open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Seychelles

**Seychelles Kiōng-hô-kok** (Hoat-gí: , Eng-gí: , Seychelles Creole-gí: ) tiàm-tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ, léng-thó͘ iû chē-chē tó cho͘-sêng. Seychelles ê sai-lâm sī Madagascar kap Comoros 2 kok, tang-pak sī Maldives, lâm sī Mauritius kap Réunion.

Hoat-kok lâng kā chit-ê si̍t-bîn-tē hō miâ chò *Sechelles*. Che sī 1-ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t Jean Moreau de Sechelles ê miâ.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Gruzia

**Gruzia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Gruzia-gí:  *Sakartvelo*; Eng-gí: Georgia), tiàm-tī Sai-a ê kok-ka.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Full information about (country) Georgia
A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok

**A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok** (ALT; 阿拉伯聯合頭人國, A-la-pek-gí: ; Eng-gí: *United Arab Emirates* = *UAE*), kán-chheng **A Liân** (阿聯), sī Sai-a ê kok-ka, hái-hoāⁿ oá Pho-su-oan kap Oman-oan, chhut-sán chio̍h-iû.

A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok sī 7-ê Amir-kok cho·-ha̍p khí-lâi-ê.

## Amir-kok

* Abu Dhabi Thâu-lâng-kok
* Dubai Thâu-lâng-kok
* Sharjah Thâu-lâng-kok
* Ajman Thâu-lâng-kok
* Umm al-Quwain
* Ras al-Khaimah
* Fujairah
Kenya

**Kenya Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pō͘. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Ethiopia (pak), Somalia (tang), Tanzania (lâm), Uganda (sai), Sudan (sai-lâm). Tang-lâm kak chiap Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ.
Chad

**Chad Kiōng-hô-kok** (Hoat-gí: , A-la-pek-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tiong-pō͘. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Libya (pak), Sudan (tang), Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok (lâm), Niger (sai), Nigeria (sai) kap Cameroon (sai).
Euskadi

**Euskadi**, Se-pan-gâ ê 1-ê chū-chú siā-lí. Euskal Herria ê tōa pō͘-hūn. Chèng-sek ê miâ hō-chò **Euskadi Chū-chú Siā-lí** (Basque-gí: *Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa*; Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco*).

## Séng-hūn
*Álava
*Vizcaya
*Guipúzcoa

Lūi-pia̍t:Basque tē-hng
Mauritius

**Mauritius Kiōng-hô-Kok** (Eng-gí: , Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ sai-lâm-pō͘, lī Madagascar 900 km hn̄g, Réunion 200 km

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Comoros

**Comoros Liân-ha̍p** (Hoat-gí: , Comoros-gí: , A-la-pek-gí: ), tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-lâm-pō͘ Mozambique Hái-tō tiong ê kiōng-hô-kok. Tī pak Mozambique kap Madagascar tiong-kan. Léng-thó͘ pau-koah 3 ê tōa tó. 

Hù-kīn ê Mayotte-tó sio̍k-î Hoat-kok koán-hat (Comoros-kok beh ti̍h).

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Mali

**Mali Kiōng-hô-kok** (Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pêng. Keh-piah kok pau-koah Mauritania, Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal. Mali sī Hui-chiu tē-2 tōa ê kok-ka. Kū miâ kiò Hoat-kok léng Sudan.

Mali chit-ê miâ chí í-chá ê Mali Tè-kok.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Bandiagara Khu
*Bougouni Khu
*Dioila Khu
*Douentza Khu
*Gao Khu
*Kayes Khu
*Kidal Khu
*Kita Khu
*Koulikoro Khu
*Koutiala Khu
*Mopti Khu
*Ménaka Khu
*Nara Khu
*Nioro Khu
*San Khu
*Ségou Khu
*Sikasso Khu
*Taoudénit Khu
*Tombouctou Khu
*Bamako
Somalia

**Somalia** (Somali-gí: ) sī 1-ê tiàm-tī tang Hui-chiu ê kiōng-hô-kok. Keh-piah ū Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya 3 kok. Pak-pêng oá Aden-oan, tang-pêng oá Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ.

Somalia miâ-gī-siōng sī 1-ê kok-ka, si̍t-chè-siōng hun-lia̍t chò kúi-nā-kok, chú-iàu pau-koah Somaliland (sai-pak-pō͘, 1991 nî sêng-li̍p), Puntland (pak-tiong-pō͘, 1998 nî sêng-li̍p) kap Sai-lâm Somalia (1999 nî sêng-li̍p).
Eritrea

**Eritrea-kok** (Tigrinya-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pak. Keh-piah ū Sudan, Ethiopia kap Djibouti. Tang-hōaⁿ chiap Âng-hái.

Eritrea tī 1991 nî chiàn iâⁿ Ethiopia, 1993 nî keng-kòe kong-bîn tâu-phiò chèng-sek koat-tēng thoat-lî hit kok.
Marshall Kûn-tó

**Marshall Kûn-tó Kiōng-hô-kok** (Marshall-gí: ) sī 1-ê tī Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê tó-kok.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Moldova

**Moldova Kiōng-hô-kok** (Moldova-gí: ) sī Tang-au chi̍t-ê lāi-lio̍k kok-ka.

## Siong-koan
*Transnistria
Tan-be̍h

**Tan-be̍h** (丹麥, ), mā thang kiò chò **Tan-kok** (丹國) ia̍h-sī **Teng-boat-kok** (丁抹國), sī 1-ê tiàm-tī pak Au-chiu ê ông-kok, mā-sī Pak-au 5 kok kî-tiong ê chi̍t-kok. Keh-piah kan-taⁿ sī Tek-kok, m̄-koh pak-pêng kòe-hái chin oá-kīn Lo̍k-ui kap Sūi-tián. Sai-pêng oá Pak-hái, tang-pêng oá Pe̍h-hái.

Tan-be̍h chham-ka Au-chiu Liân-bêng, m̄-ko bô iōng au-goân.

## Tan-be̍h Ông-kok ê sêng-oân

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Tan-be̍h Chèng-hú

## Chham-khó
Kàu-hông Benedictus 16-sè

**Benedictus 16-sè** ( Latin miâ: **Benedictus PP. XVI**; pún-miâ: **Joseph Alois Ratzinger**; ) 2005 nî 4 goe̍h 19 ji̍t hông soán-chò tē 265 jīm ê Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu kàu-hông.

Benedictus 16-sè ê chêng-chi̍t-jīm sī Ioannes Paulus 2-sè.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Kàu-hông
Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok jîn-bu̍t
Hông-gâ-lī

**Hông-gâ-lī** (洪牙利), mā thang kiò chò **Hiong-gâ-lī** (匈牙利), choân-miâ **Hông-gâ-lī Kiōng-hô-kok** () sī Tiong-au chi̍t-ê bô-oá-hái ê kok-ka.
Honduras

**Honduras Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ) sī Tiong Bí-chiu pak-pō͘ ê kok-ka, pak-pêng oá Carib-hái, ah lâm-pêng kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ sio-liân.
Kim-koe

**Kim-koe**, *Cucurbita* ê kóe-chí.

## Chéng

**Cucurbita pepo*
**Cucurbita maxima*
**Cucurbita mixta*
**Cucurbita moschata*

## Tô͘

Image:Yellow squash DSC01080.jpg|1-chióng Kim-koe 
Image:Cucurbita pepo-2.JPG|Hoe
Image:Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca07.jpg|Chí


## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*http://140.127.10.49/plant/dicot/dicot-poly/epi/cucur/cucur2.htm 
*http://www.gov.tw/PUBLIC/view.php3?id=99410&sub=51&main=GOVNEWS
*http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22365
Siau Hông-kî

**Siau Hông-kî** (hôa-gí, hàn-jī:蕭煌奇), Cha-po· ê tâi-ôan liû-hêng-koa koa-chhiú. I mā sī Tâi-ôan khah chió ū ê chheⁿ-mê koa-chhiú.

## Khiok-pôaⁿ
* 2011 Su-liām ē kiaⁿ (思念會驚) Tâi-gí 
* 2011 Ko͘-to̍k ê hô-hiân (孤獨的和弦) Kok-gí
* 2009 Ài chò-bāng ê lâng (愛作夢的人) Tâi-gí 
* 2008 Goá sī Siau Hông-kî (我是蕭煌奇) Kok-gí
* 2007 Chin-chêng-koa (真情歌) Tâi-gí 
* 2006 Goá-mn̂g ê kò͘-sū (我們的故事) Kok-gí
* 2004 O͘-sek gí-tah (黑色吉他 ) Tâi-gí
* 2002 Lí sī goá ê gán (你是我的眼) Hôa-gí

Hongki
Libya

**Libya** (A-la-pek-gí: ‎; *Lībiyā*), im-e̍k **Lī-bī-a** (利未亞), tiàm-tī Hui-chiu pak-pō͘. Pak-hōaⁿ oá Tē-tiong-hái. Libya ê sai ū Tunisia, Algeria 2 kok, lâm ū Niger kap Chad, tang ū Ai-ki̍p, tang-lâm ū Sudan.

## Chham-khó
Ji̍t-pún-kâu

**Ji̍t-pún-kâu** (ha̍k-miâ: *Macaca fuscata*), Ji̍t-pún te̍k-iú-chéng ê kâu.

2000 nî hō· Sè-kài Pó-io̍k Tông-bêng lia̍t-ji̍p âng-miâ-toaⁿ.



## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Tâi-oân-kâu 

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* IUCN Âng-miâ-toaⁿ
* Blue Planet Biomes ê siāu-kài
* "Hot Tub Monkeys" Offer Eye on Nonhuman "Culture" (Kok-ka Tē-lí Ha̍k-hōe)
Morocco

**Morocco Ông-kok** (A-la-pek-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pak-pō͘. A-la-pek sè-kài í-gōa ê lâng kiò i **Morocco**. Hái-hōaⁿ oá Tāi-se-iûⁿ kap Tē-tiong-hái. I ê tang ū Algeria, lâm ū Sai Sahara. Pak-pêng bóe-liu oá Gibraltar Hái-kiap ê só͘-chāi ū 1-tè tē sio̍k-î Se-pan-gâ koán-hat, hō-chò Ceuta. Khah tang ê só͘-chāi ū lēng-gōa 1-ê Se-pan-gâ siâⁿ-chhī hō-chò Melilla. Hái-kiap tùi-hōaⁿ sī Gibraltar kap Se-pan-gâ.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

Lūi-pia̍t:Morocco
Algeria

**Algeria Jîn-bîn Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok** (A-la-pek-gí: , Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu pak-pō͘ ê kok-ka. Hái-hōaⁿ oá Tē-tiong-hái.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Malta

**Malta Kiōng-hô-kok** (Malta-gí: ) tī lâm-Au-chiu, Tē-tiong-hái téng-koân ê chi̍t-ê tó-kok.

Malta sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-goân-kok (2004 nî chham-ka), 2008 nî khai-sí sú-iōng euro.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Luxembourg

**Luxembourg Tāi-kong-kok** (Luxembourg-gí: ; Hoat-gí: ; Tek-gí: ), im-e̍k **Lû-sin-pó** (廬新堡), tī sai Au-chiu, ê chi̍t-ê lōe-lio̍k kok-ka.

Luxembourg sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-goân-kok, ū sú-iōng euro.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chham-khó
Kuiⁿ-tiān-sī Bāng

**Kuiⁿ-tiān-sī Bāng** (Eng-gí: *TV-Turnoff Network*) sī Bí-kok 1-ê siā-hōe ūn-tōng cho·-chit, in kó·-lē lâng khoàⁿ khah chió tiān-sī, poah khah chē sî-kan hām lâng kau-liû.

In tī ta̍k-nî 4 goe̍h siāng bóe-ê lé-pài hoat-tōng Kuiⁿ-tiān-sī Chiu.

Pō·-hūn lâng chìn-chi̍t-pō· iōng ti̍t-chiap hêng-tōng ê chhiú-tōaⁿ kā kong-kiōng tiûⁿ-só· ê tiān-sī-ki chhiat-tiāu. In iōng 1-ê sió-hêng tiān-chú ke-si hō-chò TV-B-Gone, che ē-tàng tùi hn̄g-ūi kā 14 kong-chhioh í-lāi ê tiān-sī-ki chò-chi̍t-ē kuiⁿ-tiāu.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong chām
Me-lóng

Tī Tâi-oân **me-lóng** (tha̍k "mĕ-lóng") chí *Cucumis melo* L. ê kóe-chí.  Me-lóng ê chai-pôe-chéng chin chē, kî-tiong siāng thong-lâng-chai--ê pau-koah 哈密瓜.  Phôe jiâu-jiâu bē-su bāng-á--ê kiò chò bāng-á-koe.

## Tô·

Image:Cucumis_melo_4_(Piotr_Kuczynski).jpg|Iù châng
Image:Cucumis_melo_1_(Piotr_Kuczynski).jpg|Bāng-á-koe
2003 nî

## Sū-kiāⁿ
### 1 goe̍h

* 1 goe̍h 8 ji̍t: Turkish Hâng-khong 634 Hâng-pan sit-sū, 75 lâng sí.
* 1 goe̍h 5 ji̍t: Í-sek-lia̍t hoat-seng Tel Aviv Tiong-iong Bà-suh-chām tô͘-sat.
* 1 goe̍h 8 ji̍t: Air Midwest 5481 Hâng-sòaⁿ sit-sū.
* 1 goe̍h 26 ji̍t: Super Bowl XXXVII.
### 2 goe̍h

* 2 goe̍h 1 ji̍t: Bí-kok hoat-seng Thài-khong-so Columbia sū-kò͘, NASA ê STS-107 jīn-bū tó-tńg sî thài-khong-chûn kái-thé khì.
* 2 goe̍h 20 ji̍t: Bí-kok hoat-seng The Station iā-chóng-hōe hóe-sio, 100 lâng sí-bông.
* 2 goe̍h 23 ji̍t: Grammy Chióng.
### 3 goe̍h

* 3 goe̍h 16 ji̍t: Suomi gī-hōe soán-kí.
* 3 goe̍h 23 ji̍t: Tē-75 hôe Ha̍k-īⁿ Chióng. 
### 4 goe̍h

* 4 goe̍h 27 ji̍t: Argentina chóng-thóng soán-kí. 
### 5 goe̍h

* 5 goe̍h 1 ji̍t: Wales Kok-hōe soán-kí.
* 5 goe̍h 1 ji̍t: Scot-lân Gī-hōe chóng soán-kí.
* 5 goe̍h 3 ji̍t: Nauru gī-hōe soán-kí.
* 5 goe̍h 16 ji̍t: Morocco hoat-seng Casablanca chà-tàn-àn, chok-àn-chiá chāi-lāi 25 lâng sí.
* 5 goe̍h 21 ji̍t: Boumerdès tē-tāng. 
### 6 goe̍h

* 6 goe̍h 3 ji̍t: Miss Universe 2003. 
### 7 goe̍h

* 7 goe̍h 8 ji̍t: Sudan Airways 139 Hâng-pan sit-sū, 117 lâng sí. 
### 8 goe̍h
 
### 9 goe̍h
 
### 10 goe̍h

* 10 goe̍h 14 ji̍t: Bí-kok Tōa Liân-bêng Iá-kiû pí-sài hoat-seng Steve Bartman sū-kiāⁿ.
* 10 goe̍h 19 ji̍t: Sūi-se liân-pang soán-kí. 
### 11 goe̍h

* 11 goe̍h: Thó͘-ní-kî hoat-seng Istanbul chà-tàn-ān, chō-sêng 57 lâng sí.
* 11 goe̍h 9 ji̍t: Ji̍t-pún chóng soán-kí.
* 11 goe̍h 15 ji̍t: Siàu-liân Eurovision Chhiùⁿ-koa Pí-sài.
* 11 goe̍h 16 ji̍t: Catalunya gī-hōe soán-kí. 
* 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t: Baghdad DHL siā-kek sū-kiāⁿ, hui-hêng-ki siū hui-tôaⁿ kong-kek.
* 11 goe̍h 23 ji̍t: Croatia gī-hōe soán-kí.
* 11 goe̍h 28 ji̍t: Gibraltar chóng soán-kí.
### 12 goe̍h

* 12 goe̍h 7 ji̍t: Lō͘-se-a li̍p-hoat-koân soán-kí.
### Bô ji̍t-kî
* Formula One cheh-kùi.
* Canada Grand Prix.
* Navarre gī-hōe soán-kí.
* Gruzia hoat-seng Chhiûⁿ-bî Kek-bēng.
* Tē-53 hôe Berlin Kok-chè Tiān-iáⁿ Chiat.
* US Open.
* Bavaria soán-kí.
* Au-chiu jia̍t-éng (*heat wave*).
* Cannes Tiān-iáⁿ Chiat.

## Kok-ka léng-tō-chiá

## Chhut-sì

## Kòe-sin
* 2 goe̍h 23 ji̍t: Robert K. Merton, Bí-kok siā-hōe-ha̍k-ka.
* 2 goe̍h 27 ji̍t: Fred Rogers, Bí-kok tiān-sī chú-chhî-jîn. 1928 nî chhut-sì.
* 3 goe̍h 30 ji̍t: Michael Jeter, Bí-kok ián-oân. 1952 nî chhut-sì.
* 4 goe̍h 21 ji̍t: Nina Simone, Bí-kok chhòng-chok koa-chhiú.
* 4 goe̍h 26 ji̍t: Yun Hyon-seok, Hân-kok chok-ka.
* 5 goe̍h 28 ji̍t: Ilya Prigogine, Lō͘-se-a bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka. 1917 nî chhut-sì.
* 6 goe̍h 29 ji̍t: Katharine Hepburn, Bí-kok ián-oân.
* 7 goe̍h 6 ji̍t: Buddy Ebsen, Bí-kok ián-oân.
* 8 goe̍h 30 ji̍t: Charles Bronson, Bí-kok ián-oân.
* 9 goe̍h 9 ji̍t: Edward Teller, Bí-kok bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka.
* 9 goe̍h 24 ji̍t: Edward Said, Bí-kok chok-ka.
* 10 goe̍h 23 ji̍t: Sòng Bí-lêng, Tiong-kok-lâng.
* 12 goe̍h 14 ji̍t: Jeanne Crain, Bí-kok ián-oân. 1925 nî chhut-sì.
* 12 goe̍h 30 ji̍t: Mûi Iām-hong, Tiong-kok ián-oân.

## Ji̍t-chì

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Sai Sahara

**Sai Sahara** (A-la-pek-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pak-pō·, ì-sù sī Sahara Soa-bô· ê sai-pêng. Hái-hōaⁿ oá Tāi-se-iûⁿ. Keh-piah ū Morocco (pak), Algeria (tang-pak), Mauritania (tang kap lâm) 3 kok. Sai Sahara bo̍k-chêng tōa pō·-hūn sī Morocco teh thóng-tī. Chāi-tē Sahrawi-lâng ê chèng-tī cho·-chit hō--ê kok-miâ sī **[[Sahrawi A-la-pek Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok]]**.

1884 nî Se-pan-gâ sè-le̍k khai-sí chhun kàu iân-hái tē-tài. 1924 nî (?) Se-pan-gâ kā Saguia el-Hamra (pak) kap Río de Oro (lâm) chit 2-ê hêng-chèng-khu ha̍p-pèng chò Se-pan-gâ Sahara. Sahara Tháu-pa̍k Ūn-tōng tī 1967 hit nî sêng-li̍p, siū tio̍h Se-pan-gâ kiông-lia̍t táⁿ-ap, 1970 nî kìm-chí. 1973 nî to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng cho·-chit Polisario sêng-li̍p. 1975 nî keh-piah kok Morocco hoat-tōng jîn-hái-chiàn-su̍t kā Se-pan-gâ-lâng koáⁿ cháu, kàu kah 1979 nî oân-choân chiáng-ak tiâu leh. 1976 nî Polisario léng-tō ê to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng soán-pò· sêng-li̍p Sahrawi-kok, hām Morocco kun-hong kau-chiàn. 1991 nî in ê liû-bông chèng-koân hām Morocco chhiam-tēng thêng-hóe hia̍p-gī, che pau-koah tī bī-lâi pān kong-bîn tâu-phiò koat-tēng chòe-āu ê chèng-tī tē-ūi. Chóng--sī in-ūi siang-hong tùi tâu-phiò koân ê jīn-tēng bô hoat-tō· ta̍t-sêng kiōng-sek, kàu taⁿ iáu-bōe ū tut-phòa. Tōa-pō·-hūn kok-ka bô sêng-jīm Morocco ê thóng-tī-koân.
Croatia

**Croatia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Croatia-gí: ) sī Au-chiu tiong-lâm-pō͘ oá Adriatic Hái ê kok-ka.

