open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kim

:*"Kim" ê kî-tha ì-sū chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ [[Kim (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]].*

**Kim** (金, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō: **Au**, Latin gí-goân: *aurum*), iā kóng **n̂g-kim** (黃金), it-poaⁿ kóng **kim-á**, sī 1 chióng chin tiōng-iàu ê chu-goân, sī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 79. Kim ham toā-hūn ê hoà-ha̍k-mi̍h bô chok-iōng, Kan-ta iâm-sò͘, hut-sò͘, ông-chúi (aqua regia), ham chheng-hoà-bu̍t (cyanide) ē kap kim khí hoán-èng; lēng-goā, tī chúi-gîn (mercury)--nih, kim mā ē iûⁿ--khì.  Siau-sng (nitric acid) ē kā kim í-goā ê kim-sio̍k lóng iûⁿ--khì, tiāⁿ hông the̍h lâi chhì-giām ū kim ia̍h bô. 

## Hō-miâ
Kim ê hû-hō *Au* sī tùi Latin-gí *aurum* hō--lâi, jī-goân sī Lô-má sîn-ōe lāi-bīn ê lú-sîn *[[Aurora (sîn-ōe)|Aurora]]*.

## Le̍k-sú
Kim sī 7 khoán tùi kó͘-chá sî-tāi to̍h chai-iáⁿ ê kim-sio̍k chi it, Chêng 5000 nî chó-iū ê Ai-ki̍p bûn-bêng to̍h ū hoat-hiān, kim-á mā sī chió-sò͘ ū te̍k-sû sek-tī ê kim-sio̍k chi it, āu-bóe hông tòng chò sī chi̍t khoán châi-sán ê hêng-sek.

Chóng-sī kim-á sêng-pún koân jî-chhiá kiông-tō͘ kē, kòe-óng tī sán-gia̍p siōng ê lī-ēng iú-hān. Kàu tiān-chú sî-tāi, kim in-ūi khòng sng-hòa (*oxidation*) kap koân tó-tiān-sèng, piàn chò sī tiān-chú sán-phín ê tiōng-iàu châi-liāu.

## Hêng-thé
N̂g-kim sī kim-sio̍k lāi-té tián-sèng (malleability) siāng hó ê chi̍t khoán; bí 1 kong-khek ê n̂g-kim ē-sái phah chò 1 kong-chhiò pêng-hong ê kim-po̍h. Sim-chì che kim-po̍h ē-tàng hong phah kah thàu-kng hia po̍h. In-ūi pòaⁿ thàu-kng ê kim-po̍h ē hoán-siā âng-gōa-kng, in sī chā âng-gōa-kng ki-sut (pí-lūn khòng-jia̍t) ê chi̍t chióng.

Lēng-gōa, kim-á ê bi̍t-tō͘ chin koân, bí 1 li̍p-hong kong-chhiò ū 19,300 kong-kin tāng.

## Hòa-ha̍k
Kim-hún ē-tàng kap iâm-sò͘ tī 180 °C ūn-tō͘ hoán-èng cho͘-sêng AuCl<sub>3</sub>. Mā kah chhàu-sò͘ tī 140 °C hoán-èng chhut chhàu-hòa-kim(III), koh chhām ak-sò͘ keng-kòe chin bān ê hoán-èng piàn ak-hòa-kim(I).

Tōa pō͘-hūn ê sng lóng bô hoat-tō͘ kap kim ū hoán-èng, kî-tiong Selen-sng ē-tàng tī jia̍t kap lông ê tiāu-kiāⁿ hā hoán-èng. Lēng-gōa, siau-sng kap iâm-sng chiàu pí-lē lām ê ông-chú mā ē-sài.

## Lī-iōng
Thong sè-kài tùi sín chhut-sán ê kim-á siau-hùi tāi-khài 50% sio̍k chu-pó, 40% khai tī tâu-chu, lēng-gōa 10% ēng tī kang-gia̍p siōng.

Karat tī kim-á lâi kóng, sī piáu-sī n̂g-kim ê sûn-tō͘, sûn-kim sī 24 k, chiàm chi̍t pòaⁿ ê sûn-tō͘ tio̍h sī 12 k.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Khòng-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim
Chúi-sò͘

縮圖|Chúi-sò͘
**Chúi-sò͘** (水素; tek. *Wasserstoff*), iā ū kóng **kheng-khì** (輕氣), hòa-ha̍k hû-hō **H** (Latin-gí: *hydrogenium*, ùi Hi-lia̍p-gí ê *hydro*: "chúi" ham *genes*: "cho͘-sêng" lâi--ê), sī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 1. Tī piau-chún un-tō͘ kap ap-le̍k (standard temperature and pressure), H sī bô sek, bô phang-chhaù ê hui-kim-sio̍k, toaⁿ-kè (univalent), bô kiâm-chiáⁿ, chin khoài to̍h (combustion), siang-goân-chú (diatomic) ê khì-thé (H2). H sī siāng khin ê goân-sò͘, goân-chú-liōng kan-taⁿ 1.00794 g/mol. H mā sī ú-tiū--nih siāng chē ê goân-sò͘, chiàm beh 75%. 

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Chek-sò͘

:*Sò͘-ha̍k lāi ê [[sò͘-sò͘]] mā ū kóng chit-sò͘.* 

**Chek-sò͘** (窒素), he̍k-chiá **chit-sò͘**, hòa-ha̍k hû-hō **N** (Eng-gí: *nitrogen*; Latin-gí: *nitrogenium*), Hàn-bûn sī **tām** (氮).

## Hō-miâ
Chek-sò͘ chit jī ê lâi-goân sī Ji̍t-gí tùi Tek-gí *Stickstoff* ê hoan-e̍k, piáu-bīn ê ì-sù sī "hō͘-lâng bô khùi ê bu̍t-chit".

Kó͘-chá lâng chai-iáⁿ khong-khì tiong ū 1 ê mi̍h ē hō͘ tōng-bu̍t cha̍t-khùi, mā ē kā hoé hip hoa--khì, só͘-í āu--lâi kā hō chò "chek-sò͘" (chit-sò͘).

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
*
Thih

**Thih** (鐵, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō: Fe, Latin-gí: *ferrum*), ia̍h **thih-á**, sī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 26. Thih sī chióng kim-sio̍k, sio̍k tī tē 8 cho̍k goân-sò͘ (group 8 element), mā sī tē 4 chiu-kî goân-sò͘ (period 4 element). Thih sī chheⁿ-hu̍t goân-sò͘ ha̍p-sêng (stellar nucleosynthesis) siāng kài boé chò--chhut-lâi ê goân-sò͘, khiā kóng bián chhiau-sin-chheⁿ (supernova) ia̍h lūi-sū ê sū-kiāⁿ tō ū ê goân-sò͘ lāi-té siāng tāng--ê. Tō sī chit ê iân-kò͘, Thih sī ú-tiū--nih liōng siāng chē ê tāng kim-sio̍k (heavy metals).

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
*
Gí-sû tah-phòe

Tī gí-liāu-khò͘ gí-giân-ha̍k, **gí-sû tah-phoè** ia̍h **gú-sû tah-phè** (collocation) sī kí sio liân-soà ê gí-sû ia̍h su̍t-gí (術語, term) tiāⁿ saⁿ-taù-tīn (co-occurrence), khiā kóng, bó͘-mih gí-sû ham bó͘-mih gí-sû tiāⁿ chò-hoé ēng ê hiān-siōng.

Lēng-goā 1 ê kak-tō͘ lâi khoàⁿ, gí-sû tah-phoè mā chè-hān bó͘ chi̍t-koá gí-sû bē-tàng taù-tīn ēng, chhiūⁿ kóng, sui-bóng "phah" kap "kòng" tiāⁿ ē-tit kau-oāⁿ ēng, m̄-koh *Chhia-toaⁿ phah hó--a.* tō bē-tit kóng chò *Chhia-toaⁿ kòng hó--a.* 

Tī kè-sǹg gí-giân-ha̍k, gí-sû tah-phoè ê hiān-siōng tiāⁿ ēng hō͘-sìn-sit (互信息 ,mutual information) ia̍h siong-koan-tō͘ (相關度, correlation) lâi kè-sǹg.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
Hù-ka sû-lūi sìn-sit ê Tâi-gí gí-sû tah-phoè tī kaù-ha̍k siōng ê èng-iōng
Ne-óng

**Ne-óng** (Hi-lia̍p-gí *neos*: sin) sī tī chiu-kî-pió ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 10. Ne bô sek, sī 1 chióng kiōng-beh bô oa̍h-sèng (inert) ê hoâ-cho̍k khì-thé (noble gas). Ti chin-khong ê po-lê-kńg khǹg koá Ne, thong-tiān liáu-aū ē ū chin súi, âng-kam-á-sek ê kng. Ne-óng-teng (neon lamp) chú-iàu tō sī khǹg Ne tī lāi-té. Khong-khì--nih mā ū Ne, iok-liōng 100,000 hun 1.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
QR Bé

**QR Bé** sī 1994-nî Ji̍t-pún kong-si Denso (hiān-chhú-sî kiò Denso-Wave) khai-hoat--chhut-lâi ê 1-khoán jī-chhù-goân ê sûn-bé, ēng o͘ pe̍h kau-koah ê keh-á khoán-sek lâi tāi-piáu chu-liāu. **QR** sī tùi **Quick Response** lâi--ê, in-ūi tong-goân-chhoe khai-hoat ê sî, tō ǹ̍g-bāng tiān-chú ke-si thang kín-chia̍p tha̍k che sûn-bé ê chu-liāu. QR Bé sī chit-má Ji̍t-pún siōng tiāⁿ khoàⁿ-tio̍h ê jī-chhù-goân sûn-bé.

Ji̍t-pún QR Bé ê piau-chún JIS X 0510 sī tī 1999-nî 1--goe̍h kong-pò͘--ê, chit-hāng piau-chún tùi-èng--ê sī 2000-nî 6--goe̍h he̍k-chún ê ISO/IEC18004.

## Tia̍t-teng

Tī QR Bé 4-ê kak-á lāi-té, ū 3-ê kak-á ū ìn chiàⁿ-sì-kak-hêng, he khoán-sek chhin-chhiūⁿ 1-ê pe̍h--ê sù-hong-chhioh téng-koân, koh tha̍h 1-ê khah sè-ê ê o͘-sek sù-hong-chhioh, chit-3-ê chiàⁿ-sì-kak-hêng sī hō͘ kái-bé nńg-thé lia̍h ūi ê tô͘, sú-iōng-chiá m̄-bián siòng-chún, m̄-koán ēng sím-mi̍h kak-tō͘, tiān-chú ke-si lóng ē-ēng-tit tha̍k-tio̍h chu-liāu.

