open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eng-pōng

**Eng-pōng** (pound) sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê hoè-pè. 1 eng-pōng koh hun-chò 100 eng-sián (pence). 

Eng-kok chîⁿ ē hō-chò "pōng" sī in-ūi 1 pōng ê "sterling gîn" tō ta̍t 1 eng-pōng, iā "sterling" koh hō͘ lâng kiò-chò "pound sterling" (*pound* tō sī pōng ê Eng-gí). "Sterling gîn" sī chhú 92.5% iah koh khah chē ê gîn só͘ chù ê hūn-kim.

Eng-pōng ê kì-jīn sī **£**, chit-ê hō kap toā-pún lô-má-jī ê **L** sio-siâng-á sio-siâng, i ê khí-tì sī in-ūi **L** tāi-piáu "Libra", iā tō sī Latin-bûn ê pōng. Nā eng-sián (penny) ê kì-jīn sī "p" (tha̍k-chò "pee", ho͘-im chhiūⁿ jī-bó ê tho̍k-im). Poàⁿ eng-pōng thang siá-chò 50p iah £0.50, Eng-gí tō kóng "fifty pee".

Taⁿ eng-pōng ū hoat-hêng ê gîn-kak-á ū 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 kap £2. Choá-phiò ū £5, £10, £20, kap £50--ê. 

## Kū hē-thóng

Ùi 1971 nî khai-sí, 1 pōng chiah thiah-chò 100 eng-sián (penny), nā che chìn-chêng 1 pōng sī thiah-chò 20 shilling. 1 shilling koh thang hun-chò 12 eng-sián. 

Shilling kap eng-sián (penny) ê kì-jīn sī ùi Lô-má ê gîn-kak-á lâi--ê, chhú "s" tāi-piáu shilling (lâi-goân sī Latin-bûn ê "solidus"), "d" tāi-piáu eng-sián (penny) (lâi-goân sī Latin-bûn ê "denarius"). Hit chūn ê 1 sián koh ē-tàng thiah-chò 4 farthing. Chóng--sī farthing tī 1961 nî tō bô koh sú-iōng--a, in-toaⁿ sī i kè-ta̍t siuⁿ-koè-thâu kē.

Tī 1971 nî chìn-chêng ê kū hē-thóng ū hoat-hêng chiah-ê gîn-kak-á: 1/2d (poàⁿ sián; ha'pence), 1d (1 sián, onepenny), 3d (3 sián, threepence; Eng-kok-lâng ka hō-chò "threepenny bit"); 6d (6 sián, sixpence); 1s (1 shilling, mā kóng-chò "one bob"); 2s (2 shilling, kóng-chò "a florin"); 2s6d (2 shilling koh 6 sián, kóng "half a crown").

## Hoē-lu̍t

## Chù-kha

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Eng-pōng - gîn-phiò (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)   
* Eng-pōng - gîn-phiò (So͘-kat-lân)   
* Eng-pōng - gîn-phiò (Pak Ài-ní-lân)   
* Eng-pōng - gîn-phiò (Jersey)   
* Eng-pōng - gîn-phiò (Guernsey)   
* Eng-pōng - gîn-phiò (Gibraltar)   

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-hòe
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir

**Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir** (hoat-im: [jouːhanːa 'sɪːɣʏrðartouhtɪr]; 1942 nî 10 goe̍h 4 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Peng-tē ê chèng-tī-ka, i tī 2009 nî 2 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chiap-jīm Peng-tē chóng-lí, sio̍k Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Liân-bêng (*Samfylkingin*). Tī 2009 nî ê 4 goe̍h 25 ji̍t, Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Liân-bêng kap Chó-e̍k - Le̍k-sek Ūn-tōng (*Vinstrihreyfingin - grænt framboð*) tī gī-hōe sóan-kú sèng-lī, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir liân-jīm chóng-lí. I tī Reykjavík chhut-sì, sī Peng-tē tē-it-ê lú-sèng chóng-lí.

## Chù-kái
Batanes

**Batanes** sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê chi̍t-ê séng, 2015 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 17,246. Batanes chú-iàu hâm 10-ê tó, pun 6-ê hêng-chèng-khu: Basco, Itbayat, Ivana, Mahatao, Sabtang, kap Uyugan.

## Tē-lí
Batanes kûn-tó só͘-chāi tī jia̍t-tāi ê pak-pō͘, lî Tâi-oân pún-tó ū tāi-iok 150 kong-lí, lî Luzon pak hái-hōaⁿ ū 200 kong-lí. Batanes kap Luzon ê tiong-ng sī Balintang Hái-kiap chham Babuyan Kûn-tó, kap Tâi-oân chi kan sī Bashi Hái-kiap.

## Le̍k-sú
Eng-kok hâng-hái-sū William Dampier tī 1687 nî 8/9 goe̍h lâi kàu Batan, i kì-lio̍k ū chin-chōe chū-bîn. Sui-bóng sī ū kì-su̍t kúi-ê chng-siā, m̄-koh bô siá in siông-sè ê chē-chí. Chóng-sī, ū chi̍t kóa khó-kó͘ tē-tiám ē-tàng chi-chhî Dampier ê kì-lio̍k. Ji̍t-pún ê lâng khó-lêng mā pat khì kàu tī Batan ê Mahatao, hia-ê Ji̍t-pún-lâng, hō͘ chāi-tē ê Ivatan-lâng lia̍h khì chò kang, tùi 1668 nî kàu 1670 nî keng-kòe 1 tang gōa chiah thô cháu. Nn̄g tīn lâng lóng ū kì-lio̍k tong-tē ū ti-á kap pa̍t khoán lông-sán.

## Jîn-kháu
Batanes chiàu 2010 nî ê chu-liāu ū jîn-kháu 16,604.

## Chham-chiàu

Lūi-pia̍t:Batanes
Cebu

**Cebu** sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê chi̍t-ê séng, 2015 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 2,938,982. Pún séng ê siú-hú sī Cebu Chhī.
Davao de Oro

**Davao de Oro**, kū-miâ **Compostela Valley**, sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê chi̍t-ê séng, 2015 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 736,107.
Maguindanao

**Maguindanao** sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê chi̍t-ê séng, 2015 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 1,173,933. 2022 nî thiah-chò Maguindanao del Norte kap Maguindanao del Sur 2 séng.
Marinduque

**Marinduque** sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê chi̍t-ê séng, 2015 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 234,521.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-li̍p-pin ê tó-sū
Mountain Province

**Mountain Province** ("Soaⁿ-tē Séng") sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê chi̍t-ê séng, 2015 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 154,590.
Jaume Bartumeu

**Jaume Bartumeu Cassany** (1954 nî 11 goe̍h 10 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Andorra ê lu̍t-su chham chèng-tī-ka, sī Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Tóng (*Partit Socialdemòcrata*) ê chhòng-li̍p-chiá chi it. I-ê chèng-tóng tī 2009 nî 4 goe̍h 26 ji̍t ê gī-hōe sóan-kú chiâⁿ-chòe siong-tùi to-sò͘.
Micheline Calmy-Rey

**Micheline Calmy-Rey** (1945 nî 7 goe̍h 8 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Sūi-se ê chèng-tī-ka, sī Sūi-se Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Tóng (*Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz*) ê sêng-ôan. I sī Sūi-se Liân-pang Lí-sū-hōe 7-ê lí-sū chi it, mā-sī 2007 nî ê Sūi-se Liân-pang Chóng-thóng.
Sulu Hái

**Sulu-hái** sī Hui-li̍p-pin sai-lâm ê chi̍t-ê hái, chham sai-pak-pêng ê Lâm Tiong-kok-hái chi-kan sī hō͘ Palawan hun-keh; kap tang-lâm ê Celebes Hái chi-kan hō͘ Sulu Kûn-tó hun-keh. Borneo tī Sulu-hái ê sai-lâm-pêng.
Lâm Tiong-kok Hái

**Lâm Tiong-kok Hái** (), mā thang kiò chò **Lâm Chi-ná Hái** (, ),  sī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ se-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê hái, tī Tiong-kok Kńg-tang ê lâm-pêng; Hui-li̍p-pin ê se-pêng; Ìn-nî, Tang Má-lâi-se-a kap Bûn-lâi ê pak-pêng; Má-lâi poàn-tó kap Sin-ka-pho ê tang-pak, O̍at-lâm ê tang-pêng, Tâi-oân ê se-lâm. 

Lâm Tiong-kok Hái tī Tiong-kok ê miâ hō-chòe **Lâm Hái** (), tī O̍at-lâm hō-chòe **Tang Hái** ().
Đồng Hới

**Đồng Hòi** sī Oa̍t-lâm Quảng Bình Séng ê chi̍t-ê chhī (*thành phố*), mā sī Quảng Bình ê siú-hú, 2006 nî ê jîn-kháu ū 103,988.

Lūi-pia̍t:Quảng Bình Séng
Jîn-bîn-pè

**Jîn-bîn-pè** (Kán-hòa-jī: 人民币; Thoân-thóng Hàn-jī: 人民幣; Hàn-gí Pheng-im: rénmínbì; jîn-bîn-phiò) (Kì-jīn: **¥**; kau-e̍k tāi-bé: **CNY**) sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok ê hoè-pè. Tī Tâi-oân bîn-kan ū lâng kóng-chò **lâng-thâu-choá**. M̄-koh i chèng-sek thong-iōng ê khu-he̍k bô pau-koat Hiong-káng kap Ò-mn̂g chit 2 ê te̍k-pia̍t hêng-chèng-khu.

Jîn-bîn-pè ê ki-pún tan-ūi sī **kho͘** (yuán), 1 kho͘ koh thiah-chò 10 **kak** (jiǎo), 1 kak thiah-chò 10 **sián** (fēn).

I ê hoat-hêng-chiá sī Tiong-kok Jîn-bîn Gîn-hâng, iā tō-sī Tiong-kok ê hoè-pè chú-koán ki-kò͘, he̍k-chiá-sī kóng Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng. Jîn-bîn-pè tī ISO 4217 ê kán-siá sī "CNY", m̄-koh mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kán-séng chò "RMB". I ê kì-jīn sī ¥.

## Hoē-lu̍t

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Yuan Jîn-bîn-pè (CNY / RMB) 1953-2019   
* Yuan FEC (FEC) 1980-1994   

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-hòe
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok
Puijila darwini

***Puijila darwini*** sī kî-kha-lūi tōng-bu̍t lāi-bīn chi̍t-ê í-keng bia̍t-cho̍at ê bu̍t-chéng, seng-o̍ah tī tāi-iok 21 káu 24 pah-bān nî-chêng. *P. darwini* iàu-bô kî, gōa-hêng chhin-chhiūⁿ chúi-thoah, m̄-koh thâu-kut kap chhùi-khí khah sêng kî-kha-lūi. *P. darwini* ê hòa-chio̍h sī tī Canada hoat-hiān. Sio̍k-miâ "*Puijila*" sī Inuktitut-gí "sió hái-pà" ê ì-sù; chéng-sió-miâ "*darwini*" sī ūi-tio̍h kì-liām Charles Darwin.
Ji̍t-pún Kiōng-sán Tóng

**Ji̍t-pún Kiōng-sán Tóng** (Ji̍t-gí: 日本共産党) sī Ji̍t-pún ê chi̍t-ê chó-e̍k chèng-tóng, siōng-chá tī 1922 nî 7 goe̍h 15 ji̍t chhòng-li̍p, m̄-koh kàu 1945 nî khah ha̍p-hoat-hòa, chi-chhî kiōng-sán-chú-gī kap siā-hōe-chú-gī. 

Ū chham-ka soán-kí.  Tī 2009 nî ê Chiòng-gī-īⁿ tāi-soán î-chhî 9 se̍k, sī tē 4 toā tóng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê chèng-tóng
Lūi-pia̍t:Kiōng-sán Tóng
Innsbruck

**Innsbruck** sī Tang-kok se-pō͘ Tirol Chiu ê siú-hú, 2007 nî ê jîn-khàu ū 117,916, sī 1964 nî kap 1976 nî Tang-kùi Olympia Ūn-tōng-hōe ê kí-pān siâⁿ-chhī.

Hit tah ê Innsbruck Tāi-ha̍k ū sò͘-pah-nî ê le̍k-sú.


Innsbruck-06-Hoettinger Seite-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-30-modern-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-44-Stadtturm-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-60-Landhaus-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Dom-02-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Dom-12-Kuppel-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Goldenes-Dachl-06-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Hofkirche-04-Grabmal Maximilians I-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Hofkirche-16-Grabmal Maximilians I-Standbilder-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Schloss Ambras-16-2006-gje.jpg
Chúi-káu

**Chúi-káu**, mā kiò **hái-lông**, ia̍h **chúi-thoah**, sī chi̍t-kóa tòa chúi-ni̍h, kiam chúi-piⁿ ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-lūi sī a-kho. Latin-miâ kā hō-chò **Lutrinae**, lóng-chóng ū 7-ê sio̍k, 13-ê bu̍t-chéng.

## Chham-chiàu
Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng

**Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng**, ia̍h **Sán-gia̍p Kek-bēng**, sī 18 kàu 19 sè-kí tùi Eng-kok khai-sí ê lông-gia̍p, chè-chō-gia̍p, khòng-gia̍p, ūn-su-gia̍p ê kek-sin. Tī chit-ê sî-kî, siā-hōe keng-chè kap bûn-hòa ū chin-toā ê piàn-tōng.

Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng siōng-sè hoat-seng ê sî-kan tāi-iok sī 1760 nî kàu 1840 nî kî-kan, kî-tiong pau-koat ki-hâi, hòa-ha̍k chè-chō kap chè-thih kòe-têng ê seng-sán hong-sek choán-piàn. Tùi chúi-le̍k ê lī-ēng hāu-lu̍t chin-ka, cheng-khì-la̍t sú-iōng ê mā ke-khah phó͘-phiàn. 

Mûi-thòaⁿ chāi chit tōaⁿ sî-kî chiām-chiām chhú-tāi bo̍k-chhâi kap kî-tha thoân-thóng jiân-liāu. Í chiū-gia̍p lâi kóng, chit-chō-gia̍p tī hit-tong-sî chin phó-phiàn, mā sī chá-kî hiān-tāi-hòa seng-sán ê tāi-piáu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Meryl Streep

**Mary Louise "Meryl" Streep** (1949 nî 6 goe̍h 22 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī chi̍t-ê Bí-kok ê kio̍k-tiûⁿ, tiān-sī kap tiān-iáⁿ ián-gôan, i ū ián-kòe *[[The Deer Hunter]]*, *[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]*, *[[Out of Africa]]*, kap *[[The Hours]]* téng-téng. Meryl Streep lóng-chóng hō͘ thê-miâ 15-pái ê Academy Chióng kap 23-pái ê Golden Globe Chióng, lóng-sī pâi-miâ tē-it.
Rupee

**Rupee** sī tī kúi-ā-ê kok-ka só͘ sú-iōng ê hoè-pè ê hō-miâ. Chiah-ê kok-ka ū hiān-chhú-sî ê Ìn-tō͘ kap Pakistan, nā sî-kan chhiû tńg-khì éng-koè, koh ū ti̍t-kàu 1971 nî ê Tang Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, kap Seychelles mā bat ēng che chò in chîⁿ ê miâ.

Tī taⁿ ê Bián-tiān kap Tek-kok, éng-pái mā bat kā in kok ê chîⁿ kiò-chò rupee, koh ū í-chá Eng-kok tī Tang Hui-chiu ê si̍t-bîn-tē, mā ū ēng chit-ê miâ-chheng.

I ê sû-goân sī Hoân-gí (Sanskrit), chū-té ê ì-sù sī gîn. Chit-ê sû-goân mā ū i pa̍t-khoán piàn-thé, pí-lūn Ìn-nî kap Maldives ê rufiyah, ē án-ne hō-miâ mā sī sio-siâng ê khí-tì.

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-hòe
Ji̍t-pún yen

**Ji̍t-pún yen** () sī Ji̍t-pún chîⁿ. Sù-siông hō͘ lâng siá ¥ chò kì-jīn, chóng--sī nā tī in pún-kok, sī siá-chò 円 chit-ê hàn-jī. In-ūi hoē-lu̍t ê koan-hē, Ji̍t-pún chîⁿ ê bīn-gia̍h chiâⁿ toā, gîn-kak-á ū ¥500--ê, nā choá-phiò ū kah ¥10000--ê.

Ji̍t-pún chîⁿ sī kok-chè liû-thong ê hoè-pè, i ê kau-e̍k-liōng sī thong sè-kài tē 3 koân.

## Hoē-lu̍t

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-hòe
Amman

**Amman** sī Iok-tàn ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.


Amman Citadel.jpg
Abu Darweesh Mosque.jpg
PS-Amman 6535.JPG
Amman-04-Strasse-2010-gje.jpg
Amman-18-Spenglerei-2010-gje.jpg
Amman-74-Marktgasse-2010-gje.jpg
Amman-52-Gewuerzhandel-2010-gje.jpg
Amman-60-Gewuerzhandel-Kurkuma-2010-gje.jpg
Ankara

**Ankara** sī Thó͘-ní-kî ê siú-to͘ kap te-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Istanbul āu-piah.  Ankara mā sī Ankara Séng ê hú-siâⁿ.
Tāi-hiàn-chiong

**Tāi-hiàn-chiong** (Hàn-jī: 大憲章), goân-bûn siá-chò "Magna Carta", iah "Magna Carta Libertatum", ì-sù tō sī (Chū-iû ê) toā hiàn-chiong. I sī Eng-kok tī 1215 nî kong-pò͘, ēng Latin-gí siá ê hoat-lu̍t bûn-kiāⁿ.

Tāi-hiàn-chiong thang kóng sī hit-tong-sî ê Eng-kok kok-ông John siū England ê hoâ-cho̍k ap-pek só͘ sán-seng ê hoat-lu̍t bûn-kiāⁿ, i ê loē-iông chè-hān ông ê koân, bô koh chhin-chhiūⁿ í-chá hiah toā, mā siá-bêng kóng jîn-bîn ū koân kap hui-hoat ê koan-kaⁿ tùi-tu (Habeas Corpus), Eng-kok Kok-ông John ko͘-put-chiong tī 1215 khàm ín-á chàn-sêng.

Lán thang kóng Tāi-hiàn-chiong sī taⁿ ēng hiàn-hoat chò kok-ka chè-tō͘ kin-té ê goân-khí-thâu, i tùi āu--lâi ê Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat kap Jîn-koân hoat-àn lóng put-chí-á ū éng-hióng. Tī 1225 nî, Eng-kok Kok-ông Henry III ū koh kā Tāi-hiàn-chiong kong-pò͘ 1 pái.
Beirut

**Beirut** (A-la-pek-gí: بيروت‎, Bayrūt) sī Lī-pa-lùn ê siú-to͘ kap tē-it toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, jîn-kháu 210 bān.
Leviathan (chheh)

***Leviathan, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil***, it-poaⁿ kiò-chò ***Leviathan***, sī Thomas Hobbes só͘ tù, tī 1651 nî chhut-pán ê chheh. I ê chheh-miâ ê ì-sù, sī "toā-hái-koài, kàu-hoē kap chhī-bîn kok-ka ê si̍t-thé, hêng-sik kap koan-le̍k". "Leviathan" chit-ê sû, sī ùi Kū-iok Sèng-keng lāi-té tùi toā-hái-koài ê hō-miâ ín--lâi-ê. Chit pún chheh thó-lūn siā-hoē kap ha̍p-hoat chèng-hú ê kiat-kò͘, hō͘ lâng tòng-chò sī siā-hoē khè-iok lí-lūn siōng chá mā siōng ū éng-hióng-le̍k ê tù-chok--ni̍h ê 1 pún.  I ê chhut-pán-chiá sī Andrew Crooke, iā tō sī Andrew Crooke and William Cooke hoé-kì ê 1 ê. 

Tī chit pún chheh--ni̍h, Thomas Hobbes chú-tiuⁿ ài ū siā-hoē khè-iok, kap 1 chióng choa̍t-tùi chú-koân ê thóng-tī, i tī chheh--ni̍h siá-kóng hùn-loān kap lāi-chiàn, iā tō sī kap chū-jiân chōng-thài hām i chhut-miâ ê kek-giân *[[Bellum omnium contra omnes]]* ("lóng-chóng ê lâng tùi lóng-chóng ê lâng ê chiàn-cheng") sio-siâng ê chhú-kéng, kan-taⁿ ē-tàng thàu-koè ū-la̍t ê tiong-iong chèng-hú lâi phiah-bián. In-ūi án-ne, Hobbes kū-choa̍t jīn-hô tùi siā-hoē khè-iok ê hoán-poān koân, chit-ê koan-tiám tī āu--lâi hō͘ John Locke siu-siah, m̄-koh siū Jean-Jacques Rousseau ê î-hō͘.
## References

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* 
* Free audio version of books 1 and 2 of ''Leviathan'' from LibriVox
* ''Leviathan'', choân-bûn kap PDF pán-pún
* oregonstate.edu soàⁿ-téng choân-bûn 
* earlymoderntexts.com khah hó tha̍k ê pán-pún 
* gradesaver.com hō͘ ha̍k-seng khoàⁿ--ê soat-bêng kap hun-sek
Bloemfontein

**Bloemfontein** sī Lâm-hui-kok ê su-hoat siú-to͘, mā sī Chū-iû Pang-kok Séng ê hú-siâⁿ.  Siâⁿ-chhī tī Sotho-gí ê miâ kiò-choè *Mangaung*, ì-sù sī "la̍h-pà ê só͘-chāi".
Brasília

**Brasília** sī ūi-tī Pa-se Distrito Federal ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé (*município*), mā sī Pa-se ê siú-to͘.

## Liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām 

Lūi-pia̍t:Distrito Federal ê chū-tī-thé

Lūi-pia̍t:Pa-se siâⁿ-chhī
Brazzaville

**Brazzaville** sī Congo Kiōng-hô-kok ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Brussels

**Brussels** sī Pe̍k-ní-gī ê toā-khu kap siāng toā ê to͘-hōe-khu, hâm-kài Brussels Chhī. 

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Pe̍k-ní-gī ê hêng-chèng-khu
Cape Town

**Cape Town** sī Lâm-hui-kok ê li̍p-hoat siú-to͘ kap tē-2 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, mā sī Sai Cape Séng ê siú-hú.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Caracas

**Caracas** sī Venezuela ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

**Caracas** sī Venezuela *Geen* chiu ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé (*municipio*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Venezuela
Lūi-pia̍t:Siú-to͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Venezuela ê chū-tī-thé
Cardiff

**Cardiff** (Eng-gí: *Cardiff*; Ui-le̍k-sū-gí: *Caerdydd*) sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Ui-le̍k-sū ê chi̍t ê kūn (*county*).


Lūi-pia̍t:Ui-le̍k-sū ê kūn
Colombo

**Colombo** sī Sri Lanka siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, mā sī kok-ka í-chá ê hêng-chèng siú-to͘.  Hiān-chú-sî ê hêng-chèng siú-to͘ sī Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.
Copenhagen

**Copenhagen** sī Tan-be̍h ê siú-to͘.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Tan-be̍h
Lūi-pia̍t:Siú-to͘
Hui-chiu Liân-bêng

**Hui-chiu Liân-bêng** (非洲聯盟) sī 53 ê Hui-chiu kok-ka cho͘-sêng ê kok-chè cho͘-chit. I tī 2002 nî tiàm Durban khí-ki. Hui-chiu Liân-bêng ē sêng-li̍p ê bo̍k-tek, sī beh thè-oāⁿ Hui-chiu Thoân-kiat Cho͘-chit (Organisation of African Unity, OAU) kap Hui-chiu Keng-chè Kiōng-tông-thé (African Economic Community, AEC) chit 2 ê khah chá tō ū ê cho͘-chit.

Hui-chiu Liân-bêng bī-lâi ū beh kiàn-li̍p Hui-chiu tan-it ê hoè-pè kap sio-chéng-hoē tan-it ê kun-tuī. I kap pa̍t-ê to-kok cho͘-chit sio-siâng, tī chóng-pō͘ ū siat 1 ê lāi-koh.

Tong-goân-chhe khí-chō Hui-chiu Liân-bêng sī beh khak-pó Hui-chiu Tāi-lio̍k ê bîn-chú, jîn-koân kap ē-thang î-chhî ê keng-chè hoat-tián, te̍k-pia̍t sī ū siūⁿ-beh kā Hui-chiu kok-ka tiong-kan ê chhiong-thu̍t chhé-soah, thang kiàn-lip ū èng-hāu ê kiōng-tông chhī-tiûⁿ.

## Chù-kha

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Hui-chiu Liân-bêng ê koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
A-la-pek Liân-bêng

**A-la-pek Liân-bêng** (亞喇伯聯盟,  **'), chèng-sek miâ-hō kiò **A-la-pek Kok-ka Liân-bêng** ( **'), sī chi̍t ê hun-pò͘ tī Pak Hui, Hui-chiu-kak kap A-la-pek ê khu-he̍k A-la-pek kok-ka kok-chè cho͘-chit. 1945 nî 3 goe̍h 22, tī Cairo sêng-li̍p, ū 6 ê sêng-oân: Ai-ki̍p Ông-kok, Iraq Ông-kok, Transjordan, Lī-pa-lùn, Saudi A-la-pek kap Su-lī-a. Yemen tī 1945 nî 5 goe̍h chhe 5 ka-ji̍p. Bo̍k-chiân, Liân-bêng ū 22 ê sêng-oân, m̄-koh Su-lī-a in-ūi Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn, ùi 2011 nî 11 goe̍h í-lâi pī tòng-kiat chham-ú.

Liân-bêng ê chú-iàu bo̍k-phiau sī beh "giú-kīn sêng-oân kok chi-kan ê koan-hē, hia̍p-tiau hō͘-siong ê ha̍p-chok, î-hō͘ in-ê chú-khoân kap to̍k-li̍p, ēng it-poaⁿ hong-sek khó-lū A-la-pek kok-ka ê sū-bū kap lī-ek".

Thàu-kòe chi̍t-kóa ki-koan, chhin-chhiūⁿ A-la-pek Kàu-bûn-kho Cho͘-chit (ALECSO), lâi cheng-ka A-la-pek sè-kài ê lī-ek.

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Sêng-oân

A-la-pek Liân-bêng Hiàn-chong sī A-la-pek Liân-bêng ê khai-ki tiâu-iok. Tī 1945 nî thong-kòe, kui-tēng kóng "A-la-pek Liân-bêng ài iû chhiam-sú chit hāng tiâu-iok ê to̍k-lip A-la-pek kok-ka lâi chó͘-sêng.

Chi̍t khai-sí, tī 1945 nî, ka-na ū 6 ê sêng-oân kok. Kin-á-ji̍t, A-la-pek Liân-bêng ū 22 ê sêng-oân kok, pau-hâm 3 ê Hui-chiu bīn-chek siāng tōa ê kok-ka (So͘-tan, Algeria kap Libya) kap Tiong Tang bīn-chek siāng tōa ê kok-ka (Saudi A-la-pek).

Liân-bêng bo̍k-chiân ū 5 ê koan-chhat kok, in ū hoat-giân ê khoân-lī, m̄-koh bô tâu-phiò khoân.

Ùi 1950 nî-tāi í-lâi, A-la-pek Liân-bêng ê sêng-oân sò͘-liōng put-toān cheng-ka. Kàu 2016 nî ûi-chí, ū 22 ê sêng-oân kok:

iáu-koh ū 5 ê koan-chhat kok:

## Chham-khó
Edinburgh

**Edinburgh** (Eng-gí: *Edinburgh*; So͘-kat-lân-gí: *Edinburgh*; So͘-kat-lân Kài-ní-gí: *Dùn Èideann*) sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok So͘-kat-lân ê chi̍t ê gī-khu (*council area*).


Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-kat-lân ê gī-khu
Dublin

**Dublin** (Éire-gú: Baile Átha Cliath, kán-lio̍k: BÁC) sī Éire ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Ài-ní-lân
Guatemala Chhī

**Guatemala Chhī** sī Guatemala ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

Lūi-pia̍t:Guatemala
Lūi-pia̍t:Siú-to͘
Tē 9 hō Kau-hiáng-khek (Beethoven)

**Tē-9-hō Kau-hiáng-khek d-sió-tiāu chok-phín 125-hō** (Tek-gí: *9. Sinfonie in d-Moll op. 125*) sī Ludwig van Beethoven ê siāng-bóe chi̍t-ê kau-hiáng-khek chok-phín. Oân-sêng tī 1824 nî, sī lōng-bān-chú-gī im-ga̍k ê tiōng-iàu tāi-piáu. Tī Tē-9-hō Kau-hiáng-khek ū chham-ji̍p Friedrich Schiller ê si-kù *[[An die Freude]]*. 

Herbert von Karajan kā Tē-4 ga̍k-chiong *An die Freude* pō͘-hūn ê im-ga̍k chéng-lí chiâⁿ-chòe Europa Liân-bêng ê *[[Europa Koa]]*.
New York Chhī ê khu

New York City ê khu (borough) lóng-chóng ū 5-ê, chia-ê khu mā-sī New York Chiu ê kūn (*county*), 5-ê khu sī The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, kap Staten Island.

## Khu-miâ kap kūn-miâ
Thoân-thóng im-ga̍k

**Thoân-thóng im-ga̍k** kap **bîn-kan im-ga̍k** iah **bîn-iâu** ū chin chē têng-tha̍h ê só͘-chāi, tī ha̍k-su̍t kho͘-á iah chèng-sek ê to͘-ha̍p (pí-lūn im-ga̍k chióng), khah chia̍p sú-iōng "thoân-thóng im-ga̍k" ê kóng-hoat, nā tī chhin-chhiūⁿ khek-poâⁿ téng-téng hui-ha̍k-su̍t ê to͘-ha̍p, "bîn-iâu" tō khah chia̍p í 1 chióng khoah-ì ê hong-sek teh sú-iōng.

## Te̍k-sek

Lán nā chhú le̍k-sú-tek ê kak-tō͘, bîn-iâu ū ē-bīn chiah-ê te̍k-sek:

* Thàu-koè khó͘-thoân ê thoân-thóng lâi thoân-pò͘.

:Tī 20 sè-kí chìn-chêng, it-poaⁿ ê choh-chhân-lâng kap kang-lâng sī m̄-bat jī--ê, in tio̍h ua̍t-liām lâi o̍h koa-khek. Chāi-chá he m̄-sī ēng chheh, lio̍k-im iah hòng-sàng ê mûi-kài teh thoân-pò͘--ê, sui-jiân āu--lâi khai-sí ū bîn-iâu koa-chhiú lī-iōng ga̍k-phó͘, koa-pún iah khek-poâⁿ lâi cheng-ka in ê ián-chhiùⁿ ê khek-bo̍k, m̄-koh che lóng sī ùi í-chá khó͘-thoân só͘ kì-lio̍k ka-kang kap pian-khek ê sán-bu̍t.

* Im-ga̍k pún-sin tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap bîn-cho̍k bûn-hoà ū tī-tāi.

:Bîn-iâu kap tia̍t-tēng khu-he̍k iah bûn-hoà kau-ki-liân, tài bûn-hoà ê te̍k-sek. Tī î-bîn ê tiong-kan, in ē thàu-koè ha̍k-si̍p in chó͘-kong-á chāi-chá ê koa-khek iah bú-tō lâi tián-hiān in ê bô-kâng kap te̍k-sek.

* Kì-liām le̍k-sú sū-kiāⁿ kap jîn-bu̍t.

:Tī nî-cheh-sî-á, pí-lūn Koè-nî, Chhit-niû-má-seⁿ, Tiong-chhiu, Gō͘-goe̍h-cheh, Koh-oa̍h-cheh, Iâ-so͘-seⁿ téng-téng, sù-siông ē ū saⁿ tùi-thīn ê koa-khek thang khèng-chiok. Nā hun-lé, seⁿ-ji̍t iah chòng-sek, mā kiám-chhái ē ū kò͘-tēng ê koa, bú-tō iah hong-sio̍k. Chong-kàu ê cheh-ji̍t sî-siông sī ū bîn-sio̍k im-ga̍k chham-chhap tī lāi-té--ê.

:Chiah-ê im-ga̍k thàu-koè hui-bí-ha̍k ê te̍k-chit lâi ta̍t-sêng kám-chêng liân-hê kap jīn-tông ê lō͘-ēng.

In-ūi i ê goân-khí-thâu kap thoân-pò͘ ê chhiú-lō͘, bîn-iâu ū-sî-á mā ū ē-kha chiah-ê te̍k-sek:

* Bô tù-chok-koân

:19 sè-kí kah taⁿ ū chē-chē lán chai chok-chiá ê koa-khek, chóng--sī in sī ùi khó͘-thoân ê thoân-thóng sán-seng--ê, iā tī im-ga̍k chhut-pán-siōng in hō͘ lâng tòng-chò "thoân-thóng im-ga̍k". Nā ùi 1970 nî-tāi khai-sí chit-ê chêng-hóng tō ná lâi ná chió--a, taⁿ ta̍k tè bîn-sio̍k im-ga̍k nā ū chè-chok lio̍k-im--ê mā ê ū pian-khek ê tù-chok koân-lī.

* Bûn-hoà ê kau-chham hiông-ha̍p

:Lâng ê chhut-sin huān-sè bô to̍k-to̍k 1 ê lâi-goân, tùi pē-hē kap bú-hē bô-siâng ê lâng, im-ga̍k mā ē thàu-lām bô-kâng ê éng-hióng. Chit-ê kái-pian ê chéng-hêng pau-koat ga̍k-khì, pian-khek, lām-chham téng-téng.

* Hui-siong-gia̍p

:Ūi-tio̍h bûn-hoà jīn-tông só͘ chò ê im-ga̍k ián-chàu / ián-chhiùⁿ tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī bô tui-kiû lī-sûn ê tōng-ki--ê, chit chióng bô kim-chîⁿ pò-siúⁿ ê bîn-iâu iah bîn-sio̍k im-ga̍k piáu-ián tī éng-koè koh khah phó͘-phiàn.
Kate Winslet

**Kate Elizabeth Winslet** (1975 nî 10 goe̍h 5 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Eng-kok ê ián-gôan, ián kòe ê kak-sek ū *[[Sense and Sensibility (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lí-sèng kap Kám-sèng]]* (*Sense and Sensibility*) lāi-bīn ê Marianne Dashwood chham *[[Titanic (1997 nî tiān-iáⁿ)|Titanic]]* lāi-bīn ê Rose DeWitt Bukater téng-téng. I tī 2008 nî the̍h-tioh Academy Chióng ê Siāng-hó ê Lú-ián-ôan.
Michael Caine

Sir **Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, Jr.**, CBE (1933 nî 3 goe̍h 14 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Eng-kok ê ián-gôan, ū ián kòe chhiau-kòe chi̍t-pah ê tiān-iáⁿ. I ū ián kòe *[[Zulu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Zulu]]*, *[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]*, *[[The Cider House Rules]]*, *[[The Dark Knight]]* téng-téng.
Scarlett Johansson

**Scarlett I. Johansson** ( chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok ê ián-gôan kap koa-chhiú, ū ián-kòe *[[The Horse Whisperer]]*, *[[Lost in Translation]]*, *[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]* kap *[[Vicky Cristina Barcelona]]* téng-téng.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* 
* 
* 
*
Koà Chin-chu Hīⁿ-kau ê Siàu-lú

***Kòa Chin-chu Hīⁿ-kau ê Siàu-lú*** (Hô-lân-gí: *Het Meisje met de Parel*) sī Hô-lân ōe-ka Johannes Vermeer ê chok-phín, hiān-sî siu-khǹg tī Den Haag ê Mauritshuis. Tāi-iok tī 1665 nî ôan-sêng. Chhùn-chhioh sī 44.5 cm × 39 cm.

## Ên-sī oa̍t-tho̍k

*

## Goā-pō͘  liân-kiat

* In-depth view of the ''Girl with a Pearl Earring'' 
* Analysis of the ''Girl with a Pearl Earring''
* An investigation into the illumination of Vermeer’s ''Girl with a Pearl Earring''
* Vermeer, ''Girl with a Pearl Earring'', ColourLex
*February 2018 NYT Article
* Essential Vermeer, mouse over its image to discover details
* *[https://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/explore/the-collection/artworks/girl-with-a-pearl-earring-670/ Girl with a Pearl Earring]* at the website of the Mauritshuis
Hoán-choân-kiû-hòa

**Hoán-choân-kiû-hòa** sī hoán-tùi hiān-chhú-sî tng sî-kiâⁿ ê choân-kiû-hòa ê khoán-sek ê lâng iah thoân-thé in só͘ ēng ê kháu-hō he̍k-chiá-sī chí in ê hêng-tōng.

Chin chē lâng kā "hoán-choân-kiû-hòa" tòng-chò 1 ê siā-hoē ūn-tōng, m̄-koh m̄a ū lâng kā khoàⁿ-chò sī kúi-ā-ê bô-siâng ê siā-hoē ūn-tōng. M̄-koán án-choáⁿ, hoán-choân-kiû-hòa ê chham-ú-chiá ū hô-chê teh kap toā khì-gia̍p ê chèng-tī sè-le̍k tùi-tu, chiah-ê toā khì-gia̍p ê sè-le̍k tiàm bō͘-e̍k tiâu-iok kap chē-chē só͘-chāi lóng koan-chhat ē-tio̍h, hoán-choân-kiû-hòa-chiá piáu-sī chiah-ê kiâⁿ-pàng kap hiān-siōng ū sńg-tn̄g khoân-kéng, lô-kang koân-lī, kok-ka chú-koân, kap Tē-saⁿ Sè-kài téng-téng.

Toā-to-sò͘ hō͘ lâng kiò-chò "hoán-choân-kiû-hòa" ê jîn-sū khah kah-ì lâng chheng-ho͘ in sī **[[Choân-kiû Chèng-gī Ūn-tōng]]** ê sêng-oân, tī Italia khah chia̍p kóng-chò ūn-tōng ê ūn-tōng (movimento dei movimenti), nā tī Hoat-kok sī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiò-chò kái-piàn chông-kiû-hòa (l'altermondialisme), chit-ê ūn-tōng ū chē-chē hō-miâ.

Taⁿ lán só͘ chai ê chiah-ê thoân-thé iah kò-jîn sī tī 20 sè-kí boé-kî hoat-tián chò "hoán-choân-kiû-hoà ūn-tōng"--ê, in tùi-ke̍h khì-gia̍p hoa̍t-tōng  kap Hoat-tián Kok-ka (developing nations) chhui-sak ê chū-iû bō͘-e̍k só͘ kiám-chhái ē chō-sêng ê choân-kiû-hòa.

## Pa̍t-ê bāng-chām

*The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR) 
*About Globalization 
*Center for Economic and Policy Research
*International Monetary Fund
*World Bank Group
*World Economic Forum
*World Trade Organization
*Wobblies
*Economic Globalization and the Environment 
*Smygo Hui-thóng-tī-chú-gī-chiá kap Hêng-tōng-chiá ê Sin-bûn kap Koan-tiámNews & views for anarchists & activists
*Corporatewatch
*History of the G8 - Eng-kok chèng-hú ê bāng-chām
*YaleGlobal Online - Yale Tiong-sim ūi-tio̍h Choân-kiû-hòa gián-kiù chò--ê soàⁿ-téng chu-liāu chām
*New World Disorder - Éire Kok-ka Hòng-sàng Tiān-tāi (RTÉ) só͘ chò ê siāu-kài bāng-chām.
*"The ABCs of the Global Economy"  chhut-chhù: Dollars & Sense Magazine
Kathmandu

**Kathmandu** sī Nepal ê siú-to͘.


Kathmandu-Shiva Parvati Mandir-02-2007-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Shiva Parvati Mandir-06-Dachaufsatz-2007-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Kathesimbu-60-2015-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Menschen-26-Altstadt-Schrein-2007-gje.jpg
Pashupatinath-04-Haupteingang-Kuh-2015-gje.jpg
Pashupatinath-Arya Ghats-36-Haupttempel-Totenzeremonie-2014-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Tripuresvar-06-Tempel-2007-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Janbahal-04-Seto Machindranath innen-2007-gje.jpg


## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Nî-pô-lô
Lūi-pia̍t:Siú-to͘
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

**Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** () sī Tek-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, i tī Stuttgart chhut-sì, tùi lô-chip, hêng-siōng-ha̍k, jīn-sek-lūn, chèng-tī-ha̍k, le̍k-sú tiat-ha̍k, bí-ha̍k kap chong-kàu téng-téng lóng-ū gián-kiù, éng-hióng chin-chōe āu-sì ê ha̍k-chiá, chhin-chhiūⁿ Bertrand Russell, Karl Marx kap Friedrich Nietzsche téng-téng.
Tē 3 hō Kau-hiáng-khek (Beethoven)

**Tē 3 hō Kau-hiáng-khek kàng E toā-tiāu chok-phín 55 hō** (Tek-gí: *3. Sinfonie in Es-Dur, op. 55*), mā-hō "Eroica", sī Ludwig van Beethoven ê kau-hiáng-khek chok-phín, sī lōng-bān-phài im-ga̍k ê khí-thâu, kó͘-tián-phài im-ga̍k ê liáu-kiat. 

Chit-ê kau-hiáng-khek gôan-lâi sī Beethoven beh hiàn hō͘ Napoléon Bonaparte ê lé-bu̍t, m̄-koh Napoléon chiâⁿ-chòe hông-tè liáu-āu, Beethoven kám-kak thó-ià, kā thâu-chi̍t ia̍h piau-tê ê "*Bonaparte*" óe tiāu.
Khartoum

**Khartoum** sī Sudan ê siú-to͘, mā sī Khartoum Chiu ê hú-siâⁿ.

## Le̍k-sú
Khartoum tī kó͘-siâⁿ Soba pak-pêng 24 kong-lí hn̄g ê só͘-chāi, sī 1821 nî Ibrahim Pasha kiàn-li̍p.
Kingstown

**Kingstown** sī Saint Vincent kap Grenadines ê siú-to͘, mā sī Saint Vincent Tó chú-iàu ê káng-kháu.
Mî-hoe

**Mî-hoe** chí 1 chióng nńg-chit ê si̍t-bu̍t chhiam-ûi (fiber), ū chò pháng-si ê lō͘-iōng, sī bo̍k-chêng siāng chia̍p ēng ê thian-jiân pháng-sī.
Kinshasa

**Kinshasa** sī Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.  Hêng-chèng-siōng Kinshasa siâng-sî sī chi̍t-ê séng mā sī chi̍t-ê siâⁿ-chhī.
Eng-liân-pang

**Eng-liân-pang** (英聯邦, ), mā thang hoan-e̍k chò **Put-lia̍t-tian Liân-pang** (不列顚聯邦) ia̍h-sī **Tāi-eng Kok-hia̍p** (大英國協), sī chi̍t-koá kok-ka ha̍p--khí-lâi ê chóng-hō-miâ, chiah-ê kok-ka chha-put-to tī in to̍k-li̍p chìn-chêng lóng sī Tāi-eng Tè-kok ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn. Eng-liân-pang ê sêng-oân kok tī chē-chē tiōng-iàu ê hē-hāng ha̍p-chok, pí-lūn siong-gia̍p, oē-seng, kap kái-siān sàn-chhiah.

Eng-liân-pang goân-té sī Tāi-eng Tè-kok ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á uá-kái liáu-āu, tī 1926 nî sêng-li̍p ê Eng-liân-pang. Chia cho͘-chit ê Eng-gí miâ sī *British Commonwealth of Nations*, 1949 nî kái-miâ kiò chò *Commonwealth of Nations*. m̄-koh tī Tang A-chiu kok-ka ê gí-giân lāi-bīn iáu-koh tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiò i ê kū-miâ "Eng-liân-pang".

Taⁿ i ū 53 ê sêng-oân kok, chit lāi-té , khioh-khì Mozambique lóng bat sī Tāi-eng Tè-kok ê léng-thó͘.

Sui-bóng miâ beh sêng beh sêng, m̄-koh To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kiōng-tông-thé kap Eng-liân-pang sī bô-kâng ê 2 ê cho͘-chit.

## Goân-khí-thâu

Eng-liân-pang chit-ê miâ sī 1884 nî hō--ê, tī hit tang Rosebery Pek-chiok tī Ò-chiu hóng-mn̄g. I tī Adelaide kóng che liáu-āu Tāi-eng Tè-kok ê chē-chē si̍t-bîn-tē ē tit-tio̍h tháu-pàng iā koh-khah to̍k-li̍p, koh kóng chiah-ê kok-ka ē piàn-choè Eng-liân-pang. Chit-ê kóng-hoat chū-án-ne lâu--lo̍h-lâi, chóng--sī chit-ê cho͘-chit khí-ki sī chhiau-koè 40 tang āu ê tāi-chì.

## Bo̍k-phiau

Eng-liân-pang m̄-sī chèng-tī cho͘-chit, Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê kok-ông sī i ê chèng-sek toā thâu-lâng, tī chē-chē sêng-oân kok i mā sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng. Eng-liân-pang ê ji̍t-siông sū-bū ū 1 ê pì-su-tiúⁿ teh chhú-lí, m̄-koh Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok kap chit-ê pì-su-tiúⁿ tùi chiah-ê sêng-oân kok pēng bô jīm-hô ê koân, in-ūi chiah-ê sêng-oân kok lóng sī ū in ka-tī ê chèng-hú ê to̍k-li̍p kok-ka. In cho͘-li̍p chit-ê cho͘-ha̍p sī beh tui-jip ē-kha ê kiōng-tông bo̍k-piau:

* Tī sêng-oân kok tiong-kan cheng-ka keng-chè ha̍p-chok.
* Kó͘-lē sêng-oân kok ê bîn-chú-hoà.
* Khak-si̍t sêng-oân kok ū chun-chhûn jîn-koân.

## Chham-khó
Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij

**Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij** (*Пётр Ильич Чайковский*; 1840 nî 5 goe̍h 7 ji̍t [kū-le̍k 4 goe̍h 25] - 1893 nî 11 goe̍h 6 ji̍t [kū-le̍k 10 goe̍h 25]) sī Lō͘-se-a ê lōng-bān-phài chok-khek-ka. I sī *[[Thian-gô-ô͘]]* (*Лебединое Озеро*), *[[Hô͘-thô-khîⁿ]]* (*Щелкунчик*), *[[1812 nî Sū-khek]]* (*Торжественная увертюра 1812-ого года*) téng chok-phín ê chok-chiá.
Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē

**Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē** (Eng-gí: *Council of Europe*, Hoat-gí: *Conseil de l'Europe* , Tek-gí: *Europarat* /ɔɪ.ˈʁoː.pʰaˌʁaːtʰ/) sī 1 ê ū 46 ê hoē-oân kok ê Au-chiu kok-chè cho͘-chit. I ū sêng-kong tī 1950 nî chè-tēng Au-chiu Jîn-koân Kong-iok (*European Convention on Human Rights*), chit-ê kong-iok tī āu--lâi chiâⁿ-chò Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ (*European Court of Human Rights*) ê ki-chhó͘.

I ê chóng-pō͘ tī Hoat-kok ê Strasbourg, oá Hoat-kok kap Tek-kok ê kau-kài. Pún-té in khui-hoē ê só͘-chāi sī Strasbourg Tāi-ha̍k--ni̍h hō-chò "University Palace" ê toā-lâu, chū 1977 nî in tō lóng tiàm lī chhī-tiong-sim iok-kî-lio̍k 2 kong-lí ê Au-chiu Tiān-tông (*Palais de l'Europe*) chū-hoē kap pān-kong--a.

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē hoan-gêng Au-chiu ê bîn-chú kok-ka ka-ji̍p, beh chò i ê hoē-oân, tio̍h chiap-siū hoat-tī ê goân-chek, khak-si̍t-tek pó-chiòng ki-pún ê jîn-koân kap kong-bîn ê chū-iû.

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē kap Au-chiu Liân-bêng Lí-sū-hoē (*Council of the European Union*) iah Au-chiu Lí-sū-hoē(*European Council*) sī bô-kâng ê ki-kò͘, i pēng bô hù-sio̍k tī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê ē-kha.

## Chhiáⁿ chham-khó

* Au-chiu Liân-bêng
* Au-chiu An-choân kap Ha̍p-chok Cho͘-chit (*Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe*)

## Pa̍t-ê bāng-ia̍h

* Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē - Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
Lima

**Lima** sī Perú ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ̄-chhī, mā sī Latin Bí-chiu tē-5 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī México Chhī, São Paulo, Buenos Aires kap Rio de Janeiro āu-piah.

Lūi-pia̍t:Peru
Lūi-pia̍t:Siú-to͘
Lomé

**Lomé** sī Togo ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī. Lomé tiàm-tī Guinea-oan hái-kîⁿ, i mā sī Togo ê kang-gia̍p tiong-sim kap chú-iàu ê káng-kháu.
Luanda

**Luanda** sī Angola ê siú-to͘, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, kap chú-iàu ê káng-kháu.  Tiàm tī Angola ê Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-hoāⁿ.  Luanda mā sī Luanda Séng ê hú-siâⁿ.
Managua

**Managua** sī Nicaragua Managua Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Managua Koān ê chū-tī-thé
Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ

**Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ** (Eng-gí kán-siá: **ECoHR**) hū-chek sím-phoàⁿ te̍k-sû ê àn-kiāⁿ. Chiah-ê àn-kiāⁿ sī kap jîn-koân ū tī-tāi--ê. Chit-ê hoat-īⁿ koh ū 1 ê khah sù-siông sú-iōng ê miâ, hō-chò : "Strasbourg Hoat-īⁿ" (*Strasbourg Court*).

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok saⁿ-kap kiàn-li̍p chit-ê jîn-koân hoat-īⁿ, bo̍k-tek sī beh liú-la̍k jîn-koân siong-koan ê kiù-hun, tī hoat-têng thiaⁿ tong-sū-chiá khòng-sò͘ kap hun-sò͘, pēng-chhiáⁿ chò sím-phoàⁿ. Au-chiu Jîn-koân Kong-iok lāi-té ū chē-chē koan-hē jîn-koân ê loē-iông, iā Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ chú-tiuⁿ lâng tio̍h lóng ū chiah-ê koân-lī chiah tio̍h.

Chit-ê hoat-īⁿ ū i ê hoat-koaⁿ. Hoat-koaⁿ ê lâng-gia̍h kap Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok sò͘-gia̍h sio-siâng, hiān-chhú-sî, Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ū 47 ê hoē-oân kok, ta̍k kok lóng thang tī Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ū 1 ūi hoat-koaⁿ, chóng--sī chiah-ê hoat-koaⁿ sī to̍k-to̍k khiā tiàm Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ê li̍p-tiûⁿ, m̄-sī ūi in ka-tī ê kok.
lūi-pia̍t
Port-au-Prince

**Port-au-Prince** (Hái-tē-gí: *Pòtoprens*) sī Hái-tē Ouest Koān Port-au-Prince Kūn ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:Haiti ê chū-tī-thé
Port of Spain

**Port-of-Spain** (Se-pan-gâ Káng) sī Trinidad kap Tobago ê siú-to͘ kap tē-3 toā ê chhī, pâi tī San Fernando kap Chaguanas āu-piah.
Port Louis

**Port Louis** sī Mauritius ê siú-to͘, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, kap chú-iàu ê káng-kháu.

File:Voie rapide à Port Louis (février 2020) - 2.jpg|thumb|Port Louis
File:Vue d'un quartier de Port Louis (février 2020) et d'une voie rapide.jpg|thumb|Port Louis
File: Voie rapide à Port Louis (février 2020) - 1.jpg|thumb|Port Louis
File:Le Costa Mediterranea dans la rade de Port Louis (Maurice) le 29 février 2020.jpg|thumb|Port Louis
Quito

**Quito** sī Ecuador ê siú-to͘.

### Guápulo, Quito


File:(Guápulo) Buena Vista black and white.JPG
File:(Guápulo) Calle pic. z.JPG
File:(Guápulo) Calle pic. e.JPG
File:(Iglesia de Guápulo) vista to gonzalez suarez quito.JPG
File:(Iglesia de Guápulo) pic. b.JPG
File:(Guápulo) Calle pic. b.JPG
File:(Guápulo) Calle pic. a.JPG
San José (Costa Rica)

**San José** sī Costa Rica ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, mā sī San José Séng ê hú-siâⁿ.
San Salvador

**San Salvador** sī El Salvador San Salvador Koān ê chi̍t ê chū-tī-thé.

Lūi-pia̍t:San Salvador Koān ê chū-tī-thé
Sarajevo

**Sarajevo** sī Bosnia kap Herzegovina ê siú-to͘, mā sī Bosnia kap Herzegovina Liân-pang kap Srpska Kiōng-hô-kok ê siú-hú.
Skopje

**Skopje** (Macedonia-gí: ) sī Pak Macedonia ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Aerodrom Chhī
* Butel Chhī
* Čair Chhī
* Centar Chhī
* Gazi Baba Chhī
* Gjorče Petrov Chhī
* Karpoš Chhī
* Kisela Voda Chhī
* Saraj Chhī
* Šuto Orizari Chhī
Sofia

**Sofia** (Bulgaria-gí: София; Lô-má-hòa: Sofiya) sī ūi tī Tang-Au ê kok-ka Bulgaria ê siú-to͘ kap siōng toā ê siâⁿ-chhi. Tiàm tī Sofia-soaⁿ-kok lāi, khiā tī Vitosha-soaⁿ ê ē-kha, ūi tī Bulgaria ê sai-pòaⁿ-pêng. Chit-ê siâⁿ sī khiā tī Iskar-hô ê sai-pêng, jî-chhiáⁿ ū chiok chōe--ê khòng-chôaⁿ, phì-lūn kóng Sofia Tiong-ng Khòng-chôaⁿ téng-téng. Chit-ê siâⁿ sio̍k-tī tâm tāi-lio̍k khì-hāu (Dfb).

## Bûn-hòa

### Te̍k-pia̍t ê Kéng-tì
Sofia ū chin chē te̍k-pia̍t-ê kong-kiōng kiàn-tiok siat-si, phok-bu̍t-koán iā chin chōe. Sofia koh ū chhut-miâ--ê Sè-kài Bûn-hòa Ûi-sán, Boyanska Káu-tǹg, í-kip 1888 nî kiàn-sêng ê Sofia Tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g.
tóng-àn:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG|Sèng Georgi Îⁿ Káu-tǹg (Ротонда „Свети Георги“)
tóng-àn:Sof.University~1935.jpg|1935 nî ê Sofia Tāi-ha̍k
Halton (borough)

**Halton** sī North West England ê chi̍t-ê hêng-chèng-khu, sī tan-it chū-tī-thé (*unitary authority*), kap Merseyside, Warrington, Cheshire West, Chester sio-keh-piah, ū 119,500 ê jîn-kháu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio

**Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio** (1571 nî 9 goe̍h 29 ji̍t - 1610 nî 7 goe̍h 18 ji̍t), thong-chheng **Caravaggio**, sī Italia ê ōe-ka, Baroque hong-keh ê chhōa-thâu-lâng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Í-tāi-lī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Oē-ka
Crete

**Crete** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: Κρήτη, *Kriti*) sī Hi-lia̍p ê tē-it toā tó-sū kap chi̍t ê tōa-khu, só͘-chāi tī Tē-tiong-hái, bīn-chek 8336 km², siú-hú kap tē-it toā to͘-chhī sī Iraklion. Tī kó͘-chá-sî, Crete sī Minos bûn-bêng ê tiong-sim. Kin-á-jit Crete pìⁿ-chò Tē-tiong-hái ê koan-kong-khu.
Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Gī-hōe

**Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Gī-hōe** (Eng-gí: *Indian National Congress*), kán-siá **INC**, mā-ū kóng **Gī-hōe Tóng** (*Congress Party*), sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chú-iàu chèng-tóng, 1885 nî chhòng-li̍p, sī Ìn-tō͘ To̍k-li̍p Ūn-tōng ê niá-chhōa-chiá. 1947 nî liáu-āu, INC hō͘ Nehru-Gandhi ka-cho̍k chi-phòe, jî-chhiáⁿ pìⁿ-chòe Ìn-tō͘ ê chip-chèng-tóng. 

INC sī Thôan-kiat Chìn-pō͘ Liân-bêng (*United Progressive Alliance*) ê sêng-ôan, tùi 2022 nî khai-sí ê chú-se̍k sī Mallikarjun Kharge. Tī tē-14-kài ê Lok Sabha (Ìn-tō͘ ê kok-hōe), INC sī lāi-bīn se̍k-chhù siāng-chē ê chèng-tóng. INC ê lí-liām, sī sè-sio̍k-chú-gī, bîn-chú-siā-hōe-chú-gī, bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī téng-téng.
Hubble Thài-khong Tiàu-kiàⁿ

**Hap-bo͘h thài khong tiàu kiàⁿ** (Hubble Space Telescope) sī 1990 nî 4 goe̍h sak ji̍p kúi-tō ê thài-khong tiàu-kiàⁿ, sī NASA kap Europa Thài-khong Chóng-sú saⁿ-kap ha̍p-chok ê sū-kang. Hō chit miâ kì-liām Bí-kok thian-bûn-ha̍k-ka Edwin Hubble. Sui-bóng m̄ sī thâu 1 ê thài-khong tiàu-kiàⁿ, khiok-sī siāng toā, èng-iōng siāng liú-liah ê 1 ê, tùi thian-bûn-ha̍k ê gián-kiù kap kong-koan ū toā kòng-hiàn.
Frederick Sanger

**Frederick Sanger** () sī Eng-kok ê seng-hoà-ha̍k-ka, i tī 1958 nî kap 1980 nî nn̄g-pái tit-tio̍h Nobel Hoà-ha̍k Chióng, tē-it-pái sī in-ūi tùi nn̄g-peh-chi̍t ê an-ki-sng sū-lia̍t ê gián-kiù; tē-jī-pái sī in-ūi tùi DNA sū-lia̍t ê gián-kiù. 

Frederick Sanger tī Eng-tē ê Gloucestershire chhut-sì, tī Cambridge Tāi-ha̍k ê St John Ha̍k-īⁿ chut-gia̍p. I sī 4-ê tit-tio̍h nn̄g-pái Nobel Chióng ê lâng chi it, mā-sī ko͘-chi̍t-ê tit-tio̍h nn̄g-pái Nobel Hoà-ha̍k Chióng ê lâng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok kho-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hoà-ha̍k-ka
Kapampangan-gí

**Kapampangan-gí** sī  chi̍t-chióng tī Hui-lu̍t-pin Luzon-tó tiong-pō͘ sú-iōng ê gí-giân, sio̍k-î  "Pak Hui-lu̍t-pin gí-giân".  Chit-chióng gí-giân ê bó-gí sú-iōng-chiá tī  Pampanga kah Tarlac. Ū pō͘-hūn gí-giân jîn-kháu tī  Bataan ki̍p Bulacan. Kapampangan-gí sī  Hui-lu̍t-pin ê peh-tōa bîn-cho̍k gí-giân chi-it. 

### Sû-kù

### Sò͘-jī

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

*Ha̍k-si̍p Kapampangan-gí 
*Kapampangan-gí ha̍k-hn̂g thó-lūn-khu
Minos bûn-bêng

**Minos bûn-bêng** sī tùi Kriti heng-khí ê chheⁿ-tâng bûn-bêng, tāi-iok tī kí-gôan-chêng 2700 nî kàu 1450 nî ê sî-chūn heng-ōng. Āu-lâi hō͘ Hi-lia̍p ê Mycenae bûn-bêng chhú-tāi. Minos bûn-bêng sī Arthur Evans ti 20 sè-kí têng-sin hoat-hiān, ī iōng sîn-ōe lāi-bīn Kriti ê kok-ông Minos lâi hō bûn-bêng ê miâ. 

## Ûi-jiah
*Knossos
*Phaistos
*Malia
*Kato Zakros
*Galatas
*Agia Triada
*Gournia
*Pyrgos
*Vasiliki
*Fournu Korfi
*Pseira
*Mount Juktas
*Arkalochori
*Karfi
*Akrotiri
*Zominthos

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Joachim Schüring: ''Eine unendliche Geschichte.'' In: *[[Abenteuer Archäologie]].* 10. November 2006
* Sturt W. Manning u. a.: *Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C.* In: *[[Science]].* 16.&nbsp;Juni 2006 (englisch, PDF).
* *[https://www.astris.info/post/beginn-der-griechischen-zivilisation-minor-und-mykener Beginn der griechischen Zivilisation – Minoer und Mykener.]* Ancient-cultures.com

Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Khó-kó͘-ha̍k
Au-chiu Jîn-koân Kong-iok

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok tiong-kan ū saⁿ-kap tshiam-sú 1 hūn bûn-kiāⁿ, hō-chò **Au-chiu Jîn-koân Kong-iok**. I tsiâu-tsn̂g ê miâ-chheng sī **Pó-hō͘ Jîn-koân kap Ki-pún chū-iû ê Kong-iok** (*Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms*), iā i kán-séng ê Eng-bûn miâ *European Convention on Human Rights* koh thang kán-siá chò **ECHR**. In-ûi chit hūn kong-iok, só͘-í chiah ū Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ (*European Court of Human Rights*, ECoHR) ê sêng-li̍p. 

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok ū gī-bū tio̍h chun-thàn Au-chiu Jîn-koân kong-iok ê hia̍p-gī.

Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ū koân tùi ǹg i thê-chhut ê sin-sò͘ iah-sī àn-kiāⁿ chò-chhut chhâi-koat. Nā ū lâng jīn-ûi ū Au-chiu ê kok-ka sńg-tn̄g i ê jîn-koân, án-ne i tō ē-tàng kā chit-ê tāi-chì pò khì hō͘ Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ê hoat-koaⁿ. Hoat-koaⁿ ē thiaⁿ-sím jî-chhiáⁿ chò chhâi-koat, chit-ê chhâi-koat m̄-sī kui tī khang-khang, in-ūi hit-ê khan-sia̍p--tio̍h ê kok-ka ê chèng-hú tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sūn-thàn.
Hoan-e̍k

**Hoan-e̍k** sī kā chi̍t-khoán gí-giân (ia̍h kî-thaⁿ ê sìn-sit) ê ì-sù iōng lēng-gōa chi̍t-khoán gí-giân lâi piáu-sī kap kái-soeh.
Thimphu

**Thimphu** sī Bhutan ê siú-to͘ kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

Thimphu-04-vom Buddha Dordenma-2015-gje.jpg|Thimphu
Thimphu-28-Verkehrspolizist-2015-gje.jpg|Downtown Thimphu
Thimphu-Dzong-26-Fassade-2015-gje.jpg|Dzong
Thimphu-Dzong-50-Gho-Demonstration-2015-gje.jpg|Dzong
Thimphu-Markt-34-Drechselwerk-2015-gje.jpg|Market
Thimphu-Nationalchoerten-14-alter Mann-2015-gje.jpg|Memorial Chorten
Ìn-tō͘ Jîn-bîn Tóng

**Ìn-tō͘ Jîn-bîn Tóng** (Eng-gí: *Bharatiya Janata Party*), kán-siá **BJP**, sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chú-iàu chèng-tóng, 1980 nî chhòng-li̍p, sī Kok-ka Bîn-chú Liân-bêng ê léng-tō-chiá, chú-tiuⁿ chū-iû chhī-tiûⁿ, chú-iàu ê chi-chhî-chiá sī Ìn-tō͘-kàu-tô͘.
Chó-phài

**Chó-phài** ia̍h-sī **chó-e̍k**, sī chèng-tī-siōng chú-tiuⁿ kek-sin, jî-chhiáⁿ tùi châi-sán ê hun-phòe kha chù-tiōng pêng-téng ê chi̍t-khoán li̍p-tiûⁿ. "Chó-e̍k" siōng-chá sī tī Hoat-kok Kek-bēng ê sî-kî iōng-lâi kóng gī-hōe lāi-bīn chē tī gī-tiúⁿ tò-pêng, hóan-tùi thôan-thóng téng-tē, chú-tiuⁿ kek-chìn kái-kek ê tē-saⁿ téng-tē. 

Tī hiān-sî chèng-tī ê sè-bīn, chó-phài it-poaⁿ sī kóng kok-chióng hêng-sek ê kiōng-sán-chú-gī ia̍h siā-hōe-chú-gī, chhin-chhiūⁿ siā-hōe-bîn-chú-chú-gī kap siā-hōe-chū-iû-chú-gī téng-téng. Tī chèng-tī kng-phó lāi-bīn koh-ū tiong chó-phài kap ke̍k chó-phài.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k
*Iū-phài
Iū-phài

**Iū-phài** ia̍h-sī **iū-e̍k**, sī chèng-tī-siōng chú-iàu khah chi-chhî siú-hō͘ thôan-thóng kè-ta̍t kap kôan-ui, keng-chè-siōng chú-tiuⁿ chū-iû keng-chè ê chi̍t-khoán li̍p-tiûⁿ. 

Tī kin-sè ê chèng-tī sè-bīn tang-tiong, iū-phài it-poaⁿ sī kóng kok-chióng hóan-tùi kiōng-sán-chú-gī kap siā-hōe-chú-gī, tiōng bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī kap thôan-thóng ê li̍p-tiûⁿ, chhin-chhiūⁿ pó-siú-chú-gī kap chu-pún-chú-gī téng-téng. Tī chèng-tī sek-lia̍t lāi-bīn koh-ū tiong iū-phài kap hn̄g iū-phài.

## Gí-goân
"Iū-e̍k" siōng-chá sī tī Hoat-kok Kek-bēng sî-kî gī-hōe lāi-bīn chē tī gī-tiúⁿ chiàⁿ-pêng, chi-chhî kū thé-chè ê kùi-cho̍k téng-tē kap te-jī téng-tē.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k
* Chó-phài
* Sin-chū-iû-chú-gī
* Chū-iû-chì-siōng-lūn
Tē-lí

:*Chia sī kài-siāu tē-lí kho-ha̍k, nā koan-hē [[hong-súi]] ê ì-sù, khòaⁿ [[tē-lí (kham-û)]].*

**Tē-lí** ia̍h sī **tē-lí-ha̍k** sī chi̍t mn̂g ha̍k-būn, choan-bûn gián-kiù Tē-kiû téng iû-kî tē-piáu ê sèng-chit, oa̍h-mi̍h ê khiā-khí chêng-hêng, ia̍h sī kok chióng ê hiān-siōng. Tē-lí gián-kiù ū 4 khoán chú-iàu ê thôan-thóng, pau-koat tùi chū-jiân kap jîn-bûn hiān-siōng ê khong-kan hun-sek (*spatial analysis*), khu-he̍k gián-kiù (*area studies*), lâng kap thó͘-tē ê koan-hē (*man-land relationship*), kap tē-kiû kho-ha̍k. Tē-lí-ha̍k ē-sài hun chò nn̄g-ê toā hun-ki, tio̍h sī chū-jiân tē-lí-ha̍k kap jîn-bûn tē-lí-ha̍k.

## Iōng-gí
Tang-iûⁿ kok-ka pí-lūn Ji̍t-pún teh siat-kè ha̍k-hāu kho-bo̍k ê sî, tiāⁿ kā "tē-lí" ēng chò tē-lí tì-sek ha̍k-si̍p ê ì-sù, kā "tē-lí-ha̍k" tòng chò tùi tē-lí būn-tê ê tiâu-cha kiam hun-sek téng gián-kiù khang-khòe ê ì-sù. Nā chiàu chit chióng lí-lō͘, "tē-lí" sī gián-kiù hó-sè ê tì-sek; "tē-lí-ha̍k" sī kap gián-kiù pún-sin khah ū koan-hē ê tāi-chì.

## Chham-chiàu
Pelopónnisos

**Pelopónnisos** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: *Πελοπόννησος*; IPA: [pelopˈon(n)isos]) sī Hi-lia̍p lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê pòan-tó. Tī hiān-tāi ê Hi-lia̍p, Pelopónnisos hō͘ hun-chòe saⁿ-ê tōa-khu ("perifereia"; *περιφέρεια*): Attica, Sai Hi-lia̍p kap Pelopónnisos.
Adamstown (Pitcairn Kûn-tó)

**Adamstown** tiàm tī Pitcairn Tó tiong-pak-pō͘, sī Pitcairn Kûn-tó î-it ū lâng toà ê chng-thâu, chū-án-ne mā sī Pitcairn Kûn-tó ê siú-to͘.  Jîn-kháu 50 lâng chó-iū.
Dalia Grybauskaitė

thumb|234px|Dalia Grybauskaitė

**Dalia Grybauskaitė** (hoat-im: [daˈljɛ griːbausˈkaiteː]; ) sī Lietuva ê chèng-tī-ka, ū chò-kòe Europa Úi-ôan-hōe ê Châi-chèng Kui-ōe kap Ū-sòan (*Financial Programming and Budget*) úi-ôan. I tī 2009 nî 5 goe̍h 17 ji̍t tiòng-sóan Lietuva ê chóng-thóng, sī hit kok ê thâu-chi̍t-ê lú-sèng chóng-thóng.
Konrad Lorenz

[thumb|245px|Konrad Lorenz (chiàⁿ-pêng) kap [Nikolaas Tinbergen, 1978]]

**Konrad Zacharias Lorenz** () sī Tang-kok ê tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, chiáu-lūi-ha̍k-ka ia̍h sim-lí-ha̍k-ka, sī tōng-bu̍t hêng-ûi (ia̍h hêng-ûi-ha̍k) gián-kiù ê khí-thâu-chiá chi it, chú-iàu gián-kiù tōng-bu̍t ê pún-lêng hêng-ûi, imprinting téng-téng. Tī 1973 nî, Konrad Lorenz chham Karl von Frisch kap Nikolaas Tinbergen in-ūi tùi tōng-bu̍t hêng-ûi ê kòng-hiàn chò-hóe tit-tio̍h Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng. I ū chin-chē ū-miâ ê tì-chok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Sim-lí-ha̍k-ka
Goā-kau

**Goā-kau** sī thoân-thé iah kok-ka tiong-kan chò tâm-phoàⁿ ê gē-su̍t kap kiâⁿ-pàng, it-poaⁿ-tek sī chí kok-chè goā-kau, iā-tō-sī thàu-koè choan-gia̍p goā-kau-koaⁿ hō͘-siong hia̍p-tiau lâi chhú-lí kok-chè koan-hē ê sū-bū, chiah-ê hē-hāng pau-koat kóng-hô, bō͘-e̍k, chiàn-cheng, keng-chè kap bûn-hoà. Kok-chè tiâu-iok tī ta̍k kok ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t he̍k-chún chìn-chêng, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī goā-kau-koaⁿ tāi-seng thâi-khiau-chhâ.

## Sû-goân

"Goā-kau" chit-ê sû sī Hô chè Hàn-gí, ì-sù sī tùi goā ê kau-sia̍p iah kau-óng, nā Se-kok bûn-jī pí-lūn Eng-bûn ê "diplomacy", i ê sû-goân sī Hi-lia̍p-gí ê "diploma", chit-ê sû ê ì-sù sī "tùi-áu". Tī Kó͘-tián Hi-lia̍p-bûn--ni̍h, "diploma" sī chí pan hō͘ oân-sêng khò-têng ha̍k-si̍p ê lâng ê chèng-su, che it-poaⁿ sī tùi-áu--ê. Tī Lô-má Tè-kok ê sî-tāi, "diploma" chit-ê jī sī chí chèng-sek ê lú-hêng bûn-kiāⁿ, chhin-chhiūⁿ hiān-chhú-sî ê hō͘-chiàu, thang thong-koè sio̍k-tī tè-kok ê tō-lō͘, chit khoán lú-hêng bûn-kiāⁿ khêng-si̍t sī 2 phìⁿ ū khàm ìn ê kin-sio̍k pang. Āu--lâi, chit-ê ì-sù hùn-khoah, piàn-chò chí pa̍t-ê chèng-sek bûn-kiāⁿ, pí-lūn kap goā-kok pō͘-cho̍k chhiam-sú ê tiâu-iok téng-téng.

Se-goân 1700 nî ê sî, Hoat-kok-lâng kā in phài-khì goā-kok ê kong-sài thoân hō-chò "diplomatique" thoân, 1796 nî chit-ê jī keng-koè Edmund Burke ê sú-iōng hō͘ Eng-gí chhái-chhú, chiâⁿ-chò "diplomacy".
Mycenae bûn-bêng

**Mycenae bûn-bêng** sī kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p ê chi̍t-ê chheⁿ-tâng bûn-bêng, bûn-bêng ê miâ "Mycenae" sī kî-tiong ê chi̍t-ê khó-kó͘ ûi-jiah, tī Pelopónnisos ê Argolis ê tang-pak. Mycenae bûn-bêng sī chin-chē Hi-lia̍p sîn-ōe kap bûn-ha̍k teh biâu-siá ê sî-tāi, chhin-chhiūⁿ Homeros ê sú-si.

Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-bêng
Lūi-pia̍t:Khó-kó͘-ha̍k
Alofi

**Alofi** sī Niue ê siú-to͘, tiàm tī Niue sai-pō͘ ê hái-hoāⁿ.  2001nî jîn-kháu 614-ê lâng.
Rowan Atkinson

**Rowan Sebastian Atkinson** (1955 nî 1 goe̍h 6 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Eng-tē ê ián-gôan. I tī *[[Blackadder]]*, *[[The Thin Blue Line]]* kap *[[Mr. Bean]]* ê ián-chhut chin ū-miâ. *[[The Observer]]* sóan i chòe Eng-kok siōng chhiò-khoe ê 50-ê piáu-ián chi it. 

## Tsù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ián-goân
Stanley Kubrick

thumb|Stanley Kubrick (1975)

**Stanley Kubrick** () sī Bí-kok ê chè-phìⁿ-jîn, kio̍k-pún chok-ka, chè-chok-jîn, kap liap-iáⁿ-su. I ū chin-chē keng-tián ê chok-phín, chhin-chhiūⁿ *[[Lolita (1962 nî tiān-iáⁿ)|Lolita]]*, *[[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb|Dr. Strangelove]]*, *[[2001: A Space Odyssey (tiān-iáⁿ)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]*, kap *[[A Clockwork Orange (tiān-iáⁿ)|A Clockwork Orange]]* téng-téng.
The Guardian

***The Guardian*** sī Eng-kok ê pò-chóa, chhut-pán kong-si sī Guardian Media Group, pài-it kàu pài-la̍k hoat-hêng, keh-sek sī Berliner. Chóng-pō͘ tī London kap Manchester. Tī lé-pài, ōaⁿ-chò *The Guardian* ê chí-mōe pò-chóa *[[The Observer]]* hoat-hêng. *The Guardian* tī 1821 nî chhòng-li̍p, 1959 nî chìn-chêng hō-chòe *The Manchester Guardian*. Chèng-tī sek-tì sī tiong-iong oá chó-phài.

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok
Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-bûn-chóa
Bern

**Bern** (Tek-gí: *Bern* , Hoat-gí: *Berne* , Italia-gí: *Berna* , Romansh-gí: *Berna* , Bern Tek-gí: *Bärn* ) sī Sūi-se ê *Bundesstadt* (liân-pang-chhī, *de facto* ê siú-to͘), mā sī Sūi-se te-5 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, pâi tī Zürich, Genève, Basel kap Lausanne āu-piah.
Chū-iû (chèng-tī)

Chèng-tī-tek ê **chū-iû** sī kóng kò-jîn ê chū-chú-koân bô siū-tio̍h pa̍t-ê kò-jîn iah cho͘-chit ēng háⁿ-heh he̍k-chiá-sī po̍k-le̍k-tek ê chhiú-lō͘ lâi kan-sia̍p.

Chū-iû siā-hoē--ni̍h ê sêng-oân tùi in kong-kiōng kap su-jîn ê seng-hoa̍t ē ū ka-nn̂g ê chú-tō-koân, nā chū-iû siā-hoē ê tò-péng, tō sī choan-chè ê kok-ka, choan-chè ê thé-chè ē put-chí-á chè-hān lâng ê chèng-tī chū-iû, tī lâng kiâⁿ-pàng ê ta̍k chân-bīn ka sok-po̍k, tī chit-ê chêng-hêng hā, chū-iû tō kan-taⁿ sī chí lâng kap lâng ê koan-hē, nā tùi chū-iû ê sńg-tn̄g mā ē sī chí lâng tùi pa̍t-lâng ê háⁿ-heh kap ui-hia̍p niā-tiāⁿ.

## Chióng-lūi

Chèng-tī-tek ê chū-iû kap kong-bîn chū-iû hām kò-jîn koân-lī sī sio-liâm-tì-tuà--ê, toā-to-sò͘ ê bîn-chú siā-hoē ē thàu-koè hoat-lu̍t lâi pó-chiòng chiah-ê chū-iû. Chèng-tī-tek ê chū-iù pau-koat:

* Chi̍p-hoē ê chū-iû
* Cho͘-chit ê chū-iû
* Siū kàu-io̍k ê chū-iû
* Chhian-soá ê chū-iû
* Chong-kàu ê chū-iû
* Giân-lūn chū-iû
* Sin-bûn chū-iû
* Su-sióng ê chū-iû
* Ū bú-khì ê chū-iû
* Tì-sek ê chū-iù
* Sèng ê chū-iû
* Soán-kí-koân

be-x-old:Свабода (палітычная)
Le Figaro

***Le Figaro*** sī Hoat-kok ê pò-chóa, li̍p-tiûⁿ khah phian-hiòng pó-siú-phài, chú-iàu ê chi-ōan-chiá sī khah-chá ê Kiōng-hô-kok Liân-ha̍p (*Rassemblement pour la République*) kap āu-lâi ê Jîn-bîn Ūn-tōng Liân-ha̍p (*Union for a Popular Movement*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok
Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-bûn-chóa