open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm

**Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm** (日月潭, Thao-gí: *Zintun*) sī Tâi-oân siāng tōa ê ô͘, tī Lâm-tâu-koān Hî-tî-hiong, Chúi-soa-liân (水沙連) tē-tài ê tiong-sim ūi-tì. Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm sī Tâi-oân tiong-pō͘ chú-iàu ê 1 ê koan-kong tiám.

## Tē-lí

Tang-keng 120-tō͘ 55-hun, pak-hūi 23-tō͘ 52-hun. Bīn-chek: 5.4 km².

Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm tang-hong sī Tiong-iong-soaⁿ-me̍h, se-hong sī pêng-goân. Pak-hong chiap Po͘-lí-tìn, tang-pak chiap Jîn-ài-hiong, tang-lâm sī Sìn-gī-hiong, sai-lâm sī Chúi-lí-hiong, sai-pak sī Kok-sèng-hiong.

Tē-lí siōng, Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm sio̍k-î Chúi-soa-liân Phûn-tē-kûn ê kî-tiong 1 ê phûn-tē. Hām hū-kīn ê Thâu-siā, Hî-tî, Po͘-lí sio-siâng, kó͘-chá lóng sī ô͘. Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm tī khah koân ê só͘-chāi, khah bô lia̍p-chek soa-thô͘, hō͘-chúi mā ū kàu gia̍h, tì-sú bô ta--khì. 

Hiān-tāi ê Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm chúi-bīn siāng koân ū 750 m, pí éng-kòe 727 m ke khah koân.

Thâm tiong ū 1 ê sió-tó, kiò chò Lalu-tó.

## Le̍k-sú

Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm pún-chiâⁿ sī goân-chū-bîn Thao-cho̍k khiā-khí ê só͘-chāi. Tī hia ê chng-thâu: Chúi-siā (水社, mā hō-chò Chio̍h-ìn 石印).

Thao-cho̍k kiò Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm hō-chò **Zintun**. Tāi-chheng-tè-kok sî-tāi (1821 nî, Tō-kong-goân-nî) ū koaⁿ-oân Tēng Thoân-an (鄧傳安) hō-miâ "Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm". Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm ê miâ chin chē: **Chúi-siā Tōa-ô͘**, **Chúi-lí-ô͘** (水裡湖), **Chúi-lí-siā-ô͘** (-thâm; 水裡社潭), **Chúi-siā-hái-á** (水社海仔), **Tek-ô͘** (竹湖), **Liông-thâm** (-ô͘) téng-téng. 19 sè-kí bóe ū se-iûⁿ jîn-sū khì hia pài-hóng, chham-koan, pau-koat thoân-kàu-sū Kam-ūi-lîm (1873), Bí-kok seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka Joseph Beal Steere, Britain Tè-kok tāi-sài Thomas Lowden Bullock. In kì-chài ê miâ ū **Dragon Lake** (Liông-thâm, Liông-ô͘), **Nin-Isivatan Lake** téng-téng. Kam-ūi-lîm koh hō 1 ê **Lake Candidius** kì-liām 17 sè-kí Kē-tē-kok thoân-kàu-sū Georgius Candidius. Chit ê miâ chhut-hiān tī Se-hng ê bûn-hiàn tang-tiong.

Ūi beh phoè-ha̍p Ji̍t-pún tī Tâi-oân hoat-tián khin-kang-gia̍p ê chèng-chhek, Tâi-oân Tiān-le̍k Chu-sek-hōe-siā tī 1919 nî (Tāi-chèng 8 nî) khai-sí tī hia khí hoat-tiān-chhiúⁿ, m̄-koh 3-nî-poàⁿ liáu-āu in-ūi chu-kim bô-kàu, bat thêng-kang, khai-kang kúi-nā-pái. Kàu-kah 1931 nî (Chiau-hô 6 nî) chiah khêng ū-kàu chu-kim khí 2 ê chúi-pà: Chúi-siā-pà koân 30.3 m, Thâu-siā-pà koân 10.08 m. Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm ê chúi-ūi gia̍h koân 18.18 m, bīn-chek tùi pún-té 5.75 km² pìⁿ 7.73 km², té-chúi ê iông-liōng tùi 1.830 bān m³ [?] cheng-ka kàu 1.23 ek m³ [?] (6.72 pōe). Thao-cho̍k ê chó͘ tē, pau-koat Lalu-tó (Chu-á-sū), Chio̍h-ìn, Tek-ô͘ (竹湖), lóng im tī chúi lāi.

Siâng-hit-sî Ji̍t-pún-lâng mā tī hia hoat-tián koan-kong sū-gia̍p. Thao-cho̍k ê chó͘-lêng sèng-tē Lalu-tó kái hō-chò "Gio̍k-tó" ( *(Tamasima)*), téng-koân khí 1 ê sîn-siā.

921 Tōa Tē-tāng

## Tē-tiám

* Lalu-tó
* Bûn-bú-biō
* Hiân-kong-sī
* Chû-un-thah
* Khóng-chhiok-hn̂g (í-keng tī 2016 nî  hiu-hn̂g)
* Kàu-su Hōe-koán

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Ji̍t-goa̍t-thâm Kok-ka Hong-kéng-khu 
* http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~pingpu/01/soalian/00.htm
Ko-sok thih-lō͘

**Ko-sok-thih-lō·** sī chi̍t-chióng sî-sok chhiau-kòe 200 kong-lí he̍k-chiá sī 125 eng-lí ê thih-lō· hē-tóng.

## Le̍k-sú
1964 nî Ji̍p-pún sin-kàn-soàⁿ khai-sí êng-gia̍p, sī sè-kài tē-it-tiâu Ko-sok-thih-lō·.

## Kok-kok ê Ko-sok-thih-lō·
*Ji̍p-pún: Sin-kàn-soàⁿ
*Hoat-kok: TGV, Au-chiu-chi-chhe
*Tek-kok: ICE
*Se-pan-gâ: AVE
*Hân-kok: KTX
*Tâi-oân: Tâi-oân Ko-thih
Pak Bí-chiu

**Pak Bí-chiu** (kán-chheng **Pak-bí**) tāi-lio̍k tī pak Thài-pêng-iûⁿ, pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ tiong-kan. Pak-hong ū Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ, lâm-hong ū Caribe-hái. Panamá Tē-kiap sio-chiap Lâm, Pak Bí-chiu. Pak Bí-chiu mā ē-sái kóng sī Bí-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê 1 pō·-hūn. Tiong Bí-chiu it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī Pak Bí-chiu ê siāng lâm-pêng tē-tài.

Bīn-chek pâi tē-3-ūi (24,230,000 km2); jîn-kháu tī 2001 nî pâi tē-4-ūi.

Anglo Bí-chiu chí Bí-kok, Canada téng-téng ê Bí-chiu Eng-gí kok-ka.

## Chèng-tī tan-ūi
### Tāi-lio̍k chú-thé

*  (Hawai‘i bô sǹg chāi-lāi)
* 
* 

#### [[Tiong Bí-chiu]]

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Hái-tó

Pak Bí-chiu tang-lâm-hong ê chi̍t-kóa-á tó-sū hō-chò Caribe Tē-khu, Se Ìn-tō͘ a̍h sī Antilles:

*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê i-lāi-tē)
* 
*  (sio̍k-î Hô-lân)
* 
* 
*  (sio̍k-î Hô-lân)
*  (Bí-kok léng-thó͘)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê i-lāi-tē)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê i-lāi-tē)
* Clipperton-tó (Hoat-kok ê i-lāi-tē)
* 
*  (sio̍k-î Hô-lân)
*  (*commonwealth*)
* 
* 
*  (Hoat-kok ê hái-gōa *[[département]]*)
* 
* 
*  (Hoat-kok ê hái-gōa *département*)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê i-lāi-tē)
*  (Bí-kok niá-thó͘)
*  (Bí-kok *commonwealth*)
*  (sio̍k-î Hô-lân)
* 
* 
*  (Hoat-kok ê i-lāi-tē)
* 
*  (sio̍k-î Hô-lân)
*  (sio̍k-î Hô-lân)
* 
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê i-lāi-tē)

Tī Tāi-se-iûⁿ m̄-koh hông tòng-chò Pak Bí-chiu ê 1 pō͘-hūn:

*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê chū-tī i-lāi-tē)
*  (Tan-be̍h ê chū-tī i-lāi-tē; sè-kài siāng tōa ê tó)
*  (Hoat-kok ê *collectivité territoriale à statut particulier*)

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Latin Bí-chiu

## Tsù-sik

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
* Houghton Mifflin Company, "North America" 
*
Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k

**Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k** (**Lâm-ke̍k-chiu**) sī Tē-kiû siāng lâm-hong ê tāi-lio̍k, Lâm-ke̍k tiàm-tī hia. Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ pau tī goā-kháu, Hoâiⁿ-koàn Lâm-ke̍k Soaⁿ-lêng (*Transantarctic Mountains*) kā i pun chò 2 pêng. Che sī Tē-kiû bīn-téng siāng koâⁿ, siāng ta, hong siāng thàu, pêng-kin hái-poa̍t siāng koân ê só͘-chāi, 98% ê lio̍k-tē khàm peng. Bīn-chek ū 1400 bān km² khoah, sī tē 5 toā ê tāi-lio̍k. Bô kò͘-tēng ê jîn-ke tiàm hia khiā-khí, kan-taⁿ sek-èng tong-tē khì-hāu ê si̍t-bu̍t kiau tōng-bu̍t ū-hoat-tō͘ seng-chûn, pau-koah khiā-gô, hái-káu (fur seals), chheⁿ-thî (lichens), sò͘-pah-chióng chó (algae).

## Oē-lóng

File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg|Oē-chheⁿ siòng
File:Huron.jpg|Peng-hô
File:StampBAT19631pound.jpg|Ò-chiu Lâm-ke̍k Léng-thó͘ ê Iû-phiò
File:Rilski.jpg| Lâm-ke̍k-chiu ê kàu-tn̂g
File:061212-nordkapp.jpg|Lâm-ke̍k poàn-tó


## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* L.L. Ivanov et al, Topographic map of Livingston Island and Greenwich Island 
* Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria
Yasser Arafat

**Yasser Arafat** (; ) sī Palestine ê Fatah ê thâu-lâng, tùi 1989 nî kàu 2004 nî sī Palestine Kok chóng-thóng.

Pún-miâ **Muhammad Abd al-Rahman ar-Rauf al-Qudwah al-Husayni**, mā hō-chò **Abu Ammar**. I tī 1994 nî kah Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin tâng-chê the̍h-tioh Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng tit-chióng-jîn
San Marino

**Siāng Pêng-an ê San Marino Kiōng-hô-kok** (, kán-chheng **San Marino**) sī 1 ê chiok sè ê kok-ka, tiàm tī lâm Au-chiu. I oân-choân hō͘ Í-tāi-lī pau tiâu leh.

## Tē-lí

San Marino hō· Í-tāi-lī pau tī lāi-té, tī Í-tāi-lī tiong-pak-pō· ê Emilia-Romagna khu kap Marche khu tiong-ng. I tiàm tī Appennini soaⁿ-me̍h, chú-iàu sī soaⁿ-lūn ê tē-hêng.

San Marino bīn-chek 61 km², sī thong Au-chiu tē-3 sè ê kok-ka, kan-taⁿ Monaco hâm Vaticano koh-khah sè. I ê kok-kài lóng-chóng sī 39 kong-lí tn̂g, pí marathon pí-sài chi̍t-pái ài cháu ê tn̂g-tō· koh khah-té--tām-po̍h-á. 

## Keng-chè

San Marino ê kok-lāi seng-sán chóng-gia̍h ū chhiau-kè 50% sī ùi koan-kong-gia̍p lâi--ê; ta̍k-nî lóng ū 300-goā-bān lâng khì hia chhit-thô. Koan-kong-gia̍p lia̍h-goā, khah tiōng-iàu ê hâng-gia̍p ū kim-hiông, tiān-chú kap hûi-á.

## Chèng-tī

San Marino jîn-bîn múi gō·-tang soán chi̍t-pái Toā-gī-hōe (*Consiglio Grande e Generale*) ê gī-oân. Chiah-ê gī-oân koh tùi in tang-tiong soán-chhut nn̄g-ê chip-chèng-koan (*Capitani Reggenti*) chò kok-ka ê thâu-lâng. Chip-chèng-koan chi̍t-pái jīm-kî la̍k-kò-ge̍h, tùi ta̍k-nî ê sì--ge̍h kap cha̍p--ge̍h khai-sí. 

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

San Marino hun-chò 9-ê siâⁿ-chhī (*castello*, ho̍k-sò· *castelli*):

* Acquaviva
* Borgo Maggiore
* Chiesanuova
* Domagnano
* Faetano
* Fiorentino
* Montegiardino
* San Marino Siâⁿ
* Serravalle
Tē-gō͘-Hukuryû-maru

**Tē-gō·-Hukuryû-maru** (Ji̍t-gí: 第五福竜丸, "Hok-liông Tē-gō·-hō") sī 1 chiah Ji̍t-pún hn̄g-hái chhǹg-á-hî hî-chûn-á ê miâ. 1954 nî 3-goe̍h 1 hit kang, Hukuryô-hō bô-tiuⁿ-tî khì pha̍k tio̍h Bí-kok he̍k-chú-toâⁿ (氫彈) chhì-po̍k si̍t-giām pàng--chhut-lâi ê hok-siā, chō-chiâⁿ bû-soàⁿ-tiān-tiúⁿ Kuboyama Aikiti (久保山愛吉) tī poàⁿ-nî-āu 9-goe̍h 23 in-ūi kip-sèng hòng-siā-chèng sí--khì.

3-goe̍h 1 hit kang, Bí-kok tī Marshall Kûn-tó hit tah ê Bikini-tó hū-kīn ê hái-siōng chìn-hêng he̍k-lêng bú-khì ê po̍k-chà chhì-giām. Hî-chûn, chûn-oân, lia̍h--tio̍h ê hî-á choân lóng pha̍k tio̍h hia ê hok-siā.
Hái-gû

**Hái-gû** sī 1 khoán tōa-phiāng ê hái-té chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, sī Trichechidae-kho, *Trichechus*-sio̍k ê chéng.  Hái-gû gōa-hêng chhin-chhiūⁿ jû-kùn (儒艮), cheng-chha thâu-khak-kut kah bóe-liu bô kāng hêng.  Hái-gû bóe kui sìⁿ, bô chhiūⁿ jû-kùn bóe ū khui-chhe.  Hái-gû chia̍h chhài, tōa pō·-hūn sî-kan tī chhián-chúi chhoē-chia̍h (thó-chia̍h).

Hái-gû tī Bí-chiu pak, tiong, lâm-pêng ê chhián-hái-kîⁿ làm-tē (pau-koah Carib-haí) lóng ū-tè-chhōe.

Chéng:
* *T. senegalensis*:  Hui-chiu se-hoāⁿ.
* *T. inunguis*:  Lâm Bí-chiu tang-hoāⁿ.
* *T. manatus*:  Se Ìn-tō· (Carib-hái).
** Bí-kok Florida-chiu ê chéng ū lâng jīn-ûi bô kāng chéng. ITIS jīn-ûi sio-siâng.

Se Ìn-tō· chéng ū khu̍t-chéng ê gûi-ki.  In tī chū-jiân-kài bô te̍k-jîn, m̄-koh in-ūi lâng ná lâi ná chē ê koan-hē, hái-kîⁿ làm-tē chió--khì; oân-ná ū chē-chē hái-gû khì hō· chûn-á ê chū-tōng chûn-poe (ia̍p-á/propeller) ká tio̍h-siong, a̍h sī kóng chia̍h-tio̍h hî-tiò-á soàⁿ, kau-á, téng-téng ê jîn-chō-bu̍t.  Hî-tiò-á soàⁿ nā bô-sòe-jī thun lo̍h pak, bián lōa-kú ê sî-kan, hái-gû tō ē sí--khì.

Hái-gû chhiâng-chāi chū-chi̍p tī hoat-tiān-chhiáng hū-kīn ê chúi--ni̍h.  In taⁿ giàn chit khoán bô chū-jiân ê un-chúi, bô chhiūⁿ í-chá ē àn-sî sóa khì thian-jiân ê sio-chúi.  In-ūi Bí-kok ū-ê hoat-tiān-chhiáng tit-beh kuiⁿ-tiāu, chit-mái in hia ê Hî kap Iá-seng Tōng-bu̍t Ho̍k-bū-kio̍k mā tng-leh siūⁿ pān-hoat pó-hō a̍h-sī chhòng-chō sek-ha̍p hái-gû seng-o̍ah ê khôan-kéng, bo̍k-tek sī beh hō· hià-ê hái-gû ē-tàng éng-góan ū sio-lō ê hái-chúi thang-hó siû.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* Hái-gû?  Bí-jîn-hî?
Hóe-kim-ko͘

*[[Curtos]]*
*[[Cyphonocerus]]*
*[[Drilaster]]*
*[[Ellychnia]]*
*[[Hotaria]]*
*[[Lampyris]]*
*[[Lucidina]]*
*[[Luciola]]* - (Japanese fireflies)
*[[Photinus]]* - (common eastern firefly)
*[[Photuris (genus)|Photuris]]*
*[[Pristolycus]]*
*[[Pyractomena]]*
*[[Pyrocoelia]]*
*[[Stenocladius]]*

**Hóe-kim-ko·** (mā hō-chò **Hóe-kim-chheⁿ**) sī 1 khoán ē poe, àm-sî koh ē hoat-kng ê thâng.  Sio̍k-î Lampyridae-kho, chit lūi ē-kha koh pun chò 2000-gōa-ê chéng.  Si̍t-chè-siōng kan-na kî-tiong chi̍t-kóa-á chéng ē sih, bo̍k-te̍k sī beh siâⁿ ī-sèng.


Image:Lampyridae.jpg|Scanning electron micrograph of a firefly
Image:Photuris pennsylvanicus 1665.jpg|*Photuris pennsylvanicus*
Muixeranga

**Muixeranga** sī 1 khoán kó͘-chá ê ke-thâu-bú kap lâng-tha̍h ê miâ-chheng.  Chit khoán piáu-ián ê goân-thâu tī Valencià Kok (País Valencià), hiān-tāi tī Algemesí chit ê tìn goân-chāi ū pó-chûn.
!Xóõ-gú

**!Xóõ-gú** sī 1 ê Khoisan gú-giân, ū 141 ê im-sò·, kî-tiong ū chin chē khoán suh-khùi-im.

Sú-iōng ê tē-hng chú-iàu sī Botswana, Namibia chit 2 kok. Jîn-kháu tī 3,200 kàu 4,200 tiong-kan. SIL-bé: NMN.

Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
Kok-chè Chū-jiân Pó-hō͘ Liân-ha̍p

**Kok-chè Chū-jiân Pó-hō͘ Liân-ha̍p** (Eng-gí: *International Union for Conservation of Nature*) goân-lâi mā hō͘ **Sè-kài Pó-io̍k Tông-bêng** (*World Conservation Union*), **Kok-chè Tāi-chū-jiân kap Chū-jiân Chu-goân Pó-io̍k Tông-bêng** (*International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources*), sī 1 ê pó-hō͘ chū-jiân chu-goân ê kok-chè cho͘-chit.

1948 nî sêng-li̍p, chóng-pō͘ siat tī Sūi-se, Gland hit tah. IUCN liân-ha̍p 78 ê kok-ka, 112 ê chèng-hú ki-kò͘, 735 ê hui-chèng-hú cho͘-chit (NGO), kap sò͘-chheng-ê lâi chū 181 kok ê choan-ka, kho-ha̍k-ka.

IUCN ta̍k nî chhut-pán IUCN Âng-miâ-toaⁿ.

## Tsù-kái
Pin-nn̂g Se-si

**Pin-nn̂g Se-si** sī Tâi-oân tī lō·-piⁿ táⁿ-á he̍k-chiá tiàn-bīn bē pin-nn̂g ê siàu-liân cha-bó·.  In-ūi Pin-nn̂g sán-gia̍p kēng-cheng ke̍k-lia̍t, thâu-ke iau-kiû kò· tàⁿ-á ê siàu-lú chhēng-chhah ài iáⁿ-ba̍k, tōa-táⁿ, chiah ē-tit-thang chio seng-lí, só·-í āu--lâi hō-miâ chò "Se-si".  Pin-nn̂g Se-si sī Tâi-oân pîn-nn̂g bûn-hòa ê 1 ê siā-hōe hiān-siōng.

1990 nî-tāi chìn-chêng, Tâi-oân ê pin-nn̂g-tàⁿ khah chē sī ū nî-hòe ê cha-bó·-lâng teh kò·--ê.  Pin-nn̂g sán-gia̍p khai-sí kiâⁿ khì-gia̍p-hòa ê keng-gêng hong-sek.  Ū lâng khai-sí chhiàⁿ siàu-liân cha-bó· kò· tàⁿ.  Kéng-khì bái ê sî-chūn, pin-nn̂g sán-gia̍p khip-siu chin chē lâng tâu-ji̍p.  In-ūi kēng-cheng ke̍k-lia̍t, Pin-nn̂g Se-si ê chhēng-chhah, hêng-ûi ná lâi ná tōa-táⁿ.  Pin-nn̂g-tàⁿ ê siat-kè oân-ná khai-sí ū piàn-hòa, it-poaⁿ ū an siám-siám-sih-sih ê nî-óng-teng, tàⁿ-á thâu-chêng chhāi 1 tè thàu-bêng ê po-lê hong-piān lâng-kheh khoàⁿ ū chin.

Pin-nn̂g Se-si ê lâng-kheh chú-iàu sī chò-kang-á lâng, te̍k-pia̍t sī sái tn̂g lō· ê tho·-lá-khuh (hòe-chhia) su-ki.  Pō· pin-nn̂g ū thê-sin ê chok-iōng.  Kēng-cheng siāng ke̍k-lia̍t ê só·-chāi tī ko-sok kong-lō· kau-liû-tō hù-kīn.  Pin-nn̂g-tàⁿ tû-liáu bē pin-nn̂g í-gōa, mā bē hun, lài-tah, chhia-phiò, chhái-koàn.  Kéng-chhat ū sî ē pài-thok Pin-nn̂g Se-si tàu chù-ì in beh ti̍h ê hiâm-hoān.

Pin-nn̂g Se-si oân-ná sī chò-kang-á pōe-kéng.  Ū lâng chho·-tiong tha̍k bô pit-gia̍p tō khì chia̍h thâu-lō·.  Kéng-khì bái ê nî-chūn, ū-ê sī chhù--lìn chú-iàu ê keng-chè lâi-goân.  In-ūi nî-hòe, ha̍k-le̍k lóng bô-kàu chu-keh, thâu-lō· ê soán-te̍k khah chió.  Chhin-chhiūⁿ it-poaⁿ ê piān-lī-tiàm iau-kiû ū ko-tiong í-siōng ê thêng-tō·.  Pin-nn̂g-tàⁿ ê siu-ji̍p pí-kàu-te̍k mā ū khah hó--tām-po̍h-á.

Pin-nn̂g Se-si hām pin-nn̂g pún-sin kāng-khoán ū cheng-gī.  Mûi-thé ê pò-tō khah chē sī hù-bīn--ê, tì-tio̍h Pin-nn̂g Se-si hām kì-chiá ê koan-hē bô hó.  Siā-hōe khai-sí ū siaⁿ-im iau-kiû koán-lí Pin-nn̂g Se-si ê chhēng-chhah.  Chu Li̍p-lûn chú-chhî ê Thô-hn̂g koān-chèng-hú tī 2002 nî 9-goe̍h 17 hoat-piáu "3 Put" chèng-chhek, iau-kiû Pin-nn̂g Se-si mài hiàn heng-khám, pak-tó· kah kha-chhng 3 ê pō·-ūi.  Chit ê kui-tēng ín-khí siā-hōe tōa gī-lūn.  Keh-tńg-ji̍t sûi ū chi̍t-kóa-á cha-bó· thoân-thé khòng-gī.  In jīn-ûi kóng, che sī 1 khoán kai-kip khî-sī.  Pêⁿ-pêⁿ saⁿ chhēng chió, kok-chè *model* hō· lâng chún-chò ko-sióng, ah ē-kai-chân cha-bó· gín-á chhēng chió tō pìⁿ kē-lō·, tì-tio̍h éng-hióng in thàn-chia̍h ê 1 ê pō·-sò·, mā chó·-tòng in tián-sī ka-kī sin-khu ê chū-iû.  "3 put" āu--lâi kái chò "put hông-gāi kau-thong, put ûi-hoán lô-kang siong-koan ê hoat-lēng, put kòe-hūn pō-lō·". 

Siâng-sî oân-ná ū kî-thaⁿ ê cha-bó· thoân-thé hoat-piáu bô siâng ê khoàⁿ-hoat.  Lē-hiong Ki-kim-hōe jīn-ûi Pin-nn̂g Se-si ê khang-khòe pún-chit-siōng sī 1 khoán keng-chè kiam sèng ê pak-siah.  Pin-nn̂g Se-si tùi ka-kī ê sin-khu si̍t-chāi bô siáⁿ chū-chú-sèng; chu-pún chú-gī, hū-koân thé-chè kā cha-bó·-lâng bu̍t-hòa.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

*何春蕤 Tang-kiaⁿ Káng-chō
*Lē-hiong Tiān-chú-pò 

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

*Tiān-chú-khîm hoe-chhia

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân bûn-hòa
Lūi-pia̍t:Hâng-gia̍p
Sūi-se Tek-gí

**Sūi-se Tek-gí** (*Schweizerdeutsch*, *Schwyzerdütsch*, *Schwiizerdütsch*, *Schwyzertütsch*) sī tī Sūi-se ê Tek-gí tē-tài thong-hêng ê *[[Alemannisch]]* hong-giân. Sūi-se Tek-gí chú-iàu sī kháu-gí, hán-tit ū lâng su-siá. Siā-hōe ta̍k-ê kai-chân, tē-khu pêng-siông-sî lóng ū teh iōng, kan-na tha̍k-siá ê sî-chūn chiah kái iōng phiau-chún Tek-gí. Mā ē-sái kóng, sú-iōng Sūi-se Tek-gí bô piáu-sī 1 ê lâng kē-lō͘ a̍h-sī ko-sióng.

Sūi-se Tek-gí hām Tek-kok-ōe bē thong.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ko-tē Tek-gí
Lē-hiong Ki-kim-hōe

**Lē-hiong Siā-hōe Hok-lī Sū-gia̍p Ki-kim-hōe** sī 1 ê chiam-tùi gín-á ki-lú (chô·-ki) gī-tê ūn-tōng ê siā-hōe thoân-thé.  1988 nî tī Tâi-pak sêng-li̍p, Bí-kok thoân-kàu-sū Angie Golmon sī hoat-khí-jîn chi it.  In ū siat "put-hēng siàu-lú" ê siu-iông tiong-sim.  Mā ū éng-hióng chèng-hú ê chèng-chhek.  Sī 1 ê Ki-tok-kàu siā-hōe hok-lī thoân-thé.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* Bāng-chām
Aleman-gí

**Aleman-gí** (*Alemannisch*) sī German gí-cho̍k ê chi̍t hūn-chú, tī Tek-kok kap hù-kīn ê kok-ka thong-hêng, ū-sî hong sǹg chò Tek-gí ê chi̍t-khoán hong-giân.

## Siong-koan
*Sūi-se Tek-gí

## Hióng-goā liân-kiat

* Ethnologue
Tâi-oân le̍k-sú nî-pió

Ē-kha sī koan-hē Tâi-oân le̍k-sú ê nî-pió.

## 16 Sè-kí
* 1544 nî (chó-iū): Portugal ê chûn keng-kòe Tâi-oân Hái-kiap ê sî khoàⁿ-tioh Tâi-oân chit-ê tó-sū, in kah chit-ê tó-sū hō-miâⁿ kiò *Ilha Formosa* , ì-sù sī *Bí-lē ê tó*.
 
## 17 Sè-kí
* 1622 nî: Hô-lân chiàm Phêⁿ-ô·, chiâⁿ-chò bō·-e̍k ki-tē.
* 1626 nî: Se-pan-gâ-lâng tī Ke-lâng khí San Salvador Siâⁿ.
* 1628 nî: Se-pan-gâ-lâng tī Tâi-oân pak-pō͘ ê Hō·-bóe khí San Domingo Siâⁿ.

## 18 Sè-kí
## 19 Sè-kí
* 1895 nî:  Tâi-oân, Phêⁿ-ô· kin-kù Má-koan Tiâu-iok (Simonoseki 下関 Tiâu-iok) kòa hō· Ji̍t-pún.

## 20 Sè-kí
* 1928 nî:  Tâi-oân Kiōng-sán-tóng tī Siōng-hái sêng-li̍p.
* 1930 nî:  Bū-siā Sū-kiāⁿ
* 1947 nî:  Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ.
* 1949 nî:  Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok tiong-iong chèng-hú sóa khì Tâi-pak.
* 1949 nî:  46 Sū-kiāⁿ.
* 1958 nî:  Kim-mn̂g 823-phàu-chiàn.
* 1959 nî:  87 chúi-chai.
* 1979 nî:  Bí-lē-tó Sū-kiāⁿ
* 1981 nî:  Tân Bûn-sêng miā-àn.
* 1986 nî:  Bîn-chú-chìn-pō͘-tóng sêng-lip.
* 1987 nî:  kái-giâm.
* 1999 nî:  921 Tōa Tē-tāng
* 2000 nî:  Hoán-tùi-tóng Bîn-chú Chìn-pō· Tóng hiō-soán-jîn Tân Chúi-píⁿ soán tiâu chóng-thóng.

## 21 Sè-kí
* 2002 nî:  Ka-ji̍p Sè-kài Bō·-e̍k Cho·-chit (WTO).
* 2003 nî:  SARS hoat-seng.
* 2004 nî:  Tân Chúi-píⁿ, Lū Siù-liân liân-gīm chóng-thóng kap hù-chóng-thóng.
* 2008 nî:  Má Eng-kiú liân-jīm chóng-thóng.
* 2015 nî:  Má-Si̍p-hōe.
* 2020 nî:  Chhòa Eng-bûn liân-jīm chóng-thóng. COVID-19 (Bú-hàn hùi-iām/sin-koan hùi-iām) hoat-seng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú
German gí-cho̍k

Ē-kha bô chiâu-chn̂g:

* Se Germanic
** Koân Tek-gí-hē
*** Tek-gí
**** Tang-tiong Tek-gí
***** Phiau-chún Tek-gí
**** Tiong Tek-gí
**** Téng Tek-gí
***** Aleman-gí
*** Yiddish
** Kē Germanic
*** Kē Franconian
**** Kē-tē-gí
**** Afrikaans
*** Kē Saxon
*** Tang-kē Tek-gí
** Tó-sū Tek-gí (-hē)
*** Frysk
*** Eng-gí
*** So͘-kat-lân-gí
* Tang Germanic
* Pak Germanic
** Se Nordic
*** Sin Norge-gí (ū cheng-gī?)
*** Peng-tó-gí
*** Iûⁿ-á-tó-gí (Føroyskt)
** Tang Nordic
*** Tan-be̍h-gí
**** Bokmål kap Riksmål Norge-gí
*** Sūi-tián-gí
Gân Súi-liông

**Gân Chúi-liông** (顏水龍, 1903 nî - 1997 nî), Tâi-oân bí-su̍t-ka.  Sui-bóng i tùi kok-chióng bí-su̍t, chhiú-gē lóng ū chhù-bī, I siāng kài chhut-miâ ê chhòng-chok sī i ê iû-oē.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* http://slyen.org/
* uav ê siòng-phō͘ - oē-lóng
* https://tmantu.wordpress.com/2013/10/13/307/

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê ōe-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-lâm-chhī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân Bí-su̍t Tián-lám-hōe ji̍p-soán-chiá
Ukraina

**Ukraina** ( *Ukrayina* ), mā thang im-e̍k chò **Ú-khek-lân** (宇克蘭), sī tang Au-chiu ê 1 ê kiōng-hô-kok. Ukraina sī Au-chiu tiong-pō͘ ê 1 ê kok-ka. Tī O͘-hái ê pak-hong; Lō͘-se-a ê sai-hong; Belarus ê lâm-hong; Pho-lân, Slovakia kap Hông-gâ-lī ê tang-hong; Romania kap Moldova ê tang-pak-hong.

## Tē-lí

Ukraina ê thó͘-tē chú-iàu sī pûi thô͘-bah ê pêng-goân kap ko-goân tē. Dniepr, Donets, Dnister, Lâm Bug chit kúi tiâu hô chhng kòe pêng-goân, lâu tùi O͘-hái, Azov-hái hit pêng khì. Tī sai-lâm-pêng Danube-hô ê saⁿ-kak-chiu sī Romania ê piⁿ-kài. Soaⁿ kan-na ū sai-pêng ê Karpat-soaⁿ (Eng-gí: *Carpathian Mountains*) kap tī Crimea Poàn-tó téng-koân ê Yaila-Dagh-soaⁿ.

Ukraina ū un-hô ê tāi-lio̍k-sèng khì-hāu; lâm-pō͘ Crimea hái-hoāⁿ khah sêng tē-tiong-hái-hêng ê khì-hāu. Hō͘-chúi hun-phòe bô chiâu: sai kap pak siāng chē, tang kap tang-lâm siāng chió. Koâⁿ--lâng ê un-tō͘ tùi liâng (O͘-hái hù-kīn) kàu léng (lōe-tē) lóng ū. Joa̍h--lâng ê sî lâm-pō͘ pí pa̍t-ūi ke khah joa̍h.

## Jîn-kháu

Ukraina-lâng chiàm jîn-kháu 75%, Lō͘-se-a-lâng 20%. Kî-thaⁿ iá-ū Romania-lâng hām Moldova-lâng (0.8%), Belarus-lâng (0.6%), Crimea Tatar (0.5%), Bulgaria-lâng (0.4%), Hông-gâ-lī-lâng, Pho-lân-lâng (0.4%), Iû-thài-lâng (0.3%). Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân sī Ukraina-gí, put-jî-kò Lō͘-se-a-gí chiâⁿ phó͘-phiàn.

Tang-pêng, tang-lâm ê kang-gia̍p tē-tài jîn-kháu siāng bi̍t-chi̍p; 7-siâⁿ tiàm to͘-chhī khiā-khí.

Ukraina Chèng-kàu (sio̍k-î Tang-hong Chèng-kàu) kap Ukraina Hi-lia̍p Thian-chú-kàu sī chú-iàu ê kàu-phài. To̍k-li̍p liáu-āu, Lō͘-se-a chhōa-thâu ê Chèng-kàu kàu-hōe cho͘-chit mā tòe leh hun-chhe, pun 1 ê Kyiv Chong-chú-kàu (Eng-gí: *Patriarchy*) chhut-lâi. Lēng-gōa koh ū chió-sò͘ ê O-khek-lân *Autocephalous* ("Chū-thâu") Chèng-kàu, Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu, Sin-kàu, Iû-thài-kàu, kap Islam-kàu.

## Le̍k-sú

I pún-té sī So͘-liân (SSKL, Eng-gí: *Union of Soviet Socialist Republics*) se-lâm pō͘ ê 1 ê kiōng-hô-kok. Aū--lâi SSKL pang-pāi, Ukraina choaⁿ-á tī 1991 nî 8 go̍eh soan-pō͘ to̍k-li̍p. Hiān-chhú-sî sī To̍k-li̍p-kok-ka Cho͘-ha̍p (Eng-gí: *Commonwealth of Independent States*) ê sêng-ôan.

## Chèng-tī

Ukraina sī 1 ê 3-koân-hun-li̍p ê bîn-chú chèng-tī thé-chè. Chóng-thóng thê-miâ chhōa-thâu ê pō͘-tiúⁿ, chiah koh keng-kòe kok-hōe tông-ì chiah ū chún-sǹg.

2004 nî ê chóng-thóng sóan-kí kiat-kó chhut-lâi liáu-āu, hoat-seng chin tōa ê cheng-gī. Khah óa Lō͘-se-a ê Viktor Yanukovich the̍h tio̍h 49.42% ê sóan-phiò, khah óa Se-hng ê hóan-tùi-phài hiō-sóan-jîn Viktor Yushchenko the̍h tio̍h 46.70%. Yushchenko m̄-sêng-jīn sóan-kí ê kiat-kó, thê-chhut chin chē chèng-kì kóng sóan-kì ū chò-khang. I ê tīn-iâⁿ hoat-tōng kûn-chiòng pau-ûi chèng-hú ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t, tī To̍k-li̍p Kóng-tiûⁿ hù-kīn. Chi-chhî-chiá kiò che hō͘-chò "Kam-á-sek Kek-bēng". Tang-pêng ê tē-tài tùi che put-móa, ū chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t thê-chhut tang-pêng "chū-li̍p" ê chú-tiuⁿ.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

Ukraina pun chò 24 ê chiu (hō͘-chò *oblasti*; tan-sò͘ *[[oblast]]*), 1 ê chū-chú kiōng-hô-kok (tī Crimea) kap 2 ê ū te̍k-sû hoat-tēng tē-ūi ê chhī (hō͘-chò *mista*; tan-sò͘ *misto*):

## Keng-chè

## Bûn-hòa

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
Tì-hūi-khí

**Tì-hūi-khí** (Hàn-jī: 智慧齒, Eng-gí: *wisdom teeth*) he̍k-sī **tì-khí**, tio̍h-sī **tē-3 tمōa-kiū-khí** (第三大臼齒, *third molar*), pâi-lia̍t tī khí-lia̍t (齒列, *dentition*) múi 1-ê *quadrant* ê siāng āu-piah, lóng-chóng ū 4 khí. Tì-hūi-khí thiⁿ-chan tāi-khài tī 18 kap 20 hòe chi-kan, m̄-koh ū lâng ē khah-bān chhut-khí. Tì-hūi-khí tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ bô-hoat-tō· thiⁿ-chan oân-choân, khā tī tē-2 tōa-kiū-khí ê āu-piah ē-kha, án-ne kiò-chò pa̍k-khí (縛齒, 阻生牙, *impacted teeth*).Tì-hūi-khí pa̍k-khí bô pō· mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê kong-lêng, gâu tui-chek khí-khún-pan ín-khí tē-2 tōa-kiū-khí ê āu-piah ē-kha khí-kin chiù-khí he̍k-sī gê-chiu-iām, nā-sī án-ne tio̍h-ài khiā tī ī-hông ê li̍p-tiûⁿ sū-sian kā bán-tû. Bán-tû pa̍k-khí ê siāng-hó sî-ki sī tī 20 hòe chó-iū, khang-chhùi khah-hó siu-sok , hù-chok-iōng mā khah-chió. M̄-koh ūi-tì siūⁿ chhim-pō· ê pa̍k-khí chin pháiⁿ bán-tû iū-koh bē ín-khí chiù-khí he̍k-sī gê-chiu-pēⁿ, gê-i-su ē khó-lū soán-tek bô-beh bán-tû; tēng-kî koan-chhat, nā-ū hoat-seng kî-thaⁿ ê pēⁿ-piàn (病變), chiah-koh bán-tû.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
Bāng-chì

**Bāng-chì** (**blog**) sī chi̍t-chióng bāng-lō· mûi-thé ê hêng-sek. Tián-hêng ê bāng-chì sī 1-ê chia̍p-chia̍p keng-sin ê bāng-chām. I ê lōe-iông it-poaⁿ chiam-tùi kî-thaⁿ ê bāng-chām ê bûn-chiuⁿ, siau-sit, a̍h-sī chu-gôan chò siāu-kài a̍h-sī phêng-lūn. Àn-chiáu thôan-thóng, siōng sin ê bûn-chiuⁿ hē bāng-ia̍h siōng téng-kôan, khah kū ê bûn-chiuⁿ àn-chiàu ji̍t-kî, tê-bo̍k siu khì tī chhng-khò·. http://www.geocities.com/myfreeid20/#blogDef Bāng-chì ê chú-tê chē-chē khóan.

Bāng-chì chit-sû kap Eng-bûn ê *weblog*, *blog* pêng-hêng sú-iōng, ē-sái tòng-chò sī tông-gī-sû. It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi siōng tāi-seng iōng *weblog* chit sû--ê sī Jorn Barger, tī 1997 nî, 12-go̍eh. *Bāng-chì* chit sû tùi 2003 nî, 5-go̍eh Tâi-gí-bûn Weblog Tiong-sim  siat-chām liáu-āu khai-sí chhut-hiān. 

## Bāng-chì ê lūi-pia̍t

Blog ē-sái chí kò-jîn-te̍k--ê bāng-chì. Chit-khóan bāng-chì bē-su thôan-thóng ê ji̍t-chì, thê-kiong chok-chiá khong-kan siá chhut i ê sim-siaⁿ, pau-koat i tùi ji̍t-siông seng-oa̍h ê koan-chhat kap siūⁿ-hoat, i ê khi-mó·-chih, gē-su̍t chhòng-chok, téng-téng. Blog ê chok-chiá ē-tàng 1-ê í-siōng, khó-pí kóng ka-têng 1-ke-hóe a̍h-sī pêng-iú ê kho·-á. Tōa-pō·-hūn ê blog khai-hòng hō· lâng lâu oē hôe-èng. Kiàn-nā lāu-jia̍t--khí-lâi, chiâⁿ-chò 1-ê kò·-tēng ê thó-lūn kho·-á, bûn-chiūⁿ pún-sin pìⁿ-chiâⁿ thó-lūn ê chhut-hoat-tiám nā-niā.

Blog ê chú-tê a̍h-sī bo̍k-tek bān-bān chióng. Bē-chió blog hèng hoat-piáu tùi chú-liû chèng-tī, bûn-hòa, a̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ kong-kiōng sū-bū ê koan-chhat a̍h-sī phêng-lūn. Tâi-oân ê TWblog.net  sī 1-ê lē.

Moblog sī *mobile* kap *blog* ê ha̍p-sû, sī thàu-kòe hêng-tōng tiān-ōe (chhiú-ki-á) hoat siau-sit, tah siòng ê bāng-chì.

## Bāng-chì ê ke-si kap kho-ki

Choan-bûn ūi blog iōng-chiá siat-kè ê nńg-thé ná lâi ná chē. Hiān-tāi ê blog nńg-thé bô iau-kiû ē-hiáu jīm-hô tiān-náu gí-giân (pau-koat HTML). Tùi pian-chip, chhut-pán kàu kóan-lí hôe-èng bûn, thui-siau bûn-chiuⁿ, lóng pau-hâm chāi-lāi.

In-ūi bāng-chì kiông-tiāu sî-kan-sèng, pō·-hūn nńg-thé ē tiàm bāng-chām hián-sī go̍eh-thiah-á a̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ chéng-lí kū bûn-chiuⁿ ê hoat-tō·.

Ūi beh hong-piān blog sio tùi-ōe, Movable Type ê siat-kè-jîn hoat-bêng "khan-tńg--lâi" (trackback) ê ki-chè, hoat-piáu tī 2002 nî.

Blog ê lōe-iông mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ iōng RSS, Atom ê XML chu-liāu kek-sek chhut-pán. Chit-khóan tóng-àn hong-piān chām-gōa ê ke-khì kái-tha̍k kap hián-sī siōng sin ê lōe-iông ("liân-pò·", *syndication*). Mā ū bāng-chām choan-bûn teng-kì, siu-chi̍p, chéng-lí, kap hián-sī tùi chē-chē só·-chāi lia̍h--lâi ê tóng-àn.

## Hō-ló-ōe bāng-chì ê le̍k-sú

2003 nî 5-go̍eh chiah chhut-hiān iōng choan-gia̍p bāng-chì nńg-thé chhut-pán ê Hō-ló-gí bāng-chì: Tâi-gí-bûn Weblog Tiong-sim (pian-bé iōng Bān-kok-bé) kap Taiwanese Blog (iōng Taiwanese Package). Chìn-chêng sui-bóng í-keng ū lūi-sū ê bāng-chām tī--leh (chhin-chhiūⁿ Tâi-oân Bûn-ha̍k Kang-chok-sek, Àm-kong-chiáu ê Chhù), khiok-sī bô iōng bāng-chì nńg-thé pian-chip, chhut-pán; hū-chek-jîn mā bô jīn-ūi in ê bāng-chām hō·-chò bāng-chì.

## Chām-gōa chu-gôan

* Moblogging.org 
* Archive.org pó-chûn ê kū pán Tâi-gí-bûn Weblog Tiong-sim
* 'Blog' tī 線頂字典排第一名 
* Introduction to Blogging

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-gí siā-khu
Atom

**Atom** sī 1 chióng kin-kù XML gí-hoat hoat-tián ê tiān-náu bāng-lō· ko·-thong phiau-chún. Atom chhin-chhiūⁿ RSS. Siat-kè Atom ê tōng-ki sī beh chhú-tāi RSS. RSS si̍t-chè-siōng sī 2-khoán kiâⁿ bô kāng goân-chek ê phiau-chún, ē-kha koh hun kúi-nā-chióng pán-pún, lóng-chóng 9 chióng. Khai-hoat ê kè-têng chin ū cheng-gī http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1171185,00.html Atom hi-bāng pí RSS khah ū toâⁿ-sèng. Chóng--sī ū lâng kám-kak Atom put-tān bô chhú-tāi RSS, iū-koh chè-chō 1 thò sin--ê chhut-lâi.

Atom ê khai-hoat ùi 200? nî khai-sí. Chá-kî bat hō kúi-nā-chióng miâ (Echo téng-téng), taⁿ ū kò·-tēng hō·-chò Atom.

Atom ùi 2004 nî pìⁿ chò 1 ê IETF ê sū-kang.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* AtomEnabled.org - Atom ê koaⁿ-hong chām; Atom API (kó); Atom Syndication Format 0.3 (kó)
* IETF Atom Publishing Format and Protocol working group (atompub)
* Atom Wiki - khai-hoat-chiá thó-lūn ê só·-chāi.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
RSS

**RSS** sī 1 chióng kin-kù XML gí-hoat khai-hoat chhut-lâi ê tiān-náu ko·-thong phiau-chún. Chit ê Eng-bûn sok-siá ū ē-kha chit-kóa-á ì-sù:

* **Rich Site Summary** (RSS 0.9x, RSS 2.0)
* **[[RDF]] Site Summary** (RSS 0.9, 1.0)
* **Really Simple Syndication**

Bāng-chām kap bāng-chì àn-chiàu RSS ê phiau-chún kā in ê lōe-iông pau chò sek-ha̍p tiān-náu nńg-thé kái-tha̍k ê chu-liāu keh-sek. Pau hó ê tóng-àn thàu-kòe it-poaⁿ ê bāng-lō· koán-tō siu-sàng. Ē-sái kóng RSS thê-kiong bāng-chām 1 ê bāng-lō· liân-pò· (*web syndication*) ê pān-hoat, ē-tit chiōng in ê lōe-iông "sak" chhut-khì hō· pa̍t ê tan-ūi "siau-hòa", sú-iōng, chài-seng-sán.

RSS kan-na iōng lâi pau bāng-chām chhiâng-chāi keng-sin ê hit-koá-á lōe-iông, khó-pí kóng sin-bûn chu-sìn. Che ē-sái pau-koah siau-sit ê lia̍t-toaⁿ, múi 1 tiâu sin-bûn ê ji̍t-kî, khài-iàu, chok-chiá, sin-bûn-tiâu ê bāng-chām chū-chí. Ū chhù-bī ê tho̍k-chiá iōng choan-mn̂g ê nńg-thé lia̍h RSS tóng-àn tńg--lâi, jiân-āu àn-chiàu tho̍k-chiá kah-ì ê hong-sek siau-hòa, hián-sī. RSS tóng-àn a̍h-sī kóng thoân chu-sìn ê koán-tō hō·-chò "chhī-liāu" (*feed*). Chit khoán nńg-thé pau-koah *RSS aggregator* (mā hō·-chò *feed reader*) chit khoán èng-iōng nńg-thé. In it-poaⁿ ū-hoat-tō· chò-chi̍t-pái siau-hòa chin chē bô kāng goân-thâu ê RSS tóng-àn, kā kî-tiong siāng sin he̍k-chiá iá-bē tha̍k--kòe ê siau-sit chéng-lí chhut-lâi hō· iōng-chiá tha̍k. Che pí iōng-chiá ka-kī ta̍k-kang sûi-ê-á kiám-cha 10-gōa-ê, chiâⁿ-pah-ê bāng-chām ke khah ū hāu-lu̍t, in-ūi tho̍k-chiá kan-na khoàⁿ-ē-tio̍h m̄-bat tha̍k--kòe ê pō·-hūn. Koh in-ūi RSS pau ê chu-liāu ū it-tēng ê keh-sek, beh chìn-chi̍t-pō· ka-kang, têng chhut-pán--chi̍t-piàn bô khùn-lân. Khó-pí kóng, ē-tàng iōng nńg-thé kā kúi-nā-ê kāng gī-tê ê RSS lâi-goân khioh chò 1 ê RSS tóng-àn hō· lâng khì lia̍h.

## Le̍k-sú

Netscape tī 1999 nî khai-sí tiàm in ê bāng-chām thê-kiong koán-tō (hō·-chò *channel*, pîn-tō) hō· lâng siu-chi̍p in ka-kī ê lōe-iông (2001 nî kiat-sok). Che pang-chān hia ê lōe-iông seng-sán-chiá khí-chō in ê tho̍k-chiá-kûn. Chu-liāu keh-sek hō·-chò RSS 0.9, *RSS* sī *RDF Site Summary* ê sok-siá. 0.9 kin-kù RDF siat-kè. Tú khai-sí sī iōng lâi biô-siá hòng-sàng-tâi ê lōe-iông, āu--lâi ná lâi ná sî-kiâⁿ iōng lâi chò liân-pò· ê lō·-iōng.

0.91 khip-siu Userland  scriptingNews ê 1-kóa-á te̍k-sek, khai-sí iau-kiû XML ài ha̍h Netscape siat-kè ê DTD, siâng-sî hòng-khì RDF. 0.91 mā kā *RSS* kiò chò *Rich Site Summary*.

Tī 2000 nî RSS 0.9x kap RSS 1.0 ê khai-hoat hun-chhe (*fork*). RSS 1.0 khai-sí kiâⁿ *modularization* ê lō·-soàⁿ, tòe W3C ê RDF Specification, iōng XML namespace a̍h-sī RDF chò khok-chhiong (extension). RSS 1.0 kiông-tiāu hām 0.9 sio-thong.

RSS 0.9x kian-chhî bô iōng XML namespace kap RDF, kám-kak ke ho̍k-cha̍p. Khai-hoat-chiá kiò RSS hō·-chò *Really Simple Syndication*, kiông-tiāu RSS èng-kai chīn-liōng tan-sûn. RSS 0.9x āu--lâi hoat-tián chò RSS 2.x.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Atom - lēng-gōa 1 khoán XML-sek ê phiau-chún.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* RSS 0.90 
* Dan Libby ê RSS 0.91 Spec, revision 3 , Dave Winer ê 0.91 
* RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0
* RSS 2.0 specification

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Chok-gia̍p hē-thóng

**Chok-gia̍p hē-thóng** (chhau-chok hē-thóng; tshau-tsok hē-thóng) sī tiān-náu siōng ki-pún ê hē-thóng-sèng nńg-thé. Chok-gia̍p hē-thóng ē-sái ti̍t-chiap khòng-chè kap kóan-lí tiān-náu ê ngē-thé.

Chham-khó: Microsoft Windows
Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân

Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê 24 chióng koaⁿ-hong gí-giân sī:
*Bulgaria-gí 
*Chesko-gí
*Tan-be̍h-gí
*Eng-gí
*Estonia-gí
* Ài-ní-lân-gí
*Hi-lia̍p-gí
*Croatia-gí
*Hoat-gí
*Í-tāi-lī-gí
*Hô-lân-gí
*Latvia-gí
*Lietuva-gí
*Hông-gâ-lī-gí
*Malta-gí
*Pho-lân-gí 
*Phû-tô-gâ-gí
*Romania-gí
*Se-pan-gâ-gí
*Slovak-gí 
*Slovene-gí 
*Hun-lân-gí 
*Sūi-tián-gí 
*Tek-gí

Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân sī kóng tī múi-ê Au-chiu Liân-bêng sêng-oân-kok kok-lāi só͘ sú-ēng ê hiah-ê giân-gí, lóng-chóng ū 24 ê. Kî-tiong lāi-té ū 3 ê, Eng-gí, Hoat-gí kap Tek-gí sī in it-poaⁿ tī Au-chiu Chip-hêng Úi-oân-hōe (European Commission) ê hōe-gī lāi-té só͘ iu-sian chhái-ēng ê, tē-ūi siong-tùi khah-koân, m̄-koh nā tī Au-chiu Gī-hōe (European Parliament), khui-hóe sî, só͘-ū chia-ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân pêⁿ-pêⁿ lóng thang-hó tâng-chê tī gī-tiûⁿ sú-ēng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu Liân-bêng
## Chúi-thâu
Sè-kài Bō͘-e̍k Cho͘-chit

**Sè-kài bō͘-e̍k cho·-chit** (Eng-gí: **World Trade Organization**, **WTO**) sī chi̍t-ê koan-hē bō͘-e̍k ê kok-chè cho͘-chit.

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* 
* 
* 
* International Trade Centre – joint UN/WTO agency
Goân-chū-bîn

Kin-kù Liân-ha̍p-kok ê tēng-gī, **goân-chū-bîn** (Eng-gí: *indigenous peoples*) sī:

:"Goân-chū siā-kûn, jîn-bîn ia̍h bîn-cho̍k sī chí le̍k-sú iân-sio̍k tùi ji̍p-chhim kap si̍t-bîn chìn-chêng, hoat-tián chū in léng-he̍k ê siā-hōe, in siong-sìn ka-tī kap kî-tha hiān-sî chi-phòe hia leng-he̍k (he̍k-chiá pō͘-hūn) ê siā-hōe bô-kâng."

## Chù-kái
Bāng-chām

**Bāng-chām** si bāng-ia̍h ê chit-hap. Lī-iōng Internet téng-kôan ê WWW (sè-kài khoà bāng-lō͘) chit-e hiap-teng kap ki-chè, su-iōng-chiá ē-sài lī-iōng bāng-ia̍h liû-lám-khì lâi khòaⁿ bāng-chām lāi ê bāng-ia̍h.
Bāng-ia̍h

**Bāng-ia̍h** sī WWW téng ê chi̍t-ia̍h bûn-kiāⁿ. It-poaⁿ sī chi̍t-chióng HTML bûn-kiāⁿ.

Thâu-ia̍h sī khì kàu bāng-chām khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê tē-1-bīn bāng-ia̍h.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Bāng-lō͘ (khu-pia̍t)

**Bāng-lō͘**, sī tùi Eng-gí *network* kap ì-sù beh kâng ê siong-koan khài-liām (pí-lūn *net*, *web*) ê chi̍t khoán choan-bûn hoan-e̍k, ū-ê tiûⁿ-ha̍p mā kóng **bāng-lo̍k** (hôa. 網絡). Chit jī ê ēng-hoat ū:

* Siā-hōe bāng-lō͘, mā hō͘-chò siā-hōe-bāng.
* Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘, te̍k-pia̍t sī Internet (Bāng-chè-bāng-lō͘).
* Tī Internet lāi-bīn ūn-chok ê WWW bûn-kiāⁿ hē-thóng.
* Kau-thong bāng-lō͘
* Thong-sìn bāng-lō͘
Khióng-pò͘-chú-gī

**Khióng-pò·-chú-gī** sī 1 chióng ǹg it-poaⁿ jîn-bîn sú-iōng pō-le̍k ê chhiú-lō·, lâi ta̍t-sêng chèng-tī, chong-kàu he̍k-chiá-sī siā-hōe keng-chè bo̍k-tek ê siūⁿ-hoat, ia̍h-sī chú-tiuⁿ. Khióng-pò·-chú-gī ê hêng-ûi, **khióng-pò·-o̍ah-tāng**, ū khó-lêng sī kek-ko·-poe, mā ū khó-lêng sī thàu-kòe thôan-thé lâi chìn-hêng. Ū-tang-sî-á sīm-chì siū tio̍h bó·-chi̍t-kóa chèng-hú ê o·-ián lâi chiâⁿ-chò soan-pò· chiàn-cheng ê lēng-gōa 1 khóan hong-sek.

Tī *[[Bí-kok Liân-pang Hoat-tián]]* ( United States Code ) tē 22 tiâu, tē 2656f(d) tōaⁿ, sī kā khióng-pò·-chú-gī tēng-gī chò: "tāi-seng ū kè-e̍k, chhut tī chèng-tī tōng-ki ê po̍k-le̍k hoān-chōe, kā hui-chiàn-tò·-jîn-ôan tòng-chò bo̍k-phiau, thàu-kòe hui-kok-ka thôan-thé he̍k-chiá-sī sái àm-kiâⁿ ê thàu-á lâi chìn-hêng, chhiâng-chāi sī siūⁿ-beh éng-hióng it-poaⁿ bîn-ke."

Chóng--sī teh iōng "khióng-pò·-chú-gī" ia̍h-sī "khióng-pò·-hūn-chú" chiah-ê gí-sû ê sî, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī ū teh tak chèng-tī sǹg-pôaⁿ--ê, chit-kóa gí-sû mā put-sî iōng tī chèng-hú soan-thôan lāi-té, lâi kó·-chhui ta̍k-ke chi-chhî tùi-te̍k te̍k-tēng ê "khióng-pò·-hūn-chú".

Nā sī hiah-ê chi-chhî tùi peh-sìⁿ-lâng iōng po̍k-le̍k ê chèng-hú, in tō ē ēng chi̍t-kóa khiā-tiong ia̍h-sī chiàⁿ-bīn ê gí-sû lâi kóng in chàn-sêng ê hiah-ê chiàn-tò·-jîn-ôan, pí-lūn-kóng "chū-iû-chiàn-sū" ( *freedom fighters* ), "ài-kok-chiá" (*patriots*), "chún-kun-tūi" ( paramilitaries ) , "tàu-sū" ( militant ), "iú-chì" ( comrades ), ia̍h-sī "hêng-tōng-hūn-chú" ( activists ). Chiah-ê gí-sû tō lóng khah pa-lun-pa-láu.

*
IUCN Âng Miâ-toaⁿ

**IUCN Âng Miâ-toaⁿ** sī thong sè-kài siāng chiâu-chn̂g ê tōng-si̍t-bu̍t pó-io̍k chheng-toaⁿ, choân-miâ kiò chò **IUCN Siū Ui-hia̍p Bu̍t-chéng Âng Miâ-toaⁿ**. Sè-kài Pó-io̍k Tông-bêng (IUCN) tùi 1963 nî khai-sí chù-chheh, hun-lūi seng-bu̍t bu̍t-chéng ê pó-io̍k chōng-hóng kàu taⁿ, ta̍k nî chhut-pán sin siu-tēng pún. In-ui lia̍t-siá ê chu-liāu chiâⁿ chē, IUCN kan-na chhut-pán tiān-chú keh-sek ê tóng-àn.

2004 nî ê pán-pún lia̍t chhut 15,589 chióng siū ui-hia̍p bu̍t-chéng, kî-tiong ū 7,266 chióng sī tōng-bu̍t, 8,323 chióng sī si̍t-bu̍t kap *lichen*.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Eng-bûn)
MediaWiki

**MediaWiki** sī 1 thò Wiki nńg-thé, hoat-hêng ê hí-khó-su iōng GPL. Thêng-sek gí-giân iōng PHP, siat-kè iōng MySQL chit ê chu-liāu-khò·.

Wikipedia hām Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe kî-thaⁿ ê sū-kang lóng iōng che.

Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ: .

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* www.mediawiki.org

Lūi-pia̍t:Nńg-thé
Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân

**Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân** (a̍h sī **Phó·-sè Jîn-koân Soan-giân**) sī Liân-ha̍p-kok Chóng-hōe tī 1948 nî 12-goe̍h 10 thong-kòe ê koat-gī-àn (A/RES/217), lōe-iông koan-hē ki-pún jîn-koân. Hoat-kok ê René Cassin hām Canada ê John Peters Humphrey sī chú-iàu ê khí-chhó-jîn.

Sui-bóng Jîn-koân Soan-giân bô hoat-lu̍t chok-iōng, i ūi āu--lâi 2 ê ū-hāu ê Liân-ha̍p-kok jîn-koân kok-chè kong-iok khí-chō 1 ê tē-ki: Liân-ha̍p-kok Kong-bîn kap Chèng-tī Koân-lī Kok-chè Kong-iok kap Liân-ha̍p-kok Keng-chè, Siā-hōe, Bûn-hòa Koân-lī Kok-chè Kong-iok.

12-goe̍h ê chhe-10 hō·-chò *Jîn-koân Ji̍t*.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* Koaⁿ-hong UDHR bāng-ia̍h
* Hôa-gí e̍k-pún: ,
Tang-lâm-a Kok-ka Liân-bêng

**Tang-lâm-a Kok-ka Liân-bêng** (, ), sok-siá **ASEAN**, mā thang kiò chò **Tang-bêng** ia̍h **Tang-hia̍p**, sī Tang-lâm-a kok-ka ê 1 ê cho͘-chit, hiān-chhú-sî ū 11 ê hōe-ôan-kok, lāi-té ê jîn-kháu ū 5 ek, thó͘-tē ū 450 bān pêng-hong-kong-lí, kok-lāi seng-sán mô͘-gia̍h lóng-chóng ū 7,370 ek bí-kim, nā hōe-ôan-kok ê bō͘-ek kim-gia̍h ka ka--khí-lâi thong-kiōng ū 7,200 ek Bí-kim.

## Le̍k-sú
Tang-lâm-a Kok-ka Liân-bêng sī 1967 nî 8 go̍eh 8 ji̍t tī Bangkok khí-chō--ê. Chi̍t-khai-sí ê 5 ê hōe-ôan-kok ū Ìn-nî, Má-lâi-se-a, Hui-li̍p-pin, Sin-ka-pho kap Thài-kok. Tang-lâm-a Kok-ka Liân-bêng chêng-kàu-taⁿ í-keng ū 10 ê hōe-ôan-kok.

## Hōe-ôan-kok
* (Khí-ki ê hōe-ôan-kok)
* (Khí-ki ê hōe-ôan-kok)
* (Khí-ki ê hōe-ôan-kok)
* (Khí-ki ê hōe-ôan-kok)
* (Khí-ki ê hōe-ôan-kok)
* (1984 nî 1 go̍eh 8 ji̍t ka-ji̍p)
* (1995 nî 7 go̍eh 28 ji̍t ka-ji̍p)
* (1997 nî 7 go̍eh 23 ji̍t ka-ji̍p)
* (1997 nî 7 go̍eh 23 ji̍t ka-ji̍p)
* (1999 nî 4 go̍eh 30 ji̍t ka-ji̍p)
* (2025 nî 10 go̍eh 26 ji̍t ka-ji̍p)

## Chù-kha

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* ASEAN Pì-su-chhù
Jîn-thé kái-phò-ha̍k

Lâng ê **sin-khu**.

## Gōa-kháu ê pō·-ūi

* Phôe-hu (mo·)
* Thâu -- Thâu-hia̍h -- Ba̍k-chiu -- Hiⁿ-á -- Phīⁿ -- Chhùi -- Chhùi-chih -- Chhùi-khí
* Bīn -- Chhùi-phé -- Ē-hâi
* Ām-kún -- Nâ-âu -- Adam's apple -- Keng-kah-thâu
* Arm -- Elbow -- Wrist -- chhiú -- chńg-tâu -- toā-thâu-bú
* Liông-kut -- Heng-khám -- Leng-bô͘ -- Ribcage
* Pak-tó͘ -- Seⁿ-thoàⁿ hē-thóng (Im-lông = lān-pha, Im-keng = lān-chiáu, chi-bai-íⁿ, chi-bai = im-tō) -- Rectum -- Anus
* Hip -- Kha-chhng -- Kha -- Kha-thúi -- Kha-tó· -- Kha-khiau -- Kha-ba̍k -- Kha-āu-tēⁿ -- Foot -- Toes
Tō-hâng

**Tō-hâng** (Eng-gí: navigation) thê-kiong ūi-tì ê chu-sìn hō· lâng, iā-sī-kóng chhia, chûn, hui-hêng-ki, oē-chheⁿ téng-téng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, hō· in ē-tàng chai-iáⁿ ka-tī tī-leh siáⁿ-mi̍h só·-chāi. Chai-iáⁿ ūi-tì liáu-āu, tio̍h ē-tàng koat-tēng sòa--lo̍h-lâi ài tùi tó-ūi kiâⁿ chiah ē-sái ta̍t-kàu bo̍k-te̍k-tē.

Chū kó·-chá í-lâi, jîn-lūi to̍h sú-ióng kok-chióng ê hong-hoat lâi khak-tēng ka-tī ê ūi-tì.

## Tē-phiau tō-hâng
Àn-chiàu tē-bīn siōng ê te̍k-sû bo̍k-phiau, ē-tàng koat-tēng kā-tī ê ūi-tì. Pí-lūn-kóng, khòaⁿ-tio̍h bó· chi̍t-lia̍p soaⁿ-thâu, to̍h chai-iáⁿ í-keng lâi-kàu bó· chi̍t-ê só·-chāi. Che sī chin kó·-chá, mā chin kán-tan ê tō-hâng hong-sek.

Sió-hêng ê hui-hêng-ki mā ū lūi-sū ê hong-hoat. Hui-hêng-goân àn-chiàu tē-bīn ê thih-lō·, hô-chhoan, he̍k-chiá-sī kî-tha ê tē-siōng-bu̍t lâi hui-hêng. Kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t ê chhù-téng iû-chhat tōa-hêng ê jī-thé ah-sī hû-hō, hui-hêng-goân poe-kàu hia to̍h chai-iáⁿ kàu--ah. Che sī khah-chá Bí-kok kok-lāi hâng-kong iû-kiāⁿ ūn-sàng ê hong-hoat.

## Thui-soàn tō-hâng
Thui-soàn tō-hâng(Eng-gí: Dead reckoning, DR) sī chin kó·-chá ê tō·-hâng hong-hoat. Iû ūn-tōng-ha̍k ē-sái chai-iáⁿ, ūi-tì, sok-tō· kap ka-sok-tō· ū bi̍t-chhiat ê koan-hē:

\vec v=\frac{d\vec p}{dt}, \vec a=\frac{d\vec v}{dt}

Tī chia, \vec p sī ūi-tì, \vec v sī sok-tō·, \vec a sī ka-sok-tō·, t sī sî-kan.

Só·-í, chí-iàu chai-iáⁿ chi̍t-khai-sí ê ūi-tì (chhut-hoat ê tē-tiám), phòe-ha̍p ūn-tōng ê sok-tō·, khòaⁿ sī keng-kòe lōa-chē sî-kan, tio̍h ē-sái **thui-soàn** (kó·-kè) chhut bo̍k-chiân ê ūi-tì.

## Thian-bûn tō-hâng
Thain-bûn (Eng-gí: celestial) tō-hâng mā sī chin kó·-chá to̍h ū ê tō-hâng hong-sek. Chú-iàu sī 15 sè-kí bóe-kî, Au-chiu ê Phû-tô-gê lâng só· hoat-tián--chhut-lâi-ê.

Koan-chhat tiⁿ-téng ê thian-thé, pí-lūn-kóng ji̍t-thâu, go̍eh-niû, Bak-kek-chheⁿ, ah-sī kî-tha ê chheⁿ-chō, to̍h ē-sái tāi-khài chai-iáⁿ ka-tī ê hūi-tō·.

## Bû-soàn-tian tō-hâng
Taiwaner

**Taiwaner** sī tī Tâi-oân bāng-lō·-khoan liû-thoân ê 1 ê lūn-su̍t, tī Tâi-oân ê BBS, thó-lūn-khu ín-khí chin chē thó-lūn.  Liû-thoân ê koán-tō chú-iàu sī e-mail kap BBS.

Taiwaner e-mail ē-sái kóng sī 1 khoán hui-siang-gia̍p-sèng ê pùn-sò-phoe.  I thàu-kòe siu-phoe-jîn ê su-jîn siā-hōe bāng-lō· thoàⁿ--khui, só·-í Taiwaner e-mail oân-ná sī 1 tiuⁿ liân-só-phoe (*chain letter*), i oân-choân bô oá-khò 1 ê tiong-sim hoat-hui i ê éng-hióng-la̍t.  Chit tiuⁿ phoe jīn-ûi Eng-bûn *Taiwanese* chit sû khoàⁿ-khin Tâi-oân-lâng, èng-kai kái iōng "Taiwaner".  Phoe lāi-té kí kúi-nā-ê lē beh chi-chhî chit ê kiat-lūn.  Chit tiuⁿ e-mail tī 2000 nî (?) chó-iū tō í-keng ū ah, kàu-kah 2004 nî iáu ū i ê iáⁿ.

Chit tiuⁿ e-mail tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō· lâng tah tī BBS kap bāng-chām ê thó-lūn-khu.  Tah ê lâng lóng sī chi-chhî he̍k-chiá tông-chêng lūn-su̍t ê lâng.  Mā khoàⁿ-ē-tio̍h lâng kā ka-kī ê kháu-chō miâ kái chò "Taiwaner".

Chit ê sû hām Tek-kok-oē *Taiwaner* bô ti̍t-chiap ê koan-hē.

## Taiwaner tiān-chú phoe ê lūn-tiám

## Taiwaner kap Taiwanian

## Tùi Taiwaner ê chi-chhî kap phoe-phêng

Oá Tâi-oân to̍k-phài li̍p-tiûⁿ ê lâng (it-poaⁿ sī siàu-liân-á) tùi Taiwaner ū bô kāng khoán ê hoán-èng.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Taiwanian

Lūi-pia̍t:Bāng-lō͘ bûn-hòa
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân bûn-hòa
Khí-lia̍t

Khí-lia̍t (Hàn-jī:齒列, Eng-gí:*dentition*) sī chhùi-khí tī chhùi-lāi ê hoat-io̍k kap pâi-lia̍t. 
*Mammal* ê chhùi-khí siāng-chē ū 4 chióng lūi-pia̍t, mn̂g-khí, kak-khí, sió-kiū-khí, kap tōa-kiū-khí. Nā-sī kan-taⁿ 1 chióng tio̍h kiò-chò *homodont*, ū 2 chióng í-siōng tio̍h kiò-chò *heterodont*. 
Chiok-chē chióng-lūi ê *mammal* ū 2 thò khí-lia̍t (*diphyodontism*), tāi-seng sī ni-khí khí-lia̍t  (*deciduous dentition, primary dentition*), jiân-āu oāⁿ-chò éng-kiú khí-lia̍t (*permanent dentition, secondary dentition*).
Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ

**Jîn-chō oē-chheⁿ** (), tiāⁿ ti̍t-chiap kiò **ōe-chheⁿ** (衛星), sī chiàu kò͘-tēng ê kúi-tō ūn-hêng, it-poaⁿ lâi kóng sī se̍h-hêng tē-kiû, ū kok-chióng bô-kâng ê kong-lêng, iû hóe-chìⁿ chài-khì-kàu tē-kiû ê kúi-tō.

Jîn-chō oē-chheⁿ ē-sái kàm-sī, liap-iáⁿ, thong-sìn í-ki̍p tō-hâng téng-téng, m̄-koán tī kun-sū, kho-ha̍k, siang-gia̍p ia̍h-sī bîn-seng hong-bīn, lóng ū chin chē ê iōng-tô͘.

Í kúi-tō koân-tō͘ lâi ku-hun, jîn-chō oē-chheⁿ ê kúi-tō ē-sái hun chò 3 chióng:
*Tē-kiû kāng-pō͘ kúi-tō (Geosynchronous Orbit)
*Kek kúi-tō (Polar Orbit)
*Tn̂g-ko-îⁿ kúi-tō (Elliptical Orbit)

## Siong-koan
* Ōe-chheⁿ

## Chham-chiàu
Mozilla

**Mozilla** (mā hō·-chò **Mozilla Suite**, **Mozilla Application Suite**, sió-miâ **Seamonkey**) sī Mozilla Ki-kim-hōe khai-hoat ê 1 thò bāng-lō· nńg-thé.  I hām Mozilla Firefox sio-siâng, sī open source ê chū-iû nńg-thé.  Mozilla pí Firefox ke chin tōa-phiāng, kui-thò pau-koah ū bāng-ia̍h liû-lám-khì, e-mail client, HTML pian-chi̍p-khì kap 1 ê IRC client.  

Mozilla ê té sī Netscape Kong-si ê Netscape Communicator.
Lo̍k-chhùi-chúi

**Lo̍k-chhùi-chúi** sī chhùi-khiuⁿ ōe-seng hú-chō· iōng-phín, ē-tàng sat-khún, siau-tû chhùi-chhàu, kap ī-hông chiù-khí. M̄-koh i sī hú-chō· ê kak-sek, chhùi-khiuⁿ ūi-seng chú-iàu iah-sī ài khò sú-iōng khí-bín-á kap khí-sòaⁿ lâi ta̍t-sêng. Sat-khún-sèng ê lo̍k-chhùi-chúi mā-bô tn̂g-kî sú-iōng ê pit-iàu. 

Lo̍k-chhùi-chúi ê sêng-hun chú-iàu sī chheng-chúi, koh-lâi sī 20% chó-iū ê chiú-cheng (*alcohol*), jiân-āu kin-kú su-iàu lâi thiam-ka kî-thaⁿ sêng-hūn. It-poaⁿ lóng-ē ka po̍k-hō lâi am-khàm chhùi-khiuⁿ ê chhàu-bī. Sat-khún-sèng ê lo̍k-chhùi-chúi thiam-thiⁿ ê sat-khún (*bacteriocidal*) he̍k ek-khún (*bateriostatic*) hòa-ha̍k-bu̍t pau-koah ū *thymol*, *eucalyptol*, *methyl salicylate*, *menthol*, *chlorhexidine gluconate* kap *hydrogen peroxide*. Kiông-tiāu ī-hông chiù-khí ê hâm hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t sán-phín chú-iàu sī NaF. Hâm 0.2% (900 ppm) *NaF* ê, 1 lé-pài 1 kái, 1 kái 10 cc. Hâm 0.05% (225 ppm) NaF ê, 1 kang 1 kái, 1 kái 10 cc. Hâm-hu̍t lo̍k-chhùi-chúi kiàn-gī tn̂g-kî (siāng-chió 2 tang) kap tēng-sî sú-iōng, hāu-kó chiah ē chhut--lâi.

## Lo̍k-chhùi-chúi ê sêng-hun
*Chlorhexidine* sī sio̍k-î *Bisguanide antiseptics*, *chlorhexidine* sī bo̍k-chiân kong-jīm siāng-hó ê sú-iōng tī khí-chiu-pēⁿ ê khí-khún-pan khòng-chè io̍h-che. *Chlorhexidine* ē-tit tn̂g sî-kan liâm-hù tī chhùi-khí piáu-bīn, lī-iōng pún-sin tòa chèng-tiān ê te̍k-sèng khip-ín sè-khún, jiân-āu phò-hāi i-ê sè-pau-mo̍·h oân-chéng-sèng. Gián-kiù pò-kò kóng 1-kang lo̍k-chhùi 1-pái keng-kòe 6-kò-goe̍h āu, sú-iōng 0.1% ê *Chlorhexidine* ē-sái kái-siān 66% ê khí-hoāⁿ-iām, a̍h 0.2% ê Chlorhexidine ē-sái kiám-chió 88% ê  khí-hoāⁿ-iām.

Iah-m̄-koh tn̂g-kî sú-iōng *Chlorhexidine* ē chō-sêng chhùi-khí ní-sek, bī-kak (味覺) kái-piàn, sīm-chì chin chió-sò· ē chō-sêng liâm-mo̍͘h hú-si̍t (粘膜腐蝕) ê hù-chok-iōng, in-chhú it-poaⁿ bô kiàn-gī liân-soà sú-iōng chhiau-kòe 2 lé-pài.

Tī ē-kha chiá-ê chêng-hêng hā, pēⁿ-lâng bô-hoat-tō· chò-hó ki-hâi-sek ê khí-khún-pan khòng-chè ê sî, ē khó-lū chhái-iōng Chlorhexidine:
**ANUG (Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis)*:
*Khí-chiu chhiú-su̍t chi-āu: 
*Ū hē-thóng-sèng chit-pēⁿ:
Siā-hōe

Siā-hōe kho-ha̍k chiam-tùi ***siā-hōe*** ê tēng-gī pau-koah:

* 1 tīn lâng chiâⁿ-chò ê poàⁿ kong-khai hē-thóng. Tī hē-thóng--ni̍h ê hūn-chú chú-iàu hām kî-thaⁿ ê hūn-chú hō·-tōng.
* Hūn-chú chi-kan ê koan-hē bāng-lō·.
* Hō·-siong oá-khò ê siā-lí.

Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ:
* Siā-hoē-ha̍k
* Siā-hōe-chú-gī

Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe
Téng-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí

**Téng-ham ni chèng-tiong-mn̂g-khí** chit ki chhùi-khí tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē (chú-kiong) 14 chiu ê sî khai-sí kài-hòa. Kài-hòa tùi 1-ê tan-it tiong-sim-tiám khai-sí ǹg gōa kap khí-kún-pō· (*cervix*) hoat-tián, chha-put-tō· 4 kó-goe̍h ê sî-chūn khí-koan hoat-io̍k oân-sêng. I tī 6-7 kó-goe̍h ê sî-chūn chhut-khí kàu chhùi-khiuⁿ.

### Tûn-chhek-bīn (''labial'')

Chit ki chhùi-khí khí-koan ê kīn-oán-sim (*mesiodistal*) tn̂g-tō· pí chhiat-toan-khí-kún (*incisoservical*) khah tn̂g. Tûn-chhek piáu-bīn hui-siông ku̍t-liu koh tó·-tó·. Chhiat-toan chiâⁿ ti̍t chiap-kīm 1-tiâu ti̍t-sòaⁿ. Kīn-sim pian-iân ùi chhiat-toan kàu chhiap-chhiok-khu (*contact area*) ê khí-hōaⁿ chhek sī ti̍t--ê, ùi chia khai-sí ǹg chhùi-khí ê tn̂g-te̍k (*long axis*) siu-sok. Oán-sim pian-iân ùi oán-tûn-chhiat kak (*distolabioincisal angle*) kàu khí-kún-pō· sī tó·-tó·--ê.

### Sia̍t-chhek-bīn (Lingual)
Chit  bīn ē-tàng khòaⁿ tio̍h hoat-io̍k liông-hó ê pian-iân chiah (*marginal ridge*) kap ko-tō· hoat-io̍k ê sia̍t-chhek-bīn liông-thu (*cingulum*), chit-ê liông-thu ǹg chhiat-toan iân-chhun, kā sia̍t-chhek lap-o (*lingual concavity*) hun-chò kīn-sim kap oán-sim 2-ê khah-sió ê lap-o (*fossa*).

### Kīn-sim kap oán-sim bīn
Chit ê khí-koan ê kīn-sim piáu-bīn ùi chhia̍t-toan kàu khí-kún-pō· 1/3 (*cervical third*) sī sió-kóa-á tó·-tó·, jiân-āu ǹg tn̂g-te̍k khoài-sok siu-sok. Oán-sim piáu-bīn ùi chhiat-toan kàu khí-khún-pō· choân-pō· lóng-sī tó·-tó·.  In-ūi chhia̍t-toan hiòng khí-kún-pō· liō-liō-á chhu-kiā, oán-sim pian-iân sió-kóa-á pí kīn-sim khah té.

### Khí-kin (khí-thâu)
Chit ki chhùi-khí ê khí-kin gōa-hêng siong-tong ku-kí, ùi khí-kún-pō· kàu khí-kin-chiam (*apex*) sūn-sū piàn chiam.  Ku-ê gōa-hêng tio̍h chhin-chhiūⁿ 1-ê tūn--khí-ê giú-tn̂g ê îⁿ-chui-té (*cone*). Kīn-sim piáu-bīn tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ū 1-chōa hoat-io̍k-kau (*developmental groove*), ah oán-sim piáu-bīn bô-kāng, sī tó·-tó·--ê. 

### Khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ
Chit ki chhùi-khí ê khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ hêng-thāi kap kui-ki chhùi-khí ê gōa-hêng chha-put-to, m̄-koh khí-chhóe-kak (*pulp horn*) pí gōa-hêng só· àm-sī ê khah-tōa khah-chiam. Khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ kap kin-kńg chi-kan bô bêng-hián ê kài-sòaⁿ.
Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē

**Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē** (; ) mā hō-chò **chú-kiong** (子宮),  sī bó-ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t (*mammal*) ê chú-iàu seng-si̍t khì-koan, i sī an-tah koh êng-ióng phoe-thai he̍k thai-jî ê pōng-sim kin-bah khì-koan. Tī jîn-lūi i sī se-iûⁿ-lî hêng-chōng (*pear-shaped*) ê kiat-kò·, tn̂g tāi-iok 8 kong-hun, pau-koah chú-kiong pún-thé (*the body of uterus*), chú-kiong té (子宮底), chú-kiong kiap (子宮峽), chú-kiong kún (子宮頸, *cervix*). Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ē-kha chiap im-tō (*vagina*), téng-koân siang-pêng liân-chiap seⁿ-kńg (su-nn̄g-koân, *fallopian tube*). Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ti̍t-chiap iû im-tō chi-chhî, kàn-chiap iû kut-phûn (骨盆, *pelvis*) lāi-té ê kok cho·-chit lâi kò·-tēng.

## Kái-phòa-ha̍k

Chit-ê seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ūi-tì kut-phûn-khiuⁿ lāi, phōng-kong ê pōe-chhek (dorsal) kap thâu-chhek (*rostral*), ti̍t-tn̂g (*rectum*) ê pak-chhek (*ventral*). I hō· kúi-nā tiâu jūn-tòa (*ligament*) lâi pa̍k-sok kò·-tēng. Ū-sin í-gōa, i ê tōa-sè kan-tāⁿ kúi kong-hun na-tiāⁿ.

Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē tōa-pō·-hūn sī ki-bah só· chó·-sêng, siāng lāi-té hit têng cho·-chit kiò-chò chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h (*endometrium*). Tī tōa-pō·-hūn ê chhī-ni tōng-bu̍t, nā-bô ū-sin chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h ē chiu-kî-sèng thoat-lo̍k he̍k khip-siu. Tī jîn-lūi lâi-kóng chit ê chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h thoat-lo̍k ê chêng-hêng tio̍h-sī go̍eh-sìn (*menstrual bleeding*), it-ti̍t kàu bô seⁿ-io̍k lêng-le̍k ê sî chiah thêng-chí--khí-lâi.

## Kong-lêng

Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē chú-iàu ê kong-lêng sī chiap-siū nn̄g-ū-hêng (*fertilized ovum*) lâi chèng-si̍t (*implant*) tī chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h, nn̄g-ū-hêng jiân-āu ùi hoeh-kńg tit-tio̍h êng-ióng. Chit-ê nn̄g-ū-hêng tī hoâi-thāi kòe-têng ē hoat-io̍k tāi-seng choh phoe-thai (*embryo*), āu--lâi koh hoat-io̍k sêng thai-jî (*foetus*), jiân-āu chiok-goe̍h chhut-sì. 

## Pēⁿ-lí

1-kóa seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ê pēⁿ:
* seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē thoat-sûi (*prolapse of uterus*)
* chú-kiong-kún-gâm
* chú-kiong-gâm 
* ī-ūi hoâi-thāi (*ectopic pregnancy*)
* chú-kiong-ki-liû (*fibroid*)