open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sombrero Gîn-hô

**Sombrero Gîn-hô** (mā hō chò **M104**, **NGC 4594**) sī tiàm tī Chài-sek-lú-chō (Virgo) ê kńg-lê gîn-hô (spiral galaxy). Te̍k-teng pau-koat ū chin kng ê hu̍t-sim, te̍k-piat toā ê tiong-ng-phòng (central bulge), bêng-hián ê tîn-ai-tō (dust lane), khoàⁿ--khí-lâi chhan-chhiūⁿ 1 téng México ê bō-á (sombrero), tì-sú lâng kā hō chit miâ. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Messier thian-thé
Montgomery (Alabama)

**Montgomery** sī Bí-kok Alabama ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Birmingham āu-piah.
Mobile (Alabama)

**Mobile** sī Bí-kok Alabama tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Birmingham kap Montgomery āu-piah.
Juneau

**Juneau** sī Bí-kok Alaska ê siú-hú kap tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Anchorage kap Fairbanks āu-piah.
Fayetteville (Arkansas)

**Fayetteville** sī Bí-kok Arkansas tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Little Rock kap Fort Smith āu-piah.
San Jose

**San Jose** sī Bí-kok California tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Los Angeles kap San Diego āu-piah.
Hartford

**Hartford** sī Bí-kok Connecticut ê siú-hú  kap tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Bridgeport kap New Haven āu-piah.
Dover (Delaware)

**Dover** sī Bí-kok Delaware ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Wilmington āu-piah.
Aurora (Colorado)

**Aurora** sī Bí-kok Colorado tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Denver kap Colorado Springs āu-piah.
Honolulu

**Honolulu** (Tâi-gú: **Tân-hiong-soaⁿ**; hàn-jī: 檀香山) sī Bí-kok Hawaiʻi ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
Hilo

**Hilo** sī Bí-kok Hawaiʻi tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Honolulu āu-piah. Pún siâⁿ-chhī hêng-chèng siōng sī Hawaii kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (*[[CDP]]*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Hawaii ê chng-thâu
Kailua

:*Lēng-gōa ū [[Kailua (Hawaii Kūn)]].*

**Kailua** sī Bí-kok Hawaiʻi ê siâⁿ-chhī, tiàm tī O‘ahu Tó; sī Honolulu kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (*[[CDP]]*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Hawaii ê chng-thâu
Evansville

**Evansville** sī Bí-kok Indiana tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Indianapolis kap Fort Wayne āu-piah.
Chicago

**Chicago** sī Bí-kok Illinois siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Tē-hō-miâ
"Chicago" chit-ê miâ sī Hoat-gí tùi Bí-kok goân-chū-bîn ê ōe "shikaakwa" hō--lâi, ì-sù ū chē khoán ké-soeh, tāi-khài lóng sī "iá-seng chhang-á" ia̍h "sòan-thâu" téng ì-gī. Lâi-goân ê gí-giân sio̍k Miami-Illinois gí-giân.

Só͘ chai-iáⁿ kóng tio̍h chiap-kīn hiān-sî hō-miâ ê jī sī 1679 nî Robert de LaSalle só͘ kì ê "Checagou". Āu-lâi tī 1688 nî, Henri Joutel koh kì-lio̍k pún-tē ū chhut-sán kiò "chicagoua" ê iá-seng sòan-thâu.

## Tē-lí
Chicago ūi tī leh Illinois ê tang-pak-pō͘, Michigan Ô͘ ê sai-lâm hōaⁿ, sǹg Bí-kok ê Tiong-sai-pō͘, mā sī Tōa-ô͘-khu ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Le̍k-sú
18 sè-kí tiong-kî, Chicago chia tòa ê lâng sī Potawatomi pō͘-cho̍k. 1780 nî-tāi, tùi Se-kok lâi ê khai-khún-chiá lâi kàu chia khiā-khí, chhōa-thâu ê Jean Baptiste Point du Sable sī Hui-chiu kap Hoat-kok hiat-thóng, lâng kiò i sī Chicago ê khai-ki-chó͘.

## Jîn-kháu
Kun-kù 2010 nî tiāu-cha, Chicago 45% ê jîn-kháu sī pe̍h-lâng, o͘-lâng chiàm liáu 32.9%.

## Chham-khó
Davenport (Iowa)

**Davenport** sī Bí-kok Iowa tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Des Moines kap Cedar Rapids āu-piah.
Wichita (Kansas)

**Wichita Siâⁿ** sī Bí-kok Kansas siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Le̍k-sú
Tùi khó-kó͘-ha̍k ê chèng-kù lâi khòaⁿ, jîn-lūi tī C.C. 3000 nî ê sî í-keng ùi Arkansas Khe kap Little Arkansas Khe sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi, tiō sī óa kin-á-ji̍t Wichita Siâⁿ chit-ūi leh khiā-khí.

1541 nî, thàm-hiám-ka Francisco Vázquez de Coronado niá-chhōa ê Se-pan-gâ thám-chhâ-tūi ū hoat-kiàn Quivira lâng (ia̍h Wichita lâng) tòa ê só͘-chāi.
Overland Park

**Overland Park Chhī** sī Bí-kok Kansas-chiu tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Wichita Siâⁿ āu-piah.
Kansas City (Kansas)

**Kansas-chhī** sī Bí-kok Kansas-chiu tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Wichita-chhī kap Overland-Park-chhī āu-piah.
Owensboro

**Owensboro** sī Bí-kok Kentucky tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Louisville kap Lexington āu-piah.
Baton Rouge

**Baton Rouge** sī Bí-kok Louisiana ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī New Orleans āu-piah.
Shreveport

**Shreveport** sī Bí-kok Louisiana tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī New Orleans kap Baton Rouge āu-piah.
Springfield (Massachusetts)

**Springfield** sī Bí-kok Massachusetts tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Boston kap Worcester āu-piah.
Warren (Michigan)

**Warren** sī Bí-kok Michigan tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Detroit kap Grand Rapids āu-piah.
Silver Spring (Maryland)

**Silver Spring** sī Bí-kok Maryland tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Baltimore kap Columbia āu-piah.
Saint Paul (Minnesota)

**Saint Paul** sī Bí-kok Minnesota ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Minneapolis āu-piah.
Kansas City (Missouri)

**Kansas City** sī Bí-kok Missouri siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Tē-hō-miâ
Siâⁿ-chhī goân-lâi kiò **Kansas**, sī kun-kù Kansas Hô lâi hō, Kansas Léng-thó͘ (Kansas Territory) khai-siat liáu-āu, siâⁿ-chhī kái miâ "Kansas City" chò khu-pia̍t.
Springfield (Missouri)

**Springfield** sī Bí-kok Missouri tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Kansas City kap Saint Louis āu-piah.
Jefferson City

**Jefferson City** sī Bí-kok Missouri ê siú-hú. Chhī miâ ê iû-lâi sī kì-liām Bí-kok tē 3 jīm chóng-thóng Thomas Jefferson.
Great Falls (Montana)

**Great Falls** sī Bí-kok Montana tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Billings kap Missoula āu-piah.
Reno

**Reno** sī Bí-kok Nevada tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Las Vegas kap Henderson āu-piah.
www.reno.gov
Concord (New Hampshire)

**Concord** sī Bí-kok New Hampshire ê siú-hú kap tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Manchester kap Nashua āu-piah.
Paterson

**Paterson** sī Bí-kok New Jersey tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Newark kap Jersey City āu-piah.
Santa Fe (New Mexico)

**Santa Fe** sī Bí-kok New Mexico ê siú-hú kap tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Albuquerque kap Las Cruces āu-piah.
Rochester (New York)

**Rochester** sī Bí-kok New York tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī New York City kap Buffalo āu-piah.
Albany (New York)

**Albany** sī Bí-kok New York chiu Albany kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu.

## Tē-lí
Tī pún só͘-chāi sì-ûi ê tē-hng ū Hudson Kang.

## Liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām

Lūi-pia̍t:New York ê chng-thâu
Albuquerque

**Albuquerque** sī Bí-kok New Mexico siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī. I mā sī Bernalillo Kūn siú-hú.
Raleigh (North Carolina)

**Raleigh** sī Bí-kok North Carolina ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Charlotte āu-piah.
Grand Forks

**Grand Forks** sī Bí-kok North Dakota tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Fargo kap Bismarck āu-piah.
Salem (Oregon)

**Salem** sī Bí-kok Oregon ê siú-hú kap tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Portland kap Eugene āu-piah.
Allentown (Pennsylvania)

**Allentown** sī Bí-kok Pennsylvania tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Philadelphia kap Pittsburgh āu-piah.
Cranston (Rhode Island)

**Cranston** sī Bí-kok Rhode Island tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Providence kap Warwick āu-piah.
North Charleston

**North Charleston** sī Bí-kok South Carolina tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Columbia kap Charleston āu-piah.
Aberdeen (South Dakota)

**Aberdeen** sī Bí-kok South Dakota tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Sioux Falls kap Rapid City āu-piah.
Nashville

**Nashville** sī Bí-kok Tennessee ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Memphis āu-piah.
Knoxville

**Knoxville** sī Bí-kok Tennessee tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Memphis kap Nashville āu-piah.
Salt Lake City

**Salt Lake City** sī Bí-kok Utah ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

Siâⁿ-chhī sī 1847 nî Brigham Young kap kî-tha Mormon kàu-tô͘ só͘ khai-ki.
West Valley City

**West Valley City** sī Bí-kok Utah tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Salt Lake City kap Provo āu-piah.
South Burlington

**South Burlington** sī Bí-kok Vermont tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Burlington kap Rutland āu-piah.
Chesapeake (Virginia)

**Chesapeake** sī Bí-kok Virginia tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Virginia Beach kap Norfolk āu-piah.
Parkersburg

**Parkersburg** sī Bí-kok West Virginia tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Charleston kap Huntington āu-piah.
Madison (Wisconsin)

**Madison** sī Bí-kok Wisconsin ê siú-hú kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Milwaukee āu-piah.
Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi ūn-tōng

**Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi ūn-tōng** sī 1 ê í chín-kiù jîn-lūi sèⁿ-miā kap kiān-khong chò bo̍k-phiau ê ūn-tōng.

Sui-bóng che sī 1 ê phoe-bô͘ kài toā ê kok-chè cho͘-chit, m̄-koh i sio̍k-tī bîn-kan ê êng-ûi, pēng bô siū-tio̍h chèng-hú ê khòng-chè.

Chhiah Si̍p-jī ū 1 ê chhut-tī kok-chè-hoat ê te̍k-sû khang-khoè, i sī ûi-it 1 ê ū kok-chè-hoat kau-tiōng jīm-bū ê bîn-kan thoân-thé.

Chit-ê kok-chè ūn-tōng ū hun-chò 3 ê hē-hāng:

* Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī Hoē (ICRC) sī 1863 nî tī Sūi-sū ê Genève kiàn-li̍p--ê, i ê khang-khoè, sī siū kok-chè-hoat kau-tiōng, lâi pó-hō͘ chiàn-cheng siū-hāi-chiá ê sèⁿ-miā kap chun-giâm.

* Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Hia̍p-hoē Liân-bêng (IFRC) sī tī 1919 nî khí-ki--ê, bo̍k-tek sī beh khak-si̍t Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi ē-tàng saⁿ-kap ha̍p-chok, tī toā phoe-bô͘ ê kín-kip sū-kiāⁿ tong-tiong, thang chò-hoé êng-ûi kiù-chō͘ ê jīm-bū. Chit-ê cho͘-chit ê pì-su-chhù mā kāng-khoán siat tī Sūi-sū ê Genève.

* Thong-sè-kài ê kok-ka lóng chha-put-to ū Chhiah Si̍p-jī iah Âng Goe̍h-bâi Hia̍p-hoē. 186 ê kok-ka ê Chhiah Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Hia̍p-hoē ū tit-tio̍h  Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī Hoē ê sêng-jīn, chiap-la̍p in chò Kok-chè Chhiah Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Hia̍p-hoē Liân-bêng ê hoē-oân. Ta̍k-ê hia̍p-hoē tī in pún-kok chò-kang, sūn-thàn kok-chè-tek ê jîn-tō hoat-lu̍t kap chit-ê kok-chè ūn-tōng ê kui-tēng. Nā ū pit-iàu, sûi-ê kok-ka pún-sin ê hia̍p-hoē mā ē-ēng-tit chiông-sū kok-chè jîn-tō hoat-lu̍t bô ti̍t-chiap kóng--tio̍h iah ūn-tōng bô ti̍t-chiap siū-koân ê khang-khoè. Pí-lūn "Eng-kok Chhiah Si̍p-jī Hia̍p-hoē" tī kong-kiōng sū-kiāⁿ cho͘-chit chū-goān ê kiù-hō͘-chhia, Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok Chhiah Si̍p-jī Hoē chi-oān iân-hoeh ê khang-khoè téng-téng.

In-ūi Si̍p-jī kap Goe̍h-bâi khan-sia̍p tio̍h Ki-tok-kàu kap Islam-kàu ê ì-hâm, Genève Kong-iok 3 ê hù-ka hia̍p-gī lāi-tè ê Hia̍p-gī III (2005 nî) ū gí-tēng chhái-iōng hù-ka ê phoàⁿ-jīn phiau-thâu, chhú âng chúi-chiⁿ tāi-piáu chhiah si̍p-jī, phiah-khui chong-kàu ê hâm-ì khò-lêng chō-sêng ê būn-tè.



Chhiah Si̍p-jī ūn-tōng ê 3 ê kok-chè phiau-thâu:**chhiah Si̍p-jī**, **âng Goe̍h-bâi** kap **âng Chúi-chiⁿ**.
Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok kap Hoat-tián Cho͘-chit

**Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok kap Hoat-tián Cho͘-chit**, Eng-bûn: *Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development*, kán-siá chò: **OECD**, che sī 1 ê 30 ê kok-ka cho͘-li̍p ê kok-chè cho͘-chit. I ê hoē-oân kok lóng chiap-siū chèng-hú chhú bîn-chú ê thé-hē, mā chiap-siū chū-iû keng-chè. Lán kóng nā 1 ê kok-ka ê chèng-hú bô teh khòng-chè i ê kong-bîn kap khì-gia̍p ê keng-chè hoa̍t-tōng, iā chit-ê kok-ka tō sī chhái-chú chū-iû keng-chè.

OECD sī tī 1948 (eh, que alguien me ayude)nî khí-ki--ê, tong-goân-chhoe sī kiò-chò **Au-chiu Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok Cho͘-chit** (Eng-bûn: *Organization for European Economic Co-operation*, OEEC). Hit-tang-chūn Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn tú kiat-sok liōng-kî-io̍k 3 tang, chi̍t-koá Au-chiu kok-ka chò-hoé cho͘-li̍p OEEC thang chhiok-chìn sán-gia̍p téng-téng tī Tāi-chiàn tiong-kan siū sńg-tn̄g ê hē-hāng ê ho̍k-chín. Āu--lâi ū chi̍t-koá hui-Au-chiu ê kok-ka mā ka-ji̍p chit-ê cho͘-chit, m̄-chiah tī 1960 nî ê sî, OEEC kái-miâ, hō-chò OECD, iā tō sī hiān-chú-sî ê "Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok kap Hoat-tián Cho͘-chit".

OECD ê chóng-pō͘ tī Paris ê Château de la Muette. Taⁿ OECD ū 33 ê hoē-oân kok, chit lāi-té ū 20 kok sī tī 1960 nî tō ka-ji̍p--ê, in ê miâ-toaⁿ lia̍t tī ē-kha:

# Tang-kok
# Belgien
# Canada
# Dan-kok
# Hoat-kok
# Tek-kok
# Hi-lia̍p
# Peng-tē
# Éire
# Italia
# Luxembourg
# Kē-tē-kok
# Norge
# Phû-tô-gâ
# Se-pan-gâ
# Sverige
# Sūi-sū
# Türkiye
# Eng-kok
# Bí-kok

Ē-bîn chit 10 kok sī 1960 nî liáu-āu chiah ka-ji̍p--ê, goe̍h-bâi-hō lâi-té sī in ka-ji̍p ê nî-tāi:

# Ji̍t-pún (1964)
# Suomi (1969)
# Australia (1971)
# New Zealand (1973)
# Be̍k-se-ko (1994)
# Česko (1995)
# Magyar-kok (1996)
# Hân-kok (1996)
# Polska(1996)
# Slovensko (2000)
# Chile (2010)
# Slovenia (2010)
# Í-sek-lia̍t-kok (2010)
Au-chiu An-choân kap Ha̍p-chok Cho͘-chit

**Au-chiu An-choân kap Ha̍p-chok Cho͘-chit** (Eng-gí: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, **OSCE**) sī thong-sè-kài siōng-toā--ê í an-choân ûi bo̍k-tek ê khoà-chèng-hú cho͘-chit. I sêng-li̍p ê bo̍k-phiau pau-koat bú-khì koán-chè, jîn-koân, sin-bûn chū-iû, kap pêⁿ-chiàⁿ ê soán-kí téng-téng ê gī-tê. Ū chhiau-koè 3,500 ê kang-chok jîn-oân, chit lāi-té toā-pō͘-hūn lóng chhe khì tī ta̍k só͘-chāi chò khang-khoè, kan-taⁿ liōng-kî-iok 10% sī tī i ê chóng-pō͘ siōng-pan.

OSCE sī tī Liân-ha̍p-kok Hiàn-chiong (Tē VIII Chiuⁿ) ē-kha ê 1 ê te̍k-sû ki-kò͘, i ê cho͘-li̍p kap liōng-chá tî-hông, phiah-bián chhiong-tu̍t, gûi-ki koán-lí hām chhiong-tu̍t liáu-aū ê khoe-ho̍k ū koan-hē. Taⁿ i ū 57 kok chham-ka, chiah-ê kok-ka pau-koat Au-chiu--ê, Caucasus tē-khu, Tiong-a, kap Pak Bí-chiu, chha-put-to pak-poàn-kiû lóng tī i hoē-oân kok ê léng-thó͘--ni̍h.

Chit-ê cho͘-chit sī tī Léng-chiàn ê kî-kan chiâⁿ-chò tang-se-hang lūn-toâⁿ ê lō͘-iōng lâi sêng-li̍p--ê.

## Pa̍t-ê bāng-chām
* OSCE ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
* OSCE chhiú-chheh 
* OSCE Bí-kok phài tī OSCE ê tāi-piáu-chhù
* OSCE OSCE phài tī Bosna kap Hercegovina ê tāi-piáu-chhù
Chio̍h-iû Su-chhut Kok-ka Cho͘-chit

**Chio̍h-iû Su-chhut Kok-ka Cho͘-chit** (Eng-bûn: *Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries*, **OPEC**) sī tī 1965 nî khí-ki ê kok-chè cho͘-chit, i ê chóng-pō͘ siat tī Tang-kok ê Wien.

## Bo̍k-phiau

OPEC ê hoē-oân kok saⁿ-kap kiàn-li̍p chit-ê cho͘-chit ū kúi-ā-ê bo̍k-phiau, chit lāi-té pí-lūn
:
* Pó-hō͘ hoē-oân kok ê lī-e̍k.
* Khak-tēng chio̍h-iū ê kè-siàu bē khí-lo̍h siuⁿ toā
* Khak-tēng tùi pa̍t-ê kok-ka ê chio̍h-iû kiong-kip ē-thang chiâu-ûn
* Khak-tēng hoē-oân kok ē-thang ùi bē chio̍h-iû tit-tio̍h sek-tòng ê siu-ji̍p
* Koat-têng koan-hē chio̍h-iû seng-sán kap bē iû ê chèng-chhek, jî-chhiáⁿ tio̍h sūn-thàn

M̄-koh OPEC bô chóng-sī ē-tàng ta̍t-sêng chia lóng-chóng ê bo̍k-phiau.

## Hoē-oân kok

Taⁿ in ū 12 ê hoē-oân kok, chiah-ê kok-ka lia̍t tiàm ē-bīn:

# Algeria
# Congo Kiōng-hô-kok
# Chhiah-tō Guinea
# Gabon
# Iran
# Iraq
# Kuwait
# Libya
# Nigeria
# Saud ê A-la-pek
# A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok
# Venezuela

### OPEC+
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Be̍k-se-ko, Bûn-lâi, Kazakhstan, Lâm Sudan, Lō͘-se-a, Má-lâi-se-a, Oman, Pa-se kap Sudan.

## Mā thang chham-khó

* A-la-pek Chio̍k-iû Su-chhut kok-ka Cho͘-chit
* 1973 chio̍h-iû gûi-ki

## Pa̍t-ê bāng-ia̍h

* OPEC ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
Friedrich Engels

**Friedrich Engels** (1820 nî 11 goe̍h 28 ji̍t - 1895 nî 8 goe̍h 5 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê siā-hōe-ha̍k-ka kap thiat-ha̍k-ka, i chham Karl Marx sī kiōng-sán-chú-gī lí-lūn ê chhòng-sí-jîn, chò-hóe hoat-piáu Kiōng-sán-tóng Soan-giân. Engels mā-ū chò Chu-pún-lūn ê pō͘-hūn phian-chip.
Tamil Eelam Kái-hòng Lāu-hó͘

**Tamil Eelam Kái-hòng Lāu-hó͘** (Tamil-gí: தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள், Eng-gí: *Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam*), ia̍h **Tamil Lāu-hó͘**, kán-siá **LTTE**, sī tùi Sri Lanka pak-pō͘ hoat-khí ê kun-sū cho͘-chit, 1976 nî 5 goe̍h sêng-li̍p, bo̍k-piau sī kiàn-li̍p chi̍t-ê Tamil kok-ka, ín-khí-liáu Sri Lanka Lāi-chiàn. 2009 nî 5 goe̍h hō͘ Sri Lanka kun-tūi kek-pāi.
Ciudad Juárez

**Ciudad Juárez** sī Be̍k-se-ko Chihuahua siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, khò-kīn Be̍k-se-ko pak-pō͘ pian-kài, kap Bí-kok Texas siâⁿ-chhī El Paso sio-oá, 2-ê siâⁿ tiong-ng sī Grande Hô.
Santiago de Querétaro

**Santiago de Querétaro** sī Be̍k-se-ko Querétaro Chiu ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
San Luis Potosí (chhī)

**San Luis Potosí** sī Be̍k-se-ko San Luis Potosí Chiu ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
Constantinus 1-sè

**Constantinus 1-sè** (), choân-miâ **Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus**, mā-hō **Constantinus Tāi-tè**, sī Lô-má Tè-kok tùi 306 nî khai-sí ê hông-tè, mā-sī Lô-má tē-it-ê Ki-tok-tô͘ hông-tè. I kā Lô-má Tè-kok ê hông-kiong sóa-khì Byzantium, āu-lāi ê Byzantine Tè-kok siú-to͘ Costantinopolis.

Lūi-pia̍t:Lô-má hông-tè
Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t

**Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t** (Eng-gí: *invertebrate*) pau-hâm chek-chui tōng-bu̍t í-gōa só͘-ū bô chek-chui ê tōng-bu̍t. Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t sī chi̍t-ê paraphyletic group, lāi-bīn ū chi̍t-kóa-á sio̍k tī chit-soh tōng-bu̍t. Tī hiān-sî ê hun-lūi-ha̍k lāi-bīn, bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t ē-sái hun chhiau-kòe 30-ê mn̂g (*phylum*).
Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit

**Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit** (美洲國家組織) sī 1 ê chóng-pō͘ tī Washington, D.C. ê kok-chè cho͘-chit. 35 ê Bí-chiu kok-ka lóng sī i ê hoē-oân kok.

Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit tī sū-bū chhú-lí ū ēng 4 chióng gí-giân: Eng-gí, Hoat-gí, Phû-tô-gâ-gí, kap Se-pan-gâ-gí.

Bí-chiu ê chē-chē lâng kap chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t lóng bat siūⁿ-beh ūi in ê kok-ka siat-li̍p cho͘-chit, tī chit-ê koè-thêng tiong, Bí-chiu mā bat ū cho͘-li̍p bô-kâng ê cho͘-chit. Tong-goân-choe sī 1889-1890 nî, Bí-chiu kok-ka tiàu-khui Bí-chiu Kok-ka Kok-chè Hoē-gī (*International Conference of American States*), tī chit-ê hoē-gī--ni̍h, 18 ê kok-ka cho͘-sêng Bí-chiu Kiōng-hô-kok Kok-chè Liân-bêng (*International Union of American Republics*).

1910 nî ê sî, chiah-ê kok-ka tī Buenos Aires tiàu-khui tē 4 kài Bí-chiu Kok-ka Kok-chè Hoē-gī, in kā Bí-chiu Kiōng-hô-kok Kok-chè Liân-bêng kái-miâ chò Bí-chiu Kiōng-hô-kok Liân-bêng (*Union of American Republics*). Che liáu-āu, koh tī 1948 nî tiàm Bogotá tiàu-khui tē 9 kài Bí-chiu Kok-ka Hoē-gī, kāng hit nî ê 4 goe̍h 30, 21 kok chhiam tiâu-iok, chit-ê tiâu-iok hō-chò Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit Hiàn-chiong (*Charter of the Organization of American States*). Che tō sī taⁿ Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit ê goân-thâu, iā chit-ê cho͘-chit chū-án-ne tī 1951 nî 12--goe̍h khai-sí ūn-chok.

Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit Hiàn-chiong ū thê-chhut cho͘-chit chit-ê cho͘-chit ê bo̍k-phiau, ū chi̍t-koá bo̍k-phiau sī kap chiah-ê kok-ka ê hô-pêng hām an-choân, bîn-chú chèng-hú ê hoat-tián, kap keng-chè ha̍p-chok ū tī-tāi--ê.

Khí-ki ê sî-chūn, Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit ū ē-kha chit 21 ê hoē-oân kok:

# Argentina
# Bolivia
# Pa-se
# Chile
# Colombia
# Costa Rica
# Cuba
# Dominic Kiōng-hô-kok
# Ecuador
# El Salvador
# Guatemala
# Haiti
# Honduras
# Be̍k-se-ko
# Nicaragua
# Panamá
# Paraguay
# Perú
# Bí-kok
# Uruguay
# Venezuela

Lēng-goā 14 kok sī:

# Barbados (1967 nî ka-ji̍p)
# Trinidad kap Tobago (1967 ka-ji̍p)
# Jamaica (1969 ka-ji̍p)
# Grenada (1975 ka-ji̍p)
# Suriname (1977 ka-ji̍p)
# Dominica (1979 ka-ji̍p)
# Sèng Lucia (1979 ka-ji̍p)
# Antigua kap Barbuda (1981 ka-ji̍p)
# Sèng Vincent kap Grenadines (1981 ka-ji̍p)
# Bahamas (1982 ka-ji̍p)
# Sèng Kitts kap Nevis (1984 ka-ji̍p)
# Canada (1990 ka-ji̍p)
# Belize (1991 ka-ji̍p)
# Guyana (1991 ka-ji̍p)

## Chù-kha

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Bí-chiu Kok-ka Cho͘-chit ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
Be̍k-se-ko ê chiu

Be̍k-se-ko ū 31-ê chiu (*estado*). México Chhī sī Liân-pang-khu (*Distrito Federal*), bô sio̍k tī jīm-hô chi̍t-ê chiu lāi-té.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

**Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck** (1744 nî 8 goe̍h 1 ji̍t - 1829 nî 12 goe̍h 18 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê phok-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, i tùi si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k kap tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k lóng-ū gián-kiù, sī chá-kî thê-chhut lí-lūn lâi kái-soeh seng-bu̍t ián-hòa ê lâng. Lamark ê hiō-thian ûi-thôan ha̍k-soat hō͘ āu-lâi ê kho-ha̍k-ka chèng-bêng sī m̄-tio̍h ê.
Max Planck

**Max Planck** () sī Tek-kok ê bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka, i sī liōng-chú lí-lūn ê khí-thâu-lâng, tī 1918 nî tit-tio̍h Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
RMS Titanic

**RMS Titanic** sī Olympic-kip ê kheh-chûn, só͘-iú-chiá sī White Star Line, sī Harland and Wolff chō-chûn kong-si tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê Belfast chè-chō, teng-kì tī Liverpool, 1911 nî hā-chúi.

