open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hong-thai Neoguri (2008 nî)

**Hong-thai Neoguri** (, kok-chè pian-hō : **0801**, JTWC pian-hō : 02W）sī 2008 nî Thài-pêng-iûⁿ hong-thai kùi ê chít-ê hong-thai, sī chū 1949 nî í-lâi siāng-chá teng-lio̍k Hôa-lâm tē-khu ê jia̍t-tài khì-chn̂g. "Neoguri" () sī Hân-kok-gí ê sû, iû Hân-kok thê-kiong, ì-sù sī "hô" (*[[Nyctereutes procyonoides]]*).
East Riding of Yorkshire

**East Riding of Yorkshire** sī England ê chi̍t-ê tián-lé-kūn (ceremonial county) kap Tan-it Chū-tī-thé (Unitary Authority), kūn-miâ ê ì-sù sī "Yorkshire ê tang-pō". Tián-lé-kūn jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 587100, hōan-ûi sī Tan-it Chū-tī-thé (jîn-kháu tāi-iok 330000) ka-siōng Kingston upon Hull.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Tiông-khèng-chhī

**Tiông-khèng-chhī** (重慶市) sī Tiong-kok Sai-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê ti̍t-hat-chhī, sī Tiong-kok bīn-chek siāng-tōa ê ti̍t-hat-chhī, lāi-bīn hūn-chòe 19 ê khu, 17 ê kōan, kap 4 ê Bîn-cho̍k chū-tī-kōan (民族自治縣). Tiōng-khèng-chhī óa-khò Tn̂g-kang, sī Tn̂g-kang Sam-kiap ê só͘-chāi-tē, chóng-jîn-kháu tāi-iok 3,144 bān, tiong-sim siâⁿ-chhī tāi-iok tòa 393 bān lâng.

Tiông-khèng-chhī goân-pún sī Sù-chhoan-séng ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, 1997 nî hun-koah chhut—lâi, chiâⁿ-chò Tiong-kok tē 4 ê ti̍t-hat-chhī.
## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Jû-tiong-khu (渝中區)
*Tāi-tō͘-kháu-khu (大渡口區)
*Kang-pak-khu (江北區)
*Sa-phêng-pà-khu (沙坪壩區)
*Káu-liông-pho-khu (九龍坡區)
*Lâm-gān-khu (南岸區)
*Pak-poē-khu (北碚區)
*Kî-kang-khu (綦江區)
*Tāi-chiok-khu (大足區)
*Jû-pak-khu (渝北區)
*Pa-lâm-khu (巴南區)
*Bān-chiu-khu (萬州區)
*Hô͘-lêng-khu (涪陵區)
*Khâm-kang-khu (黔江區)
*Tn̂g-siū-khu (長壽區)
*Ha̍p-chhoan-khu (合川區)
*Éng-chhoan-khu (永川區)
*Kang-chin-khu (江津區)
*Lâm-chhoan-khu (南川區)
*Iú-iông Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (酉陽土家族苗族自治縣)
*Tông-lâm-khu (潼南區)
*Tâng-liông-khu (銅梁區)
*Siù-san Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (秀山土家族苗族自治縣)
*Êng-chhiong-khu (榮昌區)
*Phek-san-khu (璧山區)
*Tiām-kang-koān (墊江縣)
*Bú-liông-khu (武隆區)
*Hong-to͘-koān (豐都縣)
*Siâⁿ-kháu-koān (城口縣)
*Liông-pêng-khu (梁平區)
*Khai-chiu-khu (開州區)
*Bû-khe-koān (巫溪縣)
*Bû-san-koān (巫山縣)
*Hōng-chiat-koān (奉節縣)
*Hûn-iông-koān (雲陽縣)
*Tiong-koān (忠縣)
*Chio̍h-chū Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (石柱土家族自治縣)
*Phêng-chúi Biâu-cho̍k Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (彭水苗族土家族自治縣)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê tit-hat-chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok siâⁿ-chhī
Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu

**Sin-kiong** (新疆) chôan-miâ **Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu** (Hàn-gí: 新疆維吾爾自治區, Uyghur-gí: ), sī Tiong-kok Sai-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-khu, siú-hú sī Ürümchi (O͘-ló͘-bo̍k-chê). Chit-ê chū-tī-khu lāi-bīn tāi-iok tòa 1963 bān lâng, kî-tiong 45% chó-iū sī Uyghur-cho̍k, lēng-gōa ū 41% chó-iū sī Hàn-cho̍k.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Ürümchi-chhī
*Karamay-chhī
*Turpan-chhī
*Altay Tē-khu
*Tarbagatay Tē-khu
*Kumul Tē-khu
*Kashgar Tē-khu
*Aksu Tē-khu
*Hotan Tē-khu
*Ili Kazakh Chū-tī-chiu
*Bortala Bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-chiu (--蒙古自治州)
*Chhiong-kiat Hôe-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (昌吉回族自治州)
*Kizilsu Kirghiz Chū-tī-chiu
*Bayingolin Bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-chiu
*Chio̍h-hô-chú-chhī (石河子市)
*Ngó͘-ka-kû-chhī (五家渠市)
*Tumxuk-chhī
*Aral-chhī
*Pak-tūn-chhī (北屯市)
*Thih-bûn-koan-chhī (鐵門關市)
*Siang-hô-chhī (雙河市)
*Kokdala-chhī
*Khun-gio̍k-chhī (崑玉市)
*Ô͘-iûⁿ-hô-chhī (胡楊河市)
*Sin-chheⁿ-chhī (新星市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê chū-tī-khu
Se-chōng Chū-tī-khu

**Se-chōng Chū-tī-khu** (Hàn-jī: 西藏自治區; Chōng-gí: ) sī Tiong-kok Sai-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-khu, siú-hú sī Lhasa (Chōng-gí: ). Chit-ê chū-tī-khu lāi-bīn tāi-iok tòa 274 bān lâng, kî-tiong 92.8% chó-iū sī Chōng-cho̍k.
## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Lhasa-chhī
*Chamdo-chhī
*Shigatse-chhī
*Lhoka-chhī
*Nagqu-chhī
*Nyingchi-chhī
*Ngari Tē-khu

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê chū-tī-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Se-chōng
Thian-chin-chhī

**Thian-chin-chhī** (天津市) ia̍h **Thian-tin-chhī**, sī Tiong-kok Hôa-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê ti̍t-hat-chhī, óa-khò Pu̍t-hái (渤海), sī Tiong-kok tē-saⁿ-tōa ê to͘-chhī. Hái-hô (海河) sī chit-ê siâⁿ-chhī ê chú-iàu hô-chhoan.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Hô-pêng-khu (和平區)
*Hô-tang-khu (河東區)
*Hô-sai-khu (河西區)
*Lâm-khai-khu (南開區)
*Hô-pak-khu (河北區)
*Hông-kiô-khu (紅橋區)
*Pin-hái Sin-khu (濱海新區)
*Tong-lē-khu (東麗區)
*Se-chheng-khu (西青區)
*Chin-lâm-khu (津南區)
*Pak-sîn-khu (北辰區)
*Bú-chheng-khu (武清區)
*Pó-tî-khu (寶坻區)
*Lêng-hô-khu (寧河區)
*Chēng-hái-khu (靜海區)
*Kè-chiu-khu (薊州區)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê tit-hat-chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok siâⁿ-chhī
Se-chōng

**Se-chōng** (Hàn-jī: 西藏; Chōng-gí: བོད་; Eng-gí: Tibet) sī Chheng-Chōng ko-gôan kūn Nepal, Bhutan kap Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê tē-khu, tû-liáu hiān-sî Tiong-kok ê Se-chōng Chū-tī-khu í-gōa, Chheng-hái, Sù-chhoan, Hûn-lâm, Kam-siok, kap hū-kūn kok-ka iā-ū pō͘-hūn sī Se-chōng bûn-hòa, ia̍h-sī Chōng-cho̍k khiā-khí hōan-ûi.

Chōng-gí kiò Se-chōng hō-chòe *Bod* (བོད་); Tiong-kok Tông-tiâu kap Sòng-tiâu sî-tāi kiò Se-chōng kiò "Thó͘-hoan" (Hàn-jī: "吐蕃", Hàn-gí Pheng-im: tǔfān), hit-tong-sî Se-chōng Tè-kok chham Tiong-kok nn̄g-ê sè-le̍k ū-sî-á ē hoat-seng chiàn-cheng. 

