Mûi-kùi-thang

**Mûi-kùi-thang** (ing-gú: Rose window; hàn-gú: 玫瑰窗), it-puañ lāi-kong sī tsì îñ-hîng ê thang-á-mn̂g; m̄-koh muî-kuì-thang tiānn-tiānn tik-pia̍t teh piáu-sī Gothic kiàn-tio̍k ê  lāi-té king-kuè ko-tōo huân-ho̍k siat-kè ê tshin-tshiūñ tsiânn-tsē hue-pān ê muî-kuì-hue ê thang-á-mn̂g. Tī 17 sè-kí tsìn-tsîng pìng-bô muî-kuì-thang ê kóng-huat. Muî-kuì-thang tsit-ê bîng-tshing ko-lîng guân-tsū kóo-tāi huat-gú lāi-té ê "roué" (ì-sù sī hok-tshiò-tsiōng ê tshia-lén) it-sû, m̄-sī it-puañ ing-gú tíng-kuân sóo-kóng ê "rose", án-ne tsiah-tio̍h.

## Hîng-sik


File:Santa maria del fiore, dettaglio 13, oculo.JPG|*Oculus* – Florence Cathedral
File:Rosone chiesa di San Francesco Antonio Fasari di Lucera.jpg|*Wheel* – Church of San Francesco at Lucera, Italy
File:Dzialoszyce 13.08.08 kosciol sw. Trojcy rozeta p.jpg |*Plate* – at Działoszyce, Poland
File:Plovan Ruines de Languidou rosace.JPG |*Rayonnant* – at the ruins of Languidou Abbey
File:Cathédrale de Meaux Façade Rose 140708.jpg |*Flamboyant* – Meaux Cathedral, France
File:Catania - Finestra barocca - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, gennaio 2006.jpg |*Baroque* – Catania
File:Rose_window,_Church_of_Saint_Sava,_Belgrade.jpg |*Modern* – Church of Saint Sava, Serbia


## Li̍k-sú

### Mûi-kùi-thang ên-khí


File:PantheonOculus.jpg|The oculus of the Pantheon, Rome
File:Floor mosaic garden NAMAthens.jpg|Roman mosaic. Athens
File:0 Mosaïque de sol géometrique - Pal. Massimo - Rome.JPG|Roman mosaic. Rome
File:Pompeji Mosaik2 FoNo.jpg|Roman mosaic. Pompei
File:Mosaico Requejo grande.JPG|Geometrical rose in a Roman mosaic. Spain



File:Santa Maria Maggiore September 2015-1a.jpg|Oculus of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 5th century (decoration is later)
File:Baptistère Saint Jean - intérieur3.JPG|Baptistery of St. John of Poitiers, France, 6-7th century
File:Q17 Trieste - Basilica di Sant'Agnese 2.JPG|Oculi of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura
File:Torcello Basilica di S. Maria Assunta.JPG|Torcello Cathedral, Venice
File:Aquileia Basilica, esterno - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto edited.jpg|Aquileia Basilica, Italy, 11th century



File:Poitiers - Baptistère Saint-Jean - 4.jpg|Merovingian decorative architectural marble reliefs, 6th century, on display in Baptistery of St. John of Poitiers
File:Missale Gothicum - BAVat. - RegLat317 - f.169-170.jpg|Merovingian illumination in Missale Gothicum, towards 700. The two large roses are six-lobed 
File:Cancell visigòtic de la cripta arqueològica de la presó de Sant Vicent Màrtir, València.JPG|Common visigothic decoration. Archaeological crypt in Valencia Cathedral, 6–7th century
File:Museo - Mezquita de Córdoba.jpg|Visigothic design of roses, preislamic, from basilica of Saint Vincent of Lérins of Cordoba, 6–7th century
File:Basilica de S. Juan de Baños - Detalle de la Ventana.jpg|Visigothic window with stone tracery, of Church of San Juan Bautista, Baños de Cerrato, 7th century


### Oviedo ê muî-kuì-thang


File:Lillo-1.JPG|San Miguel de Lillo, Oviedo, Spain. Towards 850
File:Oviedo - San Miguel de Lillo 5.jpg|San Miguel de Lillo, detail
File:OviedoSanMiguelFenster.jpg|San Miguel de Lillo, detail


## Tôo-siōng
### Tián-sī si̍k khiā-khing hām thang-sik ê uē-lông

File:Puglia Troia2 tango7174.jpg|Italy, Troia, Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (1093–1125). 
File:Assisi San Francesco BW 5.JPG|Italy, Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi (1228–1253).
Rose du transept Sud Notre-Dame de Paris 170208 02.jpg|Huatkok, Pa-lí Notre-Dame Tāi-sìng-tông (1250–1260).
File:Monterosso al Mare-chiesa San Giovanni Battista-rosone.jpg|Italy, Monterosso al Mare,  kàu-tn̂g (1282–1307). 
File:Oculus Santa Maria Assunta di Collemaggio.jpg|Italy, L'Aquila, Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (1287).
File:Rose-window-Cathedral-Lodi.JPG|, Italy


