open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Halifax Tē-khu Chhī

**Halifax Tē-khu Chhī** (Eng-gí: *Halifax Regional Municipality*, kán-chheng *HRM*, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hông kóng-chò *Halifax*) sī Canada Nova Scotia Séng ê siú-hú, tiàm tī Nova Scotia ê tang-lâm hái-hoāⁿ. I ê jîn-kháu chhiau-koè 35-bān, sī Canada Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-hoāⁿ thōng chē lâng toà ê siâⁿ-chhī. 

Tī 1996-nî, Nova Scotia chèng-hú kā Halifax Chhī, Dartmouth, Bedford kap Halifax Koān-chhī chit-4-ê siâⁿ-tìn kap-chò-hoé, kiàn-li̍p hiān-chú-sî ê Halifax Tē-khu Chhī. Chit-4-ê siâⁿ-tìn chit-má í-keng m̄-sī si̍t-chè-siōng ê hêng-chèng tan-ūi ah; put-jî-kò, chāi-tē-lâng phó·-thong-sî kóng-oē iû-goân sī ēng in kū-ê miâ.
New Brunswick

**New Brunswick** (, ) sī Canada Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-kîⁿ ê chi̍t-ê séng. I piⁿ—á hâm Québec, Nova Scotia kap Bí-kok ê Maine Chiu sio-liân. Canada 10-ê séng tang-tiong, kan-taⁿ New Brunswick ū 2-ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân (Eng-gí kap Hoat-gí). I ê siú-to· sī Fredericton, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Saint John.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Keng-chè-ha̍k

**Keng-chè-ha̍k** chit-ê sû sī tùi Ji̍t-gí khip-siu--lâi-ê. Ji̍p-pún-lâng tī chiap-chhiok se-hng ha̍k-būn ê sî, chham-khó Tiong-kok ê kó·-chá chheh, chhòng-chō chit-ê Hàn-jī-sû, āu--lâi mā tī Hôa-gí kap Hō-ló téng-téng gí-giân lāi-té sú-iōng.

Keng-chè-ha̍k sī 1-chióng siā-hōe kho-ha̍k, kán-tan lâi kóng, tō-sī 1-khoán gián-kiù lâng án-choáⁿ chò soán-te̍k ê ha̍k-būn. Nā chiàu i pō·-pêng gián-kiù ê loē-iông, mā thang kóng sī chi̍t-chióng gián-kiù siong-phín kap ho̍̍k-bū ê seng-sán, pun-phiⁿ, bō·-e̍k kap siau-hùi ê kho-ha̍̍k.

Keng-chè-ha̍k it-poaⁿ koh hun-chò 2-ê pō·-hūn: chóng-thé keng-chè-ha̍k kap kò-thé keng-chè-ha̍k.

Chóng-thé keng-chè-ha̍k kā tōa phoe-bô· ê keng-chè-thé ( 1-ê kok-ka he̍k-chiá-sī tē-khu ) tòng-chò 1-ê gián-kiù ê tùi-siōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ kui-ê kiong-ki̍p kap su-kiû, hòe-pè, chu-kim kap siong-phín téng-téng lóng sī  chóng-thé keng-chè-ha̍k ê chú-tê.

Nā kò-thé keng-chè-ha̍k sī teh khòaⁿ khah-sè ê keng-chè tan-ūi, pí-lūn kò-jîn, ka-têng, kong-si téng-téng ê keng-chè kiâⁿ-chòe, mā gián-kiù in chò koat-tēng ê kòe-têng hām éng-hióng soán-te̍k ê khí-tì.

Thôan-thóng keng-chè-ha̍k ê lí-lūn jīn-ûi lâng lóng-sī lí-sèng--ê, ē khì tui-jip siōng-tōa ê haū-iōng.

Keng-chè-ha̍k-ka thaù-koè bô-kâng ê ká-siat, kiàn-li̍p bô-kâng ê bô·-hêng, lâi kái-soat keng-chè hiān-siōng, mā pān-phoe bī-lâi ê hoat-tián.

## Chham-kìⁿ
*Keng-chè
Edward Ông-chú Tó

**Edward Ông-chú Tó** (, ) sī Canada bīn-chek thōng sè, lâng mā thōng chió ê séng. I sī tiàm tī Saint Lawrence Hái-oan ê tó-sū, tī Nova Scotia ê pak-pêng kap New Brunswick ê tang-pêng.

Edward Ông-chú Tó ê siú-hú kap siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Charlottetown.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-sū
Poàn-tó

**Poàn-tó** sī ùi khah toā-tè ê tē thàng--chhut-lâi, saⁿ-pêng hō͘ chúi pau-tiâu ê thó͘-tē.

Hái-phīⁿ sī chi̍t-khoán poàn-tó.
Bunun Cho̍k

**Bunun-cho̍k** sī Tâi-oân ê 1-ê goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k. In khiā tī Po͘-lí (埔里) lâm-pêng ê Tiong-iong Soaⁿ-lêng tē-khu kap soaⁿ-lêng ê tang-pêng, it-ti̍t kàu Ti-pún Chú-soaⁿ (知本主山)  pak-pêng ê só͘-chài.

Bunun-cho̍k thôan-thóng khah kah-ì tòa tī soaⁿ--ni̍h, chhim-soaⁿ-tau-té tiāⁿ ū in ê siā-lí. Bunun sī pē-hē-siā-hōe, ēng tōa ka-cho̍k chò cho͘-chit.

Kàu 2003 nî ê thóng-kè, Bunun-cho̍k lóng-chóng ū 4-bān-gōa lâng.

## Hun kûn
Bunun-cho̍k hun-chò 6-ê tōa kûn: 
* take todo (Hôa-gí: 卓社群; tī Lâm-tâu-kōan Gio̍k-san hū-kīn) 
* take bakha (Hôa-gí: 卡社群; tī Lâm-tâu-kōan tang-pō· soaⁿ-khu hū-kīn) 
* take vatan (Hôa-gí: 丹社群, tī Lâm-tâu kap Hoa-lian 2-kōan ê keh-kài hū-kīn) 
* take banuad (Hôa-gí: 巒社群, tī Lâm-tâu-kōan kap Ka-gī-kōan 2-kōan kau-kài ê Gio̍k-soaⁿ hit-hū-kīn) 
* isbukun (Hôa-gí: 郡社群, khiā tī Lâm-tâu Sìn-gī-hiong (信義鄉) ê Tang-po͘ (東埔), Lô-nā (羅娜), Bêng-tek (明德) kap Tâi-tang-kōan Hái-toan-hiong (海端鄉), Iân-pêng-hiong (延平鄉) hām Ko-hiông-chhī ê Namasia-khu kap Thô-gôan-khu, lâng siōng chē) 
* takopulan (Hôa-gí kán-séng kóng: 蘭社群, tī Lâm-tâu ê Tiong-iong soaⁿ-lêng khu-he̍k, lâng siōng-chió. Í-keng tōa-hūn khì hǒ͘ tông-hòa--ah)

## Le̍k-sú
Fredericton

縮圖|Fredericton
**Fredericton** sī Canada New Brunswick Séng ê siú-hú, tiàm tī New Brunswick ê sai-lâm-pō͘. St. John Hô tùi i tiong-ng thàng--kòe. Fredericton chhī-lāi toà 47,560 lâng (2001-nî), sī New Brunswick tē-3 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.
Âng-hoe iá-khan-gû

**Âng-hoe iá-khan-gû** (Hàn-jī: 紅花野牽牛; Eng-gí: red flower morning-glory; ha̍k-miâ: *Ipomoea triloba*) kui-sio̍k-î soân-hoe-kho (*Convolvulaceae*), sī chi̍t-nî-seng, soan-tîn-sèng, chháu-chit tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Tī Tâi-oân i hun-pò͘ tī tiong-pō͘ kap lâm-pō͘ ê pêⁿ-tē iá-gōa kap kē hái-poat soaⁿ-khu, seⁿ tī chhiū-nâ-á piⁿ-á, lō͘-piⁿ, pha-hng-tē. I kah-ì kui-kang he̍k-chiá-sī pòaⁿ-kang ū ji̍t ê khoân-kéng. 

Kui-nî-thàu-tang lóng-ū khui-hoe. I-ê hoe chiâⁿ kiaⁿ ji̍t-thâu-kng, ji̍t-thâu chi̍t pha̍k toh ha̍p--khí-lâi, kan-taⁿ tī tháu-chá he̍k-chiá-sī bô-ji̍t ê só͘-chāi chiah ē-tàng khòaⁿ tio̍h hoe khui. Iah-m̄-koh i-ê hoe ē-tàng tòng 3~7 kang, sǹg-sī khan-gû-hoe-lūi lāi-té hoe-lúi siū-miāⁿ siāng-tn̂g--ê.
 
## Hêng-thāi

Hio̍h-á sī lio̍h-lio̍h-á khah khoah he̍k-chiá-sī khah îⁿ ê sim-hêng; hio̍h-á ê pian-iân sī choân-iân, chho͘ ê kí-á-khí-iân, he̍k-chiá-sī 3 ê chhim-lia̍t.

Hoe sio̍k-î ha̍p-pān-hoe hit-khoán sī lah-pah-hêng;  hoe-sek hún-âng-á-sek, lah-pah lāi-té chí-âng-sek; hoe ê ti̍t-kèng 1~2 mm; hoe ùi hio̍h-á ê kòe-hiⁿ-khang seⁿ-chhut, chū-sàn-hoe-sū (聚繖花序); chhû-hiông-kang-tu, hiông-lúi ū 5 lúi, chú-pâng ū iù-mo͘.

Kóe-chí sī kiû-hêng ê sok-kó (蒴果), ti̍t-kèng 0.5~0.7 cm, ū iù-mo͘, chéng-chí sī o͘-sek--ê.

## Tô͘

Image:Âng-hoe iá-khan-gû, kui-châng.jpg|Kui-châng
Image:Starr_050518-1623_Ipomoea_triloba.jpg|Hawaiʻi
Maine

**Maine** sī Bí-kok thōng tang-pak-pêng ê chiu. I tang-hong kap lâm-hong oá Tāi-se-iûⁿ, ū hām New Hampshire Chiu, New Brunswick Séng kap Québec Séng sio-liân. 

Maine ê siú-hú sī Augusta, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Portland.