Kīn-tāi ê Se-chōng léng-tō-chiá sī Dalai Lama, sī 17 sè-kí chó-iū khak-li̍p tùi Se-chōng ê khòng-chè. Hiān-jīm Dalai Lama sī Tenzin Gyatso, in-ūi Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok tùi Se-chōng ê chiàm-niá, hiān-sî liû-bông Ìn-tō͘.
Hek-liông-kang-séng

**Hek-liông-kang-séng** (黑龍江省) , mā ū lâng kóng **O͘-liông-kang-séng** (烏龍江省), sī Tiong-kok Tang-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Hah-ní-pin-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Hah-ní-pin-chhī (哈爾濱市)
*Chê-chê-hah-ní-chhī (齊齊哈爾市)
*Bó͘-tan-kang-chhī (牡丹江市)
*Ka-bo̍k-su-chhī (佳木斯市)
*Tāi-khèng-chhī (大慶市)
*Ke-se-chhī (雞西市)
*Siang-ah-san-chhī (雙鴨山市)
*I-chhun-chhī (伊春市)
*Chhit-tâi-hô-chhī (七台河市)
*Ho̍k-kong-chhī (鶴崗市)
*Hek-hô-chhī (黑河市)
*Jûi-hoà-chhī (綏化市)
*Tāi-heng-an-niá Tē-khu (大興安嶺地區)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hek-liông-kang-séng
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Jean Piaget

**Jean Piaget** (IPA: [ʒɑ̃ pjaʒɛ], 1896 nî 8 goe̍h 9 &ndash; 1980 nî 9 goe̍h 16) sī Sūi-se ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, chū-jiân kho-ha̍k-ka kiam hoat-tián sim-lí-ha̍k-ka.  Piaget tn̂g-kî gián-kiù gín-á-kiáⁿ án-choáⁿ jīn-bat tāi-chì; bat thê-chhut jīn-ti hoat-tián lí-lūn (theory of cognitive development), kap hō chò "ûi-thoân jīn-bat-lūn" (genetic epistemology) ê jīn-bat koan-tiám.  1955 nî i tī Genève chhòng-li̍p Ûi-thoân Jīn-bat-lūn Kok-chè Tiong-sim (the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology), chò chú-jīm chò kàu 1980 nî.  Ernst von Glasersfeld kóng Piaget sī "Kiàn-kò͘-sek jīn-bat-lūn (constructivist epistemology) úi-tāi ê sian-hêng-chiá."

Piaget tùi tiān-náu kho-ha̍k kap Jîn-kang tì-hūi ê hoat-tián mā ū toā éng-hióng, pí-lūn kóng Logo kap GUI ê hoat-tián.
Kńg-sai Chòng-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu

**Kńg-sai** (廣西) sī Tiong-kok Tiong-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-khu, chôan-miâ **Kńg-sai Chòng-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu** (Hàn-jī: 廣西壯族自治區; Chòng-gí: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih), siú-hú sī Lâm-lêng. Chit-ê chū-tī-khu lāi-bīn tāi-iok tòa 4889 bān lâng, kî-tiong 32% chó-iū sī Chòng-cho̍k. Kńg-sai mā-sī Iâu-cho̍k lâng siāng-chē ê só͘-chāi, ū 147 bān.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Lâm-lêng-chhī (南寧市)
*Pek-sek-chhī (百色市)
*Hô-tî-chhī (河池市)
*Liú-chiu-chhī (柳州市)
*Kùi-lîm-chhī (桂林市)
*Hō-chiu-chhī (賀州市)
*Chông-chó-chhī (崇左市)
*Lâi-pin-chhī (來賓市)
*Kùi-káng-chhī (貴港市)
*Ngô͘-chiu-chhī (梧州市)
*Hông-siâⁿ-káng-chhī (防城港市)
*Khim-chiu-chhī (欽州市)
*Pak-hái-chhī (北海市)
*Gio̍k-lîm-chhī (玉林市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê chū-tī-khu
Lêng-hā Hôe-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu

**Lêng-hā** (寧夏) chôan-miâ **Lêng-hā Hôe-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu** (寧夏回族自治區), sī Tiong-kok Sai-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-khu, siú-hú sī Gîn-chhoan-chhī. Chit-ê chū-tī-khu lāi-bīn tāi-iok tòa 588 bān lâng, kî-tiong 20% chó-iū sī Hôe-cho̍k, lēng-gōa ū 79% chó-iū sī Hàn-cho̍k.
## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Gîn-chhoan-chhī (銀川市)
*Chio̍h-chhùi-san-chhī (石嘴山市)
*Ngô͘-tiong-chhī (吳忠市)
*Tiong-oē-chhī (中衛市)
*Kò͘-goân-chhī (固原市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê chū-tī-khu
Lāi Bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-khu

**Lāi-bông-kó͘** (Hàn-jī:內蒙古, Bông-kó͘-gí: Öbür mongɣul) chôan-miâ **Lāi-bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-khu** (Hàn-jī: 內蒙古自治區; Bông-kó͘-gí: , Lô-má siá-hoat: Öbür mongɣul-un öbertegen jasaqu orun, kirillica siá-hoat: Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орон), sī Tiong-kok Hôa-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-khu, siú-hú sī Hohhot-chhī. Chit-ê chū-tī-khu lāi-bīn tāi-iok tòa 2384 bān lâng, kî-tiong 17% chó-iū sī Bông-kó͘-cho̍k, lēng-gōa ū 79% chó-iū sī Hàn-cho̍k.

Bông-kó͘ bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī-chiá kā hō chò **Lâm Bông-kó͘** (南蒙古).

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Hohhot-chhī
*Bayannur-chhī
*O͘-hái-chhī (烏海市)
*Ordos-chhī
*Pau-thâu-chhī (包頭市)
*Ulanqab-chhī
*Chhek-hong-chhī (赤峰市)
*Thong-liâu-chhī (通遼市)
*Hulunbuir-chhī
*Alxa-bêng
*Xilingol-bêng
*Hinggan-bêng

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê chū-tī-khu
Oa̍t-lâm-lâng

**Oa̍t-lâm-lâng**, mā thang hō choè **Oa̍t-cho̍k** kap **King-cho̍k**, sī Tang-lâm-a ê 1 ê bîn-cho̍k, chú-iàu seng-oa̍h tī Oa̍t-lâm.
Kingston upon Hull

**Kingston upon Hull** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-lân City of Kingston upon Hull ē-kha ê chi̍t ê koān (*district*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:City of Kingston upon Hull
Delhi

**Delhi** (; Punjabi-gí: ; ) sī Ìn-tō͘ tē-jī-tōa ê to͘-chhī, chôan-miâ **Delhi Kok-ka Siú-to͘ Hat-khu** (), Ìn-tō͘ ê siú-to͘ New Delhi sī lāi-bīn ê chi̍t-ê hun-khu.
Gregor Mendel

**Gregor Johann Mendel** (1822 nî 7 goe̍h 20 – 1884 nî 1 goe̍h 6 hō) sī Ò-tē-lī Tè-kok ê sîn-hū kap kho-ha̍k-ka, I gián-kiù hôe-liân-tāu (*Pisum sativum*) ê cha̍p-chéng, chéng-lí chhut kok-chióng sèng-chit (trait) ê ûi-thôan kui-lu̍t, kiàn-li̍p liáu āu-lâi lâng hoat-tián hiān-tāi ûi-thôan-ha̍k ê ki-chhó͘. 

Mendel tī Ò-tē-lī Tè-kok ê Heinzendorf (hiān-sî sio̍k Česko) chhut-sì, 1851 nî kàu 1853 nî tī Wien Tāi-ha̍k ha̍k-si̍p. Sui-jiân Mendel tùi hôe-liân-tāu ê gián-kiù sī tī 1856 nî kàu 1863 nî chi kan; chóng-sī hit chūn ia̍h bô chin liû-hêng, sī kàu 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî khah tī kî-thaⁿ kho-ha̍k-ka têng-sin hoat-tián kap gī-lūn chi hā khah sán-seng chhut hiān-tāi ê ûi-thoân-ha̍k.

## Chá-liân
Mendel sī tī 1822 nî 7 goe̍h 20 ùi Moravia chhut-sì, chhut-sin lông-bîn ka-têng. Mendel hèng-chhù tī lông-ha̍k kap phok-bu̍t-ha̍k, i āu-bóe khì Olomouc Tāi-ha̍k tha̍k-chheh.

