open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dante Alighieri

**Dante Alighieri**, **Durante Degli Alighieri**, ia̍h **Dante** (1265 – 1321) sī Italia Firenze ê si-jîn, i ê chok-phín *[[Sîn-khiok|Sîn-sèng ê Hí-kio̍k]]* (*Divina Commedia*, iū-koh hoan chò *Sîn-khek*) sī sè-kài bûn-ha̍k ê keng-tián.

Dante ēng Toscana-gí só͘ siá ê chok-phín, tùi hong-giân bûn-ha̍k-hoà, chiâⁿ-chò āu--lâi ê Italia-gí, ū toā kòng-hiàn.

## Chham-khó bûn-hiàn

* 
* Teodolinda Barolini (ed.). *Dante's Lyric Poetry: Poems of Youth and of the 'Vita Nuova*'. University of Toronto Press, 2014.
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* Guénon, René (1925). *The Esoterism of Dante*, trans. by C.B. Berhill, in the *Perennial Wisdom Series*. Ghent, NY: Sophia Perennis et Universalis, 1996. viii, 72 p. *N.B*.: Originally published in French, entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté, in 1925. 

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

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* Works by Dante Alighieri at One More Library (Works in English, Italian, Latin, Arabic, German, French and Spanish)
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* The Dante Museum in Florence: his life, his books and a history & literature blog about Dante
* The World of Dante multimedia, texts, maps, gallery, searchable database, music, teacher resources, timeline
* The Princeton Dante Project  texts and multimedia
* The Dartmouth Dante Project searchable database of commentary
* Dante Online manuscripts of works, images and text transcripts by Società Dantesca Italiana
* Digital Dante  – *Divine Comedy* with commentary, other works, scholars on Dante
* Open Yale Course on Dante by Yale University
* DanteSources project about Dante's primary sources developed by ISTI-CNR and the University of Pisa
* Works Italian and Latin texts, concordances and frequency lists by IntraText
* Dante Today  citings and sightings of Dante in contemporary culture
* Bibliotheca Dantesca journal dedicated to all tendencies in Dante studies
*Edmund Garratt Gardner (1908). "". In *Catholic Encyclopedia*. **4**. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
*Arthur John Butler (1911). "". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. **7.** (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;810–817.

Lūi-pia̍t:Í-tāi-lī jîn-bu̍t
Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu

**Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu** (biofuel) sī ùi seng-bu̍t-chit (biomass) tit tio̍h ê jiân-liāu.  Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu sī 1 chióng ē-tit chài-seng ê lêng-goân (renewable energy), lâi-chū sí--khì bô kú ê seng-bu̍t ia̍h sī in ê tāi-siā sán-bu̍t, só͘-je moeder aan de poeder chhiūⁿ kî-thaⁿ ê chū-jiân chu-goân (chio̍h-iû, thô͘-thoàⁿ, hu̍t-chú jiân-liāu téng-téng) ē ná ēng ná chió.

Seng-bu̍t-chit khó-pí thô͘-thoàⁿ, chio̍h-iû, sī 1 khoán pó-chûn--khí-lâi ê ji̍t-thâu lêng-goân (solar energy).  Ji̍t-thâu ê lêng-goân keng-koè si̍t-bu̍t kng-ha̍p-sêng ê koè-têng, "siu" toà seng-bu̍t-chit lāi-té.  

Chèng lâi chò seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu ê lông-gia̍p sán-phín pau-koat: hoan-be̍h, toā-tāu (Bí-kok); laxseed, rapeseed (Au-chiu); kam-chià (Pa-se); palm oil (Tang-lâm-a); jatropha (Ìn-tō͘͘).  Mā ē-sái ēng kang-gia̍p, lông-gia̍p, nâ-gia̍p (forestry), chhù--ni̍h pâi--chhut-lâi hit-koá ē-tàng seng-bu̍t hun-kái ê mi̍h, chhiūⁿ kóng chháu-kó, chhâ, pûi-liāu (manure), chho͘-khng, phun.  Chheh-sng-sò͘ (anaerobic) ê siau-hoà koè-têng ē-tàng kā hia--ê choán chò gá-suh.

Hiān-chhú-sî tng leh gián-kiù jû-hô seng-sán seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu lâi chhú-tāi chio̍h-iû kap thian-jiân-khì, te̍k-pia̍t sī án-choáⁿ ē-tàng ēng sio̍k--ê iú-ki mi̍h (organic matter) lâi iú-hāu seng-sán e̍k-thé kap khì-thé ê koân lêng-goân chēng-lī (net energy gain) seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu.  

Seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu ū 1 tiám phēng pa̍t-khoán jiân-liāu hó:  ē-tit seng-bu̍t hun-kái (biodegradable).  Só͘-í pí-kàu tùi khoân-kéng khah bô hāi.  In-ūi seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu lāi-té ê thoàⁿ (carbon) pún-té tō lâi-chū tāi-khì-chân ê jī-ióng-hoà-thoàⁿ (carbon dioxide, CO2), kā i the̍h khì sio pēng bē ke-thiⁿ Tē-kiû tāi-khì-chân ê CO2 hâm-liōng.  In-ūi án-ne, bē chió lâng siong-sìn beh kiám-chió pàng ji̍p tāi-khì-chân--ni̍h ê CO2, 1 tiāu lō͘ tō sī ēng seng-bu̍t jiân-liāu lâi chhú-tāi bē-tit chài-seng ê lêng-goân thâu.
Brian Arthur

**W. Brain Arthur** sī gián-kiù ho̍k-cha̍p keng-chè-ha̍k (complexity economics) ê sian-hêng-chiá.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Santa Fe Gián-kiù-īⁿ ê siāu-kài chu-liāu (Eng-gí)
Philippe Delerm

**Philippe Delerm** (1950 nî 11 goe̍h 27 &ndash;) sī Hoat-kok ê chok-ka, tī Auvers-sur-Oise chhut-sì. Delerm tī Bernay ê Marie Curie Ha̍k-īⁿ (collège Marie Curie) kà bûn-ha̍k (lettres). *[[Thâu 1 chhùi bì-luh]]* (*La première gorgée de bière*) sī Delerm siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín.
Hans Christian Andersen

**H.C. Andersen** (IPA: [hɔse ˈɑnɐsn̩]) ia̍h **Hands Christian Andersen** (IPA: [ˈhanˀs ˈkʰʁæʂd̥jan ˈɑnɐsn̩]) (1805 nî 4 goe̍h 2 – 1875 nî 4 goe̍h 4) sī Tan-be̍h ê chok-ka kiam si-jîn. I ê gín-á-kó͘ (fairy tale) choân sè-kài thong lâng chai, 1837 nî siá ê *[[Hông-tè ê sin saⁿ]]* (Tan-be̍h-gí: *Keiserens nye Klæder*, iū-koh hoan chò *Kok-ông ê sin saⁿ*) siāng chhut-miâ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Gín-á-kó͘ chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Tan-be̍h jîn-bu̍t
Lôe

**Lôe / Lê**, **Gû-lôe / Gû-lê** sī chi̍t-chióng choh-sit iōng ê lông-kū. Tī lâng ū-teh chèng-choh, oē-hiáu chioh pō͘-hūn lio̍k-siù ê la̍t lâi tàu choè khang-khè khai-sí, eng-kai tio̍h ū chit-chióng ke-si. Chāi bô-kâng ê só͘-chāi, bô-kâng ê iōng-tô͘ oē-ū bô-kâng ê hêng-thé ê lôe: thà-hn̂g lê-chhân ēng--ê, siu-sêng choan-iōng ēng--ê.

Chi̍t-tiuⁿ-lôe sī ū lôe-chhia, lôe-thâu, lôe-piah, lôe-chhia-taⁿ, lôe-thok kah nn̄g-tiâu pí gû-sin-tn̂g (gû-keng -- gû āu-chē) khah-tn̂g-sió-khoá ê toā-soh, chi̍t-tiâu khan-heng soh-á lâi cho͘-sêng--ê.

Lôe-thâu, lôe-piah sī ēng siⁿ-á hoan-soa chù-chō ê. Lôe-thâu sī siau-mô͘-phín.

Chāi ēng-lôe thà-hn̂g poâⁿ-péng, lāng-sang hn̂g-thô͘ ê sî, bián-put-liáu liâm-thô͘ oē khâⁿ-tiâu-tī lôe-thâu kah lôe-piah piáu-bīn, hō͘ lôe phû-tī thô͘-bīn bô-hoat-tō͘ chhim-thà. Hit-gê sî-chūn lôe-thok tō oē hō͘-lán the̍h-lâi thuh-tiāu liâm tī lôe-thâu, lôe-piah ê thô͘. Hō͘ lôe koh oē-tàng kè-sio̍k lôe chhut beh-ti̍h ê kau, lāng-sang iâu-boē thà-oân ê hn̂g.

Tī ū chèng-choh ê chhân-hn̂g nn̄g-lân (nn̄g-lêng, nn̄g-choā) tiong-kan thà-hn̂g ê sî, ūi-tio̍h phiah-bián hō͘ gû oân-lō͘ tìⁿ-lôe oân-lō͘ àⁿ-lo̍h chia̍h nn̄g-pêng tióng-sêng ê lông-chok-bu̍t, gû-chhùi tio̍h-oē koà gû-chhùi-láng. Gû-chhùi-láng chá-kî sī ēng tek-bî-á lia̍h--ê. Chit-ma nái-lóng (nylon) soh-á chhin-chhái boé-oē-tio̍h, ka-kī thih-kho͘ áu-áu-ē, soh-á lia̍h-lia̍h-ē tio̍h-ū-a.

Chi̍t-tīn-lâng khì kàu chhân-hn̂g lóng-sī tè hoāⁿ-lôe-bé ê lâng teh-kiâⁿ. Hoāⁿ-lôe-bé ê lâng chha-put-to tio̍h-sī chit-tīn-lâng ê chhoā-thâu. Hoāⁿ-lôe-bé ê ki-su̍t sī ài ha̍k-si̍p, m̄-si chhin-chhái-lâng lóng oē-hiáu--ē.
Chio̍h-iû

**Chio̍h-iû** sī Tē-kiû tē-hā ū tè chhoē--ê chi̍t-khoán thian-jiân ê iú-ki e̍k-thé (liquid), sêng-hun chú-iàu sī thàu-lâm chò-hoé ê chúi-thoàⁿ (hydrocarbon) hun-chú, te̍k-pia̍t sī alkane. Chúi-thoàⁿ hun-chú ê tn̂g-tō͘ iok-lio̍k tī C5H12 kàu C18H38 ê hoān-ûi lāi. Khah té ê chúi-thoàⁿ hō͘ lâng hun-lūi chò thian-jiân-khì (natural gas) ia̍h thiân-jiân khì-e̍k-thé (natural gas liquid); khah tn̂g--ê khah sêng kò͘-thé (solid), siōng tn̂g--ê sī thô͘-thoàⁿ.

Chio̍h-iû chú-iàu iōng lâi chò jiân-liāu iû (fuel oil) kap khì-iû (gasoline / petrol); in lóng sī tiōng-iàu ê lêng-goân.

In-ūi chio̍h-iû ê lêng-goân bi̍t-tō͘ (energy density) koân, ūn-su lī-piān, liōng koh chē, chū 1950 nî-tāi tō pìⁿ-chiâⁿ sè-kài siāng tiōng-iàu ê lêng-goân lâi-goân. Chio̍h-iû mā sī chē-chē hoà-ha̍k sán-phín ê goân-sú châi-liāu, chhiūⁿ kóng (solvent), pûi-liāu, thāu-thâng-io̍h (pesticide), sok-ka.

"Chio̍h-iû" sī tùi Hi-lia̍p-gí πετρα ("chio̍h"), ολέον ("iû") hoan-e̍k lâi--ê.

## Ū tī-tāi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* 1973 nî chio̍h-iû gûi-ki
Biâu-le̍k-koān

**Biâu-le̍k-koān** (Hàn-jī: 苗栗縣) sī Tâi-oân sai-pak-pō͘ ê 1-ê koān.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

*Biâu-le̍k-chhī
*Thâu-hūn-chhī
*Āu-lâng-tìn
*Oán-lí-tìn
*Tek-lâm-tìn
*Thong-siau-tìn
*Tah-lân-tìn
*Chō-kiô-hiong
*Kong-koán-hiong
*Lâm-chng-hiong
*Sai-thâm-hiong
*Sam-gī-hiong
*Sam-oan-hiong
*Se-ô͘-hiong
*Tâng-lô-hiong
*Thài-an-hiong
*Thâu-ok-hiong
*Tōa-ô͘-hiong

## Chèng-tī
Tâi-lâm-koān

**Tâi-lâm-koān** (Hàn-jī: 台南縣) sī í-chêng tī Tâi-oân lâm-pō͘ ê 1-ê koān. Tī 2010 nî, kap Tâi-lâm-chhī ha̍p-pēng.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi
## Chhī
*Éng-khong-chhī
*Sin-iâⁿ-chhī

## Tìn
*Ha̍k-kah-tìn
*Kiâm-chúi-tìn
*Ka-lí-tìn
*Môa-tāu-tìn
*Pe̍h-hô-tìn
*Siān-hòa-tìn
*Sin-hòa-tìn

## Hiong
*An-tēng-hiong
*Āu-piah-hiong
*Chhit-kó͘-hiong
*Chiong-kun-hiong
*Chó-tìn-hiong
*Ē-iâⁿ-hiong
*Gio̍k-chéⁿ-hiong
*Jîn-tek-hiong
*Koan-biō-hiong
*Koaⁿ-tiān-hiong
*Kui-jîn-hiong
*La̍k-kah-hiong
*Lâm-hòa-hiong
*Lâm-se-hiong
*Liông-kiā-hiong
*Liú-iâⁿ-hiong
*Pak-mn̂g-hiong
*Sai-káng-hiong
*San-siōng-hiong
*Sin-chhī-hiong
*Tōa-lāi-hiong
*Tong-san-hiong
Thomas Hobbes

**Thomas Hobbes** (1588 nî 4 goe̍h 5 – 1679 nî 12 goe̍h 4) sī Eng-tē ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, i 1651 nî siá ê chheh *[[Leviathan (chheh)|Leviathan]]* kài chhut-miâ, tùi chèng-tī tiat-ha̍k (political philosophy) ê éng-hióng kài toā.
Samuel Butler

**Samuel Butler** (1835 nî 12 goe̍h 4 – 1902 nî 6 goe̍h 18) sī Eng-tē ê chok-ka, siāng chhut-miâ ê 2 phō chok-phín sī teh khau-sé Victoria sî-tāi (Victorian era) ê siáu-soat *[[Erewhon]]*, kap i koè-óng chiah chhut-pán ê siáu-soat *[[Sè-kan Lâng Só͘ Tio̍h Kiâⁿ ê Lō͘]]* (The Way of All Flesh).

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Gutenberg Sū-kang Samuel Butler ê chok-phín
Thô͘-thoàⁿ

**Thô͘-thoàⁿ** ia̍h-sī **mûi-thoàⁿ**, sī 1 chióng seⁿ chò o͘-sek ia̍h àm-sek ê hoà-chio̍h jiân-liāu, chhut-sán tī làm-tē ê seng-thài hē-thóng; hit tah ê si̍t-bu̍t siū chúi, lō͘-kô͘-moâi pó-hō͘, tì-tio̍h in bô keng-koè sng-sò͘-hoà, seng-bu̍t hun-kái ê koè-têng. Thô͘-thoàⁿ chú-iàu sī thoàⁿ (carbon) kiam thàu-lām koá kî-thaⁿ ê goân-sò͘, chhiūⁿ kóng liû (sulfur). Thong sè-kài lâi kóng, sī hoat-tiān siāng chia̍p iōng--ê jiân-liāu lâi-goân, ia̍h sī pàng-chhut jī-ióng-hoà-thoàⁿ siāng toā ê lâi-goân, só͘-í mā sī choân-kiû sio-lo̍h-hoà ê chú-iàu goân-in chi it. 

Thô͘-thoàⁿ sī ùi thô͘-kha kut--khí-lâi-ê, pun tē-hā chhái-khòng (underground mining) kap khui-khut chhái-khòng (open-pit mining) 2 chióng ki-su̍t.
Hoa-liân-koān

**Hoa-liân-koān** (Hàn-jī: 花蓮縣) sī Tâi-oân tang-pō͘ ê 1-ê koān.

## Tē-miâ
"Hoa-liân" tī Tâi-oân-oē it-poaⁿ mā tiāⁿ kóng "Hoa-lian", 

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi
*Hoa-liân-chhī 
*Gio̍k-lí-tìn
*Hōng-lîm-tìn
*Bān-êng-hiong
*Hong-pin-hiong
*Hù-lí-hiong
*Kiat-an-hiong
*Kong-ho̍k-hiong
*Sin-siâⁿ-hiong
*Siū-hong-hiong
*Siù-lîm-hiong
*Sūi-sūi-hiong
*Toh-khe-hiong

## Chèng-tī
Pîn-tong-koān

**Pîn-tong-koān** () sī Tâi-oân lâm-pō͘ ê 1-ê koān.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi


### Chhī
*Pîn-tong-chhī 

### Tìn
*Hêng-chhun-tìn
*Tang-káng-tìn
*Tiô-chiu-tìn

### Hiong
*Bān-loân-hiong
*Bān-tan-hiong
*Bó͘-tan-hiong
*Bóan-chiu-hiong
*Bū-tâi-hiong
*Chhia-siâⁿ-hiong
*Chhun-ji̍t-hiong
*Iâm-po͘-hiong
*Ka-tang-hiong
*Kíu-jû-hiong
*Khàm-téng-hiong
*Ko-chhiū-hiong
*Lâi-gī-hiong
*Lāi-po͘-hiong
*Lâm-chiu-hiong
*Lí-káng-hiong
*Lîn-lo̍k-hiong
*Liû-khiû-hiong
*Má-ka-hiong
*Nâ-piⁿ-hiong
*Pang-liâu-hiong
*Pang-soaⁿ-hiong
*Sai-chú-hiong
*Soaⁿ-tē-mn̂g-hiong
*Sin-hn̂g-hiong
*Sin-pi-hiong
*Tek-chhân-hiong
*Thài-bú-hiong
*Tióng-tī-hiong

## Chèng-tī
Sin-tek-koān

**Sin-tek-koān** (Hàn-jī: 新竹縣) sī Tâi-oân sai-pak-pō͘ ê 1-ê koān.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

### Chhī
*Tek-pak-chhī

### Tìn
*Koan-se-tìn
*Sin-po͘-tìn
*Tek-tang-tìn

### Hiong
*Chiam-chio̍h-hiong
*Gô-bî-hiong
*Hoâiⁿ-san-hiong
*Khiông-nâ-hiong
*Ngó͘-hong-hiong
*Ô͘-kháu-hiong
*Pak-po͘-hiong
*Pó-san-hiong
*Sin-hong-hiong

## Chèng-tī
Chiú

Bí, sóe-á, te-á, lō͘-sóe, be̍h kah chúi-kó lóng oē-tàng kek **chiú**.

Chho͘-chho͘ kek--chhut-lâi ê chiú, chiú-cheng-hun kan-nā kúi-pha (percentage) niā. Chit-chióng chiú chhun "phô-tô-chiú". Chit-lūi ê chiú ka-un the̍h-liān chiú-khì koh kek chhut-lâi ê chiú, chiú-cheng-hun tio̍h-oē khah-koân, kúi-cha̍p-pha to-ū. Chit-chióng chiú chhun "bí-chiú". Chit lūi ê chiú koh lâi kā-i thàu mi̍h-kiāⁿ, chhun phang-liāu, sek-sò͘ téng-téng oē piàn-sêng tē-saⁿ chióng ê chiú, chhun "ngó͘-ka-pî".

Chiú nā-sī khǹg-tiàm liâng-léng, boē pha̍k-tio̍h-ji̍t kah boē tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kā-i iô-tín-tāng ê só͘-chāi, oē-tàng khǹg chin-kú boē phái-khì.

Chiú sī chi̍t-chióng ū chiú-cheng-hun ê ím-liāu, boē-tàng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ-chia̍h, chi̍t-sî tiong-kan mā m̄-thang chia̍h siuⁿ-choē, chiah boē phah-phái sin-thé, hoat-seng ì-goā.
Aristophanes

**Aristophanes** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: Ἀριστοφάνης, Kong-goân-chêng 446 nî – Kong-goân-chêng 388 nî) sī kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p ê chok-ka, hí-chhut ê khai-ki-chiá. I 40 phō chok-phín kàu taⁿ kan-taⁿ chhun 11 phō, lāi-tiong Lysistrata siāng chhut-miâ.
Isaac Asimov

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**Isaac Asimov** (, IPA: /ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪˌmɑv/, Lō͘-se-a-gí pún-té siá chò Исаак Озимов, hiān-chú-sî siá chò Айзек Азимов) sī Lō͘-se-a chhut-sì ê Bí-kok chok-ka, mā sī seng-hoà-ha̍k ê kàu-siū. I siá kài chē kho-ha̍k siáu-soat, *[[Ki-tē Hē-lia̍t]]* (The Foundation Series) siāng ū-miâ. I mā siá chin chē thong-sio̍k kho-ha̍k (popular science) ê chheh. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok jîn-bu̍t
Lîm Kiông

**Lîm Kiông** (hàn-jī: 林強; 1964 nî 6 goe̍h chhe 7 - ) Tâi-oân Chiang-hòa-koān chhut-sì, sī Tâi-oân ê koa-chhiú, ián-oân, chok-khek-ka. Chú-iàu chhiùⁿ Tâi-gí koa, sêng-bêng ê koa-khek sī *Hiòng-chiân-kiâⁿ*. Lîm Kiông ê pún-miâ kiò-chò Lîm Chì-hong.

## Im-ga̍k chok-phín
**Hiòng-chiân-kiâⁿ* (1990)
**Chhun-hong Siàu-liân-hiaⁿ* (1992)
**Gō͘-lo̍k Sè-kài* (1993)
**2001 Hiòng-chiân-kiâⁿ* (2001)
Gû-hâm

**Gû-hâm** hō͘ chi̍t-chiah choh-sit-gû khoàⁿ--khí-lâi khak súi khah ū-pān.  Pit-iàu ê sî mā ū-ūi tī téng-koân lâi kat lin-long-á.  M̄-koh chit-khoán phòe-kiāⁿ chú-iàu sī chiam-tùi phái-lia̍h-liāu ê gû, lán seng kā-i koà gû-hâm, siat-sú tú-tio̍h thu̍t-liāu, tn̄g-liāu ê sî, kài-bô pit kan-na gû-phīⁿ niā, ke chi̍t-ūi gû-hâm, thang-hó hō͘-lán khah-hó lia̍h-liāu.
Gû-liāu-soh

**Gû-liāu-soh / Gû-soh**  Chit-tiâu bô-it-tēng khoàⁿ oē chiūⁿ-ba̍k ê soh-á sī lâng khan choh-sit-gû, chiáng-ap gû, hān-chè, kò͘-tēng gû oa̍h-tāng, chia̍h-chháu hoān-ûi (liāu-gû), kái-piàn î-soá gû-ê chia̍h-chháu só͘-chāi (soá-liāu), kài-hó-ê ke-si.  Siat-sú soh-á lâi khì hō͘-i thu̍t-khì (thu̍t-liāu), khì hō͘-i tn̄g-khì (tn̄g-liāu), gû nā-sī un-sûn lán koh tī gû-phīⁿ khan-lâi têng pa̍k tio̍h-hó, gû nā-sī iâu-koh siàu-liân (sin-gû-á), ah-sī iá-sèng tài-tāng, gû lân-tit chū-iû sī oē cháu hō͘-lâng jiok.  Lâng nā-si kiâⁿ-oá-khì i tio̍h khí-kha-cháu, lî-lâng chi̍t-tè-á i tō àⁿ-lo̍h chia̍h-chháu, sì-kè sńg-lâng chhân-hn̂g ngó͘-kok.  Hō͘ chú-lâng, hō͘ chú-lâng-in kui-chhù-nih ê lâng, hō͘ chú-lâng-in kap chng-nih khoàⁿ-boē-koē-sim ê lâng, tī ji̍t-sî jiok-kàu àm-sî saⁿ-kiⁿ-poàⁿ-mî to iâu-teh-jiok.  Chhun chit-khoán phái lia̍h-liāu ê gû, beh khan-chhut gû-tiâu-kan it-tēng ài kì-è sûn gû-liâu-soh.
Gû-kǹg-á

**Gû-kǹg-á** sī choh-sit-gû 2-hoē-toā liáu-āu gû-phīⁿ kǹg-khang ji̍p-lâi pa̍k gû-soh iōng--ê. Hō͘ lâng théng-hó ēng giú-gû-liāu-soh, ēng poāⁿ-gû-liāu-soh lâi sái-gû thoa-lôe, thoa-chhia tàu choē khang-khoē. Gû-kǹg-á kap gû-liāu-soh sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi ài tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sûn, chiah boē khì hō͘ gû sit-khì gû-liāu-soh lâi cháu-khì, ah-sī khan-gû-chhia chài-tāng chiūⁿ-lo̍h-kiā ê sî chiah-bē gûi-hiám.
Jane Austen

**Jane Austen** (1775 nî 12 goe̍h 16 – 1817 nî 7 goe̍h 18) sī Eng-tē Hampshire ê siáu-soat-ka, 1813 nî chhut-pán ê *[[Ngō͘-bān kap Phian-kiàn]]* (Pride and Prejudice) sī i siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín. Austen sù-siông ēng khah sng khah lāi ê chhiú-lō͘ lâi biô-siá hit tang-chūn ê siā-hoē.
George Gordon Byron

**George Gordon Byron** (1788 nî 1 goe̍h 22 – 1824 nî 4 goe̍h 19) sī tī London chhut-sì ê si-jîn, lōng-bān-chú-gī (romanticism) ê thâu-lâng. *[[Childe Harold ê Lú-tô͘]]* (Childe Harold's Pilgrimage) kap *[[Don Juan]]* sī Byron siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín.
Chhàu-iû

**Chhàu-iû** (臭油), he̍k-chiá kóng **hoan-á-iû** (番仔油), sī chi̍t chióng bô sek koh gâu to̍h-hoé ê thoàⁿ-kheng (hydrocarbon) e̍k-thé (só͘-í mā hō chò **chúi-iû**), hiān-tāi phó͘-phiàn iōng lâi chò phùn-siā-ki iân-jín ê jiân-liāu.  Chhàu-iû sī chio̍h-iû tī 150 °C chì 275 °C ê un-tō͘ hā, keng-koè hun-pia̍t cheng-liû (fractional distillation) só͘ sán-seng--ê, i ê thoàⁿ-liān (carbon chain) tn̂g tī C12 kàu C15 ê hoān-ûi lāi.

Canada tē-chit-ha̍k-ka Abraham Gesner tī 1846 hit nî tùi thian-jiân ê tá-má-ka chio̍h liān chhut chhàu-iû, khai-sí liáu hiān-tāi ê chio̍h-iû kang-gia̍p.   I mā chū 1950 nî khai-sí keng-koè i ê Kerosene Gaslight Kong-si bē chhàu-iû kàu sè-kài kok-tē.  

Sio̍k-kè koh phó͘-phiàn ê chhàu-iû chō-chiâⁿ 19 sè-kí āu-poàⁿ ê hái-ang sán-gia̍p kip-sok lâi pāi-hām.  Hái-ang chú-iàu ê sán-phín sī teng-iû.
Miguel de Cervantes

**Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra** (IPA: [miˈɣel ðe θerˈβantes saˈβeðra], 1547 nî 9 goe̍h 29 – 1616 nî 4 goe̍h 23) sī Se-pan-gâ ê siáu-soat-ka, si-jîn kiam ke̍k-chok-ka (playwright). Cervantes ê siáu-soat *[[Don Quixote]]* hông lia̍h chò keng-tián ê keng-tián.
Chúi-im

**Chúi-im** (flood tide) sī hái-chúi siū-tio̍h ge̍h kah ji̍t ê ín-la̍t, hái-bīn ū kui-chek-sèng ê seng-koân ê chi̍t-chióng hiān-siōng.  Kî-tiong ge̍h pí ji̍t khah chiap-kīn tē-kiû.  Ge̍h tùi hái-chúi ê ín-la̍t tio̍h-oē pí ji̍t khah toā.  Só͘-í lán í im-le̍k lâi liáu-kái: chúi-im, chúi-khó (chúi-te̍h) kah lâu-sì.

Tē-kiû hái-bīn seng-kàng ê goân-in:Ge̍h chiò oē-tio̍h hit-gê poàⁿ-kiû ê hái-bīn: Ge̍h kàu hái-bīn ê kū-lî pí ge̍h kàu tē-kiû tiong-sim ê kū-lî khah-té.  Tē-kiû-téng bô-kâng--ê só͘-chāi ū bô-kâng--ê siū-la̍t, tio̍h-oē ū bô-kâng--ê chúi-im kah chúi-khó(chúi-te̍h) ê le̍k-liōng, hái-bīn chò bô-kâng--ê seng-kàng. Kiam kóng chi̍t-gê lē: (Chhiáⁿ chham-khó hù-tô͘.)  Lán nā í tô͘-tiong ê Tiong-sim chò tiong-sim lâi se̍h tín-tāng.  T-tiám kah E-tiám ê lî-sim-la̍t lóng-oē sio-siâng.  M̄-koh, lán nā í Sin-tiong-sim chò tiong-sim lâi se̍h tín-tāng.  E-tiám lî Sin-tiong-sim pí T-tiám lî Sin-tiong-sim khah hn̄g, E-tiám ê lî-sim-la̍t tio̍h-oē pí T-tiám khah-toā.Ge̍h chiò boē-tio̍h lēng-goā hit-gê poàⁿ-kiû ê hái-bīn: In-ūi tē-kiû kah ge̍h ê ūn-choán tiong-sim-tiám í-keng kap tē-kiû ê tiong-sim bô-kâng-ūi, chit gê sin-ê tiong-sim-tiám pí tē-kiû goân-iú-ê tiong-sim-tiám khah chiap-kīn ge̍h, tì-sú hō͘ ge̍h chiò-bōe-tio̍h chit-gê poàⁿ-kiû ê hái-bīn iû-goân oē in-ūi lî-sim-la̍t toā-sòe ê koan-hē lâi seng-kàng.

Múi-kang chúi-im ài im tāi-iok 6-tiám-cheng, só͘-í chi̍t-ji̍t ài im 2-pái.  Ta̍k-ji̍t kah kok-só͘-chāi chúi-im sî-kan lóng boē sio-siâng.  Lóng-sī sî-kan it-ti̍t teh tè-āu lâi im-khó (te̍h).
Toā-lâu

im-le̍k chhoe-itim-le̍k cha̍p-gō͘


**Toā-lâu** sī ge̍h, tē-kiû, ji̍t chit-saⁿ-tiám, pâi--khí-lâi nā-sī piàn-sêng chi̍t-tiâu-soàⁿ, hit-kang tio̍h-sī im-le̍k ê chhoe-it ah-sī cha̍p-gō͘.  Sū-si̍t-siōng, hái-chúi oē khah-bān chi̍t-tiám-a chiah khai-sí im.  Chit-gê sî-chūn in-ūi ge̍h kap ji̍t ê ín-la̍t sī sio-thīn, tì-sú hái-bīn oē pí pêng-siông sî-chūn seng-koân khah chōe, che kiò chò: toā-lâu.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

**Anton Pavlovich Chekhov** (, IPA: [ʌnˈton ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕɛxəf], ) sī Lō͘-se-a ê té-phiⁿ siáu-soat (short story) chok-ka kiam ke̍k-chok-ka.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Standard Ebooks
*Project Gutenberg
*LibriVox
*Open Library

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
; Biographical
* 
* Biography at *The Literature Network*
* "Chekhov's Legacy" by Cornel West at NPR, 2004
* The International competition of philological, culture and film studies works dedicated to Anton Chekhov's life and creative work 

; Documentary
* 2010: Tschechow lieben (Tschechow and Women) – Director: Marina Rumjanzewa – Language: German

; Works
* 
* . All Constance Garnett's translations of the short stories and letters are available, plus the edition of the *Note-book* translated by S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf – see the "References" section for print publication details of all of these. Site also has translations of all the plays.
* 
* 
* 201 Stories by Anton Chekhov, translated by Constance Garnett presented in chronological order of Russian publication with annotations.
* Антон Павлович Чехов. Указатель Texts of Chekhov's works in the original Russian, listed in chronological order, and also alphabetically by title. Retrieved June 2013. 
* Антон Павлович Чехов Texts of Chekhov's works in the original Russian. Retrieved 16 February 2007. 
*
George Bernard Shaw

**George Bernard Shaw** (), Ài-ní-lân chok-ka, i ê hì-ke̍k chhiau-koè 60 chhut, phêng-lūn pau-hâm im-ga̍k, bí-su̍t, bûn-ha̍k. 1925 nî siū pan Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng, 1938 nî Oscar Chióng. I kiông-lia̍t chú-tiuⁿ siā-hoē-chú-gī, cha-bó͘-koân, sò͘-si̍t-chú-gī, kìm-chiú, mā phoe-phêng chè-tō͘-hoà ê kàu-io̍k.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Ài-ní-lân ê jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hoē-chú-gī-chiá
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Chhiah-gû

**Chhiah-gû / N̂g-gû** hiān-chú-sî eng-kai í-keng bô iá-seng--ê. Keng-kè lán-lâng kú-nî--ê iúⁿ-chhī, kâng-chéng (*[[Bos taurus]]*) kah sio-oá-chéng (*[[Bos indicus]]*) ê phòe-chéng thàu-lām, kah ū-kè-oē--ê khan-kà, chit-chióng í-keng kái-liông-ka̍h khah un-sûn--ê choh-sit-gû, tī sió-lông keng-chok, hn̂g--ê bīn-chek siuⁿ-soè, hn̂g--ê só͘-iú-koân hun-soàⁿ, tē-hêng koân-kē bô-pîⁿ, bô ki-hâi-hoà ê lông-chhoan, sī ū i bô-hoat-tō͘ tāi-toè ê hong-piān kap si̍t-iōng.

Chit-chióng choh-sit-gû beh hō͘ choh-sit-lâng khan-kà chìn-chêng. Tī gû 2-hè chó-iū tio̍h thang-hó kǹg-phīⁿ, chhng gû-kǹg-á, pa̍k gû-liāu-soh hō͘ chhin-chhái toā-siò, lâm-lú lóng oē-tàng khan-lâi-khan-khì lâi chhe-khián sú-iōng, tìⁿ-lôe, thoa-gû-chhia. Ūi-tio̍h boh hō͘ gû-káng ū ún-tēng ê sèng-sò͘, tī i khí-chhio chìn-chêng tio̍h ài kā-i iam-tiāu. Nā-sī su-iàu, ū-thang-sî-á iáu-koh ài-koà gû-hâm. Chiah-oē sūn-chhiú hó-ēng.
Emily Dickinson

**Emily Dickinson** (1830 nî 12 goe̍h 10 – 1886 nî 5 goe̍h 15) sī Bí-kok ê si-jîn, chāi-seⁿ ê sî bô siáⁿ lâng bat, koè-sin liáu-āu chiah kap Walt Whitman chò-hoé hông chun-chhûn chò Bí-kok 19 sè-kí ê tāi-piáu si-jîn.
2007 nî 6 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

**2007 nî 6 goe̍h** sī 2007 nî ê tē 6 kó͘-goe̍h. Chit̍ kó͘-goe̍h ū 30 kang, tē 1 kang sī pài-gō͘, siāng-bóe kang sī pài-la̍k.
2007 nî 5 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

**2007 nî 5 goe̍h** sī 2007 nî ê tē 5 kó͘-goe̍h. Chit̍ kó͘-goe̍h ū 31 kang, tē 1 kang sī pài-jī, siāng-bóe kang sī pài-sì.
Hoa-liân

**Hoa-liân** / **Hoa-lian** ē-sái chí:
* Hoa-liân-koān: Tâi-oân ê koān
* Hoa-liân-chhī: Hoa-liân-koān ê koān-hat-chhī
* Hoa-liân-káng-thiaⁿ: Tâi-oân tī Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi ê hêng-chèng-khu
Tâi-tang

**Tâi-tang** ē-sái chí:
*Tâi-tang-koān
*Tâi-tang-chhī
*Tâi-tang-thiaⁿ (Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi)
*Ji̍t-pún Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ ê Tâi-tang-khu
Hoa-liân-chhī

**Hoa-liân-chhī** (hàn-jī: 花蓮市) sī Hoa-liân-koān ē-kha ê chi̍t-ê koān-hat-chhī. Hoa-liân-koān Chèng-hú ê só͘-chāi-tē.
Fyodor Dostoevsky

**Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky** (Lō͘-se-a-gí: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, IPA: [ˈfʲodər mɪˈxajləvɪtɕ dəstʌˈjɛfskʲɪj], ) sī sè-kài bûn-ha̍k kap Lō͘-se-a bûn-ha̍k chin tiōng-iàu ê 1 ê chok-ka. I ê chok-phín tùi 20 sè-kí ê bûn-ha̍k ū kài chhim-khek ê éng-hióng. 1880 nî chhut-pán ê siáu-soat *[[Karamazov Hiaⁿ-tī]]* (Братья Карамазовы) sī i ê tāi-piáu-chok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Lō͘-se-a jîn-bu̍t
Lâu-sì

**Lâu-sì** sī ē-hái ê lâng só͘ tì-ì--ê, só͘-koan-sim ê iân-hái hái-bīn ham hái-phiâⁿ ê chōng-hóng kah ka-kī kò-jîn ê kám-siū. Hái-nih ê seng-bu̍t m̄-koán hî, hê, chîm, chhi̍h, lê-á, khak-á, ... , lóng ū ka-kī ê seng-oa̍h tē-tiám, oa̍h-tāng sî-kan.  Che ham toā-lâu sió-lâu, ham siáⁿ-mi̍h sî-kan chúi-im chúi-khó (chúi-te̍h) lóng-ū chiok-toā ê koan-hē.  Tī hái-piⁿ thó-lia̍h ē-hái ê lâng tùi chit hong-bīn lóng ū ta̍k-ke it-tì kah ka-kī to̍k-iú ê sim-tek.  Che tio̍h-oē sán-seng sím-mi̍h sî-chūn chhut-hái ah-sī khì hái-phiâⁿ oē lia̍h khah-ū khah-choe ī-tēng beh lia̍h ê hái-sán, –Ū-lâu-sì kah –Bô-lâu-sì ê khoàⁿ-hoat.  Jiân-āu nā-sī lâu-sī lâi--ê sî-kan kap ka-kī ê ji̍t-siông seng-oa̍h, choē-khang-khè hioh-khùn sî-kan sī-m̄-sī it-tì, iáu-oē hun chhut: –Hó-lâu-sì kah –Phái-lâu-sì.  Ū--ê hái-nih ê seng-bu̍t oa̍h-tāng sî-kan tī poàⁿ-mî, ài ēng teng-hé lâi chhiō, che chin sin-khó, m̄-koh chhiō-ū, koh-khah phái-lâu-sì mā kóng-chò hó-lâu-sì.
Arthur Conan Doyle

**Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle** () sī So͘-kat-lân ê chok-ka kiam i-seng. Siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín sī ēng Sherlock Holmes chò chú-kak ê thàm-cheng siáu-soat. 

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

**Digital collections**
* 
* 
* 
* Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg Australia
* 
* 
* Poems by Arthur Conan Doyle

**Physical collections**
* Arthur Conan Doyle Papers, Photographs, and Personal Effects at the Harry Ransom Center
*Arthur Conan Doyle Collection at Toronto Public Library
* Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Collection at Dartmouth College Library
* Arthur Conan Doyle Online Exhibition 
* 
* C. Frederick Kittle's Collection of Doyleana  at the Newberry Library
* 

**Biographical information**
* Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, Knt. – Cr. 1902 , *The county families of the United Kingdom* or *Royal manual of the titled and untitled aristocracy of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland*, (Volume ed. 59, yr. 1919) (page 109 of 415) by Edward Walford
* The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia
* Conan Doyle in Birmingham

**Other references**
* 1930 audio recording of Conan Doyle speaking
* 
* 
* The Arthur Conan Doyle Society
* Arthur Conan Doyle quotes 
* 
*
Iûⁿ-lâu

**Iûⁿ-lâu** / **Hái-lâu** (iông-liû / hái-liû; ; ) sī chi̍t-chióng chiàu kò͘-tēng--ê hong-hiòng, iōng chha-put-to kâng-khoán--ê sok-tō͘ lâi liû-tōng ê hái-tiong chúi-lâu. I pún-sin ê un-tō͘ pí keng-kè ê tē-khu ê chúi-un khah-koân ê hái-tiong chúi-lâu sī loán-liû, chhiūⁿ Tâi-oân tang-pêng ê O͘-hái-chúi (tī Hôa-gú kah Ji̍t-gú lāi-té kiò-chòe "Hek-tiâu" (黑潮 *Hēicháo / kurosio*)); pún-sin ê un-tō͘ pí keng-kè ê tē-khu ê chúi-un khah-kē ê hái-tiong chúi-lâu Hoâ-gú kiò-chò hân-liû, chhiūⁿ Ji̍t-pún tang-pêng ê Chhin-tiâu ( *oyasio*); pún-sin ê un-tō͘ pí keng-kè ê tē-khu ê chúi-un khah-liâng ê sī liâng-liû, chhiūⁿ Ò-chiu sai-pêng ê Sai-Ò Liâng-liû (). Chia ê hái-tiong chúi-lâu lóng sī chi̍t-chióng iûⁿ-lâu.

Iûⁿ-lâu sī hong, hái-chúi ap-le̍k bi̍t-tō͘, chúi-lâu ê mô͘-chhat-le̍k kah tē-kiû pún-sin ka-kī--ê tńg-se̍h lâi chō-sêng--ê. Hái-toé tē-hêng, hái-hoāⁿ ê hêng-thé kah tó-sū téng-téng lóng-oē tùi-i sán-seng éng-hióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Iông-liû
Alexandre Dumas

**Alexandre Dumas** () sī Hoat-kok ê chok-ka. Alexandre Dumas ê le̍k-sú siáu-soat siāng chhut-miâ, chhin-chhiūⁿ *[[Monte Cristo ê Koān-kong]]* (Le Comte de Monte Cristo), *[[Saⁿ Kiàm-kheh]]* (Les Trois Mousquetaires). 

I sī chok-ka Alexandre Dumas, fils ê a-pa.
Hái-chúi

**Hái-chúi** () siū-tio̍h ji̍t-pha̍k, lo̍h-hō͘, kùi-chiat kah hái ê chhim-tō͘ téng-téng in-sò͘ lóng-oē lâi kái-piàn sèng-chit. Tē-kiû piáu-bīn ū 70% í-siōng sī hō͘ hái-chúi im ba̍t-khì--ê, chiah-toā--ê biān-chek, che ta̍t-tit lán tiōng-sī.

Hái-chúi kiâm-siap, chú-iàu sī hái-chúi sêng-hun tiong tāi-iok ū 3.5% sī iâm. Lán tī hái-chúi lâi chò bô-kâng--ê chhú-lí, ka-un tio̍h-oē theh-liān chhut ji̍t-siông-seng-oa̍h-iōng, kang-gia̍p goân-liāu-iōng ê iâm, koh ū sek-ha̍p kang-gia̍p-iōng, lông-gia̍p-iōng kah chhùi-chia̍h-iōng ê chiáⁿ-chúi.

Lēng-goā hái-chúi mā ū-lâng lī-iōng: hái-éng ê phû-tîm ūi-tì chha-pia̍t, hái-bīn kah hái-tóe ê bô-kâng--ê un-tō͘ chha-pia̍t, chúi-im kah chúi-khó (chúi-te̍h) bô-kâng--ê hái-bīn koân-tō͘ chha-pia̍t lâi hoat-tiān.
F. Scott Fitzgerald

**Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald** (1896 nî 9 goe̍h 24 – 1940 nî 12 goe̍h 21) sī Bí-kok Jazz Sî-tāi (Jazz Age) ê chok-ka, choan-tô͘ siá siáu-soat kap té-phiⁿ-kó͘ (short story). Fitzgerzld hông tòng chò ū chu-keh tāi-piáu 20 sè-kí ê 1 ê chok-ka. *Úi-tāi ê Gatsby* (The Great Gatsby) sī i siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín.
Grimm Hiaⁿ-tī

**Grimm Hiaⁿ-tī** sī Jacob Grimm kap Wilhelm Grimm, 2 ê lâng lóng sī Tek-kok ê kàu-siū. In chéng-lí chhut-pán ê bîn-kan-kó͘ kap gín-á-kó͘ siāng chhut-miâ, chhin-chhiūⁿ *Aschenputtel* (O͘-cha-bó͘) kap *Schneewittchen* (Eng-gí: Snow White). In tī gí-giân-ha̍k mā ū toā kòng-hiàn, chhin-chhiūⁿ gián-kiù gí-im le̍k-sî piàn-hoà ê Grimm Tēng-lu̍t.
Nathaniel Hawthorne

**Nathaniel Hawthorne** (1804 nî 7 goe̍h 4 – 1864 nî 5 goe̍h 19) chhut-sì ê sî hō chò **Nathaniel Hathorne**, sī 19 sè-kí Bí-kok ê siáu-soat-ka, mā siá chin chē té-phiⁿ-kó͘. Hawthorne ēng bûn-ha̍k lâi biô-siá Bí-kok ê si̍t-bîn le̍k-sú, sī Bí-kok bûn-ha̍k hoat-tián ê tiōng-iàu kak-sek. 1850 nî chhut-pán ê *Âng Jī* (The Scarlet Letter) sī i siāng chhut-miâ ê chok-phín.
Éng

**Éng** (湧), **hong-éng** (風湧) ia̍h **hái-éng** (海湧), sī hái, ô͘, thâm téng-téng só͘-chāi, chúi siū-tio̍h goā-la̍t só͘-ín-khí ê chit-chióng hiān-siōng. Hong sī kî-tiong kài chú-iàu-ê in-sò͘. Hong ê kiông-tō͘, chhe-ê hoān-ûi, kah chhe goā-kú lóng oē-ū bô-kâng-ê éng. Sio-oá nn̄g-gê éng kài-koân nn̄g-tiám ê kū-lî sī goā-tn̂g, chi̍t-gê éng ê kài-kè-tiám kap i kài-koân-tiám ê kū-lî sī goā-koân, éng î-soá sok-tō͘ ê kín-bān hong-hiòng, éng sī siū sím-mi̍h goā-la̍t lâi khí-tì--ê, téng-téng sī líau-kái éng ê siong-koan ê ki-pún tì-sek.

Chúi-bīn sī tông-sî siū-tio̍h bô-kâng hong-hiòng, bô-kâng le̍k-liōng ê hong teh chhe, tì-sú lán só͘ khoàⁿ-tio̍h ê chúi-bīn sī kok-chióng hêng-thé-ê éng só͘ chong-ha̍p khí-lâi--ê kiat-kó: ū niau-pi-pa ê chúi-bīn. Chū-án-ne lán mā oē-tàng iû khoàⁿ bô-kâng--ê chúi-bīn lâi liáu-kái hiān-siōng, lâi thui-chhek bī-lâi hái-nih ê piàn-hoà.

Éng nā jú-tn̂g, sok-tō͘ jú-kín. Éng nā jú-koân, kài-koân-tiám ê éng nā-sī chih-chài boē-tiâu, éng tio̍h-oē phoà-khì hō͘-lán khoàⁿ-tio̍h pe̍h-phe̍h. Hái-éng tī goā-hái koáⁿ chi̍t-pâi koh chi̍t-pâi ê éng hiòng hái-hoāⁿ ek-kè--lâi, chiūⁿ hoāⁿ liáu-āu, éng phoà, siau-sit-bû-chong. Sū-si̍t-siōng i oē pun chhut nn̄g-kó͘ thoa-la̍t chiok-kiông ê chúi-lâu, chi̍t-kó͘ sūn hái-phiâⁿ ê chhiâ-tō͘ kiâⁿ hái-tóe kah chi̍t-kó͘ lî-hoāⁿ ê chúi-lâu lâi khoài-sok lâu-chhut toā-hái. Che nā chhim-tō͘ an-choân sī lán-lâng ka-kī o̍h siû-chúi bián-lâng-kà chin-hó ê chō͘-la̍t kah khoân-kéng. M̄-koh, nā tùi hái-phiâⁿ tē-hêng bô-se̍k koh siuⁿ-chhim, hái-piⁿ sńg-chúi ê lâng oē hoat-seng giû-hiám, lâi sit-lo̍h, mā-sī tī chia.
Tiâu-lâu

**Tiâu-lâu** (Tidal Current) sī hái-chúi siū-tio̍h giú chúi-im, chúi-khó(chúi-te̍h) ê chit-kó͘ le̍k-liōng(ín-la̍t ), só͘ ín-khí--ê hái-tiong chúi-lâu.  Thâu-chêng só͘-kóng-ê le̍k-liōng tōa-pō͘-hūn sī in-ūi go̍eh-niû, lēng-gōa Ji̍t-thâu mā ū sió-khóa koan-hē.

Chit chióng chúi-lâu kan-nā tī poàⁿ-kang, chi̍t-kang tiong-kan kap chúi-im chúi-khó(chúi-te̍h) kâng chiu-kî lâi-teh piàn-hoà.  Chúi-im hoat-seng ê só·-chāi tō sī hái-iûⁿ in-ūi ín-la̍t ê éng-hióng kôan--khí-lâi ê ūi, chit-2-ūi tú-hó ē tī tē-kiû tùi-péng ê 2-pêng, Kî-tiong ê 1-ūi tō sī chiàⁿ-chiàⁿ ǹg tùi go̍eh-niû ê só·-chāi. Nā kā tē-kiû khòaⁿ-chò 1-lia̍p kiû, Chúi-khó(chúi-te̍h) ê só·-chāi, tō hoat-seng tī tīⁿ-lâu(chúi-im im kàu-chāi, hái-bīn tī kài-koân ê só͘-chāi, hoan-sin tō-beh khai-sí khó(te̍h), hit-tang-chūn ê hái-phiâⁿ kah hái-káng ê hái-bīn ê chêng-hêng kiò-chò tīⁿ-lâu) chit-2-ūi se̍h keng-tō͘ 90-tō· liáu-āu kàu ê hit-2-tah.

M̄-kóan sī hái-chiūⁿ ê toh-chi̍t-ūi, ta̍k-ji̍t lóng ē ū 2-pái chúi-im kap 2-pái Chúi-khó(chúi-te̍h). Chit-2-pái tīⁿ-lâu ê sî-kan chha-put-to lī 12-tiám-cheng koh 27.4-hun. Che 12-tiám-cheng sī in-ūi tē-kiû ê chū-choán, chiah ē tú-hó làng pòaⁿ-kang, nā he 27.4-hun-cheng sī in-ūi go̍eh-niû mā se̍h tē-kiû teh tín-tāng, só·-í koh ke beh pòaⁿ-tiám-cheng ê cheng-chha.

Chit chióng chúi-lâu nā gia̍p-tī nn̄g-pêng hái-hoāⁿ tiong-kan, in-ūi siū-tio̍h tē-hêng ê éng-hióng oē-sī óng-ho̍k-hêng ê chúi-lâu, chō-sêng hái-bīn bô kui-chek--ê seng-kàng.  I nā tī toā-hái sī tńg-se̍h-hêng ê chúi-lâu.
Bêng-tī Î-sin

**Bêng-tī Î-sin** (Ji̍t-gí: 明治維新; めいじいしん) sī 19-sè-kí boa̍t-kî, Ji̍t-pún só͘ chò--ê, ū chu-pún chú-gī sèng-chit-tek choân-bīn se-hoà kap hiān-tāi-hoà ê kái-kek ūn-tōng. Thàu-koè chit-ê ūn-tōng, kā siōng-boé 1-ê bo̍k-hú Edo Bo̍k-hú sak--tó, hō͘ thian-hông chhin-sin lâi chú-chhî koán-lí kok-ka, kái-kek ê hoān-ûi, khan-sia̍p-tio̍h tiong-iong ê koaⁿ-chè, hoat-lu̍t chè-tō͘, hông-kiong thé-chè, sin-hūn kai-ki̍p, tē-hng hêng-chèng, kim-iông, bō͘-e̍k, sán-gia̍p, keng-chè, kàu-io̍k, goā-kau kap chong-kàu chèng-chhek téng-téng.

## khài-lio̍k

Bêng-tī î-sin sī siáⁿ-mi̍h sî-chūn khai-sí--ê ū chē-chē khoán kóng-hoat tī-leh, khah e̍h--ê sī kí Ji̍t-pún nî-hō kái-chò Bêng-tī hit-tong-sî, iā-tō-sī 1868-nî 10--goe̍h 23 (kū-le̍k 9--goe̍h chhoe 8), m̄-koh phó-thong kóng Bêng-tī î-sin ê sî, sī chí tāi-chèng hōng-hoân (大政奉還), ông-chèng ho̍k-kó͘ (王政復古) liáu-āu sio-liân-soà ê kái-kek, nā chhut-boé ê sî-kan, it-poaⁿ sī lia̍h se-lâm chiàn-cheng kiat-sok (1877-nî), lāi-koh chè-tō͘ kiàn-li̍p (1885-nî), hiàn-hoat thé-chè sêng-li̍p (1889-nî) chit kúi-ê sī-kan-tiàm siōng-kài chē.

Chit-toāⁿ sî-kan ê sin chèng-hú, toā-pō͘-hūn sī kā hō-chò "Bêng-tī chèng-hú", "sin chèng-hú" iah "î-sin chèng-hú". Mā ū lâng in-ūi hit lāi-té ê būn-tê, kā phì-siùⁿ chò "phoan-hoa̍t chèng-hú", chit-khoán thé-hō sī in-ūi sin chèng-hú--ni̍h chin chē chú-iàu jîn-bu̍t sī Satuma-phoan kap Tyôsyû-phoan ê thâu-lâng, chú-iàu ê būn-tê sī chí Bêng-tī chèng-hú ê chhiú-lō͘ choan-chè, koh tiong-ki̍p í-siōng ê koaⁿ-oân tō chin hán jīn-iōng kū chèng-hú ê lâng, koân-le̍k pá-a̍k tī chi̍t-pō͘-hūn ê kiông-toā phoan-sú chhiú--ni̍h.

Bêng-tī î-sin chit-ê kóng-hoat sī Chiau-hô (昭和) sî-tāi liáu-āu chiah pìⁿ phó-phiàn--ê, nā hit-tang-chūn ê láng, tùi tāi-chèng hōng-hoân kap hùi-phoan tì-koān (廢藩置縣) ê kái-kek, sī kā kiò-chò "goissin"(御一新).

Bêng-tī î-sin tī té sî-kan lāi-té tō hō͘ Ji̍t-pún ê kok-ka le̍k-liōng chám-jiân-á thê-seng, ē-tàng kap Se-kok sio pí-phēng, tì-sú A-chiu ta̍k-kok choaⁿ-á kā tòng-chò sī kīn-tāi kái-kek ê tián-hoān.

## kái-kek ê hong-chiam

Bêng-tī sin chèng-hú ê kái-kek hong-chiam, siōng-ki-pún koh thâu-chi̍t-kiāⁿ tō sī ùi Edo Bo̍k-hú, iā-chiū-sī Tokugawa Bo̍k-hú kā chip-chèng-koân the̍h--lo̍h-lâi, kau tī thian-hông chhiú--ni̍h (tāi-chèng hōng-hoân, ông-chèng ho̍k-kó͘), bo̍k-hú chū án-ne kiâⁿ-ji̍p le̍k-sú, koh lâi tō sī cháu-chhoē hong-sek, beh hō͘ Ji̍t-pún thang jip-chiūⁿ Au-chiu kap Bí-kok téng-téng ê kiông-kok, chit hong-bīn thang kū-thé tī 1868-nî ê Ngó͘-kò-tiâu Gū-sè-bûn (五箇条の御誓文) khoàⁿ--chhut-lâi. Kán-tan kóng, tō-sī thàu-koè ha̍p-gī thé-chè (合議体制), koaⁿ-bîn it-thé (官民一体), lâi chiâⁿ-chòe 1-ê kok-ka, koh phah-phoà kū-koàn-sì, poê-ióng kap sè-kài ta̍k-kok pêⁿ-chē-khí ê châi-tiāu.

Kóng-tio̍h beh ta̍t-sêng téng-koân chiah-ê bo̍k-phiau, siōng chia̍p thiaⁿ-tio̍h ê kháu-hō sī "bù-kok kiông-peng" (富国強兵) kap "si̍t-sán heng-gia̍p" (殖産興業).

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê le̍k-sú
Ernest Hemingway

**Ernest Miller Hemingway** () sī Bí-kok ê siáu-soat-ka, té-phiⁿ-kó͘ chok-ka, kiam kì-chiá. Hemingway ê *Lāu-lâng kap Hái* (The Old Man and the Sea) tī 1953 nî the̍h tio̍h Pulitzer Chióng, tī 1954 nî the̍h tio̍h Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Homeros

**Homeros** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: Ὅμηρος) sī kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p sū-sū-si *[[Ilias]]* kap *[[Odusseia]]* ê chok-chiá, m̄-koh kiù-chin, hoān-sè bô-iáⁿ ū chit ê lâng. Kin-kì thoân-soat, Homeros sī khiā tiàm Ilion, bak-chiu chheⁿ-mê ê si-jîn, sî-kan liōng-iok-á sī se-goân-chêng 8 sè-kí iah 7 sè-kí. Ū lâng jīn-ûi Homeros sī chò-tīn chhòng-chok hiah-ê chok-phín ê 1 tīn si-jîn; mā ū lâng jīn-ûi Homeros sī cha-bó͘--ê.
Nils Aall Barricelli

**Nils Aall Barricelli** () sī Norge ê sò͘-ha̍k-ka, gián-kiù ûi-thoân algorithm (genetic algorithm) ê sian-hêng-chiá. Barricelli tī 1954 nî tō tī Princeton Ko-téng Gián-kiù-īⁿ (the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton) ēng tiān-náu lâi hóng ián-hoà.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Nils Barricelli - artificial life, coevolution, self-adaptation (Eng-gí)
Ke-si

**Ke-si** (tool; kang-kū) sī lán-lâng the̍h-teh tàu-chòe khang-khè ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, sī pang-chān lán-lâng ê lêng-le̍k tī bô kàu ū, tī ū kàu chán ê chō͘-chhiú. Chha-put-to lán-lâng ta̍k-ji̍t ba̍k-chiu peh-khui khoàⁿ ōe-tio̍h bong ōe-tio̍h ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ lóng-sī lán-lâng ê ke-si, tī chhiú-kang kàu ki-hâi, sek-ha̍p kok-chióng hâng-gia̍p, sek-ha̍p kok-chióng iōng-tô͘, èng-ū-chīn-ū hō͘-lâng teh sú-iōng. Kín-á-ji̍t, lán-lâng ōe-tàng kè-tio̍h khah khin-piān ê seng-oa̍h, lóng mā-sī in-ūi lán-lâng sûi-sî lóng teh seng-sán khah-chōe, khah-sin, khah ho̍k-cha̍p ê ke-si lâi tùi-ìm--tio̍h-ê.

M̄-koh, ū-thang-sî-á ji̍t-siông kóng-ōe **ke-si** sī teh-kóng "**[[bú-khì]]**".

## Kok-chióng ê ke-si

Image:Hammer2.jpg|Kòng-thûi-á
Image:Athame.JPG|To-á
Image:Drill001.jpg|Chǹg-bóe
Image:Strug katnik 01.jpg|Khau-to
Ki-á-peng

**Ki-á-peng** sī chi̍t-chióng léng-tòng kek-chò kok-chióng hêng-thé chìn-chêng; ē seng khǹg chi̍t-ki pìⁿ chò-hóe kek; chiah thang hō͘ chhiú hó-gia̍h ê peng. Chi̍t-chióng chia̍h ê sì-siù-á. Nā-sī kan-nā beh chiah-liâng niā, iōng thn̂g, chúi kah hún chò goân-liāu tō ōe-tàng. Beh-ài kî-tha khàu-bī, iōng peng-kî-lîn sio-siâng ê goân-liāu, kâng-khoán ê chò-hoat mā ōe-tàng kek-chhut chit-chióng hêng-thé ê peng-phín.

Chá-chêng chài chit-chióng peng-phín sì-kè teh-bē ê lâng lóng ōe oân-lō͘ iô chi̍t-ki liang-á (kah ha̍k-hāu iô siōng-hā-khò kâng hêng-thé ê chhiú-iô-cheng, m̄-koh khah sè-ki), oân-lō͘ hoah **ki-á-peng**. Kāng gín-á bóe chi̍t-ki sī tng-tang-sî toā-lâng su̍t gín-á thiaⁿ-chhùi ê phiat-pō͘.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Peng-kî-lîm
* Chhoah-peng

Lūi-pia̍t:Sì-siù
Karel Čapek

**Karel Čapek** (IPA: [ˈkarɛl ˈtʃapɛk], 1890 nî 1 goe̍h 9 – 1938 nî 12 goe̍h 25) sī 20 sè-kí Česko siāng ū-miâ ê 1 ê chok-ka, 1936 nî Nobel Chióng ê hāu-soán-jîn. Robot chit ê sû 1921 nî tī i ê kho-ha̍k siáu-soat ke̍k-pún *[[R.U.R.]]* (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti) tē 1 pái chhut-hiān. Ū lâng kóng siāng kài kó͘-chui ê káu-á-kiáⁿ Dášeňka 1933 nî tī i ê chok-phín *[[Dášeňka, Káu-á-kiáⁿ ê Seng-oa̍h]]* (Dášeňka čili život štěněte) lāi-té chhut-hiān. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka
Olaf Stapledon

**William Olaf Stapledon** (1886 nî 5 goe̍h 10 &ndash; 1950 nî 9 goe̍h 6) sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê tiat-ha̍k-ka kiam kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka.
Hong

**Hong** sī liû-tōng ê khong-khì. Tē-kiû sì-chiu-ûi hō͘ khong-khì pau-leh, kui-nî-thàng-thiⁿ siū ji̍t-thâu teh pha̍k. Khong-khì siū-sio phòng-tióng piàn-khin ōe siōng-seng, siū-léng lun-kiu piàn-tāng ōe hā-kàng. Chit-chióng sio-léng kau-oāⁿ ōe sán-seng khong-khì ê liû-tōng.

Khong-khì ê liû-tōng hong-hiòng: Tē-kiû í ka-kī ê tiong-sim chòe ki-chún lâi-teh tńg-se̍h, hō͘ hong ê liû-tōng hong-hiòng ōe siū chit-chióng tńg-se̍h lâi chòe it-tēng hong-hiòng ê chóan-hiòng. Kî-tha iáu-ū in-ūi kùi-chiat, in-ūi lio̍k-tē kah hái-iûⁿ, in-ūi soaⁿ-téng kah soaⁿ-kha ê un-tō͘ chha-pia̍t, téng-téng lóng-ōe hō͘ hong ê liû-tōng hong-hiòng chò piàn-hōa.

Hong hiān-chú-sî mā-sī chi̍t-chióng lêng-goân.
Edward Osborne Wilson

**Edward Osborne Wilson** (1929 nî 6 goe̍h 10 chhut-sì - 2021) sī Bí-kok ê ha̍k-chiá. Wilson sī gián-kiù khun-thiông-ha̍k (entomology), káu-hiā-ha̍k (myrmecology) ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka; mā sī siā-hoē-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k (sociobiology), seng-bu̍t-to-iūⁿ-sèng (biodiversity) ê gián-kiù-chiá; thê-chhiòng consilience kap biophilia ê lí-lūn-ka; iū-koh sī chú-tiuⁿ pó-io̍k-chú-gī (conservationism) ê phok-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka (naturalist). Bat tio̍h koè 2 pái Pulitzer Chióng.
So͘-kat-lân Bîn-cho̍k Tóng

**Scot-tē Bîn-cho̍k Tóng** (Eng-gí: Scottish National Party (SNP), Alba-gí: Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba) sī Scot-tē 1 ê tiong-kan-oá-chó ê chèng-tóng. SNP chú-tiuⁿ Scot-tē to̍k-li̍p, 2007 nî soán-kí liáu-āu pìⁿ-chiâⁿ Scot-tē Gī-hoē siāng toā ê chèng-tóng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chèng-tóng
Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-kat-lân
Ín-la̍t

**Ín-la̍t** sī kóng mi̍h-kiāⁿ kap mi̍h-kiāⁿ tiong-kan chá-tio̍h-ū chûn-chāi ê hit-kó͘ la̍t. Kho-ha̍k-ka siat-kè kok-chióng pang-chān lán ōe-tàng liáu-kái, chiap-siū ê si̍t-giām ke-si lâi chèng-bêng, soeh-bêng chit-chióng la̍t sī chin--ê, sī chûn-chāi--ê, i ūn-chok ê goân-lí sī án-choáⁿ téng. Hō͘ lán chai-iáⁿ: hō͘ tiāⁿ-tio̍h tī-hia ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ oē tín-tāng, tín-tāng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ ōe tòng-tiām, hong-hiòng ōe kái-piàn, sok-tō͘ ōe piàn-hòa ê goân-in, che lóng-sī ín-la̍t ê khí-tì. Chit hong-bīn tì-sek í-keng sī chi̍t-chióng chiok-iù, chiok-choan-gia̍p ê ha̍k-kho.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Tāng-la̍t
Choh-sit

**Choh-sit** (作穡) tio̍h-sī teh chèng-choh (chèng chi̍t-koá-á hō͘ lâng-chia̍h-ēng, cheng-siⁿ-á-chia̍h-ēng, lâng-chhēng-chhah-ēng kah hoe, chháu, chhiū-châng lūi ê si̍t-bu̍t) ah-sī chhī cheng-seⁿ-á .  Chit-chióng sit-thâu ōe in-ūi só͘-chāi ê bô-kâng, thiⁿ-khì ê piàn-hoà kah kùi-chiat lâi éng-hióng siu-sêng.  Chit-chióng sit-thâu ê tâu-ji̍p kàu sán-chhut ê kî-kan iû-koh lóng chiok-tn̂g.  Chin kan-khó͘ koh bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ū-thang siu lâi chia̍h.  Sī chi̍t-chióng bô it-tēng kài chhíⁿ-lâng-sim ê khang-khoè.  M̄-koh, chit-chióng sit-thâu ê siu-he̍k mā chha-put-to lóng-sī lán-lâng ji̍t-siông seng-oa̍h ê pit-su-phín.  Chit-chióng khang-khòe lóng bô-lâng chò sī bōe-ēng--ê, lán ài tiōng-sī.

Teh kiâⁿ-chûn chi̍t khoàⁿ-tio̍h tó-sū hit-gê lâu-pái-sî, lán ē-kóng: tó-sū, lio̍k-tē, mā chin-chē-lâng ē-kóng khoàⁿ-tio̍h soaⁿ loh.  Teng-lio̍k hit-gê kiⁿ-tǹg, lán ē-kóng chiūⁿ-lio̍k-tē, chiūⁿ-hoāⁿ, mā chin-chē-lâng ē-kóng chiūⁿ-soaⁿ.  Gí-giân sī chi̍t-chióng si̍p-koàn.  Tng tú-tio̍h teh-kóng chò soaⁿ-sit, bô-it-tēng sī kóng sit-thâu lóng chò tī soaⁿ-niá, soaⁿ-phiâⁿ, m̄-sī pêng-te ê só͘-chāi.  Kóng **chò soaⁿ-sit** mā ū khó-lêng sī kóng **sit-thâu sī chò tī lio̍k-tē** niā, sī-kóng chit-chióng sit-thâu kap hái-nih--ê bô tī-tāi ê ì-sù.

Sî-tāi piàn-chhian, kòe-khì ê keng-giām ē lâu--lo̍h-lâi, chit-má pêng-siông **chòe-khang-khòe** mā ū lâng kóng "choh-sit".
Victor Hugo

**Victor-Marie Hugo** (IPA: /vik.'tɔʁ ma.'ʁi y.'go/, ) sī Hoat-kok lô-bān-chú-gī si-jîn, siáu-soat-ka, ke̍k-chok-ka, té-bûn (essay) chok-ka, iū-koh sī sī-kak gē-su̍t-ka, chèng-tī-ka, jîn-koân ūn-tōng-chiá. *[[Pháiⁿ-miā-lâng]]* (Les Misérables) sī Hugo siāng chhut-miâ ê siáu-soat.
Tiān-chú-phoe

**Tiān-chú-phoe** (電子批) sī ēng tiān-chú (sò͘-ūi) hêng-sek, thàu-koè tiān-chú ko͘-thong hē-thóng, lâi pian-chip, thoân-sàng, chhûn-khǹg kap chiap-siu chu-sìn (書信) ê 1-khoán ko͘-thong hong-sek. Khah khoah-bīn ê kái-soeh lâi kóng, tiān-chú-phoe pau-koat thàu-koè bāng-chè bāng-lō͘ tiān-chú-phoe hē-thóng, Kán-ī Tiān-chú-phoe Thoân-sàng Hia̍p-tēng (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; SMTP), he̍k-chiá-sī e̍h-e̍k bāng-lō͘ hē-thóng (intranet systems) lāi-té, bô-kāng sú-ēng-chiá chi-kan lâi-khì ê tiān-chú phoe. Hiān-chhú-sî tiān-chú-phoe mā hō͘ lâng ēng lâi thoân-sàng toā-chong ê kóng-kò ia̍h it-poaⁿ lâng bô-ài ti̍h ê sìn-sit, hō-chò pùn-sò-phoe, tiān-chú-phoe ê koán-lí-chiá ē ēng koè-tiû thêng-sek lâi kā toā-pō͘-hūn ê pùn-sò-phoe tû-bia̍t.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Henrik Ibsen

**Henrik Johan Ibsen** (1828 nî 3 goe̍h 20 – 1906 nî 5 goe̍h 23) sī Norge ê ke̍k-chok-ka, hiān-tāi siá-si̍t-chú-gī (realism) ê khai-ki-chiá. Chin chē lâng kā Ibsen tòng-chò "hiān-tāi hì-ke̍k chi hū". 1884 nî ê *Iá-ah* (Vildanden) sī Ibsen siāng chhut-miâ, siāng ho̍k-cha̍p ê chok-phín.
James Joyce

**James Augustine Aloysius Joyce** (Éire-gí: Séamus Seoighe; 1882 nî 2 goe̍h 2 – 1941 nî 1 goe̍h 13) sī tī Éire toā-hàn ê chok-ka, 20 sè-kí chin ū tāi-piáu-sèng ê 1 ê chok-ka. 1922 nî ê siáu-soat *[[Ulysses]]* sī Joyce siāng ū-miâ ê chok-phín. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Ài-ní-lân ê jîn-bu̍t
Mahatma Gandhi

**Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi** (Gujarat-gí: , , IAST: *mohandās karamcand gāndhī*, IPA: ) () , Tâi-gí im-e̍k **Gân-tì**, sī Ìn-tō͘ to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng tiōng-iàu ê chèng-tī kiam cheng-sîn léng-siū. Tī Ìn-tō͘ lâng chun-kèng i sī Kok-hū; i ê seⁿ-ji̍t (10 goe̍h 2 ji̍t) sī kok-ka kà-ji̍t. I chú-tiuⁿ *[[Satyagraha]]*: iōng toā-hêng ê kong-bîn bô-ài ho̍k-chiông (civil disobedience) ê chit-khoán hui-po̍k-le̍k hoat-tō͘ lâi hoán-khòng po̍k-chèng, āu--lâi tùi sè-kài ê bîn-koân, chū-iû ūn-tōng toà lâi khé-sī.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k

**Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k** ê goân-khí-thâu, ē-tàng jiok khì kàu siōng-kó͘-chá ê keng-tián, iā tō-sī Ìn-tō͘-kàu thoân-thóng ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn: Vadas.Vedas kāng-cháng 4 pún chheh lāi-té ê 1 pún: Samaveda, ēng chiâⁿ tn̂g ê bûn-jī lâi kóng-tio̍h im-ga̍k. Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k chi̍t-khí-khiàn sī ēng lâi pang-chān chē-siân--ê, in siong-sìn im-ga̍k thàu-koè hō-chò "Kindalini" ê chhiú-lō͘, bô-kāng-khoán ê mé-lō͘-tì (raga) tō ē khì éng-hióng bô-kāng-khoán ê chakra (sim-chêng iah lêng-liōng ê tiong-sim).

Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k mā sī chū-lâi hoat-tián siōng ho̍k-cha̍p koh siōng ka-nn̂g ê im-ga̍k hē-thóng ê 1 ê, i chhin-chhiūⁿ Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k chi̍t-iūⁿ, mā kā peh-tō͘ im-têng hun-chò 12 ê poàⁿ-im, che tiong-kan ū 8 ê ki-pún im-hû: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa. Kap Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k koh-iūⁿ ê só͘-chāi, sī Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k sī chhái-iōng sûn-chèng-lu̍t (Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k sī chhái-iōng pêng-kin-lu̍t.)

Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k goân-té sī tan-soân-lu̍t--ê, tiāⁿ the̍h chi̍t-toāⁿ kò͘-tēng ê mé-lō͘-tì chò ki-chhò lâi chìn-hêng, piáu-hiān-siōng, soân-lu̍t-tek te̍k-pia̍t tèng-kin tī raga, nā liâu-phah-tek tō tèng-kin tī tala.
Jazz

**Jazz** (**chiok-sū-ga̍k**; 爵士樂) sī 1-chióng tī Bí-kok hoat-chó͘ ê im-ga̍k, chit-khoán im-ga̍k kā Hui-chiu-è Bí-kok-lâng ê im-ga̍k khoán-sek kap Au-chiu--ê kap-kap--khí-lâi.

Chit-khoán im-ga̍k tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng ê ga̍k-khì pau-koat sà-khu̍h-so̍h-hòng, kó͘-chhoe, kǹg-khîm, kē-im chhiú-khîm, kap kó͘.

## Le̍k-sú

Jazz sī tī 20 sè-kí chhoe ê Bí-kok sán-seng--ê, chit lāi-tè ū siū-tio̍h Hui-chiu lô͘-lē im-ga̍k ê éng-hióng, thâu-chêng kóng--ê lô͘-lē, iā tō-sī hō͘ Se-kok-lâng ùi Hui-chiu lia̍h lâi Bí-kok lâm-pō͘ ê chhân-hn̂g choh-sit ê o͘-lâng, chiah-ê éng-hióng, chhan-chhiūⁿ "khé-èng" ê chhiùⁿ-hoat kap bu-lú nó͘-toh (*blue notes*) lóng sī lē, lēng-goā Jazz mā ū ùi Au-chiu thoân-lâi tī Bí-kok ê im-ga̍k khip-siu mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

Jazz ê hoat-tián ū bô-kâng ê hun-kî, 1920 nî-tāisî-kiâⁿ ê sī New Orleans-style Jazz kap Dixieland jazz, nā 1930 nî-tāi, swing jazz khí-ki, lán kóng ê swing jazz mā ū lang kā kiò-chò "big band jazz". Kàu 1940 nî-tāi, ū Bebop jazz chhut-hiān. Kāng hit sî-chūn, toā-hêng ê jazz ga̍k-thoân oan-nā kài siū hoan-gêng, hō-chò jazz toā-ga̍k-thoân (*big bands*).

Jazz toā-ga̍k-thoân sù-siông ū kúi-ā-ê sà-khu̍h-so̍h-hòng ga̍k-chhiú, kúi-ā-ê kó͘-chhoe-chhiú, kúi-ā-ê chhun-kiu kó͘-chhoe ga̍k-chhiú, 1-ê kǹg-khîm ga̍k-chhiú, kap 1-ê kó͘-chhiú. 1950 nî-tāi ê sî, hard bop jazz chin sî-phài, 1960 nî-tāi, modern jazz kap free jazz chhut-thâu. 1970 nî-tāi hit-chūn, jazz fusion siōng tio̍h-sî, jazz fusion kā jazz, rock im-ga̍k sio-thàu-lām, nā hiān-chhú-sî, jazz ê khoán-sek iû-goân chiâⁿ chē, chhin-chhiūⁿ Nu-Jazz, electro-jazz kap impro-jazz téng-téng lóng-sī jazz lāi-té ê hun-ki.

## Tiōng-iàu ê jîn-bu̍t

Tiōng-iàu ê Jazz im-ga̍k-ka kap piáu-ián-chiá siōng-bô ū ē-bīn chit kúi-ê:

* Louis Armstrong
* Ornette Coleman
* John Coltrane
* Chick Corea
* Miles Davis
* Duke Ellington
* Ella Fitzgerald
* Benny Goodman
* Dizzy Gillespie
* Billie Holiday
* Charlie Parker
* Oscar Peterson
* Sarah Vaughn
* Eubie Blake

## Jazz hun-lūi
* Dixieland Jazz
* New Orleans Jazz
* Be Bop
* Free Jazz
Hôa-lē tek Mō͘-hiám

**Hôa-lē tek Mō͘-hiám** (華麗的冒險)  sī Tâi-ôan chhòng-chok koa-chhiú Tân Khí-cheng ê tē-sî tiuⁿ im-ga̍k choan-chip, kū-lî téng chi̍t tiuⁿ choan-chip«Groupies 吉 i chhiú» keh liáu saⁿ nî ê sî-kan. Choan-chip tiong, i iau-chhiáⁿ liáu Chiong Sêng-hó͘ (鍾成虎), Kenny, Tân Kiàn-kî (陳建騏), 捲毛, Chhòa Khun-kî (蔡坤奇) kap Lîm Sim-î (林心怡) im-ga̍k-lâng, tàu-la̍t tī 2004 nî-bóe tī "Tām-chúi tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g" lio̍k-chè,  pēng chiong lio̍k-chè kè-thêng 製作成 chi̍t tiuⁿ miâ 為 «16 thiⁿ» ê DVD chìn-hêng 發售. 其 āu, koh kàu 北京錄製絃樂kap由Dough Sax chìn-hêng 母帶 āu 期 chhù-lí, 最 āu 製作 ôan-sêng.
Tân Khí-cheng

**Tân Khí-cheng** (hàn-jī: 陳綺貞; 1975 nî 6 goe̍h chhe 6 &mdash; ) sī Tâi-oân hiān-chhú-sî chin hán ū ê chhòng-chok bîn-iâu koa-chhiú lāi-té ê 1 ê. I chhut-pán ê khek-poâⁿ tāi-pō͘-hūn ê khek kap koa-sû lóng sī i ka-kī siá--ê.

I 1993 nî ùi Tâi-pak-chhī-li̍p Kéng-boé Lú-chú Ko-kip Tiong-o̍h chut-gia̍p, liáu-āu tha̍k Kok-li̍p Chèng-tī Tāi-ha̍k Tiat-ha̍k-hē chhut-gia̍p. 1996 nî 7--goe̍h kap Mô͘-gâm Chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ chhiam-iok, chhut chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ chìn-chêng, i chú-iàu sī tī hāu-hn̂g kap phà-buh cháu-chhiùⁿ.

## Im-ga̍k chok-phín
### Goân-chhòng choan-chi̍p
**[[Jiōng Ngó͘ Sióng-it-sióng]]* (1998)
**[[Hoân-sī Hōe Che̍k-bo̍k]]* (2000)
**[[Groupies Kiat-thaⁿ-siú]]* (2002)
**[[Hôa-lē tek Mō͘-hiám]]* (2005)
**[[Thài-iông (Tân Khí-cheng)|Thài-iông]]* (2009)
**[[Sî-kan tek Ko]]* (2013)
Thài-iông chi Ko

***Ji̍t-thâu Chi Koa*** (Ji̍t-gí: タイヨウのうた) sī chi̍t chhut tī 2006 nî 6 goe̍h 17 ji̍t beh poaⁿ ê Ji̍t-pún tiān-iáⁿ. Koa-chhiú kap thiām-sû lâng YUI tī chit kio̍k hū-chek tam-jīm lí-chú-kak, Chú-chhiàng Chú-tê-khek kap chok-khek ê thiām-sû. Liáu-āu, chit kò͘-sū goân-chok sī 1993 nî ê Hiong-káng tiān-iáⁿ *Sin Put-liáu-chêng*, TBS kò͘-sū kā chiâⁿ-chò tiān-sī-kio̍k, 2006 nî hā-kuì ê Pài-gō͘ Drama tiong pò͘-hòng.

Kò͘-sū káng-su̍t toà tī hái-piⁿ siâⁿ-chhī ê Kaoru Amane (雨音薰) hoān tio̍h-sek-sèng ta-phôe-chèng (著色性焦皮症), sin-khu bē-sái siū chiò-ji̍t chiò-siā. Chiū-án-ne I ê seng-oa̍h kap chèng-siông lâng siong-hoán, goe̍h-niû chhut-lâi sî I ê oa̍h-tāng sî-kan khai-sí; chiò-ji̍t chhut-lâi sî chiū khùn. Chún-chò án-ne, i ū chi-chhî I ê chhù-lâng, hó pêng-iú, múi-ji̍t khoài-lo̍k seng-oa̍h. chhú-goā im-ga̍k tùi i lâi kóng sī pí sím-mi̍h lóng tiōng-iàu ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ. Tī chhiùⁿ tiong, hó kám-siū-tio̍h seng-chûn ê ì-gī. It-ti̍t-kàu gū-tio̍h chi̍t uī siàu-liân, I ê ūn-miā chhut-hiàn liáu chin tōa ê kái-piàn.
Kám-á-tiàm

**Kám-á-tiàm** sī chi̍t-chióng sió-bē ê tiàm-thâu, choan-bûn bē seng-oa̍h iōng-phín, chia̍h-mi̍h, koàn-thâu, sì-siù-á, lâm-pak-hòe, hun, chiú, cha̍p-sè  téng-téng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiàm-thâu
Lūi-pia̍t:Sió-bē gia̍p-chiá