open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sîn-oē

**Sîn-oē** sī chí bó·-chi̍t-lūi ê kò·-sū, chiah-ê kò·-sū sio̍k tī bô-kâng ê bûn-hoà, tī hiah-ê bûn-hoà lāi-té, ki-pún-siōng sī siong-sìn chiah-ê kò·-sū--ê, koh chiah-ê kò·-sū lāi-té, sī ēng chhiau-chū-jiân ê sū-kiāⁿ he̍k-chiá-sī jîn-bu̍t, lâi kái-soeh ú-tiū, chit sè-kài kap jîn-lūi ê pún-chit, ia̍h-sī seⁿ-sêng tō ū ê hē-hāng. Pí-lūn-kóng:

* Chit-ê sè-kài sī án-choáⁿ ū--ê?
* Lâng sī án-choáⁿ ū--ê?
* Sī án-choáⁿ lâng ē sí?

Sîn-oē--ni̍h bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ū sîn, khêng-si̍t tī Se-kok ê gí-giân (chhin-chhiūⁿ Eng-gí ê *myth*), jī-sû pún-sin ê ì-sù hām sîn pēng bô tī-tāi. Nā chún sîn-oē lāi-té ū sîn--chhut-hiān, mā bô-it-tēng sī 1-ê, he̍̍k-chiá-sī chē-chē ê.

Sîn-oē ū-bat tī ta̍k-bîn-cho̍k ê siā-hoē lāi-té, chò chin tiōng-iàu ê chong-kàu kap sìn-gióng ê lō·-iōng. M̄-koh chit-khoán lō·-iōng tī hiān-tāi siā-hoē í-keng tau̍h-tau̍h-á soe-pāi.

Chóng--sī, sîn-oē tī ta̍k-ê bûn-hoà kûn-thé--ni̍h, iû-goân chiâⁿ-chò chhiau-chhoē in su-sióng chin tiōng-iàu ê chu-liāu, tī bûn-hoà jîn-lūi-ha̍k kap Bîn-sio̍k-ha̍k téng-téng ê ha̍k-kho lāi-té, koh ē chìn-chi̍t-pō· khì chò bûn-hoà chi-kan ê sîn-oē pí-kàu (pí-kàu sîn-oē-ha̍k), pí-lūn Ná-a ê toā-chûn kap chò-toā-chúi, tī chin chē bûn-hoà kûn-thé--ni̍h lóng ū sio-siâng ê kò·-sū, ha̍k-chiá tō ē khì gián-kiù khoàⁿ bô-kâng ê cho̍k-kûn tiong-kan sī m̄-sī ū sím-mi̍h khoán ê chih-chiap.

Gián-kiù sîn-oē ê ha̍k-kho chú-iàu sī sîn-oē-ha̍k, koh chong-kàu-ha̍k, le̍k-sú-ha̍k, bîn-cho̍k-ha̍k, bûn-hoà jîn-lūi-ha̍k hām bûn-ha̍k, mā lóng kā i tòng-chò gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng chi-it.
Khóng-sek

**Khóng** (Ji̍t-gí: , ISO 3602: kon) ia̍h **khóng-sek** (navy blue) sī 1 chióng sek-chúi, khah kng--koá tō sī nâ-sek.

Lūi-pia̍t:Sek-chhái
Thâng-thoā

**Thâng-thoā** ē-tàng sī khun-thiông, khun-thiông ê iù-thâng, kî-thaⁿ "ē sô ê thâng" (chhan-chhiūⁿ tō͘-kún), khun-thiông í-goā ê chi̍t-koá chat-kha tōng-bu̍t (ti-tu, lâ-giâ), sīm-chì ē-sái pau-koah chi̍t-koá pâ-thiông-lūi (siān-thâng).
Chong-kàu

**Chong-kàu** sī in-ūi tùi sîn, Siōng-tè, chhiau-thoat ê chûn-chāi, sîn-sèng ê mi̍h téng-téng ê sìn-gióng, hō·-siōng kiat-ha̍p (hām chhiau-thoat ê tùi-siōng ê koan-hē), saⁿ-kap oa̍h-tōng (pí-lūn lé-pài téng-téng), sán-seng chè-tō· kap cho·-chit (biō-sī, kàu-hoē téng-téng), che kui-ê thāi-tō·, koan-hē, cho·-chit ê chóng-chheng.

Chong-kàu chit-ê sû, sī tùi Ji̍t-gí Hàn-jī-sû khip-siu--lâi-ê, nā goân-té ê Ji̍t-gí-sû, sī Ji̍t-pún tī bō·-hú boé-kî, hām Bí-kok chhiam thong-siong tiâu-iok ê sî-chūn, ūi-tio̍h si̍t-chè ê su-iàu, tùi Eng-gí *religion* só· chò ê hoan-e̍k.

## Chong-kàu ê tēng-gī

Khêng-si̍t nā beh kóng sím-mi̍h sī chong-kàu, lán ē hoat-kak-kóng sûi-lâng, chin chē ha̍k-chiá chi-kan ê khoàⁿ-hoat lóng koh-iūⁿ, ta̍k-ê lóng bô-ài kóng-liáu siuⁿ chīn-kak, m̄-koh mā bô-ài kóng-tio̍h bū-bū bô-bêng.

Ū lâng sī ēng thé-sek, kàu-gī ê tēng-gī lâi khoàⁿ, mā ū lâng sī the̍h keng-giām, kám-chêng, ti̍t-kak, kè-ta̍t-koan kap lûn-lí ê sèng-chit lâi chò tēng-gī.

Kho-ha̍k-ka kap jîn-lūi-ha̍k-ka kā chong-kàu tòng-chò sī tī bûn-hoà loē-iông lāi-té hoat-tián--khí-lâi-ê, 1-cho· thiu-siōng ê koan-liām, kè-ta̍t kap keng-giām. Goân-chho· ê chong-kàu chin oh tùi siā-hoē kap bûn-hoà oa̍h-tōng lāi-té thiah-hun, tī hiah-ê oa̍h-tōng--ni̍h, hong-sio̍k kap tián-lé lóng hông khoàⁿ-chò sī si̍t-chè--ê, hām chū-jiân ê pún-chit sio-kâng--ê.

Nā kî-thaⁿ ê chong-kàu ha̍k-chiá in teh kā chong-kàu tēng-gī ê sî-chūn, ē khì phiah-bián kā chong-kàu tòng-chò sī siā-hoē kap sim-lí-siōng bô-kâng ê tiâu-kui, ia̍h-chiū-sī in khah bô-ài kā chong-kàu siūⁿ-chò sī siā-hoē kap sim-lí tiâu-kui ê chi̍t-pō·-hūn.

Lán ē-ēng-tit kā chong-kàu tēng-gī chò tùi sèng ê tùi-siōng, chhiau-thoat ê tùi-siōng ê sìn-gióng. Rudolf Otto tī 1917-nî chhut-pán ê chheh "Sèng ê koan-liām" (*The Idea of the Holy*) lāi-té, kā chong-kàu ì-sek ê pún-chit tēng-gī chò kèng-ùi, kèng-ùi sī tùi sîn (sèng--ê, Siōng-tè) ê kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ kap ài-loân ê thàu-lām. Nā Friedrich Schleiermacher tī 18-sè-kí boé-kî, sī kā chong-kàu tēng-gī chò 1-khoán "choa̍t-tùi oá-khò ê kám-kak"(*feeling of absolute dependence*).

## Chú-iàu ê chong-kàu

Hiān-chhú-sî sè-kài chú-iàu ê chong-kàu, ū ki-tok-kàu (20-ek lâng, chiàm 33%), Islam (Islam-kàu, 13-ek lâng, chiàm 22%), Ìn-tō·-kàu (9-ek lâng, chiàm 15%), hu̍t-kàu (3-ek 6-chheng-bān lâng, chiàm 6%), Jû-kàu / Tō-kàu (2-ek 3-chheng-bān lâng, chiàm 4%).

Thâu-chêng chit-khoán lâng-gia̍h ê thóng-kè, bô-hoat-tō· kóng chò kah kài chiâu-chn̂g, in-ūi 1-ê lâng ê sìn-gióng, si̍t-chāi chin oh poé-hoē, koh chin pháiⁿ kā phoàⁿ-toàn.

Koh tō chún kā chin chē kî-thaⁿ ê chong-kàu lia̍h-goā, toā chong-kàu lāi-té, pún-sin tō ū hun-chò chin chē kàu-phài, chiah-ê kāng chong-kàu bô-kâng kàu-phài chi-kan, ì-kiàn ū khó-lêng chin koh-iūⁿ, thiⁿ chha leh tē--ê tō ū, nā hō·-siōng bô sêng-jīn tùi-hong, mā-sī sù-siông ū ê tāi-chì.
Gîn-hô

:*Tē-kiû só͘ tī ê gîn-hô khòaⁿ "[[Hô-khe]]".*

**Gîn-hô** (galaxy) sī chheⁿ, chheⁿ-kan bu̍t-chit (interstellar medium), tiān-chiuⁿ (plasma), khoàⁿ bô ê àm-o͘ bu̍t-chit (dark matter) téng-téng bu̍t-chit, in-ūi tāng-la̍t lâi hêng-sêng ê 1 ê hē-thóng. Tián-hêng ê gîn-hô ū 107 kaù 1012 lia̍p chheⁿ, choân-pō͘ chò-hoé leh se̍h 1 ê tāng-sim (center of gravity). Toā-hūn ê gîn-hô pau-hâm chin chē chheⁿ-hē (star system), chheⁿ-thoân (star cluster) ham chē-chē khoán ê chheⁿ-hûn (nebula). Toā-hūn ê gîn-hô ê ti̍t-kèng iok-liōng 103 kaù 105 kng-nî, ah gîn-hô ham gîn-hô ê kī-lî iok-liōng 106 kng-nî.

Sui-bóng àm-o͘ bu̍t-chit chiàm gîn-hô ê chit-liōng chha-put-to 90%, m̄-koh lán tùi in ê sèng-chit iáu bô siáⁿ liáu-kái, hoān-sè chin chē gîn-hô ê tiong-sim lóng ū chhiau-kip o͘-khang (supermassive black hole) tī--leh.

*
Kong-liân

**Kong-liân** (光年) sī kng tī chin-khong ê khoân-kéng, chaú chi̍t nî ê hn̄g. Kng-nî sī tn̂g-tō͘ ê tan-ūi, m̄ sī sî-kan ê tan-ūi. 1 kng-nî tāi-io̍k 9,460,528,404,879 km.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tn̂g-tō͘ ê tan-ūi
Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ

**Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ** (tn̂g-bóe-chheⁿ, pháiⁿ-chhiⁿ; comet) sī leh se̍h hêng-chheⁿ ê 1-chióng chhiⁿ-thé, i nā khah oá chhiⁿ ê sî, chhiⁿ ê hok-siā ē éng-hióng tio̍h tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ-hu̍t (comet nucleus), chō-chiâⁿ tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ-mo͘ (coma) ham boé-liu. Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ-hu̍t pún-sin sī chio̍h-thaû, peng, eng-ia cho͘-sêng ê sè lia̍p he̍k-chhiⁿ. Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ nā khah óa tōa lia̍p ê chheⁿ-thé, i ê kúi-tō ē siū kan-jiáu lâi piàn-hòa, sīm-chì ē chaú ji̍p-khì chhiⁿ--nih choăⁿ o͘-iú--khì, iah sī éng-kiú chaú lī-khui, bē koh tńg-thâu. Tn̂g-bóe-chhiⁿ iū-koh hō chò **sàu-chhiú-chhiⁿ** (sàu-chhiú--chheⁿ), **hūi-chhiⁿ** (hūi-chheⁿ), téng-téng.

## Tô͘-phìⁿ


File:Comet_C2020F3_NEOWISE_over_California_desert_landscape.png|Tn̂g-bóe-chheⁿ C/2020 F3 NEOWISE
File:Comet P1 McNaught02 - 23-01-07-edited.jpg|Tn̂g-bóe-chheⁿ C/2006 P1 (McNaught) taken from Victoria, Australia 2007
File:Great Comet of 1882.jpg|The Great Comet of 1882 is a member of the Kreutz group
File:Great Comet 1861.jpg|Great Comet 1861
File:X-rays from Hyakutake.jpg|Comet Hyakutake (X-ray, ROSAT satellite)
File:Asteroid P2013 P5 v2.jpg|"Active asteroid" 311P/PANSTARRS with several tails
File:NASA-14090-Comet-C2013A1-SidingSpring-Hubble-20140311.jpg|Tn̂g-bóe-chheⁿ Siding Spring (Hubble; 11 March 2014)
File:Comets WISE.jpg|Mosaic of 20 comets discovered by the WISE space telescope
File:PIA22419-Neowise-1stFourYearsDataFromDec2013-20180420.gif|NEOWISE – first four years of data starting in December 2013
File:Lovejoy-hi1a srem dec12 14.gif|C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) heads towards the Sun
File:ITS Impact.gif|View from the impactor in its last moments before hitting Comet Tempel 1 during the *Deep Impact* mission


;Iáⁿ-phìⁿ

File:NASA Developing Comet Harpoon for Sample Return.ogv|NASA is developing a comet harpoon for returning samples to Earth
File:Encke tail rip off.ogg|Comet Encke loses its tail


## Chham-khó bûn-hèn

* 

## Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k

* 
* 

## Chham-oa̍t
*C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* 
* Comets at NASA's Solar System Exploration
* International Comet Quarterly by Harvard University
* Catalogue of the Solar System Small Bodies Orbital Evolution
* Science Demos: Make a Comet by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
* Comets: from myths to reality, exhibition on Paris Observatory digital library
Hêng-chheⁿ

:*[[He̍k-chheⁿ]] ê Tiong-kok-sek hō-miâ kap pún tê-bo̍k kâng im.*

**Hêng-chheⁿ** (eng. *star*; ji̍t. 恒星) ia̍h **hêng-chhiⁿ**, **kèng-chheⁿ**, it-poaⁿ kán-tan kóng **chheⁿ** ia̍h **chhiⁿ**, sī 1 chióng ēng hu̍t-chú iông-ha̍p lâi sán-seng lêng-liōng, chit-liōng chin tōa, tiān-chiuⁿ cho͘-sêng ê chhiⁿ-thé. Lī Tē-kiû siāng kīn ê chheⁿ tō sī Ji̍t-thaû. He̍k-chheⁿ ê kng lóng sī hoán-siā chheⁿ hoat--chhut-lâi ê kng. Chheⁿ pún-sin ē thaù-kòe o͘-thé (black body) hok-siā ê chok-iōng lâi hoat-kng. 

Choan-bûn iōng-gí hō in hêng-chhiⁿ, chiàu-jī ê ì-sù sī piáu-sī chit khoán chhiⁿ éng-kiú bē piàn-tōng, chóng--sī lán chit-má chai-iáⁿ ē ū sin ê chhiⁿ lâi sán-seng, chhiⁿ sio kàu bóe-á mā ē bia̍t-bông. 

## Chham-chiàu
O͘-khang

**O͘-khang** (; ) sī ú-tiū ê 1 chióng bu̍t-thé, i ê chit-liōng chin chi̍p-tiong, tāng-la̍t chin kiông, liān kng to soan bē chaú. It-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn ī-chhek ú-tiū ē ū o͘-khang, mi̍h-kiāⁿ jú oá o͘-khang, beh soan-chaú ê lêng-liōng tō jú toā, nā oá kah sū-kiāⁿ kài-soàⁿ (event horizon), tō su-iàu bû-hān ê lêng-liōng, ì-sù tō sī éng-oán chaú bē lī. Tī sū-kiāⁿ kài-soàⁿ lāi-té-bīn, sî-khong ê kiat-kò͘ oan-khiau, ta̍k hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ lóng lak tùi o͘-khang tiong-sim ê kî-ī-tiám (singularity)--khì.

## Chham-oa̍t
*Chham-khó *worm hole*.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k bī kái-koat ê būn-tê
Thian-bûn-ha̍k

**Thian-bûn-ha̍k** (天文學; *astronomy*) sī leh gián-kiù Tē-kiû ê tāi-khì-chân goā-khaú-bīn ê chheⁿ-thé ham hiān-siōng (phenomena) ê kho-ha̍k, chhiūⁿ chheⁿ, he̍k-chheⁿ, tn̂g-boé-chheⁿ, gîn-hô, iah sī ke̍k-kng (aurora), ú-tiū bî-pho poē-kéng hok-siā (cosmic microwave background radiation), téng-téng. Gián-kiù ê tiōng-tiám khah chùn-būn chheⁿ-thé ê ián-hoà, bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, hoà-ha̍k, ham ūn-tōng (motion), kap ú-tiū chái-iūⁿ cho͘-sêng, hoat-tián ê ú-tiū-lūn. Koan-chhek thian-bûn-ha̍k (observational astronomy) mā ē-tit ēng lâi kiám-giām bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê ki-pún lí-lūn, pí-lūn kóng it-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn. Koan-chhek--tio̍h ê thian-bûn hiān-siōng ē-tit ēng lí-lūn thian-thé bu̍t-lí-ha̍k (astrophysics) lâi kái-soeh.
Hô-khe

**Hô-khe** (-khoe), mā ū **[[Gîn-hô]]**, **Gîn-khe**, **Thian-hô**, **Gîn-hô-hē** ia̍h **Pún Gîn-hô-hē** téng hō hoat, sī 1 ê kùn-á-hêng kńg-lê gîn-hô (barred spiral galaxy), tiàm tī pún-gîn-hô-kûn (*Local Group*) lāi-té. Thài-iông-hē tō tī hô-khe lāi-bīn.

Hô-khe lóng-chóng ū 2 * 10¹¹ ~ 4 * 10¹¹ lia̍p chheⁿ; tiong-ng îⁿ-poâⁿ ê ti̍t-kèng 80,000 ~ 100,000 kng-nî. Ji̍t-thaû lī hô-khe tiong-sim 26,000 ~ 35,000 kng-nî hn̄g.

## Kò͘-chō
### Kńg-lê-pì
* Carina–Sagittarius Pì 
* Norma–Cygnus Pì 
* Orion–Cygnus Pì 
* Perseus Pì
* Scutum–Centaurus Pì

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Gîn-hô
Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-khe
Siān-thâng

**Siān-thâng-á** sī sio̍k tī **[[Gekkonidae]]**-kho ê sió-tiong-hêng sì-kha-choâ, kiàn-nā sī khì-hāu siō-lo̍h ê só͘-chāi to ū-tè-chhoē.  Siān-thâng ê kiò-siaⁿ ū te̍k-sû:  in "sio-chioh-mn̄g" ê sî-chūn ē hoat-chhut ? ê siaⁿ-im.  Chē-chē chióng chéng ū te̍k-sû ê kha-cháiⁿ-thâu-á hō͘ in ē-tit peh chiūⁿ ku̍t-liu ê piáu-bīn, mā ū hoat-tō͘ tah tiàm thian-pông pê.  Chit-khoán kang-hu tì-tio̍h kho-ha̍k-ka tùi in ū chhù-bī.

Siān-thâng khah chē seⁿ chò thô͘-sek ia̍h àm-phú-sek, hêng-khu lio̍h-á sêng chhiū-leng, phoê bīn-téng ū iù hoe.  Pō͘-hūn ê chéng ū piàn-sek ê châi-tiāu.  Mā ū koá ū iáⁿ-ba̍k ê sek-chúi.

Gekkonidae-kho ē-kha pun 5 ê a-kho.  Ū chi̍t-koá chéng koàn-sì tī chhù--ni̍h khiā-khí.  Tong-tē ê lâng it-poaⁿ kā in tòng-chò chhù ê 1 pō͘-hūn, bē khì kā koáⁿ.

## Hun-lūi
Kho: **Gekkonidae**
*A-kho: Aeluroscalabotinae
** Sio̍k: *[[Aeluroscalabotes]]*, (tan-hêng lūi) (chéng: *A. felinus*)
*A-kho: Diplodactylinae
** Sio̍k: *[[Bavayia]]* (11 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Carphodactylus]]* (tan-hêng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Crenadactylus]]* (tan-hêng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Diplodactylus]]* (40 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Eurydactylodes]]* (4 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Hoplodactylus]]* (10 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Lucasium]]* (tan-hêng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Naultinus]]* (8 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Nephrurus]]* (11 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Oedura]]* (16 chéng)
** Sio̍k: *[[Phyllurus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Pseudothecadactylus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Rhacodactylus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Rhynchoedura]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Saltuarius]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Strophurus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Underwoodisaurus]]*
*A-kho: Eublepharinae
** Sio̍k: *[[Coleonyx]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Eublepharis]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Goniurosaurus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Hemitheconyx]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Holodactylus]]*
*A-kho: Gekkoninae, ū 74 sio̍k, í-hā sī khah toā ê kúi sio̍k:
** Sio̍k: *[[Cyrtodactylus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Gehyra]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Gekko]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Hemidactylus]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Phelsuma]]*
** Sio̍k: *[[Phyllodactylus]]*
** ...
*A-kho: Teratoscincinae
** Sio̍k: *[[Teratoscincus]]* (45 chéng)
Îⁿ-hêng

Tī Eukleides kí-hô, **îⁿ-hêng** (; ) sī lī 1-ê tiám (îⁿ-sim) pêⁿ-pêⁿ hn̄g (poàⁿ-kèng) só͘-ū ê tiám. Îⁿ kā pêⁿ-bīn chhiat chò îⁿ lāi-té kap îⁿ goā-khaú 2 pō͘-hūn, îⁿ ê bīn-chek tō sī pí îⁿ lāi-té ê bīn-chek, toā-sè sī îⁿ-kèng-lu̍t π sêng poàⁿ-kèng r ê pêng-hong, khiā *π* *r*²; ti̍t-kèng sī thong-koè îⁿ-sim, 2 ê toan-tiám lóng tī îⁿ téng-koân ê soàⁿ-koe̍h, tn̂g-tō͘ sī poàⁿ-kèng ê 2 poē; îⁿ-chiu sī îⁿ ê tn̂g-tō͘, tō sī ti̍t-kèng d sêng îⁿ-kèng-lu̍t π, khiā *π* *d*, ia̍h 2 *π* *r*.

I
I
Sin-niû-saⁿ

**Sin-niû-saⁿ** ia̍h **sin-niû-chong** sī kiat-liân-lí pān kiat-hun tián-lé ê sî-chūn, sin-niû-á chhēng ê saⁿ.

Se-iûⁿ-sek ê pe̍h sin-niû-saⁿ hō chò phè-á-chong.
Phè-á-chong

**Phè-á-chong** sī se-iûⁿ-sek ê pe̍h sin-niû-á-saⁿ.  Phè-á-chong tī 19 sè-kí Victoria Cha-bó͘-ông sî-tāi khai-sí sî-kiâⁿ kàu taⁿ.  Pe̍h-sek āu--lâi siōng-teng sûn-kiat ê sim, gín-á-lâng ê thian-chin, he̍k-chiá-sī chāi-sek-lú ê sin-hūn.

Phè-á-chong chit sû tāi-khài tī Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún Sî-tāi chō--ê.  Phè-á/phè-á-kin sī éng-chá 1 khoán cha-bó͘-lâng ê thâu-kin.  In-ūi se-iûⁿ ê sin-niû thâu-khak tà pe̍h se-kin, kui su tō hō chò "phè-á-chong".

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*【婚紗】、【婚紗照】台語按怎講卡好？ 
*Eng-gí Wikipedia:  White wedding
Pû-á

**Pû-á**/**Hô͘-lô͘** (ha̍k-miâ: *Lagenaria siceraria*) sī chi̍t-chióng koa-kho (*Cucurbitaceae*) ē soan-tîn ê si̍t-bu̍t, i ê kóe-chí thang chó chhài-se.

Pû-á ê kó-chí chú-iàu ū tn̂g-hêng, píⁿ-hêng, îⁿ-hêng kap hô͘-lô͘-hêng 4 chióng. Hô͘-lô͘-hêng ê pû-á lâng lóng ti̍t-chiap kiò i **hô͘-lô͘** iah-sī **hô͘-lô͘-pû**.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Hô͘-lô͘-tiám
Sì-kak-hêng

Tī kí-hô-ha̍k, **sì-kak-hêng** (quadrilateral) sī ū 4 ê piⁿ ham 4 ê toan-tiám (vertex) ê to-kak-hêng (polygon). Sì-kak-hêng mā hō chò **sì-piⁿ-hêng**. Sì-kak-hêng ta̍k ê toan-tiám ū 1 ê kak, 4 ê toan-tiám tō ū 4 ê kak.
Saⁿ-kak-hêng

**Saⁿ-kak-hêng** sī kí-hô-ha̍k ê 1 chióng ki-pún tô͘-hêng, ū 3 ê téng-tiám ham 3 ê piⁿ, ta̍k ê piⁿ sī 1 tiâu ti̍t-soàⁿ ê soàⁿ-koe̍h. Ta̍k ê toan-tiám ū 1 ê kak, 3 ê toan-tiám tō ū 3 ê kak.

## Hun-lūi

## Gó· ê sim
Saⁿ-kak-hêng ū **lōe-sim, gōa-sim, sûi-sim, tiōng-sim, pông-sim** 5 ê sim, ha̍p-chheng ngó·-sim.
Bû-hān

**Bû-hān** (infinity) sī piáu-sī bô chīn-pōng ê khài-liām, sîn-ha̍k, tiat-ha̍k, sò͘-ha̍k ham seng-oa̍h--nih lóng ū leh ēnĝ, m̄-koh ta̍k ê léng-he̍k ê tēng-gī bô chiâu siâng. Bû-hān mā hō chò **bû-kiông**.

Tī sò͘-ha̍k, bû-hān (∞) sī chin chē gián-kiù leh thàm-thó ê būn-tê, pí-lūn kóng ke̍k-hān (limit), aleph sò͘ (aleph number), chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn ê class? (chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn), Dedekind bû-hān chi̍p-ha̍p (Dedekind-infinite set), ? (large cardinal), Russel poē-lūn (Russell's paradox), chhiau-si̍t-sò͘ (hyperreal number), tâu-iáⁿ kí-hô-ha̍k (projective geometry), ? si̍t-sò͘ (extended real number), ham choa̍t-tùi bû-hān (absolute Infinite), téng-téng.
Bî-chek-hun

Ùi tāī-sò͘ ham kí-hô-ha̍k hoat-tián--lâi ê **bî-chek-hun** (微積分; calculus) sī sò͘-ha̍k chin tiōng-iàu ê 1 ê hun-ki. Bî-chek-hun ēng ke̍k-hān chò ki-chân, hoat-tián 2 chióng hō͘-pó͘ ê koan-liām. 1 chióng sī **[[bî-hun]]** (微分, derivative), ēng lâi chhú-lí sò͘-liōng ê piàn-hoà-lu̍t, pí-lūn kóng hâm-sek ê chhiâ-lu̍t (斜率, slope). Tē 2 chióng si **[[chek-hun]]** (積分, integral), ēng lâi chhú-lí sò͘-liōng ê lia̍p-chek, pí-lūn kóng 1 tiâu oan-soàⁿ ē-kha ê bīn-chek, kiâⁿ ê kī-lî, thé-chek téng-téng. Kin-kì bî-chek-hun ki-pún tēng-lí (-基本定理), bî-hun ham chek-hun sī tian-tò-pái ê kè-sǹg.

## Chham-khó
*Liân-só lu̍t
Hô-bé

**Hô-bé** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: ‘ιπποπόταμος, lô-má-jī: *hippopotamos*, *hippos* sī "bé", *potamos* sī "hô"), ha̍k-miâ ***Hippopotamus amphibius***, nā kap pat chéng khu-hun mā ē-tàng kiò **phó͘-thong hô-bé** (Eng-gí: *common hippo*), sī Hui-chiu ê 1 chióng chia̍h-chháu ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, kho-ha̍k-kài kā i pun khì Hippopotamidae kho lāi-té.  Chit ê kho bo̍k-chêng kan-taⁿ chhun 2 ê chéng, lēng-goā hit ê sī É Hô-bé.

## A-chéng
Pún chéng ê hô-bé, ē-tàng hun 5-ê a-chéng, chóng-sī chia-ê a-chéng m̄-sī chin siū tio̍h tong-tāi gián-kiù khak-jīn--ê:

* *H. a. amphibius*
* *H. a. tschadensis*
* *H. a. kiboko*
* *H. a. constrictus*
* *H. a. capensis*

## Si̍t-sèng
Hô-bé it-poaⁿ chia̍h-chháu, chóng-sī ia̍h ū hàn--tit chhut-hiān ê chia̍h ba̍h kì-lio̍k.

## Chham-khó bo̍k-lio̍k
* 

## Chù-kha
Chhài-koe

**Chhài-koe** sī jia̍t-tāi/a-jia̍t-tāi ê chi̍t-nî-seⁿ soan-tîn si̍t-bu̍t, sio̍k-tī ***Luffa*** sio̍k.  Tī A-chiu kap Hui-chiu, pō͘-hūn ê chéng hō͘ lâng chèng lâi chia̍h i ê koé-chí.  Siuⁿ se̍k bē chia̍h tit ê, ē-tàng pha̍k-ta chò chhài-koe-pò͘.
Saⁿ-kak-hoat

**Saⁿ-kak-hoat** (trigonometry) sī sò͘-ha̍k ê 1 ki hun-ki, choan-tô͘ leh chhú-lí kak-tō͘ (angle), saⁿ-kak-hêng kap **[[saⁿ-kak hâm-sò͘]]** (trigonometric function), chhiūⁿ kóng **[[sin]]**, **[[cos]]** ham **[[tan]]**. Saⁿ-kak-hoat ham kí-hô-ha̍k ū tī-tāi, chóng--sī in tiong-ng ū siáⁿ koan-liân, iáu bô kiōng-sek; ū koá lâng ti̍t-chiap kā saⁿ-kak-hoat tòng-chò kí-hô-ha̍k ê 1 pō͘-hūn.
Leonardo da Vinci

**Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci** () , Í-tāi-lī Bûn-gē Ho̍k-heng sî-tāi ê gâu-lâng. I sī kí-hô-ha̍k-ka, kiàn-tio̍k-su, kang-têng-su, hoat-bêng-ka, kái-phó͘-su, tiau-khek-ka, oē-ka kiam im-ga̍k-ka. Tāi-chiòng bûn-hoà kā i tòng-chò "Ho̍k-heng Gâu-lâng" ê goân-sú tāi-piáu, sī 1 ê bû-só͘-put-lêng, chhòng-chok-la̍t bû-hān ê thian-châi. I ē-sái kóng sī se-hng sè-kài siōng kài chhut-miâ ê 1 ê oē-ka.

Lūi-pia̍t:Í-tāi-lī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng jîn-bu̍t
Thó͘-tī-kong-koái

**Thó͘-tī-kong-koái** he̍k kiò-chò **chúi-chio-hoe** (Hàn-jī: 土地公拐, 水蕉花; Hôa-gí: 閉鞘薑, 絹毛鳶尾; Eng-gí: crepe ginger, wild ginger; ha̍k-miâ: *Costus speciosus* ) sī to-nî-seng chháu-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Tī Tâi-oân hun-pò· tī tiong-pō·, lâm-pō· ê pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu; seng-tióng tī chhia-lō·-piⁿ he̍k chhiu-nâ-kîⁿ. Kui-kang ū-ji̍t he̍k pòaⁿ-kang ū-ji̍t sī i kah-ì ê seng-tióng khoân-kéng. Hoe-kî ùi la̍k-go̍eh kàu cha̍p-jī-go̍eh.

## Hêng-thāi

Ū kho·-pé-khoán ê tē-hā cháu-keng, lāu-hòe-á-ki tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē hun-chhe-khui-ki.

Hio̍h-á hō·-seng, tiāⁿ iân keng pâi-lia̍t chò kńg-lê-hêng ê se̍h-lê-thui ê khoán-iūⁿ; hio̍h-á pho̍ah-chiam-hêng, kha-chiah-phiaⁿ hit-pêng moa jiông-á-mo·.

Hoe pe̍h-sek, ū-sî-á chhián-chhián ê hún-âng-sek; hoe-koan lio̍h-lio̍h-á oai-khi ê lêng-liang-khoán, ti̍t-kèng ē-sái tōa-kàu 60 mm; sūi-chōng hoa-sū ba̍t-chi̍p téng-seng.

Kóe-chí sī sok-kó (蒴果), lio̍h-lio̍h-á chiâⁿ kiû-hêng, ū 3 chōa lêng-sòaⁿ, go̍k-phìⁿ siù-chûn (萼片宿存); kóe-chí ta-tiú pìⁿ âng-sek. 

Chéng-chí sī o·-sek--ê.
Phang-siū-eng

**Phang-o-chu** he̍k kiò-chò **phang-siū-eng** (Hàn-jī: 蜂窩疽, 蜂岫癰; Hôa-gí: 蜂窩性組織炎; Eng-gí: cellulitis) sī phôe-hā cho·-chit ê kám-jiám. Tī hián-bî-kiàⁿ ē-té, phôe-hā cho·-chit ê pâi-lia̍t khòaⁿ--khí-lâi ná-chhin-chhiūⁿ phang-siū, só·-í kā kiò-chò phang-o-chu he̍k phang-siū-eng.

Phang-siū-eng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hoat-seng tī phôe-hu ū khang-chhùi ê sî, sè-khún keng-kòe khang-chhùi chhim-ji̍p chin-phôe-chân kap phôe-hā cho·-chit, sek-hòng to̍k-sò·, tiàm cho·-chit khang-phāng lāi chu-seng, ín-khí cho·-chit hoat-iām, siāng-bêng-hián ê chèng-chōng sī kio̍k-pō· phôe-hu ê hoat-âng, chéng-tiùⁿ, sio-jia̍t, kap thàng-thiàⁿ. Só·-kóng ê hoat-âng sī khang-chhùi kap hū-kīn piáu-bīn pìⁿ-chiâⁿ pí chèng-siông phôe-hu khah-âng; chéng-tiùⁿ sī kóng siū-siong ê só·-chaī lio̍h-lio̍h-á koân--khí-lâi; sio-jia̍t sī kóng bong-khí-lâi pí kî-thaⁿ khu-he̍k khah sio-lō; thàng-thiàⁿ sī kóng kha̍p--tio̍h ē thiàⁿ. 

Nā-bô liâm-piⁿ tī-lâu, kám-jiám ē chhim-ji̍p ki-bah kin-mo̍h, tì-sú hāi-sú-sèng kin-mo̍h-iām (壞死性筋膜炎). Khai-hòng-sèng gōa-siong, hiang-káng-kha, bán-chhùi-khí, thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ, thiàⁿ-hong, koaⁿ-ngē-hòa, kap bián-e̍k-la̍t khah-bái ê hoān-chiá khah-gâu hoat-seng chit-khoán chèng-thâu. Lēng-gōa, lāu-hòe-á, êng-ióng-put-liông, tōa-kho·-pé, kap kio̍k-pō· hiat-sioh sûn-khoân bái ê hoān-chiá mā-sī chit-khóan chèng-thâu ê ko-hong-hiám cho̍k-kûn.
Lêng-chûn-hoe

**Lêng-chûn-hoe** (Hàn-jī: 龍船花; ha̍k-miâ: *Clerodendrum kaempferi*) sī to-nî-seng sió-koàn-bo̍k. Kah-ì tiàm pòaⁿ-kang ū-ji̍t he̍k kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng seng-o̍ah. Tī Tâi-oân, hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-po̍at soaⁿ-khu, tiong-pō· kap lâm-pō· khah-chia̍p khòaiⁿ, chhiū-nâ-kîⁿ, chhiū-nâ lāi-té, he̍k soaⁿ-lō· piⁿ--á tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ khòaⁿ-ē-tio̍h i-ê iáⁿ-chiah. Kui-nî-thàu-tang lóng-ū kui-hoe.

## Hêng-thāi

Keng ū 4 chōa lêng-chiah.

Hio̍h-á tùi-seng; gōa-hêng sī khah-khoah ê ke-nn̄g-hêng, he̍k beh-chhin-chhiūⁿ sim-hêng; pian-iân sī choân-iân (liân-sòa bô hun-lia̍t), ū-sî sī lio̍h-lio̍h-á chhin-chhiūⁿ saⁿ-kak-hêng he̍k gō·-kak-hêng ê chhián-lia̍t (chhián-chhián ê hun-lia̍t). 

Hoe-koan tháng-á-hêng, gō· ê hun-lia̍t; hoe âng-sek he̍k kam-á-âng-sek, ū-sî-chūn pe̍h-sek, hoe-si (hiông-lúi) tn̂g-tn̂g chiâⁿ chhéⁿ-ba̍k; hoe ê ti̍t-kèng ū-kàu 21 mm--ê; îⁿ-chui-hoa-sū téng-seng (圓錐花序頂生). 

Kóe-chí sī he̍k-kó, lio̍h-lio̍h-á ū-sêng kiû-hêng; kàu-se̍k-chúi pìⁿ-chiâⁿ nâ-o·-sek; âng-sek go̍k-phìⁿ siù-chûn.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Flora of Taiwan Checklist
Thóng-kè-ha̍k

**Thóng-kè-ha̍k** (Hàn-jī: 統計學; Eng-bûn: Statistics) sī 1 chióng sò͘-ha̍k ke-si, ēng lâi siu-chi̍p, hun-sek, kái-soeh, hām têng-hiān chu-liāu; kin-kì hun-sek ê kiat-kó, ē-tàng chò khah ha̍p-lí ê kiat-lūn hām koat-chhek. Thóng-kè-ha̍k ē-tàng ēng tī chin chē só͘-chāi, khó-pí kóng bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, siā-hoē kho-ha̍k, jîn-lūi-ha̍k, siong-gia̍p, chèng-hú, kang-gia̍p, i-io̍h, kaù-io̍k téng-téng.
Pe̍h-chhài

**Pe̍h-chhài** ū kó-lêng sī:

*Pau-sim pe̍h-chhài (pau-sim-pe̍h, *[[Brassica rapa]]* Pekinensis group)
**[[Brassica rapa]]* Chinensis group
*Kńg-sim pe̍h-chhài (kńg-sim-pe̍h):  =pau-sim-pe̍h-á??

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
**[[Brassica oleracea]]*
Natrium

**Natrium** ( ""), hoà-ha̍k hû-hō **Na**, mā thang hō chò **sodium** ia̍h-sī **chô-ta̍t** (曹達 *soda*), sī 1 ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘.

## Hō-miâ
Ha̍k-chiá Berzelius leh chéng-lí goân-sò͘ hō-miâ ê sî-chūn, kah-ì Tek-kok-sek ê hō-miâ *Natrium*; m̄-koh tī Eng-gí kap Hoat-gí-kài ê piau-chún lāi-bīn, in pó-chhî hō *Sodium*. Chit-ê *Sodium* sī tùi *Sodanum* hō--lâi, ì-sū sī "tī thâu-thiàⁿ--ê" (*headache remedy*).

## Chham-khó

## Siong-koan
* Goân-sò͘ ê pió

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
Kalium

**Kalium**, mā ū hō **Ka-lí** (加里) ia̍h-sī **Phok-tah-só͘-bú** (剥荅叟母), sī 1 ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. I ê goân-chú-hoan sī 19, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō sī K.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn

**Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn** (set theory) sī leh gián-kiù chi̍p-ha̍p ê sò͘-ha̍k lí-lūn, ah chi̍p-ha̍p sī kā chi̍t-koá thiu-siōng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ (object) khǹg taù-tīn ê 1 ê khài-liām. Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn pau-hâm sió-ha̍k tō ū siāu-kài ê chit-koá koan-liām, chhiūⁿ chi̍t-koá mi̍h-kiāⁿ chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê chi̍p-ha̍p, chi̍p-ha̍p ê goân-sò͘, chi̍p-ha̍p ê sêng-oân (membership). Chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn, lô-chek, ham it-kai lô-chek (First-order logic) sī hiān-tāi sò͘-ha̍k ê ki-chân (foundations of mathematics), sò͘-ha̍k ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ ē-tit ēng bô tēng-gī ê "chi̍p-ha̍p" ham "chi̍p-ha̍p sêng-oân" lâi khí-chō.
Brassica oleracea

***Brassica oleracea***, chū-pún tī Au-chiu lâm-pō͘/se-pō͘ hái-hoāⁿ seⁿ-thoàⁿ ê nn̄g-nî-seⁿ (biennial) si̍t-bu̍t.  In-ūi m̄-kiaⁿ iâm-hūn iah-sī chio̍h-hoe, koh han-bān kap pa̍t-chióng si̍t-bu̍t kēng-cheng, i ê thian-jiân tē-poâⁿ it-poaⁿ hān-chè tī chio̍h-hoe-chio̍h ê hái-piⁿ-á khàm ê só͘-chāi.  I ê chē-chē chai-pôe phín-chéng (cultivar) ū thong sè-kài ê keng-chè kè-ta̍t.

Iá-seng ê *B. olearacea* seⁿ chò lò-lò.  Thâu 1 nî hoat tōa hio̍h, hio̍h-á phēng pa̍t-chióng *Brassica* chéng khah kāu; che hō͘ i ū châi-tiāu tī bái-bái ê khoân-kéng khêng chúi-hun kap ióng-hūn.  Tē 2 nî, hit-kóa khêng piān ê ióng-hūn tō iōng-lâi seⁿ 1–2 kong-chhioh koân ê hoe-ki, bīn-téng kat chē-chē n̂g hoe-lúi.

## Chai-poê phín-chéng
Phín-chéng chin chē, siōng phó͘-phiàn--ê ū ē-kha chit kúi chióng:

*Ko-lê-chhài (Capitata Group):  Se-iûⁿ pe̍h-chhài (Eng-gí: cabbage)
*Keh-nâ-chhài (keh-nê-á, kài-nâ; Alboglabra Group):  (Eng-gí: Chinese kale/Chinese broccoli)
*Hoe-chhài (Botrytis Group):   (Eng-gí: cauliflower)
*Chheⁿ-hoe-chhài (Italica Group):   (Eng-gí: broccoli)
*Chhài-khok/toā-thâu-chhài (Gongylodes Group):   (Eng-gí: kohlrabi)

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Pe̍h-chhài
Khā-lú-siúm

**Khā-lú-siúm** () sī 1 ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan sī 20, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō sī Ca. I ê Eng-bûn sī **Calcium**, chia sû ùi Latin-gí *calcis* ("chio̍h-hoe") lâi.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
2006 nî 6 goe̍h

## 6 goe̍h 4 ji̍t
* 6 goe̍h 4 ji̍t: San Marino chóng soán-kí. 

## 6 goe̍h 17 ji̍t
* 6 goe̍h 17 ji̍t: Slovakia gī-hōe soán-kí.
2006 nî 7 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

## 7 goe̍h 23
Í-sek-lia̍t khong-kun kè-sio̍k hong-chà Lī-pa-lùn.  Lī-pa-lùn ê Hizb Allah mā tùi Í-sek-lia̍t pak-pō͘ tàn hui-toâⁿ.  Chū 7 goe̍h 12 khai-sí kau-chiàn kàu taⁿ, siōng chió ū 350 ê Lī-pa-lùn-lâng, 36 ê Í-sek-lia̍t-lâng sí-bông. (BBC)

## 7 goe̍h 17

Ìn-nî goā-hái koh hoat-seng 7.7-kip ê tē-tāng, hái-tiòng tī Java-tó lâm-hoāⁿ khí-soaⁿ, ū 54,000-lâng hông chhian-soá, 200-ê lâng sit-chong, chhiau-koè 525-ê lâng sí-bông. Chit-pái ê hái-tiòng mā hō· lâng khai-sí giâu-gî: sī án-choáⁿ 2004 nî tang-lâm-a toā-hái-tiòng liáu-aū, kéng-kò hē-thóng iáu bô kiàn-li̍p hó-sè, sán-seng lō·-iōng? CNN
Allium

**Allium**

## Chéng
Chéng chin chē, ē-kha chit kúi chióng te̍k-pia̍t ū keng-chè kè-ta̍t:

* Âng-chhang-thâu
* Chhang-á (*A. fistulosum*, Eng-gí: Welsh onion)
* Chhang-thâu (*A. cepa*, Eng-gí: onion)
* Kú-chhài (*A. ramosum*/*A. tuberosum*, Eng-gí: garlic chives)
* Soàn-thâu (*A. sativum*, Eng-gí: garlic)
* ? (*A. schoenoprasum*, Eng-gí: chives)

## Tô͘

Image:Negibozu 06x1963sv.jpg|Chhang-á
Image:Allium cepa2.jpg|Ai-ki̍p chhang-thâu


Image:Allium sativum plant.jpg|Soàn-thâu
Image:Garlic chives.jpg|Kú-chhài
Kûn-lūn

Tī sò͘-ha̍k, **kûn-lūn** (group theory) sī thiu-siōng tāi-sò͘ ê 1 ki hun-ki, choan-tô͘ leh gián-kiù kûn (group). Sò͘-ha̍k tiāⁿ ē ēng kûn lâi piáu-sī 1 ê kiat-kò͘ lāi-té ê tùi-thīn, hō chò chū-tông-kò͘ (automorphism). 1 ê kiat-kò͘ lāi-té ê tùi-thīn tiāⁿ ēng put-piàn-liōng (invariant) lâi piáu-sī; ē-tit pó-chhî put-piàn-liōng ê kè-sǹg ham in ê cho͘-ha̍p ē-tàng chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê tùi-thīn-kûn (symmetry group). Hoān-nā kap tùi-thīn ū tī-tāi ê só͘-chāi, tiāⁿ khoàⁿ ē tio̍h kûn-lūn ê hûn-iáⁿ, pí-lūn kóng bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ham hoà-ha̍k chin chē só͘-chāi tō ū ēng tio̍h kûn-lūn.
Kiuⁿ-n̂g

**Kiuⁿ-n̂g** (ha̍k-miâ: *Curcuma longa*), mā hō chò **ut-kim** (鬱金), sī kiuⁿ-kho (Zingiberaceae) ê 1 chióng si̍t-bu̍t, ū chò phang-liāu ê lō͘-iōng, chhiâng-chāi iōng tī ka-lí kap kî-thaⁿ ê Lâm-a liāu-lí, mā ū iōng lâi kā si̍t-phín ní chò n̂g-sek.

Chú-iàu sêng-hūn sī curcumin, bo̍k-chêng kho-ha̍k-kài ū teh tiau-cha i-liâu-siōng ê lō͘-iōng.
Toā-moâ

**Toā-moâ** sī *Cannabis*-sio̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t.

Toā-moâ ê ēng-hoat chin chē, ē-tàng ēng lâi khí-chhù, mā ē-sái chò iû, soh-á, pò͘, chia̍h-mi̍h, tê, io̍h-á.
Sò͘-ha̍k-tek ê su-lí

**Sò͘-ha̍k-tek ê su-lí** (mathematical logic) sī sò͘-ha̍k ê 1 ki hun-ki, choan-tô͘ leh gián-kiù kap hêng-sek hē-thóng (formal system) ū tī-tāi ê koan-liām, khoàⁿ chit-koá ti̍t-kak ê khài-liām, khó-pí kóng chi̍p-ha̍p, sò͘-ba̍k, chèng-bêng, kè-sǹg (computation) téng-téng, beh chái-iūⁿ lâi piáu-ta̍t. Khah chia̍p ēng--tio̍h ê lí-lūn ū bô͘-hêng-lūn (model theory), chèng-bêng-lūn (proof theory), chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn ham tē-hoê-lūn (recursion theory).  Sò͘-ha̍k-te̍k ê lô-chek tùi gián-kiù sò͘-ha̍k ê ki-chân (foundations of mathematics) chin tiōng-iàu.
Bî-hun

Tī sò͘-ha̍k, **bî-hun** sī 1 ê hâm-sò͘ *chek-sî ê piàn-hoà-lu̍t*. Bî-hun ham chek-hun sī bî-chek-hun 2 ê tiong-sim khài-liām, in 2 ê thaù-koè bî-chek-hun ki-pún tēng-lí koan-liân chò-hoé.
Chèng-bêng

Tī sò͘-ha̍k, **chèng-bêng** sī kóng 1 chióng soeh-bêng ê koè-têng, chit ê koè-têng seng ká-siat ū koá kong-siat sī chiaⁿ-si̍t--ê, chiah koh 1 pō͘ 1 pō͘ soeh-bêng bó͘-mih tîn-su̍t tiāⁿ-tio̍h mā sī chiaⁿ-si̍t--ê .
Chek-hun

Tī bî-chek-hun, 1 ê hâm-sò͘ ê **chek-hun** (integral) tō sī 1 chióng khah it-poaⁿ-te̍k ê kè-sǹg chóng-ha̍p ê hong-hoat, tiāⁿ ēng tiàm kè-sǹg chit-koá bu̍t-lí sèng-chit, pí-lūn kóng bīn-chek, chit-liōng, thé-chek, téng-téng. Chek-hun ê tēng-gī ū kúi-nā khoán, m̄-koh ta̍k khoán ê pún-chit lóng sio-siâng.
Koizumi Zyun'itirô

**Koizumi Zyun'itirô** (, ), sī Ji̍t-pún tùi 2001 nî 4 goe̍h kàu 2006 nî 9 goe̍h ê siú-siòng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê Lōe-koh Chóng-lí Tāi-sîn
Sò͘-ha̍k kui-la̍p-hoat

**Sò͘-ha̍k kui-la̍p-hoat** (mathematical induction) sī 1 chióng chèng-bêng ê hong-hoat, tiāⁿ ēng lâi chèng-bêng bó͘-mih tîn-su̍t tùi só͘-ū ê chū-jiân-sò͘ (natural number) lóng sī chin--ê. Chit ê hong-hoat ē-tàng khok-chhiong chò kiat-kò͘ kui-la̍p-hoat (structural induction), ēng tiàm khah it-poaⁿ-te̍k, ū liông-ki koan-hē (Well-founded relation) ê kiat-kò͘, pí-lūn kóng chhiū-á (chi̍p-ha̍p-lūn). Sò͘-ha̍k-te̍k ê lô-chek ham tiān-naú kho-ha̍k mā lóng ū leh ēng kiat-kò͘ kui-la̍p-hoat. Sò͘-ha̍k kui-la̍p-hoat ham chiah-ê ū hû-ha̍p liông-sū goân-chek (well-ordering principle) ê hong-hoat tī lô-chek téng-koân lóng sio-siâng, in lóng sī lô-chek téng-kè (logical equivalence) ê hong-hoat.

## Lē

Chún kóng lán beh sò͘-ha̍k kui-la̍p-hoat lâi chèng-bêng 1 + 2 + 3 + \cdots + n = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2}tùi só͘-ū ê chū-jiân-sò͘ *n* lóng sêng-li̍p.

Tē 1 pō͘: *n* = 1 ê sî, 

:1 = \frac{1(1 + 1)}{2} sêng-li̍p

Tē 2 pō͘: ká-siat *n* = *m* ê sî sêng-li̍p, 

:1 + 2 + \cdots + m = \frac{m(m + 1)}{2}

Tē 3 pō͘: Án-ne *n* = *m + 1* ê sî, 

: 1 + 2 + \cdots + m + (m + 1)
= \frac{m(m + 1)}{2} + (m+ 1)
= \frac{m(m + 1)}{2} + \frac{2(m + 1)}{2}
= \frac{(m + 2)(m + 1)}{2}
= \frac{(m + 1)(m + 2)}{2}
= \frac{(m + 1)((m + 1) + 1)}{2}.


mā ē sêng-li̍p.

Kin-kì Sò͘-ha̍k kui-la̍p-hoat, 1 + 2 + 3 + \cdots + n = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} tùi só͘-ū ê chū-jiân-sò͘ *n* lóng sêng-li̍p. #
Su-lí gō͘-biū

Tī tiat-ha̍k, **su-lí gō͘-biū** kí 1 chióng hêng-sek gō͘-biū (*formal fallacy*):  in-ūi ián-e̍k (*deductive*) lūn-chèng (*argument*) ê kiat-kò͘ têng-tâⁿ, tì-tio̍h lūn-chèng bô-hāu.  Chóng--sī tī it-poaⁿ ê lūn-su̍t, chhiâng-chāi kí jīm-hô ū būn-tê ê lūn-chèng, só͘-í tû-liáu hêng-sek gō͘-biū í-goā, oân-ná ū kí ián-e̍k í-goā ê gō͘-biū.

## Lūn-chèng gō͘-biū ê lē
;*Argumentum ad nauseam*:  Tiông-ho̍k lūn-tiám chheng-pah-pái lâi "chèng-bêng" sī chin.  Chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng ê lūn-chèng-hoat.
;*Argumentum ad hominem*:  Kong-kek thê-chhut lūn-chèng ê lâng lâi ta̍t-sêng hoán-pok lūn-chèng ê bo̍k-piau; "jîn-sin kong-kek".
;Chháu-lâng:  Thiau-kò͘-ì ut-áu tùi-chhiú ê lūn-tiám (chò chháu-lâng), lâi chiâⁿ-chò hoán-pok ê tùi-siōng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Su-lí
Aristotélēs

**Aristotélēs** (Kó͘ Hi-lia̍p-gí: Ἀριστοτέλης; kong-goân chêng 384 nî – 322 nî 3 goe̍h 7), kó͘-chá ê Hi-lia̍p tiat-ha̍k-ka, Plato ê ha̍k-seng, Alexandros Tāi-tè ê sin-seⁿ.
Tâi-pak

**Tâi-pak** ē-sái chí:

* Tâi-pak-chiu (Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi)
* Tâi-pak-chhī
* Tâi-pak-koan, tāⁿ sī Sin-pak-chhī.
* **Tâi-pak-koān-chhī** tio̍h-sī Tâi-pak-chhī kap Tâi-pak-koān ka-khí--lâi.
* Tâi-pak Ke-lâng To͘-hoē-khu
Ko-hiông (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)

**Ko-hiông** ē-sái chí:

* Ko-hiông-chiu (Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi)
* Ko-hiông-chhī
* Ko-hiông chhī-lāi
* Ko-hiông-koān: tsit-má Ko-hiông-chhī--ê 1 pō͘-hūn.
Cha̍p-kha-ba̍k

**Cha̍p-kha-ba̍k** (ha̍k-miâ: **Decapoda**), Malacostraca-kong ê kah-khak-lūi ba̍k, hūn-chú pau-koah chin chē thong lâng chai ê tōng-bu̍t, chhin-chhiuⁿ hē, hê-á, liông-hê. kià-seⁿ-á.

Só͘-ū ê cha̍p-kha-lūi to ū 10 ki kha; in sī kah-khak-lūi ê 8-tùi heng-khám hū-sio̍k chi-thé (*thoracic appendages*) ê āu 5-tùi.  Thâu-chêng 3-tùi hū-sio̍k chi-thé sī chhùi-pō͘ ê pō͘-hūn, hō chò *maxillipeds*, kî-thaⁿ sī kiâⁿ-lō͘/khioh-chia̍h iōng--ê kha (*pereiopods*).  Chin chē cha̍p-kha-tōng-bu̍t ū 1-tùi kha ū tōa-ki khîⁿ-á (*pincer*).  Pak-tó͘ chat sûi-ê ū 1 tùi hū-sio̍k chi-thé (hō chò *pleopods*), siōng boé tùi sī boé-liu-sìⁿ (*tail fan*) ê kiat-kò͘ chi it (hō chò *uropods*).

## Tô͘

File:Penaeus vannamei 01.jpg| *Litopenaeus vannamei*
File:Spotted_cleaner_shrimp.jpg| *Periclimenes yucatanicus*


File:Lobster_300.jpg| *Panulirus interruptus*
File:Blue crab on market in Piraeus - Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 20020819-317.jpg|*Callinectes sapidus*
Ti̍t-chiap chèng-bêng

Tī sò͘-ha̍k kap lô-chek, **ti̍t-chiap chèng-bêng** (direct proof) sī 1 chióng ti̍t-chiap cho͘-ha̍p kong-siat, tēng-gī, sū-si̍t, sió-tēng-lí (lemma), tēng-lí lâi soeh-bêng 1 ê tîn-su̍t sī chiaⁿ-si̍t--ê ia̍h ké--ê ê koè-têng.
Kòe-têng--nih thaû 1 pō͘ kaù kah siōng boé ê kiat-lūn lóng tio̍h-ài ēng ián-e̍k (deduction) ê lô-chek lâi chìn-hêng. Ēng--tio̍h ê lô-chek chha-put-to lóng sī pau-hâm *choân-pō͘ ê ...* (for all) ia̍h *chûn-chāi ...* (there exists) ê it-kai lô-chek. Siōng chia̍p ēng--tio̍h ê chèng-bêng kui-chek sī MP (modus ponens), tē 2 chia̍p ēng--ê sī MT (modus tollens); lô-chek choán-oāⁿ (transposition) ham MTP (disjunctive syllogism) mā chin hó-ēng.

## Lē
Chit ê lē ēng *ti̍t-chiap chèng-bêng* lâi chèng-bêng siang-sò͘ ke siang-sò͘ iáu sī siang-sò͘.

Khó-lū 2 ê siang-sò͘ x ham y. In-ūi in lóng sī siang-sò͘, ē-tàng kā siá chò x=2a ham y=2b, a ham b sī khah sè ê chéng-sò͘. Án-ne, x+y = 2a + 2b = 2(a+b), iā tō sī kóng x+y sī 2 ê poē-sò͘, 1 ê siang-sò͘. Só͘-í 2 ê siang-sò͘ ke chò-hoé tiāⁿ-tio̍h mā sī siang-sò͘.
Chéng-sò͘

**Chéng-sò͘** (integer) pau-hâm chū-jiân-sò͘ (1, 2, 3, …), hū-chū-jiân-sò͘ (−1, −2, −3, ...) ham 0. Khah chèng-sek ê kóng-hoat sī: Chéng-sò͘ sī î-it 1 ê chiàⁿ goân-sò͘ lóng sī hó-sūn-sū (well-order)--ê, jî-chhiáⁿ ke-hoat ē-tit pó-chhî sūn-sū--ê chéng-sò͘-he̍k (integral domain). Chéng-sò͘ chham chū-jiân-sò͘ kāng khoán, lóng sī thang-sǹg chi̍p-ha̍p (countable set), goân-sò͘ sò͘-liōng bû-hān. Chéng-sò͘ koàn-sì ēng chho͘-thé **Z** ia̍h \mathbb{Z} piáu-sī, Tek-gí *Zahlen* , sò͘-ba̍k ê ì-sù. 

Tī tāi-sò͘-lūn (algebraic number theory), chéng-sò͘ mā hō chò **pí-lē chéng-sò͘** (rational integer), piáu-sī in sī pí-sò͘ lāi-té ê chéng-sò͘, thang kap pa̍t chióng koan-liām khu-pia̍t, khó-pí kóng Gaussian chéng-sò͘.
Pí-sò͘

Tī sò͘-ha̍k, **pí-sò͘** (rational number) sī 2 ê chéng-sò͘ ê pí (ratio) ia̍h siong, tiāⁿ siá chò *a*/*b*, *b* m̄ sī 0. Phó͘-thong-sî-á koàn-sì kā pí-sò͘ kiò chò **[[hun-sò͘]]** (fraction), mā ū lâng kā hō chò **iú-lí-sò͘**.

Ta̍k ê pí-sò͘ ê siá-hoat bô chīn-pōng, khó-pí kóng 3/6 = 2/4 = 1/2. Nā a ham b bô kong-ke ê iok-sò͘ (divisor) ê sî, sī siōng kán-tan ê hêng. Hun-bú sī chiàⁿ--ê, m̄ sī 0 ê pí-sò͘ kan-taⁿ ū 1 ê chit khoán siōng kán-tan ê hêng, hō chò siōng-kán hun-sò͘ (irreducible fraction).

Pí-sò͘ ê cha̍p-chìn-ūi piáu-sī (decimal representation) siōng boé tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē sûn-khoân. Khêng-si̍t, ēng phēng 1 toā ê chéng-sò͘ chò ki-té (base) lóng ē án-ni. Tian-tò-pái, chún-nā 1 ê sò͘-ba̍k ēng bó͘-mih ki-té piáu-sī ê sî ē sûn-khoân, án-ne só͘-ū ê ki-té lóng ē sûn-khoân, jî-chhiáⁿ chit ê sò͘-ba̍k tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī pí-sò͘.

M̄ sī pí-sò͘ ê si̍t-sò͘ hō chò hui-pí-sò͘ (irrational number).

Só͘-ū ê pí-sò͘ ha̍p--khí-lâi ê chi̍p-ha̍p sī 1 ê thé, koàn-sì siá chò **Q** ia̍h \mathbb{Q}. Ēng chi̍p-ha̍p khí-chō hû-hō (set-builder notation) lâi siá, \mathbb{Q} ê tēng-gī tō sī:
:\mathbb{Q} = \left\{\frac{m}{n} : m \in \mathbb{Z}, n \in \mathbb{Z}, n \ne 0 \right\}
Ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘

Tī sò͘-ha̍k, **ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘** (complex number) sī 1 ê seⁿ chò  a + bi \, chit hō hêng ê sò͘-ba̍k, lāi-té ê *a* ham *b* sī si̍t-sò͘, *i* sī hi-sò͘ (imaginary number) ê hi-sò͘ tan-ūi-goân (imaginary unit), ū *i* 2 = −1 ê sèng-chit. Si̍t-sò͘ *a* sī ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ ê *[[si̍t-pō͘]]* (real part), si̍t-sò͘ *b* sī *[[hi-pō͘]]* (imaginary part). Hi-pō͘ *b* nā sī 0, ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ tō pìⁿ-chiâⁿ si̍t-sò͘ *a* niā-niā.

Pí-lūn kóng, 3 + 2*i* sī 1 ê *ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘*, i ê si̍t-pō͘ sī *3*, hi-pō͘ sī *2*.

Ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ chhin-chhiūⁿ si̍t-sò͘ ē-tàng ke, kiám, sêng, tû; m̄-koh in ū koh khah chē chin chán ê sèng-chit. Khó-pí kóng, si̍t-sò͘ bē-tàng hō͘ chē-hāng-sek lóng ū si̍t-sò͘ ê tap-àn, m̄-koh ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ ē-sái.

Ū koá to͘-ha̍p, ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ ē siá chò *a* + *bj*, pí-lūn kóng kā *i* the̍h lâi piáu-sī tiān-liû ê tiān-chú kang-têng.
Ka-gī

**Ka-gī** ē-sái chí:

* Ka-gī-chhī
* Ka-gī-koān
* **Ka-gī-koān-chhī** tio̍h-sī Ka-gī-koān kap Ka-gī-chhī ka-khí--lâi.
Chhit-niû-má-seⁿ

**Chhit-niû-má seⁿ** (, mā ū khiuⁿ-kháu kóng chhit-nio͘-má seⁿ he̍k-chiá chhit-niû-má siⁿ) ia̍h **chhit-sia̍h** (七夕) sī lán-lâng 7 goe̍h chhoe 7 hit-kang. 

## Thoân-thóng
Tâi-oân-lâng kóng Chhit-niû-má ōe (óa-chiang: ē) pó-pì gín-á gâu tōa-hàn, chhù-nı̍h nā ū 16-hòe í-hā ê gín-á, tī Chhit-niû-má seⁿ chit-jı̍t beh-àm-á ê sî, tō ài chhoân lâi pài Chhit-niû-má, thang hō͘ gín-á-lâng 1-nî pêng-an sūn-sū. Pài-pài ê só͘-chai sī tī mn̂g-kha-káu, it-poaⁿ sī pài kóe, hoe, iû-pn̄g, ian-chi, koh ài chhoân bīn-kin-á kap 1-bīn-tháng-á chúi hō͘ Chhit-niû-má sóe-chhiú-bīn.

Mā ū lâng tī gín-á 16-hòe hit-tang ê Chhit-niû-má seⁿ kā gín-á chò 16 hòe.

## Hiān-tāi ê liû-hêng bûn-hòa
Ūi-tio̍h siong-gia̍p lī-ek ê koan-hē,  liû-hêng bûn-hòa kā Chhit-niû-má ê thoân-soat tòng-chò ài-chêng kò͘-sū, kā chit-kang tòng-chò chêng-jîn-cheh. Nā ū lâm-lú-pêng-iú ê lâng tō ài sio-chio lâi khì chia̍h chhan-thiaⁿ, ài sàng-hoe, ài ū lô-mán-tí-khuh ê khì-hun.
Kong-chhioh

**Kong-chhioh** ia̍h **bí-ta̍t**, **bí**, sī leh niû tn̂g-té ê tan-ūi, i sī SI ki-pún tan-ūi chi it, kì chò **m**. Pún-té Hoat-kok Kho-ha̍k-īⁿ (French Academy of Sciences) kā chhiah-tō keng-koè Pa-lí kaù pak-ke̍k ê 1/10,000,000 tēng chò 1 bí. Hiān-chhú-sî, Kok-chè Taú-chhìn-chhioh Kio̍k (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) kā kng tī chin-khong 1 bió-cheng chaú ê kī-lî ê 1/c tēng chò 1 bí, kî-tiong bió sī iōng Cs pîn-lu̍t  tēng-gī--ê.

1 bí iok-liōng 3.28 eng-chhioh. Kā **m** thaû-chêng ke SI jī-thaû (SI prefix) ē-tàng tit tio̍h chit-koá tn̂g-té ê cho͘-ha̍p tan-ūi, pí-lūn kóng 1 km tō sī 1 kong-lí = 1000 m, 1 cm tō sī 1 kong-hun = 1/100 m.
Hoán-chèng-hoat

**Hoán-chèng-hoat** (reductio ad absurdum) sī 1 chióng lô-chek lūn-chèng ê chhiú-lō͘, thaû-khí-seng ká-siat beh lūn-chèng ê tîn-su̍t sī ké--ê, soà--lo̍h ê chèng-bêng nā tit tio̍h sio-ta̍h-thut ê kiat-kó, tō piáu-sī chìn-chêng ê ká-siat m̄-tio̍h, chèng-bêng kiat-sok. Chit chióng chhiú-lō͘ ēng tio̍h hui-maû-tún-lu̍t (law of non-contradiction), khiā kóng 1 ê tîn-su̍t bē-tàng sī chin--ê iū-koh sī ké--ê. Ū-tang-sî-á mā ē ēng tio̍h pâi-tiong-lu̍t, khiā kóng 1 ê tîn-su̍t nā bē-tàng sī ké--ê, tō tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī chin--ê.

## Lē
Ēng hoán-chèng-hoat lâi chèng-bêng sò͘-sò͘ ê sò͘-liōng bû-hān.

Tē 1 pō͘: Seng ká-siat sò͘-sò͘ ê sò͘-liōng iú-hān, kan-taⁿ ū *m* ê.

Tē 2 pō͘: Kā chit *m* ê sò͘-sò͘ sio sêng chò-hoé koh ke *1*, kā hō chò *x*. Án-ne chit *m* ê sò͘-sò͘ khì tû *x* lóng ē chhun *1*. Án-ne nā m̄ sī (a) *x* sī sò͘-sò͘; tō sī (b) *x* ū 1 ê bô tī chit *m* ê sò͘-sò͘ lāi-té ê iok-sò͘. M̄-koh (a) ham (b) lóng piáu-sī sò͘-sò͘ siōng-bô ū *m + 1* ê, che kap ká-siat maû-tún.

Kin-kì hoán-chèng-hoat, sò͘-sò͘ ê sò͘-liōng m̄ sī iú-hān--ê. #
Li̍p

**Li̍p** iah-sī **kong-chin** (公升) sī thé-chek ê tan-ūi, kì chò **L** ia̍h **l**. Sui-bóng SI sī ēng m³ lâi piáu-sī thé-chek, m̄-koh L mā ē-tit chò-hóe ēng. Goân-té tiàm phiau-chún ê ap-le̍k kap un-tō͘, 1 kg ê chúi chiàm ê thé-chek hō chò 1 li̍p. Hiān-chhú-sî kā 1 li̍p tēng chò: 1 L = 0.001 m³ = 1000 cm³.

Lūi-pia̍t:Thé-chek ê tan-ūi
Bó͘-lú-to͘h

**Bó͘-lú-to͘h** ia̍h **volt** sī piáu-sī tiān-ap ê SI cho͘-ha̍p tan-ūi, kì chò **V**. 1 V sī tēng-gī chò hō͘ 1 ampere ê tiān-liû sán-seng 1 oá ê kong-lu̍t ê tiān-ūi-chha (potential difference), khiā kóng:
:\mbox{V} = \mbox{W} \cdot \mbox{A}^{-1} = \mbox{J} \cdot \mbox{C}^{-1} = \mbox{m}^2 \cdot \mbox{kg} \cdot \mbox{s}^{-3} \cdot \mbox{A}^{-1}.
Óa

**Oá** ia̍h **watt** sī ēng lâi piáu-sī kong-lu̍t (power) ê tan-ūi, sī 1 chióng SI cho͘-ha̍p tan-ūi, kì chò **W**. 1 W sī ta̍k bió chò kang 1 joule, khiā kóng:
: 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N m / s = 1 kg·m2·s−3

Ūn-tōng-oân ē-tàng hoat-hui kaù 900 W. Khì-chhia ê iăn-jín ē-tàng kaù 100,000 W. 

Nā chhù lāi ê tiān-hoé-kiû-á, iok-liōng 40 - 100 **chek**, kap W kāng ì-sù.
Newton (tan-ūi)

**Newton** sī SI ēng lâi piáu-sī la̍t ê tan-ūi, kì chò **N**. Hō chit hō miâ sī beh kì-liām Isaac Newton tùi kó͘-tián la̍t-ha̍k ê kòng-hiàn. 1 N sī hō͘ chit-liōng 1 kg ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ sán-seng ta̍k bió 1 m ê ka-sok-tō͘, khiā kóng:

:1\, \mathrm{N}=1\, \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-2}
Bí

**Bí** ū ē-kha kúi chióng ì-sù:
* Ngó͘-kok ê chi̍t-chióng, tiū-á ê chéng-chí.
* Bí ia̍h-sī kong-chhioh sī leh niû tn̂g-té ê tan-ūi.
* Bí (鎂) sī chi̍t-chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō kì-chò **Mg**.
Tn̂g-té

1 hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ tī bó͘ 1 ê chhù-goân (dimension) niû--chhut-lâi ê liōng hō chò **tn̂g-té** (length) ia̍h **tn̂g-tō͘**. Chún kóng chit hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ ū 2 ê chhù-goân, lán koàn-sì kā khah tn̂g hit pêng--ê hō chò tn̂g-tō͘, khah té hit pêng--ê hō chò **khoah-tō͘**. Nā tī 3 ê chhù-goân, lán koàn-sì kā khiā-ti̍t hit pêng--ê hō chò **[[koân-tō͘]]**. Lán kóng ê **kī-lî** khêng-si̍t mā sī tn̂g-té ê ì-sù.

Tī SI ki-pún tan-ūi, tn̂g-té ēng kong-chhioh (m) lâi piáu-sī 1 ê chhù-goân ê liōng. Bīn-chek sī 2 ê chhù-goân ê liōng, tan-ūi sī m². Chin-siaⁿ sī 3 ê chhù-goân ê liōng, tan-ūi sī m³.
Hòa-ha̍k

**Hoà-ha̍k** (Hàn-jī: ; Eng-bûn: ) sī tiàm tī goân-chú ham hun-chú ê chân-chhù leh gián-kiù bu̍t-chit ê kho-ha̍k, goân-chú kiat-ha̍p chò-hoé pìⁿ--chhut-lâi ê hun-chú, kiat-chiⁿ, kim-sio̍k, téng-téng lóng sī hoà-ha̍k chùn-būn ê tùi-siōng. Hoà-ha̍k gián-kiù chiah-ê kiat-kò͘ ê sèng-chit, sêng-hun, piàn-hoà, ham hoán-èng, pìⁿ chhut lán seng-oa̍h tiong chē-chē khoán ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ. Hiān-tāi hoà-ha̍k jīn-ûi bu̍t-chit ê sèng-chit sī in tī goân-chú chân-chhù ê kiat-kò͘ lâi koat-tēng--ê, ah kiat-kò͘ sī hoán-èng sî ê sèng-chit ham lêng-liōng lâi koat-tēng--ê.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘

**Hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘** sī chí ēng phó͘-thong hoà-ha̍k têng-sū bē-tàng koh kā hun-kái iah sī pìⁿ-chiâⁿ pa̍t chióng hoà-ha̍k bu̍t-chit (chemical substance) ê bu̍t-chit, tiāⁿ kán-chheng chò **goân-sò͘**. Só͘-ū ê bu̍t-chit ki-pún-te̍k lóng sī chiah-ê goân-sò͘ cho͘-sêng--ê. Kaù kah 2006, ū 117 chióng goân-sò͘ hông chhoē--tio̍h. Goân-sò͘--nih siāng sè ê lia̍p-chú hō chò goân-chú, goân-chú lāi-té ū tiān-chú leh se̍h iông-chú ham tiong-chú cho͘-sêng ê goân-chú-hu̍t.

## Siong-koan
* Chiu-kî-piáu

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
*
Kah-khak-lūi

**Kah-khak-lūi** sī chat-kha-tōng-bu̍t lāi-bīn ê toā lūi (it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī a-mn̂g), iok-liōng 55,000 ê chéng.  Kah-khak-tōng-bu̍t pau-koah kúi-ā-chióng thong lâng chai ê seng-bu̍t, chhin-chhiūⁿ liông-hê, hê-á, hē, *barnacle*.  Toā-hūn khiā chiáⁿ-chúi ia̍h kiâm-chúi--ni̍h, chió pō͘-hūn kái sek-èng lio̍k-tē seng-oa̍h, chhin-chhiūⁿ chi̍t-koá hē, kià-seⁿ-á, *woodlice*.  Ū to̍k-li̍p hêng-tōng-le̍k--ê ûi-chú, kan-taⁿ kúi-ê-á lūi kià-seⁿ toà pa̍t chióng seng-bu̍t ê sin-khu téng.
Thòaⁿ-sò͘

**Thoàⁿ-sò͘** (炭素) sī hoà-ha̍k hû-hō **C**, goân-chú-hoan 6, ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. Thoàⁿ-sò͘ sī 1 chióng hui-kim-sio̍k (nonmetal), ū 4 ê goân-chú-kè (valency) ê goân-sò͘, i ū chin chē tông-sò͘-thé (allotropy), pí-lūn kóng soān-chio̍h he̍k-chiá sī chio̍h-ba̍k.

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ mā sī cho͘-sêng iú-ki-bu̍t ê chú-iàu sêng-hun, sī kò͘-chō chhut tē-kiû téng seng-bu̍t ê ki-pún goân-sò͘.

## Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
### Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Thòaⁿ-sò͘ thang keng-kòe sio-chiap ê thòaⁿ-sò͘–thòaⁿ-sò͘ kiat-ha̍p, chiâⁿ chò te̍k-pia̍t tn̂g liān, chit-ê sèng-chit mā hō chò chiâⁿ-liān (*catenation*).

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn siāng tan-sûn ê sī thòaⁿ-hòa chúi-sò͘ (*hydrocarbon*). Che sī chi̍t lūi iú-ki hun-chú, hâm chúi-sò͘ kap chi̍t liân-á ê thòaⁿ-sò͘ goân-chú. Liân-á ê tn̂g-tō͘ kap chok-iōng-ki (*functional group*) thang éng-hióng hun-chú ê sèng-chit.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Eris (é-he̍k-chheⁿ)

**Eris**  (hû-hō: ; chèng-sek miâ **136199 Eris**, chìn-chêng chiām-sî hō **2003 UB<sub>313</sub>**) sī tī 2005 nî 7 goe̍h 31 chhoē--tio̍h ê 1 lia̍p Hái-ông-chheⁿ goā chheⁿ-thé, phēng Mê-ông-chheⁿ koh-khah toā lia̍p. Che tì-tio̍h lâng gī-lūn tàu-té Mê-ông-chheⁿ ū chún-sǹg 1 lia̍p he̍k-chheⁿ bô. Siat-sú sī he̍k-chheⁿ, 2003 UB313 tek-khak oân-ná sī. Chú-koat hō-miâ-chè ê Kok-chè Thian-bûn-ha̍k Cho͘-ha̍p (IAU) tī 2006 nî 8 goe̍h khui-hoē gī-lūn he̍k-chheⁿ ê tēng-gī; in soan-pò͘ i chham Mê-ông-chheⁿ lóng sio̍k tī é-he̍k-chheⁿ chit lūi.

Eris ū 1 lia̍p oē-chheⁿ hō chò Dysnomia.
Lí Chū-sêng

**Lí Chū-sêng** (李自成, 1606 nî 9 go̍eh 22 ji̍t–1645 nî?), gôan-miâ **Hông-ki** (鴻基), Tiong-kok Siám-se Bí-chí-lâng, Bêng-tiâu bo̍at-nî lông-bîn khí-gī-kun siú-léng, Tāi-sūn-chèng-koân ê kiàn-li̍p-chiá.
J. D. Salinger

**Jerome David Salinger** (1919 nî 1 goe̍h 1 – 2010 nî 1 goe̍h 27), Bí-kok chok-ka, i ê siáu-soat *The Catcher in the Rye* (1951) sī i siōng chhut-miâ mā siōng chē lâng tha̍k ê tù-chok.
Fidel Castro

**Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz**  ( audio) (1926 nî 8 goe̍h 13 chhut-seⁿ - 25 november 2016) sī Cuba 1959 nî kàu 2008 nî ê thâu-lâng, bat chò koè chhoā-thâu ê pō͘-tiúⁿ (1959–1976), chóng-thóng (1976–2008), mā sī hit toāⁿ sî-kan kun-hong siōng kài koân ê léng-siū. 

Castro chhoā-thâu ê kek-bēng-kun tī 1959 nî ián-tó Bí-kok thīn--ê Batista to̍k-chhâi chèng-koân. 1965 nî i tam-jīm chhím sêng-li̍p ê Cuba Kiōng-sán-tóng ê Tē-it Pì-su, khai-sí kā Cuba kiàn-siat chò 1 ê siā-hoē-chú-gī kiōng-hô-kok.

Castro chhut-sì tī 1 ê keng-chè bē bái ê lông-tiûⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Cuba Chóng-thóng
Tâng

**Tâng** (銅, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō: Cu, Latin-gí: *cuprum*) sī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té chi̍t chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 29.

Tâng sī chióng hó-chhun-iân (*ductility*), koè-tiān-lu̍t koân ê kim-sio̍k (*metal*), tiāⁿ ēng lâi koè-tiān, chò tiau-khek ia̍h kiàn-tio̍k ê châi-liāu, he̍k-chiá chiâⁿ-chò hūn-kim (*alloy*) ê sêng-hun.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Siong-koan bûn-chiong
* Chheⁿ-tâng

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
*
Charon (oē-chheⁿ)

**Charon** sī Mê-ông-chheⁿ siōng toā lia̍p ê oē-chheⁿ, tī 1978 nî chhoē--tio̍h. Charon kap Mê-ông-chheⁿ mā ē-sái kóng sī 1 tùi siang-é-he̍k-chheⁿ (double dwarf planet).

Ū ha̍k-chiá tī 2006 nî ê Kok-chè Thian-bûn Chó͘-ha̍p (IAU) tāi-hoē thê-àn kā Charon tēng chò Thài-iông-hē ê 1 lia̍p he̍k-chheⁿ. Kin-kù chit ê sin tēng-gī, Mê-ông-chheⁿ, Charon, kap Eris lóng sī sio̍k tī *[[pluton]]* chit lūi ê he̍k-chheⁿ. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4795755.stm?ls Chóng--sī IAU chiong-kui kā Mê-ông-chheⁿ kàng-ki̍p pìⁿ é-he̍k-chheⁿ, piáu-sī Charon oân-ná bô he̍k-chheⁿ ê tē-ūi, ke̍k-ke sī é-he̍k-chheⁿ.
Lagrange tiám

Nn̄g-ê chhiⁿ-thé ê hē-thóng ōe-tàng chhōe-tio̍h 5-ê só͘-chāi thang-hó koh khǹg 1-ê chit-liōng khah sòe ê chhiⁿ-thé jı̍p-·khì, hō͘ in 3-ê ê siong-tùi ê ūi sī kò͘-tēng ê, chit-5-ê só͘-chāi tō hō-chò **Lagrange tiám**.

Pí-lūn-kóng, goe̍h-niû kap tē-kiû se̍h in-ê chit-liōng tiong-sim teh kiâⁿ, lán ōe-tàng kā jîn-chō oē-chhiⁿ khǹg-tī goe̍h-tē hē-thóng ê Lagrange tiám, hō͘ i mā se̍h goe̍h-niû kap tē-kiû ê chit-liōng tiong-sim teh kiâⁿ. nā án-ne tāng-la̍t tō ōe tú-á-hó hō͘ jîn-chō ōe-chhiⁿ pó-chhî tī Lagrange tiám ê só͘-chāi. Ùi tē-kiû lâi khoàⁿ, goe̍h-niû kap ōe-chhiⁿ siong-tùi ê ūi bōe kái-piàn, ùi goe̍h-niû lâi khoàⁿ, tē-kiû kap ōe-chhiⁿ siong-tùi ê ūi bōe kái-piàn, ùi ōe-chhiⁿ lâi khoàⁿ, tē-kiû kap goe̍h-niû siong-tùi ê ūi mā bōe kái-piàn.

## Le̍k-sú

## Ūi
Lán kā 2-ê chhiⁿ-thé tiong-kan chit-liōng khah tōa-·ê hit-ê hō-chò M1, khah sòe-·ê hō-chò M2.

### L<sub>1</sub>
L1 tiàm-tī 2-ê chhiⁿ-thé tiong-ng, khah óa M2 ê só͘-chāi. NASA tī ji̍t-thâu kap tē-kiû ê L1 an 1-ê Advanced Composition Explorer, beh koan-chhat jı̍t-thâu ê oa̍h-tōng.

### L<sub>2</sub>
L2 tiàm-tī M1 kap M2 khan-·khí·lâi ê hit-tiâu soàⁿ téng-bīn, tī M2 ê gōa-kháu. NASA tī tē-kiû ê L2 an 1-ê  Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe.
Nā-sī M1 phēng M2 tōa chiâⁿ-chōe, L1 kap L2 lî M2 tō chha-put-to pîⁿ hn̄g,  lóng tī Hill kiû-bīn téng-koân. Hill kiû-bīn ê poàⁿ-kèng *r* sī
:r \approx R \sqrt[3]{\frac{M_2}{3 M_1}}
### L<sub>3</sub>
L3 tiàm-tī M1 kap M2 khan-·khí·lâi ê hit-tiâu soàⁿ téng-bīn, tī M1 ê gōa-kháu, mā tī M2 ê kúi-tō gōa-kháu. 
### L<sub>4</sub> kap L<sub>5</sub>
L4 kap L5 tiàm-tī M2 ê kúi-tō tēng bīn, kap M1 ōe-tàng chiâⁿ-sêng chiàⁿ-saⁿ-kak-hêng ê 2-ê só͘-chāi. Chit-2-ê tiám mā hō-chò Trojan tiám, he sī in-ūi bo̍k-chhiⁿ kúi-tō ê  L4 kap L5 ū 2-tīn sió-he̍k-chhiⁿ, lóng ēng  Homer siá ê Iliad lāi-tóe ê kha-siàu lâi hō-miâ, só͘-í  lâng kā kiò-chò Trojan sió-he̍k-chhiⁿ.

## Ún-tēng-sèng
Ceres (é-he̍k-chheⁿ)

**1 Ceres** (hû-hō: ) sī 1 lia̍p tiàm tī sió-he̍k-chheⁿ-toà ê é-he̍k-chheⁿ, hoat-hiān-jîn sī Giuseppe Piazzi, tī 1801 nî. Ceres sī Lô-má cha-bó͘ sîn-bêng ê miâ.

19 sè-kí chhím hoat-hiān ê sî, lâng lia̍h-chún i hām kî-thaⁿ ê he̍k-chheⁿ sio siâng, só͘-í kā i tòng-chò 1 lia̍p he̍k-chheⁿ. Boé--á khah liáu-kái i ê sèng-chit liáu-aū, tō kā lia̍t chò sió-he̍k-chheⁿ. Sui-bóng 1 Ceres ti̍t-kèng chiah 950 km, i si̍t-chāi sī Thài-iông-hē 13 bān lia̍p sió-he̍k-chheⁿ tang-tiong, siōng kài toā lia̍p, chit-liōng siōng chē, hêng siōng îⁿ ê 1 lia̍p, ē-sái kóng sió-he̍k-chheⁿ-toà ū 3-hūn-1 ê chit-liōng tī i hia. In-ūi án-ne, 2006 nî 8 goe̍h thian-bûn-ha̍k-kài koh kā i kái lia̍t chò 1 lia̍p "é-he̍k-chheⁿ". 

## Tsù-sik

## Tsù-kái