open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kavalan

**Kat-má-lán** (噶瑪蘭), a̍h-sī **Kavalan**, sī ùi Kavalan cho̍k ê **Kebalan** hoan--ê sû, goân-lâi--ê ì-sù sī "Peⁿ-goân ê lâng", ē-sái chí:
*Kavalan cho̍k, Tâi-oân ê bîn-cho̍k.
*Gî-lân ê kū-miâ.
*Kat-má-lán Theng  (噶瑪蘭廳), Chheng-tiâu Tâi-oân ê hêng-chèng-khu.

## Chham-khó
*Kat-má-lán Khè-ūn (葛瑪蘭客運, Kamalan Bus Inc.)
Thiāu-á-kha

**Thiāu-á-kha** sī soán-kí tiong tī ki-chân kā hāu-soán-lîn tàu kò͘ thiāu-á-kha kiam giú phiò--ê iông-oân (傭員). To-sò͘ sī si̍k-sāi chāi-tē chèng-tī koh ū it-tēng sè-thâu--ê jîn-sū. Tī soán-chiàn, thiâu-á-kha ē ēng chióng-chióng ha̍p-hoat ia̍h put-hoat--ê pò͘-sò͘ hō͘ i só͘ iòng-hō͘ (擁護)--ê chèng-kheh tòng-soán, pí-lūn chio chhù-piⁿ ia̍h-sī in chi̍t-ke-hóe lâi tâu-phiò. O͘-se--ê chîⁿ kah lé-bu̍t iáu-koh tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tùi in chiap-chhiú.

Ū lâng kóng chit ê ì-sù sī ùi Hô-ló-oē "thiāu-á ê kha" choán-lâi--ê, Hoâ-gí piàn-choè "" (chong-khiok, chù-im: , Hàn-gí pheng-im: *zhuāngjiǎo*), ì-sù sī khi̍t-á-kha.
Bêng

**Bêng** ē-sái chí:
*Hàn-jī 名 (miâ) ê tha̍k-chhè-im.
*Bêng-tiâu
*bêng (Otaku), Hàn-jī "萌", Otaku bûn-hoà ê su̍t-gú (術語), ùi Li̍t-gú ê  (*moe*) lâi.
Laoag

**Laoag**, Hàn-bûn ū hoan "**Láu-ak**" (佬沃), sī Hui-lip-pin ê siâⁿ-chhī, sī Ilocos Norte séng ê siú-hú, jîn-kháu tiā-iok 104,904.
Jī-bó-hē

Chi̍t-ê **jī-bó-hē** (Ji̍t-gí: 字母系; Eng-gí: *alphabet*) ia̍h **jī-bú-hē**, sī chi̍t thò **[[jī-bó]]**, sī siá bûn-jī ê chi̍t cho͘ hû-hō. Giâm-keh ì-sù ê jī-bó-hē hē-thóng ū khu-hun bó-im kap chú-im nn̄g-khoán im-sò͘, si̍t-lē ū Lô-má-jī, Hi-lia̍p-jī, Tiâu-sián-jī téng khoán. Chóng-sī kî-tha pheng-im hêng-sek ê siá-jī hē-thóng tan-goân mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō chò "jī-bó".

## Iōng-gí
Nā chiàu ha̍k-chiá Peter T. Daniels tùi Eng-gí *alphabet* chit jī só͘ tēng ê ì-sù, jī-bó-hē sī pêng-téng piáu-hiān chú-im kap bó-im ê bûn-jī. Nā Hi-lia̍p-jī kap Lô-má-jī ū ha̍h pún khoán tēng-gī. Kî-tha chhiūⁿ goân-sú ê Phoenicia, Hi-pek-lâi ia̍h A-la-pek bûn-jī, lóng sī piáu-hiān chú-im ûi chú ê *[[abjad]]* hêng-sek. Lēng-gōa koh ū chi̍t khoán sī *[[abugida]]*, chhan-chhiūⁿ Devanagari bûn-jī, sī ēng chú-im chò ki-chhó͘, lī-ēng phiat-im hû-hō ia̍h siu-kái pit-ōe leh piáu-hiān bó-im.

## Le̍k-sú
Goân-chho͘ Canaan bûn-jī, mā hō chò Phoenicia bûn-jī, sī só͘ chai-iáⁿ siāng kó͘ ê chi̍t khoán choân im-sò͘ bûn-jī. Phoenicia jī sī tōa-pō͘-hūn hiān-tāi jī-bó-hē ê sian-chó͘, tùi i hoat-tián chhut--lâi ê bûn-jī hē-thóng pau-koat A-la-pek-jī, Hi-lia̍p-jī, Latin-jī (Lô-má-jī), Kyril-jī, Hi-pek-lâi-jī, mā khó-lêng hâm Brahmi-jī.

## Chham-khó

*
Thô-hn̂g RCA Sū-kiāⁿ

**Thô-hn̂g RCA Sū-kiāⁿ** chí RCA kong-sī tī Tâi-oân Thô-hn̂g-chhī ê kang-tiuⁿ chō-sêng ê bú-jiám kiam an-choân būn-tê. Kang-tiuⁿ sī 1969 nî só͘ siat, 1992 nî koaiⁿ gia̍p, 1990 nî-tāi hong khat chhut tùi siā-lí kap kang-lâng ê bú-jiám.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú
Lîm-hn̂g Sū-kiāⁿ

**Lîm-hn̂g Sū-kiāⁿ** (林園事件) sī Ko-hiông Lîm-hn̂g Kang-gia̍p-khu tī 1988 nî ín-khí ê bú-jiám būn-tê kiam bîn-chiòng khòng-cheng oa̍h-tāng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú
RCA

**RCA** choân-miâ sī **Bí-kok La-jí-o͘h Kong-si** (Radio Corporation of America), tī 1919 nî khai-gia̍p, 1988 nî hō͘ GE bóe khì, pēng-chiá kái-sàn. 

## Siong-koan
*RCA Records: Pat sī RCA ê chú-kong-si, hiān-sî sio̍k Sony Music Entertainment.

## Tsù-kiok

## Tsù-kái
Barangay

**Barangay** (thang kán-siá chò **Brgy.** ia̍h-sī **Bgy.**, mā thang siá chò **Bo.**) sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê ki-chân hêng-chèng-khu, chit-ê jī goân-lâi ū chhoan-chng, siā-lí ê ì-sù, i-ê gí-goân sī "balanghai", chi̍t khoán sió-chûn. 

Barangay ū-sî lio̍k-siá chò "Brgy" ia̍h "Bgy". Kàu 2011 nî 6 goe̍h ûi-chí, thong Hui-li̍p-pin ū 42,026-ê Barangay.
Balangay

**Balangay** sī Lâm-tó bîn-cho̍k chè-chō ê chi̍t khoán chhâ chûn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chûn
Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hòa
Sio-oāⁿ ji̍t-kì

**Sio-oāⁿ ji̍t-kì** ia̍h-sī **kau-oāⁿ ji̍t-kì** sī chi̍t khoán kau-liû kám-chêng ê hong-hoat. Chi̍t tīn lâng kā ji̍t-kì sio-oāⁿ, koh tī in ê ji̍t-kì lāi-té siá ka-ki pêng-siông--ê seng-oa̍h kah sim-chêng. Bô-goā-kú, kā ka-ki ê ji̍t-kì khe̍h-tńg--lâi khoàⁿ, koh siá pêng-lūn, lâi kau-liû kám-chêng. 1990 nî-tāi, Ji̍t-pún ê tiong-ha̍k kah sió-ha̍k seng chi-kan khah sî-kiâⁿ. It-poaⁿ sī cha-bó͘-gín-á hō͘-siong oāⁿ, ia̍h sī saⁿ ì-ài--ê lâm-lú ha̍k-seng, lâi piàn-chò kám-chêng ê ki-toé (基底).

Boē-chió--ê tōng-ōe kap bān-ōe ê lâm-lú chú-kak mā án-ni liân-lok kám-chêng, pí-lūn *[[Choè-tiong Peng-khì Pí-lú]]* () kap *[[Azuki-chan]]* (, Hoâ-gí: ).

## Chham-khó
*Ji̍t-kì
Yonaguni Tó

**Yonaguni-tó** ( / *Yonaguni-zima*) sī Ji̍t-pún Okinawa-koān () ê tó-sū, sio̍k Yaeyama Kûn-tó () chi̍t hūn. Yonaguni sī Ji̍t-pún siāng oá se-pêng ê léng-thó͘, ū jîn-kháu chheng gōa.
Yodŏk chèng-tī-hoān siu-iông-só͘

**Yodŏk chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ** (耀德集中營) ia̍h-sī **Yodŏk chèng-tī-hoān siu-iông-só͘** (耀德政治犯收容所, Hân-gí:  *Yodŏk Che Sibo-ho Kwalliso*),  chiàⁿ-miâ **15 Hō Koán-lí-só͘** (15 號管理所), sī Pak Tiâu-sián kok-lāi ê chi̍t keng chèng-tī chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ, tī Hamgyŏng Pak-tō (咸鏡北道) Yodŏk Kūn (耀德郡).

Kù Bí-kok Kok-bū-iⁿ (國務院) hōaⁿ-sǹg (扞算), koaiⁿ tī hia--ê chèng-tī-hoān ū 15 kàu 20 bān lâng. Tī 1990 nî-tāi, hit chō iâⁿ ū 30000 lâng ài koaiⁿ kui-sì-lâng, lēng-gōa ū 16500 lâng ū-tè bô-tēng-sî hō͘-lâng tháu-pàng. In tōa-pòaⁿ sī ùi Ji̍t-pún sàng-tńg--khì Pak-hân--ê kiâu-bîn.

Chi̍t keng iâⁿ ē bô-tèng-sî sek-hòng (釋放) kúi-ê--á hoān-jîn, tì-chhú (致此) sī Pak-tiâu-sián ê chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ tiong, i sī koaiⁿ-kaⁿ-chiá (關監者) seng-chûn-lu̍t (生存率) khah koân--ê.

## Chhut-miâ--ê tháu-pàng-chiá
* An Hyŏk (安赫)
* Kang Ch'ŏl-hwan (姜哲煥)

## Chham-khó
*Yodŏk kò͘-sū (耀德故事)
*P'yŏngyang Chúi-cho̍k-kóan (平壤水族館)
Chio̍h-hn̂g Tó

**Chio̍h-hn̂g Tó** ( *Isigaki-zima*) sī Ji̍t-pún ê tó-sū, Chio̍h-hn̂g-chhī ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, mā sio̍k Pat-tiông-san Kûn-tó (Ia-é-iá-mah Kûn-tó) chi̍t hūn.

## Chù-kha
Isigaki-chhī

**Chio̍h-hn̂g-chhī** (石垣市, *Isigaki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Okinawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, pau-koah Chio̍h-hn̂g Tó kap Senkaku Kûn-tó, jîn-kháu tāi-iok 47,085.
Siù-ko͘-loân-soaⁿ

**Siù-ko͘-loân-soaⁿ** (秀姑巒山) sī Tâi-oân Tiong-iong Soaⁿ-lêng ê 1 lia̍p koân-soaⁿ, só͘-chāi tī Lâm-tâu-koān kap Hoa-liân-koān pian-kài, phiau-ko 3,825 kong-chhioh. I sī Tiong-iong Soaⁿ-lêng ê chòe-ko-hong, mā sī Tâi-oân tē-3 koân ê soaⁿ, kan-taⁿ khah-é Gio̍k-san kah Soat-soaⁿ. Soaⁿ-bóe-liu ū 2-téng saⁿ-kak-tiám 1691 hō.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Koa Siat-kai (1927), ''Tâi-oân ê soaⁿ kap khoe''.
* Kano Tadao (1941), ''山と雲と蕃人と : 台湾高山行''.
* 八通關越道線西段地圖PDF下載 ()

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoa-liân-koān ê soaⁿ
Oakland

**Oakland** sī Bí-kok California ê siâⁿ-chhī, sio̍k San Francisco Oan Khu chi̍t hūn, ū jîn-kháu 395,817 bān.
Lâm-to͘

*Kan-sia̍p chi̍t-hūn [[pò-choá]], chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Lâm-hng To͘-chhī-pò]]; [[Ji̍t-pún]] [[Okinawa-koān]] ê kâng-miâ kong-si chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Lâm-tō͘ (kong-si)]]
*

**Lâm-to͘** (南都) sī hok-to͘-chhè (複都制) kok-ka tiong "lâm-pêng ê siú-to͘" ê chheng-hō͘.

## Hō-chhoè Lâm-to͘--ê siâⁿ
*Tiong-kok
**Keng-chiu (荊州, kim Ô͘-pak-séng Keng-chiu-chhī): Tông-Siok-chong (唐肅宗) Khiân-goân (乾元) 3 nî (760 nî), kā hia  kái-chò "Lâm-to͘ Kang-lêng-hú" (江陵府), m̄-koh keh-tńg-nî tio̍h hùi-tiāu.
**Hô-lâm-séng Lâm-iông-chhī (南陽市)
*Ji̍t-pún
**Nāi-liông (奈良, Nara): tī Pêng-an Sî-tāi í-āu ê miâ, in-ūi i tī Pêng-an-kiaⁿ (平安京, tī Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī) lâm-pêng.
*Tâi-oân
**Tâi-lâm: í-chêng sī Tâi-ôan-hú ê hú-siâⁿ, Chheng-kong-sū (清光緒) sî Hok-Kiàn Tâi-oân Séng sêng-li̍p āu, séng-hú chhāi tī pak-hng, bîn-kan chū hit-sî tio̍h kiò i lâm-to͘.

## Koan-liân bûn-chiuⁿ
*Pak-kiaⁿ - Tang-kiaⁿ - Lâm-kiaⁿ - Sai-kiaⁿ - Tiong-kiaⁿ - Siōng-kiaⁿ (上京)
*Pak-tō͘ - Tang-tō͘ - **Lâm-to͘** - Sai-tō͘ - Tiong-tō͘ - Siōng-tō͘ (上都)
*Siú-to͘
*Lâm-to͘ Iā-khek
Lâm-to͘ Iā-khek

**Lâm-to͘ Iā-khek** (南都夜曲), sī Tâi-oân chhut-miâ--ê chok-sû-chiá Tân Ta̍t-jû (陳達儒) kap chok-khek-ka  Tân Chhiu-lîm (陳秋霖) ê Tâi-oân Hō-ló-oē koa-khek. Chit koa tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi Chiau-hô (昭和) 13 nî (1938 nî) siá--chhut, pún-miâ **Lâm-kiaⁿ Iā-khek** (南京夜曲), kóng-tio̍h Tiong-kok Lâm-kiaⁿ chi̍t ūi ian-hoe-lú (煙花女) ê pi-ai. Jī-chhù tāi-chiàn liáu-āu, Tâi-oân hō͘ Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok kok-bîn chèng-hú chiap-siu (接收), thiaⁿ-kóng ū chi̍t miâ koaⁿ-oân tiaⁿ che āu, chhai-gî (猜疑) *Lâm-kiaⁿ Iā-khek* ū àm-chí Ji̍t-pún ê ka-lé chèng-khoân (傀儡政權) Lâm-kiaⁿ kok-bîn chèng-hú, chhe lâng pò-ti Tân Ta̍t-jû, i sò͘-siông kín-sīn (謹慎) giân-hêng, tio̍h kā "Lâm-kiaⁿ" kái-choè "Lâm-to͘" (南都), Hú-siâⁿ Tâi-lâm ê ngá-chheng (雅稱). Koa-sû lāi Lâm-kiaⁿ ê hong-thó͘, jû Chîn-hoâi (秦淮) kang-chúi, Chí-kim-soaⁿ (紫金山) téng, iā kā kái chò An-pêng-káng, tang-pêng-soaⁿ téng Tâi-lâm ê kéng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
**精選臺灣歌謠* (Cheng-soán Tâi-oân Koa-iâu)

## Koan-liân bûn-chiuⁿ
*Lâm-to͘
*Lâm-kiaⁿ
*Tân Ta̍t-jû
*An-pêng Tui-sióng-khek (安平追想曲)
Hui-li̍p-pin ê séng

**Hui-li̍p-pin** ū 81-ê séng, tong-tē gí-giân chheng **lalawigan** ia̍h **probinsya**. Chia-ê séng ē-tàng hun 18-ê tōa-khu (Eng-gí: *region*).

Davao Occidental sī 2013 nî sin siat. 2022 nî Maguindanao thiah-chò Maguindanao del Norte kap Maguindanao del Sur.

## Lia̍t-toaⁿ

*Jîn-kháu kap bīn-chek sǹg ji̍p to̍k-li̍p-chhī (independent cities).
*Bīn-chek chu-liāu lâi-goân: 2009 IRA computation factors.
*Jîn-kháu: National Statistics Office .
Ji̍t-pún Î-sin-hōe

**Ji̍t-pún Î-sin ê Hoē** (日本維新の会, *nippon isin no kai*) sī 2012 nî sêng-li̍p ê Ji̍t-pún chèng-tóng, chú-iàu sī tùi Isihara Sintarô chhōa-thâu ê Thài-iông ê Tóng (太陽の党) kap Hasimoto Tôru só͘ niá ê Tāi-pán Î-sin ê Hoē (大阪維新の会) liân-ha̍ khí-chō.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê chèng-tóng
Pêng-sêng

**Pêng-sêng** (平成, *Heisei*) sī Ji̍t-pún ê goân-hō (元號), chiap tī Chiau-hô (昭和, *shōwa*) liáu āu, phòe-ha̍p sin chi̍t jīm thian-hông Akihito chiap-ūi, tùi 1989 nî 1 goe̍h 8 ji̍t kàu 2019 nî 4 goe̍h 30 ji̍t.
Thian-hông

**Thian-hông** ( / *tennō*) sī Ji̍t-pún ê kun-chú. Tùi 2019 nî 5 goe̍h 1 hō khai-sí ê chāi-ūi-chiá sī Tek-jîn ( / Naruhito).

## Siong-kuan
* Thian-hông lia̍t-toaⁿ
Poole

**Poole** sī Eng-lân Dorset tē-khu ê siâⁿ-chhī, hêng-chèng-siōng sī tan-it chū-tī-thé (unitary authority), bô siū Dorset ê chéng-hú koan-lí. Poole ū jîn-kháu 13.8 bān chó-ūi.
ENCODE

**ENCODE** sī tùi choân-miâ *The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements* ("DNA goān-kiāⁿ ê pek-kho-choân-su") ê lio̍k-siá, sī 2003 nî Bí-kok NHGRI hoat-khí ê liân-ha̍p. ENCODE kè-ōe tùi lâng ê ûi-thoân-thé goân-chéng kong-lêng goân-kiāⁿ ū siōng-sè ê gián-kiù, pēng-chhiá lī-ēng bāng-lō͘ téng hong-sek kā kiat-kó kong-khai.

2012 nî 9 goe̍h chóng sêng-kó hoat-piáu, chú-iàu lōe-iông hun 30 phiⁿ bûn-chiong, chhut-pán tī *[[Nature]]*, *[[Genome Biology]]*, kap *[[Genome Research]]* saⁿ hūn ha̍k-su̍t cha̍p-chì. Lēng-gōa mā ū chi̍t kóa siong-koan ê bûn-chiong kap database hoat-piáu tī kî-tha khan-bu̍t ia̍h bāng-chām.

## Liân-kiat
* Nature ENCODE: *Nature* ê ENCODE chú-tê bāng-ia̍h.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-bu̍t chu-sìn-ha̍k
Nature

***Nature*** sī 1869 nî khai-pān ê Eng-gí ha̍k-su̍t cha̍p-chì, hiān-sî chú khang-bu̍t sī ta̍k lé-pài hoat-hêng, sī thong sè-kài siāng siū khòaⁿ-tiōng ê tông-hâng sím-cha khan-bu̍t chi it. Téng-bīn só͘ hoat-piáu ê gián-kiù chú-iàu sio̍k chū-jiân kho-ha̍k ê kok khoán hun-iá.

Pún cha̍p-chi ê chhut-pán kong-si sī Eng-kok ê Nature Publishing Group. Tī Nature ê miâ hā, koh ū kúi hūn choâng-bûn koh-piat ha̍k-kho ê cha̍p-chì.

## Siong-koan
**[[Science]]*
**[[PNAS]]*

## Gōa-pō͘  liân-kiat

* 
* Freely available scans of volumes 1–112 (1869–1923)
* ''Nature'' Index
*For €9500, Nature journals will now make your paper free to read
I-liâu-hòa

**I-liâu-hoà** (Eng-gí: *medicalization*) sī chí kā lâng ê sin-thé būn-tê ia̍h sī siā-hōe būn-tê ēng i-ha̍k ê gí-giân lâi soeh-bêng, ēng i-ha̍k ê hong-sek lâi liáu-kái kiam chhù-lí. Che sī chi̍t-ê i-liâu siā-hoē-ha̍k ê khài-liām, chá-kî hoat-tián-chiá ū Irving Zola, Peter Conrad kap Thomas Szasz téng ha̍k-chiá.

Pí-lūn kóng lâng ê seⁿ-sí, tōa-hàn, ha̍k-si̍p kap sèng hong-bīn ê tāi-chì, tī thoân-thóng tang-tiong khó-lêng m̄-sī i-ha̍k būn-tê, chóng-sī keng-kòe i-liâu-hòa liáu-āu hông tòng chò sī i-liâu būn-tê leh chhù-lí.

## Chham-khó

## Siong-koan
* Seng-bu̍t i-liâu-hòa

Lūi-pia̍t:I-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Kong-kiōng oē-seng
Chù-ì-le̍k put-chiok koè-tōng-chèng

**Chù-ì-le̍k put-chiok koè-tōng-chèng** (注意力不足過動症, Eng-gí: *attention deficit hyperactivity disorder*, **ADHD**) sī chi̍t khoán cheng-sîn-pēⁿ, it-poaⁿ sī chí gín-á, sī kóng ū chù-ì-le̍k (attention), chhiong-tōng-sèng (衝動性, impulsivity) kap koè-tōng-sèng (過動性, hyperactivity) hong-bīn ê būn-tê.
Jîn-kháu-ha̍k

**Jîn-kháu-ha̍k** sī chi̍t mn̂g ha̍k-būn, lī-ēng thóng-kè-ha̍k kap lí-lūn-sèng ê hong-hoa̍k, choân-bûn thàm-thó jîn-kháu hoat-tián kap kiat-kò͘ ê būn-tê.

## Iú-koan bûn-chiuⁿ

* :en:List of population concern organizations Koan-chhiat jîn-kháu būn-tê--ê chó͘-chit lia̍t-toaⁿ (Eng-gí Wikipedia)
Choè-ko Chhâi-phoàⁿ-só͘ Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ Kok-bîn Sím-cha

**Choè-ko Chhâi-phoàⁿ-só͘ Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ Kok-bîn Sím-cha** (最高裁判所裁判官国民審査) si Ji̍t-pún kok-bîn thong-kòe tâu-phiò koat-tēng Choè-ko Chhâi-phoàⁿ-só͘ (chòe-ko hoat-īⁿ) ê chhâi-phòaⁿ-koaⁿ (hoat-koaⁿ) kám su-iàu pā-bián ê chè-tō͘. Tâu-phiò ê sî-kan sī tī chia-ê chhâi-phòaⁿ-koaⁿ siū jin-bēng liáu-āu ê thâu kài Chiòng-gī-īⁿ sóaⁿ-kí.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê chèng-tī
Tang-chì

**Tang-chì** (冬至) sī jī-cha̍p-sì chiat-khì chi it, tī pak-poàⁿ-kiû sî-kan sī sin-le̍k 12 goe̍h 21 ia̍h 22, lâm-poàⁿ-kiû tī 6 goe̍h 21 ia̍h 22. 

Ēng pak-pòaⁿ-kiû chō lē, tang-chì sī thài-iông tī thiⁿ téng siāng óa lâm ê sî-chūn.

## Cheh-ji̍t
*Tang-cheh
Nguyễn Tiâu

**Nguyễn Tiâu** () sī tùi 1802 nî Gia Long hông-tè khai-sí, hâm Hoat-kok si̍t-bîn sî-tāi chāi-lāi, thóng-tī Oa̍t-lâm kàu 1945 nî ê ông-tiâu. Tī Nguyễn Tiâu sî-kî, kok-ka miâ-hō ū hō **Oat-lâm**, mā pat kái **Tāi-lâm** (大南).

Lūi-pia̍t:Nguyễn Tiâu
Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t-lâm ê le̍k-sú
Khòng

**Khòng** ē sái chí:
*空：sò͘-jī 0 ê tha̍k-hoat.
*控：
**khòng-chè
**chêng-kat (情結), pa̍t-miâ "khóng", ACG su̍t-gí,  tùi Ji̍t-gí  (*konpurekkusu*) ê kán-lio̍k  (*kon*) choán--lâi. Lē: Lô-lī-khòng (蘿莉控).
*礦：khòng-bu̍t, chi̍t khoán tē-tóe ê chu-goân.
*炕：khòng (chú-hoat), iōng hóe chú kú, hō͘ chia̍h-mi̍h nńg.
Hiō-kiong-bu̍t

**Hiō-kiong-bu̍t** (後宮物, Ji̍t-gí: ) sī chhòng-chok ê chi̍t khoán lūi-hêng (Eng-gí: ), chí siat-tēng oá Lâm-sèng-hiòng (男性向), tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chí ū chi̍t ūi lâm-chú-kak a̍h pek-ha̍p khóng (百合)--ê lú-chú-kak hō͘ kui ūi sìm-chí kui-cha̍p ūi bí-lú a̍h bí-siàu-lú ûi--ê chok-phín. In-ūi lâm-phoè-kak lóng bô lō͘-lâi ka cheⁿ a̍h-sī bô kan-sia̍p (m̄-koh iā ū lâm-phoè-kak hō͘ chiok chē cha-bó͘ sio ûi-óa--ê lē-goā), chhin-chhiūⁿ tī hō͘-kiong (後宮), chiah hō chit miâ. Ūi chiok-ì bóe-kheh tùi bêng-sio̍k-sèng (萌屬性) bô-kâng--ê hèng-thâu, hiō-kiong-bu̍t ê lí-kak-sek sî-siông pak-pak iūⁿ, kā chiâⁿ chē bêng ê lūi-hêng lóng lām--ji̍p-khì chok-phín. Tû-chú-goā, chit khoán chhòng-chok siông-siông ū ji̍t-e̍k (入浴), oāⁿ-sāⁿ, kûn-ki pèng--khí-lâi a̍h kah lū-sèng--ê ài-māi (曖昧) hêng-ûi téng sa-bí-suh ê tiûⁿ-bīn. 	Kiù-kèng chit chióng chok-phín ê chong-chí (宗旨) sī, m̄-chhap lâm-chú-kak goā àu, hō͘-kiong éng-kiú kap i sio-toè. Jî-chhiáⁿ iû-hì a̍h kò͘-sū hoân-sè í ta̍k lú-kak kiōng-iú lâm-chú-kak tiong-tiûⁿ. Nā lú-chú-kak te̍k kui ê cha-po͘ ài, tio̍h kiò **ge̍k**(逆)**-hiō-kiong** (Ji̍t-gí: ). Chhut-hiān hō͘-kiong--ê goân-in, thong-siông sī thâu ê lú-kak a̍h chú-kak ê sèng-tē.

Tān-gāi "Hō͘-kiong-hêng" giâm-giâm lâi kóng, m̄-sī chèng-sek--ê chok-phín lūi-pia̍t, pō͘-hun chok-phín kám sī ho͘-kiong-hêng, iâu iā-káⁿ ū cheng-lūn.

## Chú-iāu chok-phín
### Hiō-kiong-hêng
#### Siáu-soat

#### Tong-oē kap bàng-gah

### Ge̍k-hiō-kiong

## Éng-ú te̍k-sek
*Bêng sī chit khoán chok-phín siōng chú-iàu--ê bōe-tiám (賣點), tī lú-kak-sek  chia̍p-chia̍p khòaⁿ-tio̍h, lâi hō͘ koan-chiòng hiáng-èng kah kiōng-bêng (共鳴).
*Lâm-chú-kak tōa-pòaⁿ bô-chám-bô-choe̍h (無斬無截), a̍h sī hoán-èng chin tūn (鈍), boē chú-tōng chai-iáⁿ lú-kak-sek tùi i ê chêng, kah chē-chē lú-sèng kak-sek ê koan-hē chiah ē ài-mài.
*Kak-sek chia̍p-chia̍p ū gī-bē (義妹) kah tiok-má-chī-iú (竹馬之友) téng.
*Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ū lú-chú-kak tòa lâm-chú-kak in tau, iā-káⁿ sī sió-mōe a̍h cha-bó͘-kán.
*Lú-kak-sek hō͘ lâm-chú-kak khòaⁿ-tio̍h chhiah-theh--ê kio̍k-chêng tī chok-phín lāi siông chhut-hiān.
*Lâm-chú-kak ê ha̍k-hāu sêng-chek tōa-pō͘-hūn phó͘-phó͘ sīm-chì khah bái, m̄-koh ū lē-gōa.

## Phoe-phêng
It-ti̍t	ián kū-thò-thâu (舊套頭) kah tèng-hêng kak-sek (定形角色, ) ēng kòe-thâu sī hiō-kiong-bu̍t tit lâng hiâm--ê chi̍t ê goân-in. Iáu-ū phoe-phêng kóng che húi-pòng (誹謗) lú-kak-sek, pí-lūn choân-bô pit-iàu--ê chho͘-pō kheng-hiòng (傾向), éng-éng hō͘ lâng siūⁿ che ū sèng-chha-pia̍t (性差別) ê iūⁿ.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


## Goā-kháu liân-kiat
* Browse Harem Anime (Lio̍k-lám (略覽) hiō-kiong-bu̍t tōng-oē)
Hu̍t-sng

**Hu̍t-sng** (核酸) sī hu̍t-kam-sng (核苷酸) cho͘-sêng ê tōa-hun-chú. Hu̍t-kam-sng khan-liân in-ê lîn-sng-chí (磷酸酯) kap tan-thn̂g  (單醣) pō͘-ūi, chiap chò hu̍t-sng liān.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hòa-ha̍k
Sakuma Samata

**Sakuma Samata** (佐久間 左馬太, 1844 nî 11 goe̍h 19 ji̍t - 1915 nî 8 goe̍h 5 ji̍t) sī Ji̍t-pún lio̍k-kun tāi-chiòng. I tī 1906 nî kàu 1915 nî kî-kan tam-jīm Tâi-oân Chóng-tok.
## Chhut-sin

## Keng-le̍k
Sakuma Samata pat chham-ú 1874 nî chiam-tùi Bó͘-tan-siā Sū-kiāⁿ ê Tâi-oân Chhut-peng. I ū chhōa-peng phah Payuan ê keng-le̍k. Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú phài i chiūⁿ-jīm Tâi-oân Chóng-tok, chú-iàu tio̍h-sī beh Lí-Hoan. Sakuma tī jīm-lāi thê-chhut 'Gō͘-nî Lí-hoan Kè-ōe', tī pak-lō͘ phah Atayal, lâm-lō͘ an-tah Bunun.

I hoat-tōng ê châu-hoan chiàn-cheng pau-koa Taroko Chiàn-cheng téng-téng, chhiau-kòe chi̍t-pah la̍k-cha̍p pái. 

Sakuma tī Tâi-oân chóng-tok jīm-lāi hoat-seng kòe Lîm-kí-po͘ Sū-kiāⁿ, Thó͘-khò͘ Sū-kiāⁿ

Sakuma sî-kî, tōa-liōng î-bîn siū-tio̍h chèng-hú chióng-le chìn-ji̍p Hoe-liân soaⁿ-khu, pau-koa Yoshino (Kiat-an）, Toyota (Hong-tiân), Hayashita(Lîm-tiân).

## Sí-bông

## Nî-phó͘
Robert Koch

**Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch** () sī Tek-kok ê i-seng kiam bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka. I sī chhut-thâu ê sè-khún ián-kiù-chiá, 1905 nî tit tio̍h Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k

**Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k** (eng. *microbiology*) sī chi̍t mn̂g choan-bûn ián-kiù bî-seng-bu̍t ê ha̍k-būn, chia-ê seng-bu̍t it-poaⁿ seng-chûn hong-sek sī tan sè-pau, he̍k-chiá sī se-pau chi̍p-thoân. Lēng-gōa, pēⁿ-to̍k mā sī bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê ián-kiù tùi-siòng. Ki-su̍t hong-bīn, bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ia̍h chhù-lí e̍k-biâu, hoat-kàⁿ, clone téng būn-tê.
Hêng-hoa̍t-ha̍k

**Hêng-hoa̍t-ha̍k** (刑罰學) sī hoān-chōe-ha̍k kap hoat-lu̍t-ha̍k ê siong-koan ha̍k-būn, choan-bûn thàm-thó tùi hoān-chōe ê chhù-lí hong-sek kiam tùi kaⁿ-ga̍k siat-si ê koán-lí, pâu-hâm lí-lūn kap si̍t-hêng.
E̍k-chu

**E̍k-chu** (疫株; eng. *vaccine*), mā ū kóng **chu-chiuⁿ** (株漿) iā **chu-chéng** (株種), hiān-tāi siū Koaⁿ-ōe éng-hióng mā ū kóng **e̍k-biâu** (疫苗), sī chiam-tùi bó͘ khoán chek-pēⁿ chò seng-bu̍t siōng ū-hông ê chhiú-tōaⁿ. E̍k-chu ki-pún ê chè-chō goân-lí sī lī-ēng sí-bông he̍k-chiá jio̍k-hòa liáu-āu ê pēⁿ-goân hō͘ sin-thé sán-seng khòng-thé. **Ū-hông-siā** (預防射) sī it-poaⁿ só͘ kóng ê e̍k-chu, chóng-sī e̍k-chu bô it-tēng to̍h ēng chù-siā hêng-sek si̍t-hêng. 

## Iōng-gí
Eng-gí *vaccine* ê gí-goân sī *Variolae vaccinae* (gû ê thian-jiân-tō͘); tāi-seng sī Edward Jenner ēng lâi piáu-sī gû-tāu-chu (*cowpox*) ê ì-sù. I tī 1798 nî kài-siāu ēng gû-tāu-chu tùi-khòng thian-jiân-tō͘ ê bûn-chiuⁿ *Gián-kiù só͘ châi-iáⁿ hō Gû-tāu-chu ê Variolae vaccinae* (*Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox*) pat ēng chit jī.

1881 nî ê sî, ūi kì-liam Jenner, Hoat-kok ê ha̍k-chiá Louis Pasteur thê chhut ēng chit jī lâi piáu-ta̍t só͘-ū sin khai-hoat ê ū-hông chiap-chèng.

## Chham-chiàu

## Siong-koan
* Ū-hông chiap-chèng
Park Geun-hye

**Park Geun-hye** (, ) sī Hân-kok chèng-tī-chiá, ī tī 2012 nî soán-kí tiong, Tāi-piáu Saenuri Tóng tòng-soán chóng-thóng.

Park Geun-hye sī Hâng-kok thau chi̍t-ê lú-sèng chóng-thóng, ī-ê lāu-pē sī chêng chóng-thóng Park Chung-hee.
Lâng-kho

**Lâng-kho**, La-teng hō-miâ **Hominidae**, sī lêng-tióng-lūi chi̍t hūn, ki-tiong pâu-hâm 4-ê sio̍k: lâng (*Homo*), o͘-seng-seng (*Pan*), toā-seng-seng (*Gorilla*) kap âng-seng-seng (*Pongo*).
Ū-hông chiap-chèng

**Ū-hông chiap-chèng** (; ), he̍k-chiá **chù ū-hông-siā**, **chèng-chu**, sī lī-ēng e̍k-biâu chhì-khek bián-e̍k hē-thóng, hō͘ sin-thé tùi te̍k-pia̍t chéng-lūi pēⁿ-goân sán-seng bián-e̍k-le̍k. E̍k-biâu sī hiān-tāi ūi-seng té-khòng thoân-jiám-pēⁿ ê hong-sek chi it.
Chù-siā

**Chù-siā** () sī lī-ēng siā-tâng kā io̍h-che ia̍h e̍k-biâu chù ji̍p sin-thé ê ki-su̍t, sī pēⁿ-chèng tī-liāu kap ū-hông chiap-chèng ê hong-sek chi̍t khoán.

Lūi-pia̍t:Khàn-hō͘
Chù-siā-tâng

**Chù-siā-tâng** (), tiāⁿ kóng **siā-tâng** (射筒), sī chù-siā khì-kū, phó͘-thong ê siā-tâng chiap chi̍t ki chù-siā-chiam.

Lūi-pia̍t:I-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Khàn-hō͘
Chù-siā-chiam

**Chù-siā-chiam** () sī khang-khak ê kóng hêng chiam, chiap tī siā-tâng thâu. Chù-siā sî siā-chiam chhà ji̍p phôe-hā, su-sàng io̍h-che he̍k-chiá sī thiu-hoeh.
Hoān-chōe-ha̍k

**Hoān-choē-ha̍k** sī tùi hoān-chōe ê sèng-chit, goân-in, khòng-chè téng gī-tê ê ián-kiù kap si̍t-bū, i sī hêng-ûi kho-ha̍k, siā-hōe-ha̍k kiam sim-lí-ha̍k téng léng-he̍k ê siōng-koan kho-bo̍k.  


Lūi-pia̍t:Siā-hōe-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoān-choē
Pyrénées Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Pyrénées kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national des Pyrénées*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 1967 nî khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Midi-Pyrénées kiam Aquitaine tōa-khu.
Cévennes Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Cévennes kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national des Cévennes*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 1970 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Languedoc-Roussillon kiam Rhône-Alpes tōa-khu.
Écrins Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Écrins kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national des Écrins*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 1973 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Rhône-Alpes kiam Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur tōa-khu.
Mercantour Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Mercantour kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national du Mercantour*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 1979 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur tōa-khu.
Guadeloupe Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Guadeloupe kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national de la Guadeloupe*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 1989 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Guadeloupe tōa-khu.
Guyane Amazon Kong-hn̂g

**Guyane Amazon kong-hn̂g** (*Parc amazonien de Guyane*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 2007 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Guyane tōa-khu.
Vanoise Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Vanoise kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national de la Vanoise*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 1963 nî khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Rhône-Alpes tōa-khu.
Réunion Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**La Réunion kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national de La Réunion*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 2007 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī La Réunion tōa-khu.
Calanques Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Calanques kok-ka kong-hn̂g** (*Parc national des Calanques*) sio̍k Hoat-kok, tī 2012 khai-siat, só͘-chāi tī Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur tōa-khu.
Khâm-páng

**Khâm-páng**, mā siá chò **khâng-páng** sī soan-thoân he̍k-chiá kóng-kò chok-iōng ê sek-gōa mi̍h-kiāⁿ, it-poaⁿ sī pêⁿ-bīn, siat tī bêng-hián só͘-chāi lâi ta̍t sêng bo̍k-te̍k.

## Chù-kha

Lūi-pia̍t:Kóng-kò
Am-khàm

**Am-khàm** (Hàn-jī: 掩崁 ia̍h 掩嵌) sī chiong tāi-chì he̍k-chiá mi̍h-kiāⁿ chhàng teh m̄ hō͘ lâng chai-iáⁿ.

## Koan-liân hāng-bo̍k
*Pì-bi̍t
*Pe̍h-chha̍t

## Liân-kiat

*Tâi-gí Sìn-bōng-ài (信望愛)-chām ê Tâi-gí sû-tián (Tâi-ji̍t Toā-sû-tián Tâi-gí e̍k-pún) piān-hō 540
*Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gí Siông-iōng-sû Sû-tián chhâ-sûn Am-khàm
Bayern Sim-lîm Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Bayern Sim-lîm Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald*) tī Tek-kok, 1970 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Bayern chiu.
Hamburg Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Hamburg Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Nationalpark Hamburgisches Wattenmeer*) tī Tek-kok, 1990 nî chhòng-siat.

## Siong-koan
* Wadden Hái
Kellerwald-Edersee Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Kellerwald-Edersee Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Nationalpark Kellerwald-Edersee*) tī Tek-kok, 2004 nî chhòng-siat.
Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer*) tī Tek-kok, 1985 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Schleswig-Holstein chiu.

## Siong-koan
* Wadden Hái
Unteres Odertal Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Unteres Odertal Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Nationalpark Unteres Odertal*) tī Tek-kok, 1990 nî chhòng-siat.
Vorpommern Loē-hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Vorpommern Loē-hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Nationalpark Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft*) tī Tek-kok, 1990 nî chhòng-siat.
Wadden Hái

**Wadden Hái** sī Au-chiu Pak-hái lâm hōaⁿ ê chi̍t tōaⁿ hái-phiâⁿ chhián-thoaⁿ, sī seng-thài hong-hù ê só͘-chāi, hoān-ûi tùi Dan-kok kòe Tek-kok, soah kàu Kē-tē-kok.

## Hō-miâ
* Kē-tē-gí: *Waddenzee*
* Tek-gí: *Wattenmeer*
* Kē-tē Te̍k-gí: *Wattenmeer* ia̍h *Waddenzee*
* Dan-gí: *Vadehavet*
* Frisia-gí: *Waadsee*

Chia ê tē-miâ pún-sin sī tê-hêng ê chi̍t khoán, pí-lūn Tek-gí ê "*Watt*" ì-sù sī "thô͘-phiâⁿ"; "*meer*" chí "hái".

## Kok-ka kong-hn̂g
* Hamburg Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g
* Niedersachsen Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g
* Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Hái Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g
Sachsen Sūi-se

**Sachsen Sūi-se** (*Sächsische Schweiz*) sī Tek-kok Sachsen tē-hng ê soaⁿ-khu, kap Cesko ê Bohemia Sūi-se sio-oá.

## Tē-miâ
Chit-ê só͘-chāi kap kok-ka Sūi-se bô sio-chiap. 18 sè-kí, nn̄g-ê Sūi-se ōe-ka Adrian Zingg kap Anton Graff pài-hóng chit-ūi, kam-kak hong-thó͘ kap ka-hiong Jura tē-khu chin kâng, soah theh nn̄g ūi pí-kàu chò hong-kéng biâu-su̍t. In-ê kóng-hoat, pâu-koat "Sachsen Sūi-se" ê hō-miâ, āu-bóe hong chhut-pán, siū tāi-ke chai-iáⁿ.

## Kok-ka kong-hn̂g
Sachsen Sūi-se Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g tī 1990 nî khai-siat.
Martin Freeman

**Martin John Christopher Freeman** (1971 nî 9 goe̍h 8 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Eng-kok ián-goân, i ū tī tiān-sī *Sherlock* tiong chhut-ián Dr. John. H. Watson, mā ū tī Peter Jackson ê *The Habbit* tiong pōaⁿ Bilbo Baggins.
Morgan Freeman

**Morgan Freeman** (1937 nî 6 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok ián-goân, bat tit-tio̍h Oscar Chióng.
Ko͘ Liâm-siông

**Ko͘ Liâm-siông** (辜濂松, 1933-nî 9-goe̍h 8-ji̍t ~ 2012-nî 12-goe̍h 6-ji̍t) sī Tâi-oân ê khì-gia̍p-ka, Lo̍k-káng Ko͘-ka sêng-goân chi it, chāi-seⁿ sî sī Tiong-kok Sìn-thok Kim-iông Khòng-kó͘ Kong-si ê táng-sū-tiúⁿ. Bat chò kòe Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chóng-thóng-hú chu-chèng, Tâi-pak Kok-chè Siā-khu Bûn-hòa Ki-kim-hōe (ICRT) táng-sū chú-sek. Mā sî-siông tāi-piáu Tâi-oân chhut-sek A-thài Keng-ha̍p-hōe (APEC) ê khì-gia̍p léng-siù gōa-kau hōe-gī. Jî-chhiáⁿ tn̂g-kî chi-chhî bûn-hòa sū-gia̍p Sin-bú-tâi (新舞臺).
Hoat-kok ê kok-ka kong-hn̂g

Hoat-kok kàu 2012 nî ûi-chí ū lóng-chóng cha̍p-ê kok-ka kong-hn̂g, kî-tiong chhit-ê tī pún-thó͘, saⁿ-ê tī hái-gōa léng-thó͘. Lēng-gōa ū chi̍t-ê tng teh kè-ōe.

## Lia̍t-toaⁿ
Charles de Gaulle

**Charles de Gaulle** (1890 nî 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t - 1970 nî 11 goe̍h 9 ji̍t) sī Hoat-kok chiong-kun, tī Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn kî-kan niá-chhōa Chū-iû Hoat-kok hoán-khòng. I tī 1959 nî kàu 1969 nî kî-kan sī Tē-gō͘ Kiōng-hô ê thâu jīm chóng-thóng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok Chóng-thóng
Galicia Tāi-se-iûⁿ Tó-sū Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Galicia Tāi-se-iûⁿ Tó-sū Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 2002 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Galicia.
Aigüestortes y Lago de San Mauricio Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Aigüestortes y Lago de San Mauricio Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de Aigüestortes y Lago de San Mauricio*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1956 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Catalonia.
Caldera de Taburiente Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Caldera de Taburiente Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1954 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Canaria Kûn-tó.
Doñana Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Doñana Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional y natural de Doñana*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1969 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Andalusia.
Garajonay Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Garajonay Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de Garajonay*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1981 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Canaria Kûn-tó.

File:Alone in the dark - WLE Spain 2015.jpg|«Roque Ojila»
File:WIKI 559 MmoramoraleS.JPG|«Roque de Agando»
File:Roque de La Zarcita - WLE Spain 2015.jpg|«Roque de La Zarcita»
Ordesa y Monte Perdido Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Ordesa y Monte Perdido Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1918 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Aragon.
Cabrera Kûn-tó Hái-lio̍k Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Cabrera Kûn-tó Hái-lio̍k Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional marítimo-terrestre del Archipiélago de Cabrera*) tī Se-pan-gâ, só͘-chāi tī Balear Kûn-tó.
Cabañeros Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Cabañeros Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de Cabañeros*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1995 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Castile-La Mancha.
Tablas de Daimiel Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Tablas de Daimiel Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** (*Parque nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel*) tī Se-pan-gâ, 1973 nî chhòng-siat, só͘-chāi tī Castile-La Mancha.
Castilla-La Mancha

**Castilla-La Mancha** sī Se-pan-gâ ê chū-tī siā-lí, ū jîn-kháu 2,095,855, siú-hú tī Toledo, siāng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Albacete.

## Séng-hūn
* Albacete Séng
* Ciudad Real Séng
* Cuenca Séng
* Guadalajara Séng
* Toledo Séng

Lūi-pia̍t:Se-pan-gâ ê chū-tī siā-lí
Kî-āu-soaⁿ

**Kî-āu-soaⁿ** (旗後山), se-iûⁿ-lâng bat hō **Saracen's Head**, só͘-chāi tī Ko-hiông Kî-āu óa pak, téng-bīn ū teng-thah kap phàu-tâi.
Toledo

**Toledo** sī Se-pan-gâ tiong-pō͘ ê siâⁿ-chhī, Toledo Séng kiam chū-tī siā-lí Castile-La Mancha ê siú-to͘. Chia kha-chá sī Se-pan-gâ Tè-kok ê to͘-siâⁿ, hiān-sî ū jîn-khái 8 bān gōa.
Lí-hoan chèng-chhek

**Lí-hoan chèng-chhek** (理蕃政策) sī Tâi-oân tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chèng-hú tùi goân-chū-bîn ê kau-sia̍p kiam khòng-chè chèng-chhek.
Chò-goe̍h-lāi

**Chò-goe̍h-lāi** (做月內) sī thoân-thóng siōng sán-āu lú-sèng ê chi̍t tōaⁿ khoe-ho̍k tiâu-lí ê têng-sū, chhut-hiàn tī chi̍t kóa bûn-hòa tiong, pí-lūn Hàn-jîn. Koh cho̍k ê koàn-sì, pí-lūn Hō-ló-lâng, Kheh-lâng ê goe̍h-lāi hong-sio̍k bô siáⁿ sio-siâng, chú-iàu sī tī chia̍h-chhēng, oa̍h-tāng hong-bīn ū chi̍t-kóa kìm-khī he̍k-chiá kiàn-gī.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hòa
Iûⁿ-kái

**Iûⁿ-kái** (eng. *dissolution*) sī chi̍t khoán hòa-ha̍k hiān-siōng, chí iûⁿ-chit hun-sòaⁿ lām tī í iûⁿ-che ûi chú ê e̍k-thé  khoân-kéng lāi. Hun-chú chân-chhù siōng iûⁿ-chit siū iûⁿ-che pau-ûi.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Sa̋-bì-sù

:*Iú-koan it-poaⁿ--ê èì-sù, chhiáⁿ-khòaⁿ [[ho̍k-bū]] á-sī [[chiau-thāi]]*

**Sa̋-bì-sù** (Ji̍t-gí: *sābisu*, Hôa-gú:  *shābìsǐ*) ia̍h-sī **fan ê ho̍k-bū** (), tī Ji̍t-pún tōng-ōe kap bàng-gah ê bûn-hòa tiong, chí chok-phín lāi choan-kang so-loa̍h (挲捋, kiû lâng hoaⁿ-hí) ho̍k-bū koan-chiòng ia̍h tha̍k-chiá--ê tōaⁿ.
Tang-pak-a

**Tang-pak-a** (東北亞) sī A-chiu ê chit ê hun-khu, kù Bí-kok Tùi-gōa Koan-hē Úi-ôan-hoē () ê tēng-gī, chí Tang-a ê Ji̍t-pún kah Tiâu-sián Poàⁿ-tó ê Lâm-hân, Pak-tiâu-sián. Ū-lâng koh kâⁿ Tiong-kok ê Tang-pak (Hek-liông-kang, Kiat-lîm, Liâu-lêng) kah Lāi-bông-kó͘, Bông-kó͘-kok (蒙古國), hām Lō͘-se-a ê Oán-tang Liân-pang Koán-khu (遠東聯邦管區).
Lîm Khia

**Lîm Khia** (林迦, 1888 nî 4 goe̍h 20 ji̍t - 1972 nî 12 goe̍h 28 ji̍t) sī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông Iâm-tiâⁿ chhut-sin ê si̍t-gia̍p-ka. I sī Lîm Khêng-iâu ê lāu-pē.

## Chham-khó
* 臺灣人士鑑. 臺灣新民報社. 1937.
* 臺灣歷史辭典. 遠流出版公司.
Geovanna Tominaga

thumb|right|Geovanna Tominaga

**Geovanna de Oliveira Tominaga** () sī Pa-se ê ián-gôan.

Lūi-pia̍t:Pa-se ián-goân
Robertus Junius

**Robertus Junius ** (1606 nî - 1655 nî 8 goe̍h 22 ji̍t) sī Hô-lân kái-kek-phài kàu-hōe tī Formosa (Tâi-oân) ê thoân-kàu-sū. Tī Tâi-oân chāi-jīm ê sî-kan sī 1629 nî kàu 1643 nî chó͘-iū. I pat tī Soulang tòa chi̍t chām-á.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-lân jîn-bu̍t
Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tāi-ha̍k

**Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tāi-ha̍k** (京都大学) sī Ji̍t-pún ê kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k, chiân-sin sī tī 1897 nî khai-siat ê Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k.

## Tsù-kái
Thomas de la Hoz

**Thomas de la Hoz** (1879 nî 12 goe̍h 31 ji̍t － 1949 nî 1 goe̍h 6 ji̍t）Se-pan-gâ ê Dominica Hōe Thian-chú-kàu sîn-pē. I tī 1921 nî hong phài Tâi-oân chò kàu-khu-tiúⁿ, 1932 nî khì Takamatu (高松) kàu-khu, 1941 nî kó tńg Tâi-oân, 1949 nî tī Tâi-oân kòe-sin.

## Chham-khó
*
*
Atuzi Hiro

**Atuzi Hiro** (阿辻廣, 1892 nî 1 goe̍h chhut-sì) sī Ji̍t-pún si̍t-gia̍p-ka, i tī Tâi-oân chhòng-li̍p ông-lâi sū-gia̍p.

## Chham-khó
* 臺灣人士鑑. 1934.
Chulalongkorn Tāi-ha̍k

**Chulalongkorn Tāi-ha̍k** sī Thài-kok thâu chi̍t keng hiān-tāi kàu-io̍k tāi-ha̍k, 1917 nî kok-ông Rama 6-sè sî-kî chhòng-li̍p, miâ hō tùi Rama 5-sè Chulalongkorn.
Hok Liông-pin

**Hok Liông-pin** (郝龍斌, ) sī Tâi-oân Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t. I ê chó͘-che̍k tī Kang-so͘-séng Iâm-siâⁿ-koān. Láu-pē sī chêng Hêng-chèng-īⁿ īⁿ-tiúⁿ, Kok-hông-pō͘ pō͘-tiúⁿ, chham-bô͘-chóng-tiúⁿ Hok Pek-chhoan. I pún-sin pat chò koè Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ úi-goân, Khoân-pó-sú sú-tiúⁿ, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Âng-si̍p-jī-hoē chóng-hoē pì-su, Tâi-pak-chhī chhī-tiúⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-pak-chhī Chhī-tiúⁿ
Tēⁿ Khun-ngó͘

**Tēⁿ Khun-ngó** (鄭坤五, 1885 nî 7 goe̍h 16 ji̍t - 1959 nî 4 goe̍h 12 ji̍t) sī Tâi-oân si-jîn, siáu-soat-ka. Tēⁿ Khun-ngó͘ tī Hok-kiàn Chiuⁿ-phó͘-koān (漳浦縣) chhut-sì, āu-lâi î-bîn Tâi-oân, khiā tī Ko-hiông Kiú-khiok-tông (九曲堂). I tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chò kòe Tōa-chhiū-chng (大樹庄) ê chng-tiúⁿ.

## Chham-khó
* 
*
Gilberto Gil

thumb|Gilberto Gil

**Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira** (1942 nî 6 goe̍h 26 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Pa-se ê koa-chhiú.

Lūi-pia̍t:Pa-se koa-chhiú
Lūi-pia̍t:1942 nî chhut-sì
Uemura Tamaki

**Uemura Tamaki** (植村 環, 1890 nî 8 goe̍h 24 ji̍t - 1982 nî 5 goe̍h 26 ji̍t) sī Ji̍t-pún ê chá-kî lú-sèng bo̍k-su, i bat sī Tâi-lâm Tiúⁿ-ló-kàu Lú-ha̍k-hāu ê hāu-tiúⁿ.
Marisa Monte

**Marisa de Azevedo Monte** (1967 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī Pa-se ê koa-chhiú.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chāi-sè jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:1967 nî chhut-sì
Tēⁿ Chō-ki

**Tēⁿ Chō-ki** (鄭肇基, 1885 nî 8 goe̍h 2 ji̍t - 1937 nî 5 goe̍h 29 ji̍t) sī Sin-tek chhut-sin ê Tâi-oân si-jîn, chû-siān-ka, si̍t-gia̍p-ka. I bat sī Sin-tek-chiu hia̍p-gī-hōe goân.

## Chham-khó
*
Hô-lân léng Formosa

**Hô-lân léng Formosa** (荷蘭領--) sī Hô-lân tī 1624 nî kàu 1662 nî thóng-tī Tâi-oân ê sî-tāi.

Hô-lân tī 17 sè-kí sî keng-kòe Hô-lân Liân-ha̍p Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si (, sok-siá: VOC) tī Formosa (Tâi-oân) si̍t-bîn, sî-kan sī 1624 nî kàu 1662 nî, thóng-tī ê tiong-sim sī Jia̍t-lân-jia (hiān-sî ê An-pêng). In āu-bóe chiàn-su Tēⁿ Sêng-kong ê kun-tūi pēng-chhiáⁿ kiat-sok si̍t-bîn thóng-tī.

Poeh-cha̍p-nî Chiàn-cheng hoat-seng í-āu, Hô-lân-lâng sêng-li̍p liáu Hô-lân Tang-ìn-tō͘ Kong-si. Thàu-kòe chiàn-cheng chhiú-tōaⁿ, toat-chhú Se-pan-gâ kap Phû-tô-gâ tī Tang-a ê si̍t-bîn-tōe. Hô-lân-lâng tī Jakarta, Ambon í-kip Hirado () siat-li̍p siong-koán, tān-sī in it-ti̍t bô-hoat-tō͘ chìn-ji̍p Tiong-kok chhī-tiûⁿ. 

1604 nî, Wybrand van Warwijck siūⁿ boeh chiàm-niá Má-kháu chiâⁿ-chòe kap Tiong-kok mō-e̍k ê chìn-chhut-káng, kiat-kó phah-su Phû-tô͘-gê. Wybrand van Warwijck sûi oat-hiòng chiàm-niá Phîⁿ-ô͘, phah-sǹg boeh an-iâⁿ-chat-chē.

## Tē-lí
O-lân khòng-chè ê chng-siā pau-koat: Sinkan, Tavakan, Bakloan, Soulang, Mattau, Tevorang, Favorlang, Takkais, Tornap, Terenip kap Assok.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-lân léng Formosa
Tân Khé-chheng

thumb|Tân Khé-chheng

**Tân Khé-chheng** (陳啟清, ) sī Tâi-oân si̍t-gia̍p-ka, sī Ko-hiông Lêng-ngá-liâu ê lâng. I sī Tân Tiong-hô ê hāu-seⁿ, Tân Khé-chhoan ê sió-tī, N̂g Kim-chhoan ê ang-sài, 

Tân Khé-chheng bat ha̍k Keio Tāi-ha̍k (慶應大學) siong-kho, āu-lâi tī 1925 nî tūi Meizi Tāi-ha̍k (明治大學) hoat-kho chut-gia̍p. I tńg Tâi-oân liáu-āu chò Tân Tiong-hô Bu̍t-sán kap O͘-chhiū-nâ Chè-thn̂g kap Tang-káng Chè-peng chhú-thè-ia̍h (取締役, táng-sū) téng chit-ūi.

I mā bat keng-êng Sin-heng Chè-thn̂g Chu-sek Hōe-siā (新興製糖株式會社), liáu-āu mā bat chò Tâi-oân Coca-Cola Kong-si (台灣可口可樂公司) ê táng-sū-tiúⁿ.

Lēng-gōa, ū chò kòe Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê Ko-hiông-chiu hia̍p-gī-hōe-goân (協議會員); chiàn-āu chho͘-kî, chham-ka Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê Chè-hiān Kok-bîn Tā-hōe (制憲國民大會) tāi-piáu.

Tân Khé-chheng āu-bóe tī Tâi-pak kòe-sin.

## Chham-khó
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Swindon (borough)

**Swindon** sī Eng-lân sai-lâm ê hêng-chèng tang-ūi, chèng-sek chheng *Borough of Swindon*, siú-hú sī Swindon; in thoân-thóng siōng sǹg Wiltshire tē-khu chi̍t hūn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Hōng-hông Thoân-kî

**Hōng-hông Thoân-kî**(鳳凰傳奇) sī chi̍t ê tī Tiong-kok put-chí chhut-miâ ê Hôa-gú liû-hêng im-ga̍k chó͘-ha̍p, chú-chhiùⁿ Iûⁿ-gūi Lêng-hoa(楊魏玲花) sī Lāi-bông-kó͘ Ordos Chhī(鄂爾多斯市) ê lâng,ha̍p-im Chan Gē(曾毅) sī Ô͘-lâm Ek-iông(益陽) ê lâng, in ê koa-lō͘ tōa-lâng gín-á lóng ài thiaⁿ, tī koe-á-lō͘ sì-kòe lóng thiaⁿ ē tio̍h in ê koa,tāi-piáu koa-khek ū *Goa̍t-liōng chi Siōng*(月亮之上), *Chū-iû Hui-Siông*(自由飛翔) kap *Chòe Hiān Bîn-cho̍k Hong*(最炫民族風) téng-téng.

Chú-chhiùⁿ Iûⁿ-gūi lêng-hoa sī chi̍t ūi Lāi-bông-kó͘ ê ko͘-niû,1980 nî 12 ge̍h 20 hō chhut-sì, i ê miâ Iûⁿ-gūi lêng-hoa sī Bông-gú hoan-e̍k chòe Hàn-gú,goân-ì sī thiⁿ-téng ê hûn-chhái,só͘-í i m̄-sī sìⁿ Iûⁿ mā m̄-sī sìⁿ Gūi,chòe koa-chhiù chìn-chêng sī chi̍t ê tiān-khì tiàm ê oân-kang, chit-má í-keng kiat-hun,ang-sài sī Chhî Bêng-tiâu(徐明朝).

Ha̍p-im Chan Gē, lâi-chū Ô͘-lâm ek-iông, 1979 nî 11 ge̍h 6 hō chhut-sì,i ê khan-chhiú sī Sin-kiong lâng,miâ kiò chòe Lí Ná(李娜).
Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ga̍k-thoân
Hikone-chhī

**Hikone-chhī**  (彦根市 *Hikone-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Siga-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 111,915 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Formosa (khu-pia̍t)

**Formosa** ("") sī sè-kài siōng chin chē só͘-chāi ê tē-miâ, chú-iàu tùi Phû-tô-gâ-gí só͘-hō; Se-pan-gâ-gí ê hêng-sek sī *Fermosa* (hiān-sî siá *Hermosa*). Hàn-bûn ū hoan chò **Hō-jú-mô͘-sa** (浩愈磨沙), **Hok-mô͘-sat** (福摩薩) ia̍h **Hok-ní-mô͘-sa** (福爾摩沙). 

"Formosa" pún-sin ì-sù sī "bí-lē" chit-ê ì-gī, tû-liáu tī tē-hō-miâ, mā tiāⁿ chhut-hiān tī seng-bu̍t hō-miâ.

## Tē-hō-miâ
*Tâi-oân
*A-kun-thêng ê Formosa Séng kap kî-tiong ê siâⁿ-chhī Formosa;
*Pa-se ê siâⁿ-chhī Formosa (Goiás);

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
N̂g Kim-chhoan

thumb|N̂g Kim-chhoan

**N̂g Kim-chhoan** (黃金川, ) sī Kiâm-chúi chhut-sì ê Tâi-oân si-jîn, chok-ka. I bat tī Tang-kiaⁿ Cheng-hôa Ko-téng Lú-hāu (東京精華高等女校) tha̍k-chheh, liáu-āu tńg Tâi-lâm. 

I āu-lâi kap Tân Khé-chheng kiat-hun, khiā tī Ko-hiông

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê si-jîn
Ômihatiman-chhī

**Ômihatiman-chhī**  (近江八幡市 *Ômihatiman-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Siga-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 81,730 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Rittô-chhī

**Rittô-chhī**  (栗東市 *Rittô-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Siga-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 63,652 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Ise-chhī

**Ise-chhī**  (伊勢市 *Ise-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Mie-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 130,228 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Matusaka-chhī

**Matusaka-chhī**  (松阪市 *Matusaka-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Mie-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 168,146 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Yokkaiti-chhī

**Yokkaiti-chhī** (ji̍t-gú:  四日市市 (*Yokkaiti-si*); Sì-ji̍t-tshī-tshī) tī Ji̍t-pún Mie-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 307,807 ê siâⁿ-chhī. Iā sī Mie-kuān (sam-tiōng-kuān) jîn-kháu siōng tsuē ê siânn-tshī, tang-pîng sī it-sè-uan, uī tī Tang-iûnn(東洋) sù tāi kang-gia̍p hi̍k-sim tē-tài tsi it ê tiong-king kang-gia̍p hi̍k-sim tē-tài. Sì-ji̍t-tshī iā sī Tang-iûnn tē it kan tsio̍h-iû huà-kang khì-gia̍p ê sóo-tsāi. Tē-jī-pái-sè-kài-tāi-tsiàn āu thui-tōng Tang-iûnn king-tsè khuài-sok huat-tián tsò-tshut tiōng-iàu kòng-hiàn.

## Tsù-kái

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

; Hîng-tsìng
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  

; Li̍p-huat
* 四日市市議会
; Kuan-kong
* 四日市観光協会
* よっかいちフィルムコミッション
Nabari-chhī

**Nabari-chhī**  (名張市 *Nabari-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Mie-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 80,277 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Owase-chhī

**Owase-chhī**  (尾鷲市 *Owase-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Mie-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 20,013 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Okazaki-chhī

**Okazaki-chhī**  (岡崎市 *Okazaki-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Aiti-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 372,472 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Seto-chhī

**Seto-chhī**  (瀬戸市 *Seto-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Aiti-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 132,240 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tusima-chhī

**Tusima-chhī**  (津島市 *Tusima-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Aiti-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 65,237 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Hekinan-chhī

**Hekinan-chhī**  (碧南市 *Hekinan-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Aiti-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 72,020 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Huzinomiya-chhī

**Huzinomiya-chhī**  (富士宮市 *Huzinomiya-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Sizuoka-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 131,996 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Simada-chhī

**Simada-chhī**  (島田市 *Simada-si*) tī Ji̍t-pún Sizuoka-koān, si jîn-kháu ū 100,250 ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Ôgaki-chhī

**Ôgaki-chhī** (大垣市 *Ôgaki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Gihu-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 161,146.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Takayama-chhī

**Takayama-chhī** (高山市 *Takayama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Gihu-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 92,797.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Seki-chhī

**Seki-chhī** (関市 *Seki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Gihu-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 91,434.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Matumoto-chhī

**Matumoto-chhī** (松本市 *Matumoto-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Nagano-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 243,070.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Minamiarupusu-chhī

**Minamiarupusu-chhī** (南アルプス市 *Minamiarupusu-si*; "lâm Alps") sī Ji̍t-pún Yamanasi-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 72,649.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Turuga-chhī

**Turuga-chhī** (敦賀市 *Turuga-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hukui-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 67,765.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Obama-chhī

**Obama-chhī** (小浜市 *Obama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hukui-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 31,346.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Komatu-chhī

**Komatu-chhī** (小松市 *Komatu-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Isikawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 108,439.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Hakusan-chhī

**Hakusan-chhī** (白山市 *Hakusan-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Isikawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 110,462.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Takaoka-chhī

**Takaoka-chhī** (高岡市 *Takaoka-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Toyama-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 176,109.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Namerikawa-chhī

**Namerikawa-chhī** (滑川市 *Namerikawa-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Toyama-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 33,681.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Nanto-chhī

**Nanto-chhī** (南砺市 *Nanto-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Toyama-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 54,736.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kawasaki-chhī

**Kawasaki-chhī** (川崎市 *Kawasaki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Kanagawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 1,425,678.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tatikawa-chhī

**Tatikawa-chhī** (立川市 *Tatikawa-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 179,503.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Musasino-chhī

**Musasino-chhī** (武蔵野市 *Musasino-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 138,813.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kunitati-chhī

**Kunitati-chhī** (国立市 *Kunitati-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 75,505.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Ginowan-chhī

**Ginowan-chhī** (宜野湾市 *Ginowan-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Okinawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 91,856.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Okinawa-chhī

**Okinawa-chhī** (沖縄市 *Okinawa-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Okinawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 130,110.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tomigusuku-chhī

**Tomigusuku-chhī** (豊見城市 *Tomigusuku-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Okinawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 57,299.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Uruma-chhī

**Uruma-chhī** (うるま市 *Uruma-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Okinawa-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 117,007.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tateyama-chhī

**Tateyama-chhī** (館山市 *Tateyama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tiba-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 49,288.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Matudo-chhī

**Matudo-chhī** (松戸市 *Matudo-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tiba-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 484,639.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tyôsi-chhī

**Tyôsi-chhī** (銚子市 *Tyôsi-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tiba-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 70,225.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kisarazu-chhī

**Kisarazu-chhī** (木更津市 *Kisarazu-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tiba-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 129,291.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Higasimatuyama-chhī

**Higasimatuyama-chhī** (東松山市 *Higasimatuyama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Saitama-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 90,103.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Siki-chhī

**Siki-chhī** (志木市 *Siki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Saitama-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 69,607.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Niiza-chhī

**Niiza-chhī** (新座市 *Niiza-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Saitama-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 158,765.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Hitatiôta-chhī

**Hitatiôta-chhī** (常陸太田市 *Hitatiôta-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ibaraki-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 56,255.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Koga-chhī

**Koga-chhī** (古河市 *Koga-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ibaraki-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 142,973.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tsukuba-chhī

**Tsukuba-chhī** (つくば市 *Tsukuba-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ibaraki-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 214,660.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*
*
*Official website
Aizuwakamatu-chhī

**Aizuwakamatu-chhī** (会津若松市 *Aizuwakamatu-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hukusima-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 126,125.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Sirakawa-chhī

**Sirakawa-chhī** (白河市 *Sirakawa-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hukusima-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 64,710.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Sukagawa-chhī

**Sukagawa-chhī** (須賀川市 *Sukagawa-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hukusima-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 79,279.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Turuoka-chhī

**Turuoka-chhī** (鶴岡市 *Turuoka-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Yamagata-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 136,627.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Nosiro-chhī

**Nosiro-chhī** (能代市 *Nosiro-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Akita-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 59,095.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Itinoseki-chhī

**Itinoseki-chhī** (一関市 *Itinoseki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Iwate-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 118,602.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kamaisi-chhī

**Kamaisi-chhī** (釜石市 *Kamaisi-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Iwate-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 39,578.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Ôsyû-chhī

**Ôsyû-chhī** (奥州市 *Ôsyû-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Iwate-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 124,756.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Asahikawa-chhī

**Asahikawa-chhī** (旭川市 *Asahikawa-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hokkaidô ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 347,275.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Muroran-chhī

**Muroran-chhī** (室蘭市 *Muroran-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hokkaidô ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 94,531.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Hukutiyama-chhī

**Hukutiyama-chhī** (福知山市 *Hukutiyama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Kiaⁿ-to͘-hú ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 79,668.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Miyazu-chhī

**Miyazu-chhī** (宮津市 *Miyazu-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Kiaⁿ-to͘-hú ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 19,953.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Izumiôtu-chhī

**Izumiôtu-chhī** (泉大津市 *Izumiôtu-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tāi-pán-hú ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 77,564.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kisiwada-chhī

**Kisiwada-chhī** (岸和田市 *Kisiwada-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tāi-pán-hú ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 199,172.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kasiwara-chhī

**Kasiwara-chhī** (柏原市 *Kasiwara-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Tāi-pán-hú ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 74,840.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Amagasaki-chhī

**Amagasaki-chhī** (尼崎市 *Amagasaki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hyôgo-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 453,608.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Nisinomiya-chhī

**Nisinomiya-chhī** (西宮市 *Nisinomiya-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hyôgo-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 482,790.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Nisiwaki-chhī

**Nisiwaki-chhī** (西脇市 *Nisiwaki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hyôgo-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 42,812.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Ono-chhī

**Ono-chhī** (小野市 *Ono-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Hyôgo-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 49,685.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Yamatokôriyama-chhī

**Yamatokôriyama-chhī** (大和郡山市 *Yamatokôriyama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Nara-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 88,792.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Tenri-chhī

**Tenri-chhī** (天理市 *Tenri-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Nara-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 69,125.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Kasihara-chhī

**Kasihara-chhī** (橿原市 *Kasihara-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Nara-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 124,829 (2015).

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Ikoma-chhī

**Ikoma-chhī** (生駒市 *Ikoma-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Nara-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 117,887.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Simonoseki-chhī

**Simonoseki-chhī** (下関市 *Simonoseki-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Yamaguti-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, jîn-kháu 245,541 lâng.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Imabari-chhī

**Imabari-chhī** (今治市 *Imabari-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ehime-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 166,532.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Niihama-chhī

**Niihama-chhī** (新居浜市 *Niihama-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ehime-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 121,784.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Oozu-chhī

**Oozu-chhī** (大洲市 *Oozu-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ehime-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 47,190.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Iyo-chhī

**Iyo-chhī** (伊予市 *Iyo-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Ehime-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 38,022.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Muroto-chhī

**Muroto-chhī** (室戸市 *Muroto-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Kôti-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 15,210.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.
Takeo-chhī

**Takeo-chhī** (武雄市 *Takeo-si*) sī Ji̍t-pún Saga-koān ê siâⁿ-chhī, ū jîn-kháu 50,715.

## Chham-khó
*平成22年国勢調査 人口等基本集計結果, 総務省統計局.