open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chhu-peng-tiûⁿ

**Chhu-peng-tiûⁿ** (*ice rink*) sī chúi kian-peng ê 1 ê tiûⁿ-tē, ē-tit ēng lâi chhu-peng (*ice skate*), iah-sī chò koâⁿ-thiⁿ ūn-tōng (*winter sport*). Sù-siông ê iōng-tô͘ ū peng-kiû (*ice hockey*) pí-sài, hoe-sit chhu-peng (*figure skating*) piáu-ián kap pí-sài, peng ê tián-lám, téng-téng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chhu-peng
Kun-lām

**Kun-lām** (kun-kàm) sī chò kun-sū lō·-iōng ê chûn, phó-thong tō-sī kóng hái-kun ê chûn-chiah.

Kun-lām ū chin-chē bô-kâng ê khoán-sek, toā-sè lóng ū. Ki-pún-siōng kun-lām siat-kè hām khí-chō ê sî, ē kap it-poaⁿ ê chûn kok-iūⁿ. Pí-lūn kóng kun-lām tùi kong-ke̍k khah ū tòng-thâu, ē ēng te̍k-pia̍t ê ki-su̍t cháu-siám lûi-ta̍t, toā-pō·-hūn ê kun-lām lóng ū chng toā-kòng, chhèng kap hui-toâⁿ chit-khoán ê bú-khì.

Lēng-goā ū "chiàn-chûn" chit-ê sû, sī te̍k-pia̍t chí ēng lâi piàⁿ-tīn ê kun-lām, chiàn-chûn í-goā ê kun-lām sī chò chi-oān--ê (chhin-chhiūⁿ ūn-sàng, pó·-kip téng-téng), chiàn-chûn lia̍h-goā ê kun-lām bô hām te̍k-jîn ti̍t-chiap tùi-phah.

## Siong-koan
* Hâng-khong-bú-lām
* Chǹg-chúi-théng
* Chiàn-tò͘-lām
* Hō͘-ōe-lām
Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k

**Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k** sī tiat-ha̍k lāi-té 1-ê tiōng-iàu ê hun-ki. Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k só· gián-kiù--ê sī tē-it goân-lí / tē-it in-toaⁿ (Eng-gí: first principles, first cause) kap chûn-chāi (tī-leh; sím-mi̍h sī chûn-chāi, chûn-chāi ê sèng-chit téng-téng) ê būn-tê hām chú-tê.

## Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k ê gí-goân

;Hàn-jī bûn-hòa-khoan ê gí-goân
:Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k sī tùi Ji̍t-gí Hàn-jī-sû **形而上学** (keizizyôga) lâi--ê, Hoâ-gí mā-sī khip-siu chit-ê Ji̍t-gí-sû lâi ēng ( ū-tang-sî-á kán-séng chò 形上學 ). Siōng-khí-khiàn Ji̍t-pún ha̍k-chiá sī kin-kì *[[E̍̍k-keng]]* (易經) ê Hê-sû Siōng-toān (繫辭上傳), lāi-té ê " 形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器 " chit 2-kù oē chhòng chhut chit-ê sin-sû--lâi-ê.
;Chi̍t-koá se-hong gí-giân ê gí-goân
:Hi-lia̍p kó·-chá ê tiat-ha̍k-ka Aristotelēs ū siá chi̍t-koá chheh, lóng-chóng hō-chò φυσικά (physika, Eng-gí siá-chò *Physics*). Tī khah-chá ê pán-pún lāi-té, ū lēng-goā chi̍t-koá Aristotelēs ê tù-chok sī hō· lâng pian tī φυσικά āu-bīn--ê, hiah-ê chheh khoàⁿ--khí-lâi sī kap ki-pún, ki-chhó͘ ê tiat-ha̍k būn-tê ū tī-tāi--ê. Aristotelēs ka-tī kā hiah-ê tù-chok hō-chò "**Tē-it tiat-ha̍k**". Nā chá-kî ê Aristotelēs-phài ê ha̍k-chiá sī kui-khì kā hiah-ê chheh kiò-chò τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά βιβλια (ta meta ta physika biblia), ì-sù sī "toè tī physika aū-piah ê chheh", ū 1-ê kóng-hoat kóng che tō-sī Eng-gí *metaphisics* (Tek-gí: Metaphysik, Hoat-gí: Métaphysique, Se-pan-gâ-gí: Metafísica) ê gí-goân. 
:Nā chiàu gí-goân-ha̍k lâi khoàⁿ, *metaphysics* tō-sī poâⁿ-koè (*meta*) chū-jiân kho-ha̍k (*physika*), mā ū tùi-tâng.

## Ki-pún siāu-kái

Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k ū chi̍t-pō·-hūn sī teh " tùi su-khó lâi chò su-khó ", hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k 1-ê kài chú-iàu ê chú-tê tō-sī teh gián-kiù su-khó ê koè-têng: chhin-chhiūⁿ lán sī án-choáⁿ tì-kak--ê, lán sī án-choáⁿ lí-kái--ê, lán sī án-choáⁿ kau-thong--ê, lán sī án-choáⁿ chò su-khó--ê téng-téng.

Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k ê chú-tê tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chin thiu-siōng, lán mā thang kóng hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k koan-sim--ê, tō-sī " lán lâng án-choáⁿ chhú-lí chit-koá thiu-siōng ê tāi-chì ".

Phó͘-thong kóng--khí-lâi hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k siōng-tiōng-iàu ê būn-tê sī pún-thé-lūn ê būn-tê, gián-kiù **chûn-chāi** / **tī-leh**, **si̍t-thé** téng-téng ê tāi-chì.

Hiān-chhú-sî hêng-jî-siōng(-ha̍k) chit-ê sû chia̍p-chia̍p hō· it-poaⁿ lâng bōng-iōng, sù-siông thiaⁿ-tio̍h--ê tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī kap sîn-pì-chú-gī téng-téng ê tāi-chì khah ū koan-hē, tian-tò hām hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k kap pún-thé-lūn khah bô tī-tāi. Sui-jiân chit-khoán iōng-hoat hām tē-it goân-lí he̍k-sī chûn-chāi ê pún-chit bô koan-hē, m̄-koh it-poaⁿ chiah-ê iōng-hoat mā ē kap hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k ê ká-tēng ū kan-sia̍p-tio̍h.
Kim Il-sung

**Kim Il-sung** (Tiâu-sián-gí: , Bân-lâm-im: *Kim Ji̍t-sêng*; ) sī Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kok-ka ê thâu-lâng. Pún-miâ sī **Kim Sŏng-ju** (Tiâu-sián-gí: ).

1920 nî, Kim Il-sung kap i lāu-pē cháu khì Tiong-kok ê Hek-liông-kang-séng, í-āu kái-miâ Kim Il-sung. 1948 nî, So͘-liân chèng-hú niū i choè Tiâu-sián ê lōe-koh siú-siòng. 1949 nî, Kim Il-sung tòng-soán Tiâu-sián Lô-tōng-tóng ê tóng-siú. 1972 nî 12 goe̍h, Tiâu-sián ê sin hiàn-hoat hoat-pò͘, Kim Il-sung tòng-soán Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok chú-se̍k. 1994 nî 7 goe̍h kòe-sin, i ê tōa kiáⁿ Kim Jong-il kè-jīm.

Kim Il-sung kap i ê khan-chhiú Kim Jong-suk sēⁿ tōa kiáⁿ Kim Jong-il, jī kiáⁿ Kim Man-il (Shura), kap cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ Kim Kyong-hui. Kim Jong-suk tī 1949 nî kòe-sin, í-āu. Kim Il-sung ê jī khan-chhiú Kim Song-ae hō͘ i sēⁿ 4 ê kiáⁿ, Kim Pyong-il, Kim Kyong-jin, Kim Yong-il kap Kim Kyong-hui.
Tāi-khì-khoan

**Tāi-khì-khoan** (大氣圈, Eng.: *atmosphere*) iā **tāi-khì-chân**, ū-sî kóng **tāi-khì**, sī khàm tī thian-bûn bu̍t-thé gōa-bīn ê 1 têng khì-thé. Chia-ê khì-thé siū bu̍t-thé ê tē-sim ín-le̍k khip-ín. Bu̍t-thé ê chit-liōng nā ū-kàu gia̍h, ín-le̍k tō ū-kàu la̍t kè-sio̍k kā khì-thé lia̍h tiâu ê, thang î-chhî 1-ê kò·-tēng ê tāi-khì-chân. Ū-kóa he̍k-chheⁿ ê tāi-khì-chân te̍k-pia̍t kāu; in ê sêng-hūn chú-iàu sī khì-thé, só·-í hō-chò khì-thé tōa he̍k-chheⁿ (*gas giant*).

