open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Franz Kafka

**Franz Kafka** (IPA: [ˈfranʦ ˈkafka]; 1883 nî 7 goe̍h 3 – 1924 nî 6 goe̍h 3) sī 20 sè-kí ēng Tek-gí siá siáu-soat ê tiōng-iàu kak-sek. Kafka tī Praha 1 ê tiong-sán-kai-kip ê Yehudim ka-têng chhut-sì. Toā-hūn ê chok-phín tī koè-sin liáu-āu chiah chhut-pán, chhin-chhiūⁿ *Sím-phoàⁿ* (Der Prozess) kap *Siâⁿ-pó* (Das Schloß). Kafka ê hong-keh chin te̍k-sû, tùi se-hng bûn-ha̍k (Western literature) ê éng-hióng kài toā.
Liû-hêng im-ga̍k

:*"[[Pop im-ga̍k]]" mā thang kiò chò "liû-hêng im-ga̍k", m̄ koh sī choan-bûn ê chi̍t lūi im-ga̍k khoán-sek.*
:*Ji̍t-pún-sek ê "liû-hêng-koa", khòaⁿ "[[liû-hêng-koa (Ji̍t-pún)]]"*. 

**Liû-hêng im-ga̍k** he̍k-chiá kiò **liû-hêng-ga̍k**, kiam lāi-bīn ê **liû-hêng-koa**, sī toè sî-kan leh sî-kiâⁿ ê koa-khek kap im-ga̍k khoán-sek, mā sī chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ kong-si chhut-pán kap siau-lō͘ siōng chē ê sán-phín loē-iông. Chit 10 tang sî-phài ê liû-hêng im-ga̍k lūi-hêng pau-koat rock and roll, hip hop kap pop punk.

## Liû-hêng-koa ê cho͘-sêng kap piáu-hiān

Tī im-ga̍k-hoē, mûi-thé kap chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ lāi-té chhut-ián ê koa-chheⁿ (koa-chhiú) kap ga̍k-thoân, sī liû-hêng im-ga̍k lāi-tè siōng tiōng-iàu ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn. Koa-chhiú m̄-nā thàu-koè chhiùⁿ-koa kā koa-sû piáu-hiān--chhut-lâi, thiàu-bú mā sī in piáu-ián ê 1-chióng chhiú-lō͘. Nā ga̍k-thoân--ni̍h ê ga̍k-chhiú, in ē sú-iōng chhin-chhiūⁿ tiān-gì-tah, kē-im tiān-gì-tah, khí-bó͘, kǹg-khîm kap kó͘ chò phoāⁿ-chàu iah sī chú-chàu.

## Liû-hêng-koa sán-gia̍p ê ūn-chok hong-sek

Thâu-chêng kóng--ê koa-chhiú kap ga̍k-thoân lia̍h-goā, liû-hêng-koa sán-gia̍p--ni̍h koh ū chiâⁿ chē it-poaⁿ lâng khoàⁿ bē-tio̍h ê chham-ú-chiá. Pau-koat lio̍k-im-keng ê kang-chok jîn-oân, chè-chok jîn-oân (chhú-lí lio̍k-im siaⁿ-im, āu-kî chè-chok ê choan-gia̍p jîn-oân), thong-lō͘ jîn-oân (kā chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ bē hō͘ tiàm-bīn ê lâng), kap sió-bē ê ho̍k-bū jîn-oân (tī tiàm-bīn ê tiàm-oân).

Khûn-sûn ián-chhiùⁿ-hoē ê kang-chok jîn-oân hū-chek kā koa-chhiú / ga̍k-thoân tàu-saⁿ-kāng, hō͘ in ē-tàng tī kok-lāi ia̍h kok-goā khûn-sûn piáu-ián, chit lāi-tè pau-koat poaⁿ-sàng ke-si kap si-siat ê kang-chok jîn-oân, sái-chhia ê jîn-oân, tī hiān-tiûⁿ khòng-chè si-siat ê jîn-oân téng-téng.

Chhui-siau jîn-oân hū-chek thàu-koè hêng-siau kap kóng-kò kap im-ga̍k sán-phín chò siāu-kài, hō͘ koh khah chē lâng jīn-bat in kong-si ê koa-chhiú / ga̍k-thoân. In ē khì-kàu tiān-tâi kā chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ sàng hō͘ tiān-tâi ê koán-lí jîn-oân he̍k-chiá sī DJ,che lia̍h-goā, mā ū lâng siá hō͘ mûi-thé ê sin-bûn-kó lâi siāu-kài koa-chhiú / ga̍k-thoân kap in sin ê chok-phín kap chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ.

## Piàn-chò liû-hêng-koa ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek
Lí Pe̍k

**Lí Pe̍k** (hàn-jī: 李白; 701 nî – 762 nî) sī Tiong-kok Tông-tiâu ê si-jîn, hông chun-chhûn chò **Si-sian**.
Thomas Mann

**Paul Thomas Mann** () sī tī Tek-kok Lübeck chhut-sì ê siáu-soat-ka, té-phiⁿ-kó͘ chok-ka, siā-hoē phêng-lūn-ka (social critic), chû-siān-ka (philanthropist), té-bûn chok-ka, pēng-chhiáⁿ bat the̍h tio̍h 1929 nî ê Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng. Thomas Mann sù-siông ēng khau-sé ê chhiú-lō͘ lâi thàm-thó gē-su̍t-ka kap tha̍k-chheh-lâng ê sim-lí. *[[Buddenbrooks]]* sī i khah ū-miâ ê chok-phín.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok siáu-soat-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Edna St. Vincent Millay

**Edna St. Vincent Millay** (1892 nî 2 goe̍h 22 &ndash; 1950 nî 10 goe̍h 19) sī Bí-kok su-chêng-si (lyric poetry) si-jîn kiam ke̍k-chok-ka, mā sī tē 1 ê the̍h tio̍h Pulitzer Si Chióng ê lú-sèng. Millay koè bohème ê seng-oa̍h, kap chin chē cha-po͘ cha-bó͘ ū chhin-bi̍t ê koan-hē. Siá sàn-bûn ê sî, Millay ēng **Nancy Boyd** chò pit-miâ. "Tē 1 Lia̍p Bû-hoa-kó" (First Fig) sī chèng-lâng khah sek-sāi ê 1 siú si.
Khó͘ Sè-khái

**Khó͘ Sè-khái** (hàn-jī: 許世楷; 1934 nî 7 goe̍h 7 &mdash;) chèng-tī-ha̍k kap le̍k-sú-ha̍k ê ha̍k-chiá, Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng tiong ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t chi-it. 2004 nî chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-oân chèng-hú chū Ji̍t-pún ê tāi-piáu.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Khó͘ Sè-khái: ''Tâi-oân Kiōng-hô-kok Hiàn-hoat Chó-àn''  (Hàn-bûn)
*Chū Ji̍t tāi-piáu ê siāu-kài   (Ji̍t-bûn)
Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok jîn-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ

**Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok jîn-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ** lia̍t-chut Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê jîn-bu̍t, chi̍t-tiuⁿ lia̍t-toaⁿ sī chiàu Lô-má-jī ê sūn-sū pâi-lia̍t--ê.

## A
*Peter Atkins
*David Attenborough
*Jane Austen

## B
*Philip Ball
*John Logie Baird
*Julian Barbour
*Thomas Barclay
*Tim Berners-Lee
*Tony Blair
*Gordon Brown
*Colin Bruce
*Samuel Butler
*George Gordon Byron

## C
*Willian Campbell (Kam Ûi-lîm)
*Francis Crick

## D
*Charles Darwin
*Arthur Conan Doyle

## E
*Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê tē II ê Elizabeth

## F
*Rosalind Franklin

## G

## H
*Audrey Hepburn
*Thomas Hobbes
*William Hogarth
*Anthony Horowitz
*Aldous Huxley

## J
*Steve Jones (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka)

## K
*Keira Knightley

## L
*Jude Law
*John Lennon

## M
*Paul McCartney

## N
*Isaac Newton

## O
*Beth Orton
*George Orwell
*Richard Owen

## P
*John Pople

## R
*Vanessa Redgrave
*J. K. Rowling
*Bertrand Russell

## S
*William Shakespeare
*Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
*Charles Percy Snow
*Olaf Stapledon
*Robert Louis Stevenson
*John E. Sulston

## T
*J. R. R. Tolkien
*Alan Turing

## V
*Sid Vicious

## W
*Ralph Vaughan Williams

## Y
*Samuel Youd
Tek-kok jîn-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ

**Tek-kok jîn-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ** lia̍t-chut Tek-kok ê jîn-bu̍t, chi̍t-tiuⁿ lia̍t-toaⁿ sī chiàu Lô-má-jī ê sūn-sū pâi-lia̍t--ê.

## B
*Johann Sebastian Bach
*Ludwig van Beethoven
*Benedictus 16-sè
*Carl Ludwig Blume
*Bertolt Brecht

## G
*Grimm Hiaⁿ-tī

## H
*Hermann Hesse

## L
*Marjaleena Lembcke

## M
*Anne-Sophie Mutter
*Karl Marx
*Thomas Mann

## R
*Bernhard Riemann
Hoan-chháu

**Hoan-chháu** (rumination) sī-kóng tōng-bu̍t tī chá-chêng chia̍h-lo̍h pak-lāi ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ thò͘-chhut-lâi têng pō͘ hō͘-i iù, chiah-koh lâi thun-lo̍h pak-lāi ê chi̍t-chióng siau-hoà hong-sek.  Tû-liáu gû í-goā, Iûⁿ, lo̍k, lo̍k-tô téng lóng-sī oē hoan-chháu ê tōng-bu̍t.  Chit-chióng oē hoan-chháu ê tōng-bu̍t sī ū sì-ê ūi.
Arthur Miller

**Arthur Asher Miller** () sī Bí-kok ê ke̍k-chok-ka kiam té-bûn chok-ka. Miller tī Bí-kok bûn-ha̍k oa̍h-tāng chhiau-koè 61 tang, siá chin chē bú-tâi-ke̍k kap tiān-iáⁿ ê kha-pún, *[[1 ê Chhui-siau-oân ê Sí-bông]]* (Death of a Salesman) sī i siāng chhut-miâ ê kha-pún. Miller bat kī-choa̍t tiàm Hui-Bí Úi-oân-hoē (House Un-American Activities Committee) chò kan-chèng, bat tio̍h koè Pulitzer Chióng, mā bat kap Marilyn Monroe kiat-hun.
Chhân-hn̂g

**Chhân-hn̂g** / **chhân** / **hn̂g** sī choh-sit-lâng chèng-choh lông-chok-bu̍t ê só͘-chāi.

Ū chi̍t-koá tē-hng ê lâng tùi chhân-hn̂g sī-ū khah-iù ê kóng-hoat. Chhân sī teh kóng hit-chióng choan-bûn ēng-lâi chèng-choh seng-tióng kî-kan ài chìm-tī chúi-tiong ê si̍t-bu̍t ê hit-chióng "chúi-chhân". Hn̂g sī kóng hit-chióng khoàⁿ si̍t-bu̍t su-iàu chiah chiàu-thâu-á lâi ak-chúi ê hit-chióng chhân-hn̂g. Hn̂g in-ūi nā-beh pó-chhî pá-chiok ê chúi-hun thang èng-hù si̍t-bu̍t seng-tióng su-iàu, tû-liáu lâng-kang koàn-chúi í-goā, chí-ū khò-thiⁿ lo̍h-hō͘ chiah ū-hoat-tō͘ lâi ta̍t-sêng, só͘-í mā-ū lâng kā-i kiò-chò "khoàⁿ-thiⁿ-chhân". 

Chhân-hn̂g m̄-sī goân-pún siⁿ-tiuⁿ tō tī-hia. Chin-choē chhân-hn̂g sī úi ó͘-chio̍h-thâu, khioh soá chio̍h-thâu, chhò-chhiū, koah-chháu, ku̍t-chhiū-kin chháu-kin lâi khí-seng--ê. Chi̍t pùn-ki chi̍t pùn-ki lâi put, chi̍t-tàⁿ chi̍t-tàⁿ lâi taⁿ, ah-sī chi̍t-gû-chhia chi̍t-gû-chhia lâi chhia soa-thô͘ kah èng-pûi téng lâi ka-kāu hn̂g-thô͘ hn̂g-bah, kái-liông thô͘-chit lâi oân-sêng--ê. Ūi-tio̍h beh khak-pó kài-soàⁿ kah pó-chhî hn̂g-thô͘ mài liû-sit, sì-chiu-ûi mā iáu-ài choh chi̍t-choā chho͘-ióng--ê hn̂g(chhân)-hoāⁿ. Nā-bô hong-piān lī-iōng--ê chúi-goân mā iáu-koh ài chhoē ū choâⁿ-chúi ê só͘-chāi lâi iah-chíⁿ chhiūⁿ-chúi ah-sī khui-khut taⁿ-chúi thiu-chúi lâi ak ū-su-iàu ê lông-chok-bu̍t. Chhân-hn̂g ūi-tio̍h beh siám-hong ū-thang-sî-á mā iáu-ài tī ǹg-hong ê hit-bīn lâi chai-chèng hông-hong-lîm ah-sī ûi hông-hong-chhiûⁿ.

Chhân-hn̂g m̄-koán toā-soè kah it-poaⁿ--ê sū-gia̍p kâng-khoán lóng-sī keng-kè kúi-nā-tang, sīm-chí kúi-nā-tāi lâng ê keng-êng kap koán-lí tah lâi tit--tio̍h-ê. Kang-siong siā-hoē lī-ek pí-kàu, tak-gê-lâng lóng-ū boeh ah-sī bōng-ēng chò bó͘-chi̍t-hāng khang-khoè ê soán-te̍k-koân. Chó͘-kong-á bô kán-tan pê-thô͘-khàng-soa chiah-lâi ûi-chhut chi̍t-phiàn chhân-hn̂g, chit-má pàng-lo̍h-lâi hō͘-lán sîn-tio̍h, lán mā ū khó-lêng pàng hō͘-i pha-hng. Chin-kín chháu tō hoat-tīⁿ, hoat ba̍t-khì, tó chi̍t-kang siūⁿ-kìⁿ beh-koh choh, kan-nā tû-chháu beh tû-kàu-chīn khó-lêng ài-koh khoè kúi-nā-tang. Siat-sú nā-lóng mài-sûn, mài chéng-lí, chi̍t-chūn chúi-lâu-kau-chhè ê toā-hō͘, hn̂g(chhân)-hoāⁿ lâi pang-khì, hn̂g-thō͘ hn̂g-bah mā chi̍t-gê-chhiú tō koah, lâu liáu-liáu. Chiàⁿ-chiàⁿ-sī tîn-kui-tîn, thó͘-kui-thó͘. Heng-soe sī ba̍k-nih-hia-kú ê tāi-chì. Chhân-hn̂g nā-sī kan-nā chhân-hn̂g niā-niā, lán chit-má chhun-án-ne pàng hō͘-i pha-hng, sī-m̄-sī sī lēng-goā chi̍t-chióng--ê "kok-thó͘ liû-sit"?

Lūi-pia̍t:Tē-hêng
Lê-chhân

替代文字|縮圖|Lê-chhân
**Lê-chhân** / **thà-hn̂g** sī chi̍t-chióng choh-sit-lâng ê sit-thâu, sī ēng lôe(lê) poâⁿ-péng, lāng-sang chhân-hn̂g ê thô͘ chún-pī thang-hó chèng-choh, ah-sī tī chhân(hn̂g)-thô͘ phah-lân(ēng lôe liô-chhut chi̍t-tiâu beh-ti̍h--ê chhim-kau kah liô-chhut chai-chéng lông-chok-bu̍t ūi-tì ê ki-chún-soāⁿ) ê khang-khoè.

Hiān-chú-sî lê-chhân thà-hn̂g nā-sī ū ki-khì-hoà, chhun ēng thih-gû-á, téng-koân só͘-beh-ài--ê khang-khoè thih-gû-á lóng chò-ē-lâi.  Chāi chá-kî, lôe só͘ chhèng(lôe, lê, thà)--chhut-ê thô͘-ha̍t(kiat-kui-oân ê thô͘-tè) sī ài chi̍t-tīn lâng gia̍h tî(tû)-thâu toè lôe-āu iōng tî-thâu-kheng(tî-thâu-bah kah tî-thâu-pìⁿ liân-chiap hit-ūi) chàu-thâu-á chi̍t-tè chi̍t-tè khán(kòng) hō͘-i iù.  Chit-má ū thih-gû-á, chit-chióng phah-chhùi thô͘-ha̍t ê chong-tì mā-oē-ū kah-tī thih-gû-á téng-thâu-nih.  Thih-gû-á sái kiâⁿ liáu-āu oē-tàng tông-sî it-kí-sò͘-tit lâi phah-soàⁿ thô͘-ha̍t, oē-tàng kiám-khin chiok-choē khang-khoè kah kiám-chió lê-chhân thà-hn̂g sî-chūn ê kha-siàu.
Susanna Tamaro

**Susanna Tamaro** (1957 nî 12 goe̍h 12 &mdash; ) sī tī Italia Trieste chhut-sì è lú-sèng chok-ka kiam tō-ián. 1989 nî chhut-pán ê siáu-soat *Tī hûn téng ê sim-su* (La testa tra le nuvole) ū tio̍h tio̍h Elsa Morante Chióng. 1994 nî ê *[[Sim-lāi ê mn̂g-thang]]* (Va' dove ti porta il cuore) sī Tamaro siāng ū-miâ ê chok-phín.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Í-tāi-lī jîn-bu̍t
Simón Bolívar

[220px|縮圖|Simón Bolívar, [Toronto - Canada]]
**Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco** (1783 nî 7 goe̍h 24 ji̍t - 1830 nî 12 goe̍h 17 ji̍t) sī Venezuela ê tōa-chiong-kun. I tī Venezuela ê Caracas chhut-sì.
I tháu-pàng Lâm Bí-chiu chōe-chōe kok-ka, hō͘ in tùi Se-pan-gâ to̍k-li̍p. Ū kúi-nā-tang i sī Tōa Colombia ê chóng-thóng. Tōa Colombia chit-ê kok-ka taⁿ bô--khì-ah. M̄-koh taⁿ ū 1 ê kok-ka Bolivia sī chhú Bolívar ê miâ lâi hō.
Molière

**Molière** sī **Jean-Baptiste Poquelin** (1622 nî 1 goe̍h 15 – 1673 nî 2 goe̍h 17) ê gē-miâ, Hoat-kok ê ke̍k-chok-ka kiam hì-kioh, mā hông chun-chhûn-chò hí-chhut ê tāi-su. 1664 nî khai-sí poaⁿ ê *[[Tartuffe]]* (Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur) sī Molière siāng ū-miâ ê chok-phín chi it.
Reggae

**Reggae** sī Se-ìn-tō͘ Kûn-tó ê 1 khoán bú-pō͘ kap im-ga̍k, mā ēng lâi kóng Jamaica toā-pō͘-hūn im-ga̍k ê chóng-hō-miâ. M̄-koh tia̍t-pia̍t sī chí ska kap rocksteady hoat-tián liáu-āu ê 1 chióng im-ga̍k hêng-sek. Raggae sī 1960 nî-tāi tī Jamaica khí-ki liáu-āu, chū-án-ne heng--khí-lâi-ê, tùi Se-kok ê liû-hêng-koa ū chiâⁿ toā ê éng-hióng, 1970 kap 1980 nî-tāi kài sî-kiâⁿ.

Chit-khoán im-ga̍k tia̍t-sû ê só͘-chāi, sī i kā khah tāng ê liâu-phah hē tiàm im-ga̍k-tek ê jio̍k-phah téng-koân, ga̍k-thoân--ni̍h ē ū 1 ê hū-chek pán-liâu ê gí-tah-chhiú ē chhú-lí chit-pō͘-hūn, hō-chò "skank", nā kē-im kó͘ tō tī ta̍k siáu-chiat ê tē-2 kap tē-4 ê phek-ūi kòng--lo̍h, hō-chò "drop".

Reggae ê koa-sû tiāⁿ chhú-lí ê chú-tê, pau-koat sìn-gióng, ài-chêng, koan-hē, sàn-chhiah, bû-kong-gī kap pa̍t-hāng khah khoah-bīn ê siā-hoē gī-tê. Reggae ê koa-sû mā tiāⁿ khan-sia̍p-tio̍h suh tāi-mâ kap hoán-tùi tông-sèng-loân kap khoàⁿ-bô lú-sèng, chiah-ê loē-iông khah gâu éng-khí-tio̍h cheng-gī.

Chit-ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek kap Rastafari ê hoa̍t-tōng kap thoân-thé ū chin chhim ê koan-hē, tāi-piáu ê koa-chhiú sī Bob Marley, Bob Marley pún-sin tō-sī Rastafari ê sêng-oân.

## Reggae artists
* Bob Marley & The Wailers
* Third World
* Toots & The Maytals
* Steel Pulse
* Matunbi
* HIROFUMI MOTOYA

## Reference
* Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2008). *Les origines du reggae: retour aux sources. Mento, ska, rocksteady, early reggae*, L'Harmattan, coll. Univers musical. ISBN 978-2-296-06252-8
* Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2011). *Vibrations jamaïcaines. L'Histoire des musiques populaires jamaïcaines au XXe siècle*, Camion Blanc. ISBN 978-2-35779-157-2
* cite book|author=Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey|title=Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006|isbn=1-59213-463-7|year=2006|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia, PA 
*cite book | author=O'Brien Chang, Kevin & Chen, Wayne | title=Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music | publisher=Ian Randle Publishers | year=1998
Pablo Neruda

**Pablo Neruda** (), pún-miâ **Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto**, sī Chile ê si-jîn, 1971 nî bat the̍h tio̍h Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng. Neruda ēng Se-pan-gâ-gí lâi chhòng-chok. 1924 nî ê *[[20 siú chêng-si kap 1 siú tōan-tiông-koa]]* (Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada) sī Neruda khah thong lâng chai ê chok-phín.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Chile jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Zermelo–Fraenkel Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn

**Zermelo–Fraenkel Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn**, pau-hâm "soán-te̍k kong-siat" (the axiom of choice) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kán-siá-chò **ZFC**, sī 1 cho͘ piau-chún-hoà ê kong-siat-hoà chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn (axiomatic set theory), mā sī siāng chia̍p ēng ê 1 cho͘ sò͘-ha̍k ki-chân (foundations of mathematics), thoân-thóng ê sò͘-ha̍k léng-he̍k lóng ē-tàng ùi chit cho͘ kong-siat lâi chhui-lūn.
Edgar Allan Poe

**Edgar Allan Poe** () sī Bí-kok ê si-jîn, té-phiⁿ-kó͘ chok-ka, ke̍k-chok-ka, pian-chip, phêng-lūn-ka, té-bûn chok-ka, kiam Bí-kok lōng-bān ūn-tōng ê thâu-lâng. Poe ê khióng-pò͘ siáu-soat (macabre) kap Sîn-pì siáu-soat (mystery fiction) siāng ū-miâ; i mā sī Bí-kok khah chá khai-sí siá té-phiⁿ-kó͘ ê chok-ka; hông chun-chhûn chò thàm-cheng siáu-soat kap hoān-choē siáu-soat ê khai-ki-chó͘; tùi kho-ha̍k siáu-soat ê chhut-hiān mā ū kòng-hiàn. Poe 40 hoè tō lâi koè-sin, sí-in bē-tàng khak-tēng. 1841 nî ê *[[Rue Morgue ê bô͘-sat-àn]]* (The Murders in the Rue Morgue) sī Poe khah ū-miâ ê chok-phín.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 
* 
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* Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
* Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore
Marcel Proust

**Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust** (1871 nî 7 goe̍h 10 – 1922 nî 11 goe̍h 18) kán-chheng **Marcel Proust** (IPA: [maʀ'sɛl pʀust]), sī Hoat-kok ê tha̍k-chheh-lâng (intellectual), siáu-soat-ka, té-bûn chok-ka, kiam phêng-lūn-ka. Proust siāng ū-miâ ê chok-phín sī 1913 nî kàu 1927 nî hun-chò 7 koàn chhut-oán ê *[[Cháu-chhoē éng-sî]]* (*À la recherche du temps perdu*).
Nassim Taleb

**Nassim Nicholas Taleb** (1960 nî &mdash; ) sī choan-tô͘ leh gián-kiù chhiāng-tú-chhiāng (ramdomness) ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, kiam châi-bū sò͘-ha̍k (financial mathematics) ê chhau-chok-chiá. Taleb chin chá tō tī Wall Street chhau-chok derivat (derivative), lō͘-boé tì-ì châi-bū sò͘-ha̍k ê ki-hoē (change) chai-bat-lūn (epistemology), hoat-tián o͘-thian-gô lí-lūn (black swan theory). Taleb ê bûn-ha̍k chhiú-lō͘ koàn-sì ēng khah hiān-tāi ê tiat-ha̍k kò͘-sū, poàⁿ chū-toān, koh thàu-lām chi̍t-koá kho-ha̍k phêng-lūn, kap Milan Kundera ê hong-keh beh oá beh oá.
Lêng-hûn im-ga̍k

**Lêng-hûn im-ga̍k** he̍k-chiá-sī kóng **lêng-hûn-ga̍k** sī 1 chióng im-ga̍k ê khoán-sek. Ki-pún-tek thang kóng sī pán-liâu kap bu-lù-suh (R&B) lāi-té ê 1 ki.

Goân-khí-thâu, sī 1950 nî-tāi kàu 1960 nî-tāi chho͘-kî, tī Bí-kok ê Hui-chiu-è hok-im im-ga̍k kap bu-lù-suh hoat-tián--chhut-lâi-ê im-ga̍k thé-hē. Keng-koè chi̍t-toāⁿ sî-kan liáu-āu, choaⁿ-á ùi pán-liâu kap bu-lù-suh ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek--ni̍h hông lēng-goā hō-miâ, piàn-chò lán chit-má kóng ê lêng-hûn im-ga̍k. In-ūi thâu-chêng chit-ê khí-tì, beh khui-phoà lêng-hûn im-ga̍k kap pán-liâu kap bu-lù-suh cheng-chha tī toh, ū khah oh kóng, chiâⁿ chē im-ga̍k ê hun-lūi ia̍h kui-khì kā in hē chò-hoé.

Mā ū lâng jīn-ûi lêng-hûn im-ga̍k khêng-si̍t tō-sī pán-liâu kap bu-lù-suh hām hok-im im-ga̍k thàu-lām ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek, kin-kì Iô-kún-ga̍k Bêng-jîn Tông ê tēng-gī, lêng-hûn im-ga̍k sī "Ùi Bí-kok o͘-lâng ê keng-giām--ni̍h sán-seng ê im-ga̍k, thàu-koè kā hok-im im-ga̍k, pán-liâu kap bu-lù-suh chò choán-oāⁿ, piàn-chò liâu-phah tāng, piáu-hiān sè-sio̍k ê khoán-sek."
Hok-im im-ga̍k

**Hok-im im-ga̍k** sī 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî, tī Bí-kok hoat-chó͘ ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek. I goân-té sī Ki-tok-kàu lāi-té Ki-tok sin kàu ê chong-kàu im-ga̍k. 

Toā-pō͘-hūn ê hok-im im-ga̍k ê tia̍t-sek, sī in ēng chin chē lâng-siaⁿ (ha̍p-chhiùⁿ), koh-khah chù-tiōng hô-im, koa-sû--ni̍h tài ki-tok chong-kàu ê ì-gī. Chit-ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek, ē-kha koh ū hun-ki, pau-koat: kīn-tāi hok-im im-ga̍k (*contemporary gospel*), to͘-chhī kīn-tāi hok-im im-ga̍k (*urban contemporary gospel*, iā-chiū-sī o͘-lâng hok-im im-ga̍k, *black gospel*), kap hiān-tāi hok-im im-ga̍k (*modern Gospel music *), hiān-tāi hok-im im-ga̍k phó-thong mā kong-chò "o-ló kap kèng-pài" (*praise and worship*) he̍k-chiá-sī kīn-tāi ki-tok-tô͘ im-ga̍k (*Contemporary Christian music*).

Chha-put-to ta̍k-khoán ê hok-im im-ga̍k lóng ē ēng-tio̍h tiān-gí-tah, kó͘ kap kē-im tiān-gí-tah.
Iô-kún-ga̍k

**Iô-kún-ga̍k** sī 1950 nî-tāi tiong-kî tī Bí-kok chhut-hiān ê liû-hêng im-ga̍k khoán-sek. Goân-té ê Eng-gí siá-chò *Rock and Roll* ia̍h-sī *Rock'n'Roll*. Chit-ê sû it-poaⁿ-tek beh soat-bêng goân-khí-thâu, sī ēng "iô" (*rock*) kap "liàn/kún" (*roll*) lâi piáu-hiān im-ga̍k ê khí-lo̍h kap liâu-phah, m̄-koh khêng-si̍t che pún-té sī Bí-kok o͘-lâng ê sio̍k-gí, ì-sù sī sèng-kau he̍k-chiá-sī thiàu-bú.

*Rock and Roll* mā kán-séng kóng *Rock*. Chit-ê kóng-hoat chū iô-kún-ga̍k tú khí-ki ê sî-chūn tō ū lâng leh ēng--ah. 1960 nî-tāi *Rock* ê kóng-hoat piàn phó-phiàn, *Rock and Roll* tian-tó khah hán kóng. Chóng--sī hiān-chhú-sî 2 chióng lóng iáu ū teh sú-iōng.

Iô-kún-ga̍k í-keng thoàⁿ khì Bí-kok í-goā ê só͘-chāi, put-chí-á sî-kiâⁿ, āu--lâi sán-seng chē-chē hun-ki, chóng-hō-miâ lâi kóng, phó-thong kiò-chò *rock*. Iô-kún-ga̍k sù-siông ū koa-sû, pán-liâu ki-pún-siōng sī ka-kiông āu-phek-ūi ê boogie-woogie bu-lù-suh. Kiông-phek chha-put-to lóng ū lang-kó͘ (*snare drum*) ê kó͘-siaⁿ.

Kó͘-tián ê iô-kún-ga̍k ián-chàu, ū 1 ki ia̍h 2 ki tiān-gí-tah (1 ki chhoā-thâu, 1 ki chò pán-liâu), 1 ki kē-im tiān-gí-tah, kap 1 chou kó͘. Khí-bó͘ mā tiāⁿ ka--ji̍p-lâi chò-hoé. Nā 1950 nî-tâi chá-kî ê iô-kún-ga̍k, khah chia̍p ēng sa-khú-sú-hóng chhoā-thâu, kah 1950 nî-tāi tiong-kî, chiah hō͘ gí-tah thè-oāⁿ--khì. Koh khah chá-kî, tī iô-kún-ga̍k hoat-chó͘ ê khoán-sek--ni̍h, kǹg-khîm chiah sī chhoā-thâu ê ga̍k-khì, sū-si̍t-siōng, iô-kún-ga̍k ê kin-té sī 1940 nî-tāi tī Bí-kok im-ga̍k chiàm-thâu-ūi ê toā-ga̍k-thoân ê boogie-woogie kǹg-khîm ián-chàu.

Iô-kún-ga̍k chha-put-to tī choân-sè-kài lóng siū-tio̍h hoan-gêng, iā chū-án-ne tùi siā-hoē ū chám-jiân toā ê éng-hióng. I í-keng m̄-sī tan-sûn ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek, chìn-chi̍t-pō͘-tek, i éng-hióng lán ê seng-oa̍h hong-sek, sî-kiâⁿ chhu-sè, thài-tō͘, kap gí-giân.

## Rock genre
* Glam rock
* Hard rock
* Progressive rock
* Punk rock
* New wave
* Grunge
* Heavy Metal
* Rocabilly
Sóe-á

**Sóe-á** / **sé-á** sī chi̍t-chióng lông-chok-bu̍t.  Lóng-sī chèng-tī m̄-bián kài su-iàu ak-chúi ta-sò ê hn̂g-nih.  Chit-chióng si̍t-bu̍t só͘ kiat ê sūi hêng-thé kah tiū-á sio-siâng.  Tâi-oân toà-tī soaⁿ-téng ê chū-bîn, chá-chêng chin-chē lâng oē chèng chit-chióng si̍t-bu̍t lâi chia̍h.  Chit-má mā ū lâng kā-i the̍h-lâi chò chiú.
Poa̍h-poe

**Poa̍h-poe** (跋桮) sī bîn-kan-sìn-gióng tiong, ēng poe-chîⁿ hiòng sîn-bêng kiû-khit, mn̄g tāi-chì ê chi̍t-chióng tōng-chok hêng-ûi.

Chi̍t-hù poe-chîⁿ ū nn̄g-tè. Múi-tè kok-ū chi̍t-bīn im-bīn, chi̍t-bīn iông-bīn. Lán-lâng pēng-bô choân-lêng, ū lio̍k-sîn-bô-chú, ū hiòng sîn-bêng khit-thó mn̍gh-kiāⁿ ê sî-chūn. Kiû-khit-chiá siang-chhiú hap-phâng poe-chîⁿ, khiân-sêng kháu-ho͘ tùi-siòng sîn-bêng miâ-hō, chheng-chhó bêng-khak kóng-chhut ka-kī--ê su-kiû, tông-sî chhéng-kiû sîn-bêng í chhut liân-soà kúi-siūⁿ-poe ûi-chún, siang-chhiú khin-khin hiat-chhut poe-chîⁿ, poe-chîⁿ tiāⁿ-tio̍h tī thô͘-kha ê chêng-hêng tō-sī sîn-bêng ê ì-sù.

Nn̄g-tè poe-chîⁿ sī:


1-im kah 1-iông: Kiò-chò "siūⁿ-poe" (象桮), "ún-pue" (允桮). Sī kóng sîn-bêng tông-ì kiû-khit-chiá ê ì-sù.

choân-im: Chhut-hiān nn̄g-tè tiāⁿ-tio̍h tī thô͘-kha ê poe-chîⁿ lóng-sī khǹg thán-chhiò--ê poe-chîⁿ, kiò-chò "im-poe" (陰桮), "chhiò-poe" (笑桮). Sī kóng sîn-bêng bô-tông-ì kiû-khit-chiá ê ì-sù.

choân-iông: Chhut-hiān nn̄g-tè tiāⁿ-tio̍h tī thô͘-kha ê poe-chîⁿ lóng-sī khǹg thán-khap(phak) --ê poe-chîⁿ, kiò-chò "iông-poe" (陽桮), "kah-poe" (蓋桮), "bô-poe" (無桮), "nō͘-poe" (怒桮). Sī kóng sîn-bêng bô-tông-ì kiû-khit-chiá ê ì-sù.
Robert L. Park

**Robert L. (Bob) Park** sī Bí-kok Maryland Tāi-ha̍k ê bu̍t-lí kàu-siū. Park chin téng-chin phoe-phoàⁿ ké-pâu-kho-ha̍k (pseudoscience), chhan-chhiūⁿ sim-tiān-kám-èng (telepathy) kap sūn-sè-liâu-hoat (homeopathy), ... téng-téng m̄ sī kho-ha̍k soah ké-chò kho-ha̍k ê hiān-siōng kap būn-tê. 2001 nî i ū chhut 1 pún chheh *[[Voodoo Kho-ha̍k]]* (Voodoo Science).
Alexander Pushkin

**Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin** (, IPA: , ) sī Lō͘-se-a  lōng-bān-chú-gī ê chok-ka, hông chun-chhûn chò Lō͘-se-a it-lia̍p-it ê si-jîn, pēng-chhiáⁿ sī Lō͘-se-a bó-gí bûn-ha̍k Lō͘-se-a bûn-ha̍k ê khai-ki-chiá. Pushkin ēng kháu-gí lái siá si kap kha-pún, chhòng-chō 1 chióng thàu-lām hì-ke̍k, lōng-bān-sú (romance), kap khoe-sé (satire) ê kóng-kó͘ hong-keh, tùi boé-āu ê Lō͘-se-a chok-ka éng-hióng kài toā. 1833 nî hoat-piáu ê si *[[Tâng Khî-sū]]* (Медный всадник) sī Pushkin ê tāi-piáu-chok.
Rainer Maria Rilke

**Rainer Maria Rilke** (1875 nî 12 goe̍h 4 – 1926 nî 12 goe̍h 29) tī Praha chhut-sì, koàn-sì ēng Tek-gí chhòng-chok, hông chun-chhûn chò 20 sè-kí siāng úi-tāi ê si-jîn chi it. Rilke tú-hó tiàm tī thoân-thóng kap hiān-tāi-chú-gī (modernism) tiong-ng ê sî-kî, i ê chok-phín hoán-èng hit ê nî-tāi ê giâu-gî, hi-bî, kap peh-pak. *[[Hō͘ Orpheus ê Si]]* (Die Sonette an Orpheus) kap *[[Duineser Pi-koa]]* (Duineser Elegien) sī Rilke siāng ū-miâ ê si.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī jîn-bu̍t
Tāng-kim-sio̍k im-ga̍k

**Tāng-kim-sio̍k** (*Heavy Metal*) sī im-ga̍k ê 1 chióng khoán-sek. Ki-pún-siōng sī iô-kún-ga̍k--ni̍h ê 1 ki, te̍k-sek sī ēng tiān-gì-tah kap kó͘ chò-chut chin kāu chin hiáng ê siaⁿ, thàu-koè là-pah hō͘ im-ga̍k-siaⁿ sán-seng piàn-hoà, kiông-tiâu gí-tah sok-tō͘ kài kín ê to̍k-chàu. Chit-khoán im-ga̍k sī ùi 1970 nî-tāi ē-poàⁿ-kî khai-sí, kah 1980 nî-tāi hoat-tián--khí-lâi ê 1 chióng iô-kún-ga̍k: tēng-iô-kún (*hard rock*) lāi-té chhut-sì---ê,chóng--sī hiān-chhú-sî ê tāng-kim-sio̍k í-keng kap tēng-iô-kún cheng-chha chiaⁿ chē--ah.

## Sû-goân

"Tāng-kim-sio̍k" (*heavy metal*) chit-ê miâ ê goân-khí-thâu, kóng-hoat chin chē, ē-khah sī khah chhut-miâ ê lē:

* Sī Bí-kok ê siáu-soat-ka kiam ián-oân William S. Burroughs chhòng-chō ê sû, *heavy metal* piáu-sī chia̍h mô͘-hui tiòng-to̍k ê lâng ke̍k-thâu ê chêng-hóng. Āu--lâi Sandy Pearlman ūi-tio̍h beh piau-ta̍t Bí-kok ga̍k-thoân Blue Öyster Cult ê im-ga̍k-sèng, chiah chioh chit-ê sû lâi ēng. Chit-ê kóng-hoat sī siōng-kài ē-sìn-tit--ê.

* Sī 1 ê kì-chiá tāi-seng án-ne siá--ê. 1960 nî-tāi ê gì-tah-chhiú James Marshall (Jimi Hendrix) pān 1 tiûⁿ im-ga̍k-hoē liáu-āu, New York Times ê kí-chiá siá-kóng: "I hoat-chhut ê siaⁿ-im kah taⁿ iáu thiaⁿ ē-tio̍h, koh ná chhiūⁿ bô siaⁿ hit-khoán, ùi thiⁿ-téng poa̍h--lo̍h-lâi ê tāng-kim-sio̍k (*heavy metal*) hit-ê khoán-sek ê siaⁿ-im.

* Sī thò͘-oē Italia ê iô-kún-ga̍k-thoân Led Zeppelin im-ga̍k-sèng ê siau-soat "Heavy Metal" lāi-té,siá-tio̍h chit-ê ga̍k-thoân ê im-ga̍k-sèng ê sî, kóng in ê im-ga̍k sī "ti̍t-ti̍t ū tēng--ê ê nńg", koh ēng "nńg ê kim-sio̍h = heavy metal" lâi phì-jū.

* Sī ùi 1969 nî Bí-kok ê Iáⁿ-hì Easy Rider lāi-té chin chhut-miâ ê koa "Born to Be wild" lâi--ê, hit-tè koa ê koa-sû ū siá-tio̍h "Heavy metal thunder".

## Im-ga̍k ê te̍k-sek
Carl Sandburg

**Carl August Sandburg** (1878 nî 1 goe̍h 6 – 1967 nî 7 goe̍h 22) sī Bí-kok ê si-jîn, le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka, siáu-soat-ka, bîn-iâu-koa-chhiú (balladeer), kiam bîn-sio̍k-ha̍k-ka (folklorist); tī Illinois Galesburg chhut-sì. Sandburg bat the̍h koè 2 pái Pulitzer Chióng, 1 pái sī Abraham Lincoln ê toān-kì *Abraham Lincoln: Chiàn-cheng Nî-tāi* (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years), 1 pái sī i ê si-chi̍p *Carl Sandburg Choân Si-chi̍p* (The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg). 1920 nî ê gín-á-kó͘ *[[Rootabaga Kò͘-sū]]* (Rootabaga Stories) mā chin ū-miâ.
Gamelan

**Gamelan** sī 1 chióng im-ga̍k ha̍p-chàu, tī Ìn-nî hoat-chó͘, ga̍k-thoân--ni̍h ê ga̍k-khì ū thih-khîm (*metallophone*), chhâ-khîm (*xylophone*), kó͘, lô, tek phín-á, kap ēng e--ê hām toâⁿ--ê hiân-ga̍k-khì, lâng-siaⁿ ū-tang-sî-á mā ē ka--ji̍p-lâi. "Gamelan" tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chí hit lāi-té kui cho͘ ê ga̍k-khì, ta̍k-cho͘ ga̍k-khì lóng hông khoàⁿ-chò to̍k-li̍p ê cho͘-ha̍p, tâng-chê chè-chok mā tâng-chê tiâu-im, bô-kâng "gamelan" chi-kan ê ga̍k-khì sī bē-ēng-tit sio thè-oāⁿ--ê.

"Gamelan" chit-ê sû sī ùi Java-gí--ni̍h ê "gamel" lâi--ê, ì-sù sī khà iah kòng, "an" chit-ê sû-boé kā goân-té chit-ê sû piàn-sêng chi̍p-ha̍p bêng-sû.
Kó͘

**Kó͘** () sī ga̍k-khì lāi-té ê 1 chióng, kòng kó͘ ê sî, ū ê ēng chhiú, ū ê ēng kó͘-chhoê, bô-kâng ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek--ni̍h lóng ū khó-lêng sú-iōng kó͘, kó͘ pún-sin mā ē-tàng hō͘ im-ga̍k sán-seng bô-kâng ê kám-kak.

Kó͘ chia̍p hū-chek im-ga̍k ê pán-liâu, phoè-ha̍p koa-khek ê sok-tō͘, kòng bô-siâng ê liâu-phah--chhut-lâi. Kó͘ koh hun-chò chiaⁿ chē khoán-sek, chhin-chhiūⁿ conga, hām-kó͘ (*snare drum*) kap kē-im kó͘. Kā kok-iūⁿ ê kúi-ā-ê kó͘ cho͘--khí-lâi, tō chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê kó͘-cho͘, kó͘-cho͘ tī hiān-tāi ê ga̍k-thoân lāi-té sī chin sù-siông--ê.

Kó͘ sǹg sī táⁿ-kek ga̍k-khì, kap nâ-poa̍h, chhâ-khîm kāng-chi̍t-lūi.
Sì-siù

[thumb|[Thô͘-tāu]]
**Sì-siù** ia̍h **chhùi-chia̍h-mi̍h** m-sī ji̍t-siông chiàⁿ-tǹg, mā m̄-sī poàⁿ-po͘ chia̍h boē-iau ê tiám-sim, sī chi̍t-chióng chia̍h chhit-thô, moâⁿ-phiàn chhùi-khang, boán-chiok chi̍t-sî ê siūⁿ-beh-chia̍h mn̍gh-kiāⁿ ê sió-sió--ê chhùi-chia̍h-mn̍gh.  Chhun kim-kâm, kiâm-sng-tiⁿ, chi-ku-la̍t, piáⁿ téng lóng-sī. Sì-siù-á, mā kiò-chò **tām-sám** (啖糝).

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
Kǹg-khîm

**Kǹg-khîm** sī 1 chióng ga̍k-khì, mā kiò-chò **phi-á-no͘h**, **iûⁿ-hiân-khîm**, **se-iûⁿ-khîm** iah-sī **tâng-soàⁿ-khîm**.

Chit-khoán ga̍k-khì kāng-sî-chūn sio̍k-tī khîm-jí ga̍k-khì (*keyboard instrument*), táⁿ-kek ga̍k-khì (*percussion instrument*) he̍k-chiá-sī hiân-ga̍k-khì (*string instrument*), tio̍h khoàⁿ sú-iōng--ê sī toh-chi̍t-ê hun-lūi hē-thóng. Kǹg-khîm ê hoat-siaⁿ, sī khò pau mô͘-chiⁿ ê sè-ki chhâ-chhoê kòng kǹg-thih chò ê hiân lâi--ê, chhâ-chhoê kòng hiân liáu-āu, ē sûi thiàu--lī, tì-sú hiân kè-sio̍k tī kiōng-bêng ê pîn-lu̍t chùn-tōng, chit-lō chùn-tōng thàu-koè khîm-kiô thoân khì im-pang, kā siaⁿ hàm-toā.

Kǹg-khîm tī Se-kok im-ga̍k--ni̍h chia̍p-chia̍p ēng tī to̍k-chàu ê piáu-ián, sek-lāi-ga̍k kap phoāⁿ-chàu. Tī chok-khek kap pâi-liān mā tiāⁿ ēng. Sui-jiân thé-chek toā bô-hó soá-kiâⁿ, kè-siàu pí-kàu-tek khah koân, chóng--sī im-ga̍k-siōng ê piáu-hiān lêng-le̍k kap phó-phiàn-sèng ê in-toaⁿ, hō͘ kǹg-khîm taⁿ chiâⁿ-chò ga̍k-khì lāi-té siōng-kài siū hoan-gêng ê 1 khoán.

## Tsham-ua̍t
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* (Nuâ-tsa̽h-ki/Interceptor aircraft)
*Goân-kó͘-tāi (guân-kóo-tāi; proterozoic)
* (Bloomberg News)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* History of the Piano Forte , Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK
* Section ''Table of Music Pitches'' of the Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
* The Frederick Historical Piano Collection
* The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Five lectures on the Acoustics of the piano
* *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165547/http://www.fortepian.instrumenty.edu.pl/en The Piano in Polish Collections]* (historical instruments)
Albert Einstein

**Albert Einstein** () sī Tek-kok chhut-sì ê lí-lūn bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka. I siāng chhut-miâ--ê sī i thê-chhut ê siong-tùi-sèng lí-lūn, te̍k-pia̍t sī chit-liōng/lêng-goân ê tùi-èng E=mc^2. I the̍h tio̍h 1921 nî ê Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng.

## Chù-kái

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

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## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

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* , or 
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## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

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* Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* Federal Bureau of Investigation file on Albert Einstein
* Einstein and his love of music, *[[Physics World]]*
*  including the Nobel Lecture 11 July 1923 *Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity*
* Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents)  (MSNBC, 19 March 2012)
* Einstein's declaration of intention for American citizenship  on the World Digital Library
* Albert Einstein Collection at Brandeis University
* The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein "Digital Einstein" at Princeton University
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* Home page of Albert Einstein at The Institute for Advanced Study
* Albert – The Digital Repository of the IAS, which contains many digitized original documents and photographs

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok kho-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok kho-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hoē-chú-gī-chiá
Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Phín-siau

Phín-siau sī koán-ga̍k-khì ê 1 lūi, chit-ê sû sī phín-á kap siau kap--khí-lâi ê chóng-hō-miâ.

Phín-siau kap pa̍k-hāng koán-ga̍k-khì ki-pún-tek ê cheng-chha sī sán-seng siaⁿ-im ê goân-lí, phín-siau bô ēng hông-phìⁿ / keng-á-phìⁿ chùn-tāng hoat-siaⁿ, sī tan-sûn khò khì-liû kap khang ê kîⁿ ia̍h phín-á-mo͘h lâi chhut-siaⁿ. Chóng--sî phó-thong ê gí-giân--ni̍h, í-keng bô hun kah chiah-ni̍h bêng, kāng-lūi ê ga̍k-khì lāi-té, hoat-siaⁿ ê goân-lí koh-iūⁿ, taⁿ tn̂g-koáiⁿ-hêng ê koán-ga̍k-khì (bô pau-koat kó͘-chhoe kap tā-ti téng-téng), lóng ē-sái sǹg tī phín-siau lāi-té.

Thang kui tī phín-siau-lūi ê ga̍k-khì, ū phín-á, ta̍t-á, o͘-ta̍t-á, siau / tōng-siau, seng téng-téng.
Sappho

**Sappho** (Attic Hi-lia̍p-gí: Σαπφώ, IPA:[sapːʰɔː]; Aeolic Hi-lia̍p-gí:Ψάπφω, IPA:[psapːʰɔː]) sī kó͘ Hi-lia̍p ê sū-chêng-si si-jîn. Kin-kì thoân-soat, Sappho sī tī Lesvos (Λέσβος) ê Eresos (Ερεσός) chhut-sì; nî-tāi iok-liōng tī kong-goân-chêng 630 nî kàu 612 nî tiong-kan; koè-sin ê nî-tāi tāi-lí-khài sī kong-goân-chêng 570 nî. Sappho ê si tī kó͘-chá sî-tāi chin ū-miâ, m̄-koh toā-hūn lóng phah-bô--khì. Hiān-chú-sî oân-chéng ê chok-phín kan-taⁿ chhun 1 siú "Aphrodite Po-koa" (Hymn to Aphrodite).

## Chham-khó
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Sèng-hêng-ûi

**Sèng-hêng-ûi** (性行為) it-poaⁿ sī kóng lâng he̍k-chiá kî-tha tōng-bu̍t ê seⁿ-si̍t-khì sio-ha̍p. Giâm-keh lâi kóng sī hiông-sèng ê seⁿ-si̍t-khì chìn-ji̍p chhú-sèng ê seⁿ-si̍t-tō, ē-tàng hoat-seng tī nn̄g-ê bô-kāng-khóan ê sèng-pia̍t, pau-hâm chi̍t-kóa chi̍t-ê kò-thé ū nn̄g-khóan khì-koan ê tōng-bu̍t.

Lēng-gōa, sèng-hêng-ûi mā ē-tàng kóng sī pau-hâm chhùi-khang ia̍h-sī kāng-mn̂g chham sèng-khì-koan ê sèng-hêng-ûi chiap-chhiok. Iā-chiū-sī kháu-kau chham kāng-kau.
Leng (khu-pia̍t)

**Leng** ia̍h **ni** ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù:
*Leng sī bú ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê leng-choâⁿ hun-pì ê êng-ióng-mi̍h.
*Leng mā ē-tit chí leng-bô͘, chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t téng sin-tâng ê khì-koan.
*Chhiū-á lâu--chhut-lâi ê chiap mā kiò chò leng.
Hiân-ga̍k-khì

**Hiân-ga̍k-khì** sī ga̍k-khì lāi-té ê 1 ki, chí--ê sī thàu-koè tùi hiân chì-kek ê hong-sek,hō͘ hiân chùn-tōng, chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ tì-sú ga̍k-khì chhut-siaⁿ ê ga̍k-khì. Beh hō͘ hiân chùn-tōng, tio̍h ū hō͘ hiân pún-seng sán-seng tiong-le̍k ê ke-si, chit-lūi ê ga̍k-khì mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ū hō͘ hiân chhut-siaⁿ liáu-āu, siaⁿ-im thang thàu-koè kiōng-bêng lâi hàm-toā ê siat-kè tī-leh.

