Kilil jī-bió

**Kilil jī-bió** (ing-gú: Cyrillic alphabets), tsiânn-tsē kiril jī-bió lóng sī kin-kù kiril bûn-jī tíng-kuân lâi ê. Tsá-kî ê kiril jī-bió sī tī kong-guân 9 sè-kí sóo khai-huat ê, ping tshú-tāi Byzantine sîn-ha̍k-ka  khai-huat ê tsá-kî . Kilil jī-bió sī kok-tsióng gú-giân, kuè-khì hām hiān-tāi,  slav khí-guân í-kip siū-tio̍h gô-gú íng-hióng ê hui-slav gú-giân tang-tiong sú-iōng ê jī-bió ki-tshóo. Tsiat-tsí 2011-nî, Au-a tāi-lio̍k tāi-iok ū 2.52 ik lâng kā Kilil jī-bió iōng-tsò pún-kok gú-giân ê kuann-hong jī-bió. Kî-tiong tāi-iok ū tsi̍t-puànn teh Gôlôsu. Kiril jī-bió sī sè-kài-siōng siōng tsia̍p-iōng ê su-siá hē-thóng tsí-tit.

## Thuân-pòo khu-i̍k
Hui-slav jī-bió thong-siông í gô-gú jī-bó uî lâm-pún, m̄-ku thong-siông kū-iú hián-tù tsha-ī, tik-pia̍t sī teh sik-iōng tī  ê sî-tsūn.

## Thong-iōng jī-bió

## Slav gú-giân
### Tang slav gú-giân
#### Gô-gú

* Yo (Ё ё) 
* The Hard Sign¹ (Ъ ъ) indicates no palatalization²
* Yery (Ы ы) indicates  (an allophone of )
* E (Э э) 
* Ж and Ш indicate sounds that are retroflex

### Lâm slav gú-giân

#### Bulgaria-gú

## Ural gú-giân

### Komi-Permyak gú

Komi-Permyak gú kiril jī-bió:

### Mari jī-bió

**Pênn-poo Mari-gú kilil jī-bió:**

**Suann-tē Mari-gú kilil jī-bió**

## Huin-Slav Ìn-tōo - Au-tsiu gú-giân

### Iran gú-giân

#### Kurd-gú

Kurd-gú teh tsiân Soo-liân sú-iōng kiril jī-bió:

#### Ossetia-gú

Tsū 1937-nî í-lâi Ossetia-gú kuann-hong lóng sú-iōng kilil jī-bió.

#### Tajik-gú

Tajik-gú sī iōng kilil bûn-jī uî ki-tshóo ê jī-bió.

## Mongol gú-giân

The Mongolic languages include Khalkha (in Mongolia; Cyrillic is official since 1941, in practice from 1946), Buryat (around Lake Baikal; Cyrillic is used since the 1930s) and Kalmyk (northwest of the Caspian Sea; Cyrillic is used in various forms since the 1920-30s). Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the Mongol vertical alphabet, which was the official script before 1941. Since the beginning of the 1990s Mongolia has been making attempts to extend the rather limited use of Mongol script and the most recent National Plan for Mongol Script aims to bring its use to the same level as Cyrillic by 2025 and maintain a dual-script system (digraphia).

### Kài-su̍t

Tsit-ê pió pau-kua sóo-ū sú-iōng de jī-bió.

*Һһ teh Buryat hām Kalmyk ê nn̄g-ê bô-kāng-khuán tē-tiám tshut-hiān nn̄g-pái.*

### Khalkha-gú

*В в = 
*Е е = , 
*Ё ё = 
*Ж ж = 
*З з = 
*Ий ий = 
*Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.) and long  (ий), it never indicates /j/ in native words
*Н н = , 
*Ө ө = 
*У у = 
*Ү ү = 
*Ы ы =  (in suffixes after a hard consonant)
*Ь ь = palatalization of the preceding consonant
*Ю ю = , 

Long vowels are indicated with double letters. The Cyrillic letters Кк, Пп, Фф and Щщ are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian or other loans (Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words).

### Buryat-gú
The Buryat (буряад) Cyrillic script is similar to the Khalkha above, but Ьь indicates palatalization as in Russian. Buryat does not use Вв, Кк, Пп, Фф, Цц, Чч, Щщ or Ъъ in its native words (Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words).

*Е е = , 
*Ё ё = 
*Ж ж = 
*Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.), it never indicates /j/ in native words
*Н н = , 
*Өө өө = , ө does not occur in short form in literary Buryat based on the Khori dialect
*У у = 
*Ү ү = 
*Һ һ = 
*Ы ы = , 
*Ю ю = 

### Kalmyk-gú
The Kalmyk (хальмг) Cyrillic script differs from Khalkha in some respects: there are additional letters (Әә, Җҗ, Ңң), letters Ээ, Юю and Яя appear only word-initially, long vowels are written double in the first syllable (нөөрин), but single in syllables after the first. Short vowels are omitted altogether in syllables after the first syllable (хальмг = ). Жж and Пп are used in loanwords only (Russian, Tibetan, etc.), but Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words.

*Ә ә = 
*В в = 
*Һ һ = 
*Е е = , 
*Җ җ = 
*Ң ң = 
*Ө ө = 
*У у = 
*Ү ү = 

## Caucas gú-giân

### Se-pak Caucas gú-giân
Living Northwest Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets.

#### Abkhaz-gú

Abkhaz is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia.

#### Kî-thann gú-giân
*Abaza
*Adyghe
*Kabardian

### Tang-pak Caucas gú-giân
Northeast Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets.

#### Avar

Avar is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Dagestan, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like Dargwa, Lak, Lezgian and Tabassaran. All these alphabets, and other ones (Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, Kabardian) have an extra sign: palochka (Ӏ), which gives voiceless occlusive consonants its particular ejective sound.