Phó-thong ê sûn-bé sī kā chu-liāu kià-chò hoâiⁿ--ê, m̄-koh QR Bé sī kāng-sî-chūn kā chu-liāu kià-chò ti̍t--ê kap hoâiⁿ--ê, chit-khoán siat-kè sī beh pó-chûn sò͘-jī lia̍h-goā ê chū-liāu, hō͘ lô-má-jī, Hàn-jī kap kana mā ē kià-tit.

## Siōng toā ê gia̍h-siàu

* Sò͘-jī: 7,089-ê
* Lô-má-jī (US-ASCII): 4,296-ê
* Jī-chìn-ūi-sò (8 bit): 2,953-ê ūi-goân
* Hàn-jī kap kana: 1,817-ê

## Si̍t-iōng

QR Bé goân-té sī khì-chhia kang-tiûⁿ ēng lâi koán liāu--ê, taⁿ í-keng chia̍p tī ta̍k-tô͘ ê chûn-hoè koán-lí sú-iōng. Kìⁿ-nā ū RS-232C kài-bīn ê tiān-chú ke-si hām kái-bé nńg-thé, thàu-koè lia̍p-tô͘-khì he̍k-chiá-sī kha-me-lah tō ē-tàng kā QR Bé ê chu-liāu tha̍k--chhut-lâi.

Ji̍t-pún ê chhiú-ki-á kong-si chín ū tī chng kha-me-lah ê chhiú-ki-á lāi-té kah tha̍k QR Bé ê nńg-thé, chin-chē bāng-chām, cha̍p-chì hām kóng-kò téng-téng mā lóng khai-sí ēng QR Bé thê-kiong ho̍k-bū.

## Links
Sng-sò͘

**Sng-sò͘** (ji̍t. 酸素; tek. *Sauerstoff*; eng. *oxygen*), Tâi-gí tiāⁿ kóng **sàng-so͘h**, hû-hō **O**, sī 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, tī chiu-kî-pió ê goân-chú-hoan sī 8. Sng-sò͘ sī Tē-kiû tē 2 phó͘-phiàn ê goân-sò͘, chiàm tē-khak chit-liōng 49%, chiàm Tē-kiû chit-liōng 28%. Tī ú-tiū, sng-sò͘ sī tē 3 phó͘-phiàn ê goân-sò͘.

## Sèng-chit
Tī piau-chún un-tō͘ kap khì-ap ē-té, sng-sò͘ sī bû-sek, bû-chhàu, bô-bī ê khì-thé, hun-chú-sek sī , thang kiò jī-sng-sò͘. Che mā sī it-poaⁿ ji̍t-siông kháu-gú siōng kóng ê "sàng-so͘h" ia̍h "ióng-khì" khì-thé chûn-chāi ê hêng-sek.

Chia *jī-sng-sò͘* ê nn̄g lia̍p sng-sò͘ goân-chú, sī siū hòa-ha̍k kiat-ha̍p só͘ khan-liân. Kiat-ha̍p kan-tán lâi kóng sī kiōng-iú siang kiat-ha̍p ê hêng-sek.

## Kang-gia̍p seng-sán
Kin-sè sáng-gia̍p siōng bí tang ê  seng-sán liōng ē-tàng kàu kúi-cha̍p chheng-bān tòng. In chú-iàu sī keng-kòe nn̄g chióng hong-sek tùi khong-khì lāi-bīn hun-lî--chhut-lâi-ê. Khah phó͘-phiàn ê chi̍t khoán sī hun-pia̍t cheng-liû (*fractional distillation*) ki-su̍t, tong  hông sio chò cheng-khì ê sî,  tio̍h í e̍k-thé ê hêng-sek lâu chhun.

## Lī-ēng
I-ha̍k-siōng sú-iōng sng-sò͘ chi-chhî ho͘-khip chok-iōng.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Sng-sò͘
Helium

縮圖|Helium
**Helium** (""), ia̍h **hāi** sī 1 chióng bô sek, phīⁿ--khí-lâi, tam--khí-lâi lóng bô bī ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, sī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té bô siáⁿ oa̍h-tāng-la̍t ê 1 chióng hoâ-cho̍k khì-thé (noble gas), goân-chú-hoan 2. He ê kún-tiám ham iûⁿ-tiám sī choân-pō͘ goân-sò͘ lāi-té siāng kē--ê; nā m̄ sī kaù-te̍k ê chêng-hêng, He tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī khì-thé. Oá choa̍t-tùi lêng-tō͘ (absolute zero) ê sî, He ē pìⁿ-chiâⁿ 1 chióng chhiau-lâu-thé (superfluid), bô siáⁿ mô͘-chhat, sèng-chit chin te̍k-sû.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Helium
Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Seng-hòa-ha̍k

**Seng-hoà-ha̍k** (biochemistry) sī leh gián-kiù oa̍h ê seng-bu̍t chái-iūⁿ chìn-hêng hoà-ha̍k hoán-èng kap chok-iōng. Hiān-chú-sî kan-taⁿ chai-iáⁿ Tē-kiû ū seng-bu̍t tī--leh, jî-chhiáⁿ lóng sī thoàⁿ-ki ham chúi-ki ê seng-bu̍t. Sui-bóng seng-bu̍t ê ûi-thoân bi̍t-bé (genetic code) ia̍h seng-hun-chú (biomolecule) sī chiàⁿ-pêng ia̍h tò-pêng, téng-téng te̍k-sèng ná-chhiūⁿ sī chhìn-chhái koat-tēng--ê, khêng-si̍t in lóng sī kāng-thiāu (common descent)--ê, seng-hoà hoán-èng lóng chin sio-siâng. Kaù taⁿ iáu m̄ chai kám ē ū pa̍t khoán seng-hoà hoán-èng.

Seng-hoà-ha̍k gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng sī sè-pau (cell) ê kiat-kò͘ kap kong-lêng, pí-lūn kóng nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, thoàⁿ-chúi hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t (carbohydrate), iu-chi (lipid), hu̍t-sng (nucleic acid), kap kok chióng ê seng-hun-chú. Lēng-goā, hoà-seng-ha̍k (chemical biology) mā ē-tit ēng hoà-ha̍k ha̍p-sêng (chemical synthesis) ê ki-khiáu lâi kái-koat seng-hoà-ha̍k tú--tio̍h ê chi̍t-koá būn-tê.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
É-he̍k-chheⁿ

Kin-kù Kok-chè Thian-bûn-ha̍k Chó͘-ha̍p (IAU) 2006 nî ê tēng-gī http://www.iau2006.org/mirror/www.iau.org/iau0603/index.html , **é-he̍k-chheⁿ** (dwarf planet) sī 1 khoán ū ha̍h ē-kha tiâu-kiāⁿ ê chheⁿ-thé (celestial body):

# Ū se̍h Ji̍t-thâu;
# Chit-liōng ū-kàu hō͘ i ka-kī ê ín-la̍t ah koè (rigid body forces), tì-tio̍h i pìⁿ-chiâⁿ (hydrostatic equilibrium) ê hêng (oá kiû-hêng);
# Bô kā i ê kúi-tō hù-kīn chheng chheng-khì;
# M̄ sī oē-chheⁿ.

IAU bo̍k-chêng kan-taⁿ sêng-jīm 5 lia̍p é-he̍k-chheⁿ: Ceres, Mê-ông-chheⁿ, Makemake, Eris, Haumea.
Gîn

**Gîn** (銀, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō: **Ag**, Latin-gí: *argentum*), ia̍h **gûn**, sī chi̍t chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 47. Gîn sī chi̍t chióng nńg-nńg, pe̍h-pe̍h, kng-iàⁿ-iàⁿ ê koè-tō͘ kim-sio̍k (*transition metal*). Kim-sio̍k lāi-té, gîn siāng gâu koè-tiān, siāng gâu thoân jia̍t. Gîn ē-tit tan-tok chûn-chāi, mā ē-tit tī khòng-bu̍t (*mineral*)--nih chhoē--tio̍h. Gîn-kak-á, chu-pó, oáⁿ-poâⁿ (*tableware*), liap-iáⁿ, kiàⁿ tiāⁿ ē ēng tio̍h gîn.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
A-iân

**A-iân** (亞鉛), he̍k-chiá **pe̍h-iân** (白鉛), kì-hō **Zn**, sī tī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té ê chi̍t chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 30. Zn sī chhián phú-á-sek ê koè-tō͘ kim-sio̍k. Zn pâi tī thih, a-lú-mih, tâng aū-piah, sī tē 4 chia̍p khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê kim-sio̍k.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Kim-sio̍k
*
Soān-chio̍h

**Soān-chio̍h** sī thoàⁿ ê 1 chióng hêng, mā sī thian-jiân ê châi-liāu--nih siāng kài tēng--ê. Soān-chio̍h ê tēng-tō͘ koân, tùi kng ê pho-soàⁿ (dispersion) koh koân, hō͘ i tī kang-gia̍p ia̍h chu-pó lóng chin ū lō͘-ēng.
Ia̍p Bi̍t-hô

**Ia̍p Bi̍t-hô** (Hàn-jī: 葉密豪, Eng-bûn miâ **Michael Everson**; 1963 nî 1 go̍eh 9 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok chhut-sì ê Éire gú-giân-ha̍k-ka. I tùi 1997 nî kàu 2004 nî kap Tè Khái-sū, Tân Pek-tiong, Tân-Tēⁿ Hông-giâu chò-hóe giân-kiù pe̍h-oē-jī ê Unicode pian-bé būn-tê.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Evertype: Ia̍p Bi̍t-hô ê bāng-chām
Telesto (oē-chheⁿ)

**Telesto** (S/1980 S 13) sī khûn Thó·-chheⁿ ūn-hêng ê chi̍t-khò ōe-chheⁿ.

## Le̍k-sú

Telesto sī 1980 nî 4 goe̍h 8 ji̍t Bradford A. Smith, Harold Reitsema, Stephen M. Larson kap John W. Fountain hoat-hiān ê.
Kok-chè-koa

**Kok-chè-koa** (Hoat-gí: *L'Internationale*; tha̍k chhin-chhiuⁿ "", *internationale* tha̍k chhin-chhiuⁿ "eⁿ-~") sī chi̍t tiâu chhut-miâ ê siā-hōe-chú-gī (iā-sī hui-thóng-tī-chú-gī kap kiōng-sán-chú-gī) ê koa. Eugène Edine Pottier tī 1870 nî chò sû, pún-té sī toè La Marseillaise ê tiāu chhiùⁿ. Pierre Degeyter tī 1888 nî chò khek. Tùi 1922 nî kàu 1944 nî, chit-tiâu koa mā sī Soviet Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok Liân-ha̍p ê kok-koa.