Image:Bangor Maine.JPG
Image:A Lobster Boat at Bar Harbor.jpg
Image:Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg
Henry Ford

**Henry Ford** (1863 nî 7 goe̍h 30 – 1947 nî 4 goe̍h 7) sī Ford Chū-tōng-chhia Kong-si ê khí-chō-jîn. 

Ford chhut-sì tī Bí-kok Michigan Chiu ê Springwells Township (hiān-chú-sî ê Dearborn). In lāu-pē lāu-bú sī ùi Éire chhian-soá kàu Bí-kok ê î-bîn. Chū sè-hàn i tio̍h tùi ki-hâi chin ū hèng-chhù. 

Ford tī 1903 nî kap lēng-goā 11-ê tâu-chu-chiá kiàn-li̍p Ford Chū-tōng-chhia Kong-si. Tī 1913 nî ê sî-chūn, kong-si khai-sí sú-iōng chng-phòe soàⁿ chè-chō chū-tōng-chhia, hō· seng-sán toā-liōng cheng-ka. Keng-chè-ha̍k-ka chiōng chit-chióng hiān-siōng hō-chò Ford-chú-gī.
Québec

**Québec** sī Canada bīn-chek thōng toā ê séng, tiàm tī Canada ê tang-pō͘. I piⁿ—á ū Ontario Séng, New Brunswick Séng kap Labrador (Newfoundland kap Labrador), jî-chhiáⁿ mā ū hām Bí-kok ê New York, Vermont, New Hampshire kap Maine chit 4-ê chiu sio-liân.

Québec ū toà 750-bān lâng, Canada ê séng lāi-té kan-taⁿ Ontario pí i khah chē lâng. Québec-lâng toā-hūn kóng Hoat-gí.

Québec ê siú-to͘ sī Québec Siâⁿ, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Montréal.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

# Bas-Saint-Laurent
# Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
# Capitale-Nationale
# Mauricie
# Estrie
# Montréal
# Outaouais
# Abitibi-Témiscamingue
# Côte-Nord
# Nord-du-Québec
# Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
# Chaudière-Appalaches
# Laval
# Lanaudière
# Laurentides
# Montérégie
# Centre-du-Québec

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
John Lennon

**John Winston Lennon** (mā hō-chò **John Ono Lennon**; 1940 nî 10 goe̍h 9 – 1980 nî 12 goe̍h 8) sī iô-kún ga̍k-thoân The Beatles kî-tiong 1-ê sêng-oân, tam-jīm koa-chhiú, chok-khek, chok-sû, toâⁿ gí-tah téng-téng ê kak-sek. I āu--lâi kiâⁿ ka-kī ê lō·, tû-liáu im-ga̍k-ka ê sin-hūn í-gōa, mā sī chèng-tī ūn-tōng-chiá, bí-su̍t-ka, ián-oân, chok-ka. I hām Beatles sêng-oân Paul McCartney tàu chò 1 tùi put-chí-á ū éng-hióng-la̍t ê chhòng-chok thoân-tūi. I kā iô-kún-ga̍k chhōa tùi 1-tiâu khah ū chèng-tī ì-sek ê lō·-soàⁿ.

## Chok-phín
### Kò-jîn choan-chi̍p

* *Unfinished Music No. 1 – Two Virgins* (1968)
* *Unfinished Music No. 2 – Life With The Lions* (1969)
* *The Wedding Album* (1969)
* *Live Peace In Toronto 1969* (1969)
* *John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band* (1970)
* *Imagine* (1971)
* *Sometime In New York City* (1972)
* *Mind Games* (1973)
* *Walls And Bridges* (1974)
* *Roots* (1975)
* *Rock'n'Roll* (1975)
* *Shaved Fish* (Best Of) (1975)
* *Double Fantasy* (1980)

### Kòe-sin liáu-āu chhut-pán ê chok-phín

* *Milk And Honey* (1984)
* *Menlove Ave* (1986)
* *Live In New York City* (1986)
* *Imagine John Lennon* (goân-siaⁿ-tòa) (1988)
* *The Lennon Anthology* (1998)
* *Wonsaponatime* (*The Lennon Anthology* ê cheng-hôa) (1998)
* *Acoustic* (2004)

### Composer
* *Bad to me* - Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas
* *Do You want to Know a Seacret* - Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas
* *Hey Little Girl* - The Fourmost
* *I'm in Love* - The Fourmost

### Producer
* *Pussy Cats* - Nilsson

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* Bí-kok FBI tóng-àn
Soân-hoe-kho

**Soân-hoe-kho** (旋花科; *Convolvulaceae*) ê si̍t-bu̍t, chhan-chhiūⁿ èng-chhài, han-chî, khan-gû-hoe, tāi-iok ū 60 ê sio̍k (*genus*), 1650 ê chéng (*species*). I tāi-to·-sò· sī chháu-pún-sèng ê soan-tîn-si̍t-bu̍t, mā-koh ū chi̍t-kóa-á sī tōa-châng-chhiū, chhiū-á kap chháu-pún-si̍t-bu̍t. 

Soân-hoe-kho ê hoe, hêng-thāi tùi tiong-sim tùi-chheng, seⁿ tio̍h ná-chhiūⁿ lah-pah. Hoe-go̍k (*sepal*) ū 5 phìⁿ, hoe-hio̍h (*petal*) 5 phìⁿ liâm chò-hóe bô hun-khui, hiông-lúi (*stamen*) 5 lúi. Kóe-chí sī sok-kó (*capsule*), ū chéng-chí 1~4 lia̍p he̍k koh khah chē; he̍k-chiá-sī chiú-kó (*berry*) kap kian-kó (*nut*). Hio̍h-á sī tan-seⁿ, hō·-seⁿ, bô thok-hio̍h (*stipule*). I-ê keng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī ē sô, ē soan-tîn, ē phan-iân peh-koân ê tîⁿ-jiáu-keng.

Soân-hoe-kho ê si̍t-bu̍t chú-iàu hun-pò· tī jia̍t-tài kap a-jia̍t-tài.

##
Ontario

**Ontario** sī Canada lâng thōng chē, bīn-chek tē-2 toā ê séng, tiàm tī Manitoba kap Québec tiong-kan. I pak-pêng oá Hudson Oan kap James Oan, lâm-pêng hām Bí-kok ê Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania kap New York gō͘ chiu sio-liân.

Ontario ê siú-hú sī Toronto. Canada ê siú-to͘ Ottawa oân-ná tiàm tī Ontario.

## Le̍k-sú
Âu-chiu lâng khì kàu hia chìn-chêng, chit-ê só͘-chāi ū Algonquin chu-cho̍k (*Algonquian peoples*, hâm Ojibwe, Cree, kap Algonquin) tòa tī sai-pō͘ kiam pak-pō͘, ū Iroquoi kap Wyandot (Huron) tòa tī khah óa lâm-pō͘ kap tang-pō͘. 17 sè-kí hit chūn, Algonquin lâng chham Huron chò-hóe ū kap Iroquoi lâng phah Hái-lông Chiàn-cheng (*Beaver Wars*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Manitoba

**Manitoba** sī Canada tiong-pō͘ ê séng. I tī 1870-nî hō͘ Canada chèng-hú kiàn-li̍p chò séng, sī Canada tē-5-ê séng. Manitoba sai-pêng oá Saskatchewan, tang-pêng oá Ontario, pak-pêng sī Nunavut, á lâm-pêng hām Bí-kok ê Pak Dakota kap Minnesota 2-ê chiu sio-liân.

Manitoba tang-pak-pêng oá Hudson Oan, lāi-té ū kúi-nā-ê toā ô͘, pau-koat Winnipeg Ô͘, Manitoba Ô͘ kap Winnipegosis Ô͘. Kui séng chú-iàu sī pêⁿ-iûⁿ ê tē-hêng, mā ū chi̍t-koá soaⁿ-lūn tī—leh.

Manitoba ê siú-hú sī Winnipeg. Winnipeg mā sī Manitoba siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī; kui séng ū chhiau-kòe chi̍t-poàⁿ ê lâng toà tī hia.

## Le̍k-sú
Kin-sè hō chò Manitoba ê chit tè só͘-chāi khah-chá tiō ū Tē-it Bîn-cho̍k (*First Nations*) ê jîn-kûn khiā-khí, in sī chòe-kīn chi̍t kái peng-hô sî-tāi ê peng-hô thè-āu liáu-āu, tāi-iok 10,000 tang chêng lâi kàu chit uī, Turtle Soaⁿ-tē sī siāng chá pêng-hô thè-chhut ê só͘-chāi. Ojibwe, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, kap Assiniboine lâng tī chia khai-ki, kî-tha ê pō͘-cho̍k mā to̍h ji̍p-lâi chò seng-lí. Tī Pak Manitoba, ū khhai-chhái chio̍h-eng khì chò chìⁿ-thâu. Manitoba siāng chá ê chhân-hn̂g tī  leh Red Kâng iân-hōaⁿ, ū chèng hoan-be̍h kap kî-tha chéng-chí lông-chok-bu̍t.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Bán-bīn

**Bán-bīn** sī 1-khóan chū kó·-chá tō ū ê bí-iông-su̍t. Bán-bīn tō sī ēng ìu mî-soàⁿ kap pe̍h-hún kā bīn--ni̍h ê mn̂g, thiâu-á-chí kap tēng-phôe kháu--lo̍h-lâi, hō· bīn pìⁿ kah kng-ku̍t koh iù-phôe.  Tī Tiong-tang, Lâm-a, Tang-a lóng ū bán-bīn ê thoân-thóng.

## Bán-bīn ê thôan-thóng
### Tâi-oân
Éng-chá pēng m̄-sī lóng-chóng ê cha-bó·-lâng lóng ē-sái bán-bīn--ê, nā chiàu thôan-thóng ê hong-sio̍k, iáu-bē chhut-kè ê siàu-liân cha-bó·-gín-á tō bē-sái bán--tit. In tio̍h tán kah beh chhut-kè chìn-chêng, chó·-sian pài-liáu, chiah hō· chhin-chiâⁿ lāi-té ū-hòe koh ū hok-khì ê cha-bó· sī-tōa thè sin-niû-á chò thâu-chi̍t-kái ê bán-bīn, soah liáu-āu cha-po· chit-pêng chiah pau âng-pau hō· bán-bīn ê sī-tōa chò lé.

