ê gí-giân. 

Chit thò gí-giân ê chhòng-chō-chiá sī Paul Frommer.
Jeppe Aakjær

**Jeppe Aakjær** (1866 nî 9 goe̍h 10 ji̍t - 1930 nî 4 goe̍h 22 ji̍t) sī Dan-kok ê si-jîn kiam siáu-soat-ka. I sī Dan-kok chāi-tē bûn-ha̍k ê chhoā-thâu jîn-bu̍t.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tan-be̍h jîn-bu̍t
Jîn-chō giân-gú

**Jîn-chō giân-gú** (Eng-gí: *constructed language*; jîn-kang gí-giân), sī hoat-im, gí-hoat, sû-lūi siū chhòng-chō-chiá chú-koan an-pâi siat-kè ê chi̍t thò giân-gú.

Ū-ê jîn-chō giân-gú sī siat-kè ēng-lâi chò "kok-chè giân-gú"; ū-ê sī ūi bûn-hoà-siōng ê chhòng-chok só͘ hoat-bêng; mā ū chi̍t koá sī chhì-giām-sèng, chhù-bī-sèng, he̍k-chiá gē-su̍t-sèng ê chhòng-chō.

## Tsù-kái

## Siong-koan
* Chū-jiân giân-gú
* Giân-gú kè-ōe
* Giân-gú ê phiau-chún-hoà

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*Language Creation Society, a nonprofit dedicated to all forms of language creation.
*
*Conlang Atlas of Language Structures , a typological database of conlangs, based on the World Atlas of Language Structures.
*Blueprints For Babel, focusing on international auxiliary languages.
*ConWorkShop , a conlanging tools website, with documentation for over 5000 constructed languages.
*Garrett's Links to Logical Languages
*Department of Planned Languages Esperanto Museum of the Austrian National Library.
*The Conlanger's Library
*Henrik Theiling's (Con)Language Resources
*Jörg Rhiemeier's Conlang Page
*Create a sentence most people understand, by using common words between languages.
Goth lâng

**Goth** sī German ê pō͘-chok chi it, in tī 2 sè-kí kai-sí tī Lô-má Tè-kok khiā-khí. In āu-lâi hiòng-lâm hoat-tián, thóng-tī liáu Italia kap Iberia, hun-piat hō Tang Goth Ông-kok kap Sai Goth Ông-kok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lí Nā

**Lí Nā** (李娜, ) sī Tiong-kok ê the-ní-suh soán-chhiú. I tī sè-kài pâi tē-4, tī 2011 nî ê Hoat-kok Kong-khai-sài tit tioh koan-kun, sī thâu-chi̍t-ê iâⁿ tio̍h Grand Slam tan-jîn thâu-hâm ê A-chiu kok-ka soán-chhiú.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*
Roland-Garros Pí-sài

**Roland-Garros Pí-sài** (Hoat-gí: *Tournoi de Roland-Garros*; choân-miâ: *Les internationaux de France de Roland-Garros*), it-poaⁿ mā kiò **Hoat-kok Kong-khai-sài** (Eng-gí: *French Open*), sī bí chi̍t nî tī Hoat-kok Pa-lí kí-hêng ê toā-hêng the-ní-suh pí-sài, sio̍k 4-toā Grand Slam pí-sià chi it, mā sī kî-tiong î-it tī thô͘-chit kiû-tiûⁿ kí-hêng ê chi̍t-ê.
Gothic kiàn-tio̍k

**Gothic kiàn-tio̍k** sī chí tiong-sè boé-kî liû-hêng ê chi̍t lūi kiàn-tio̍k hêng-sek, i-ê chêng-sin sī Roman kiàn-tio̍k, āu-lâi hoat-tián chò Bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng kiàn-tio̍k. Chú-iàu hâm poē hû-piah (Eng-gí: *flying buttress*), hia̍p-kut kióng (*ribbed vault*) kap chiam kióng (*pointed arch*) téng te̍k-sek.

Gothic liû-hêng ê nî-tāi tāi-iok sī tùi 12 sè-kí kàu 16 sè-kí, tī hit-tang-chūn, chit khoán kiàn-tio̍k mā hong chheng chò sī "Hu̍t-lân-se hong-keh" (La-teng-gí: *Opus Francigenum*)

Gothic kiàn-tio̍k kap le̍k-sú-siōng ê Goth lâng bô ti̍t-chia̍p ê koan-hē, chit-ê miâ goân-lâi sī Bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng sî-tāi ê ha̍k-chiá Giorgio Vasari só͘ hō, i kám-kak chit khoán kiàn-tio̍k chin chho͘-ló͘ koh chin iá-iūⁿ.
Khè-tan-lâng

**Khè-tan** (契丹) sī chi̍t-ê Bông-kó͘-hē iû-bo̍k bîn-cho̍k, in tī 10 sè-kí ūi Tiong-kok tē-khu ê pak-pō͘ kiàn-li̍p Liâu Tiâu (遼朝), koh tī 1125 nî bia̍t-bông liáu-āu, Khè-tan-lâng hiòng se-pêng soá khí Tiong-a tē-khu kiàn-li̍p Se Liâu, siōng-boé khí hō͘ Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok siau-bia̍t.

Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok

:*Khu-pia̍t: 20 sè-kí kāng-miâ ê kok-kâ, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Tāi Bông-kó͘-kok]].*

**Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok** (蒙古帝國) sī 13 sè-kí kàu 14 sè-kí kî-kan chûn-chāi ê tè-kok. Tè-kok tùi Tiong-a khai-sí hoat-tián, tī siāng toā ê sî-chūn, hiòng se-pêng pat chiàm ka Tang-au; hiòng tang kàu Au-a tāi-lio̍k tang hoāⁿ, pâu-hâm Tiong-kok mā hō͘ cheng-ho̍k; hiòng lâm kàu Tang-lâm-a, Lâm-a, Tiong-tang; hiòng pak kàu Siberia.

1294 nî Kublai kòe-sin liáu-āu, tè-kok pun chò 4-ê hān-kok ia̍h tè-kok: Kipchak Hān-kok tī sai-pak-pêng, Chagatai Hān-kok tī Tiong A-chiu, Il Hān-kok tī sai-lâm-pêng, kiam tī kin-á-ji̍t Bông-kó͘ kap Tiong-kok hū-kīn tē-khu ê Goân-tiâu.

## Siong-koan
* Chinggis Khaan

Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok
Georges Braque

**Georges Braque**(1882 nî 5 goe̍h 13 ji̍t - 1963 nî 8 goe̍h 31 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê oē-ka kiam tiau-khek-ka, i sī Li̍p-thé-phài ê chá-kî chhiòng-tō-chiá chi it.
Kho-kú

**Kho-kú** (科舉) sī kó͘-chá Tiong-kok kap hū-kìn kok-ka ēng khó-chhì lâi soán-jīm koaⁿ-goân ê chè-tō͘. Tùi Sûi-tiâu khái-sí si̍t-hêng, Tông-tiâu kè-sio̍k hoat-tián, kàu Sòng-tiâu sî í-keng chin goân-pī. 

Tiong-kok siōng-boé tī 1905 nî Chheng-tiâu sî-tāi hùi-tû kho-kú; Tiâu-sián mā tī 1894 nî thêng-chí si̍t-si; Oa̍t-lâm tī 1919 nî khah hùi-tû. Ji̍t-pún mā pat sit-hêng kho-kú, m̄-koh bô kî-tha kok-ka hiá tn̂g-kú, phó͘-ki̍p. Tâi-oân siū Tēⁿ-sī kap Chheng-tiâu thóng-tī sî mā sī ū si̍t-si kho-kú.

Britain Tè-kok tī Ìn-tō͘ ê bûn-koaⁿ chè-tō͘ ū chham-khó kho-kú hē-thóng. Leng-goā, hiān-tāi ê kong-bū-goân soán-jīm chè-tō͘ khí-seng mā ū ke-kiám chham-khó kho-kú.

## Siong-koan
* Siù-châi

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê le̍k-sú
Vancouver Tó

**Vancouver Tó** (Eng-gí: *Vancouver Island*) sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ tang-hoāⁿ oá Pak Bí-chiu ê chi̍t-ê tó-sū, sio̍k Canada ê British Columbia koán-lí. Tó ê bīn-chek ū 31,285 km², jîn-kháu 748,937 (2009 nî), téng-bīn ê tē-it toā siâⁿ sī Victoria, sī British Columbia ê siú-hú.
Hank Aaron

**Hank Aaron** (1934 nî 2 goe̍h 5 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok ê chêng iá-kiû ūn-tōng-goân. I tùi 1954 nî kàu 1976 nî kî-kan tī MLB phah-kiû, sī thâu-chi̍t-ê kái-siá Babe Ruth ho͘-mú-láng kì-lio̍k ê soán-chhiú.
Ivar Aasen

**Ivar Andreas Aasen** (1813 nî 8 goe̍h 5 ji̍t - 1896 nî 9 goe̍h 23 ji̍t) sī Norge ê gí-giân-hak-ka. I sī Nynorsk (Norge ê nn̄g khoán Norge-gí su-siá phiau-chún chi it) ê chè-tēng-chiá.
Tayassu pecari

***Tayassu pecari*** sī chi̍t khoán iá-seng ti, sio̍k Tayassuidae kho, seng-oa̍h tī Tiong Bí-chiu kap Lâm Bí-chiu.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Siberia

**Siberia** (Lō͘-se-a-gí:**, Lô-má-jī:*Sibir*) sī A-chiu pak-pō͘ chi̍t toā phiàn tē-khu, it-poaⁿ sī chí Lō͘-se-a ê Ural soaⁿ-lêng hiòng tang kàu Thài-pêng-iûⁿ hái-hoāⁿ chi kan ê thó͘-tē.
Maqbool Fida Husain

**Maqbool Fida Husain** (1915 nî 9 goe̍h 17 ji̍t - 2011 nî 6 goe̍h 9 ji̍t) sī Ìn-tō͘ ê oē-ka, liap-iáⁿ-ka.
JPMorgan Chase

**JPMorgan Chase & Co.** () sī Bí-kok ê khoà-kok-sèng chèng-kǹg, tâu-chu, gîn-hâng kong-si. Kun-kù Forbes tī 2011 nî ê pâi-miâ, JPMorgan Chase sī thong sè-kài siāng toā ê chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si (*public company*).

## Chham-khó
HSBC Holdings

**HSBC Holdings plc** sī chóng-pō͘ siat tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê khoà-kok-sèng kim-iông kong-si. Kun-kù Forbes tī 2011 nî ê pâi-miâ, HSBC sī thong sè-kài tē-2 toā ê chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si (*public company*).

## Le̍k-sú
"HSBC" sī Eng-gí *Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation* ê lio̍k-siá, ì-sù sī "Hiong-káng Siōng-hái Gîn-hâng Kong-si", che sī in-ūi in goân-pún sī 19 sè-kí ùi Hiong-káng kap Siōng-hái khai-gia̍p. In lēng-goā mā ū chi̍t-ê Tiong-kok miâ, kiò "Hiong-káng Siōng-hái Hoē-hong Gîn-hâng" (香港上海匯豐銀行).

Āu-lâi, in tī 1990 nî sêng-li̍p "HSBC Holdings plc", kā goân-chho͘ ê HSBC siat chò HSBC Holdings plc ê chú kong-si; liáu-āu koh siu-bé Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê "Midland Bank", pēng-chiá kā kong-si kái-cho͘, kap goân-lâi tī Hiong-káng ê chóng-pō͘ soá kòe London.