## Hoat-gí goân-bûn
### Thâu 1 chat
:Debout les damnés de la terre! (Khiā--khí-lâi, thó͘-tē ê hōng kàn-kiāu--ê!)
:Debout les forçats de la faim! (Khiā--khí-lâi, hō͘ iau-pat-tó͘ koaiⁿ-kaⁿ--ê!)
:La raison tonne en son cratère, (Lí-sèng tī i ê hóe-soaⁿ-khang tân chhut-siaⁿ,)
:C'est l'éruption de la fin. (Siōng-bóe tit-beh po̍k-hoat ah.)
:Du passé, faisons table rase, (Kòe-khì, lán tio̍h kā i chhat-siau)
:Foule esclave debout! debout! (Chò lô͘-châi ê chèng-lâng, taⁿ tio̍h khí-lâi! tio̍h khí-lâi!)
:Le monde va changer de base: (Sè-kài tit-beh lóng-chóng kái-piàn ah:)
:Nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout! (Lán chìn-chêng bô sǹg siáⁿ-hòe, taⁿ lán beh chhut-thâu-thiⁿ ah!)‎

### Hù-koa (refrain)
:C'est la lutte de finale, (Che sī siōng-bóe ê phah-piàⁿ)
:Groupons-nous, et demain (Lán chò-hóe lâi piàⁿ, khòaⁿ bîn-ná-chài)
:L'Internationale, (Kok-chè [tak-ke liân-ha̍p])
:Sera le genre humain. (Sī chôan jîn-lūi [ê ǹg-bāng])
:C'est la lutte finale,
:Groupons-nous, et demain
:L'Internationale,
:Sera le genre humain.

## Hō-ló-oē pán
(O͘-chhiú Nakasi; chham-khó Nakasi)

### Thâu 1 chat
:Tàu-tīn! Chòe-kang ê hiaⁿ-tī chí-mōe!
:Tàu-tīn! Chôan sè-kài pháiⁿ-miā ê lâng!
:Beh chhòng-chō hēng-hok ê sin sè-kài,
:Lán tio̍h ài thôan-kiat--khí-lâi.
:Chu-pún-ka pak-siah lán ê huih-kōaⁿ,
:Kín khí-lâi hóan-khòng kap i piàⁿ!
:M̄-bián kiaⁿ thâu-ke án-chóaⁿ ah-pà,
:Kang-lâng tàu-tīn le̍k-liōng tōa.

### Hô
:Che sī kang-lâng ê thian-hā.
:Thôan-kiat--khí-lâi, Lô-tōng-chiá!
:Internationale
:Tàu-tīn, tō it-tēng iâⁿ!
:Che sī kang-lâng ê thian-hā.
:Chhia-piàⁿ saⁿ thêng(?), hiòng-chiân kiâⁿ.
:Internationale
:Tàu-tīn, tō it-tēng iâⁿ!

### Tē 2 chat
:M̄-bián kiû Iâ-so͘, O-bí-tô-hu̍t.
:Mā bián bāng chóng-thóng, hông-tè.
:Lô-tōng-chiá chhòng-chō jîn-lūi it-chhè,
:Thiān-hā gôan-pún kang-lâng ê.
:Chu-pún-ka pak-siah lán ê huih-kōaⁿ,
:Kín khí-lâi hóan-khòng kap i piàⁿ!
:M̄-bián kiaⁿ thâu-ke án-chóaⁿ ah-pà,
:Kang-lâng tàu-tīn le̍k-liōng tōa.
Chhut-thâu-thiⁿ

**Chhut-thâu-thiⁿ** sī Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng kap i ê tông-chêng hūn-chú ê 1 kù kháu-hō.  Chhut-thâu-thiⁿ pún-té ê ì-sù sī teh kóng 1 ê lâng ló͘-le̍k phah-piàⁿ, chiong-kui chiàn iâⁿ bái bái ê khoân-kéng, pìⁿ-chiâⁿ ū sêng-chiū, tī lâng bīn-thâu-chêng ū êng-kng ê lâng.  Chèng-tī-hoà ê ēng-hoat tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ēng tē-1-jîn-chheng hù-sò͘ *[[lán]]* lâi siat 1 ê kiōng-tông-thé ê sióng-siōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ "lán beh chhut-thâu-thiⁿ" sī 1 kù sio-bián-lé ê oē.  Éire-lâng kiōng-hô-chú-gī (*Irish republicanism*) mā ū 1 kù chhin-chhiūⁿ:  "Tiocfaidh ár lá"; tī Lâm-hui-kok, "Amandla! – Ngawethu!"

Chham-khó chhut-thâu-thiⁿ sîn-ha̍k.
Iâm

:*"*'Iâm**" tī hòa-ha̍k sī [[sng]] chham [[iâm-ki]] keng-kòe tiong-hô hóan-èng ê sán-bu̍t, siông-sè kàu [[iâm (hòa-ha̍k)]] khòaⁿ-māi.''



**Iâm** (鹽) ia̍h **si̍t-iâm''' (食鹽), sī kúi-ā-khóan khòng-bu̍t-chit chi̍p-chò-hóe, toā-hūn sī iâm-hòa natrium (NaCl; sodium chloride) ê tiâu-bī-liāu, khoàⁿ--khí-lâi lio̍h-á phú-phú. Ū-ê iâm sī khòng-bu̍t, ū-ê sī ùi kiâm-chúi thê-liān. Iâm ū kúi-ná khoán, pí-lūn kóng chho͘-iâm, iù-iâm iah sī chham tián ê iâm (iodised salt), ... Iâm sī kiat-chiⁿ ê kò͘-thé, sek-chúi pe̍h-pe̍h, lio̍h-á chúi-âng ia̍h phú-phú; ē-tit ùi hái-chúi lâi thê-liān hái-iâm, mā ē-tit ùi chio̍h-thaû lâi thê-liān soaⁿ-iâm. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Chū-jiân chu-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiâu-bī-liāu
Khòng-bu̍t

**Khòng-bu̍t** sī tē-chit chok-iōng chō-chiâⁿ ê thian-jiân hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t. Khòng-bu̍t ū 2 chân ì-hâm, hoà-ha̍k sêng-hūn (chemical composition) kap kiat-chiⁿ kiat-kò͘ (crystal structure). Iú-ki hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t sò͘-siông bô chún chò khòng-bu̍t. Khòng-bu̍t ê hêng ū chheng-pah khoán, ū ko͘ 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘ cho͘-sêng--ê, mā ū chhan-chhiūⁿ ke-sng-iâm (silicate) hiah ho̍k-cha̍p--ê. Tùi khòng-bu̍t ê chai-bat hō chò khòng-bu̍t-ha̍k (mineralogy). 


Lūi-pia̍t:Khòng-bu̍t-ha̍k
Chheⁿ-tâng

**Chheⁿ-tâng** ia̍h **chhiⁿ-tâng** (bronze) sī chin chē tâng ê hūn-kim (copper alloys) ê thong-chheng, toā-hūn sī hūn siah (tin), ū-tang-sî-á sī hūn pa̍t chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, chhiūⁿ kóng P, Mn, a-lú-mih, ia̍h Si. Chheⁿ-tâng ióng koh jūn, tī kang-gia̍p ê iōng-tô͘ pah-pah khoán. Éng-koè ū toāⁿ sî-kan chheⁿ-tâng put-chí-á tiōng-iàu, hō chò chheⁿ-tâng-khì sî-tāi (Bronze Age).
Siah

**Siah** (錫, Latin-gí: *Stannum*) sī chiu-kî-pió lāi-té ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, goân-chú-hoan 50. Siah sī lio̍h-á niáu-chhí-á-sek, hó-chhun-iân ê pi kim-sio̍k (poor metal), tī khong-khì--nih bô siáⁿ ē sng-hoà (oxidation), bô siáⁿ ē hú-si̍h (corrosion). Chin chē hūn-kim lóng ū hūn siah, he̍k-chiá kā kim-sio̍k tō͘ 1 iân siah, thang hông-chí hú-si̍h. Siah toā-hūn sī ùi siah-chio̍h (cassiterite) chit chióng khòng-bu̍t the̍h--tio̍h.

## Chham-chiàu

Lūi-pia̍t:Khòng-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘
*
Ki-su̍t

**Ki-su̍t** (技術) sī chí só͘-ū ê ke-si kap têng-sū. Ki-su̍t pau-hâm chai-iáⁿ án-choáⁿ khòng-chè khoân-kéng kap chin-chiàⁿ chò kaù ê thêng-tō͘; kū-thé ê hāng-bo̍k ū ke-si (chhiūⁿ kóng siat-pī, ki-hâi, ...), hong-hoat (chhiūⁿ kóng ki-khiáu, chok-gia̍p piau-chún, ...), ham châi-liāu (ū ka-kang ia̍h bô ka-kang--ê lóng chún-sǹg). **Ki-su̍t** khah sù-siông ê ì-hâm sī ēng lâi piáu-sī jîn-lūi khòng-chè chū-jiân ê châi-tiāu. Ki-su̍t mā ē-tit ēng tī khah choan-bûn ê hoān-ûi, pí-lūn kóng "tiān-náu ki-su̍t", "i-liâu ki-su̍t", ... Toè kho-ha̍k kiâⁿ ê sian-chìn ki-su̍t ū sî-chūn hō chò **kho-ha̍k ki-su̍t** (kho-ki). Ki-su̍t tiāⁿ toè sî-kan leh chìn-pō͘; m̄-koh nā ki-pún siat-si chhut būn-tê, ki-su̍t mā ē tò-thoè-lu.
Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

Kok chióng seng-bu̍t lóng sī ../ beh gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng *(ùi tò-pêng téng-koân sūn sî-cheng:)* *[[E. coli]]*, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle
**Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** sī leh gián-kiù seng-bu̍t ham sìⁿ-miā (life) ê kho-ha̍k. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k chùn-būn--ê ū: seng-bu̍t ê te̍k-chit (characteristics), hun-lūi, hêng-ûi; ta̍k khoán seng-bu̍t chái-iūⁿ ē chûn-chāi (existence); seng-bu̍t chái-iūⁿ kap khoân-kéng (environment) ham pa̍t chióng seng-bu̍t lâi hō͘-tōng. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hoān-ûi chin khoah, hoān-nā chham oa̍h-mi̍h ū tī-tāi--ê lóng chāi-lāi, ùi khah sè ê hun-chú seng-bu̍t-ha̍k, kaù kah khah khoah-bīn ê seng-thài-ha̍k (ecology) lóng sī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k beh gián-kiù--ê. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k só͘-ū ê khài-liām kap pa̍t khoán kho-ha̍k lóng sio-siâng, lóng tio̍h chun-chiàu jia̍t-la̍t-ha̍k (thermodynamics), chit-liōng pó-chûn (conservation of mass), ... tēng-lu̍t.

## 

File:Guriezo Adino vaca toro terneras.jpg|Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus
File:Zboże.jpg|Planta - Triticum
File:Morchella esculenta 08.jpg|Fungi - Morchella esculenta
File:Fucus serratus2.jpg|Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus
File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Micrometer)
File:Halobacteria.jpg|Archaea - Halobacteria
File:Gamma phage.png|Virus - Gamma phage
Chi-ku-la̍t

**Chi-ku-la̍t**, tī Tâi-oân-oē mā kóng **chio͘-kó͘-lè-to̍h** ( / *chokorēto*), sī ēng jia̍t-tāi *[[Chi-ku-la̍t-châng|Theobroma cacao]]* ê chí chò ê chè-phín, it-poaⁿ tiāⁿ chò thn̂g-á-piáⁿ khoán ê sì-siù-á.

*Theobroma cacao* mā hō chò chi-ku-la̍t (芝車力, 芝居力, 之龜力).Chi-ku-la̍t pún-lâi sī kó͘-chá Tiong-lâm Bí-chiu Maya Ìn-tē-an-lâng ê ím-liāu, āu--lâi thoân-ji̍p Au-chiu keng-koè piàn-hoà, chiah piàn-chò kin-á-ji̍t ê sì-siù-á. I ê chú-iàu goân-liāu sī Khó͘-khó͘-chhiū ê koé-chí Khó͘-khó͘-tāu, bô-kâng ê phín-chióng á-sī sán-tē ē sán-seng bô-kâng ê hong-bī.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Chi-ku-la̍t-châng

Lūi-pia̍t:Sì-siù
Chi-ku-la̍t-châng

**Chi-ku-la̍t** (ha̍k-miâ: *Theobroma cacao*), Sterculiaceae kho (Malvaceae kho) ê sè-châng chhiū-á (4–8 m koân), chū-pún toà jia̍t-tāi Lâm Bí-chiu seⁿ-thoàⁿ, hiān-chú-sî thong sè-kài ê jia̍t-tāi to ū.  I ê chí ēng-lâi chò sì-siù-á, mā hō chò chi-ku-la̍t.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* http://140.127.10.49/plant/dicot/dicot-poly/per/ster/ster2.htm
Goân-chú-hoan

Tī hoà-ha̍k kap bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, **goân-chú-hoan** (atomic number) sī goân-chú ê goân-chú-hu̍t lāi-té iông-chú ê sò͘-ba̍k, koàn-sì siá chò **Z**. Goân-chú nā bô chah tiān, tiān-chú ê sò͘-ba̍k mā ē kap goân-chú-hoan sio-siâng. Siong thaû-khí-seng, goân-chú-hoan sī hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘ tī chiu-kî-pió ê hoan-hō.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k
Goe̍h

**Goe̍h** (; ) sī le̍k-hoat (calendar) lāi-té 1 chióng kè-sǹg sî-kan ê tan-ūi, iok-liōng sī Goe̍h-niû ê bó͘-mih khoán chiu-kî, pí-lūn kóng se̍h Tē-kiû 1 lìn kú. Pêng-sò͘ siāng chia̍p ēng--ê sī goe̍h-siòng (moon phase) ê chiu-kî, tāi-iok-á 29.53 kang. Ùi ó͘ (excavation)--chhut-lâi ê siàu-ki (tally stick) lâi kā khoàⁿ, jîn-lūi tī kū-chio̍h-khì sî-tāi (Paleolithic age) tō ē-hiáu ēng goe̍h lâi sǹg sî-kan.
Sî-khu

**Sî-khu** sī Tē-kiû téng-koân ēng kāng 1 ê piau-chún sî-kan ê só͘-chāi, hit ê sî-kan hō chò **chāi-tē sî-kan** (local time). Sio keh-piah ê sî-khu toā-hūn chha 1 tiám-cheng. Chāi-tē sî-kan koàn-sì ēng Greenwich Pêng-kin Sî-kan ia̍h UTC koh ke ia̍h kiám kúi tiám-cheng lâi piáu-sī, pí-lūn kóng Tâi-oân piau-chún sî-kan tō sī UTC+8.
To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kiōng-tông-thé

**To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kiōng-tông-thé** (獨立國家共同體, , *Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv*), mā thang hoan-e̍k chò **To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Liân-ha̍p-thé** (獨立國家聯合體) ia̍h-sī **To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kok-hia̍p** (獨立國家國協), sī chêng So͘-liân ê kok-ka chò-hóe cho͘-sêng ê kok-chè cho͘-chit.

## Chham-khó
Kū-le̍k

*Iú-koan [[Hàn-jîn]] sia-hōe gōa ê kū-le̍k, chhiáⁿ-khòaⁿ [[Kū-le̍k (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]]*

Tâi-oân kái-ēng se-le̍k chìn-chêng teh ēng-ê le̍k-hoat hō-chò **kū-le̍k**, mā kiò **lông-le̍k** (農曆) ia̍h-sī lông-bîn-le̍k (農民曆), mā ū lâng iōng "Lán-lâng" (goân-té chí "góa(n) kap lí") lâi chí. Kū-le̍k m̄-sī jı̍t-thâu-le̍k mā m̄-sī goe̍h-niû-le̍k, sī kā 2-chióng thàu-lām chò-hóe ê le̍k-hoat. Lán nā kóng-tio̍h kū-le̍k ê jı̍t-chí, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ lóng kóng '"lán-lâng'", pí-lūn-kóng, "*lán-lâng* chiaⁿ-·goe̍h chhoe 9 sī thiⁿ-kong-siⁿ".

## Kū-le̍k ê le̍k-hoat
* 1-kang sī tē-kiû se̍h-lin-long se̍h 1-liàn ê sî-kan.
* 1-kò-goe̍h sī sin-goe̍h kàu āu-1-kài sin-goe̍h ê sî-kan, liōng-tāi-iok sī 29.53 kang. Sin-goe̍h ê hit-kang hō-chò chhoe 1. Ū-sî 1 kò-goe̍h ū 29 kang, ū-sî sī 30 kang.
* 1-nî sī tē-kiû se̍h Ji̍t-thâu 1-liàn ê sî-kan, pêng-kun sī 365.2425 kang, chóng-sī ta̍k-nî ōe ū chin-tōa ê cheng-chha.
* 1-nî lāi ê goe̍h-sò͘ bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h. Lán kā tē-kiû se̍h jı̍t-thâu ê kúi-tō hun-chò 24 hūn, ùi jı̍t-·sî siōng-té ê hit-kang khai-sí sǹg, hō-chò tang-cheh. Tē-kiû kiàn-nā koh se̍h-kòe 24-hun-1 ê kúi-tō ê hit-kang tō hō-chò 1-ê cheh-khùi. Chı̍t-kò-goe̍h lāi-tóe èng-kai ū 2-ê cheh-khùi, nā kan-taⁿ ū 1-ê, āu-piah hit-kò-goe̍h tō hō-chò lūn-goe̍h, mā kan-taⁿ ū 1-ê cheh-khùi.
* Tang-cheh ê hit-kò-goe̍h hō-chò 11-·goe̍h. Aū-kó-goe̍h nā bô lūn-goe̍h tō-sī 12-·goe̍h, koh-lâi tō-sī chiaⁿ-·goe̍h.
* Koâⁿ-·lâng hán-tit lūn-goe̍h.
* Sin-chiaⁿ sī tang-cheh liáu-āu tē-2-ê sin-goe̍h hit-kang.
Le̍k-hoat

**Le̍k-hoat** (calendar) sī kā sî-kan hō-miâ ê hē-thóng, pí-lūn kóng bó͘-mih kang, bó͘-mih nî. Hō ê miâ tō sī le̍k-hoat ji̍t-chí (calendar date). 

Le̍k-hoat ê siat-kè tiāⁿ ē kap chit-koá thian-bûn hiān-siōng sio it-tì. Le̍k-hoat ê kū-thé piáu-hiān tō sī **le̍k-thiah**, mā hō chò **la̍h-ji̍t**. Le̍k-thiah ū chin chē khoán, chhan-chhiūⁿ kóng 1 kang 1 kang ê "ji̍t-thiah", 1 kò goe̍h 1 kò goe̍h ê "goe̍h-thiah", ...
So͘-liân

**So͘-liân** (蘇聯, ), choân-miâ kiò chò **Soviet Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok Liân-bêng** ( = Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; "Soviet" sī Lō͘-se-a-gí ê "gī-hōe", "úi-ôan-hōe" ê ì-sù), sī tùi 1922 nî kàu 1991 nî tī Au-chiu kap A-chiu pa̍k-pō͘ ê kiōng-sán-chú-gī ê kok-ka. Lō͘-se-a chiàm i ê tōa-pō͘-hūn. Tāⁿ tōa-pō͘-hūn chiâⁿ-chòe To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kiōng-tông-thé ê hōe-ôan kok-ka. I ê siú-to͘ sī Moskva.

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bô-tī-leh ê kok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Kiōng-sán kok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Gregorius Le̍k-hoat

**Gregorius Le̍k-hoat** (Hàn-jī: 格里曆 **Kek-lí-le̍k**) sī hiān-chú-sî thong sè-kài siāng phó͘-phiàn ê le̍k-hoat. Chit ê le̍k-hoat sī Kàu-hông Gregorius 13-sè tī 1582 nî 2 goe̍h 24 kong-pò͘--ê, chú-iàu sī kā 1582 nî 10 goe̍h chhoe-4 ê keh-téng-kang tēng chò 1582 nî 10 goe̍h 15; sú-iōng AD chò kí-goân, lūn-nî mā ū sin-ê kui-iok. 

Goân-té ê Julius Le̍k-hoat sī 4-nî 1-lūn, pêng-sò͘-sî 1 nî 365 kang, lūn-nî ke 1 kang, 1 nî chhé-ûn ū 365.25 kang. Chóng-·sī jı̍t-thâu nî pêng-kun sī 365.242190419 kang, kú--lâi cheng-chha jú lâi jú toā. Gregorius Le̍k-hoat 4-nî 1-lūn, m̄-koh nā-sī ōe-tàng hō͘ 100 chéng-tû ê nî bô lūn, ōe-tàng hō͘ 400 chéng-tû ê nî koh ū lūn, 1 nî chhé-ûn ū 365.2425 kang, ke chin cheng-khak. 