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
*Tē-kiû ê tāi-khì-khoan
Deimos (oē-chheⁿ)

**Deimos** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: Δείμος "Kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ") sī Hoé-chheⁿ 2 lia̍p oē-chheⁿ kî-tiong khah sè, khah goā-kháu hit lia̍p. Chit-ê miâ chí Hi-lia̍p sîn-oē ê sîn-bêng Deimos.
Soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé

Sè-pau seng-bu̍t-ha̍k só͘ kóng ê **soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé** (*mitochondrion*, Hi-lia̍p-gí *mitos* "soàⁿ"+ *khondrion* "lia̍p-á-mi̍h") sī chin-he̍k sè-pau lāi-bīn ê 1 chióng sió-khì-koan (*organelle*). Toā-hūn chin-he̍k sè-pau ū soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé. Soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé chhiâng-chāi hō͘ lâng biô-siá sī chhin-chhiūⁿ "sè-pau hoat-tiān-chhiúⁿ", in-ūi in chú-iàu ê kong-lêng sī iōng sng-sò·-hòa ê lîn-sng-hòa (*oxidative phosphorylation*) kā iú-ki mi̍h choán-pìⁿ-chiâⁿ lêng-goân (siu tī ATP lāi-té). 1-ê sè-pau it-poaⁿ ū pah-goā-kâi chì chheng-goā-kâi soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé, chiàm sè-pau-chit (*cytoplasm*) 25% ê ūi. Soàⁿ-lia̍p-thé ū ka-kī ê DNA. Kin-kù loē-kiōng-seng lí-lūn (*endosymbiotic theory*) ê thui-lí, in pún-chiâⁿ sī sè-pau í-goā ê to̍k-li̍p seng-bu̍t, āu--lâi chiah pìⁿ-chiâⁿ sió-khì-koan.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* 
* Powering the Cell Mitochondria – XVIVO Scientific Animation
* Mitodb.com – The mitochondrial disease database.
* Mitochondria Atlas  at University of Mainz
* Mitochondria Research Portal at mitochondrial.net
Pún-thé-lūn

**Pún-thé-lūn** sī tiat-ha̍k lāi-té hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k kài ki-pún ê 1-ki. I gián-kiù ê hoān-ûi tuì chûn-chāi (*being*) kàu hui-chûn-chāi (*nonbeing*), tī--leh (*existence*) / hui-tī-leh (*nonexistence*), si̍t-chāi (*reality*) / hui-si̍t-chāi (*nonreality*), si̍t-thé (*entity*) / hui-si̍t-thé (*nonentity*), hām mi̍h (*thing*) / bô-mi̍h (*nothing*) téng-téng.
Suez Oan

**Suez-oan** (A-la-pek-gí: خليج السويس‎; Khalīǧ as-Suwais), thàng Âng-hái ê 1-ê hái-oan, oá Se-nái Poàn-tó sai-hoāⁿ, Hui-chiu Tāi-lio̍k ê tang-hoāⁿ. 1869 nî Suez Ūn-hô thong chûn liáu-āu, Suez-oan ē-tàng ti̍t-thâu thàng Tē-tiong-hái, kau-thong lī-piān, chiàn-lio̍k tē-ūi chin tiōng-iàu.
Bab-el-Mandeb Hái-kiap

**Bab-el-Mandeb Hái-kiap** (A-la-pek-gú: مضيق باب المندب ) sī keh-khui A-chiu kap Hui-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê hái-kiap; sio-chiap Âng-hái kap Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ (Aden-oan hit-tah-á). A-chiu pêng ê kok-ka ū Yemen (khiā tòa A-la-pek Poàn-tó); Hui-chiu pêng ū Djibouti (tiàm-tī Hui-chiu-kak). *Bab-el-Mandeb* (A-la-pek-gí: باب المندب) mā ū siá chò *Bab el Mandab*, *Bab al Mandab*, *Bab al Mandeb*, téng-téng, ì-sù sī "Ba̍k-sái ê Tōa Mn̂g-chhùi".

## Chham-oa̍t
*Ūi-chheⁿ iáⁿ-siōng (Satellite imagery/oē-chheⁿ-tô͘)

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Notice-to-Proceed Launches Ambitious Red Sea Crossing 
* Sea crossing
Opera (liû-lám-khì)

:*Khu-pia̍t: Koan-hē im-ga̍k, hì-kio̍k ê *'opera** chhiáⁿ koàⁿ [[Opera]] hit phiⁿ.''


**Opera''' sī 1 thò tiān-náu nńg-thé, ē-tàng hō͘ lâng hoa̍t-lo̍h chhiâng-chāi pān ê Internet bāng-lō͘ khang-khoè, pau-koah liû-lám bāng-ia̍h, siu/kià e-mail, koán-lí liân-lo̍k-jîn, chek-sî thong-sìn téng-téng.

Opera sī Norge kong-si Opera Software ê sán-phín. Ū chi-oān kúi-ā-chióng chok-gia̍p hē-thóng, pau-koah Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, GNU/Linux. Bo̍k-chêng (2006 nî) tī hêng-tōng tiān-oē kap kò-jîn sò͘-ūi chō͘-lí ê chhī-tiûⁿ chiàm-iú-lu̍t te̍k-pia̍t koân.

Toh-téng-hêng ê Opera bián-chîⁿ.
Hui-chiu-kak

**Hui-chiu-kak**, Hui-chiu tang-pêng ê 1-ê toā poàn-tó, pak piⁿ oá Âng-hái kap Aden-oan, thóng chhut-khì Arab Hái sò͘-pah-kong-lí. Che sī Hui-chiu tāi-lio̍k siāng tang ê tē.

## Kok-ka
*Djibouti
*Ethiopia
*Eritrea
*Somalia
Chúi-chhi

**Chúi-chhi** sī báng-á ê iù-thâng, thong-siông seng-oa̍h tī bē liû-tōng ê chúi-e̍k. Chí-iàu ū chek-chúi ê só͘-chāi, lóng ū khó-lêng hō͘ báng-á pàng-nn̄g, chō-sêng chúi-chhi ê seⁿ-thòaⁿ.

Joa̍h-thiⁿ-sî nā lo̍h koè tōa-hō͘, to̍h ē ū khó-lêng tī chek-chúi ê khu-e̍k po̍k-hoat thian-káu-jia̍t ah-sī kî-thaⁿ iû báng-thâng só͘ thoân-jiám ê pēⁿ-chèng. It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chí-iàu chheng-tû chek-chúi, hō͘ chúi-chhi bô-hoat-tō͘ seng-chûn, tio̍h ē-tàng kiám-chió chia-ê thoân-jiám-pēⁿ ê hoat-seng.

Khóng-chhiok-hî, sam-pan, tōa-tō͘-á téng-téng ê hî-á, lóng ē chia̍h chúi-chhi, tùi chúi-chhi sò͘-liōng ê kiám-chió ū chin-tōa ê hāu-kó.
OpenVanilla

**OpenVanilla** sī chi̍t-ê su-ji̍p-hoat kap bûn-jī chhú-lí ê hē-thóng. Tong-chho· ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kái-koat Mac OS X bīn-téng chiàⁿ-thé-tiong-bûn su-ji̍p-hoat ê būn-tê. OpenVanilla hi-bāng khí-chō chi̍t-ê chin kán-tan tō ē-tàng siá-chhut su-ji̍p-hoat ê hē-thóng. 

OpenVanilla tî-liáu ū Mac OS X ê pán-pún, mā ē-táng thàu-kòe SCIM tī Linux kap FreeBSD bīn-téng lâi sú-iōng. Tī Windows bīn-téng mā ē-sái an-chong, tān-sī iáu bô-siáⁿ ún-tēng.

Chit-má lāi-té ū Chù-im, Khok-im, Chhong-kiat, Hâng-lia̍t, Tāi-ī, Hō-ló Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Se-chōng bûn-jī chiok-chōe khóan bô-kâng ê su-ji̍p-hoat.
Ú-súi

**Ú-súi** (雨水) sī cheh-khùi chi it, Ji̍t-thaû se̍h kaù chhiah-keng 330° ~ 345° hit kúi kang. Thong-siông ùi 2/19 kaù 3/5. Ú-súi mā ē tit kí Ji̍t-thaû tú-hó tī chhiah-keng 330° hit kang, thong-siông sī 2/19.
Cheh-khùi

**Cheh-khùi**(節氣) sī kā 1 ê Ji̍t-thaû nî chhiat chò 24 chat, mā ē-tit kí múi 1 chat khai-sí hit kang. Khoàⁿ Ji̍t-thaû tī n̂g-tō ê ūi lâi koat-tēng, múi 15° tō sī 1 ê cheh-khùi. Sú-iōng ‎Im-iông-le̍k (*lunisolar calendar*) ê só͘-chāi tiāⁿ ēng cheh-khùi lâi hia̍p-chō͘ lông-gia̍p ê ūn-chok. Ji̍t-pún, Oa̍t-lâm, Tāi-hân Bîn-kok, Tâi-oân, Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok lóng ū leh ēng.

In-ūi Ji̍t-thaû tī n̂g-tō chaú ê sok-tō͘ kap i chham Tē-kiû ê kī-lî ū koan-hē, ta̍k ê cheh-khùi ū kúi kang bô chiâu siâng. Hiān-chhú-sî lóng kin-kì Ji̍t-thaû kaù kah chhiah-keng kúi tō͘ lâi koat-tēng cheh-khùi, ke chin bêng-khak.
Ji̍t-thâu nî

1 ê **Ji̍t-thâu nî** (*tropical year*) tō sī lán ùi Tē-kiû khoàⁿ Ji̍t-thâu se̍h n̂g-tō 1 lìn khai ê sî-kan. Cheng-khak ê sî-kan tio̍h khoàⁿ ùi toh 1 tiám khai-sí sǹg, lán phó͘-thong lóng sī ùi chhun-hun (*vernal equinox*) khí-sǹg, án-ne ê 1 ê Ji̍t-thâu nî tō sī **chhun-hun nî** (*vernal equinox year*); nā ēng só͘-ū ê tiám khí-sǹg chiah koh chhé-ûn, án-ne ê 1 ê Ji̍t-thâu nî tō sī **pêng-kin Ji̍t-thâu nî** (*mean tropical year*).
Volkswagen 1 li̍p chhia

VW **1 li̍p chhia** (*1 litre car*) sī 1 chióng siang-lâng-chō ê khài-liām chhia (*concept car*), bo̍k-tek sī beh ēng 1 li̍p ê khì-iû tō ē-tit chaú 100 km hn̄g. Beh ta̍t kaù chit ê bo̍k-tek, ài ēng khah khin ê châi-liāu, chhia-thé ài liû-soàⁿ-hêng, iăn-jín kap thoân-tōng hē-thóng mā lóng tio̍h têng-thaû siat-kè.
Octavia E. Butler

**Octavia Estelle Butler** (), Bí-kok kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka. I bat tit-tio̍h Hugo kap Nebulla, mā sī tē-1-ê tit-tio̍h MacArthur Ki-kim-hōe pan-hoat ê "thian-châi" chióng-kim ê kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka. Tī hit ê léng-he̍k i o͘-lâng kiam cha-bó͘-lâng ê sin-hūn te̍k-pia̍t hi-hán.

## Ti̍t-chióng chok-phín
*Hugo Chióng
**1984: té-phiⁿ siáu-soat 'Speech Sounds'
**1985: tiong-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat (*novelette*) 'Bloodchild'
*Nebula Chióng
**1984: tiong-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat 'Bloodchild'
**1999: tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat *Parable of the Talents*
*Locus Chióng 
**1985: tiong-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat 'Bloodchild'
*Science Fiction Chronicle Chióng
**1985: tiong-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat 'Bloodchild'
**1988: tiong-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat 'The Evening and the Morning and the Night'
*1995: MacArthur Fellowship ("Genius' Grant")
*2000: Bí-kok Se-pō· PEN Tiong-sim ê Chiong-sin Sêng-chiū Chióng (*Lifetime Achievement Award*)

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat chok-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok jîn-bu̍t
Bián-tiān

**Bián-tiān** (), choân-chheng **Bián-tiān Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok** (Bián-tiān-gí: ), sī 1 ê Tang-lâm-a kok-ka. **Myanmar** sī Bián-tiān-gí ê kok-miâ, 1989 nî chìn-chêng kiò **Burma**.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

Hun-khu: Ayeyarwady (1), Bago (2), Magway (3), Mandalay (4), Sagaing (5), Tanintharyi (6), Yangon (7). 

Chiu: Chin Chiu (8), Kachin Chiu (9), Kayin Chiu (10), Kayah Chiu (11), Mon Chiu (12), Rakhine Chiu (13), Shan Chiu (14).

## Kán-sú

Bián-tiān pún-té sī 1 ê to̍k-li̍p ông-kok.  Tī 1886 nî Tāi-eng Tè-kok kā pìⁿ-chò Ìn-tō· si̍t-bîn-tē ê chi̍t-pō·-hūn.

Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok tī Tē-jī-pái Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn ê sî bat chiàm-niá Bián-tiān.

1948 nî to̍k-li̍p, sêng-li̍p Bián-tiān Liân-bêng, si̍t-si bîn-chú chèng-tī.  1962 nî Ne Win chiong-kun chhoâⁿ-koân, chò thâu-lâng 26 tang.

Kun-sū chèng-koân bat tī 1990 nî pān soán-kí, m̄-koh in-ūi bîn-chú tīn-iâⁿ toā sèng-lī, kun-hong chhú-siau soán-kí kiat-kó.

## Chèng-tī

Aung San Suu Kyi téng-jîn ê Kok-ka Bîn-chú Tông-bêng tī 1990 nî ê soán-kí toā iâⁿ, m̄-koh iû-goân bô the̍h-tio̍h chèng-koân, bîn-chú-phài hūn-chú mā siū-tio̍h táⁿ-ap.

## Siā-hoē

**Cho̍k-kûn**: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Hoâ-jîn 3%, Mon 2%, Ìn-tō·-lâng 2%, kî-thaⁿ 5%

**Chong-kàu**: Pu̍t-kàu 89%, Ki-tok-kàu 4% (Baptist 3%, Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu 1%), Islam-kàu 4%, animist 1%, kî-thaⁿ 2%

**Gí-giân**: Bián-tiān-gí, kî-tha ê sió-sò· cho̍k-kûn gí-giân

## Chham-khó
Si̍p-jī-gú

**Si̍p-jī-gú** (mā ū lâng kā hō-chò **thiam-jī chhai**) sī 1 khoán ioh oē-gú ê sû-lūi bē-chhai. Si̍p-jī gú it-poaⁿ sī 1-ê chhiat chò o·-pe̍h keh-á ê sì-kak-hêng. Ī-hoat: thiⁿ jī ji̍p-khì pe̍h keh-á, hō· in thán-hoâiⁿ a̍h-sī thán-ti̍t ē-tit khan chò 1 ê sû-tiâu. O· keh-á kan-taⁿ iōng-lâi keh-khui sû. Sû-tiâu ê chhōa-thâu keh-á it-poaⁿ ū kap 1-ê hō-bé. Siat-kè si̍p-jī gú ê lâng lia̍h chiah-ê hō-bé thê-kiong lâng chi̍t-kóa tiám-tuh ê oē-gí. Mā ū si̍p-jī gú lēng-gōa pò sû-tiâu ê jī-sò· hō· lâng chai (khah hó ioh).

*[[Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò]]* tī 1920 nî-tāi (?) bat tēng-kî chhut-pán si̍p-jī gú hō· tho̍k-chiá tháu. Lōe-iông khah chē hām Sèng-keng chai-bat ū tī-tāi. Keh-á lāi sī thiⁿ 1-ê im-chiat, m̄-sī tan 1-ê jī-bó.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* Crossword puzzles in Taiwanese
Ɔ

**Khui o** (toā-siá: **Ɔ**, sió-siá: **ɔ**, *open o*) sī Latin jī-bó (*Latin alphabet*) khok-chhiong--chhut-lâi ê 1 ê jī-bó. Kok-chè Im-phiau the̍h lâi piáu-sī khui-tiong aū îⁿ bó-im (*open-mid back rounded vowel*), iā tō sī Hō-ló-oē lāi-té **o͘** (o ke 1 ê hô͘-lô͘-tiám) ê hoat-im. Chin chē Hui-chiu gí-giân ê bûn-jī ū ēng--tio̍h.

## Thōng-iōng-bé
Thong-iōng-bé kā toā-siá ê Ɔ pian tī Latin Khok-chhiong-B (*Latin Extended-B block*) ê U+0186, kā sió-siá ê ɔ pian tī U+0254.
Aztec Ji̍t-thaû Chio̍h

**Aztec Ji̍t-thaû Chio̍h** (*Piedra del Sol*) sī tī México México Siâⁿ Chapultepec Kong-hn̂g ê Kok-ka Jîn-lūi-ha̍k Phok-bu̍t-koán chhoē--tio̍h-ê. Bí-kok Texas ê El Paso mā ū chhāi 1 tè ho̍k-chè-phín. Chit tè chio̍h ēng 1 ê îⁿ-hêng lâi kì-lio̍k Aztec la̍h-ji̍t (*Calendario Azteca*).
Egmont Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g

**Egmont Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g** tiàm tī Sin Plymouth (*New Plymouth*) lâm-pêng, oá New Zealand Pak-tó sai-pêng ê hái-hoāⁿ.
Kosovo

**Kosovo** (Albania-gí: , Serbia-gí: ) sī Au-chiu ê chi̍t ê kok-ka. I goân-lâi sī Serbia ê 1-ê "chū-chú séng", Kosovo Chiàn-cheng liáu-āu, kái-chò Liân-ha̍p-kok (kiam NATO) thóng-tī. Kosovo tē-ūi ê tâm-phoàⁿ ùi 2006 nî 2 goe̍h 20 khai-sí. Tong-tē ê Albania-lâng tōa-hūn kian-chhî thoat-lî Serbia; séng-lāi-gōa ê Serbia-lâng khah chē hoán-tùi. 

