open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hái-iûⁿ

Tē-kiû beh 4-hun-chi-3 (71%) ê bīn-chek hō͘ **hái-iûⁿ** khàm tiâu leh. Tāi-lio̍k kap khah tōa ê kûn-tó chiōng chit 1 tōa-phiàn ê kiâm-chúi hun-chò 5 tōa-iûⁿ:

* Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ
* Tāi-se-iûⁿ
* Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ
* Thài-pêng-iûⁿ
* Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ -- ū lâng jīn-ûi che bô sǹg sī "iûⁿ", èng-kai kóng sī Tāi-se-iûⁿ, Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê pō͘-hūn.

Tōa-iûⁿ chi-kan ê hun-kài iû Kok-chè Hái-tō Chhek-liông Cho͘-chit chè-tēng. Pí-lūn kóng Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ sī tùi Lâm-ke̍k tāi-lio̍k ê hoāⁿ kàu lâm-hūi 60-tō͘. Hái-iûⁿ khah sè tè ê pō͘-ūi pau-koat hái, oan, hái-kiap téng-téng.
Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ

**Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ** tùi Lâm-ke̍k hái-hoāⁿ chhun kàu lâm-hūi 60-tō͘, tī hia kap Tāi-se-iûⁿ, Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ, Thài-pêng-iûⁿ sio-kap, só͘-í mā ū lâng jīn-ūi sī 3 tōa iûⁿ ê pō͘-hūn, miâ-chheng hō͘-chò "Lâm-ke̍k-hái". Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ sī tē-2 sè ê hái-iûⁿ, kan-na Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ koh khah sè. Kok-chè Hái-tō (*Hydrographic*) Cho͘-chit tī 2000-nî àn-chiáu *Lâm-ke̍k Tiâu-iok Hē-thóng (Antarctic Treaty System)* ê lē chè-tēng chèng-sek ê hoān-ûi.


## Tē-lí ūi-tī
65.00 S, 0.00 E (miâ-gī siōng). In-ūi Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ bē-su chhiú-chí oân-choân kā Lâm-ke̍k tāi-lio̍k pau tiâu leh, si̍t-chè siōng i ê keng-tō͘ ū 360-tō͘.

## Bīn-chek
* *choân-pō͘:* 20,327,000 km²
* *tù:* pau-koat Amundsen-hái, Bellingshausen-hái, Drake Passage chi̍t-pō͘-hūn, Ross-hái, Scotia-hái ê 1 sió-kak, Weddell-hái, kap kî-tha ê hun-ki.

## Hái-hoāⁿ-soàⁿ
17,968 km

## Khì-hāu
Chúi-un tī 10°C kàu -2°C ê hoān-ûi lāi. Hong-pok (*cyclonic storm*) ǹg-tang iân tāi-lio̍k-kîⁿ chhoe; in-ūi peng kap hái-chúi ê un-chha tōa, hong-pok te̍k-pia̍t thàu. Tē-kiû-siōng siōng kài kiông ê hong tī lâm-hūi 40-tō͘ chì Lâm-ke̍k-khoan. Tang-thiⁿ hái-chúi tùi tāi-lio̍k-kîⁿ khai-sí kiat-peng; peng thoàⁿ kàu Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê lâm-hūi 65-tō͘, Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê lâm-hūi 55-tō͘. Piáu-bīn un-tō͘ lak kàu Liap-sī 0-tō͘ í-hā. Hái-hoāⁿ-soàⁿ ū-ê só͘-chāi in-ūi lōe-tē ê kiông-hong (*drainage winds*) ti̍t-ti̍t sàu--lâi, tì-tio̍h ū-hoat-tō͘ thàu koaⁿ-thiⁿ î-chhî bô peng ê chōng-hóng.
Thó͘-chheⁿ

**Thó͘-chheⁿ** (土星, ) sī thài-iông-hē ê 1 lia̍p hêng-seng. Tùi thài-iông hia sǹg--kòe-lâi sī tī tē-6-ūi, sī thài-iông-hē tē-2 tōa ê hêng-seng, kan-na Bo̍k-chheⁿ koh khah tōa. Thó͘-chheⁿ sī 1 lia̍p gá-suh tōa-hêng-seng (*gas giant*).

Thó͘-chheⁿ ê hêng píⁿ-píⁿ, chhiah-tō kap ke̍k-tē ê ti̍t-kèng cheng-chha beh ū 10% (120,536 km tùi 108,728 km). Che sī in-ūi i chū-tńg ê sok-tō͘ kín, e̍k-thé ê sêng-hūn koân. Pa̍t-lia̍p khì-thé hêng-seng oan-nā ū sio-siâng ê hêng, m̄-koh bô hiah ke̍k-toan. Thó͘-chheⁿ mā sī Thài-iông-hē bi̍t-tō͘ siōng kài kē ê hêng-seng, pêng-kin ê specific bi̍t-tō͘ chiah 0.69, pí chúi ke chin kē. Chóng--sī che sī pêng-kin ê sò͘-ta̍t: tāi-khì-chân ê téng-pêng koh khah kē bi̍t-tō͘, ah i ê he̍k-sim ê bi̍t-tō͘ tō pí chúi ke chin koân.

Thó͘-chheⁿ siōng chhut-miâ ê te̍k-cheng kiám-chhái sī i ê khoân. Galileo Galilei tī 1610 nî iōng i ê chhian-lí-kiàⁿ tāi-seng khoàⁿ--tio̍h, m̄-koh i bô lí-kái hia ê mi̍h sī siaⁿh. Kàu-kah 1655 nî chiah ū Christiaan Huygens iōng 1-thò ke chin ū-la̍t ê chhian-lí-kiàⁿ, koat-tēng Thó͘-chheⁿ ū khoân kho͘ tī goā-bīn. 1675 nî Giovanni Domenico Cassini hoat-hiān hia ê khoân si̍t-chāi sī kúi-nā-ê khah iù ê khoân ha̍p chò-hoé ê, koh khoân kap khoân tiong-ng ū làng-phāng. Āu--lâi ū lâng kā siōng toā ê phāng hō i ê miâ, hō͘-chò *Cassini Division*.

Pioneer 11-hō tī 1979 nî poe oá Thó͘-chheⁿ. Kiâⁿ-chûn-chiá 1-hō (1980) kap Kiâⁿ-chûn-chiá 2-hō (1981) toè tī āu-piah. Cassini-Huygens thài-khong-chûn tī 2004 nî 7-goe̍h 1 poe ji̍p Thó͘-chheⁿ ê kúi-tō.

Thó͘-chheⁿ ū chin chē lia̍p goe̍h-niû, kî-tiong 30 lia̍p ū hō-miâ. Siông-sè ê sò͘-ba̍k oh koat-tēng, in-ūi se̍h thó͘-chheⁿ ê mi̍h ū bē-chió. Titan sī kui-ê thài-iông-hē î-it 1 lia̍p ū tāi-khì-chân ê goe̍h-niû.
Wikimedia

**Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe** (Ûi-ki-mí-tī-à; Eng-gí: Wikimedia Foundation Inc.) sī Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikisource, Kì-liām 911 kap Nupedia ê bó-cho·-chit. Wikimedia sī àn-chiàu Bí-kok Florida-chiu ê hoat-lu̍t cho·-chit ê bô-tì-ì-beh-thàn-chîⁿ ê kong-si. Wikipedia hoat-khí-jîn chi it Jimbo Wales tī 2003-nî 6-go̍eh 20 chèng-sek soan-pò· Wikimedia tī leh.

MediaWiki sī Wikimedia gī-kang siat-kè chhut-lâi ê wiki nńg-thé.

## Chù-kái

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe (Eng-gí)
* Official site navigation
*  Wikimedia on freenode
* 
* WMF mailing list archives
Euro

**Euro** (**€**; ISO 4217 **EUR**) sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê chîⁿ ê tan-ūi. Liân-bêng ê 27 ê hōe-ôan kok-ka lāi-té, ū 20 ê sı̍t-chāi teh iōng euro.

Túi Lô-má Tè-kok kàu taⁿ, euro sī siōng tōa, siōng tiòng-iàu ê gîn-phiò kái-kek. Euro m̄-niā sī kiōng-tóng chhī-tiûⁿ kè-e̍k ê 1 pō͘-hūn, mā-sī chèng-tī ha̍p-it ê tiōng-iàu pō͘-hūn.

Euro sī Au-chiu Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng Hē-thóng kóan--ê; chit-ê hē-thóng lāi-té ū Au-chiu Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng kap iōng euro e hōe-ôan kok-ka e tiong-iong gîn-hâng. Au-chiu Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng siat tī Main hô-kîⁿ ê Frankfurt; kan-nā i ū châi-tiāu siat gîn-phiò chèng-chhek. Iōng euro e hōe-ôan kok-ka e tiong-iong gîn-hâng kan-nā hū-chek ìn gîn-phiò kap lân-san-chîⁿ, kap ūn-chok euro tē-khu hù-chīⁿ ê hē-thóng.

## Hoē-lu̍t

## Chham-khó

## Chù-kha

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Euro  

Lūi-pia̍t:Thong-hòe
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu
Au-chiu Liân-bêng

**Au-chiu Liân-bêng** (歐洲聯盟) sī Au-chiu ê kok-chè liân-ha̍p, ū 27 ê hōe-ôan kok-ka, 23 chióng koaⁿ-hong gí-giân.

Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê khang-khòe chin chōe: chhin-chhiūⁿ kiōng-tông chhī-tiûⁿ, kōan-sòe liân-ha̍p, gîn-phiò ê thóng-it (euro: 19 ê hōe-ôan kok-ka ū iōng), kiōng-tông ê lông-gia̍p kap hî-gia̍p chèng-chhek téng-téng.

Liân-bêng ū 7 ê chú-iàu ki-kió: Au-chiu Gī-hōe, Au-chiu Ko-hong-hōe, Au-chiu Liân-bêng Pō͘-tiúⁿ Hōe-gī, Au-chiu Liân-bêng Chip-hêng Úi-oân-hōe, Au-chiu Liân-bêng Hoat-īⁿ, Au-chiu Tiong-iong Gîn-hâng, kap Au-chiu Sín-kè Īⁿ.

## Hōe-ôan kok-ka

€: iōng euro ê kok-ka. (): chham-ka nî.

* (1995) €
* (1952/1958) €
* (2007)
* (2013)
* (2004) €
* (2004)
* (1973)
* (2004) €
* (1995) €
* (1952/1958) €
* (1952/1958) €
* (1981) €
* (2004)
* (1973) €
* (1952/1958) €
* (2004) €
* (2004) €
* (1952/1958) €
* (2004) €
* (1952/1958) €
* (2004)
* (1986) €
* (2007)
* (2004) €
* (2004) €
* (1986) €
* (1995)
* (1973) 2020 nî thoat-lî; *koh khoàⁿ [[2016 nî Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok thoat-lî Au-chiu Liân-bêng kong-bîn tâu-phiò]]*

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân
* Hui-chiu Cho͘-ha̍p
## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation
Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok

**Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian kap Pak Ài-ní-lân Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok** (大不列顚北愛爾蘭聯合王國, ) sī tī Au-chiu ê 1 ê kok-ka, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī kiò-chò **Eng-kok** () ia̍h-sī **Eng-kiat-lī** (英吉利). 

Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok sī 4 ê pang-kok (*country*) cho͘-sêng--ê: Eng-lân, So͘-kat-lân, Ui-le̍k-sū (chit 3 ê tī Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian-tó téng-kôan) kap Pak Ài-ní-lân (tī Ài-ní-lân-tó ê pak-pêng).

Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok goân-lâi sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-ôan kok-ka, 2020 nî ê sî-chūn thè-chhut.

Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok sī 1 ê ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok, i ê siú-to͘ sī Lûn-tun, hoè-pè sī Eng-pōng.

## Chù-kái

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Elizabeth 2-sè

**Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê Elizabeth 2-sè** (; ), pún-miâ **Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor**, sī chū 1952 nî kàu 2022 nî kî-kan Eng-liân-pang Ông-kok ê lú-ông kah Eng-liân-pang goân-siú.

## Chá-liân
Elizabeth sī 1926 nî 4 goe̍h 21 ji̍t, tong i-ê a-kong George 5-sè chāi-ūi ê sî chhut-sì--ê. I ê lāu-pē tong-sî sī Albert Chhin-ông sī kok-ông pâi tē-jī ê hāu-seⁿ; lāu-bú York ê Lú-chiok Elizabeth, sī So͘-kat-lân hôa-cho̍k Claude Bowes-Lyon ê sè-hàn cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ.
Au-chiu

**Au-lô-pa**, phó͘-thong kóng **Au-chiu**, mā ū kì **O͘-lô-pa** ia̍h **O͘-ló͘-pà**, sī tī A-sè-a sai-pêng ê tāi-lio̍k, mā ē-sái kóng sī Au-A Tāi-lio̍k ê sai-pêng pō͘-hūn. Au-chiu tī Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ ê lâm-hong; sai-hong ū Tāi-se-iûⁿ, lâm-hong ū Tē-tiong-hái, O͘-hái. Tang-hong ū Ural-soaⁿ.

Bīn-chek sī tē-2-sè ê, ū 10,400,000 km², pí Ò-chiu khah tōa--tām-po̍h-á.

Jîn-kháu pí A-chiu, Hui-chiu khah chió, liōng-kî-iok ū 666,498,000 lâng (2001 nî). Che chha-put-to sī sè-kài jîn-kháu ê 7 hun chi 1.

Au-chiu kok-ka tōa-pō͘-hūn sī Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē (Council of Europe) ê hōe-oân, kan-na Belarus, Vaticano, Kazakhstan, Monaco bô chham-ka. Bo̍k-chêng ū 25 kok chham-ka Au-chiu Liân-bêng. Iū-koh ū kî-thaⁿ kok-ka tng teh kau-sia̍p ka-ji̍p ê tiâu-kiāⁿ, mā ū kok-ka àn-sǹg khai-sí sin-chhéng. Taⁿ in-ūi Au-chiu Liân-bêng ná lâi ná tōa, Au-chiu chit ê bêng-sû ū lâng lia̍h chò sī tông-gī-sû.

## Hō-miâ
Tī kó͘-tián Hi-lia̍p sîn-ōe lāi-té, ū chi̍t-ê hō chò *Europa* (Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p-gí: *Εὐρώπη*, *Eurṓpē*) ê Phoenicia kong-chú. Che sī pún chiu hō-miâ ê lâi-goân.

## Tē-lí seng-thài
Au-chiu ê sim-lîm chū 9,000 nî-chêng khai-sí ū lông-gia̍p tō ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á kiu--khì. 16 sè-kí ê sî-chūn ū Tek-gí tē-khu khai-sí hoat-tián koán-lí sim-lîm ê hoat-tō͘, hiah-ê ki-su̍t tùi hia thoân kàu Au-chiu kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi. Tò-kiu ê chhu-sè tī 19 sè-kí khai-sí kiâⁿ hoan-thâu. Bo̍k-chêng Au-chiu sī thong-sè-kài sim-lîm pó-chûn liáu siāng hó ê tē-khu.

## Kok-ka

Au-chiu Liân-bêng í-gōa, iū-koh ū ē-kha chia ê kok:

*
*
* - pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
*
* - pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
* -- pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu, pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn
* -- pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn
* 
*
*
*
*
* -- pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
* -- pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu, pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn
*
*
*
*
*
* - pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
*
*
*
*
*
*
* - pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
* -- pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* - pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
*
*
*
*
*
* -- pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu, pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn
*
*
* -- pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn
* - pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu
*
*
*

## [[I-lāi-tē]]

Ē-kha ê niá-thó͘ to-siáu ū in bûn-hòa-siōng he̍k-chiá tē-lí-siōng ê te̍k-sek. Tōa-pō͘-hūn bó͘-chióng thêng-tō͘ ū chū-tī koân. Bó-kok lia̍t tī āu-piah.

*  (Hun-lân)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)
* &sup1; (Lo̍k-ui)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)
*  (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)
*  (Tan-be̍h)

&sup1; Kin-kù Lo̍k-ui chèng-hú ê kóng-hoat, Svalbard kap Jan Mayen sī Lo̍k-ui Ông-kok ê 1 pō͘-hūn, m̄ sī i-lāi-tē.


## Kî-thaⁿ
* 
* 

## Khu-he̍k

* Se Au
* Tiong Au
* Tang Au
* Pak Au
* Lâm Au

## Cho͘-chit

* Au-chiu An-choân kap Ha̍p-chok Cho͘-chit (OSCE)
* Pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ Kong-iok Cho͘-chit (NATO)
* Au-chiu Liân-bêng (EU)
* CERN
* Au-chiu Ho̍k-heng kap Khai-hoat Gîn-hâng (EBRD)
* Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē (Council of Europe)
Ui-le̍k-sū

**Ui-le̍k-sū** (Ui-le̍k-sū-gí: *Cymru*; Eng-gí: *Wales*), sī tī Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian-tó téng-kôan ê 1 ê cho̍k-kûn kap kok-ka, sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê 1 pō͘-hūn. I hú-siâⁿ sī Cardiff (Ui-le̍k-sū-gí: Caerdydd). I ê Ui-le̍k-sū-gí miâ kiò chò **Cymru** (IPA: /ˈkəmrɨ/); Eng-gí-miâ hō-chò *Wales*, goân-thâu sī 1 ê Tek-gí-hē ê sû, ì-sù sī "chheⁿ-hūn--ê".

Lô-má Tè-kok tī Ui-le̍k-sū lâm-pō͘, pak-pō͘ khí siâⁿ. Tī 1282 nî, Eng-lân ê Edward 1-sè phah-pāi Siōng-bóe-ê Llywelyn, i sī Cymru siōng-bóe 1 ê chū-chú ê thâu-lâng. Edward khí 1 cho͘ siâⁿ lâi khòng-chè Ui-le̍k-sū-lâng.

Chāi-tē ê gí-giân sī Ui-le̍k-sū-gí.

## Chham-khó
Oa̍t-lâm

**Oa̍t-lâm Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok** (, ) sī tī A-chiu tang-lâm ê kok-ka. Chhù-piⁿ ū Tiong-kok, Liâu-kok, Kán-po͘-chē, kap Tonkin-oan (Pak-pō͘-oan).

## Tē-lí
Oa̍t-lâm tī A-chiu tāi-lio̍k tang-lâm-hong ê Tiong-lâm Poàn-tó tang-pêng óa hái ê só͘-chāi, piⁿ-á ū Pak-pō͘-oan (Oa̍t-lâm-ōe: Vịnh Bắc Bộ), Lâm Tiong-kok Hái, Siām-lô-oan t.t. hái-he̍k, tī pak-hūi 8 tō͘ 30 hun kàu 23 tō͘ 22 hun, tang-keng 102 tō͘ 10 hun kàu 109 tō͘ chi-kan, sī jia̍t-tài kok-ka.

Oa̍t-lâm ê kok-thó͘ bīn-chek sī 331,210 pêng-hong kong-lí. Kap kúi-lō ê kok-ka sio-chiap: pak-pêng sī Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok (pian-kài 1,347 kong-lí), sai-pêng sī Láu-o (Liâu-kok, pian-kài 1,650 kong-lí) kap Kán-po͘-chē (pian-kài 930 kong-lí); hái-hōaⁿ-sòaⁿ ū 3,260 kong-lí tn̂g. Oa̍t-lâm kok-thó͘ ê hêng tn̂g-ko, ùi siōng pak-pêng ê Hà Giang Séng Đồng Văn Koān (Hô-iông-séng Tông-bûn-koān, 河楊省同文縣) ê chng-thâu kàu siōng lâm-pêng Cà Mau Séng (Ko-mô͘-séng, 哥毛省) ê chng-thâu ū 1,640 kong-lí hn̄g; ùi tiong-pō͘ Quảng Bình Séng (Kóng-pêng-séng, 廣平省) siâⁿ-chhī kàu Láu-o pian-kéng ê chng-thâu sī kok-thó͘ siōng e̍h ê só͘-chāi, kan-na 48 kong-lí; siōng khoah ê só͘-chāi sī ùi pak-pō͘ ê Quảng Ninh Séng Móng Cái Chhī (Kóng-lêng-séng Bông-ke-chhī, 廣寧省硭街市) kàu Lai Châu Séng (Lâi-chiu-séng, 萊州省), ū 600 kong-lí.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Lâi khì Oa̍t-lâm chhit-thô
Iraq

**Iraq Kiōng-hô-kok** sī tī Tiong-tang kap sai-lâm A-chiu ê 1 ê kok-ka. I pau-hâm kó·-chá bûn-hòa ê Mesopotamia. I kap Saudi A-la-pek kap Kuwait lóng ū kau-kài; pak-pêng chiap Thó·-ní-kî, Su-lī-a tī sai-pak; Iok-tàn tī sai; koh Iran tī tang. Iraq tī 2003 nî hō· Bí-kok kap Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok niá-thâu ê liân-bêng chiàm-niá; pún-lâi chhōa-thâu ê Saddam Hussein kap i ê Ba'ath-tóng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ chiàn-hoān. Sui-bóng Iraq tī 2004 nî 6 go̍eh 28 koh-chài to̍k-lı̍p, chiàm-niá liân-bêng î-chhî siong-tong chē ê kun-le̍k tī hia.
Mesopotamia

**Mesopotamia**, tī Hi-lia̍p-gí ê ì-sù sī "nn̄g-tiâu hô chi kan", sī Tigris Hô chham Euphrates Hô tiong-ng kap hū-kīn só͘-chāi. Hōan-ûi pau-hâm Iraq, Syria tang-pak, Thó͘-nī-kî tang-lâm kap Iran ê sai-lâm.

Mesopotamia sī bûn-bêng ê hoat-gôan-tē, tī Chheⁿ-tâng Sî-tāi ū Sumer, Akkad, Babylon chham Assyria tè-kok; tī Thih-khì Sî-tāi ū Sin Assyria Tè-kok chham Sin Babylon Tè-kok, āu-lâi koh-ū Achaemenid Tè-kok. 

Pho-su thóng-tī Mesopotamia siāng kú, it-ti̍t kàu tē 7 sè-kí khah hō͘ Islam sè-le̍k ê Sassanid Tè-kok chiàm--khì. Keng-kòe Islam chham Au-chiu kok-ka ê thóng-tī liáu-āu, hiān-chāi chit-ê só͘-chāi tōa-pō͘-hūn sī kīn-tāi kok-ka Iraq ê thó͘-tē.
Se-pan-gâ

**Se-pan-gâ Ông-kok** (西班牙王國, Se-pan-gâ-gí: ) sī tī Au-chiu sai-lâm-pêng ê 1 ê ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok, siú-hú tī Madrid. Tī Iberia Poàn-tó téng-kôan kan-nā ū i, Phû-tô-gâ, Gibraltar kap Andorra. Tī i ê tang-pak-pêng, kóe Pirineo Soaⁿ-lêng, sī Hoat-kok kap sió-kok Andorra. I koh ū chit-koah sió-tó: siōng tōa ê sī Balear Kûn-tó kap Canaria Kûn-tó; kap Hui-chiu pak-pêng 2 ê siâⁿ-chhī Ceuta kap Melilla.

Se-pan-gâ sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-ôan kok-ka, mā ū iōng euro.

Tī 17 sè-kí Se-pan-gâ ū-bat thóng-tī Tâi-oân pak-pō͘.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi



## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Se-pan-gâ Kok-ông
* Se-pan-gâ Chèng-hú
* El Tiempo
Hoat-kok

**Hoat-kok** (法國, Hoat-gú: ), ma kiò-chò **Hu̍t-lân-se**, **Pu̍t-lân-se** (佛蘭西), **Se-á-kok** (西仔國) kap **Hoat-lân-se** (法蘭西), sī Au-chiu sai-pêng ê kiōng-hô-kok. I ê chhù-piⁿ ū Pe̍k-ní-gī, Luxembourg, Tek-kok, Sūi-se, Í-tāi-lī, Monaco, Andorra, kap Se-pan-gâ. Hoat-kok sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hoat-khí hōe-oân ê 1 ê; ū iōng euro. I mā sī NATO, Liân-ha̍p-kok An-chôan Lí-sū-hōe ê hōe-oân. Hoat-kok ū he̍k-chú bú-khì.

## Tē-lí

Hoat-kok bīn-chek 550,000 km², sī se Au-chiu siōng toā ê kok-ka. I piⁿ--á ū Pak-hái, Eng-kok hái-kiap (Hoat-gí: *La Manche*, chhiú-ńg), Tāi-se-iûⁿ, kap Tē-tiong-hái; hái-hoāⁿ lóng-chóng sī 3,427 kong-lí tn̂g. 

Tî-liáu tang-pak-pêng ê pō͘-hūn, Hoat-kok ê piⁿ-kài chú-iàu sī thian-jiân ê kài-soàⁿ. Lâm-pêng ê Pirineo Soaⁿ-me̍h kā Hoat-kok kap Se-pan-gâ hun-khui. Tang-pêng ê Alpes kap Jura soaⁿ-me̍h sī i kap Í-tāi-lī í-ki̍p Sūi-se ê chū-jiân piⁿ-kài. 

Hoat-kok siōng tn̂g ê hô sī Loire Khe, tùi tang-lâm-pō͘ ê Ardèche-khu lâu khì sai-pêng ê Tāi-se-iûⁿ. Loire Khe ū 1,020 kong-lí tn̂g; i 117,000 km² ê liû-he̍k chhiau-kòe Hoat-kok bīn-chek ê gō͘-hun-chi-it.

## Le̍k-sú
Tī hiān-sî Hoat-kok só͘ hoat-hiān ê siāng kó͘ ê jîn-lūi tāi-iok chûn-chāi tī 1,800,000 nî chêng.  

Tī chêng 600 nî, Ionia-lâng tī Tē-tiong-hái kiàn-li̍p siâⁿ-chhī. Tông-sī, Gallia-lâng mā chìn-ji̍p liáu Hoat-kok.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Koh khoàⁿ
* Hoat-kok pún-thó͘

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Hoat-kok Chóng-lí  - Chèng-hú bāng-chām ji̍p-kháu
Oa̍t-lâm-gú

**Oa̍t-lâm-gí** () sī 1-khoán siaⁿ-tiāu giân-gú. I tùi Hàn-gí chioh chiâⁿ chē sû-lūi, kòe-khì mā bat iōng hàn-jī kap hóng hàn-jī ê bûn-jī su-siá. Chóng--sī giân-gú ha̍k-ka jīn-ûi Oa̍t-lâm-gí sio̍k-î "Lâm A-chiu gí-hē" (*Austroasiatic*) ê 1-chióng – kap Hàn-gí bô kâng ka-chok – jī-chhiáⁿ sī ka-chok-lāi siōng chē sú-iōng jîn-kháu ê sêng-oân, pí tē-2-tōa ê Khmer-gí chē-10 pōe.

Oa̍t-lâm-gí sī Oa̍t-lâm ê kok-chok kiam koaⁿ-hong gí-giân, sī 87% ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng ê bó-gí. Tī kok-gōa koh ū 2-pah-bān ê sú-iōng-chiá, iû-kî tī Bí-kok, Hoat-kok, sīm-chí Tâi-oân.

## Hun-lūi

Hiān-tāi ê hun-lūi-ha̍k kā Oa̍t-lâm-gí pâi tòa Lâm-a-chiu giân-gú ka-chok ê Mon-Khmer hun-ki ē-kha ê Viet-Muong lūi.

## Tē-lí hoān-ûi

Kin-kù Ethnologue, Oa̍t-lâm-gí tī sè-kài ê sú-iōng hoān-ûi pau-koat Australia, Kampuchea, Kha-ná-tah, Tiong-kok, Côte d'Ivoire, Suomi, Hoat-kok, Tek-kok, Lao-kok, Martinique, Hô-lân, Sin Caledonia, Norge, Hui-li̍p-pin, Senegal, Thài-kok, Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok, Bí-kok, Vanuatu. Tâi-oân mā ū kúi-ā-bān ê sú-iōng-chiá, chú-iàu sī gōa-lô kap gōa-lâi sim-pū.

### Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi

Oa̍t-lâm-gí sī Oa̍t-lâm ê koaⁿ-hong-gí.

### Hong-giân
Hong-giân chi-kan ē-tit sio-thong. Chú-iàu ū 3 chióng: Hà Nội (Pak Oa̍t-lâm-gí), Huế (Tiong Oa̍t-lâm-gí), Sài Gòn (Lâm Oa̍t-lâm-gí). In ê siaⁿ-tiāu sió-khoá ū cheng-chha, Huế hong-giân te̍k-pia̍t bô kâng. Pak Oa̍t-lâm-gí ê *hỏi* kap *ngã* ê tiāu pí lâm-pō· hong-giân khu-pia̍t khah bêng-hián.

Hiān-tāi ê phiau-chún-gí (hoat-im kap phèng-im) sī tòe Hà Nội ê tì-sek kai-chân ê khiuⁿ-kháu.

## Siaⁿ-ūn
Oa̍t-lâm-gí ū 6 ê siang-tiāu: *ngang*, *huyền*, *sắc*, *hỏi*, *ngã*, *nặng*.

## Bûn-jī
*Chú-iàu ê bûn-chiuⁿ: [[Oa̍t-lâm iōng Latin-jī ê le̍k-sú]]*

Hiān-tāi Oa̍t-lâm-bûn sī lô-má-jī ê 1-chióng.

### Hàn-jī
### Chữ nôm
### Quốc ngữ

## Chù-kái

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Oa̍t-lâm giân-gú bûn-hoà gían-kiù
* Vietnamese 101 Learn Vietnamese online

Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
Juan Carlos 1-sè

**Juan Carlos 1-sè** (, ), pún-miâ **Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón**, sī Se-pan-gâ ê kok-ông, 1975 nî 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t kàu 2014 nî 6 goe̍h 19 ji̍t chāi-ūi.
Chìⁿ hî kap má-lêng-chî-chhiam

縮圖|chìⁿ hî kap má-lêng-chî-chhiam
**Chìⁿ hî kap má-lêng-chî-chhiam** sī chìⁿ ê hî (tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī iōng soat-hî) kap hô-lân-chî-chhiam. Che sī tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok chin chhut-miâ, lâng chin ài chia̍h ê chia̍h-mı̍h. Hô-lân-chî chhiat chò 1 tiâu 1 tiâu--ê chhiam, hō-chò "chips", chiah chìⁿ; hî gōa-kháu ài seng pau mī-kô, chiah chìⁿ. Siōng-bóe téng-kôan hē iâm, ak chhò͘, iā-sī lóng chham.

Tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok, bē chìⁿ hî kap chips ê tiàm chin chōe. Pún-lâi iōng pò-chóa pau iû-lap-lap ê chìⁿ hî kap chips, chit-má iōng chóa lok-á iā-sī iōng pho·-lí-lóng ê khé-á.

## Liân-kiat

* National Association of Fish Friers
Pe̍k-ní-gī

**Pe̍k-ní-gī Ông-kok** (), mā thang kiò chò **Pí-lī-sî** () ia̍h-sī **Tāi-pí-kok** () (Hô-lân-gí: *België*, Hoat-gí: *Belgique*, Tek-gí: *Belgien*) sī sai Au-chiu ê 1 ê kok-ka, piⁿ--á ū Hô-lân, Tek-kok, Luxembourg, Hoat-kok kap Pak-hái. Pe̍k-ní-gī sī bûn-hòa ê kau-kài: pak-pêng ū kóng Tek-gú-hē ê Vlaams-gú ê lâng; lâm-pêng ū kóng Latin-gú-hē Hoat-gú ê Wallonie-lâng. Pe̍k-ní-gī ê le̍k-sú, hiàn-hoat, kap chèng-tī cho͘-chit hoán-siā chit-ê tia̍t-pia̍t chōng-hóng.