352 nî thâu-chı̍t-kái ê ki-tok-kàu tāi-hoe kui-teng chhun-hun sī tī 3 goe̍h 21 hit-kang. Julius le̍k kap jı̍t-thâu-nî ê cheng-chha keng-kòe chheng-gōa-nî ê lúi-chek, tì-sú 1582 nî chiàⁿ-sı̍t ê chhun-hun í-keng cháu-khì 3 goe̍h 31 lo. Só͘-í tī 1582 nî ài kiám sǹg 10 kang, hō͘ 1583 nî ê chhun-hun ōe-tàng tńg-lâi-khì 3 goe̍h 21. 
 
Kàu-chong ê hō-lēng kan-taⁿ tī Thian-chú-kàu ê kok-ka ū-hāu, sin-kàu ê kok-ka chhin-chhiūⁿ Eng-kok it-tı̍t kàu 18 sè-kí chiah kái-ēng Gregorius le̍k. Lô͘-se-a sìn Tang-chiàⁿ-kàu, it-tı̍t kàu 20 sè-kí chiah oāⁿ-·kòe-·lâi. 

Gregorius Le̍k-hoat sī 1 chióng ji̍t-thâu-le̍k. Sò͘-siông kóng ê **kong-le̍k**, **sin-le̍k**, **se-le̍k**, **iông-le̍k** lóng sī chí Gregorius Le̍k-hoat.
Lūn-nî

**Lūn-nî** ì-sù sī hit nî ū ke-thiⁿ kang, lé-pài, ia̍h goe̍h, thang hō͘ le̍k-hoat nî (calendar year) ē-tit kap sî-tang nî (seasonal year) ia̍h thiān-bûn nî sio it-tì. Pí-lūn kóng, 2--goe̍h ùi 28 kang ke 1 kang, pìⁿ chò 29 kang. Le̍k-hoat tī phó͘-thong-sî-á ta̍k nî kúi kang lóng kò͘-tēng, ah m̄-koh sî-tang ia̍h thian-bûn sū-kiāⁿ m̄ sī lóng mā hiah tú-hó kúi kang; sî-ji̍t chi̍t-ē kú, tō ē ū cheng-chha. 1 toāⁿ sî-ji̍t liáu-āu, nā tī bó͘-mih nî ke-thiⁿ 1 kang ia̍h 1 goe̍h, tō ē-tàng kā cheng-chha tiâu-chéng--tńg-lâi. M̄ sī lūn-nî ê nî-hūn hō chò *[[pêng-siông-nî]]* (common year).

Lūn-nî sī chí hit nî ū chò bó͘-mih tiâu-chèng, ah nā lūn-goe̍h sī chí hit kò goe̍h sī ke-thiⁿ--ê. Lūn-bió kap lūn-goe̍h khah sêng, sī chí hit bió sī ke-thiⁿ--ê, m̄-koh sī ēng lâi tiâu-chéng ke-thiⁿ hit kang.
Se-le̍k

**Se-le̍k** (西曆, ), mā thang kiò **se-goân** (西元) ia̍h **kong-goân** (公元), sī kim-á-ji̍t sè-kài siōng choè thong-iōng kì-nî-hoat piau-chún. Se-le̍k kì-nî sī tùi Ki-tok-kàu ê Chú-āu kì-nî hoat-tián lâi--ê, m̄-koh bô chong-kàu sek-chhái.

## Siong-koan
* Chú-chêng
* Chú-āu
* Gregorius Le̍k-hoat
* Kū-le̍k

## Chham-khó
Hā-sî-kan

**Hā-sî-kan** (夏時間, ), **joa̍h-thiⁿ sî-kan**, ia̍h **hā-lēng sî-kan** (夏令時間), mā hō chò **ji̍t-thâu-kng khiām-iok sî-kan** (日頭光儉約時間, ), sī tī Ji̍t-thâu khah chá chhut--lâi hit kúi goe̍h kā chāi-tē ê piau-chún-sî (tang-sî-kan) tiâu chìn-chêng, pí-lūn kóng kā sî-kè tiâu kín 1 tiám-chéng. Án-ne, ē-tit khah tah-té lī-iōng ji̍t-thâu-kng, khiām-iok lêng-goân.  

Tâi-oân tī 1945 nî kàu 1961 nî, 1974 nî, 1975 nî lóng ū si̍t-hêng hā-sî-kan.
Chin-lí

**Chin-lí** sī kā oai-chhoa̍h, moâ-khàm kap têng-tâⁿ lóng lia̍h-goā, ē-tàng chheng-chheng-chhó-chhó piáu-sī--chhut-lâi ê tāi-chì. Chiah-ê tāi-chì sī chin--ê, koh mā-sī chin-chiàⁿ ū--ê.

Chin-lí chit-ê sû sī tùi Ji̍t-pún Hàn-jī-sû "真理" (しんり) lâi--ê, Hi-lia̍p-gí sī "αλήθεια" (aletheia), Latin-gí sī "veritas", Eng-gí sī "truth", Tek-gí sī "Wahrheit", nā Sanskrit tha̍k-chò "satya".

Chin-lí kap chin-si̍t ê ì-sù sio-oá, m̄-koh lán kóng chin-lí ê sî, khah kiông-tiāu i sī hō· kheh-thé piàn-choè ka-nn̂g, ū tì-sū ê goân-lí ê ì-sù.
Kàⁿ-sò͘

**Kàⁿ-sò͘** (Eng-gí: enzyme; Hàn-jī: 酵素) sī oa̍h-mi̍h lāi-té chhú-lí mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê ko-chū-bu̍t, oa̍h-mi̍h ê sin-tîn-tāi-siā (chhin-chhiūⁿ siau-hoà, tióng-toā, sè-pau sí-bô) lóng su-iàu i. Kàⁿ-sò͘ toā-hūn sī nn̄g-pe̍h-chit chò--ê, ē-tàng ka-sok ia̍h chhui-hoà (catalyze) hoà-ha̍k hoán-èng. M̄-koh, m̄ sī só͘-ū ê seng-bu̍t chhui-hoà-che lóng sī nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, ū koá hō chò RNA kàⁿ-sò͘ (ribozyme) ê RNA hun-chú mā ē-tàng chhui-hoà hoán-èng. Sè-pau lāi-tiong toā-hūn ê chok-iōng lóng tio̍h kàⁿ-sò͘ lâi saⁿ-hia̍p-chō͘; ta̍k chióng kàⁿ-sò͘ kan-taⁿ ē kéng-soán te̍k-tēng ê tùi-siōng lâi chok-iōng, kan-taⁿ ē ka-sok te̍k-tēng ê hoán-èng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Kàⁿ-sò͘
Hûn

Tī Tē-kiû ia̍h pa̍t lia̍p he̍k-chheⁿ, **hûn** (雲) tō sī chē chē chúi-tih ham kiat-chiⁿ chek chò-hoé, phû tī tāi-khì-chân ê mi̍h. Khì-siōng-ha̍k (meteorology) lāi-té ê hûn-ha̍k (nephology) choan-tô͘ leh gián-kiù hûn.
Web 2.0

O'Reilly Media tī 2004 nî hoat-bêng **Web 2.0** chit kù sin iōng-gí lâi piáu-sī "tē 2 tāi" ê Internet bāng-lō͘ ho̍k-bū, chhiūⁿ kóng siā-kau-bāng bāng-chām (social networking sites), wiki, tāi-chiòng-hun-lūi-hoat. In lóng hō͘ lâng ē-tàng tī soàⁿ-téng iōng "sin hong-hoat" hun-hióng chu-liāu iah-sī tàu-tīn ha̍p-chok. O'Reilly Media tī kúi-ā-tiûⁿ ha̍p-pān ê hoē-gī--ni̍h iōng chit sû, chū án-ne tī ki-su̍t hām hêng-siau kho͘-á lāi, pìⁿ-chiâⁿ 1 kù sî-kiâⁿ ê oē-gí. Chóng--sī in-ūi tēng-gī bô bêng, put-sî to hō͘ lâng phoe-phoàⁿ.

Tim O'Reilly kap John Battelle tī in tē 1 tiûⁿ hoē-gī lūn Web 2.0 èng-iōng nńg-thé ê ki-pún khài-liām: Web sī 1 ê pêⁿ-tâi; chu-liāu (data) sī tōng-la̍t; chham-ú ê kiàn-tio̍k/kè-kò͘ (architecture of participation) seⁿ bāng-lō͘ hāu-kó (network effects); sin hoat-tō͘ hō͘ lâng kéng hun-soàⁿ, to̍k-li̍p ê khai-hoat-chiá ê kò͘-sióng lâi cho͘ 1 thò sin hē-thóng (1 chióng khai-hòng goân-bé ê khai-hoat bô͘-sek); "khin" ê seng-lí bô͘-hêng, ū loē-iông kap ho̍k-bū liân-pò (syndication) chò thiāu-á; nńg-thé chhái-iōng chiu-kî (software adoption cycle) kái "éng-kiú ê beta" ("the perpetual beta"); hoat-hui Tn̂g Boé-liu (The Long Tail) ê le̍k-liōng, téng-téng.

