open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mischa Elman

**Mikhail Saulovich 'Mischa' Elman** (1891 nî 1 goe̍h 20 – 1967 nî 4 goe̍h 5), chhut-seⁿ tī Ukraina ê Iû-thài bai-ó͘-lín tāi-su. I jia̍t-chêng ê ián-chàu hong-keh kap súi-khùi ê im-chit te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ.

Elman chhut-sì toà Kiev séng ê 1 ê chng-thâu, hō chò Talnoye. A-kong sī 1 ê ē-hiáu e bai-ó͘-lín ê *klezmer* (Iû-thài bîn-kan ga̍k-su). Chū chiâⁿ sè-hàn tō hiān-hiān khoàⁿ-ē-chhut i ū goân-bí ê im-kai-kám (perfect pitch), chóng--sī in lāu-pē tiû-tû hō͘ i kiâⁿ im-ga̍k chit tô͘, in-ūi im-ga̍k-ka ê siā-hoē tē-ūi pēng bô koân. Lō͘-boé koat-tēng ún-chún i án-ne chò, tō hō͘ i 1 ki sè-hêng ê khîm. Elman kín-kín--ah tō ka-kī o̍h ē-hiáu kúi-nā-siú khek. Soà--lo̍h-khì lâng chhoā i khì kah Odessa, an-pâi i toà Hông-ka Im-ga̍k Ha̍k-īⁿ ha̍k-si̍p. Pablo de Sarasate bat hō͘ i 1 tiuⁿ chhui-chiàn-hâm, kóng i bī-lâi tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē chiâⁿ-chò Au-chiu ê tāi-su chi-it. 11 hoè ê sî-chūn bat e Wieniawski ê Tē 2 Hia̍p-chàu-khek kap Paganini ê Tē 24 Hō Kî-sióng-khek hō͘ Leopold Auer thiaⁿ. Auer put-chí-á o-ló, tō an-pâi i toà Sèng Pí-tek-siâⁿ Im-ga̍k-īⁿ (Saint Petersburg Conservatory) chìn-siu.

1903 nî khai-sí tiàm chàn-chō͘ gē-su̍t ê hó-gia̍h-lâng chhù--ni̍h piáu-ián, keh-tńg-nî tī Berlin thâu-koè chiūⁿ-tâi, ín-khí chin jia̍t ê hoán-èng. 1905 nî tī London thâu-pái chiūⁿ-tâi, 1908 nî tī New York Carnegie Hall hit pái hō͘ Bí-kok thiaⁿ-chiòng chhim ê ìn-siōng.

Elman kap i ê ka-têng āu--lâi î-bîn Bí-kok; i tī 1923 nî chiâⁿ chò kong-bîn. I ū-sî 1 tang lāi ián-chhut 29 lé-pài, siōng chē bat chông 107 tiûⁿ.
Chì-chió-chú-gī

**Chì-chió-chú-gī** (minimalism) biô-siá bó͘-mi̍h kā chok-phín kán-séⁿ chò siōng kài ki-pún ê te̍k-teng lâi piáu-ta̍t ê gē-su̍t kap siat-kè ūn-tōng, te̍k-pia̍t sī tī sī-kak gē-su̍t (visual art) kap im-ga̍k. Chì-chió-chú-gī ē-sái te̍k-pia̍t chí Chiàn-āu tī Se-hng hoat-tián ê gē-su̍t ūn-tōng, thâu-khí-seng tī sī-kak gē-su̍t, āu--lâi oan-nā èng-iōng tī chi̍t-khoán kiâⁿ têng-hok (repetition) ê im-ga̍k ūn-tōng, chhan-chhiūⁿ Steve Reich, Philip Glass, John Adams, Terry Riley chit-koá lâng ê chok-phín.

Chì-chió-chú-gī mā ē-iōng-tit kí jīm-hô séng-iōng (spare), kán-lio̍k chò ki-pún sêng-hūn, he̍k-chiá-sī ke̍k-ke ū kiat-kò͘ ê mi̍h, iah-sī gâu oá kán-hoà lō͘-soàⁿ ê hêng-ûi.
Thian-hoa

**Thian-hoa** (Eng-gí: smallpox) sī 1 chióng hō chò *Variola vera* ê pēⁿ-to̍k ín-khí ê thoân-jiám-pēⁿ, chin to̍k. Chú-iàu ū *Variola major* kap *Variola minor* 2 chióng piàn-thé; *V. major* khah to̍k, oè--tio̍h ê lâng ū 20% ~ 40% ē koè-sin; *V. minor* iok-liōng ū 1%. Oa̍h--lo̍h-lâi-ê toā-hūn 1 lúi ia̍h 2 lúi ba̍k-chiu ē in-ūi kak-mo̍͘h hùi-iông lâi chheⁿ-mê; phoê-hu mā ē seⁿ-chhng choăⁿ lâi pìⁿ niau-bīn. 20 sè-kí ū 3 ek ~ 5 ek lâng tì-tio̍h thian-hoa lâi koè-sin.
Ú-tiū

Ùi bu̍t-lí ê koan-tiám lâi kóng, **ú-tiū** sī só͘-ū tī-teh ê mi̍h ha̍p--khí-lâi ê choân-pō͘, mā sī só͘-ū ê sū-kiāⁿ hoat-seng ê khong-kan. Koan-chhat ē tio̍h ê pō͘-hūn hō chò **í-ti ú-tiū** (known universe), **koan-chhat ē tio̍h ê ú-tiū** (observable universe), ia̍h **khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê ú-tiū** (visible universe). In-ūi ú-tiū khok-chhiong chō-chiâⁿ i toā-hūn tī lán koan-chhat bē tio̍h ê ūi, khah chē ú-tiū-ha̍k-ka tông-ì lán bô khó-lêng koan-chhat tio̍h ú-tiū ê choân-pō͘. Ú-tiū-ha̍k kā ú-tiū siūⁿ chò sī iú-hān ia̍h bû-hān ê sî-khong liân-sio̍k (space-time continuum), kî-tiong pau-hâm it-chhè ê mi̍h kap lêng-goân. Ū kho-ha̍k-ka ká-tēng chit ê ú-tiū hoān-sè sī pau-hâm chē-chē ú-tiū ê hē-thóng--ni̍h ê 1 ê; chit ê hē-thóng hō chò to-ú-tiū (multiverse).
Li̍p-tang

**Li̍p-tang** (立冬) sī cheh-khùi chi it, Ji̍t-thaû se̍h kaù chhiah-keng 225°~240° hit kúi kang, ùi 11/7 kaù 11/22.  Li̍p-tang mā sù-siông kí Ji̍t-thaû tú-hó tī chhiah-keng 225° hit kang, téng-û sī 11/7~11/8, piáu-sī koâⁿ--lâng ê khai-sí.
Parkinson ê pēⁿ

**Pa-kin-sng-pēⁿ** (Ji̍t-gí:*パーキンソンびょう*, Eng-gí:*Parkinson’s disease*) sī chi̍t-chióng bān-sèng náu-kin thè-hoà ê chi̍t-pēⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē hóng-gāi hoān-chiá ūn-tōng kap kóng-oē ê lêng-le̍k. Tī 1817 nî, Eng-kok ê James Parkinson i-su kā i thê-chhut. **Pa-kin-sng-pēⁿ** sī **pa-kin-sng-chèng** (Eng-gí:*parkinsonism*)  kî-tiong siāng-chia̍p khoàiⁿ ê chi̍t-chióng.

## Chèng-thâu

Chit-ê pēⁿ ê chèng-thâu kah ūn-tōng kong-lêng chiòng-gāi ū-tî-tāi, chú-iàu-ê ū 4 ê: 

# hoān-chiá tiām-chēng ē sin-thé phî-phî-chhoah (*resting tremor*), 
# sin-khu ngē-chiáⁿ (*rigidity*), 
# kha-chhiú-bān-tūn (*bradykinesia*), 
# kha-pō͘ thām-thē. 

Kî-thaⁿ chhù-iàu ê chèng-thâu koh-ū: siá-jī sè-sè-jī-á, piáu-chêng chiâⁿ-chió, chiâⁿ-chió nih-ba̍k-chiu, thun-chia̍h-mi̍h thun-bô-sáⁿ-ē-lo̍h, kóng-oē sè-sè-siaⁿ-á, kiâⁿ-lō͘ sè-kah-pō͘-á, jú-kiâⁿ sī jú-kín, kiâⁿ-lō͘ koh chhiú bē hài-tín-tāng, téng-téng. Chit-ê pēⁿ mā-ū kah chū-chú sîn-keng hē-thóng chiòng-gāi ū-tî-tāi ê chèng-thâu, chhin-chhiūⁿ chu-thài-sèng kē-hiat-ap, piān-pì, kap sēng-kong-lêng chiòng-gāi, téng-téng; mā-ū kah kám-kak kong-lêng koh-iūⁿ ū-tî-tāi ê chèng-thâu, chhiūⁿ-kóng chhiú-kap-kha thàng-thiàⁿ, phái-phīⁿ-chhoē (hiù-kak koh-iūⁿ), chit-koá-á.

## In-toaⁿ khí-lí

Chit-ê pēⁿ ê in-toaⁿ khí-lí ah-bô chiâⁿ hun-bêng, lâng leh kóng sī kah náu-kin ē-té ê basal ganglia kap substantial nigra ê náu-sè-pau khoài-kín thè-hoà, bô-hoat-tō͘ seⁿ-sêng ū-kàu-giah ê sîn-keng ín-chhoā bu̍t-chit, hō-chò tô-phá-mín (Eng-gí:*dopamine*), a-sit-toh-kho-lín (Eng-gí: *acetylcholine*) ê chok-iōng cheng-ka ū tî-tāi. Náu-kin lāi-té su-iàu tô-phá-mín lâi chhoā-chhau ki-bah ê oa̍h-tōng, nā tô-phá-mín bô kàu-gia̍h tio̍h-ē sán-seng chē-chē ê oa̍h-tōng chiòng-gāi.

## Tī-liâu

### [[Náu-chhim-pō͘ chhì-kek-liâu-hoat]]

Náu-chhim-pō͘ chhì-kek-liâu-hoat (Eng-gí:*Deep Brain Stimulation* (DBS) ) sī chit cha̍p-kúi-nî lâi tī-liâu **Pa-kin-sng-pēⁿ** ê sin hoat-tō͘, kah io̍h-bu̍t tī-liâu tâng-chê chò-hoé sú-iōng, ē-sái-tit kái-siān pēⁿ-chêng chiâⁿ-chē. 

## Tsù-kái
Pablo de Sarasate

**Pablo Martín Melitón de Sarasate y Navascuéz** (1844 nî 3 goe̍h 10 &ndash; 1908 nî 9 goe̍h 28), Se-pan-gâ ê bai-ó͘-lín tāi-su kiam chok-khek-ka.

Sarasate tī Se-pan-gâ Pamplona chhut-seⁿ, lāu-pē sī phàu-peng-tūi ê ga̍k-thoân thoân-tiúⁿ.  5 hoè sî khai-sí toè i kap tē-hng ê sin-seⁿ o̍h khîm.  I ê im-ga̍k thian-hūn chin chá tián-hiān, tì-tio̍h i 8 hoè tō chiūⁿ-tâi piáu-ián.  Lâng chin kā o-ló, mā ū siū tio̍h chi̍t-koá hó-gia̍h-lâng chù-ì; in chàn-chō͘ i toè tiàm tī Madrid ê Manuel Rodríguez Saez o̍h khîm.  Tī hia i siū tio̍h Cha-bó͘-ông Isabel II ê tì-ìm.

Lūi-pia̍t:Se-pan-gâ chok-khek-ka
Jascha Heifetz

**Jascha Heifetz** (), bai-ó͘-lín tāi-su.

Heifetz seⁿ tī Vilna (tng-sî sio̍k-î Lō͘-se-a Tè-kok) ê 1 ê Iû-thài ka-têng.  I ê seⁿ-ji̍t ū sî kì chò 1899 ia̍h 1900 nî.  Lāu-pē Reuven Heifetz sī tē-hng ê 1 ê bai-ó͘-lín sin-seⁿ, bat tī Vilna Hì-īⁿ Kau-hiáng-ga̍k-thoân (Vilna Theatre Orchestra) tam-jim̄ 1 tang ê siú-se̍k (concertmaster).  Jascha 3 hoè khai-sí o̍h khîm, thâu-khí-seng sī hū-chhin khan-kà, 5 hoè oāⁿ Leopold Auer ê ha̍k-seng Ilya D. Malkin.  I sī gín-á thian-châi, 7 hoè tō chho͘-pān kong-kiōng ián-chhut, e Mendelssohn ê Bai-ó͘-lín Hia̍p-chàu-khek.  1910 nî ji̍p Sèng Pí-tek-siâⁿ Im-ga̍k-īⁿ toè Leopold Auer.  12 hoè tī Tek-kok, Skandinavia piáu-ián.  Tī Berlin ê su-jîn khiā-ke kap Fritz Kreisler saⁿ-kìⁿ.  Kreisler pang i phoāⁿ-chàu, 2 lâng tī kúi-ā-ê miâ sió-thê-khîm-ka ê bīn-thâu-chêng piáu-ián.  Thiaⁿ kóng liáu-āu Kreisler tùi chèng-lâng kóng, "Taⁿ lán lóng hó kā lán ê khîm khoè toà kha-thâu-u-oáⁿ at at tn̄g".  Chheng-liân Heifetz ta̍h koè Au-chiu chē-chē só͘-chāi.
Êng-ióng-put-liông

**Êng-ióng-put-liông** () sī chí chia̍h-si̍t (diet) ê liōng ia̍h chit bô sek-tong, chō-chiâⁿ kiān-khong chhut būn-tê. Toā-hūn sī chia̍h siūⁿ chió, khip-siu bái ia̍h êng-ióng-sò͘ bô chiâu-chn̂g chō-chiâⁿ ê **êng-ióng-bô-kàu** (undernutrition); ū-sî sī chí chia̍h siūⁿ chē ia̍h bó͘-mih êng-ióng-sò͘ siūⁿ chē chō-chiâⁿ ê **[[êng-ióng-koè-tō͘]]** (overnutrition). Chún-nā tn̂g sî-kan êng-ióng-sò͘ ê liōng kap chit bô ha̍h kiān-khong chia̍h-si̍t (healthy diet) ê iau-kiû, tō ē chō-chiâⁿ êng-ióng-put-liông; giâm-tiōng--kàu-tè tō pìⁿ-chiâⁿ iau-ki (starvation).
Fritz Kreisler

**Fritz Kreisler** (1875 nî 2 goe̍h 2 – 1962 nî 1 goe̍h 29), Tang-kok bai-ó͘-lín-ka, chok-khek-ka, tng-sî siōng kài chhèng ê 1 ê tāi-su-kip im-ga̍k-ka, kàu taⁿ iáu chin chhut-miâ.

Kreisler chhut-seⁿ tī Wien (Eng-gí: Vienna) ê 1 ê Iû-thài ka-têng. I seng tī hit tah ê im-ga̍k-īⁿ chìn-siu, āu--lâi khì tī Paris, siân-sé pau-koat Léo Delibes, Joseph Hellmesberger, Jr., Joseph Massart, Jules Massenet. 1888–89 nî hām Moriz Rosenthal hóng-mn̄g Bí-kok, tńg-lâi Tang-kok liáu-āu khì chhéng Wien Ài-ga̍k Kau-hiáng-ga̍k-thoân ê ūi, kiat-kó bô tiâu. I choâⁿ bô chhap im-ga̍k, kái o̍h i-ha̍k, mā chhì koè-oē. Chiông-kun chi̍t-chām-á liáu-āu chiah tò-tńg-khì bai-ó͘-lín, 1899 nî kap Berlin Ài-ga̍k Kau-hiáng-ga̍k-thoân kí-pān im-ga̍k-hoē, chí-hui sī Arthur Nikisch. Chit tiûⁿ í-ki̍p āu--lâi (1901–03) tiàm Bí-kok ê sûn-hoê piáu-ián hō͘ i chhèng--khí-lâi.

Lūi-pia̍t:Sió-thê-khîm-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-khek-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Iû-thài-lâng
Hoe-thiâu

**Hoe-thiâu**/**hoe-thiâu-hî**, mā hō chò **thiâu-á-hî** iah-sī **khōng-khiang-á**, sī seng-oa̍h tī chhián-hái ê chi̍t-chióng hî-á, ē-tàng tī lio̍k-tē seng-oa̍h.  In sī kui tī Gobiidae kho, Oxudercinae a-kho ê seng-bu̍t.  Tiàm hái-phiâⁿ khiā-khí ê hái-hî toā-hūn bih toà tâm hái-chháu ē-bīn he̍k-chiá-sī chhàng tī chúi-khut-á (tide pool) lāi oa̍h-miā.  Chóng--sī hoe-thiâu ū sek-èng chit-khoán lióng-chhe khoân-kéng ê te̍k-sû hoat-tō͘, pau-koat iōng phoê-hu chhoán-khùi (cutaneous air breathing) kap tī hái-ùn ê nńg-thô͘--ni̍h ku̍t chhim khang bih.  Hoe-thiâu kan-taⁿ tī jia̍t-tāi, a-jia̍t-tāi ū tè chhoē, che pau-hâm Ìn-tō͘-thài-pêng-iûⁿ (Indo-Pacific) kap Hui-chiu ê Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-hoāⁿ.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Ūi Tōng-bu̍t ê Tóng

**Ūi Tōng-bu̍t ê Tóng** (Kē-tē-gí: Partij voor de Dieren), Kē-tē-kok ê chèng-tóng, chú-tiuⁿ tōng-bu̍t-koân. Tī 2006 nî 11 goe̍h ê kok-hoē tāi-soán the̍h tio̍h 2 se̍k, sī tē 1 ê ji̍p khì Europa Gī-hoē ê tōng-bu̍t-koân chèng-tóng.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6170444.stm
Giap-ang-á-tâi

**Giap-ang-á-tâi** () sī tùi Ji̍t-pún lâi ê tiān-chú chhit-thô-sńg, goân-té hō-chò *UFO CATCHER*.

I sī chi̍t-tâi ki-khì, 3 bīn sī po-lê thang-á, lāi-té khǹg ang-á, chhiūⁿ jiông-mo͘ ang-á, pò͘-thâu ang-á a̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ mi̍h-kiāⁿ. I ê koân-téng tò-chhiù oá goā-kháu chhāi chi̍t-ki giap-á, giap-á chiàⁿ ē-kha ê toh-á-bīn oé chi̍t-khang thàng-kàu ki-khì goā-kháu. Sńg ê lâng tāi-seng ài lok chîⁿ, soah--lo̍h-lâi tī hān-ha̍t ê sî-kan lāi chhi̍h liú-á a̍h-sī pan iô-koaiⁿ khì chhoā-chhau giap-á kàu beh-ti̍h ê só͘-chaī, sî-hān nā kàu giap-á tio̍h chhē-kē khì giap ang-á. Koh-lâi giap-á chhiūⁿ-koân tńg-khì goân-té ê só͘-chāi, giap-á pàng-lēng kā giap--tio̍h ê mi̍h pàng-lo̍h khang--līn, liàn--chhut-lâi, sńg ê lâng to̍h the̍h-tio̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-chú iû-hì
Gotô Midori

**Gotô Midori** (Ji̍t-gí: 五嶋 みどり; 1971 nî 10 goe̍h 25—), Bí-kok-chek ê Ji̍t-pún bai-ó͘-lín-ka, chhut-sì tī Tāi-pán.

I ê a-bú tī Midori 2 hoè sî hoat-kiàn i ē-hiáu hm kúi-ā-kang chêng thiaⁿ--koè ê Bach me-ló͘-tih, tō khai-sí kà i e khîm.  6 hoè thâu-pái kong-ián, chàu Paganini ê 24 Siú Kî-sióng-khek.  1982 nî bó-kiáⁿ poaⁿ-chhù khì tī New York, tī hia pài chhut-miâ ê bai-ó͘-lín sin-seⁿ Dorothy DeLay chò su-hū.  Kāng hit nî i hām Zubin Mehta chí-hui ê New York Ài-ga̍k tàu-tīn kong-ián.  Midori āu--lâi kap Mehta saⁿ-kap ūi Sony Classical lio̍k chiâⁿ chē tiuⁿ CD.  1985 nî sī i ê seng-gâi ê 1 ê lō͘-chām-pi.  I hit-nî tī Tanglewood ê ián-chhut taⁿ í-keng sī thoân-kî.  I m̄-taⁿ e tn̄g 2 ki khîm ê E hiân, chí-hui Leonard Bernstein koh kám-tōng kah kūi toà i bīn-thâu-chêng.  Keh-tńg-ji̍t ê New York Sî-pò thâu-ia̍h toā pò chit-chân tāi-chì.
Quran

**Qur'ān** (A-la-pek-gí: ), he̍k-chiá kóng **Kó͘-lân-keng** ia̍h **Khó-lân-keng**, Islam-kàu chú-iàu ê chong-kàu bûn-hiàn.  Sìn-tô͘ siong-sìn goân A-la-pek-bûn ê Qur'ān sī Siōng-tè keng-koè sian-ti Muhammad khé-sī sè-kan-lâng ê oē, thang kóng sī jîn-kan siōng oá-kīn Siōng-tè ê mi̍h.  Sìn-tô͘ mā ū kā hō chò "Choè-āu ê Kiàn-chèng", "Chheh", "Siōng-tè ê Chheh", he̍k-chiá-sī "Khé-sī".

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* Al-Quran (Qur'ān online) 
* Quran (eng)
Im-ga̍k

**Im-ga̍k** sī 1 chióng keng-koè thèng-kak hē-thóng chiap-siu ê gē-su̍t ia̍h gī-niū hêng-sek. Im-ga̍k ē-sái kóng sī ū cho͘-chit koh it-poaⁿ-lâng kám-kak hó-thiaⁿ ê siaⁿ-im. Im-ga̍k mā ē-sái kóng sī lâng tùi ki-hâi tín-tāng ê chú-koan hoán-èng. Sui-bóng bûn-hoà chi-kan ū cheng-chha, m̄-koh jīm-hô im-ga̍k to ū koan-chhat ē tio̍h ê iūⁿ (pattern) kap cho͘-chit. Choan-tô͘ gián-kiù im-ga̍k/im-ga̍k-sú ê ha̍k-su̍t léng-he̍k hō chò im-ga̍k-ha̍k.

Im-ga̍k it-poaⁿ keng-koè ga̍k-khì (pau-koat nâ-âu) lâi sán-seng. I ê chè-chō piáu-hiān chhut chàu-ga̍k ê lâng ê chêng-sū, mā éng-hióng thiaⁿ ê lâng ê chêng-sū.
CD

**CD** () sī 1 chióng ēng lâi té sò͘-ūi chu-liāu ê kng-ha̍k tia̍p-phìⁿ (optic disc), thâu-khí-seng hoat-bêng lâi té sò͘-ūi-hoà siaⁿ-im. CD tī 1982 nî nî-té chiūⁿ-chhī, kàu kah 2007 nî iû-goân sī siang-gia̍p lio̍k-im ēng--ê piau-chún mûi-thé (medium). CD ki-su̍t āu--lâi èng-iōng tī kî-thaⁿ khoán-sek ê chu-liāu, chiâⁿ chò 1 chióng khǹg chu-liāu ê siat-pī, hō chò CD-ROM; soà--lo̍h, koh ū ē-tit-thang lio̍k--ê, pun lio̍k 1 piàn ê CD-R kap ē-tàng têng-hok lio̍k ê CD-RW 2 chióng. 2007 nî ê kò-jîn tiān-náu sán-gia̍p iû-goân chin chia̍p ēng CD-ROM kap CD-R/RW. 2004 nî lâi kóng, CD tàu-tàu--khí-lâi lóng-chóng 1 tang bē 300-ek tè CD.
Kó͘-tián im-ga̍k (Khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)

**Kó͘-tián im-ga̍k** ē-sái chí:

*Kóng-gī ê kó͘-tián im-ga̍k sī chí jīm-hô 1 ê bûn-bêng tòng-chò sī sio̍k-û kó͘-tián thoân-thóng ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek.
**Se-iûⁿ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k sī ùi Se-hng tiong-sè-kí khai-sí kàu taⁿ, tī Au-chiu chú-liû bûn-hoà poē-kéng hā chhòng-chok ê im-ga̍k.
***Kó͘-tián-chú-gī-sek ê se-iûⁿ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k.
**Ìn-nî kó͘-tián im-ga̍k
**Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k
Siáu-soat (cheh-khùi)

**Siáu-soat** (小雪) sī cheh-khùi chi it, Ji̍t-thaû se̍h kaù chhiah-keng 240°~255° ê sî, iok-liōng sī se-le̍k 11/22 kaù 12/7 hit-chām-á.  Siáu-soat mā sù-siông kí Ji̍t-thaû tú-tú tī chhiah-keng 240° hit kang.
Chúi-chhiâng

**Chúi-chhiâng** (水沖) sī chí khe-chúi ia̍h hô-chúi lâu kàu chúi-chhn̂g hiông-hiông tn̄g-chām pìⁿ lo̍h-kiā ia̍h kiā-piah ê ūi ê sî, chiâⁿ-chò ti̍t-ti̍t chhiâng--lo̍h-khì ê chúi-lâu. Chúi-lâu tùi gâm-chio̍h ê chhim-si̍t chi̍t-ē kú, ē chō-chiâⁿ tē-sè ê cheng-chha, sán-seng chhut chúi-chhiâng. Kek-lia̍t ê tē-chit kò͘-chō ūn-tōng (soaⁿ-pang, hoé-soaⁿ po̍k-hoat, tē-chân si̍t--lo̍h-khì) mā ē chō-sêng khe-lâu hiông-hiông lâi tn̄g-chām.

Hoâ-gú ê ti̍t-chiap hoan-e̍k sī **pho̍k-pò͘** (瀑布).
Soa-bo̍k

**Soa-bo̍k** he̍k-chiá **soa-bô͘** kán-tan kóng sī 1 tah kàng-chúi (precipitation) bô chē ê tē-hêng (landform) ia̍h tē-khu. Soa-bô͘ bô cheng-bi̍t ê kho-ha̍k teng-gī. 

Tē-chit-ha̍k lâi kóng, soa-bô͘ ē-tàng kán-tan tēng-gī chò 1 tang lāi ê kàng-chúi gia̍h chóng-chhé khah chió 250 mm ê só͘-chāi. Liân-ha̍p-kok kā ta-tē (dryland) hun chò chiok ta-sò (hyper arid), ta-sò (arid), poàⁿ ta-sò (semiarid), kap ta/a-sip (dry-subhumid). Soa-bô͘ pau-hâm tī "chiok ta-sò" ia̍h "ta-sò" 2 lūi lāi-bīn.

Ùi si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k ê koan-tiám lái kóng, soa-bô͘ sī chháu-bo̍k put-chí-á hi-hán ê só͘-chāi.

## Lūi-hêng
It-poaⁿ kóng ê soa-bo̍k sī soa-soa-bo̍k (erg; sand desert), chio̍h-soa-bo̍k (hamada; rocky desert), he̍k-chiá le̍k-soa-bo̍k (gravel desert). M̄-koh soa-bo̍k koh ū kî-tha lūi-hêng, pau-koat iâm-bo̍k (salt desert) kap ke̍k-tē soa-bo̍k/peng-bo̍k (polar desert/ice desert) téng-téng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* , a report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series.
** 
** Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas, from the Global Deserts Outlook .
Toā-kho͘

**Toā-kho͘** (Eng-gí: obesity) sī kóng jîn-lūi ia̍h pa̍t chióng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê chi-hông cho͘-chit (adipose tissue) siuⁿ chē, chē kah ē siong-hāi kiān-khong, cheng-ka sí-bông-lu̍t (mortality). Thé-tāng siuⁿ tāng khah ē tio̍h bó͘ chi̍t-koá pēⁿ, chhiūⁿ kóng sim-hoeh-kńg-pēⁿ (cardiovascular diseases), thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ mellitus 2 hêng (diabetes mellitus type 2), khùn kah bē chhoán-khùi (sleep apnea), koan-chat thoè-hoà (osteoarthritis). Toā-kho͘ mā hông tòng-chò sī 1 ê giân-tiōng ê kong-chiòng oē-seng (public health) būn-tê.
Be̍h

**Be̍h** ū kúi-na chióng:

*Be̍h-á (sió-be̍h)
*Toā-be̍h
*Iàn-be̍h
*Kiô-be̍h
*Thǹg-theh-be̍h
Tōa-be̍h

**Toā-be̍h** (*Hordeum vulgare*) sī chú-iàu ê 1 chióng niû-chháu kiam chhī-liāu, sio̍k tī chháu-á-kho Poaceae.  Tī 2005 nî toā-be̍h tī kok-lūi lāi-bin, seng-sán-gia̍h kap chèng-choh bīn-chek (560,000 km²) lóng pâi tē-4-ūi . 

Toā-be̍h phēng be̍h-á khah ē-kham-tit thô͘ kāu iâm.  Che hoān-sè ē-tàng kái-soeh choáⁿ-iūⁿ se-goân-chêng 2000 nî, lâng khai-sí chèng khah chē toā-be̍h.  Toā-be̍h ū châi-tiāu tī thǹg-theh-be̍h (rye) tòng bē tiâu ê léng khoân-kéng seng-tióng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Iàn-be̍h

**Iàn-be̍h** (*Avena sativa*) sī 1 chióng kok-lūi, i ê be̍h-kak sù-siông iōng lâi chò chia̍h-mi̍h, mā ū chò ka-khîm kap bé ê chhī-liāu.  Be̍h-ko-chháu ia̍h ū iōng lâi chū cheng-seⁿ-á tiâu, ū sî mā kiam chò chhī-liāu. 

Iàn-be̍h bô sek-ha̍p chò pháng.  Lún--koè ê be̍h-chhùi sù-siông chò be̍h-kak-moâi, mā ē-sái chò piáⁿ-kan (cookie).  Be̍h-á-chiú ū sî mā ū iōng iàn-be̍h kek.

Lūi-pia̍t:Si̍t-bu̍t
Lô͘-sé

**Lô͘-sé** (**kau-liâng**) sī pau-hâm 30 chióng chéng chó-iū ê kok-lūi, chū-pún seⁿ-thoàⁿ tī Hui-chiu tang-pō͘ ê jia̍t-tāi, a-jia̍t-tāi tē-khu, 1 chióng hoat-chó͘ tī México.  Āu--lâi tī Lâm Au-chiu, Tiong Bí-chiu, Pak Bí-chiu, Lâm A-chiu mā ū chèng-choh.  Tī Tiong-kok, Tâi-oân iōng lâi gô kau-liâng-chiú.
Kiô-be̍h

**Kiô-be̍h** (*Fagopyrum esculentum*) it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī 1 chióng ngó͘-kok.  Kiô-be̍h kap kî-thaⁿ ê "be̍h" bô chhin-chiâⁿ koan-hē; i bô chhiūⁿ toā-hūn ê ngó͘-kok sī Poaceae kho ê chháu-á.

Ji̍t-pún ê *[[soba]]* mī-tiâu tō sī iōng kiô-be̍h chò--ê.
Thǹg-theh-be̍h

**Thǹg-theh-be̍h** (hàn-jī: 褪裼麥; ha̍k-miâ: *Secale cereale*) sī 1 chióng chháu-á-lūi (Poaceae) ê ngó͘-kok, hām be̍h-á, toā-be̍h ū chin oá ê koan-hē, lóng sio̍k tī Triticeae ê cho̍k (tribe).  Thǹg-theh-be̍h ê sūi iōng lâi chò mī-hún, pháng, be̍h-á-chiú (bì-luh), whisky, vodka, kap chhī-liāu.
Be̍h-á

**Be̍h-á** sī kúi-ā-chióng sè-kài sì-kè ū teh chèng-choh ê chháu-á, lóng sio̍k tī *Triticum* chit ê sio̍k.  Be̍h-á sī  lâng siōng tiōng-iàu ê kok-lūi, sán-gia̍h kan-taⁿ khah su hoan-be̍h, khah chē tiū-á.  Be̍h-á ê éng-kó (caryopsis) sī 1 chióng chú-iàu ê chia̍h-mi̍h (staple food), ē-iōng-tit e chò mī-hún ia̍h ká chò be̍h-kak, mā thang hoat-kàⁿ chò be̍h-á-chiú (bì-luh), chiú-cheng, seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu (biofuel).  Be̍h-chí ê khak e tiāu liáu-āu chhun be̍h-pho͘ (bran).  Be̍h-á mā ū chèng lâi ti̍h i ê chháu, che ū chò chhī-liāu kap khàm chhù-téng ê lō͘-iōng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Kim-jī-thah

**Kim-jī-thah** sī jīm-hô 1 ê kiā-bīn saⁿ-kak-hêng ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t; tē-ki saⁿ-kak ia̍h sì-kak--ê siōng phó͘-phiàn.  Kim-jī-thah ê "kim-jī" chí Hàn-jī 金 ê hêng.  In-ūi kim-jī-thah jú oá thô͘-kha jú chia̍h tāng, chá-chêng ê bûn-bêng khò chit ê goân-lí khí chāi-té ê kì-liām-bu̍t (monument).  Kúi-ā-chheng-nî lâi, Tē-kiû téng-koân siōng kài toā, miâ-siaⁿ siōng chhèng ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t sī Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah; chóng--sī khí kim-jī-thah ê bûn-bêng oan-ná ū pa̍t-ê.
Tiū

**Tiū** sī hoat-chó͘ tī jia̍t-tài/a-jia̍t-tài A-chiu kap Hui-chiu ê chháu-á (Poaceae) chéng, ha̍k-miâ ***Oryza sativa*** kap ***Oryza glaberrima***.  Chit 2 chióng thê-kiong jîn-lūi 5 hūn 1 khah ke ê jia̍t-liōng (calorie).  

Tiū-á sī chi̍t-nî-seⁿ (annual) ê si̍t-bu̍t, koân 1–1.8 m, hio̍h-á tn̂g-tn̂g (50–100 cm) bô khoah (2–2.5 cm), hoe sè-sè-lúi, hoe-sū (inflorescence) 30–50 cm tn̂g, khò hong siū-hún (pollinate).  I ê koé-chí hō-chò tiū-chhek ia̍h chhek-á sī 1 khoán éng-kó (caryopsis), 5–12 mm tn̂g, 2–3 mm kāu. Tiū-chhek khì-tiāu chhek-khak ia̍h tiū-khak ("chho͘-khng") liáu-aū hō-chò tiū-bí. 

Tiū-bí sī lán lâng chia̍h siōng chē ê ngó͘-kok, sán-gia̍h pâi tī hoan-be̍h kap be̍h-á āu-piah.

## Bí ê chè-chō koè-têng
Siu-koah hó-sè ê tiū-sūi ài iōng siak--ê (iah-sī kî-thaⁿ ê ki-su̍t) kā tiū chí lia̍p pun--chhut-lâi.  Chia ê chhek-á pho͘ tī tiū-tiâⁿ pha̍k hō͘ ta, chiah koh iōng bí-ká pak chho͘-khng (hull), chiâⁿ-chò chhò-bí (brown rice).  Nā soà-chiap kā chhò-bí ê phoe-gê (germ) kap bí-khng (bran) lut tiāu, tō pìⁿ pe̍h-bí.  Pe̍h-bí pí-kàu khah ē-khǹg-tit.  Kó͘-chá-lâng jīn-ûi chhò-bí sī sàn-chhiah-lâng ia̍h cheng-seⁿ teh chia̍h--ê.  Taⁿ chai-iáⁿ chhò-bí ê phoe-gê kap bí-khng pau-hâm chin chē êng-ióng-sò͘.  Hiān-tāi ê pe̍h-bí sù-siông ke-thiⁿ jîn-kang ê êng-ióng-sò͘.

## Bí chò--ê chia̍h-mi̍h
* Bí-hún
* Bí-ko
* Bí-phang
* Chàng
* Kóe
Hun-chháu

:*Koan-hē a-phiàn-hun, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[a-phiàn]].*
**Hun-chháu** chí kui tī *Nicotiana* sio̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t kap in ê ta hio̍h-á.  Hun-chháu chū-pún tī Lâm/Pak Bí-chiu ū-tè-chhoē.  Lēng-goā 1 ê miā sī **lâm-lêng-chháu**.

Ta hun-hio̍h sù-siông hō͘ lâng the̍h lâi chò hun chia̍h, chia̍h-hoat pau-koat pok choá-hun (hun-ki, ki-á-hun, kńg-hun), suh hun-chhoe ia̍h chúi-hun-chhoe, ia̍h ū iōng pō͘--ê, kâm--ê, phīⁿ--ê.

Hun-chháu lāi-bīn hâm nicotine, sī 1 chióng put-chí-á kiông ê sîn-keng-to̍k (neurotoxin), ū thāu thâng-thoā ê lō͘-iōng.

## Le̍k-sú
1493 nî Christophorus Columbus hoat-hiān-liáu Sin Sè-kài, Hispaniola tó ê Ìn-tē-an-lâng tio̍h kā i siāu-kài hun-chháu chit-lō mn̍gh-kiāⁿ.

## Tùi sin-khu ê éng-ióng
Chia̍h-hun ê lâng khah chē chia̍h kàu tiâu (giàn), pìⁿ oh kái.

Chia̍h-hun ē phò-hāi hì, pau-koat seⁿ hì-gâm.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Chhì-juh

**Chhì-juh** iā **chhì-suh** (Eng-gí: *cheese*) sī ēng gû-leng, iûⁿ-leng ia̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê leng chò ê kò͘-thé chia̍h-mi̍h. I chú-iàu sī ēng 1 khoán siau-hoà kàⁿ-sò͘ (hō chò *rennet*) kap chi̍t-koá sè-khún lâi siau-hoà kap sng-hoà (acidification) leng, hō͘ i kiat-tàng. Sè-khún éng-hióng chhì-juh ê kháu-bī kap kháu-kám. Ū-koá chhì-juh mā khò seⁿ-ko͘ lâi chè-chō.

Thong sè-kài ū sò͘-pah-chióng chhì-juh.
Pizza

**Pizza** (tha̍k "phí-chah") sī 1 chióng ēng hang-lô͘ hang se̍k ê píⁿ piáⁿ, it-poaⁿ chò îⁿ--ê, ji̍p lô͘ chìn-chêng seng tī bīn-téng boah 1 têng thô͘-má-to͘h (chhàu-khī-á) chiùⁿ kap iā koá chhì-juh (te̍k-pia̍t sī *mozzarella*), sù-siông mā ū khàm koá kî-thaⁿ ê châi-liāu, hō chò "khàm-liāu" (toppings). I ê hoat-chó͘-tē sī Naples, āu--lâi keng-koè Bí-kok liû-hêng kàu A-chiu.

Siōng phó͘-phiàn ê khàm-liāu ū: phang-liāu (basil, oregano), chhiâu-bī-liāu (soàn-thâu), chhài-se (kam-chio [bell peppers/banana peppers?], lô͘-sún, káu-chàn-thah, chheⁿ-hoe-chhài, poe-lêng-á-chhài, kan-ná, chhang-thâu, artichoke), bah ia̍h hái-sán (Se-sek ian-chhiâng, há-muh, bacon, ke-bah, hê-á), bo̍k-ní, ông-lâi.
Mī-pau

**Mī-pau** thang chí:
*pháng (Ji̍t-gí: ): chú-iāu chí se-iông--ê si̍t-phín.
*bán-thô (Hoâ-gú: *mántóu*): Tiong-kok lâi--ê mī-hún lūi si̍t-phín, mā kiò-chò mī-thâu.
Pháng

**Pháng** (; ; ), iah **lō͘-ti** (), sī Au-chiu, Tiong-tang, Ìn-tō͘ bûn-hoà chú-iàu ê 1 chióng chia̍h-mi̍h. I ê sêng-hūn chú-iàu sī mī-hún kap chúi, it-poaⁿ mā ē chham kàⁿ-bú (baker's yeast) ia̍h hoat-hún, ū sî kiam hē koá iâm. Mī-hún sù-siông sī be̍h-á-hún, chóng--sī ia̍h ū iōng kî-thaⁿ ê ngó͘-kok, pau-koat toā-be̍h, iàn-be̍h. Pháng mā hō chò **mī-pau**, m̄-koh it-poaⁿ bô kā Tiong-kok-sek ê mī-hún pau-á (koah-pau, chian-pau téng-téng) kap bīn-thâu (mī-thô) kiò chò pháng.

Sio̍k-pháng (tùi Ji̍t-gí:  *syokupan*) sī chò kui tiâu lâi chhiat phìⁿ hang chia̍h ê pháng, sù-siông ē koh boah bá-tah (gû-iû) ia̍h-sī kóe-chí-chiùⁿ.

## Chham-chiàu
Siok-pháng

縮圖|iáu-bē chhiat--ê sio̍k-pháng

**Siok-pháng** (Ji̍t-gí:  Hùn-lēng-sek: *syokupan*), ho͘-im mā ū **sio̍k-pháng** ia̍h **siap-pháng**, sī chi̍t khoán se-iûⁿ-sek tn̂g-ti-hêng--ê pháng, chia̍h chìn-chêng ài chheh chò chi̍t-phìⁿ chi̍t-phìⁿ, ū-sî-á ē tī téng-bīn boah koé-chí-chiùⁿ , bá-tah, iah-sī chi-ku-la̍t-chiùⁿ, mā ū lâng koh kā khǹg--ji̍p-khì hang-lô͘ hang.

## Siong-koan
* Hang-siok-pháng

Lūi-pia̍t:Pháng
Bo̍k-sìn-guh

**Bo̍k-sìn-guh** (Eng-gí: *boxing*), ia̍h sī kóng **phah-bo̍k-sèng**, sī 1 chióng Se-iûⁿ ê thé-io̍k ūn-tōng, mā sī bú-su̍t ê 1 chióng. Tùi-phah ê 2 ê lâng thé-tāng ài sio-siâng. In iōng in ê kun-thâu-bú sio-cheng kúi-ā-hoê (rounds), ta̍k hoê 1~3 hun-cheng. Tī Olympia kap chit-gia̍p ê pí-sài, bo̍k-phiau sī beh oân-nā siám tùi-chhiú ê kûn-thâu, oân-nā chhoē khang cheng--koè-khì. Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ kin-kù cheng--tio̍h ê sin-khu pō͘-ūi hā hun-sò͘. Ha̍p-hoat ê ūi-á sī thâu-chêng-bīn ê sin-chiūⁿ; thâu, heng-khám, pak-tó͘ te̍k-pia̍t koân hun. It-tēng ê hoê-chhù liáu-āu, khah chē hun hit-pêng sǹg iâⁿ. Nā-chún tùi-chhiú lo̍h-tē koh tī chhâi-phoàⁿ sǹg kàu 10 ê sî-kan lāi bē-hù peh--khí-lâi, tō hō chò Knockout (KO), pí-sài thê-chá siu-soah; iáu khiā--teh ê soán-chhiú sǹg iâⁿ. Tio̍h-siong siuⁿ siong-tiōng ê chêng-hêng (hō chò Technical Knockout (TKO)), mā sī kāng-khoán kiat-kó.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Su-pò͘-chuh
Lūi-pia̍t:Bo̍k-sìn-guh
Chhang-á

**Chhang-á** (*Allium fistulosum*) sī *[[Allium]]* sio̍k ê 1 ê chéng.  Chhang-á to-nî-seⁿ (perennial), bē seⁿ kiû-kin (bulb), hoe-keng (scape) kap hio̍h-á khang-sim koh iù-chíⁿ, só͘-í hō chò *fistulosum* ("khang-sim--ê").  

Tī Tang-a, Tang-lâm-a chhang-á sī tiōng-iàu ê liāu-lí châi-liāu.  Bô-lūn kháu-bī ia̍h phang-bī lóng chin sêng it-poaⁿ ê chhang-thâu, mā ū 2 chióng sio-lām ê chéng.
Pablo Picasso

**Pap-lō͘ Lú-it Pì-ka̍t-sò͘** (E-su̍h-pá-ngià ōe: Pablo Ruiz Picasso) (1881 nî 10 goe̍h 25 – 1973 nî 4 goe̍h 8) sī E-su̍h-pá-ngià ê oē-ka kiam tiau-khek-ka. I sī 20 sè-kí bí-su̍t-kài lāi-bīn siōng kài chē lâng chai ê 1 ê jîn-bu̍t. I siōng chhut-miâ ê sū-chek sī hām Georges Braque téng-jîn chhoā-thâu kiâⁿ li̍p-thé-chú-gī (Cubism) ê ūn-tōng. I ê chok-phín put-chí-á phong-phài: iok-liōng ū 13,500 tiuⁿ oē kap siat-kè-tô͘ (designs), 100,000 tiuⁿ khek-pán kap khek-pán-tô͘ (prints), 34,000 tiuⁿ chheh ê chhah-tô͘, kap 300 chō tiau-khek kap hûi-á.

Picasso chhut-seⁿ tī Se-pan-gâ Málaga hit-tah-á, lāu-pē José Ruiz y Blasco, lāu-bú María Picasso y López, sī toā-hàn kiáⁿ.  Lāu-pē sī choan oē chiáu-á ê chū-jiân hong-keh oē-ka, mā tam-jīm kàu-siū kap tē-hng bí-su̍t-koán ê koán-tiúⁿ.  Pablo chū sè-hàn tō piáu-hiān chhut bí-su̍t thian-hūn.  I tùi lāu-pē hia tit tio̍h chho͘-pō͘ ê bí-su̍t hùn-liān, pau-koat o̍h oē lâng kap oē iû-oē.  I āu—lâi tī Gē-su̍t Ha̍k-īⁿ chìn-siu boē 1 tang tō lī-khui.

I poaⁿ khì Hoat-kok Pa-lí ê Montmartre khu, hit-tah toà chin chē gē-su̍t-ka kap tì-sek-hūn-chú.  Āu—lâi Picasso kap kî-thaⁿ ê gē-su̍t-ka ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á soá khì Montparnasse.

Bô-lūn sī Se-pan-gâ Loē-chiàn, Tē-it-pái Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn, ia̍h Tē-jī-pái Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn, I lóng bô khì chham-ka.  Goā-kok-lâng ê sin-hūn sī pō͘-hūn ê in-toan.  Ū lâng siat-sú i hoán-chiàn, mā ū lâng giâu-gî sī kiaⁿ-sí.  Sui-bóng i chiàn-chêng chiàn-āu lóng ū chham-ka Hoat-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng, mā tông-chêng Catalunya ê to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng, i khêng-si̍t tùi chèng-tī ūn-tōng bô kài jia̍t.

I bat kap 3 ê cha-bó͘-lâng seⁿ 4 ê kiáⁿ, lēng-goā iū-koh ū pa̍t-ê cha-bó͘.

Picasso kan-taⁿ bē i su-iàu bē ê chok-phín.  I koè-sin ê sî-chūn, sin-khu-piⁿ iáu ū chiok chē ka-kī ê chok-phín, mā ū bē chió kî-thaⁿ chhut-miâ oē-ka ê chok-phín (chhiūⁿ kóng i bat kap Henri Matisse kau-oāⁿ chok-phín).  I bô lâu ûi-chiok-jī, koè-óng liáu-āu ê ûi-sán-soè tō ùi i ê chok-phín thiu.  Che ia̍h sī choáⁿ-iūⁿ Musée Picasso (Pa-lí) ū hiah chē pak tô͘ ê in-toan.

Picasso hit pak *[[Garçon à la pipe]]* tī 2004 nî phah-bē ê sêng-kau-kè sī Bí-kim 1-ek 4-pah bān, phoà hit-tang-chūn ê kì-lio̍k.  Lēng-goā ū kúi-ā-pak mā ta̍t bē chió chîⁿ.

## Chok-phín
It-poaⁿ kā Picasso ê chok-phín hun chò kúi-ê sî-kî.  Boán-liân ê hun-lūi khah ū cheng-gī.  Chá-kî—ê pau-hâm:  Khóng-sek Sî-kî (Blue Period, 1901–1904), Mûi-kùi Sî-kî (Rose Period, 1905–1907), Hui-chiu Sek-chhái ê Sî-kî (African-influenced Period, 1908–1909), Hun-sek Li̍p-thé-chú-gī Sî-kî (Analytic Cubism, 1909–1912), kap Ha̍p-sêng Li̍p-thé-chú-gī Sî-kî (Synthetic Cubism, 1912–1919).

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

**Bí-su̍t-koán:**
* Musée National Picasso  (Hoat-kok, Paris)
* Museu Picasso (Se-pan-gâ, Barcelona)
* Museo Picasso Málaga (Se-pan-gâ, Málaga)
* Metropolitan Museum of Arts (Bí-kok, New York)
* Museum Berggruen  (Tek-kok, Berlin)
* Musée Picasso  (Hoat-kok, Antibes)
* Guggenheim Museum : toān-kì
* National Gallery of Art: oē ê lia̍t-toaⁿ
*  Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) (Bí-kok, New York)

**Soàⁿ-téng oē-lông:**
* On-Line Picasso Project:  siāu-kài i ê seng-gâi kap chok-phín.
Li̍p-thé-chú-gī

**Li̍p-thé-chú-gī** ia̍h **Li̍p-thé-phài** sī 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî ê *[[avant-garde]]* bí-su̍t ūn-tōng, tùi Au-chiu ê koè-oē kap tiau-khek ū chin toā ê éng-hióng, mā éng-hióng tio̍h pa̍t ê léng-he̍k ê tiâu-liû. Li̍p-thé-phài kā bu̍t-thé "thiah-khui" hun-sek, liáu-āu têng tàu chò thiu-siōng ê hêng-sek. Li̍p-thé-phài kā 1 ê mi̍h ùi kúi-ā-ê kak-tō͘ piáu-hiān--chhut-lâi. Tī Li̍p-thé-phài ê chok-phín lāi-bīn, pêng-bīn chi-kan sio-tú sio-chhiat ê kak-tō͘ bē-su bô kui-chek, tì-tio̍h hō͘ lâng kám-kak bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ê chhim-chhián-kám (depth).

Thâu-lâng chú-iàu ū Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris.
Salvador Dalí

**Salvador Felipe Jacint(o) Dalí Domènech, Pubol ê Marquis** (), lâng kiò i **Salvador Dalí**, sī tī Catalunya chhut-sì ê Se-pan-gâ bí-su̍t-ka, mā sī 20 sè-kí siōng tiōng-iàu ê 1 ê. I oē-tô͘ ê chhiú-lō͘ put-chí-á hó. I ê chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī (surrealism) ê chok-phín te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ; i ê oē lāi-bīn pau-hâm chē-chē iáⁿ-ba̍k, koài-kî koh bí-lē ê iáⁿ-siōng. I ê koè-oē kī-lêng sù-siông hō͘ lâng kóng sī siū Bûn-gē Hiù-heng ê tāi-su éng-hióng. I siōng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín tī 1931 nî oân-sêng, hō chò *La persistencia de la memoria* (Soà-soà ê Kì-tî). Dalí ê gē-su̍t chhòng-chok iū-koh pau-koat iáⁿ-phìⁿ, tiau-khek, liap-iáⁿ.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Marcel Duchamp

**Marcel Duchamp** (Kok-chè Im-phiau: [maʀsɛl dyʃɑ̃]) (1887 nî 7 goe̍h 28 – 1968 nî 10 goe̍h 2) sī 1 ê Hoat-kok gē-su̍t-ka (āu—lâi tī 1955 nî pìⁿ Bí-kok-chek).  I ê chok-phín kap lí-liām tùi Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu ê Se-iûⁿ bí-su̍t-kài ū chin toā ê éng-hióng.  Lâng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kā i kap Dada, Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī ê ūn-tōng khan chò-hoé, chóng—sī i tī Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-phài ê kak-sek chú-iàu sī kha-chiah-āu—ê.  

Ū chiok chē lâng siá chheh, bûn-chiuⁿ gī-lūn Duchamps ê chok-phín kap i ê su-sióng ê ì-gī.  Tùi i lâi kóng, hit-koá kái-soeh oân-ná sī chhòng-chok; in hoán-èng kái-soeh ê lâng.  I keng-koè i ê chok-phín thàm-thó gē-sut ê koè-thêng kap hêng-siau.  Chhiūⁿ kóng i kā 1 chō jiō-chō (urinal) hō chò gē-su̍t, hō-miâ "Choâⁿ-thâu" (Fountain).  Āu—lâi sīm-chì pàng-sak bí-su̍t, choan-tô͘ kiâⁿ se-iûⁿ-kî.  I ê chok-phín bô chē; tong-sî ê *avant-garde* tiâu-liû lóng ū chhap—tio̍h.

## Seng-gâi
I pún-miâ **Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp**, chhut-sì tī Hoat-kok Haute-Normandie tē-tāi ê Seine-Maritime ê chng-thâu, hō chò Blainville-Crevon.  Ka-têng tiōng-sī bûn-hoà oa̍h-tōng, tī chhù-lāi sù-siông saⁿ-kap kiâⁿ-kî, tha̍k chheh, oē-tô͘, chàu im-ga̍k.  Chhù—ni̍h ū koà chē-chē goā-kong Emile Nicolle ê koè-oē kap khek-pán chok-phín.

Chheng-siàu-liân sî, khai-sí o̍h oē-tô͘, thâu-khí-seng sī o̍h Ìn-siōng-chú-gī ê hong-keh.  

1927 nî 6 goe̍h 8, kap Lydie Sarazin-Lavassor kiat-liân-lí, 6 goe̍h-ji̍t tō lî-iân.  1954 nî kap Alexina "Teeny" Sattler kiat-hūn, it-ti̍t kàu Duchamps pia̍t-sè.  1955 nî i chiâⁿ chò Bí-kok kong-bîn.

## Chok-phín kap bí-ha̍k su-sióng
### Chò-piān-mi̍h

Duchamps khai-hoat chò-piān-mi̍h (readymades) chún gē-su̍t-phín ê su-sióng.  I kéng koá thong-sio̍k, chè-chō piān ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, ū-sî ē sió kái—koè, án-ne kā hō chò gē-su̍t.  Tī chit ê koè-têng, kéng 1 hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ, hō 1 ê miâ, chhiam 1 ê jī, hit ê thong-sio̍k mi̍h tō pìⁿ-chiâⁿ gē-su̍t-phín.  Duchamps tùi sûn sī-kak gē-su̍t bô chhù-bī, keng-thé kóng he sī "sī-bāng-moh gē-su̍t" (retinal art).  Ūi beh cháu-chhoē pa̍t chióng piáu-hiān ê hoat-tō͘, i tī 1915 nî khai-sí siat-kè chò-piān-mi̍h.   Hit-tang-chūn "chò-piān-mi̍h" sī iōng lâi khu-pia̍t kang-tiûⁿ chè-chō—ê kap thoân-thóng chhiú-kang chò ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.  I kéng piān-mi̍h te̍k-pia̍t kéng hit-koá "sī-kak-te̍k bô-bī-bô-sò͘"--ê (visual indifference).  I ê soán-tek hoán-èng chhut i kāu-khoe-hâi, gâu sau-that, hèng kiâⁿ ài-māi ê hong-keh.  I bat kóng:  "...chū-pún to khài-liām iu-sian, m̄ sī sī-kak ê lē...sī 1 chióng teh hò͘ⁿ-tēng chiōng gē-su̍t lâi tēng-gī ê khó-lêng-sèng" .

Duchamp hān-chè chò-piān-mi̍h ê sán-gia̍h, kui-sì-lâng ke̍k-ke chiah 20 kiāⁿ nā-niā.  I kám-kak án-ne lâi hān-chè, i chiah ū hoat-tō͘ pī-bián poa̍h lo̍h-khì phín-bī (taste) ê hām-khut.  I liáu-kái oân-nā siám-pī phín-bī oân-nā kéng mi̍h-kiāⁿ, chit 2 hāng chi-kan ū mâu-tún.  Phín-bī, "hó"--ê ia̍h "bái"--ê, i kám-kak lóng sī gē-su̍t ê sí-te̍k.
Dada

**Dada** ia̍h **Dada-chú-gī** sī Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn chiân-āu tī Au-chiu Zürich khí-heng ê bûn-hoà ūn-tōng, piáu-hiān ê hêng-sek pau-hâm sī-kak gē-su̍t, bûn-ha̍k (te̍k-pia̍t sī koa-si, soan-giân, lí-lūn), hì-kio̍k piáu-ián ê oa̍h-tōng. Dada ūn-tōng khì-hiâm Au-chiu siā-hoē ê bûn-hoà tia̍t-sū kap i só͘ piáu-hiān chhut-lâi ê hò͘ⁿ-chiàn sèng-keh. Dada hūn-chú chú-tiuⁿ "hoán-bí-su̍t" (anti-art). 

Dada siōng oa̍h-thiàu ê sî-kî sī 1916 chì 1920 nî, sî-kan bô kú, m̄-koh tùi 20 sè-kí ê hiān-tāi-chú-gī bûn-gē tiâu-liû sán-seng it-tēng ê éng-hióng.
Okinawa-koān

:*Khu-pia̍t: [[Okinawa-chhī]] sī Okinawa-koān ē-kha ê 1 ê chhī.*

 sī Ji̍t-pún ê 1 ê koān, siú-hú sī Naha-chhī. 

Tâi-oân-oē kiò-chòe **Liû-khiû-koān** ia̍h **Liû-kiû-koān** (琉球縣), oá-kīn Tâi-oân ê tang-pak hái-bīn, chia ê tē-lí ē-tàng kóng sī chin iàu-kín ê só͘-chāi. Chhut-sán o͘-thn̂g chia̍h-si̍t kap Tâi-oân ê kháu-bī khah kīn.

Chia koān goân-lâi sī 1 ê to̍k-li̍p ê kok-ka, hō choè Liû-kiû-kok. 1879 nî, hō͘ Ji̍t-pún bia̍t-bông.

## Chhī-teng-chhoan
### Chhī
*Ginowan-chhī ()
*Isigaki-chhī ()
*Itoman-chhī ()
*Miyakozima-chhī ()
*Nago-chhī ()
*Naha-chhī ()
*Nanjō-chhī ()
*Okinawa-chhī ()
*Tomigusuku-chhī ()
*Urasoe-chhī ()
*Uruma-chhī ()
Kawagoe-chhī

**Kawagoe Chhī** (川越市), Ji̍t-pún siâⁿ-chhī, tiàm tī Koan-tang tē-khu lâm-pō͘, Saitama Koān sai-lâm-pō͘, lī Tang-kiaⁿ chē tiān-chhia 30 hun-cheng.  1922 nî 12 goe̍h 1 chèng-sek sêng-li̍p chhī-chèng.  Tē-hng lâng kā hō chò **Sió Edo** (小江戸, Edo sī Tang-kiaⁿ kū-miâ).

2006 nî 1 goe̍h ê jîn-kháu chho͘-sǹg ū 332,846 (130,436 hō͘), jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ 3,049 lâng/km². Chóng biān-chek 109.16 km².
Ko-hiat-ap

**Ko-hiat-ap**/**ko-hoeh-ap** (高血壓; *hypertension*) sī chí hiat-ap tn̂g-kî lóng siuⁿ koè-thâu koân, khah chèng-sek ê miâ-chheng hō chò **tōng-me̍h ko-hiat-ap**. Ko-hiat-ap ê lâng khah chia̍p hoat-seng tiòng-hong, sim-chōng-pēⁿ, sim-chōng soe-jio̍k (heart failure), tōng-me̍h-liû (aneurysm), bān-sèng io-chí soe-jio̍k (chronic renal failure).

Lūi-pia̍t:Hiat-ap
Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī

**Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī** (Surrealism) sī 1 ê tiat-ha̍k ūn-tōng. Chú-tiuⁿ-chiá jīn-ûi ēng "bô-ì-sek ê sim" (unconscious mind) lâi hoat-hui hit-tah ê sióng-siōng khì-koan (imaginative faculties) ē-tit-thang tháu-pa̍k lâng kap siā-hoē ê sim-lêng (mind). Hit ê tháu-pa̍k ê chōng-hóng bē-su bîn-bāng; he phēng mî-ji̍t teh koè ê hiān-si̍t iū-koh khah "chin". Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī-chiá siong-sìn chit ê chân-chhù ū châi-tiāu toà lâi kò-jîn, bûn-hoà, ia̍h siā-hoē-te̍k ê kek-bēng, sìⁿ-miā mā ē ū chū-iû, ū koa-si, ū bô sok-pa̍k ê sèng.
Kam-chià

**Kam-chià** (ha̍k-miâ: *Saccharum*) sī pau-hâm 6~37 chióng chéng ê chháu-á (Poaceae), chū-pún seⁿ toà Kū Sè-kài khah sio-lo̍h ê un-tāi kap jia̍t-tāi tē-khu.  In ū chho͘-ióng, hun chat ê ngē chháu-kó, hâm chē-chē thn̂g-hūn.  2~6 kong-chhioh koân.  Só͘-ū ê kam-chià chéng lóng ē-tit sio-lām.  Ū keng-chè kè-ta̍t ê chai-poê-chéng lóng sī ho̍k-cha̍p ê lām-chéng (hybrids).
Gì-tah-chhiú

**Gí-tah-chhiú** sī ián-chàu gí-tah ê im-ga̍k-ka, i-ê ga̍k-khì khó-lêng sī kó͘-tián gí-tah, goân-seng gí-tah, tiān-chú gí-tah kap bass gí-tah.
Niccolò Paganini

**Niccolò Paganini** (1782 nî 10 goe̍h 27 – 1840 nî 5 goe̍h 27), Italia ê sió-thê-khîm-ka, tiong-thê-khîm-ka, gí-tah-chhiú, chok-khek-ka. I thang kóng sī chêng kah taⁿ siōng kài ū miâ-siaⁿ koh siōng gâu ê 1 ê bai-ó͘-lín tāi-su. I ê im-kai-kám (intonation) bô phian-chha, kī-lêng ū chhòng-ì.

Paganini boē chhut-hiān chìn-chêng, bai-ó͘-lín-ka khah chē tì-tiōng im-kai-kám kap keng-hoat (bowing) ê kī-lêng. Paganini 1 ê lâng hoat-bêng a̍h-sī thê-seng chin chē e-hoat, pau-koat tò-chhiú ê pizzicato, (double-stop harmonics), (multiple stops), ricochet keng-hoat, (rapid shifting), (fingered octaves), glissando ê sin iōng-hoat, octave trills, 1 tiâu hiân e kui siú (solos on single string), kî-thaⁿ ê sin keng-hoat.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Sió-thê-khîm-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-khek-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Í-tāi-lī jîn-bu̍t
Siong-phok

**Siong-phok** (Ji̍t-gí: 相撲 *sumô*), Tâi-gí ū kóng **sú-mo͘h**, sī 1 khoán sio-ián, Ji̍t-pún ê 1 chióng kok-ka bú-tō ia̍h thé-io̍k ūn-tōng.  Siong-phok ê lâng hō chò la̍t-sū (力士), 1 pái 2 ê tī 1 ê îⁿ tiâⁿ lāi-bīn tàu-sè.  Siong-phok siōng bô ū sò͘ pah tang ê le̍k-sú; hiān-tāi ê sio-ián iû-goân toè chin chē thoân-thóng kap chong-kàu lé-sek.

Siong-phok ê chhâi-phòaⁿ-koaⁿ hō chò hêng-si (行司).  I ê ke-si pau-hâm 1 sìⁿ kó͘-á-sìⁿ (Ji̍t-gí: 軍配); che ū iōng lâi kí ǹg kî-tiong 1 ê la̍t-sū, piáu-sī hit pêng sè iâⁿ.

La̍t-sū ē-sái sái chin chē pō͘-sò͘, chhiūⁿ kóng kau-kha.   

Ji̍t-pún Siong-phok Hia̍p-hōe chú-pān ê siong-phok pí-sài hō chò Tāi Siong-phok.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún bûn-hòa
Lūi-pia̍t:Su-pò͘-chuh
Lūi-pia̍t:Sio-ián
Hì-gâm

**Hì-gâm** (Eng-gí: lung cancer) sī tī hì--nih ū seⁿ ok-sèng (malignant) liû (tumour) ê 1 chióng gâm-chèng (cancer). Ū 90% sī hì-kńg-chi goân-sèng-gâm (bronchogenic carcinoma). Hì-gâm sī siāng bé-miā ê gâm-chèng, 1 tang ū 3 pah-bān lâng tì-tio̍h hì-gâm lâi óng-seng. Kan-taⁿ 10 hūn 1 ê lâng ē-tàng koh oa̍h koè 5 tang. Chá-chêng tio̍h hì-gâm--ê lóng sī cha-po͘, chit kúi 10 tang lâi, cha-bó͘ tio̍h--tio̍h ê pí-lē jú lâi jú koân, che tiāⁿ-tio̍h kap chia̍h-hun ham khong-khì u-jiám ū tī-tāi. Hiān-chú-sî cha-bó͘ tì-tio̍h hì-gâm lâi óng-seng--ê khah chē pa̍t chióng gâm-chèng, chhin-chhiūⁿ leng-gâm (breast cancer), nn̄g-châu-gâm (ovarian cancer), kap chú-kiong-gâm (uterine cancer).

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Ngó͘-kok chia̍h-mi̍h

**Ngó͘-kok chia̍h-mi̍h** (Eng-gí: *cereal*) sī hô-pún-kho sè-lia̍p chí (tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kiò éng-kó [*caryopsis*], chi̍t khoán kóe-chí) tang-tiong jîn-hô ē-tàng chia̍h ê pō͘-hūn.
Johann Sebastian Bach

**Johann Sebastian Bach** (Kok-chè Im-phiau: [ˈjoːhan zəˈbastjan ˈbax]) (1685 nî 3 goe̍h 21 O.S. – 1750 nî 7 goe̍h 28 N.S.) sī Tek-kok ê 1 ê chok-khek-ka kiam hong-khîm-su. I ūi ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-thoân, koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân, to̍k-chàu ga̍k-khì chhòng-chok ê chong-kàu kap sè-sio̍k chok-phín kui-ê kā Baroque sî-kî ê kok-chióng goân-sò͘ hoat-hui kàu 1 ê sêng-se̍k ê khám-chām. Sui-bóng i bô toà lâi sin ê im-ga̍k hêng-sek (form), i ū kā tong-sî chú-liû ê Tek-kok hong-keh ak-pûi, hō͘ i ê chit keng-ka hong-hù. I ê hong-hoat pau-koat siat-kè chāi-chāi ê tùi-ūi-hoat (counterpoint), khòng-chè hô-siaⁿ (harmony) kap (motif) ê cho͘-chit, chhái-iōng kok-goā ê chiat-chàu (rhythm) kap chit-kám (texture), te̍k-pia̍t sī Hoat-kok, Italia--ê. Taⁿ lâng jīn-ûi i sī chêng kah taⁿ siōng kài gâu ê 1 ê chok-khek-ka.

Bach ê ka-cho̍k iok-liōng ū 200 ê lâng sī chò im-ga̍k--ê, m̄-koh in-ūi **J. S. Bach** siōng chhut-miâ, it-poaⁿ kóng **Bach** tō sī kí i.
Ludwig van Beethoven

**Ludwig van Beethoven** (Kok-chè Im-phiau: [ˈbeː.to.vən]; 1770 nî 12 goe̍h 17 sé-lé – 1827 nî 3 goe̍h 26) sī Tek-kok ê chok-khek-ka kiam kǹg-khîm-ka. I sī Au-chiu gē-su̍t im-ga̍k ùi Kó͘-tián sî-kî ián-piàn kàu Lô-bān sî-kî ê 1 ê koan-kiān jîn-bu̍t. I ê miâ-siaⁿ kap châi-chêng tùi āu--lâi ê chok-khek-ka, im-ga̍k-ka, thiaⁿ-chiòng ū chin toā ê khé-sī; ta̍h i ê kha-pō͘ ê chok-khek-ka chē-chē lia̍h i chò pí-phēng ê bo̍k-piau.

Beethoven tī Tek-kok Bonn chhut-sì, 20 hoè chhut-thâu poaⁿ khì Tang-kok Wien, tiàm hia toè Joseph Haydn o̍h gē, chiâⁿ kín tō kiàn-li̍p kǹg-khîm tāi-su ê hó miâ-siaⁿ. Beh 30 hoè ê sî, put-hēng khai-sí chhàu-hīⁿ; che pìⁿ-chiâⁿ i kui-sì-lâng tio̍h bīn-tùi ê khùn-jiáu. Chóng--sī i soà-chiap chhòng-chok phín-chit koân ê tāi-chok. 

Beethoven thang kóng sī siōng chá kā ka-kī tòng-chò chū-iû gē-su̍t-ka ê chok-khek-ka. I bô chhiūⁿ chá-chêng ê chok-khek-ka kā ka-kī tēng-ūi sī chè-chō im-ga̍k sán-phín ê sai-hū. I pān im-ga̍k-hoē, bē chok-phín hō͘ chhut-pán-siā, tit tio̍h kúi-ā-ê kim-chú chàn-chō͘, chóng--sī bô chhiūⁿ chiân-poè chiong-sin hō͘ Kàu-hoē ia̍h hoâ-cho̍k chhiàⁿ.

## Chhut-sin
Beethoven ê a-kong sī Ludwig van Beethoven, Brabant Kong-kok Mechelen siâⁿ ê im-ga̍k-ka.

Beethoven tī Bonn chhut-sì, chóng-sī bô khak-tēng ê seⁿ-ji̍t kì-lio̍k. I 1770 nî 12 goe̍h 17 ji̍t siū Thian-chú-kàu sé-lé.

## Chú-iàu chok-phín
* Tē-9-hō Kau-hiáng-khek (Beethoven)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

[thumb|[Barbara Krafft oē--ê **Mozart** (1819)]]

**Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart** () sī Au-chiu Kó͘-tián sî-kî ê chok-khek-ka. I ê chok-phín bô-lūn sī gia̍h (600+) ia̍h phín-chit, lóng chin ū éng-hióng-la̍t, kî-tiong pau-hâm lâng jīn-ûi sī chhòng-chok kàu ke̍k-kak ê kau-hiáng-khek, *concertante*, sek-lāi-ga̍k, kǹg-khîm-ga̍k, koa-kio̍k (opera), ha̍p-chhiùⁿ im-ga̍k. Mozart sī chok-khek-ka tang-tiong sî-kiâⁿ kú-kú ê 1 ê. I ê chē-chē chok-phín taⁿ sī im-ga̍k-hoē ê piau-chún bo̍k-lio̍k (repertoire) ê 1 pō͘-hūn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī chok-khek-ka
Charles Ives

**Charles Ives** (1874 nî 10 goe̍h 20 – 1954 nî 5 goe̍h 19), Bí-kok ê kó͘-tián im-ga̍k chok-khek-ka. Ives tī-teh ê sî-chūn, i ê im-ga̍k bô siáⁿ lâng chhap, tì-tio̍h chē-chē chok-phín chin kú lóng bô lâng kong-ián. Kīn-lâi ná chē lâng liáu-kái i ê im-ga̍k ū 1 chióng te̍k-sû ê Bí-kok hong-keh, che pau-koat kā Bí-kok koa-á ê sêng-hūn chham ji̍p-khì chok-phín--ni̍h. Hiān-chú-sî lâng jīn-ûi i sī siōng chá ū kok-chè hūn-liōng ê 1 ê Bí-kok kó͘-tián chok-khek-ka.

Sui-bóng Ives bat siū koè ha̍k-īⁿ ê im-ga̍k hùn-liān (tī Yale Tāi-ha̍k), i kui-sì-lâng lóng toà pó-hiám-gia̍p, m̄ bat choan-tô͘ koè im-ga̍k-ka ê seng-gâi.
Joseph Haydn

**Joseph Haydn** (1732 nî 3 goe̍h 31 – 1809 nî 5 goe̍h 31) sī Au-chiu gē-su̍t im-ga̍k Kó͘-tián sî-kî siāng chhut-chèng ê 1 ê chok-khek-ka, lâng kiò i "Kau-hiáng-khek ê Pē" kap "Hiân-ga̍k Sù-tiông-chàu ê Pē". Haydn chi̍t-sì-lâng tiàm Tang-kok khiā-khí, chit-gia̍p seng-gâi toā-hūn sī teh hō͘ Eszterházy ka-cho̍k chhiàⁿ chò ga̍k-su. In-ūi in ê thó͘-tē tī chháu-tē, Haydn kàu kah boán-liân chiah ū ki-hoē hām kî-thaⁿ ê chok-khek-ka kau-poê, koh chiap-chhiok tio̍h tng sî-kiâⁿ ê im-ga̍k tiâu-liû. I ka-kī kóng i ê chhòng-ì sī (khoân-kéng) pek--chhut-lâi ê. Haydn ê hiaⁿ-tī ū Michael Haydn, mā sī siū lâng chun-kèng ê chok-khek-ka, í-ki̍p Johann Evangelist Haydn, lâm-koân-im (tenor).

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-khek-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī jîn-bu̍t
Alfred Schnittke

**Alfred Garyevich Schnittke** (Lō͘-se-a-gí: Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке, Engels, , Hamburg) sī Lō͘-se-a ê chok-khek-ka.  

## Toān-kì
Schnittke ê lāu-pē chhut-sì tī Tek-kok Frankfurt, ka-têng sī Lō͘-se-a ê Iû-thài poē-kéng.  Lāu-bú sī Lō͘-se-a Volga hit-tah ê Tek-gí cho̍k-kûn (Volga-Tek).  Alfred chhut-seⁿ tī So͘-liân Volga-Tek Kiōng-hô-kok ê Engels.  1946 nî (lāu-pē tī Tang-kok Wien ho̍k-bū ê sî-chūn) khai-sí im-ga̍k kàu-io̍k.  1948 nî kui-ke-hoé poaⁿ khì Moskva.  1961 nî oân-sêng i tī Moskva Im-ga̍k-īⁿ ê chok-khek chìn-siu, liáu-āu tī hia kà-chheh kàu kah 1972 nî.  Liáu-āu chú-iàu khò siá tiān-iáⁿ im-ga̍k tō͘ seng-oa̍h.  1990 nî lī-khui Lō͘-se-a, khiā-khí tī Hamburg.

## Chok-phín
Schnittke chá-kî ê im-ga̍k chhim-chhim siū tio̍h Dmitri Shostakovich éng-hióng.  Āu--lâi i khah kah-ì kiâⁿ to-khoán-sek-chú-gī (polystylism) -- che thàu-lām bô kāng sî-tāi bô siâng-khoán ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek.

Tī 1980 nî-tāi, Schnittke ê im-ga̍k khai-sí tī kok-goā ū khah chē lâng chai.  Pō͘-hūn ê in-toan kap î-bîn khì Se-hng ê So͘-liân im-ga̍k-ka ū tī-tāi, chhiūⁿ kóng Gidon Kremer kap Mark Lubotsky.
Lī-chi̍t

**Lī-chi̍t** (Eng-gí: dysentery) sī 1 khoán làu-sái (diarrhea) làu kah chin lī-hāi ê pēⁿ, tāi-piān (feces) lāi-té tiāⁿ ē ū hoeh, chit chióng chêng-hêng iū-koh hō chò **hoeh-lī**. Khí-tì sī khì chia̍h tio̍h ē hō͘ tn̂g-á hoat-iām ê bî-seng-bu̍t, tùi sin-thé chin siong-tiōng. Chú-iàu ū 2 chióng lūi-hêng, *[[Shigella]]* sè-khún ín-khí ê sè-khún-sèng lī-chi̍t, **[[shigella lī-chi̍t]]** (shigellosis); kap amoeba *[[Entamoeba histolytica]]* ín-khí ê **amoeba lī-chi̍t** (amoebic dysentery). Ín-khí lī-chi̍t ê sè-khún sī Kiyoshi Shiga tī 1898 chhoē--tio̍h-ê.
Chia̍h-bah-bo̍k

**Chia̍h-bah-bo̍k** (-ba̍k), La-teng hō-miâ **Carnivora**, sī thai-pôaⁿ tōng-bu̍t ē-kha ê chi̍t-ê bo̍k, lóng-chóng ū 17-ê kho, chhiau-kòe 260-ê bu̍t-chéng. Chhin-chhiūⁿ hîm, niau chham káu lóng-sī Carnivora.

"Carnivora" sī lâi-chū La-teng-bûn ê *carō* kap *vorāre*, sī "ài chia̍h bah" ê ì-sù. Chit-lūi tōng-bu̍t ê thé-hêng tùi 11 cm ê *[[Mustela nivalis]]* (chi̍t-chióng chhiah-chhí) kàu 690 cm ê *[[Mirounga leonina]]* (chi̍t-chióng hái-pà) lóng-ū. 

## Te̍k-tiám
Tōa-to-sò͘ chia̍h-bah-bo̍k tōng-bu̍t sī lio̍k-tē seng-oa̍h, in ū chiam-kak ióng-chòng ê jiáu, chńg-thâu bí chi̍t kha ū 4 kàu 5 ki. Tōa-pō͘-hūn ê chéng ū lông-jiáu (dewclaw) tī chêng-kha. 

Chia̍h-bah-bo̍k ê kak-khí hoat-ta̍t, liân khū-khí (āu-chan) mā ū chiam-kak. Koh ū chi̍t khoán kiò carnassial ê chhùi-khí, tī téng-ham ê sió-āu-chan kap ē-ham ê tōa-āu-chan, nn̄g-pêng ha̍p--khì-lâi ná ka-to chiōng ba̍h li̍h--khui. Chi̍t khoán chhùi-khí iû-kî tī Niau-kho kap Hîm-kho hoat-ta̍t. 

In ā-chan sò͘-liōng bí chi̍t chéng ū chha, nā mn̂g-khí tōa-pō͘-hūn sī téng-bīn kap ē-té hun-pia̍t lóng ū 6-lia̍p, kak-khí mā lóng ū 2-lia̍p, hái-hó͘ (*Enhydra lutris*) kap lán-hîm (*Melursus ursinus*) sī lē-gōa.

### Seⁿ-thòaⁿ
Chia̍h-bah-bo̍k koàiⁿ-sì chi̍t tang chi̍t the, ū-ê chéng chi̍t tang lāi ē-sài kúi-à the, nā tōa-hêng ê chéng phì-jû hîm, 2, 3 nî chia̍h chi̍t the.

## Hun-lūi
Chhiū-ki-bóe ê miâ sī seng-bu̍t hun-lūi-ha̍k ê kho, āu-piah ū "†" piáu-sī í-keng bia̍t-cho̍at.

## Gōa-pō͘  liân-kiat
Hà Nội Chhī

**Hà Nội Chhī** () sī Oa̍t-lâm ê siú-to͘, jîn-kháu 3,058,000 lâng (2004).

## Hêng-chèng-khu
### 2025 nî chìn-chêng

* Kūn (*quận*)
** Ba Đình
** Bắc Từ Liêm
** Cầu Giấy
** Đống Đa
** Hà Đông
** Hai Bà Trưng
** Hoàn Kiếm
** Hoàng Mai
** Long Biên
** Nam Từ Liêm
** Tây Hồ
** Thanh Xuân 
* Chhī-siā (*thị xã*)
** Sơn Tây
* Koān (*huyện*)
** Ba Vì
** Chương Mỹ
** Đan Phượng
** Đông Anh
** Gia Lâm
** Hoài Đức
** Mê Linh
** Mỹ Đức
** Phú Xuyên
** Phúc Thọ
** Quốc Oai
** Sóc Sơn
** Thanh Oai
** Thanh Trì
** Thạch Thất
** Thường Tín
** Ứng Hòa

Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-lâm ê ti̍t-hat-chhī
Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia

**Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia** (Hoâ-gí: 路面電車, Eng-gí: tram) sī chi̍t-chióng kiâⁿ tī thih-ki-lō͘ chhiūⁿ hoé-chhia m̄-koh bô hoé-chhia hiah tāng ê kong-kiōng ūn-su kang-kū, beh chài-lâng ia̍h chài-hoè. Kah kî-thaⁿ thih-ki-lō͘ ūn-su kang-kū bô-kâng, chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia ê thih-ki-lō͘ chú-iàu sī pho͘ tī chhia-lō͘, ē kah khì-chhia, o͘-tó͘-bái, kap koè-lō͘-lâng tâng-chê sú-iōng chhia-lō͘. Hiān-tāi ê chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia hē-thóng ū chē-chē sī kē té-poâⁿ ê chhia-sin, m̄-bián iōng tio̍h goe̍h-tâi, só͘-í ē-tàng kah kî-thaⁿ chhia-lō͘ ūn-su kang-kū kap koè-lō͘-lâng ê kiâⁿ-lō͘ chéng-ha̍p chò-hoé.

Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia sú-iōng tiān-le̍k chò tōng-le̍k lâi kiâⁿ, i lī-iōng pantograph ia̍h trolley pole tùi khan-tī lō͘ koân-téng ê tiān-chhia-soàⁿ lâi the̍h-tio̍h tiān-le̍k.

Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia hē-thóng tī 20 sè-kí khah-chá ê sî tī kang-gia̍p-hoà sè-kài chiâⁿ sî-kiâⁿ. Sui-bóng āu--lâi ū khah thè liû-hêng, m̄-koh choè-kīn (2006) chit kúi-tang ū koh oat-tó-tńg--lâi ê khoán-chè.
Làu-thò͘-soa

**Làu-thò͘-soa** (Eng-gí: cholera) sī 1 chióng hō chò *[[Vibrio cholerae]]* ê sè-khún chō-chiâⁿ ê chúi-ūn-pēⁿ (water-borne disease), nā lim tio̍h bô chheng-khì ê chúi (contaminated water), iah sī chia̍h tio̍h chú bô hó-sè ê hî ia̍h lê-á (shellfish), hoān-sè tō òe ē tio̍h làu-thò͘-soa. Portugal ê i-su Garcia de Orta tī 1563 nî ēng kho-ha̍k-tek ê hong-sek kì-lio̍k làu-thò͘-soa. Europa 19 sè-kí bat hoat-seng kúi-nā pái làu-thò͘-soa ê e̍k-chèng (epidemic); bóe--á kàu taⁿ, tō kan-taⁿ chúi-chu-goân ki-chhó͘-kiàn-siat (infrastructure) khah bái ê só-chāi bat hoat-seng.

Làu-thò͘-soa koh ū chin chē chióng kóng-hoat, chhiūⁿ kóng **áu-làu**, **hok-lōan**, **ká-tn̂g-soa**, **tiàu-kha-soa**, kap **un-to̍k-lī**.
Kong-kiōng ūn-su

**Kong-kiōng ūn-su** () sī lí-kheh bô sú-iōng ka-tī ê kau-thong kang-kū, tian-tò chò-hoé sú-iōng ūn-su kang-kū ê ūn-su hē-thóng, thong-siông sī kí thih-lō͘ ūn-su kap kong-lō͘ ūn-su, m̄-koh ū-sî mā pau-koat ū pâi kò͘-tēng chhia-pang-pió ê hui-lêng-ki, tō͘-chûn kap kè-têng-chhia ūn-su. 

## Hiān-tāi ê kong-kiōng ūn-su

### Thih-lō͘ ūn-su

Thih-lō͘ ūn-su pau-koat: 
* Hoé-chhia (*train*)
* Khu-kan lia̍t-chhia (*regional rail*)
* Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia (*tram*)
* kheng-thih (*light rail transit*)
* Siâⁿ-chhī khoài-chhia (*metro*)
* Ko-sok thih-lō͘ (*high-speed rail*)

### Kong-lō͘ ūn-su

* Kong-kiōng khì-chhia (*bus*)
* Bô thih-lō͘ tiān-chhia (*trollybus*)
* Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
* Kè-têng-chhia