Titanic ê pâi-chúi ū 52,310 ton; tn̂g-tō͘ 269.06 m; khoah-tō͘ 28.19 m; chia̍h-chúi ū 10.54 m, sī hit-tong-sî thong-sè-kài siōng-toā ê chài-kheh khì-chûn, lō͘-sòaⁿ sī tùi Southampton kàu Bí-kok ê New York City.

Titanic tī 1912 nî 4 goe̍h 14 ji̍t ê àm-sî, thâu-pái hâng-hêng ê sî-chūn, khì lòng-tio̍h chi̍t-ê peng-soaⁿ, āu-bóe tī nn̄g tiám-cheng āu, 4 goe̍h 15 ji̍t ê sî-chūn tîm-lo̍h Tāi-se-iûⁿ, chûn téng 3,547 ê lâng lāi-bîn ū 1,517 sí-bông, sī le̍k-sú-siōng sí-bông siōng-chè ê chûn-lān chi it.
Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k** (植物學) sī chi̍t-ê choan-bûn gián-kiù si̍t-bu̍t seⁿ-sèng ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-ki, tû-liáu si̍t-bu̍t í-gōa, si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k thôan-thóng-siōng ê gián-kiù tùi-siōng mā-ū khún-lūi kap chó-lūi. Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k thàm-thó chia-ê seng-bu̍t ê kò͘-chō, seng-tióng, siⁿ-thôan, tāi-siā, hoat-io̍k, pēⁿ-chèng, ián-hòa kap hòa-ha̍k sèng-chit.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k
* Flora
* Lîm-ha̍k
* Lîm-gia̍p
* Si̍t-bu̍t-hn̂g
* Oân-gē
* Lông-gē
Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k** sī chi̍t-ê choan-bûn gián-kiù tōng-bu̍t seⁿ-sèng ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-ki, thàm-thó tōng-bu̍ ê kò͘-chō, ki-lêng, hêng-ûi, hun-lūi kap ián-hòa téng-téng.
Tē-chit-ha̍k

**Tē-chit-ha̍k** (地質學) sī gián-kiù tē-kiû ê chi̍t-ê ha̍k-kho, choan-bûn thàm-thó tē-kiû téng-bīn bu̍t-thé ê chó͘-sêng, kò͘-chō, tōng-thài, le̍k-sú kap kòe-têng. Tû-liáu tē-kiû, tē-chit-ha̍k kâng-khoán ē-sái gián-kiù kî-tha seng-kiû.
Phok-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Phok-bu̍t-ha̍k** (博物學; Eng-gí: *natural history*), mā-ū kóng **chū-jiân le̍k-sú** ia̍h **chū-jiân-sú**, **chū-jiân-ha̍k**, sī tùi seng-bu̍t-khian ia̍h seng-thài-hē lāi-bīn kok khoán oa̍h-mi̍h ê gián-kiù, iû-kî tiōng-sī tùi seng-bu̍t ê jīm-bat, ia̍h-sī tùi seng-oa̍h-sú, hun-pò͘, hong-hù-tō͘ koh ū koan-hē ê thàm-thó. 

Phok-bu̍t-ha̍k ê gián-kiù tī hiān-chhú-sî ê kho-ha̍k-kài it-poaⁿ sī hun tī bô-kāng-khóan ê ha̍k-kho lāi-bīn, chhan-chhiūⁿ si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k, tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k, seng-thài-ha̍k, hun-lūi-ha̍k, kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, tē-chit-ha̍k ia̍h seng-bu̍t tē-lí-ha̍k téng-téng.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k
*Chū-jiân tiat-ha̍k

*
Hàn-gí Pheng-im

**Hàn-gí Pheng-im Hong-àn** (*Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Fāng'àn*, ) sī Hàn-gí Phó͘-thong-ōe ê chi̍t thò Lô-má-hòa kui-hōan, mā-sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok hām Kok-chè Phiau-chún-hoà Cho͘-chit (ISO) ê Hàn-gí Lô-má-hòa piau-chún.

## Jī-bó ê hoat-im
### Seng-bó

### Ūn-bó

## Jī-bó ê miâ tha̍k-hoat
Ta̍k-ê jī-bó ê "miâ-chheng", ia̍h tio̍h sī kò-pia̍t hông chí-miâ ê sî-chūn ài ēng ê tha̍k-hoat, ùi ē-té sī kî-tiong chi̍t ê pán-pún:

## Siaⁿ-tiāu kì-hō

### Piau-kì kui-chek
Piau-kì siaⁿ-tiāu kì-hō ê kui-chek ē-sài chéng-lí chò:

#Nā ū *a* ia̍h *e* chāi im-chat lāi, tio̍h piau tī in téng-bīn.
#Nā chhut-hiān *ou*, piau tī *o* téng-bīn.
#Nā m̄-sí í-siōng nn̄g khoán chêng-hêng, sī piau tī tē-2-ê ūn-bó.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
David Hilbert

**David Hilbert** (1862 nî 1 goe̍h 23 - 1943 nî 2 goe̍h 14) sī chi̍t-ê chin chhut-miâ ê sò͘-ha̍k-ka. I ū chiâⁿ chē gián-kiù boé-á lóng hoat-tián chò to̍k-li̍p ê gián-kiù léng-he̍k. I 1900-nî tī Kok-chè Sò͘-ha̍k-ka Hoē-gī hoat-piáu 23-ê būn-tê, tùi 20 sè-kí ê sò͘-ha̍k gián-kiù éng-hióng put-chí-á toā.
Hun-lūi-ha̍k

**Hun-lūi-ha̍k** sī hun-lūi ê kho-ha̍k, bô-kâng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ kap ha̍k-būn ū bô-kâng ê hun-lūi-ha̍k hong-hoat teh gián-kiù, chi-chhî.

## Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
Tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k lāi-bīn, hun-lūi-ha̍k sī siōng-kài ki-pún ê ha̍k-kho chi it. Tī Se-iûⁿ, "hun-lūi-ha̍k" (Eng-gí: *taxonomy*) chi̍t-ê bêng-sû khí-seng tio̍h-sī kan-nā teh kóng oa̍h-mi̍h ê hun-lūi.
Henry 8-sè (Eng-lân)

**Henry 8-sè** (*Henry VIII*, ) sī tùi 1509 nî 4 goe̍h 21 chek-ūi kàu kòe-sin ê England Kok-ông, i mā-sī Ireland Léng-chú (*Lord of Ireland*) kap āu-lâi ê Ireland Kok-ông. Henry 8-sè sī i chêng-jīm kok-ông Henry 7-sè ê hāu-seⁿ, mā-sī Tudor ông-tiâu ê tē-jī-ê kok-ông.

Henry 8-sè sī England chong-kàu kái-kek ê chhōa-thâu-lâng, i hō͘ England Kàu-hōe thoat-lî Roma Kàu-têng, jî-chhiáⁿ ka-kī chòe England ê kàu-hōe léng-tō. I ū chhōa-kòe 6-ê bó͘, 2-ê hō͘ chām-thâu. Aū-lâi ê kok-ông Edward 6-sè, Elizabeth 1-sè kap Mary 1-sè lóng-sī Henry 8-sè ê kiáⁿ-jî.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kun-chú
Maceió

**Maceió** sī ūi-tī Pa-se Alagoas chiu ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé (*município*).

## Liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām

Lūi-pia̍t:Alagoas ê chū-tī-thé
Porto Velho

**Porto Velho** sī ūi-tī Pa-se Rondônia chiu ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé (*município*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Rondônia ê chū-tī-thé
Mary 1-sè (Eng-lân)

**Mary 1-sè** (*Mary I*, 1516 nî 2 goe̍h 18 ji̍t - 1558 nî 11 goe̍h 17 ji̍t) tùi 1553 nî 7 goe̍h 19 ji̍t kàu i kòe-sin, sī England Kok-ông kap Ireland Kok-ông, sī Tudor ông-tiâu ê tē-4-ê kun-chú. I tī kè-jīm i-ê sió-tī Edward 6-sè liáu-āu thui-tōng Thian-chú-kàu tī England ê ho̍k-heng, chō-sêng chong-kàu pek-hāi, kā kúi-ā pah ê lâng chhù hóe-hêng. Mary 1-sè ū chi̍t-ê chheng-hō hō͘-chòe "Hoeh-sai Mary" (*Bloody Mary*), I āu-jīm ê kok-ông sī i-ê sió-mōe Elizabeth 1-sè.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ông
Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kun-chú
Messier 51

**Messier 51** (M51, NGC 5194, NGC 5195) sī chi̍t-ê gîn-hô, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Canes Venatici-chō.

Lūi-pia̍t:Gîn-hô
Messier 52

**Messier 52** (M52, NGC 7654) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-thôan, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Cassiopeia-chō.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Mira (hîng-sing)/Mira)
* (ZBL-08 pōo-ping tsiàn-tshia/Type 08)
* (James Madison University)
* (Multiview orthographic projection)
*JSTOR (eng-gí: Journal STORage)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* 
* Messier 52, SEDS Messier pages
*
Messier 53

**Messier 53** (M53, NGC 5024) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-thôan, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Coma Berenices-chō.
Angela Merkel

**Angela Dorothea Merkel** (gôan-pún sèⁿ *Kasner*, 1954 nî 7 goe̍h 17 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Tek-kok ê chèng-tī-ka, sī tùi 2005 nî 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t khai-sí ê liân-pang siú-siòng. I mā-sī Tek-kok Ki-tok-kàu Bîn-chú Liân-bêng (CDU) tùi 2000 nî 4 goe̍h 9 ji̍t khai-sí ê chú-se̍k. I chhōa-thâu ê lāi-keh sī CDU, Bayern Ki-tok-kàu Siā-hōe Liân-bêng (CSU) kap Tek-kok Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Tóng (SPD) ê liân-ha̍p.

## Chhut-sin
Merkel 1954 nî ùi Se-tek Hamburg siâⁿ chhut-sì ê sî hō-miâ sī *Angela Dorothea Kasner*. I-ê lāu-pē sī Horst Kasner (goân-sèⁿ *Kaźmierczak*), Berlin chāi-tē ê Luther-phài bo̍k-su; lāu-bú sī Herlind (goân-sèⁿ *Jentzsch*), Pho-lân chhut-sin ê Eng-gí kiam La-teng-gí kàu-su. Merkel ū sió-tī Marcus kap sió-mōe Irene.

## Hiòng-gōa liân-kiat

* Liân-pang chóng-lí ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām 
* Koh-jîn bāng-chām
Johannes Brahms

**Johannes Brahms** (1833 nî 5 goe̍h 7 ji̍t - 1897 nî 4 goe̍h 3 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê chok-khek-ka, kǹg-khîm-ka kap chí-hui-ka, sī lōng-bān sî-kî chú-iàu ê im-ga̍k-ka chi it. I tī Hamburg chhut-sì, tī tōa-hūn ê im-ga̍k-ka seng-gâi tī Wien khiā-khí. 

Āu-sè kā i chham Johann Sebastian Bach koh-ū Ludwig van Beethoven hō chò "sam B".
Robert Schumann

**Robert Schumann** (1810 nî 6 goe̍h 8 ji̍t - 1856 nî 7 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê chok-khek-ka, sī Lōng-bān sî-kî chú-iàu ê im-ga̍k-ka chi it. I mā-sī chi̍t-ê im-ga̍k phêng-lūn-ka.
Stuttgart

**Stuttgart** sī Tek-kok Baden-Württemberg ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.


Stuttgart-Ausblick-06-2007-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Alte Nationalgalerie-04-2007-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Galatea-Brunnen-02-2007-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Gleisanlagen vom Bahnhofsturm-04-2010-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Hauptbahnhof-16-ICE-2010-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Schlossgarten-12-Platanen-2008-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Schlossgarten-40-Schlosspark-Enten-2010-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-SWR-Funkhaus-04-2007-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Schlossgarten-48-Mineralbad-2010-gje.jpg
Stuttgart-Wilhelma-08-2007-gje.jpg
München

**München** sī Tek-kok Bayern ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, mā sī choân-kok tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Berlin kap Hamburg āu-piah.
TGV

**TGV** (*Train à grande vitesse*, "ko-sok ê hóe-chhia") sī Hoat-kok ê ko-sok thih-lō͘, chú-iàu keng-êng ê kong-si sī SNCF. TGV sī tī 1970 nî-tāi khai-hoat. 1981 nî, tùi Paris kàu Lyon, siāng-chá ê lō͘-sòaⁿ khai-thong. Hiān-sî ê TGV tùi Paris chò tiong-sim, hiòng Hoat-kok sì-kè kap hū-kīn kok-ka sio-thàng. 

TGV sī thong-sè-kài ū chhia-lián ê hóe-chhia lāi-bīn sok-tō͘ siāng kín ê chi̍t khoàn, siāng koân ê chhì-giām sok-tō͘ sī 574.8 km/h; it-poaⁿ chài-kheh tī chhia-chām kap chhia-chām tiong-tô͘ ê pêng-kin sok-tō͘ mā ū kàu 279.4 km/h.

## Hiòng-gōa liân-kiat
* TGV ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-ia̍h
Dresden

**Dresden** sī Tek-kok Sachsen ê siú-hú.

## Le̍k-sú
Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn‎ boé-kî siū tio̍h Bêng-kun hong-chà, tì-tio̍h thiat-té phò-hāi.
Leipzig

**Leipzig** sī Tek-kok Sachsen siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Bûn-hoà
Johann Sebastian Bach ùi 1723 kàu 1750 nî tī Leipzig oa̍h-tōng. Richard Wagner tī hia chhut-sì.
Sinkansen

**Sinkansen** (新幹線 / しんかんせん) sī Ji̍t-pún ê ko-sok thih-lō͘, hun gō͘-ê JR kong-si lâi keng-êng. 1964 nî tùi Tôkyô kàu Ôsaka ê Tôkâidô Sinkansen khai-thong, hit-tong-sî ê sok-tō͘ ū 210 km/h. Hiān-sî Sinkansen lóng-chóng ū 2,459 km ê lō͘-sòaⁿ, it-poaⁿ ê sok-tō͘ ū 300 km/h; chhì-giām sok-tō͘ ū 443 km/h. Sinkansen ê chû-phû lia̍t-chhia (*maglev*) pó-chhî sè-kài kì-lo̍k 581 km/h.

## Hiòng-gōa liân-kiat
* JR ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-ia̍h
Messier 56

**Messier 56** (M56, NGC 6779) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-thôan, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Lyra-chō.
Georg Friedrich Händel

**Georg Friedrich Händel** (Eng-gí-sek: *George Frideric Handel*, 1685 nî 2 goe̍h 23 ji̍t - 1759 nî 4 goe̍h 14 ji̍t) sī tùi Brandenburg-Preußen (hiān-sî sio̍k Tek-kok) ê Halle chhut-sì ê Baroque sî-kî chok-khek-ka. I tōa-hūn khiā-khí tī-teh Eng-tē. Händel ê chok-phín ū *[[Messiah]]* kap *[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]* téng-téng.
Nürnberg

**Nürnberg** sī Tek-kok Bayern ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Le̍k-sú
Nürnberg sī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu, chiàn-iâⁿ-kok sím-phoàⁿ Tek-kok chiàn-hoān ê só͘-chāi.


Nuernberg-Burg-20-Sinwellturm-2005-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-10-Tiergaertnertorturm-2006-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-58-Bratwurstkueche-2005-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-Weissgerbergasse-22-Nr 26-2006-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-Ehekarussell-24-2005-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-Ehekarussell-26-2005-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-Schoener Brunnen-02-1987-gje.jpg
Nuernberg-Kongresshalle-16-aussen-2005-gje.jpg
Mannheim

**Mannheim** sī Tek-kok Baden-Württemberg ê siâⁿ-chhī.


Image:draisine1817.jpg|The world’s first bycicle, built in Mannheim by Karl Freiherr von Drais in 1817
Image: 1885Benz.jpg|The world’s first automobile, built in Mannheim by Carl Benz in 1885
Image:Werkstatt Carl Benz.png|Carl Benz‘ workshop in Mannheim (T6, 11)
Image:berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg|Official sign of Bertha Benz Memorial Route, commemorating the world's first long distance journey by automobile from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888 (104 km / 64 miles)


## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* home Bertha Benz Memorial Route (Mannheim-Pforzheim-Mannheim)
Bonn

**Bonn** sī Tek-kok Nordrhein-Westfalen ê siâⁿ-chhī, mā-sī 1990 nî chìn-chêng Sai-tek ê siú-to͘.
Karlsruhe

**Karlsruhe** sī Tek-kok Baden-Württemberg ê siâⁿ-chhī.


Karlsruhe asv2022-10 img07 Schloss Karlsruhe.jpg
Karlsruhe asv2022-10 img04 StStephan.jpg|St. Stephan
Karlsruhe-St Stephan-42-Steinigung-gje.jpg|St. Stephan
Karlsruhe-Botanischer Garten-06-2018-gje.jpg
Karlsruhe-Botanischer Garten-12-Weinstube-Stahlkonstruktion-Kore-2018-gje.jpg
Karlsruhe-Bundesgerichtshof-02-2018-gje.jpg
Karlsruhe-Herrenstr-51-Nr50a-2018-gje.jpg
Karlsruhe-Hygieia-Brunnen-02-2012-gje.jpg
Herne

**Herne** sī Tek-kok Nordrhein-Westfalen ê siâⁿ-chhī.

Herne í-chá sī chi̍t-ê tiōng-iàu ê thoàⁿ-khòng seng-sán-tē.
Leverkusen

**Leverkusen** sī Tek-kok Nordrhein-Westfalen ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* leverkusen.com
Würzburg

**Würzburg** sī Tek-kok Bayern ê siâⁿ-chhī.


Wuerzburg-von Festung-12-Altstadt-Main-St. Burkard-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Alte Bruecke-02-Statue Carolus Borromaeus-Altes Rathaus-Kiliansdom-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Residenz-Parkfassade-10-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Residenz-Park-06-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Residenz-Neumann-Gedenkstein-02-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Marienkapelle 10-am Marktplatz-2014-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Marienkapelle-16-Tympanon-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Festung Marienberg-Kiliansturm-08-2014-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Festung Marienberg-Marienkirche-14-Bergfried-2007-gje.jpg
Wuerzburg-Festung Marienberg-Rebhang-02-2007-gje.jpg
Heidelberg

**Heidelberg** sī Tek-kok Baden-Württemberg ê siâⁿ-chhī.

Ruprecht Karl Heidelberg Tāi-ha̍k (it-poaⁿ kán-chheng Heidelberg Tāi-ha̍k) sī Tek-kok siāng chá khí ê tāi-ha̍k, ū 600-goā-nî ê le̍k-sú.
Göttingen

**Göttingen** sī Tek-kok Niedersachsen ê siâⁿ-chhī.


File:Goettingen_Papendiek_17.jpg| 
File:Goettingen_Papendiek_18.jpg| 
File:Goettingen_Jüdenstr_30.jpg| 
File:Goettingen_Sonnenuhr_Wittig.jpg| 
File:Goettingen_Spiellokomotive.jpg|
Chòng-gí

**Chòng-gí** (*Vahcuengh*, *Vah* ê ì-sù sī gí-giân, *cuengh* sī cho̍k miâ; Hàn-jī: 壯語) sī pò͘-chōng ê bîn-cho̍k-gí,sái-ēng jîn-kháu iak-iak ū 1400 bān.I sio̍k-î Tai-Kadai gí-hē, lūi-sū Thài-gí. I ū 22 ê siaⁿ-bó,78 ê ūn-bó.

## Gí-im
### Siaⁿ-bó

### Ūn-bó

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*  (from Wiktionary's )
* Zhuang language & alphabet, Omniglot
* The prospects for the long-term survival of Non-Han minority languages in the south of China
* Field Notes on the Pronominal System of Zhuang "A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang-speaking villages, like Jingxi, which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin-speaking towns. Zhuang-speaking villages become non-Zhuang-speaking towns! And children of Zhuang-speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother-tongue."
* Map of Major Zhuang language groups 
* Paradisec has an open access collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang
* Sawcuengh People.com Official Zhuang language version (Standard Zhuang) of the *[[People's Daily]]* website

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-tâi gú-cho̍k
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

**Johann Wolfgang von Goethe** (1749 nî 8 go̍eh 28 ji̍t－1832 nî 3 go̍eh 22 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok si-jîn, kho-ha̍k-ka kap chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t. I sī Weimar kó͘-tián-chú-gī ê tāi-piáu, tùi sè-kài bûn-toâⁿ éng-hiáng chin toa. Chú-iàu chok-phín sī *Die Leiden des jungen Werther*, *[[Faust]]* téng-téng.
Chu Hi

**Chu Hi** (hàn. 朱熹; ) sī Tiong-kok Lâm Sòng sî-tāi ê chi̍t ūi tiat-ha̍k-ka, tī Hok-kiàn-lō͘ Iû-khe-koān (taⁿ Hok-kiàn-séng Sam-bêng-chhī Iû-khe-koān) chhut-sì. Jú-miâ **Iû-lông** (沋郎), sió-jī **Kùi-iân** (季延), piáu-jī **Goân-hòe** (元晦), chi̍t jī **Tiōng-hòe** (仲晦), chai-hō **Hòe-am** (晦庵) kap **Khó-têng** (考亭), boán-liân kiò **Hòe-ong** (晦翁), koh kiò chò **Chí-iông Sian-seng** (紫陽先生), **Chí-iông Hu-chú** (紫陽夫子), **Chhong-chiu Pēng-só͘** (滄州病叟) kap **Hûn-kok Ló-jîn** (雲谷老人), sè-miâ **Bûn** (文), kiò **Chu Bûn-kong** (朱文公). I sī Lâm Sòng sî-tāi ê lí-ha̍k ha̍k-chiá, Thiâⁿ-Chu lí-ha̍k ê chi̍p-tāi-sêng-chiá, chun-chheng **Chu-chú** (朱子).

Chu Hi sī Thiâⁿ Hō kap Thiâⁿ Î ê sam-thoân tē-chú Lí Tông ê ha̍k-seng. Ka-kéng sàn-chhiah, chū sè-hàn tō chin khiáu.
Ngô͘-gí

**Ngô͘-gí** (Hàn-jī: 吳語) sī hàn-gí ê hun-chi, chú-iàu tī Chiat-kang, Siōng-hái thong-hêng. I sī sè-kài siāng-tōa ê hui-koaⁿ-hong gí-giân, sú-iōng-chiá iak ū 7700 bān, tī sè-kài siāng pâi-tē-cha̍p. Ū-miâ ê siáu-soat *[[Hái-siāng-hoa Lia̍t-tōan]]* ê tùi-pe̍h chiū-sī iōng ngô͘-hong-giân siá-sêng.
Tông

** Tông-tiâu** (唐朝; ( 618 nî 6 go̍eh 18 ji̍t– 907 nî 6 go̍eh 4 ji̍t) sī Tiong-kok ê ông-tiâu, tī Sûi-tiâu chi-āu, Gō͘-tāi thâu-chêng. I tùi Lí-sī ka-cho̍k ê chhiú-thâu khí-chō--ê, chit-ê ka-cho̍k tī Sûi bo̍at ê hūn-lōan tiong tit-chhú kôan-lī. Chit-ê ông-tiâu chan-keng pī Bú Chek-thian (Tiong-kok ûi-it ê lí-hông-tè) kiàn-li̍p ê Chiu-tiâu táⁿ-tōan.

## Chham-khó
Chōng-gí

**Chōng-gí** sī chōng-cho̍k ê gí-giân, sú-ēng jîn-kháu iak-lia̍k ū 615 bān. I sio̍k tī Hàn-Chōng gí-hē. Iōng chōng-bûn jī-bó su-siá. 

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-Chōng gí-hē
Nürnberg Sím-phoàⁿ

**Nürnberg Sím-phoàⁿ** sī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu, chiàn-iâⁿ-kok chiam-tùi Tek-kok chiàn-hoān siat ê toā sím-phoàⁿ, só͘-chāi kéng Nürnberg chit ê siâⁿ-chhī.
Mariana Hái-kau

**Mariana Hái-kau** sī thong-sè-kài hái-iûⁿ kap tē-khak piáu-bīn siāng chhim ê só͘-chāi, pêng-kin ê chhim-tō͘ sī 10,924 kong-chhioh, tē-tiám tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ se-pō͘ Mariana Kûn-tó ê tang-lâm. Chit-ê hái-kau sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Pán-khòai kap Mariana Pán-khòai ê kau-hōe tiám.
Messier 67

**Messier 67** (M67, NGC 2682) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-thôan (*star cluster*), tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Cancer-chō.
Messier 65

**Messier 65** (M65, NGC 3623) sī chi̍t-ê gîn-hô, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Leo-chō.

Lūi-pia̍t:Gîn-hô
Messier 73

**Messier 73** (M73, NGC 6994) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-kûn (*asterism*), tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Aquarius-chō.
Messier 74

**Messier 74** (M74, NGC 628) sī chi̍t-ê gîn-hô, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Pisces-chō.

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
* 
* Spiral Galaxy M74 @ SEDS Messier pages
* 
*3200萬光年外的「幻影」星系　NASA公布絢麗螺旋臂影像
Messier 75

**Messier 75** (M75, NGC 6864) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-thôan, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Sagittarius-chō.
Messier 76

**Messier 76** (M76, NGC 650, NGC 651) sī chi̍t-ê chhiⁿ-hûn, tī thian-kiû ê só͘-chāi sī Perseus-chō.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

**Mahmoud Ahmadinejad** (; hoat-im: [mæhmuːd-e æhmædiː-neʒɒːd], ) sī Iran Islam Kiōng-hô-kok ê chóng-thóng. I tī 2005 nî tiòng-sóan, tī 2009 nî ê sóan-kú koh liân-jīm. I tùi 2003 nî kàu 2005 nî sī Tehran ê chhī-tiúⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Iran Chóng-thóng
Chū-tōng-chhia

:*"khì-chhia" choán lâi pún ia̍h. "Khì-chhia" ia̍h ū [[cheng-khì hóe-chhia]] ê ì-sù.*

**Chū-tōng-chhia** (自動車) ia̍h-sī **khì-chhia** (汽車), sī chi̍t khoán ki-hâi tōng-le̍k chài-khū, it-poaⁿ khò chhia-lián  sóa-tāng, jî-chhiáⁿ tōng-le̍k ê lâi-gôan tī chhia ê pún-sin. Chū-tōng-chhia sī hiān-sî thong-sè-kài chú-iàu ê kau-thong kang-khū chi it.

## Chham-chiàu
Corsica-gí

**Corsica-gí** (*Corsu* ia̍h *Lingua Corsa*) sī chi̍t khoán Romance gí-giân, tī Corsica kap Sardegna pak-pō͘ thong-hêng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Roman gí-cho̍k
Siōng Sorbia-gí

**Siōng Sorbia-gí** (*hornjoserbšćina*) sī tī Tek-kok Siōng Lusatia (Tek-gí: *Oberlausitz*) tē-khu (chha-put-to tio̍h-sī Brandenburg kap Sachsen) thong-hêng ê chi̍t khoán Slav gí-giân.
Mir-Hossein Mousavi

**Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh** (Pho-su-gí: ) (1941 nî 9 goe̍h 28 ji̍t chhut-sí) sī Iran 2009 nî chóng-thóng sóan-kú ê chham-sóan-jîn. I sī 1981 nî kàu 1989 nî ê Iran Islam Kiōng-hô-kok chóng-lí.
Ke-bah

**Ke-bah** sī ke-á ê bah (kiam kut-á kap sin-thé kî-tha pō͘-ūi), sī thong sè-kài siāng phó͘-thong ê bah-lūi si̍t-châi chi̍t khoán.
縮圖

Lūi-pia̍t:Bah-lūi
Lūi-pia̍t:Ke-ah
Gû-bah

**Gû-bah** sī chi̍t khoán chia̍h-mi̍h, sī gû ê sin-ku. Gû-bah sī thong sè-kài chú-iàu ê bah-lūi sán-phín chi it.

## Siong-koan
* Ti-bah
Akon

**Aliaune Thiam**, it-poaⁿ kiò gē-miâ **Akon** (ho͘ /ˈeɪkɒn/) (1973-), sī chi̍t ê Senegal poē-kéng ê Bí-kok R&B koa-chhiú kiam chok-khek-ka, khek-poâⁿ chè-chok-jîn. 2004 nî hoat-piáu tan-khek "Locked Up" liáu-āu khai-sí chhèng--khí-lâi. 

Akon hèng iōng auto-tune.
Niccolò Machiavelli

**Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli** (1496 nî 5 goe̍h 3–1527 nî 6 goe̍h 21) sī Italia ê chèng-tī-tiat-ha̍k-ka chok-ka, i hō͘ lâng tòng-chò sī hiān-tāi chèng-tī-ha̍k ê khai-ki-chó͘. Machiavelli sī chi̍t-ê ū chē-chē châi-lêng ê lâng, i sī gōa-kau-koaⁿ, im-ga̍k-ka, si-jîn kap kio̍k-chok-ka, jî-chhiáⁿ sī Firenze kiōng-hô-kok ê hêng-chèng koaⁿ-ôan. I siá ê *Il Principe* (*Kun-chú-lūn*) sī chèng-ti-hâk tiong chin chhut-miâ ê tāi-piáu-chok.
Chèng-tī tiat-ha̍k

**Chèng-tī tiat-ha̍k** (; ) sī chèng-hú ê thiat-ha̍k-séng gián-kiú. I gián-kiú ê khài-liām  pau-koat chèng-tī, chèng-gī, chū-iû, , , hoat-lu̍t, koh ū  ê chip-hoat. Chèng-tī tiat-ha̍k-ka ē thó-lūn kóng, chia--ê khài-liām sī siáⁿ-mih? Lán sī án-chóaⁿ su-iàu--in? Siáⁿ-mi̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ hō͘ chèng-hú ū ? 

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Siong-koan tiâu-bo̍k
* Bû-chèng-hú Chú-gī
* Chèng-tī ì-sek hêng-thài
*
STS-127

**STS-127** sī Endeavour thài-khong-so ê chi̍t-ê jīm-bū, tī 2009 nî 7 goe̍h 15 khì Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām. Jīm-bū bo̍k-tek chú-iàu sī ūi-tio̍h beh oân-sêng Ji̍t-pún si̍t-giām-chhng Kibô ê an-chong.  Chìn-chêng in-ūi iû-siuⁿ lāu chúi-sò͘ kap thiⁿ-khì bái téng-téng ê būn-tê bat iân-kî 5-pái.
Kibô

**Kibô** (きぼう, "Hi-bāng") sī JAXA ūi Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām (ISS) hoat-tián ê chi̍t-cho͘ module. Kibô hun-chò 3-ê pō͘-hūn, hun-pia̍t tī STS-123, STS-124 kap STS-127 chit 3-ê jīm-bū sàng khì ISS.
Elizabeth 1-sè

**Elizabeth 1-sè** (*Elizabeth I*, ) sī 1558 nî 11 goe̍h 17 ji̍t kàu i koè-sin ê Eng-lân Kok-ông kap Ài-jú-lân Kok-ông, i sī Tudor ông-tiâu ê tē-5-ê kap siāng bóe ê chi̍t-ê kun-chú. Elizabeth 1-sè sī kok-ông Henry 8-sè ê cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ, i-ê lāu-bú sī hō͘ Henry 8-sè chhú-koat ê Anne Boleyn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kun-chú
Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân jîn-bu̍t
Ruhollah Khomeini

**Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini** (, ho͘-im: [ɔːjætoˈlːɔːh ruːɦoˈlːɔːh xomeɪ̯ˈniː], ) sī Iran ê chong-kàu kap chèng-tī léng-tō-jîn, 1979 nî Iran Kek-bēng ê chhōa-chhau. Tùi 1979 nî 12 goe̍h 3 ji̍t kàu i kòe-sin, Khomeini sī Iran Islam Kiōng-hô-kok ê thâu-chi̍t-ê Chòe-ko Léng-tō-jîn, ia̍h tio̍h-sī kok-ka tī chong-kàu kap chèng-tī ê thâu-lâng.
Tân Kiok

**Tân Kiok** (陳菊, ) sī Tâi-oân Gî-lân-kōan chhut-sì ê chèng-tī-ka, sī 2006 nî 12 goe̍h 25 ji̍t khai-sí ê Ko-hiông-chhī chhī-tiúⁿ, sio̍k Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng.

I tī 2010 nî tāi-piáu Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng chham-soán sin siat ê toā Ko-hiông-chhī chhī-tiúⁿ soán-kú.

|-

|-

|-

|-
Saddam Hussein

**Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti** (; *Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī*, ) sī Iraq tùi 1979 nî 7 goe̍h 16 ji̍t kàu 2003 nî 4 goe̍h 9 ji̍t ê chóng-thóng, Baath Tòng ê léng-tō-jîn. I sī hòan-Arabia chú-gī ê thê-chhiòng-jîn chi it, mā-sī Iraq hiān-tāi-hoà ê thui-tōng-chià. Saddam Hussein tī 1980 nî-tāi hoat-khí Iran–Iraq Chiàn-cheng, tī 1990 nî-tāi ji̍p-chhim Kuwait, ín-khí Pho-su-oan Chiàn-cheng. 2002 nî, Bí-kok ji̍p-chhim Iraq, kā Saddam Hussein thui-hoan, koh tī 2003 nî 12 goe̍h 13 ji̍t lia̍h-tio̍h i. Saddam Hussein āu-boè tī 2006 nî 12 goe̍h 30 ji̍t hō Iraq chèng-hú tiàu-hêng chhú-koat.

Lūi-pia̍t:Iraq Chóng-thóng
Pho-su-oan

**Pho-su-oan** () sī tī A-chiu sai-lâm, kap Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ sio-chiap, koh giap tī I-lang (chá-chêng hō-chòe "Pho-su") chham A-la-pek poàn-tó chi-kan ê hái-he̍k. Ū-ê A-la-pek kok-ka kā hō-chòe **A-la-pek-oan**.
Genève

**Genève** sī Sūi-se Genève Chiu ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé kap siú-hú.

Lūi-pia̍t:Genève Chiu ê kong-siā
St. Gallen

**St. Gallen** (Tek-gí: *Sankt Gallen*; Hoat-gí: *Saint-Gall*; Italia-gí: *San Gallo*; Romansh-gí: *Son Gagl*) sī Sūi-se St. Gallen Chiu ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
Michael Jackson

**Michael Joseph Jackson** () sī Bí-kok ê koa-chhiú kap bú-chiá, sī chi̍t-ê Hui-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng, tī Bí-kok Indiana chhut-sì. 

Jackson 11-hòe khai-sí chham hiaⁿ-tī tī ga̍k-thôan the Jackson 5 piáu-ián, 1971 nî khai-sí tan-to̍k piáu-ián. I ê chhiòⁿ-phìⁿ *Off the Wall*, *Thriller*, *Bad*, *Dangerous*, kap *HIStory*, lóng chhòng sè-kài kì-lo̍k ê siau-liōng. 

I ū "Pop chi Ông" (*King of Pop*) ê chheng-hō, kui-sì-lâng tit tio̍h 13-ê Grammy Chióng, choè 13-pái thâu-miâ koa-chhiú.

