open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
AIDS

**AIDS** sī **Hō͘-thian Bián-e̍k Put-choân Chèng-hāu-kûn** ê Eng-gí sok-siá, kui kù siá *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*. Che sī lán lâng ê bián-e̍k hē-thóng siū tio̍h Jîn-lūi Bián-e̍k Put-choân Pēⁿ-to̍k (HIV) phò-hāi lâi ín-khí ê 1 cho͘ chèng-thâu kap kám-jiám-pēⁿ. AIDS boé-kî ê khám-chām hoat-seng siòng-phāng kám-jiám (opportunistic infections) kap chéng-liû. Sui-bóng AIDS kap HIV ê tī-liâu ē-tàng chó͘-gāi pēⁿ-to̍k chìn-1-pō͘ hoat-tián, bo̍k-chêng iáu bô thiat-té kin-tī ê hoat-tō͘. HIV kám-jiám sī keng-koè liâm-mo̍h ia̍h hoeh ham jiám tio̍h pēⁿ-to̍k ê thé-e̍k (bodily fluid) chih-chiap, pau-koat hoeh, îm-chúi (jiō-tō-kiû-soàⁿ-e̍k, siâu, chi-bai-chúi), leng-chúi. Chih-chiap ê koán-tō pau-koat sèng-kau (kháu-kau, kong-kau, im-tō-kau), su-hoeh, chù-siā (ēng bô chheng-khì ê chiam), toà-kūi sî ê bó-kiáⁿ e̍k-thé kau-oāⁿ, seⁿ-kiáⁿ, chhī-leng, téng-téng.

## Hun-pò͘
Chhiū

**Chhiū** () ia̍h **chhiū-á** (樹仔) chí bo̍k ê lūi, khah toā châng, sī to-nî-seng si̍t-bu̍t (perennial plant). Chhiū-á phēng toā-hūn ê si̍t-bu̍t oa̍h koh-khah kú, ū-ê chhiū-á ē-tàng kaù kah 100 kong-chhioh koân, oa̍h kúi-nā chheng nî.

Chhiū-á iū-koh hun chò kiâu-bo̍k ham koàn-bo̍k, kiâu-bo̍k ê chhiū-sin chin hián-bêng, toā châng liáu-aū, tiāⁿ ē chhiau-koè 6 kong-chhioh koân, koh ū bêng-hián ê téng-íⁿ iu-sè (apical dominance).

Ū-tang-sî-á khah toā châng ê si̍t-bu̍t mā hông kiò chò chhiū-á, pí-lūn kóng soaⁿ-toā-lâng.
Ì-sek

**Ì-sek** sī kóng lâng ē-tàng chèng-khak lâi liáu-kái ka-tī hiān-chú-sî ê chêng-hêng kap sì-kho·-liàn-tńg ê chêng-hóng ê hit-ê chōng-thài.

## Ì-sek ê sèng-chit

Ì-sek ū 3-ê tiōng-iàu ê sêng-hun: chheng-chhíⁿ ê thêng-tō·, khoah-tō· kap phín-chit chit 3-hāng. It-poaⁿ kóng ê ì-sek put-chheng / sit-cheng-eng sī chí chheng-chhíⁿ thêng-tō· chin kē, nā-sī ì-sek ê khoah-tō· kàng-kē, khah chia̍p kap bê-hûn-hoat (chhui-bîn) ū tī-tāi, nā kóng-tio̍h chit ê piàn-hoà (ì-sek hi-kô--khì) sī kóng hàm-siūⁿ-chèng téng-téng ê cheng-sîn chèng-thaû khah chē.

## Koan-hē i-liâu kap kip-kiù ê ì-sek phoàⁿ-toàn

Chìn-hêng i-liâu ê sî-chūn, ē ēng "ì-sek ê téng-tē" lâi piáu-sī lâng ì-sek ê chōng-thài kap hoán-èng ê thêng-tō·. Chò kip-kiù ê sî, mā ē seng khak-tēng tio̍h-siong ê lâng ê ì-sek chiah koh chò chìn-chi̍t-pō· ê chhú-lí.

*Ì-sek ê téng-tē kap tēng-gī

:Ì-sek sī naú ê oa̍h-tōng ū teh kiâⁿ, ē-tàng kám-kak-tio̍h ta̍k-khoán ti-kak ( khoàⁿ, thiaⁿ, phīⁿ, bī, chhio̍k ) ê chhì-kek.

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## 19-sè-kí sim-lí-ha̍k tùi ì-sek ê khoàⁿ-hoat

Ha̍k-chiá Wilhelm Max Wundt ēng ì-sek chò tiong-sim khài-liām kiàn-li̍p ê sim-lí ha̍k-phài, kā ì-sek pun-pheⁿ chò lâng ka-tī ū tì-kak ê kám-kak, kám-chêng kap koan-liām 3-ê pō·-hūn. Nā ka-tī tì-kak chit 3-ê ì-sek ê pō·-hūn lâi chò koan-chhat ê hong-hoat, tō hō-chò lāi-koan-hoat.

## Cheng-sîn hun-sek-ha̍k só· kóng ê ì-sek

Nā Cheng-sîn hun-sek-ha̍k ê kóng-hoat, lâng ê sim thang pun-pheⁿ chò ì-sek, chêng-ì-sek kap bû-ì-sek 3-ê pō·-hūn.

Ka-tī hiān-chhú-sî tō jīn-bat-tio̍h ê loē-iông tō kiò-chò ì-sek, iā-chiū-sī lán ti̍t-chiap keng-giām ê sim ê hiān-siōng, tō-sī goá ê keng-giām kap ē-tàng tì-kak ê tāi-chì ê chóng-thé ì-sek. Ì-sek hām té-kî kì-tî kap chok-gia̍p kì-tî ū tī-tāi.

Nā ka-tī hiān-chhú-sî bē-tàng jīn-bat-tio̍h, m̄-koh piàⁿ-sè siūⁿ tō siūⁿ ē chhut--lâi ê loē-iông, tō kiò chêng-ì-sek, chêng-ì-sek kap tn̂g-kî kì-tî ū tī-tāi.

Ka-tī hiān-chhú-sî bē-tàng jīn-bat-tio̍h, tō-chún-kóng piàⁿ-sè siūⁿ mā siūⁿ bē-chhut--lâi ê loē-iông, tō-sī bû-ì-sek, cheng-sîn hun-sek-ha̍k sù-siông ēng chū-iû liân-sióng-hoat téng-téng ê chhiú-lō· lâi liáu-kái lâng bû-ì-sek--ni̍h ê loē-iông.
Chū-iû ì-hiòng

**Chū-iû ì-hiòng** ê būn-tê sī teh thó-lūn jîn-lūi kám ū hoat-tō· khòng-chè in ka-tī ê kiâⁿ-pàng kap soán-te̍k. Beh chhú-lí chit-ê būn-tê, lán tio̍h-ài liáu-kái chū-iû kap in-kó ê koan-hē, koh koat-tēng chū-jiân-lu̍t kám sī thàu-koè in-toaⁿ kap kiat-kó chit-khoán koan-hē lâi koat-tēng sè-kan lóng-chóng ê tāi-chì.

In-ūi tùi téng-koân chiah-ê hē-hāng ê khoàⁿ-hoat koh-iūⁿ, tì-sú sûi-lâng tùi ta̍k-hāng tāi-chì sī m̄-sī tāi-seng í-keng koat-tēng hó-sè, ū bô-kâng ê khoàⁿ-hoat. Tī chia, tō sán-seng koat-tēng-lūn kap hui-koat-tēng-lūn 2-phài.

Lēng-goā kóng-tio̍h chū-iû kám ē-tàng kap koat-tēng-lūn kāng-sî-chūn chûn-chāi, tō koh sán-seng lióng-li̍p-lūn kap hui-lióng-li̍p-lūn. In-ūi án-ne, ta̍h-ngē ê koat-tēng-lūn-chiá chú-tiuⁿ ú-tiū bān-mi̍h lóng í-keng koat-tēng hó-sè, chiàu chit-hō khoàⁿ-hoat, chū-iû ì-hiòng tō bô-khó-lêng chûn-chāi.

Chū-iû ì-hiòng ê goân-chek khan-sia̍p-tio̍h chong-kaù, lûn-lí-ha̍k, sim-lí-ha̍k kap kho-ha̍k ê ì-gī. Pí-lūn-kóng, tī chong-kaù--ni̍h, ū chū-iû ì-hiòng tō àm-chí hit-ê choân-lêng ê sîn bô ēng i ê lêng-le̍k kā lâng ê ì-hiòng kap soán-te̍k pa̍k-tiâu-tiâu. Tī lûn-lí-ha̍k lâi kóng, chū-iû ì-hiòng tāi-piáu sûi-lâng lóng tio̍h ūi ka-tī ê kiâⁿ-pàng lâi hū chek-jīm. Tī sim-lí-ha̍k ê léng-he̍k, nā sêng-jīn ū chū-iû ì-hiòng tō piáu-sī lán ê sim siōng-bô ū khòng-chè lán chi̍t-pō·-hūn sin-thé ê oa̍h-tōng. Tī kho-ha̍k lâi kóng, chū-iû ì-hiòng àm-chí lán sin-thé ê oa̍h-tōng, pau-koat naú chāi-lāi, m̄-sī chiâu lóng hō· jio̍k-thé ê in-kó koan-hē koat-tēng. Chū ū tiat-ha̍k su-sióng khai-sí, chū-iû ì-hiòng tō it-ti̍t sī 1-ê kài tiōng-iàu ê chú-tê.
Kó͘-sè-khún

**Kó͘-sè-khún** (古細菌; *archaea*) sī hiān-chhú-sî seng-bu̍t hun-lūi 3 he̍k hē-thóng (three-domain system) siāng téng chân ê 1 ê hun-lūi, lēng-goā 2 ê sī sè-khún kap chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t. Kó͘-sè-khún ham sè-khún kāng-khoán, sī bô sè-pau-he̍k (cell nucleus) ê toaⁿ-sè-pau seng-bu̍t, sǹg sī 1 chióng goân-he̍k-seng-bu̍t (prokaryote), éng-koè "5 kài hē-thóng" ê hun-lūi kā lia̍t chò Monera. Thaû-khí-seng lia̍h-chún in kè sī ke̍k-hān-seng-bu̍t (extremophile), boé--á hoat-hiān ta̍k chióng khoân-kéng lóng ū kó͘-sè-khún tī--leh.
Lêng-hûn

**Lêng-hûn**, nā chiàu chē-chē chong-kaù kap tiat-ha̍k ê thoân-thóng lâi kóng, sī oa̍h-mi̍h--ni̍h ê 1-khoán khin-iô-iô ê chûn-chāi, lêng-hûn ū ka-tī ê ì-sek, tī thaû-chêng kóng--ê chiah-ê thoân-thóng--ni̍h, lêng-hûn tāi-piáu oa̍h-mi̍h i pún-sin ê loē-chāi pún-chit (goân-sîn), mā chiâⁿ-choè ti-kak ê ki-chhó. Hām lêng pí-phēng, lêng chit-ê koan-liām chāi lâng kóng, sī m̄-sī éng-oán--ê bô-tiāⁿ-tio̍h, chóng--sī it-poaⁿ lóng jīn-ûi lêng-hûn sī put-hiú--ê, koh sī tī lêng-hûn tī-leh ê jio̍k-thé chìn-chêng, tō tāi-seng ū--ê.

Lêng-hûn ê koan-liām kap aū-sì-lâng ū chin toā ê koan-hē, m̄-koh ta̍k-khoán ì-kiàn cheng-chha chiâⁿ chē, tō-chún-sī tī kāng-chi̍t-ê chong-kaù lāi-té, tùi sí liáu-aū lêng-hûn ē án-choáⁿ, khoàⁿ-hoat mā bô chiap-hia̍p. Ū chin chē chong-kaù-kài he̍k-chiá-sī tiat-ha̍k-kài ê lâng jīn-ûi lêng-hûn sī hui-bu̍t-chit--ê, m̄-koh oan-nā ū lâng lia̍h lêng-hûn tòng-chò ū bu̍t-chit ê sêng-hun, koh-khah ū lâng siūⁿ-beh chai-iáⁿ lêng-hûn ū goā tāng.
Chin-khún

**Chin-khún**, ia̍h sī **khún-lūi**, **ko͘-lūi**, sī ko͘ chham chi̍t-kóa seng-bu̍t ê chóng-ha̍p, sio̍k tī chin-he̍k seng-bu̍t, iā-chiū-sī Latin-miâ hō chò **Fungi** ê 1 ê kài, in tī sin-thé goā-khaú siau-hoà chia̍h-mi̍h, chiah koh kā êng-ióng-sò͘ (nutrient) ê hun-chú khip-siu ji̍p-khì sè-pau--nih. Ko͘ ham sè-khún tī toā-hūn ê seng-thài-hē sī seng-bu̍t sí-thé ê hun-kái-chiá (decomposers). Chin chē ko͘ ham pa̍t chióng seng-bu̍t ū tiōng-iàu ê kiōng-seng koan-hē. Si̍t-bu̍t ham ko͘ ê mycorrhizal kiōng-seng hiān-siōng put-chí-á tiōng-iàu, 90% í-siōng ê si̍t-bu̍t tio̍h khò chit chióng kiōng-seng chiah oa̍h ē lo̍h. Jîn-lūi mā chin chia̍p lī-liōng ko͘, pí-lūn kóng kek be̍h-á-chiú ia̍h chò pháng ê sî ēng kàⁿ-bó (yeast) lâi hoat-kàⁿ (fermentation), iah sī chèng siông-jiông, hiuⁿ-ko͘, ... lâi chia̍h.
Suez Ūn-hô

**Suez Ūn-hô** (A-la-pek-gí: قناة السويس, Qanā al-Suways) sī 1 tiâu Tē-tiong-hái thong Âng-hái ê ūn-hô, tiàm-tī Se-nái Poàn-tó ê sai piⁿ, Ai-ki̍p kèng lāi, tn̂g 163 km, siōng e̍h ê só͘-chāi kan-taⁿ 300 m khoah. Ūn-hô hō͘ chûn ē-tit ùi Au-chiu lâm-pō͘ ti̍t sái kàu A-chiu sai-lâm, m̄-bián se̍h Hui-chiu 1 liàn. Hiān-tāi ê Suez Ūn-hô tī 1869 nî thong chûn, liáu-āu ūn-su tō lóng ē-tàng séng koh kiâⁿ lio̍k-tē.

Ūn-hô thâu-khí-seng sī Hoat-kok kong-si khòng-chè--ê, āu--lâi tī 1886 nî hō͘ Britain the̍h--khì. 1956 nî Ai-ki̍p kiông-kiông kā kok-iú-hoà, ín-khí Hoat-kok, Britain, Í-sek-lia̍t 3 kok phài kun kau-chiàn, chiàm-niá; kāng hit nî hêng Ai-ki̍p. 1967 nî kàu 1975 nî tiong-kan, khì hō͘ Ai-ki̍p hong-só.
BOT

**BOT** (**Build-Operate-Transfer** ê sok-siá) sī 1 chióng khêng chu-kim chi-oān chèng-hú kè-e̍k ê seng-lí bô͘-sek. Kong-kiōng pō͘-mn̂g pàng kang-têng ê koân-lī hō͘ bîn-kan (su-jîn) tan-ūi (sêng-pau-siong) khì hoa̍t-lo̍h chu-kim (tâu-chu), siat-kè, khí (*build*), keng-êng (*operate*) 1 toāⁿ sî-kan, liáu-āu só͘-iú-koân kap keng-êng-koân tō choán tńg khì (*transfer*) kong-kiōng pō͘-mn̂g. Su-jîn keng-êng ê sî-kî lāi, ún-chún in kin-kù iok-tēng siat sek-tong ê hùi-iōng, hō͘ in ē-sái-tit kā tâu-chu-gia̍h, êng-gia̍p só͘-hùi, téng-téng ê khai-siau siu tńg lâi kiam thàn--koá. Ji̍t-pún, Má-lâi-se-a, Hiong-káng, Tâi-oân lóng bat chhái-iōng BOT ê bô͘-sek.

Tâi-oân Ko-sok Thih-lō͘ sī 1 ê lē.
Chèng-gī

**Chèng-gī** sī lâng, hām khan-sia̍p ê tāi-chì kap mi̍h-kiāⁿ lóng tī 1-chióng lí-sióng, koh tō-tek-siōng chèng-khak ê chōng-thài. Chit-ê lí-sióng chū-lâi m̄-bat si̍t-hiān--koè, chit-sè-kan, sì-koè chiâu sī bô pêⁿ-chiàⁿ ê tāi-chì. Sui-bóng án-ne, toā-pō·-hūn ê lâng lóng jīn-ûi lán tio̍h kap bô-chèng-gī tùi-te̍k koh táⁿ-chéng--i, sè-kài-siōng chē-chē siā-hoē hām chèng-tī ūn-tōng oan-nā kap cheng-kaù chèng-gī ū tī-tāi.

M̄-koh, tàu-té chèng-gī kap bô-chèng-gī ê hiān-si̍t, tùi lán ū siáⁿ-mi̍h iau-kiû, lán tio̍h chò síaⁿ-mi̍h chiah tio̍h--leh, chit-hāng tāi-chì, lán lâng iáu bô kài chheng-chhó, hiān-chhú-sî jîn-lūi soah tiàm tī 1-khoán gāi-gio̍h ê tē-ūi, chha-put-to lâng lóng lia̍h chèng-gī put-chí-á tiōng-iàu, chóng--sī bô-khak-tēng tī lán pún-sin ê kak-sek, ki-kò͘, kiâⁿ-pàng ia̍h chéng-kô sè-kài lâi kóng, beh án-choáⁿ phoàⁿ-toàn siáⁿ-mi̍h sī chèng-gī, siáⁿ-mi̍h koh bô-chèng-gī.

Chit-ê būn-tê kú-tn̂g í-lâi tō-sī tiat-ha̍k thó-lūn ê loē-iông, chhin-chhiūⁿ-kóng, chèng-gī kiù-chin sī siáⁿ-mi̍h, koh iau-kiû lán tio̍h án-choáⁿ chò? Chit-2-ê būn-tê thang kóng sī chêng kó·-chá kah taⁿ tō siōng chia̍p hông thó-lūn--ê. Pí-lūn-kóng, tī 1-ê siā-hoē lāi-té, tio̍h án-choáⁿ kā châi-lī chò pun-pheⁿ? Sī hō· sûi-lâng lóng pêⁿ chē? Ia̍h-sī hō· gâu-lâng lâi koat-tēng? He̍k-chiá-sī chiàu sûi-lâng ê tē-ūi lâi pun? Chit-ê būn-tê tī koè-khì 2,500-nî ti̍t-ti̍t thó-lūn kah chiâⁿ kek-ka. Tiat-ha̍k-ka, chèng-tī-ha̍k-chiá, sîn-ha̍k-ka, hoat-lu̍t-ha̍k-chiá hām chē-chē lâng lóng siūⁿ-beh kā chèng-gī ê goân-thâu, pún-chit kap iau-kiû téng-téng thiah-bêng.

Lán ē-tàng kā chèng-gī khoàⁿ-chò 1-chióng tek-hēng, nā kā tòng-chò lâng ê sèng-chit lâi kóng, chèng-gī kan-taⁿ thang tī in ê kiâⁿ-pàng kap in chò-chiâⁿ ê koàn-si̍p lâi piáu-hiān; lán mā ē-ēng-tit kā chèng-gī khoàⁿ-chò kiâⁿ-pàng ia̍h koàn-si̍p ê sèng-chit, nā án-ne, tō kan-taⁿ tī lâng ū chit-hō kiâⁿ-pàng he̍k-sī kiâⁿ hit-hō koàn-si̍p ê sî chiah ē-tàng piáu-hiān. Chèng-gī ê goân-thâu sûi-lâng siūⁿ--ê lóng koh-iūⁿ, kiám-chhái sī hô-hâi, sîn ê bēng-lēng, chū-jiân ê kui-chek, ia̍h-sī lâng só· chhòng-chō--ê, koh mā ū-khó-lêng sī pa̍t-hāng ke chin ki-pún, m̄-koh sò·-siông lâng kám-kak bô hiah tiōng-iàu ê lûn-lí piau-chún.

Chèng-gī ê iau-kiû chú-iàu ū 2-hong-bīn: pun-pheⁿ kap táⁿ-chéng. Pun-pheⁿ ê chèng-gī kiám-chhái sī iau-kiû pêng-téng, hō· lâng in èng-kai tit--tio̍h-ê, hō· siōng-kài sòng-hiong--ê tit-tio̍h siōng-toā ê lī-ek, pó-hō· thàu-koè ta̍k-hāng tio̍h ê chhiú-lō· the̍h-tio̍h ê châi-lī, he̍k-chiá-sī kā kui-ê lī-ek choè-tāi-hoà. Táⁿ-chéng ê chèng-gī pau-koat iau-kiû tùi éng-koè ê kiâⁿ-pàng pò-ho̍k, ia̍h sī in-ūi bī-lâi ê hiō-kó lâi hoa̍t-choē.

Chèng-gī ê lí-sióng tio̍h thàu-koè ki-kò͘ chiah ē-tàng si̍t-hiān, chiah-ê ki-kò͘ tio̍h chhú-lí chèng-tong-sèng, thêng-sū, hoat-lu̍t ê chè-tēng kap kái-soeh ê khang-khoè.
Sim-tiān-tô͘

**Sim-tiān-tô͘** (**EKG**, Tek-gí *Elektrokardiogramm* ê sok-siá) sī liân-soà kì-lio̍k sim-chōng tiān-ap oa̍h-tōng ê tn̂g-tiâu-tô͘ (strip graph). I sī sim-chōng tiān-seng-lí-ha̍k (cardiac electrophysiology) ê chú-iàu ke-si, ū chín-toān sim-chong-hoeh-kin pēⁿ ê lō͘-iōng. Sim-tiān-tô͘ bô chhek sim-chōng ê siu-sok-sèng (contractility).

## Lō͘-iōng

EKG ū chē chē iōng-hoat:
* Phoàⁿ-toān sim-chōng ê kong-lêng sī chèng-siông ia̍h hoán-siông (pí-lūn ke--chhut-lâi ia̍h làng--koè ê sim-thiàu, hō chò sim-lut-put-chéng, *cardiac arrhythmia/dysrhythmia*).
* Hoat-hiān sim-chōng ki-jio̍k kio̍k-pō͘ khoeh-hoeh (ischemia, chhiūⁿ kóng chò ūn-tōng nāi-sèng chhek-giām (exercise tolerance test) ê sî-chūn) ia̍h tio̍h-siong ("sim-chōng-pēⁿ hoat-chok").
* Chhek tiān-kái-chit (electrolyte) koh-iūⁿ, te̍k-pia̍t sī K, Ca, Mg.
* Hoat-hiān tiān thoân-tō bô chèng-siông (chhiūⁿ sim-chōng thoân-tō chó͘-tn̄g/heart block).
* Thê-kiong koan-hē sim-chōng bu̍t-lí chōng-hóng ê chu-liāu (chó-sim-sek pûi-tut/left ventricular hypertrophy)
* Sim-chōng í-goā ê pēⁿ (hì-chhoan-that/pulmonary embolism).

## Goân-lí

Sim-tiān-tô͘ ê ki-khì (sim-tiān biô-kì-khì) iōng tiān-liû-kè (galvanometre) chhek sin-khu kúi-ā-ūi tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi (electrical potential). Ta̍k ê chhek ê chó͘-ha̍p hō chò tō-thêng (lead). Siōng phó͘-phiàn ê sim-tiān-tô͘ chhek 12 ê tō-thêng, hō chò 12 tō-thêng sim-tiān-tô͘ (12-lead EKG). Tō-thêng I, II, III (limb leads) ùi kha-chhiú niû tiān-ūi:

* I: chiàⁿ-chhiú kap tò-chhiú tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi.
* II: chiàⁿ-chhiú kap tò-kha tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi.
* III: tò-chhiú kap tò-kha tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi.

Kî-thaⁿ ê 9 ê tō-thêng ùi kha-chhiú tō-thêng ê tiong-sim-tiám sǹg--chhut-lâi, tō sī tiong-sim-tiám hām I, II, III ê tiān-ūi (hō chò aVR, aVL, aVF) kap tiong-sim-tiám hām 6 ê sim-chōng-chêng (precordial) tō-thêng (V1-6) ê tiān-ūi.

Chit 12 ê tō-thêng sûi-ê te̍k-pia̍t sek-ha̍p kì-lio̍k sim-chōng bô kāng pō͘-ūi:

* Ē tō-thêng (inferior leads): II, III and aVF; ùi sim-chōng ê ē-té piah (chó-sim-sek ê sim-chiam/apex) chhek tiān oa̍h-tōng.
* Kiⁿ tō-thêng (lateral leads): I, aVL, V5 and V6; ùi sim-chōng ê kiⁿ-á piah chhek tiān oa̍h-tōng.
* Thâu-chêng tō-thêng (anterior leads): V1 chì V6; ùi sim-chōng ê thâu-chêng piah chhek tiān oa̍h-tōng.
* aVR hán-tit iōng lâi chò chín-toān, chú-iàu ê lō͘-iōng sī hián-sī EKG tō-thêng ū chèng-khak ia̍h bô.

Liáu-kái sim-chōng chèng-siông kap bô chèng-siông ê tiān-la̍t hiòng-liōng, tùi lîm-chhn̂g ê lí-kái ū toā lō͘-iōng.

## Chèng-siông ê EKG

Chèng-siông ê sim-thiàu oē--chhut-lâi ê EKG it-poaⁿ ū 1 ê P pho, 1 ê QRS complex, 1 ê T pho. Ū sî-chūn oan-ná ē chhut-hiān U pho.
Sai

**Sai** (*Panthera leo*) sī sio̍k tī niau-kho (Felidae) ê 1 chióng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, mā sī 4 chióng "toā-niau" ê 1 chióng. Sai sī niau-kho lāi-té hàn-chhaú tē 2 toā--ê, kan-taⁿ phēng hó͘ khah sè chiah--koá. Sai-kang ū sai-iaⁿ, chin hó jīn, 150-225 kg tāng; sai-bú 120-150 kg tāng. Iá-seng ê sai oa̍h 10–14 hoè, lâng chhī--ê ē-tàng oa̍h chhiau-koè 20 hoè. Éng-koè Hui-chiu, A-chiu, Europa chin chē só͘-chāi lóng ū sai, chóng--sī hiān-chú-sî kan-taⁿ chhun Hui-chiu kap Ìn-tō͘ ê Sasan-Gir Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g chiah khoàⁿ ū.
Panama Ūn-hô

Tiàm tī Tiong Bí-chiu ê **Panama Ūn-hô** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Canal de Panamá*) sī thàng Panamá Tē-kiap ê ūn-hô. I ê sai-pak chhùi chiap Tāi-se-iûⁿ (Carib-hái), tang-lâm chhùi chiap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ. Í-chá boē oân-sêng chìn-chêng, chûn-chiah tiāⁿ-tio̍h kiâⁿ hn̄g lō͘ se̍h tùi Hoorn Kak (Capo de Hornos) hit-tah-á ê Drake Hái-kiap, ùi hia se̍h Lâm Bí-chiu boé. Ūn-hô phah thong liáu-āu, pún-té ùi New York kàu Kū-kim-soaⁿ ê chúi-lō͘ (22500 km) chhun 9500 km.

Panamá Ūn-hô ê khí-chō sī chêng kaù taⁿ siōng kài toā koh siōng chia̍h-la̍t ê kang-têng chi it.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Live webcams Panama Canal
Panamá Tē-kiap

**Panamá Tē-kiap** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Isthmo de Panamá*) sī Carib-hái kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ tiong-ng ê 1 liâu-á tē, i sio-chiap Pak Bí-chiu kap Lâm Bí-chiu. Iok-liōng 3 pah-bān nî chêng (Pliocene sî-tāi) chiâⁿ hêng--ê, taⁿ tī Panamá kèng-lāi. Tē-kiap hō͘ Panamá Ūn-hô chhiat chò 2 pêng. Kap pa̍t-ê tē-kiap sio-siâng, ū it-tēng ê chiàn-lio̍k kè-ta̍t.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-chiu ê tē-lí
Inô Kanori

**Ino Kanori** (Ji̍t-gí: 伊能嘉矩; 1867 nî 6 goe̍h 11 ji̍t Keio 3 nî 5 goe̍h 9 ji̍t – 1925 nî 9 goe̍h 30 ji̍t) sī 1-ê chin tiōng-iàu ê Tâi-oân gián-kiù ê ha̍k-chiá.

1867-nî i tī Ji̍t-pún Iwate-koān (岩手県) ê Tôno (遠野) chhut-sì, chū sè-hàn bó-chhin tō koè-sin--khì, sī a-kong kap a-má kā chhiâⁿ toā-hàn--ê. I mā tùi a-kong hia ha̍k-si̍p Hàn-o̍h.

1880 nî-tāi, Ino Kanori chin jia̍t-sèng chò Iwate tē-hng ê chū-iû bîn-koân ūn-tōng, 1886-nî ji̍p-khì Iwate-koān ê su-hoān ha̍k-hāu tha̍k-chheh, m̄-koh i tùi kàu-io̍k loē-iông kap ko-ap ê chèng-tī khì-hun put-boán, chhui-sak ha̍k-seng ūn-tōng, choaⁿ-á hō͘ lâng thè-o̍h.

Liáu-aū, i khì Tang-kiaⁿ chū-siu, mā chò sin-bûn siá-chok ê khang-khoè, tùi 1893-nî khai-sí, i toè Tang-kiaⁿ Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k ê Tuboi Syogoro (坪井正五郎) kaù-siū tha̍k jîn-lūi-ha̍k, tùi jîn-lūi-ha̍k sán-seng chiâⁿ toā ê hèng-chhù. Ji̍t-chheng Chiàn-cheng khí-kó͘ liáu-aū, choaⁿ-á khai-sí ūi-tio̍h khì Tâi-oân tiau-cha chò chún-pī.

1895-nî, Ji̍t-pún chiàm Tâi-oân, Ino Kanori í lio̍k-kun kò·-oân ê sin-hūn lâi tī Tâi-oân, mā khai-sí i iok-kî-lio̍k 10-tang ê Tâi-oân chāi-tē tiau-cha gián-kiù.

I tāi-seng í Tâi-oân pak-pō͘ ê pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k chò tùi-siōng, 1897-nî ê sî, kā choân-tó chha-put-to lóng kiâⁿ-thàu, che liaú-aū koh ū kî-thaⁿ chē-chē pái ê tiau-cha lú-hêng. I só͘ siu-chi̍p ê chu-liāu, hō͘ i chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn gián-kiù ê khai-ki-chó·, kah taⁿ hiah-ê chu-liāu mā iû-goân sī bē-ēng-tit bô ê goân-sú chu-liāu.

1906-nî, Ino Kanori sî Chóng-tok-hú ê thaû-lō͘, tńg-khì kò·-hiong Tôno, tī hia, i kāng-khoán chin piàⁿ-sè chò Tâi-oân gián-kiù kap Tôno ê hiong-thó͘ gián-kiù, sui-bóng lâng tī Ji̍t-pún, i mā hông kau-tiōng chò Tâi-oân le̍k-sú chu-liāu kap goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k tiau-cha ê pian-chip khang-khoè, jî-chhiáⁿ siá-chok Tâi-oân Bûn-hoà-chì.

1925-nî, Ino Kanori tī Tâi-oân oè-tio̍h ê malaria koh giâ--khí-lâi, choaⁿ-á tī 59-hoè lâi koè-sin.

I chi̍t-sì-lâng siá chin chē chheh, kap Tâi-oân ū tī-tāi--ê tō ū 10-goā pún, lūn-bûn sò͘-gia̍h chhiau-koè 1000-phiⁿ, lâng kóng i sī "Tâi-oân-ha̍k ê sian-hêng-chiá".
Ho͘-khip hē-thóng

**Ho͘-khip hē-thóng** sī seng-bu̍t ēng lâi chò khì-thé kau-oāⁿ (gas exchange) ê khì-koan cho͘-sêng ê hē-thóng. 4 ki kha ê tōng-bu̍t it-poaⁿ ū kā khong-khì chah ji̍p-khì hì ê thong-lō͘, chhiūⁿ kóng hì-kńg, chiah koh tī hì kau-oāⁿ khì-thé; hoâiⁿ-keh-mo̍͘h (diaphragm) hū-chek kā khong-khì khip--ji̍p-lâi, koh kā bô beh ti̍h ê khong-khì sak--chhut-khì. Bô kāng seng-bu̍t ē ū bô siâng ê ho͘-khip hē-thóng, liān chhiū-á mā ū ho͘-khip hē-thóng.
Koan-kong

**Koan-kong** sī kóng lâng khì lú-hêng chò gē-niū, mā-sī chí ho̍k-bū chiah-ê lâng ê hit-ê sán-gia̍p.

## Lú-hêng chò gē-niū
Khì koan-kong ê lâng, hiān-chhú-sî mā tiāⁿ hông kiò-chò **koan-kong-kheh**. Nā chiâⁿ chē lâng khì koan-kong ê só͘-chāi, tō-sī **koan-kong-khu**, ia̍h-sī **bêng-sèng**.

Ē-kha sī lâng ūi-sím-mi̍h beh lú-hêng chò gē-niū ê lí-iû:
* Ū koá lâng lú-hêng sī beh o̍h 1-ê siâⁿ-chhī he̍k-sī kok-ka ê le̍k-sú, liáu-kái khiā tī hia ê jîn-bîn kap in ê chó͘-sian.
* Toà tī koâⁿ ê só͘-chāi ê lâng ē siūⁿ-beh khì khah ū ji̍t-thaû ê só͘-chāi hioh-khùn. Chin chē toà Pak-Au-chiu ê lâng ē khì Se-pan-gâ, Italia, Hi-lia̍p kap Türkiye pha̍k-ji̍t.
* Ū-ê lâng ē khì lú-hêng, lâi chò in tī khiā-khí ê só͘-chāi bô-hoat-tō͘ chò ê tāi-chì. Chhin-chhiūⁿ Sūi-se kap Tang-kok tō ū chiâⁿ chē chhu-seh ê tē-tiûⁿ, hō͘ ka-tī khiā-ke hit-tah bô soaⁿ ê lâng mā ū thang khì chhu-seh.
* Ū sî-chūn lâng ē khì pa̍t siâⁿ-chhī ia̍h kok-ka khì chhoē pêng-iú ia̍h chhin-chiâⁿ.
* Koh ū lâng kan-taⁿ sī beh khoàⁿ bô-kâng ê kong-kéng.

## Koan-kong-gia̍p
Kap koan-kong ū tī-tāi ê sán-gia̍p ē-tàng hun-chò chin chē pō͘-hūn, pí-lūn-kóng:
* Kau-thong, chhin-chhiūⁿ hui-hêng-ki, thih-ki-lō͘ (hoé-chhia) kap chûn.
* Toà ê só͘-chāi, chhin-chhiūⁿ ho͘-thé-luh, tah-iâⁿ ê tē-tiûⁿ téng-téng.
* Lim-chia̍h, chhin-chhiūⁿ chhan-thiaⁿ, ka-pi-thiaⁿ téng-téng.
Bí-su̍t

**Bí-su̍t** sī choan-bûn chò ū gē-su̍t kè-ta̍t ê oa̍h-tāng kap chok-phín ê hit-ê khài-liām. Chit-ê sû kap "gē-su̍t" ê ì-sù iok-kî-lio̍k sio-siâng, m̄-koh "bí-su̍t" te̍k-pia̍t sī ēng tī hām "èng-iōng gē-su̍t" kap "tāi-chiòng gē-su̍t" koh-iūⁿ ê "sûn-chùi gē-su̍t" ê léng-he̍k--ni̍h. Tī gē-su̍t ê hoān-ûi lāi-té, oan-nā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē kóng-tio̍h bí-su̍t chit-ê sû, só·-í mā ē-tàng koh kā hun-chò "èng-iōng bí-su̍t" kap "sûn-chùi bí-su̍t" 2-lūi.

Koè-oē kap tiau-khek sī tī bí-su̍t lāi-té siōng-kài ū tāi-piáu-sèng--ê, koh thang tùi-chiàu si̍t-iōng gē-su̍t ê chhah-tô·, tô·-kái, siat-kè kap kang-gē lâi khoàⁿ. Chit-2 pō·-hūn goân-té hun kah chin bêng, m̄-koh tī 20-sè-kí ê siōng-boé 25-tang, in tiong-kan ê kài-soàⁿ soah piàn bū--khì, cheng-chha ê só·-chāi mā toè leh ài-māi--khí-lâi.
Siau-hòa hē-thóng

**Siau-hoà hē-thóng** () sī to-sè-pau tōng-bu̍t (multicellular animal) chìn-hêng siau-hoà thêng-sū ê khì-koan (organ) cho͘-sêng ê hē-thóng. Siau-hoà hē-thóng ē kā chia̍h-mi̍h pìⁿ-chiâⁿ lêng-liōng ham êng-ióng-sò͘, koh kā siau-hoà liáu bô beh ti̍h ê mi̍h pâi--chhut-khì. Bô kāng tōng-bu̍t ê siau-hoà hē-thóng bô-tiāⁿ ē ū toā cheng-chha, pí-lūn kóng gû ê ūi ū 4 ê ūi-sek, kap lâng ê ūi tō chha chin chē.
Kut hē-thóng

Tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, **kut hē-thóng** (Eng-gí: *skeletal system*), he̍k-chiá kóng **kut-keh** (*skeleton*) sī seng-bu̍t ēng lâi chih-chài sin-thé kok chióng cho͘-chit ê kiat-kò͘, chhin-chhiūⁿ ēng lâi keng kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t ê kǹg-kin hit khoán chok-iōng. 

## Chham-khó
Kòe-ōe

**Koè-oē** (hōe-, -ūi) sī 1-khoán sī-kak gē-su̍t, ēng sek-liāu tī choá, phâng-pò· (oē-pò·), chhâ-pang ia̍h-sī piah-téng téng-téng ê téng-koân he̍k-sī kô· he̍k-sī boah lâi biô-tô·; chit-khoán piáu-hiān khoán-sek ê chok-phín, tō-sī koè-oē.

It-poaⁿ **tô·**, **chhat-á** (ēng te̍k-á piáu-poè) ia̍h-sī **oē** mā sī chí koè-oē ê ì-sù, m̄-koh **tô·** kap **oē** sī kóng lóng-chóng ê lâng ēng sek-liāu biô ê chok-phín, nā kóng koè-oē, tō chin kóng-kioh sī-kak gē-su̍t ê khài-liām--ah.
Sîn-keng hē-thóng

Tōng-bu̍t ê **sîn-keng hē-thóng** (神經系統) sī ēng lâi hia̍p-tiau kin-bah (muscle) ê oa̍h-tāng, chek-tok khì-koan (organ) ê ūn-chok, sán-seng ia̍h thêng-chí ti-kak (sense), hō-lēng sin-thé hêng-tōng (action). Sîn-keng hē-thóng chú-iàu ū sîn-keng-goân (neuron) kap sîn-keng.
Lāi-hun-pì hē-thóng

**Lāi-hu-pì hē-thóng** (endocrine system) sī bô-kńg-choâⁿ (ductless gland) cho͘-sêng ê khòng-chè hē-thóng, in ē hun-pì hō chò ho͘-lú-bóng (hormone) ê hoà-ha̍k-mi̍h, thaù-koè hoeh-laû ê sûn-khoân hē-thóng sàng kaù choân sin-khu, tùi chit-koá khì-koan ê sè-pau chō-chiâⁿ chok-iōng. Lāi-hun-pì-choâⁿ hun-pì ê mi̍h bē seng tìn--leh, ē chek-sî ji̍p-khì hoeh-laû ia̍h sè-pau ê khang-phang. Ho͘-lú-bóng ná-chhiūⁿ "phoe-sài", hoeh-laû ē kā sàng kaù kui sin-khu ta̍k sè-pau, sè-pau chiah koh khoàⁿ "phoe" lâi koat-tēng beh chhòng siáⁿ. Lāi-hun-pì-choâⁿ pau-hâm ē-sûi-thé-choâⁿ (pituitary gland), kah-chōng-choâⁿ (thyroid), ??? (adrenal gland), m̄-koh bô pau-hâm goā-hun-pì-choâⁿ (exocrine gland), chhiūⁿ kóng noā-choâⁿ (salivary gland), koāⁿ-choâⁿ (sweat gland) ham siau-hoà hē-thóng lāi-té ê chi̍t-koá choâⁿ-thé.
Tiau-khek

縮圖|Tiau-khek
**Tiau-khek** (雕刻) sī 1-khoán gē-su̍t piáu-hiān ê khoán-sek. Chit-khoán gē-su̍t chok-phín tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī sam-chhù-goân--ê (iā-chiū-sī ū koân, khoah kap tn̂g 3-hiòng ê li̍p-thé). Tī bô-kâng ê khu-he̍k ia̍h bûn-hoà--ni̍h, ū koh-iūⁿ ê tiau-khek lâi sán-seng, sî-tāi kái-î, tiau-khek ê khoán-sek mā toè leh kái-piàn, pí-lūn Bûn-gē Ho̍k-heng kah hiān-tāi ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ tō koh-iūⁿ. It-poaⁿ lán kóng tiau-khek ê sî, khah bô kā hûi-gē sǹg-chāi-lāi.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kang-gē
Yuri Gagarin

**Yuri Gagarin** (Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин, ) , So͘-liân thài-khong-jîn, So͘-liân-âng-kun siōng-kàu pe-hêng-ôan, sī tē-it ê chìn-ji̍p thài-khong ê lâng.


File:1976 4569.jpg|
File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 595.jpg|
File:RR5514-0005R 10 рублей биметалл 2001 40 лет полета Гагарина реверс.png|
File:RR5714-0010R.png|
File:2011. Stamp of Belarus 07-2011-03-28-m.jpg|


Lūi-pia̍t:Lō͘-se-a thài-khong-jîn
Siáu-soat

**Siáu-soat** ia̍h **sió-soat** sī bûn-ha̍k ê 1-khoán piáu-hiān khoán-sek.

Siáu-soat ê loē-iông lâi kóng, hām sûi-pit, phêng-lūn kap le̍k-sú bô kâng, siáu-soat bô tō-sī ēng chōng-khang ê kò͘-sū lâi piáu-hiān, bô tō-sī kā sū-si̍t-siōng ū ê kò͘-sū kā kái-pian; nā chhiú-lō͘ lâi kóng, khah chē sī ēng sàn-bûn ê khoán-sek, sui-bóng mā ū siáu-soat chok-phín hō͘ chi̍t-koá ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi khah oá tī si ê hêng-thé. (Pí-lūn Zhivago Sian-siⁿ).

Siáu-soat nā chiàu tn̂g-té, thang hun-chò tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat, tiong-phiⁿ siáu-soat, té-phiⁿ siáu-soat kap ke̍k-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat.

## Lōe-iông hun-lūi
Nā chiàu loē-iông ê pō͘-lūi, siōng-bô ū ē-bīn chit-kúi-lūi:
* Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat (*science fiction*)
* Kî-hàm siáu-soat (*fantasy*)
* Hoān-choē siáu-soat
* Ài-chêng siáu-soat
* Khióng-pò͘ siáu-soat
* Kàn-tia̍p siáu-soat
* Le̍k-sú siáu-soat
* Bú-kiap siáu-soat
* Chhui-lí siáu-soat
Tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat

**Tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat** sī 1-khoán bûn-ha̍k piáu-hiān ê khoán-sek, iā-tō-sī jī-sò· khah chē, pí-kaù khah tn̂g ê siáu-soat ê ì-sù.

Sím-mi̍h khoán ê chok-phín chiah-sī tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat--leh? Tùi chit-ê kin-té ê būn-tê, ū aū-piah chit-ê kóng-hoat: siáu-soat beh siá goā tn̂g lóng ē-ēng-tit, m̄-koh bô-khó-lêng siuⁿ-koè-thaû té. Koh nā té koè bó·-chi̍t-ê thêng-tō·, he tō m̄-sī siáu-soat--ah, he sī chhap-oē (*episode*).

Tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat hām té-phiⁿ siáu-soat kāng-khoán, pēng bô kò·-tēng ê kò·-chō, án-choáⁿ siá mā bô kui-tēng, sûi-lâng tùi tn̂g-tō· kaù taⁿ mā iáu bô sio-hû-ha̍p ê khoàⁿ-hoat.

Hiān-chhú-sî Ji̍t-pún siōng chia̍p thiaⁿ ê kóng-hoat sī: goân-kó ēng chhiau-koè 300-tiuⁿ kó-choá ê chok-phín tō-sī tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat. Nā tī Tiong-kok ēng choân-Hàn-jī chò siáu-soat chhòng-chok, it-poaⁿ sī jīn-ûi 6-bān jī í-siōng chiah sǹg sī tn̂g-phiⁿ.

Siáu-soat tī Eng-gí hō-chò *novel*, chit-ê jī hām Se-pan-gâ-gí ê *novela* kap Hoat-gí ê *nouvelle* kâng gí-goân, goân-té tī Latin-gí lóng-sī "sin ê siau-sit (ia̍h kò͘-sū)" ê ì-sù.
Iâ-so͘

:*Pún-bûn hoán-èng Ki-tok chong-kàu--ê koan-tiám. Iú-koan [[I-su-lân-kàu]]--ê khoàⁿ-hoat, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Isa]]*
**Ná-sat-le̍k-lâng Iâ-so͘** (拿撒勒人耶穌, ), Ki-tok-tô͘ kiò i **Iâ-so͘ Ki-tok** (耶穌基督), sī Ki-tok-kàu ê chhòng-kiàn-chiá kap tiong-sim jîn-bu̍t. *Iâ-so͘* goân-té sī chit-ê Hi-pek-lâi-gú sû: *ישוע*, ì-sù sī "Siōng-tè chín-kiù"; *Ki-tok* sī Hi-lia̍p-gú sû *Χριστός*, ì-sù sī "chiap-siū boah-iû-lé ê lâng".

Tōa-pō͘-hūn iú-koan Iâ-so͘ ê tāi-chì lóng kì-chài tī Sin-iok Sèng-keng.

分類:Iû-thài
Lâm-kiaⁿ-chhī

**Lâm-kiaⁿ-chhī** (Hàn-jī: 南京市; Hàn-gú Pheng-im: Nánjīng Shì) sī Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Kang-so͘-séng ê séng-hōe, mā sī Tiong-kok ê chi̍t-ê bûn-hòa bêng-siâⁿ.

In-ūi tī kó͘-chá, Lâm-kiaⁿ bat chòe kòe Tiong-kok ê hú-siâⁿ, só͘-í i mā kiò-chòe **Lio̍k-tiâu Kó͘-to͘** (六朝古都). Tī 1912 nî kàu 1949 nî, i bat sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê siú-to͘.
## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Hiân-bú-khu (玄武區)
*Chîn-hoâi-khu (秦淮區)
*Kiàn-gia̍p-khu (建鄴區)
*Kó͘-lâu-khu (鼓樓區)
*Phó͘-kháu-khu (浦口區)
*Chhe-hâ-khu (棲霞區)
*Ú-hoa-tâi-khu (雨花台區)
*Kang-lêng-khu (江寧區)
*Lio̍k-ha̍p-khu (六合區)
*Le̍k-súi-khu (溧水區)
*Ko-sûn-khu (高淳區)

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok siâⁿ-chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Kang-so͘-séng
Séng-hōe

**Séng-hōe**, koh hō-chò **séng-siâⁿ**, **séng-to͘**, **séng-hú**, **séng-kip hêng-chèng-tiong-sim** téng-téng, sī chi̍t-ê séng ê siú-hú. khó-lêng sī chí:

* Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok séng-hōe lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok séng-hōe lia̍t-toaⁿ
Don Quijote

***Don Quijote de la Mancha*** (kán-chheng ***Don Quijote***) sī Se-pan-gâ chok-ka Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) ê tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat. Chheh miâ mā ū hō chò ***El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha*** (La Mancha lâi ê khiàng-kha *hidalgo* Don Quijote). "Don Quijote" oân-nā sī chit-pún siáu-soat lāi-té chú-jîn-ong ê miâ.

## Siáu-soat

Chit-pún siáu-soat, kán-séng lâi kóng, tō-sī 1-ê toà tī chng-kha ê kē-chân hoâ-cho̍k in-ūi tha̍k khiâ-sū kò·-sū (hit-tang-chūn Au-chiu sî-kiâⁿ ê bûn-ha̍k chú-tê) tha̍k liáu bê--khì, soah kā ka-tī tòng-chò thoân-soat lāi-té ê 1-ê khiâ-sū, i kā ka-tī hō-miâ kiò-chò **Don Quijote de la Mancha**, khì kā lâng chioh 1-chiah sán koh lám ê bé **Rocinante** lâi khiâ, hām 1-ê hō-chò **Sancho Panza** ê kin-sûi, sì-koè lú-hêng ê kò·-sū.

"Don Quijote de la Mancha" chit-ê miâ-hō, "Don" sī hit-tang-chūn koân-chân hoâ-cho̍k ê miâ thaû-chêng ē ka ê jī, nā "de la Mancha" sī chí i pún-té khiā-ke ê Mancha-chhun.

Chit-pō· chok-phín khêng-si̍t sī siá lâi phoe-phêng hit-sî-chūn í-keng kū-siùⁿ kū-siùⁿ ê Se-pan-gâ, lāi-té siōng-chhut-miâ--ê tō-sī Don Quijote kong-táⁿ hong-chhoe-lián ê hit-kéng. In-ūi khiâ-sū thang khoàⁿ-chò siōng-teng Se-pan-gâ, hong-chhoe-lián ū siōng-teng Hô-lân ê ì-sù, khiâ-sū Don Quijote chiàn-su hong-chhia-lián ê chit-kéng, hō· chi̍t-koá ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi, chok-chiá ū àm-chí Kē-tē-kok aū--lâi tùi Se-pan-gâ to̍k-li̍p ê ì-sù.

Chok-chiá tī chit-pō· siáu-soat--ni̍h, ka-ji̍p chē-chē chú-jîn-ong ê chū-ngó· ì-sek kap sêng-tióng ê biô-siá, hām hit-sî-tāi ê siáu-soat chok-phín chiâⁿ koh-iūⁿ, mā éng-hióng aū--lâi ê siáu-soat chhòng-chok, nā siáu-soat lāi-té ê hit-khoán m̄-jīn lāu, tui-kiû bāng-sióng kap hi-bāng, tī sim--ni̍h tài chèng-gī sì-koè chaú-chông ê loē-iông, mā kám-tōng chē-chē lâng.

*Don Quijote* mā sī Sèng-keng lia̍h-goā, sè-kài-siōng chhut-pán siōng-chē ê chheh, sī chin ū-siau-thaú ê siáu-soat, 2002-nî 5 goe̍h chhoe 8 Nobel Gián-kiù-só· kap ài-chheh thoân-thé hoat-piáu 1-hūn tiau-cha kiat-kó, keng-koè 54-kok lóng-chóng 100-ê chhut-miâ bûn-ha̍k-ka ê taû-phiò, *Don Quijote* tòng-soán "le̍k-sú-siōng siōng-hó ê 100-pō· bûn-ha̍k chok-phín" ê thâu-miâ.

### Kiat-kò͘

### Ké-paû ê Don Quijote

### Chú-kak

## Im-ga̍k

## Tiān-iáⁿ kap hì-kio̍k

## Pa-lé

Lūi-pia̍t:Chheh
Sóa-ūi kán-hòa kái-phòa-khì

**Sóa-ūi kán-hòa [[kái-phoà-khì]]** (shift-reduce parser) iōng-tio̍h khǹg gú-hoat hû-hō ê kái-phòa tui-tia̍p (stack), kái-phòa-khì tih ūn-chok ê sî, su-ji̍p ê hû-hō sóa khì tui-tia̍p. Nā-sī tui-tia̍p téng-thâu ê hû-hō tùi-èng tio̍h kî-tiong chi̍t-tiâu gú-hoat kui-chek ê chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng (RHS), jî-chhiáⁿ tī bo̍k-chôan ê gú-kèng (context) tō èng-kai iōng chit tiâu kui-chek, an-nē kái-phòa-khì ē kā kui-chek ê chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng  kán-hòa chòe kui-chek ê tò-chhiú-pêng (LHS).

Sóa-ūi kán-hòa ê kè-thêng ē kè-sio̍k, it-ti̍t kàu kái-phòa-khì thêng--lo̍h-lâi, kā lán kóng sêng-kong iah-sī sit-pāi. Ká-sú su-ji̍p sī ha̍p-hoat--ê, jî-chhiáⁿ kái-phòa-khì chiap-siū chit-ê su-ji̍p, kái-phòa-khì ē thêng tī sêng-kong e chōng-thài. Nā-sī hoat-hiān-tio̍h chhò-ngō͘, tō thêng tī sit-pāi ê chōng-thài.

Kái-phòa-khì kan-na sī chi̍t-ê tui-tia̍p chū-tōng-ki (automaton), chit-ê chū-tōng-ki khó-lêng ū kúi-lō-ê bô kâng ê chōng-thài, chōng-thài it-poaⁿ lóng iōng chi̍t-ê chéng-sò͘ lâi piáu-sī. Si̍t-chè siōng, kái-phòa-khì tui-tia̍p lāi-tóe pau-hâm chōng-thài, m̄-sī pau-hâm gú-hoat kui-chek. M̄-koh, kì-jiân múi chi̍t-ê chōng-thài tùi-èng chi̍t-ê gú-hoat kui-chek.  chōng-thài tui-tia̍p ē-tàng tùi-èng chi̍t-ê gú-hoat kui-chek, chōng-thài ē-tàng tùi-èng tio̍h gú-hoat hû-hō tui-tia̍p.

Kái-phòa-khì ê ūn-chok sī ē-bīn chit n-ê pió, pau-koah tōng-chok-pió (action table) kah thiàu-khì-pió (goto table).
Bûn-ha̍k

**Bûn-ha̍k** sī bó͘-mí-khoán gí-giân, sî-tāi, ia̍h-sī bûn-hoà téng-téng, 1-ê khak-tēng ê kûn-thé siá-chok ê chok-phín chóng-hō-miâ. Tùi thoân-thóng ê kak-tō͘ lâi kóng, bûn-ha̍k hō͘ lán ē-tàng liáu-kái bó͘-chi̍t-tīn lâng (he̍k-sī kóng bîn-cho̍k) ê kè-ta̍t-koan kap hèng-chhù. Chiâⁿ chē lâng kā bûn-ha̍k tòng-chò ha̍k-si̍p pa̍t-hāng bûn-hoà ê siōng-hó ê hong-sek ê chi̍t-chióng.

Bûn-ha̍k mā-sī ū chhúi-sióng ia̍h chhòng-chō-sèng ê siá-chok ê ì-sù, tùi chit-tiám lâi kóng, tō khah káng-kiù bûn-ha̍k ê gē-su̍t kè-ta̍t.

Nā chiàu se-kok ê hun-lūi, it-poaⁿ hun-chò sàn-bûn, hì-kio̍k kap si 3 toā-lūi, sàn-bûn lāi-té, pau-koat siáu-soat kap hui-siáu-soat 2-lūi. Tī bó͘-chi̍t-koá hun-lūi hong-sek--ni̍h, mā kā kháu-thoân--ê sǹg-chāi-lāi, hō-chò kháu-thoân bûn-ha̍k. Lēng-goā mā ū koh-khah iù ê pō͘-lūi, chhin-chhiūⁿ sú-si (*epic*), thoân-soat (*legend*), sîn-oē, bîn-kan koa-iâu (*ballad*), pah-khoán khoán-sek ê kháu-thoân si, kap bîn-kan kò͘-sū téng-téng.
Âng-bûn-hún-tia̍p

**Âng-bûn-hún-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 紅紋粉蝶; ha̍k-miâ: *Delias hyparete*) sī 1 khoán ô·-tia̍p.  I ê si̍t-kó· thí-khui ū 60 kàu 70 mm. Kang--ê ê si̍t-kó· piáu-bīn té-sek sī pe̍h-sek, koân-téng-si̍t-kó· ê thâu-chêng-gōa-kháu oat-kak hit-tah kap ē-kha-si̍t-kó· gōa-kháu pian-iân ū o·-sek ê pan; ē-kha-si̍t-kó· pak-tó· hit-bīn ū n̂g-sek, pe̍h-sek, o·-sek, kap âng-sek ê pan kap sòaⁿ-bûn. Bó--ê ê si̍t-kó· piáu-bīn o·-sek ê pan khah-chē, si̍t-me̍h ê só·-chāi lóng-sī o·-sek--ê. Sêng-thâng (tōa-hàn-thâng) chhut-hiān tī chhun-thiⁿ kàu chhiu-thiⁿ ê kùi-chiat, jo̍ah--lâng ê sî ū koh-khah chia̍p-khòaiⁿ; ji̍t--sî chhut-lâi chhōe-chia̍h, chháu-si̍t-sèng (chia̍h-chhài--ê) kah-ì pài-hóng hoe-lúi khip-si̍t hoe-bi̍t; tī chháu-châng khoân-kéng o̍ah-tōng kap hioh-khùn; seng-o̍ah tī kē-hái-po̍at kàutiong-hái-po̍at ê soaⁿ-khu.
Ú-ông

**Ú-ông** (禹), sìⁿ **Sāi**(姒), miâ **Bûn-bēng** (文命), Hā-hiō-sī (夏后氏), sī Chhoan-hiok (顓頊) ê Cheng-sun. I ê lāu-pē miâ Kún (鯀), lāu-bú ūi iū-sin-sī (有莘氏) lí-siu-kí. Siong-thôan Ú-tī n̂g-hô chúi-hōan iú-kong, siū Sùn-tè (舜) sian-liōng kè tè-ūi. Ú kiáⁿ Khé (啓) sī Hā-tiâu ê tē-i̍t-ūi thian-chú.
1001 Mî

**1001 Mî** (Pho-su-bûn: هزار و یک شب, *Hazār-o Yak Šab*; A-la-pek-bûn: كتاب ألف ليلة وليلة, *Kitāb 'Alf Layla wa-Layla*) sī tùi A-la-pek kap Pho-su thoân--chhut-lâi ê chi̍t-hē-thóng ê kò͘-sū, chit-pún bûn-chi̍p sī tiong-sè-kí Sai-lâm-a (Tiong-tang) ê bûn-ha̍k sū-sū-si, chú-tê sī kóng 1-ê hō-chò Shahryar ê kok-ông in-ūi bó͘ hoán-poē--i, choaⁿ-á ta̍k-àm lóng kap 1-ê chāi-sek-lú khùn, thiⁿ-kng tō kā thâi--sí. Chái-siòng ê cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ Scheherazade (Pho-su ê Shahrzad) soah kam-goān kè hō͘ ông, ūi-tio̍h mài khì hō͘ ông tī thiⁿ-thiah-ha̍h tō kā thâi--sí, i ta̍k-àm kóng-kó͘ hō͘ i ê ang-sài thiaⁿ, koh thiau-kang ta̍k-àm lóng kā kò͘-sū thêng tī leh hō͘ lâng sim-koaⁿ hiāuⁿ-hiāuⁿ chin kín-tiuⁿ ê só͘-chāi, ti̍t-ti̍t kóng chhiau-koè 1001-mê.

Khêng-si̍t che kui-thò kò͘-sū chhòng-chok ê sî-kan èng-kai ū ēng kúi-ā-ê sè-kí. Kóng-kó͘ ê lâng koh-iūⁿ, koh kóng-kó͘ ê chhiú-lō͘ mā koh-iūⁿ, chóng--sī chiah-ê kò͘-sū ū-iáⁿ soà-phah, khah chhut-miâ--ê pí-lūn: Aladdin, Ali Baba kap 40-ê cheng-piàng, hām Chúi-hu Sinbad 7-pái koè-iûⁿ téng-téng, sǹg sī chha-put-to ta̍k-só͘-chāi lóng tiāⁿ thiaⁿ-tio̍h ê kò͘-sū.
Amisch

**Amisch** (Eng-gí: *Amish*) sī 1 tīn chài-chìm-lé-phài ê Ki-tok-tô͘, chú-iàu khiā tī Bí-kok kap Canada Ontario Séng. In khiā tī chong-kàu lí-iû, kā ka-kī hām goā-kài ê chú-liû hiān-tāi siā-hoē hun-khui. In bô chiông-kun, bô chiap-siū chèng-hú chi-oān, chin chē kū-choa̍t pān pó-hiám. In in-ūi hān-chè chi̍t-koá sin ki-su̍t ê lī-iōng (chhin-chhiūⁿ chū-tōng-chhia, tiān-oē), tī goā-kài te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ. Toā-hūn kóng 1 chióng Tek-gí-hē ê hong-giân hō chò *Deitsch* ("Tek-gí"). In pun chò sò͘-10-tīn thoân-khè, sûi ê koh pun chò to̍k-li̍p ê khu ia̍h kàu-hoē. Ta̍k ê khu ū ka-kī bô siá chò jī ê kui-kí, hō chò *Ordnung*. Siōng pó-siú ê Amisch kiò chò Kū Amisch Tia̍t-sū (Old Order Amish). Sin Amisch Tia̍t-sū (New Order Amish) ū chiap-siū chi̍t-koá sin ki-su̍t.

## Le̍k-sú

Amisch kap Bûn-nó͘-hoē sio-siâng, sī Au-chiu 16 sè-kí chho͘-kî ê Ki-tok-kàu Sin-kàu ūn-tōng lāi-bīn ê Sūi-se Chài-chìm-lé-phài. Tī 1693 nî, Jacob Amman chhoā--ê phài tùi Sūi-se Bûn-nó͘-phài hun-lia̍t--chhut-lâi, goân-in sī Amman kian-chhî ài giâm-keh siám-pī hit-koá bô siú kàu-hoē kui-kí ê hūn-chú.

Chū 18 sè-kí, khai-sí ū Amisch î-bîn khì kah Bí-kok, chú-iàu ūi beh siám-phiah chong-kàu pek-hāi kap chiông-kun ê iau-kiû. Chē-chē toà Pennsylvania, Lancaster County khiā-khí. Kî-thaⁿ ê thoân-thé āu--lâi khiā tī pa̍t-chiu ia̍h-sī soá khì hia, pau-koat tī Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Maine. Mā ū khì kah Canada--ê. Lâu tī Au-chiu ê kàu-hoē ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á hām Bûn-nó͘-phài ha̍p-pèng, siōng boé-ê tī 1937 nî.

Toā-hūn ê Bí-chiu Amisch siā-khu āu--lâi sit-khì in ê Amisch jīn-tông. Siōng chá-kî ê toā hun-lia̍t tī 1860 nî-tāi. Hit-chūn ū chú-kàu khui toā hoē-gī gī-lūn án-choáⁿ èng-hù hiān-tāi siā-hoē ê ap-le̍k. Chóng--sī pó-siú-phài chin kín tō thoè--chhut-khì. Toā-hūn ê chìn-pō͘-phài āu--lâi lóng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ Bûn-nó͘-phài.

## Kè-ta̍t-koan

Amisch ê kè-ta̍t-koan lâi chū in chhiâng-chāi ín-iōng ê Sèng-keng keng-cha̍t:
* "M̄-thang chiong bô sìn Chú ê lâng khòaⁿ-chò tông-téng ê, siūⁿ-boeh lâi kap in kau-chhap, in-ūi bē-ēng-tit án-ne. Kong-chèng kap put-hoat kám ē-tàng chò-hóe? Kong-bêng kap o·-àm kám ē-tàng tòa chò-hóe?" (Ko-lîm-to Hō͘-su 6:14)
* "Lín tio̍h lī-khui in, tio̍h kap in hun-lī. M̄-thang chiap-chhiok bô chheng-khì ê, án-ne Góa chiū ē kā lín chiap-siū." (Ko-lîm-to Hō͘-su 6:17)
* "Lín m̄-thang kap sè-sio̍k tông-hòa, tio̍h hō· Siōng-chú lâi kā lín kái-piàn, keng-sin lín ê sim-chì, lín chiah ē bêng-pe̍k sím-mih sī Siōng-chú ê chí-ì; sím-mih sī hó-sū, sím-mih sī Siōng-chú só· hoaⁿ-hí ê, sím-mih sī ôan-chôan ê." (Lô-má-su 12:2)

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Amish  (Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online)
* Amish in the jungle
Âng-keng-hún-tia̍p

**Âng-keng-hún-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 紅肩粉蝶; ha̍k-miâ: *Delias pasithoe*) sī chi̍t-chióng bóe-ia̍h-á, si̍t-kó· thíⁿ--khui ū 60 kàu 70 hô-bí. Kang--ê ê si̍t piáu-bīn (ka-chiah-phiaⁿ hit-bīn) té-sek sī o·-sek ê, ū phú-á-sek ê pan-bûn; ē-kha-si̍t-kó· piáu-bīn lāi-té pian-iân ū tōa-tōa ê n̂g-sek ê pan-bûn; ē-kha-si̍t-kó· ê pak-tó·-bīn ū chē-chē ê n̂g-sek ê pan, óa seng-khu hit-tah ū âng-sek ê pan. Bó--ê ê si̍t-kó· té-sek khah-chhián-sek, ē-kha-si̍t-kó· bô n̂g-sek ê pan.

Sêng-thâng (tōa-hàn-thâng) ji̍t--sî chhut-lâi o̍ah-tōng chhōe-chia̍h; chháu-si̍t-sèng (chia̍h-chhài--ê); tòa-tī chháu-châng hū-kīn; tī Tâi-oân chha-put-to kui-tang lóng-ū khoàiⁿ, hun-pò· tī kē-hái-po̍at kap tiong-hái-po̍at ê soaⁿ-khu.
Bé-ia̍h

**Bóe-ia̍h-á** mā hō-chò **ô͘-tia̍p**, sī kui-sio̍k tī Lepidoptera, choân sè-kài tāi-iok ū 14000 gōa chióng, tāi-pō͘-hūn hun-pò͘ tī Bí-chiu, iû-kî sī Amazonas liû-he̍k phín-chéng siāng-chē, tî-liáu Lâm-ke̍k kap Pak-ke̍k í-gōa lóng-ū hun-pò͘, tī A-chiu Tâi-oân mā í phín-chéng bi̍t-tō͘ koân lâi chhut-miâ. Bóe-ia̍h-á it-poaⁿ lâi-kóng sek-chúi-kiau, si̍t-kó͘ kap seng-khu ū chē-chē koh-iūⁿ ê pan-bûn, thâu-pō͘ ū chi̍t-tùi kùn-á-hêng he̍k thûi-á-hêng ê chhiok-kak (che sī kah ngô͘-lūi siāng-tōa ê khu-pia̍t, ngô͘ ê chhiok-kak hêng-chōng piàn-hòa khah-chē). Siāng-tōa chiah ê bóe-ia̍h-á si̍t-kó͘ thíⁿ-khui ū 24 kong-hun, siāng-sè--ê kan-taⁿ 1.6 kong-hun. 

It-poaⁿ ko͘-kè Tâi-oân ū chhiau-kòe 400 chióng ê ô͘-tia̍p, kî-tiong ū tāi-iok 50 chióng sī Tâi-oân te̍k-iú-chéng.

## Seng-oa̍h-sú koè-têng

Bóe-ia̍h-á sī chi̍t-chióng oân-choân piàn-thài ê khun-thiông, tī i ê seng-tióng koè-têng tiong, ū chám-jiân ê 4 ê  khám-chām: **Nn̄g**, **iù-thâng**, **ióng**, kap **sêng-thiông**. Chit 4 ê kai-toāⁿ cho͘-sêng ô͘-tia̍p ê seng-oa̍h-sú. Seng-oa̍h-sú ê tn̂g-té i-chiàu chióng-lūi bô-kâng, ū ê khah-té kan-taⁿ 1 kó͘-goe̍h, ū ê khah-tn̂g ē-sái tn̂g-kàu 1 tang. 

### Nn̄g

Bô-kâng chióng-lūi ê ô͘-tia̍p i ê nn̄g seⁿ tio̍h bô-kâng, hêng-chiōng, sek-chúi, pan-bûn ū chē-chē khoán. Bóe-ia̍h-á ê nn̄g tāi-hūn seⁿ tio̍h chhiūⁿ kiû-hêng, m̄-koh mā ū chhiūⁿ chhèng-chí, chhia-lián-á, ia̍h pò͘-teng ê; sek-chúi ū pe̍h-sek, chheⁿ-sek, teng-âng-sek, n̂g-sek, téng-téng. Bóe-ia̍h-á ē kā nn̄g seⁿ tiàm bô kâng châng ê kià-chú si̍t-bu̍t téng-thâu, cheng-ka iù-thâng seng-chûn ê ki-hoē. 

### Iù-thâng

Tng-tang boé-ia̍h-á nn̄g pū-hoà, iù-sió ê thâng iōng chiam-lāi ê kháu-khì kā-phoà nn̄g-khak, peh chhut nn̄g-khak chiâⁿ-chò iù-thâng. Tú pū--chhut-lâi ê iù-thâng hō-chò it-lêng iù-thâng. Iù-thâng ná lâi ná toā, chitin ê goā-phoê bô-hoat-tō͘ toē--leh piàn-toā, chiū ē thǹg-phoê. Thǹg-phoê chìn-chêng ū chi̍t-toāⁿ té-chiām sî-kan boē tín-tāng, boē-su sī teh khùn-bîn, só͘-í kā kiò-chò bîn ê sî-kî.

### Ióng

### Sêng-thâng
Kài-hoà

**Kài-hòa** (Hàn-jī: 鈣化; Eng-gí: calcification) sī kài-iâm tîm-chek tī iú-ki cho·-chit lāi-té, sú-tit i pìⁿ tēng ê kòe-têng.

## Êng-ióng-put-liông-sèng kài-hòa

Êng-ióng-put-liông-sèng kài-hòa (*dystrophic calcification*) sī siū-siong, piàn-sèng, he̍k sí--khì ê cho·-chit lāi-té kài ê tîm-chek, ē hoat-seng tī hiat-kài lông-tō· chèng-siông ê chêng-hóng. Tī jīm-hô hêng-sek ê cho·-chit siū-siong i lóng-ē sán-seng, m̄-koh ū pū-lâng e̍k-hòa (*suppurative liquefaction*), gêng-hiat hāi-sú (*coagulation necrosis*), chí-hông piàn-sèng  (*fatty degeneration*), kap kàⁿ-sò· hāi-sú (*enzymatic necrosis*) ê chêng-hóng te̍k-pia̍t ē tú--tio̍h. Siāng-chia̍p tú--tio̍h ê chióng-lūi sī kiat-he̍k hāi-sú (*tuberculous necrosis*), tōng-me̍h-ngē-hòa (*arteriosclerosis*), kap lia̍p-á-jiah (*scar*). Khí-hōaⁿ, chhùi-chi̍h, he̍k chhùi-phóe sī siāng-gâu hoat-seng êng-ióng-put-liông-sèng kài-hòa ê pō·-ūi.
Sûn-khoân hē-thóng

**Sûn-khoân hē-thóng** sī seng-bu̍t hū-chek kā mi̍h sàng khì sè-pau ia̍h poaⁿ-chaú ê khì-koan cho͘-sêng ê hē-thóng, iā-chiū-sī phó͘-thong-sî kóng ê **sim-hoeh-kńg hē-thóng** (cardiovascular system). Sûn-khoân hē-thóng ē-tit pang-chān sin-thé pó-chhî un-tō͘ kap pH ún-tēng. Ki-pún-te̍k ū 3 chióng sûn-khoân hē-thóng: **bô sûn-khoân hē-thóng** (no circulatory system), **khai-hòng sûn-khoân hē-thóng** (open circulatory system), kap **hong-pì sûn-khoân hē-thóng** (closed circulatory system).
Roger D. Kornberg

**Roger David Kornberg** (), Bí-kok kho-ha̍k-ka, Stanford Tāi-ha̍k kiat-kò͘ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kàu-siū.

Kornberg tī 2006 nî siū pan Nobel Hòa-ha̍k Chióng, che khéng-tēng i "gián-kiù chin-hu̍t sè-pau choán-lio̍k ê hun-chú ki-chhó͘".  I ê gián-kiù kái-soeh DNA choán-lio̍k chò RNA ê thêng-sū.  In lāu-pē Arthur Kornberg (í-chá mā tī Stanford chò kàu-siū) oân-ná tī 1959 nî siū pan Nobel I-ha̍k Chióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok jîn-bu̍t
PH

**pH** sī ùi kheng lî-chú (H<sup>+</sup>) ê o̍ah-sèng lâi-khòaⁿ, tùi iông-e̍k sng-sèng ê chhek-liông.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Koa-si

*Bún-bûn chí 1 khoán bûn-thé. Kî-thaⁿ--ê ì-sù chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[si (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]]*

**Koa-si**, it-poaⁿ kóng **si** (詩), mā kóng **si-sû**, ia̍h **si-chok**, sī bûn-ha̍k ê 1-ê khoán-sek, tī chiâⁿ-chē só͘-chāi, lóng ū kú-tn̂g ê thoân-thóng tī-leh. Si tiāⁿ oá-ūn (mā ū si bô ah-ūn--ê), loē-iông lâi kóng, he̍k-sī siá kám-kak, kám-chêng, he̍k-sī kì-lio̍k tāi-chì kap kong-kéng, tī chē-chē só͘-chāi kap sî-tāi, si lóng sī chin tiōng-iàu ê 1-lūi bûn-ha̍k chok-phín.

Si chia̍p-chia̍p sī í kám-tōng ia̍h sū-chêng chò tiong-sim lâi chhòng-chok--ê, koh toā-pō͘-hūn ê si lóng pí sàn-bûn khah té, tì-sú si pí-kàu ke chin tùi-tiōng piáu-hiān ê chhiú-lō͘, mā lán tī si--ni̍h ē khah-chia̍p hoat-hiān siu-sû ki-khá ê sú-iōng.

Khêng-si̍t beh kóng siáⁿ-khoán chok-phín sī si, siáⁿ-khoán m̄-sī, ū-sî-chūn chin oh poé-hoē. Ū ê chok-phín ū oá-ūn, chóng--sī sǹg-tī ah-ūn ê sàn-bûn, ū ê si soah bô oá-ūn, m̄-koh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ-chò sī si.

