open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bî-tá-mín K

**Bî-tá-mín K** sī iû bî-tá-mín K1 (*phylloquinone*), K2 (*menaquinone*), kap K3  (*menadione*) só͘ cho͘-sêng ê chi̍t cho͘ bî-tá-mín. K1 chhàng tī chheⁿ-sek ê hio̍h-á--nih, K2 ē-sái iû tōng-bu̍t tn̂g-á lāi ê sè-khún ha̍p-sêng, ah K3 sī jîn-kang ha̍p-sêng ê. Bî-tá-mín K gâu hō͘ sng, kiⁿ, kap ióng-hoà-che lâi phò-hāi, tùi kng bô ún-tēng, siāng-hó ài pó-chûn tī àm-sek ê kan-á--nih. Bî-tá-mín K ē-sái pang-chàn jîn-thé ha̍p-sêng chē-chē tiōng-iàu ê kek-hoeh in-chú, nā-chún ū khiàm tio̍h-ē chō-chiâⁿ kek-hoeh kong-lêng ê koh-iūⁿ.

 

*Figure 1:* Chemical structures of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone, left structure) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones, right structure). Both contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain. Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain, whereas in menaquinone the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues.
Sin Chó-phài

Tī chèng-tī lūn-su̍t, **Sin Chó-phài** (**Sin-chó**, Eng-gí: New Left) chí chū 1960 nî-tāi oa̍h-tōng ê kip-chìn chó-e̍k ūn-tōng. In bô chhiūⁿ í-chá ê chó-phài ūn-tōng khiā tī lô-kang ūn-tōng chò tiong-sim; in tùi chèng-tī ūn-tōng ê tēng-gī pí-kàu khah khoah-bīn, sèng-chit ē-sái hō chò siā-hoē ūn-tōng. Sin Chó-phài chú-iàu sī tì-sek-hūn-chú sak ê ūn-tōng, sêng-oân chú-tiuⁿ tio̍h kàu-chèng "Kū Chó-phài" chèng-tóng hoān--ê "chhò-gō͘". Tī 1970 nî-tāi khai-sí siu-soah. Hit-tang-chūn ê ūn-tōng-chiá ū-ê khai-hoat siā-hoē chèng-gī ê cho͘-chit, ū-ê bô koh-chài oa̍h-tōng, mā ū liâu--lo̍h-khì tóng ê kè-e̍k--ê.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Marxism-Humanism
* New Left Review website Articles, interviews and book reviews, with an archive going back to 1960.
* Letter to the New Left C. Wright Mills
* Andre Gorz: Critique of Economic Reason
Bî-tá-bín

**Bî-tá-bín** (*vitamin*) sī êng-ióng-sò͘, jîn-thé tāi-siā hoán-èng (*metabolic reaction*) su-iàu i, liōng m̄-bián chē. . Bî-tá-bín bô pau-koat kî-thaⁿ pit-su-iàu ê êng-ióng-sò͘ (*essential nutrient*), chhiūⁿ ím-si̍t khòng-bu̍t-chit (*dietary mineral*), pit-su-iàu ê chí-hông-sng (*essential fatty acid*), pit-su-iàu ê amino acid. I mā bô pau-koat kî-thaⁿ chē-chē ē-tàng chhiok-chìn kiān-khong, m̄-koh m̄-sī hui-siông pit-iàu ê êng-ióng-sò͘. 

Bî-tá-bín sī seng-bu̍t-thé bu̍t-chit (*biomolecule*), tī hoà-ha̍k hoán-èng lāi-té tam-jīm chhui-hoà-che͘ (*catalyst*) kap siū-chit (*substrate*). 

1900 nî-tāi chìn-chêng, bî-tá-bín ê liap-chhú lóng-sī khò chia̍h-mi̍h lâi--ê. Chē-chē chia̍h-mi̍h hâm-iú bô-kâng pí-lu̍t ê bî-tá-bín. Nā kan-na khò chia̍h-mi̍h pó͘-chhiong bî-tá-bín, kái-piàn ím-si̍t lōe-iông ē-tit kái-piàn liap-chhú bî-tá-bín ê chióng-lūi kap sò͘-liōng. Chiâⁿ-chē bî-tá-bín ē-sái thú-chûn tī sin-thé, té-sî-kan ê khiàm-khoat thong-siông bē chō-sêng siong-hāi. 

## Jîn-lūi ê Bî-tá-bín

Bî-tá-bín ē-sái hun-chò chúi-iông-sèng kap chí-iông-sèng 2 khoán. Chí-iông-sèng ê bî-tá-bín ài thàu-koè chí-hông ê pang-chàn chiah ē-tàng ùi tn̂g-á-tō͘ khip-siu. Ta̍k-chéng bî-tá-bín lóng-ū te̍k-pia̍t ēng tī kúi-nā-chéng ê hoán-èng lāi-té, in-chhú lóng-ū to-chióng ê kong-lêng. 

Tī jîn-lūi ū 13 chióng ê bî-tá-bín, hun-chò 2 cho͘; 4 chióng chí-iông-sèng ( A, D, E, kap K ), 9 chióng chúi-iông-sèng ( B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, kap C )

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Io̍h-lí-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Bî-tá-mín
Khiā-gô

**Khiā-gô** (mā ū hō chò **khì-gô**) sī tiàm tī Lâm Poàn-kiû ê 1 chióng toà chúi--ni̍h seng-oa̍h (aquatic) koh bē poe ê chiáu-á (flightless bird).  Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-lūi kui tī **Sphenisciformes** ba̍k, **Spheniscidae** kho.

Khiā-gô lóng-chóng pun kúi ê chéng taⁿ iáu ū cheng-gī, bûn-hiàn lia̍t 16 chì 19 chióng.  Sui-bóng só͘-ū ê khiā-gô lóng tiàm tī Lâm Poàn-kiû, in m̄-nā kan-taⁿ khì-hāu koâⁿ ê só͘-chāi chiah ū-tè-chhoē.  Khêng-si̍t ke̍k-ke kúi-chióng khiā-gô tiàm Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k hiah lâm ê só͘-chāi khiā-khí.  Ū 3 ê chéng toà jia̍t-tāi, kî-tiong 1 chióng toà khì kah Galápagos Kûn-tó hiah pak ê ūi.

Taⁿ siōng toā-chiah ê khiā-gô chéng sī Hông-tè Khiā-gô (*Aptenodytes forsteri*).  Sêng-se̍k ê chiáu iok-liōng 110 cm koân, 35 kg khah tāng.  Siōng sè--ê sī Sió Khiā-gô (Little Penguin), kan-taⁿ 40 cm koân, 1 kg tāng.  It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, khah toā-phiāng ê khiā-gô khah gâu pó-sio, só͘-í toà koâⁿ só͘-chāi; sió-hêng--ê toà un-tāi, sīm-chì jia̍t-tāi (chham-khó Bergmann ê Kui-chek).  Kó͘-chá ê chi̍t-koá chéng put-chí-á toā, bē-su lâng hiah toā-sian.

Toā-hūn ê khiā-gô chia̍h krill, hî, só-kńg (squid), kap kî-thaⁿ toà chúi--ni̍h lia̍h--ê hái-seng-bu̍t.  Iok-lio̍k pun 1-poàⁿ sî-kan tiàm lio̍k-tē, 1-poàⁿ tiàm chúi--ni̍h.

Ū-koá khiā-gô it-seng ū kò͘-tēng ê kau-phoè phoāⁿ, kî-thaⁿ--ê tō kan-taⁿ saⁿ-kap 1 ê kùi-cheh.  Pē-bó ha̍p-chok tàu chhī ka-kī ê chiáu-kiáⁿ tīn.  Koâⁿ-léng sî, chiáu-kang hū-chek kā nn̄g ù sio, chiáu-bó chhut-hái chhoē-chia̍h.

Khiā-gô bô siáⁿ kiaⁿ lâng.  In chú-iàu ê thian-te̍k sī chhan-chhiūⁿ pà-hái-pà (leopard seal) chit-khoán hái--ni̍h ê bah-si̍t tōng-bu̍t.

Linux ê ang-á sī chi̍t-chiah pûi-thún ê khiā-gô, hō chò Tux.

## Tô͘

Image:Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg|Teh siû-chúi ê khiā-gô


## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Lâm-ke̍k-chiu

**Lâm-ke̍k-chiu** sī sè-kài ê chi̍t ê chiu, pau-hâm Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k kap i hū-kīn ê tó-sū.
Ūn-hô

**Ūn-hô** sī jîn-lūi kiàn-chō ê chúi-tō. Ūn-hô tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī liân-kiat ô͘, hô, ia̍h-sī hái. Ū-ê ūn-hô ē-sái sái-chûn. Ū-ê sī ēng-lâi im-chhân. Panamá Ūn-hô sī 1 tiâu chiâⁿ ū-miâ ê ūn-hô, i liân-kiat Toā-se-iûⁿ kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ.
Chúi-tō

:*Tē-lí siōng "chúi-tō" mā chí [[chúi-lō͘]].*

**Chúi-tō** (水道) sī chúi ê kiong-kip kap chhú-lí ê siat-si kap î-chhî siat-si ê sū-gia̍p. Chúi-kóng sī chú-iàu sàng chúi ê lō͘-sòaⁿ.

## Siong-koan
* Hā-chúi-tō
Loān-chō

**Luān-chō** (Eng-gí: *graffiti*, *doodle*) tī thong-sio̍k gē-su̍t lāi-té, sī toà kong-kiōng tiûⁿ-só͘ khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê piáu-bīn téng-koân chè-chok ê hui-koaⁿ-hong ang-á. Graffiti ê chhòng-chok nā bô châi-sán só͘-iú-jîn ún-chún, tō hō chò phò-hāi (vandalism), tī toā-hūn kok-ka ū siū hoat-lu̍t kui-hoān, chè-chhâi.

Graffiti tû-liáu tián gē-su̍t-ka ê chok-phín kap miâ-siaⁿ í-goā, iū-koh ū pa̍t-khoán lō͘-iōng, pau-koat thoân siā-hoē-te̍k, chèng-tī-te̍k ê sìn-sek (chham-khó Khan-páng Tháu-pa̍k Tīn-soàⁿ), khan kóng-kò, téng-téng. Graffiti mā ū hō͘ lâng tòng-chò hiān-tāi ê 1 chióng bí-su̍t khoán-sek, tī sè-kài chin chē oē-lóng ē-tit khoàⁿ--tio̍h.

Graffiti chū kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p, Lô-má sî-tāi tō í-keng tī--teh, āu--lâi ián-piàn pìⁿ-chiâⁿ só͘ kóng--ê "hiān-tāi graffiti", tō sī kā kong-kiōng tiûⁿ-só͘ ê piáu-bīn chún oē-pò͘ lâi ēng; phùn-chhat (spray paint) sī sù-siông ēng--ê gân-liāu kiam chhiú-lō͘.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Graffitiarchiv  
* Graffitiforschung–umfassende und neutrale Informationen zum Thema Graffiti 
* legal walls – Verzeichnis von legalen Wänden zum Graffitisprühen weltweit
Îⁿ-téng

**Îⁿ-téng** (*dome*) sī kiàn-tio̍k ê 1 ê te̍k-teng, khoàⁿ--khí-lâi chhiūⁿ poàⁿ-lia̍p kiû khǹg tī chhù-boé-téng. Chit khoán poàⁿ kiû-hêng sī èng-iōng kong-hêng (arch) ê 1 chióng kiàn-tio̍k-hoat.

Îⁿ-téng ē-tit sú chong-kàu kap chèng-hú ê kiàn-tio̍k khoàⁿ--khí-lâi kēng-ka hiáⁿ-thâu, in-ūi nā khiā-tī îⁿ-téng ē-kha kóng-oē, siaⁿ-im ē ke khah toā-siaⁿ. Îⁿ-chhù-téng mā khah-hó hō͘-lâng jīn-chhut he sī chi̍t keng tiōng-iàu ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t, chhiūⁿ thah ia̍h-sī kiong-tiān.

Lūi-pia̍t:Îⁿ-téng
Sim-chōng-pēⁿ

**Sim-chōng-pēⁿ** (Eng-gí: heart disease) sī ē khì éng-hióng tio̍h sim-chōng ê chin chē chióng pēⁿ ê chóng-chheng. Khah chia̍p khoàⁿ tio̍h ê sim-chōng-pēⁿ pau-hâm:

* Hì-sèng sim-chōng-pēⁿ (cor pulmonale), hì ū būn-tê chō-chiâⁿ chiàⁿ-sim sit-khì kong-lêng.
* Iām-sim-pēⁿ (inflammatory heart disease), sim-chōng ê kin-bah ia̍h piⁿ--á ê cho͘-chit hoat-iām.
* Khiàm-hoeh-sèng sim-chōng-pēⁿ (ischaemic heart disease), sim-chōng thê-kiong hō͘ khì-koan ê hoeh bô kàu gia̍h.
* Ko-hoeh-ap sim-chōng-pēⁿ (hypertensive heart disease), ko-hoeh-ap chō-chiâⁿ ê sim-chōng-pēⁿ, te̍k-pia̍t sī khu-he̍k-sèng (localised) ê ko-hoeh-ap.
* Koè-sim-pēⁿ (coronary heart disease), iû-chit chek tī tōng-me̍h ê piah-téng, chō-chiâⁿ tōng-me̍h ngē-hoà (atheroma).
* Piān-sim-pēⁿ (valvular heart disease), éng-hióng tio̍h chēng-bō-piān ia̍h saⁿ-chiam-piān ê sim-chōng-pēⁿ.
* Sian-thian-sèng sim-chōng-pēⁿ (hereditary heart disease), ûi-thoân chō-chiâⁿ ê sim-chōng-pēⁿ, hoān-sè sī kiat-kò͘ ū būn-tê, hoān-sè sī kong-lêng ū būn-tê.
* Sim-hoeh-kńg-pēⁿ (cardiovascular disease), chin chē chióng ē éng-hióng tio̍h sim-chōng ê pēⁿ ê chóng-chheng, chhin-chhiūⁿ thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ, téng-téng.
1960 nî-tāi

**1960 nî-tāi** sī 1960 nî kàu 1969 nî ê 10-tang.

## Sū-kiāⁿ kap tiâu-liû
* 1960 nî
* 1961 nî
* 1962 nî
* 1963 nî
* 1964 nî
* 1965 nî
* 1966 nî
* 1967 nî
* 1968 nî
* 1969 nî
Iûⁿ

**Iûⁿ** ū khó-lêng sī:

*Hái-iûⁿ
*Iûⁿ-á: chi̍t-chióng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t
*Iûⁿ sī chi̍t-ê hàn-jī sèⁿ.
Cola

**Cola** (**khò͘-lah**) sī 1 chióng tiⁿ-tiⁿ ê thoàⁿ-sng ím-liāu, it-poaⁿ ū chham caramel chò sek-sò͘, sêng-hun sù-siông pau-hâm ka-pi-in (caffeine), ū-sî mā ū phang-chháu (vanilla), kùi-phoê (cinnamon), kam-kiat (citrus) téng-téng ê phang-liāu. Cola chit ê miâ lâi-chū kola kó; che pún-chiâⁿ sī ka-pi-in ê lâi-goân.

Cola ê tiⁿ ē-sái ùi thn̂g, hoan-be̍h thn̂g-ko (corn syrup) iah-sī kî-thaⁿ ê jîn-chō kam-bī-liāu (sweetener). 

Chú-iàu ê pâi-chú ū Coca-Cola, Pepsi.
Jîn-kang tì-lêng

**Jîn-kang tì-lêng** (Eng-gí: *artificial intelligence*) sī chí jîn-kang (*artificial*) ê mi̍h piáu-hiān--chhut-lâi ê tì-lêng (*intelligence*), tiāⁿ chiàu Eng-gí ê sok-siá siá chò **AI**. Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k, sim-lí-ha̍k kap kang-têng-ha̍k lóng ū leh gián-kiù AI, gián-kiù ki-khì chái-iūⁿ ha̍k-si̍p (*learning*), chái-iūⁿ sek-èng (*adaptation*), chái-iūⁿ piáu-hiān khiáu-khiáu ê hêng-ûi (*behavior*). Sù-siông lóng sī ēng tiān-náu chò gián-kiù AI ê ke-si.

## Bûn-hoà
Jîn-kang tì-lêng chhiâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī kho-ha̍k siáu-soat lāi-bīn, te̍k-pia̍t sī Cyberpunk.
Sèng-thoân-jiám-pēⁿ

**Sèng-thoân-jiám-pēⁿ** (Eng-gí: sexually transmissible disease) sī chí in-ūi sèng-chiap-chhiok lâi thoân-jiám ê pēⁿ ê chóng-chheng. Tô͘-kèng pau-hâm sèng-kau, kháu-kau chham kāng-kau.
Chiap-le̍k pí-sài

**Chiap-le̍k pí-sài** sī 1 chióng sio-sè cháu ia̍h iû-éng ê pí-sài hong-sek. Ta̍k cho͘ ê hūn-chú sûi-ê oân-sêng pí-sài lō͘-soàⁿ ê 1 koe̍h he̍k-chiá-sī oân-sêng kî-tiong 1 hāng hāng-bo̍k. Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē ê (track and field) ū chin chē chióng chiap-le̍k pí-sài.

Lūi-pia̍t:Su-pò͘-chuh
Pih

**Pih** sī Trionychidae kho ê pâ-thiông tōng-bu̍t, goā-hêng sêng hái-ku, m̄-koh sī nńg-khak--ê.  Pih sī chiáⁿ-chúi ku (pih) tang-tiong khah toā-chiah--ê.  Tī A-chiu, Hui-chiu, Pak Bí-chiu, Tang Ìn-tō͘ ū-tè-chhoē.  Tī Tang-a sù-siông hō͘ lâng lia̍h lâi chia̍h.
Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k

**Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k** (Eng-gí: computer science) ia̍h **kè-sǹg-ki kho-ha̍k**, sī leh gián-kiù chu-sìn (information) kap kè-sǹg (computation) ê lí-lūn ki-chhó͘, khoàⁿ tiàm tī tiān-náu hē-thóng téng-koân beh chái-iūⁿ lâi si̍t-hiān kap èng-iōng chiah-ê lí-lūn. Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k ū chin chē iūⁿ-siùⁿ; ū chi̍t-koá kiông-tiāu te̍k-sû léng-he̍k ê kè-sǹg, chhiūⁿ kóng tiān-náu tô͘-ha̍k (computer graphics); ū-ê sī leh gián-kiù khah it-poaⁿ-tek ê kè-sǹg būn-tê (computational problem), chhiūⁿ kóng kè-sǹg ho̍k-cha̍p-sèng lí-lūn (computational complexity theory); mā ū chi̍t-koá sī leh gián-kiù chái-iūⁿ si̍t-hiān kè-sǹg ê lí-lūn, chhiūⁿ kóng gián-kiù án-choáⁿ biâu-su̍t kè-sǹg ê thêng-sek gí-giân lí-lūn (programming language theory), iah sī án-choáⁿ ēng bó͘ chióng thêng-sek gí-giân (programming language) lâi kái-koat bó͘-mih būn-tê ê tiān-náu thêng-sek-siat-kè (computer programming).

Chham-khó chu-sìn kho-ha̍k (information science).
Thêng-sek gí-giân

**Thêng-sek gí-giân** (Eng-gí: programming language) sī ēng lâi khòng-chè tiān-náu ia̍h pa̍t-chióng ki-khì ê jîn-kang gí-giân (artificial language). Thêng-sek gí-giân kap jîn-lūi ēng ê chū-jiân gí-giân (natural language) chin sêng, lóng sī lī-iōng gí-hoat (syntax) kap gí-ì (semantics) ê kui-chek lâi khak-tēng gí-giân ê kiat-kò͘ kap ì-bī.

Lūi-pia̍t:Piau-kì-hoat
Nńg-thé

**Nńg-thé** (; ) ia̍h thêng-sek (program) sī tiān-náu hē-thóng lāi-té kā kū-thé ê lêng-kiāⁿ (ngē-thé) kóng beh chái-iūⁿ chò khang-khoè ê chí-lēng. Tāi-thé ū 2 toā lūi: tē 1 chióng sī hō͘ iōng-chiá chò bó͘-mih khang-khoè ê èng-iōng nńg-thé (application software), chhin-chhiūⁿ bûn-su-chhú-lí nńg-thé (word processor); tē 2 chióng sī hē-thóng nńg-thé (system software), chhin-chhiūⁿ chok-gia̍p hē-thóng, chú-iàu sī leh koán-lí tiān-náu hē-thóng ê chu-goân. 

## Ū tī-tāi ê khài-liām
* Chū-iû nńg-thé
Kho̍k-hî

**Kho̍k-hî** iā **go̍k-hî** sī **Crocodilia** ba̍k ê toā-hêng pâ-thiông. In hun-pò͘ tī jia̍t-tài chì a-jia̍t-tài ê kok-chióng sip-tē, chhiūⁿ hô, ô͘, hái-hoāⁿ téng-téng, taⁿ ū 23 chióng chéng.   

Kho̍k-hî sī poàⁿ-théng (semi-erect), poàⁿ-phak (semi-sprawled) ê thé-thài. In ê kha phēng toā-hūn kî-thaⁿ ê pâ-thiông khah tú-tú tī sin-khu ē-pêng (hiān-tāi ê pâ-thiông tang-tiong kan-taⁿ kim-chîⁿ-ku khah théng). Che tì-tio̍h chi̍t-koá chéng ū tiàm lio̍k-tē thiàu-chông (gallop) ê châi-tiāu.  Ū 1 chióng Ò-chiu kho̍k-hî sok-tō͘ 16 km/h khah ke.

Kho̍k-hî chhan-chhiūⁿ chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, sim-chōng pun 2 pâng 2 sek, cheng-chha pá sng-sò͘ kap khiàm sng-sò͘ ê hoeh ē-sái-tit keng-koè sim-sek tiong-kan ê phāng thàu-lām chò-hoé; kî-thaⁿ ê pâ-thiông toā-hūn bô 2 pâng 2 sek.

In kap chiáu siāng chhin, lóng sī Archosauria î-it ê hiō-tāi.

## Chìn-hòa kap hun-lūi

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho̍k-hî
Kì Lō͘-hâ

**Kì Lō͘-hâ** (紀露霞, 1936 nî Tâi-pak—), Tâi-oân cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú.  Pún-miâ **Khu Chhiu-eng** (邱秋英), hō͘ Kì--ka ióng-chhī, āu--lâi hō "Kì Lō͘-hâ" chò gē-miâ.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*Taipedia

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Tennessee Waltz
Ban Ki-moon

**Ban Ki-moon** ( *Phoaⁿ Ki-bûn*; ), Hân-kok ê gōa-kau pō͘-tiúⁿ chhut-sin, Liân-ha̍p-kok tē-8 jīm ê pì-su-tiúⁿ.
Iōng-chiá kài-bīn

**Iōng-chiá kài-bīn** (Eng-gí: user interface) sī lâng (iōng-chiá) kap ki-khì, si-siat, tiān-náu thêng-sek, ke-si (tool), iah sī hē-thóng sio chih-chiap (interact) ê hong-hoat. Iōng-chiá kài-bīn chú-iàu thê-kiong 2 lūi hong-hoat: 

* Su-ji̍p (input), hō͘ iōng-chiá ē-tit chhau-chok hē-thóng
* Su-chhut (output), hō͘ hē-thóng hoê-èng iōng-chiá ê chhau-chok.
Gemini 5

**Gemini 5** (1965 nî 8 goe̍h 21 ji̍t — 1965 nî 8 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Gemini kè-e̍k tiong ê tē-sam-chhù chài-lâng hui-hêng jīm-bū, mā-sī Bí-kok ê tē-cha̍p-i̍t-chhù thài-khong jīm-bū

## Jīm-bū sêng-ôan

*Gordon Cooper
*Pete Conrad

## Thùi-pó· sêng-ôan

*Neil Armstrong
*Elliot See
Gus Grissom

**Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom** (1923 nî 3 goe̍h 12 ji̍t — 1967 nî 1 goe̍h 27 ji̍t) pat sī chi̍t-ūi NASA ê thài-khong-lâng, chip-hêng kò Liberty Bell 7, Gemini 3 kap Apollo 1 jīm-bū. 1967 nî 1 goe̍h 27 ji̍t, Grissom kap Edward White kap Roger Chafee tī Apollo 1 ê i̍t-chhù lē-hêng chhek-chhì tiong in chhng-lāi tōa-hóe hi-seng.
Tiān-náu thêng-sek

**Tiān-náu thêng-sek** (Eng-gí: computer program) sī kā tiān-náu kóng beh chái-iūⁿ chò khang-khoè ê 1 chióng chí-lēng. 

Tiān-náu thêng-sek ē-tit chí ēng thêng-sek gí-giân siá ê goân-má (source code), mā ē-tit chí chit ê goân-má ê chip-hêng-tóng (executable file). Tiān-náu thêng-sek mā tiāⁿ hông kiò chò nńg-thé, *[[èng-iōng nńg-thé|èng-iōng thêng-sek]]*, *[[hē-thóng nńg-thé]]*, iah sī kan-taⁿ kiò chò **thêng-sek**.
Kok-thài Hâng-khong

**Kok-thài Hâng-khong Kong-si** (國泰航空公司; Cathay Pacific Airlines Limited) sī Hiong-káng siang-tōa ê hâng-khong kong-si. Hiong-káng Kok-chè Ki-tiûⁿ sī Kok-thài Hâng-khong chú-iàu ê êng-ūn ki-tē.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Kok-thài Hâng-khong
BASIC

**BASIC** (Eng-gí **Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code** ê thâu-bûn-jī, ì-sù sī **sin-o̍h-soaⁿ ê to-iōng-tô͘ hû-hō chí-lēng-má**) tī tiān-náu thêng-sek siat-kè lāi-té sī chí 1 ê toā ka-cho̍k ê koân chân-chhù (high-level) thêng-sek gí-giân. Thâu-khí-seng sī 1963 nî John George Kemeny kap Thomas Eugene Kurtz tī Dartmouth Ha̍k-īⁿ hoat-bêng--ê, phah-sǹg beh hō͘ m̄ sī gián-kiù kho-ha̍k ê ha̍k-seng mā ē-tit ēng tiān-náu. Hiàng-sî beh ēng tiān-náu tio̍h-ài ka-tī siá thêng-sek, chha-put-to kan-taⁿ kho-ha̍k-ka kap sò͘-ha̍k-ka ē siūⁿ beh siá. 1980 nî-tāi BASIC tī ka-têng tiān-náu (home computer) kài sî-kiâⁿ, soà--lo̍h-lâi m̄-nā phó͘-phiàn koh sán-seng chin chē hong-giân.

## Huān-lē

```

```
C (thêng-sek gí-giân)

**C** sī 1 chióng it-poaⁿ iōng-tô͘ (general-purpose), thêng-sū-sek (procedural), bēng-lēng-sek (imperative) ê tiān-náu thêng-sek gí-giân. 1972 nî, Bell Tiān-oē Si̍t-giām-sek ê Dennis Ritchie hoat-bêng C, thang ka C ēng tiàm Unix chok-gia̍p hē-thóng. Liáu-āu chin chē chok-gia̍p hē-thóng lóng ē-tàng ēng C. Hiān-chú-sî C iáu sī ēng kah put-chí-á phó͘-phiàn. C éng-hióng chin chē āu--lâi ê gí-giân, chhan-chhiūⁿ C++. Tiān-náu ê hē-thóng nńg-thé siāng chia̍p ēng C lâi siá, èng-iōng nńg-thé mā ū bē chió sī ēng C siá--ê.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Emirates hóe-chheⁿ jīm-bū (Emirates hué-tsheñ jīm-bū/Emirates Mars Mission)
Perl

**Perl** sī 1 chióng tōng-thài (dynamic), koân chân-chhù ê thêng-sek gí-giân, tī 1987 nî sak-chhut, hoat-bêng-jîn sī Larry Wall. Perl ùi kúi-ā-chióng gí-giân chioh te̍k-sek, pau-koat C, sh, AWK, sed, Lisp. I bô chhiūⁿ kāng sî-kî ê kioh-pún gí-giân (scripting languages) sûi-ì siat hān-chè. Perl sù-siông hō͘ lâng iōng lâi chhú-lí jī-chhoàⁿ (string).

## Chù-kái

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
*
PHP

**PHP** (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) sī 1 chióng thêng-sek gí-giân, goân-pún siat-kè lâi seng-sán tōng-thài ê bāng-ia̍h. PHP chú-iàu iōng tī server-pêng ê èng-iōng nńg-thé, m̄-koh mā ē-tàng keng-koè chí-lēng-hâng kài-bīn (command line interface) iah-sī tô͘-hêng èng-iōng nńg-thé (graphical application) khì chih-chiap.

Hām PHP kēng-cheng ê thêng-sek gí-giân chú-iàu ū Perl, Python, Ruby.

The PHP Group hū-chek si̍t-chok (implementation), hí-khó-su iōng PHP License. In-ūi PHP bô chèng-sek ê kui-keh (specification), sán-phín pún-sin téng-î sī gí-giân si̍t-chè ê piau-chún.

## Tsù-kái
Chhâ-bé thêng-sek

Tī nńg-thé, **chhâ-bé thêng-sek** ia̍h **Trojan chhâ-bé** chí 1 ê pau-hâm ia̍h ē an-chng pháiⁿ-ì thêng-sek (malicious program) ê tiān-náu thêng-sek. Tùi bô giâu-gî ê iōng-chiá lâi kóng, Trojan chhâ-bé khoàⁿ--khí-lâi ná-chún ū lō͘-iōng ia̍h sim-sek ê nńg-thé, chì-chió bē kā lâng hāi, chóng--sī nā hō͘ i chip-hêng, khêng-si̍t tùi iōng-chiá put-lī. Chit sû chū-pún sī chí Se-hng kó͘-tián sîn-oē lāi-bīn ê Trojan Chhâ-bé.

Chham-khó tiān-náu u-óng.
Bebo

**Bebo** (tha̍k chò ['bibo]) sī 1 ê siā-kau bāng-chām, iōng-chiá ē-tàng ēng chē chē khoán hong-sek lâi kau-liû. Bebo ná-chhiūⁿ MySpace, hi5.com, Xanga, Yahoo! 360 hit khoán soàⁿ-téng ê siā-khu, iōng-chiá ē-tit tah tô͘-phìⁿ, siá bāng-chì, sàng sìn-sit (message) hō͘ pêng-iú. Chù-chheh ê hoē-oân chhiau koè 22,000,000 ê, ta̍k bió-cheng iok-liōng ū 5 ê lâng chù-chheh. Bebo sī Google 2006 nî su-tiâu (zeitgeist) ê thâu-miâ. 

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Hugo Wolf

**Hugo Wolf** (1860 nî 3 goe̍h 13 – 1903 nî 2 goe̍h 22) sī hoat-chó͘ tī Slovenija ê Tang-kok chok-khek-ka; i ê Tek-gí gē-su̍t-koa (*Lied*) te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ. I ūi Lô-bān sî-kî boán-kî ê koa-á hêng-sek toà lâi 1 khoán chi̍p-tiong ê piáu-ta̍t jia̍t-tō͘. Chit-khoán kán-séⁿ bē-su āu--lâi Sin Wien Ga̍k-phài (Second Viennese School), chóng--sī ki-su̍t-te̍k ū toā cheng-chha. I it-seng ū kúi-ā-pái chhòng-chok-la̍t te̍k-pia̍t heng ê sî-kî, iû-kî 1888 kàu 89 nî hit-chām-á. Chóng--sī in-ūi gâu ut-chut, bē-tit soà-chiap. Siōng boé chok-phín tī 1898 nî, āu--lâi mûi-to̍k ná siong-tiōng, lâng khí-siáu, koè-sin.

## Toān-kì
Thâu-khí-seng Wolf ùi lāu-pē (1 ê seng-lí-lâng) hia o̍h koá im-ga̍k. Āu--lâi khì tī Wien Im-ga̍k-īⁿ, 18-kò-goe̍h tō hông thoè-o̍h. Soà--lo̍h-lâi chhì kà-chheh, chí-hui, bô sūn-lī, kái tô͘ siá im-ga̍k phêng-lūn. Hit-tang-sî sù-siông phô͘ Richard Wagner, kong-kek Johannes Brahms, tì-tio̍h kiat chē chē oân-siû.

## Chok-phín
I it-seng oân-sêng 240 tiâu koa, lēng-goā ū 1 siú hō͘ hiân-ga̍k-khì ê *Italia Sió-iā-khek*. Wolf tùi kok-chióng koa-si ū chin bín-kám, téng-chin ê lí-kái kap chhú-lí, te̍k-pia̍t sī Eduard Mörike, Joseph von Eichendorff, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ê chok-phín. Tī i ê koa lāi-bīn, im-ga̍k hām si-kù kau-chiam thàu-thiat, lâi chiâⁿ-chò 1 siú "sim-lí-te̍k ê koa-iâu", āu--lâi ū lâng o-ló i sī Tek-gí gē-su̍t koa-á chhui kàu chīn-pōng ê tāi-piáu-sèng jîn-bu̍t.

### Koa-kio̍k
* *[[Der Corregidor]]* (1895)

### Koa
* *[[Eduard Mörike|Mörike]]-Lieder* (1888)
* *[[Joseph von Eichendorff|Eichendorff]]-Lieder* (1889) 
* *[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]-Lieder* (1890)
* *[[Spanisches Liederbuch]]* (1891)
* *[[Italienisches Liederbuch]]* (1892, 1896)

### Ga̍k-khì
* D Sió-tiāu Hiân-ga̍k Sù-tiông-chàu (1878-84)
* *Penthesilea* (1883-85)
* *[[Italia Sió-iā-khek]]* (1887)

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* Gammond, Peter. (1988). *The Harmony Illustrated Encyclopedia of Classical Music*. New York, NY: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57094-7.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Chok-khek-ka
Toā-tō͘-khu

**Toā-tō͘-khu** () sī Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī sai-lâm-hong ê 1-ê khu.

## Le̍k-sú
* Sin-chio̍h-khì sî-tāi ū Iâⁿ-po͘ Bûn-hoa.
* **Tōa-tō͘** chit-ê-sû sī úi Pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k ê Tōa-tō͘ Ông-kok lâi-ê.

## Lí
* Tōa-tō͘-lí (大肚里)
* 大東里 
* Siā-kha-lí (社跤里)
* 山陽里 
* Hông-khe-lí (磺溪里)
* Iâⁿ-po͘-lí (營埔里) 
* 福山里
* 新興里 
* Téng-ke-clí (頂街里)
* 自強里
* 成功里 
* 永順里 
* 永和里
* Ông-tiân-lí (王田里) 
* 中和里
* 蔗廍里
* 瑞井里

## Kàu-io̍k
### Kok-tiong
* 大道國中
### Kok-sió
* 大肚國小
* 追分國小
* 永順國小
* 大忠國小
* 瑞峰國小
* 山陽國小
* 瑞井國小

## Kó͘-chek
* Hông-khe Su-īⁿ

## Kau-thong
### Thih-lō͘
;
* Hái-hōaⁿ-sòaⁿ: Tōa-tō͘ Chhia-thâu – Tui-hun Chhia-thâu
* Sêng-tui-sòaⁿ: Tui-hun Chhia-thâu

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Tōa-tō͘ Khu-kong-só͘ 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-tiong-chhī ê hêng-chèng-khu
Bū-hong-khu

**Bū-hong-khu** () sī Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī ē-kha ê 1-ê khu, kó͘-chá-sî hō-chò **A-tà-bū** (阿罩霧).

## Le̍k-sú
Bū-hong kū-miâ A-tà-bū, "A-tà-bū" chit-ê miâ ê iû-lâi sī Pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k Bâ-lô-siā (猫羅社) ê "Ataabu" hoan-e̍k kòe-lâi--ê, mā ū lâng kóng sī in-ūi hù-kīn ê soaⁿ tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tà-bông. "Bū-hong" chit-ê miâ thoân-soat siōng-chá sī ū-chi̍t-pái Lâu Bêng-thoân sûn-sī Tâi-oân tiong-pō͘ tī chia hioh-khùn ê sî, in-ūi jīn-ûi "A-tà-bū" chit-ê miâ bô-siáⁿ bûn-ngá, sûi kā hō-chò "Bū-hong", m̄-koh hit-ê sî-chūn iá bô oân-choân kā kái--kòe. 1920 nî, Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú tiâu-chéng hêng-chèng khu-oe̍h pēng-chhiáⁿ kā A-tà-bū-chng kái-miâ hō-chò Bū-hong-chng, sio̍k tī Tâi-tiong-chiu Tōa-tūn-kūn.

## Hêng-chèng lí
Bū-hong-khu ū 20 ê lí, 354 ê lîn:
* Teng-tâi-lí (丁臺里)
* Tiong-chèng-lí (中正里)
* Ngó͘-hok-lí (五福里)
* La̍k-kò͘-lí (六股里)
* Pak-liú-lí (北柳里)
* Pak-sì-lí (北勢里)
* Sù-tek-lí (四德里)
* Pún-tông-lí (本堂里)
* Pún-hiang-lí (本鄉里)
* Kap-în-lí (甲寅里)
* Kiat-hong-lí (吉峰里)
* Kheⁿ-kháu-lí (坑口里)
* Lâm-liú-lí (南柳里)
* Lâm-sì-lí (南勢里)
* Hong-kok-lí (峰谷里)
* Tông-lîm-lí (桐林里)
* Lâi-oân-lí (萊園里)
* Bān-hong-lí (萬豐里)
* Gím-êng-lí (錦榮里)
* Kū-chèng-lí (舊正里)

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
*Bū-hong Khu-kong-só͘ 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-tiong-chhī ê hêng-chèng-khu
Espresso

**Espresso** sī ēng chin koân ê ap-le̍k, kā chiâⁿ sio m̄-koh bô kún ê chúi, chhiâng koè boâ kah chin iù ê ka-pi-hún, chò--chhut-lâi ê 1 khoán lông-siok ka-pi ím-liāu. 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî, tī Italia ê Milano hoat-bêng--chhut-lâi liáu-āu, kàu kah 1940 nî-tāi chiah in-ūi ki-su̍t chìn-pō͘ lâi sî-kiâⁿ. Hiān-chú-sî ê espresso ki-khì ēng ê ap-le̍k ū 9 ~ 10 atm koân.
LOHAS

**LOHAS** sī Eng-gí "Lifestyles Of Health And Sustainability" ê thâu-bûn-jī, ì-sù sī koan-sim kiān-khong kap Tē-kiû éng-sio̍k hoat-tián ê seng-oa̍h hêng-thài. Chù-sim kiān-khong kap khoân-kéng būn-tê ê lâng lóng ē-tit kóng sī teh koè LOHAS ê seng-oa̍h. LOHAS ê koan-liām hoat-tián siāng kín ê 2 ê kok-ka sī Ji̍t-pún kap Tâi-oân.
Pun Tùi-pêng ê Hù-koān-kong

***Pun tùi-pêng ê hù-koān-kong*** (Italia-gú: *Il visconte dimezzato*) sī Italo Calvino 1952 nî hoat-piáu ê siáu-soat (romanzo), khiā sǹg *Ke-hē Saⁿ-pō͘-khek* (*trilogia araldica*) ê thâu pō͘, lēng-goā 2 pō͘ sī 1957 nî ê *[[Chhiū Téng ê Sin-sū]]* (*Il barone rampante*) kap 1959 nî ê *[[Bô-chûn-chāi ê khiâ-sū]]* (*Il cavaliere inesistente*).
Hoan-á-hoé

**Hoan-á-hoé** (), **Hoan-kiáⁿ-hóe** () sī chi̍t-ki chi̍t-ki khí-hoé ê ke-si, iōng chi̍t-pái tio̍h tàn-tiāu. Hoan-á-hoé thong-siông tī bē hun ê tiàm ia̍h-sī kám-á-tiàm bé ē tio̍h. Hoan-á-hoé chin hán-tit ko͘-chi̍t-ki bē, lóng chng kui a̍h ia̍h-sī chi̍t chí chi̍t chí leh bē. Hoan-á-hoé-ki ū iù-iù ê chhâ-ki chò--ê mā-ū ngē choá-ki chò--ê, tī kî-tiong chi̍t-pêng téng-thâu ū kô͘ chi̍t-chân ē khí-hoé ê bu̍t-chit, thong-siông sī hâm phosphorus ê bu̍t-chit. Chit-têng khí-hoé ê bu̍t-chit nā khì lù tio̍h sek-tòng ê piáu-bīn, tio̍h-ē in-ūi boâ-chhat (磨擦) ê jia̍t lâi to̍h-hoé--khí-lâi.  

Kan-taⁿ tī te̍k-sû ê piáu-bīn lù chiah ē to̍h ê hoan-á-hoé hō-chò **an-choân hoan-á-hoé**; tī jīn-hô chho͘-chhò piáu-bīn lù tio̍h ē to̍h ê kiò-chò **chhìn-chhái-lù hoan-á-hoé** (*strike-anywhere matches*). 

Chham-khó lài-tah.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Ki-su̍t
Peng-kî-lîm

**Peng-kî-lîm** ia̍h-sī kiò chò **Peng-kî-lîn**, **ái-su̍h-khu-lìm** (ice cream) chú-iàu sī ēng gû-leng-iû (chhian-hun-chi-10 í-siōng ê hâm-liōng), gû-leng, thn̂g, chúi chè-chō--ê léng-tòng chhùi-chia̍h-mi̍h, sī chi̍t-khoán peng ê sì-siù-á. In-ūi í-chêng bē peng-kî-lîm ê lâng lóng khiâ-chhia leh-bē, ná-khiâ ná chhih pa-pu, só͘-í mā ū lâng koàn-sì kā kiò-chò **pa-pu**. Ūi-tio̍h beh-ū khah-chōe kháu-bī iâu ōe chham phang-liāu, kî-tha si̍t-iōng châi-liāu, kah chúi-kó. Tī chia châi-liāu chò-hóe kiáu-lā hō͘-i chiâu kah iûⁿ. Ūi-tio̍h beh-ū khah-hó--ê kháu-kám, ū-thang-sî-a tī chè-chō kōe-têng-tiong ái put-thêng lâi tī ka-ln̂g--ê (hêng-thé chi̍t-lia̍p chi̍t-lia̍p bô-iù--ê) goân-liāu ká hō͘-in iù-iù-iù, mî-mî-mî. Jiân-āu léng-tòng siu-khǹg, pó-chhî mài hō͘-i iûⁿ-khì.

Chi̍t-chióng peng-phín hoàn-bōe hêng-thé tû-liáu soàⁿ-chng, beh-chi̍ah tah chiàu-thâu-á lâi khat í-goā, mā iáu-ū kah chi̍t-ki pìⁿ, chi̍t-chióng hêng-thé kiò-chò ki-á-peng--ê lâi-teh hō͘-lâng bóe.

Chit chióng si̍t-phín chē-lâng ài chia̍h. M̄-koh in-ūi êng-ióng-hun ū khah-koân, ūi-tio̍h kok-chióng goân-in lâi teh kiám-tāng ê lâng khó-lêng ài-khah khiûⁿ-chhùi--ê, m̄-thang bô-hun-chhùn siuⁿ-chia̍h, chiah-bē sit-khì khòng-chè.

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Ki-á-peng
* Chhoah-peng

Lūi-pia̍t:Sì-siù
Thô͘-tāu

**Thô͘-tāu** sī Tāu-kho (*Leguminosae*) chi̍t-nî-seⁿ chháu-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Thô͘-kha-téng khui-hoe, thô͘-kha-té kiat-kó, só͘-í mā kiò-chò **lo̍k-kha-seng**, **lo̍k-hoa-seng**; ia̍h kiò-chò **tióng-seng-kó**. I ê koé-chí mā hō-chò thô͘-tāu, hâm-iú hong-hù ê chí-hông kap nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, hó the̍h-lâi chìⁿ thô͘-tāu-iû; mā ē-tàng chia̍h, koh-ū chē-chē ê èng-iōng.


Peanut oil bottle.jpg|Thô͘-tāu-iû
PeanutButter.jpg|Thô͘-tāu-chiùⁿ
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) - in shell, shell cracked open, shelled, peeled.jpg|Thô͘-tāu-ngeh, kî-tiong 1 ê í-keng pak khui, lāi-bīn ū 2 lia̍p chí.
Dragee_"Арахис_в_шоколаде"_02.jpg|Thô͘-tāu Chi-ku-la̍t thn̂g
Âng-eng

**Âng-eng** ia̍h **âng-chún** sio̍k tī chún-kho, kha-chiah-phiaⁿ ê mn̂g-chháu âng-chhiah, tī Tâi-oân sī 1 khoán tiāⁿ khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê koè-tang-chiáu.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* 還我台灣鳥仔的本名
Pò͘-tē-gô

**Pò͘-tē-gô** mā hō chò **lâm-hong-gōng**, sī 1 chióng hái-gô, chhùi chin toā, chhùi-ham ē-kha ū 1 ê toā kâi ê tē-á, beh toā tō toā, beh sè tō sè, m̄-chiah hông kiò chò Pò͘-tē-gô. Tī Tâi-oân sī chin hán leh khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê sit-lō͘-chiáu.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* 還我台灣鳥仔的本名
* lâm-hong-gōng
Unix

**Unix** (chèng-sek chù-chheh ê siang-piau hō chò **UNIX™**) sī 1 khoán tiān-náu chok-gia̍p hē-thóng (OS), 1960~70 nî-tāi tiàm AT&T ê Bell Labs khai-hoat--chhut-lâi, taⁿ í-keng pun chò kúi-ā-ê hun-ki (branch), khai-hoat-chiá pau-hâm kî-thaⁿ ê siang-gia̍p kong-si kap hui-êng-lī ê cho͘-chit.

Tī 1970 nî-tāi boé kàu 80 nî-tāi chhe ê khám-chām, Unix khò i tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài ê éng-hióng-la̍t khai-sí toā-toā hō͘ siang-gia̍p-kài chiap-siū. Hiān-chú-sî tû-liáu thong-koè jīm-chèng (certified) ê Unix hē-thóng, sêng-Unix (Unix-like) ê sán-phín -- pí-lūn kóng Linux, BSD kap Mac OS X -- oan-ná chin phó͘-phiàn.
Hái-ke-bó

**Hái-ke-bó** sī 1 khoán ū kha-chiúⁿ ê hái-chiáu, chhùi tn̂g-tn̂g chiam-chiam ná-chhiūⁿ ke-chhùi. 

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
Lô͘-chî

**Lô͘- chî** tī Tâi-oân sī chia̍p khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê koè-tang-chiáu, ē-hiáu chhàng-chúi-bī lâi lia̍h hî-á.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
Liszt Ferenc

**Franz Liszt** (Magyar-gí: **Liszt Ferenc**, 1811 nî 10 goe̍h 22 – 1886 nî 7 goe̍h 31), Magyar kǹg-khîm gâu-lâng kiam Lô-bān sî-kî chok-khek-ka, tī 19 sè-kí Au-chiu sī put-chí-á ū miâ-siaⁿ ê ián-chàu-ka. Kàu taⁿ i toâⁿ phi-á-noh ê châi-tiāu iû-goân sī thoân-kî, lâng phó͘-phàn jīn-ûi i sī chêng kah taⁿ siāng gâu ê 1 ê. I tùi kǹg-khîm ê toâⁿ-hoat ū kek-bēng-te̍k ê éng-hióng, tùi Lô-bān-chú-gī im-ga̍k gí-giân oan-ná ū kòng-hiàn, pau-hâm hoat-bêng kau-hiáng-si (symphonic poem).

## Chhut-sin
Liszt sī 1811 nî 10 goe̍h 22 chhut-sì--ê, sī Anna Liszt kap Adam Liszt ê hāu-seⁿ, in khiā tī Magyar Ông-kok Sopron Kūn koán-lāi ê Doborján chng.

## Liân-kiat
Hái-khiā-á

**Hái-khiā-á** tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ēng 1 ki kha khiā--leh, lēng-goā 1 ki kiu tī pak-tó͘ ē, chū-án-ne hông hō chò hái-khiā-á. Hái-khiā-á thèng-hāu chia̍h-mi̍h ê sî, bak-chiu lāi-kiàm-kiàm ná sûn, ná kā ām-kún kiu tiàm keng-kah-thâu, chhiūⁿ "Z" ê hêng.


Baden-Baden-Graureiher in Goenneranlage-30-gje.jpg
Baden-Baden-Graureiher in Goenneranlage-32-gje.jpg
Baden-Baden-Graureiher in Goenneranlage-44-gje.jpg
Ardea cinerea MHNT Crâne.jpg|Thâu-koà-kut
Ardea cinerea MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.54.1.jpg


## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
Jîn-kan Sit-keh

***Jîn-kan Sit-keh*** (hàn-jī: 人間失格, Ji̍t-gí: にんげんしっかく, Hùn-lēng-sek: Ningen Sikkaku, ì-sū: sit-khì chò-lâng--ê chu-keh) sī Ji̍t-pún siáu-soat-ka Dazai Osamu (hàn-jī: 太宰 治, Ji̍t-gí: だざい おさむ) ê tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat, kap *[[Cháu, Merosu]]* (走れメロス), *[[Chhiâ-iông]]* (斜陽) lóng sī Osamu ê tāi-piáu-chok. 1948 nî tī cha̍p-chì liân-chài hoat-piáu. Osamu ēng su-siáu-soat (私小説) ê chhiú-lō͘ lâi siá. 1948/05/12 chhiú-kó siá soah. M̄-koh siáu-soat iáu leh liân-chài ê sî, Osamu tī 06/13 poàⁿ-mê chū-sat; chit pún siáu-soat hông tòng chò sī i ê chhiú-boé-jī. Chheh-miâ sī Ji̍t-gí "sit-khì chò-lâng ê chu-keh" ê ì-sù.

## Liân-kiat
*太宰治 人間失格 - Chheng-khong bûn-khò͘ ()--ê goân-bûn.
Ralph Vaughan Williams

縮圖|Ralph Vaughan Williams
**Ralph Vaughan Williams** (1872 nî 10 goe̍h 12 – 1958 nî 8 goe̍h 26), Eng-tē kó͘-tián im-ga̍k chok-khek-ka. I ê chhòng-chok seng-gâi put-chí-á tn̂g, tùi 16 hoè oân-sêng tē 1 ê chok-phín kàu kah koè-óng lóng-chóng 70 nî kú. Chok-phín chē, pau-hâm kau-hiáng-khek (9 siú), hia̍p-chàu-khek, cho͘-khek (suite), ha̍p-chhiùⁿ im-ga̍k, sek-lāi-ga̍k, koa-kio̍k, hoàn-sióng-khek (fantasia), kông-sióng-khek (rhapsody), tiān-iáⁿ phoè-ga̍k, téng-téng. Vaughan Williams te̍k-pia̍t tiōng-sī Britain pún-thó͘ ê bîn-iâu thoân-thóng, tī ka-kī ê chok-phín--ni̍h mā ū ì-sek thoat-chhut kiông-sè ê Tek-kok thoân-thóng. I hoan-thâu cháu-chhoē Tudor sî-kî ê im-ga̍k choâⁿ-thâu, mā siu-chi̍p, chham-khó bîn-kan ê bîn-iâu gí-giân. Chok-khek í-goā, oan-ná liâu lo̍h-khì kî-thaⁿ ê im-ga̍k léng-he̍k, pau-koat chí-hui, kàu-ha̍k, pian-chi̍p ga̍k-phó͘. I bat chò koè Eng-tē Bîn-kan Bú-tō kap Koa-á Ha̍k-hoē ê hoē-tiúⁿ.

I sī Hông-ka Im-ga̍k Tāi-ha̍k (Royal College of Music) kap Trinity College ê pi̍t-gia̍p-seng.

Charles Darwin sī i ê kū-kong. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Darwin-Wedgwood-Galton_family_tree.png

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* Gammond, Peter. (1988). *The Harmony Illustrated Encyclopedia of Classical Music*. New York, NY: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57094-7.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Ralph Vaughan Williams Society
Chhân-khiah-á

**Chhân-khiah-á** tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tiàm tī chúi-chhân--nih, te̍k-pia̍t sī ū khiah ê só͘-chāi, khah ū hî-hê, hô͘-liu, siáⁿ thang chia̍h.

Chhân-khiah-á tī chúi-chhân, chháu-po͘ teh chhoē-chia̍h ê sî, ē kā ām-kún kiu chò "Z" ê hêng. Tī Gî-lân, 1 ê lâng nā kiu-kiu lun-lun, kiâⁿ-lō͘ ún-ku-hêng, mā ē hông keng-thé chò chhân-khiah-á.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
Pē-miâ

**Pē-miâ** sī kin-kù pē ê miâ hō--ê lâng-miâ.  Kin-kù a-bú ê miâ hō--ê kiò chò bó-miâ.  Tī chē-chē só͘-chāi, pē-miâ phēng sèⁿ khah chá tī-teh.  

Au-chiu lâi kóng, hiān-chú-sî iáu ū Peng-tē-lâng teh iōng pē-miâ; ū sèⁿ ê lâng bô chē.  Chhiūⁿ kóng Pétur Marteinsson ê hāu-seⁿ ê boé-miâ (last name) hō Pétursson (ì-sù sī "Pétur ê hāu-seⁿ").  Chin chē Eng-gí, Se-pan-gâ-gí, Pak-au, Celt, Slav ê sèⁿ goân-thâu sī pē-miâ, chhiūⁿ kóng Eng-gí Wilson (William ê hāu-seⁿ), Se-pan-gâ-gí Fernández (Fernando ê), Pak-au Carlsson (Carl ê hāu-seⁿ), Cymru-gí Powell (ap Hywel, Hywel ê hāu-seⁿ), Milošević (Miloš ê hāu-seⁿ).

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hòa
Connecticut

**Connecticut** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú sī Hartford. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Bridgeport.

## Keng-chè
Connecticut tī 2015 nî ê GDP sī 252,930 pa̍h-bān bí-kim. Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē jîn-kang ê sán-gia̍p sī kiān-khong chiàu-kò͘ kap siā-hōe hû-chō͘ (*health care and social assistance*).

## Siòng-phìⁿ

Image:Connecticut State Capitol, February 24, 2008.jpg
Image:Five Mile Point Light - New Haven CT.jpg
Image:Downtown Greenwich Connecticut.jpg


## Chham-khó

*
Indiana

**Indiana** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Indianapolis sī i ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Tē-hō-miâ
*Indiana* ê ì-sù sī "Indian lâng ê Thó͘-tē", ia̍h kán-tan kóng "Indian Kok". Che khí-goân chū Indiana chò léng-thó ê le̍k-sú. 1800 nî 5 goe̍h 7 ji̍t, Bí-kok Kok-hōe thong-kòe li̍p-hoat-àn, kā Sai-pak Léng-thó͘ koah chò nn̄g hūn, hō sai-pêng hit hūn sī Indian Léng-thó͘. Tī 1816 nî, Kok-hōe leh thong-kòe chi̍t hāng Sūi-khoân Hoat-àn (*Enabling Act*) beh khai-sí kā Indian kiàn-li̍p chò chiu-hūn ê sî, goân léng-thó͘ ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn pìⁿ chò beh li̍p sin chiu ê tē-khu.

Koan-hong kā Indian ê chū-bîn hō chò Hoosier. Chit jī ê gí-goân iáu koh bô chheng-hó, chóng nā chiàu Indiana Le̍k-sú Kio̍k (*Indiana Historical Bureau*) kap Indiana Le̍k-sú Hia̍p-hōe (*Indiana Historical Society*) chàn-sêng ê chú-liû lí-lūn, "Hoosier" ê lâi-goân sī Virginia, Carolina, kap Tennessee (Upland South tē-khu) kóng ê "nâ-á-tē-lâng" (*backwoodsman*), chháu-tē-lâng ê ì-sù.

## Le̍k-sú

Kó͘-Indian lâng tī Chêng 8000 nî ê sî toh lâi kài chit-ê só͘-chāi, he tng sī Pêng-hô Sî-tāi tú soah, pêng-hô iûⁿ--khì liáu-āu. In pun-sòaⁿ chò sè tīn kûn-thé, chia-ê Kó͘-Indian sī iû-bo̍k-bîn, thang lia̍h pí-lūn mastodon (chi̍t khoán kó͘-chhiūⁿ) téng tōng-bu̍t. In iā lī-ēng kak-gâm (*chert*), keng-kòe phut (*chipping*), kòng (*knapping*), kap phoe (*flaking*) ê hong-hoat chè-chō chio̍h-thâu ke-si.

1679 nî, Hoat-kok thàm-hiám-ka René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle chò thâu-chi̍t-ê kòe Indian ê Au-chiu-lâng, khì kàu kin-á-ji̍t ê South Bend, tī leh Saint Joseph Khe piⁿ. I kè-tang koh tńg hit-ūi liáu-kái tē-hng. Hoat-kok-hē Ka-ná-tah-lâng ê mô͘-phôe seng-lí-lâng bô lōa kú mā lâi kàu ūi, the̍h nâ-á, chu-pó, ke-si, whiskey kap bú-khì khì kap Bí-chiu Goân-chū-bîn ka-e̍k phôe-mn̂g.

1702 nî ê hit-chūn, Sieur Juchereau ūi Vincennes hū-kīn kiàn-li̍p khí thâu chi̍t keng bō͘-e̍k-chām. Tī 1715 nî, Sieur de Vincennes khí-siat Fort Miami tī leh Kekionga, tiō sī chit-má ê Fort Wayne. Chì 1717 nî, lēng-gōa chi̍t-ê Ka-ná-tah-lâng Picote de Beletre, mā siat Fort Ouiatenon tī Wabash Khe piⁿ, chhì beh khòng-chè Bí-chiu Goân-chū-bîn tùi Erie Ô͘ khì kàu Mississippi Kang ê bō͘-e̍k lō͘-sòaⁿ.

## Keng-chè
Indiana tī 2015 nî ê GDP sī 336,053 pa̍h-bān bí-kim. Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē jîn-kang ê sán-gia̍p sī chè-chō-gia̍p.

Indiana tī 2015 nî kui tang ê n̂g-tāu sán-liōng ū 7.5 pa̍h-bān tòng.

## Chham-khó
Gordon Cooper

thumb|200px|Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper, Jr. (1927–2004)
**Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper, Jr.** () chēng-sī chi̍t-ūi NASA ê thài-khong-lâng, chip-hêng kò Faith 7 kap Gemini 5 jīm-bū.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok thài-khong-jîn
Lūi-pia̍t:Thài-khong-jîn
Maryland

**Maryland** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú sī Annapolis. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Baltimore.
Massachusetts

**Massachusetts** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Boston sī i ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Le̍k-sú
Massachusetts si̍t-bîn-tē sī 1620 nî Massachusetts Bay Kong-si (*Massachusetts Bay Company*) kap Chheng-kàu-tô͘ kiàn-li̍p--ê.

## Siòng-phìⁿ

文件:Lexington Battle Green during performance of Old Guard Fife & Drum Corps.jpg|Lexington Common
文件:USA 09562 Boston Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|Boston
文件:Gay Head Light - USA MA.jpg|Gay Head Light


## Chham-khó
Michigan

**Michigan** ( "") sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú tī Lansing. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Detroit. 

## Tē-hō-miâ
*Michigan* chit-ê miâ, lâi-goân sī Ojibwe-gí ê *mishigamaa*, ì-sù sī "tōa-ô͘" ia̍h "tōa phìⁿ ê chúi".

## Le̍k-sú
Au-chiu thàm-hiám-chiá tu lâi kàu Michigan ê sî, chia jîn-kháu--ê sī Algonquian chu-cho̍k (*Algonquian peoples*).

17 sè-kí Hoat-kok ê lú-hêng-chiá kap *[[Coureur des bois]]* ("cháu-nâ-lâng") khì kàu Michigan thàm-hiám kiam khui-khún. Tāi-seng kòe Michigan chit ūi ê Au-chiu-lâng sī 1622 nî Étienne Brûlé ê thàm-hiám-tūi. Nā tē-it-ê éng-kiú ê Au-chiu-lâng chng-siā sī 1668 nî khai-ki--ê, tē-tiám tī Père Jacques Marquette kiàn-li̍p Sault Ste. Marie chò Thian-chú-kàu soan-tō ki-tē ê só͘-chāi. 

## Tē-lí
Michigan tī Bí-kok ê 50 chiu lāi-bīn jîn-kháu pâi tē 10, bīn-chek pâi tē-11, koh sī Mississippi Kang tang-pêng siāng khoah--ê chiu.

Michigan tī ûi-it hâm nn̄g-ê poàn-tó ê chiu-hūn. Ē Poàn-tó (*Lower Peninsula*) lâng tiāⁿ kóng seⁿ chò ná chhiú-thò. Nā Téng Poàn-tó (*Upper Peninsula*) kap Ē Poàn-tó tiong-ng keh Mackinac Hái-kiap (*Straits of Mackinac*), sī 8 kong-lí khoah ê chúi-tō, khah chia̍p Huron Ô͘ kap Michigan Ô͘. Poàn-tó siang-pêng ū Mackinac Kiô sio thàng.

## Jîn-kháu
Chiàu Bí-kok Phó͘-cha Kio̍k ê ko͘-sǹg, Michigan tī 2017 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t ê jîn-kháu ū 9,962,311, pí 2010 nî Bí-kok Phó͘-cha ê kì-lio̍k 9,883,635 ke 0.79%.

## Keng-chè
Ohio tī 2016 nî ê GDP sī 487,239 pa̍h-bān bí-kim. Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē lâng-kang ê sán-gia̍p sī chè-chō-gia̍p.

## Chù-kái

## Chham-chiàu
Ubuntu

**Ubuntu** (IPA: /ubun'tu/) sī 1 khoán tī kò-jîn tiān-náu chin sî-kiâⁿ ê Linux hoat-hêng-pán (Linux distribution). Ubuntu ê sian-chó͘ sī Debian; chú-iàu ê te̍k-sek sī kiông-tiāu hó-ēng (usability), hó-an (ease of installation), kò͘-tēng chhut sin pán-pún (regular releases), bô beh hō͘ hoat-lu̍t pa̍k-sí (freedom from legal restrictions). 

Ubuntu pún-té sī Zulu-gí kap Xhosa-gí, ì-sù sī "ēng jîn-tō kap lâng chih-chiap" (humanity towards others). Ùi Ubuntu ê kháu-hō – “Hō͘ lâng ēng ê Linux” (Linux for Human Beings), ē-tàng chai-iáⁿ i siūⁿ beh hō͘ Linux khah phó͘-phiàn, khah hó-ēng. 

2008 nî 4--goe̍h hoat-hêng ê Ubuntu 8.04 LTS sú-iōng GNOME 2.22 chò toh-bīn khoân-kéng, chi-oān 46 chióng gí-giân.

Siāng sin ê pán-pún sī 2009 nî 10--goe̍h hoat-hêng ê Ubuntu 9.10.

## Pán-pún
* 6.10: 2006 nî 10 goe̍h 26 hoat-hêng, iū-koh hō chò *Edgy Eft* (mé-lia̍h ê tō͘-tēng).
* 7.04: 2007 nî 4 goe̍h 19 hoat-hêng, iū-koh hō chò *Feisty Fawn* (chek-ke̍k ê lo̍k-á).
* 7.10: 2007 nî 10 goe̍h 18 hoat-hêng, iū-koh hō chò *Gutsy Gibbon*.
* 8.04 LTS: 2008 nî 4 goe̍h 24 hoat-hêng, iū-koh hō chò *Hardy Heron* (ióng-kiāⁿ ê hái-khiā-á).

## Chām-goā liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
* Chiàⁿ-thé Tiong-bûn chām
Àm-kong

:*Koan-î chhi-hiau (鴟鴞), chhiáⁿ-khoàⁿ [[niau-thâu-chiáu]]*

**Àm-kong** ia̍h **àm-kong-chiáu** sī ji̍t--sî hioh-khùn, àm-sî thó-chia̍h ê chiáu. Saⁿ-kiⁿ-poàⁿ-mê koh m̄ khùn ê lâng tiāⁿ hông keng-thé chò àm-kong-chiáu.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
O͘-bīn lā-poe

**O͘-bīn lā-poe** ê chhùi píⁿ-píⁿ tn̂g-tn̂g khoah-khoah, chhan-chhiūⁿ pn̄g-sî, mā kài sêng chûn-poe; tī Gî-lân mā hông hō chò **sàu-gô**, **pn̄g-sî-gô**. Leh chhōe-chia̍h ê sî, ē ēng chhùi tī chúi-té sàu lâi sàu khì.

Choân sè-kài iok-liōng ū 600 chiah, 3 hūn 2 ē tiàm tī Tâi-oân ê Chhit-kó͘ koè-tang.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
Botnet

**Botnet** chí 1 tīn nńg-thé ki-khì-mi̍h (bot) cho͘ ê bāng-lō͘ (net). Chit sû ē-iōng-tit chí jīm-hô bot ê cho͘-chit (chhiūⁿ IRC bot, iōng (distributed computing) nńg-thé siat ê tiān-náu bāng-lō͘), m̄-koh siāng chia̍p iōng lâi kí 1 tīn hông chiàm--khì jî-chhiáⁿ siū 1 ê chí-lēng tiong-sim khòng-chè tiâu ê phoà-siùⁿ tiān-náu. Chia ê tiān-náu it-poāⁿ hông koàn chhiūⁿ u-óng, chhâ-bé, āu-mn̂g (backdoor) téng-téng ê pháiⁿ-thé (malware). Botnet ê cho͘-chit-jîn (hō chò bo̍k-bot-chiá, *bot herder*) ū hoat-tō͘ hn̄g-hn̄g khòng-chè kui tīn, it-poaⁿ ūi tio̍h chò pháiⁿ tāi, chhiūⁿ kóng hoat tiān-chú pùn-sò (spam). Chí-lēng sù-siông sī keng-koè 1 ê IRC server ia̍h kong-kiōng ê IRC bāng lâi chhe-phài. Sin 1 tāi ê bot ē-hiáu chū-tōng sàu-biô (scan) in ê khoân-kéng, mā ē lī-iōng hē-thóng ê jio̍k-tiám (vulnerability) ia̍h bô la̍t ê bi̍t-bé kā ka-kī thoàⁿ kàu pa̍t-ūi.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Pháiⁿ-thé
Pháiⁿ-thé

**Pháiⁿ-thé** (malware) ì-sù sī **pháiⁿ-ì ê nńg-thé** (malicious software), kí 1 khoán siat-kè lâi chhim-ji̍p ia̍h phò-hāi lâng ê tiān-náu hē-thóng ê nńg-thé, pau-hâm tiān-náu pēⁿ-to̍k (virus), tiān-náu u-óng (worm), chhâ-bé thêng-sek (Trojan horse), kàn-tia̍p nńg-thé (spyware), kóng-kò nńg-thé (adware), téng-téng. Tiān-náu choan-gia̍p jîn-sū ēng chit sû piáu-sī kok-chióng pháiⁿ-sim, thó-ià, he̍k-chiá sī ē chhim-hoān ê nńg-thé ia̍h thêng-sek-má. Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé kap it-poaⁿ iōng-chiá chhiâng-chāi kā só͘-ū ê pháiⁿ-thé lóng hō chò "pēⁿ-to̍k".

Pháiⁿ-thé m̄ sī kò͘-chiòng ê nńg-thé.
Hoé-piah

Tī chu-sìn ki-su̍t, **hoé-piah** (firewall) chí 1 khoán an-choân chong-tì ia̍h ke-si, thang kin-kù só͘-iú-chiá ê su-iàu lâi ún-chún, kū-choa̍t, ia̍h tāi-lí (proxy) chu-liāu ê sio-chiap. Hoé-piah it-poaⁿ hun nńg-thé--ê (an toà tiān-náu ê kì-tî lāi-bīn) kap ngē-thé--ê (an toà to̍k-li̍p ê chong-tì lāi-bīn). Hoé-piah ê ki-pún khang-khoè sī koán-chè tiàm sìn-tiōng (trust) bô kâng ê tiān-náu bāng-lō͘ chi-kan lâi-khì ê kau-thong (traffic), chhiūⁿ kóng Internet (bē-khò--tit) kap intranet (koân-tō͘ ē sìn-khò) tiong-ng ê kau-thong.

Hoé-piah ē-tàng chó͘-tòng pháiⁿ-ì ê hacker thàm-khoàⁿ tiān-náu hē-thóng ê jio̍k-tiám. Mā ū hoé-piah kiam lia̍h pēⁿ-to̍k a̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ ê ok-chit chu-liāu.

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Evolution of the Firewall Industry – discusses different architectures, how packets are processed, and provides a timeline of the evolution. 
* A History and Survey of Network Firewalls  – provides an overview of firewalls at various ISO levels, with references to original papers where early firewall work was reported. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Iá-gô

**Iá-gô** (ha̍k-miâ: *Anser cygnoides*) sī chhù-gô ê goân-chéng; mn̂g-chháu, sek-chúi, hoe-chháu lóng chin siâng; kiò-siaⁿ mā kāng iūⁿ; chhùi-pe lio̍h-á khah tn̂g, bô gô-kang-lu. Tī Tâi-oân sī khah hán leh khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê koè-tang-chiáu.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
Robot

**Robot** sī 1 ê tiān-chú ki-hâi ia̍h seng-bu̍t ki-hâi ê chong-tì, ū chū-chú a̍h-sī toè chhoân piān ê chí-lēng chìn-hêng khang-khoè ê châi-tiāu. Robot ē-sái iōng lâi chò jîn-lūi kám-kak siuⁿ gûi-hiám, siuⁿ oh chò, ia̍h tiông-hok-sèng ê khang-khoè, chhiūⁿ kóng chhú-lí hòng-siā-sèng hoè-mi̍h (radioactive waste), seng-sán chū-tōng-chhia.

## Iōng-gí
**[[Ki-khì-lâng]]** chit jī, ē-tàng choan-bûn piáu-sī hóng lâng hêng-thé ê robot, mā ū-sî hông the̍h lâi chò só͘-ū robot ê ì-sù.

## Tsù-kái

## Chham-khó
* Bot: ē chū-tōng/poàⁿ-chū-tōng cháu ê nńg-thé.
Ki-khì-lâng

**Ki-khì-lâng** (android/gynoid) sī 1 sian goā-hêng, hêng-ûi lóng chhan-chhiūⁿ lâng ê robot. Ki-khì-lâng kan-taⁿ chûn-chāi tī kho-ha̍k siáu-soat ê sè-kài. Bo̍k-chêng ke̍k-ke ū lâng-hêng (humanoid) ê robot.

Cyborg sī oân-á iú-ki, oân-á ki-hâi ê seng-bu̍t/mi̍h.

Lūi-pia̍t:Jîn-kang tì-lêng
Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat
Ti̍t-seng-ki

**Ti̍t-seng-ki** kap si̍t-á kò·-teng ê hui-hêng-ki bô-kâng, sī lī-iōng chú-soân-e̍k ê ko-sok soân-chóan lâi tit-tio̍h seng-le̍k.

In-ūi hui-hêng ê te̍k-sû-sèng, ti̍t-seng-ki ē-tàng ti̍t-chiap siōng-seng, poe khí-khì khong-tiong. M̄-kóan sī khí-poe iah-sī kàng-lo̍h lóng m̄-bián pháu-tō. Chit-khóan te̍k-sek, tì-sú ti̍t-seng-ki ū chin-tōa ê iōng-tô·. Iû-kî sī chai-lān hiān-tiûⁿ, it-poaⁿ lóng sī chin bái ê tē-bīn khôan-kéng, mā ū khó-lêng sī tī soaⁿ--nih iah-sī hái-bīn. Chit-chióng chōng-hóng, ti̍t-seng-ki sī siōng sek-ha̍p lâi chìn-hêng kiù-oān kap kok-chióng jīn-bū--ê.
Router

**Router** sī 1 chióng tiān-náu bāng-lō͘ siat-pī, ē-tàng chiōng sò͘-kì-pau (data packet) keng-koè bāng-lō͘ sàng kàu chiong-tiám; chit ê koè-thêng hō chò **routing**.

SOHO-hêng ê router sî-kiâⁿ pau-hâm khoan-pîn modem, hoé-piah, bû-soàⁿ chih-chiap (WAP) kong-lêng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Ngē-thé
New York

**New York**, im-e̍k **Niú-iok** (), **Niú-io̍k** () ia̍h **Niu-iok-kuh** (Ji̍t-gí: ), sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú sī Albany, siang-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī New York Chhī.

## Chù-kha
Kú-chhài

**Kú-chhài** sī *[[Allium]]* sio̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t, tī Tang-a sī phó͘-phiàn ê chhài-se.    Chai-poê-chéng hō chò *Allium tuberosum*, iá-seng-chéng hō chò *A. ramosum*.  Khah kū ê bûn-hiàn kā kiò chò *A. odorum*, chóng--sī taⁿ jīn-ûi he sī *A. ramosum* ê tông-gī-sû.  Ū-koá si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka kā chai-poê-chéng hām iá-seng-chéng lóng kui tī *A. ramosum*, in-ūi 2 chióng chi-kan khêng-si̍t ū chē chē lām-chéng.

Kú-chhài to-nî-seⁿ (perennial), hoe-ki sè-kho͘ ti̍t-ti̍t, phēng hio̍h-á koân chin chē, hoe pe̍h-sek, ū lâng chèng toà hoe-hn̂g him-sióng.
Hoe-pan-bé

**Hoe-pan-bé** (**hoe-bé**) sī bé-kho (Equidae) ê hūn-chú, chū-pún seⁿ-thoàⁿ tī Hui-chiu tiong-lâm-pō͘.  Siāng hó jīn ê te̍k-teng sī o͘/pe̍h saⁿ-chhé ê hoe-pan.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
New Jersey

**New Jersey** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú tī Trenton, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Newark.
Thiú-ah

**Thiú-ah** tī Tâi-oân sī hán leh khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê bê-lō͘-chiáu, chiáu-kang ê bīn-hêng ná-chhiūⁿ poaⁿ-hì ê sió-thiú-á. Àm-sî poe khì chhân-iûⁿ, làm-tē, ia̍h chúi-tî-á thó-chia̍h; ji̍t--sî hioh tī ū chúi-chháu ê chúi-tî--nih.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* Hêng goá Tâi-oân chiáu-á ê pún-miâ
2007 nî 1 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

**2007 nî 1 goe̍h** sī 2007 nî ê tē 1 kó͘-goe̍h. Chit̍ kó͘-goe̍h ū 31 kang, tē 1 kang sī pài-it, siāng-bóe kang sī pài-saⁿ.
2007 nî 2 goe̍h

__NOTOC__

**2007 nî 2 goe̍h** sī 2007 nî ê tē 2 kó͘-goe̍h. Chit̍ kó͘-goe̍h ū 28 kang, tē 1 kang sī pài-sì, siāng-bóe kang sī pài-saⁿ.
Olivier Messiaen

thumb|Olivier Messiaen (1986)
**Olivier Messiaen** (IPA: [ɔlivje mɛsjɑ̃]; ) sī Hoat-kok ê 1 ê chok-khek-ka, hong-khîm-ka, kiam chiáu-lūi-ha̍k-ka (ornithologist). I 11 hoè ji̍p khì Pa-lí Im-ga̍k-īⁿ, sin-seⁿ pau-koat Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor, Marcel Dupré.  1931 nî tam-jīm Pa-lí La Trinité kàu-tn̂g ê hong-khîm-su, it-ti̍t kàu i koè-óng ûi-chí.  1940 nî Hoat-kok hām-lo̍h, Messiaen pìⁿ chiàn-hû.  Chē-kaⁿ kî-kan, i chhòng-chok *[[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]* ("Sî-kan ê lō͘-boé sù-tiông-chàu"), ga̍k-khì sī tng-sî hiān-ū--ê 4 chióng, pau-hâm kǹg-khîm, bai-ó͘-lín, toā-thê-khîm, o͘-ta̍t-á.  Messiaen kap kúi-ê hoān-lâng tiàm kî-thaⁿ ê hoān-lâng kap kéng-ūi thâu-chêng pān siú-ián.  Chhut-kaⁿ liáu-āu (1941) i hông jīm-bēng chò Pa-lí Im-ga̍k-īⁿ ê hô-siaⁿ (harmony) kàu-siū, 1966 nî khí kiam chò chok-khek kàu-siū, kàu kah 1978 nî thoè-hiu ûi-chí.  Iu-siù ê ha̍k-seng pau-koat Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (āu--lâi pìⁿ in bó͘), Karlheinz Stockhausen, Iannis Xenakis, William Bolcom, George Benjamin.
Chèng-hú-kan Khì-hāu Piàn-hoà Choan-ka Úi-oân-hoē

**Chèng-hú-kan Khì-hāu Piàn-hoà Choan-ka Úi-oân-hoē** (, IPCC) sī 2 ê Liân-ha̍p-kok cho͘-chit -- Sè-kài Khì-siōng-ha̍k Cho͘-chit (WMO) kap Liân-ha̍p-kok Khoân-kéng Kè-e̍k (UNEP) -- tī 1988 nî sêng-li̍p ê choan-ka úi-oân-hoē, choan-tô͘ leh phêng-ko͘ jîn-lūi chō-chiâⁿ khì-hāu piàn-hoà ê hong-hiám. IPCC khai-hóng hō͘ só͘-ū ê WMO/UNEP hoē-oân chham-ka.

IPCC ê pò-kò ē-sái kóng tī ta̍k chióng koan-hē khì-hāu piàn-hoà ê gī-lūn tang-tiong lóng ē hō͘ lâng chham-khó, ín-iōng. Kok-ka hām kok-chè chiam-tùi khì-hāu piàn-hoà ê hoán-èng it-poaⁿ ē kā IPCC tòng-chò koân-ui lâi chham-khó.

## Pò-kò
IPCC 2001 nî ê pò-kò kóng Tē-kiû téng koan-chhat ē tio̍h ê chi̍t-koá chhu-sè "ū khó-lêng" (*likely*) sī jîn-lūi oa̍t-tōng chō-chiâⁿ--ê. Kin-kù IPCC ê tēng-gī, "ū khó-lêng" téng-û 66% chì 90% ê khó-lêng-sèng. 

2007 nî ê pò-kò chìn-1-pō͘ kóng, "chin ū khó-lêng" (*very likely*, >90%) sī jîn-lūi chè-chō ê un-sek khì-thé (greenhouse gases) chō-chiâⁿ piáu-bīn un-tō͘ giâ koân, m̄ sī thian-jiân ê piàn-hoà.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong chām
* «UN scientist backs '350' target for CO2 reduction», *AFP*, 25. august 2009

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p-kok
Lūi-pia̍t:Khì-hāu