2008 nî 2 goe̍h 17 ji̍t Kosovo Gī-hoē soan-pò͘ to̍k-li̍p, kok-miâ kiò chò **Kosovo Kiōng-hô-kok**. M̄-kò Serbia jīn-ûi i sī kā-kī ê 1-ê "chū-chú séng", m̄ sêng-jīn i ê to̍k-li̍p.

## Miâ
Kosovo ê miâ ū cheng-gī. Albania-lâng khah ài iōng oá Albania-gí ê kóng-hoat kā hō-chò **Kosovë**. Kok-chè-siōng bo̍k-chêng khah koàn-sì iōng *Kosovo* chit-ê miâ (oá Serbia-gí).

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* BBC profile
* New Kosova Report - Kosovo News and Views Portal
* Wikinews: Kosovo declares independence from Serbia
Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē

**Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē** () sī Olympic Ūn-tōng-hōe tī koâⁿ-thiⁿ kí-pān ê ūn-tōng pí-sài, hāng-bo̍k hām peng-seh ū koan-hē. Tang-kùi-hōe 4 tang kí-pān 1 pái. 

## Le̍k-sú

* 1924 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Hoat-kok Chamonix
* 1928 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Sūi-se St. Moritz
* 1932 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Bí-kok New York Lake Placid
* 1936 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Tek-kok Garmisch-Partenkirchen
* 1948 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Sūi-se St. Moritz
* 1952 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Lo̍k-ui Oslo
* 1956 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Í-tāi-lī Cortina d'Ampezzo 
* 1960 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Bí-kok California Squaw Valley
* 1964 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Ò-tē-lī Innsbruck
* 1968 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Hoat-kok Grenoble
* 1972 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Ji̍t-pún Sapporo
* 1976 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Ò-tē-lī Innsbruck
* 1980 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Bí-kok New York Lake Placid
* 1984 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Yugoslavia Liân-pang Sarajevo (taⁿ tī Bosnia kap Herzegovina)
* 1988 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Canada Alberta Calgary
* 1992 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Hoat-kok Albertville
* 1994 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Lo̍k-ui Lillehammer
* 1998 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Ji̍t-pún Nagano
* 2002 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Bí-kok Utah Salt Lake City
* 2006 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Í-tāi-lī Torino
* 2010 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Canada British Columbia Vancouver 
* 2014 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Lō͘-se-a Sochi
* 2018 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Hân-kok Gangwon-tō Pyeongchang
* 2022 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē - Tiong-kok Pak-kiaⁿ
* *[[2026 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē]] - [[Í-tāi-lī]] [[Milan]] kap [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]]*
* *[[2030 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē]] - [[Hoat-kok Alpes]]*
* *[[2034 nî Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē]] - [[Bí-kok]] [[Utah]] [[Salt Lake City]]*

## Pí-sài

### Pí-sài hāng-bo̍k

* Ko-san chhu-seh (alpine skiing)
* Nn̄g-hāng thih-lâng (biathlon)
* Bobsleigh
* Nordic chhu-seh (cross-country skiing)
* Curling
* Hoa-sek chhu-peng (figure skating)
* Chū-iû-sek chhu-seh (freestyle skiing)
* Peng-kiû (ice hockey)
* Luge
* Nordic combined
* Short track speed skating
* Skeleton
* Chhu-seh-thiàu
* Chhu seh-pang
* Khoài-chhu-peng

### Hùi tiāu ê pí-sài

* Kun-sū sûn-lô (military patrol)

### Sī-hoān pí-sài

* Bandy
* Ice stock sport
* Skijöring
* Sled-dog racing
* Snowshoeing
* Speed skiing
* Synchronized skating
* Tang-kùi gō͘-hāng thih-lâng (winter pentathlon)
M̄ thang siong gún ê sim