Web 2.0 ê chú-tiuⁿ-chiá jīn-ûi sin ê World Wide Web hām chá-kî ê Web (in kā hō chò "Web 1.0") chha tī: tōng-thài, hō͘-tōng ê Web chhú-tāi kò͘-tēng, chēng-thài ê bāng-ia̍h, kiám-sek iân-jín, bāng-chām liû-lám.
Hō͘

*Chit-phiⁿ bûn kóng--ê sī hō͘-chúi. Koan-î chi̍t ê siâⁿ-chhī "滬", chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Siōng-hái-chhī]].*

**Hō͘** sī lo̍h-chúi (precipitation) ê 1 khoán hêng, chhun ê hêng koh ū seh, hō͘-seh (sleet), peng-phau̍h (hail), lō͘-chúi (dew). Sè sè tih ê chúi ùi hûn lo̍h kaù thô͘-kha tō sī hō͘. Khong-khì nā siuⁿ ta, ū-ê hō͘ iáu-boē kaù thô͘-kha tō ē chhèng (evaporate) tiāu--khì. Nā choân-pō͘ lóng lo̍h chi̍t-poàⁿ tō chhèng tiāu, tō pìⁿ-chiâⁿ hoan-á-hûn (virga), tī ta koh joa̍h ê soa-bô͘ tiāⁿ khoàⁿ--tio̍h. Hō͘ chái-iūⁿ lâi, chái-iūⁿ lo̍h ê kho-ha̍k kái-soeh ū 1 hō miâ kiò chò Bergeron koè-têng.
Seh

**Seh** (雪) sī lo̍h-chúi ê 1 khoán hêng, sī chúi kiat chò peng ê kiat-chiⁿ, goā-hêng chē chē khoán. Seh sī chin chē sè sè lia̍p ê kiat-chiⁿ cho͘-ha̍p--ê, sǹg sī 1 chióng hún-lia̍p-thé (granular material). Nā bô hō͘ ap-le̍k, seh ē nńg-sìm-sìm.
Tē-kiû sio-lo̍h-hòa

**Choân-kiû sio-lo̍h-hoà** sī chí chit kúi 10 nî lâi, Tē-kiû tāi-khì-chân kap hái-iûⁿ chhé-ûn ê un-tō͘ jú lâi jú koân ê hiān-siōng.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Met Office: Climate Guide – UK National Weather Service
* Global Climate Change Indicators  – NOAA
* Up-to-the-second assessment of human-induced global warming since the second half of the 19th century  – Oxford University
Kńg-lê-á-hong

**Kńg-lê-á-hong** (tornado) sī khong-khì chiâⁿ chò îⁿ-thiāu-á hêng, se̍h chin kín, téng-koân sī chek-loān-hûn (cumulonimbus), he̍k-chiá chi̍t-poàⁿ-pái-á sī chek-hûn (cumulus), ē-kha kap thô͘-kha sio-chiap. Kńg-lê-á-hong ê hêng chin chē khoán, m̄-koh toā-hūn sī chúi-laū-á hêng.
El Niño

**El Niño** (Se-pan-gâ-gí *El Niño*, "hit-ê cha-po͘ gín-ná", ho͘ "ēl ní-niò͘") sī 1 chióng khì-haū koh-iūⁿ ê hiān-siōng. Phó͘-thong-sî-á Tang Thài-pêng-iûⁿ tī chhiah-tō hit tah ê hái-chúi sī ùi khah kē chân phû--khí-lâi, khah koân chân ê hái-chúi un-tō͘ ē piàn khah kē, chiah koh laû tùi sai-pêng--khì; hoat-seng El Niño ê sî, léng-chúi bô koh phû--khí-lâi, khah koân chân ê hái-chúi un-tō͘ piàn khah koân, lâu ê hong-hiòng koh ē tò-pái, ùi sai-pêng laû tùi tang-pêng.
Seng-thài-ha̍k

**Seng-thài-ha̍k** sī leh gián-kiù seng-thài-hē (ecosystem) ê kho-ha̍k, khiā kóng oa̍h-mi̍h kap i khiā-khí ê chū-jiân khoân-kéng chái-iūⁿ hō͘-tōng (interaction). Khoân-kéng pau-hâm khiā toà kāng 1 ê seng-thài-hē, ū sìⁿ-miā ê chióng chióng oa̍h-mi̍h kap bô-sìⁿ-miā (abiotic) ê pha̍k-ji̍t (insolation), khì-haū, tē-chit, ....
Chio̍h-hoe-giâm

**Chio̍h-hoe-giâm** sī 1 chióng tui-chek-giâm, sêng-hūn chú-iàu sī CaCO₃ (thoàⁿ-sng-Ca). CaCO₃ khah chē ê chio̍h-hoe-giâm sī pe̍h--ê, bô--chiá tō ē pìⁿ phú-phú, tê-sek, ia̍h o͘-o͘.
Screencast

**Screencast** kí iōng sò͘-ūi ki-su̍t kā tiān-náu gîn-bō͘ ê loē-iông lo̍k-iáⁿ, thang hòng-sàng hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ.  Iáⁿ-phìⁿ it-poaⁿ ū phoè siaⁿ-im soat-bêng.  Chit ê iōng-gí chū 2004 nî chiah khai-sí ū, chóng--sī tī 1993 nî tō í-keng ū chit-khoán lō͘-iōng ê sán-phín tī-teh (chhiūⁿ Lotus ScreenCam).  Chá-kî ê sán-phín chò ê tóng-àn khah toā, pian-chi̍p ê kong-lêng mā iú-hān.  Kīn-lâi ê sán-phín chi-oān khah sok (compact) ê tóng-àn keh-sek (chhiūⁿ kóng Macromedia Flash), koh ū khah sian-chìn ê kong-lêng thang hō͘ lâng chhiâu sūn-sī, kái siaⁿ-im, siu chhu-chhí (mouse) ê tōng-chok, téng-téng.  Screencast ê lō͘-iōng pau-koat:  kàu-ha̍k (tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ iōng lâi kà lâng án-choáⁿ iōng nńg-thé ia̍h ho̍k-bū), tián-sī nńg-thé, pò-tō.

Screencast sī Eng-gí *screen* (gîn-bō͘) tàu *cast* (hòng-sàng) ê sin sû.
Tiòng-hong

**Tiòng-hong**, mā hō chò **náu-hoeh-kin ì-goā** (*cerebrovascular accident*, *CVA*), sī thàng náu ê hoeh-kin hiông-hiông bē thong, hoeh--nih ê sng-sò͘ sàng bē kàu-ūi, tì-tio̍h náu-pō͘ ê cho͘-chit tio̍h-siong, sí-bông, sîn-keng só͘ khòng-chè ê sin-khu pō͘-ūi choâⁿ-á sit-khì kong-lêng. Tiòng-hong ū hun nn̄g toā khóan, khiàm-hoeh-sèng (*ischemic*) kap chhu̍t-hoeh-sèng (*hemorrhagic*) .
2006 nî 9 goe̍h

__NOTOC__
## 9 goe̍h 26

Abe Sinzô kin-á-ji̍t chèng-sek tòng-soán, chē-ūi chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún tē-90-jīm ê siú-siòng, i mā-sī in kok chū Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn kah taⁿ, siōng-kài siàu-liân ê siú-siòng, kin-nî chiah 51-hoè.

(IHT)

## 9 goe̍h 20

Ji̍t-pún Chū-iû-bîn-chú-tóng kin-á-ji̍t soán-kí chóng-chhâi, ū-koân soán-kí--ê sī in tóng ê kok-hoē gī-oân (403-ê) kap tóng-oân (300-phiò), kiat-kó Abe Sinzô tòng-soán, i sī Chū-iû-bîn-chú-tóng tē-21-jīm ê chóng-chhâi, pān-phoe tī 9 goe̍h 26 ê lîm-sî kok-hoē hoē-kî--ni̍h, Abe Shinzo ē soà-chiap Koizumi Zyun'itirô chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún ê tē-90-jīn siú-siòng. (Yomiuri)

## 9 goe̍h 19

Thài-kok hoat-seng chèng-piàn. Kun-tūi thàn chóng-lí Thaksin Shinawatra tī Bí-kok chham-ka Liân-ha̍p-kok tāi-hoē ê sî, khòng-chè chèng-hú kap tiān-sī-tâi, soan-pò· kài-giâm. Che sī Thài-kok chit 15-tang thâu-chi̍t-pái ê kun-tūi chèng-piàn. Kun-hong tī keh-tńg-kang kóng, in chip-chèng sī chiām-sî--ê, tī chèng-tī kái-kek liáu-aū, ē kā chèng-koân hêng hō· jîn-bîn.(FT)
Hoé-chio̍h

**Hoé-chio̍h** (flint) sī 1 chióng tēng-tēng ê tui-chek-giâm (sedimentary rock), goā-kháu-bīn sêng po-lê, sêng-hūn sī Si-sng-iâm (silicate). Hoé-chio̍h sek-chúi toā-hūn sī o͘, nâ, niáu-chhí-á-sek ia̍h laū-tê-sek. Tī chio̍h-chi (chalk) ia̍h chio̍h-hoe-giâm (limestone) tiāⁿ ē-tit chhoē tio̍h hoé-chio̍h ê kiat-hu̍t (nodule).

Hoé-chio̍h tiāⁿ the̍h lâi khiat-hoé ēng. Chio̍h-khì Sî-tāi ê chio̍h-khì toā-hūn sī ēng hoé-chio̍h chò--ê.
Thô͘

**Thô͘** sī kā lio̍k-tē khàm tiâu--leh, hit iân chū-jiân ê mi̍h, chú-thé sī hong-hoà ê chio̍h-thaû.
Hiân-bú-gâm

**Hiân-bú-gâm** (; ) sī 1 chióng phùn-chhut-sèng hóe-sêng-gâm, khiā-sǹg-kóng sī 1 chióng hóe-soaⁿ-gâm. toā-hūn o͘-o͘, ia̍h niáu-chhí-á-sek. Khah ám (泔) ê iông-gâm nā túi hóe-soaⁿ lâu--chhut-lâi, tī tē-piáu léng-khiok kah chin kín, tō ē kian chò hiân-bú-gâm.  

Hiân-bú-gâm lāi-té ê SiO<sub>2</sub> ū 45～52%. Kiat-cheng khah toā lia̍p ê hiân-bú-gâm sǹg 1 chióng . Hiâm-bú-gâm ê khòng-bu̍t sêng-hūn tāi-thé sī , kak-siám-chio̍h, , mā ū chió-chió ê ; chia-ê khòng-bu̍t hō͘ hiâm-bú-gâm ū bô kâng ê te̍k-sek. 

## Hun-pò͘
Hiân-bú-gâm sī tē-kiû téng-koân siōng chē ê hóe-soaⁿ-gâm, chiàm 9 siâⁿ ī-siông.

Tâi-oân ê Phîⁿ-ô͘ Kûn-tó, tû-khì siōng sai-pêng ê Hoe-sū lia̍h-gōa, lóng-chóng sī hiân-bú-gâm cho͘-sêng ê hóe-soaⁿ-tó.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Po-lê-chi̍t hiân-bú-gâm (tô͘)

## Chham-khó bûn-hiàn
Sim-lí-ha̍k

**Sim-lí-ha̍k** sī 1 mn̂g ha̍k-su̍t (academic) kap èng-iōng ê kho-ha̍k, choan-tô͘ leh gián-kiù jîn-lūi ê sim (mind), naú, kap hêng-ûi (behavior). Sim-lí-ha̍k mā pau-hâm kā chiah-ê chai-bat ēng toà kok chióng jîn-lūi ê oa̍h-tāng, chhiūⁿ kóng kò-jîn ji̍t-siông-seng-oa̍h ê būn-tê, cheng-sîn-pēⁿ (mental illness) ê táⁿ-tia̍p.
Siau-hoà

**Siau-hoà** (; ) tō sī tāi-siā (metabolism) ê thêng-sū, khiā kóng oa̍h-mi̍h ēng ki-hâi ham hoà-ha̍k ê chok-iōng hong-sek kā chia̍h-mi̍h pìⁿ-chiâⁿ êng-ióng-sò͘ (nutrient) ê koè-têng.
Khong-kan

**Khong-kan**  chit-ê sû, tī koh-iūⁿ ê léng-he̍k lāi-té, ū bô-kâng ê ì-sù.

## Bu̍t-lí-tek khong-kan sèng-chit

Ēng bu̍t-lí lâi kóng, khong-kan ū 2-khoán tia̍t-sèng: **choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan** kap **siong-tùi ê khong-kan**.

Choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan sī Eng-kok ê bu̍t-lí ha̍k-chiá Newton the̍h-chhut--ê, i chú-tiuⁿ khong-kan sī sio-liân-soà--ê, chiâu-ûn--ê, bô-chè-hān--ê, khong-kan chiâⁿ-chò pau-koat chū-jiân-te̍k, keng-chè-te̍k kap siā-hoē-te̍k bān-hāng-mi̍h iông-khì ê lō·-iōng.

Tī Newton tùi khong-kan ê soat-bêng lāi-té, ū khan-sia̍p-tio̍h tiong-sè-kí ê chong-kàu koan-liām, tì-sú ū lâng kā hoán-tùi.

In-ūi án-ne, Tek-kok ê ha̍k-chiá Leibniz choaⁿ-á chú-tiuⁿ siong-tùi ê kong-kan koan-liām. I jīn-ûi khong-kan sī ta̍k-hāng mi̍h hō·-siong-chi-kan ê koan-hē, chit-khoán koan-hē, ē-ēng-tit thàu-koè kí-hô-ha̍k iú-tiâu-iú-toāⁿ lâi poé-hoē. Iā-chiū-sī kóng, khong-kan ê sèng-chit, sī tī mi̍h-kiāⁿ kap mi̍h-kiāⁿ tiong-kan sio-lī ū goā-hn̄g lâi piáu-hiān.

Newton kap Leibniz chit-2 phài, ū-bat oan kah chin kek-ka, liáu-aū, Einstein the̍h-chhut siong-tùi-lūn, koh ka-siōng ú-tiū kho-ha̍k ê hoat-tián, chhut-hiān khong-kan sī ú-tiū toā-phek-le̍k lâi sán-seng ê kheh-koan chûn-chāi ê khoàⁿ-hoat.

Chit-khoán chú-tiuⁿ, sī kā choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan kap siong-tùi ê khong-kan tòng-chò chit-ê kheh-koan chûn-chāi ê 2-chióng sèng-chit, goân-té tùi-ngó͘-chhiong ê 2-khoán chú-tiuⁿ choaⁿ-á án-ne hông chò-hoé chiap-siū.

## Sò·-ha̍k ê khong-kan

## Bu̍t-lí ê khong-kan

## Tē-lí-ha̍k ê khong-kan
Solfège

**Solfège** sī beh o̍h im-ga̍k ê lâng siōng-tiōng-iàu ê hùn-liān, beh hō͘-lâng khoàⁿ-ū ga̍k-phó͘. Lâng kóng o̍h kàu bóe-·á ōe-tàng tit-tio̍h "thiaⁿ-ōe-tio̍h ê ba̍k-chiu" kap "khoàⁿ-ōe-tio̍h ê hīⁿ-á", tō-sī kóng kiàn-nā khoàⁿ-tio̍h ga̍k-phó͘ sim-lāi tō chai-iáⁿ i thiaⁿ-·khí·lâi siⁿ-chò siáⁿ-khoán, a nā thiaⁿ-tio̍h im-ga̍k mā ū hoat-tō͘ thang kā siá-·lo̍h·lâi.

## Jī-goân
Solfège chit-jī sī Hoat-kok-ōe, ì-sù sī im-ga̍k ê lí-lūn. Hoat-kok-ōe chit-jī iū-koh sī ùi Italia-ōe ê *solfeggio* lâi ê, sī kā *sol* kap *fa* chit 2-ê im-hû ê miâ kap-chò-hóe. Tī Eng-gí khah-bô tī ēng solfège chit-jī, lóng kóng "sight reading".

## Liān-sı̍p
Ōe-hiáu solfège ê lâng ài ōe-hiáu chit-kúi-hāng ki-su̍t: bat im-hû ê kì-hoat, khoàⁿ-tio̍h im-hû tō chai-iáⁿ i-ê im-khoân, koh chai-iáⁿ i chiàm-ê sî-kan tn̂g-té, tùi kòng-thûi-phó͘ ê su-siá-hē-thóng mā ài ū liáu-kái. Beh o̍h solfège tō-tī ài chiàu-khí-kang lâi liān-sı̍p chit-kúi-ê ki-su̍t.

#Ùi kok-chióng tiāu-sèng ê im-kai o̍h-khí, chiah lâi o̍h im-têng, hô-siaⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-gí
Siā-hoē-ha̍k

**Siā-hoē-ha̍k** sī leh gián-kiù siā-hoē kap lâng tī siā-hoē ê kiâⁿ-pàng. Siā-hoē-ha̍k khah chùn-būn siā-hoē kui-chek (social rule), lâng taù-tīn ham hun-lî ê koè-thêng (process); gián-kiù ê tiōng-tiám m̄ sī kò-thé (individual), sī kò-thé chái-iūⁿ chiâⁿ chò siā-hoē kok chióng thoân-thé ê 1 hūn-chú, chhiūⁿ kóng chū-goān cho͘-ha̍p (voluntary association), kûn-thé (group), siā-hoē cho͘-chit (social institution); koh ū lâng tī siā-hoē seng-oa̍h ê cho͘-chit ham hoat-tián. Ùi 2 ê chheⁿ-hūn-lâng tī ke-á-thaû sió chih-chiap (social contact), kaù kah choân-kiû-hoà (globalization), lóng sī siā-hoē-ha̍k gián-kiù ê hoān-ûi. 



image:Auguste Comte2.jpg|Auguste Comte
image:Emile Durkheim.jpg|Émile Durkheim
image:Vilfredo Pareto 1870s2.jpg|Vilfredo Pareto
image:Ferdinand Toennies Bueste Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg|Ferdinand Tönnies
image:Simmel 01.JPG|Georg Simmel
image:Max Weber 1894.jpg|Max Weber
Pâi-siat

**Pâi-siat** (excretion) sī seng-bu̍t kā tāi-siā sán-seng bô beh ti̍h ê mi̍h, ia̍h kî-thaⁿ bô beh ti̍h ê mi̍h hìⁿ hiat-ka̍k ê thêng-sū. 

Piâ-piān tī kháu-gú-siōng mā tiāⁿ kóng "piâ-siat", m̄-koh tī ha̍k-su̍t-siōng, piâ-piān (ia̍h ū kóng pâi-î) bô sio̍k pâi-siat koè-têng.
Pak-kiaⁿ-chhī

**Pak-kiaⁿ-chhī** (hàn-jī: 北京市) sī Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Hôa-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê ti̍t-hat-chhī kap Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok ê hú-siâⁿ, kú-tn̂g í-lâi mā sī Tiong-kok ê bûn-hòa kap chèng-tī tiong-sim.

2008 nî kú-pān Olimpia Ūn-tōng-hōe.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Tang-siâⁿ-khu (東城區)
*Sai-siâⁿ-khu (西城區)
*Tiâu-iông-khu (朝陽區)
*Hong-tâi-khu (豐台區)
*Chio̍h-kéng-san-khu (石景山區)
*Hái-tiān-khu (海淀區)
*Bûn-thâu-kau-khu (門頭溝區)
*Pông-san-khu (房山區)
*Thong-chiu-khu (通州區)
*Sūn-gī-khu (順義區)
*Chhiong-pêng-khu (昌平區)
*Tāi-heng-khu (大興區)
*Hoâi-jiû-khu (懷柔區)
*Pêng-kok-khu (平谷區)
*Bi̍t-hûn-khu (密雲區)
*Iân-khèng-khu (延慶區)


Beijing-Tiananmen-36-Tor des himmlischen Friedens-gje.jpg
Beijing-Verbotene Stadt-Goldkanal-08-gje.jpg
Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-28-Trommelturm-gje.jpg
Beijing-Konfuziustempel Kong Miao-04-gje.jpg
Beijing-Dao-Tempel Dongyue-116-gje.jpg
Beijing-Nationalmuseum-46-vergoldete Kupfer-Bodhisattva-2012-gje.jpg
Beijing-Hutongquartier-40-Innenhof-2012-gje.jpg
Beijing-56-Peking-Ente-Musikkapelle-2012-gje.jpg


## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa


Lūi-pia̍t:Siú-to͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê tit-hat-chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok siâⁿ-chhī
Ga̍k-phó͘

**Ga̍k-phó͘** sī su-siá im-ga̍k ê hē-thóng. Chia̍p-ēng ê ga̍k-phó͘ ū 
# Kòng-thûi-phó͘  sī su-siá se-ga̍k ê phiau-chún.
# Kán-phó͘ tī Tâi-oân khah sî-kiâⁿ, chú-iàu ēng tī liû-hêng im-ga̍k ê koa-pún.
# Gí-tah hèng ēng Tablature. 
# Tâi-oân  thoân-thóng hì-khek ēng kong-chhē-phó͘.
#Lô-kó͘ ū lô-kó͘-phó͘.
Kòng-thûi-phó͘

**Kòng-thûi-phó͘** sī su-siá se-ga̍k ê phiau-chún. Siá ê sî ài ōe 5-tiâu soàⁿ, só͘-í mā hō-chò gō͘-soàⁿ-phó͘(五線譜).

## Le̍k-sú

## kiat-kò͘

Kòng-thûi-phó͘ 1-chōa ōe 5-tiâu thán-hoâiⁿ ê soàⁿ, kàu-sî im-hû kap soàⁿ siong-tùi ê ùi tō ōe-tàng piáu-sī im-koân. Múi-1-chōa siōng-thâu-chêng ài siá 1-ê im-pō͘ kì-hō, lâi phiau-kì chit-5-tiâu soàⁿ khak-sı̍t ê im-koân. Im-pō͘ kì-hō āu-bīn chiah siá 1-ê tiāu-hō, lâi piáu-sī chit-tè ga̍k-khek ê tiāu-sèng. Tiāu-hō āu-bīn sī phek-hō, piáu-sī 1-ê sió-chiat lāi-bīn ū kúi phek.