1991 nî ùi Yugoslavia Siā-hoē-chú-gī Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok to̍k-li̍p. 2013 nî ka-ji̍p Au-chiu Liân-bêng.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Canaria Kûn-tó

**Canaria Kûn-tó**, Se-pan-gâ tiàm-tī Tāi-se-iûⁿ (kīn Hui-chiu sai-pak) ê 1-ê chū-chú siā-lí. Chèng-sek ê miâ hō-chò **Canaria Chū-chú Siā-lí** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias*). Keh-piah sī Morocco kap Sai Sahara.

*Canaria* chit sû goân-thâu sī Latin-gí *canis*, ì-sù sī "káu-á". In ê kî-á téng-bīn ū káu-á ê ang-á.

## Tē-lí

## Séng-hūn
*Las Palmas Séng
*Santa Cruz de Tenerife Séng
Melilla

**Melilla** (A-la-pek-gí: مليلة), Se-pan-gâ tī Hui-chiu pak-pêng ê 1-ê chū-chú siâⁿ-chhī (*ciudad autónoma*).
Guatemala

**Guatemala Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ) sī Tiong Bí-chiu oá Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Carib-hái ê kok-ka. I pak-hong sī Be̍k-se-ko, tang-pak-hong sī Belize, ah tang-lâm-pêng ū Honduras kap El Salvador.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
Mayotte

**Mayotte**, tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-lâm-pō·, sī 1-ê san-ô͘-tó. Tī pak Mozambique kap Madagascar tiong-kan, Comoros tang-lâm.

Comoros jīn-ûi Mayotte-tó sī in ê, kiò i hō-chò **Mahoré**.

Goân-lâi sī Mozambique Hái-tō tiong ê Hoat-kok hái-gōa chi̍p-thé (*collectivités d'outre-mer*). 2011 nî 3 goe̍h, Mayotte i-kù chìn-chêng ê kong-bîn tâu-phiò, chiâⁿ chò Hoat-kok sin-ê hái-goā séng (*département d'outre-mer*) kap tōa-khu.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê tōa-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Réunion

**Réunion** sī tiàm-tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ ê Hoat-kok hái-gōa département (*département d'outre-mer*) kap tōa-khu. Tī Madagascar ê tang. Tī Mauritius ê sai-lâm, 200 km hn̄g ê só͘-chāi.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:La Réunion
Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Saint Helena

**Saint Helena** tī lâm Tāi-se-iûⁿ, lī Hui-chiu tāi-lio̍k Angola 2800 km hn̄g. I kap Ascension, Tristan da Cunha chit 2-ê i-lāi-tē ha̍p--khí-lâi cho͘-sêng Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok hái-gōa léng-thó͘: Saint Helena, Ascension kap Tristan da Cunha.

## Ki-pún chu-liāu
Tunisia

**Tunisia Kiōng-hô-kok** (A-la-pek-gí: ) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu pak-pō͘. Tī Algeria kap Libya tiong-kan. Hái-hōaⁿ oá Tē-tiong-hái.
Ai-ki̍p

**Ai-ki̍p A-la-pek Kiōng-hô-kok** (埃及亞喇伯共和國, A-la-pek-gí: ; Lô-má-jī: *Jumhūrīya Misr al-‘Arabīya*) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu tang-pak-pō͘ ê kok-ka. Hái-hōaⁿ oá Tē-tiong-hái kap Âng-hái.
Ài-ní-lân

**Ài-ní-lân Kiōng-hô-kok** (愛耳蘭共和國, Ài-ní-lân-gí: **Éire; Poblacht na hÉireann**; Eng-gí: **Ireland**; **Republic of Ireland**) sī Au-chiu se-pō͘ ê kok-ka, tī Ài-ní-lân-tó téng-kôan.

Ài-ní-lân sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-goân-kok, ū sú-iōng euro.

## Hō-miâ
*Ireland* tī Hō-ló-ōe ê im-e̍k ū ēng **Ài-ní-lân** (-jíⁿ-) he̍k-chiá **Ai-jíⁿ-lân**, **Ji̍t-jíⁿ-lân**. Che tùi-èng ê Hàn-jī kap Hôa-gí koàn-sì ê hoan-e̍k sio-siâng. Lēng-gōa nā tī Ji̍t-gí ê *Airurando* (アイルランド) tùi-èng ê Hàn-jī-sû sī **Ài-lân** (愛蘭).

## Chù-kái

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
2000 nî-tāi

**2000 nî-tāi** sī 2000 nî kàu 2009 nî ê 10-tang.

## Sū-kiāⁿ kap tiâu-liû
*2000 nî
*2001 nî
*2002 nî
*2003 nî
*2004 nî
*2005 nî
*2006 nî
*2007 nî
*2008 nî
*2009 nî

## Jîn-bu̍t
*Vladimir Putin
*Dmitry Medvedev
*George W. Bush
*Barack Obama
*Gerhard Schröder
*Angela Merkel
*Tony Blair
*Saddam Hussein
*Jacques Chirac
*Nicolas Sarkozy
*Silvio Berlusconi
*Romano Prodi
*Fidel Castro
*Raúl Castro
*Hugo Chávez
*Muammar al-Qadafi
*Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
*Yasser Arafat
*Ariel Sharon
*Ehud Olmert
*Benjamin Netanyahu
*Kàu-chong Benedictus 16-sè
*Tân Chúi-píⁿ
*Má Eng-kiú
*Kim Chèng-ji̍t
*Mori Yosirô
*Koizumi Zyun'itirô
*Abe Sinzô
*Hukuda Yasuo
*Asô Tarô
*Hatoyama Yukio
*Akihito Tian-hông
*Gordon Brown
*Ô͘ Kím-tô
2005 nî 4 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

## 4 go̍eh 30
*Tâi-oân Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng chú-se̍k Liân Chiàn chhōa tóng-lāi ko-chân jîn-sū  pài-hóng Tiong-kok, hām Tiong-kok Kok-ka Chú-se̍k Ô͘ Kím-tô kìⁿ-bīn, hōe-āu Kok-bîn-tóng hong-bīn kong-pò· 1 hūn "Sin-bûn-kong-pò" lia̍t chhut in hām Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng ê "kiōng-tông chú-tiuⁿ".  (BBC Tiong-bûn-bāng)

## 4 go̍eh 19
*Joseph Ratzinger hông soán-chò sin Kàu-chong Benedictus 16-sè. (CNN )

## 4 go̍eh 2
*Kàu-chong Jio̍k-bōng Pó-lo̍k II kòe-sin. Kòe-sin ê sî 84 hòe. (Wikinews)
Fiji

**Fiji Kûn-tó Kiōng-hô-kok** (Fiji-gí: ) sī 1-ê tī Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê tó-kok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Kiribati

**Kiribati Kiōng-hô-kok** sī 1-ê tī Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê tó-kok.

## Tē-lí

*Tó-sū
**Gilbert Kûn-tó
**Phoenix Kûn-tó
**Line Kûn-tó
**Banaba Tó

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Micronesia Liân-pang

**Micronesia Liân-pang-kok** (Eng-gí: ) sī 1-ê tī Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê tó-kok.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Yap Chiu
*Chuuk Chiu
*Pohnpei Chiu
*Kosrae Chiu

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Palau

**Palau Kiōng-hô-kok** (Palau-gí: ) sī 1-ê tī Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê tó-kok.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Aimeliik Chiu
*Airai Chiu
*Angaur Chiu
*Hatohobei Chiu
*Kayangel Chiu
*Koror Chiu
*Melekeok Chiu
*Ngaraard Chiu
*Ngarchelong Chiu
*Ngardmau Chiu
*Ngatpang Chiu
*Ngchesar Chiu
*Ngeremlengui Chiu
*Ngiwal Chiu
*Peleliu Chiu
*Sonsorol Chiu

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Tuvalu

**Tuvalu** (Tuvalu-gí: ) sī 1-ê tī Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê kok-ka. Kui-ē kok-ka ê hoān-ûi pau-koa sì-sòaⁿ tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ téng-koân, Hawaii kap Ò-chiu chi-kan ê kúi-ā-ê tó-sū. Tang-pak-pêng ū nn̄g-ê kok-ka, *Santa Cruz* Tó kap *Vanuatu*.
Hîm

:*Koan-hē kāng miâ ê tiān-iáⁿ, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Hîm (tiān-iáⁿ)]].*

**Hîm** (Ursidae) sī tōa-hêng ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, hun-lūi-ha̍k siōng sī Chia̍h-bah-ba̍k ē-té chi̍t kho.

## Hêng-thé
Hîm it-poaⁿ sī ión-kiāⁿ tōa-chhāi, siong-tùi té kha. Sèng-pia̍t hun nn̄g hêng, kang hîm kha tōa-chiah, tōa-hêng ê bu̍t-chéng iû-kî ū chha. Tī lio̍k-tē siōng ê Chia̍h-bah-ba̍k tiong, hîm ê sin-thé siāng tāng, pì-jû chhiūⁿ *Ursus arctos middendorffi* chi̍t khoán chang-hîm chiū ē-tàng chhiau-kòe 750 kong-kin, ki-tiong kang--ê pêng-kin ū 480 kàu 533 kong-kin. Lēng-gōa mā ū kha sè-hêng ê bu̍t-chéng, pí-lūn kang Má-lâi-hîm thé-tang tāi-iok taⁿ ū 65 kong-kin.

Pe̍h-hîm he̍k-chiá chang-hîm ê thé-tn̂g ē-tàng tōa kàu 300 kong-hun, keng-kah koân-tō͘ ū 160 kong-hun. Hîm ê bóe í-keng thè-hòa, tn̂g-tō͘ tùi 3 kàu 22 kong-hun pu̍t téng. Hîm sī ēng kha-té lâi kiâⁿ-lō͘ (plantigrade), chi̍t tiám kap ēng kha-chiⁿ teh kiâⁿ ê kî-tha chia̍h-bah-ba̍k tōng-bu̍t bô-kâng. Hîm cháu ê sok-tō͘ pí káu-kho ia̍h niau-kho bān, chóng-sī ē-tàng ēng āu-kha khiā khah chāi.