Pe̍k-ní-gī siú-hú tī Brussel. I sī 1 ê ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok kap Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-ôan kok-ka, mā ū iōng euro.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
### Siā-lí

### Toā-khu

## Chù-kha
Ò-tē-lī

**Ò-tē-lī** (奧地利), í-chá mā kiò **Ò-thài-lī** (澳太利), choân-miâ **Ò-tē-lī Kiōng-hô-kok** (Tek-gí: *Republik Österreich*), tī tiong Au-chiu ê kok-ka, iû 9 ê *[[Bundesland]]* chó͘ liân-pang. Tang-kok bô hái-hoāⁿ, pak-pêng ū Tek-kok, Chesko; tang-pêng ū Slovakia, Hông-gâ-lī; lâm-pêng ū Slovenia, Í-tāi-lī; sai-pêng ū Sūi-se, Liechtenstein.

## Hō-miâ
Ò-tē-lī ê Tek-gí miâ-jī hō-chò *Österreich*, ì-sù sī “Tang-hng ê kok”. Tī Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok sî-tāi, in-ūi chia sī tī tè-kok ê tang-pêng, só͘-í hō-chò chia miâ-jī.

Chi̍t kóa Ho̍h-ló-ōe sû-tián lāi-bīn ké-soeh Ò-tē-lī ia̍h ū **Tāi-ò-su-má-ka-kok** ê kóng-hoat. Chóng-sī chi̍t-ê miâ giâm-keh ê ì-sù sī í-chá Ò-tē-lī pun khoân hō͘ Hông-gâ-lī sán-seng ê "Ò-Hông Tè-kok".

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chham-khó
Ku-pí-lō͘

**Ku-pí-lō͘** (; ; ) sī tiàm tī Tē-tiong-hái ê tó-sū kok-ka, tī Thó͘-ní-kî lâm-pêng 113 km ê Ku-pí-lō͘-tó. 

Chiū Tē-lí-ha̍k lâi-kóng Ku-pí-lō͘ sio̍k Sai-a, m̄-ko bûn-hòa ia̍h-sī keng-chè kap Au-chiu sio-oá. 2004 nî Ku-pí-lō͘ chham-ka Au-chiu Liân-bêng, 2008 nî khai-sí sú-iōng euro.

Tó ê pak-pō͘ si 1983 nî soan-pò͘ to̍k-li̍p ê Pak Ku-pí-lō͘.

## Tē-lí

Lūi-pia̍t:Tó-kok
Hô-lân Ông-kok

**Hô-lân Ông-kok** (Hô-lân-gí: *Koninkrijk der Nederlanden*, "Kē-tē ê Ông-kok"), sī 1 ê ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok. Kin-á-ji̍t ê Hô-lân Ông-kok sī chi̍t ê iû 4 ê kò͘-sêng-kok liân-ha̍p cho͘-sêng ê ông-kok: Hô-lân, Aruba, Curaçao kap Sint Maarten.

2010 nî 10 goe̍h 10 ji̍t, Hô-lân Ông-kok hùi-tû i ê chū-tī-kok Hô-lân léng Antilles, kái choè 3 ê kò͘-sêng-kok: Aruba, Curaçao kap Sint Maarten; í-ki̍p 3 ê Caribe Hô-lân ê chū-tī-chhī: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius kap Saba.

## Hô-lân Ông-kok ê kò͘-sêng-kok

## Siong-koan

Lūi-pia̍t:Kok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-lân
Sūi-se

**Sūi-se** (瑞西, Tek-gí: *Schweiz*, Hoat-gí: *Suisse*, Í-tāi-lī-gí: *Svizzera*, Romansh-gí: *Svizra*), a̍h-sī **Sūi-sū** (瑞士), chiàⁿ-miâ **Sūi-se Pang-liân** (Tek-gí: *Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft*, Hoat-gí: *Confédération suisse*, Í-tāi-lī-gí: *Confédération suisse*, Romansh-gí: *Confederaziun svizra*, Latin-gí: *Confoederatio Helvetica*), sī Tiong-au kok-ka, sì-chiu-ûi ū Tek-kok, Hoat-kok, Í-tāi-lī, Ò-tē-lī, Liechtenstein. 

Sūi-se ū chèng-tī, kun-sū tiong-li̍p ê thoân-thóng, siâng-sî koh sī kok-chè ha̍p-chok ê tiong-sim. Bô chham-ka Au-chiu Liân-bêng; 2002 nî chham-ka Liân-ha̍p-kok. 

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Tek-kok

**Tek-kok** (德國), í-chá mā kiò **To̍k-kok** (獨國), **To̍k-e̍k** (獨逸), **To̍k-it** (獨乙) ia̍h-sī **Tek-ì-chì** (德意志), choân-miâ **To̍k-it Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok** (Tek-gí: *Bundesrepublik Deutschland*) sī Au-chiu sai-pêng ê keng-chè toā kok. Pak-hong ū Pak-hái, Tan-be̍h, Pe̍h-hái; tang-hong ū Pho-lân, Chesko; lâm-hong ū Ò-tē-lī, Sūi-se; sai-hong ū Hoat-kok, Luxembourg, Pe̍k-ní-gī, kap O-lân.

Tek-kok tī Au-chiu Liân-bêng lāi-té ū siong-tong ê éng-hióng-la̍t.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Keng-chè

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Tek-kok koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām ji̍p-kháu
* Te-kok tē-tô͘
Hô-lân

**Hô-lân**( / , , ì-sù: "Kē-tē") ah **O-lân** ()  sī kun-chú li̍p-hiàn kok-ka Hô-lân Ông-kok (*Koninkrijk der Nederlanden*)--ê kò͘-sêng-kok. "Kē-tē Kok-ka" (Low Countries/Benelux) ê 1 hūn-chú. I sī tī sai-pak Au-chiu, kap Pak Hái, Pe̍k-ní-gī, Tek-kok sio-liâm. 

Hô-lân pau-koat Hô-lân; in-ūi Hô-lân sī kó·-chá O-lân 7 Séng Liân-ha̍p (1581 nî kàu 1795 nî) ê keng-chè niá-thâu ê séng, só·-í lâng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kā Nederland kap Hô-lân lām chò-hóe; taⁿ sı̍t-chāi Hô-lân sī Hô-lân ê 2 ê séng: Pak Hô-lân kap Lâm Hô-lân.

Hô-lân sī Au-chiu Liân-bêng ê hōe-ôan kok-ka, mā ū iōng euro.

Hô-lân tī 17 sè-kì ū-bat thóng-tī Tâi-oân.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

### Séng
:''Chham-khó: O-lân ê séng

Hô-lân hun chò 12 ê séng.
* Drenthe
* Flevoland
* Friesland
* Gelderland
* Groningen
* Lâm Hô-lân
* Limburg
* Overijssel
* Pak Brabant
* Pak Hô-lân
* Utrecht
* Zeeland

### Hô-lân Caribe Tē-khu

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

## Chù-kái


Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-lân
Í-tāi-lī

**Í-tāi-lī Kiōng-hô-kok** (以大利共和國), kū-miâ **Ì-kok** (意國), **Tāi-gī-kok** (大義國) (Italia, ), Tâi-oân-ōe ū kóng **I-tá-lí-ah** (*Italia*), sī tī Au-chiu lâm-pêng ê kok-ka. I thó͘-tē chú-iàu sī iû Tē-tiong-hái tiong-ng chi̍t-ê hêng-chōng ná-chhiūⁿ tn̂g-tháng-hia ê poàn-tó kap hū-kīn ê tó-sū cho͘-sêng. Kî-tiong siōng-toā ê tó-sū sī Sicilia kap Sardegna. Piⁿ-á ê kok-ka ū Hoat-kok, Sūi-se, Ò-tē-lī, kap Slovenia. Ū nn̄g-ê kok-ka, San Marino kap Vaticano, oân-choân hō͘ Italia pau tī lāi-té. 

Í-tāi-lī ū chham-ka Au-chiu Liân-bêng, mā ū iōng euro.

## Hêng-chèng-khu

## Chù-kha
Hun-lân

**Hun-lân** (芬蘭, , ) choân-miâ kiò chò **Hun-lân Kiông-hô-kok**, tī Pak Au ê kok-ka. Hun-lân ê sai-hong sī Bothnia-oan; sai-lâm-hong sī Baltic Hái; lâm-hong sī Hun-lân-oan. Lio̍k-tē ê piⁿ-kài hām Sūi-tián, Lo̍k-ui, Lō͘-se-a kong-ke; hái-bīn ê piⁿ-kài hām Estonia kong-ke. Oá sai-lâm-hoāⁿ ê Åland-tó mā sio̍k-î Hun-lân, m̄-koh ū siong-tong ê chū-tī koân.

Toā-pō͘-hūn ê Au-chiu, A-chiu gí-giân toè Sūi-tián-gí, kā i hō-chò 'Finland' a̍h-sī lūi-sū ê hoat-im.

## Le̍k-sú

Hun-lân 1917-nî tok-lip; tī 1995-nî chiaⁿ-ge̍h chèng-sek ka-ji̍p Au-chiu Liân-bêng.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Hun-lân Chèng-hú
Alexandre de Rhodes

**Alexandre de Rhodes** (Oa̍t-lâm-gí: A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ; 1591 nî 3 go̍eh 15 - 1660 nî 11 go̍eh 5), Hoat-kok lâng ê Iâ-so͘-hoē thoân-kàu-sū. I kái-chìn Oa̍t-lâm-gí ê La-teng su-siá hē-thóng (āu--lâi ê Quốc Ngữ).

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Oa̍t-lâm iōng Latin-jī ê le̍k-sú

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* http://www.vietnamjournal.org/article.php?sid=124
Iâ-so͘-hoē

**Iâ-so͘-hoē** (Latin-gú: *Societas Iesu*) sī 1-ê Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu ê siu-tō-hoē. 1534 nî 1 tīn Paris Tāi-ha̍k gían-kiù-seng hoat-khí--ê, thâu-lâng sī Iñigo Lopez de Loyola (Loyola ê Ignatius).

Europa kok-ka ê chèng-koân tùi Iâ-so͘-hoē put-boán. Kàu kah 1767 nî ū Portugal, Hoat-kok, Nn̄g ê Sicilia, Parma, Se-pan-gâ téng-kok kā Iâ-so͘-hoē tùi niá-thó͘ (pau-koat si̍t-bîn-tē) koáⁿ-cháu. Tī 1773 nî, Kàu-chong Clement XIV chhiam-jī táⁿ-ap tī só͘-ū Thian-chú-kàu kok-ka ê Iâ-so͘-hoē. Kàu 19 sè-kí Iâ-so͘-hoē chiah koh têng khai-sí oa̍h-tōng.

Hiān-tāi ê Iâ-so͘-hoē iû-goân mî-nōa chò thoân-kàu kap kàu-io̍k ê sū-kang.

Tī Latin Bí-chiu ū-kóa Iâ-so͘-hoē hūn-chú kiâⁿ Thían-chú-kàu ê chó-phài lō͘-soàⁿ. In chhui-kóng Tháu-pa̍k Sîn-ha̍k.

## Liân-kiat
* http://www.jesuit.org.tw/ 
* http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dqsj0.html

Lūi-pia̍t:Iâ-so͘-hoē
Bí-kok

**Bí-kok** ( ia̍h-sī ), choân-miâ **A-bí-lī-ka Ha̍p-chiòng-kok** (亞米利加合眾國, , "Tī Bí-chiu ê Liân-ha̍p Chu-kok"), mā thang kiò chò **A-be̍k-lī-ka** (亞墨利加), **Bí-lī-kian** (美利堅) ia̍h **Hoe-kî** (花旗), sī tī Pak Bí-chiu, Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê 1 ê liân-pang kiōng-hô-kok. I ê niá-thó· tùi tang-pō͘ ê Tāi-se-iûⁿ hái-hoāⁿ kàu kah se-pō͘ ê Thài-pêng-iûⁿ. Pak-pêng ê lio̍k-tē piⁿ-kài kap Canada sio-liâm; lâm-pêng kap México sio-óa. Tī sai-pêng hái-siōng hām Lō͘-se-a sio-tú. Lēng-gōa koh ū hái-gōa ê niá-thó͘, pau-koat Puerto Rico, Midway Khoân-chiau, Guam. Bí-kok ū 50 ê chiu; tī liân-pang chè-tō͘ hā, in bó͘-chióng thêng-tō͘ ū ka-kī tē-hng ê chū-tī-koân.

## Tē-lí

Chiap tī Ka-ná-tah ê Iân-hái-tē (*The Maritimes*), sī Sin Eng-lân ê pak-pō͘, lāi-bīn hâm Maine, New Hampshire, kap Vermont; in hiòng lâm sī kang-gia̍p hoat-ta̍t ê lâm-pō͘ Sin Eng-lân, pau-koat Massachusetts, Connecticut kap Rhode Island.

Sin Eng-lân ê soaⁿ-tē thang kòe New Jersey ê pak-pō͘, thòng ji̍p Pennsylvania ê tang-pō͘. Chit tè koân-tē hō chò Reading Prong, ū Hudson Kang tùi tang-tiong chhiat khui keng-kòe.

## Le̍k-sú

Siōng-bô tī 15,000 nî í-chêng, siōng chá ê chū-bîn chio̍h keng-kòe Siberia lâi kàu Pak Bí-chiu. Pí-lūn kî-tiong chi̍t kûn sī Mississippi bûn-hòa, ùi lông-gia̍p, kiàn-tio̍k, kok-ka-hòa ê siā-hōe lóng ū it-tēng ê hoat-tián.

Ha̍k-kài tùi hiān-chāi sio̍k Bí-kok chia só͘-chāi tī Au-chiu-lâng lâi kàu chìn-chêng ê jîn-kháu bô chheng-chhó ê sò͘-jī, chóng-sī ē-tàng thui-chhek tai-khài 200 bān kàu 1000 bān chó͘-iū. Chāi-tē bûn-bêng ê seng-gōa hong-sek kok-tē bô kâng; hit-chūn, chhin-chhiūⁿ khiā tī kin-á-ji̍t Ohio kap Illinois tē-hng ê Hopewell lâng, chin gâu chè-chō kim-sio̍k-khì, sī lông-gia̍p-sek ê siā-hōe; Nā chhiūⁿ Mississippi kap Missouri ê Cahokia lâng, sī khah chū-jiân seng-oa̍h ê siā-hōe.

## Jîn-kháu

Chiàu Bí-kok Phó͘-cha Kio̍k ê ko͘-sǹg, thong Bí-kok ê jîn-kháu tī 2017 nî 7 goe̍h sî ū  as of July 1, 2017, pêng-kin lâi sǹg ta̍k kang ke 6,646 lâng.

## Chèng-hú kap chèng-tī
### Chèng-tī hun-khu

Bí-kok ê Chòe-ko Hoat-īⁿ tī 1999 nî *[[Alden v. Maine]]* àn-kiāⁿ ê châi-phòaⁿ tang-tiong, chí chhut Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat sī kā Bí-kok ê chú-iàu chú-khoân ê tiòng-iàu chi̍t pō͘-hūn lâu hō͘ koh chiu (*state*), lâi pó-chûn koh chiu ê chú-khoân tē-ūi. Chi̍t khoán hêng-sek thang chheng chò sī "siang-têng chú-khoân-sèng" (*dual sovereignty*).

## Chham-chiàu
### Su-chì
* 
* 

### Chù-kha
Ka-thiok

**Ka-thiok**, mā ē-sái kóng **cheng-siⁿ**, sī chi̍t koá sûn-hoà ê tōng-bu̍t, it-poaⁿ sī chhī lâi chò khang-khoè, ēng chò chia̍h-mi̍h a̍h-sī bé-bōe. Tī kang-gia̍p siā-hōe, chhī ê lâng it-poaⁿ sī Thiok-bo̍k-gia̍p ê gia̍p-chiá.

Khah phó͘-phiàn ê ka-thiok:

* ah
* bé
* gô
* gû
* Iûⁿ
* koe
* lû
* mî-iûⁿ
* tu
* thò͘-á
Hokkien

**Hokkien** chit-ê miâ-sū, tī Hoan-pêng (Tang-lâm-a) iōng-lâi piáu-sī : 

# Hok-kiàn-lâng (kî-si̍t sī Bân-lâm-lâng)
# Bân-lâm-gú (Tâi-oân-lâng ê Hō-ló-oē).

Hō· lâng kám-kak ûi-hām ê tāi-chì sī: kàu-kah hiān-chú-sī,"Hokkien" chit-ê sū iáu-bōe hō· English chèng-sek siu-pian--jı̍p-khì.

Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
Hoan-pêng

**Hoan-pêng** (Hàn-jī: "番爿")  Che sī khah-chá Bân-lâm-lâng tùi Tang-lâm-a kok-ka ê chheng-ho·. 

Kòe-khì, "Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k" hō-chò "Tn̂g-soaⁿ"; "hôa-kiâu" hō-chò "hoan-kheh" (番客).  Hoan-pêng, hoan-kheh lóng ū khin-sī ê ì-bī tī teh, piáu-sī bô bûn-bêng.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Âng-mn̂g-hoan
* Hoan-á
* Hoan-be̍h
* Hoan-jī

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hòa
Bân-lâm-gú hoat-gôan

**Bân-lâm-gí ê hêng-sêng**

Se-chìn bo̍at-nî, Lo̍k-iông sit-siú, Chin ông-sek lâm chhian. Hit-tong-sî lo̍h-lâm tô-lān ê hàn-jîn, ū chı̍t-pō·-hūn lâng lâi-kàu liáu chit-chūn ê Bân-tiong, Bân-pak; Tang-chìn bia̍t-bông liáu-āu, lo̍h-lâm ê hàn-jîn iū-koh khok-sàn kàu Bân-tang, Bân-lâm, ū chı̍t-pō·-hūn lâng tēng-ki tī Chôan-chiu sì-kho·-lìn-tńg ê Chìn-kang (晋江) liû-he̍k. Tông-tiâu ê si-jîn Tiuⁿ-Che̍k tī *Éng-ka-hêng* tang-tiong án-ne siá " pak-jîn phek-hô· kai-chāi lâm, lâm-jîn chì-kim lêng pak-gú " ( ì-su sī kóng: pak-hng lâng siám-phiah chiàn-lōan lâi-kàu lâm-pêng, ah lâm-pêng lâng iu-gôan ē-hiáu kóng pak-á-ōe ), che thé-hiān liáu tng-sî ê sı̍t-chè chêng-hóng. Tùi Hān-tāi kàu Se-chìn, Lo̍k-iông it-tı̍t sǹg-sī kiaⁿ-to·, lo̍h-lâm ê hàn-jîn tòa-lâi hô-lo̍k koaⁿ-ōe, chiâⁿ-chòe Bân-lâm-ōe ê ki-chhó· . Tông-chóng-chiong jī-nî ( se-gôan 669-nî ), Chôan-chiu kah Tiô-chiu chō-hóan, Hô-lâm Kong-chiu Ko·-sí lâng Tân-chèng hōng tiâu-têng chi-bēng, lo̍h-lâm pêng-hóan, chhōa-niá chióng-sū 132-lâng sûi-hêng, tìn-siú sūi-an ( chit-chūn ê Chiuⁿ-phó· kōan ) . Tân-chèng ê hiaⁿ-ko Tân-bín-sû lō·-bóe iū-koh chhōa-niá 58 sèⁿ ê lâng lâi-kàu Hok-kiàn chò-hóe phah-piàⁿ. Tân-chèng kòe-sin í-āu, in-kiáⁿ Tân-gôan-kong kè-sêng lāu-pē chì-gōan, pêng-tēng lōan-tóng,hōng-bēng tìn-siú Chiang-chiu, tī chia tn̂g-kî tēng-ki--lo̍h-lâi, khai-hoat Chiang-chiu. 

Kàu-kah Tong Khai-gôan nî-kan, chit-ê só·-chāi í-keng ū 5-bān hō· ki-bîn, sī hit-sî chôan Hok-kiàn jîn-kháu siōng-kài ba̍t ê tē-khu. Hit-sî ê Bân-lâm-ōe chha-put-to í-keng tēng-hêng--lo̍h-lâi. Tông-tiâu-bóe, Ông-tiâu, Ông-sím-ti iū-koh chhōa-tio̍h chin-chōe Tiong-gôan ê a-peng-ko kah peh-sèⁿ lâi Bân-lâm khui-hng, khai-khún.chóng--sī, Tông-tāi chit-nn̄g-kòa lâi-kàu Hok-kiàn ê pak-hng-lâng, tòa-lâi hit-sî ê Tiong-gôan Hàn-gí, chhiok-chìn Bân-lâm hong-giân hoat-seng chı̍t-kóa-á piàn-hòa. Tong-jiân, liáu-āu 1000-gōa-nî lâi Bân-lâm-lâng tī chit-tè thó·-tē tn̂g-kî tàu-tīn phah-piàⁿ chò-sit, che iū-koh sī chı̍t-ê piàn-hòa ê kòe-thêng. 

Kin-ná-jı̍t ê Bân-lâm-ōe, mā í-keng liû-thôan kàu gōa-tē.séng-lāi chú-iàu liû-thong tī Hok-kiàn tang-lâm iân-hái ê Tè-hûn soaⁿ-me̍h kah Pok-pêng soaⁿ-me̍h chi-kan, pau-koat Ē-mn̂g, Chôan-chiu, Chiang-chiu saⁿ ê tē-khu kóan-ha̍t ê 24-ê kōan-chhī, sī Hok-kiàn-séng siāng-tōa ê hong-giân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú
Bân-lâm

**Bân-lâm** sī Hok-kiàn-séng lâm-pō· tē-khu, pau-koat Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g, Chôan-chiu chit saⁿ-ê tē-kip-chhī (地級市), pún-sin bô sǹg-sī 1 ê hêng-chèng tan-ūi. 

## Tē-lí
**Bân-lâm Hā-Chiang-Chôan saⁿ-kak-chiu**, tiàm-tī Tiong-kok tang-lâm iân-hái, hái-he̍k khui-khoah, hái-hōaⁿ-sòaⁿ oan-oan-oat-oat, kúi-ā-pah kong-lí tn̂g. Tùi siōng pak-pêng ê Hūi-oaⁿ-kōan kàu-kah siōng lâm-pêng ê Tang-soaⁿ-kōan, hun-sòaⁿ tio̍h 1-ê sòa 1-ê iu-liông ê thian-jiân hái-káng.

## Bân-lâm bûn-hòa
*Bân-lâm bûn-hòa
**Bân-lâm-gí
**Im-ga̍k
***Hō-ló bîn-kan im-ga̍k
***Bân-lâm koa
**Hì-khiok
***Koa-á-hì
***Hiong-kio̍k
***Ko-kah-hì
***Pò·-tē-hì
***Ka-lé-hì
***Lâm-koán-hì (Lê-hn̂g-hì)
***Lâm-ga̍k (Lâm-im) 
**Gē-su̍t 
***Tak-chhùi-kó· 
***Chio̍h-tiau 
**Hong-siok 
**Kiàn-tiok

## Bân-lâm jîn-bu̍t
*Bân-lâm lâng 
**Khó· Tē-san 
**Lí Kong-chiân
**Lîm Khá-tī
**Lîm Gí-tông 
**Lô· Ka-sek 
**N̂g Tián-sêng
**Si Lông
**Siō Kang-hái
**Su Têng 
**Tân Kah-kiⁿ 
**Tân La̍k-sài
**Tân Tiong-hô
**Tīⁿ Sêng-kong
**Tiuⁿ Khek-hui

## Hái-gōa kau-thong
*Kòe-hoan 
*Hôa-kiâu

## Bân-lâm kah Tâi-ôan
Bân-lâm Tē-khu hām Tâi-ôan-tó keh 1-tiâu O·-chúi-kau (Tâi-ôan Hái-kiap), Ē-mn̂g kàu Ko-hiông ê tit-sòaⁿ kū-lī tāi-iok 365 kong-lí. Le̍k-sú kì-chài, tī Tiong-kok kó·-chá Sòng-Gôan ê sî-tāi, to̍h í-keng ū Hok-kiàn-lâng liâu-kòe O·-chúi-kau khi Tâi-ôan khui-hng. Kàu-kah Bêng-tiâu, Chheng-tiâu chit-2-ê tiâu-tē, Bân-lâm siā-hōe khai-sí tōa kui-bô· hiòng Tâi-ôan tē-khu î-bîn. Tēⁿ Sêng-kong phah-pāi Hô-lân-lâng liáu-āu, chôaⁿ tī chit-ê ko·-tó kiàn-to·, kā i tòng-chò hóan-Chheng hok-Bêng ê kin-kì-tē. Tēⁿ Sêng-kong ê lâng-bé tōa-to-sò· sī hit-tong-sî Chôan-chiu-hú kah Chiang-chiu-hú ê peh-sìⁿ, chià-ê lâng kā kò·-hiong ê Chiang-Chôan bûn-hòa chah-lâi-kàu Tâi-ôan. Kong-gôan 1683 nî, Kong-hi hông-tē thóng-it Tâi-ôan, siat-li̍p **Tâi-ôan-hú**, lē-sio̍k Hok-kiàn-séng kóan-ha̍t. Chhú-khì 200 nî ê tiong-kan, Tâi-ôan it-ti̍t sio̍k-î Hok-kiàn-séng, koh ū chiok-chōe chiok-chōe ê Chiang-Chôan jîn-sū liâu-chúi kòe Tâi-ôan. Chit-ê sî-chūn, Bân-lâm-lâng í-keng tī Tâi-ôan chiām 7-8-siâⁿ, Chiang-Chôan bûn-hòa chiâⁿ-chòe Tâi-ôan siā-hōe ê chú-liû. 1895 nî ~ 1945 nî chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan, sui-jiân Tâi-ôan piàn-sêng Ji̍t-pún ê si̍t-bîn-tē, m̄-koh Bân-Tâi 2-hōaⁿ ê bîn-kan kàu-óng ôan-á m̄-bat tn̄g-kòe. 1945 nî, Ji̍t-pún thiat-lī Tâi-ôan liáu-āu, 2-tē ê kau-óng koh-khah chia̍p. 1949 nî liáu-āu, in-ūi Kok-Kiōng hun-lia̍t, Lióng-hōaⁿ koh-chài 1-pái hun-lî. It-tit kàu-kah 1989 nî khai-hòng tham-chhin í-āu, Lióng-hōaⁿ ê kau-liû chiah-koh ûn-ûn-á lāu-jia̍t--khí-lâi.
Choân-chiu-chhī

**Choân-chiu-chhī/chhǐ** (Hàn-jī: 泉州市；Choân-chiu-ōe: Choân-chiu-chhǐ) sī Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn-séng ê tē-kip-chhī, ūi-tī Hok-kiàn ê tang-lâm-pō͘, Tâi-ôan Hái-kiap sai-hōaⁿ, tang-keng 117-tō͘ 25-hun kàu 119-tō͘ 05-hun, pak-úi (北緯) 24-tō͘ 30-hun kàu 25-tō͘ 56-hun, tang-sai chóng-khoah 153 kong-lí, lâm-pak chôan-tn̂g 157 kong-lí. Chôan-chiu kah Tâi-ôan "keh-hái-sio-khòaⁿ", siōng-kīn--e, lī Tâi-ôan kan-nā 97 hái-lí. Chôan-chhī thó͘-tē bīn-chek 11,015 pêng-hong kong-lí.

## Tē-lí
Chôan-chiu-chhī óa-soaⁿ khò-hái, ū kôan-soaⁿ, ū pêⁿ-iûⁿ; ū hô-liû, ū hái-káng. Khî-tiong 1000 kong-chhioh í-siōng ê tōa-soaⁿ 455-chō, chú-iàu hun-pò͘ tī Tek-hōe, Éng-chhun, An-khoe, Lâm-oaⁿ ê soaⁿ-khu. Tē-hûn soaⁿ-me̍h chū tang-pak hiòng sai-lâm chhun-tn̂g, chú-hong kôan 1856 kong-chhioh, hō͘-lâng pí-lūn chòe " Hok-kiàn ê tiong-chit " (閩中屋脊). 

Chôan-chiu hái-hōaⁿ-sòaⁿ oan-kiau khiok-chiat, tōa-to-sò͘ sī giâm-chio̍h hái-hoaⁿ, chôan-tn̂g tāi-iok 421 kong-lí. Kang-oan 4-ūi, sī Bî-chiu-oan, Chôan-chiu-oan, Chhim-hō͘-oan kah Ûi-thâu-oan; lēng-gōa koh-ū khang-kháu 14-ūi.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi
Chôan-chiu ē-kha si̍t-chè thóng-tī 4 ê khu, 4 ê koān kap 3 ê koān-kip-chhī, iáu ū 1 ê bô si̍t-chè thóng-tī ê koān: Kim-mn̂g-koān.

* Lí-siâⁿ-khu ()
* Hong-te̍k-khu ()
* Lo̍k-kang-khu ()
* Chôan-káng-khu ()
* Chìn-kang-chhī ()
* Chio̍h-sai-chhī ()
* Lâm-oaⁿ-chhī ()
* Hūi-oaⁿ-koān ()
* An-khoe-koān ()
* Éng-chhun-koān () 
* Tek-hòe-koān () 
* *[[Kim-mn̂g-koān]] () (Taⁿ bô si̍t-chè thóng-tī.)*

## Jîn-kháu kap gú-giân

Se-gôan 1997-nî té, Chôan-chiu-chhī jîn-kháu chóng-sò͘ ta̍t-kàu 646-bān lâng, kî-tiong chhī-khu jîn-kháu 21.8-bān, chôan-chhī jîn-kháu, Hàn-cho̍k siāng-chē, chhiàm 99% khah-ke, sió-sò͘ bîn-cho̍k chú-iàu sī Hôe-chok, Bông-kó͘-cho̍k, Sia-cho̍k, Miâu-cho̍k. Chôan-chiu siâⁿ-hiuⁿ thong-iōng ê gú-giân sī Phó͘-thong-ōe kah Bân-lâm-gú. 

Chôan-chiu sī chhut-miâ ê kiâu-hiong kah Tâi-ôan-lâng ê chó͘-che̍k-tē. Bo̍k-chiân lâi-kóng, chó·-ke Chôan-chiu ê hôa-kiâu ū 620-gōa-bān lâng, Káng-Ò tông-pau 75-bān lâng. Hái-gōa chin-chōe keng-chè-kài kah kho-ki bûn-hòa-kài ê miâ-lâng, chó͘-ke tī Chôan-chiu. Chôan-chiu ê hôa-kiâu chı̍p-tiong tī Tang-lâm-a. Tâi-ôan Hàn-jîn ū 44.8% ê lâng chó͘-che̍k sī Chôan-chiu. Chôan-chiu kah Tâi-ôan, huih-me̍h siong-chhin, bûn-hòa sio-kâng, gí-giân sio-thong.

## Bûn-hòa

Chôan-chiu sī Tiong-kok Kok-bū-īⁿ thâu-chı̍t-phoe kong-pò 24-ê le̍k-sú bûn-hòa bêng-siâⁿ chi-chı̍t. sī Tiong-kok kó͘-tāi "tong-hong tē-it tōa-káng", sī "Hái-siōng Si-tiû chi Lō͘" ê khí-tiám.
### sió-chia̍h

choân-chiu iû-î le̍k-sú iu-kiú, lî-chhiáⁿ lîn-bûn hong-hù, bûn-hòa kau-hōe, só͘-í ū chin-chē ê bí-si̍t, pí-jū, mi-sòaⁿ-kô͘ (麵線糊), thô͘-sún-tāng (土筍凍), ô-á-chian (蚵仔煎), sù-kó͘-thng (四果湯), iûⁿ-kam-ki (余乾枝), soàn-iông-ki (蒜蓉枝), bah-chàng (肉粽), chhài-thâu-sng (菜頭酸), lūn-piaⁿ-kàu (潤餅卷), gû-bah-kiⁿ (牛肉羹), kòng-thn̂g (貢糖), ke-kńg (雞卷), so͘-kó (酥糕), ô-piáⁿ (蠣餅), tāu-koaⁿ (金淘豆乾), hông-lāi koe-kha (洪瀨雞爪).

### thó͘-oē
choân-chiu chī thó͘-oē chú-iàu sī choân-chiu-ōe, gí-giân-ha̍k bīn-téng kui-lūi sio̍k-î bân-lâm-gí ê choân-chiang-phìⁿ. 

Chhiáⁿ cham-khó Bân-lâm bûn-hòa
Tāi-se-iûⁿ

**Tāi-se-iûⁿ** () sī Tē-kiû tē-2-tōa ê hái-iûⁿ, i ê bīn-chek iok-lio̍k sī Tē-kiû ê gō͘ hun chi it, 7676 bān 2 chheng pêng-hong kong-lí. Pêng-kin chhim-tō͘ 3627 kong-chhioh, siōng chhim ê só͘-chāi sī Puerto Rico Hái-kau, chhim 8605 kong-chhioh. Lán ē-sái í Chhiah-tō ûi kài, kā lâm, pak hun-chò Pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ kap Lâm Tāi-se-iûⁿ. Tāi-se-iûⁿ ê pak-pêng liân-chiap Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ, lâm-pêng tī lâm-hūi 60° liân-chiap Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ.
Eng-gí

**Eng-gú** (英語) ia̍h-sī **Eng-gí**, **Eng-kiat-lī-gí** (英吉利語), sī 1 chióng Se Tek-gí-hē ê gí-giân, i ê goân-thâu tī Eng-kok. Eng-gí ê bó-gí jîn-kháu chhiau-kòe 4-ek (2002 nî sò͘-kì). Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok kap āu--lâi Bí-kok tī kun-sū, keng-chè, kho-ha̍k, chèng-tī, bûn-hòa ê éng-hióng tì-sú Eng-gí chiâⁿ-chò sè-kài chú-iàu ê thong-hêng-gí chi it.

## Kán-sú

Kóng Tek-gí-hē gí-giân ê Angle, Saxon, Jute téng-téng ê pō͘-lo̍k tī Se-goân 500 nî chó-iū khai-sí si̍t-bîn Britain-tó. In chi-phoè pún-té í-keng tī England tē-khu ê Celt-gí cho̍k-kûn. In ê hong-giân sī Eng-gí ê sian-chó͘, āu--lâi chheng-ho͘ sī Kó͘ Eng-gí (Old English). Kó· Eng-gí oan-nā siū Kó͘ Norse-gí (Old Norse) chit ê Tek-gí-hē hong-giân éng-hióng. Hiān-tāi ê hun-lūi jīn-ûi Kó͘ Eng-gí î-chhî kàu 1100 nî, Norman-lâng chhim-lio̍k Britain-tó liáu-āu bô joā kú. *Beowulf* sī Kó͘ Eng-gí ê tāi-piáu-chok.

Norman-lâng toà--lâi ê Kó͘ Hoat-gí (Old French) chhim-chhim éng-hióng Tiong Eng-gí (Middle English), iok-lio̍k tùi 1100 nî (Norman-lâng tī 1066 nî khai-sí thóng-tī) kàu 1500 nî (ìn-soat-ki hoat-bêng liáu-āu). Tiong Eng-gí sî-kî lâu--lo̍h-lâi siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê tù-chok sī Geoffrey Chaucer ê *The Canterbury Tales*. Chit toāⁿ sî-kî Eng-gí keng-koè Ūn-bó Toā Soá-ūi (Eng-gí: Great Vowel Shift) ê im-ta̍t piàn-chhian, liáu-āu chiâⁿ-chò Hiān-tāi Eng-gí (Modern English).

Hiān-tāi Eng-gí tùi William Shakespeare ê sî-tāi khai-sí hoat-tián. I ê gí-hoat, hoat-im chêng hit-chūn kàu taⁿ goân-chek-siōng bô kái-piàn, ke̍k-ke sû-lūi ū toā cheng-ka niā-niā. Ū-ê ha̍k-chiá khu-pia̍t chá-kî kap āu-kî (1800 nî) ê Hiān-tāi Eng-gí. 1800 nî liáu-āu, Tai-eng Tè-kok chiàm-niá sè-kài toā pō͘-hūn, siâng-sî ia̍h siū hia ê gí-giân éng-hióng.

## Hun-lūi

Eng-gí sio̍k Ìn-Au gí-hē chi-hā ê Tek-gí-hē.

Eng-gí siōng chhin ê hiān-tāi chhin-chiâⁿ sī Scots kap Frysk. Koan-hē khah hn̄g--tām-po̍h-á ê gí-giân sī Kē-tē Saxon-gí (tī Hô-lân tang-pêng kap Tek-kok pak-pō͘). Kî-thaⁿ ū koan-hē ê gí-giân ū Hô-lân-gí, Afrikaans, Tek-gí, Pak Au ê gí-giân. In-ūi Eng-gí tùi Norman-lâng ê Hoat-gí khip-siu chē-chē sû-lūi, bat Eng-gí ê lâng mā ē-tit liáu-kái chin chē Hoat-gí ê sû; phèng-im, ì-sù mā sio-oá he̍k-chiá kāng-khoán.

## Siaⁿ-im

### Ūn-bó

### Siaⁿ-bó

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Re-Romanization of English

	

*
Hàn-Chōng gí-hē

**Hàn-Chōng gí-hē** lóng-chóng ū 4-ê gí-cho̍k, in sī: Hàn, Tông-Thài, Miâu-Iâu, Chōng-Bián. 

Hàn-Chōng gí-hē tang-tiong kok-chióng gí-giân ê chú-iàu te̍k-tiám sī: 

# ū siaⁿ-tiāu; 
# tan-im-chiat ê sû-kin (詞根) chiàm tāi-pō·-hūn; 
# ū liōng-sû;
# sú-iōng hi-sû (虛詞) kah gí-sū (語序) choh-ûi piáu-ta̍t gí-hoat ì-gī ê chú-iàu hong-sek.
Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat

## Pe̍h-ōe-jī jī-bó
26 ê jī-bó (16 ê tan-jī-bó, 10 ê siang-jī-bó)

: A/a Aⁿ/aⁿ B/b CH/ch CHH/chh E/e Eⁿ/eⁿ G/g 
: H/h I/i Iⁿ/iⁿ J/j K/k KH/kh L/l M/m N/n NG/ng
: O/o O͘/o͘ Oⁿ/oⁿ P/p PH/ph T/t TH/th U/u
 


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  O͘,O&#x0358;


  Ó͘


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*http://lomaji.com/poj/specs/chart.html 

## Siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō ê phiat-hoat (kòa-im-hoat)

### Tan bó-im

 

  ÁÉÍÓÓ͘Ú
  áéíóó͘ú




### Phiⁿ-im-bóe tan bó-im

 

  ÁᴺÉᴺÍᴺÓ͘ᴺÁᴺHÉᴺHÍᴺH
  áⁿéⁿíⁿó͘ⁿáⁿhéⁿhíⁿh
  



### Im-chat-hòa bó-im

 

  ḾŃGḿńg



### Siang bó-im

 

  ÁÉÍÓÓ͘Ú
  áéíóó͘ú



### Tan bó-im + phiⁿ-im-bóe

 

  MNNGmnng


  ÁÁMÁNÁNGÁmÁnÁng  


  ÉÉMÉNÉNGÉmEnÉng  


  ÍÍMÍNÍNGÍmÍnÍng  


  ÓÓMÓNÓNGÓmÓnÓng  


  Ó͘Ó͘MÓ͘NÓ͘NGÓ͘mÓ͘nÓ͘ng  


  ÚÚMÚNÚNGÚmÚnÚng  


  áámánáng  


  ééménéng  


  íímíníng  


  óómónóng  


  ó͘ó͘mó͘nó͘ng  


  úúmúnúng  




* Phiⁿ-im ê hit-ê 'ⁿ' bô sèng 1-jī.

*http://lomaji.com/poj/specs/phiat-hoat.html
Hô-lân (tē-tài)

**Hô-lân** (**Holland**) sī Hô-lân ê 1 ê só·-chāi, goân-pún sī Hô-lân ê 1 ê séng, 1840 nî hun chòe 2 ê séng, Pak Hô-lân kap Lâm Hô-lân.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-lân
Kok-chè Su-hoat Hoat-īⁿ

**Kok-chè Su-hoat Hoat-īⁿ** (Eng-gí: *International Court of Justice*, Hoat-gí: *Cour internationale de Justice*) ia̍h **Kok-chè Hoat-têng**, 1945 nî sêng-li̍p tī Kē-tē-kok ê Den Haag, sī Liân-ha̍p-kok chú-iàu ê su-hoat kang-khū.

## Siong-koan hāng-bo̍k
* Kok-chè cho͘-chit
* Kok-chè Hêng-sū Hoat-īⁿ
Liân-ha̍p-kok

**Liân-ha̍p-kok** (聯合國) sī 1 ê iû kok-ka cho͘-sêng ê kok-chè cho͘-chit. 1945 nî 10 goe̍h 24 ji̍t, tī Bí-kok California ê Kū-kim-soaⁿ sêng-li̍p.

## Chú-iàu ê ki-koan
Liân-ha̍p-kok chit-ê tōa-ka-têng iū la̍k-ê chú-iàu ê ki-koan chó͘-sêng--ê: 
* Liân-ha̍p-kok Tāi-hōe 
* An-chôan Lí-sū-hōe 
* Keng-chè kap Siā-hōe Lí-sū-hōe 
* Thok-kóan Lí-sū-hōe 
* Kok-chè Hoat-têng
* Liân-ha̍p-kok Pì-su-chhù

Koan-hē cho͘-chit:
* UNESCO
* UNFPA
* UNICEF
* WBG
* WHO
* WMO

Tû-liáu Kok-chè Hoat-têng siat tī Hô-lân Den Haag í-gōa, kî-thaⁿ ê ki-kò͘ lóng mā siat tī Niú-iok Liân-ha̍p-kok Chóng-pō͘.

## Liân-ha̍p-kok ê pì-su-tiúⁿ
* 1945 nî －1946 nî (tāi-lí): Gladwyn Jebb
* 1946 nî －1952 nî: Trygve Lie
* 1953 nî －1961 nî: Dag Hammarskjöld
* 1961 nî －1971 nî (tāi-lí: 1961 nî －1962 nî): U Thant
* 1972 nî －1981 nî: Kurt Waldheim
* 1982 nî －1991 nî: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
* 1992 nî －1996 nî: Boutros Boutros-Ghali
* 1997 nî －2006 nî: Kofi Annan
* 2007 nî －2016 nî: Ban Ki-moon
* 2017 nî －: António Guterres

## Siong-koan
*Liân-ha̍p-kok Hiàn-chiong

## Tsù-kái

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Liân-ha̍p-kok
Liân-ha̍p-kok An-choân Lí-sū-hōe

**Liân-ha̍p-kok An-chôan Lí-sū-hōe** sī Liân-ha̍p-kok cho͘-chit lāi-té siōng ū koân-le̍k ê ki-koan. Taⁿ An-chôan Lí-sū-hōe kan-na ū 5 ê éng-kiú lí-sū kok-ka: Bí-kok, Hoat-kok, Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok, Lō͘-se-a, kap Tiong-kok. 

Lēng-gōa ū 10 ê lí-sū kok-ka sī sóan-kí sóan--chhut-lâi--ê, 2 nî sóan 1 pái.
Siú-siòng

Tī ū lōe-koh (cabinet) ê chèng-hú, **chhoā-thâu ê pō͘-tiúⁿ** kiò-chò **chóng-lí**; nā-sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng sī ông (ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok; m̄-sī kiōng-hô-kok), mā ū kā chóng-lí kiò **siú-siòng**.

## Kok-kok ê kóng-hoat
Tī Tâi-ôan, Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê Hêng-chèng-īⁿ-tiúⁿ (行政院長) mā sǹg sī chóng-lí.

Tī Tiong-kok (Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok), hiàn-hoat kui-tēng (tē 3 chiuⁿ tē 3 chiat, tē 86 tiâu) ū Kok-bū-īⁿ Chóng-lí ().

Tī Ji̍t-pún, siú-siòng ê chèng-sek bêng-chheng sī Lōe-koh Chóng-lí Tāi-sîn (), kán-cheng **Chóng-lí Tāi-sîn** ia̍h-sī **Chóng-lí**.
Isihara Sintarô

**Isihara Sintarô** (, ), sī Ji̍t-pún 1-ūi siáu-soat-ka kiam chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t.  I tī 1999 nî tòng-soán chiâⁿ-chò Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ ê ti-sū, 2003 nî, 2007 nî, 2011 nî liân-jīm.

2012 nî, Isihara Sintarô sî-tiāu Tang-kiaⁿ-to͘ ti-sū, ka-ji̍p sin chèng-tóng Ji̍t-pún Î-sin ê Hoē, jî-chhiáⁿ tòng-soán Chiòng-gī-īⁿ gī-goân.
Kun-chú li̍p-hiàn

**Kun-chú li̍p-hiàn** (君主立憲), tio̍h sī **ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok** chè-tō͘, sī chi̍t khóan chèng-tī thé-chè: tī chia, kok-ka ê thâu-lâng sī ông, m̄-koh i bô cho̍at-tùi ê khôan-le̍k; chit-ê ông ê chèng-hú ài chiàu hiàn-hoat lâi kiâⁿ. Ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok ê chèng-hú ê thâu-lâng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiò-chò siú-siòng.

Chhin-chhiūⁿ Pe̍k-ní-gī, Ji̍t-pún, Kampuchea, Hô-lân, Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok, Se-pan-gâ, Thài-kok lóng sī ū hiàn-hoat ê ông-kok.

## Chham-khó
Hiàn-hoat

**Hiàn-hoat** (憲法), koh hō-chò **hiàn-chiong** (憲章), **kin-pún-hoat** (根本法) he̍k-chiá **hiàn-chè bûn-kiāⁿ** (憲制文件), sī chi̍t ê chú-khoân kok-ka, chèng-tī si̍t-thé, chū-tī tē-khu, liân-pang-chè kok-ka ê liân-pang-chiu, ia̍h-sī kok-chè cho͘-chit ê siāng ki-pún hoat-lu̍t. Hām hiàn-hoat ū kāng-khoán tē-ūi ê hoat-lu̍t iáu-koh ū ki-pún-hoat.

Hiàn-hoat thong-siông kui-tēng chi̍t ê kok-ka ê siā-hōe chè-tō͘, kok-ka chè-tō͘, kok-ka ki-koan, kong-bîn ê ki-pún khoân-lī kap gī-bū téng, m̄-koh bô-it-tēng pau-hâm í-siōng choân-pō͘ lōe-iông, chhin-chhiūⁿ ē chiām-chiām cheng-ka hiàn-hoat lōe-iông ê Eng-kok put-sêng-bûn hiàn-hoat. Ū-ê hiàn-hoat (te̍k-pia̍t sī sêng-bûn hiàn-hoat) ē hān-chè chèng-hú ê khoân-lī, i-ê hong-sek sī chè-tēng chi̍t-kóa chèng-hú khoân-lī ê ūn-chok hoān-ûi (chhin-chhiūⁿ jîn-bîn ê ki-pún-khoân), chhiūⁿ Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat chiū sī chit khoán hiàn-hoat. Hiàn-hoat ê chè-tēng kap siu-kái it-poaⁿ ài keng-kòe te̍k-tēng ê thêng-sū. Khó-niû Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat kap Bí-kok o͘-lô͘ chân-keng tông-sî pēng-chûn, jīn-tēng hiàn-hoat pēng m̄-sī bîn-chú kok-ka te̍k-iú ê hoat-lu̍t chióng-lūi, í hiàn-hoat ê goân-bûn *constitution* chò-ûi su-khó ê khí-tiám, hiàn-hoat ê tēng-gī kî-si̍t sī kok-ka ki-pún kiat-kò͘ ê ì-sù.

Ìn-tō͘ Hiàn-hoat sī sè-kài só͘-ū chú-khoân kok-ka phian-hok siāng tn̂g ê sêng-bûn hiàn-hoat, chóng-kiōng ū 444 tiâu, pun 22 chiuⁿ, 12 tiuⁿ pió, kap 118 ê siu-chèng-àn; nā hoan-e̍k chò Ìn-tō͘ Eng-gí ū 117,369 jī. Siong-tùi, Bí-kok Hiàn-hoat sī phian-hok siāng té ê sêng-bûn hiàn-hoat, chóng-kiōng 7 tiâu kap 27 ê siu-chèng-àn, ha̍p-kè 4,400 jī.

## Te̍k-sèng
Lí-lūn-siōng, hiàn-hoat ê hāu-le̍k pí pún-kok kî-thaⁿ hoat-lu̍t kap hoat-kui koân. Hiàn-hoat hoán-èng kai-kip le̍k-liōng ê tùi-pí koan-hē. M̄-koh tī hiān-si̍t tiong, hiàn-hoat pēng m̄-sī tī só͘-ū kok-ka lāi lóng ū khoân-ui-sèng. Tī bô-kāng ê sî-tāi kap lūi-hêng ê kok-ka, hiàn-hoat ê hêng-sek kap lōe-iông mā bô-siáⁿ-kāng, m̄-koh lóng sī thóng-tī kai-kip ì-chì ê piáu-hiān, sī si̍t-hiān in kai-kip choan-chèng ê tiōng-iàu kang-kū. Ūi-tio̍h beh pó-chèng hiàn-hoat ê khoân-ui-sèng, su-iàu chi̍t thò siong-èng ê thé-hē lâi khak-pó bô lâng ē-tàng ûi-pōe hiàn-hoat. Che chiū sī ûi-hiàn sím-cha. Tī hiān-tāi bîn-chú kok-ka, in-ūi si̍t-si ûi-hiàn sím-cha chè-tō͘, chi̍t tiâu hoat-kui jû-kó hām hiàn-hoat sio ûi-pōe, tiō ē sit-hāu. Ah tī hui-bîn-chú kok-ka, hiàn-hoat ê siāng koân hāu-le̍k keng-siông bē-tàng tit-tio̍h ū-hāu ê î-hō͘, tì-sú hiàn-hoat sit-khì ì-gī.
Ông

:*Khu-pia̍t: [[Ông (sèⁿ)|Ông]] sī chi̍t-ê hàn-jī sèⁿ.*

Tī m̄-sī kiōng-hô-kok ê kok-ka, **kok-ông** (Eng-gí: *monarch*; cha-bó͘: *queen*; cha-po͘: *king*) sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng. 

Tī kó͘-chá sî-tāi, chu-hô͘ (Hàn-jī: 諸侯) chiàm-tē kiàn-li̍p kok-ka; kok-ka ê thâu-lâng hō-chòe "ông". 

Hiān-tāi ū-ê kun-chú-chè (Hàn-jī: 君主制) kok-ka ê gôan-siú, mā hō-chòe "ông".

## Khoàⁿ
* Hôa-cho̍k
* Hông-tè
* Kun-chú
Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Kok-bū-īⁿ

**Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Kok-bū-īⁿ** (Hàn-jī: 中华人民共和国国务院; Hàn-gú Pheng-im: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guówùyuàn) sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok siōng-kôan kok-ka kôan-le̍k ki-koan ê chı̍p-hêng ki-koan, iā-tio̍h-sī siāng-kôan kok-ka hêng-chèng ki-koan. I sī iû chóng-lí, hù chóng-lí, kok-bū úi-ôan kah kok pō͘ ê pō͘-tiúⁿ, úi-goan-hōe chú-jīm téng-téng ê jîn-gôan chó͘-sêng.

Hiān-jīm ê Tiong-kok Kok-bū-īⁿ chóng-lí sī Un Ka-pó.

## Tsù-kái