open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
.NET Kheng-khak

Sī Microsoft khai-hoat, chi̍t-ê tì-le̍k tī bín-chia̍t nńg-thé khai-hoat（agile software development）、khoài-sok èng-iōng khai-hoat（rapid application development）、pîⁿ-tâi to̍k-li̍p-sèng kap bāng-lō͘ thàu-bêng-hòa ê nńg-thé kheng-khak. .NET sī Microsoft ūi 2000 nî-tāi ùi server kap Kò-jîn tiān-náu nńg-thé kang-têng kiâⁿ-chhut ê tē-it-pō͘. .NET pau-koat chē-chē tùi Internet kap lōe-pō͘ bāng-lō͘ èng-iōng liú-lia̍h khai-hoat ū pang-chān ê ki-su̍t.

.NET kheng-khak sī Microsoft kong-si chiap-sòa Windows DNA í-āu ê sin khai-hoat pîⁿ-tâi. .NET kheng-khak sī iōng chi̍t-chióng chhái-iōng hē-thóng hu-gí-ki ūn-hêng ê phian-têng pîⁿ-tâi, í thong-iōng gú-giân ūn-hêng khò͘（Common Language Runtime）chóe ki-chhó͘，chi-chhî to-chióng gú-giân（C#、F#、VB.NET、C++、Python téng）ê khai-hoat.

.NET iā ūi èng-iōng thêng-sek kài-bīn（API）thê-kiong sin kong-lêng kap khai-hoat kang-kū. Chit-kóa kek-sin hō͘ thêng-sek siat-kè jîn-oân ē-tàng kâng-sî chìn-hêng Windows èng-iōng nńg-thé kap Bāng-lō͘ èng-iōng nńg-thé í-kip goân-kiāⁿ kap ho̍k-bū（web ho̍k-bū）ê khai-hoat. .NET thê-kiong chi̍t-ê sin ê hoán-siā-sèng--ê jî-chhiáⁿ sī Bu̍t-kiāⁿ tō-hiòng thêng-sek siat-kè phian-thêng kài-bīn. .NET siat-kè kah kàu-gia̍h thong-iōng-hòa, chiū-an-ni hō͘ chē-chē bô-kâng ê Ko-chàn thêng-sek gú-giân lióng ē-tàng hông phian-e̍k.

Oracle kong-si ê Java thêng-sek gú-giân kap Java pîⁿ-tâi khì-gia̍p pán ki-su̍t sī .NET pîⁿ-tâi ê kèng-cheng tùi-chhiú chi-it.

2014 nî 11 goe̍h 12 hō，Microsoft soan-pò͘ beh oân-choân khai-hòng .NET Framework ê goán-sī-bé，koh thê-kiong hō͘ Linux kap macOS sú-iōng.
Lichfield tōa kàu-tn̂g

**Lichfield tuā kàu-tn̂g** (ing-gú: Lichfield Cathedra (Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Chad)) sī England Staffordshire Lichfield ê tsi̍t-tsō Sìng-kong-huē tuā kàu-tn̂g, sī uî-it ê tsi̍t-tsō ióng-iú sann-ê tsiam-tíng ê tiong sè-kí Ing-kok tuā kàu-tn̂g. Lichfield tuā kàu-tn̂g (sī Lichfield kàu-khu ê tuā kàu-tn̂g, hâm-kài Staffordshire, Shropshire ê tuā-pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-ki̍p  hām West Midlands ê pōo-hūn tē-khu. Lichfield tuā kàu-tn̂g sī Lichfield tsú-kàu ê sóo-tsāi-tē, hiān-jīm tsú-kàu sī , i tī 2016-nî hông jīm-bīng. Lichfield tuā-kàu-tn̂g mā sī it-kip pó-hōo kiàn-tio̍k.

## Khài-lám
Tuā kàu-tn̂ sī hiàn-hōo St Chad hām Saint Mary ê. Tuā kàu-tn̂ ê lāi-pōo tn̂g 113 m (371 ing-tshioh), tiong-tiān ê khuah-tōo 21 m (69 ing-tshioh). Tiong-iong tsiam-tíng kuân 77 m (253 ing-tshioh), sai-pîng tsiam-tíng kuân tāi-iok 58 m (190 ing-tshioh). Tsit-tè tsio̍h-thâu sī sua-giâm, lâi-tsū Lichfield lâm-pîng ê tsi̍t-ê tshái-tsio̍h-tiûnn. Iû-î thian-hua-pán kióng-tíng tang-tiong sú-iōng ê tsio̍h-thâu ê tāng-liōng, tiong-tiān ê piah sió-khuá-á hiòng-guā uai-tshua̍h; uī-tio̍h hông-tsí piah ē tsìn-tsi̍t-pōo ê uai-tshua̍h kî-tiong tāi-iokkî-tiong tāi-iok 200-300 tùn hông thiah-tiāu.

Lichfield teh Ing-kok lāi-tsiàn kî-kan tso-siū giâm-tiōng ê phò-hāi, sóo-ū ê tshái-sik po-lê lóng hông tshui-huí. Sui-bóng án-ne, Lady Chapel ê thang-á-mn̂g iu-guân pau-kuat tsi̍t-kuá hiàn-tsûn siong-hó ê tiong-sè-kí Flemish tshái-huē po-lê. Uì 1530 nî-tāi khai-sí, Lichfield lâi-tsū Belgium ê Herkenrode siu-tō-īnn,tī 1801-nî Napoleon tsiàn-tsing kî-kan Herkenrode siu-tō-īnn hông kái-suànn ê sî-tsūn hōo Brooke Boothby kòo-bé. Lichfield iōng kāng-khuán ê kè-siàu hông bē-hōo tuā-kàu-tn̂g. Betton hām Evans (1819-nî) mā-ū tsi̍t-kuá tsing-bí ê thang-a̍m, í-ki̍p 19 sè-kí āu-kî ê tsiânn-tsē thang-á-mn̂g, iû-kî sī Charles Eamer Kempe ê thang-á-mn̂g.

Lichfield hok-im-su, mā hông kiò-tsò "Chad tsi su" (Book of Chad), sī Matthew hok-im kah Mark hok-im, í-ki̍p Luke hok-im ê tsá-kî pōo-hūn; tsú-iàu iōng latin bûn-jī siá khí-lâi ê, ū tsi̍t-kuá bûn-jī sī tsá-kî ê -gú, ē-tàng tui-sòo kàu 730-nî tsîng-āu hit-tang-tsūn. Siōng-thâu-á ū nn̄g-kuàn, m̄-koh ū tsi̍t-kuàn teh İng-lân lāi-tsiàn kî-kan sit-tsong. Lichfield hok-im-su teh hong-keh siōng kah Lindisfarne hok-im-su bi̍t-tshiat siong-kuan. Uì Ho̍k-ua̍h-tsiat kàu Sìng-tàn-tsiat, tsit hūn tshiú-kó teh hun-huē-kuán tián-tshut.

Tuā kàu-tn̂g hū-kīn sī England siong uân-tsíng ê kàu-tn̂g tsi-it, pau-kuat tsi̍t-ê tiong-sè-kí tiânn-īnn, í-tsîng sī ha̍p-tshiùnn-thuân ê jîn-sū sóo tuà ê sóo-tsāi. Tsit sann-ê tsiam-tíng thong-siông hông kiò-tsò "Suann-khenn ê Lú-sū" (Ladies of the Vale),

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
*

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Lichfield Cathedral website
* Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral—Digital facsimiles of the St Chad Gospels and Cathedral's Wycliffe New Testament; includes overlay viewer, multispectral images, historical images (going back to 1887), collation, and presently sixteen interactive 3D and RTI renderings—University of Oklahoma
Zvedenivka

**Zvedenivka** (Ukraina-gí: ) sī chi̍t ê tī Ukraina Kiōng-hô-kok Vinnytsia Chiu Sharhorod Koān ê chng-thâu (*[[selo]]*).

## Chham-oa̍t
*Ukraina ê chng-thâu

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Vinnytsia Chiu ê chng-thâu
Th (jī-ha̍p jī-bió)

**Th ()** (sió-siá th; ing-gú: th (digraph)) sī Lating bûn-jī lāi-té ê tsi̍t-ê . Th siōng-thâu-á hông ín-ji̍p Latin-gú í-lâi im-i̍k Elláda-gú tsioh-sû. Tehsú-iōng Lating jī-bió ê hiān-tāi gú-giân tang-tiong, ⟨th⟩ tāi-piáu tsiânn tsē bô kāng-khuán ê gú-im. ⟨Th⟩ sī ing-gú tang-tiong i-tsiàu pîn-lu̍t sūn-sū pâi-lia̍t ê tiānn-tiānn khuànn-tio̍h ê jī-ha̍p jī-bió.

## Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
Thong-siông piáu-sī ê im-ti̍t sī tshing khí-gûn sat im ⟨t⟩ ê ⟨h⟩, tsiânn-tsò /th/.

## Kok gú-giân ê im-ti̍k piáu-sī
### Kûn-tsi̍p im-sòo /t.h/
⟨Th⟩ siōng ha̍p-tī lô-tsi̍p ê iōng-huat sī piáu-sī im-sòo /t/ hām /h/ ê hú-im tshok, pí-jû ing-gú tang-tiong ê knighthood. Teh knighthood lāi-té ê /th/ m̄ sī jī-ha̍p jī-bió, in-uī jī-ha̍p jī-bó sī tsi̍t tuì piáu-sī tan-ê im-sòo hi̍k-tsiá bô tuì-ìng tī tan-to̍k jī-hû ê im-ti̍t tsi im-sòo sū-lia̍t ê jī-bió.

### Sàng-khì sat-im /tʰ/
Jī-ha̍p jī-bió ⟨th⟩ siōng-thâu-á sī teh lating-gú lāi-té ín-ji̍p ê, iōng teh im-i̍k Elláda-gú  tsioh-sû tsioh-sû  tang-tiong ê jī-bió theta ⟨Θ, θ⟩. Theta teh kóo-tián hām tsá-kî ê Koine Elláda-gú tang-tiong ê huat-im sī huat-im sī sàng-khì sat-im /tʰ/.

Bân-lâm-gú Pe̍h-uē-jī kap Tâi-lô Phing-im mā kā "th" tha̍k-chò /tʰ/.