## Hun-pò͘
Tōa-hūn hîm-lūi lóng seng-oa̍h tī Pak Poàn-kiû; lēng-gōa, tû-liáu chi̍t chéng, lóng seng-oa̍h tī A-chiu, Au-chiu kap Pak Bí-chiu. Î-it ê lē-gōa Ba̍k-kiàⁿ-hîm (*Tremarctos ornatus*) khiā-khí só͘-chāi sī Lâm Bí-chiu ê Andes tē-khu. Hui-chiu kòe-khì pat ū Atlas-hîm (*Ursus arctos crowtheri*) oa̍h-tāng, chóng-sī í-kēng tī 19 sè-kí sî bia̍t-choa̍t.
 
Hiān-sî hun-pò͘ hoān-ûi siāng tōa ê chi̍t lūi hîm sī chang-hîm, tùi Au-chiu, A-chiu kàu Pak Bí-chiu lóng ū oa̍h-tāng. Ki-tha koh ū Pak Bí-chiu ê Bí-chiu O͘-hîm kap Pak-kek tē-khu ê pe̍h-hîm. Chhun-loh ê chéng-lūi lóng tī A-chiu. Tû-liâu pe̍h-hîm, kî-tha hîm-lūi chú-iàu khiā tī chhim-nâ lāi.

## Hun-lūi
A-chiu o͘-hîm kap pe̍h-hîm éng-kòe kui to̍k-li̍p ê sio̍k (*Selenarctos* kap *Thalarctos*).  *Melursus* kap *Helarctos* chit 2-ê sio̍k ū sî-chūn kui *Ursus*.

* **Ursidae-kho**
** **Ailuropodinae a-kho**
*** Tōa-hîm-niau, *Ailuropoda melanoleuca*
** **Tremarctinae a-kho**
*** Ba̍k-kiàⁿ-hîm, *Tremarctos ornatus*
*** Florida soaⁿ-tōng-hîm, *Tremarctos floridanus* (tn̄g-chéng)
*** Tōa-té-chhùi-hîm, *Arctodus simus* (tn̄g-chéng)
*** Té-chhùi-hîm, *Arctodus pristinus* (tn̄g-chéng)
** **Ursinae a-kho**
*** Chong-hîm, *Ursus arctos*
*** Bí-chiu o͘-hîm, *Ursus americanus*
*** Pe̍h-hîm, *Ursus maritimus*
*** A-chiu o͘-hîm, *Ursus thibetanus*
**** Tâi-oân káu-hîm, *Ursus thibetanus formosanus*
*** *Auvergne Bear*, *Ursus minimus* (tn̄g-chéng)
*** *Etruscan Bear*, *Ursus etruscus* (tn̄g-chéng)
*** Au-chiu soaⁿ-tōng-hîm, *Ursus spelaeus* (tn̄g-chéng)
*** Atlas-hîm, *Ursus crowtheri* (tn̄g-chéng)
*** Lán-hîm, *Melursus ursinus*
*** Má-lâi-hîm, *Helarctos malayanus*

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
El Salvador

**El Salvador Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ) sī Tiong Bí-chiu oá Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê chi̍t-ê kok-ka.
Jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘

**Jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘** chí 1 tè thó͘-tē ê pêng-kin lâng gia̍h, tō-sī ki-pún bīn-chek tan-ūi ê jîn-kháu. Bīn-chek thong-siông sī thó͘-tē ê chóng-gia̍h, chóng--sī mā ē-sái tû tiāu ū chúi ê pō͘-hūn he̍k-chiá sī hān-chè hó khiā-khí, hó sêng-sán, a̍h-sī ū chèng-choh ê tē.

Jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ hoán-èng jîn-kháu hun-pò͘ lang-ba̍t ê thêng-tō͘. 

It-poaⁿ kok-chè sú-iōng ê tan-ūi sī múi pêng-hong-kong-lí.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Kok-ka jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ lia̍t-toaⁿ
Tonga

**Tonga Ông-kok** (Tonga-gí: ) tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-ê lia̍t-tó. Tī Samoa ê lâm, Fiji ê tang.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Lōng-tô-soa

***Lōng-tô-soa*** (hàn-jī: 浪淘沙) sī Tâi-oân-seⁿ, tòa-Canada ê chok-ka Tang-hong-pe̍k ê le̍k-sú siáu-soat, soeh chhut Tâi-oân cha-bó· bêng-i Chhòa A-sìn it-seng ê kò·-sū.

Tâi-oân Bîn-sī tiān-sī-tâi tī 2005 nî hòng-sàng iû Chheⁿ-phōng-kó (*Thian-má Tê-pâng*) kái-pian chè-chok ê liân-sio̍k-kio̍k.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Lōng-tô-soa  (Tiān-sī-kio̍k ê koaⁿ-hong chām)
Liechtenstein

**Liechtenstein Kong-kok** (Tek-gí: ) sī Au-chiu tiong-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê lōe-lio̍k kok-ka.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Monaco

**Monaco Kong-kok** (Hoat-gí: ) sī Au-chiu lâm-pō͘ chi̍t-ê oá Tē-tiong-hái ê kok-ka.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Vanuatu

**Vanuatu Kiōng-hô-kok** (Bislama-gí: , Eng-gí: , Hoat-gí: ) tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ, si̍t-bîn sî-tāi ê kū miâ kiò chò **Sin Hebrides**. Hù-kīn ê chèng-tī tan-ūi: New Caledonia (sai-lâm, 500 km hn̄g), Fiji (tang), Solomon Kûn-tó (sai-pak), Ò-chiu (sai, 1750 km), Papua New Guinea (sai, 1750 km).

## Hêng-chèng-khu

*Torba Séng
*Sanma Séng
*Penama Séng
*Malampa Séng
*Shefa Séng
*Tafea Séng

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Seng-kiû Tāi-chiàn

**Seng-kiû Tāi-chiàn** (Eng-gí: Star Wars; Tâi-oân Hôa-gí: 星球大戰) sī Bí-kok 1970 nî-tāi chhut-phín kàu taⁿ ê 1-ê kho-ha̍k hoàn-sióng sán-phín hē-lia̍t, pau-koah 6 chhut tiān-iáⁿ, kúi-nā-chhut tiān-sī iáⁿ-phìⁿ kap ang-á-tōng-oē, chē-chē pún siáu-soat kap ang-á-chheh, *game* kap kî-thaⁿ ê chhit-thô-mi̍h téng-téng. Tō-ián George Lucas sī lêng-hûn jîn-bu̍t.

Seng-kiû Tāi-chiàn chit-ê kò·-sióng tī 1970 nî-tāi chho·-kî puh-íⁿ. Thâu-1-chhut tiān-iáⁿ tī 1977 nî chiūⁿ-chhī, pún-té hō·-chò *Seng-kiû Tāi-chiàn*, āu--lâi ke tàu 1 kù *Tē-4-chi̍p: Sin Hi-bāng* (*Episode IV: A New Hope*). Chit-ê kio̍k-pún ê siáu-soat pán khah chá 1 nî chiūⁿ-chhī. Tē-6-chhut tiān-iáⁿ tī 2005 nî 5 goe̍h 19 chhut-phìⁿ, hō-miâ *Tē-3-chi̍p: Sith Pò-oan-siû* (*Episode III: Revenge of the Sith*).

Kò·-sū hoat-seng tī "Kó·-chá kó·-chá, 1-ê hn̄g-hn̄g-hn̄g ê gîn-hô..." Chit kù oē ta̍k phìⁿ to ū chhut-hiān, taⁿ ē-sái kóng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ Bí-kok tāi-chiòng bûn-hòa ê 1 pō·-hūn.

Seng-kiû Tāi-chiàn ê siáu-iú hèng chng chò kò·-sū lāi-bīn ê kha-siàu chū-hōe. In sí-tiong ê hêng-ûi pau-koah kui-tīn tiàm hì-īⁿ tán-thāi kúi-nā-lé-pài-āu chiah ē chhut-phìⁿ ê sin chhut-thâu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-kiû Tāi-chiàn
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat
Bosnia kap Herzegovina

**Bosnia kap Herzegovina** (Bosnia-gí kap Croatia-gí: ; Serbia-gí: ) sī Au-chiu lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê kok-ka.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Jîn-kháu

**Jîn-kháu** (人口) sī 1-ê khu-he̍k lāi-té lâng ê chóng-sò͘. Chhin-chhiūⁿ: kok-ka jîn-kháu tio̍h-sī 1-ê kok-ka lâng ê chóng-sò͘; siâⁿ-chhī jîn-kháu tio̍h-sī 1-ê siâⁿ-chhī lâng ê chóng-sò͘.

## Siang-koan bûn-chiuⁿ
* Jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘
* Kok-ka jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ lia̍t-toaⁿ

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
Keyman POJ

**Keyman POJ** sī chi̍t-thò tī MS Windows téng-kôan phah pe̍h-ōe-jī ê nńg-thé. 

## Pán-pún
* Keyman POJ 1.00:  Khai-sí chi-gôan Hō-ló tiám (U+0358)
* Keyman POJ 0.60:
Chúi-pit-á

**Chúi-pit-á** (水筆仔), **Chúi-pit** (水筆), **Ka-tîn** (茄藤), **Âng-hái-ka-tang** (紅海茄苳)  sī chi̍t-chióng âng-chhiū kho ê si̍t-but. Sī âng-chhiū-nâ chú-iàu ê si̍t-but chi-it.

*Ha̍k-kho: *Rhizophoraceae* (Âng-chhiū kho)
*Ha̍k-miâ: *Kandelia candel*

Tī Pat-lí, Tām-chúi kap Kan-tāu  iân-hōaⁿ ê tām-chúi-hô ê khe-piⁿ ê âng-chhiū-nâ chú-iàu sī chúi-pit-á. Sin-tek ê hái-hōaⁿ ê âng-chhiū-nâ sî hái-ka-tang thàu-lām chúi-pit-á. 

Chúi-pit-á  tī chhiū oe thâu puh khì-kin théⁿ--leh, hio̍h-á tùi-siⁿ, ke-nn̄g-hêng, kāu-kāu ē hóan-kng. Chí puh-íⁿ liáu-āu, ùi tì-thâu-á seⁿ tn̂g-ko-hêng ê chhiⁿ-sek the-seng-biâu (胎生苗), gōa-phê khah ku̍t-liu.

## Liân-kiat
* Si̍t-bu̍t ê Tâi-oân-miâ: Chúi-pit-á
Chóng-thóng

**Chóng-thóng** (Eng-gí: *President*) sī kiōng-hô-kok kok-ka ê thâu-lâng, it-poaⁿ-tek lâi-kóng chóng-thóng sī soán-kí sán-seng--ê.

Tī chóng-thóng-chè ê kok-ka, chóng-thóng sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng mā-sī chèng-hú ê chòe-ko léng-tō-jîn. 

Tī lōe-koh-chè ê kiōng-hô-kok, chóng-thóng sui-bóng sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng, m̄-ko m̄-sī chèng-hú si̍t-chè ê léng-tō-jîn, ī hiáng-iú ê hêng-chèng-khoân chin-chió. Ū-ê kok-ka ê chóng-thóng sīm-chhiáⁿ oân-choân bō hêng-chèng-khoân, chí-sī chiâⁿ-chò 1-hāng mîa-gū nā-niā.

Ū 1 koá kok-ka, kā chit-ê chi̍t-ūi kiò chò "kok-ka chú-sek".

## Gí-goân
"Chóng-thóng" chit jī goân-té to̍h ū ēng tī kun-sū thâu-lâng ê chheng-ho͘. Āu--lâi chú-iàu sī tùi Bí-kok ê léng-siù "president" ê chi̍t chióng hoan-e̍k. President ê ì-sù sī "*presides* ê lâng", tio̍h sī "chē tī thâu ūi ê lâng"; jī-goân sī Latin-gí ê "pre-" (thâu-chêng) kap "-sedere" (chē). Hiān-chāi ê Eng-gí "president" bô it-tēng sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng. Ha̍k-hāu, kong-si kap koh chióng cho͘-chit lóng ū thang siat "president". Chit-ê sû ū-sî mā hoan-e̍k chò "chú-se̍k".

Tû-liáu "chóng-thóng" í-goā, "president" tī í-chá ê Tiong-kok ū chin chē bô-kâng ê kóng-hoat, chhan-chhiūⁿ "*peh-lí-sí-thian-tek *" (伯理璽天德 hôa. *bólǐxǐtiāndé*) téng-téng.

Tī hiān-tāi ê Ji̍t-pún kap Hân-kok, he̍k-chiá sī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân, chóng-thóng hō chò "tāi-thóng-léng" ( / *Daitōryō*;  / *Taet‘ongnyŏng*).

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Ông
* Siú-siòng
* Chóng-thóng (kun-sū thâu-lâng)
2005 nî Tâi-oân Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe tāi-piáu sóan-kí

2005 nî Tâi-oân kok-bîn-tāi-hōe tāi-piáu sóan-kí:

## Siu-hiàn àn
* Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ se̍k-chhù kiám-pòaⁿ.
* Hùi kok-bîn-tāi-hōe, kái kong-bîn-tâu-phiò.

## Tâu-phiò-jı̍̍t
* 2005 nî, 5 go̍eh 14, 7:30-16:00 (Tâi-oân sî-kan)

## Hāu-sóan ê chèng-tóng kap sóan-kí kiat-kó

*Tâu-piò-lu̍t: 23.35%
*Se̍k-chhù:  lóng-chóng soán 300 se̍k, chàn-sêng siu-hiàn--ê ū 249 se̍k (83%).

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Tâi-oân Tiong-iong-soán-kí-uí-goân-hōe  

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê soán-kí
Samoa

**Samoa To̍k-li̍p-kok** (Samoa-gí: , Eng-gí: ) tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê tó-kok, tāi-khài tī Ha-óa-ih kap Niú-se-lân ê tiong-ng. 1900 nî kàu 1914 nî chi-kan hō-chò **Tek-kok léng Samoa**, 1914 nî kàu 1997 nî chi-kan kiò chò **Sai Samoa**. Tī 1962 nî to̍k-li̍p.

## Le̍k-sú
Tī kong-goân-chêng 1000 nî Samoa tiō ū-lâng tī chia khiā-ke--ah. Āu--lâi, tiō chhut-hiān í Samoa chò he̍k-sim khu-he̍k ê Tui Manuʻa pang-liân. Tāi-iok 1000 nî, Samoa hō͘ Tuʻi Tonga Tè-kok cheng-ho̍k--khì. 1250 nî Mālietoa ka-cho̍k kā Chhim-ji̍p-chiá kóaⁿ hō͘ cháu, Samoa chiâⁿ-chò hō͘ hoan-thâu-bak thóng-tì ê to̍k-li̍p chèng-tī si̍t-thé. Tī Tē-jī-chhù Samoa Lāi-chiàn liáu-āu ê 1900 nî, Samoa kûn-tó hŏng phòa-chò nn̄g pêng; Tang-pō͘ ê tó sī Bí-kok lâi thóng-tì chiâⁿ-chò chit-má ê Bí-kok léng Samoa, sai-pō͘ ê tó tiō chiâⁿ-chò Tek-kok ê si̍t-bîn-tē. 1914 nî 8--goe̍h Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn tú khai-sí, Niú-se-lân chiàm-niá Tek-kok léng Samoa, lâi hông-chí Tek-kok kā tòng-chò Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê hái-kun ki-tē. 1919 nî chiàu Versailles Tiâu-iok, Tek-kok kā Sai-Samoa niū hō͘ Niú-se-lân úi-jīm thóng-tì.

Niú-se-lân chêng-chêng āu-āu í Kok-chè Liân-bêng kap Liân-ha̍p-kok ê miâ-gī thok-koán Sai-Samoa, kàu 1962 nî chiaⁿ--goe̍h chhoe-1 Sai-Samoa To̍k-li̍p-kok sêng-li̍p; sī Polynesia tó-kok chi-tiong thâu chi̍t ê tī 20 sè-kí to̍k-li̍p ê kok-ka. 1997 nî 7--goe̍h chhoe-4 chèng-hú siu-kái hiàn-hoat, kā kok-miâ kái-chò Samoa To̍k-li̍p-kok.

2006 nî 3--goe̍h 31, Samoa gī-hōe kú-hêng soán-kú, chip-chèng ê Jîn-koân Pó-hō͘ Tóng iū-koh tī tāi-soán iâⁿ--ah, theh-tio̍h gī-hōe 49 se̍k lāi-té ê 30 ê se̍k-ūi.
縮圖|Thian-chú-kàu kàu-tn̂g
2017 nî Samoa chhiam-sú Kìm-chí He̍k-chú Bú-khì Tiâu-iok. Kâng-nî 6--goe̍h gī-hōe kā Samoa Hiàn-hoat tē-it tiâu siu-chèng, hō͘ Ki-tok-kàu chiâⁿ-chò kok-kàu.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Lông-bîn Tóng (Tâi-oân)

**Lông-bîn-tóng**, 1989 nî 2 goe̍h chhe 3 sêng-li̍p kàu taⁿ ê Tâi-oân sió chèng-tóng.  Chèng-tī oá to̍k-phài.  Chú-se̍k Tiuⁿ Bêng-hián (張銘顯) kóng tóng-oân 6-chheng-gōa-ê.

## Li̍p-tiûⁿ kap chú-tiuⁿ

*Jīn-ûi Tiong-kok in-ūi lōe-chiàn bo̍k-chêng sī hun-lia̍t chōng-hóng, èng-kai àn-chiàu 2-ê Tek-kok ê bô·-sek, hō·-siong sêng-jīm tùi-hong ê léng-thó·, ah bī-lâi 2 pêng chèng-tī keng-chè tiâu-kiāⁿ sio-siâng ê sî-chūn, chū-jiân tō-ē thóng-it.  Lông-bîn-tóng ê "Tiong-kok" bô pau-koah Tâi-oân-tó kap Phêⁿ-ô·, in-ūi in jīm-ûi Tâi-oân tī 1895 nî tō í-keng sêng-li̍p Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok, chiàn-āu Ji̍t-pún hòng-khì Tâi-oân, só·-í Tâi-oân sio̍k-î chit-ê Bîn-chú-kok ê léng-thó·.  Hiān-tāi ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê léng-thó· kan-taⁿ pau-koah Kim-mn̂g.
*Jīn-ûi "tī Tâi-oân chhut-seⁿ--ê tō-sī Tâi-oân-lâng", Tâi-oân "chū-kó·-bû-kok", nā-chún ū chó·-kok, èng-kai kóng thóng-tī kòe Tâi-oân ê kok-ka lóng-sī chó·-kok (*2005 nî Soán-kí Kong-pò*).
*Jīn-ûi chèng-hú èng-kai pó-chiong lông-bîn ê ki-pún-só·-tek, bē-tàng in-ūi WTO soah lâi hòng-khì lông-sán-gia̍p, kiâⁿ lông-sán-phín chìn-kháu ê lō·.
*Chi-chhî khoân-pó lí-liām ji̍p-hiàn.
*Jīn-ûi siu-hiàn èng-kai "kok-chè-hòa".
*Chàn-sêng pài Ji̍t-pún Yasukuni Sîn-siā (靖国) ê 30,308-ê Ji̍t-pún-chek Tâi-oân peng-á, mā bat chhōa thoân khì pài-pài kúi-nā-pái.

## Chham-ú soán-kí

Lông-bîn-tóng bat phài lâng chham-ka Ka-gī-koān, Chiong-hòa-koān chit 2 ūi ê li̍p-úi kap kok-tāi soán-kí, bô tiâu.  Tiuⁿ Bêng-hián āu--lâi chham-soán 2005 nî ê kok-bîn-tāi-hōe tāi-piáu soán-kí, kiat-kó the̍h tio̍h 15,516 tiuⁿ phiò (0.4%), thang oāⁿ 1 se̍k.  Che sī chit tóng sêng-li̍p kàu taⁿ î-it 1 pái cheng-chhú tio̍h bîn-ì tāi-piáu ê se̍k-chhù.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*2005 nî kok-tāi soán-kí siau-sit (*[[Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pò]]*)
*Chhú-siau khì Yasukuni Sîn-siā pài-pài ê oa̍h-tōng (*[[Tāi-kì-goân]]*/Tiong-iong-siā)
*Tiong-iong Soán-kí Úi-oân-hōe, *2005 nî Kok-bîn-tāi-hōe Tāi-piáu Soán-kí Soán-kí Kong-pò*.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chèng-tóng
2004 nî Tâi-oân sóan-kí

2004 nî Tâi-oân ê sóan-kí ū 2-hāng:

*2004 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
*2004 nî Tâi-oân li̍p-hoat-úi-goân sóan-kí
Bí-kok léng Samoa

**Bí-kok léng Samoa** (米國領--, Samoa-gí: , ), Bí-kok tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-tè léng-thó͘, tī Samoa-kok ê tang. Ki-su̍t-siōng lâi kóng, sī bōe-cho͘-chit ê léng-thó͘ (*unorganized territory*), chóng--sī tùi 1967 nî khai-sí, chit-kóa-á tó-sū tō ū in-ê chū-tī-koân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok léng Samoa
Pak Macedonia

**Pak Macedonia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Macedonia-gí: ; lô-má-jī: *Republika Severna Makedonija*) sī Au-chiu lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê lōe-lio̍k kok-ka.

Goân-miâ **Macedonia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Macedonia-gí: ; lô-má-jī: *Republika Makedonija*). Macedonia Kiōng-hô-kok ê kok-miâ iah-koh ū cheng-gī, kok-chè-siōng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ cheng-ho͘ in chò **Chêng [[Yugoslavia]] ê Macedonia Kiōng-hô-kok** (Eng-gí: *The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia* kán-chheng **F.Y.R.O.M.**).   

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chham-kháu
Man Tó

**Man Tó** (, Man-gí: ) sī tī Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian kap Ài-ní-lân-tó piⁿ-á ê 1 ê tó-sū, bô sǹg Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê 1 pō͘-hūn. I hú-siâⁿ sī Douglas (Man-gí:  Doolish). 

Chāi-tē ê gí-giân sī Man-gí (*Gaelg*, *y Ghaelg*).
Pitcairn Kûn-tó

**Pitcairn Kûn-tó** (, Pitcairn-gí: ), tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok si̍t-bîn-tē.

Chū-bîn tōa-pō͘-hūn sī 1790 nî cháu-lō͘ kàu hia ê Bounty-hō chûn-oân kap in chhōa--khì ê Polynesia cha-bó͘-lâng ê hiō-tāi.
Be̍k-se-ko

**Be̍k-se-ko Ha̍p-chiòng-kok** (, ), ia̍h ū kóng **Be̍k-kî-se-ko-kok** (), **Bí-hi-ko** (), **Bi̍t-hi-kó͘** (蜜希古), sī Pak Bí-chiu ê kok-ka.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng hun-khu
:''Chham-khó: Be̍k-se-ko ê chiu kap Be̍k-se-ko ê chū-tī-thé

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
Hoat-kok léng Polynesia

**Hoat-kok léng Polynesia Hái-gōa Léng-pang** (法國領--海外領邦, ; Tahiti-gí: ), Hoat-kok tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-ê hái-gōa léng-thó͘, hêng-chèng-siōng tēng-ūi chò 1-ê "hái-gōa léng-pang" (*pays d'outre-mer*).

## Tē-lí
* Australes Kûn-tó
** Tubuai
** Rurutu
** Rimatara
** Raivavae
** Rapa Iti
** Îles Maria
** Marotiri
** Bass Kûn-tó
* Gambier Kûn-tó
* Marquises Kûn-tó 
* Société Kûn-tó
** Du Vent Kûn-tó (*Îles du Vent*)
** Sous-le-Vent Kûn-tó (*Îles sous le Vent*)
* Tuamotu Kûn-tó

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

; Government
* High Commission of the Republic in French Polynesia 
* Presidency of French Polynesia
* Assembly of French Polynesia 
* Legal publication service in French Polynesia 
* Administrative Subdivisions of French Polynesia
; General information
*  Encyclopédie collaborative du patrimoine culturel et naturel polynésien
* French Polynesia . *[[The World Factbook]]*. Central Intelligence Agency.
*French Polynesia at *UCB Libraries GovPubs*
*
*

; Travel
* Official Tourism Website 

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Belize

**Belize** sī Tiong Bí-chiu ê kok-ka.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
# Belize-khu
# Cayo-khu
# Corozal-khu
# Orange Walk-khu
# Stann Creek-khu
# Toledo-khu

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
New Caledonia

**New Caledonia**, ia̍h kiò **Nouvelle-Calédonie**, Hoat-kok tiàm-tī se Thài-pêng-iûⁿ San-ô͘-hái ê 1-tè hái-gōa léng-thó͘, hêng-chèng-siōng tēng-ūi chò 1-ê *collectivité sui generis*. Keh-piah ū Vanuatu, Ò-chiu 2 kok.

2018 nî, 2020 nî, 2021 nî bat kí-pān to̍k-li̍p kong-tâu, bô kòe. 

## Hêng-chèng-khu

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Pak Mariana Kûn-tó

**Pak Mariana Kûn-tó Chū-tī Liân-pang-khu** (北--群島自治聯邦區, ) tiàm-tī se Thài-pêng-iûⁿ. Chū 1970 nî-tāi hām Bí-kok kiat-ha̍p kàu taⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Tokelau

**Tokelau** sī New Zealand tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-tè léng-thó͘, pau-koah 3-ê san-ô͘-tó. Kū miâ kiò chò Union Kûn-tó.

Tokelau hām New Zealand tī 2004 nî ta̍t-sêng kiōng-sek, bī-lâi beh kái chò chū-iû kiat-ha̍p ê chèng-tī koan-hē.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Niue

**Niue**, tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê tó-sū, hām New Zealand ū chū-iû kiat-ha̍p ê koan-hē.

## Tē-lí
Tâi-ôan chèng-tóng lia̍t-toaⁿ

**Tâi-ôan chèng-tóng lia̍t-toaⁿ**

## Chú-iàu ê chèng-tóng

*Hoàn-le̍k
**Bîn-chú-chìn-pō·-tóng
**Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng
**Kiàn-kok-tóng
*Hoàn-lâm
**Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng
**Chhin-bîn-tóng
**Sin-tóng
*Bô-só·-sio̍k
**Bû-tóng Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng

## Kha-sè ê chèng-tóng
*Kong-bîn-tóng
*Le̍k-tóng
*Lô-tōng-tóng
*Lông-bîn-tóng
*Chhiū-tóng
*Siā-hoē bîn-chú tóng
*Sî-tāi Le̍k-liōng
*Tâi-oân Bîn-chiòng Tóng (2019 nî)

## Siau-sit ê chèng-tóng

*Tâi-oân Bîn-chiòng Tóng (1927 nî)
*Tâi-oân Kiōng-sán-tóng

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*http://www.moi.gov.tw/dca/franchise06.asp

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chèng-tóng
Lūi-pia̍t:Lia̍t-toaⁿ
Tiâu-sián (khu-pia̍t)

**Tiâu-sián** (Tiâu-sián-gí: 조선; hàn-jī: 朝鮮; Eng-gí: Korea) ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù:
* Tiâu-sián, pau-hâm Tiâu-sián Poàn-tó kah hū-kīn ê tó-sū.
* Tiâu-sián Poàn-tó
* Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok, mā kiò Pak Tiâu-sián (北朝鮮), Pak Hân. Tī Pak Tiâu-siáu, "Tiâu-sián" it-poaⁿ chí i.
* Tiâu-sián Ông-tiâu (朝鮮王朝), chèng-sek miâ-jī sī Tiâu-sián-kok (朝鮮國). Tī Tāi-hân Bîn-kok, "Tiâu-sián" it-poaⁿ chí i.
* Lâm Tiâu-sián (南朝鮮), Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok chiong Tāi-hân Bîn-kok kiò chò "Lâm Tiâu-sián".
* Kó͘-tiâu-sián (古朝鮮): Siōng-kó͘ (上古) tiàm-tī Tiâu-sián Poàn-tó ê kok-ka
**Ki-chú Tiâu-sián (箕子朝鮮, iok (約) chêng 12 sè-kì - chêng 194 nî)
**Oē-boán Tiâu-sián (衛滿朝鮮, chêng 195 nî - chêng 108 nî)
**Tân-kun Tiâu-sián (檀君朝鮮): thoân-soat ê Kó͘-tiâu-sián kok-ka.
*Sè-kài kok-kok ê Tiâu-sián-lâng (Tiâu-sián-cho̍k)

## Koh khoàⁿ
*Hân-kok (Khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)
*Ko-lê
Nicaragua

**Nicaragua Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ) sī Tiong Bí-chiu ê kok-ka.
## Kok-miâ iû-lâi
Nicaragua chit-ê sû sī Se-pan-gâ si̍t-bîn-chiá hō--ê, ùi Se-pan-gâ-gí ê "Nicarao" ka "agua" lâi--ê -- Nicarao sī jîn-kháu siōng chē ê Indian-lâng pō͘-lo̍k, agua sī chúi ê ì-sù.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
Bô-bí-lo̍k

***Bô-bí-lo̍k*** (Hàn-jī: 無米樂), Tâi-oân 2004 nî kì-lo̍k-phìⁿ, koan-hē Tâi-lâm Āu-piah-hiong Chheⁿ-liâu-chhoan (taⁿ Āu-piah-khu Chheⁿ-liâu-lí) 4-ê lāu choh-sit-lâng ê kò·-sū.  Phìⁿ-tn̂g:  112 hun-cheng.  Tō-ián Gân Lân-koân (顏蘭權, *Tē-tāng Kì-liām-chheh*), Chng Ek-cheng (莊益增).  Tit-tio̍h tē-4-kài ê Tâi-oân Kok-chè Kì-lo̍k-phìⁿ Siang-liân-tián Tâi-oân-chióng.

2004 nî 9 goe̍h pān kòe chhì-khoàⁿ-hōe, 9 goe̍h kap 10 goe̍h hun 2 pái tiàm Kong-kiōng Tiān-sī hòng-sàng.  Keh-tńg-nî 5-goe̍h 20 khai-sí tiàm Tâi-pak, Tâi-tiong, Tâi-lâm kap Ko-hiông 5 keng hì-īⁿ chiūⁿ-ián, sī Tâi-oân chió-sò· bat tī tōa hì-īⁿ poaⁿ ê kì-lo̍k-phìⁿ.  Tâi-lâm-koān-chéng-hú lī-iōng chit-ê ki-hōe ho·-iok siā-hōe "chia̍h Tâi-oân bí", te̍k-pia̍t sī Tâi-lâm chhut-sán ê lông-sán-phín.

*Bô-bí-lo̍k* ín-khí siā-hōe thó-lūn Tâi-oân ka-ji̍p Sè-kài Bō·-e̍k Cho·-chit (WTO) tú--tio̍h ê būn-tê.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Bô-bí-lo̍k  (koaⁿ-hong chām)
*Han-chî-tîn choan-chi̍p
*Iáⁿ-phêng
**Tiān-iáⁿ Kì-lo̍k-phìⁿ -- Bô-bí-lo̍k
**Tī Hái-gōa Khoàⁿ Bô-bí-lo̍k
Micronesia

**Micronesia** (Hi-lia̍p-gú: *μικρόν* "sè", *νησί* "tó", **Bî-tó** ê ì-sù) sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-ê tē-tài. I ê sai sī Hui-li̍p-pin, sai-lâm sī Ìn-nî, lâm sī Melanesia, tang kap tang-lâm sī Polynesia.

Micronesia chú-iàu ê chèng-tī tan-ūi:
*Guahan
*Kiribati
*Marshall Kûn-tó
*Micronesia Liân-pang-kok
*Nauru
*Pak Mariana Kûn-tó
*Palau

Micronesia ê chū-bîn chha-put-to lóng kóng Lâm-tó-gí-hē ê gí-giân, te̍k-pia̍t sī sio̍k-î Tāi-iûⁿ gí-giân (*Oceanic*) ê hit-kóa gí-giân. Chamorro-gí kap Palau-gí sio̍k-î Se Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân chit-ê hun-ki.
San-ô͘-tó

**San-ô͘-tó** () sī san-ô͘-chiau hêng-sêng ê jia̍t-tài, a-jia̍t-tài hái-tó, tó ê tiong-ng lap 1 khut. Chit-ê khut-á it-poaⁿ thàng hái (chiâⁿ-chò 1-ê sià-ô͘), chin hán-tit ū chiàⁿ-káng ê ô͘. Sià-ô͘ tiong-ng nā-chún ū bōe tîm--lo̍h-khì ê hóe-soaⁿ-tē, tō kiò chò pó-chiau-tó (); hóe-soaⁿ-tē í-keng tîm--lo̍h-khì-ê hō chò khoân-chiau (*atoll*).
Wallis kap Futuna

**Wallis kap Futuna Hái-gōa Kiōng-tông-thé** (), Hoat-kok tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-tè hái-gōa léng-thó͘, tī Fiji kap Samoa tiong-kan, hêng-chèng-siōng tēng-ūi chò 1-ê hái-gōa chi̍p-thé (*collectivité d'outre-mer*).

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu
Lūi-pia̍t:Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê i-lāi-tē
Chià-thn̂g

**Chià-thn̂g** (Eng-gí: *sucrose*) sī 1-chióng siang-thn̂g (*disaccaride*), hē-thóng-miâ hō-chò α-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranoside, iû 1-ê phô-tô-thn̂g hun-chí kap 1ê fructose hun-chí liân-kiat cho·-sêng.

Chià-thn̂g sī tēng, pe̍h-sek, ta ê cheng-thé, 1-lia̍p-1-lia̍p he̍k hún-hún-soa-soa, tam--khí-lâi sī tiⁿ ê, phīⁿ--khí-lâi bô-bī, ah chiâⁿ gâu iûⁿ tī chúi--līn, sió-khóa-á iûⁿ tī chiú-cheng, soah bē iûⁿ tī benzene, petroleum, kap kî-thaⁿ ê iú-ki-iûⁿ-chē (*organic solvent*). 

Chià-thn̂g chú-iàu sī ùi kam-chià kap sugar beet (*Beta vulgaris* L.) lâi chè-chō, sī ji̍t-siông seng-oa̍h siāng-chia̍p sú-iōng ê thn̂g. I kah chiù-khí ū ti̍t-chiap ê koan-hē, kah bó·-1-kóa kî-thaⁿ jîn-lūi ê pēⁿ-thiàⁿ mā-ū koan-hē.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Chià-thn̂g kán-kài  (Hôa-gí)

Lūi-pia̍t:Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-thn̂g
Be̍h-gê-thn̂g

**Be̍h-gê-thn̂g** (; *maltose*) sī 1-chióng siang-thn̂g (*disaccharide*), hē-thóng miâ (*systematic name*) kiò-chò 4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, hun-chú-sek sī C12H22O11, sī 2-ê phô-tô-thn̂g hun-chú lâi cho·-sêng, chhut-hiān tī puh-gê ê be̍h-á, mā chûn-chāi tī tōng-bu̍t siau-hòa kàⁿ-sò· tùi thn̂g-lūi ê chok-iōng kòe-têng tiōng. 

Be̍h-gê-ko sī pe̍h-sek kiat-cheng bu̍t-chit, thn̂g-tō· kan-na chià-thn̂g ê 3-hūn-chi-1, ē iûⁿ-kái tī chúi--līn, sió-khóa-á iûⁿ-kái tī chiú-cheng. Thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t ê chia̍h-mi̍h tī hang-chhoe chè-choh kòe-têng tiōng, in-ūi thn̂g-lūi ê pō·-hūn hun-kái, ē chhut-hiān chió-liōng ê be̍h-gê-ko. Be̍h-gê-ko mā ē chhut-hiān tī be̍h-á-chiú ê liōng-chō kòe-têng tiōng, chiâⁿ-chò be̍h-á-chiú ê sêng-hūn.

Be̍h-gê-ko hō· lâng tòng-chò êng-ióng-che kap thn̂g lâi sú-iōng tī chiâⁿ-chē hong-bīn, hó-pí-kóng thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ hoān-chiá tn̂g-á-gōa (*parenteral*) thn̂g-hūn ê pó·-chhiong, sè-khún pôe-ióng ê pôe-ióng-kài-chit, io̍h-bu̍t ê chè-chō, liōng-chiú (*brewing*) ê hoat-kàⁿ tiōng-kan-bu̍t, polysulfide (*多硫化物*) ê ún-tēng-che, ... téng-téng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-thn̂g
Koan-kài-thé (khí-kho)

**Koan-kài-thé** (冠蓋體; *onlay*) sī khí-kho siu-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê 1-chióng siu-ho̍k-thé (*restoration*), tû-liáu siu-ho̍k chiù-khang koh khàm kàu kā-ha̍p-bīn téng-koân pau-koah kā-lûn (*cusp*) , ín-tó kā-ha̍p ê le̍k-liōng pêng-kin hun-sàa kàu pī siu-ho̍k ê chhùi-khí. 

Chióng-lūi ū khe-kim, phó-thong kim-sio̍k, ho̍k-ha̍p chhūi-chí, hûi-á, téng-téng.
Bó-gí

**Bó-gí** sī 1-ê-lâng chū chhut-sì khai-sí tiàm chhù-lāi-té só· ha̍k-si̍p ê gí-giân. Bó-gí mā hông kiò-chò **[[Tē-it-gí-giân]]** he̍k-chiá sī **pē-bú-oē**. Sú-iōng bó-gí ê lâng tō-sī **bó-gí-lâng**. "Bó-gí" chit sû hoan-e̍k Eng-gí "*mother tongue*" ê kài-liām.

Chē-chē ê lâng khak tōa-hân liáu-āu ē o̍h **[[Tē-jī-gí-giân]]**. Oân-ná ū lâng chū sè-hàn siâng-sî o̍h 2 chióng í-siōng ê gí-giân, te̍k-pia̍t sī pē-bú kóng bô kāng bó-gí ê sî-chūn, gín-á ū khó-lêng 1 pái o̍h 2 khoán oē.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Kok-chè Bó-gí-ji̍t
* Phó·-sè gí-giân-khoân soan-giân
Kham-thé (khí-kho)

**Kham-thé** (嵌體; *inlay*) sī khí-kho hoe-ho̍k chhùi-khí gōa-hêng ê 1-chióng khí-koan-lāi siu-ho̍k-thé (*intracoronal restoration*), sek-ha̍p sú-iōng tī chiù-khang bô hiah tōa ê chiù-khí. Chhùi-khí khí-koan chhun siuⁿ chió ê chêng-hêng, nā-sī chng kham-thé, ē ín-khí wedging effect tì-sú chhùi-khí tn̄g-lia̍t. 

Kham-thé ê châi-liāu ū khe-kim, phó-thong kim-sio̍k, ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí, hûi-á, téng-téng.
Pretoria

**Pretoria** sī Lâm-hui-kok ê hêng-chèng síu-to͘.  Tiàm tī Gauteng Séng pak-pō͘.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Pretoria Tāi-ha̍k‎
Baker-tó

**Baker-tó** () sī tiàm-tī tiong Thài-pêng-iûⁿ, chhiah-tō khah pak--chi̍t-sut-á ê 1-ê khoân-chiau, iok-lio̍k tī Honolulu sai-lâm-hiòng 3100 km hn̄g ê só͘-chāi. Téng-koân bô tòa lâng. Bo̍k-chêng sī Bí-kok ê 1-tè bô-pian-ji̍p koh bōe-cho͘-chit léng-thó͘ (*unorganized territory*).

Baker-tó hiān-chú-sî sī 1-ê Kok-ka Iá-seng-bu̍t Siu-iông-khu, hō-chò **Baker-tó Kok-ka Iá-seng-bu̍t Siu-iông-khu**, hêng-chèng-siōng kui Bí-kok Hî kap Iá-seng-bu̍t Ho̍k-bū-chhù koán-lí. I ê hoān-ûi tû-liáu tó-siōng ê 1.64 km² í-gōa, iū-koh pau-koah iân-hái 123.45 km² ê hái-té-tē.