### Tián-sī hue-thang po-lê ê uē-lông
 
File:Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg|France, Chartres Cathedral, ancient transept window. 
File:Cathedrale Sens 051.jpg|France, Sens Cathedral, transept, showing Flamboyant window incorporated into a large composition.
File:North rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris, Aug 2010.jpg|Notre-Dame de Paris, France, north transept.
File:Sainte Chapelle - Rosace.jpg|France, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, the Apocalypse in Flamboyant tracery. 
File:Lincoln Cathedral Bishops Eye.jpg|England Lincoln Cathedral, the Bishop's Eye. Fragments of ancient glass in a Flowing Gothic window. 
File:Speyer - Altstadt - Gedächtniskirche der Protestation - rechte Querhausrose (Missionsfenster) korr.jpg|Germany, Memorial Church (Gedaechtniskirche), Speyer. 
File:Oscar Fredriks kyrka, Göteborg, 3.jpg|Sweden, Oscar Frediks Church. 
File:Barcelona sant pau rosone.jpg|Catalonia, Spain, Santa Maria del Pi, Barcelona.
File:Stained Glass at the Presidential Palace in Lima Peru 01.jpg|Peru, the Presidential Palace 
File:Rose window Richmond.jpg|England, St Matthias, Richmond. architect G. Scott, glass William Wailes 
File:Leuben - Himmelfahrtskirche Rosette.jpg|Germany, the chancel window of Himmelfahrtskirche, Dresden.
File:LaSeuRosette 6543.jpg|Spain, Mallorca, Palma, with a pattern which existed already in the ancient Roman and wisigothic roses. 
File:Australia Sydney AlfredHandel WaratahWindow.JPG|Australia, the Waratah window, St Bede's, Drummoyne, Sydney, by Alfred Handel. 
File:Marsh-chapel-window.jpg|United States, window over the altar in Boston University's Marsh Chapel 


## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hèn

* Henry Adams, *Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres*, Paul Hamlyn,  
* Sarah Brown,  *Stained Glass- an Illustrated History*, Bracken Books,  
* Painton Cowen, *The Rose Window*, London and New York, 2005 (offers the most complete overview of the evolution and meaning of the form, accompanied by hundreds of colour illustrations.) 
*  
* Giovanni Fanelli, *Brunelleschi*, 1980, Becocci editore Firenze. ISBN unknown 
* Sir Banister Fletcher, *A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method*, first published 1896, current edition 2001, Elsevier Science & Technology  
* Helen Gardner, *Art through the Ages*, 5th edition, Harcourt, Brace and World,  
* John Harvey, *English Cathedrals*, 1963, Batsford, ISBN 
* Lawrence Lee, George Seddon, Francis Stephens, *Stained Glass*, Spring Books,  
* Elizabeth Morris, *Stained and Decorative Glass*, Doubleday,  
* Anne Mueller von der Haegen, Ruth Strasser, *Art and Architecture of Tuscany*, 2000, Konemann,  
* Nikolaus Pevsner, *An Outline of European Architecture*; 7th ed., Penguin Books, 1964, ISBN unknown 
* Joseph Rykwert, "Leonis Baptiste Alberti", *Architectural Design*, Vol. 49 No. 5–6, Holland St, London 
* Otto von Simson (1956), *The Gothic Cathedral, Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order*, 3rd ed. 1988, Princeton University Press, Princeton. 
* John Summerson, *Architecture in Britain 1530–1830*, 1977 ed., Pelican,  
* Wim Swaan, *The Gothic Cathedral*, Omega,  
*Camille, Michael. Gothic Art: Glorious Visions. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. 
*Cowen, Painton. Rose Windows. Edited by Jill Purce. London, UK: Thames and Hudson, 1974. 
*———The Rose Window: Splendor and Symbol. New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2005. 
*Grodecki, Louis. Gothic Architecture. Milano: Electa Editrice, 1978 
*Shaver-Crandell, Anne. Cambridge Introduction to the History of Art: The Middle Ages. New York City: University of Cambridge Press, 1982. 
*Stokstad, Marilyn, and Michael W. Cothren. Art History. 5th ed. Vol. 1. N.p.: Pearson, 2014. 
*Swaan, Wim. The Late Middle Ages, Great Britain: Paul Elek Ltd, 1977 
*Toman, Rolf, ed. The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting. N.p.: Konemann, 1998. 

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (China Southern Airlines)
* (Tsū-jên hē-thóng tē-10 pán/10th edition of Systema Naturae)
* (scarab)
* (Webb tē-it tshim-kíng/Webb's First Deep Field)
* (Sè-kài ootóobái gím-piau-sài/Grand Prix motorcycle racing)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Digital photographs of stained glass windows (Medieval and later) from French cathedrals, taken by Painton Cowen et al. from York Digital Library (YODL) collection  
* therosewindow.com Painton Cowen's website, with many good images of rose windows 
* Tips & Tricks to Gothic Geometry  How to design a rose window 
* Chartres Rose Window Geometry 
* Wagon Wheel Rose Windows of the Medieval Norman Cathedrals of Puglia – Photos 
*  

Lūi-pia̍t:Thang