Chiâⁿ chò chú kong-si ê Hiong-káng Siōng-hái Hoē-hong Gîn-hâng (HSBC) chóng-pō͘ î-chhî tī Hiong-káng, sī Káng-phiò ê hoat-hêng gîn-hâng chi it.

## Chham-khó
The Land Before Time

***The Land Before Time*** sī 1988 nî Bí-kok Universal Pictures kong-si chhut-phín ê tōng-oē tiān-iáⁿ. Chè-chō kong-si sī Amblin Entertainment kap Sullivan Bluth Studios, tō-ián sī Don Bluth. Loē-iông sī chi̍t koá sió khióng-liông ê kò͘-sū.

Tī Tâi-oân hoat-hêng ê Hoâ-gí phìⁿ miâ sī *Le̍k-hiám Sió Khióng-liông* (歷險小恐龍).

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-oē
Gîn-hâng

**Gîn-hâng** sī chi̍t khoán kim-iông ki-koan, chú-iàu chhú-lí chîⁿ ê liû-thong, chhan-chhiūⁿ khiām chîⁿ, chioh chîⁿ, kap siong-koan ê kok chióng sū-bū.
Niau-soa (iōng-phín)

**Niau-soa** sī chi̍t khoán hō͘ thióng-bu̍t niau he̍k-chiá kî-tha sió tōng-bu̍t piān-só͘ ê soa-á.
Niau-soa

**Niau-soa** ū khó-lêng sī:

* Niau-soa (iōng-phín), thióng-bu̍t iōng-phín.
* Niau-soa (hî-lūi), chi̍t lūi soa-hî.
Dow Jones Kang-gia̍p Pêng-kin

**Dow Jones Kang-gia̍p Pêng-kin Chu-kè** (--平均株價, Eng-gí: *Dow Jones Industrial Average*) sī Bí-kok S&P Dow Jones Indices tùi kó͘-phiò chhī-tiûⁿ kéng chhut chi̍t koá chiūⁿ-chhī kong-sī ê kó͘-kè thóng-kè sán-seng ê chí-sò͘.

Hiān-sî Dow Jones chí-sò͘ lāi-té lóng-chóng hâm 30 keng kong-si, kî-tiong 27 keng sio̍k NYSE chhī-tiûⁿ; lēng-goā 3 keng sio̍k NASDAQ chhī-tiûⁿ.

Sui-jiân hō miâ "kang-gia̍p", chóng-sì che sī koé-khì ê hō-miâ, hiān-chāi chí-sò͘ tiong ê kong-si bô it-tēng sio̍k kang-gia̍p.

## Kong-si miâ-toaⁿ
Apristurus investigatoris

***Apristurus investigatoris*** sī chi̍t khoán *[[Apristurus]]* sio̍k ê niau-soa.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Apristurus

***Apristurus*** sī niau-soa-kho (Scyliorhinidae) ê chi̍t sio̍k, sī chi̍t lūi soa-hî.

## Chéng
* *[[Apristurus acanutus]]* Chu, Q. W. Meng & Li, 1985 (Flatnose catshark)
* *[[Apristurus albisoma]]* Nakaya & Séret, 1999
* *[[Apristurus ampliceps]]* Sasahara, Sato & Nakaya, 2008
* *[[Apristurus aphyodes]]* Nakaya & Stehmann, 1998
* *[[Apristurus australis]]* Sato, Nakaya & Yorozu, 2008 (Pinocchio catshark)
* *[[Apristurus brunneus]]* (Gilbert, 1892) (Brown catshark)
* *[[Apristurus bucephalus]]* W. T. White, Last & Pogonoski, 2008 (Bighead catshark)
* *[[Apristurus canutus]]* S. Springer & Heemstra, 1979 (Hoary catshark)
* *[[Apristurus exsanguis]]* Sato, Nakaya & A. H. Stewart, 1999 (Flaccid catshark)
* *[[Apristurus fedorovi]]* Dolganov, 1985
* *[[Apristurus gibbosus]]* Chu, Q. W. Meng & Li, 1985  (Humpbackcat shark)
* *[[Apristurus herklotsi]]* (Fowler, 1934) (Longfin catshark)
* *[[Apristurus indicus]]* (Brauer, 1906) (Smallbelly catshark)
* *[[Apristurus internatus]]* Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1988
* *[[Apristurus investigatoris]]* (Misra, 1962) (Broadnose catshark)
* *[[Apristurus japonicus]]* Nakaya, 1975 (Japanese catshark)
* *[[Apristurus kampae]]* Taylor, 1972 (Longnose catshark)
* *[[Apristurus laurussonii]]* (Sæmundsson, 1922) (Iceland catshark)
* *[[Apristurus longicephalus]]* Nakaya, 1975 (Longhead catshark)
* *[[Apristurus macrorhynchus]]* (S. Tanaka (I), 1909) (Flathead catshark)
* *[[Apristurus macrostomus]]* Q. W. Meng, Chu & Li, 1985 (Broadmouth catshark)
* *[[Apristurus manis]]* (S. Springer, 1979) (Ghost catshark)
* *[[Apristurus melanoasper]]* Iglésias, Nakaya & Stehmann, 2004 (Black roughscale catshark)
* *[[Apristurus microps]]* (Gilchrist, 1922) (Smalleye catshark)
* *[[Apristurus micropterygeus]]* Q. W. Meng, Chu & Li, 1986 (Smalldorsal catshark)
* *[[Apristurus nasutus]]* de Buen, 1959 (Largenose catshark)
* *[[Apristurus parvipinnis]]* S. Springer & Heemstra, 1979 (Smallfin catshark)
* *[[Apristurus pinguis]]* Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1983
* *[[Apristurus platyrhynchus]]* (S. Tanaka (I), 1909) (Borneo catshark)
* *[[Apristurus profundorum]]* (Goode & Bean, 1896) (Deep-water catshark)
* *[[Apristurus riveri]]* Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944 (Broadgill catshark)
* *[[Apristurus saldanha]]* (Barnard, 1925) (Saldanha catshark)
* *[[Apristurus sibogae]]* (Weber, 1913) (Pale catshark)
* *[[Apristurus sinensis]]* Chu & Hu, 1981 (South China catshark)
* *[[Apristurus spongiceps]]* (Gilbert, 1905) (Spongehead catshark)
* *[[Apristurus stenseni]]* (S. Springer, 1979) (Panama ghost catshark)
Carcharhiniformes

**Carcharhiniformes** sī soa-hî tiong siāng toā ê chi̍t ba̍k, ū lóng-chóng 270 chéng.

## Kho
* Carcharhinidae
* Hemigaleidae
* Leptochariidae
* Proscylliidae
* Pseudotriakidae
* Scyliorhinidae
* Sphyrnidae
* Triakidae
Hong-sìⁿ

**Hong-sìⁿ** (風扇) sī chi̍t khoán ki-hâi, it-poaⁿ ēng mò͘-tah tài-tōng sìⁿ-hio̍h tńg-sé, chè-chō khong-khì ê liû-tōng. 

Chhoe-hong ēng-tô͘ ê **tiān-hong** ia̍h **tiān-sìⁿ**, iah-sī chhiūⁿ thiu-hong-ki téng sàng hong kî-hâi, ki-pún ê sêng-hun lóng sī hong-sìⁿ.

## Siong-koan
* Thiu-hong-ki
* Sìⁿ

## Chù-kha


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-khì chong-tì
Phoân-kó͘ chiuⁿ-chî

**Phoân-kó͘ chiuⁿ-chî**, ha̍k-miâ hō ***Bufo bankorensis***, sī Tâi-oân goân-seng ê chi̍t chéng lióng-chhe-lūi.
Tū-chúi

**Tū-chuí** sī kóng lâng ê chhùi kah phīⁿ it-ti̍t im tī chúi ni̍h. Bô hoat-tō͘ lâi chhoán-khùi. Nā-bô kín kā giú chhut-lâi. Sèⁿ-miā tō bô--khì.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Iù-tī-hn̂g

**Iù-tī-hn̂g** (Tek-gí: *Kindergarten*) sī hō͘ iáu-boē chèng-sek siū ha̍k-hāu kàu-io̍k ê sè-hàn gín-á lâi ha̍k-si̍p kap oa̍h-tāng ê kàu-io̍k siat-si.

Lūi-pia̍t:Gín-á
O͘-kheng chiûⁿ-chî

**O͘-kheng chiûⁿ-chî** (Hoâ-gí: 黑眶蟾蜍), ha̍k-miâ ***Duttaphrynus melanostictus***, sī seng-oa̍h tī Lâm-a kap Tang-lâm-a ê chi̍t khoán chiûⁿ-chî.

## Chham-khó
Mohammad Mosaddegh

**Mohammad Mosaddegh** (Pho-su-gí: محمد مصدّق; IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɣ], 1882 nî 6 goe̍h 16 ji̍t - 1967 nî 3 goe̍h 5 ji̍t) sī Iran tùi 1951 nî kàu 1953 nî kî-kan ê siú-siòng. I sī bîn-chú soán-kí só͘ soán chhut, m̄-koh āu-boé in-ūi chio̍h-iû kok-iú-hoà téng chèng-chhek, khí hō͘ Eng-kok kap Bí-kok bi̍t-bô͘ chhek-tōng ê chèng-piàn thui-hoan, he̍k-chiá hong nńg-kìm kàu koè-sin.
Pho-su-gí

**Pho-su-gí** (فارسی ; Lô-má-jī: *fārsi*; phosu-gú) sī Indo-Iran gí-giân ê chit-ê hun-chi, Iran ê chú-iàu gí-giân, tī A-hù-hān téng hū-kīn kok-ka mā ū chin choē sú-ēng-chiá.

## Tsù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t:Pho-su-gí
Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí

**Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí** (上古漢語) sī gí-giân-ha̍k siōng tùi tāi-iok chêng 1200 nî kàu chêng 3 sè-kí kî-kan Hàn-gí ê chheng-ho͘. Gián-kiù jīn-ûi hit-tang-chūn ê Hàn-gí iáu koh ū ho̍k chú-im (chhan-chhiūⁿ "kr-", "pr-").
Luton

**Luton** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-lân Luton ē-kha ê chi̍t ê koān (*district*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:Luton
Milton Keynes (borough)

**Milton Keynes** sī England tiong-pō͘ ê tan-it chū-tī-thé (*unitary authority*) kiam borough, thoân-thóng-siōng sio̍k Buckinghamshire tē-khu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Kok-bîn ha̍k-hāu

**Kok-bîn ha̍k-hāu** (Hàn-jī: 國民學校) sī Ji̍t-pún tī 1941 nî 3 goe̍h kong-pò͘ ê kàu-io̍k chèng-chhek, mā sī i-kù chèng-chhek só͘ siat ê ha̍k-hāu lūi-hêng. Kok-bîn ha̍k-hāu chú-iàu hâm chho͘-téng kàu-io̍k kap chêng-kî ê tiong-téng kàu-io̍k. 

Hit tong sî tī Ji̍t-pún só͘ koán ê Tiâu-sián kap Tâi-oân, mā ū si̍t-si kok-bîn ha̍k-hāu chè-tō͘. Chiàn-āu Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok mā kè-sio̍k tī Tâi-oân si̍t-hêng kok-bîn ha̍k-hāu chi̍t toāⁿ sî-kan.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Siong-koan
* Tek-kok ê Kok-bîn ha̍k-hāu (*Volksschule*) chè-tō͘.
Gîn-chō (Ko-hiông)

**Gîn-chō** (銀座 ginza) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi khai-siat ê chi̍t-ê siong-gia̍p khu, tī hit-chūn Iâm-tiâⁿ-teng (塩埕町 Entei-tyô) ê Gîn-chō-thong (銀座通り Ginza-dôri), hiān-sî sī Iâm-tiâⁿ-khu.

## Siong-koan
* Ginza (Tâi-lâm)
Borough

**Borough** (eng. [ˈbʌrə]; bí. [ˈbɜrəʊ]; "bó-loh") sī chi̍t koá kok-ka leh ēng ê hêng-chèng-khu tan-ūi. "Borough" sī Eng-gí jī, tī Eng-kok sī chi̍t khoán chū-chú siâⁿ-tìn. Tī Bí-kok kap Canada ū ēng chò siâⁿ-chhī ê hun-khu, chhan-chhiūⁿ New York Chhī tiō pun chò 5-ê borough.

## Gí-goân
"Borough" ê gí-goân sī German giân-gí ê "*burg*", ū pó-lúi, iàu-sài ê í-sù. Kok só͘-chāi tùi-tâng ê jī ū Eng-lân ê *bury*; So͘-kat-lân ê *burgh*; Tek-kok ê *burg*; Scandinavia ê *borg*; Kē-tē-kok ê *burcht* téng-téng. Leng-goā mā ū Italia ê *borgo*; Hoat-kok ê *bourg*; Se-pan-gâ kap Phû-tô-gâ ê *burgo*.

Chia-ê jī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī tē-hō-miâ ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, chhan-chiūⁿ: Canterbury, Strasbourg, Luxembourg, Edinburgh, Hamburg, Gothenburg. Hō chit khoán miâ it-poaⁿ sī in-ūi chia-ê só͘-chāi khah-chá pat sī kun-lúi.

## Siong-koan
* Burgess
Robert Swinhoe

**Robert Swinhoe** (1836 nî 9 goe̍h 1 ji̍t - 1877 nî 10 goe̍h 28 ji̍t) sī Ìn-tō͘ chhut-sì ê Eng-kok goā-kau-koaⁿ, phok-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, chiáu-lūi-ha̍k-ka, i pat tī Tâi-oân chò léng-sū (*Consul*).

## Liân-kiat
* ''Robert Swinhoe'', Takao Club

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok phok-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka
Buckinghamshire

**Buckinghamshire** sī England ê tián-lé kūn (*ceremonial county*), kūn-siâⁿ sī Aylesbury. Hêng-chèng-siōng, Buckinghamshire hun pún-thé ê hui to͘-chhī kūn (*non-metropolitan county*) kap chū-chú ê Milton Keynes chū-tī-chhī.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Aba-Novák Vilmos

**Aba-Novák Vilmos** (1894 nî 3 goe̍h 15 ji̍t - 1941 nî 9 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Hiong-gê-lī ê oē-ka, sī hit kok hiān-tāi gē-su̍t ê khai-chhòng-chiá chi it.
Sani Abacha

**Sani Abacha** ( 6 goe̍h 8 ji̍t) sī Nigeria ê kun-sū léng-tō-chiá, sī 1993 nî kàu 1998 nî kî-kan ê Nigeria léng-siù.
Hông Thài-ke̍k

**Hông Thài-ke̍k** (皇太極; Boán-chiu-gí:  *Hong Taiji*, ), sèⁿ Aisin Gioro--sī, sī Chheng-kok ê hông-tè.

I sī Boán-chiu Hiō Kim (後金) chèng-koân ê tē-2 tāi hông-tè, i āu-lâi kái kok-hō chò "Tāi Chheng" (大清), chiâⁿ chò Chheng-kok ê thâu chi̍t-ê hông-tè.
Magdalena Abakanowicz

**Marta Magdalena Abakanowicz-Kosmowska** () sī Pho-lân ê tiau-khek-ka, i hèng-chhù ēng pháng-chit-phín lâi chhòng-chok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Pho-lân jîn-bu̍t
Iâ-lu̍t A-pó-ki

**Iâ-lu̍t A-pó-ki** (耶律阿保機, ), ia̍h sī kiò **Liâu Thài-chó͘** (遼太祖), sī Khè-tan Liâu ông-tiâu ê thâu-chi̍t-ê hông-tè.

A-pó-ki
Sait Faik Abasıyanık

**Sait Faik Abasıyanık** (1906 nî 11 goe̍h 18 ji̍t - 1954 nî 5 goe̍h 11 ji̍t) sī Thó͘-ní-kî ê chok-ka, i hèng-chhù siá té-phiⁿ kò͘-sū, sī hiān-tā Thó͘-ní-kî bûn-hoà ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t.
Nicolò dell'Abate

**Nicolò dell'Abate** (iok 1510 nî - 1571 nî) sī Italia oē-ka kiam sek-lāi chong-sek-ka.

Lūi-pia̍t:Í-tāi-lī oē-ka
Boán-chiu

**Boán-chiu** (滿洲) sī A-chiu tang-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê tē-khu, hiān-sî sio̍k Tiong-kok kap Lō͘-se-a hun koán. Miâ sī 17 sè-kí ê sî-chūn tùi Lú-chin (女真) kái--lâi-ê, sī bîn-cho̍k kiam chèng-koân ê chheng-hō.

Boán-chiu sī Boán-chiu-lâng kiàn-li̍p Chheng-kok só͘ khí-chō ê só͘-chāi. 1932 nî, tī Ji̍t-pún ê khòng-chè hā, pat koh kiàn-li̍p Boán-chiu-kok. 

Tī Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn āu-kî, Boán-chiu hō͘ So͘-liân chiàm-niá, chiàn-āu kau hiòng Tiong-kok, tio̍h sī kin-á-ji̍t Tiong-kok hun-khu lāi-bīn ê Tang-pak (東北) tē-hng. Lēng-goā ū chi̍t pō͘-hūn tī 19 sè-kì Chheng-kok tio̍h í-keng koah-niū hō͘ Lō͘-se-a, hiān-sî sio̍k Oán-tang Liân-pang Koán-khu.

Sui-jiân tē-hō-miâ sī hō Boán-chiu, m̄-koh siū tio̍h Hàn-jîn kap Lō͘-se-a î-bîn, koh ū Boán-chiu-lâng pún-sin sì-sòaⁿ ê éng-hióng, hiān-chāi Boán-chiu-lâng tī chit-ê só͘-chāi í-keng chiàm chin chió-sò͘.

Lūi-pia̍t:Boán-chiu
Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu tē-lí
Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Boán-chiu (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)

**Boán-chiu** ū khó-lêng sī ì-sù:

* Boán-chiu, 1-ê tē-khu.
** Boán-chiu-cho̍k, 1-ê bîn-cho̍k.
** Boán-chiu-kok, 1932 nî kàu 1945 nî chûn-chāi ê kok-ka.

* Boán-chiu-hiong, Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê hêng-chèng-khu.
** Boán-chiu-chng, Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi Ko-hiông-chiu Hêng-chhun-kūn ê hêng-chèng-khu.
Ko-hiông Iàu-sài

**Ko-hiông Iàu-sài** (Hàn-jī: 高雄要塞; Lô-má-jī: *Takao Yôsai*) sī Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī Tâi-oân ê sî siat tī Ko-hiông ê lio̍k-kun iàu-sài. 

Tī chiàn-āu Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok mā ū kè-sio̍k pian-chè Ko-hiông Iàu-sài chit-ê tan-ūi.

## Siong-koan
* Ko-hiông Iàu-sài Su-lēng-pō͘
Âng-hoh

**Âng-hoh** sī **Phoenicopteriformes** bo̍k, **Phoenicopteridae** kho ê chiáu-lūi, lóng-chóng hun 4 chéng.
Gloucestershire

**Gloucestershire** sī England sai-lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê kūn (*county*), kūn-siâⁿ tī Gloucester.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Jia̍t-tāi hî

**Jia̍t-tāi hî** sī Jia̍t-tāi khoân-kéng seng-oa̍h ê hî-lūi, it-poaⁿ sī kóng sek-tī khah hong-hù ê chéng-lūi, tiāⁿ hong chhī lâi chò him-sióng.
Ká-soat

**Ká-soat** (Hàn-jī: 假說; Eng-gí: *hypothesis*; Hi-lia̍p-gí: *ὑπόθεσις*) sī chiam-tùi hiān-siōng só͘ thê-chhut ê kái-soeh. 

## Kho-ha̍k ká-soat
Tī kho-ha̍k siōng, ká-soat sī sī chi̍t thò kun-kù chèng-kù só͘ chò ê thui-chhek, su-iàu keng-koè kiám-iām lâi khak-li̍p i kái-soeh hiān-siōng ê lêng-le̍k.

## Thóng-kè ká-soat
Ká-soat kiám-tēng sī thóng-kè-ha̍k siōng ēng-lâi kiám-iām siong-koan-sèng (*correlation*) ê hong-hoat.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ká-soat
Chhek-kho

**Chhek-kho** (Passeridae) sī Chhek-hêng-ba̍k (Passeriformes) ē-té chi̍t lūi sió-hêng chiáu-lūi.

## Hun-lūi
**[[Passer]]*
**[[Petronia]]*
**[[Carpospiza]]*
**[[Montifringilla]]*

Í-siōng ê hun-lūi tiong kā Chhek-kho hun 4-ê sio̍k, chóng-sì mā ū 1 koá kî-tha ê hun-lūi hong-sek.

### Bô-kâng ê hun-lūi hong-sek
#### Sibley
1980 nî-tāi Charles C. Sibley lī-ēng DNA ián-kiù só͘ thê chhut ê hun-lūi:

* *[[Amadina]]* Swainson, 1827
* *[[Amandava]]* Blyth, 1836
* *[[Amblyospiza]]* Sundevall, 1850
* *[[Anaplectes]]* Reichenbach, 1863
* *[[Anomalospiza]]* Shelley, 1901
* *[[Brachycope]]* Reichenow, 1900
* *[[Bubalornis]]* A. Smith, 1836
* *[[Carpospiza]]* J.W. von Muller, 1854
* *[[Chloebia]]* Reichenbach, 1862
* *[[Clytospiza]]* Shelley, 1896
* *[[Cryptospiza]]* Salvadori, 1884
* *[[Dinemellia]]* Reichenbach, 1863
* *[[Emblema]]* Gould, 1842
* *[[Erythrura]]* Swainson, 1837
* *[[Estrilda]]* Swainson, 1827
* *[[Euplectes]]* Swainson, 1829
* *[[Euschistospiza]]* Wolters, 1943
* *[[Foudia]]* Reichenbach, 1850
* *[[Heteromunia]]* Mathews, 1913
* *[[Histurgops]]* Reichenow, 1887
* *[[Hypargos]]* Reichenbach, 1862
* *[[Lagonosticta]]* Cabanis, 1851
* *[[Lemuresthes]]* Wolters, 1949
* *[[Lonchura]]* Sykes, 1832
* *[[Malimbus]]* Vieillot, 1805
* *[[Mandingoa]]* Hartert, 1919
* *[[Montifringilla]]* C.L. Brehm, 1828
* *[[Neochmia]]* G.R. Gray, 1849
* *[[Nesocharis]]* Alexander, 1903
* *[[Nigrita (genre)|Nigrita]]* Strickland, 1843
* *[[Odontospiza]]* Oberholser, 1905
* *[[Oreostruthus]]* De Vis, 1898
* *[[Ortygospiza]]* Sundevall, 1850
* *[[Pachyphantes]]* Shelley, 1896
* *[[Parmoptila]]* Cassin, 1859
* *[[Passer]]* Brisson, 1760
* *[[Petronia]]* Kaup, 1829
* *[[Philetairus]]* A. Smith, 1837
* *[[Plocepasser]]* A. Smith, 1836
* *[[Ploceus]]* Cuvier, 1816
* *[[Poephila]]* Gould, 1842
* *[[Prunella (oiseau)|Prunella]]* Vieillot, 1816
* *[[Pseudonigrita]]* Reichenow, 1903
* *[[Pyrenestes]]* Swainson, 1837
* *[[Pytilia]]* Swainson, 1837
* *[[Quelea]]* Reichenbach, 1850
* *[[Spermophaga]]* Swainson, 1837
* *[[Sporopipes]]* Cabanis, 1847
* *[[Stagonopleura]]* Reichenbach, 1850
* *[[Taeniopygia]]* Reichenbach, 1862
* *[[Uraeginthus]]* Cabanis, 1851
* *[[Vidua]]* Cuvier, 1816

Chia-ê sio̍k chiàu thoân-thóng sī hun 5-ê kho:

*Prunellidae
*Passeridae
*Ploceidae
*Estrildidae
*Viduidae

#### 2009 nî Kok-chè Chiáu-lūi-ha̍k Hoē-gī
* *[[Plocepasser]]*
* *[[Histurgops]]*
* *[[Pseudonigrita]]*
* *[[Philetairus]]*
* *[[Passer]]* 
* *[[Carpospiza]]*
* *[[Petronia]]* 
* *[[Gymnoris]]* 
* *[[Montifringilla]]*
* *[[Onychostruthus]]* 
* *[[Pyrgilauda]]*
Hái-kun Hōng-soaⁿ Bô-soàⁿ Tiān-sìn-só͘

**Hái-kun Hōng-soaⁿ Bô-soàⁿ Tiān-sìn-só͘** (Hàn-jī: 海軍鳳山無線電信所; Lô-má-jī: *Kaigun Hôzan Musen Densin-zyo*) sī Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi siat tī Ko-hiông Hōng-soaⁿ ê tiàn-sìn chām. 1919 nî khí-chō.

## Chiàn-āu ê sú-iōng
Chiàn-āu Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok ê hái-kun chiap-siu, pat ēng chò "Hōng-soaⁿ Chiau-thāi-só͘" (鳳山招待所), sī khu-kìm chèng-tī-hoān kap su-sióng-hoān ê só͘-chāi.

1976 nî liáu-āu, koh kái chò "Bêng-tek Hùn-liān-pan" (明德訓練班), sī koán-hùn kun-tūi tiong būn-toê jîn-bu̍t ê só͘-chāi.

2001 nî hùn-liān-pan kái-soàⁿ, goân só͘-chāi āu-lâi hong chí-tēng chò kó͘-chek, hiān-sî ū khai-hòng chham-koan.
Tu-sek hōe-siā (Ji̍t-pún)

**Tu-sek hoē-siā** (Hàn-jī: 株式會社; Lô-má-jī: *kabusiki gaisya*) sī Ji̍t-pún hoat-lu̍t só͘ tēng-gī ê iú-hān chek-jīm kong-si, sī 19 sè-kì sán-seng ê khài-liām. "Tu-sek hoē-siā" mā sī Ji̍t-pún tùi in kok-goā kâng lūi kong-si hō-miâ ê chi̍t khoán hoan-e̍k.

Tâi-oân kap Hân-kok tī Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-kî lóng ēng hoē-siā kap tu-sek hoē-siā ê miâ-hō, chóng-sī hit-tong-sî Tâi-oân mā í-keng ū sú-iōng "kong-si" (公司) chi̍t khoán hō-miâ. Chiàn-āu Tâi-oân tōa-hūn kái ēng "kong-si" kap kó͘-hūn iú-hān kong-sī (股份有限公司); Hân-kok sī kè-sio̍k ēng "hoē-siā" (회사 *hoesa*) kap "tu-sek hoē-siā" (주식회사 *jusighoesa*).
Chhù-chiáu

**Chhek-sio̍k**, La-teng-miâ ***Passer***, sī Chhek-kho (Passeridae) ê 1 sio̍k, só͘ sio̍k chiáu-lūi it-poaⁿ hō-chò **chhù-chiáu** (-á), mā ū kiò **chhek-chiáu** (chhio̍k-). 

Chhù-chiáu pau-koat ū seⁿ chò beh-kâng ê Chhiū chhù-chiáu (*Passer montanus*) kap Ka chhù-chiáu (*Passer domesticus*). Lēng-goā mā ū Se-pan-gâ chhù-chiáu (*Passer hispaniolensis*), Italia chhù-chiáu (*Passer italiae*) téng tē-hng chéng-lūi.

## Hun-lūi

**[[Passer ammodendri]]*
**[[Passer castanopterus]]*
**[[Passer cordofanicus]]*
**[[Passer diffusus]]*
**[[Passer domesticus]]*
**[[Passer eminibey]]*
**[[Passer euchlorus]]*
**[[Passer flaveolus]]*
**[[Passer gongonensis]]*
**[[Passer griseus]]*
**[[Passer hemileucus]]*
**[[Passer hispaniolensis]]*
**[[Passer iagoensis]]*
**[[Passer insularis]]*
**[[Passer italiae]]*
**[[Passer luteus]]*
**[[Passer melanurus]]*
**[[Passer moabiticus]]*
**[[Passer montanus]]*
**[[Passer motitensis]]*
**[[Passer pyrrhonotus]]*
**[[Passer rufocinctus]]*
**[[Passer rutilans]]*
**[[Passer shelleyi]]*
**[[Passer simplex]]*
**[[Passer suahelicus]]*
**[[Passer swainsonii]]*

## Cha̍p-phoè
Gián-kiù hoat-kiàn chhiū-chhù-chiáu kap ka-chhù-chiáu 2 chéng ū cha̍p-phoè ê chêng-hêng. Thàu-chéng ê kang-chiáu seⁿ chò khah sêng chhiū chhù-chiáu; nā bó--ê chiō khah sêng Ka chhù-chiáu. 

Chhiū chhù-chiáu kap Se-pan-gâ chhù-chiáu cha̍p-phoè ê chêng-hêng mā ū kì-lio̍k.

## Chham-khó
* 

## Chù-kha
Chhek-hêng-bo̍k

**Chhek-hêng-bo̍k**, La-teng hō-miâ **Passeriformes**, sī chiáu-lūi ê 1 ba̍k, ū chhiau-koè 110 kho, 5000 chéng, sī só͘-ū chiáu-lūi bu̍t-chéng ê poàⁿ-sò͘ í-siōng.
Kho (hun-lūi-ha̍k)

Tī seng-bu̍t ê hun-lūi, **kho** (Eng-gí: *family*; La-teng-gí: *familia*) sī chú-iàu chân-kip chi it, siat tī ba̍k kap sio̍k chi kan.
Ló͘-kok-tn̂g

**Ló͘-kok-tn̂g** (Hàn-jī: 魯國堂) sī sèⁿ Chan (曾) kap Khóng (孔) Hàn-jîn thoân-thóng ê tn̂g-hō. Kó͘-sek ê chhù it-poaⁿ ē tī chiàⁿ-thiaⁿ goā-kháu koà chiūⁿ. 

Tī Tâi-oân lâm-pō͘ ê Lio̍k-tui (六堆) Kheh-lâng ūi tio̍h beh kap Hō-ló-lâng khu-pia̍t, it-poaⁿ koà tn̂g-hō ē kā "tn̂g" (堂) hit jī khǹg tī tiong-iong.
Hōng-soaⁿ Lông-bîn Cho͘-ha̍p

**Hōng-soaⁿ Lông-bîn Cho͘-ha̍p** (Hàn-jī: 鳳山農民組合) sī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi Tâi-oân ê lông-bîn ūn-tōng thoân-thé. Kiàn-li̍p-chiá sī Kán Kiat kap N̂g Chio̍h-sūn (黃石順) téng lâng.

Cho͘-ha̍p tī 1925 nî 11 goe̍h 15 ji̍t sêng-li̍p, sī ūi tio̍h beh kap Tân Tiong-hô ê Sin-heng Chè-thn̂g Hoē-siā téng sán-gia̍p tùi-khòng, hit-tong-sî hoē-siā beh tùi tiān-lông chhiú tiong siu tńg thó-tē, ín-khí chhiong-tu̍t.

1926 nî 9 goe̍h, cho͘-ha̍p hō͘ Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú kiông-chè kái-sàn, kàn-pō͘ hong phoàⁿ-hêng.

Liáu-āu, Kán Kiat kap N̂g Chio̍h-sūn kap Tâi-oân kî-tha só͘-chāi ê lông-bîn ūn-tōng-chiá liân-ha̍p sêng-li̍p Tâi-oân Lông-bîn Cho͘-ha̍p.
Se-á-oân

**Se-á-oân** (Hàn-jī: 西子灣) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī Siū-san lâm-pêng ê chi̍t phìⁿ hái-kîⁿ. Tī Chheng-tiâu sî-tāi tio̍h ū kì-chāi. 1916 nî, Ji̍t-pún lâng kā chia siat chò hái-chúi io̍k-tiûⁿ.

Goân-lâi ê Se-á-oân ū 2-ê soa-than, āu-boé oá káng-kháu ê chi̍t pêng hong thiām-hái kái chò Kok-li̍p Tiong-san Tāi-ha̍k ê thé-io̍k-tiûⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ko-hiông-chhī ê tē-hng
Lūi-pia̍t:Ko-hiông-chhī tē-lí
Passer ammodendri

***Passer ammodendri*** sī chi̍t khoán chhek-chiáu-á, sio̍k chhek-kho (Passeridae), chhek-sio̍k (*Passer*).

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Somalia chhù-chiáu

***Passer castanopterus*** sī chi̍t khoán chhek-chiáu-á, sio̍k chhek-kho (Passeridae), chhek-sio̍k (*Passer*).

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Kordofan chhù-chiáu

***Passer cordofanicus*** sī chi̍t khoán chhek-chiáu-á, sio̍k chhek-kho (Passeridae), chhek-sio̍k (*Passer*). In chú-iàu seng-oa̍h tī Sudan kap Chad tang-pō͘. Chéng-sió-miâ ê hō-miâ lâi-goân sī Sudan ê Kordofan tē-hng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Ka-chhù-chiáu

**Ka chhù-chiáu** (Eng-gí: House sparrow), ha̍k-miâ ***Passer domesticus***, sī chi̍t khoán chhù-chiáu-á, sio̍k chhek-kho (Passeridae), chhek-sio̍k (*Passer*).

## Siong-koan
* Chhiū chhù-chiáu

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Abd al Kuri chhù-chiáu

***Passer hemileucus*** sī chi̍t khoán chhek-chiáu-á, sio̍k chhek-kho (Passeridae), chhek-sio̍k (*Passer*).

In sī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ sió-tó Abd al Kuri ê chāi-tē chiáu-lūi.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*