## Hû-hō

## Nńg-thé
Kong-ha̍p-sêng

**Kong-ha̍p-sêng** (photosynthesis) ia̍h **kong-ha̍p chok-iōng** sī seng-bu̍t lī-ēng kng ê lêng-liōng, kā CO₂ kap chúi ha̍p-sêng chò phô-tô-thn̂g ham sng-sò͘ ê thêng-sū. Kng-ha̍p-sêng sī tiōng-iàu ê seng-hoà hoán-èng, toā-hūn ê seng-bu̍t khò i chûn-oa̍h. Kng-ha̍p-sêng pau-hâm chin chē ài hō͘-siōng phoè-ha̍p ê seng-hoà hoán-èng, kui ê thêng-sū chin ho̍k-cha̍p. Ū koá si̍t-bu̍t, chó-lūi (algae), sè-khún, goân-seng seng-bu̍t (protist) ē-hiáu kng-ha̍p-sêng, chiah-ê seng-bu̍t hō chò kng-ha̍p-sêng seng-bu̍t (photoautotroph).
Toà-kūi

**Toà-kūi** sī bú ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t teh seⁿ-thoàⁿ (reproduction) ê 1 ê kî-kan, ùi siū-cheng (fertilisation) ê tēng-nn̄g (zygote) tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē (uterus) tiâu-ki (implant) khai-sí, kaù kah lī-khui seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē kiat-sok. Jîn-lūi toà-kūi hō chò ū-sin.
Seⁿ-thoàⁿ

**Seⁿ-thoàⁿ** (Eng-gí: biological reproduction) sī seng-bu̍t sán-seng sin kò-thé ê seng-bu̍t thêng-sū. Seⁿ-thoàⁿ sī só͘-ū sìⁿ-miā siāng ki-pún ê te̍k-sek, múi 1 ê seng-bu̍t lóng sī seⁿ-thoàⁿ lâi ê kiat-kó. Seⁿ-thoàⁿ koh hun-chò 2 toā lūi: ū-sèng seⁿ-thoàⁿ kap bô-sèng seⁿ-thoàⁿ.
Sè-pau ho͘-khip

**Sè-pau ho͘-khip** (細胞呼吸; Eng-gí: *cellular respiration*), iā sī kóng **ho͘-khip chok-iōng**, sī seng-bu̍t tit tio̍h lêng-liōng ê thêng-sū, thaù-koè sng-sò͘ ham phô-tô-thn̂g ê hoán-èng ē-tit sán-seng chúi, CO₂ ham ATP (lêng-liōng). Ho͘-khip sī tī sè-pau ê chân-chhù leh ūn-chok; ho͘-khip tī sè-pau ê soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé chok-iōng, thê-kiong sè-pau lêng-liōng. 

Si̍t-bu̍t mā tio̍h-ài ho͘-khip, in lī-iōng kng-ha̍p-sêng sán-seng ê sng-sò͘ ham phô-tô-thn̂g lâi ho͘-khip, sán-seng lêng-liōng, chúi, ham CO₂.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation
* Kimball's online resource for cellular respiration
* Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hòa-ha̍k
Sūi-tián Siā-hoē Bîn-chú Kang-lâng Tóng

**Sūi-tián Siā-hoē Bîn-chú Kang-lâng Tóng** (Sūi-tián-gí: *Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti*, kán-chheng *Socialdemokraterna*) sī Sūi-tián chú-iàu ê chèng-tóng chi it, tī 1888/9 nî sêng-li̍p. Siā-bîn-tóng sī thong sè-kài siāng sêng-kong ê 1 ê bîn-chú chèng-tóng; i ùi 1940 kàu 1988 nî, kiàn-pái soán-kí to the̍h tio̍h 4~5 siâⁿ ê soán-phiò. Tóng ê ì-sek-hêng-thài sī siā-hoē-bîn-chú-chú-gī (ia̍h ū hō chò bîn-chú siā-hoē-chú-gī). I ê ki-chân chú-iàu sī nâ-niá kang-lâng, tì-sek-hūn-chú, kong-kiōng pō͘-mn̂g (*public sector*) oân-kang, kap î-bîn. I ê sè-le̍k toā-hūn khò Landsorganisationen i Sverige (tāi-piáu 9 siâⁿ ê nâ-niá kang-lâng). Siā-bîn-tóng ū chham-ka Siā-hoē-chú-gī Kok-chè, Au-chiu Siā-hoē-chú-gī-chiá ê Tóng, kap SAMAK. 

Siā-bîn-tóng tī Tē-2-pái Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu, khai-sí kā Sūi-tián khí chò 1 ê hok-lī-kok. M̄-nā khai-hoat chhut sè-kài chhut-miâ ê siā-hoē chèng-chhek, mā sêng-kong kā kok-bîn-só͘-tek giú koân. Kàu-kah 1970 nî, Sūi-tián ê pêng-kin 1 lâng GDP (GDP per capita) chiàm sè-kài tē 2 ūi.

1991 nî kàu 1994 nî kî-kan, Siā-bîn-tóng sit-khì chip-chèng-tóng ê ūi. Chóng--sī in-ūi soà-chiap ê tiong-kan/iū-phài liân-ha̍p chèng-hú bô hoat-tō͘ kái-siān keng-chè, 1994 nî kàu 2006 nî iū-koh sī Siā-bîn-tóng chiáng-koân. Tī 2006 nî ê soán-kí, Un-hô-tóng chhoā-thâu ê tiong-iū chèng-tóng liân-bêng sió-iâⁿ Siā-bîn-tóng.

## Siā-bîn-tóng ê chhoā-thâu ê pō͘-tiúⁿ
* Hjalmar Branting (1920, 1921-1923, 1924-1925 -- jīm-lāi koè-óng)
* Rickard Sandler (1925-1926)
* Per Albin Hansson (1932-1936, 1936-1946 -- jīm-lāi koè-óng)
* Tage Erlander (1946-1969)
* Olof Palme (1969-1976, 1982-1986 -- àm-sat koè-óng)
* Ingvar Carlsson (1986-1991, 1994-1996)
* Göran Persson (1996-2006)

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Bāng-chām
Sim

**Sim**, sī lâng ū--ê, ba̍k-chiu khoàⁿ-bē-tio̍h--ê, lán lâng ê lí-sèng ia̍h kám-chêng, sim-chêng kap ì-hiòng só· tī-leh ê 1-ê thiu-siōng ê só·-chāi. Jîn-lūi lia̍h-goā ê tōng-bu̍t kap si̍t-bu̍t sī m̄-sī ū sim, che hām sim ê tēng-gī kāng-khoán, lóng sī chin oh kóng ê būn-tê.

Kan-taⁿ lia̍h Sim pún-sin chò tēng-gī sī bô-hoat-tō· ū--ê, sim sī oa̍h-mi̍h siōng-kài bî-biáu ê 1-hāng tāi-chì iā-kú-káⁿ. In-ūi sim bô it-tēng ê chōng-thài, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ teh piàn-hoà, sim ê tāi-chì tio̍h thàu-koè jio̍k-thé téng-téng goā-khaú ê piáu-hiān chiah ē-tàng chiáng-ak.

Tng lâng(he̍k-chiá-sī pa̍t-hāng ū sim ê oa̍h-mi̍h) teh su-khó kap chò koat-tēng ê sî, sim tō ū oa̍h-tōng, m̄-koh tō-chún sím-mi̍h lóng m̄-chò, sim kiám-chhái oan-nā ē oa̍h-tōng, tì-sú tùi chit-ê ū sim ê chú-thé lâi kóng, soah bē-tàng chin giâm-gâi chiáng-ak ta̍k-sî-chūn sim ê chōng-thài.

Chóng--sī, lâng nā kap pa̍t-lâng kau-thong ê sî, tùi-hong hām ka-tī ê sim tiong-kan, lóng ū siūⁿ-tio̍h ia̍h-sī kám-kak-tio̍h hō·-siōng ê lâi-khì, tuì chit-tiám lâi kóng, lâng sī ē-tàng keng-giām-tio̍h ka-tī kap pa̍t-lâng lāi-té hit-hō sim ê chûn-chāi--ê.

Gián-kiù lâng sim ê oa̍h-tōng ê ha̍k-kho sī sim-lí-ha̍k, sim-lí-ha̍k thàu-koè tùi lâng ê hoán-èng chò thóng-kè hun-sek, liáu-kái lâng kap lâng ê ti̍t-chiap koan-hē, lâi tùi sim chò gián-kiù. M̄-koh tō chhin-chhiūⁿ thâu-chêng kóng--ê, sim chin ho̍k-cha̍p, tùi-hong nā ū sím-mi̍h piàn-hoá, lán ê sim mā ē toè leh kái-piàn, mā in-ūi án-ne kā sim tòng-chò ha̍k-būn lâi gián-kiù si̍t-chāi chin khùn-lân.

Hiān-chhú-sî sîn-keng kho-ha̍k ū khah hoat-tián, kho-ha̍k-ka í-keng ē-tàng poé-hoē, sim ê chōng-thài kap naú ê bu̍t-lí chōng-thài khêng-si̍t sī sio-liâm-tì-toà--ê, pí-lūn lán ū khah chai-iáⁿ sim kap lán ê naú--ni̍h ta̍k-pō·-hūn ê lō·-iōng ê koan-hē--ah, sîn-keng thoân-ta̍t bu̍t-chit (dopamine, endorphin téng-téng) kap sim-chêng ê koan-hē mā tau̍h-tau̍h-á ū sin ê gián-kiù hoat-piáu, m̄-koh sim ê chōng-thài kap bu̍t-chit ê naú tiong-kan, hit-ê kiù-chin pún-té ê koan-hē, iû-goân iáu bô-hoat-tō· chiâu thiah-bêng, hām sim ū tī-tāi ê tiat-ha̍k kap sim-lí-ha̍k tiong-kan ê kài-soàⁿ tī toh, mā iáu kè-sio̍k teh thó-lūn.

Éng-chá ê lâng lia̍h-kóng sim sī tī sim-chōng lāi-té, só·-í chiah ē kā chit-hō thiu-siōng ê "mi̍h" kiò-chò "sim", lán chit-má iû-goân ē kóng "sim-lāi", "hó-sim" téng-téng ê gí-sû, lóng sī in-ūi án-ne lâu--lo̍h-lâi ê kóng-hoat.