*В = 
*гъ = 
*гь = 
*гӀ = 
*къ = 
*кӀ = 
*кь = 
*кӀкӀ = , is also written ЛӀ лӀ.
*кк = , is also written Лъ лъ.
*тӀ = 
*х = 
*хъ = 
*хь = 
*хӀ = 
*цӀ = 
*чӀ = 
*Double consonants, called "fortis", are pronounced longer than single consonants (called "lenis").

#### Lezgian-gú

Lezgian is spoken by the Lezgins, who live in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan.

#### Kî-thann gú-giân
*Chechen (since 1938, also with Roman 1991–2000, but switch back to Cyrillic alphabets since 2001.)
*Dargwa
*Lak
*Tabassaran
*Ingush
*Archi

## Türk gú-giân
### Azerbaijan-gú

;Latin Alphabet (as of 1992): Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, (Ww), Xx, Yy, Zz

### Bashkir-gú
The Cyrillic script was used for the Bashkir language after the winter of 1938.

### Chuvash-gú
The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the Chuvash language since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938.

### Kazakh-gú

Kazakh can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Latin is going to be the only used alphabet in 2022, alongside the modified Arabic alphabet (in the People's Republic of China, Iran and Afghanistan).

*Ә ә = 
*Ғ ғ =  (voiced uvular fricative)
*Е е = 
*И и = 
*Қ қ =  (voiceless uvular plosive)
*Ң ң = 
*О о = 
*Ө ө = 
*У у = , , 
*Ұ ұ = 
*Ү ү = 
*Һ һ = 
*Ы ы = 
*І і = 

The Cyrillic letters Вв, Ёё, Цц, Чч, Щщ, Ъъ, Ьь and Ээ are not used in native Kazakh words, but only for Russian loans.

### Kyrgyz-gú

Kyrgyz has also been written in Latin and in Arabic.

*Ң ң =  (velar nasal)
*Ү ү =  (close front rounded vowel)
*Ө ө =  (open-mid front rounded vowel)

### Tatar-gú

Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. In 2000 a new Latin alphabet was adopted for Tatar, but it is used generally on the Internet.

*Ә ә = 
*Ң ң = 
*Ө ө = 
*У у = , , 
*Ү ү = 
*Һ һ = 
*Җ җ = 

The Cyrillic letters Ёё, Цц, Щщ are not used in native Tatar words, but only for Russian loans.

### Turkmen-gú

Turkmen, written 1940–1994 exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1994 officially in Roman, but in everyday communication Cyrillic is still used along with Roman script.

;Latin alphabet version 2: Aa, Ää, Bb, (Cc), Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ňň, Oo, Öö, Pp, (Qq), Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, (Vv), Ww, (Xx), Yy, Ýý, Zz, Žž

;Latin alphabet version 1: Aa, Bb, Çç, Dd, Ee, Êê, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Žž, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, Oo, Ôô, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Ûû, Ww, Yy, Ýý, Zz

### Uzbek-gú

From 1941 the Cyrillic script was used exclusively.  In 1998 the government has adopted a Latin alphabet to replace it. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed, and Cyrillic is still more common. It is not clear that the transition will be made at all.

*В в = 
*Ж ж = 
*Ф ф = 
*Х х = 
*Ъ ъ = 
*Ў ў = 
*Қ қ = 
*Ғ ғ = 
*Ҳ ҳ = 

### Kî-thann gú-giân
*Altai
*Balkar
*Crimean Tatar (1938–1991, now mostly replaced by Roman)
*Gagauz (1957–1990s, exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1990s officially in Roman, but in reality in everyday communication Cyrillic is used along with Roman script)
*Karachay
*Karakalpak (1940s–1990s)
*Karaim (20th century)
*Khakas
*Kumyk
*Nogai
*Tuvan
*Uyghur – Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet (*Uyghur Siril Yëziqi*). Used along with Uyghur Arabic alphabet (*Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi*), New Script (*Uyghur Yëngi Yëziqi*, Pinyin-based), and modern Uyghur Latin alphabet (*Uyghur Latin Yëziqi*).
*Yakut
*Dolgan
*Balkan Gagauz Turkish
*Urum
*Siberian Tatar
*Siberian Turkic

## Hàn-tsong gú-giân

### Tongkan-gú
 

Uì 1953 khai-sí.

* Letters in **bold** are used only in Russian loanwords.

## Tungus gú-giân
*Even
*Evenk (since 1937)
*Nanai
*Udihe (Udekhe) (not used recently)
*Orok (since 2007)
*Ulch (since late 1980s)

## Chukotko-Kamchatka gú-giân
*Chukchi (since 1936)
*Koryak (since 1936)
*Itelmen (since late 1980s)
*Alyutor

## Eskimo-Aleut gú-giân
*Aleut (Bering dialect)
*Naukan Yupik
*Central Siberian Yupik
**Chaplino dialect

## Kî-thann gú-giân
*Ainu (in Russia)
*Korean (Koryo-mar)
*Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Aisor)
*Ket (since 1980s)
*Nivkh
*Tlingit (in Russian Alaska)
*Yukaghir

### Kiàn-kòo gú-giân
;Kok-tsè hù-tsōo gú-giân
*Interslavic
*Lingua Franca Nova
*
;Hi-kòo gú-giân
*Brutopian (Donald Duck stories)
*Syldavian (*[[The Adventures of Tintin]]*)

## Hué-tsóng-pió





## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

* Ivan G. Iliev. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet 
* Philipp Ammon: ''Tractatus slavonicus''.  in: *Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature*, N 17, 2016, pp.&nbsp;248–56 
* , Wiktionary 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*List of Cyrillic letters

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages. 

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