Khah-chá hū-jîn-lâng tû-khì chiàu sî-kan kò·-tēng bán-bīn, koh ū kúi-ê-á te̍k-pia̍t ê ji̍t-chí mā ē bán-bīn. Pí-lūn sin-chiaⁿ ê sî, 24 sàn-sîn liáu-āu, keh-tńg-kang ài bán-bīn, piáu-sī kái-thâu-ōaⁿ-bīn, nā gō·-go̍eh-cheh, tiong-gôan-cheh téng-téng ê cheh-ji̍t mā ē thiau-kang khì bán-bīn.

In-ūi khah-chá ê lâng jīn-ûi bán-bīn ē-tàng kā pháiⁿ-ūn tàn-hìⁿ-sak, só·-í nî-á-cheh-á tō khah ē khì bán-bīn.

## Bán-bīn ê pō·-sò·

Bán-bīn ê ke-si chin kán-tan, kan-taⁿ 1-khûn iù mî-sòaⁿ kap 1-a̍p hō-chò **phòng-hún** ê pe̍h-hún niā-tiāⁿ.

Chit-khí-khiàn ē seng kā phòng-hún boah tī bīn--ni̍h, thang khip-siu bīn iû, hō· mî-sòaⁿ khah hó thang kā mn̂g khau--khí-lâi. Koh lâi tō ēng 1-tiâu mî-sòaⁿ sio-chhé, ēng chhùi tùi sòaⁿ tiong-ng kā--leh, chiah siang-chhiú lia̍h siang-thâu, chì-la̍t lâi khau bīn, kā mn̂g, thiâu-á-chí kap tēng-phôe khau--khí-lâi. Gâu bán-bīn ê lâng bán-liáu chin chheng-khì koh bē thiàⁿ, mê-kak ū 3-tiám, tē-it sī ài ē-hiáu chì-la̍t, tē-jī sī mî-sòaⁿ ài peⁿ-ân óa hō· bā, koh ka-siōng kha-chhiú mé-lia̍h, án-ne tō ē khah-sūn-sī.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Google Answers (Eng-gí)
2005 nî 8 goe̍h

__NOTOC__
## 8 goe̍h 14
* Israel khai-sí chek-ke̍k iàu-kiû Israel Iû-thài ki-bîn kap tông-chêng hūn-chú thòe-chhut Gaza.  21-ūi Iû-thài-lâng khiā-khí ê só·-chāi siū éng-hióng.  (BBC Tiong-bûn-bāng)
Saskatchewan

**Saskatchewan** sī Canada ê chi̍t séng, tiàm tī Canada tiong-se-pō͘ ê pêⁿ-iûⁿ. I sai-pêng sī Alberta, tang-pêng sī Manitoba, pak-pêng sī Sai-pak Léng-thó͘, lâm-pêng ū Bí-kok ê Montana kap North Dakota.

Tī Au-chiu lâng chhian-soá kàu Saskatchewan chìn-chêng, i tio̍h sī chin chē goân-chū-bîn khiā-khí ê só͘-chāi. Chit-má goân-chū-bîn iû-goân ū choân séng 13.5% ê jîn-kháu, pau-koat Cree kap Dakota.

Saskatchewan ê siú-hú sī Regina, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Saskatoon.

## Le̍k-sú
Saskatchewan sī Pak Bí-chiu chin chē goân-chū-bîn khia-khí ê só͘-chāi, hâm Sarcee, Niitsitapi, Atsina, Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine (Nakoda), Lakota, kap Sioux.

Só͘ chai-iáⁿ tāi-seng ji̍p khì Saskatchewan ê Au-chiu-lâng sī 1690 nî ê Henry Kelsey, i hióng Saskatchewan Khe téng-sì lú-hêng, siūⁿ beh chōe chāi-tē goân-chū-bîn chò mô͘-phôe seng-lí. Tē-it-ê éng-kiú ê Au-chiu-lâng chng-siā, sī Hudson's Bay Kong-si, tī 1774 nî Samuel Hearne ùi Cumberland House khí ê bō͘-e̍k-chām,

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Chhiú-chí Ông

***Chhiú-chí Ông*** (Eng-gí: *The Lord of the Rings*; ì-sù: "chhiú-chí ê chú-lâng"; Hôa-gí: 魔戒 ***Mô·-kài***, 指环王) sī J. R. R. Tolkien chhòng-chok ê hoàn-sióng tōa-hô-siáu-soat, tī 1954/55 nî pun 3 pún chhut-pán. "Chhiú-chí Ông" chí tiàm-tī Mordor ê mô·-ông, hō-chò Sauron. Sauron chò 1-kha Chhiú-chí ū khòng-chè kî-thaⁿ 19-kha chhiú-chí ê hoat-tō·. Kò·-sū biô-siá chú-kak Frodo hoan-soaⁿ-kòe-niá ūi beh kā Chhiú-chí thàu-té húi-bia̍t.

Tolkien lī-iōng siá-chok ê kòe-têng hoat-hui i ê hèng-chhù, pau-koah le̍k-sú gí-giân-ha̍k, chong-kàu (te̍k-pia̍t sī Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu), sian-lí-kó·, Norse kap Celt bîn-cho̍k ê sîn-oē, téng-téng. I hoàn-sióng--chhut-lâi ê sè-kài put-chí-á ho̍k-cha̍p, phong-phài. I ūi chit-ê Middle-earth chhòng-chok kui-thò ê pōe-kéng chu-liāu, pau-koah tio̍h kò·-sū kha-siàu ê chó·-phó·, kúi-ā-chióng gí-giân, bûn-jī, tē-tô·, le̍k-sú. Chiah-ê chu-liāu pō·-hūn tī *Chhiú-chí Ông* ê hù-lio̍k ū-tè-chhōe. Le̍k-sú ê pō·-hūn pian ji̍p-khì lēng-gōa 1 tōa pún chheh, hō·-chò *The Silmarillion* (1977).

Chêng-kah-taⁿ *Chhiú-chí Ông* lóng-chóng bat hō· lâng kái chò 3-chhut tiān-iáⁿ. Siāng sin, siāng ū iá-sim ê pán-pún sī Peter Jackson ê 3-pō·-khek (2001–2003).

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Tolkien website of Harper Collins (the British publisher)
* Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin  (the American publisher)
* Lord of the Rings, The  at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy

Lūi-pia̍t:J. R. R. Tolkien
Alberta

**Alberta** sī Canada sai-pō͘ ê séng, tiàm tī Rocky Soaⁿ-lêng ê tang-pêng. I sai-pêng sī British Columbia, tang-pêng sī Saskatchewan, pak-pêng sī Sai-pak Léng-thó͘, lâm-pêng sī Bí-kok ê Montana

Alberta in-ūi ū seng-sán thô·-gâm-iû, sī Canada lāi-té khah hó-gia̍h ê chi̍t-ê séng. Gû-bah mā sī i chi̍t-ê tiōng-iàu ê keng-chè lâi-goân.

Alberta ê siú-hú sī Edmonton, siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Calgary.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Le̍k Tóng

Thàng sè-kài hō-chò **Le̍k Tóng** ê chèng-tóng it-poaⁿ chi-chhî 1-thò kè-ta̍t chhin-chhiūⁿ ê lûn-lí-koan.

Tek-kok Le̍k Tóng chhōa-thâu ê Europa Le̍k Tóng tāi-seng thê-chhut "Le̍k-tóng ê 4-ki Thiau-á":

#Seng-thài
#Siā-hōe chèng-gī
#Chháu-kin bîn-chú
#Hui-po̍k-le̍k

Bí-kok Le̍k Tóng tī 1984 nî chham-khó Sì-ki Thiau-á thê-chhut "Le̍k-tóng ê 10-ê Ki-pún Kè-ta̍t":

# Siā-khu keng-chè
# de-tiong-iong-hòa
# Seng-thài tì-hūi
# Cha-bó·-chú-gī
# Chháu-kin bîn-chú
# Hui-po̍k-le̍k
# Siā-hōe chek-jīm
# Chun-tiōng to-goân
# Siā-hōe chèng-gī
# Éng-kiú-keng-êng

Tī 2001 nî 4 goe̍h, 70-ê kok-ka ê Le̍k-tóng tāi-piáu thong-kòe Choân-kiû Le̍k Tóng Hiàn-chiong (*Global Greens Charter*), kî-tiong ū 6-hāng:

# Seng-thài tì-hūi
# Siā-hōe chèng-gī
# Chháu-kin bîn-chú
# Hui-po̍k-le̍k
# Éng-kiú-keng-êng
# Chun-tiōng to-goân
Terry Fox

**Terry Fox** (choân-miâ **Terrance Stanley Fox**, 1958-nî 7-goe̍h 28 - 1981-nî 6-goe̍h 28) sī Canada gâm-chèng tī-liâu ê ūn-tōng-chiá.

Terry Fox chhut-sì tī Manitoba ê Winnipeg, tiàm englishu-u téng-thâu chia̍t-tn̄g.  

Pún-té Fox tio̍h chin hèng ūn-tōng.  Chhiú-su̍t liáu-āu, I koat-tēng beh ùi Canada tang-pêng cháu kàu sai-pêng, hi-bāng ē-tàng ín-khí lâng tùi gâm-chèng ê chù-ì, hō· in kià-hù chîⁿ lâi pang-chān táⁿ-tia̍p gâm-chèng ê gián-kiù.

Fox ê Hi-bāng Marathon (*Marathon of Hope*) tī 1980-nî 4-goe̍h 12-hō khí-khiàn.  I tī Newfoundland ê St. John's, kā i chiàⁿ-kha ê gī-ki chìm tī Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê chúi lāi-té, àn-sǹg beh cháu kàu British Columbia ê Vancouver, kā kha koh chìm tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ lâi soah-kó·.  

I bóe-á pēng bô-hoat-tō· oân-sêng i ê Hi-bāng Marathon. Tī 1980-nî, 9-goe̍h chhe-1, i cháu kàu Ontario Thunder Bay ê sî-chūn, kám-kak heng-khám put-chí-á thiàⁿ.  I-seng kiám-cha liáu, hoat-kiàn gâm-chèng í-keng thoàⁿ kàu i ê hì-pō· ah.  Fox ke̍k-put-ke̍k chí-hó thêng--lo̍h-lâi, ji̍p-khì pēⁿ-īⁿ táⁿ-tia̍p.  I tī keh-tńg-tang 6-goe̍h 28-hō, 23-hòe seⁿ-ji̍t chêng chi̍t-kò-goe̍h ê sî kòe-sin--khì.  

Fox tī 143 kang lāi-té cháu kòe Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Edward Ông-chú Tó, New Brunswick, Québec kap Ontario, lóng-chóng 5373 kong-lí hn̄g, chhé-ûn chi̍t-kang cháu kap marathon chi̍t-pái chha-put-to pêⁿ hn̄g.

Ūi-tio̍h beh kā Hi-bāng Marathon chiap-soà--lo̍h-khì, āu--lâi Canada kok-tē ta̍k-tang 9-goe̍h lóng ē kí-pān Terry Fox Run oa̍h-tāng lâi tiû-chi̍p tùi gâm-chèng gián-kiù ê kià-hù.  Sè-kài kî-thaⁿ chin chē kok-ka oân-ná ē tī bô-kâng sî-kan kí-pān chit-ê oa̍h-tāng.
MMORPG

**MMORPG** (Eng-gí: *massive(ly) multiplayer online role-playing game*) sī 1 khoán chē-chē-lâng chò-hóe ī ê tiān-náu kak-sek iû-hì (RPG). 1 pái ē-sái ū sò·-chheng-lâng keng-kòe Internet siâng-sî chham-ú 1-ê *virtual* ê "sè-kài".

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-gí siā-khu
British Columbia

**British Columbia** (kán-chheng **B.C.**, **BC**) sī Canada thōng sai-pêng, oá Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê séng. Tī 2005 nî British Columbia ū liōng-iok-á 422 bān lâng.

British Columbia ê siú-hú sī Victoria, tiàm tī Vancouver Tó ê tang-lâm-pō͘. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Vancouver. Vancouver tī BC pún-thó͘ sai-lâm-pêng ê piⁿ-á-kak, m̄-sī tī Vancouver Tó.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng
Yukon

**Yukon** sī Canada ê chi̍t-ê léng-thó͘, tiàm-tī Canada ê sai-pak-pō͘, oá Bí-kok ê Alaska Chiu. I ê jîn-kháu ū 31,000 lâng chó-iū, kî-tiong 19,000 lâng toà tī i ê siú-hú Whitehorse.

Yukon sai-lâm-pō͘ ê Logan Soaⁿ sī Canada thōng koân ê soaⁿ, koân-tō͘ 5959 kong-chhioh.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng kap léng-thó͘
Sai-pak Léng-thó͘

**Sai-pak Léng-thó͘** (, *NWT*, ) sī Canada sai-pak-pō͘ ê léng-thó͘. Siú-hú sī Yellowknife.

Sai-pak Léng-thó͘ ū 8-ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân: Eng-gí, Hoat-gí, Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Slavey kap Tłįchǫ. Tî-khì Eng-gí kap Hoat-gí lia̍h-goā, kî-thaⁿ 6-ê lóng sī goân-chū-bîn gí-giân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng kap léng-thó͘
Nunavut

**Nunavut** (Inuktitut-gí: ) tī Canada pak-pō͘, sī hit kok bīn-chek thōng toā ê léng-thó͘. I ê bīn-chek kap Se Europa pêⁿ toā, m̄-koh jîn-kháu kan-taⁿ ū 29,300 lâng chó-iū niā-tiāⁿ.

Nunavut ū 4-ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân: Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, Eng-gí kap Hoat-gí.

Nunavut ê siú-to͘ sī Iqaluit, tiàm tī tang-pō͘ ê Baffin Tó.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Nunavut chèng-hú
* Foto Nunavut

Lūi-pia̍t:Canada ê séng kap léng-thó͘
Hoe

**Hoe** sī khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī Magnoliophyta, ê seng-si̍t khì-koan. Hoe ê kong-lêng sī thàu-kè iú-sèng-hoân-si̍t lâi sán-seng chéng-chí. Hoe siū-cheng āu hoat-io̍k chò kóe-chí, kóe-chí lāi-té ū chéng-chí. 

## Hoe ê kái-phòa

* **Hoe-pèⁿ**
* **Hoe-thok**
* **Hoe-go̍k** (*calyx*) : 1 kho· **go̍k-phìⁿ** (*sepal*) ê ha̍p-chheng, bah-sin khah kin-lūn, ē-tit-thang pó·-hō· hoe-ḿ kap chi-chhî hoe-lúi. I tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī chheⁿ-sek--ê, m̄-koh ū-ê chéng-lūi i seⁿ-tit kah hoe-hio̍h chiok-siâng--ê.
* **Hoe-koan** (*corolla*) – 1 kho· **hoe-hio̍h** (*petal*) ê ha̍p-chheng, bah-sin pō·-pêng khah po̍h khah nńg, ū sek-chúi kap phang-bī, ē-tit-thang siâⁿ khun-thâng lâi chhái-hoe siū-hún. Hoe-hio̍h kap go̍k-phìⁿ ha̍p-chheng **hoe-pī**, siâng-chāi sú-iōng tī hoe-hio̍h kap go̍k-phìⁿ khah-pháiⁿ hun-pia̍t ê hoe-lúi. 
** **Hiông-lúi** (*androecium*) : iû **hoe-si** kap **hoe-io̍h** lâi kò·-sêng. Hoe-io̍h ū hoe-hún-tē-á, lāi-té ū **hoe-hún**. Hoe-hún lāi-té ū hiông-sèng ê seng-si̍t sè-pau.
** **Chhû-lúi** (*gynoecium*) : iû **chú-pâng**, **hoe-chū**, kap **chū-thâu** kò·-sêng. Chū-thâu sêng-se̍k ê sî-chūn ē hun-pì liâm-sio̍h, sī chiap-siū hoe-hún ê só·-chāi; chú-pâng lāi-té ū phoe-chu kap thai-chō, chiap-siū hoe-hún siū-cheng āu ê phoe-chu ē tī thai-chō hia hoat-io̍k chiâⁿ-chò chéng-chí.

## Hoe ê te̍k-cheng

* **Put-oân-choân-hoe**: 1 lúi hoe nā-sī ū go̍k-phìⁿ, hoe-hio̍h, hiông-lúi, kap chhû-lúi tio̍h hō-chò **oân-choân-hoe**, nā-sī khiàm kî-tiong jīn-hô 1 pō·-hūn tio̍h hō-chò put-oân-choân-hoe. 
* **Bû-pī-hoe**: khiàm hoe-pī (go̍k-phìⁿ kap hoe-hio̍h) ê hoe.
* **Tan-pī-hoe**: hoe-pī tiong kan-taⁿ ū go̍k-phìⁿ he̍k kan-taⁿ ū hoe-hio̍h ê hoe.
* **Tan-sèng-hoe**: 1 lúi hoe kâng-sî ū hiông-lúi kap chhû-lúi 2 chióng seng-si̍t khì-koan tio̍h hō-chò **siang-sèng-hoe**. Nā-sī 1 úi hoe kan-taⁿ ū hiông-lúi he̍k chhû-lúi; he̍k-chiá-sī sui-bóng kâng-sî ū hiông-lúi kap chhû-lúi, m̄-koh kî-tiong 1 chióng í-keng thè-hòa si̍t-khì kong-lêng, án-ne to̍h hō-chò tan-sèng-hoe.
* **Hiông-hoe**: 1 lúi hoe kan-taⁿ ū hiông-lúi, he̍k-chiá hiông-lúi ū-hāu, chhû-lúi bû-hāu.
* **Chhû-hoe**: 1 lúi hoe kan-taⁿ ū chhû-lúi, he̍k-chiá chhû-lúi ū-hāu, hiông-lúi bû-hāu.
* **Chhû-hiông-kāng-tu**: 1 ê si̍t-bu̍t ê hoe lóng-sī tan-sèng-hoe, ah hiông-hoe kap chû-hoe kāng tī chit-chiâng si̍t-bu̍t.
* **Chhû-hiông-ī-tu**: 1 ê si̍t-bu̍t ê hoe lóng-sī tan-sèng-hoe, ah hiông-hoe kap chû-hoe bô seⁿ tī kâng 1 chiâng. 
* **Chū-hoe-siū-hún**: hoe-hún ùi hiông-lúi lak-lo̍h-khì kāng 1 lúi hoe ê chhû-lúi chū-thâu.
* **Hù-hoe-koan**: hoe-koan ê hū-sio̍k-bu̍t, ūi-tī hoe-koan ê tiong-hng he̍k lūi-chhek, 1 kho· he̍k-chiá kúi-nā kho·, hêng-chōng bô-kāng, sek-chúi tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ te̍k-pia̍t hiáⁿ-ba̍k. I ê kong-lêng sī cheng-ka hoe-lúi ê khip-ín-le̍k, khip-ín khun-thâng lâi phang-chān siū-hún.
Ottawa

**Ottawa** sī Canada ê hú-siâⁿ.  I tiàm tī Ontario ê tang-pō͘, Ottawa Hô ê lâm hoāⁿ.  Hô tùi-bīn sī Québec ê Gatineau chhī.  

Ottawa 2001-nî ê jîn-kháu ū 774,072 lâng, sī Canada tē-4 toā ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
Victoria (British Columbia)

**Victoria** sī Canada British Columbia séng ê hú-siâⁿ, tiàm tī Vancouver Tó lâm-pō· bóe-sau. I 2001-nî ê jîn-kháu ū 74,125 lâng, bīn-chek 19.68 pêng-hong kong-lí.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
Canada ê séng kap léng-thó͘

Kanata Liân-pang sī 13-ê tē-hng chèng-hú cho͘-ha̍p khí--lâi, kî-tiông ū 10-ê séng kap 3-ê léng-thó͘.

## Tē-tô͘

## Séng





## Léng-thó͘





## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* ISO 3166-2:CA
Bí-kok ê chiu

## Lia̍t-toaⁿ




## Tia̍t-pia̍t-khu
* Washington D.C.

## Léng-thó·
* Bí-kok Samoa 
* Guahan
* Pak Mariana Kûn-tó 
* Puerto Rico 
* Bí-kok Virgin Kûn-tó

## Tsù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok koan-liân lia̍t-toaⁿ
Logan Soaⁿ

**Logan Soaⁿ** (Eng-gí: *Mount Logan*) sī Canada thōng koân ê soaⁿ, koân-tō· 5959 kong-chhioh. Choân Pak Bí-chiu kan-taⁿ Alaska ê Denali pí i koh-khah koân. 

Logan Soaⁿ tī Yukon sai-lâm-pō· ê Kluane Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g kap Pó-liû-tē lāi-té, sio̍k-î Saint Elias Soaⁿ-lêng.
Toronto

**Toronto** sī Canada siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī, 2004-nî sî jîn-kháu 2,518,772 lâng. Choân Pak Bí-chiu kan-taⁿ México Chhī, New York chhī, Los Angeles kap Chicago koh khah chē lâng. Toronto mā sī Ontario Séng ê hú-siâⁿ.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
Kóe-chí

**Kóe-chí** (果子), he̍k-chiá **kó-si̍t** (果實), sī hoe siū-hún āu, chú-pâng hoat-io̍k sêng-se̍k lâi hêng-sêng. Chú-pâng lāi-té ê phoe-chu siū-cheng sêng-kong to̍h chiâⁿ-chò chéng-chí. Pō·-pêng i-kù hêng-sêng kóe-chí ê chú-pâng siàu-bo̍k, kā kóe-chí hun-chò **tan-seng-kó**, **chū-ha̍p-kó**, kap **to-hoe-kó** 3 lūi.

## Tan-seng-kó
 
Tan-seng-kó sī ko· 1 ê chû-lúi ê hoe só· hoat-io̍k ê kóe-chí, tāi-to-só· si̍t-bu̍t ê kóe-chí lóng-sī tan-seng-kó. Tan-seng-kó koh i-kù kò·-chō ê bô-kâng, kā hun-chò ta-kó kap bah-kó 2 chióng. 

### Ta-kó

**Ta-kó** sī kóng kóe-chí sêng-se̍k āu, kóe-chí-phôe ê chúi-hun hâm-liōng chiok-chió. Ta-kó koh ē-sái hun-chò:
* **[[Pit-lia̍t-kó]]** (裂果): Ta-kó sêng-se̍k liáu-āu, kóe-chí-phôe ē ka-tī pit--khùi.
** **[[Ngeh-kó]]** (莢果)
** **[[Kak-kó]]** (角果)
** **[[Kut-tu̍t-kó]]** (蓇葖果)
** **[[Pau-kó]]** (胞果, 囊果)
** **[[Sok-kó]]** (蒴果) 
* **[[Pì-ha̍p-kó]]** (閉果):Ta-kó sêng-se̍k liáu-āu, kóe-chí-phôe bē ka-tī pit--khùi.
** **[[Éng-kó]]** (穎果)
** **[[Sò·-kó]]** (瘦果)
** **[[Si̍t-kó]]** (翅果)
** **[[Kian-kó]]** (堅果)
** **[[Lî-kó]]** (離果, 分果)

### Bah-kó

**Bah-kó** sī teh kóng kóe-chí sêng-se̍k āu, kóe-chí-phôe ê hâm-chúi-liōng koân, thêng-hiān liû-nńg bah-chit ê hē-hāng. Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k só·-kóng ê kóe-chí-phôe hun-chò gōa-kó-phôe, tiong-kó-phôe, kap lāi-kó-phôe 3 chióng, tiong-kó-phôe to̍h sī lán it-poaⁿ-lâng pō·-pêng leh kóng--ê kóe-chí ê bah-chit pō·-ūi; gōa-kó-phôe chiah-sī it-poaⁿ só·-kóng ê kóe-chí-phôe. Bah-kó ē-sái hun-chò:
* **[[He̍k-kó]]** (核果)
* **[[Kam-kó]]** (柑果)
* **[[Hō·-kó]]** (瓠果)
* **[[Jîn-kó]]** (仁果)
* **[[Chiuⁿ-kó]]** (漿果)

## Chū-ha̍p-kó

**Chū-ha̍p-kó** sī 1 lúi hoe ê to-só· chú-pâng só· hoat-io̍k--lâi ê kóe-chí, ta̍k-ê chû-lúi ê chú-pâng ka-tī hoat-io̍k chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê sè-lia̍p ê kóe-chí, chia-ê sè-lia̍p kóe-chí chi̍p-tiong he̍k-chiá so·-khui tī kâng-chi̍t-ê hoe-thok téng-koân, chhan-chhiūⁿ chhì-pho.

## To-hoe-kó

**To-seng-kó** sī leh kóng ùi kui-ê hoe-sū lâi hoat-io̍k chiâⁿ-chò 1 ê kóe-chí, chhan-chhiūⁿ ông-lâi.
Pēⁿ-to̍k-sek hêng-siau-hoat

**Pēⁿ-to̍k-sek hêng-siau-hoat** (viral marketing) sī 1 khoán lī-iōng siā-hōe bāng-lō· chè-chō soan-thoân hāu-kó ê siang-gia̍p hêng-siau chhek-lio̍k. Sêng-kong ê hêng-siau-àn m̄-bián hoat-khí tan-ūi it-ti̍t sak tō ē ka-kī sì-kè thoàⁿ--chhut-khì, bē-su thoân-jiám-pēⁿ kāng-khoán. Chhiú-lō· chú-iàu pau-koah iōng kháu-gí chè-chō hong-siaⁿ koh lī-iōng Internet ê bāng-lō· hāu-kó (*network effects*) tī té-té sî-kan lāi chih-chiap tio̍h chē-chē lâng.

Pēⁿ-to̍k-sek hêng-siau-hoat mā ē-sái kóng sī 1 khoán tiàm Internet chìn-hêng ê chông-kiàⁿ hêng-siau-hoat. Che pau-koah iōng blog, "gia̍p-û" bāng-chām téng-téng ê ké chháu-kin ki-su̍t hō· lâng chù-ì tio̍h 1-hāng sin sán-phín a̍h-sī sin ho̍k-bū. Mā ū kong-si àm-tiong pàng-chhut koài-kî ê siau-sit lâi ín-khí mûi-thé chù-ì, thang ko·-chiâⁿ in chìn-1-pō· tui-chong pò-tō koh-chài pò-tō. Chit-khoán ki-su̍t só· tit-tio̍h ê soan-thoân hāu-kó ē-sái kóng ta̍t hoat-khí kong-si ê keng-hùi ê kúi-lō-pōe.

Microsoft ê Hotmail sī tē-1-ê iōng pēⁿ-to̍k-sek hêng-siau-hoat soan-thoân ê siang-gia̍p ho̍k-bū.
Sid Vicious

**Sid Vicious** (1957 nî 5 goe̍h 10, London - 1979 nî 2 goe̍h 2, New York), pún-miâ **John Simon Ritchie-Beverly**, sī 1-ê Eng-kok punk iô-kún im-ga̍k-ka kiam Sex Pistols ga̍k-thoân ê sêng-oân.  I 21-hòe hit nî in-ūi io̍h-bu̍t chhut-gia̍h kòe-óng.

 

Lūi-pia̍t:1957 nî chhut-sì
Lūi-pia̍t:1979 nî kòe-sin
Saint Elias Soaⁿ-lêng

**Saint Elias Soaⁿ-lêng** sī Pak Bí-chiu ê chi̍t-ê soaⁿ-lêng, tiàm tī Alaska tang-lâm-pō· ê Wrangell-St. Elias Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g kap Pó-liû-tē hām Yukon sai-lâm-pō· ê Kluane Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g kap Pó-liû-tē.  

Saint Elias Soaⁿ-lêng lāi-té thōng-koân ê soaⁿ pau-koat:
Saint Elias Soaⁿ

**Saint Elias Soaⁿ** (Eng-gí: *Mount Saint Elias*) sī tiàm tī Alaska kap Yukon pian-kài ê soaⁿ, tī Bí-kok kap Canada lóng pâi tē-2 koân. I ê koân-tō· ū 5489 kong-chhioh, sio̍k-tī Saint Elias Soaⁿ-lêng.
2005 nî 9 goe̍h

__NOTOC__
## 9 goe̍h 30
* Liân-ha̍p-kok hū-chek hia̍p-tiâu khòng-chè A-chiu khîm-liû-kám ê koaⁿ-oâⁿ David Nabarro phok-sū tùi-gōa piáu-sī kóng, khîm-liû-kám kiàn-nā khai-sí ē-tàng tī lâng chi-kan thoân-jiám, kàu-sî sí-bông ê jîn-sò· siāng chió 500-bān, siāng chē hoān-sè 1-ek-5-chheng-bān. (BBC)

## 9 goe̍h 19
* Tek-kok liân-pang soán-kí kiat-kó chhut-lâi, Angela Merkel chhōa ê Ki-tok-kàu Bîn-chú Chó·-ha̍p (CDU) sit-khì iu-sè, kan-taⁿ iâⁿ Gerhard Schroeder chhōa ê Tek-kok Siā-hōe-bîn-chú-tóng (SPD) 5 se̍k. Hiān-chú-sî 2 tōa tóng sio-cheⁿ beh hām kî-thaⁿ sió tóng (Chū-iû Bîn-chú-tóng, Chó-phài-tóng, Le̍k-tóng) chhiâu chhut 1-ê liân-ha̍p chèng-hú. (BBC)
Rocky Soaⁿ-me̍h

**Rocky Soaⁿ-lêng** (Eng-gí: *Rocky Mountains*, *Rockies*) sī Pak Bí-chiu sai-pō· ê soaⁿ-lêng. I pak-pêng kàu British Columbia ê Liard Hô, lâm-pêng kàu New Mexico ê Rio Grande, lóng-chóng 4800 kong-lí tn̂g. Thōng koân ê soaⁿ-bú sī tiàm tī Colorado ê Elbert Soaⁿ, koân-tō· 4401 kong-chhioh. Tī Canada pō·-hūn thōng koân ê niá-thâu sī Robson Soaⁿ (3954 m), tiàm tī British Columbia.
George Orwell

**George Orwell**, pún-miâ **Eric Arthur Blair** (1903 nî 6 goe̍h 25 – 1950 nî 1 goe̍h 21), sī 1-ê Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok chok-ka kiam kì-chiá. I ê chèng-tī kap bûn-hòa phêng-lūn te̍k-pia̍t ū miâ-siaⁿ. I sī 20 sè-kí Eng-bûn-kài siāng chia̍p hō· lâng o-ló ê sàn-bûn-ka chi-it. Chóng--sī i siāng kài tit lâng chai ê tù-chok sī i boán-liân (1940 nî-tāi) siá--ê hit 2 pún siáu-soat: *[[Tōng-bu̍t Lông-chng]]* kap *[[1984 nî (siáu-soat)|1984 nî]]*. Thâu-chêng-pún sī chèng-tī gū-giân, āu-1-pún biô-siá 1-ê ke̍k-koân-chú-gī chi-hā ê *[[dystopia]]*. I ê miâ tī Eng-gí lāi-té í-keng chiâⁿ-chò 1-ê hêng-iông ke̍k-koân su-sióng khòng-chè ê hêng-iông-sû (*Orwellian*).

Orwell bat chū-goān chham-ka Se-pan-gâ Lōe-chiàn, khiā tī kiōng-hô-phài hit-pêng. I tùi Stalin-chú-gī ê phoe-phêng pēng-bô éng-hióng i tùi bîn-chú siā-hōe-chú-gī ê kî-thāi kap ǹg-bāng.
Baffin Tó

**Baffin Tó** sī Canada pak-pō· ê tó-sū, sio̍k-tī Nunavut léng-thó·. I ê bīn-chek ū 507,451 pêng-hong kong-lí, sī Canada thōng toā ê tó-sū, choân sè-kài pâi tē-5 toā. Baffin Tó 2004-nî ê jîn-kháu ū 11,000 lâng. Nunavut ê hú-siâⁿ Iqaluit tiàm tī tó ê lâm-hoāⁿ.
Chhiok-hio̍h-khan-gû

**Chhiok-hio̍h-khan-gû** (Hàn-jī: 槭葉牽牛; Eng-gí: palmate-leaved morning glory; ha̍k-miâ: ***Ipomoea cairica***), pia̍t-miâ **hoan-á-tîⁿ**, **chiáng-hio̍h-khan-gû**, **ngó·-jiáu-kim-liông**,  kui-sio̍k-î soân-hoe-kho (Convolvulaceae), sī to-nî-seng, soan-tîn-sèng, chháu-chit tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Pō͘-hūn chu-liāu kóng i goân-pún seⁿ-tī Pak-bí-chiu, mā ū kóng seⁿ tī jia̍t-tāi A-chiu, Hui-chiu--ê. Tī Tâi-oân i hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kap kē hái-poat soaⁿ-khu, seⁿ tī chhiū-nâ-á piⁿ-á, lō·-piⁿ, pha-hng-tē he̍k-chiá lâng-tau ê lî-á, chhiûⁿ-á. I kah-ì kui-kang ū ji̍t ê khoân-kéng. Kui-nî-thàu-tang lóng-ū khui-hoe, joa̍h--lâng kap chhiu-thiⁿ khui liáu te̍k-pia̍t chē.

## Hêng-thāi

Keng ê piáu-bīn kim-ku̍t, iù-tn̂g koh kāu hun-ki, siāng-tn̂g ē-tàng kàu 10 m; óa-kīn kin ê ki-pō· lio̍h-á bo̍k-chi̍t-hòa. 

Hio̍h-á sī chhiú-chiáng ê hêng-chōng, choân-lia̍t,  lia̍t-phìⁿ sī phi-chiam-hêng, ū 5 kàu 7 ê.

Hoe sio̍k-î ha̍p-pān-hoe hit-khoán sī lāu-táu-hêng;  hoe-sek sī chhián-chhián ê chí-âng, hoe-koan lāi-té sī chí-âng-sek; hoe-koan ê ti̍t-kèng 4.5 kàu 6 cm; hoe pō·-pêng 1 kàu 3 lúi ùi hio̍h-á-ki ê kòe-hiⁿ-khang seⁿ-chhut, thêng-hiān chū-sàn-hoe-sū (聚繖花序); chhû-hiông-kāng-tu (雌雄同株); hiông-lúi 5 lúi tī hoe-koan thóng-á lāi.

Kóe-chí sī kiû-hêng ê sok-kó (蒴果). Chéng-chí sī o·-sek, 4 lia̍p, ū si-chōng ê mo·.
Saint Lawrence Hái-oan

**Saint Lawrence Hái-oan** (Eng-gí: *Gulf of Saint Lawrence*, Hoat-gí: *Golfe du Saint-Laurent*) sī choân sè-kài thōng toā ê hái-kháu. Pak Bí-chiu Gō͘-toā-ô͘ ê chúi keng-kòe Saint Lawrence Hô liáu, ùi chia lâu khì Tāi-se-iûⁿ.

Saint Lawrence Hô ùi 2-tiâu chúi-lō· lâu ji̍p-khì Saint Lawrence Hái-oan, chi̍t-tiâu sī Québec ê Côte-Nord tē-khu kap Anticosti Tó pak hoāⁿ tiong-kan ê Jacques Cartier Hái-kiap, lēng-goā chi̍t-tiâu sī Anticosti Tó lâm hoāⁿ kap Gaspé Poàn-tó tiong-ng ê Honguedo Hái-kiap.

Hái-oan sì-kho·-liàn-tńg chha-put-to lóng hō͘ thó͘-tē ûi--khí-lâi. I pak-pêng ū Labrador Poàn-tó, tang-pêng ū Newfoundland, lâm-pêng ū Nova Scotia (iû-kî sī Breton Hái-phīⁿ Tó), sai-pêng ū Gaspé Poàn-tó kap New Brunswick. Hái-oan lāi-té ū Anticosti Tó, Edward Ông-chú Tó kap Madeleine Kûn-tó.

Tî-khì Saint Lawrence Hô, kî-thaⁿ lâu ji̍p Saint Lawrence Hái-oan khah toā ê khe-hô iah-koh ū Miramichi Hô, Natashquan Hô, Restigouche Hô, Margaree Hô kap Humber Hô. 

Breton Hái-phīⁿ Tó tang-pak-pêng ê St. Paul Tó in-ūi bat hoat-seng kòe chin chē hái-lān, ū "*Hái-oan ê Bōng-á-po͘*" ê thé-hō. Gaspé Poàn-tó tang-pêng ê Bonaventure Tó hām Madeleine Kûn-tó tang-pak-pêng ê Brion Tó kap Rochers-aux-Oiseaux sī hō͘ chhian-soá chiáu-á am-âⁿ ê tiōng-iàu ê só͘-chāi.
Helicobacter pylori

***Helicobacter pylori*** sī 1-khoán choan-bûn kám-jiám jîn-lūi ūi-liâm-mo̍·h ê sè-khún.  Pō·-hūn jiám--tio̍h ê lâng ē chhut-hiān siau-hòa-sèng khùi-iông a̍h-sī ūi-iām ê pēⁿ-lí piàn-hòa kap chèng-thâu.  *H. pylori* sī bo̍k-chêng chai-iáⁿ î-it ū-hoat-tō· tī ūi-sng khoân-kéng khiā-khí ê seng-bu̍t.  Gōa-hêng seⁿ-chò kńg-lê-hêng.

Robin Warren kap Barry Marshall tī 1980 nî-tāi hoat-hiān *H. pylori* koh chèng-bêng hām ūi-pēⁿ ū tī-tāi.  In tī 2005 nî tit-tio̍h Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* Kán-kài "iu-mn̂g kńg-lê-á-hêng kán-khún"
Kiàn-siàu-chháu

**Kiàn-siàu-chháu** (Hàn-jī: 見笑草; Hôa-gí: 含羞草; ha̍k-miâ: *Mimosa pudica*) kui-sio̍k-î tāu-kho (*Leguminosae*), sī 1 kàu to-nî-seng ê phih-phak-sèng chhiū-á (koàn-bo̍k). I-ê goân-sán-tē sī jia̍t-tāi Bí-chiu, chiâⁿ-chá to̍h thoàⁿ-chéng kàu Tâi-oân, pìⁿ-chiâⁿ-chòe kui-hòa-chéng. Tī Tâi-oân i hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē hái-poat soaⁿ-khu, seⁿ tī lō·-piⁿ, pha-hng-tē, chháu-po· téng-téng khai-khoah ê só·-chāi. I kah-ì kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng. Kui-nî-thàu-tang lóng-ū khui-hoe, m̄-koh tī pak-pō· hoe-kî khah-té, chú-iàu tī joa̍h-thiⁿ--lâng.

## Hêng-thāi

Keng ê piáu-bīn ū ngē-mo· kap tò-chhah-chhì, bô seⁿ kah chiâⁿ ba̍t.

Hio̍h-á seng-tióng sūn-sū sī hō·-seng, jī-hôe ú-chōng ho̍k-hio̍h, hio̍h-me̍h ū chhì, hio̍h-phìⁿ nā kā tāng--tio̍h liâm-pīⁿ ha̍p--khí-lâi. 

Hoe sió-sió--á, ū ba̍t-ba̍t-ba̍t ê tn̂g hoe-si, sī kiû-hêng thâu-chōng hoe-sū. Hoe-sek chí-âng-sek, hoe ê ti̍t-kèng siāng-tōa ē-sái ta̍t-kàu 16 mm. 

Kóe-chí sī kiap-kó, 3 chì 4 chat, koh kiò-chò chiat-giap-kó, gōa-hêng sī píⁿ-píⁿ pêⁿ-pêⁿ tn̂g thó-îⁿ-hêng, ū chhì-mo·.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ

**Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ** (五月天), Tâi-oân ê 1-ê iô-kún ga̍k-thoân, 1999 nî sêng-li̍p.

## Sêng-oân

* A-sìn 阿信 (Tân Sìn-hông 陳信宏):  chú-chhiùⁿ
* Koan-iū 冠佑 (Lâu Koan-iū 劉冠佑):  kó·-chhiú
* Koài-siù 怪獸 (Un Siōng-e̍k 溫尚翊):  gí-tah kiam thoân-tiúⁿ
* Chio̍h-thâu 石頭 (Chio̍h Gím-hâng 石錦航):  gí-tah
* Masa 瑪莎 (Chhòa Seng-àn 蔡昇晏):  bass

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Koaⁿ-hong chām
*Blog
Gō͘-toā-ô͘

**Gō͘-toā-ô͘** (Eng-gí: *Great Lakes*) sī Pak Bí-chiu tang-pak-pō͘ 5-ê sio-liân ê toā ô͘, tiàm tī Bí-kok kap Canada pian-kài. Ùi sai-pêng kàu tang-pêng sī Superior Ô͘, Michigan Ô͘, Huron Ô͘, Erie Ô͘ kap Ontario Ô͘. Koh-lâi chúi tio̍h tùi Saint Lawrence Hô lâu ji̍p-khì Saint Lawrence Hái-oan. Gō͘-toā-ô͘/Saint Lawrence hē-thóng sī sè-kài thōng toā ê chiáⁿ-chúi chúi-lō͘ hē-thóng.

Nā ùi chúi-bûn-ha̍k ê kak-tō͘ lâi khoàⁿ, Michigan Ô͘ kap Huron Ô͘ èng-kai sǹg-chò sī kāng chi̍t-ê ô͘. In chò-hoé ū-sî-á hông kiò-chò Michigan-Huron Ô͘.

Gō͘-toā-ô͘ tiong-ng iah-koh ū chi̍t-ê ke chin-sè ê ô͘, hō-chò Saint Clair Ô͘, tiàm tī Huron Ô͘ kap Erie Ô͘ tiong-kan.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ô͘
Puerto Rico

**Puerto Rico Chū-tī Liân-pang-khu** (; ), ia̍h ū kóng **Pho-to-lī-ko** () , Bí-kok tiàm-tī Carib-hái ê léng-thó͘.

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām  (Se-pan-ga-bûn)

Lūi-pia̍t:Puerto Rico
Malta-gí

**Malta-gí** sī Malta-kok ê bîn-cho̍k gí-giân, mā sī Europa Liân-bêng ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân chi-it. I kin-té sī A-la-pek-gí, kap Pak Hui-chiu ê hong-giân te̍k-pia̍t chhin; chóng--sī keng-kòe chē-chē sè-kí ê ián-piàn, hiān-chú-sî sû-lūi tang-tiong pau-koah chiâⁿ chē goân-thâu sī Italia-gí, Sicilia-gí, Eng-gí téng-téng ê chioh-sû. Malta-gí sī î-it 1-ê iōng Latin-jī su-siá ê Semitic gí-giân.

* Sú-iōng jîn-kháu: 40-bān.
* ISO 639-1: mt
* ISO 639-2: mlt

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-A gí-hē
Pak Hui-chiu

**Pak Hui-chiu** sī Hui-chiu pak-pō͘ óa Tē-tiong-hái ê tē-hng. Hoān-ûi thang tùi sai-pêng Morocco ê Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-kîⁿ hâⁿ kàu tang-pêng ê Suez Ūn-hô kap Âng-hái.
Sèⁿ-miā-thé

**Sèⁿ-miā-thé** (性命體; Eng-gí: *organism*; Tek-gí: *Lebewesen*) ia̍h ū **seng-bu̍t** (生物), **oa̍h-mi̍h** (活物), **seng-bu̍t-thé** (生物體) téng kóng-hoat, sī ū sèⁿ-miā ê kò-thé. Tī-leh seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kap seng-thài-ha̍k tang-tiong, sèⁿ-miā-thé sī hō͘-siāng éng-hióng ê sêng-hūn kò͘-sêng ê 1 chióng siong-tùi ún-tēng ê hē-thóng, ē piáu-hiān te̍k-sû ê kong-lêng kap sèⁿ-miā te̍k-sek ê 1 ê chéng-thé. Sèⁿ-miā-thé siōng tiōng-iàu ê te̍k-sek tō sī sin-tîn-tāi-siā, thang hun ha̍p-sêng tāi-siā kap hun-kái tāi-siā. 

Sèⁿ-miā ê khí-gôan kap seng-bu̍t hun-lūi it-ti̍t ū cheng-gī. It-poaⁿ-te̍k, seng-bu̍t hun-chò 2 tōa lūi: gôan-he̍k-seng-bu̍t kap chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t. Gôan-he̍k-seng-bu̍t koh hun-chò 2 ê: sè-khún-he̍k (Domain Bacteria) kap kó͘-sè-khún-he̍k (Domain Archaea), chit 2 chióng tiong-kan chha chin chē, chìn-hòa-sú ê gián-kiù kaù taⁿ iáu boē chhoē tio̍h in tiong-kan ê liân-hê. Chin-he̍k-seng-bu̍t ê 2 ê sè-pau-khì: ia̍p-le̍k-thé kap soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé, hoān-sè sī ùi lōe-seng-sè-khún (endosymbiotic bacteria) ián-hòa lâi ê.

Sè-pau chhiau-koè 1 ê ê seng-bu̍t kiò chò to-sè-pau seng-bu̍t.

## Kong-ke ê te̍k-sek
Toā-pō͘-hūn ê seng-bu̍t kong-ke ê te̍k-sek ū:

* ē tín-tāng
* ē chia̍h-si̍t
* ē chhoán-khùi
* ē toā-hàn
* ē seⁿ-thoàⁿ
* tùi chhì-khek ū hoán-èng

Chiah-ê te̍k-sek m̄-sī choân-pō͘ ê seng-bu̍t lóng ū, chhiūⁿ-kóng kúi-nā chióng seng-bu̍t ka-tī bē tín-tāng (sui-bóng si̍t-bu̍t ê seng-tióng ē-sái khòaⁿ chò 1 chióng tín-tāng), iah sī bē ti̍t-chiap tùi khoân-kéng ê piàn-hoà sán-seng hoán-èng. Bî-seng-bu̍t, pí-lūn-kóng sè-khún, tō bē chhoán-khùi. Lēng-gōa, ū chin chē chióng seng-bu̍t ê kò-thé bē seⁿ-thoàⁿ, m̄-koh in hit ê bu̍t-chéng ē-tàng.

## Pēⁿ-to̍k
Pēⁿ-to̍k ka-tī bē-tàng seⁿ-thoàⁿ kap sin-tîn-tāi-siā; lán thong-siông bô kā tòng-chò seng-bu̍t. Put-jī-kò, chiàu Bí-kok Hoat-tián (United States Code) ê seng-bu̍t bú-khì siong-koan loē-iông, pēⁿ-to̍k mā sǹg-chò bî-seng-bu̍t. Kúi-nā chióng kià-seng-tōng-bu̍t kap lōe-kiōng-seng-thé (endosymbionts) ka-tī mā bô châi-tiāu seng-chûn. Pēⁿ-to̍k kám beh sǹg chò seng-bu̍t iáu ū chin toā ê cheng-gī. Pēⁿ-to̍k sui-bóng ū kàⁿ-sò͘ kap kî-thaⁿ seng-bu̍t te̍k-iú ê hun-chú, m̄-koh nā bô tī kià-chú-sè-pau lāi-té in tō bô hoat-tō͘ oa̍h lo̍h-khì. Pēⁿ-to̍k sin-tîn-tāi-siā ê kòe-têng mā su-iàu khò kià-chú ê ûi-thôan ki-chè. Chit lō kià-seng hiān-siōng ê khí-gôan iáu bô chheng-chhó, hoān-sè kap kià-chú ū koan-hē.

## Hoè-siū
Hoè-siū sī seng-bu̍t ê ki-pún chham-sò͘. Ū-ê seng-bu̍t kan-taⁿ ē-tàng oa̍h 1 kang, ū-ê seng-bu̍t, chhiūⁿ-kóng si̍t-bu̍t, tō ē-tàng oa̍h kúi-nā chheng nî. Sè-pau lāu-siam (senescence) leh koat-tēng seng-bu̍t-thé, sè-khún, pēⁿ-to̍k, sīm-chì sī prion ê hoè-siū ê sî chin tiōng-iàu.
Martinique

**Martinique** sī Hoat-kok tī Carib-hái ê 1 ê hêng-chèng tan-ūi, sǹg sī koān (département), mā sǹg sī tōa-khu (région).

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Martinique
Jawi

**Jawi** sī 1 chióng ēng lâi siá Malay-gí ê Arabic jī-bó. I sī Brunei 2 chióng koaⁿ-hong bûn-jī ê 1 chióng. Tī Má-lâi-se-a, Hui-li̍p-pin, Indonesia, Thài-kok lâm-pō͘ ê Patani, kap Sin-ka-pho lóng ū leh ēng, te̍k-pia̍t sī chong-kaù hong-bīn.

## Siāu-kài
Jawi jī-bó tī Malay sè-kài (Nusantara) ēng kúi-nā pah tang a. I kap Islam kāng-chê hoat-tián. Tû-liáu goân-té ê Arabic jī-bó, i mā ū chi̍t-koá choan-kang hō͘ Jawi ēng ê jī-bó.

Jawi jī-bó chin chá tō ēng lâi siá Malay-gí. Ùi Pasai sî-kî kaù kah Malacca So͘-tan-kok (Sultanate), Johor So͘-tan-kok, kap 17 sè-kí ê Acheh So͘-tan-kok lóng ū leh ēng. 1303 nî (Islam 702 nî) ê Terengganu jī-pán (Terengganu Tablet) tō khoàⁿ ē tio̍h. Ah nā Latin jī-bó ài kaù kah 19 sè-kí boé-kî chiah khai-sí ēng.

## Jī-bó

## Chham-khó
* H.S. Paterson (& C.O. Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Trengganu', *Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S.*, II, 1924, pp. 258-263.
* R.O. Winstedt, *A History of Malaya*, revised ed. 1962, p. 40.
* J.G. de Casparis, *Indonesian Paleography*, 1975, p. 70-71.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Omniglot article about written Malay
Superior Ô͘

**Superior Ô͘** (Eng-gí: *Lake Superior*) sī Pak Bí-chiu Gō͘-toā-ô͘ lāi-té thōng toā ê ô͘, mā sī sè-kài bīn-chek siāng toā ê chiáⁿ-chúi ô͘, lóng-chóng 82,000 pêng-hong kong-lí. I kîⁿ-á ū Canada ê Ontario hām Bí-kok ê Minnesota, Wisconsin kap Michigan.

Ū 200-goā tiâu khe-hô lâu ji̍p Superior Ô͘. Siāng toā ê pau-koat Nipigon Hô, St. Louis Hô, Pigeon Hô, Pic Hô, White Hô, Michipicoten Hô kap Kaministiquia Hô. Superior Ô͘ ê chúi ùi St. Marys Hô lâu khì Huron Ô͘.
Carolus Linnaeus

**Carl Linnaeus** (Latin miâ: **Carolus Linnaeus**; hôa-cho̍k miâ: **Carl von Linné**; 1707-nî 5-goe̍h 23 – 1778-nî 1-goe̍h 10), Sverige si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka; khí-chō hiān-tāi seng-bu̍t hun-lūi-ha̍k ê tē-ki. Oân-ná sī hiān-tāi seng-thài-ha̍k ê thài-chó· chi it.

Chham-khó siang-bêng-hoat.

## Chù-kái

## Chham-khó bûn-hiàn

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Gōa-pō͘  liân-kiat

**Chū-choân**
* Biography at the Department of Systematic Botany, University of Uppsala
* Biography at The Linnean Society of London
* Biography from the University of California Museum of Paleontology
* A four-minute biographical video from the London Natural History Museum on YouTube
* Biography from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976–2009.

**Chham-khó chu-liāu**
* 
* 
* The Linnean Society of London
* The Linnaeus Apostles
* The Linnean Collections
* The Linnean Correspondence
* Linnaeus' Disciples and Apostles
* The Linnaean Dissertations
* Linnean Herbarium
* The Linnaeus Tercentenary
* Works by Carl von Linné at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
* Digital edition: "Critica botanica" by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* Digital edition: "Classes plantarum seu systemata plantarum" by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* ''Oratio de telluris habitabilis incremento''  (1744) – full digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library

**Kî-thaⁿ**
* Linnaeus was depicted by Jay Hosler in a parody of *Peanuts* titled "Good ol' Charlie Darwin".
* The 15 March 2007 issue of *[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]* featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy.
* A tattoo of Linnaeus's definition of the order Primates  mentioned by Carl Zimmer
* *[[Ginkgo biloba]]* tree at the University of Harderwijk, said to have been planted by Linnaeus in 1735
**SL Magazine,* Spring 2018 features an article by Nicholas Sparks, librarian, Collection Strategy and Development titled *Origins of Taxonomy,* describing a generous donation from the Linnean Society of NSW to supplement the State Library of New South Wales's collections on Carl Linnaeus of documents, photographs, prints and drawings as well as a fine portrait of Linnaeus painted about 1800.
Tek-kok Siā-hōe-bîn-chú Tóng

**Tek-kok Siā-hōe-bîn-chú Tóng** (Tek-gí: *Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands*, **SPD**), 1863 nî sêng-li̍p kàu taⁿ ê Tek-kok chèng-tóng.

SPD ê le̍k-sú ē-sái kóng tùi 1863 nî khai-sí. Hit-nî ê 5 goe̍h 23 Ferdinand Lassalle cho· It-poaⁿ Tek-kok Kang-lâng Hia̍p-hōe (*Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein*, ADAV). 1869 nî August Bebel kap Wilhelm Liebknecht sêng-li̍p Tek-kok Siā-hōe-bîn-chú Kang-lâng Tóng (*Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei*, SDAP). Chit 2-ê chú-tiuⁿ sio-oá ê cho·-chit tī 1875 nî ha̍p-pèng chò 1-ê Tek-kok Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kang-lâng Tóng (*Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands*, SAPD). 1890 nî SAPD kái-miâ pìⁿ kin-á-ji̍t ê SPD.

Tī 1918–1919 nî SPD hām kun-hong iū-phài ha̍p-chok táⁿ-ap Kiōng-sán-tóng (KPD). Nazi chèng-koân tī 1933 nî hùi-tû SPD.

1959 nî SPD chèng-sek soan-pò· hòng-khì Marx-chú-gī ê lí-liām, kái kiông-tiāu siā-hōe hok-lī ê chèng-chhek.

Tī 1990 nî-tāi, Gerhard Schröder chiūⁿ-tâi liáu-āu, khai-sí chiap-siū chi̍t-kóa sin-chū-iû-chú-gī ê lí-liām.
Michigan Ô͘

**Michigan Ô͘** sī Pak Bí-chiu ê Gō͘-toā-ô͘ kî-tiong chi̍t-ê. I kîⁿ-á ū Bí-kok ê Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin kap Michigan chit 4-ê chiu. 

Michigan Ô͘ sī Gō͘-toā-ô͘ tiong ko͘-chi̍t-ê oân-choân tiàm tī Bí-kok ê ô͘. I ê bīn-chek ū 57750 pêng-hong kong-lí, sī Bí-kok thōng toā ê chiáⁿ-chúi ô͘ kap sè-kài tē-5 toā ê ô͘. I àn Mackinac Hái-kiap liân kàu Huron Ô͘.
Pin-nn̂g

**Pin-nn̂g** (Pun-nn̂g) (ha̍k-miâ: *Areca catechu*) sī 1-khoán seⁿ tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ, A-chiu, Hui-chiu tang-pō· ê chhiū-á ê kóe-chí.

## Kháu-bī
* Chhiⁿ-á (chheⁿ-á)
* Âng-hoe
* Pe̍h-hoe
* Pau-hio̍h
* Láu-tîn

## Bûn-hòa
*Chham-khó: [[Pin-nn̂g Se-si]]*

Tī Tâi-oân, lô-tōng-chiá sī pin-nn̂g siōng chú-iàu ê siau-hùi kûn. Pō· pin-nn̂g hông jīn-ûi sī piau-chún ê lô-kang kai-kip ê hêng-ûi.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Penang (Má-lâi-se-a)
Kek-lîm-lân-gí

**Kek-lîm-lân-gí** (kalaallisut) sio̍k-î Eskimo-Aleut gí-hē, chú-iàu tī Kek-lîm-lân se-pō͘ lâu-thong, kah Inuit-gí ki̍p kî-thaⁿ Ka-ná-tāi ê Goân-chū-bîn gí-giân siòng-kīn. Kek-lîm-lân ū sam-chióng hong-giân, Se-pō͘ hong-giân, Tang-pō͘ hong-giân kah pak-pō͘ hong-giân kiò "Thule Inuit". Kek-lîm-lân-gí kap Inuit-gí hok-siòng Lóng-ū tāi-liōng ê āu-tuè, tān-sī bô chiân-tuè ki̍p ho̍k-ha̍p-sû.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Kek-lîm-lân-gí
* Kek-lîm-lân-gí


Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
Lūi-pia̍t:Kek-lîm-lân
Inuit-gí

**Inuit-gí** sī gí-giân-ha̍k-chiá iōng lâi biô-siá Inuit-lâng ê gí-giân ê hâng-oē; Inuit cho̍k-kûn chi-kan lēng-gōa ū chin chē chióng miâ-chheng chheng-ho· in-ê oē-gí.  Inuit-gí thoân-thóng-te̍k ê tē-lí hoān-ûi chú-iàu sī Pak Bí-chiu Pak-ke̍k tē-tāi, pau-koah Bí-kok Alaska, Canada pak-pêng, Chheⁿ-tē téng-téng; Pak-ke̍k í-lâm ê Labrador oân-ná sī.  Í-chá tī Lō·-se-a oán-tang tē-khu mā ū lâng iōng.

## Hun-lūi kap hun-pò·

Inuit-gí sī 1-khoán Eskimo-Aleut gí-giân.  I hām Yupik gí-giân sī kīn-chhin, hām Aleut gí-giân sī oán-chhin.  Chiah-ê gí-giân tī Alaska sai-pêng kap Lō·-se-a Chukotka tang-pêng lóng ū-tè-chhōe.  Inuit-gí kap kî-thaⁿ ê Pak Bí-chiu a̍h-sī A-chiu tang-pak ê goân-chū-bîn gí-giân bô bêng-hián ê koan-hē.

## Siaⁿ-ūn
Ē-sái kóng só·-ū ê Inuit hong-giân lóng kan-taⁿ ū 3-ê ki-pún bó-im, ta̍k-ê bó-im ū khu-pia̍t tn̂g-té.  Kan-taⁿ chi̍t-kóa kîⁿ-á tē-tāi ê hong-giân (Alaska sai-pêng, Chheⁿ-tē pō·-hūn só·-chāi) khah bô sio-siâng.

Tang Canada ê Inuit-gí ū 15-ê chú-im.  Chú-im ê hoat-im pō·-ūi ū 5-tah:  siang-tûn-im, gîn-im, tēng-go̍k-im, nńg-go̍k-im kap sió-chih-im.  Hoat-im hong-hoat ū 3 chióng:  chheng sat-im, lô liân-sio̍k-im (*continuant*), phīⁿ-im.  Lēng-gōa koh ū 2-ê chheng chhat-im.

Kó·-Inuit-gí ū kńg-chih-im.  Hiān-tāi kan-taⁿ chhun Alaska hong-giân ū pó-chûn.





## Hêng-thài kap gí-hoat
Inuit-gí kap kî-thaⁿ ê Eskimo-Aleut gí-giân sio-siâng sī to-ha̍p-gí-hêng ê gí-giân hêng-thài.  Che piáu-sī 1-ê ki-pún sû-sò· (sû-kin) āu-piah ē-tàng kap chin chē kî-thaⁿ ê sû-sò·; liâm chò-hóe ê sû-sò· nā hoan-e̍k chò Hō-ló-oē téng-î sī kui-kù oē.  Inuit-gí ê hêng-thài hē-thóng sui-bóng ho̍k-cha̍p, m̄-koh chin ū kui-chek.  Sû pí-kàu-te̍k ke chin tn̂g, mā ū khó-lêng hán-tit têng-ho̍k.

Kí 1-ê lē.  Tiong-pō· ê Nunavut Inuktitut ū 1-ê sû *tusaatsiarunnanngittualuujunga*.  Chit-ê sû pau-koah sû-kin *tusaa* ("thiaⁿ") kap 5-ê sû-bóe:  -tsiaq- ("hó-sè"), -junnaq- ("ū-hoat-tō·"), -nngit- ("bô"), -tualuu- ("chiok"), -junga.  Ì-sù iok-lio̍k sī:  "Góa thiaⁿ ê lêng-le̍k bô hoat-tō· kài hó-sè".

## Bûn-jī
Hiān-tāi Inuit-gí ū iōng 2-chióng bûn-jī hē-thóng:

*Latin-jī ū 2-ê khoán-sek
**Pak-bí-sek (Alaska, Labrador, Sai-pak Léng-thó·, Nunavut)
**Chheⁿ-tē-sek
*Inuktitut im-chiat bûn-jī (Nunavut, Quebec)

Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú