open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tē-tiong-hái

**Tē-tiong-hái** (Eng-gí:The **Mediterranean Sea**) sī Au-chiu, A-chiu, Hui-chiu 3-ê tāi-lio̍k ûi-khí-lâi ê hái, bīn-chek tāi-iok sī 250-bān km².



## Oá Tē-tiong-hái ê kok-ka
* **Au-chiu**: Se-pan-gâ, Hoat-kok, Monaco, Italia, Malta, Slovenia, Hrvatska, Bosna kap Hercegovina, Montenegro, Shqiperia kap Hi-lia̍p
* **A-chiu**: Türkiye, Syria, Kypros, Lebanon, Israel kap Palestine léng-thó͘
* **Hui-chiu**: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria kap Morocco

## Siang-koan
*Tē-tiong-hái iân-hoāⁿ
Iok-tàn

**Iok-tàn Hashemite Ông-kok** (約但---王國, ) , Sai-a ê kok-ka, hái-hoāⁿ-soàⁿ chin-té, oá Aqaba-oan.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Colombia

**Colombia Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Lâm Bí-chiu sai-pak-pêng. Pak kap sai-pak ū Carib-hái, tang ū Venezuela kap Pa-se, lâm ū Perú kap Ecuador, sai ū Panama kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Venezuela

**Venezuela** (""), choân-miâ **Venezuela Bolívar Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ) tī Lâm Bí-chiu sai-pak-pêng. Pak-pêng ū Carib-hái, tang-pêng ū Guyana, lâm-pêng ū Pa-se, sai-pêng ū Colombia. Hō-miâ lāi ê *Bolívar* sī kì-liām Simón Bolívar.

## Chham-chiàu
Hong-kok ê Nausika

***Hong-kok ê Nausika*** (Ji̍t-bûn: 風の谷のナウシカ) sī Ji̍t-pún ang-á-oē-ka, chok-ka kiam tō-ián Miyazaki Hayao só͘ chhòng-chok ê 1 ê tn̂g-phiⁿ ang-á-oē (bàng-gah) siáu-soat, āu--lâi kái-pian chò 1 chhut tiān-iáⁿ (1984 nî). Goân chok-phín tùi 1982 nî kàu 1994 nî tī Tokuma Chu-tiàm (徳間書店) ê *Animêzyu*(アニメージュ) cha̍p-chì téng-bīn liân-chài.

Tiān-iáⁿ chiūⁿ-chhī liáu-āu Sè-kài Iá-seng-bu̍t Ki-kim (WWF) thui-chiàn lâng khoàⁿ, jīn-ûi tiōng-sī seng-thài.

## Kò·-sū

Kò·-sū an-pâi tī "Chhit-ji̍t-hóe" (火の7日間) chit-ê tōa chai-lān hoat-seng liáu-āu 1000 nî.  Tē-kiû piáu-bīn iû-goân sī 1 phiàn u-jiám thàu-té ê hòe-hi, téng-bīn khàm 1 têng ū to̍k, seⁿ-ko͘ ê sim-lîm hō-chò "hú-hái" (*hukai* 腐海).  Khun-thiông-lūi khòng-chè hú-hái kap téng-koân ê thiⁿ, kî-tiong siāng-kài tōa ê sī 1 chióng chiat-chiok-tōng-bu̍t hō-chò "ông-thâng" (*ômu* 王蟲).  In khó-pí lâu-á-chhù tōa, gōa-khak tēng-khok-khok, sī hú-hái-kài ê liông-thâu.  Kang-gia̍p bûn-bêng í-keng ui--khì, jîn-lūi chhun 1 chhok-á-kiáⁿ, pun chò chē-chē sió-kok oân-ná ha̍p-chok, oân-ná kēng-cheng sio-thâi.  Lâng ê chhú-kèng gûi-hiám, chhut-mn̂g tio̍h ha̍h chhùi-am kòe-lut khong-khì, put-koán-sî tio̍h chún-pī hām to̍k-nâ chhia-piàⁿ.  Chú-kak Nausika (ナウシカ) sī kî-tiong 1 kok ê kong-chú. Hong-kok (*Kaze no tani* 風の谷) jîn-bîn hô-pêng siú-kí, in-ūi Hong-kok oá hái, hong thàu, to̍k-nâ pàng--chhut-lâi ê chí bē-tit oá-kīn, hō· in ū thang an-ún kòe lông-gia̍p seng-oa̍h, Nausika siū lâng thiàⁿ-thàng.  Chóng--sī hú-hái bô-mê-bô-ji̍t teh seⁿ-thòaⁿ, khok-tōa, kî-thaⁿ ê kok siàu-siūⁿ ū phiat-pō· thiat-té kā húi-bia̍t.  Kiông-kok Tolmekia (トルメキア) iá-sim te̍k-pia̍t tōa.  Tī chit-ê khám-chām ū 1-ê Pezite-kok (ペジテ) hoat-kiàn 1-ê Chhit-ji̍t-hóe sî-tāi lâu--lo̍h-lâi ê seng-bu̍t bú-khì hō-chò "kī-sîn-peng" (*kyosinhei* 巨神兵), gōa-hêng chhiūⁿ 1 sian kī-jîn, ū thong-sè-kan bē-pí-tit ê ui-le̍k.

Lēng-gōa ū 1 kok hō-chò Thó͘-kúi Chu-hâu Liân-ha̍p (土鬼諸侯連合) kan-taⁿ tī ang-á-chheh lāi-bīn u chhut-hiān.

Nausika chit ê miâ kin-kù Jit-pún kó͘-tián bûn-ha̍k (堤中納言物語) ê 1-ê thiàⁿ thâng ê kong-chú, kap Hi-lia̍p tn̂g-si *The Odessey* ê 1-ê kha-siàu.  I ê kau-thong kang-khū hō-chò *mêve* (メーヴェ).

Lūi-pia̍t:Studio Ghibli
Miyazaki Hayao

**Miyazaki Hayao** (Ji̍t-bûn: 宮崎 駿; 1941 nî 1 goe̍h 5—) sī 1-ūi chin chhut-miâ ê Ji̍t-pún *anime* (ang-á-tōng-oē) ê chhòng-chok-jîn.

Tâi-bûn chok-ka Tân Bêng-jîn bat kā i ê kúi-nā-chhut tiān-iáⁿ hoan-e̍k chò Hō-ló-oē, ū phòe-im chhut-pán.

## Tiān-iáⁿ tù-chok
### Kàm-tok
* 1979 ルパン三世カリオストロの城 *Rupan Sansei: Kariosutoro no Siro*
* 1984 *[[Hong-kok ê Nausika]]* (風の谷のナウシカ *Kaze no Tani no Nausika*)
* 1986 *[[Thiⁿ-téng ê Siâⁿ]]* (天空の城ラピュタ *Tenkû no Siro Rapyuta*)
* 1988 *[[Chhù-piⁿ Totoro]]* (となりのトトロ *Tonari no Totoro*)
* 1989 *[[Mazyo no Takkyûbin|Mô-lú ê Kòa-hō Iû-piān Ho̍k-bū]]* (魔女の宅急便 *Mazyo no Takkyûbin*)
* 1992 *[[Âng Ti]]* (紅の豚 *Kurenai no Buta*)
* 1997 *[[Mononoke Hime|Iu-lêng Kong-chú]]* (もののけ姫 *Mononoke Hime*)
* 2001 *[[Sen to Tihiro no Kamikakusi|Sen kap Tihiro ê Sîn-ín]]* (千と千尋の神隠し *Sen to Tihiro no Kamikakusi*)
* 2004 *[[Howl ê Tín-tāng Siâⁿ-pó]]* (ハウルの動く城 *Hauru no Ugoku Siro*)
* 2008 *[[Khàm-téng ê Ponyo]]* (崖の上のポニョ, *Gake no Ue no Ponyo*)
* 2013 *[[Hong Khí]]* (風立ちぬ, *Kazetatinu*)
* *[[Kimitati wa do Ikiru ka|Lí Beh Oa̍h Án-chóaⁿ ê Jîn-seng]]* (君たちはどう生きるか, *Kimitati wa do Ikiru ka*)

### Chè-chok-jîn
* 1988 *Hotaru ê Bōng* [墓] (火垂の墓 *Hotaru no Haka*)
* 1995 耳をすませば *Mimi o Sumaseba*
* 2002 *[[Niau ê Pò-un]]* (猫の恩返し *Neko no Ongaesi*)

### Oē-ka
* 1974 *[[Alpes Soaⁿ ê Siàu-lú Heidi]]* (アルプスの少女ハイジ *Arupusu no shôzyo Haizi*)
Guyana

**Guyana Ha̍p-chok Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: ) tī Lâm Bí-chiu pak-pêng iân-hái tē-tāi. Tang ū Suriname, sai ū Venezuela, lâm ū Pa-se, pak sī Tāi-se-iûⁿ.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* 1: Barima-Waini Tōa-khu
* 2: Cuyuni-Mazaruni Tōa-khu
* 3: Demerara-Mahaica Tōa-khu
* 4: Tang Berbice-Corentyne Tōa-khu
* 5: Essequibo Kûn-tó kap Sai Demerara Tōa-khu
* 6: Mahaica-Berbice Tōa-khu
* 7: Pomeroon-Supenaam Tōa-khu
* 8: Potaro-Siparuni Tōa-khu
* 9: Téng Demerara-Berbice Tōa-khu
* 10: Téng Takutu kap Téng Essequibo Tōa-khu
Hoat-kok léng Guiana

**Hoat-kok léng Guiana** () sī Hoat-kok tī Lâm Bí-chiu pak-pêng iân-hái tē-tāi ê 1-ê hái-gōa *[[département]]* (DOM) kap toā-khu. Sai ū Suriname, tang kap lâm ū Pa-se, pak sī Tāi-se-iûⁿ. 

I ê koaⁿ-hng miâ-jī sī **Guiana** (), ūi beh hām Guyana (kiōng-hô-kok) ū khu-pia̍t, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiò i chò **Hoat-kok léng Guiana**. Guiana mā ū iōng euro.

Lūi-pia̍t:Guyane
Kek-lîm-lân

**Kek-lîm-lân** (; Kek-lîm-lân-gí: *Kalaallit Nunaat*, "Kalaallit ê Tē"; Tan-be̍h-gí: *Grønland*, "Chheⁿ-tē") sī Tan-be̍h Ông-kok ê chi̍t ê chū-tī hêng-chèng-khu, tī Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ kap Tāi-se-iûⁿ tiong-kan, tī Pak-ke̍k Kûn-tó ê tang-pêng. Sui-jiân chū-jiân tē-lí sī Pak Bí-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, m̄-koh Kek-lîm-lân tn̂g-kî í-lâi lóng hām Au-lô-pa (te̍k-pia̍t sī Lo̍k-ui kap Tan-be̍h) tī chèng-tī kap bûn-hòa ū koh-khah chhim ê liân-kiat. Kek-lîm-lân ê tōa-pō͘-hūn ki-bîn sī Inuit, in-ê chó͘-sian chú-iàu sī 13 sè-kí khai-sí ùi Ka-ná-tāi tāi-lio̍k poaⁿ-sóa kòe-lâi--ê.

Kek-lîm-lân sī thong sè-kài siāng tōa ê tó-sū (O͘-sú-to-lá-lí-ah kap Lâm-ke̍k lóng pí Kek-lîm-lân tōa, m̄-koh it-poaⁿ pī khòaⁿ chò sī tāi-lio̍k). Kek-lîm-lân ū 75% sī peng-chhn̂g. 2019 nî jîn-kháu 55,992 lâng, sī thong sè-kài jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ siāng kē ê só͘-chāi. Saⁿ hun-chi it ê jîn-kháu tòa tī siú-to͘ kiam siāng tōa siâⁿ-chhī Nuuk.

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tan-be̍h
Lūi-pia̍t:Pak Bí-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-sū
Yemen

**Yemen Kiōng-hô-kok** () sī Sai-a ê chi̍t ê kok-ka.

Yemen sī tī A-la-pek Poàn-tó téng-koân ê siōng lâm-pêng, in ê hái-hoāⁿ oá A-la-pek Hái, Âng-hái, Aden-oan.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Falkland Kûn-tó

**Falkland Kûn-tó** () sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok tī lâm Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê 1-ê hái-gōa niá-thó͘, kīn Lâm Bí-chiu tāi-lio̍k bóe-liu. Argentina kú-tn̂g í-lâi jīn-ûi sī in ê niá-thó͘, kiò i hō-chò **Malvinas Kûn-tó** (). 1982 nî 2 kok ūi che kau-chiàn (Falkland Chiàn-cheng), Argentina chiàn-pāi.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* L.L. Ivanov *et al*.  Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. 96 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 954-91503-1-3 ( en español)
* Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros, dir. ''Historia general de las relaciones exteriores de la República Argentina''. Obra desarrollada y publicada bajo los auspicios del Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI). Buenos Aires: GEL/Nuevohacer, 2000. ISBN 950-694-546-2 (en español)
* G. Pascoe and P. Pepper Getting it right: the real history of the Falklands/Malvinas.  May 2008.
* D.W. Greig, Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis. *Austrialian Year Book of International Law*. Vol. 8 (1983). pp. 20-70. ISSN: 0084-7658
Paraguay

**Paraguay Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Lâm Bí-chiu. Tang-pak ū Pa-se, lâm ū Argentina, sai-pak ū Bolivia. Bô hái-hōaⁿ.

*Paraguay* ì-sù sī "hô chit-pêng", goân-thâu sī Guarani-gí.

## Tē-lí
Ang-á-chheh

**Ang-á-chheh**, ia̍h sī kiò **bàng-gah**, sī choan-bûn kā ang-á-ōe pian chò liân-sio̍k keh-á (Eng-gí: *panel*), piáu-hiān chò chhut-thâu ê chheh-pún.
Oman

**Oman Sultan Kok** () sī Sai-a ê kok-ka.

Oman sī tī A-la-pek Poàn-tó téng-koân ê tang-lâm-pêng, in ê hái-hoāⁿ oá A-la-pek Hái kap Oman-oan.
Viking-lâng

**Viking-lâng** (Kó͘-Norse-oē: *vikingr*) sī 8 sè-kí boé-kî kàu 11 sè-kí chi-kan teh kiâⁿ-chûn thàm-hiám, kau-chiàn, chò seng-lí ê hit-koá Pak-au lâng. In bat chhiúⁿ-kiap Britain Kûn-tó, Hoat-kok, Au-chiu kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi.

## Le̍k-sú

Skandinavia lī sai-lâm-a ê lông-gia̍p bûn-bêng hoat-goân-tē te̍k-pia̍t hn̄g, lông-gia̍p ki-su̍t kàu se-goân chêng 2500 nî chiah thoân kàu Au-chiu sai-pak. Au-chiu Tiong-kó· Sî-tāi chìn-chêng ê Skandinavia ē-sái kóng sī Au-chiu bûn-bêng ê chháu-tē, pēng-bô siū tio̍h Roma Tè-kok koán-hat a̍h-sī éng-hióng.

Skandinavia ê tē-lí kap bu̍t-chit tiâu-kiāⁿ te̍k-pia̍t kó·-lē lâng hoat-tián kiâⁿ-chûn ki-su̍t. Norge iû-kî sī án-ne. I ê hái-hōaⁿ-sòaⁿ oan-oan-oat-oat, hêng-sêng chē-chē chhun ji̍p-khì lio̍k-tē ê tn̂g oan (hō-chò fjord), tì-sú chē chûn pí iân hái-hōaⁿ kiâⁿ lio̍k-tē khah khoài. Chá-kî ê chûn bô phâng. Kàu-kah 600 nî chó-iū chiah ū phâng-chûn ki-su̍t tùi Tē-tiong-hái thoân kàu-ūi. Hit tōaⁿ sî-kî Au-chiu khì-hāu te̍k-pia̍t sio-lo̍h, Skandinavia jîn-kháu tōa cheng-ka. Norge ê tē pún-té kan-taⁿ 3% sek-ha̍p chèng-choh. Kàu-kah 700 nî, sai Norge ê tē ē-tàng ióng-chhī ê jîn-kháu-gia̍h í-keng chha-put-to chīn-pōng.

Só͘-í to̍h khai-sí ū lâng hoat-tián khì kàu hái-gōa. In ê chûn sok-tō· kín, ū phâng oân-ná ē-tit kò-chiúⁿ, ē-tàng kòe hái mā ē-sái kò chiūⁿ hô-chhoan. In chài Pak-au sim-lîm ê tōng-bu̍t phôe kàu Britain Kûn-tó, tāi-lio̍k gōa-siau. Ū-sî bé-bē, ū-sî kiam chhiúⁿ-kiap. In ka-kī hō ê miâ hō-chò *Viking*, ì-sù sī "Chhiúⁿ-kiap ê lâng". Thâu-khí-seng kéng joa̍h--lâng sî-chūn kòe hái khì kàu Britain hù-kīn ê Lindisfarne-tó chhiúⁿ tong-tē ê Ki-tok-kàu siu-tō-īⁿ, chhiu-thiⁿ chiah lī-khui. Āu--lâi tī koâⁿ--lâng ê sî-chūn bih tòa bo̍k-phiau-tē hù-kīn kòe-tang, thèng-hāu hó-thiⁿ chiah lo̍h-chhiú. Kàu-bóe--ah kui-khì lâu tòa gōa-hiong, kiàn-li̍p sin chèng-tī sè-le̍k.

Viking-lâng tùi-gōa khok-chhiong(?) ê lō͘-sòaⁿ chú-iàu pun 3 tiâu. Tang, sai.

* Sverige -> Pe̍h-hái -> Kiev/Lō·-se-a
* Danmark -> Lindisfarne-tó, Normandie, Brittany, Gibraltar, Tē-tiong-hái
* Norge ->
** Shetland Kûn-tó
** Mî-iûⁿ Kûn-tó
** Orkney Kûn-tó
** Éire (Dublin)
** Peng-tē
** Chheⁿ-tē
** Vinland, Markland (Labrador, Newfoundland)

## Bûn-hòa

Chia̍h-mi̍h: siāng ài chia̍h ti-bah.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* Diamond, Jared. 2005. *Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed*. New York: Viking.

Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu-lâng
Pak-au kok-ka

Tī Au-chiu, **Pak-au kok-ka** (Eng-gí: Nordic countries) chit sû chí Pak Au-chiu ê 5-ê kok-ka (3 ê ông-kok, 2 ê kiōng-hô-kok), lóng sī Pak-kok Lí-sū-hōe ê hōe-oân, jîn-kháu lóng-chóng 2400 bān.

## Kok-ka

* 
* 
* 
*  
* 

### I-lāi-tē

* 
* 
* 
* 

Skandinavia ì-sù chhin-chhiūⁿ, tān bô pau-koah Hun-lân chit-ê hui-Tek-gí-hē ê kok-ka.
Skandinavia

**Skandinavia** (Eng-gí: Scandinavia; óa-im: "Su-kán-li-ná-bi-a"), Hàn-bûn hoan-e̍k chò **Su-kham-tē-ná-î-a** (斯堪地那維亞), it-poaⁿ chí Skandinavia Poàn-tó hù-kīn ê kok-ka, te̍k-pia̍t sī ū kiōng-tông le̍k-sú, bûn-hòa, chèng-tī koan-hē ê 3 ê kok: Danmark, Norge, Sverige. Ū sî-chūn oân-ná pau-koah kî-thaⁿ ê Pak-kok sêng-oân, Peng-tē kap Suomi, kî-tiong Peng-tē sui-bóng tī hái-gōa, bô-lūn sī bûn-hòa a̍h-sī hiat-thóng lóng hām tāi-lio̍k ê Skandinavia ū tī-tāi. Suomi sui-bóng m̄-sī Tek-gí-hē ê kok-ka, khiok-sī tú-tú tī 3 kok keh-piah, khah cheng-bi̍t ê miâ-chheng kiò chò *Suomi-Skandinavia*.

## Chèng-tī ūn-tōng
Tiong Bí-chiu

**Tiong Bí-chiu** sī Pak Bí-chiu siāng lâm-pêng ê pō·-hūn, hoān-ûi pau-koah México khah lâm kàu Colombia khah pak ê tē-tài. Chóng--sī mā ū tē-lí-ha̍k-ka jīn-ûi Tiong Bí-chiu sī 1-ê tōa tē-kiap, ū pau-koah México ê lâm-pêng pō·-hūn.

Tiong Bí-chiu ê kok-ka:

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Panamá

Tiong Bí-chiu kap Lâm Bí-chiu ha̍p--khí-lâi hō-chò Tiong-lâm Bí-chiu, kán-chheng Tiong-lâm-bí. Tiong-lâm-bí hām Latin Bí-chiu bô oân-choân tùi-tâng, in-ūi Belize ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân sī Eng-gí.
Newfoundland

:*Chit-phiⁿ sī teh siá Canada hō-chò chit-ê miâ ê tó-sū. Nā beh chhōe *'Newfoundland** ê pa̍t-chióng ì-sù, chhiáⁿ chham-khó [[Newfoundland (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]].''

**Newfoundland''' sī Pak-bí-chiu tang-pak hái-hoāⁿ ê chi̍t-ê tó-sū. I sī Canada Newfoundland kap Labrador Séng ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn. 

Newfoundland tiàm-tī Saint Lawrence Hô ê hái-kháu, sai-pêng ê Belle Isle Hái-kiap lâu-kòe i
kap Labrador Poàn-tó chi-kan, á lâm-pêng ū Cabot Hái-kiap kā i hâm Breton Hái-phīⁿ Tó keh-khui.

Viking-lâng tī kong-goân 1000-nî chó-iū ê sî-chūn bat lâi-kòe Newfoundland; he sī Europa-lâng thâu-chi̍t-kái lâi kàu Bí-chiu. Newfoundland mā sī Eng-kok thong-sè-kài thâu-chi̍t-ê si̍t-bîn-tē.
Botswana

**Botswana Kiōng-hô-kok** (Tswana-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu lâm-pêng. Iáu-bōe tùi Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok to̍k-li̍p chìn-chêng hō-chò Bechuanaland. Pak ū Zambia, tang-pak ū Zimbabwe, lâm ū Lâm-hui-kok, sai ū Namibia. Bô hái-hōaⁿ.
Burundi

**Burundi Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Hui-chiu tiong-pō͘, Tōa-ô· tē-khu hit-tah-á. Pak ū Rwanda, tang kap lâm ū Tanzania, sai ū Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok. Bô hái-hōaⁿ m̄-koh sai-pêng ê piⁿ-kài thàng Tanganyika-ô͘, tùi hia ē-tit kàu Dar es Salaam chit-ê káng-kháu.

Burundi bat hoat-seng kòe tōa-tô·-sat.

## Tē-lí seng-thài

## Siā-hōe
Burundi ê jîn-kháu kiat-kò· sêng kè-piah ê Rwanda.

## Jîn-kháu
Burundi ê jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō· bô Rwanda koân, chóng--sī iû-goân sī Hui-chiu siāng koân ê 1-ê.
Hispaniola

**Hispaniola** (Hoat-gú: Hispaniola; Se-pan-gâ-gú: La Española) sī Antilles Kûn-tó tē-2 tōa ê tó-sū, tī Cuba khah tang ê ūi-tì. I pak ū Tāi-se-iûⁿ, lâm ū Caribe-hái, tang ū Puerto Rico. Sai-pêng 3-hun-chi-1 sī Haiti-kok; tang-pêng 3-hun-chi-2 sī Dominic Kiōng-hô-kok.

Í-chá ê Taíno (Arawak) goân-chū-bîn kiò chit-ê tó hō-chò Quisqueya (Kiskeya), Ayiti, a̍h-sī Bohio. Christopher Columbus ê chûn-tūi tī 1492 nî lâi kàu hia, kè-tńg-nî siat Se-pan-gâ tī "Sin Sè-kài" ê thâu-1-ê si̍t-bîn-tē. In kā chit-ê tó hō 1-ê Ki-tok-kàu miâ, kiò-chò *[[Santo Domingo]]*. Hoat-kok-lâng hóng chit-ê miâ kiò i chò *Saint-Domingue*. Ayiti chit-ê miâ āu--lâi pìⁿ-chiâⁿ Haiti-kok ê kok-miâ, goân-lâi ê ì-sù pau-koah kui-ê tó.

## Tē-lí seng-thài

Tang-pêng hō·-chúi khah kāu, soaⁿ khah koân, só· lia̍p-chek ê chúi lâu tùi tang (tùi Dominic-kok khah iú-lī). Tang-pêng ū khah chē soaⁿ-kok, pêng-goân, kap ko-goân; thô·-bah pí sai-pêng pûi. Sai-pêng ū ko-soaⁿ cha̍h tang-pō· sàu--kòe-lâi ê hō·-chúi, tì-sú chúi-hun pí tang-pêng khah chió, thô·-bah ê phín-chit khah ló·, seng-thài pí-kàu khah chhùi-jio̍k. Sai-pêng pêⁿ-tē khah chió, lông-gia̍p hoat-tián ê khong-kan khah e̍h.

Au-chiu-lâng chhím kàu-ūi ê sî-chūn, kui-ê tó lóng khàm 1 têng sim-lîm. Hiān-tāi ê Haiti kan-taⁿ chhun 1% ê tē sī sim-lîm, pí Dominic Kiōng-hô-kok ê 28% ke chin chió. Haiti-pêng ū 4-ê chin sè koh pó-chûn liáu bô chiau-chn̂g ê kok-ka kong-hn̂g; Dominic-pêng ū 32% ê tē sī chū-jiân pó-io̍k-tē, pau-koah 74 ê kong-hn̂g kap kî-thaⁿ ê pó-liû-tē.

## Le̍k-sú

Taíno-lâng pí Au-chiu-lâng khah chá 5,000 nî lâi kàu Hispaniola. 15 sè-kí-bóe ê Taíno-lâng chèng-tī-siōng pun 5-ê thâu-lâng-kok. In khò choh-sit seng-oa̍h, jîn-sò· kó·-kè siāng chió 10 bān, siāng chē 200 bān. Se-pan-gâ si̍t-bîn-chiá pek chāi-tē-lâng chò in ê lô·-lē, pang in ku̍t kim-á. Kàu-kah 1519 nî Taíno-lâng in-ūi jiám-tio̍h Au-chiu-lâng tòa--lâi ê thoân-jiám-pēⁿ a̍h-sī hō· in thâi--sí, jîn-kháu chhun bān-gōa-ê, kî-tiong tōa-pō·-hūn tī hit nî jiám-tio̍h Thian-hoa, chhun 3 chheng lâng. In āu--lâi m̄-sī sí--khì tō-sī tông-hòa.

Se-pan-gâ-lâng tùi 1520 nî chó-iū khai-sí tùi Hui-chiu chìn-kháu lô·-lē chò kam-chià lông-tiûⁿ ê kang. Āu--lâi Hoat-kok-chek ê seng-lí-lâng, mō·-hiám-ka, kap hái-chha̍t tiàm tó ê sai-pêng bóe-liu kiàn-li̍p in ka-kī ê si̍t-bîn-tē. In oân-ná tùi Hui-chiu chìn-kháu lô·-lē. Tī chit-tōaⁿ sî-kî Se-pan-gâ tè-kok ê tiōng-sim sóa khì tī Bí-chiu tāi-lio̍k, in tī tó-siōng tang-pêng ê si̍t-bîn-tē choân-á khai-sí lo̍h-chhē. Kàu-kah 1785 nî Hoat-kok-pêng ū 70 bān ê lô·-lē (hit-pêng 9 siâⁿ ê jîn-kháu), Se-pan-gâ-pêng kan-taⁿ ū 3 bān (siâⁿ pòaⁿ ê jîn-kháu). Hispaniola hit-tong-sî sī Au-chiu tī Se Pòaⁿ-kiû siāng-kài pûi ê 1 tè si̍t-bîn-tē. Chóng--sī Hoat-kok Saint-Domingue sio-liân-sòa tī 1791 kap 1801 nî hoat-seng lô·-lē chō-hoán ê sū-kiāⁿ. Tī 1804 nî Hoat-kok thòe-chhut, goân lô·-lē kiàn-li̍p Haiti-kok.
Haiti

**Haiti** (Haiti-gí: ; Hoat-gí: ) sī tiàm-tī Hispaniola sai-pêng ê chi̍t ê kok-ka.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* 1: Nord-Ouest Koān
* 2: Nord Koān
* 3: Nord-Est Koān
* 4: Artibonite Koān
* 5: Centre Koān
* 6: Ouest Koān
* 7: Grand'Anse Koān
* 8: Nippes Koān
* 9: Sud Koān
* 10: Sud-Est Koān

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Dominica Kiōng-hô-kok

**Dominica Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ), tiàm-tī Sió-se-pan-gâ tang-pêng ê kok-ka.

Kì-liām Sèng Dominic, Tō-bêng-hōe chhòng-pān-jîn.

## Hêng-chèng hun-khu

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Sèng Domingo

*Âng-mo·-siâⁿ (San Domingo)
*Santo Domingo/Saint-Domingue:  Sió-se-pan-gâ ê kó·-chá miâ.
*Santo Domingo: Dominic Kiōng-hô-kok siú-to·.
*Santo Domingo:  Dominic Kiōng-hô-kok ê 1-ê séng.
*Santo Domingo:  tī Colombia Antioquia *Departamento*.
*Santo Domingo: tī Venezuela Táchira-chiu.
Papua New Guinea

**Papua New Guinea To̍k-li̍p-kok** (Eng-gí: ; Tok Pisin: ), New Guinea tang-pêng ê kok-ka.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*
Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Só͘-lô-bûn Kûn-tó

**Só͘-lô-bûn Kûn-tó** (Eng-gí: ), lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê hái-tó tó-kok, tiàm-tī Papua New Guinea ê tang. Lóng-chóng 990 ê tó.

Eng-liân-pang ê sêng-oân.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

# Tiong-pō͘ Séng
# Choiseul Séng
# Guadalcanal Séng
# Isabel Séng
# Makira-Ulawa Séng
# Malaita Séng
# Rennell kap Bellona Séng
# Temotu Séng
# Sai-pō͘ Séng
# Honiara

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Eswatini

**Eswatini Ông-kok** (Swazi-gí: ), kū-miâ **Swaziland**, tiàm-tī Hui-chiu lâm-pêng ê sió-kok, tang ū Mozambique, kî-thaⁿ hong-hiòng lóng hām Lâm-hui-kok sio-tú. Bô hái-hōaⁿ.
Bô-kok-kài I-seng

**Bô-kok-kài I-seng** (Hoat-gí: Médecins sans frontières) sī 1-ê hui-chèng-hú kok-chè cho͘-chit, tī 1971 nî iû 1 tīn Hoat-kok i-seng chhòng-pān, bo̍k-te̍k sī beh tiàm sè-kài kok-tē thê-kiong kín-kip kap tn̂g-kî ê i-liâu ho̍k-bū. Bô-kok-kài I-seng jīn-ûi ta̍k-ê lâng to ū siū i-liâu ho̍k-bū ê koân-lī, koh chit-ê su-iàu pí kok-kài khah iàu-kín. In 1999 nî siū-pan Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng.

In bo̍k-chêng tī 80-gōa-kok oa̍h-tāng, te̍k-pia̍t sī sàn-chhiah a̍h-sī chiàn-loān ê kok-ka kap tē-khu. Bô-kok-kài I-seng chin chia̍p thè bô koaⁿ-hong siaⁿ-im ê siā-lí tiàm kok-chè bú-tâi chhut-siaⁿ.

Tī 2004 nî 6 goe̍h 2 hoat-seng 5-ê kang-chok-chiá tī Afghanistan siū-hāi ê sū-kiāⁿ. Bô-kok-kài I-seng choâⁿ-á thòe-chhut hit kok. In khòng-gī Taliban thiau-kang kéng kiù-chè jîn-oân chò bo̍k-phiau, siâng-sî mā phoe-phêng Bí-kok chhōa--ê bêng-kun lī-iōng jîn-tō kiù-chè ê miâ-gī pau-chong in ê kun-sū chèng-tī iá-sim, tì-tio̍h chiàⁿ-káng ê kiù-chè thoân-thé pháiⁿ chò tāi-chì.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kok-chè cho͘-chit
Lūi-pia̍t:Tit kàu Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng ê cho͘-chit
Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-chèng-hú cho͘-chit
Sng Iàn-chu

**Sng Iàn-chu** (孫燕姿, Tiô-chiu-oē: Sng Yì Tŝe, Eng-gí: Stefanie Sun; 1978- ) sī Sin-ka-pho ê koa-chhiú.

## Khiok-pôaⁿ
* 2000 nî 8 go̍eh  8 - 孫燕姿　(Sng Iàn-chu) -- kāng-miâ choan-chip
* 2000 nî 12 go̍eh  9 - 我要的幸福 (Góa beh ài ê hēng-hok)
* 2001 nî 7 go̍eh 12  - 風箏 (Hong-chhoe)
* 2002 nî 1 go̍eh 5 - Start
* 2002 nî 5 go̍eh 21 - Leave
* 2003 nî 1 go̍eh 10 - 未完成 (Boē oân-sêng)
* 2003 nî 8 go̍eh 22 - The Moment
* 2004 nî 10 go̍eh 28 - Stefanie
* 2005 nî 10 go̍eh 7 - 完美的一天 (Oân-bí ê chi̍t kang)
* 2006 nî 9 go̍eh 22 - My story, Your song
* 2007 nî 3 go̍eh 22 - 逆光
* 2011 nî 3 go̍eh 8 - 是时候
* 2014 nî 2 go̍eh 27 - 克卜勒
Kyrgyzstan

**Kyrgyz Kiōng-hô-kok** (""; Kyrgyz-gí: ), tiàm-tī tiong A-chiu ê loē-lio̍k kok-ka.

## Le̍k-sú sū-kiāⁿ
1999 nî, Kyrgyzstan tùi So͘-liân to̍k-li̍p chhut-lâi.

2005 nî 3 goe̍h, siú-to͘ hoat-seng sī-ui khòng-gī kiam po̍k-tōng ê sū-kiāⁿ, chóng-thóng Askar Akayev cháu-lō͘, hoán-tùi-phài chiap koân.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

# Talas Chiu 
# Bishkek
# Chuy Chiu
# Issyk Kul Chiu
# Jalal-Abad Chiu
# Naryn Chiu
# Batken Chiu
# Osh (chhī)
# Osh Chiu
Chū-jiân

Kóng-gī lâi kóng, **chū-jiân** sī ú-tiū ê choân-pō·, sī **bu̍t-chit sè-kài** ê it-chhè, pau-koah só·-ū ê mi̍h kap lêng-goân. Chū-jiân ê tēng-gī tòe sî-tāi teh piàn, jī-chhiáⁿ chhiâng-chāi hō· lâng the̍h lâi hām kî-thaⁿ ê kài-liām sio pí-phēng, khó-pí kóng jîn-ûi, chhiau-chū-jiân. 1 chióng khah e̍h ê tēng-gī chiong lâng ê chò-ûi (jîn-ûi) pâi-tû tī chū-jiân í-gōa, he̍k-chiá kóng lâng pēng m̄-sī **chū-jiân-kài** ê 1 hūn-chú. Lâng iōng kho-ki chè-chō a̍h-sī kái-piàn--kòe ê mi̍h (chhin-chhiūⁿ si̍t-phín) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō· lâng kóng sī jîn-chō--ê, m̄-sī **thian-jiân**--ê. Chit-khóan pí-tùi tit-tio̍h ê tēng-gī to-siáu ū tō-tek-siōng ê ì-gī, pí-lūn kóng "chū-jiân--ê tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī hó", "tio̍h sūn-kî-chū-jiân".

Chū-jiân chit-ê koan-liām mā iōng tī biô-siá tōng-bu̍t, mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê hêng-ûi chit hong-bīn. 1 ê tōng-bu̍t ê hêng-ûi nā bô ûi-hoán i ê pún-sèng, chit khoán hêng-ûi tō ū lâng hō-chò sī chū-jiân--ê. Koh, 1-ê hòa-ha̍k goân-sò· nā-chún seⁿ-sêng chûn-chāi tī sè-kan, tō ē-sái hō-chò chū-jiân--ê; nā kan-taⁿ si̍t-giām-sek lāi ū tè chhōe, tō hō-chò jîn-chō--ê.

Bu̍t-chit sè-kài (chū-jiân-kài) sī chū-jiân kho-ha̍k gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng. Che pau-koah ú-tiū-ha̍k kàu bî-lia̍p-á bu̍t-lí-ha̍k. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, seng-thài-ha̍k téng-téng tùi bu̍t-chit ê kak-tō· gián-kiù sèⁿ-miā ê it-chhè, pau-koah jîn-lūi. Kî-thaⁿ ê ha̍k-būn gián-kiù "chū-jiân chu-goân" kap chū-jiân sū-kiāⁿ (khì-siōng-ha̍k, tē-lí-ha̍k téng-téng).

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Bu̍t-chit-chú-gī
* Chū-jiân-chú-gī
* Chū-jiân-hoat
* Chū-jiân sîn-ha̍k
* Pún-chit, pún-chit-chú-gī
Estonia

**Estonia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Estonia-gí: ) sī Pak Au ê chi̍t-ê kok-ka.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* visitestonia.com
Rwanda

**Rwanda Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Hui-chiu tiong-pō·, Tōa-ô· (Great Lakes) tē-khu hit-tah-á. Pak ū Uganda, tang ū Tanzania, lâm ū Burundi, sai ū Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok.

Rwanda bat hoat-seng kúi-nā-pái tōa-tô·-sat, téng-1-pái (1994 nî) iok-lio̍k sí 1 pah-bān lâng.

## Tē-lí seng-thài

## Siā-hōe
Rwanda ê jîn-kháu kiat-kò· chin sêng kè-piah ê Burundi. Hutu-lâng jîn-kháu siāng chē (chiàm 85%), Tutsi-lâng tē-2 chē (14%), Twa-lâng siāng chió-ê (1%). It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, Hutu-lâng thé-keh khah chho·-ióng, phôe-hu khah o·, ū ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi in sī Bantu-chéng. Tutsi-lâng pí-kàu khah lò, phôe-hu khah chhián-sek, sio̍k-î Nile-chéng, it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī āu--lâi chiah sóa--lâi ê lâng-tīn. Twa-lâng sī "É-lâng-chéng" (Eng-gí: *Pygmy*), é-pûi é-pûi, sī siāng chá kàu-ūi ê goân-chū-bîn, siā-hōe tē-ūi siāng kē.

Chóng--sī oân-ná ū ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi Hutu kap Tutsi 2 cho̍k pún-té kāng goân-thâu, āu--lâi chiah ū khu-hun. Si̍t-chè-siōng nā tùi kò-jîn-te̍k--ê chân-chhù lâi khòaⁿ, Hutu kap Tutsi ê sin-hūn ē-iōng-tit tùi-oāⁿ. In pēng-bô àn-chiàu cho̍k-kûn pun tē-pôaⁿ; in ê chong-kàu, bûn-hòa, gí-giân lóng kāng-khoán, mā chin chia̍p thong-hun. Sīm-chì tan khòaⁿ gōa-piáu mā bī-pit ū-hoat-tō· chèng-kha̍k phoàⁿ-toān bó·-mi̍h-lâng ê cho̍k-kûn sin-hūn. Siāng tōa ê chha-pia̍t sī keng-chè kak-sek kap chèng-tī tē-ūi: Hutu-lâng choh-sit--ê khah chē, Tutsi-lâng khò pàng-chhī cheng-seⁿ-á--ê khah chē. Tutsi-lâng sui-bóng sī chió-sò· m̄-koh tn̂g-kî chiáng-ak chèng-tī-la̍t, koh in-ūi gōa-hêng khah sêng Au-chiu-lâng, Pe̍k-ní-gī thóng-tī-chiá khoàⁿ in khah tāng, ū te̍k-pia̍t hō· in hó-khang. Pe̍k-ní-gī si̍t-bîn chèng-koân mā bat kui-tēng cho̍k-kûn sin-hūn bē-sái kái-piàn, án-ne lâi chhim-hòa Hutu kap Tutsi chi-kan ê chha-pia̍t.

## Jîn-kháu

Rwanda ê jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō· sī Hui-chiu siāng-kài koân ê, thong-sè-kài oân-ná pâi thâu-chêng-ūi. 1994 nî ê tōa-tô·-sat bô siáⁿ éng-hióng--tio̍h chhu-sè.

## Keng-chè
Hutu-cho̍k kap Tutsi-cho̍k keng-chè-siōng ū khu-pia̍t. Hutu-lâng chú-iàu khò choh-sit, Tutsi-lâng chú-iàu khò pàng-chhī cheng-seⁿ-á.
Bulgaria

**Bulgaria Kiōng-hô-kok** (Bulgaria-gí: ; Lô-má-jī: *Republika Bulgariya*), im-e̍k **Pu̍t-ní-gâ-lī** (勃爾牙利), **Pu̍t-gâ-lī** (勃牙利), **Pó-ka-lī-á** (保加利亞) ia̍h-sī **Pò͘-le̍k-khiat-lī-a** (布勒嘎利亞), sī Au-chiu tang-lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê kok-ka, oá O͘-hái.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chham-khó
Latvia

**Latvia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Latvia-gí: ) tī Au-chiu tang-pak-pō͘, sī saⁿ-ê Baltic Kok-ka kî-tiong chi̍t-ê kok-ka.
Skandinavia Poàn-tó

**Skandinavia Poàn-tó** sī 1-ê tiàm-tī Au-chiu sai-pak ê poàn-tó. Siāng pak-pêng chiap Lō͘-se-a, Suomi 2 kok, siāng lâm tú-tú tī Danmark ê pak. Poàn-tó kap Suomi tiong-kan ū 1-ê Bothnia Oan, kap Pe̍h-kok tiong-kan sī Pe̍h-hái; sai sī pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ.

Sai-pêng sī Norge-kok, tang-pêng sī Sverige-kok. 2 kok tiong-kan keh 1 liâu soaⁿ-me̍h.

Skandinavia Poàn-tó ê tē-lí hoān-ûi kap Skandinavia le̍k-sú bûn-hòa tē-tài bô tú-tú sio-siâng. Danmark sui-bóng tī poàn-tó khah lâm ê ūi, le̍k-sú-siōng iá-sī sio̍k-î Skandinavia.

Lūi-pia̍t:Skandinavia
Koh-oa̍h-cheh

**Koh-oa̍h-cheh** sī Ki-tok-kàu-tô͘ ê cheh-ji̍t. Kàu-tô͘ tī ta̍k-nî 3 goe̍h a̍h-sī 4 goe̍h hit-chām-á khèng-chiok Iâ-so͘ hông tèng si̍p-jī-kè liáu-āu koh-oa̍h ê kì-chài. Tōa-pō·-hūn ê Ki-tok-tô͘ siong-sìn chit-ê sîn-chek hoat-seng ê sî-kan tī kong-goân 30 nî kàu 33 nî chi-kan.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Koh-oa̍h-cheh-tó

Lūi-pia̍t:Cheh-ji̍t
Namibia

**Namibia Kiōng-hô-kok** tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-lâm ("sai-lâm-hui"), Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-hōaⁿ piⁿ--a. Keh-piah ū Angola (pak), Zambia (pak), Botswana (tang), Lâm-hui-kok (lâm). 1990 nî thoat-lî Lâm-hui-kok.
Angola

**Angola Kiōng-hô-kok** (Phû-tô-gâ-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-lâm ê kok-ka. Keh-piah ū Namibia, Congo Kiōng-hô-kok, Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok, kap Zambia. Sai-hōaⁿ khò Tāi-se-iûⁿ.
Zimbabwe

**Zimbabwe Kiōng-hô-kok** (, "") tiàm-tī leh Lâm Hui-chiu. Keh-piah-kok óa pak-pêng ū Zambia, tang-pêng ū Mozambique, sai-pêng ū Botswana, lâm-pêng ū Lâm-hui-kok.
Mozambique

**Mozambique Kiōng-hô-kok** () tiàm-tī lâm Hui-chiu ("lâm-hui") tang-hōaⁿ. Keh-piah ū Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lâm-hui-kok, Eswatini. Mozambique Hái-tō koh kòe sī Madagascar.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

#Niassa Séng
#Cabo Delgado Séng
#Nampula Séng
#Tete Séng
#Zambezia Séng
#Manica Séng
#Sofala Séng
#Gaza Séng
#Inhambane Séng
#Maputo (chhī)
#Maputo Séng
Cook Kûn-tó

**Cook Kûn-tó** (Cook Kûn-tó Māori-gí: ), tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-ê New Zealand i-lāi-tē. 1965 nî 8 goe̍h 4 hō khai-sí si̍t-si chū-tī. Hām New Zealand chi-kan ū chū-iû kiat-ha̍p ê chèng-tī koan-hē.

## Tē-lí seng-thài

Cook Kûn-tó chi-kan hn̄g-kīn siāng chē chha 1400 km. Chit 15 ê tó pun-chò lâm-pak 2 cho͘. Lâm hit cho͘ pau-koah Aitutaki, Atiu, Mangaia, Manuae, Mauke, Mitiaro, Palmerston, Rarotonga, Takutea téng 9-ê tó. Kî-tiong Rarotonga, Mangaia, Mauke, Atiu, kap Mitiaro sī hóe-soaⁿ-tó. Chhun--ê hām pak hit cho͘ lóng-sī san-ô͘-tó. Pak ū Manihiki, Nassau, Penrhyn-tó (Tongareva, Mangarongaro), Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Suwarrow (Suvorov). (Ū bûn-hiàn chiong Palmerston kui pak hit cho͘.)

## Jîn-kháu
Polynesia-lâng ûi-chú. Kap New Zealand ê Maori-lâng gí-giân hiat-thóng te̍k-pia̍t chhin.

## Keng-chè
Lông-gia̍p, khin-kang-gia̍p, koan-kong-gia̍p. Khì New Zealand chò kang.

## Le̍k-sú
James Cook chûn-tiúⁿ tī 1773 nî, 1774 nî, kap 1777 nî bat pài-hóng chin chē tó.
Tiô-chiu-ōe

**Tiô-chiu-oē** (潮州話; Sòaⁿ-thâu: *Tiô-chiu-oē*; Tiô-chiu: *Tiê-chiu-oē*) sī Bân-lâm-gí--ê chi̍t-chióng hong-giân. Kóng Tiô-chiu-oē--ê lâng sī lâi-chū Kńg-tang-séng--ê lâng. Chú-iàu--ê pheng-im hē-thóng sī Pe̍h-oē-jī (kap Choân-Chiang-Tâi Gí--ê ū sió-kóa bô kâng) kah Kńg-tang Pheng-im Hong-àn--ê Tiô-chiu Pheng-im Hong-àn.

## Chù-kái

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*1883 American Presbyterian mission press – "A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones" – by Fielde, Adele Marion (in English)Link to download(3,022 × 4,010 pixels, file size: 42.21 MB, MIME type: image/vnd.djvu, 648 pages)
* Database of Pronunciations of Chinese Dialects (in English, Chinese and Japanese)
* Teochew People - Teochew dialect (in Chinese)
* Glossika - Chinese Languages and Dialects
* Mogher (in Chinese, English and French)
* Omniglot
* Shantou University Chaozhou Studies Resources (in Chinese)
* Teochew Web (in Chinese and English)
* Tonal harmony and register contour in Chaozhou
19 sè-kí

**19 sè-kí** sī tùi 1801 nî kàu 1900 nî chia̍h ê 100 tang.

## Sū-kiāⁿ kap tiâu-liû

* Britain Tang Ìn-tō· Kong-si tī 1819 nî khai-sí khí-chō Sin-ka-pho-chhī.
* België tī 1830 nî thoat-lî Kē-tē-kok thóng-tī.
* Lâm-kiaⁿ Tiâu-iok (1842) khai-hòng Tāi-eng sè-le̍k ji̍p Kńg-chiu, Ē-mn̂g, Hok-chiu, Lêng-pho, Siōng-hái.
* A-phiàn Chiàn-cheng.
* Karl Marx kap Friedrich Engels tī 1848 nî hoat-piáu *[[Kiōng-sán-tóng Soan-giân]]*.
* Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok hùi tiāu si̍t-bîn-tē ê lô·-lē chè-tō·.  Bí-kok Lōe-chiàn kiat-sok Bí-kok ê lô·-lē chè-tō·.
* Bí-kok ū chhiau-oa̍t-chú-gī ê tiat-ha̍k, bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng.
* Thài-pêng-thian-kok hoán Tāi-chheng-tè-kok.
* Ji̍t-pún tī 1868 nî hoat-tōng Meizi Î-sin, tōa-liōng khip-siu Europa chai-bat.
* Paris Kong-siā tī 1871 nî chiáng-koân.
* Hui-thóng-tī kang-thoân-chú-gī sî-kiâⁿ—khí-lâi.
* Au-chiu-lâng si̍t-bîn Hui-chiu choân-pō· kap A-chiu 1 pō·-hūn.
* *[[Tâi-lâm-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò]]* tī 1885 nî chhut-pán tē-1-kî, iōng Pe̍h-oē-jī siá Hō-ló-oē.
* Chheng-kok kòa Tâi-oân hō· Ji̍t-pún chò i tē-1-ê si̍t-bîn-tē; tó-siōng jîn-sū sêng-li̍p Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok.

### Kho-ha̍k kap ki-su̍t
* Sió-peng-hô-kî (Eng-gí: *Little Ice Age*) kiat-sok.
* Tiān-pò thàu-kòe hái-té tiān-lám thoân siau-sit.
* Charles Darwin tī 1859 nî chhut-pán *[[Bu̍t-chéng Khí-gôan]]* (*On the Origin of Species*).

## Jîn-bu̍t
* Âng Siù-choân (Thài-pêng-thian-kok)
* Charles Darwin
* George Leslie Mackay
* Karl Marx
* James Laidlaw Maxwell

## Nî-tāi kap nî
:

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Sè-kí
Phû-tô-gâ

**Phû-tô-gâ Kiōng-hô-kok**, (葡萄牙共和國, ) sī Au-chiu Iberia Poàn-tó téng ê chi̍t ê kok-ka. Phû-tô-gâ ê sai-pō͘ kap lâm-pō͘ óa Tāi-se-iûⁿ, pak-pō͘ kap tang-pō͘ hām Se-pan-gâ sio-chiap. Siú-to͘ Lisboa sai-pêng ê Roca Hái-phīⁿ sī Au-chiu Tāi-lio̍k ê siōng sai-pêng. Tû-liáu tī Au-chiu Tāi-lio̍k ê pún-thó͘ í-gōa, Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê Açores Kûn-tó kap Madeira Kûn-tó iā sī Phû-tô-gâ ê léng-thó͘.
Saudi A-la-pek

**Saudi A-la-pek Ông-kok** (, *ì-sù sī "Saud Ka-cho̍k ê A-la-pek Ông-kok"*) sī Sai-a siāng-tōa ê kok-ka, hái-hoāⁿ-soàⁿ ū 2-chat, pak-pêng oá Pho-su-oan, lâm-pêng oá Âng-hái.

Islam-kàu ê sèng-tē Makkah kap Medina tī Saudi A-lá-pek sāi-pêng.

## Hō-miâ
*Saudi* chit jī ê lâi-goân sī kok-hō ê A-la-pek-gí hō-miâ lāi-bīn ê *as-Suʻūdīyah*, che sī A-la-pek hō-miâ thoân-thóng lāi chi̍t khoán kiò chò *[[nisba]]* ê khài-liām, tùi Saud Ông-ka chit-ê ông-tiâu ê A-gí hō-miâ *Al Saud* choán--lâi-ê, khí-goân sī ông-tiâu tī 18 sè-kí ê khai-ki-chiá Muhammad bin Saud.
Congo Kiōng-hô-kok

**Congo Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Hui-chiu tiong-se-pō͘. Keh-piah ê Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok sī lēng-gōa 1 kok. Keh-piah kok iáu koh ū Gabon, Cameroon, Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok, kap Cabinda (Angola ê *enclave*). Sai-lâm-kak thàng Guinea-oan.

1960 nî bōe to̍k-li̍p chìn-chêng hō-chò **Tiong Congo**.

## Chù-kái

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Baka Pygmies of Congo Culture and music of the first inhabitants of Congo
Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok

**Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-Kok** tī Hui-chiu tiong-pō͘, keh-piah ê Congo Kiōng-hô-kok sī lēng-gōa 1 kok. Kî-thaⁿ ê keh-piah kok pau-koah Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola. Thàng Guinea-oan.

1960 nî tùi Pe̍k-ní-gī to̍k-li̍p. 1971 nî kàu 1997 nî kok-miâ kái chò Zaire, 1997 nî kái tńg chia miâ.

## Le̍k-sú
Kun-kù khó-kó͘ hoat-hiān, kin-á-ji̍t ê Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok (Congo BK) kok-lāi tī 80,000 nî-chêng chio̍h ū lâng khiā-khí. Bantu-lâng khó-lêng tī 5 sè-kí lâi kàu Hui-chiu Tiong-pō͘, liáu-āu koh hiòng lâm hoat-tián.

Pí-lī-sî-lâng tī 1870 nî-tāi kàu 1920 nî-tāi chiām-chiām khòng-ché liáu chit khu, i khai-sí ê léng-tō-chiá sī siū kok-ông Leopold 2-sè chàn-chō͘ thàm-hiám ê Henry Morton Stanley.

Siat si̍t-bîn-tē í-chêng ê Congo tang-pō͘ í-keng sī giâm-tiōng siū lia̍h lō͘-lē (*slave raiding*) oa̍h-tāng ê kiáu-jiáu, hit tong-sî keng-êng lō͘-lē bé-bē ê séng-lí-lâng chú-iàu sī A-lá-pek - Swahili lâng phì-jû Tippu Tip.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Pygmies of the Congo Culture and music of the first inhabitants of the Congo
Congo

**Congo** ē-sái chí:

*Congo Kiōng-hô-kok
*Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok, éng-kòe kiò Zaire.
*Congo-hô
*Kongo Ông-kok
2005 nî 3 goe̍h

__NOTOC__
## 3 go̍eh 29 hō
*Ìn-nî Sumatra-tó sai-pō· kīn Nias-tó ê só·-chāi tī tong-tē pòaⁿ-mê hoat-seng 8.7-kip ê kiông-lia̍t tē-tāng, bo̍k-chêng iok-kî-liōng ū chheng lâng sí-bông.  Che sī chēng kū-nî ê Ìn-tō·-iûⁿ tōa tē-tāng kàu taⁿ siāng lia̍t ê 1 pái tē-tāng.  Siau-sit chi̍t-ē chhut-lâi, keh-piak kok iân-hái ê ki-bîn chē-chē lâng kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ cháu-pī.  (BBC Tiong-bûn-bāng)

## 3 go̍eh 21 hō
*Liân-ha̍p-kok pì-su-tiúⁿ Kofi Annan ho·-iok hōe-oân kok chi-chhî tōa kái-kek, pau-koah chiong An-choân Lí-sū-hōe tùi 15 se̍k cheng-ka kàu 24 se̍k, chè-tēng chhut-peng ê tiâu-kiāⁿ, chè-tēng khióng-pò·-chú-gī ê tēng-gī, siat sin jîn-koân ki-kò· téng-téng.  BBC

## 3 go̍eh 19 hō
*Bí-kok kok-bū-kheng Condoleezza Rice hóng-mn̄g Ji̍t-pún kî-kan, kong-khai piáu-bêng beh chi-chhî Ji̍t-pún ka-ji̍p Liân-ha̍p-kok An-chôan Lí-sū-hōe.  Liân-ha̍p-chá-pò
Ûn-ûn-á-piàn siông-thài

**Ûn-ûn-á-piàn siông-thài** (Eng-gí: *creeping normalcy*) biô-siá piàn-hòa sok-tō· sô-sô, ū khí ū lo̍h, chìn-tō· khâm-khia̍t ê chhu-sè.  In-ūi piàn-hòa khoaⁿ-khoaⁿ-á-sī, koan-chha̍t-chiá khah oh hoat-kak tio̍h hiān-hóng si̍t-chāi teh piàn-hòa ê chhu-sè, lia̍h-chún kóng koân-koân-kē-kē ê piàn-hòa pêng-kin khí-lâi téng-î chêng-kah-taⁿ lóng tī--teh ê siông-thài.  Che ē-tit-thang biô-siá chē-chē siā-hōe he̍k-chiá chū-jiân-te̍k ê hiān-siōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng khì-hāu piàn-hòa, khoân-kéng phò-hāi, seng-oa̍h phín-chit kàng-kē téng-téng.  Khó-pí kóng, choân-kiû khì-un hoán sio-lō chit-ê chhu-sè chin oh phòaⁿ-toān (kàu-taⁿ kho-ha̍k-kài í-gōa iû-goân ū cheng-gī), in-ūi bô-lūn sè-kài pêng-kin khì-un siáⁿ khoán hêng, khì-un sûi nî ū koân-kē ê chha-īⁿ, tùi lâng ê éng-hióng tòe teh hó-bái.  Ē-sái kóng tû-hui tn̂g-kî khioh chu-liāu hun-sek, bô khoàⁿ bē-chhut kui-ê hē-thóng ū ûn-ûn-á khah sio-lō ê chōng-hóng hoat-seng.

Kéng-koan bô-thâu-sîn-chèng (Eng-gí: *landscape amnesia*) sī siông-thài ûn-ûn-á-piàn ê 1-ê lē.  Che ì-sù kóng lâng bē-kì-leh sin-khu-piⁿ ê kéng-koan í-chá seⁿ-chò siáⁿ khoán, in-ūi khoân-kéng piàn-hòa ê sok-tō· bān.  Kú-kú pài-hóng 1-piàn ê gōa-tē-lâng khah ū hoat-tō· hoat-kak hiah-ê piàn-hòa.  Ha̍k-chiá Jared Diamond jīn-ûi che ē-tàng kái-seh choáⁿ-iūⁿ Rapa Nui-lâng hiah-ni̍h-á "gōng", soah kā tó-siōng chòe-āu 1 châng chhiū-á chhò-chhò tiāu, chiong-kî-bóe ín-khí khoân-kéng chai-lān, tó-bîn lō·-bóe chôaⁿ-á iau-iau--sí.  I kái-seh kóng, chhiū-á-châng m̄-sī chò-1-pái kui-phiàn kā chhò tiāu, chhò-chhiū siâng-sî iū-koh ū sin châng puh--chhut-lâi, tì-sú kóng múi 1 iân ê lâng lia̍h-chún gán-chêng ê chhiū-á-nâ hām í-chá--ê pêⁿ-pêⁿ ām, sī siông-thài.  Kan-taⁿ siāng lāu ê sī-tōa ē-kì-leh gín-á sî-tāi ê chhiū-á pí hiān-chāi khah tōa-châng, sò·-liōng oân-ná khah chē.  Chit-ê chhu-sè sak kah chīn-pōng, chiong-kui-bóe kan-taⁿ chhun chiâu sè-châng ê iù-chhiū tī--teh.  Taⁿ in-ūi kàu kah hit-ê khám-chām hit khoán si̍t-bu̍t chá tio̍h bô keng-chè-siōng ê kè-ta̍t tī--teh, bô lâng ē siūⁿ tio̍h in tih-beh kā siāng bóe 1 châng chheng tiāu.  Diamond oân-ná jīn-ûi che pō·-hūn ē-tàng kái-seh choáⁿ-iūⁿ Ji̍t-pún Tokugawa Bō·-hú sî-tāi ê Chiong-kun si̍t-si chō-nâ chèng-chhek:  phò-hāi ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ kín, in khoàⁿ-ē-tio̍h būn-tê.

Bó-gí liû-sit oân-ná chhin-chhiūⁿ.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*Diamond, Jared. *Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.* Penguin Books: 2005. ISBN 0143036556.

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe
Lūi-pia̍t:Sim-lí-ha̍k
Kàu-hông Ioannes Paulus 2-sè

**Ioannes Paulus 2-sè** (pún-miâ: ****; ), 1978 nî chiū-jīm ê Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu kàu-hông. I sī 456 nî lâi thâu-1-ê m̄-sī Í-tāi-lī-lâng ê kàu-chong. I oân-ná sī tē-1-ê hōaⁿ chit ūi ê Pho-lân-lâng.

1978 nî 10 goe̍h 16 ji̍t pī soán chò kàu-chong, 10 goe̍h 22 ji̍t chiū-jīm. I sī só·-ū ê kàu-chong tang-tiong gí-giân lêng-le̍k te̍k-pia̍t kiông ê 1-ê, tû-liáu La-teng-bûn í-gōa oân-ná ē-hiáu Pho-lân-gí, Í-tāi-lī-gí, Eng-gí, Hoat-gí, Tek-gí, Se-pan-gâ-gí kap Phû-tô-gâ-gí. Chit-ê châi-tiāu tùi i tāi-piáu kàu-hōe chò kok-chè gōa-kau ū pang-chān.

1981 nî 5 goe̍h 13 ji̍t i tī Sèng Pí-tek Kóng-tiûⁿ khì hō· lâng àn-sat bô sêng, chóng—sī sin-khu giâm-tiōng tio̍h-siong. Hiong-chhiú sī 1-ê Thó͘-ní-kî-lâng hō-chò Mehmet Ali Ağca.

Ioannes Paulus 2-sè ki-pún-siōng sī 1-ê pó-siú-phài. I kian-chhî thoân-thóng ê Thian-chú-kàu kè-ta̍t-koan, pau-koah hoán-tùi the̍h gín-á, tông-sèng-ài, lî-iân, hoán-tùi iōng jîn-kang ê hoat-tō· pī-ūn, mā bô chàn-sêng cha-bó·-lâng chò "sîn-hū" (*priest*) a̍h-sī sîn-chit jîn-oân khì hōaⁿ chèng-tī chit-ūi. Siâng-sî i chàn-siaⁿ chi-chhî bîn-chú kap keng-chè kong-gī, hoán-tùi sí-hêng kap chiàn-cheng, mā phoe-phêng kiōng-sán-chú-gī kap chu-pún-chú-gī.

Ioannes Paulus 2-sè ê chêng-chi̍t-jīm sī Ioannes Paulus 1-sè, aū-chi̍t-jīm sī Benedictus 16-sè.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* vatican.va
* Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Poland, Institute of National Remembrance

Lūi-pia̍t:Kàu-hông
Lūi-pia̍t:Pho-lân jîn-bu̍t
Zaire

**Zaire Kiōng-hô-kok** () sī Hui-chiu íng-sî ê ji̍t ê kok-ka, tī Hui-chiu tiong-pō͘. 1971 nî 10 goe̍h 27 ji̍t, Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok chóng-thóng Mobutu Sese Seko chiong kok-miâ kái chò Zaire. 1997  nî 5 goe̍h 17 ji̍t kái tńg Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok.
Melanesia

**Melanesia** (Hi-lia̍p-gú **O·-tó** ê ì-sù) sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-ê tē-tài.

Kui Melanesia ê tó-sū:
* Fiji
* New Caledonia (Kanaky)
* New Guinea (pau-koah Torres Hái-kiap Kûn-tó)
* Solomon Kûn-tó
* Vanuatu
* Maluku

Thàu-lām Melanesia sêng-hūn ê tó-sū:
* Nauru
* Timor
* Tonga
* Maluku Utara
* Flores
* Sumba
São Tomé kap Príncipe

**São Tomé kap Príncipe Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok** (Phû-tô-gâ-gí: ) tiàm-tī Guinea-oan, kīn Hui-chiu tāi-lio̍k sai-hōaⁿ.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Taigi Unicode

**Taigi Unicode** sī chi̍t-thò chi-oān thong-iōng-bé pe̍h-ōe-jī ê jī-hêng. Sī tē-1-thò ū *U+0358 combining dot above right* koh ū OpenType ê jī-hêng. Tī sek-tong ê nńg-thé khôan-khéng, ē-sái chèng-khak hián-sī tiāu-hū (bōe cháu-cheng khì) kap hián-sī *o͘/ou* ê hit tiám.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* http://www.phahng.idv.tw/
Nigeria

**Nigeria Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pō͘, sī Hui-chiu jîn-kháu siāng chē ê kok-ka. Keh-piah ū Benin (sai), Chad (tang), Cameroon (tang), Niger (pak). Lâm ū Guinea-oan.

*Nigeria* chit-ê miâ kap keh-piah kok *Niger* kāng Latin gí-goân, chí tong-tē ê Niger-hô.
Niger

**Niger Kiōng-hô-kok** () tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pō͘. Keh-piah ū Chad (tang), Mali (sai), Burkina Faso (sai), Algeria (pak), Libya (pak), Benin (lâm), Nigeria (lâm). 

*Niger* chit-ê miâ kap keh-piah kok *Nigeria* kāng Latin gí-goân, chí tong-tē ê Niger-hô.
Sierra Leone

**Sierra Leone Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: ) sī tiàm-tī Se Hui-chiu Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-hoāⁿ ê kok-ka. Piⁿ--á ê kok-ka ū pak-pêng ê Guinea kap tang-lâm-pêng ê Liberia.
Bông-kó͘

**Bông-kó͘** (, ), A-chiu ê lōe-lio̍k kok-ka. Pak-pêng sī Lō͘-se-a, lâm-pêng sī Tiong-kok.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Vaticano

**Vaticano**, choân-miâ **Vaticano Chhī Kok** (; ), sī sè-kài bīn-chek siāng-sè jîn-kháu siāng-chió ê kok-ka, iû Sèng-chō thóng-tī.

## Tē-lí

## Siong-koan
*Kàu-hông-léng
*Lô-má Kàu-hông-thiaⁿ
Chhiah-tō Guinea

**Chhiah-tō Guinea Kiōng-hô-kok** tiàm-tī tiong Hui-chiu sai-hōaⁿ, Guinea-oan hit-tah-á. Keh-piah ū Cameroon (pak), Gabon (tang, lâm), kap São Tomé kap Príncipe (sai-lâm) chit 3 kok.

Léng-thó͘ pau-koah chi̍t-kóa-á hái-tó, kî-tiong siāng tōa ê 1-ê sī Bioko-tó. Siú-to͘ siat tī hia.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Pygmies of the Equatorial Guinea Culture and music of the first inhabitants of the Equatorial Guinea
Guinea (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)

**Guinea** ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù:

* Kok-miâ, tē-lí miâ
** Guinea (tē-khu), Hui-chiu sai-pak ê 1-ê tē-khu.
** Guinea-oan, Hui-chiu sai-lâm (Tāi-se-iûⁿ kīn-hái) ê tōa oan.
** New Guinea, tiàm-tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê tōa tó-sū.
** Papua New Guinea-kok, New Guinea tang-pêng.
** Chhiah-tō Guinea-kok, í-chá sī Se-pan-gâ tī Hui-chiu ê 1-tè si̍t-bîn-tē.
** Guinea, í-chá sī Hoat-kok tī Hui-chiu ê 1-tè si̍t-bîn-tē.
** Guinea-Bissau, í-chá sī Phû-tô-gâ tī Hui-chiu ê 1-tè si̍t-bîn-tē.
Newton ê iô-kô

**Newton ê iô-kô** sī 1 khoán kàu-io̍k sèng-chit ê chhit-thô-mi̍h, kà lâng kó·-tián bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê ūn-tōng kap lêng-goân ê pó-chûn tēng-lu̍t (siú-hêng-tēng-lu̍t).  Siāng tián-hêng ê siat-kè ū 5-cho· hàiⁿ-á, múi-1-ê hàiⁿ-á ū 2 tiâu pêⁿ tn̂g ê iù soh-á pa̍k chò V-hêng, ē-kha tiàu 1 lia̍p thih kiû, 5 lia̍p thih kiû tú-tú pâi 1 pâi.  Chí-iàu ni gōa-kháu ê 1~2 lia̍p kiû, pàng tiāu liáu-āu 5 lia̍p kiû tō ē tī kāng 1-ê pêng-bīn sio-khok put-chí-á kú.

Newton ê iô-kô chū 1970 nî-tāi khai-sí sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi, chin chē lâng kā chhāi tòa toh-á-téng khòaⁿ chhù-bī.  Siat-kè mā ke chin chē khoán-sek chhut-lâi.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Isaac Newton

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

*Iáⁿ-phìⁿ
Malawi

**Malawi Kiōng-hô-kok** (Chewa-gí: ; Eng-gí: ) sī chi̍t-ê tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pō͘ ê loē-lio̍k kok-ka. Malawi ê kū-miâ sī **Nyasaland**, i goân-pún sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê si̍t-bîn-tē, 1964 nî to̍k-li̍p. Léng-thó͘ 20.6% sī Malawi-ô͘.
Chìn-kang

**Chìn-kang** ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù:
* Hok-kiàn tē-3 tōa ê khe: Chìn-kang (kang)
* Chìn-kang-chhī: Hok-kiàn Chôan-chiu kóan-ha̍t ê chi̍t-ê kōan-kip-chhī.
Guinea (tē-khu)

:*[[Guinea (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]] lia̍t chhut miâ chhin-chhiūⁿ ê bûn-chiuⁿ.*

**Guinea**, sai Hui-chiu iân-hái tē-khu, tī Pak Hôe-kui-sòaⁿ kap chhiah-tō tiong-kan.

*Guinea* chit-ê miâ goân-thâu sī Berber-gí *aguinaw* (*gnawa*), ì-sù sī "o·-lâng". Berber-lâng kiò hit tah hō-chò *akal n-iguinamen*, "o·-lâng tē". Portugal-lâng kā chioh lâi iōng. 14 sè-kí khai-sí chhut-hiān tī Au-chiu tē-tô· téng-bīn.
Tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k

**Tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k** sī 20 sè-kí Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu ê 1-ê sîn-ha̍k kap chèng-tī ūn-tōng.  Chú-iàu ê hoat-tián tiong-sim tī Latin Bí-chiu.  Bo̍k-te̍k sī beh thàu-kòe chèng-tī chham-ú si̍t-hêng chong-kàu sìn-gióng, te̍k-pia̍t sī pang-chān sàn-chhiah kap hông ap-pek ê lâng.  Tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k kiông-tiāu hun-sek siā-hōe keng-chè ê tōa kiat-kò·, jī-chhiáⁿ ke̍k-chek khì kái-piàn hit-kóa kiat-kò·.  Marx-chú-gī ê keng-chè lí-lūn sī kî-tiong 1 ê hun-sek ke-si.

Iâ-so·-hōe te̍k-pia̍t chē lâng thīn tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k.

Sui-bóng kàu-chong Jio̍k-bōng Pó-lo̍k II goân-chek-siōng chi-chhî keng-chè kong-gī ê chú-tiuⁿ, i kong-khai hoán-tùi tháu-pa̍k sîn-ha̍k ê hong-hoat kap tùi kàu-hōe koân-le̍k kiat-kò· ê thiau-chiàn.

## Tiōng-iàu tù-chok

*Gustavo Gutiérrez ê *Tháu-pa̍k ê sîn-ha̍k* (Teología de la liberación, 1971)

* Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal,  "Liberation Theology" (preliminary notes to 1984 Instruction) 
* Berryman, Phillip, *Liberation Theology* (1987). 
* Sigmund, P.E., *[[Liberation Theology at the Crossroads]]* (1990). 
* Hillar, Marian, "Liberation Theology: Religious Response to Social Problems. A Survey," published in *Humanism and Social Issues. Anthology of Essays*. M. Hillar and H.R. Leuchtag, eds., American Humanist Association, Houston, 1993, pp. 35-52 http://www.socinian.org/files/LiberationTheology.pdf. 
* Gutiérrez, Gustavo, *[[A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation]]*, Orbis Books, 1988. 
* Petrella, Ivan, *The Future of Liberation Theology: An Argument and Manifesto* Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004
* Smith, Christian, *[[The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and the Social Movement Theory]]*, University of Chicago Press, 1991.
* Mahan, Brian and L. Dale Richesin, *The Challenge of Liberation Theology: A First World Response,* 1981, Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY.
* Mueller, Andreas, OFM, Arno Tausch and Paul Michael Zulehner (Eds.) ''Global capitalism, liberation theology, and the social sciences" Haupauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers

## Jîn-bu̍t

*Leonardo Boff
*Ernesto Cardenal
*Gustavo Gutiérrez
*Óscar Romero
*Jon Sobrino
Armenia

**Armenia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Armenia-gí: ; Lô-má-jī: *Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun*), tiàm-tī Sai-a ê kok-ka.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Guinea Oan

:*[[Guinea (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]] lia̍t chhut miâ chhin-chhiūⁿ ê bûn-chiuⁿ.*
**Guinea-oan**, Hui-chiu sai-pak hái-hōaⁿ ê 1-ê tōa hái-oan, sio̍k-î tang Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê 1 pō͘-hūn, Palmas-kak (Liberia) kàu López-kak (kīn chhiah-tō) tiong-kan.
Senegal

**Senegal Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī sai Hui-chiu, Senegal-hô ê lâm. Sai sī Tāi-se-iûⁿ. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Mauritania (pak), Mali (tang), Guinea (lâm), Guinea-Bissau (lâm) kap Gambia (hō· Senegal pau tiâu leh). Cabo Verde tī 560 km hn̄g ê gōa-hái.
Guinea-Bissau

**Guinea-Bissau Kiōng-hô-kok** (Phû-tô-gâ-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pak hái-hōaⁿ. Keh-piah ū Senegal (pak) kap Guinea (tang, lâm) 2 kok. Sai ū Tāi-se-iûⁿ.

## Tē-lí
Slovenia

**Slovenia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Slovene-gí: ) sī Au-chiu tiong-lâm-pō· ê kok-ka. I sai-lâm-pêng hâm Adriatic Hái sio-liân.

1991 nî ùi Yugoslavia Siā-hoē-chú-gī Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok to̍k-li̍p.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Togo

**Togo Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī sai Hui-chiu ê kok-ka, Benin-oan hù-kīn. Keh-piah ū Benin (tang), Ghana (sai), Burkina Faso (pak) téng kok.
Ghana

**Ghana Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pō͘, Benin-oan hù-kīn. Sai sī Côte d'Ivoire, tang sī Togo, pak sī Burkina Faso.

Ghana chit-ê miâ kì-liām kó͘-chá ê Ghana Tè-kok. Si̍t-bîn sî-tāi kiò chò **Gold Coast** (N̂g-kim-hái-hōaⁿ).
Burkina Faso

**Burkina Faso**, tī Hui-chiu sai-pō· ê 1-ê kiōng-hô-kok. Keh-piah ū Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire.

1984 nî chêng kiò chò *Haute-Volta* ("Volta-hô Siōng-iû").
Loā Hô

**Lōa Hô** (Hàn-jī: 賴和, mā siá chò 賴河, 1894 nî 5 go̍eh 28 - 1943 nî 1 go̍eh 31), pún-miâ **Lōa Kùi-hô** (賴癸河). Tâi-oân Sin Bûn-ha̍k chok-ka. Pit-miâ ū Lán-hûn (懶雲), 甫三, 安都生灰, Cháu-ke-sian (走街先) téng-téng.

Lōa Hô  jīn-ûi i sī Kheh-lâng, m̄-koh I bōe-hiáu kóng Kheh-ōe. I bat án-ne siá:  "Ngó· pún Khek sio̍k jîn, hiong-gí kèng chū-bōng, ?" (我本客屬人，鄉語逕自忘，戚然傷抱懷，數典愧祖宗).

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Lōa-hô Ki-kim-hōe 
* Loa-hô Kì-liām-kóan
Cameroon

**Cameroon Kiōng-hô-kok** (Hoat-gí: ; Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu ê kok-ka. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Nigeria, Chad, Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok, Congo Kiōng-hô-kok, Gabon kap Chhiah-tō Guinea. Sai-hōaⁿ chiap Guinea-oan.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Baka Pygmies of Cameroon Culture and music of the first inhabitants of Cameroon
Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok

**Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok** (Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu ê loē-lio̍k kok-ka. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Chad, Sudan, Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok, Congo Kiōng-hô-kok, Cameroon.
Gambia

**Gambia Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī sai Hui-chiu. Gambia kiông beh hō· Senegal pau tiâu leh; sai-pêng hām Tāi-se-iûⁿ sio-liân. Kok-thó· chin iú-hān, chú-iàu pau-koah Gambia-hô kap hô-piⁿ ê lio̍k-tē.
Benin

**Benin Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī sai Hui-chiu, Benin-oan hù-kīn. Keh-piah ū Togo (sai), Nigeria (tang), Burkina Faso (pak) kap Niger (pak) téng kok.

Éng-kòe hō-chò Dahomey.
Djibouti

**Djibouti Kiōng-hô-kok** (A-la-pek-gí: , Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pō·. Keh-piah ū Eritrea (pak), Ethiopia (sai, lâm) kap Somalia (tang-lâm). Tang-hōaⁿ chiap Âng-hái kap Aden-oan. Âng-hái koh kòe sī Yemen (tiàm-tī A-la-pek Poàn-tó).
Ethiopia

**Ethiopia Liân-pang Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok** (Amhara-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pō͘ ê kok-ka, bô óa-hái. Pak-pêng chiap Eritrea; tang-pak-pêng chiap Djibouti kap Somaliland. It-ti̍t hiòng tang chiap Somalia; hiòng lâm chiap Kenya. Sai-pêng chiap Lâm Sudan; sai-pak-pêng chiap Sudan.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Zambia

**Zambia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu lâm-pō͘ ê kok-ka. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Angola, Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

# Luapula Séng
# Pak-pō͘ Séng
# Muchinga Séng
# Tang-pō͘ Séng
# Sai-pak Séng
# Copperbelt Séng
# Tiong-pō͘ Séng
# Sai-pō͘ Séng
# Lâm-pō͘ Séng
# Lusaka Séng
Sūi-tián

**Sūi-tián** (瑞典; ; ), choân-miâ **Sūi-tián Ông-kok**, sī Pak-au kok-ka kî-tiong chi̍t-kok.

## Hêng-chèng hun-khu
Tanzania

**Tanzania Liân-ha̍p Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Swahili-gí: ) tī Hui-chiu tang-pō͘. Pak ū Kenya kap Uganda 2 kok, sai ū Rwanda, Burundi kap Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok, lâm ū Zambia, Malawi kap Mozambique. Tang-hōaⁿ chiap Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ.

Tī 1964 nî iû Tanganyika kap Zanzibar ha̍p-pèng chò 1 kok.
Uganda

**Uganda Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī tang Hui-chiu tiong-pō͘ ê kok-ka. I ê pak ū Sudan, sai ū Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok, lâm ū Rwanda kap Tanzania, tang ū Kenya. Lâm-pō͘ 1 tōa phiàn sī Victoria-ô͘ ê pak-pêng.
Sudan

**Sudan Kiōng-hô-Kok** (A-la-pek-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pak-pō͘. Che sī Hui-chiu siāng tōa ê kok-ka. Keh-piah kok: Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok, Chad, Libya, Ai-ki̍p, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Lâm Sudan. Tang-pak piⁿ-kài sī Âng-hái hái-hōaⁿ.
Khong-á-liâu

**Khong-á-liâu** (貢仔寮), Tâi-oân Sin-pak-chhī ê 1-ê hî-chhoan.  Hêng-chèng-siōng sio̍k-î Kòng-liâu-khu.

1980 nî chhoan-bîn hoat-khí ūn-tōng hoán-tùi Tâi-tiān tiàm hia khí "He̍k-sù" hoat-tiān-chhiúⁿ.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Khòng-liâu-hiong Hoán-he̍k Chū-kiù-hōe.