It-poaⁿ ha̍k-chiá ē ēng chok-phín lāi-té ū si-chit ( si ê sèng-chit )--bô, lâi phoàⁿ-toàn che chok-phín sī m̄-sī si, m̄-koh nā beh kiò ha̍k-chiá kā "si-chit" kóng hō͘ bêng koh kàu-kak, khióng-kiaⁿ-á mā bô lâng kóng ū lō͘.

## Si ê pō͘-lūi

Ē-kha ê hun-lūi, pēng m̄-sī kóng ta̍k-siú si lóng ē-ēng-tit kā kui-sio̍k tī ē-bīn ê to̍k-to̍k chi̍t-lūi. Pí-lūn-kóng, 1-siú si, i ū khó-lêng sī chū-iû-si, mā kâng-sî sī kháu-gí-si. Chhin-chhiūⁿ chit-khoán chêng-hêng, lán tō ē-tàng ēng kháu-gí chū-iû-si, ia̍h bûn-giân keh-lu̍t-si ê khoán-sek lâi kiò--in.

Si tī bô-kâng tē-khu tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ū bô-kâng ê kò͘-tēng hêng-sek, chhiūⁿ Ji̍t-pún tō ū haiku (俳句) téng-téng ê chē-chē keh-lu̍t-si-thé tī-leh, só͘-í ē-kha só͘ kí--ê pēng bô chiâu-chn̂g.

### Hêng-sek ê pō͘-lūi

* Keh-lu̍t-si
* Hàn-si
:* Kó͘-thé-si
::* Kó͘-si
::* ga̍k-hú
:* Kin-thé-si
::* Choa̍t-kù
::* Lu̍t-si
* Chū-iû-si - tùi-chiàu keh-lu̍t-si lâi kóng, bô kò͘-tēng keh-lu̍t ê si tō-sī chū-iû-si.
* Sàn-bûn-si

### Chiàu biô-siá ê tùi-siōng lâi hun ê pō͘-lūi

* Sū-chêng-si
* Sū-kéng-si
* Sū-sū-si

### Ēng bûn-jī ê bûn-pe̍h lâi hun

* Kháu-gí-si
* Bûn-giân-si

### Sî-tāi ê pō͘-lūi

* Hiān-tāi-si
* Kó͘-chá-si

## Si-jîn

Ē-kha sī chi̍t-koá tiōng-iàu ê si-jîn:

## Si ê bûn-hòa
### Hàn-si

Éng-koè gîm-si sī chí kā Hàn-si phoè khek lâi chhiùⁿ ê ì-sù, chit-khoán oa̍h-tōng, tī Tiong-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Tâi-oân he̍k-sī pa̍t-ūi sio̍k-tī Hàn-jī Bûn-hoà-khu ê só͘-chāi, lóng bat chin sî-kiâⁿ.

Ìn-jī ê ki-su̍t phó͘-ki̍p liáu-āu, chiâⁿ-chē si ê chok-phín lóng ēng oa̍h-jī ìn-pán, mā khai-sí ū khah-chē lâng kong-khai lóng-tho̍k si-chok, ia̍h-sī phoè khek lâi chhiùⁿ. Hiān-chhú-sî, mā tiāⁿ ū kong-khai kā si lóng-tho̍k he̍k-sī phoè-ha̍p im-ga̍k lâi piáu-ián ê oa̍h-tōng, pí-lūn Tâi-pak-chhī ê Koa-si-cheh (Hoâ-gí: 詩歌節), koh ta̍k-nî gō͘-goe̍h-cheh ê si-jîn-cheh lóng sī.
Sió-bûn-chheng-pan-tia̍p

**Sió-bûn-chheng-pan-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 小紋青斑蝶; ha̍k-miâ: *Tirumala septentronis*) sī chi̍t-chióng bóe-ia̍h-á, si̍t-kó· thíⁿ--khui ū 75 kàu 95 mm. Si̍t-kó· chhim ka-pi-sek, koh-ū chheng-sek sòaⁿ-tiâu ê pan-bûn; nā-sī-kah kīn-sū-chéng pí-kàu--khí-lâi, pún-chéng si̍t-kó· piáu-bīn (kha-chiah-phiaⁿ hit-bīn) ê sek-chúi siāng-chhim, chheng-sek pan ê bīn-chek siāng-sió. Kang--ê kap bó--ê ê pan-bûn sio-siâng, m̄-koh hiông-tia̍p ē-kha-si̍t-kó· pak-tó·-bīn ū ke seⁿ chi̍t-phìⁿ ka-pi-sek ê liû (瘤).

Sêng-thâng ji̍t--sî chhut-lâi o̍ah-tāng chhōe-chia̍h, si̍t-chháu-sèng, seng-o̍ah tī chháu-châng ê khoân-kéng, chiâⁿ ài sì-kè pài-hóng hoe-châng; tī Tâi-oân hun-pò· tī tiong-pō· kap pak-pō· kē-hái-po̍at ê soaⁿ-khu, lâm-pō· khah-hán-tit khòaiⁿ.
Sam-chhiⁿ-siang-bóe-iàn-tia̍p

**Sam-chhiⁿ-siang-bóe-iàn-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 三星雙尾燕蝶; ha̍k-miâ: *Spindasis syama*) sī chi̍t-chióng bóe-ia̍h-á, si̍t-kó· thíⁿ-khui ū 27 kàu 32 mm. Gōa-koan kah tâi-oân-siang-bóe-iàn-tia̍p beh-kâng-beh-kâng, siāng-tōa ê koh-iūⁿ sī ē-kha-si̍t-kó· pak-tó·-bīn beh-óa seng-khu ê hit-tah ū 3 lia̍p tōa-sè chha-put-to ê thó-îⁿ-hêng o·-pan, ah tâi-oân-siang-bóe-iàn-tia̍p sui-bóng hit-tah mā-ū 3 lia̍p o·-pan, m̄-koh ē-kha hit-lia̍p te̍k-pia̍t tn̂g. 

Sêng-thâng ji̍t--sî chhut-lâi o̍ah-tōng kap chhōe-chia̍h; chháu-si̍t-sèng; tòa-tī chháu-á kap chhiū-á ê khoân-kéng, ài pài-hóng hoe kap suh hoe-bi̍t. Tī Tâi-oân i chhut-hiān tī chhun-thiⁿ kap hā-thiⁿ chit nn̄g ê kùi-chiat, seng-o̍ah tī kē-hái-po̍at kap tiong-hái-po̍at ê soaⁿ-khu.
Tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ

**Tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ** (Hàn-jī: 電光攝影; Eng-gí: radiography) sī sú-iōng tiān-chû hok-siā kî-tiōng ê iû-lî hok-siā lâi khòaⁿ bu̍t-thé. Nā-sī sú-iōng khoàⁿ-ū-kng kap chí-gōa-sòaⁿ chit-kóa hui-iû-lî hok-siā lâi khòaⁿ bu̍t-thé, he-sī thoân-thóng ê kng-ha̍k hoat-tō·, hó-pí kng-ha̍k hàm-kiàⁿ (*light microscope*). Sú-iōng iû-lî hok-siā lâi kái-piàn bu̍t-thé ê sèng-chit, chit-chióng m̄-sī tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ, kin-kù bu̍t-thé ê sèng-chit kap beh-ti̍h ê kiat-kó, ē-sái sī tiān-liâu (*radiotherapy*), si̍t-phín hok-siā chiò-siā (*food irradiation*), hok-siā ka-kang (*radiation processing*) he̍k kî-thaⁿ.
2006 nî 10 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

## 10 goe̍h 16
*Bí-kok kap Lō͘-se-a ê kho-ha̍k-ka chhoē tio̍h siāng tāng ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘ Uuo, goân-chú-hoan 118. 2002 nî bat ū ké-paû ê hoat-hiān, chit pái ū keng-koè khah giân-keh ê khak-jīn. (Reuters)

## 10 goe̍h 13
2006 nî ê Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng pan hō͘ Bangladesh ê Muhammad Yunus kap i hoat-khí ê Grameen Gîn-hâng, in-ūi "in chhut-la̍t ùi ē-kha-chân khí-chō keng-chè kap siā-hoē khai-hoat". (Nobel Ki-kim-hoē)

## 10 goe̍h 9
Google kong-si tng teh hām soàⁿ-téng iáⁿ-phìⁿ bāng-chām YouTube tâm bé-siu, khó-lêng ē ēng kè-ta̍t 16.5-ek bí-kim ê Google kó͘-phiò kā YouTube bé--lo̍h-lâi. Nā kóng-liáu hó-sè, hoān-sè kin-á-ji̍t tō ē kò͘-pe̍h. (WSJ)

## 10 goe̍h 5
*Thian-bûn-ha̍k-ka hoat-hiān 1 khoán sin ê thài-iông-hē-goā he̍k-chheⁿ (extrasolar planet) hō chò  ke̍k-té-chiu-kî he̍k-chheⁿ (ultra-short-period planet). (BBC)

## 10 goe̍h 4
2006 nî ê Nobel Hoà-ha̍k Chióng pan hō͘ Bí-kok Stanford Tāi-ha̍k ê Roger D. Kornberg.  I gián-kiù chin-he̍k sè-pau tī hun-chú chân-chhù ê choán-lio̍k (*transcription*) thêng-sū. (Nobel Ki-kim-hoē)

## 10 goe̍h 3
2006 nî ê Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng pan hō͘ Bí-kok ê John C. Mather kap George F. Smoot.  In "hoat-hiān ú-tiū bî-pho poē-kéng hok-siā (*cosmic microwave background radiation*) ê o͘-thé (*black body*) hêng-sek kap i ê *anisotropy*".  (Nobel Ki-kim-hoē)

## 10 goe̍h 2
2006 nî ê Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng pan hō͘ Andrew Z. Fire kap Craig C. Mello 2 lâng.  In "hoat-hiān RNA kan-jiáu (*interference*):  siang-tiâu RNA [ē-tàng] kā gene (ki-in) kuiⁿ-tiāu".  (Nobel Ki-kim-hoē)
Choán-siá (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k)

Tī Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, **choán-siá** (eng. *transcription*; ji̍t. 転写) ia̍h **choán-lio̍k** sī 1 chióng kàⁿ-sò͘ hoa̍t-lo̍h ê hun-chú thêng-sū, i ùi 1 chat DNA chè-chō 1 ê saⁿ-png-pó͘ (*complementary*) ê RNA hun-chú. Chit ê kàⁿ-sò͘ hō chò RNA to-ha̍p-sò͘ (*polymerase*). Choán-siá ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kā kì-lio̍k tī DNA ê ki-in chu-liāu khó͘-pih khì kah RNA. Che sī kā ûi-thoân-bé hoan-e̍k pìⁿ nn̄g-pe̍h-chit ê tē 1 pō͘.

## Le̍k-sú
Roger Kornberg tī 2006 nî ti̍t Nobel Hoà-ha̍k Chióng. I gián-kiù chin-hu̍t sè-pau ê choán-siá thêng-sū.

## Koan-liân
* Hoan-e̍k