### Th ê tsuán-lio̍k piáu-sī
⟨Th⟩ tī ha̍k-su̍t tsuán-lio̍k hē-thóng tang-tiong iōng teh piáu-sī kū-iú im-ti̍t /tʰ/ ê Lâm-a kah Tang-a bûn-jī lāi-té ê jī-bió. Pí-lû, kin-kì  (RTGS), ⟨th⟩ tāi-piáu tsi̍t hē-lia̍t kū-iú /tʰ/ im-ti̍t ê Thài-bûn jī-bó. ⟨Th⟩ mā iōng teh  tang-tiong ê tsuán-lio̍k im-sòo /tʰ/, pí-jû zulu-gú hām tswana-gú.

### /h/
Th tī Ài-ní-lân-gí sī "t"--ê nńg-im-hòa (軟音化;  Eng-gí: ), hoat-im sī /h/.

## Kè-sǹg-ki piáu-sī
Kah tsi̍t-kuá-á jī-ha̍p jī-bió bô-kâng ê tio̍h-sī, bô kā Th pian-bé tsò tan-it ê jī-hû. ⟨Th⟩ tō sī iû jī-bió /T/ hām /H/ tsit nn̄g-ê jī-bió sóo tsoo-sîng e̊.

*jī-bió kiat-kòo hun-kái (ki-pún lating jī-bió):

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

*  
* Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences." *Speech Hearing and Language* 7: 201–32. 
*  
*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
*
*Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩
*A. B. Frost

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*  
*  
*  
* Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary : Roach, Peter (Peter John)  

Lūi-pia̍t:Lating bûn-jī jī-ha̍p jī-bió
Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-sò͘
Һ

**Һ** (sió-siá **һ**; siâ-thé-jī *Һ һ*; ing-gú tshing-hoo Shha) sī kiril jī-bió. Һ  ê hîng-sik guân-tsū lating jī-bió H ⟨H h⟩, m̄-koh tuā-siá hîng-sik koh-khah luī-sū tńg-se̍h ê kirik jī-bió Ч ⟨Ч ч⟩ hi̍k-tsiá bô pit-uē ê Ћ ⟨Ћ ћ⟩, in-uī kiril jī-bió Н ⟨Н н⟩ í-king kū-iú kah latin jī-bió H sio-kâng ê hîng-sik.

Teh , Kurd-gú, Kazakh-gú, Tatar-gú, , Bashkir-gú, Yakut-gú, Uyghur-gú,  kah  sú-iōng ê kiril jī-bió, 
iōng-lâi piáu-sī Gô-gú tang-tiong bó--ê tshing-âu tshat-im ⟨h⟩. Līng-guā, Azerbaijan-gú teh Soo-liân sî-kî mā sú-iōng tsit-ê jī-bió.

Tuā-to-sòo sú-iōng ⟨Һ⟩ jī-bió ê gú-giân lóng tshing-hoo i sī ⟨ha⟩ -- tsit-ê  ⟨shha⟩ sī teh ⟨Һ⟩ jī-bió iōng Unicode pen-bé ê sî-tsūn sóo tshòng-kiàn ê.

## Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
Thong-siông ê im-ti̍t uî tshing-âu tshat-im .

## Kok gú-giân ê im-ti̍k piáu-sī
Teh ē-kha sóo-lia̍t ê kok-tsióng gú-giân lāi-tē, /Һ/ ē-tàng piáu-sī tshing-âu tshat-im ,  ,  , hi̍k-tsiá kan-na sī   tíng-tíng ê im-ti̍t.

## Sú-iōng Һ jī-bó ê gú-giân

## Kè-sǹg pian-bé
Kah tuā-to-sòo kiril jī-bió sio-kâng ê tio̍h-sī, ⟨Һ⟩ pian-bé mā sī iōng tsi̍t-ê tan-it ê jī-hû lâi tāi-piáu. 

## Kè-sǹg-ki piáu-sī
Һ/h ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê Unicode  (kiril jī-bió) tāi-bé lâi piáu-sī:

*Jī-bió kiat-kòo (ki-pún ê kiril jī-bió):

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Buryat language
*List of Cyrillic multigraphs

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
* Unicode definition 

Lūi-pia̍t:Kiril jī-bió
Ts (jī-ha̍p jī-bió)

**Ts ()** (sió-siá uî **ts**; huat-gú: Ts (digramme); ing-gú: Ts (diagraph)) sī lating jī-bió ê jī-ha̍p jī-bó, iû tsi̍t-ê T, hām tsi̍t-ê s tsit nn̄g-ê jī-bió sóo tsoo-sîng e̊. Thong-siong lâi-khuànn, ⟨ts⟩ hông jīn-uî sī tsi̍t-ê to̍k-ti̍k ê jī-bó; i-tsiàu  ê pian-pâi, ⟨ts⟩ kǹg-teh ⟨t⟩ hām ⟨u⟩ nn̄g-ê jī-bó tsi-kan.

## Im-ti̍k piáu-sī
⟨Ts⟩ im-ti̍k it-puann iōng teh piáu-sī tshing khí-gûn sat-tshat-im, teh kok-tsè im-piau tang-tiong ê hû-hō uî ⟨t͡s⟩. Hi̍k-tsiá, piáu-sī tsò  /tsʼ/ huat-im kah siá-huat ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn.

## Kok gú-giân ê im-ti̍k piáu-sī
İ-hā sī ⟨ts⟩ teh kok-tsióng gú-giân tang-tiong i-ê im-ti̍k piáu-sī:

### Pak-bí-tsiu gú-giân
Teh  tang-tiong, jī-ha̍p jī-bó ⟨ts⟩ iōng teh piáu-sī IPA [t͡sʰ]。

### Au-tsiu gú-giân
Sū-lia̍t ⟨ts⟩ tshut-hiān teh ing-gú tang-tiong, m̄-kù ⟨ts⟩ pīng bô ti̍k-sû kong-lîng, kan-na sī piáu-sī ⟨t⟩ hām ⟨s⟩ ê sū-lia̍t. ⟨Ts⟩ kan-tann teh tsi̍t-kuá guā-lâi-gú lāi-té tshut-hiān, pí-jû ⟨tsunami⟩ hām ⟨tsar⟩. Tuā-to-sòo teh kóng ing-gú ê lâng bē-tiam tsit-khuán ê gú-sû tang-tiong huat /t/ ê im. Jî-lâi ê sú-iōng sī kā tsit nn̄g-ê jī-sû hun-pia̍t teh ing-gú lāi-té tha̍k-tsò ⟨tsunami⟩, kah ⟨tzar⟩ (tsar). ⟨Ts⟩ iōng teh Basque-gú ê  tang-tiong, tāi-piáu tsi̍t-ê  tshing khí-gûn sat-tshat-im /t̺s̺/. ⟨ts⟩ kah ⟨tz⟩ hîng-sîng tuì-pí, āu-tsiá sī  /t̻s̻/. ⟨ts⟩ mā iōng teh Catalan-gú  lāi-té ê /t͡s/.

### Hui-tsiu gú-giân
⟨Ts⟩ iah-ioh iōng teh  lāi-té, teh tsit-ê gú-giân ⟨ts⟩ sī tāi-piáu  /tsʼ/ hi̍k-tsiá  /sʼ/, tshú-kuat teh hong-giân ê bô kâng-khuán biáu-sī.

### A-tsiu gú-giân
 hām  ê hàn-gú phing-im sú-iōng ⟨ts⟩ piáu-sī ⟨ʰ⟩ ê tshing khí-gûn sat-tshat-im /ts/. Wade-Giles mā sú-iōng ⟨ts'⟩ piáu-sī ⟨ʰ⟩ tíng-kè ê /tsʰ/. Tsia-e̊ hun-pia̍t siong-tong sī phing-im ⟨z⟩ hām ⟨c⟩. Ji̍t-gú ê Hepburn-sik Lô-má-jī sú-iōng ⟨ts⟩ piáu-sī tshing khí-gûn sat-tshat-im /ts/). Teh Ji̍t-gú ê jī-bó lāi-té; tsit-ê im kan-na tshut-hiān teh ⟨u⟩ tsìn-tsîng, m̄-kù mā khó-lîng tshut-hiān teh tsioh-sû tang-tiong ê kî-thann guân-im tsi-tsîng. Teh ji̍t-gú ê kî-thann Lô-má-huà hē-thóng lāi-té kā /tsu/ siá-tsò ⟨tu⟩. Tagalog-gú tang-tiong ê ⟨Ts⟩ iōng teh/tʃ/. Teh Tâi-lô kah Pe̍h-uē-jī tang-tiong, tāi-piáu /t͡s/, pí-lû ⟨tsa/Tsa⟩.

## Kè-sǹg-ki piáu-sī
Tshiūnn tuā-to-sòo jī-ha̍p jī-bió kāng-khuán, teh tan-it hû-hō tsi-hā pīng-bô ⟨ts⟩ ê pian-bé, ⟨ts⟩ tsóng--sī thong-kuè liân-tsiap tsi̍t-ê ⟨T⟩ hām tsi̍t-ê ⟨s⟩ lâi kòo-sîng e̊.

*jī-bió kiat-kòo hun-kái (ki-pún lating jī-bió):

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Navajo language)
*Catalan language
*Boko alphabet

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*  
*  
*  

Lūi-pia̍t:Lating bûn-jī jī-ha̍p jī-bió
Estoppel

**Estoppel** (ing-gú: Estoppel (My word is my bond.); ji̍t-gú: 禁反言の法理, 禁反言の原則; tik-gú: Estoppel; **kìm huán-giân huat-lí**, *put-iông hóo-jīn*, **kìm huán-giân guân-tsik**) sī ing-bí huat-hē tang-tiong ê tsi̍t-tsióng su-huat tshiú-tuānn, huat-īnn tsioh-tshú tsóo-tsí hi̍k-tsiá "kìm-tsí" bóo-jîn tsò-tshut tuàn-giân hi̍k-tsiá puē-sìn khì-gī; hông tsè-tshâi ê lâng hông "kìm-tsí". Estoppel khó-lîng ē tsóo-tsí bóo-jîn thê-tshut ti̍k-tīng soh-puê. Estoppel ê  sī khiā-tī ing-bí huat-hē kah .  Estoppel mā sī kok-tsè huat lāi-téê tsi̍t-ê khài-liām.

## Estoppel ê luī-hîng
Khó-lîng ē tshut-hiān tsiânn-tsē bô kāng-khuán luī-hîng ê Estoppel (*kìm huán-giân guân-tsik*), m̄-kū Estoppel tsi-kan ê kiōng-tông-tiám sī, tsi̍t-ê lâng hông hān-tsè teh huat-lu̍t siōng tsú-tiunn ê ti̍k-tīng li̍p-tiûnn; lî-tshiánn án-ne tsò sī bô kong-pîng ê. Kú-lē suat-bîng jû-hā:

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

*Lexique des termes juridiques, édition Dalloz, verbo « Estoppel ». 
*Étienne Vergès, Professeur à l'Université de Grenoble II, mars 2009, chronique de procédure civile sur lexbase. 
*Bulletin d'information de la Cour de cassation, no 700, daté du 15 avril 2009. 
*Julien Cazala, « L'invocation de l'estoppel dans le cadre de la procédure de règlement des différends de l'O.M.C. », Revue générale de droit international public,‎ 2003, p. 885. 

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Black's Law Dictionary
*
*

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Proprietary estoppel 
* Tenant Estoppel Agreements 
* Promissory Estoppel 

Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-lu̍t ha̍k-suat hām goân-chek
Modisi Chhī

**Modisi Chhī** (Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a-gí: **) sī Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a Kiōng-hô-kok Pak Sulawesi Séng ê chi̍t ê chhī (*kota*).

## Chham-oa̍t

* Ìn-nî ê chhī

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Modisi Chhī
Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-nî ê chhī
POSIX

Dataggga bareahk jgka
**Piān-hê-sik tshau-tsok hē-thóng tsiap-khió** (ing-gú: POSIX; **Piān-hê-sik tshau-tsok hē-thóng kài-bīn**) sī IEEE tiān-náu hia̍p-huē tsí-tīng ê tsi̍t hē-lia̍t , iōng teh uî-hōo tshau-tsok hē-thóng tsi-kan ê kiam-iông-sìng. POSIX tīng-gī hē-thóng-kip hām iōng-hōo-kip  (API), í-ki̍p bīng-līng tsuā shell hām si̍t-iōng tsiap-kháu, í-lâi si̍t-hiān hām Unix kî-thann tshau-tsok hē-thóng piàn-thé ê nńg-thé kiam-iông-sìng (ē-tàng î-ti̍t-sìng). POSIX mā sī IEEE ê siong-piau. POSIX tsú-iàu teh kiong-ìng ìng-iōngtîng-sū hām hōo hē-thóng khai-huat jîn-guân lâi sú-iōng.

## Miâ-jī ên-khí
Siōng-thâu-á, "POSIX" tsit-ê bîng-tshing sī teh piáu-sī 1988-nî huat-pòo ê IEEE Std 1003.1-1988. POSIX piau-tsún hē-lia̍t tsìng-sik tsí-tīng tsò IEEE 1003, ISO/IEC piau-tsún pian-hō tsò ISO/IEC 9945.

Tsia--ê piau-tsún guân-î 1984-nî khai-sí ê tsi̍t-ê hāng-bo̍k, tsit-ê hāng-bo̍k í siong-kuan USENIX ua̍h-tāng ê kang-tsok uî ki-tshóo. Richard Stallman hiòng IEEEthê-tshut POSIX ê miâ-tshing (huat-im uî pahz-icks, tshiūnn positive, m̄ sī poh-six), koh m̄ sī í-tsîng ê IEEE-IX. Uí-guân-huē huat-hiān i koh-khah 委Uí-guân-huē huat-hiān i koh-khah iông-ī huat-im kah kì-ik, in-tshú kā tshái-iōng.[

## Khài-lám
Suán-ti̍k Unix tsò-uî piau-tsún hē-thóng kài-bīn ê ki-tshóo pōo-hūn sī in-uī i-sī "tsè-tsō-siong tiong-li̍p--ê". M̄-koh, tsûn-tsāi kui-ê tsú-iàu pán-pún ê Unix, in-tshú su-iàu khai-huat tsi̍t-ê kiōng-tông ê hē-thóng.  tshau-tsok hē-thóng ê POSIX kui-huān siōng-thâu-á sī iû tsi̍t-ê iōng teh hi̍k-sim  (API)  ê bûn-tóng tsoo-sîng, m̄-koh tsuè-tsiong huat-tián tsò 19-ê tan-to̍k ê bûn-tóng (POSIX.1, POSIX.2 tíng-tíng). Piau-tsún-huà ê iōng-hōo bīng-līng hâng kah kha-pún kài-bīn sī khiā-tī UNIX System V shell. Tsiânn-tsē iōng-tsiá-kip ê tîng-sū, ho̍k-bū kah si̍t-iōng tîng-sū (pau-kuat awk, echo, ed) í-ki̍p sóo su-iàu ê tîng-sū-kip ho̍k-bū (pau-kuat ki-pún ê I/O: bûn-kiānn, tsiongtuan kah bāng-lōo) mā hông piau-tsún-huà. POSIX iah-koh tīng-gī tuā-to-sòo hiān-tāi tshau-tsok hē-thóng lóng tsi-tshî ê piau-tsún suànn-tîng tsu-liāu-khòo API. Tī 2008-nî, POSIX ê tuā-pōo-hūn lāi-iông hông ha̍p-pìng tsò tsi̍t-ê piau-tsún (IEEE Std 1003.1-2008,mā hông kiò-tsò POSIX.1-2008).

Tsia̍t-tsì 2014-nî, POSIX bûn-tóng hun-tsò nn̄g pōo-hūn: 

*POSIX.1, 2013 pán: POSIX ki-pún tīng-gī, hē-thóng kài-bīn, bīng-līng kah si̍t-iōng tîng-sū (pau-kuat POSIX.1, POSIX.1 ê khok-tián,  tsik-sî ho̍k-bū, suànn-tîng kài-bīn, tsik-sî khok-tián, an-tsuân kài-bīn, bāng-lōo bûn-kiānn hia̍t-tshú kah bāng-lōo tsìn-tîng tsi-kan ê thong-sìn, iōng-tsiá ē-tàng î-si̍ ti-sìng khok-tián, king-tsìng kah khok-tián, pó-hōo kah khòng-tsè si̍t-iōng tîng-sū í-ki̍p phue-tshù tshú-lí hē-thóng si̍t-iōng tîng-sū. Tse sī POSIX 1003.1-2008 kah ki-su̍t khàm-gōo 1.)
*POSIX it-tì-sìng tshik-tshì:  POSIX tshik-tshì thò-kiānn phuānn-suî piau-tsún: VSX-PCTS hi̍k-tsiá VSX POSIX it-tì-sìng tshik-tshì thò-kiānn.

POSIX piau-tsún ê khai-huat huat-sing teh  (IEEE The Open Group kah /WG 15 tsi-kan ê liân-ha̍p kang-tsok-tsoo).

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Certified Software Development Professional
*Engineering and Technology History Wiki

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*  
*  

Lūi-pia̍t:ISO phiau-chún
Tông-bêng-kok (Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn)

:*Chia kài-siāu ê sī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn tang-tiong ê liân-bêng, nā kî-thaⁿ kâng-miâ ê liân-bêng, chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ "[[Tông-bêng-kok]]"

 
*'Tông-bêng-kok** (Tâi-oân-ōe Hàn-jī/Hôa-gí: **同盟國*'; Eng-gí: Allies of World War II; [[Lō͘-se-a-gí]]: Антигитлеровская коалиция; [[Hoat-gí]]: Alliés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale) sī [[Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn]] po̍k-hoat liáu-āu, sè-kài siōng siōng-bóe ū 57 ê kok-ka  ūi-tio̍h beh té-khòng [[Chhia-sim-kok]] ê chhim-lio̍k só͘ cho͘-sêng ê liân-bêng, sī kah Chhia-sim-kok te̍k-tùi ê tīn-iâⁿ.

[[tóng-àn:Naciones_Unidas_3.jpg|右|縮圖|Tông-bêng-kok ê hái-pò. Bīn-téng siá ê sī "Liân-ha̍p-kok"]]

== Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ==
[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]] sī Jî-chhú Tāi-chiàn tiong Tiong-bêng-kok ê chi̍t kha, i ê léng-thó͘ sī Tiong-ji̍t Chiàn-cheng ê chú-iàu chiàn-tiûⁿ chi-it. Chū-chiông 1937 nî [[Lô͘-kau-kiô Sū-piàn]] hoat-seng, Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok [[Kok-bîn Chèng-hú]] [[Kok-bîn chèng-hú Kun-sū Úi-oân-hōe|Kun-sū Úi-oân-hōe]] úi-oân-tiúⁿ [[Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k]] tī kâng-nî 7 goe̍h 31 hoat-piáu *Kò Khòng-chiàn Choân-thé Chiòng-sū Su*, soan-pò͘ kah [[Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok|Ji̍t-pún]] choân-bīn sio-chiàn, m̄-koh 1941 nî Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng po̍k-hoat í-chêng, Tiong-kok oân-á tī A-chiu ko͘-kun hùn-chiàn. 1941 nî 12 goe̍h, Ji̍t-pún hoat-khí [[Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng]], kâng-nî 12 goe̍h chhe-9 Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-bîn Chèng-hú chú-se̍k [[Lîm Sim]] hoat-pò͘ *Kok-bîn Chèng-hú tùi Ji̍t-pún Soan-chiàn Pò͘-kò'', khiā-sǹg-kóng Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok koh-chài í chèng-sek kong-kò ê hông-sek tùi Ji̍t-pún soan-chiàn, Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok úi hit-sî khai-sí kah Bí-kok, Eng-kok kiat-bêng, kiōng-tông tùi Ji̍t-pún, Tek-kok kap Ì-tāi-lī saⁿ ê Chhia-sim-kok sio-chiàn. Tiong-ji̍t Chiàn-cheng chū-án-ne chèng-sek chiàn-chò Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn.

## Eng-kok
Keng-le̍k München Hia̍p-tēng,  Sudetenland būn-tê téng-téng sio-liân-sòa ê gōa-kau sū-kiāⁿ í-āu, Eng-kok kap Pho-lân cho͘-sêng kun-sū tóng-bêng, pēng-chhiáⁿ pó-chiōng Pho-lân to̍k-li̍p. Tòe-bóe Pho-lân Chiàn-e̍k po̍k-hoat, ūi-tio̍h beh chó͘-tóng Tek-kok chhim-lio̍k Pho-lân, Eng-kok kap Hoat-kok hiòng Tek-kok soan-chiàn, Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn úi chhia po̍k-hoat. Tōa-pō͘-hūn Au-chiu Kok-ka lûn-hām liáu-āu, Eng-kok kap Eng-liân-pang ê sêng-oân-kok kian-chhî--lo̍h-khì, kè-sio̍k kah Chhia-sim-kok sio-chiàn, jî-chhiáⁿ tī Pak Hui-chiu kah Tāi-se-iûⁿ, Eng-kok mā chiâⁿ-chò Au-chiu tē-khu chió-sò͘ ē-tàng kè-sio̍k hoán-khòng Tek-kun ji̍p-chhim ê chú-iàu bú-le̍k chi-it.

## So͘-liân

## Bí-kok

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Chham-kiàn


 
Lūi-pia̍t:Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn
Lam Research kong-si

**Lam Research kong-si** (ing-gú: Lam Research Corporation) sī tsi̍t-king uī puànn-tō-thé hâng-gia̍p thê-kiong  siat-pī kah siong-kuan ho̍k-bū ê Bí-kok kiong-ing-siong. Lam Research ê  tsú-iàu iōng teh tsiân-tuan tsing-înn ka-kang, pau-kuat tsè-tsō puànn-tō-thé guân-kiānn (tiān-tsing-thé, tiān-iông-khì (kontensa, capacitor)) ê iú-guân guân-kiānn kah i-ê pòo-suànn (hōo-liân) ê pōo-tsiū. Lam Research kong-si iah-koh uī-tio̍h āu-tuan  (WLP) kah  (MEMS) tíng-tíng siong-kuan tsè-tsō tshī-tiûnn tsè-tsō siat-pī.

Lam Research iû  phok-sū tī 1980-nî tshòng-li̍p, tsóng-pōo khiā-ti Bíkok California tsiu  ê Si̍k-kok . Tsia̍t-tsí 2018-nî, Lam Research sī uan-khu tē-2 tuā tset-so-siong, pai ê  āu-piah.

## Li̍k-sú ên-kik
Lam Research iû huâ-ē kang-tîng-su David K. Lam tī 1980-nî tshòng-li̍p,  David pat-teh . Hewlett-Packard, kah  tíng-tíng kong-si kang-tsok kuè.  Hit-tang-tsūn David teh Hewlett Packard ê sî-tsūn, i khuànn-tio̍h su-iàu koh-khah hó ê tíng-lī-tsí sit-khik siat-pī (plasma etching equipment), ē-tàng tué-tioh puànn-tō-thé tsing-phìnn ê khuài-sok sió-hîng-huà. David kám-un Intel ê tshòng-sí-jîn  thong-kuè khak-pó David ê khì-gia̍p kè-uē tsi ha̍p-lí, jî-lâi pang-tsān David hi̍k-tik tsu-kim

1981-nî, Lam Research kong-si thui-tshut tē-1 khuán sán-phín AutoEtch 480, tse-sī tsi̍t-tsióng tsū-tōng to-tsing si̍k tíng-lī-tsí si̍k-khik-ki. Suán-ti̍k AutoEtch tsit-ê bîng-tshing sī uī-tio̍h piáu-bîng si̍k-khikki sī tsū-tōng-huà ê, lî-tshiánn 480 tang-tiong ê 80 lâi-tsū 1980-nî, iah tō sī kong-si sîng-li̍p ê hit-nî. Tē-1 ê hē-thóng tī 1982-nî 1-gue̍h bē-tshut-khì. 1982-nî, Roger Emerick hông jīm-bīng tsò siú-si̍k  king-îng  tsip-hîng-tsiá.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
*
*U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*  
 

Lūi-pia̍t:NASDAQ chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si
Applied Materials kong-si

**Applied Materials kong-si** (ìng-iōng tsâi-liāu kong-si; ing-gú: Applied Materials),sī tsi̍t-king tiān-náu , tì-lîng tshiú-ki, tiān-sī kah   ê puànn-tō-thé (tsip-sîng tiān-lōo) sim-phìnn tsè-tsō thê-kiong siat-pī, ho̍k-bū kah nńg-thé ê Bí-kok kong-si. Tsok-uî Silíkhóng suann-khenn huat-tián bē-sái-bô ê tsi̍t-pōo-hūn, Applied Materials kong-si iah-koh thê-kiong sing-sán , pau-tsong kah kî-thann ìng-iōng thôo-liāu ê siat-pī. Applied Materials kong-si tsóng-pōo khia-tī  California tsiu Santa Clara.

## Li̍k-sú
Applied Materials kong-si sī iû Michael A. McNeilly tíng-jîn tī 1967-nî tshòng-li̍p, 1972-nî . Suî-āu kuí-lō nî, kong-si to-guân-huà huat-tián; it-ti̍t-kàu 1976-nî James C. Morgan tsiânn-tsò siú-si̍k tsip-hîng-kuann (CEO). Lî-tshiánn kā kong-si ê tiōng-sim tiông-sin huê-kui kàu puànn-tō-thé tsè-tsō siat-pī ê hi̍k-sim gia̍p-bū ;tíng-kuân. Kàu 1978-nî, siau-siū gia̍h tsing-tióng 17%.

Tī 1984-nî, Applied Materials kong-si tsiânn-tsò tē-1 king teh Ji̍t-pún khui-siat ka-kī ê ki-su̍t tiong-sim ê Bí-kok puànn-tō-thé siat-pī tset-so-siong, lî-tshiánn koh tsiânn-tsò tē-1 king teh Tiong-kok îng-ūn ho̍k-bū tiong-sim ê puànn-tō-thé siat-pī kong-si. Tī 1987-nî, Applied thui-tshut tsi̍t -tsióng kiò-tsò Precision 5000 ê  (CVD) ke-khì, tsit-ê ke-khì kah hiān-iú ke-khì ê bô kāng-khuán ê sóo-tsāi teh kā tsiânn-tsē tsióng ê kang-gē tsíng-ha̍p kàu kū-iú tsiântsē ê tan-it ke-khì lāi-té.

## Tsâi-bū

## Tsù-káis

## Tsham-ua̍t
*U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
*3 nm process
*2 nm process

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*
Kostylivka

**Kostylivka** (Ukraina-gí: ) sī chi̍t ê tī Ukraina Kiōng-hô-kok Zakarpattia Chiu Mukachevo Koān ê chng-thâu (*[[selo]]*).

## Chham-oa̍t
*Ukraina ê chng-thâu

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Zakarpattia Chiu ê chng-thâu
Hud tsiong

**Hud tsiong** (呼德章) (; ) sī Kó͘-lân-keng ê tē-11 tsiong (surah).

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* https://quran.com/hud

Lūi-pia̍t:Quran
Kheng-hûn koa

**Khing-hûn kua** (hàn-gú: 卿雲歌; ing-gú: Song to the Auspicious Cloud), tshut-tsū "·Gû hā tuān" (尚書大傳·虞夏傳). Khing-hûn sī tsi̍t-tsióng siông-suī tsi hûn, Su-má Tshian "Sú-kì·Thian-kuan su" (史記·天官書), ū kì-tsài: "jio̍k ian hui ian, jio̍k hûn huihûn, iok-iok hun-hun, siau-sok lûn-khun, sī uī khing-hûn. Khing-hûn, hí-khì iā. (若煙非煙, 若雲非雲, 郁郁紛紛, 蕭索輪囷，是謂卿雲. 卿雲, 喜氣也) Kiû tông kiû, "Kiû buān-buān hê" (糺縵縵兮) hîng-iông khing-hûn u-sû khiok-tsiat tsi tsōng. "Khing-hûn-kua" pat nńg-tōo iû Tiong-hua bîn-kok Pak-iûnn tsìng-hú tiông-sin phóo-khik pīng-tshiánn tīng-tsò kok-kua.

## Li̍k-sú
Siōng-thâu-á ê pán-pún iû Belgium tsok-khik-ka kah  tsuan-ka "Jean Hautstont" tī 1896-nî tshòng-tsok,  Pīng-tshiánn tī 1913-nî tsì 1915-nî kî-kan iōng-tsò lîm-sî kok-kua. Tē-2 tshù ê pán-pún iû  (肖友梅) tsok-khik, tī 1921-nî tsì 1928-nî kî-kan hông iōng-tsò kuan-hong kok-kua. Tsit nn̄g-siú kua ê kua-sû lóng tshú-tshâi tsū  (伏生) tī kong-guân tsiân 200-100 nî tsi-kan sóotù-tsok ê "Siōng-su tāi-tuân".

Nn̄g ê pán-pún ê "Khing-hûn kua" (卿雲歌) ê kua-sû lóng sī kin-kì "" (尚書大傳) lāi-té ê tsi̍t-siú kua-khik kái-pian ê, thiann-kóng sī Tiong-kok kóo-tāi Sùn-tè thuân-uī hōo Tāi-ú ê sî-tsūn sóo tshiùnn ê. Siông-hûn kua ê kóo-bûnguân kua-sû jû-hā:

Khing-hûn lān-hê, kiû buān-buān hê. Ji̍t-gua̍t kong-huâ, tàn-ho̍k tàn-hê. (卿雲爛兮, 糺縵縵兮. 日月光華, 旦復旦兮)

Tsit siú kua ê ì-siōngsī siōng-ting tio̍h tsuán-î kah piàn-huà, sóo tsí ê sī Tiong-kok kóo-tāi thuân-suat tang-tiong ê kun-tsú sè-si̍p tsè-tōo tsìn-tsîng,  sî-tāi ê hông-tè jiōng-tsō jiōng-uī ê tsun-kuì tsik-uī tsè-tōo. Kun-tsú tsè-tōo kiat-sok, kiōng-hô-kok sîng-li̍p liáu-āu. Tsit siú kua-khik ê kua-sû siū-tio̍h tsiânn-tsē lâng ê khuànn tsiūnn-ba̍k, tsiânn-tsò sin tsìng-hú ê kok-kua.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Anthroposophy)

## Guap-oo liân-kiat

* 
*Audio, sheet music, and lyrics 

Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu kok-ka kok-koa
CHIPS kah kho-ha̍k hoat-àn

**CHIPS kah kho-ha̍k huat-àn** (ing-gú: CHIPS and Science Act; (tsuân-tshing "Uī Bí-kok sing-sán puànn-tō-thé tshòng-tsō iú-ik kik-lē huat" (Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act)); mā kiò-tsò **CHIPS huat** hi̍k **CHIPS huat-àn** (CHIPS Act) hi̍k-tsiá Tsing-phìnn huat-àn) sī , iû tē-117 kài Bí-kok kok-huē pan-pòo, pīng-tshiánn tī 2022-nî 8-gue̍h 9-ji̍t iû Joe Biden tsóng-thóng tshiam-sú tsiânn-tsò huat-lu̍t. CHIPS huat-àn thê-kiong liōng-iok 2800 ik bí-guân ê sin tsu-kim, í-lâi tshiok-tsìn Bí-kok kok-lāi ê puànn-tō-thé gián-kiù kah tsè-tsō. CHIPS huat-àn tsit-ê huat-lu̍t tsíng-thé siōng pīng-bô tsìng-sik ê kán-tshing; lî-tshiánn koh hun-tsò sannê pōo-hūn, kok pōo-hūn ū ka-kī ê kán-tshing: A pōo-hūn sī  *2022-nî ê CHIPS huat-àn* (kî-tiong CHIPS tāi-piáu *Tshòng-tsō iú-ik ê kik-lē tshòo-si lâi sing-sán puànn-tō-thé* (Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors)); B pōo-hūn sī *gián-kiù hām khai-huat, kìng-tsing hām tshòng-sin huat*; C pōo-hūn sī *2022-nî tsue-ko huat-īnn an-tsuân tsu-tsōo huat*.

CHIPS huat-àn tâu-ji̍p tshiau-kuè 520 ik bí-guân iōng teh gián-kiù puànn-tō-thé kah kî-thann kho-ha̍k gián-kiù, tsú-iàu bo̍k-tik sī tuì-khòng Tiong-kok. CHIPS huat-àn tī 2022-nî 7-gue̍h 27-ji̍t teh Bí-kok tsham-gī-īnn í 64 phiò tuì 33 phiò thong-kuè. Tī 7-gue̍h 28-ji̍t, Bí-kok tsiòng-gī-īnn í 243-187-1 ê tâu-phiò kiat-kó thong-kuè 2800 ik bí-guân ê huat-àn.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*America COMPETES Act
*United States Innovation and Competition Act
*European Chips Act
*Tư duy Chiến tranh Lạnh (líng-tsiàn su-uî)
*US Statutes at Large
*Congress.gov
*Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
*Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
*Technology policy

## Guap-oo liân-kiat
* CHIPS and Science Act (PDF/details) as enacted in the US Statutes at Large 
* H.R.4346 - Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022 bill information on Congress.gov
Bí-kok kok-hōe hoat-àn

**Bí-kok kok-huē huat-àn** (ing-gú: Act of Congress ) sī Bí-kok kok-huē tsè-tīng ê huat-līng. Huat-àn khó-lîng kan-na sik-iōng kò-pia̍t ê thuân-thé (kiò-tsò su-huat), hi̍k-tsiá sik-iōng it-puann kong-tsiòng (kiò-tsò kong-huat). Tsi̍t-hāng huat-àn beh tsiânn-tsò tsi̍t-hāng huat-àn, bûn-pún pit-su í to-sòo thong-kuè Tsham-Tsiòng lióng-īnn, jiân-āu iû Bí-kok tsóng-thóng tshiam-sú tsiânn-tsò huat-lu̍t, hi̍k-tsiákok-huē thui-huan tsóng-thóng êhóo-kuat-kuân.

## Kong-huat, Su-huat, Tsí-tīng

Teh Bí-kok, kok-huē huat-àn hông tsí-tīng tsò kah kong-tsiòng siong-kuan ê kong-huat; hi̍k-tsiá kah ti̍k-tīng ki-kòo hi̍k kò-jîn siong-kuan ê su-huat. Uì 1957-nî í-lâi, sóo-ū ê kok-huē huat-àn lóng hông tsí-tīng tsò "Kong-huat X-Y" (Public Law X–Y ) hi̍k-tsiá "Su-huat X-Y" (Private Law X–Y), kî-tiong X sī kok-huē ê pian-hō, Y sī piáu-sī huat-àn ê sūn-sū (teh i hông pan-pòo ê sî-tsūn). Pí-jû, P. L. 111–5 (2009-nî Bí-kok ho̍k-soo kah tsài tâu-tsu huat-àn) sī tē 111 kài Bí-kok kok-huē pan-pòo ê tē-5 pōo kong-huat. Koh-lâi "kong-huat" it-sû ê kiat-kòo mā hông tiānn-tiānn sok-siá tsò "Kong-huat No. X–Y" (Pub. L. No. X–Y) Teh thê-tshut tse nn̄g-tsióng li̍p-huat ê sî-tsūn, hun-pia̍t kā i kiò-tsò Kong-huat huat-àn kah Su-huat huat-àn.

## Iōng-huat
"Kok-huē huat-àn" it-sû tang-tiong sú-iōng ê "huat-àn" it-sû sī tsi̍t-ê phóo-thong bîng-sû, m̄ sī tsuan-iú bîng-sû. Ū tsi̍t-kuá-á sû-tián kah sú-iōngkuân-ui sī bô tsàn-sîng sú-iōng "huat-àn" (act) it-sû iōng tuā-siá lâi piáu-sī (iû-kî sī tòng-tsò tan-to̍k sú-iōng tsit-ê sû-gí lâi tsí-sī tāi-piáu thâu-tsîng kóng-tio̍h ê hîng-uî tsi tsuan-miâ ê sî-tsūn). M̄-koh, lâm-phuê-su (Bluebook) iau-kiû "Act" it-sû teh kóng-tio̍h kū-thé ê li̍p-huat hîng-uî êsî-tsūn ài tuā-siá. Teh Bí-kok huat-tián sī kā "Act" tuā-siá. "Kok-huē huat-àn"tsi̍t-sûū-tang-sî-á teh hui tsìng-sik ê ián-káng lāi-té sī iōng-lâi piáu-sī hi̍k-tik hí-khó m̄-ku tse lóng-sī mâ-huân ê tāi-tsì. Pí-jû, "例如，"Su-iàu thong-kuè kok-huē huat-àn tsiah ē-tàng teh tsit-ê siânn-tìn hi̍k-tik kiàn-tio̍khí-khó".

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*United States Statutes at Large
*Congress.gov
*LexisNexis
*Wikipedia:Bare URLs

## Guap-oo liân-kiat

*How Our Laws Are Made - Congress.gov Resources 
* Legal glossary
Hoat-lân-se Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok

**Hoat-lân-se Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok** (; Hoat-gí: La Troisième République) sī Hoat-kok kòe-khì ê chi̍t ê ê chèng-khoân. 1870 nî, Hoat-lân-se Tē-jī Tè-kok tī Phó͘-Hoat Chiàn-cheng tiong óa-kái, Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok sêng-li̍p, kàu 1940 nî, Hoat-kok tī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn tiong lûn-hām, Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok bia̍t-bông.
## Chèng-tī
1870 nî 9-goe̍h chhe-1, Phó͘-Hoat Chiàn-cheng ê Sedan Chiàn-tò͘ tiong, Hoat-kok chiàn-pāi, hông-tè Napoléon 3-sè hō͘ Tek-kun hu-ló͘, Hoat-lân-se Tē-jī Tè-kok mā sûi hŏng thui-hoan. Kok-bîn Gī-hōe ê gī-goân Léon Gambetta léng-tō Paris tāi-piáu tī 9-goe̍h chhe-4 kiàn-li̍p lîm-sî chèng-hú, kiò-chò Kok-hông Chèng-hú. Hia-ê tāi-piáu thui-phài Louis-Jules Trochu chiong-kun chò chóng-thóng. Kok-hông Chèng-hú chiâⁿ-chò Kiōng-hô-kok ê tē it kài chèng-hú, i koh kè-sio̍k kah Tek-kun sio-chiàn, jî-chhiáⁿ tī sì kò goe̍h ê Paris Pau-ûi-chiàn kî-kan thóng-tī Hoat-kok. 

1871 nî 1-goe̍h 28, tī Tek-kok phàu-kek ê ui-hia̍p chi-hā, Hoat-kok Kok-hông Chèng-hú khai-sí beh kah tú sêng-li̍p ê Tek-ì-chì Tè-kok tâm-phòaⁿ, hia̍p-gī beh thêng-chiàn, Tek-kok siú-siòng Otto von Bismark hō͘ in ê tiâu-kiāⁿ sī kái-sàn bo̍k-chêng ê lîm-sî chèng-hú, kí-pān soán-kí, soán-chhut ū ha̍p-hoat-sèng ê chèng-hú, chiah-koh lâi tâm-phòaⁿ. 2-goe̍h 18 ê Kok-bîn Gī-hōe soán-kí tang-tiong, chú-tiuⁿ hô-pêng pó-siú-phài tit-tio̍h to-sò͘ se̍k-chhù. Kok-bîn Gī-hōe soán-chhut un-hô-phài ê kiōng-hô chú-gī-chiá Jules Grévy chò gī-tiúⁿ, koh soán-chhut Louis-Philippe 1-sè sî-tāi ê Lāi-chèng-pō͘ pō͘-tiúⁿ Adolphe Thiers chò "Hoat-lân-se Kiōng-hô-kok hêng-chèng siú-tiúⁿ" (Hoat-gí: *chef du pouvoir exécutif de la République française*). Hit-tong-sî, Paris chhī-bîn tī chiàn-cheng tang-tiong  í-keng lī-keng chiàn-pāi ê thí-jio̍k kah ki-hân kau-pek ê kam-khó͘, só͘-tì in chhiong-móa kek-bēng kah chó-e̍k ê hun-ûi, iū-e̍k ê sin chèng-hú chŏaⁿ soán-te̍k Versailles-kiong chò-ûi chèng-hú chóng-pō͘. 

3-goe̍h 18, Paris chhī-bîn ê bú-chong pō͘-tūi Kok-bîn Kéng-ūi-tùi hoat-tōng khí-gī, thâi-sí nn̄g-ê chiong-kun, kā chèng-hú-kun kóaⁿ-chhut Paris, koh sêng-li̍p Paris Kong-siā, in tī sòa--lo̍h-lâi nn̄g kò-goe̍h ê sî-kan lóng leh tùi-khòng Thiers chèng-hú ê chèng-kui-kun. 5-goe̍h 21 kàu 28, chèng-hú-kun tōa-kui-bô͘ tìn-ap Kong-siā ê lâng, chhèng-sat beh 20000 lâng, hòng-tio̍k 7000-gōa lâng, sú-chheng Lâu-hoeh ê Lé-pài.

Kāng-sî, tī 5-goe̍h chhe-10, sin chèng-hú kah Tek-kok chhiam-tēng Frankfurt Tiâu-iok.

## Gōa-kau
19 sè-kí tiong-kî, Hoat-kok khai-sí ji̍p-chhim Chheng-kok ê sio̍k-kok Oa̍t-lâm. 1883 nî kàu 1885 nî, Hoat-kok kah Chheng-kok po̍k-hoat Chheng-hoat Chiàn-cheng, kiat-kó Chheng-kok Hok-kiàn Chúi-sai hŏng bia̍t-choa̍t; Chheng, Hoat tī Thian-chin chhiam-tēng Tiong-hoat Sin-iok, Chheng-kok sêng-jīn Oa̍t-lâm piàn-chò Hoat-kok ê pó-hō͘-kok.

## Siā-hōe
縮圖|350x350像素|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913

## Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn

## Bia̍t-bông

## Siong-koan

* Hoat-lân-se si̍t-bîn tè-kok

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-lân-se Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok ê le̍k-sú
Sam-thue sêng-jī hoat

**Sam-thue sîng-jī-huat** (hàn-gú: 三推成字法; ing-gú: three steps into characters; **sam-thui sîng-tsī huat**) ûi Tshing-kok  5-nî (1800年) tsìn-kang jîn-sū N̂g Khiam (黃謙) sóo tù-tsok ê tsi̍t-pōo kin-kì Tiong-kok Tsuân-tsiu lâm-uann khiunn uî-tsú ê Bân-lâm-gú im-ūn su "Uī-im miāu-ngōo" (彙音妙悟) tsit-pún tsheh lāi-té sóo thê-tshut ê siong-tsá Bân-lâm-gú phing-jī huat.  Tsit khuán phing-jī huat sī-í ūn-bió "ngōo-tsa̍p ê jī-bó (guân-im)" uî king, í siann-bió "tsap-ngōo ê im (hú-im)" uî uī, koh iōng "8 im siann-tiāu" su-tsit kuàn-tshuan kî-kan, tō-lâi tsiânn-tsò "Sam thue sîng-jī huat".

## Gú-sû kiat-kòo

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Tiong-kok tshiat-im sin-jī)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*三推成字法 
*彙音與十五音傳承簡考
Togg

**Togg** sī Thó͘-ní-kî chhia kong-si, chóng-pō͘ tī Thó͘-ní-kî ê Gebze. 2018 nî chhòng-li̍p.

Lūi-pia̍t:Thó͘-ní-kî ê kong-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Chhia
Lí Têng-ki

**Lí Tîng-ki** (hàn-gú:李廷機; 1642－1616), jī Nī Tiong (爾張), hō Kiú Ngóo (九我), Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn Tsuân-tsiu hú  Sin-mn̂g guā Hû Kiô (hiān-tsāi sio̍k-ú Tsuân-tsiu tshī Hû-kiô ke-tō) jîn-sū. Bîng-tiâu tsìng-tīp jîn-bu̍t, kuan tsì  .

## Sing-pîng
Tiong-kok Bîng-tiâu Ka-tsīng21-nî (1542) tshut-sì. Í kòng ji̍p thai-ha̍k, Liông-khìng  4-nî (1507-nî) king-ngóo kho  (tsit-má ê Pak-kiann) hiong-tshì tē-1. Bān-li̍k 11-nî (1583), huē-tshì ho̍k tē-1, í póng-gán  tē-2, siū pian-siu. Luí-tshian tsè-tsiú, lik-jīm Lâm-kiann lī-pōo iū-sū-lông, lé-pōo iū-sū-lông, lé-pōo sióng-su, .

Bān-li̍k 34-nî (1606), Tîng Ki siū Bān Li̍k sióng-sik, í lé-pōo sióng-su kiam tang-koh tāi-ha̍k-sū ji̍p luē-koh tsham-ú ki-bū, m̄-ku giân-lōo jīn-uî i kah tsiân siú-hú Sin Sî-hîng (申時行), Sím It-kuàn (沈一貫) tíng-jîn su-siong siū-siū, in-tshú siū--tio̍h bē-tsió giân-kuan ê huán-tuì, kau-tsiong tân-hi̍k. Bān-li̍k 36-nî (1608), tiau-sîn lūn siú-hú Tsu King (朱賡) tsuē, kiam-ki̍p Lí Tîng-ki, Lí pì-mn̂g sòo-gua̍t put-tshut, lāi-koh sū-bū lóng hōotong-sî sin İàn-king (燕京) ji̍p koh ê Ia̍p Hiòng-ko (葉向高) tshú-lí. Suî-āu sòo-nî it-ti̍t put-tuan ū lâng siōng-soo kong-kik, Lí bînsing sî-ì. I tio̍h bē-tiāu Iàn-king pâng-ok sán-gia̍p, tsín-tsè pîn-khóo. Lî-tshiánn koh-khah tshin-lâng sàng tńg--khì Tsuân-tsiu, ka-kī ún-ku Tsin-bú biō (真武廟), tshíng-kiû thè-hiu tsiok-tsiokū ngó-nî; liân-suà siōng-su 120 huê, hông-tè ū-khuànn kan-na bô-khuànn, tsuè-āu Lí Tîng-ki mōo-tsuē tsū-hîng huê-tsi̍k. Bān-li̍k 40-nî (1612), hông-tè tsóng-sǹg phue-tsún Lí Tîng-ki tì-sū (thè-hiu).

9-gue̍h tsìn-sing thài-tsú thài-pó huê-tsik, tuà 4-nî liáu-āu kuè-sin, tsīng Siàu-pó, sē-hō Bûn-tsiat (文節). Bîng-sú pún-tuān kì kî-jîn "Tú-sū iú-tsip, iû liâm-kiat, jiân sìng khik-tshim, i̍k phó phian-pi̍k, put am tāi-thé" (遇事有執, 尤廉潔, 然性刻深, 亦頗偏愎, 不諳大體), jî tsip-tsìng "Hē koh-tsi̍k 6-nî,  píng-tsìng tsí 9-gue̍h, bô tāi-kò" (系閣籍六年, 秉政止九月, 無大過 ); "Tîng-ki hú-tsìng ê sî, Sù-tshuan sûn-hú  Kiâu Pik-sing (喬璧星) juē io̍k (kian-tshî beh) thó (thó-hua̍t) Tìn-hiông Án Giâu-sîn (安堯臣), kah Kuì-tsiu siú-sîn tshî-gī put-kuat. Tîng-ki li̍k-tsú thiat-ping, kî-āu tsut (kiat-kó) bô-sū, gī-tsiá (tsham-ka gī-lūn-tsiá) thing-tsi (lóng kā o-ló)" (廷機輔政時, 四川巡撫喬璧星銳欲討鎮雄安堯臣, 與貴州守臣持議不決. 廷機力主撤兵, 其後卒無事, 議者稱之).

## Tù-su̍t

*《四書垂世宗意》10卷 《燕居錄文集》 《五經纂注》20卷 《性理綜要》 22卷. 
*《四書口義》 3卷 《漢書要刪文粹》6卷 《秦漢殊言》 4卷 《性理大方》 70卷. 
*《四書臆說》 《在官錄》 1卷 《性理刪》 5卷 《春秋講章》 6卷. 
*《易經纂注》 4卷 《易答問》 4卷. 

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (tsó-lîm tsa̍p-tsóo/棗林雜俎)
* (İú-iông tsa̍p-tsóo/酉陽雜俎)
* (中國檔案文獻遺產)
* (涌幢小品)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*明朝四大首辅 
*明朝首辅李廷机 
*五字鑒 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃 

Lūi-pia̍t:1542 nî chhut-sì
Lūi-pia̍t:1616 nî kòe-sin
L

Lūi-pia̍t:Bîng-tiâu lāi-koh siú-hú
Bilyne

**Bilyne** (Ukraina-gí: ) sī chi̍t ê tī Ukraina Kiōng-hô-kok Odessa Chiu Balta Koān ê chng-thâu (*[[selo]]*).

## Chham-oa̍t
*Ukraina ê chng-thâu

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Odessa Chiu ê chng-thâu
Pêng-súi ūn

**Pîng-suí ūn** (hàn-gú: 平水韻) sī Tiong-kok Sòng-tāi í-āu sú-iōng ê si-ūn hē-thóng. Tī 1223-nî, Kim-tiâu pîng-suí  (mā-ū lâng kóng sī kuann-miâ, mā-ū lâng kóng sī tē-miâ) Ông Bûn-u (王文鬱) sóo tsok ê "Sin-khan ūn-lio̍k" (新刊韻略), kā  ê iōng jī hun-tsò 106 ūn. Tī 2001-nî teh Tun-hông  (莫高窟) Pak-khu ê tsioh-khut tshut-thóo ê kóo-ūn su "Pâi jī-ūn" (排字韻) ê tsân-phìnn, i-ê luē-iông kah Ông Bûn-ut ê "Sin-khan ūn-lio̍k" uân-tsuân kâng-khuán, kū-iú 106 ūn ê tsoo-tsit, sī ko khah tsá ê 206 ūn ê "" (廣韻) ê tsit-tsióng lio̍k-pún (略本).

## Ūn-ba̍k

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

* (廣韻)
*No audible release (無聲除阻音)
*

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*莫高窟北區石窟發現《排字韻》箚記 
*Pingshui Rhyme Categories in Chinese Text Project. 
*Web 台語漢文輔助系統 

Lūi-pia̍t:Ūn-su
Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k su-che̍k

Lūi-pia̍t:Sòng-tiâu su-che̍k
Tiong-kok hêng-tōng kè-ōe

**Tiong-kok hîng-tōng kè-uē** (ing-gú: China Initiative; hàn-gú: 中國行動計劃) sī tsí 2018-nî 11-gue̍h Bí-kok tsìng-hú thui-tshut ê tsi̍t-hāng kè-uē, iû  hū-tsik si̍t-si, pīng-tshiánn piáu-sī tsit ê kè-uē ê tsong-tsí sī-teh tsuân-bīn siau-tû  ê , hông-tsí Bí-kok kho-ki hōo Tiong-kok tō-tshiat (thau-the̍h). Kai kè-uē iû sî-jīm Bí-kok suh-ua-pōo pōo-tiúnn  tī 2018-nî 11-gue̍h 1-ji̍t suan-pòo khé-tōng. M̄-ku hông phue-phîng sī bô-hāu, tsióng-tso̍k phian-kiàn kah tsiân-āu môo-tún. Lî-tshiánn Tiong-kok hîng-tōng kè-u ē-kha ê tsi̍t-kuá àn-kiānn sī khiā-tī Bí-kok liân-pang tiâu-tsa-kio̍k (FBI) thê-kiong ê hi-ké tsìng-kù. Tī 2022-nî 2-gue̍h 23-ji̍t, hit-tang-tsūn tam-jīm Bí-kok tsōo-lí siú-si̍k kiám-tshat-kuann  suan-pòo tiong-tsí tsit-ê kè-uē, pīng-tshiánn piáu-sī kai kè-uē tsōo-tióng tuì A-ì Bí-kok lâng ê tsióng-tso̍k kî-sī kah phian-kiàn, Sún-hāi liáu Bí-kok khip-ín tíng-tsiam jîn-tsâi kah thui-tōng kho-ki tsìn-pōo hong-bīn ê lī-ik. Put-jî-kò í "Tiong-kok hîng-tōng kè-uē" tsi  sóo khai-sí tsìn-hîng ê tsi̍t-kuá àn-kiānn bo̍k-tsiân si̍t-tsit siōng koh-teh tong-ûn.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Chhian-jîn kè-ōe
*Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
*Second Cold War
*The Hill (newspaper)
* Thousand Talents Plan
*National Institutes of Health
*Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California
*Asian American movement

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*The China Initiative and its Implications for American Universities 
*While China Initiative may have ended, foreign influence remains DOJ enforcement priority 
*Controversial U.S. China Initiative gets new name, tighter focus on industrial espionage 
*End The "China Initiative"  
* 中國行動計劃的終結：那些恐懼的學者與被製造的焦慮 
*中國行動計劃  

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok hêng-tōng kè-ōe

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-bí koan-hē
Ia̍p Chheng-iāu

**Ia̍p Tshing-iāu** (hân-gú: 葉清耀, 1880－1942), pún-tsi̍k Tâi-uân Tâi-tiong tāng-sì, Ia̍p Tshing-iāu put-tān sī Tâi-uân teh Tâi-uân jit-tī sî-kî ê ti-bîng , iā teh  it-àn lāi-té, tam-jīm Tâi-uân  ê lu̍t-su. Liáu-āu, Ia̍p Tshing-iāu koh tsiânn-tsò Tâi-uân siú-uī  (1932-nî, ).

## Sing-pîng
Tshut-sì teh Tâi-uân jit-tī sî-kî Tâi-tiong tāng-sì, tsū sè-hàn ka-tîng tō sàn-tshiah, uì tāng-sè kong-ha̍k-hāu pit-gia̍p liáu-āu tō bô-koh tha̍k-tsheh; pīng-tshiánn tsiām-sî teh-tsò tshàu-uân kang-lâng ê thâu-lōo. M̄-kuh teh ha̍k-hāu ê lāu-su kóo-lē tsi-hā, khó-ji̍p Tâi-tiong su-huān ha̍k-hāu. Tsi-āu tsiân-óng Ji̍t-pún liû-ha̍k, pīng-tshiánn tsìn-ji̍p Bîng-tī tāi-ha̍k huat-ha̍k kho tsiū-to̍k. Pīng-tshiánn teh kiû-ha̍k ê kuè-tîng tang-tiong khai-sí tsún-pī lu̍t-su khó-tshì. Mo-m̄-kuh suā-lâi tso-gū--tio̍htong-sî tsìng-hú ê hān-tsè; tsū-án-ne tō-teh sì-kè tshíng-guān tsi-hā, tsuè-āu hōo Ji̍t-pún tsìng-hú tông-ì khai-hòng hōo i pò-khó. Ia̍p Tshing-iāu mā sūn-lī khó-tio̍h lu̍t-su tsu-keh; tsiânn-tsò thâu-tsi̍t-ê Tâi-uân-lâng lu̍t-su. Tshú-guā Ia̍p Tshing-iāu mā iōng lūn-bûn "Hîng-huat tông-ì lūn" (刑法同意論) the̍h-tio̍h  ê tsu-keh; pīng in-tshú tsiânn-tsò thâu-tsi̍t-ê Tâi-uân-lâng huat-ha̍k phok-sū.

Ia̍p Tshing-iāu tńg--lâi Tâi-uân liáu-āu, teh Tuā-tiū-tiânn khai-siat  tsip-gia̍p. Tī 1923-nî,  huat-sing, Ia̍p Tshing-iāu siū-thok tam-jīm Tsiúnn Uī-suí, Tshuà Puê-hué tíng-jîn ê piān-hōo lu̍t-su, pīng-tshiánn teh it-sím ê sî-tsūn sūn-lī thè kai àn ê tsuân-pōo pī-kò tsing-tshú bô-tsuē phuànn-kuat, jî-lâi Ia̍p Tshing-iāu ê miâ-siann lú-lâi lú tsin tháu. Tsi-āu tī 1930-nî tsoo-tsit Tâi-uân tē-hng tsū-tī liân-bîng, tsú-tiunn Tâi-uân-lâng ē-tàng ti̍t-suán tē-hng kong-tsit; m̄-kuh suah--lâi tī 1942-nî in-uī  kuè-sin, hióng-siū 62 huē.

## Ka-tso̍k
*Bió Tân Thô (陳桃)（lông-king）
*Hiann Tân Ia̍p-lia̍t (陳葉烈)（；uá bió sènn）
*Tī Ia̍p Chheng-kiong (葉清恭)
*Kiánn Ia̍p Tsok-ga̍k (葉作樂) （huat-lu̍t-jîn）
*Guā-sun Tiong Bûn-liông (張文龍)（）

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*田健治郎，《田健治郎日記》，，臺灣日記資料庫。1919年12月18日內容，「前九時，伴通譯施家本及辨護士葉清耀（唯一臺灣人弁護士也）來謁，則逐條令面陳，對之一一與訓諭。約二時間餘，彼等表滿腔之謝意而去。」 
*吳密察，《台灣史小事典》，遠流出版社。 

## Tsham-ua̍t

* (Meiji University)
* (hiann-tī tsí-muē/sibling)
* (Party (law))
* (Tâi-uân tsiunn-ló sán-gia̍)
*

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

*刑法同意論 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション 

Lūi-pia̍t:1880 nî chhut-sì
Lūi-pia̍t:1942 nî kòe-sin
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân lu̍t-su
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi jîn-bu̍t

Lūi-pia̍t:Ia̍p--sī
Chèng-tī ê jîn-seng

**Tsìng-tī ê jîn-sing** (hân-gú: 政治的人生), sī tsi̍t-pún , hông tsàn-ū uî "Tiong-lâm-hái siú-si̍k " ê Ông Hóo-lîng sóo siá ê , tī 1995-nî iû  tshut-pán. Tsit-pún ji̍t-kì, kì-lio̍k Ông Hóo-lîng ê kò-jîn sing-ua̍h, tsìng-tī lí-lūn gián-kiù, su-phîng kah iánn-sī tsok-phín sióng-sik; tuì sè-kài hām Tiong-kok, siā-huē  būn-tê ê su-khó. 

## Tsū-sī
Tuì it-puann ê to̍k-tsiá kî-thāi ê kuann-tiûnn tsìng-tī sing-ua̍h kái-tho̍k, su tiong pīng-bô siap-ki̍p tio̍h.  Teh tsū-sū tang-tiong, Ông Hóo-lîng án-ne kái-sueh: "Ē án-ne khí-miâ tsò "Tsing-ti ê jîn-sing" (政治的人生), pīng m̄-sī teh kóng tsi̍t-tsióng tsìng-tī ê king-li̍k. Tsū-án-ne, tio̍h-sī teh kóng, tsò tsi̍t-ê tsìng-tī ha̍k-tsiá, guá ê tuā-pōo-hūn sî-kan lóng iōng-lâi tsò guá-ê tsuan-gia̍p ha̍k-būn; kàu-kah, tsit-ê ha̍k-būn tsiàm-tio̍k guá tsua̍t tāi-pōo-hūn ê sing-bīng" (之所以起名為 "政治的人生", 並非指一種政治的經歷, 而是說, 作為一名政治學的學者, 我的大部分時間均用來作我的專業學問了, 以至這一學問占據了我絕大部分的生命).

## Luē-iông
Teh su tiong, to̍k-tsiá ē-tàng khui-sī Ông Hóo-lîngê kò-jîn sè-kài, kah hit ê sî-tāi ê siā-huē su-khó. Khang-khuè tsò-liáu tsiânn àm, Ông Hóo-lîng mā ài tsia̍h khong-sai-hū phàu-bīn tsí-iau. Siu--tio̍h Ji̍t-pún  hóng-mn̄g iau-tshiánn, koh ài thiām tsi̍t-tui , tuann-lāi ê luē-iông iù-kàu "tshoo-tiong tá-tsi̍t-kang pit-gia̍p" ê piáu-keh, hōo Ông Hóo-lîng put-jiân kî-huân thòng-phue "Piáu-keh tsú-gī", tsuè-āu "hā-tīng kuat-sim buâi-khì, tòng-bē-tiâu tsit-khuán hîng ê tiâu-tsa".  Ông Hóo-lîng sńg Tāi hù-ong (大富翁) ê iû-hì, bé-tē, tshá-kóo, tsuè-āu lóng su liáu-liáu. Pa̍t-lâng tshiánn Ông Hóo-lîng tsia̍h tsi̍t-tsiah 200 khoo ê tsîm-á hōo i suah-lâi kiann-tio̍h; Ông Hóo-lîng i siunn-tio̍h kan-khóo gín-á, koh su-khó bu̍t-kè kah hiān-si̍t ê khiàm-khuat lô-tsi̍p. Tsìng-tī lí-lūn hong-bīn, ji̍t-kì lāi-té Ông Hóo-lîng tsú-tiunn teh Tiong-kok tsit-khuánn ê tshiau tuā siā-huē; teh tsu-guân siong-tuì pîn-ha̍t ê tsîng-hóng hā, ing-kai tsi̍p-tiong li̍k-liōng thui-tsìn hiān-tāi-huà. M̄-kuh tsit-ê kuè-tîng, su-iàu thóng-it ê líng-tō kah hia̍p-tiau ê hi̍k-sim.Lî-tshiánn thóng-it tsè-tīng tsiàn-lio̍k hām tiâu-phuè li̍k-liōng, mā ū-huat-tōo lâi pó-tsìng kok-ka khiā-tī iú-lī ê kok-tsè tē-uī; ìng-tuì kok-tsè kìng-tsing, thui-tōng kok-ka ho̍k-hing.

Su-tiong kì-lio̍k, Ông Hóo-lîng ê ua̍t-to̍k kah kuan-iánn tsiânn-tsē, tsiàm bē-tsió ê phian-hok. Put-tān ū Huat-kok ê "Tsū-jiân kho-ha̍k" (自然科學) tsa̍p-tsì,  tsa̍p-tsì (讀書 (雜誌)) tíng-tíng kî-khan; mā ū "So-thóo" (騷土), "Kiò-i̍k" (媾疫), "Thian-lia̍p" (天獵), "Tè-king" (帝京) tíng-tíng siáu-suat; iah-koh ū "Kū tsè-tōo kah Huat-kok tāi kik-bīng" (舊制度與法國大革命)' "Tsan Kok-huan" (曾國藩) tíng-tíng su-tsi̍k. Tsheh lāi ū hián-sī , Ông Hóo-lîng teh tsi̍t-nî ê tsi-kan ū khuànn "Kiann-too kì-sū" (京都紀事), "Ī-hîng 1" (異形1), "Óng-sū" (往事),  (危險關係), "I̍k-sik hiat-àn" (浴室血案),  (以父之名), "" (辛德勒的名單) tíng-tíng 10 guā-pōo tiong-guā ê iánn-sī tsok-phín.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

* (以父之名)
* (危險關係)
* (辛德勒的名單/Schindler ê miâ-tuann)
*  (Kobe University)
* (piau-tuann)
*
*

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*《政治的人生》本文 
*长篇小说《媾疫》自序
Gân-sek Put-hun Lâm Lio̍k Chi-chhî Sèng-choan-khu Gân-sek Tiân Sīn-chiat

**Gân-sek Put-hun Lâm Lio̍k Chi-chhî Sèng-choan-khu Gân-sek Tiân Sīn-chiat** (顏色不分藍綠支持性專區顏色田慎節, ), chhut-sè î Tâi-oân Tâi-ôan-séng Tâi-pak-koān (kin Sin-pak-chhī), sī chi̍t-miâ Tâi-oân ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bāng-lō͘ meme
Sek
Hoat-goân sī (pak-kiaⁿ)

**Huat-guân sī (pak-kiann)** (hân-gú: 法源寺 (北京), koh kiò-tsò Bín-tiong sī (憫忠寺)), sī khiā-tī Tiong-kok Pak-kiann-tshī se-kau-khu  hū-kīn kà-kiánn ôo-tông ê lâm-pîng, mā sī Pak-kiann siânn-lāi hiān-tsûn li̍k-sú siong iu-kiú ê hu̍t-sī. Sī-lāi tin-tsông tāi-liōng hu̍t-king, hu̍t-siōng kah tsio̍h-khik, bo̍k-tsiân uî  hām Tiong-kok Hu̍t-kàu tôo-su bûn-bu̍t-kuán ê sóo-tsāi-tē. Tī 2001-nî, Huat-guân sī hōo  kong-pòo tsò tē-5 phue Tiong-kok  tsi it.

## Tôo-siōng

File:Fayuan Temple1.JPG|Huat-guân sī  ji̍p-kháu ji̍p-kháu ê tâng-siōng
File:Flower in fayuan temple.JPG|Huat-guân sī ê  (ting-hiunn)
File:Fa yuan temple03.JPG|Tāi tsio̍h-hái kap té-tsō


## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
*
*Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University (摩訶朱拉隆功皇家佛學院大學)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*法源寺 (北京市西城區的景點) 
*法源寺 

Lūi-pia̍t:Sai-siâⁿ-khu
Z̭

**Z̭** (sió-siá **z̭**), kiò-tsò "⟨Z⟩ té-pōo tsah ik-iông im-hû"; mā ē-tàng kiò-tsò "⟨z⟩ jī-hû ē-kha tsah iông-ik ê im-hû ⟨◌̭⟩", sī  teh tsìng-jī-huat (orthography) tsìn-tsîng sú-iōng ê lating jī-bió. Z̭ ê kiat-kòo sī jī-bió Z ē-kha ka-siōng tsi̍t-ê ..

## Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
⟨Z̭ z̭⟩ — sī iōng teh  lāi-té ê jī-bió; sī piáu-sī IPA ê tshing sia̍t-ia̍p khí-khí si-im (Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant) [z̪]. Iah-koh iōng teh piáu-sī im-tī tso̍k khí-gûn sat-tshat-im .

## Kè-sǹg-ki tāi-bé
⟨Z⟩ kah i ē-kha ê  ⟨◌̭⟩ ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê Unicode jī-hû lâi piáu-sī:

*Jī-bió kiat-kòo hun-khui-sik (ki-pún lating jī-bió, piàn-im hû-hō):

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t

*Denti-alveolar consonant
*Combining Diacritical Marks
*Herero language
*Dan language

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*Herero alphabet, prounciation and language 
* (Herero language)

Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-bió Z chah piàn-im hû-hō
Lūi-pia̍t:Lating jī-bió ē-kha chah iông-ik im-hû
2022 nî Lō͘-se-a chhim-lio̍k Ukraina

**2022 nî Lō͘-se-a chhim-lio̍k Ukraina** (, ), Lō͘-se-a koaⁿ-hong kiò-chòe **tek-pia̍t kun-sū hêng-tōng**' (), Ukraina koaⁿ-hong kiò **Ukraina Jîn-bîn Úi-tāi ê Ūi-kok Chiàn-cheng** (), sī Lō͘-se-a chū 2014 nî kàu chit-má ê Lō͘-se-a Ukraina Chiàn-cheng tiong, choân-pôaⁿ chhim-lio̍k Ukraina ê kai-tōaⁿ. Chit-kái chhim-lio̍k sī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn í-lâi Au-chiu siōng tōa ê chiàn-cheng.'''

## Chù-sek


## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Koan-sia̍p tio̍h Lō͘-se-a ê chiàn-cheng
Lūi-pia̍t:Ukraina
Lūi-pia̍t:Chiàn-cheng
Lūi-pia̍t:2022 nî
Tiong-kok khòng-sán chu-goân chi̍p-thoân

**Tiong-kok khòng-sán tsu-guân tsi̍p-thuân iú-hān kong-si** (hân-gú: 中國礦產資源集團有限公司; kán-tshing Tiong-kok khòng-sán tsi̍p-thuân), sī 2022-nî 7-gue̍h 19-ji̍t kang-siong tsù-tsheh sîng-li̍p ê Tiong-hua jîn-bîn kiōng-hô-kok , kai kong-si iû pōo-hūn Tiong-kok kok-iú thih-khòng tshái-káng kah hái-guā  tsu-sán tsíng-ha̍p jî-sîng, tsìn-lik teh tá-tsò iōng tshī-tiûnn-huà hong-sik tsi̍p-tiong Tiong-kok kok-lāi pōo-hūn thih-khòng tsio̍h su-kiû ê pênn-tâi; tông-sî tâu-tsu khai-huat.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
*

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat
*中矿资源集团股份有限公司  
*中共成立礦產資源集團爭奪議價權 專家：市場決定價格 
*陸成立礦產資源集團，強化鐵礦石保供能力
Ə

**Ə** (schwa (lating jī-bió); : **ə**;  ing-gú: schwa (latin); : *Ə*, *ə*) sī ên-sin hîng ê lating jī-bió tsi-it. [Ə/ə] ê tāi-siá hām siáu-siá ê jī-hîng lóng-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bió. Teh Kok-tsè im-piau tang-tiong, siáu-siá ê ə sī iōng-lâi tāi-piáu tiong-iong guân-im.  Kin-kù Unicode ê piau-tsún kiò-tsò "schwa (lating)". M̄-ku teh bô-kāng-khuán ê gí-gên lāi-té piáu-sī bô-kâng ê . Mā ē-tàng iōng /ɚ/ lâi piáu-sī . Ū-hê kńg-tsi̍h-kau (ᶕ) ê  iōng teh im-piau. 

## Im-tī
Ә ê im-tī thong-siông sī-teh piáu-sī tiong iong bú-im /ə/ (Ә); ia̍h ē-tàng piáu-sī tsò  /æ/ (Ә).

## Sú-iōng gí-giân
Teh  ê jī-bió lāi-té, [Ə/ə] jī-bió piáu-sī tiong-iong guân-im . Koh teh  ê latin-gí ê im-i̍k lāi-té, tuì-ìng ê tn̂g guân-im siá-tsò -, [Ə̄/ə̄]. Līng-guā, teh  lāi-té ū tsi̍t-ê [Ǝ/ǝ] jī-bió, siáu-siá ê hîng-tsōng hām tsit-ê jī-bió kâng-khuán, mā-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bió; tāi-siá jī-bió tō-sī tò-se̍h ê tāi-siá /E/ jī-bió.

Teh  ê , [Ə/ə] tāi-piáu  /æ/. Mā-sī iōng teh  ê gí-im piáu-sī tsò , iah iōng teh  lāi-té. Iah teh  lāi-té, /Ə/ jī-bió sī lên-suà lo̍h--lâi ê tē-9 ê jī-bió .  ê "Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ gí" mā sú-iōng tsit-ê jī-bió. Uyghur-gí ê kū-lating-huà hîng-sik, hām  (m̄-sī ) mā tshái-iōng tsit-ê jī-bió. M̄-ku /ə/ teh kū-iú  lāi-té bô-huat-tōo tsi-uān; tsiâñ-tsē sî-tsūn hông siá-tsò ná-tshin-tshiūñ tatar-gí iah-sī turkmen-gí sú-iōng ê jī-bió /ä/. Iah-koh teh  lāi-té /Ə/ tāi-piáu tiong-iong guân-im /ə/. Mā teh  ê lating jī-bió pán-pún, /Ə/ mā piáu-sī tsò tiong-iong guân-im /ə/.

## Unicode pian-bé

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Ə̂ (latin)

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 
* 
* Буква Ə на сайте graphemica.com 
* Буква ə на сайте graphemica.com 

Lūi-pia̍t:Ə
Ə
ə
Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gú
Lūi-pia̍t:Ên-sin lating jī-bió