## Seng-pêng
Michael Joseph Jackson sī 1958 nî 8 goe̍h 29 ji̍t tī Indiana ê Gary chhut-sì--ê. I sī Jackson ka 10-ê gín-á ê tē-8-ê. In tau sǹg sī lô-tōng kai-kip ê Hui-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng. Michael ê lāu-bú Katherine Esther Scruse sī chāi-tē ê im-ga̍k-ka; lāu-pē Joseph Walter Jackson sī chêng bok-sìn-guh soán-chhiú, mā sī U.S. Steel kong-si ê kang-lâng, lēng-gōa koh ùi chāi-tē ga̍k-thoân *Falcons* piáu-ián.

## Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ
**[[Got to Be There]]* (1972)
**[[Ben (Michael Jackson ê chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ)|Ben]]* (1972)
**[[Music & Me]]* (1973)
**[[Forever, Michael]]* (1975)
**[[Off the Wall]]* (1979)
**[[Thriller (chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ)|Thriller]]* (1982)
**[[Bad (chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ)|Bad]]* (1987)
**[[Dangerous (chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ)|Dangerous]]* (1991)
*** (1995)
**[[Invincible (Michael Jackson ê chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ)|Invincible]]* (2001)

## Tiān-iáⁿ
**[[The Wiz (tiān-iáⁿ)|The Wiz]]* (1978)
**[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (im-ga̍k bí-ti-oh)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]* (1983)
**[[Captain EO]]* (1986)
**[[Moonwalker]]* (1988)
**[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]* (1997)
**[[Men in Black II]]* (2002)
**[[Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls]]* (2004)
**[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]* (2009)
**[[Bad 25 (tiān-iáⁿ)|Bad 25]]* (2012)
**[[Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall]]* (2016)

## Hō͘ thê-miâ ia̍h ti̍t-kàu ê chióng

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Fribourg

**Fribourg** sī Sūi-se Fribourg Chiu Sarine Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Fribourg Chiu ê chū-tī-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Sarine Koān
Wettingen

**Wettingen** sī Sūi-se Aargau Chiu Baden Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Aargau Chiu ê kong-siā
Lūi-pia̍t:Baden Koān
Allschwil

**Allschwil** sī Sūi-se Basel-Landschaft Chiu Arlesheim Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Basel-Landschaft Chiu ê chū-tī-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Arlesheim Koān
Bulle

**Bulle** sī Sūi-se Fribourg Chiu Gruyère Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Fribourg Chiu ê chū-tī-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Gruyère Koān
Pully

**Pully** sī Sūi-se Vaud Chiu ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Tē-lí
Pully tī Léman Ô͘ piⁿ-á, Lausanne tang-pêng.  Koân-tō͘ 375 m kàu 800 m.
Aarau

**Aarau** sī Sūi-se Aargau Chiu Aarau Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Aargau Chiu ê kong-siā
Lūi-pia̍t:Aarau Koān
Herisau

**Herisau** sī Sūi-se Appenzell Ausserrhoden Chiu Hinterland Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Appenzell Ausserrhoden Chiu ê chū-tī-thé
Delémont

**Delémont** sī Sūi-se Jura Chiu ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, tiàm tī Basel, Biel/Bienne, La Chaux-de-Fonds kap Belfort ê tiong-kan.
Davos

**Davos** sī Sūi-se Graubünden Chiu ê siâⁿ-chhī.  Davos sī Au-chiu siāng koân ê siâⁿ-chhī, koân-tō͘ 1560 m.
Villars-sur-Glâne

**Villars-sur-Glâne** sī Sūi-se Fribourg Chiu Sarine Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Fribourg Chiu ê chū-tī-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Sarine Koān
Le Locle

**Le Locle** sī Sūi-se Neuchâtel Chiu ê siâⁿ-chhī, tiàm tī Jura Soaⁿ-me̍h.  Le Locle sī Sūi-se chè-chō chhiú-pió-á ê hoat-goân-tē.  2009 nî ê sî-chūn hông lia̍t-li̍p UNESCO Sè-kài Ûi-sán.
Spreitenbach

**Spreitenbach** sī Sūi-se Aargau Chiu Baden Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Aargau Chiu ê kong-siā
Lūi-pia̍t:Baden Koān
Siōng Silesia

**Siong Silesia** ( Silesia-gí: *Gōrny Ślōnsk*)  sī tī Silesia khu-he̍k ê tang-lâm-pō͘; 9 sè-kí í-lâi, Siong Silesia  chan-keng sio̍k-î Tōa Moravia, Bohemia  Ông-kok, Pho-lân, Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok, Ò-tē-lī Hapsburg Ông-kok, Phó͘-ló͘-se Ông-kok.  Bo̍k-chêng Siong Silesia sio̍k-î Pho-lân. 
Siong Silesia ūi-tī Silesia ko-tē, chóng-jîn-kháu sī 3,487,000 lâng.

## Le̍k-sú

## Chú-iàu siâⁿ-tìn
* Katowice (354,200 lâng)
* Ostrava (320,000 lâng) 
* Bytom (227,600 lâng)
* Gliwice (214,000 lâng)
* Zabrze (201,600 lâng)
* Bielsko-Biała (180,307 lâng)
* Ruda Śląska (166,300 lâng)
* Rybnik (144,300 lâng)
* Tychy (133,900 lâng)
* Opole (130,600 lâng) 
* Chorzów (125,800)
* Jastrzębie Zdrój (103,500 lâng)
* Mysłowice (80,000 lâng)
* Siemianowice Śląskie (78,100 lâng) 
* Kędzierzyn-Koźle (70,700 lâng)
* Tarnowskie Góry (67,200 lâng)
* Piekary Śląskie (67,200 lâng)
* Żory (66,300 lâng)
* Racibórz (65,100 lâng)
* Opava (62,000 lâng) 
* Świętochłowice (59,600 lâng)
* Wodzisław Śląski (50,500 lâng)
* Nysa (49,000 lâng)
* Mikołów (38,900 lâng)
* Cieszyn (37,300 lâng)
* Czechowice-Dziedzice (35,600 lâng) 
* Pszczyna (34,600 lâng) 
* Kluczbork (26,900 lâng)
* Lubliniec (26,900 lâng)
* Krnov (25,400 lâng) 
* Prudnik (24,300 lâng)
* Rydułtowy (24,100 lâng)
* Łaziska Górne (23,000 lâng)
* Bieruń (22,100 lâng)
* Pyskowice (21,900 lâng)
* Strzelce Opolskie (21,900 lâng)

## Bûn-ha̍k
* H. Förster, B. Kortus (1989)  ("Social-Geographical Problems of the Cracow and Upper Silesia Agglomerations"), Paderborn. (Bochumer Geographische Arbeiten No. 51)
* Krzysztof Gwozdz (2000 ("The Image of Upper Silesia in geography textbooks 1921-1998"), in: Boleslaw Domanski (Ed.), Prace Geograficzne, No. 106, Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University Kraków. pp. 55-68
* Rudolf Carl Virchow.  "Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia." (1848年)  Am J Public Health 2006;96 2102-2105.
Excerpted from: Virchow RC. (Collected Essays on Public Health and Epidemiology). Vol 1. Rather LJ, ed. Boston, Mass: Science History Publications; 1985:204–319.

## Chù-kha


## Gōa-pō͘ liân-chiap
* Siong Silesia chū-tī ūn-tōng  
* Siong Silesia 
* Siong Silesia lí-iû
Ruth Pfau

**Ruth Pfau** (1929-nî - ) sī chi̍t-ê Tek-kok Thian-chú-kàu siu-lí kah i-seng, i it-seng tī Pa-ki-su-thàn pang-chō͘ môa-á pēⁿ-hōan-chiá. 1929-nî chhut-seⁿ tī Tek-kok Mainz, i ū gō͘ ê chí-mōe kah chi̍t-ê hiaⁿ-tî-á. Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài-tāi-chiàn kiat-sok āu, i tô-cháu kàu Sai Tek-kok. 1949-nî sî-chūn tī Mainz tha̍k I-ha̍k. 1962-nî i ka-ji̍p chi̍t-keng Thian-chú-kàu Thian-chú-kàu kàu Ìn-tō͘, tān-sī in-ūi chhiam-chè būn-tê, i khì Pa-ki-su-thàn, tī Karachi hóe-chhia-chām ê môa-á pēⁿ-hōan-chiá chū-ki-tē khòaⁿ-kò͘ pēⁿ-lâng,  chhòng-kiàn "Marie Adelaide Môa-á-pēⁿ Tiong-sim" , 1963-nî sì-go̍eh i tī-liâu Karachi, Pa-ki-su-thàn ki̍p Afghanistan ê  hōan-chiá.  

## Chióng-chiong
* 1969-nî - Tek-kok êng-ū Hun-chiong
* 1969-nî -  Pa-ki-su-thàn Hun-chiong "Sitara i Quaid i Azam".
* 2002-nî "Ramon Magsaysay Chióng" 
* 2003-nî sì-go̍eh - "Janna Chióng". 

## Chham-khó Chu-liāu

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Villach

**Villach** sī Tang-kok Kärnten tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Klagenfurt am Wörthersee āu-piah.
Wiener Neustadt

**Wiener Neustadt** sī Tang-kok Niederösterreich tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Sankt Pölten āu-piah.
Krems an der Donau

**Krems an der Donau** sī Tang-kok Niederösterreich ê siâⁿ-chhī.


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