Bí-kok kin-kù kok-lāi ê *Guano Islands Act* (1856) tī 1857 nî niá chit-ê tó. Bí-kok kap Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê kong-si lo̍h-chhiú khai-hoat hiah-ê *guano* (chiáu-sái-pûi) chu-goân.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge  (Eng-bûn)
Faroe Kûn-tó

**Faroe Kûn-tó** (Faroe-gí: , Tan-be̍h-gí: ) tiàm-tī pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ, tī Scotland, Peng-tó kap Lo̍k-ui-kok tiong-kan. Tan-be̍h ê 1-ê hái-gōa chū-tī-khu. Kó͘-chá Viking-lâng ê si̍t-bîn-tē.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Official site
* Official tourist site
* Flick photo set

Lūi-pia̍t:Tan-be̍h
Lūi-pia̍t:Kûn-tó
Panama

**Panama Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: , ia̍h **Pa-ná-ma**; ) sī Tiong Bí-chiu oá Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Caribe-hái ê kok-ka. I pak-hong sī Costa Rica, tang-lâm-pêng sī Colombia.

Panama Ūn-hô chiōng Panama ê léng-thó͘ hun-chò nn̄g-pêng, liân-chiap thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Tāi-se-iûⁿ, chū-án-ne ū tiōng-iàu ê chiàn-lio̍k tī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Bocas del Toro Séng
* Chiriquí Séng
* Coclé Séng
* Colón Séng
* Darién Séng
* Herrera Séng
* Los Santos Séng
* Panamá Oeste Séng
* Panamá Séng
* Veraguas Séng
Goân-chū-bîn khu
* Emberá-Wounaan
* Guna Yala
* Naso Tjër Di
* Ngäbe-Buglé

## Chham-khó
Cuba

**Cuba Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: , ia̍h **Kó͘-pa**; ) sī Tiong Bí-chiu oá Carib-hái, Be̍k-se-ko-oan kap Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê kûn-tó kok-ka.

Cuba sì-chiu-ûi ê kok-ka ū Bí-kok, Be̍k-se-ko, Haiti, Bahamas, Jamaica kap Cayman Kûn-tó.

1959 nî hoat-seng Cuba Kek-bēng, taⁿ sī chi̍t ê siā-hoē-chú-gī kok-ka.

## Le̍k-sú

### Kó͘-chá bûn-bêng
⁠

### Si̍t-bîn
Cuba tī 1492 nî 10-goe̍h hō͘ Christophorus Columbus hoat-kiàn. Tī 1511 nî chiâⁿ-chò Se-pan-gâ ê si̍t-bîn-tē. 1515 nî, La Habana kiàn-li̍p. Bô goān-ì tòe-teh sìn Ki-tok-kàu ê goân-chū-bîn, hō͘ Se-pan-gâ si̍t-bîn-chiá kiông-pek in tàu sé-soa-kim. 1529 nî tī Cuba thòaⁿ--khui ê môa-á, hō͘ ùi thian-hoa oa̍h--lo̍h-lâi ê goân-chū-bîn, khiau kah chhun 1/3 ê jîn-kháu — in tùi Au-chiu lâi ê e̍k-pīⁿ chiâⁿ bô té-khòng-la̍t, tī 1 sè-kí chí-lāi kiōng-beh choân-pō͘ bia̍t-choa̍t. Ūi-tio̍h beh pó͘-chiok lô-kang, ùi 16 sè-kí khai-sí chèng-hú ùi Hui-chiu chìn-kháu chē-chē ê o͘-lâng lô͘-châi, lâi chò sit-thâu kap chhái-khòng ê khang-khòe. 1790 nî Cuba khai-sí chhut-hiān iau-kiû to̍k-li̍p ê ūn-tōng.

Kun-kù 1817 nî ê jîn-kháu tiâu-cha, 19 sè-kí-chho͘ Cuba ê jîn-kháu chóng-sǹg 68.8-bān lâng. Kî-tiong Se-pan-gâ-lâng kap pe̍h-lâng ū 31-bān-gōe lâng, o͘-lâng ū 36-bān-gōa lâng. O͘-lâng ê 1/3 sī chū-iû-jîn, chhun--ê sī lô͘-châi. Chit-ê sî-chūn ê Cuba kā chià-thn̂g, ka-pi kap hun-chháu sàng ùi Au-chiu chham Bí-chiu khì, sàng bōe lî. Kàu beh 1880 nî-tāi, Cuba chiah lâi hùi-chí lô͘-châi chè-tō͘.

19 sè-kí tiong-kî khai-sí, bô chham-chèng khoân-lī, koh ài hŏng thiu koân sòe ê Cuba-lâng khai-sí hoán-khòng Se-pan-gâ ê thóng-tī, iau-kiû beh to̍k-li̍p.

### Kiōng-hô-kok sî-kî (1902–1959)
⁠

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Chúi-gû

**Chúi-gû** (ha̍k-miâ:  *Bubalus arnee*) sī 1 khoán tōa-hêng ê ū-tê-tōng-bu̍t (*ungulate*).  Tī A-chiu, Lâm Bí-chiu, Pak Hui-chiu kap Au-chiu lóng hông chò cheng-seⁿ chhī; iá-seng--ê tī Ìn-tō͘, Bhutan, Thài-kok ū tè chhōe.

Chúi-gû hèng tī lo̍k-thô·-moâi lāi-bīn noà.
Costa Rica

**Costa Rica** (""), chèng-sek hō **Costa Rica Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: ), sī Tiong Bí-chiu oá Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Carib-hái ê kok-ka. I pak-hong sī Nicaragua, tang-lâm-pêng sī Panama.

## Le̍k-sú
Sian Columbus sî-tāi (*pre-Columbian era*) ê Costa Rica sī le̍k-sú-ka só͘ kóng Tiong-kan Tē-khu (*Intermediate Area*), tiō sī Mesoamerica kap Andes bûn-hòa lóng ū éng-hióng ê só͘-chāi.

Tī Se-pan-gâ-gí, *la costa rica* sī "hù-jū hái-kîⁿ" ê ì-sù. Chiàu chi̍t kóa kóng-hoat chit-ê miâ tāi-seng sī Christopher Columbus kóng--ê, in tī 1502 nî kiâⁿ-chûn kòe Costa Rica tang hái-hōaⁿ khòaⁿ tio̍h chāi-tē ê lâng kòa kim-á. Gil González Dávila mā ū khó-lêng sī chit-ê miâ ê goân-thâu, i sī 1522 nî tī se-hái-hōaⁿ chiūⁿ-lio̍k, tú-tio̍h chāi-tê-lâng, tùi in hia tit tio̍h kim-á.

Se-pan-gâ sî-tāi tōa-pō͘-hūn sî-kan Costa Rica sī Guatemala Chóng Ka-pi-tan-kok (se. *Capitanía General de Guatemala*) ê siōng lâm-pêng séng-hūn, sǹg Sin Se-pan-gâ chi̍t pō͘-hūn. Hit-tang-chūn ê Costa Rica te̍k-pia̍t sàn-chia̍h, goân-in chi it sī siū Se-pan-gâ hoat-lu̍t kìm-chí kap hū-kīn ê Panama chò bō͘-e̍k.

1821 nî, Se-pan-gâ tī Be̍k-se-ko To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-cheng tang-tiong sit-sè, Guatemala ê chèng-khoân soan-pò͘ Tiong Bí-chiu ê to̍k-li̍p. Chit-ê ji̍t-chí mā sī Costa Rica ê To̍k-li̍p Ji̍t. 1838 nî, hit chūn Tiong Bí-chiu Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok í-keng khang-khak chin kú ah, Costa Rica chiah chèng-sek soan-pò͘ i-ê chú-khoân.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Alajuela Séng
* Cartago Séng
* Guanacaste Séng
* Heredia Séng
* Limón Séng
* Puntarenas Séng
* San José Séng

## Chham-chiàu
Antigua kap Barbuda

**Antigua kap Barbuda** sī tiàm-tī Carib-hái tang-pêng kap Tāi-se-iûⁿ siō-kau-kài ê hái-tó kok-ka. Chit-ê kok-ka chú-iàu sī Antigua-tó kap Barbuda-tó nn̄g-ê tó cho͘-ha̍p khí--lâi, só͘-í kok-miâ hō-chò Antigua kap Barbuda. 

Antigua kap Barbuda sì-chiu-ûi ê kok-ka kap I-lāi-tē ū Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Saint Kitts kap Nevis, Saint Barthélemy.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Jarvis-tó

**Jarvis-tó** (), tiàm-tī lâm Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1-ê san-ô͘-tó. Tī chhiah-tō khah lâm kúi kong-lí ê só͘-chāi. Téng-koân bô tòa lâng. Bo̍k-chêng sī Bí-kok ê 1-tè bô-pian-ji̍p (*unincorporated*), bōe-cho͘-chit léng-thó͘ (*unorganized territory*).

Jarvis-tó hiān-chú-sî sī 1-ê Kok-ka Iá-seng-bu̍t Siu-iông-khu, hō-chò **Jarvis-tó Kok-ka Iá-seng-bu̍t Siu-iông-khu**, hêng-chèng-siōng kui Bí-kok Hî kap Iá-seng-bu̍t Ho̍k-bū-chhù koán-lí.

Bí-kok kin-kù kok-lāi ê Guano Tó-sū Hoat (*Guano Islands Act*, 1856) tī 1858 nî niá chit-ê tó. Bí-kok kap Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê kong-si lo̍h-chhiú khai-hoat hiah-ê *guano* (chiáu-sái kap bi̍t-pô sái ê pûi) chu-goân.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge  (Eng-bûn)
Barbados

**Barbados** sī tiàm-tī Carib-hái siāng-tang-pêng ê hái-tó kok-ka. Tang-pêng ê hái-hōaⁿ óa Tāi-se-iûⁿ.

Kap Barbados sio-óa-kīn ê hái-tó kok-ka ū Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent kap Grenadines.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Bahamas

**Bahamas** (ia̍h **Pa-khap-ma**; ) sī tiàm-tī Tāi-se-iûⁿ se-pêng, Bí-kok Florida tang-pêng kap Cuba tang-pak-pêng ê kûn-tó kok-ka. Chit-ê kok-ka sī toa-toa-sè-sè 700 lia̍p tó cho͘-ha̍p khí--lâi.

Bahamas tī 1973 nî tùi Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok to̍k-li̍p chhut--lâi, hiān-chú-sī ia̍h-sī Commonwealth of Nations ê hōe-gôan-kok.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok