open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Beelzebufo

***Beelzebufo ampinga*** sī kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hoat-hiān tiong hêng-thé siāng toā ê chi̍t khoán bô-boé-ba̍k (chúi-ke lūi) tōng-bu̍t.

*Beelzebufo* hoà-chio̍h hong hoat-hiān ê só͘-chāi sī Madagascar, chiàu thui-ko͘ sī chûn-chāi tī 7 chheng bān nî í-chêng.

## Chham-khó
Hertfordshire

**Hertfordshire** sī Eng-tē ê siâⁿ-chhī, se̍k tián-lé kūn (*ceremonial county*) kiam hui-to͘-chhī kūn (*non-metropolitan county*), hú-siâⁿ sī Hertford.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
C. Wright Mills

**Charles Wright Mills** (1916 nî 8 goe̍h 28 ji̍t - 1962 nî 3 goe̍h 20 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, i ū chi̍t pō͘ tāi-piáu-chok Siā-hoē-ha̍k Sióng-siōng (*The Sociological Imagination*).
FishBase

**FishBase** sī chi̍t-ê hî-lūi choan-bûn ê ha̍k-su̍t-sèng chu-liāu-khò͘, ū thê-kiong soàⁿ-téng ê chhâ-sûn hē-thóng.

## Liân-kiat
* Bāng-chām
Karl Pearson

**Karl Pearson** (1857 nî 3 goe̍h 27 ji̍t - 1936 nî 3 goe̍h 27 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê thóng-kè-ha̍k-ka.

## Siong-koan
* Siong-koan hē-sò͘
Francis Galton

**Francis Galton** (1822 nî 2 goe̍h 16 ji̍t - 1911 nî 1 goe̍h 17 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê kho-ha̍k-ka, i-ê hèng-chhù chin khoà, tùi jîn-lūi-ha̍k, iu-seng-ha̍k, tē-lí-ha̍k, thóng-kè-ha̍k lóng ū gián-kiù.
Paris Descartes Tāi-ha̍k

**Paris Descartes Tāi-ha̍k** (*L’université Paris Descartes*), ia̍h sī **Pa-lí Tē-5 Tāi-ha̍k** (*Paris-V*), sī Pa-lí siâⁿ-lāi chú-iàu ê tāi-ha̍k chi it.
René Descartes

**René Descartes** () sī Hoat-kok chhut-sin ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, phok-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka. I tùi sò͘-ha̍k kap bu̍t-lí-ha̍k mā ū ián-kiù. Descartes ê su-sióng tùi hiān tāi kho-ha̍k kap tiat-ha̍k ê éng-hióng chin toā.
John Locke

**John Locke** (1632 nî 8 goe̍h 29 ji̍t - 1704 nî 10 goe̍h 28 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka kap khé-bông ūn-tōng chhòng-tō-chiá, mā sī keng-giām-chú-gī, chū-iû-chú-gī ê khí-chō-chiá.
Makatao-cho̍k

**Makatao-cho̍k** sī Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn ê chi̍t cho̍k. Chit cho̍k sī kun-kù Ino Kanori ê tiāu-cha só͘ hun lūi. Tī hiān-tāi ê Tâi-oân bô hoat-lu̍t-siōng ê jīn-tēng tē-ūi.

## Chham-khó
Ka-tī

**Ka-tī** ia̍h **ka-kī** sī chi̍t-ê kò-thé tùi i kò-jîn pún-sin ê jīn-ti khài-liām.

## Siā-hōe-ha̍k lí-lūn
Charles Horton Cooley thê-chhut kiàⁿ lāi ka-tī (eng. *looking-glass self*) ê khài-liām, jin-ûi lâng tùi ka-tī ê jīn-sek sī tī jîn-chè kau-liû chi tiong hoat-tián seⁿ-sêng--ê, mā sī hoán-èng pa̍t-lâng ê khoàⁿ-hoat. 

George Herbert Mead thê chhut it-poaⁿ-hoà tha-chiá (*generalized other*) ê koan-liām, kóng lâng ē kā kûn-thé lāi-bīn kò-piat ê tha-jîn ha̍p chò chi̍t-ê chéng-thé, pēng-chiá hoán-èng chit-ê chéng-thé tùi ka-tī ê thāi-tō͘.

Lēng-goā, Erving Goffman mā thê chhut ìn-siòng koán-lí (*impression management*) ê koan-tiám, jîn-ûi lâng ē khó-lū pat-lâng ê koan-kám, tio̍h ná chhiūⁿ chò-hì lâi piáu-hiān ka-tī siūⁿ-beh hō͘ lâng kám-siū ê ka-tī.

## Siong-koan
*Siā-hoē-hoà
*Jīn-ti
*Ì-sek
*Sim-lí

## Chham-khó
*

Lūi-pia̍t:Sim-lí-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Friedrich Max Müller

**Friedrich Max Müller** (1823 nî 12 goe̍h 6 ji̍t - 1900 nî 10 goe̍h 28 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê gí-giân-ha̍k-ka kiam chong-kàu-ha̍k-ka, mā sī Hoân-bûn gián-kiù ê khí-thâu chiá chi it.
Charles Horton Cooley

**Charles Horton Cooley** (1864 nî 8 goe̍h 17 ji̍t - 1929 nî 5 goe̍h 8 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka. I sī keng-chè-ha̍k chhut-sin, āu-lâi ián-kiù siā-hoē-ha̍k, hèng-chhù chū-ngó͘ kap sió thoân-thé téng chú-tê.
Kū Chêng Mî-mî

**Kū Chêng Mî-mî** (舊情綿綿) sī 1959 nî chhut-phín ê Tâi-gí koa, chok-khek kap ián-chhiùⁿ sī Âng It-hong, chok-sû sī Ia̍p Chùn-lîn (葉俊麟).
Khong-teng

**Khong-teng** (康丁; 1936 nî 5 goe̍h 6 ji̍t - 2011 nî 10 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) tī Tâi-oân Lo̍k-káng chhut-sì, pún miâ **Tiuⁿ Siah-kui** (張錫圭), sī Tâi-oân ê ián-goân kiam koa-chhiú, pat ián koè tiān-iáⁿ *Khong-teng Iû Tâi-pak* (康丁遊台北) téng chhut.
Bûn-hē

**Bûn-hē** (文夏), pún miâ **Ông Sūi-hô** (王瑞河), sī 1928 nî chhut-sì ê Tâi-oân koa-chhiú, thâu chi̍t tiuⁿ choan-chi̍p sī *Phiau-lōng chi Lú* (漂浪之女).

## Chham-chiàu
Kitaguni no Haru

**Kitaguni no Haru** (; "Pak-kok chi Chhun") sī Ji̍t-pún koa-chhiú Sen Masao (千昌夫) tī 1977 nî chhut-phín ê chi̍t siú koa kap tan-khek chhiòng-phìⁿ. Koa ê chok-sû sī Ide Haku; chok-khek sī Endô Minoru.

## Kái-pian
Chit siú koa mā hong kái-pian chò Tâi-gí, Hoâ-gí, Kńg-tang-oē kap kî-tha chi̍t koá A-chiu gí-giân ê pán-pún.
Isihara Yûzirô

**Isihara Yûzirô** (石原裕次郎, ) sī Ji̍t-pún ê bêng-seng. I sī ián-goân kiam koa-chhiú, mā sī khì-gia̍p-ka.

Chèng-tī-kài ê Isihara Sintarô sī i-ê hiaⁿ-ko.
Siotuki Tôho

**Siotuki Tôho** (塩月桃甫, 1886 nî 2 goe̍h 27 ji̍t - 1954 nî 1 goe̍h 22 ji̍t), kū sèⁿ Nagano (永野), pún miâ Zenkiti (善吉), sī Ji̍t-pún Miyazaki chhut-sin ê oē-ka, pat tī si̍t-bîn sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân oa̍h-tāng, chiàn-āu tńg Miyazaki.

## Chham-khó
*塩月桃甫, kotobank.jp

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân Bí-su̍t Tián-lám-hōe sím-cha-oân
Tek-chhí

**Tek-chhí** hâm kúi khoán chhí-lūi, tī Phòng-chhí-kho, Spalacidae-kho, Caviidae-kho lóng ū chi̍t pō͘-hūn hong kiò tek-chhí.
Sím Tiān-hâ

**Sím Tiān-hâ** (沈殿霞, 1945 nî 7 goe̍h 22 ji̍t - 2008 nî 2 goe̍h 19 ji̍t) sī Siōng-hái chhut-sì ê Hiong-káng bêng-seng. I it-poaⁿ chò chú-chhî kap ián-goân, mā ū kî-tha piáu-ián.
Thoân-lēng RNA

**Thoân-lēng RNA** (eng. *messenger RNA*; ji̍t. 伝令RNA), lio̍k-siá **mRNA**, sī kun-kù DNA ê pâi-liat, keng-koè choán-siá sán-seng ê RNA hun-chú, tòa ū goân DNA ê chu-liāu, ē-sái chìn chi̍t pō͘ keng-kòe tùi-tâng ê hoán-èng hoan-e̍k chò nn̄g-pe̍h-chit.

## Siong-koan
*rRNA
*tRNA

Lūi-pia̍t:Ûi-thoân-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:RNA
Ralf Dahrendorf

**Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf** (1929 nî 5 goe̍h 1 ji̍t - 2009 nî 6 goe̍h 17 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok chhut-sin ê Eng-kok siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka kiam chèng-tī-ha̍k-ka. I tùi Karl Marx só͘ hoat-tián ê chu-pún-chú-gī thé-chè ē-té kai-ki̍p chhiong-tu̍t lí-lūn thê chhut siū-chèng.
Eteng Ingay

**Eteng Ingay** sī 1965 nî 2 goe̍h 24 ji̍t chhut-sì ê Tâi-oân chèng-tī-ka, Ko-hiông-chhī chī-gī-goân. I sī Amis-cho̍k ê lâng, chèng-tóng sio̍k Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng, tī gī-hoē tāi-piáu pêⁿ-tē khiā-khí ê Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn.

## Chham-khó
Bô͘-hoān î-sóa

**Bô͘-hoān î-sóa** (Eng-gí: *paradigm shift*) sī Thomas Kuhn thê--chhut-lâi ké-soeh kho-ha̍k kek-bēng ê khài-liām. I jīn-ûi kho-he̍k hoat-tián kòe-têng ē sán-seng chi-phoè-sèng ê lí-lūn, nā chit-ê lí-lūn ê chi-phoè-sèng hō͘ lēng-goā chi̍t-ê lí-lūn thè-ōaⁿ--khì, chiō thang kóng sī bô͘-hoān î-sóa.
Sio-chok-iōng-lūn

**Sio-chok-iōng-lūn** (Eng-gí: *Interactionism*) tī siā-hoē-ha̍k sī ēng lâng ê Sio-chok-iōng lâi ké-soeh siā-hoē hiān-sit ê ián-kiù koan-tiám.

## Siong-koan
*Siōng-cheng Sio-chok-iōng-lūn

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Siōng-cheng sio-chok-iōng-lūn

**Siōng-cheng sio-chok-iōng-lūn** (Eng-gí: *symbolic interactionism*) sī siā-hoē-ha̍k ián-kiù ê chi̍t toā lūi koan-tiám, chú-iàu sī thám-thó lâng án-choáⁿ lâi sú-iōng hû-hō (pí-lūn kóng-oē) chò siā-hoē hō͘-tōng. Chia lāi-bīn khah chhut-thâu ê ha̍k-chiá ū George Herbert Mead, Charles Cooley, Herbert Blumer téng-téng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Sú Tiat

**Sú Tiat** (史哲), , sī Tâi-oân ê koaⁿ-goân, chêng Ko-hiông-chhī bûn-hoà kio̍k-tiúⁿ, chit-má sī Hêng-chèng-īⁿ chèng-bū úi-oân.
Hong-hiám siā-hoē

**Hong-hiám siā-hoē** (Eng-gí: *risk society*) sī chi̍t-ê siā-hoē-ha̍k kài-liām, ēng-lâi biâu-su̍t hiān-tāi-sèng tī tong-tāi ê choán-piàn. Chú-iàu sī kóng tī chit khoán sin-ê hiān-tāi-sèng chi hā, tong-tāi lâng tùi châi-hù tûi-kiû kap hun-phoè ê koan-sim, choán-piàn chò tùi hong-hiám ê siám-phiah kap hông-ūi. Chi̍t-ê khah phó͘-piàn ê lē tio̍h sī khoân-kèng gī-tê ê heng-khí.

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Karl Mannheim

**Karl Mannheim** (1893 nî 3 goe̍h 27 ji̍t - 1947 nî 1 goe̍h 9 ji̍t), goân Magyar miâ **Mannheim Károly**, sī Magyar-kok chhut-sin ê siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka. I sī tì-sek ê siā-hoē-ha̍k khí chō chiá.
Piān-chèng

**Piān-chèng**, ia̍h sī **piān-chèng hoat**, sī thám-thó būn-tê ê chi̍t khoán hong-hoat. Ki-pún-siōng sī lī-ēng nn̄g-ê í-siōng koan-tiám ê hō͘-siōng kau-hong, lâi sûn-kiû tùi chi̍t hāng mi̍h siāng chiàⁿ-khak ê ké-soeh.
Ha̍p-lí-sèng

**Ha̍p-lí-sèng** (Eng-gí: *rationality*) nā tī tiat-ha̍k sī kóng lí-sèng ê tián-hiān, ia̍h tio̍h sī ū lí-iû ê khó-liông. Chit-ê bêng-sû tī bô-kâng ha̍k-kho ū bô-kâng ê ì-gī, sī sim-lí-ha̍k, siā-hoē-ha̍k, keng-chè-ha̍k kap chèng-tī-ha̍k ê thàm-thó bûn-tê chi it.

## Chham-khó
*Ha̍p-lí-sèng ê bô-ha̍p-lí-sèng

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiat-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
George Ritzer

**George Ritzer** sī 1940 nî chhut-sì ê Bí-kok siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, i ēng McDonald-hoà lâi biâu-su̍t hiān-tāi hêng-sek lí-sèng ê loē-iông.
Ulrich Beck

**Ulrich Beck** sī 1944 nî 5 goe̍h 15 ji̍t chhut-sì ê Tek-kok siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, i sī hong-hiám siā-hoē kài-liām chú-iàu ê hoat-tián chiá.
Tân Êng

**Tân Êng** (陳瑩), 1972 nî 11 goe̍h 15 ji̍t chuht-sì, sī Tâi-oân ê chèng-tī-ka, li̍p-hoat úi-goân.
McDonald-hoà

**McDonald-hoà** (Eng-gí: *McDonaldization*), ia̍h sī kóng **McDonald-chú-gī** (*McDonaldism*), sī siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka George Ritzer tī *Siā-hoē ê McDonald-hoà* (*The McDonaldization of Society*) lāi-bīn só͘ thê chhut ê kài-liām, ēng McDonald's liân-só chhan-thiaⁿ ê keng-êng hong-sek lâi ké-soeh hiān-tāi ha̍p-lí-hoà siā-hoē ê ūn-chok.

McDonald-hoà ê ki-pún goân-sò͘ ū "hāu-lu̍t" (*efficiency*), "khó-ū-chhek-sèng" (*predictability*), "khó-kè-sǹg-sèng" (*calculability*), koh ū "ēng hui-jîn-sek ki-su̍t thè-ōaⁿ lâng lâi chò khòng-chè". Chit khoán hêng-sek lí-sèng thang hoat-tián chhut "ha̍p-lí-sèng ê bô-ha̍p-lí-sèng" (*irrationality of rationality*), sī kóng ha̍p-lí-hoà sán-seng ê "bô-ha̍p-lí" kiat-kó.

## Liân-kiat
* The Irrationality of Rationality

## Siong-koan
* Ford-chú-gī

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Chan Ngá-nî

**Chan Ngá-nî** (曾雅妮; ), sî Tâi-oân ê soaⁿ-kiû soán-chhiú, i tī 2011 nî kàu 2013 nî ê sî bat tī sè-kài lú-chú pâi-hâng lāi pâi thâu miâ lóng-chóng pah-gōa lé-pài.
Bambi

***Bambi*** sī Bí-kok Walt Disney Chè-chok (Walt Disney Productions) kong-si 1942 nî chhut-phín ê tiān-iáⁿ, sī Disney chè-chok ê tē 5 chhut tōng-ōe tn̂g-phiⁿ tiān-iáⁿ (feature film).

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-oē
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Disney
Hêng-chhun-tìn

**Hêng-chhun-tìn**, mā ū kóng **Hēng-chhun-tìn**, sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê tìn.

## Tē-hō-miâ
Hêng-chhun chá-liân kiò Lông-kiau (瑯嶠), se-iûⁿ siá-hoat ū Lonkiauw, Lonckjau, Lonckijou téng-téng. "Hêng-chhun" chit-ê miâ sī 1875 nî Chheng-kok thóng-tī sî só͘ hō.

## Le̍k-sú
1867 nî ê sî, Bí-kok siong-chûn Rover cháu lâi tī Hêng-chhun chit ūi, chûn-oân chiūⁿ hōaⁿ soah hō͘ chāi tē Paiwan-cho̍k Ku-á-lut-siā (龜仔甪社) ê lâng thâi--sí.

Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî tī 1920 nî siat liáu Hêng-chhun-chng (恆春庄), 1940 nî koh kái-chè Hêng-chhun-ke (恆春街). Hit-chūn Hêng-chhun-kūn (恆春郡) ê kūn-ia̍h-só͘ siat ùi chia.

## Chham-khó
Kobe Bryant

**Kobe Bean Bryant** (), sī Bí-kok NBA liân-bêng ê nâ-kiû soán-chhiú, tùi 1996 nî ka ji̍p kiû-tūi Los Angeles Lakers kàu 2016 nî.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok ūn-tōng soán-chhiú
Lūi-pia̍t:Nâ-kiû soán-chhiú
Bân-bân-hiong

**Bân-bân-hiong** (Kheh-gí: van lanˇ hiongˊ), Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok koaⁿ-hong ê tē-hō-miâ kā hō-chò **Bān-loân-hiong** (萬巒鄉), sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê hiong.

## Tē-hō-miâ
Chāi-tē ê hō-miâ sī **Bân-bân** (蠻蠻) ia̍h **Bān-bân** (萬蠻), sī tùi tong-tē goân-chū-bîn ê siā-miâ lâi ê, "Bān-loân" chit-ê miâ siōng chá tī Chheng-léng Sî-tāi Kong-sū 20 nî (1894 nî) chhut-hiān.
Bān-tan-hiong

**Bān-tan-hiong** sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê hiong.

Ūi-tì Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān se-lâm-hng, Pîn-tong pêng-goân, choân-hiong tē-sè pîⁿ-tháⁿ, óa-kīn Pîn-tong-chhī, Tiô-chiu-tìn, Tang-káng-tìn kap Ko-hiông-chhī, sī Pîn-tong-koān ê kau-thong tiōng-tìn chi-it.

Chheng-tiâu sî-kî ê kúi-nā-ê tōa tō͘-chûn-kháu lóng-sī tī Bān-tan ê koán-hat-khu lāi, chìn-chhut ê jîn-kháu chin-chōe, chiām-chiām lāu-jia̍t, ū chi̍t-chióng kóng-hoat, Bān-tan tōe-miâ lâi-chū "Bān-chiu-hûn-chi̍p", chiâⁿ-chòe Pîn-tong pêng-goân siōng tē-it-ê "koe-chhī", só͘-í ū chi̍t-kū Tâi-gú ê gān-gú: "Pîn-tong kó͘-chá sī A-kâu, Bān-tan sī koe-á-thâu" soat-bêng liáu Bān-tan khí-goân ê te̍k-sek. Chit hiong lông-chok-bu̍t í âng-tāu chhut-miâ,ū "âng-tāu ê kò͘-hiong" ê hó miâ-siaⁿ.

## Le̍k-sú iân-kek
Bān-tan goân-lâi sī Makatao-cho̍k sêng-kûn tòa ê só͘-chai,Hōng-soaⁿ peh siā ê Ē-tām-chúi-siā、Siōng-tām-chúi-siā Slóng-sī tī Bān-tan-hiong kéng-lāi.Chá-chêng tī Tâi-oân Hô-lan thóng-tī sî-kî chiū-ū Pangdangh、Panendal nn̄g ê im kīn Bān-tan ê kì-chài.Khong-hi tiong-kî,Hàn-jîn oat-kè Ko-pêng-khe lâi khai-khún Bān-tan. Bô-jōa-kú tō ū Bān-tan-ke ê chheng-hō,sī Pîn-tong-pêng-goân siōng-chá Hàn-jîn só͘ khai-hoat ê tē-khu chi it.Iong-chèng nî-kan ,koān-sêng-sú kiàn tī Ban-tan.Bān-tan-hiong tī Tâi-oân Chheng-tī sî-kî,sio̍k tī Hōng-soaⁿ-koān só͘  hat,Kó͘-chá ū chi̍t-ê Bān-tan-káng ,thang thong gōa-hái.Mā ū siat  Bān-tan-sìn ,chù-peng sò͘-cha̍p miâ. 

Tâi-oân Ji̍t-tī sî-kîkhí-chho͘ ûi A-kâu-thiaⁿ káng-sai-hā-lí,Tāi-chèng káu nî (1920 nî) kái-sio̍k Ko-hiông-chiu Tang-káng-chùn-kūn Bān-tan-chng.Chiàn-āu sio̍k Ko-hiông-koān,1946 nî kái lē Pîn-tong-chhī koán-hat,siat Bān-tan-khu,1950 nî 10ge̍h, Kái-ûi Pîn-tong-koān Bān-tan-hiong kàu taⁿ.Kóng-khoah chin pûi ê pêng-goân,chhùi-le̍k ê lông-choh-bu̍t khàm-ba̍t tio̍h bí-lē ê tōa-tē,nâ-thiⁿ le̍k-iá kò͘-sêng Bān-tan-hiong iu-bí sûn-phok ê kéng-tì.
Bó͘-tan-hiong

**Bó͘-tan-hiong** (牡丹鄉) sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê soaⁿ-tē-hiong, hia tōa-hūn ê lâng sī Paiwan-cho̍k, pō͘-hūn sī Amis-cho̍k.
Chhâ-siâⁿ-hiong

**Chhâ-siâⁿ-hiong** (柴城-), koaⁿ-tēng hō-miâ kā hō-chò **Chhia-siâⁿ-hiong** (車城-), sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê hiong.
Nâ-kiû

**Nâ-kiû** sī chi̍t khoán ūn-tōng, ki-pún sńg-hoat sī kā kiû khǹg (ia̍h sī tàn) ji̍p chhāi tī koân ūi ê nâ-á, tī thong sè-kài chin liû-hêng.
Tiô-chiu-tìn

:*Khu-pia̍t: Tiô-chiu ū kî-thaⁿ ê ì-gī, chhiáⁿ chham-khó [[Tiô-chiu (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]]*

**Tiô-chiu-tìn** (Hàn-jī: 潮州鎮; Kheh-ka-gí: Chheù-chû-chṳ́n) sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê tìn. Ūi tī Pîn-tong-koān tiong-ng, khiā-tiàm tī Pîn-tong Pêng-goân, tang-pak kap tang-pêng ū Bān-loân-hiong, lâm-pêng ū Sin-pi-hiong, sai-pêng ū Khàm-téng-hiong, sai-pak ū Tek-chhân-hiong chòe chhù-piⁿ.

Tiô-chiu-tìn tāi-iok ū 5.4 bān lâng, sī Pîn-tong-koān tē 2 chē lâng ê hêng-chèng-khu (tē 1 sī Pîn-tong-chhī), tī 2019 nî chhiau-kòe Lāi-po͘-hiong chiâⁿ-chòe Pîn-tong-koān jîn-kháu siōng chē ê hiong-tìn. Tìn lāi ku-bîn í Hàn-cho̍k Tiô-chiu-lâng (khai-ki-chó͘ ùi Kńg-tang Tiô-chiu lâi--ê) siōng chē, kî-thaⁿ mā ū Choân, Chiang Bân-lâm-lâng kap Kheh-lâng, koh ū Tâi-oân Goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k.
Soaⁿ-ti-mn̂g-hiong

**Soaⁿ-tē-mn̂g-hiong** (三地門鄉) sī Tâi-oân Pîn-tong-koān ê 1-ê soaⁿ-tē-hiong, hia tōa-hūn ê lâng sī Paiwan-cho̍k, pō͘-hūn sī Rukai-cho̍k.
Hōng-lîm-tìn

**Hōng-lîm-tìn** (Amis-gí: ; Tâi-oân Kheh-ka-gí Sì-koān-khiuⁿ: fung limˇ ziinˋ; Hái-lio̍k-khiuⁿ: fung+ lim zhinˊ) sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê tìn.

## Tē-hō-miâ
Hōng-lîm goân-té hō-chò "Má-lí-bu̍t", sī tùi A-bí-gí ê tē-hō-miâ hoan-e̍k lâi ê, ì-sù sī peh-kiā, tān-sī hoān-ûi chha-put-to tī taⁿ Tiông-kiô-lí (長橋里) hù-kīn niā-niā. Thoân-soat chia á-bōe khai-hoat ê sî-chūn, sī chi̍t-phiàn chhiū-nâ-á, jî-chhiáⁿ koh chit-tui peh tī chhiū-á-téng ê bo̍k-lân, hn̄g-hn̄g-á khòaⁿ--khí-lâi tio̍h chhin-chhiūⁿ chi̍t-chiah hōng-hông tián-si̍t leh poe, só͘-í lâi chia khai-khún ê Hàn-jîn tio̍h kā chit-ê só͘-chāi hō-chò "Hōng-lîm". Lēng-gōa chi̍t-chióng kóng-hoat sī Chheng-léng Sî-tāi chia sio̍k-tī Tâi-tang Ti̍t-lē-chiu ê Hōng-hiong (奉鄉), in-ūi "奉" kah "鳳" kâng im tio̍h piàn-chò "hōng-lîm".

## Chù-kha
Bān-êng-hiong

**Bān-êng-hiong** (Hàn-jī: 萬榮鄉, Truku-gí: **Malibasi**) sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê soaⁿ-tē-hiong, hia tōa-hūn ê lâng sī Truku-cho̍k, pō͘-hūn sī Bunun-cho̍k.
Hong-pin-hiong

**Hong-pin-hiong** (Amis-gí: Fakong; Kebalan-gí: Bakung; Sakizaya-gí: Bakung) sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê hiong.

## Le̍k-sú
Hong-pin-hiong goân-té hō-chò "Bâ-kong", kéng-lāi ū chin chē goân-chū-bîn ê pō͘-lo̍k.

1909-nî Hoa-liân-káng siat-li̍p thiaⁿ, chia hőng oe̍h ji̍p-khì Tōa-káng kháu-khu. 1916-nî, Tōa-káng-kháu-khu kái-miâ "Bâ-kong-khu". 1920-nî, Bâ-kong-khu kái-miâ chò "Sin-siā-khu". 1937-nî Sin siā-khu kái-chè chò chng, sio̍k-tī Hoa-liân-káng-thiaⁿ Hōng-lîm-kūn.

1945-nî 12-goe̍h, Sin-siā-chng kái-chè chò hiong, sio̍k-tī Hoa-liân-koān. 1946-nî, Sin-siā-hiong kái-miâ-chò "Hong-pin-hiong".
Kiat-an-hiong

**Kiat-an-hiong** (Amis-gí: Cikasuan; Kheh-gí Sì-koān-khiuⁿ: gidˋ onˊ hiongˊ, Hái-lio̍k-khiuⁿ: gid onˋ hiongˋ), chá-chêng hō-chò **Chhit-kha-chhoan**, sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê hiong, kiat-an ê cho̍k-kûn í Hok-ló, Kheh-lâng, Amis-cho̍k khah chē.

## Le̍k-sú
Kiat-an goân-té sè-le̍k siōng-tōa ê sī Sakizaya-cho̍k, āu-lâi tī Chheng-léng Sî-tāi Sakizaya-cho̍k kah Kaliawan-lâng (hia ê Sakizaya-cho̍k kah Amis-cho̍k tùi Kebalan-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘) in-ūi put-boán tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō͘ Hàn-jîn khi-hū, khòng-gī ê lâng koh hō͘ Chheng-kun thâi-liáu-liáu, sûi hoat-seng Kaliawan Chiàn-e̍k, Chheng-kun tú-khai-sí phah kah chiok chhi-chhám ê, āu-lâi tio̍h chio Amis-cho̍k lâi tàu phah, lo̍h-bóe goân-pún ê Sakizaya-cho̍k kah Kebalan-cho̍k kiōng-beh siau-bia̍t, Amis-cho̍k ê Chhit-kha-chhoan-siā tio̍h piàn-chò chia siōng tōa ê sè-le̍k. Chhit-kha-chhoan sī tùi Amis-gí "Cikasuan" hoan-e̍k--lâi--ê, ì-sù sī "chhâ-chháu (Cikasoyay) chiok chē ê só͘-chāi".

Ji̍t-pún Sî-tāi hoat-seng Chhit-kha-chhoan Sū-kiāⁿ liáu-āu, Chhit-kha-chhoan-siā hőng húi-bia̍t. 1910-nî, Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú kó͘-lē Ji̍t-pún-lâng î-bîn khì Hoa-liân, Tâi-tang, tio̍h tī goân-té ê Chhit-kha-chhoan-siā kiàn-li̍p "Kiat-iá-chhun". Chiàn-āu Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chèng-hú siat Hoa-liân-koān Kiat-iá-hiong, tān-sī koh bô kah-ì "Kiat-iá" chit khoán ê Ji̍t-pún miâ, sûi tī 1948-nî kái 1-jī chò "Kiat-an-hiong".
Sin-siâⁿ-hiong

**Sin-siâⁿ-hiong** (Truku-gí: Alang paru; Amis-gí: Sudadatan; kheh-gí: sinˋ shang hiongˋ) sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê hiong.
Siū-hong-hiong

**Siū-hong-hiong** (Amis-gí: Rinahem; Kheh-gí Sì-koān-khiuⁿ: su fungˊ hiongˊ, Hái-lio̍k-khiuⁿ: shiu+ fungˋ hiongˋ; Sakizaya-gí: Alupalan) sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê hiong.
Siù-lîm-hiong

**Siù-lîm-hiong** (秀林鄉; Truku-gí: Bsuring), chá-chêng hō-chò "Bú-sū-lîm", sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê soaⁿ-tē-hiong, hia tōa-hūn ê lâng sī Truku-cho̍k.
Sūi-sūi-hiong

**Sūi-sūi-hiong** (瑞穗-, mā ū liām **Sūi-hūi**; Amis-gí: Kohkoh; Sakizaya-gí: Kuhkuh; Kheh-gí: suiˇ suiˇ hiongˋ), koh hō-chò "**Chúi-bóe**", sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê hiong.

## Tē-hō-miâ
Sūi-sūi goân-té hō-chò "**Chúi-bóe**", ì-sù sī Siù-ko͘-loân-khe ê bóe. Āu-lâi tī Ji̍t-pún Sî-tāi, Chóng-tok-hú in-ūi Chúi-bóe ê tiū-á seⁿ-kah bē-bái, tio̍h kā kái-chò Ji̍t-gí lāi-té kah " (Mizuo)" hoat-im chiâⁿ sêng ê " (Mizuho)", āu-lâi Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chèng-hú mā kè-sio̍k iōng chit-ê miâ, m̄-koh chāi-tē-lâng iá-sī koàn-sì kā kiò-chò "Chúi-bóe".

## Chham-khó Chu-liāu

## Chù-kha
Toh-khe-hiong

**Toh-khe-hiong** (卓溪鄉; Bunun-gí: Panital), chá-chêng hō-chò "Ta-khe (乾溪)", sī Tâi-oân Hoa-liân-koān ê 1-ê soaⁿ-tē-hiong, hia tōa-hūn ê lâng sī Bunun-cho̍k, pō͘-hūn sī Truku-cho̍k kap Seediq-cho̍k.
Olivia de Havilland

**Olivia de Havilland** (1916 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t - 2020 nî 7 goe̍h 25 ji̍t-) sī Bí-kok ê ián-goân.
Greer Garson

thumb|Greer Garson (1949)
**Greer Garson** () sī Eng-kok chhut-sin ê ián-goân.

## Liân-kiat

* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ián-goân
Joan Fontaine

**Joan Fontaine** (1917 nî 10 goe̍h 22 ji̍t chhut-sì, 2013 nî 12 goe̍h 15 ji̍t kòe-sin) sī Bí-kok ê ián-goân.
Laurence Olivier

thumb|Laurence Olivier (1939)
**Laurence Olivier** () sī Eng-kok ê ián-goân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ián-goân
Marcello Mastroianni

**Marcello Mastroianni** (1924 nî 9 goe̍h 28 ji̍t - 1996 nî 12 goe̍h 19 ji̍t) sī Italia ê ián-goân.
Mel Ferrer

**Mel Ferrer** (1917 nî 8 goe̍h 25 ji̍t - 2008 nî 6 goe̍h 2 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê ián-goân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok cha-po͘ ián-goân
Christoph Waltz

**Christoph Waltz**, 1956 nî 10 goe̍h 4 ji̍t chhut-sì, sī Tang-kok chhut-sì ê ián-goân, i ê kok-che̍k sio̍k Tek-kok. Waltz pat tī *Inglourious Basterds* téng tiān-iáⁿ chhut ián, mā in-ūi hit phìⁿ tit tio̍h Cannes Tiān-iáⁿ Chiat ê siong-hó ián-goân kap Oscar, BAFTA, Golden Globe téng chióng ê siōng-hó phoè-kak ián-goân.
Maurice Chevalier

**Maurice Chevalier**, 1888 nî 9 goe̍h 12 chhut-sì, 1972 nî 1 goe̍h chhe 1 koè-sin, sī Hoat-kok ê koa-chhiú kiam ián-goân.
Edith Cavell

**Edith Louisa Cavell** (1915 nî 10 goe̍h 12 ji̍t - 1865 nî 12 goe̍h 4 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê hō͘-sū kiam jîn-tō oa̍h-tāng chiá. I tī Tē-it-chhù Tāi-chiàn sî-kî bô hun tīn-iâⁿ chò kiù-siong kang-chok. I mā hia̍p-chō͘ Liân-bêng ê kun-jîn tùi Tek-kok chiàm-niá ê Belgie tô-bông, āu-boé hong phoàⁿ choē chhú-sí.
Khàn-hō͘

**Khàn-hō͘**, kīn-taⁿ ū kóng **hō͘-lí**, sī kiān-khong chiò-hō͘ khang-khoè ê chit hūn-chú, choan-bûn ûi-hō͘ lâng tī i-liâu kî-kan ia̍h sī it-poaⁿ seng-oa̍h, koh ū chò ki-pún ê kiù-siong khang-khòe. 

Gián-kiù khàn-hō͘ lí-lūn kap khang-khòe ê ha̍k-būn kiò khàn-hō͘-ha̍k.
Avril Lavigne

**Avril Ramona Lavigne**,  chhut-sì, sī Canada ê koa-chhiú. I tī 2002 nî chhut thâu chi̍t tiuⁿ choan-chi̍p *Let Go*.
Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

**Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud** (, ) sī Saudi A-la-pek ê kok-ông, chāi-ûi kî-kan sī 2005 nî 8 goe̍h 1 ji̍t kàu 2015 nî 1 goe̍h 23 ji̍t.
Ben Bernanke

**Ben Bernanke** () sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t ê keng-chè-ha̍k-ka. I tī 2006 nî kàu 2014 nî sī Liân-pang Chún-pī Chè-tō Lí-sū-hoē chú-se̍k.

Lūi-pia̍t:Keng-chè-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Keng-chè-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Sonia Gandhi

**Sonia Gandhi** sī 1946 nî chhut-sì ê Ìn-tō͘ chèng-tī-ka, tē it toā chèng-tóng Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Hoē-gī ê chú-se̍k.
Chiu Sió-chhoan

**Chiu Sió-chhoan** (周小川), 1948 nî 1 goe̍h 29 ji̍t chhut-sì, sī Tiong-kok ê keng-chè-ha̍k-ka, Tiong-kok Jîn-bîn Gîn-hâng ê hâng-tiúⁿ.
Dmitry Medvedev

**Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev** (, ) sī Lō͘-se-a ê chi̍t ê chèng-tī-ka. I tī 2008 nî kàu 2012 nî sī Lō͘-se-a chóng-thóng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Lō͘-se-a Chóng-thóng
Chan Siok-ngô͘

**Chan Siok-ngô͘** (曾淑娥,  chhut-sì) sī Tâi-oân ê kha-kiû soán-chhiú. I sī Ko-hiông-chhī chhut-sin, hiān-sî tī Australia hoat-tián.
Lîm Bān-thêng

**Lîm Bān-thêng** (林曼婷, ) sī Tâi-oân ê kha-kiû soán-chhiú. I sī Hoa-lian-koān Kong-ho̍k-hiong chhut-sin, hiān-sî tī Se-pan-gâ hoán-tián.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ūn-tōng soán-chhiú
Lūi-pia̍t:Kha-kiû soán-chhiú
B
Mariah Carey

**Mariah Carey** (1970 nî 3 goe̍h 27 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok ê koa-chhiú.

* *[[Mariah Carey (album)|Mariah Carey]]* (1990)
* *Emotions* (1991)
* *[[Music Box (album)|Music Box]]* (1993)
* *[[Merry Christmas]]* (1994)
* *[[Daydream (album, Mariah Carey)|Daydream]]* (1995)
* *Butterfly* (1997)
* *Rainbow* (1999)
* *[[Glitter]]* (2001)
* *[[Charmbracelet]]* (2002)
* *[[The Emancipation of Mimi]]* (2005)
* *[[E=MC² (Mariah Carey)|E=MC²]]* (2008)
* *[[Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel]]* (2009)
* *[[Merry Christmas II You]]* (2010)
Bernard Arnault

**Bernard Arnault** () sī Hoat-kok ê seng-lí-lâng, i sī LVMH ê chhòng-kiàn-chiá, chú-sek kiam chip-hêng-tiúⁿ (CEO). LVMH sī hoāⁿ ū Louis Vuitton, Dior, kap Fendi téng pâi-chú ê khòng-kó͘ kong-si. 

Tī 2011 nî, Arnault hō͘ Forbes pâi chò thong sè-kài tē-4 hó-gia̍h, Au-chiu siāng hó-gia̍h ê lâng, châi-sán 4100 bān bí-kim.
George Herbert Mead

**George Herbert Mead** (1863 nî 2 goe̍h 27 ji̍t - 1931 nî 4 goe̍h 26 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka kiam tiat-ha̍k-ka.
John Dewey

**John Dewey** (1859 nî 10 goe̍h 20 ji̍t - 1952 nî 6 goe̍h 1 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, sim-lí-ha̍k-ka, kàu-io̍k lí-lūn-ka. I sī chá-kî si̍t-ēng-chú-gī ê hoat-tián-chiá.
Si̍t-ēng-chú-gī

**Si̍t-ēng-chú-gī** (Eng-gí: *pragmatism*) sī chi̍t khoán tiat-ha̍k su-sióng, jīn-ûi chi̍t-ê kài-liām keng-koè si̍t-hêng ū hāu, khah sǹg sī chin-si̍t.

Si̍t-ēng-chú-gī tùi siā-hoē kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù kap lí-lūn chin ū éng-hióng, chá-kî hoat-tián-chiá ū Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, kap John Dewey téng-téng.

## Siong-koan
* Hêng-ûi-chú-gī
Abe Hirosi

**Abe Hirosi** (阿部 寛, , Bân-lâm-gí tha̍k-chheh-im **A-pō͘ Khoan**) sī Ji̍t-pún ê ián-goân, model, Kanagawa-koān Yokohama-chhī Kanagawa-khu chhut-sin.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún tiān-iáⁿ ián-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún tiān-sī ián-goân
Siā-hoē-ha̍k sióng-siōng

**Siā-hoē-ha̍k sióng-siōng** (Eng-gí: *sociological imagination*) sī kóng ēng siā-hoē-ha̍k hêng-sek lâi ké-soeh sè-sū, khó-liông ê būn-tê khah chù-tiōng lâng kap siā-hoē siōng ê koan-hē.

Chit-ê bêng-sû sī Bí-kok ha̍k-chiá C. Wright Mills só͘ thê chhut.

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Jürgen Habermas

**Jürgen Habermas** (1929 nî 6 goe̍h 18 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Tek-kok ê siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, phoe-phoàⁿ lí-lūn kap si̍t-ēng-chú-gī hoat-tián chiá. "Kau-thong" (*communication*) sī Habermas ê gián-kiù chiau-tiám chi it, mā sī i chiam-tùi Karl Marx ê lô-tōng kài-liām sò͘ thê chhut ê chi̍t hāng siu-chèng.
Patricia Hill Collins

**Patricia Hill Collins** (1948 nî 5 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok ê siā-hoē-ha̍k-ka, lú-sèng-chú-gī lí-lūn-ka. I pat chhut-pán «O͘-lâng Lú-sèng-chú-gī Su-sióng» (*Black Feminist Thought*).

## Siong-koan
* O͘-lâng lú-sèng-chú-gī
O͘-lâng lú-sèng-chú-gī

**O͘-lâng lú-sèng-chú-gī** (Eng-gí: *black feminism*) sī 1960 nî-tāi liáu-āu tī Bí-kok hoat-khí ê chi̍t khoán lú-sèng-chú-gī ūn-tōng, kā sèng-pia̍t-chú-gī chham chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī kap chò-hoé chò phoe-phoàⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Sanriku

**Sanriku** (三陸) sī Ji̍t-pún Tang-pak tē-hng ê tē-miâ, sī kha-chá Ji̍t-pún Lēng-chè-kok (令制国) tiong, Rikuzen (陸前), Rikutyû (陸中), Mutu (陸奥) ê ha̍p-chheng.

Hiān-tāi ê hoān-ûi hâm:

*Kui-ê Aomori-koān
*Kui-ê Iwate-koān
*Pō͘-hūn Miyagi-koān
*Pō͘-hūn Akita-koān
Rikuzentakata-chhī

**Rikuzentakata-chhī** (陸前高田市; *Rikuzentakata-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Iwate-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, jîn-kháu 23,687 (2008 nî).

Tī 2011 nî 3 goe̍h ê Tang-pak toā tē-tāng siū tio̍h chin giâm-tiōng ê sún-hāi.
Hóe

**Hóe** () sī khoài-sok ê sng-hòa (ia̍h sī kóng jiân-sio) só͘ san-seng, ū hoat kng, hoat jia̍t hiān-siōng.
Hóe-sio

**Hóe-sio** (火燒), he̍k-chiá kóng **hóe-chai** (火災), sī kóng hoé só͘ chō-sêng ê chai-hāi, sī lâng ji̍t-siông seng-oa̍h só͘ bīn-tùi, só͘ thê-hông ê chi̍t khoán chāi-lān. Nā-sī lâng teh tòa ê só͘-chai hoat-seng bô hoat-tō͘ thang khòng-chè ê hóe-sio, kiò-chò **hóe-sio-chhù** (火燒厝). Tī hiān-tāi-hoà ê siâⁿ-chhī, kiù-hoé, ia̍h-sī kóng siau-hông, sī ki-pún ê chèng-hú gia̍p-bū chi it. 

* hóe-sio-soaⁿ
Goân-chú-le̍k hoat-tiān

**Goân-chú-le̍k hoat-tiān** sī lī-ēng he̍k hoán-èng lâi seng-sán tiān-le̍k ê ki-su̍t.

## Siong-koan
* Goân-chú-le̍k hoat-tiān-só͘
Kesennuma-chhī

**Kesennuma-chhī** (気仙沼市; *Kesennuma-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Miyagi-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū 73,403 ê jîn-kháu (2010 nî).

Tī 2011 nî 3 goe̍h ê Tang-pak toā tē-tāng siū choân-bīn-sèng ê sún-hāi.
Itihara-chhī

**Itihara-chhī** (市原市; *Itihara-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Chiba-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū 27.9 bān ê jîn-kháu.
Goân-chú-le̍k hoat-tiān-só͘

**Goân-chú-le̍k hoat-tiān-chhiúⁿ**, ia̍h **he̍k-lêng hoat-tiān-chhiúⁿ**, sī lī-êng goân-chú-le̍k hoat-tiān lâi seng-sán tiān-le̍k ê siat-si.

Lūi-pia̍t:He̍k-tiān-chhiúⁿ
Epinephelus adscensionis

***Epinephelus adscensionis*** sī Serranidae-kho ê hî-á, sǹg chi̍t chióng chio̍h-pan.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Zirconium

**Zirconium**, kì-hō sī **Zr**, sī chi̍t khoán hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘.
## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Chúi-gîn

**Chúi-gîn** (水銀), kì-hō **Hg**, Latin-miâ **hydrargyrum**, sī chi̍t khoán hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Chúi-gîn
Iâm-sò͘

**Iâm-sò͘** (鹽素, kì-hō: **Cl**; Latin-miâ: *chlorum*) sī chi̍t khoán hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan ûi 17. Iâm-sò͘ hām hut-sò͘, chhàu-sò͘, ak-sò͘, astatine téng-téng tē 17 cho̍k ê goân-sò͘ ha̍p-chheng ló͘-sò͘ (鹵素).

Iâm-sò͘ tī it-poaⁿ chōng-hóng chi-hā sī khì-thé, sek-chúi sī chheⁿ-n̂g-sek, tùi jîn-thé ū-to̍k. I ê sèng-chit hoa̍t-phoat, sī kiông sng-hòa-chē, ū siōng koân ê tiān-chú chhin-hô-le̍k, koh sī tiān-khì im-sèng-tō͘ tē-saⁿ koân ê goân-sò͘. 

Iâm-sò͘ tī Tē-kiû téng siōng chia̍p-khòaⁿ ê chûn-chāi hêng-sek sī iâm-hòa-bu̍t (鹽化物) Cl−, sng-hòa-sò͘ sī −1. Phì-lūn-kóng iâm-hòa natrium, tiō sī iâm, tī hái-chúi kap giâm-chân lâi sī chin phong-phài, jîn-thé lāi lóng ē-tàng chhōe--tio̍h.

## Miâ-chheng
Iâm-sò͘ ê Eng-gí miâ **chlorine** lâi-chū Kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p-gí χλωρός (Lô-má-hòa: khlôros), ì-sù sī chhiò-le̍k-sek. 

Ji̍t-pún Edo sî-tāi ê se-hong ha̍k-chiá Udagawa Yōan (宇田川 榕菴) kā chlorine ê Ji̍t-pún-ōe hoan-chò "enso" (Kana: えんそ, Kanji: 塩素, 鹽素), in-ūi iâm sī i ê chú-iàu sêng-hūn chi-it. Hân-kok-gí mā chiàu chit-ê "yeomso" (Ko-lê-jī: 염소).

19 sè-kí 70 nî-tāi, Tiong-kok hòa-ha̍k-ka Chhî Siū (徐壽) kā chlorine hō chi̍t-ê Hôa-gí miâ kiò-chò "le̍k-khì" (綠氣). 1933 nî, Tēⁿ Cheng-bûn (鄭貞文) chhòng-chō chi̍t jī "氯" lâi tāi-piáu chlorine. "氯" chit jī nā chiàu hoán-chhiat eng-kai tha̍k-chò "le̍k", kap le̍k-sek ê "le̍k" kâng im.

1976 nî chhut-pán ê *Maryknoll Tâi-Eng sû-tián* chiong chlorine ê Tâi-gí kì-chò "iâm-sò͘".

## Tông-ūi-sò͘
Iâm-sò͘ ū nn̄g-ê ún-tēng ê tng-ūi-sò͘: <sup>35</sup>Cl kap <sup>37</sup>Cl, in tī ê pí-lē chha-put-to sī 1:3.

## Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit

## Hòa-ha̍k sèng-chit kap hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

### Iâm-hoà chúi-sò͘
Iâm-hoà chúi-sò͘ (HCl) sī iâm-sò͘ siōng kan-tan ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t, mā sī tùi kang-gia̍p kap si̍t-giām-sek lóng chin tiōng-iàu ê hòa-ha̍k io̍h-che.

Tī sek-un, iâm-hoà chúi-sò͘ sī bû-sek khì-thé, khoài-khoài iông tī chúi-té, piàn-chó chi̍t chióng kiông-sng.

### Iâm-sò͘ sng-hòa-bu̍t

### Iâm-sò͘ ê oxo sng

## Chè-chō
Si̍t-giām-sek lāi, chió-liōng ê iâm-sò͘ ē-sái chiong iâm-sng ka--ji̍p-khì jī sng-hòa  mangan (MnO2), iōng pâi-chúi chip-khì-hoat siu-chi̍p, che hoán-èng-sek sī:

MnO2\ + 4HCl -> MnCl2\ + 2H2O\ + Cl2

Kang-gia̍p siōng, siōng chú-iàu ê iâm-sò͘ chè-hoat, sī ti̍t-chiap tiān-kái iâm-chúi, che hoán-èng-sek sī:
: 2NaCl\ + 2H2O -> 2NaOH\ + Cl2\ + H2,

kî-tiong,

: iông-ke̍k (+) pòaⁿ hoán-èng sī   2 Cl^- -> Cl2\ + 2\mathit{e}^-,
: im-ke̍k (−) pòaⁿ hoán-èng sī  2H2O\ + 2\mathit{e}^- -> H2\ + 2OH^-; 

tī iông-ke̍k kap im-ke̍k hun-pia̍t siu-chi̍p--ē-tio̍h iâm-chúi kap chúi-sò͘; koh-lâi, in-ūi iâm-chúi pún-sin ū-hâm Na+, só͘-í chit-ê hong-hoat mā sī chúi-sng-hoà natrium (NaOH) ê chú-iàu chè-hoat.

## Èng-iōng
Iâm-sò͘ ē-sái iōng-lâi chò siau-to̍k-chē, it-poaⁿ ê chúi-tō-chúi kap iû-éng-tî tiō tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ iōng i siau-to̍k, ûi-chhî chúi-chit ê ōe-seng.

Iâm-sò͘ mā sī tiōng-iàu ê hòa-kang goân-liāu, iōng-lâi chè-chō iâm-sng, phiò-pe̍h-hún, haloalkane, sok-ka (chhiūⁿ PVC), chloroform téng-téng.

It-chhù Tāi-chiàn sî-kî, iâm-sò͘ bat hō͘ lâng tòng-chò hòa-ha̍k bú-khì.

## Kiám-giām

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
*
Edano Yukio

**Edano Yukio** (枝野幸男, 1964 nî 5 goe̍h 31 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Ji̍t-pún chèng-tī-ka, Bîn-chú Tóng chiòng-gī-goân, tē-79 tāi Loē-koh Koaⁿ-pâng Tiúⁿ-koaⁿ (内閣官房長官).
Khì-siōng Thiaⁿ

**Khì-siōng Thiaⁿ** (気象庁) sī Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú ê khì-siōng, tē-siōng, chúi-siōng koan-chhek, ū-pò tiong-sim, sio̍k Kok-thó͘ Kau-thong Séng.
Ji̍t-pún Hòng-sàng Hia̍p-hōe

**Ji̍t-pún Hòng-sàng Hia̍p-hoē** (日本放送協会, *Nippon Hôsô Kyôkai*, kán-siá **NHK**) sī Ji̍t-pún ê koaⁿ-hong ê hòng-sàng sū-gia̍p.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún Hòng-sàng Hia̍p-hōe
Cephaloscyllium albipinnum

***Cephaloscyllium albipinnum*** sī niau-soa-kho, Cephaloscyllium-sio̍k ê soa-hî.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Hòng-sàng

**Hòng-sàng** sī siaⁿ-im ia̍h iáⁿ-siōng ê thoân-pò, hong-sek ū la-jí-oh, tiān-sī téng-téng.
Cephaloscyllium laticeps

***Cephaloscyllium laticeps*** sī chi̍t khoán soa-hî, sī *[[Cephaloscyllium]]* lūi ê niau-soa.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Osika poàn-tó

**Osika poàn-tó** (牡鹿半島) sī Ji̍t-pún Miyagi-koān tang-pak-pō͘ chi̍t tè hiòng tang-lâm thó͘ chhut ê poàn-tó.
HAL 9000

**HAL 9000** sī siáu-soat kap tiān-iáⁿ *[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]* lāi-bīn ê kak-sek, sī chi̍t chiah ē-hiáu su-khó ê tiān-náu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-kò͘-lūi kak-sek
Nha Trang

**Nha Trang Chhī** (Oa̍t-lâm-gí: **) sī Oa̍t-lâm Khánh Hòa Séng ê chi̍t ê séng-hat-chhī (*thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh*). Chit-ê siâⁿ-chhī ū 19 ê hong (*phường*) kap 8 ê siā (*xã*), mā sī Khánh Hoà ê siú-hú.

## Chham-oa̍t
*Séng-hat-chhī (Oa̍t-lâm)

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-lâm ê séng-hat-chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-lâm ê siâⁿ-chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Khánh Hòa Séng
Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina

**Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina** (*Вера Игнатьевна Мухина*, 1889 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t - 1953 nî 10 goe̍h 6 ji̍t) sī Lō͘-se-a ê tiau-khek-ka.
Hòa-chong

縮圖|Hòa-chong
**Hòa-chong**, mā ū kóng **ōe-chng**, sī lâng ūi tio̍h bí-koan ia̍h kî-tha bo̍k-te̍k, tī bīn ia̍h sin-ku piáu-bīn keng-kòe boah hún téng chhiú-lō͘ só͘ chò ê táⁿ-pān.

## Siong-koan
*Hòa-chong-phín
Hòa-chong-phín

**Hòa-chong-phín** sī ēng-lâi ûi-hō͘ ia̍h ka-kiông lâng goā-piáu bí-koan-sèng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

## Siong-koan
* Hòa-chong
* Pó-ióng-phín
Sù-ûi Lō͘ (Ko-hiông-chhī)

**Sù-ûi Lō͘** (四維路) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī ê chi̍t tiāu lō͘, hun toāⁿ hun chò Sù-ûi 1 Lō͘ (四維一路), Sù-ûi 2 lō͘ (四維二路), Sù-ûi 3 lō͘ (四維三路) kap Sù-ûi 4 lō͘ (四維四路).
Sin Ji̍t-pún Chè-thih

**Sin Ji̍t-pún Chè-thih Tu-sek Hoē-siā** (新日本製鐵株式會社), kán chheng **Sin Ji̍t Thih** (新日鐵) sī Ji̍t-pún siāng toā ê kǹg-thih kong-si.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kǹg-thih kong-si
Asymbolus vincenti

***Asymbolus vincenti*** sī chi̍t khoán soa-hî, sī *[[Asymbolus]]* sio̍k ê niau-soa.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Ngó͘-hok Lō͘

**Ngó͘-hok Lō͘** (五福路) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī ê chi̍t tiāu lō͘, hun toāⁿ hun chò Ngó͘-hok 1 Lō͘ (五福一路), Ngó͘-hok 2 lō͘ (五福二路), Ngó͘-hok 3 lō͘ (五福三路) kap Ngó͘-hok 4 lō͘ (五福四路). Chit tiâu lō͘ ê iân-tô͘ sǹg sī Ko-hiông siong-gia̍p tiong-sim chi̍t pō͘-hūn, Iâm-tiâⁿ-khu ê lō͘ toāⁿ sī Ko-hiông chá-kî hoat-ta̍t ê só͘-chāi.
Tāi-tông Lō͘

**Tāi-tông Lō͘** (大同路) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī ê chi̍t tiāu lō͘, hun toāⁿ hun chò Tāi-tông 1 Lō͘ (大同一路) kap Tāi-tông 2 lō͘ (大同二路). Chit tiâu lō͘ ê iân-tô͘ sǹg sī Ko-hiông siong-gia̍p tiong-sim chi̍t pō͘-hūn.
Pak-mn̂g Lō͘

**Pak-mn̂g Lō͘** (北門路) sī Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm-chhī ê chi̍t tiāu lō͘, ū hun chò 1 toāⁿ kap 2 toāⁿ. Chit tiâu lō͘ ê lō͘-soàⁿ keng koè Tâi-lâm Chhia-thâu, toā-hūn kap thih-lō͘ sio pêⁿ-kiâⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-lâm-chhī ê kau-thong
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ke-lō͘
Kî-bí Pēⁿ-īⁿ

**Kî-bí I-īⁿ** (奇美醫院), it-poaⁿ kóng **Kî-bí Pēⁿ-īⁿ**, sī Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm-chhī ê chú-iàu pēⁿ-īⁿ hē-thóng chi it, goân-sin sī Éng-khong ê **Hông-kah I-īⁿ**, āu--lâi hō͘ Kî-bí Si̍t-gia̍p chiap-siu. Hiān-sî tī Liú-iâⁿ kap Ka-lí téng só͘-chāi mā ū siat īⁿ. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-lâm-chhī ê pēⁿ-īⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Kî-bí Si̍t-gia̍p
Lō͘

**Lō͘** tī kau-thong siōng sī kóng hō͘ lâng kap kau-thong kang-khu lâi thông-hêng ê tô͘-kèng.

## Siong-koan
* Ke (kau-thong)

Lūi-pia̍t:Tō-lō͘
Hukusima Tē-it Goân-chú-le̍k Hoat-tiān-só͘

**Hukusima Tē-it Goân-chú-le̍k Hoat-tiān-só͘** (Ji̍t-gí: 福島第一原子力発電所; *Hukusima Dai-Iti Gensiryoku Hatudensyo*) ūi tī teh Ji̍t-pún Hukusima-koān, sio̍k Tang-kiaⁿ Tiān-le̍k só͘ koán. 

## 2011 nî 3 goe̍h tē-tāng sún-hāi
Tī 2011 nî 3 goe̍h 11 ji̍t Tang-pak toā tē-tāng liáu-āu, hoat-tiān-só͘ ê 1-hō-ki, 2-hō-ki, 3-hō-ki kap 4-hō-ki ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t hoat-seng po̍k-chà, ín-khí hòng-siā-sèng bu̍t-chi̍t goā-sia̍p ê ûi-hāi.
Emmy Hennings

**Emmy Hennings** (1885 nî 2 goe̍h 17 ji̍t - 1948 nî 8 goe̍h 10 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok chhut-sin ê si-jîn kiam piáu-ián-chiá. I sī Dada ê chá-kî chhòng-tō-chiá chi it.
Tâi-tiong-káng Lō͘

**Tâi-tiong-káng Lō͘** (台中港路) sī í-chá Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī ê chi̍t tiâu lō͘, ū hun 1 toāⁿ, 2 toāⁿ kap 3 toāⁿ, sī Tâi-tiong ê kau-thong chú kàn-tō chi it. Chāi-tē-lâng kiò i chò **Tiong-káng Lō͘** ia̍h sī **Káng Lō͘**. I hiòng thâu chiap Tiong-chèng Lō͘, hiòng-boé chiap Tiong-chhe Lō͘.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ke-lō͘
Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘

**Jī-sng-hòa thoàⁿ-sò͘** (二酸化炭素, hòa-ha̍k-sek: CO2), sī chi̍t khoán hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t, sī 2-ê sng-sò͘ kiat 1-ê thòaⁿ-sò͘, in chi kan sī kiōng-iú (covalent) ê jī-tiông kiat-ha̍p (double bond).

Chit chióng hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t bô bī bô sek-tī, jî-chhiáⁿ tùi Tē-kiû sèⁿ-miā ū pit-iàu-sèng. I tī Tē-kiû tāi-khì tiong ê bi̍t-tō͘ tāi-khài sī 400 ppm.

Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê chū-jiân lâi-goân ū hóe-soaⁿ, un-chôaⁿ téng-téng, goân-lí sī in-ūi thòaⁿ-sng-iâm (carbonate) iûⁿ-kái tī chúi kap sng--nih.

## Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘ sī bû-sek--ê. Tī kē lông-tō͘ ê sî khì-thé sī bû-khì-bī--ê; chóng-sī, tī chhiong-chiok ê koân lông-tō͘ chōng-hóng, ē chhut ē-lāi--ê, sng-sèng ê khì-bī. Tī phiau-chún ap-le̍k kap ūn-tōng, jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê bi̍t-tō͘ sī iok-lio̍k 1.98&nbsp;kg/m3, chha-put-to khong-khì ê 1.67 pōe.

## Chham-chiàu

Lūi-pia̍t:Bû-ki hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Sng-sò͘ ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Sèng Patrick Ji̍t

**Sèng Patrick Ji̍t** (Eng-gí: *Saint Patrick's Day*; Éire-gí: *Lá Fhéile Pádraig*) sī chi̍t koá Ki-tok-kàu siā-hoē só͘ koè ê cheh-ji̍t, kì-liām ê tùi-siòng sī Sèng Patrick, Éire ê chi̍t-ê chú-pó sèng-jîn. Hiān-tāi ê Sèng Patrick Ji̍t siat tī 3 goe̍h 17, ki-pún ê te̍k-sek sī le̍k-sek, Shamrock (3-ia̍p-chháu) tô͘-iūⁿ kap chi̍t koá Éire bûn-hòa ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
Lio̍k-ha̍p Lō͘

**Lio̍k-ha̍p Lō͘** (六合路), mā ū kóng **La̍k-ha̍p Lō͘**, sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī ê chi̍t tiâu lō͘, ū hun Lio̍k-ha̍p 1 Lō͘ (六合一路) kap Lio̍k-ha̍p 2 Lō͘ (六合二路), iân-tô͘ keng koè Ko-hiông ê siong-gia̍p tiong-sim.

## Siong-koan
* Lio̍k-ha̍p Iā-chhī
Sakariba

Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm ê **Sakariba** (盛り場; *sa-khá-lí-bah*), sī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chi̍t ê chek chhī ê só͘-chāi. Sakariba tī Ji̍t-gí lāi-té sī hêng-iông "khah chia̍h-chhī ê só͘-chāi" a̍h-sī "lāu-jia̍t ê só͘-chāi" ê ì-sù, m̄ sī chi̍t ê só͘-chāi ê choan-mn̂g chheng-ho͘. Tòe-tio̍h tàⁿ-á sò͘-liōng hām êng-ūn kui-bô͘ ê cheng-ka, tī it-kiú-sam-lio̍k nî í-āu, Sakariba chiām-chiām-á chiâⁿ-chò sī Tâi-lâm sió-tiám ê tiōng-iàu tāi-bêng-sû chi-it.

## Le̍k-sú
Sakariba ê só͘-chāi goân-té sī hî-ùn-á -- tī 1930 nî-tāi heng-khí liáu-āu, chhī-hú kā thūn-chò pêⁿ-tē, chìn-hêng to͘-chhī kái-chèng kè-ōe, iā kah Se-chhī-tiûⁿ hù-kīn Chhân-teng (田町) tō-lō͘ ê khai-hoat sio khan-liân.
Ba̍k-sa

**Ba̍k-sa** (木柵) sī Tâi-oân Tâi-pak-chhī ê chi̍t-ê só͘-chāi, hiān-sî sio̍k Bûn-san-khu só͘ koán.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-san-khu
Jím-chiá

**Jím-chiá** (忍者; *ninzya*) sī Ji̍t-pún tī Kamakura sî-tâi kau Edo sî-tāi ūi tāi-miâⁿ ia̍h niá-chú chiông-sū sè-chok, chhim-tīn, àm-sat téng khang-khoè ê lâng ia̍h sī thoân-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê le̍k-sú
Dassault Mirage 2000

**Dassault Mirage 2000** sī Hoat-kok Dassault Aviation kong-si chhut-phín ê chiàn-tàu-ki.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chiàn-tò͘-ki
Lūi-pia̍t:Phùn-siā-ki
Chiàn-cheng

**Chiàn-cheng**, he̍k-chiá kóng **sio-chiàn**, **sio-thâi**, sī jîn-lūi siā-hoē tang-tiong cho͘-chit-sèng, po̍k-le̍k-sèng ê kûn-thé tùi-khòng.

*
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe
Lūi-pia̍t:Chèng-tī
Sarah Bernhardt

**Sarah Bernhardt** (1844 nî 10 goe̍h 22 ji̍t - 1923 nî 3 goe̍h 26 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê ián-goân, i tī hit tong-sî ùi Au-chiu, Bí-kok chin chhut-miâ.
Justin Bieber

thumb|Justin Bieber, 2015 nî

**Justin Drew Bieber** () sī Canada ê koa-chhiú.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada koa-chhiú
Dumbo

***Dumbo*** sī Bí-kok Walt Disney Chè-chok (Walt Disney Productions) kong-si 1941 nî chhut-phín ê tiān-iáⁿ, sī Disney chè-chok ê tē 4 chhut tōng-ōe tn̂g-phiⁿ tiān-iáⁿ (feature film).

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-oē
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Disney
Tirunesh Dibaba

**Tirunesh Dibaba** (Amhara-gí: ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ ቀነኔ), , sī Ethiopia ê tn̂g kū-lî cháu-pio soán-chhiú. I sī 5000 kong-chiò ê sè-kài kì-lio̍k pó-chhî-jîn.
Yohannes 4-sè

**Yohannes 4-sè** (iok 1831 nî - 1889 nî 3 goe̍h 10 ji̍t) sī Ethiopia hông-tè, chāi-jīm sî-kan sī 1872 nî kàu i koè-sin.
Aksum Ông-kok

**Aksum Ông-kok** sī Hui-chiu tang-pō͘ tāi-iok chêng 5 sè-kí kàu āu 1 sè-kí chhut-hiān, 950 nî chó͘-iū bia̍t-bông ê ông-kok, i-ê só͘-chāi chha-put-to tī chit-má ê Ethiopia kap Eritrea. 

Pún ông-kok chhām kó͘-chá Lô-má kiam Ìn-tō͘ ū thong-siong koan-he. Tī kun-chú Ezana chāi-ūi kî-kan (iok-lio̍k 320 nî kàu 360 nî), ông-kok kái sìn Ki-tok-kàu.

## Liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Ethiopia ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-chiu ê le̍k-sú
*
Concepción, Chile

**Concepción** sī Chile Concepción séng ê siâⁿ-chhī.


File:Centronocheconce.jpg|
File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg|
File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg|
File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg|
File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg|
File:Biobus01.jpg|
File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG|
File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg|


## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Concepción (Chile) (Se-pan-gâ-gí)

Lūi-pia̍t:Chile ê commune
Pashtun-lâng

**Pashtun-lâng** sī chú-iàu toà tī Afghanistan kap Pakistan ê bîn-cho̍k, kóng Pashto-gí, tī thong sè-kài ū 4900 bān lâng chó͘-iū.
Taliban

**Talibanan** sī Afghanistan ê kun-sū kap chèng-tī chō͘-chit, in tī 1996 nî liáu-āu khòng-chè toā-hūn ê Afghanistan, kiàn-li̍p Islam-kàu chêng-koân, si̍t-hêng kàu-koân chèng-tī.

In tī 2001 nî hō͘ Bí-kok kap liân-kun thui-hoan, hiān-sî tī kun-sū-siōng kap sin-ê chèng-hú koh teh tùi-khòng.
Afghanistan Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok

**Afghanistan Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: *Democratic Republic of Afghanistan*) sī 1978 nî kàu 1992 nî Afghanistan ê Jîn-bîn Bîn-chú Tóng kek-bēng kiàn-li̍p ê chèng-koân.
Kî-āu

**Kî-āu** (旗後, 旗后) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī Kî-tin-khu pak-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê chū-lo̍h, si Ko-hiông siāng-chá hoat-tián ê só͘-chāi chi it. 

## Le̍k-sú
Tī 1875 nî, Chheng-kok tī Kî-āu-soaⁿ téng siat phàu-tâi, 1886 nî siat lî-kim-kio̍k (釐金局), 1887 nî siat hái-koan.

## Chham-khó
*Hōng-soaⁿ-koān Chhái-hóng-chheh (鳳山縣采訪冊)

## Siong-koan
*Kî-āu Teng-thah
*Kî-āu I-koán
*Kî-āu Kàu-hōe

## Liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Ko-hiông-chhī ê tē-hng
Lūi-pia̍t:Kî-tin-khu
Carl Zuckmayer

**Carl Zuckmayer** (1896 nî 12 goe̍h 27 ji̍t - 1977 nî 1 goe̍h 18 ji̍t) sī Tek-kok ê ke̍k-chok-ka.
Hiông-tìn Pak-mn̂g

**Hiông-tìn Pak-mn̂g** (雄鎮北門) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī lâu-chûn ê chi̍t chō siâⁿ-mn̂g kó͘-chek, siat tī thóng-óng Bêng Tēⁿ kap Chheng-tiâu sî-tāi phàu-tâi ê lō͘-á téng.
Siā Chheng-chì

**Siā Chheng-chì** (謝清志, 1941 nî 10 goe̍h 17 ji̍t chhut-sì) si Tâi-oân ê thó͘-bo̍k, hâng-khong kang-têng-su, pat sī Tâi-oân ê thài-khong kè-oē kàm-tok chiá.
Âng-mn̂g-káng (Ko-hiông-chhī)

**Âng-mn̂g-káng** (紅毛港) goân-sin sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông Sió-káng tē-hng ê hái-kîⁿ chng-siā, khah-chá mā pat si Tâi-oân chú-iàu ê hî-káng chi it. 

1970 nî-tāi liáu-āu, in-ūi hū-kīn kang-gia̍p ê hoat-tián kap Ko-hiông Káng ê khok-tiong, Âng-mn̂g-káng ê hî-sán chiām-chiām siau-si̍h. Té-bé hō͘ chèng-hú oē ji̍p hòe-kūi bé-thâu ê kè-oē tē-tiám. Tī 2007 nî, kui-ê chū-lo̍h thiah-tû, chng-bîn mā oân-choân poaⁿ kòe sin-ê só͘-chāi khiā-khí.

Liáu-āu goân-té Âng-mn̂g-káng tē-khu to̍h kái siat chò Ko-hiông Káng sin ê hoè-kūi tiong-sim.

## Tē-lí
Âng-mn̂g-káng só͘-chāi tī Ko-hiông-káng ê tang-lâm-pêng, ùi Tōa-nâ-pô͘ kap Hōng-phīⁿ-thâu ê pak-pêng, éng-pái, tī Tē-jī Káng-kháu khai-siat chìn-chêng, sī chham Kî-tin pòaⁿ-tó téng-bīn ê Tiong-chiu sio thàng.

## Le̍k-sú
17 sè-kí, Hô-lân sî-tāi í-keng ū kì-lio̍k chia ê lia̍h-hî oa̍h-tāng.

Cheng-kok thóng-tī Tâi-oân bóe-kî, kin-á-ji̍t ê Âng-mn̂g-káng tē-hng, sī pun chò Âng-mn̂g-káng-chng kap Hái-sòaⁿ-chng (海汕庄), sio̍k Tâi-lâm-hú ê Hōng-koaⁿ-koān koán-lāi. Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi tāi-seng sī kè-sio̍k chá-chêng ê siat-kè, têng chân ê hêng-chèng-khu keng-kòe chē pái kái-sin, kàu 1909 nî ê sî, sī sio̍k tī Tâi-lâm-thiaⁿ lāi-té.

Chū 1920 nî khai-sí, Âng-mn̂g-káng sī Hōng-soaⁿ-kūn Sió-káng-chng ê tōa-jī hêng-chèng-khu chi it. Tī 1935 nî ū jîn-kháu 5313 lâng. Pún tē-hng tī hit chūn tng sī o͘-hî-chí ê sán-tē.

1968 nî, Âng-mn̂g-káng hông ōe ji̍p Lîm-hái Kang-gia̍p-khu lāi-té, khai-sí hān-chè kiam kìm-chí khí-chhù. Té-bé Ko-hiông Káng-bū-kio̍k koh kā pún tē-hng sǹg ji̍p Tōa-nâ Siong-káng-khu (大林商港區) ê kè-ōe-tē, jî-chhiá ùi 1975 nî thê-chhut chhian-chhun kè-ōe.