## Chham-khó kap chù-sek

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Mendel ê lūn-bûn (Eng-gí).
Ivan Petrović Pavlov

**Ivan Petrović Pavlov** (; ) sī Lō͘-se-a ê seng-lí-ha̍k-ka, sim-lí-ha̍k-ka kap i-ha̍k-ka, in-ūi tùi siau-hòa hē-thóng ê gián-kiù, tī 1904 nî tit-tio̍h Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng. Chhú-gōa, i tùi tōng-bu̍t hêng-ûi, iû-kî sī chè-iok (conditioning) hiān-siōng ê gián-kiù chin ū-miâ.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* PBS article
Chū-jiân soán-te̍k

**Chū-jiân sóan-te̍k** (Eng-bûn: *natural selection*), khah thoân-thóng ê hoan-e̍k kiò **thian-te̍k** (天擇), sī chi̍t khóan kòe-têng, tī chit-ê kòe-têng tiong, in-ūi seng-bu̍t siⁿ-thòaⁿ ê sêng-kong kap sit-pāi, chō-sêng chi̍t kóa ûi-thôan sèng-chit (trait) tī kò-thé-kûn (population) lāi-bīn ê pí-lu̍t chin-ka ia̍h sī kiám-chió.

Chū-jiân sóan-te̍k chit-ê khài-liām sī Charles Darwin só͘ thê-chhut, sī seng-bu̍t chìn-hòa ê chú-iàu ki-chè (mechanism). 20 sè-kí ê kho-ha̍k-ka chiong Darwin ê chū-jiân sóan-te̍k khài-liām kap Gregor Mendel ê ûi-thôan kui-lu̍t thóng-ha̍p chhut hiān-tāi ê chìn-hòa lí-lūn.

## Te̍k-sû ê hêng-sek
* Sèng soán-te̍k
* Jîn-ûi soán-te̍k

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* ''The Origin of Species'' by Charles Darwin  - Charles Darwin tùi chū-jiân sóan-te̍k ê kái-soeh.
* Natural Selection  - Berkeley Tāi-ha̍k ê kàu-ha̍k bāng-ia̍h.
Brandenburg

**Brandenburg** sī Tek-kok ê chi̍t-ê liân-pang-chiu, siú-hú sī Potsdam, 1990 nî ka-ji̍p liân-pang, tāi-iok ū 256 bān ê jîn-kháu.


Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu
Bayern

**Bayern** sī Tek-kok ê chi̍t-ê liân-pang-chiu, siú-hú sī München, 1949 nî ka-ji̍p liân-pang, tāi-iok ū 1249 bān ê jîn-kháu.

## Siong-koan
* Bayern Ông-kok


Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu
Nordrhein-Westfalen

**Nordrhein-Westfalen** sī Tek-kok ê chi̍t-ê liân-pang-chiu, siú-hú sī Düsseldorf, 1949 nî ka-ji̍p liân-pang, tāi-iok ū 1803 bān ê jîn-kháu.

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Official Government Portal
* The Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
* Holidays in NRW
* Information and resources on the history of Westphalia on the Web portal "Westphalian History"
* Guidelines for the integration of the Land Lippe within the territory of the federal state North-Rhine-Westphalia of 17 January 1947
* North Rhine-Westphalia images from Cologne and Duesseldorf to Paderborn and Muenster
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu
Bûn-gē ho̍k-heng

***Renaissance*** ("le-nái-san-suh"), ū **Bûn-gē ho̍k-heng** iā **Bûn-gē ho̍k-kó͘** téng hoan-e̍k, Hoat-gí chiàu-jī ê ì-sù sī "têng-sin chhut-sì". Che sī 14 sè-kí kàu 17 sè-kí chi kan ê Au-chiu bûn-hòa ūn-tōng. Renaissance tùi Tiong-sè-kí bóe-kî ê Italia khí-thâu, āu--lâi ta̍uh-ta̍uh thòaⁿ kàu kui-ê Au-chiu, sī bûn-ha̍k, tiat-ha̍k, gē-su̍t, kho-ha̍k, chèng-tī kiam chong-kàu kok hong-bīn ê kek-sin. 

## Jîn-bu̍t
* Leonardo da Vinci
* Michelangelo Buonarroti
* Niccolò Machiavelli
* Dante Alighieri
* Lorenzo de' Medici

## Chù-kha
David Attenborough

**David Attenborough** koaⁿ-miâ **Sir David Frederick Attenborough**, OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS, FZS (1926 nî 5 goe̍h 8 hō chhut-sì), sī Eng-kok chū-jiân-ha̍k-ka, chú-chhî-jîn kap chè-chok-jîn. I chè-chok chin-chōe BBC tiān-sī-tâi ê siⁿ-thài kap chū-jiân chiat-bo̍k, iû-kî sī iá-seng tōng-bu̍t ê kài-siāu, mā phian-siá chi̍t-kóa chit-hong-bīn ê chheh.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Official David Attenborough website  - koaⁿ-hong bang.
* Sir David Attenborough BBC biography - BBC ê kài-siāu.

* David Attenborough as patron of Population Matters
Napoléon 1-sè

**Napoléon Bonaparte** () iā-hō **Napoléon 1-sè**, sī Hoat-kok ê kun-sū kap chèng-tī léng-tō-jîn, sī Hoat-kok kek-bēng sî-tāi ê chiòng-léng, kiōng-hô sî-tāi ê Siú-se̍k Chip-chèng (*Premier Consul*), āu-lâi ê Hoat-kok hông-tè. Tùi hiān-tāi Au-chiu le̍k-sú ū chin-tōa ê éng-hióng. 

Napoleon ê sè-le̍k khòng-chè liáu Sūi-sū, Se-pan-gâ, kap kin-á-jit ê Tek-kok chham Italia tē-khu. Napoleon tī 1812 nî ji̍p-chhim Lō͘-se-a sit-pāi, āu-lâi nńg-kìm tī Elba-tó, jî-chhiáⁿ cháu-thoat chhut-lâi, tī 1815 nî ê Waterloo Chiàn-ia̍h koh-chài pāi-chiàn. Chòe-āu tī Saint Helena-tó lāu-khì.

## Siong-koan
* Napoléon chiàn-cheng
Baroque

**Baroque** sī chi̍t-ê gē-su̍t sî-kî, tāi-iok tùi 16 sè-kí bóe-kî khí-thâu, sī hit-tong-sî koè-ōe, tiau-khek, bûn-ha̍k, kiàn-tio̍k, im-ga̍k kap thiàu-bú ê sî-khoán chham iūⁿ-sek. Baroque pí khí Bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng sî-kî koh khah tiōng hoa̍t-phoat ê piáu-hiān chhiú-lō͘, jî-chhiáⁿ hóan-tùi *[[Mannerism]]* sî-kî káng-kiù ê ho̍k-cha̍p kap kui-kí.

## Jîn-bu̍t
* Peter Paul Rubens
* Anthony van Dyck
* Diego Velázquez
* Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio)
* Rembrandt van Rijn
* Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Pek-lîm

**Pek-lîm** (; ), sī Tek-kok ê Liân-pang-siú-to͘ (Bundeshauptstadt) kap Chèng-hú-chē-chí (Regierungssitz), mā-sī chi̍t-ê Liân-pang-chiu (Bundesland), jî-chhiáⁿ sī Tek-kok siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū 341 bān lâng. 

Pek-lîm tī le̍k-sú-siōng, ū chò-kòe Phó͘-ló͘-se Ông-kok, Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok, Weimar Kiōng-hô-kok, Nazi Tek-kok kap Tek-ì-chì Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok (Tang-tek) ê siú-to͘.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu
Tôzyô Hideki

**Tôzyô Hideki** (, ) sī Ji̍t-pún kun-jîn kap chèng-tī-ka, mā-sī lio̍k-kun-tāi-chiòng (陸軍大将) chham tē-40-jīm ê lāi-koh-chóng-lí-tāi-sîn (内閣総理大臣). I sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng ê hoat-tōng-chiá, Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn kiat-sok liáu-āu hō͘ Tang-kiaⁿ sím-phòaⁿ phòaⁿ-chòe A-kip chiàn-hōan, chhú sí-hêng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê Lōe-koh Chóng-lí Tāi-sîn
Adolf Hitler

**Adolf Hitler** () sī Ò-tē-lī chhut-sì ê Tek-kok chèng-tī-ka, sī Kok-ka-siā-hōe-chú-gī Tek-kok Lô-tōng-chiá-tóng (Nazi-tóng) ê léng-tō-jîn, Tek-kok Chóng-lí chham Tek-kok chóng-thóng (Führer). I tī 1925 nî chiòng i ê su-sióng kap chū-tōan siá-chòe *[[Mein Kampf]]*. 

## Pêng-seng
Adolf Hitler tùi Ò-Hiong Tè-kok ê Braunau am Inn chhut-sì, lāu-pē sī Alois Hitler, lāu-bú sī Klara Hitler. 16-hòe ê sî-chūn lī-khui tiong-ha̍k, pèng-bô the̍h-tioh ha̍k-le̍k. I siūⁿ-beh ji̍p-khì Wien Bí-su̍t Ha̍k-īⁿ (*Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien*), m̄-koh hō͘ kū-cho̍at, āu-lâi chìn-ji̍p Tek-kok kun-tūi. 

Hitler tī Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu ku̍t-khí, Weimarer Kiōng-hô-kok sî-tāi léng-tō Nazi-tóng the̍h-tioh chèng-kôan, chín-heng Tek-kok keng-chè, tiông-kiàn kun-sū, kiàn-li̍p ke̍k-kôan chèng-hú. 

1939 nî, Hitler hoat-tōng chiàn-cheng ji̍p-chhim Pho-lân, ín-khí Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn. Āu-lâi Tek-kok khiā-thâu ê Chhu-te̍k-kok chiàm-niá tōa-hūn ê Au-chiu, chham A-chiu kap Hui-chiu ê chi̍t-kóa só͘-chāi. M̄-koh siōng-boé Tek-kok tī 1945 nî pāi-chiàn. 

Tû-liáu chiàn-cheng, Hitler hoat-tōng ê tó͘-sat mā chō-sêng siōng-bô kúi pah bān lâng ê sí-bông, kî-tiong Iú-thài-jîn tāi-iok 600 bān hōng thâi-sí. Chòe-āu Hitler tī i ê ki-tē Führerbunker chham Eva Braun kiat-hun, liáu-āu ang-á-bó͘ chò-hóe chū-sat.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Hitler ê siòng-phìⁿ 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok Siú-siòng
Hōng-chio

**Hōng-chio** (**hō͘-lâng-chio**) sī kiat-hun-liáu 2-ê lâng toà tī cha-bó͘ in tau.
## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* 地圖會說話: 臺灣的母系社會遺緒
Steve Jobs

**Steven Paul** "**Steve**" **Jobs** (1955 nî 2 goe̍h 24 — 2011 nî 10 goe̍h 5) sī Apple ê chú-se̍k kiam chip-hêng-tiúⁿ; 1976 nî i kap Steve Wozniak chò-hoé chhòng-pān Apple. 1986 nî i kā Lucasfilm ê tiān-náu oē-tô͘ pō͘-mn̂g bé--lo̍h-lâi, sêng-li̍p Pixar; Jobs sī siāng toā ê kó͘-tong kiam tam-jīm chip-hêng-tiúⁿ. Kàu kah 2006 nî Walt Disney Kong-si kā Pixar bé--lo̍h-lâi, Jobs koh chiâⁿ chò Walt Disney Kong-si siāng toā ê kò-jîn kó͘-tong kiam táng-sū. Jobs sī tiān-náu kang-gia̍p kap gī-niū kang-gia̍p ê sian-hêng-chiá. Châi-hù Cha̍p-chì (Fortune Magazine) soán Jobs chò 2007 nî Siāng Ū-la̍t ê Seng-lí-lâng (Most Powerful Businessman).
Hōng-hông-hō

**Hōng-hông-hō** (Phoenix) sī 1 chiah tiàm Hoé-chheⁿ pak-ke̍k piáu-bīn chìn-hêng kho-ha̍k jīm-bū ê thài-khong-chûn, sio̍k-î Bí-kok NASA ê Hoé-chheⁿ Scout Kè-e̍k (Mars Scout Program). Hōng-hông-hō tī 2008 nî 5 goe̍h 25 teng-lio̍k, sī tēng-tiám ê teng-lio̍k-ki (lander), iū Phùn-siā Chhui-chìn Si̍t-giām-sek (JPL) ê kè-e̍k koán-lí-oân ùi Tē-kiû iâu-khòng.

Kho-ha̍k-ka iōng Hōng-hông-hō ê ke-si cheng-chhek Hoé-chheⁿ ê piáu-bīn khoân-kéng, te̍k-pia̍t chiam-tùi sek-ha̍p bî-seng-bu̍t oa̍h-miā ê khoân-kéng tiâu-kiāⁿ (chhiūⁿ kóng chúi) chò tiau-cha.

Hōng-hông-hō sī chêng-kàu-taⁿ teng-lio̍k Hoé-chheⁿ sêng-kong ê tē 6 chiah thài-khong-chûn (iū-koh ū 6 pái sit-pāi). I oân-nā sī thâu 1 pái sêng-kong teng-lio̍k Hoé-chheⁿ pak-ke̍k ê jīm-bū.

Hōng-hông-hō chū 2008 nî 11 goe̍h 2 liáu-āu tō bô koh-chài hām Tē-kiû liân-lo̍k.  NASA chū án-ne tī 11 goe̍h 10 soan-pò͘ jīm-bū siu-soah.

Lūi-pia̍t:NASA
Bî-seng-bu̍t

**Bî-seng-bu̍t** (微生物) sī ba̍k-chiu khoàⁿ bē tio̍h ê sió-hêng seng-bu̍t. Gián-kiù bî-seng-bu̍t ê ha̍k-būn hō chò bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k. Bî-seng-bu̍t ê chéng-lūi chē-chē, pau-koah sè-khún, ko͘, kó͘-seng-khún (archaea), goân-seng-seng-bu̍t (protists), sīm-chì chi̍t-koá si̍t-bu̍t, tōng-bu̍t mā ū chún-sǹg. In bô pau-hâm pēⁿ-to̍k, prion chit-khoán hui-seng-bu̍t. Bî-seng-bu̍t toā-hūn sī tan-sè-pau (unicellular), ū-koá sī to-sè-pau.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek tī 1675 nî iōng i siat-kè ê hián-bî-kiàⁿ hoat-kiàn tio̍h bî-seng-bu̍t ê chûn-chāi.
Đồng Hới Ki-tiûⁿ

**Đồng Hới Ki-tiûⁿ** (Oa̍t-lâm-gí: *Cảng hàng không Đồng Hới* ia̍h *Sân bay Đồng Hới*; IATA: VDH, ICAO: VVDH) sī tiàm-tī Oa̍t-lâm Quảng Bình Séng Đồng Hới ê kok-lāi-soàⁿ ki-tiûⁿ. Đồng Hới Ki-tiûⁿ ùi 2008 nî khai-sí ūn-chok, hiān-chú-sî kan-tāⁿ ū Oa̍t-lâm Hâng-khong pōe Hà Nội ê hâng-soàⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-lâm ê ki-tiûⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Quảng Bình Séng
Kurt Gödel

**Kurt Gödel** (IPA: /kʊɐ̯t ˈgøːdl̩/, 1906 nî 4 goe̍h 28 – 1978 nî 1 goe̍h 14) sī tī Tang-Magyar (hiān-chú-sî ê Česko) Brno chhut-sì, sǹg sī Tang-kok-lâng, boé--á ji̍p Bí-kok-chek ê lô-chek-ha̍k-ka, sò͘-ha̍k-ka kiam tiat-ha̍k-ka.

20 sè-kí chá-kî, Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead kap David Hilbert ... chē chē lâng siūⁿ beh ēng lô-chek ham chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn lâi kiàn-li̍p sò͘-ha̍k ê ki-chân; m̄-koh Gödel thê-chhut bô-oân-pī tēng-lí, tùi kho-ha̍k kap tiat-ha̍k ê su-sióng sán-seng put-chí-á toā ê chhiong-kek.
Chiong Lí-hô

**Chiong Lí-hô** (Kheh-ōe: **Chûng Lî-fò**; Hàn-jī: 鍾理和; ) sī Tâi-oân chi̍t-ūi sió-soat-ka, i sī Lio̍k-tui Kheh-lâng, ūi Pîn-tong ê Ko-chhiū chhut-sì, āu-lâi poaⁿ-khì Bî-long.

I-ê tāi-piáu-chok ū *Li̍p-soaⁿ Lông-tiûⁿ* (笠山農場), *Ú* (雨), *[[Goân-hiong-jîn]]* (原鄉人) kap *Pîn-chiān Hu-chhe* (貧賤夫妻) téng. I it-seng ê chhòng-chok lóng-chóng ū tiông-phian siáu-soat 1 phō, tiong-phian siáu-soat 7 phō, toán-phian siáu-soat 41 phō, iáu-koh ū pō͘-hūn koa-si kap sàn-bûn téng.

L
Tēng Lē-kun

**Tēng Lē-kun** (鄧麗君; ) sī Tâi-oân ê chi̍t-ūi koa-chhiú, i tī Tiong-kok, Tâi-oân, Ji̍t-pún, Tang-lâm-a kap Hoâ-jîn siā-hōe chiâⁿ  chhut-miâ. Tēng Lē-kun só͘ chhiùⁿ ê koa ū hôa-gí-koa, Ji̍t-gí-koa, Tâi-gí-koa  Kńg-tang-koa kap Eng-gí-koa.
Thài-iông-lêng

**Thài-iông-lêng** sī Ji̍t-thâu hòng-siā chhut-lâi ê sio kap kng, che thê-kiong Tē-kiû oa̍h-mi̍h tiāⁿ tio̍h ū ê lêng-goân. Thài-iông-lêng ê ki-su̍t ē-sái-tit khòng-chè chit-khoán lêng-goân ê sú-iōng, chhiūⁿ kóng kā ji̍t-thâu choán chò tiān, khioh ji̍t-thâu ê sio lâi hiâⁿ kún-chúi.
Hong-lêng

**Hong-lêng** sī kā hong ê lêng-goân (hong-la̍t) choán chò ū lō͘-iōng ê khoán-sek, chhiūⁿ kóng tiān. Hong-lêng ê ki-su̍t chú-iàu sī hong-le̍k hoat-tiān-ki (wind turbine). Thong sè-kài ū 1% ê tiān sī hong lâi--ê.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Paul McCartney

**Sir James Paul McCartney**, MBE (1942 nî 6 go̍eh 18 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Eng-kok rock koa-chhiú, guitar-chhiú, chok-khek-ka, koa-sû chok-ka chham chè-chok-jîn. I sī The Beatles ê sêng-ôan. I chhut-sì ê só͘-chāi sī Liverpool.

## Chok-phín
### Kò-jîn choan-chi̍p
# *[[McCartney (album)|McCartney]]* (1970) UK #2; US #1
# *[[Ram (album)|Ram]]* (1971) UK #1; US #2
# *[[Wild Life (album)|Wings Wild Life]]* (1971) UK #11; US #10
# *[[Red Rose Speedway]]* (1973) UK #5; US #1
# *[[Band on the Run]]* (1973) UK #1; US #1
# *[[Venus and Mars]]* (1975) UK #1; US #1
# *[[Wings at the Speed of Sound]]* (1976) UK #2; US #1
# *[[London Town (album)|London Town]]* (1978) UK #4; US #2
# *[[Back to the Egg]]* (1979) UK #6; US #8
# *[[McCartney II]]* (1980) UK #1; US #1
# *[[Tug of War]]* (1982) UK# 1; US #1
# *[[Pipes Of Peace (album)|Pipes of Peace]]* (1983) UK #4; US #15
# *[[Press To Play]]* (1986) UK #8; US #30
# *[[Снова в СССР]]* (1988) UK #63; US #109
# *[[Flowers in the Dirt]]* (1989) UK #1; US #24
# *Off The Ground* (1993) UK #5; US #17
# *Off The Ground - The Complete Works* (1993)
# *Flaming Pie* (1997) UK #2; US #2
# *Run Devil Run* (1999) UK #12; US #27
# *Driving Rain* (2001) UK #26; US #26
# Chaos and Creation in the Backyard (2005)
# Memory Almost Full (2007)
# Kisses on the Bottom (2012)
# New (2013)

## Composer
* *Those were the Days* (1968) - Mary Hopkin
* *Goodbye* - Mary Hopkin 

Lūi-pia̍t:1942 nî chhut-sì
Bremen (chiu)

**Bremen** chiàⁿ-miâ **Freie Hansestadt Bremen** (jī-gī: "chū-iû ê Hansa siâⁿ-chhī Bremen"), sī Tek-kok ê Liân-pang-chiu (Bundesland). Chit-ê chiu ū nn̄g-ê sio-hun-lî ê pō͘-hūn, pau-hâm Bremen kap Bremerhaven (Bremen-káng). 

Lūi-pia̍t:Bremen (chiu)
Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu
Końskowola

**Końskowola** sī chi̍t ê tī Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok Lublin Séng Puławy Kūn Końskowola Kong-siā ê chng-thâu.

## Chham-oa̍t
*Pho-lân ê chng-thâu

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Puławy Kūn ê chng-thâu
Hamburg

**Hamburg** chiàⁿ-miâ **Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg** (jī-gī: "chū-iû ê Hansa siâⁿ-chhī Hamburg"), sī Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu (Bundesland).

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chham-oa̍t
*Hamburg ê khu kap lí


Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê liân-pang-chiu
Hansa Liân-bêng

**Hanse Liân-bêng** iā-sī **Hansa Liân-bêng** sī 13 sè-kí kàu 17 sè-kí tī Pe̍h-hái-kîⁿ ê keng-chè liân-bêng.
Baltic Hái

**Baltic Hái** sī Au-chiu ê 1 ê hái, tī Tek-kok ê pak-pêng.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiūⁿ
* Baltic Kok-ka
* Baltic Tē-khu
* Baltic Hái Kok-ka Lí-sū-hoē
* Bothnia Oan
* Hun-lân-oan
Baltic Tē-khu

**Baltic Tē-khu** chí só͘-ū tī Pe̍h-hái hái-kîⁿ ê tē-khu.

## Khoàⁿ
* Baltic Hái
* Baltic Hái Kok-ka Lí-sū-hoē
Liverpool

**Liverpool** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-lân Liverpool ē-kha ê chi̍t ê koān (*district*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:Liverpool
5

**5** (u, ngō, ngó, gō͘ , 五, 伍), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 4 āu-piah, tī 6 thâu-chêng, sī tē-saⁿ sió ê sò͘-sò͘ (chit-sò).

## "5" ê ián-piàn

1
6

**6** (liu̍h, liu, lio̍k, la̍k, 六, 陸), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 5 āu-piah, tī 7 thâu-chêng, sī siāng-sió ê ôan-chôan-sò͘ (Perfect number, chū-sin tû-gōa só͘-ū in-sò͘ ê siong-ka).

## "6" ê ián-piàn

1
7

**7** (chhit, 七, 柒), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 6 āu-piah, tī 8 thâu-chêng, sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-sò͘ (chit-sò).

## "7" ê ián-piàn

1
Andhra Pradesh

**Andhra Pradesh** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê pang, siú-hú sī Amaravati, 1956 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 8049 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Arunachal Pradesh

**Arunachal Pradesh** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê pang, siú-hú sī Itanagar. Tī 1972 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 123-bān ê jîn-kháu. Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok bô sêng-jīn chit-ê pang, pēng-chhiáⁿ chú-tiuⁿ  ka-tī ū chit-ê pang ê tuā-pō͘-hūn tē-khu ê chú-khoân.
Assam

**Assam** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Dispur, 1972 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 2872 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Goa

**Goa** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Panaji, 1961 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 143 bān ê jîn-kháu.

## Le̍k-sú

Goa ê le̍k-sú ū 20,000 kàu 30,000 nî, chio̍k-khì sî-tāi kang-gē piáu-sī liáu Ìn-tō͘ siāng chá lâng teh seng-oa̍h ê chèng-kù.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Noord-Goa
*Zuid-Goa
Himachal Pradesh

**Himachal Pradesh** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Shimla (joa̍h-thiⁿ) kap Dharamsala (koâⁿ-thiⁿ), 1948 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 655 bān ê jîn-kháu.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Bilaspur
*Chamba
*Hamirpur
*Kangra
*Kinnaur
*Kullu
*Lahul and Spiti
*Mandi
*Shimla
*Sirmaur
*Solan
*Una
Jammu kap Kashmir

**Jammu kap Kashmir** () sī Ìn-tō͘ tī Kashmir ê chi̍t-ê liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng, siú-hú sī Jammu (kôaⁿ-thiⁿ) kap Srinagar (lo̍ah-thiⁿ). Goân-lâi sio̍k Jammu kap Kashmir Pang, 2019 nî í-āu, Jammu kap Kashmir Pang hun-lia̍t sêng Jammu kap Kashmir, Ladakh nn̄g-ê liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng.
Maharashtra

**Maharashtra** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Mumbai (joa̍h-thiⁿ) kap Nagpur (koa̍h-thiⁿ), 1818 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 1 ek 681 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Manipur

**Manipur** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Imphal, 1947 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 272 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Meghalaya

**Meghalaya** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Shillong, 1970 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 263 bān ê jîn-kháu.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*West Jaintia Hills
*East Jaintia Hills
*East Khasi Hills
*West Khasi Hills
*South West Khasi Hills
*Ri-Bhoi
*Eastern West Khasi Hills
*North Garo Hills
*East Garo Hills
*South Garo Hills
*West Garo Hills
*South West Garo Hills
Uttarakhand

**Uttarakhand** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Bhararisain (joa̍h-thiⁿ) kap Dehradun (koâⁿ-thiⁿ), 2000 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 923 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Uttar Pradesh

**Uttar Pradesh** (, ) sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê pang, siú-hú sī Lucknow, biān-chek 243,286 km²; tāi-iok ū 1.9 ek ê jîn-kháu, sī Ìn-tō͘ jîn-kháu siāng chē ê pang.

## Le̍k-sú
### Tē-miâ kap hoān-ûi ê ián-piàn
Chi̍t-ê só͘-chāi tī 1833 nî í-chêng sī Bengal Koán-khu (*Bengal Presidency*) ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, siù Eng-kok Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si ê koán-lí. 1833 nî āu, Bengal Koán-khu hōng hun chò nn̄g-ê pō͘-hūn, kî-tiong chi̍t hūn sì Agra Koán-khu (Presidency of Agra). 1836 nî, Agra Koán-khu kài miâ Sai-pak Séng (*North-Western Provinces*). 

Kàu 1877 nî, Agra kap Oudh ê nn̄g-ê séng soá hō͘ Eng-kok ê si̍t-bîn chèng-hú koán-lí. 1902 nî ê sî-chūn, chi̍t-ê tē-khu koh kái chò Agra kap Oudh Liân-ha̍p Séng (*United Provinces of Agra and Oudh*). 1921 nî, kài Eng-kok-léng Ìn-tō͘ Liân-ha̍p Séng (*United Provinces of British India*). Kàu 1935 nî lio̍k chò Liân-ha̍p Séng (*United Provinces*). 

1947 nî Ìn-tō͘ to̍k-li̍p ê sî-chūn, lēng-goā ê Rampur, Banares kap Tehri-Garwal che kúi-ê phoan-ông kok (*princely state*) lóng ha̍p-ji̍p Liân-ha̍p Séng. 1950 nî kài chò hiān-sî ê miâ Uttar Pradesh. 1999 nî, Himalayan kap Uttaranchal soá-chhut Uttar Pradesh.

## Tē-lí
Uttar Pradesh kap pún kok ê Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand koh ū Bihar sio-chiap; i-ê pak bīn mā goá lēng-goā ê kok-ka Nepal. 

Àn-chiàu tē-hêng, Uttar Pradesh hun nn̄g toā tē-lí-khu, kha toā ê chi̍t pêng sī Hêng-hô Pêng-goân; lēng-goā chi̍t pêng sī Vindhya Soaⁿ-lêng tē-khu.

## Jîn-kháu

Uttar Pradesh ê jîn-kháu tùi 2008 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chhiau-koè 1 ek 9000 bān, nā kā chit-ê pang sǹg chò chi̍t-ê kok-ka, i-ê jîn-kháu tī sè-kài koh kok pâi tē-15 miâ. Kun-kù 2001 nî ê tiāu-cha, 80% ê Uttar Pradesh ki-bîn sī Ìn-tō͘-kàu-tô͘, 18% sī I-su-lân-kàu-tô͘; kî-tha sī Sikkh-kàu, Hu̍t-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu kap Jaina-kàu.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Tripura

**Tripura** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê pang, 1972 nî siat-li̍p, siú-hú sī Agartala, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 344 bān. Goân-lâi sī Tripura Ông-kok. 

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Dhalai koān
*Gomati koān
*Khowai koān
*Noord-Tripura koān
*Sipahijala koān
*Unakoti koān
*West-Tripura koān
*Zuid-Tripura koān
Tamil Nadu

**Tamil Nadu** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Chennai, 1956 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 6488 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Rajasthan

**Rajasthan** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Jaipur, 1948 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 6390 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Punjab (Ìn-tō͘)

**Punjab** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Chandigarh, 1966 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 2643 bān ê jîn-kháu.

## Koh khoàⁿ
* Punjab
Andaman kap Nicobar Kûn-tó

**Andaman kap Nicobar Kûn-tó** () sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Liân-pang Ti̍t-hat-léng, siú-hú sī Port Blair, 1956 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 35.6 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Chandigarh

**Chandigarh** (Punjab-gí: , ) sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê siâⁿ-chhī kap liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng, mā sī Punjab kap Haryana nn̄g ê pang ê hú-siâⁿ. 1966 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 90 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Dadra kap Nagar Haveli

**Dadra kap Nagar Haveli** sī Ìn-tō͘ Dadra kap Nagar Haveli kap Daman kap Diu ē-kha ê chi̍t-ê koān, siú-hú sī Silvassa.

Goân-lâi sī chi̍t-ê liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng, 1961 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 22 bān ê jîn-kháu. 2019 nî, Dadra kap Nagar Haveli, Daman kap Diu nn̄g-ê liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng ha̍p-pèng sêng Dadra kap Nagar Haveli kap Daman kap Diu.
Daman kap Diu

**Daman kap Diu** sī Ìn-tō͘ goân-lâi ê chi̍t-ê liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng, 1987 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 15.8 bān ê jîn-kháu, siú-hú sī Daman.

2019 nî, Dadra kap Nagar Haveli, Daman kap Diu nn̄g-ê liân-pang ti̍t-hat-léng ha̍p-pèng sêng Dadra kap Nagar Haveli kap Daman kap Diu.
Lakshadweep

**Lakshadweep** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Liân-pang Ti̍t-hat-léng, siú-hú sī Kavaratti, 1956 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 6 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Friedrich Nietzsche

**Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche** () sī chi̍t-ê Tek-kok tiat-ha̍k-ka chham bûn-hiàn-ha̍k-ka, i chhòng-chok chin-chē iú-koan chong-kàu, tō-tek, bûn-hòa, kho-ha̍k kap tiat-ha̍k ê bûn-chiong chham chheh-che̍k, tùi āu-lâi ê tiat-ha̍k, iû-kî sī chûn-chāi-chú-gī (existentialism) kap āu-hiān-tāi-chú-gī (postmodernism) ū chin-chē éng-hióng.
Hō͘-hiān-tāi Chú-gī

**Hō͘-hiān-tāi-chú-gī** (Eng-gí: *postmodernism*) piáu-bīn ê ì-sù sī "hiān-tāi kòe āu", ū chin-chōe bô-kāng-khóan ê tēng-gī, chú-iàu sī gē-su̍t kap thiat-ha̍k siōng ê khài-liām, chá-kî sī tùi hiān-tāi-chú-gī ê hóan-èng kap hóan-khòng, hoâi-gî kho-ha̍k kap lí-sèng.
Chiang Mai Hú

**Chiang Mai Hú** (, Lanna-gí: ) sī Thài-kok pak-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú, siú-hú sī Chiang Mai, tāi-iok ū 150 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 20107 km².
Kamphaeng Phet Hú

**Kamphaeng Phet Hú** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú, siú-hú sī Kamphaeng Phet, tāi-iok ū 67 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 8607.5 km².
Lampang Hú

**Lampang Hú** () sī Thài-kok pak-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú, siú-hú sī Lampang, tāi-iok ū 78 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 12534.0 km².
Mizoram

**Mizoram** sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Pang, siú-hú sī Aizawl, 1972 nî chhòng-li̍p, tāi-iok ū 101 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Nakhon Sawan Hú

**Nakhon Sawan Hú** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú, siú-hú sī Nakhon Sawan, tāi-iok ū 109 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 9597.7 km².
Tak Hú

**Tak Hú** () sī Thài-kok sai-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú, siú-hú sī Tak, tāi-iok ū 48.6 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 16406.6 km².
Uthai Thani Hú

**Uthai Thani Hú** () sī Thài-kok tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú, siú-hú sī Uthai Thani, tāi-iok ū 30 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 6730.2 km².
Amnat Charoen Hú

**Amnat Charoen** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Amnat Charoen, tāi-iok ū 36 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 3161.2 km².
Khon Kaen Hú

**Khon Kaen** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Khon Kaen, tāi-iok ū 173 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 10886 km².
Maha Sarakham Hú

**Maha Sarakham** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Maha Sarakham, tāi-iok ū 94.7 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 5291.7 km².
Nakhon Phanom Hú

**Nakhon Phanom Hú** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Nakhon Phanom, tāi-iok ū 68 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 5512.7 km².
Nong Bua Lamphu Hú

**Nong Bua Lamphu** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Nong Bua Lamphu, tāi-iok ū 48 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 3859 km².
Roi Et Hú

**Roi Et** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Roi Et, tāi-iok ū 125.6 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 8299.4 km².
Sakon Nakhon Hú

**Sakon Nakhon** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Sakon Nakhon, tāi-iok ū 104 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 9605.8 km².
Ubon Ratchathani Hú

**Ubon Ratchathani** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Ubon Ratchathani, tāi-iok ū 169 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 15744.8 km².
Udon Thani Hú

**Udon Thani** () sī Thài-kok Isan tē-khu (Thài-kok tang-pak) ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Udon Thani, tāi-iok ū 146.7 bān ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 11730.3 km².
8

**8** (poeh, peh, pat; 八, 捌), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 7 āu-piah, tī 9 thâu-chêng.

## "8" ê ián-piàn

1
Lô-má sò͘-jī

**Lô-má sò͘-jī** sī chi̍t-chióng sò͘-jī, ki-pún piáu-sī goân-chek sī:
* Tiōng-ho̍k kúi kái tio̍h piáu-sī kúi pōe, pí-lūn "MM" sī "M" ê nn̄g pōe.
* Chiàⁿ-pêng ke, tò-pêng kiám, pí-lūn "IV" piáu-sī "5 - 1", "VI" piáu-sī "5 + 1". M̄-koh ū chi̍t-kóa chè-hān.
* Ka sòaⁿ piáu-sī chheng pōe, pí-lūn M (1000) tio̍h piáu-sī 1,000,000.

## Hû-hō
South Yorkshire

**South Yorkshire** sī England Yorkshire and the Humber khu-he̍k (region) ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê to͘-chhī-kūn (metropolitan county), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 129 bān, sì-chiu-ûi ū Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire kap Nottinghamshire.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Toā-pi-ô͘

**Tōa-pi** (大埤), ia̍h **Tōa-pi-ô͘** (-湖; 大貝-), koaⁿ-miâ hō-chòe **Têng-chheng-ô͘** (澄清湖), ūi tī Ko-hiông-chhī ê Chiáu-chhêng-khu, sī chi̍t-ê chū-lâi-chúi ê chúi-gôan. Ô͘ ê sì-chiu-ûi ū hong-kéng-khu, iá-kiû-tiûⁿ, soaⁿ-kiû-tiûⁿ, siⁿ-thài pó-hō͘-khu kap chúi-cho̍k-kóan.
John Barth

**John Simmons Barth** (1930 nî &mdash;) sī Bí-kok ê siáu-soat-ka kiam té-phiⁿ-kó͘ chok-ka, i ê chok-phín sǹg sī āu-hiān-tāi bûn-ha̍k (postmodern literature), chhiong-moá meta-siáu-soat (metafiction) ê te̍k-sek.
Ang Thong Hú

**Ang Thong** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Ang Thong, tāi-iok ū 269,419 ê jîn-kháu, chôan-kok pâi-miâ tē 67, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 968.4 km².
Xena: Warrior Princess

***Xena: Warrior Princess*** sī Bí-kok-chè ê 1 cho͘ kî-hoàn (fantasy) sán-phín, pau-koah 3 thò tiān-sī iáⁿ-chi̍p, 5 chhut tiān-iáⁿ, kúi-nā-pah pún siáu-soat, tiān-chú game, kap kî-thaⁿ ê chiu-piⁿ sán-phín.
Kńg-tang-ōe pheng-im

**Kńg-tang-ōe pheng-im** chē khoán, sī Kńg-chiu-ōe ûi chú Oa̍t-gí ê kok khoán pheng-im hē-thóng.

## Pí-kàu
### Seng-bó

### Ūn-bó

### Siaⁿ-tiāu

## Liân-kiat
*Hiong-káng Gí-giân-ha̍k Ha̍k-hōe

Lūi-pia̍t:Kńg-tang-séng
Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-gí
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hú

**Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya** (), kán-chheng **Ayutthaya**, sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, tāi-iok ū 727,277 ê jîn-kháu, chôan-kok pâi-miâ tē 32, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 2,556.6 km².
Chachoengsao Hú

**Chachoengsao** () sī Thài-kok Tang-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Chachoengsao, tāi-iok ū 635,153 ê jîn-kháu, chôan-kok pâi-miâ tē 37, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 5,351 km².
Nakhon Nayok Hú

**Nakhon Nayok** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Nakhon Nayok, tāi-iok ū 241,081 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 2,122 km².
Chai Nat Hú

**Chai Nat** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Chai Nat, tāi-iok ū 359,829 ê jîn-kháu, chôan-kok pâi-miâ tē 62, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 2,469.7 km².
Chanthaburi Hú

**Chanthaburi** () sī Thài-kok Tang-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Chanthaburi, tāi-iok ū 480,064 ê jîn-kháu, chôan-kok pâi-miâ tē 31, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 6,338 km².
Lopburi Hú

**Lopburi** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Lopburi, tāi-iok ū 745,506 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 6,199.8 km².
Nakhon Pathom Hú

**Nakhon Pathom** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Nakhon Pathom, tāi-iok ū 815,122 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 2,168.3 km².
Nonthaburi Hú

**Nonthaburi** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Nonthaburi, tāi-iok ū 816,614 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 622.3 km².
Pathum Thani Hú

**Pathum Thani** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Pathum Thani, tāi-iok ū 677,649 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 1,525.9 km².
Phetchaburi Hú

**Phetchaburi** () sī Thài-kok sai-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Phetchaburi, tāi-iok ū 435,377 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 6,225.1 km².
Prachinburi Hú

**Prachinburi** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Prachinburi, tāi-iok ū 406,732 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4,762.4 km².
Prachuap Khiri Khan Hú

**Prachuap Khiri Khan** () sī Thài-kok sai-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Prachuap Khiri Khan, tāi-iok ū 449,467 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 6,367.6 km².
Ratchaburi Hú

**Ratchaburi** () sī Thài-kok sai-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Ratchaburi, tāi-iok ū 791,217 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 5,196.5 km².
Kanchanaburi Hú

**Kanchanaburi** () sī Thài-kok sai-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Kanchanaburi, tāi-iok ū 734,394 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 19,483.2 km².
Chonburi Hú

**Chonburi** () sī Thài-kok Tang-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Chonburi, tāi-iok ū 1,040,865 ê jîn-kháu, chôan-kok pâi-miâ tē 16, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4,363 km².
Rayong Hú

**Rayong** () sī Thài-kok Tang-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Rayong, tāi-iok ū 522,133 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 3,552.0 km².
Sa Kaeo Hú

**Sa Kaeo** () sī Thài-kok Tang-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Sa Kaeo, tāi-iok ū 485,632 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 7,195.1 km².
Samut Prakan Hú

**Samut Prakan** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Samut Prakan, tāi-iok ū 1,028,401 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 1,004.1 km².

## Le̍k-sú
Pún hú sī tī Ayutthaya sî-kî kiàn-li̍p, hit chūn hêng-chèng tiong-sim sī Prapadaeng. I khah-chá sī Siâm-lô ê hái-káng.

1819 nî kok-ôn Phuttha Loetla Naphalai khai-sí tī Samut Prakan khí-chō sin siâⁿ.
Samut Sakhon Hú

**Samut Sakhon** (), tong-tē tn̂g-lâng mā kiò chò **Lêng-kiáⁿ-chhù** (龍仔厝), sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Samut Sakhon, tāi-iok ū 466,281 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 872.3 km².
Sing Buri Hú

**Singburi** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Singburi, tāi-iok ū 232,766 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 822.5 km².
Saraburi Hú

**Saraburi** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Saraburi, tāi-iok ū 757,053 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 3,576.5 km².
Trat Hú

**Trat** () sī Thài-kok Tang-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Trat, tāi-iok ū 219,345 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 2,819 km².

## Kūn

# Mueang Trat Kūn
# Khlong Yai Kūn
# Khao Saming Kūn
# Bo Rai Kūn
# Laem Ngop Kūn
# Ko Kut Kūn
# Ko Chang Kūn
Thài-gí

[縮圖|Thài-gí ê bú-gí sú-iōng-chiá (tiàm [Bangkok lo̍k--ê)]]
**Thài-gí** (ภาษาไทย; phasa thai; p̣hās̄ʹāthịy; IPA: ) sī chi̍t khóan gí-giân, sī Thài-kok ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân chham kok-ka gí-giân, mā sī Thài-cho̍k ê bó-gí. Thài-gí sī Tai-Kadai gí-giân chi-hā ê Tai gí-cho̍k (Tai group) ê chi̍t ê hūn-ki.

Thài-gí sī Thài-kok ê 60-gōa ê gí-giân lāi-té, bú-gí chham choân-thé ê sú-iōng-chiá siōng-chē ê gí-giân.

Chit-ê gí-giân ū siaⁿ-tiāu, sī chi̍t khóan hun-sek-gí (*analytic language*). Thài-gí ê kù-hêng it-poaⁿ sī SVO-hêng (chú-sû－tōng-sû－siū-sû); iah-m̄-koh chú-sû ē hŏng séng-lio̍k--khì.

## Su-siá

## Bûn-hoat
Àn Gí-giân Lūi-hêng-ha̍k ê koan-tiám lâi khòaⁿ, Thài-gí hŏng hun-lūi-chò hun-sek-gí (analytic language). I ê kù-hêng sī chú-sû－tōng-sû－siū-sû, m̄-koh chú-sû tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē séng-lio̍k-tiāu. Thài-gí ê tāi-bêng-sû ē kin-kù kóng--ê lâng kah thiaⁿ--ê lâng ê sèng-pia̍t iah-koh-ū koan-hē lâi kái-piàn.

### Hêng-iông-sû kah hù-sû
Hêng-iông-sû kah hù-sû bô siáⁿ-mih chha-pia̍t, chin chē jī lóng ē-tàng chò 2 khoán ê kong-lêng sú-iōng. In tòe tī in siu-sek ê āu-piah; bêng-sû, tōng-sû, a̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ ê hêng-iông-sû/hù-sû lóng ū khó-lêng.

### Tōng-sû

### Bêng-sû

#### Bêng-sû jī-kù

### Tāi-bêng-sû

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-tâi gú-cho̍k
Chumphon Hú

**Chumphon** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Chumphon, tāi-iok ū 446,206 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 6009 km².
Krabi Hú

**Krabi** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Krabi, tāi-iok ū 336,210 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4,708.5 km².
Nakhon Si Thammarat Hú

**Nakhon Si Thammarat** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Nakhon Si Thammarat, tāi-iok ū 1,519,811 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 9942.5 km².
Narathiwat Hú

**Narathiwat** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Narathiwat, tāi-iok ū 662,350 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4475 km².
Suphan Buri Hú

**Suphan Buri** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Suphan Buri, tāi-iok ū 855,949 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 5,358 km².
Samut Songkhram Hú

**Samut Songkhram** () sī Thài-kok Tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Samut Songkhram, tāi-iok ū 204,177 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 416.7 km².
Phatthalung Hú

**Phatthalung** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Phatthalung, tāi-iok ū 498,471 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 3424.5 km².
Phuket Hú

**Phuket** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Phuket, tāi-iok ū 249,446 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 543 km².
Ranong Hú

**Ranong** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Ranong, tāi-iok ū 161,210 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 3298 km².
Satun Hú

**Satun** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Satun, tāi-iok ū 247,875 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 2479 km².
Songkhla Hú

**Songkhla** (; ) sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Songkhla, tāi-iok ū 1,255,662 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 7838.6 km².
Surat Thani Hú

**Surat Thani** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Surat Thani, tāi-iok ū 869,410 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 12891.5 km².
Pattani Hú

**Pattani** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Pattani, tāi-iok ū 595,985 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 1940.4 km².
Phang Nga Hú

**Phang Nga** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Phang Nga, tāi-iok ū 234,188 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4170 km².
Trang Hú

**Trang** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘  ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Trang, tāi-iok ū 595,110 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4917.5 km².
Yala Hú

**Yala** () sī Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê Hú (Changwat), siú-hú sī Yala, tāi-iok ū 415,537 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 4521.1 km².
Sîn-bêng

**Sîn-bêng** (神明) ia̍h-sī **sîn** (神), sī jîn-lūi siā-hōe koan-liām lāi-bīn chi̍t chióng chhiau-o̍at lâng ê cheng-sîn ia̍h sī khu-thé, sī chin chōe sìn-gióng ê chú-thé. 

Jīn-ûi sîn bô-chûn-chāi ê koan-liām sī bô-sîn-lūn; jīn-ûi sîn ê chûn-chāi ia̍h-sī bô-chûn-chāi á-koh bô-hoat-tō͘ chèng-bêng ê koan-liām sī put-khó-ti-lūn.
Alsace

**Alsace** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Strasbourg, tāi-iok ū 1,868,183 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 8,280 km².
Aquitaine

**Aquitaine** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Bordeaux, tāi-iok ū 3,316,889 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 41,309 km².
Région Bretagne

**Région Bretagne** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Rennes, tāi-iok ū 3,258,707 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 27,208 km².

## Le̍k-sú
Bretagne chit ê miâ kap Eng-gí *Britain* kāng goân-thâu, chí chá-chêng tùi hia koè Hái-tō cháu-lō͘ kàu tāi-lio̍k ê Celt-lâng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Centre-Val de Loire

**Centre-Val de Loire** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Orléans, tāi-iok ū 2,570,548 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 39,151 km².

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Champagne-Ardenne

**Champagne-Ardenne** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Châlons-en-Champagne, tāi-iok ū 1,339,008 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 25,606 km².
Corse

**Corse**, Italia-gí hō **Corsica**, sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Ajaccio, tāi-iok ū 320,208 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 8,680 km².

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Franche-Comté

**Franche-Comté** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Besançon, tāi-iok ū 1,177,096 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 16,202 km².
Île-de-France

**Île-de-France** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Paris, tāi-iok ū 12,082,144 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 12,011 km².

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Auvergne

**Auvergne** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Clermont-Ferrand, tāi-iok ū 1,357,668 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 26,013 km².
Bourgogne

**Bourgogne** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Dijon, tāi-iok ū 1,642,687 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 31,582 km².
Languedoc-Roussillon

**Languedoc-Roussillon** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Montpellier, tāi-iok ū 2,729,721 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 27,376 km². Taⁿ Languedoc-Roussillon ê chèng-hú mā beh ka-kī hō-chò **Septimanie**.
Limousin

**Limousin** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Limoges, tāi-iok ū 737,509 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 16,942 km².
Lorraine

**Lorraine** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Metz, tāi-iok ū 2,341,531 ê jîn-kháu (2015), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 23,547 km².
Midi-Pyrénées

**Midi-Pyrénées** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Toulouse, tāi-iok ū 2,954,157 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 45,348 km².
Nord-Pas-de-Calais

**Nord-Pas-de-Calais** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Lille, tāi-iok ū 4,060,741 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 12,414 km².
Pays de la Loire

**Pays de la Loire** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Nantes, tāi-iok ū 3,718,512 ê jîn-kháu (2015), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 32,082 km².

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Picardie

**Picardie** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Amiens, tāi-iok ū 1,922,342 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 19,399 km².
Poitou-Charentes

**Poitou-Charentes** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Poitiers, tāi-iok ū 1,789,779 ê jîn-kháu (2013), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 25,810 km².
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

**Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Marseille, tāi-iok ū 5,007,977 ê jîn-kháu (2015), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 31,400 km².

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Rhône-Alpes

**Rhône-Alpes** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Lyon, tāi-iok ū 6,449,000 ê jîn-kháu (2014), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 43,698 km².
Bretagne

**Bretagne** (eng. *Brittany*) sī Hoat-kok sai-pak-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê tē-hng, hêng-chèng-khu Région Bretagne sǹg tī lāi-bīn chi̍t pō͘-hūn.

## Siong-koan
* Breton lâng
Haute-Normandie

**Haute-Normandie** sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Rouen, tāi-iok ū 1,859,647 ê jîn-kháu (2015), thó͘-tē bīn-chek 12,317 km².
Basse-Normandie

**Basse-Normandie** ("Ē-Normandie") sī Hoat-kok ê chi̍t-ê tōa-khu (région), siú-hú sī Caen, tāi-iok ū 1,478,712 ê jîn-kháu, thó͘-tē bīn-chek 17,568 km².
North Lincolnshire

**North Lincolnshire** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-lân Humberside ē-kha ê chi̍t ê koān (*district*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:Humberside
Inktomi

**Inktomi** sī Bí-kok California 1 keng kong-si, mā sī in ê kiám-sek ian-jín ê miâ, hiān-chú-sî chú-iàu sī thê-kiong bāng-lō͘ ho̍k-bū kong-si (internet service provider) ēng ê nńg-thé. 1996 nî UC Berkeley ê kàu-siū Eric Brewer kap i ê ha̍k-seng Paul Gauthier chhòng-li̍p Inktomi. Thâu-khí-seng in ēng tī tāi-ha̍k khai-hoat ê kiám-sek ian-jín chò ki-chhó͘, hoat-tián liáu bē bái. Tī tiám-com-phe̍h (dot-com bubble) piàng--khì liáu-āu, Inktomi hō͘ Yahoo! bé--khì.