Nā àn-chiàu Hornbostel-Sachs hē-thóng ê ga̍k-khì hun-lūi-ha̍k, chit-lō goân-lí ê ga̍k-khì hō-chò hiân-bêng ga̍k-khì

## Sán-seng siaⁿ-im ê hong-sek

Ki-pún-siōng chit-lūi ê ga̍k-khì sán-seng siaⁿ-im ê hong-sek, tō sī thàu-koè tùi hiân kā "poé", "e" iah-sī "tiak" chit 3 chióng chhiú-lō͘, kin-kì chit 3 chióng hong-sek, lán thang kā chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ hun-chò "poé-hiân ga̍k-khì", "e-hiân ga̍k-khì" kap "tiak-hiân ga̍k-khì".

*Poé-hiân ga̍k-khì: Poé hiân chhut-siaⁿ, ēng chéng-thâu-á, chéng-kah he̍k-chiá sī hia̍p-chō͘ ê ke-si lâi kā hiân poé tín-tāng. Gí-tah kap cheng tō sio̍k-tī chit-lūi.

*E-hiân ga̍k-khì: E hiân chhut-siaⁿ. Chhiú-khîm, hiân-á kap toā-kóng-hiân tō sī án-ne hoat-siaⁿ--ê. E-á téng-koân sù-siông ē tàu bé boé ê mn̂g téng-téng chit-khoán khah gâu khê-chhat ê mi̍h,ēng lâi ti̍t-chiap e hiân.

*Tiak-hiân ga̍k-khì: Tiak hiân chhut-siaⁿ. Kǹg-khîm tō sī chit-lūi ê ga̍k-khì.

Sui-bóng ū koân-téng ê hun-lūi, m̄-koh pēng bô tāi-piáu ta̍k-khoán ga̍k-khì ê chàu-hoat sī kò͘-tēng--ê. Pí-lūn chhiú-khîm chit-lūi ê e-hiân ga̍k-khì mā-sī ū poé hiân ê chàu-hoat tī-leh--leh.

Chiah-ê lia̍h-goā, poé-hiân kǹg-khîm (*harpsichord*) kap kǹg-khîm chit 2 chióng ga̍k-khì, it-poaⁿ-tek bô sǹg-chò phó-thong ê hiân-ga̍k-khì, in koh lēng-goā chò 1 lūi, hō-chò khîm-jí ga̍k-khì.
Chi-bai

**chi-bai** (膣屄), ia̍h sī kiò chò **chi** (膣), **chi-tō** (膣道), i-ha̍k bêng-sû hō-chò **im-tō** (陰道), sī chhú-sèng ê lâng, chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, chham chi̍t-kóa kî-thaⁿ tōng-bu̍t ê sin-khu seⁿ-thoàⁿ hē-thóng ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn. Che sī tùi seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē kàu sin-khu gōa-kháu ê chi̍t-tiáu kńg-á, tī nn̄g-ki thúi gia̍p ê tiong-kan khui-chhùi. Tī kau-phòe ê sî, cha-po͘ ê im-keng (lān-chiáu) chhah--ji̍p-khì im-tō lāi-té.
Kó͘-chhoe

Kó͘-chhoe sī 1 chióng chú-iàu ēng tī Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k kap jazz--ni̍h ê kim-sio̍k koán-ga̍k-khì. Chit-khoán ga̍k-khì lāi-té siōng sù-siông khoàⁿ--ê sī B*b* kó͘-chhoe, chit-khoán kó͘-chhoe nā pûn C chit-ê im, ē tú-hó sī piau-chún im-kuân ê B*b*, só͘-í ū chit-ê miâ.

Kó͘-chhoe ê siaⁿ, sī khò pûn ê lâng tùi kó͘-chhoe-chhùi pûn-hong hoat "pu" ê siaⁿ, thàu-koè ga̍k-khì pún-sin ê kiōng-bêng thoân tò--chhut-lâi lâi ū--ê. Bô-kāng khoán-sek ê kó͘-chhoe kò͘-chō mā koh-iūⁿ, ū jí bô jí, toā ki sè ki, ū chhun-kiu siat-kè bô chhun-kiu siat-kè téng-téng, lán kí B*b* kó͘-chhoe chò-lē, i ê téng-koân tō ū 3 ê jí, hō͘ pûn ê lâng thang chhi̍h, chò khòng-chè im-koân ê lō͘-iōng.

## Le̍k-sú
Bo̍k-chêng siōng chá ê kó͘-chhoe siōng-bô sī tī se-goân-chêng 1500 nî, chhin-chhiūⁿ tī Tutankhamun ê bōng-á-po͘ lāi-té chhē-tio̍h ê chheⁿ-tâng kap gîn ê kó͘-chhoe, koh ū Skandinavia Poàn-tó ê chheⁿ-tâng , kap Tiong-kok ê kim-sio̍k kó͘-chhoe. Se-goân-chêng 3000 nî Tiong A-chiu ê Amu Darya Hô bûn-hòa ê kó͘-chhoe sī kō͘ chi̍t tè kim-sio̍k chò--ê, tiong-ng ū phok chi̍t tè--khí-lâi, sī ki-su̍t ê tu̍t-phòa.

Tī Sèng-chheh tang-tiong, saⁿ-chheng tang chêng Só͘-lô-bûn tī-teh kiàn-li̍p sèng-tiān ê sî bat sú-iōng-kòe iûⁿ-kak chò ê  kap kim-sio̍k ê Hatzotzeroth. Chiàu Kū-iok Sèng-chheh lāi-té kóng--ê, Í-sek-lia̍t-lâng tī Iâ-lī-ko-siâⁿ sì-kho͘-ûi-á se̍h la̍k kang, tī tē-chhit kang pûn chia-ê ga̍k-khì liáu-āu, Iâ-lī-ko-siâⁿ ê siâⁿ-piah tio̍h tò--ah; kàu taⁿ chi̍t-kóa chong-kàu oa̍h-tāng mā sī koh ē sú-iōng.

 sī chhāi ti̍t--ê chheⁿ-tâng kó͘-chhoe, tn̂g-tō͘ ū 52.8 chhùn (1,600 mm), bat tī siōng chá ê Olympic pí-sài sú-iōng-kòe.

## Kó͘-chhoe ê ga̍k-khek

Tī Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k--ni̍h, ū ūi kó͘-chhoe siá ê to̍k-chàu-khek, kau-hiáng-khek mā tiāⁿ ēng kó͘-chhoe phoāⁿ-chàu. Kó͘-chhoe tī jazz im-ga̍k iû-kî tiōng-iàu, liû-hêng-koa lāi-té mā tiāⁿ thiaⁿ ē-tio̍h kó͘-chhoe ê siaⁿ.

## Kó͘-chhoe-chhiú

Chhut-miâ ê kó͘-chhoe-chhiú pau-koat:

* Maurice Andre
* Rolf Smedvig
* Sergei Nakariakov
* Veselin Bozhilov

Nā kā jazz to̍k-to̍k kéng chhut-lâi khoàⁿ, jazz chhut-miâ ê kó͘-chhoe-chhiú ū:

* Miles Davis
* Louis Armstrong
* Arturo Sandoval
* Ian McGilp
* Winston Marsalis
* Dizzy Gillepsie
* Maynard Ferguson
Iū-á

**Iū-á** (ha̍k-miâ: *Citrus maxima*; *Citrus grandis*) sī kóe-chí ê 1 khoán, hêng-thé sio̍k kam-kó. Iū-á seⁿ tī hái-poa̍t 600-1400 bí ê tē-khu, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ seⁿ tī hô-kok, soaⁿ-lūn, soaⁿ-phiâⁿ hù-kīn, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ iōng lâi chai-pôe. It-poaⁿ ē tī Tiong-chhiu í-chêng chhái-siu, thang-hó chò chhin-chiâⁿ pêng-iú sàng-lé ê lé-phín.

## Khī-khek
Sui-jiân kóng m̄ sī choân-pō͘ ê iū-á lóng ē kah io̍h-á sán-seng put-liông ê hoán-èng, m̄-koh chhiūⁿ phô-tô-iū kah pō͘-hūn ê io̍h-á chò-hóe chia̍h, chiah ē khí-tì put-liông hoán-èng.
William Shakespeare

**William Shakespeare** () sī Eng-tē ê si-jîn kap ke̍k-chok-ka. Shakespeare sī ēng Eng-gí lâi siá-chok ê toā chok-ka, iok-liōng ū siá 38 pún kha-pún, 154 siú cha̍p-sì-choā-si (sonnet), kap chi̍t-koá pa̍t khoán ê si. *[[Romeo kap Juliet]]*, *[[Hamlet]]*, ... téng-téng lóng sī Shakespeare chin ū-miâ ê chok-phín. 

## Hō-ló-oē ê hoan-e̍k
* *Lear Ông*
Jean-Paul Sartre

**Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre** () mā kán-tan hō-chò **Jean-Paul Sartre**, sī Hoat-kok chûn-chāi-chú-gī ê tiat-ha̍k-ka kiam sian-hêng-chiá, mā sī ke̍k-chok-ka, pian-ke̍k (screenwriter), siáu-soat-ka kap bûn-gē phêng-lūn-ka. Sartre sī 20 sè-kí Hoat-kok tiat-ha̍k ê thâu-lâng. 1938 nî ê siáu-soat *[[Gê-sîn]]* (La Nausée) sī Sartre khah ū-miâ ê chok-phín chi it.

1964 nî ê Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng siúⁿ hō͘ i, m̄-koh i kū-choa̍t. Maggy avale des km de

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiat-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Chí

**Chí** / **chéng-chí** (seed) sī si̍t-bu̍t siⁿ-thoàⁿ ê chi̍t-chióng hong-hoat. Sêng-se̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t tī bó-hoe siū-hún liáu-āu oē kiat-chí, ū-ê koh kiat chiok-chē chí, lâi sán-seng sin-ê ē-chi̍t-tāi. Si̍t-bu̍t chit chióng ēng chéng-chí lâi siⁿ-thoàⁿ ê hong-sek sī-ū i-ê iu-tiám, oē-tàng khò tāi-liōng ê chéng-chí lâi khak-pó i-ê chéng-lūi ū khah-choē ê ki-hoē lâi éng-oán seng-chûn lo̍h-khì, m̄-koh kah pa̍t-chióng siⁿ-thoàⁿ hong-sek pí--khí-lâi sī khah phái lâi chiáng-ap hiat-thóng sûn-chiàⁿ kah āu-chi̍t-tāi ê phín-chit.

Chéng-chí ê hêng-thé:
Chiū si̍t-bu̍t chéng-lūi lâi kóng ū:
Chí ê goā-pō͘ ū-pau-leh (chhun thô-á, lâi-á).
Chí ê goā-pō͘ bô-pau-leh (chhun moâ-hông) nn̄g-chióng.
Chiū si̍t-bu̍t iā-chéng hong-piān-sèng lâi kóng ū:
Iū khin iū boē-su-á ú-mô͘ hō͘ hong chhe lâi sì-kè-pe ê chí. Goā-kháu pau koé-chí-he̍k lâi hō͘ khîm-siù kā-khì sì-koè chia̍h sì-koè-pàng ê chí.
Oē kau oē liâm tī khîm-siù seng-khu-téng toè-teh sì-kè-cháu ê chí.
Koé-chí-khak oē ka-kī piak-khui hō͘ chéng-chí sì-kè-phùn ê chí.
Oē phû boē chìm noā-khì oē-tàng toè chúi sì-kè lâu ê chí. 

## Pang-chān téng-koân seh-bêng ēng

Image:Chithoa.jpg|Koé-chí-he̍k ùi Hoâ-gí: 子房 só͘ hoat-io̍k, goā-bō͘ ū pau ê chí. ~Thô-á
Image:Chilaia.jpg|Koé-chí-he̍k ùi Hoâ-gí: 花托 só͘ hoat-io̍k, goā-bō͘ ū pau ê chí. ~Lâi-á
Image:Pusteblume.JPG|Hō͘-hong oē-tàng chhe-teh sì-kè-pe ê chí. ~Phô͘-kong-eng

## Kok-chióng ê chí

Image:Coriander.png|Iân-sui ê chí
Image:StarAnise.jpg|Peh-kak ê chí
Image:Phaseolus vulgaris seed.jpg|Tāu-á sī 1 chióng chí
Chhiú-khîm

**Chhiú-khîm** (手琴) mā kiò-chò **bai-ó͘-lín** (), sio̍k-tī hiân-ga̍k-khì lāi-té ê e-hiân ga̍k-khì. Chhiú-khîm téng-koân bô chò gān-chū iah pa̍t-hāng hō-thâu, e chhiú-khîm ê lâng tio̍h khò im-kám kap kì-tî lâi koat-tēng beh chhi̍h hiân ê toh-ūi, koh tio̍h án-choáⁿ soá tín-tāng.

Chhiú-khîm ê 4 tiâu hiân hō-chò G, D, A kap E, e khîm ê lâng sī kā khîm hē tī tò-pêng pn̄g-sî-kut kap ē-hâi tiong-kan, tò-chhiú ê chéng-thâu-á chhi̍h hiân khòng-chè im-koân, chiàⁿ-chhiú gia̍h e-á (keng) lâi e khîm-hiân.

Chit-khoán ga̍k-khì sī hiân-ga̍k-khì lāi-té siōng-kài sè-ki koh im-koân siōng-kài koân--ê, e chhiú-khîm ê im-ga̍k-ka, lâng it-poaⁿ kiò in **chhiú-khîm-chhiú** iah **bai-ó͘-lín-chhiú**.

Chhiú-khîm beh chò hō͘ hó, su-iàu ho̍k-cha̍p ê ki-su̍t kap keng-giām ê lia̍p-chek, sè-kài-siōng ū chi̍t-koá chin chhut-miâ ê chhiú-khîm-chiūⁿ, Antonio Stradivari tō sī in lāi-té ê 1 ê.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Phô-tô-chiú

**Phô-tô-chiú**/**Phû-tô-chiú** sī 1 chóng ū chiú-cheng-hun ê ím-liāu. I sī iōng phô-tô-chiap hoat-kàⁿ lo̍h-khì kek ê chiú. Chiàu sek-chúi lâi hun chú-iàu ū 3 chióng: Âng-phô-tô-chiú, pe̍h-phô-tô-chiú kap hún-âng phô-tô-chiú.

## Kok-chióng ê phô-tô-chiú

 
  
  
 
  **Âng-phô-tô-chiú** kap **pe̍h-phô-tô-chiú**
Tāu-á

**Tāu-á** sī tāu-kho si̍t-bu̍t ê chéng-chí ia̍h-sī kóe-chí. Tāu-kho ê si̍t-bu̍t í-goā, chhin-chhiûⁿ ka-pi ê hêng-thé sêng tāu-á, mā kió-chó ka-pi-tāu.

## Kok-chióng ê tāu-á
*Toā-tāu
*Âng-tāu
*N̂g-tāu
*Le̍k-tāu
*Chhân-tāu
*Thô͘-tāu
*Bín-tāu
*Chhài-tāu
*Hông-tè-tāu
*Hô-lîn-tāu

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
Mary Shelley

**Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley** (1797 nî 8 goe̍h 30 – 1851 nî 2 goe̍h 1) sī tī London chhut-sì ê lōng-bān-chú-gī kiam gothic siáu-soat ê siáu-soat-ka. *[[Frankenstein]]* tō sī Shelley ê chok-phín, ū-lâng chū-án-ne kā Shelley tòng-chò kho-ha̍k siáu-soat ê khai-ki-chó͘. Shelley ê ang-sài sī lōng-bān si-jîn Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka
J. R. R. Tolkien

**John Ronald Reuel Tolkien** CBE (1892 nî 1 goe̍h 3 – 1973 nî 9 goe̍h 2) sī Eng-tē ê le̍k-sú gí-giân-ha̍k-ka, chok-ka, kiam tāi-ha̍k kàu-siū; taⁿ lâng siāng chai ê sêng-chiū sī i siá-chok ê siáu-soat, *[[Hobbit Lâng]]* (*The Hobbit*) kap *[[Chhiú-chí Ông]]* (*The Lord of the Rings*).

Lūi-pia̍t:J. R. R. Tolkien
Auckland Bûn-lí Ha̍k-hāu

**Auckland Bûn-lí Ha̍k-hāu** (Eng-bûn: **Auckland Grammar School**), sī chi̍t-keng tī New Zealand ê Auckland ê lâm-chú tiong-ha̍k. I kàu-hùn tùi 9-nî kàu 13-nî. Chi̍t-ê ha̍k-hāu iā-sī pau-hâm chi̍t-koah iú-hān sò͘-liāng ê ha̍k-liâu. Auckland Bûn-lí Ha̍k-hāu tī New Zealand sǹg-sī chin-tōa ê ha̍k-hāu. Auckland Bûn-lí Ha̍k-hāu sī tī 1868-nî ê Auckland Hiàn-chiong sêng-li̍p ê, chhòng-sí-jîn sī Sir George Grey (I sī New Zealand chá-kî ê chèng-hú koaⁿ-ôan).

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Auckland Bûn-lí Ha̍k-hāu chèng-sek ê bāng-chām
Lān-chiáu

**Lān-chiáu** (, ia̍h siá-chò "膦鳥"), i-ha̍k bêng-sû hō-chò **im-keng**, sī cha-po͘ lâng iā-sī tōng-bu̍t ê siⁿ-thòaⁿ hē-thóng tī sin-khu pún-thé gōa-kháu ê hit pō͘-hūn (bô pau-koat lān-hu̍t), hêng chhin-chhiūⁿ chi̍t-ki. Lēng-gōa, im-keng mā sī pàng-jiō pàng--chhut-lâi ê só͘-chāi.
Chi-bai-íⁿ

**Chi-bai-íⁿ** (膣屄穎), iā-sī **chi-bai-tì** (膣屄蒂), **o͘-tì-á** (烏蒂仔), **im-tì** (陰蒂), **im-hu̍t** (陰核), sī cha-bó͘ lâng ia̍h-sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê siⁿ-thòaⁿ hē-thóng ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, tī im-tō téng-kôan. Sui-bóng hêng bô kâng, i sī téng-î cha-pō͘ ê im-keng.

## Chù-kha
Chián-jiông-hoe

**Chián-jiông-hoe** (ha̍k-miâ: *Dianthus caryophyllus*) sī 1 chióng Caryophyllaceae-kho ē khui-hoe ê si̍t-bu̍t.

Bó-chhin-chiat ê koan-hē, chián-jiông-hoe chiân-chó sè-kài-tek tāi-piáu bó-chhin ê hoe.
Thô-á

**Thô-á** (ha̍k-miâ: *Prunus persica*) sī Rosaceae-kho Prunus-sio̍k
ê chhiū-á, chhun-thiⁿ khui-hoe, joa̍h-lâng kiat-chí, chhiū-châng ē-sái khoàⁿ-súi, kóe-chí ē-sái chia̍h.

Thô-á ê goân-sán-tē sī Tiong-kok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiûⁿ-bî-kho
Goe̍h-khîm

**Goe̍h-khîm**, sī Tiong-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Oa̍t-lâm kap Tâi-oân ê thoân-thóng ga̍k-khì. (Ji̍t-gí :げっきん, Tiong-bûn:月琴, Oa̍t-lâm-gí: Đàn nguyệt). Chit-lō ga̍k-khì sǹg sī hiân-ga̍k-khì lāi-té ê poé-hiân ga̍k-khì ê 1 chióng, it-poaⁿ ū 4 tiâu hiân. Tâi-oân ê Hàn-ga̍k ián-chàu--ni̍h, goe̍h-khîm sī chin sù-siông ê ga̍k-khì, liām-koa ê sî mā tiāⁿ ēng goe̍h-khîm iah toā-kóng-hiân lâi phoāⁿ-chàu.

Goe̍h-khîm chit-ê miâ, bîn-kan ū 1 khoán kóng-hoat: nî siau goe̍h phín bān-sè hiân, goe̍h-khîm sī Hàn-ga̍k lāi-té ēng 1 goe̍h-ji̍t tō ē-tàng se̍k-chhiú--ê, só͘-í kā hō-chò goe̍h-khîm.
Má-lêng-chî

**Má-lêng-chî** (馬鈴薯)/**hô-lân-chî**/**hoan-á han-chû/kan-tang** (蕳砃) (ha̍k-miâ: *Solanum tuberosum*) sī 1 chióng Solanaceae-kho ē Solanum-sio̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Han-chî
* Chhiū-chî
* Soaⁿ-io̍h

*
Kau-phòe

*Iú-koan lîn-lūi ê sèng-hêng-ûi, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Sèng-kau]]*

**Kau-phòe** sī seng-bu̍t seⁿ-thôaⁿ ê kòe-têng. Tōng-bu̍t ū-ê  (chhin-chhiūⁿ hî) hēng thé-gōa (tī sin-khu gōa-kháu) kau-phòe; ū ê (chhin-chhiūⁿ chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t) kiâⁿ thé-lāi (tī sin-khu lāi-té) kau-phòe. Tī thé-lāi kau-phòe ê sî, hiông-sèng͘ ê tōng-bu̍t kā im-keng chhah tī chhú-sèng͘ ê im-tō lāi-té, kā cheng-chú chù--ji̍p-khì. cheng-chú kàu nn̄g-chú hia, hō͘ nn̄g siū-hêng khai-sí chò-sêng āu chi̍t tāi.

## Chheng-ho͘
Kau-phòe tī chāi-tōe ê Bân-lâm-gú kóng-chòe sio-kàn (Chiang-chiu), saⁿ-sái (Choân-chiu), saⁿ-kho͘ (Tâng-oaⁿ). Lâng ê kau-phòe hō-chò sèng-kau (性交) ia̍h kiâⁿ-pâng/hêng-pâng (-pông) (行房).
Kim-kâm

**Kim-kâm** / **thn̂g-kâm-á** / **thn̂g-á** sī chi̍t-chióng tiⁿ-ê chiâu-soè-hāng ê chhùi-chia̍h-mi̍h.  In-ūi iōng-ê si̍t-châi, si̍t-iōng sek-sò͘ kah bô-kâng ê chè-chō hong-hoat, bô-kâng-ê hoàn-boē pau-chong, toè sî-tāi chìn-pō͘ oē ū kok-chióng hêng-thé, sek-tì, pau-chong kah hoe-iūⁿ.  Chhun nńg-ê, tēng-ê, îⁿ-ê, sì-kak-ê, tn̂g-tu-ê, chu-á-hêng-ê, chu-á-hêng koh ka chi̍t-ki pìⁿ ê, kah thô͘-tāu, kah hok-goân-bah, kah kiuⁿ-bó ê, thàu gû-leng ê, ..., téng-téng.  Sī sè-sio̍k hí-sū, kè-cheh chia̍h-tiⁿ-tiⁿ oē chhoân ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Thn̂g-á
Tiám-sim

**Tiám-sim** chú-iàu sī chí thoân-thóng siōng bô sio̍k chiàⁿ-tǹg, tī chiàⁿ-tǹg chi kan the̍h lâi chí-iau thap-phāng ê chhùi-chia̍h-mi̍h. Choè chho͘-tāng ê khang-khoè, khang-khoè ài bô-mî-bô-ji̍t thong-siau ê sî, ū-thang-sî-á tio̍h sǹg-kóng kan-nā tī téng poàⁿ-mî niā, ūi-tio̍h beh chān chi̍t-gê khùi-la̍k, chí chi̍t-gê ki, pó͘ chi̍t-gê chiàⁿ-tǹg chia̍h bô-kàu pá, lóng thang chhoân tiám-sim lâi chia̍h. 

Thong-siông kóng chò tiám-sim ê chhùi-chia̍h-mi̍h sī lóng boē-pí chiàⁿ-tǹg khah chhiⁿ-chhau phong-phái, chhài-sek oē khah kán-tan, hūn-liōng sī khah-chió. Ū-thang-chia̍h koh chia̍h tiám-sim ê sî boē tîⁿ chin-choē chiàⁿ-sū ê sî-kan mā-sī kiò-chò tiám-sim chit-chióng chhùi-chia̍h-mi̍h ê lēng-goā chi̍t-gê te̍k-sèng. M̄-koh m̄-koán án-choáⁿ tiám-sim mā boē chhun sì-siù hia-nih-á liāu-siáu tō-tio̍h.

Bí-hún-chhá, kiâm-moê, téng khoán sī toā-tiûⁿ-bīn oa̍h-tāng kài tiāⁿ-khoàⁿ-tio̍h ê chi̍t-koá ū tāng-tio̍h hoé-tiáⁿ ê tiám-sim.

Oē-tàng the̍h-kiong tiám-sim m̄-bián ka-kī tāng hoé-tiáⁿ ê só͘-chāi, chhun lō͘-piⁿ-tàⁿ-á, sok-si̍t-tiàm, chhan-thiaⁿ ím-si̍t-tiàm, se-tiám mī-pau-tiàm, chhiau-kip-chhī-tiûⁿ, toā-bē-tiûⁿ téng sī chha-put-to í-keng kàu-kah saⁿ-pō͘-chi̍t-khám-tiàm hia-nih-á choē. Sio-kâng oē-tàng thang hō͘-lán soán-te̍k lâi chò tiám-sim ê chióng-lūi mā chiok-choē. M̄-koh chit-má ūi-tio̍h m̄-ài cheng-ka thé-tāng chi̍t-poe ka-pi ah-sī tê kah nn̄g-saⁿ-tè-á châu-soè-tè ê piáⁿ mā oē-tàng kiò-chò sī chi̍t-hūn tiám-sim.
Sophocles

**Sophocles** (kó͘ Hi-lia̍p-gí: **Σοφοκλής**; kong-goân-chêng 495 nî – kong-goân-chêng 406 nî) sī kó͘ Hi-lia̍p 3 ê pi-chhut ke̍k-chok-ka lāi-té ê tē 2 ê, tī i chìn-chêng sī Aeschylus, tī i boé-āu sī Euripides. Kin-kì 10 sè-kí ê pak-kho-choân-su Suda, Sophocles siōng-bô siá 123 chhut hì, m̄-koh kan-taⁿ 7 phō oân-chèng thoân--lo̍h-lâi. *[[Oedipus]]* (Οἰδίπους) sī lāi-tiong siāng ū-miâ ê 1 phō.
Vanessa Redgrave

**Vanessa Redgrave**, CBE (1937 nî 1 goe̍h 30 —) sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-tē ê cha-bó͘ ián-oân, bat in-ūi tī *Julia* ê piáu-hiān tit tio̍h 1977 nî ê Oscar Chióng kap Kim-kiû Chióng (Siōng Gâu ê Cha-bó͘ Chō͘-ián Ián-oân), mā bat the̍h tio̍h Emmy Chióng kap Tony Chióng. I ê ka-cho̍k kúi-ā-tāi chhut chin chē ián-oân. I mā sī 1 ê chó-phài ê siā-hoē-ūn-tōng-chiá, hoán-tùi Oa̍t-chiàn, Iraq Chiàn-cheng (2003 nî —), chi-chhî chhâi-kiám hu̍t-chú bú-khì, tháu-pàng So͘-liân Iû-thài-lâng, koan-sim Filastiniyya jîn-koân; i bat chham-ka/chhòng-li̍p Trotsky-phài ê chèng-tóng (Kang-lang Kek-bēng Tóng, Marx-chú-gī Tóng), Hô-pêng Chìn-pō͘ Tóng.
Phô-tô

**Phô-tô**/**Phû-tô** sī 1 chióng sio̍k Phô-tô-kho ē soan-tîn ê si̍t-bu̍t. I ê kóe-chí
théng-hó chia̍h, mā ē-sái chò phô-tô-koaⁿ, kek phô-tô-chiú, phô-tô-chí ē-sái choàⁿ iû.
Hun

**Hun** ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù:
*Hun sī iōng hun-chháu chò ê chè-phín (ta-bá-koh), hō lâng sù kòe-giàn.
*Hun sī 1 chióng sî-kan ê tan-ūi.
*Hun sī piáu-sī biān-chek ê Tâi-oân thoân-thóng tan-ūi.
*Au-chiu-lâng kóng ê Hun lâng.
Leo Tolstoy

**Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy** (1828 nî 9 goe̍h 9 – 1910 nî 11 goe̍h 20) (Lō͘-se-a-gí: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, IPA: [lʲɛv nʲɪkʌˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ tʌlˈstoj] ) ia̍h **Leo Tolstoy** sī Lō͘-se-a ê siáu-soat-ka, tiat-ha̍k-ka, hô-pêng-chú-gī-chiá, kàu-io̍k-kái-kek-chiá. *[[Chiàn-cheng kap Hô-pêng]]* (Война и мир, Voyna i mir) chham *[[Anna Karenina]]* (Анна Каренина) sī Tolstoy siāng ū-miâ ê 2 phō siáu-soat. Chū 1902 nî kàu 1906 nî kî-kan, ta̍k-nî lóng siū Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng thê-miâ; jī-chiá, i mā tī 1901, 1902, kap 1909 nî siū Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng thê-miâ. M̄-koh chòe-āu lóng bô tek chióng, ín-khí siā-hōe kok-kài cheng-lūn.

## Chham-khó Chu-liāu
Hūi-tō͘

**Hūi-tō͘** (Eng-gí: latitude) sī siat-sú ùi kok só͘-chāi ūi chi̍t-tiâu thàng tē-kiû tiong-sim ê chi̍t-tiâu ti̍t-soàⁿ, kok só͘-chāi chit-tiâu ti̍t-soàⁿ kah tē-kiû lî Lâm-ke̍k Pak-ke̍k chit-nn̄g-tiám kāng kū-lî ê phoah-pêng-bīn só͘ gia̍p-chhut--lâi hit-gê kak-tō͘.

Kok-chè kong-tēng tē-kiû lî lâm-pak-ke̍k nn̄g-tiám kāng kū-lî ê phoah-pêng-bīn chiu-ûi hit-se̍h sī 0-tō͘. Hiòng-pak khai-sí sǹg kah 0-tō͘-soàⁿ pêng-hêng tang-sai-hiòng ê soàⁿ lán kā i kiò-chò "pak-hūi", hiòng-lâm khai-sí sǹg kah 0-tō͘-soàⁿ pêng-hêng tang-sai-hiòng ê soàⁿ lán kā i kiò-chò "lâm-hūi", lâm-pak kok ū 90-tō͘.

## Siong-koan
*Keng-tō͘