## Chham-chiàu

Lūi-pia̍t:Ko-hiông-chhī ê tē-hng
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chng-siā
Lūi-pia̍t:Sió-káng-khu
Tiong-khián Hatikô

**Tiong-khián Hachikô** (忠犬ハチ公), ia̍h sī kiò **Hachi** (ハチ), sī Ji̍t-pún ê chi̍t chià káu, 1923 nî 11 goe̍h 10 chhut-sì, 1935 nî 3 goe̍h 8 ji̍t, i in-ūi tī Sibuya ê hoé-chhia-thâu tán-thāi chú-jîn ê sū-chek, hong chheng chò sī "tiong-khián Hachikô" (忠犬ハチ公 *tûken Hachikô*). I ê phín-chéng sio̍k Akita káu. Ji̍t-pún-lâng ūi kì-liām i, chò liáu chi̍t-ê tâng-siōng, siat tī Sibuya chhia-thâu goā-kháu.
X (siā-kûn bāng-chām)

X (tī Elon Musk bé-ji̍p í-chêng hō͘-chò **Twitter**) sī 1-keng kong-si kap i siat ê bāng-chām, thê-kiong siā-hoē liân-lo̍k kap microblog kong-lêng, chi̍t kái ē-sái hoat-chhut 140-ê jī-bó ê sìn-si̍t.

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*
Siā I-bûn

**Siā I-bûn** (謝依旻, 1989 nî 11 goe̍h 16 ji̍t chuht-sì) sī Tâi-oân Biâu-le̍k chhut-sin ê ûi-kî kî-sū. I tī Ji̍t-pún hoat-tián, sio̍k Ji̍t-pún Kî-īⁿ, ū Lú-liû Honinbô (女流本因坊), Lú-liû Bêng-jîn (女流名人), kap Lú-liû Kî-sèng (女流棋聖) téng thâu-hâm.
Ûi-kî

**Ûi-kî** (圍棋), ia̍h **bûn-kî** (文棋), sī chi̍t khoán kî-lūi oa̍h-tāng, ki-pún ê ī hoat sī ēng oē keh-á ê kî-poâⁿ kap o͘-pe̍h 2-sek ê kî-á, 2-ê lâng hun-pia̍t the̍h 1-sek ê kî lâi kiâⁿ-kî, sǹg só͘ chiàm tē-poâⁿ kap só͘ chia̍h ê kî-á sò͘-liōng hun su-iâⁿ.

Ûi-kî sī tùi kó͘-chá-sî Tiong-kok só͘ sán-seng, tī Ji̍t-pún chìn chi̍t-pō͘ hoat-tián, hiān-tāi tī sè-kài thong-hêng. Kok-chè-siōng it-poaⁿ chheng ûi-kî sī *go*, che sī tùi Ji̍t-gí ê "kî" (碁) chit jī só͘ lâi.

## Chham-khó
Ford-chú-gī

**Ford-chú-gī** (Eng-gí: *Fordism*) sī tùi Henry Ford ê miâ lâi hō ê khài-liām, chú-iàu sī kóng Ford kong-si tāi-liōng seng-sán ê hong-sek, mā ēng lâi piáu-sī hiān-tāi chu-pún-chú-gī thé-chè ē-té ê chè-chō-gia̍p hoat-tián bô͘-sek.

## Siong-koan
*Kho-ha̍k koán-lí
*McDonald-chú-gī

Lūi-pia̍t:Keng-chè-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Frederick Winslow Taylor

**Frederick Winslow Taylor** (1856 nî 3 goe̍h 20 ji̍t - 1915 nî 3 goe̍h 21 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê ki-hâi kang-têng-su, i sī ko hāu-lu̍t seng-sán hong-sek "koh-ha̍k koán-lí" ê hoat-bêng-chiá.
Ki-hâi

**Ki-hâi** (), mā kóng **ke-khì**, sī lī-ēng lêng-goân chò khang-khòe ê kò͘-chō. It-poaⁿ só͘ kóng ê ki-hâi sī ēng chi̍t koá pō͘-kiāⁿ sio-tàu, ū kui-lu̍t ê ūn-tōng bô͘-sek, ē-sái kā goā-pō͘ só͘ su-ji̍p ê lêng-goân choán lâi chò ki-hâi ê oa̍h-tāng.

Ki-hâi só͘ sú-iōng ê lêng-goân hâm tiān-le̍k, hòa-ha̍k a̍h-sī jia̍t, koh ū tōng-bu̍t, lâng he̍k-chiá sī pa̍t-ê ki-hâi chhut ê la̍t téng-téng.

Giâm-keh ì-sù ê ki-hâi tang-tiong, siōng kán-tan--ê ū pí-lūn chhu-bīn, chhìn-koáiⁿ téng-téng.
Yogyakarta Te̍k-pia̍t Koán-khu

**Yogyakarta** sī Ìn-nî ê chi̍t-ê séng, ūi tī teh Sumatera tó, siú-hú sī Yogyakarta Chhī.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-nî ê séng
Jacques Cartier

**Jacques Cartier** (1491 nî 12 goe̍h 31 ji̍t - 1557 nî 9 goe̍h 1 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok ê thàm-hiám-ka. I sī thâu-chi̍t-ê biâu-su̍t Sèng Lawrence Oan kap Sèng Lawrence Hô tē-khu ê Au-chiu lâng. 

"Canada" chit-ê miâ tī Huron-Iroquois gí-giân ì-sù sī "chhoan-chng", goân-lâi tio̍h sī Jacques Cartier kā the̍h lâi chí Stadacona kiam Hochelaga nn̄g-ê chhoan hū-kīn kui-ê tē-khu, āu-boé chiâⁿ chò kok-ka ê miâ.
Mataram Ông-kok

**Mataram Ông-kok** sī 8 sè-kí kàu 10 sè-kí tī ki-á-ji̍t Ìn-nî Jawa tē-khú hoat-tián ê Ìn-tō͘-kàu/Hu̍t-kàu ông-kok

Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-nî ê le̍k-sú
Melaka Sultan-kok

**Melaka Sultan-kok** sī Má-lâi ông Parameswara tī 1400 nî chó-iū só͘ kiàn-li̍p ê ông-kok. Tiong-sim tio̍h tī hiān-tāi Má-la̍k-kah Chhī.

Tī 1511 nî, Phû-tô-gâ ji̍p-chhim ông-kok siú-hú.

Lūi-pia̍t:Má-lâi-se-a ê le̍k-sú
Bá-tah

**Bá-tah** () sī chi̍t khoán leng-chè-phín, ēng khu-lín-muh ia̍h gû-leng ka-kang chiâⁿ-sêng. It-poaⁿ ēng lâi chò tiâu-bī ia̍h liāu-lí iû.
Bactria

**Bactria** sī Tiong-a ê chi̍t-ê khu-he̍k, só͘-chāi tī Hindu Kush Soaⁿ-lêng kàu Amu Hô chi kan. 

## Siong-koan
*Tāi-hā (大夏)
Pruitt–Igoe

**Pruitt–Igoe** sī Bí-kok 1954 nî kàu 1956 nî só͘ kiàn-siat ê siā-lí, só͘-chāi tī Missouri ê St. Louis. Pruitt–Igoe sī chi̍t hāng hiān-tāi-chú-gī to͘-chhī khiā-ke kè-oē, chú-iàu ê siat-kè-chiá sī Yamasaki Minoru. 

Tī kiàn-sêng liáu-āu, in-ūi keng-hūi put-chiok, chō-sêng ûi-hō͘ put chiong, phín-chit hā-kàng; kàu 1960 nî-tāi boé-kî piàn chò hoān-choē chi̍p-tiong ê só͘-chāi. 1972 nî khai-sí, siā-khu kiàn-tio̍k hong thiah-tû.
Tiuⁿ Khian

**Tiuⁿ Khian** (張騫, iok chêng 200 nî - chêng 114 nî) sī Hàn-tiâu Se-hàn sî-kî tī Se-he̍k oa̍h-tāng ê goā-kau-ka, thàm-hiám-ka. I sī hit tong-sî Si-lō͘ ê khai-thok-chiá.
Chhòa Khian

**Chhòa Khian** (蔡騫/蔡牽, 1761 nî - 1809 nî) sī Hok-kiàn chhut-sin ê hái-chha̍t kiam hoán-khòng sè-le̍k. I tī Hok-kiàn, Kńg-tang, Chiat-kang téng tē oa̍h-tāng, tī Tâi-oân kok tē mā lâu lo̍h chi̍t koá thoân-soat.
Ke-nn̄g

**Ke-nn̄g** sī ke-á ê nn̄g, sī siōng phó͘-thong ê nn̄g-lūi sán-phín, mā sī chú-iàu ê nn̄g-chè-phín goân-liāu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ke
Tatar-gí

**Tatar-gí** (Lô-má-jī: *tatarça*; Kyril-jī: *татарча*; **Tartar-gú**) sī chi̍t khoán Turk gí-giân, sī Tartar-lâng ê gí-giân, tī Lō͘-se-a ê Tatarstan sī koaⁿ-hong gí-giân.

## Siông-iōng phiàn-gí  kap jī

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

*Bukharaev, R., & Matthews, D. J. (2000). *Historical anthology of Kazan Tatar verse: voices of eternity*. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. 
*PEN (Organization). (1998). *Tatar literature today*. Kazan: Magarif Publishers.
*Poppe, N. N. (1963). *Tatar manual: descriptive grammar and texts with a Tatar-English glossary*. Bloomington: Indiana University.
* Ахатов Г. Х. Татарская диалектология (учебник для студентов вузов). — Казань, 1984.
* Татарская грамматика. В 3-х т. / Гл. ред. М. З. Закиев. — Казань, 1993.
*Gilmetdinova A, Malova I. 'Language education for glocal interaction: English and Tatar.' *World Englishes* 37(3)  2018;1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12324

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Tatar jī-bió

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*  Atlas of Tatar dialects
* Tatar<>Turkish dictionary

Lūi-pia̍t:Türk gí-hē
Nn̄g

**Nn̄g** sī seng-bu̍t phoe-thai ê goân-sú hêng-thài. Tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k siōng, tōng-bu̍t ê nn̄g it-poaⁿ pâu-hâm tī bú-thé lāi kap bú-thé goā hoat-io̍k nn̄g khoán. Lēng-goā, si̍t-bu̍t oan-ná ū nn̄g. (siōng-sè chhiáⁿ tha̍k *[[nn̄g-chú]]*)

Ū chi̍t koá tōng-bu̍t ê nn̄g tiāⁿ hong ēng chò si̍t-phín, chhan-chhiūⁿ ke, hî. (siōng-sè chhiáⁿ tha̍k *[[nn̄g (chia̍h-mi̍h)]]*)