**M̄ thang siong gún ê sim** sī Siau Hok-tek ê tē 2 tiuⁿ choan-chip, 1994 nî chhut-pán.

## Koa-khek
# "M̄ thang siong gún ê sim" - 4:51
# "M̄ káⁿ khaù chhut siaⁿ" - 5:06
# "Hit 1 mê" - 5:02
# "A-chheng--á" - 4:17
# "A-hoâ--á ò͘" - 3:57
# "1 lúi hoe" - 4:39
# "Lí sī án-choáⁿ teh khaù" - 4:07
# "Goá bô ài" - 4:34
# "M̄ káⁿ khaù chhut siaⁿ" (KALA pán) - 5:05
# "Soán-tek" - 4:44
Gì-tah

**Gì-tah** sī chi̍t-khoán ū hiân ê ga̍k-khì. Thong-siông chiàⁿ-chhiú ná poé hiân (hō͘ soàⁿ tín-tāng hoat-siaⁿ), tò-chhiú ná ji̍h hiân (khòng-chè im-tiāu).

Hiān-tāi ê gì-tah pun-chò siaⁿ-ha̍k (*acoustic*) kap tiān-chú 2 toā lūi. Siaⁿ-ha̍k gì-tah it-poaⁿ kóng chò "chhâ gì-tah" (sui-jiân tiān gì-tah mā sī chhâ chò ê). Chhâ gì-tah chú-iàu koh pun-chò "bîn-iâu" (*folk*, mā hō-chò "kǹg-hiân gì-tah") kap kó͘-tián 2 chióng. Bîn-iâu gì-tah ha̍h kǹg soàⁿ; kó͘-tián ha̍h nai-lóng soàⁿ.

Gì-tah sek-ha̍p toâⁿ chē-chē chióng im-ga̍k khoán-sek, pau-koah Au-chiu kó͘-tián im-ga̍k, blues ("nâ-tiāu"), jazz, iô-kún-ga̍k.

## Hoat-chó·

## Khoán-sek
### Siaⁿ-ha̍k gì-tah

### Tiān-gì-tah

## Kiat-kò͘

Gì-tah ū ē-kha ê ki-pún pō͘-ūi:

# Thâu-pō· (*headstock*):  tī gì-tah ām-kún ê boé-liu.  Chit-ê pō͘-ūi ū an "ke-khì-thâu-á" (*machine heads*), it-poaⁿ ū 6 ki, iōng-lâi tiâu hiân ê im-ūi (?) (*pitch*).  Thoân-thóng ê pâi-hoat sī "3+3", piáu-sī téng-koân ū 3 ki, ē-kha mā ū 3 ki.  Tiān gì-tah tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī 6 ki pâi ti̍t-ti̍t 1 choā, ū-sî sī "4+2".
# Hiân-chím (*nut*):  tiàm-tī thâu-pō· kap chéng-thâu-pang sio-kap ê só·-chāi.  Bīn-téng ū khek kau-á lâi hoāⁿ hiân (bē-su "chím-thâu").  Châi-liāu ū iōng chhiūⁿ-gê, kut-thâu, sok-ka, chio̍h-ba̍k (*graphite*), iah-sī kî-thaⁿ ê poàⁿ tēng ê mi̍h; châi-liāu ē éng-hióng gì-tah ê im-sek.
# Tiâu-im-thâu (*machine heads*):  an tī thâu-pō· ê tiâu-im ke-si-thâu-á, it-poaⁿ ū 6 ki, 1 ki peⁿ 1 tiâu hiân.
# *Frets*:  tah tī chéng-thâu-pang bīn-téng ê thih tiâu.  Iōng-lâi kái-piàn hiân ē-tit tín-tāng ê tn̂g-té, tì-tio̍h hoat bô kāng koân-kē ê khîm-siaⁿ.  Chi̍t-ê fret khòng-chè 1-ê poàⁿ-im.
# Hêng-kè-koaiⁿ (*truss rod*, 桁架杆)
# Siuⁿ-gē (*inlays*)
# Ām-kún (*neck*) kap chéng-thâu-pang (*fingerboard*):  gì-tah ê ām-kún sī 1 liâu tn̂g-tn̂g ê chhâ tiâu, che sio-chiap gì-tah ê sin-khu kap thâu-pō͘ (*headstock*).  Ām-kún piáu-bīn ū 1 tè pang hō͘-chò chéng-thâu-pang iah-sī fret pang (*fretboard*), pang bīn-téng ū sè-tè-á thih tiâu hō͘-chò fret.  Ām-kún ê tiong-sim tâi 1 tiâu thih-ki hō-chò (truss rod).  Chéng-thâu-pang iōng--ê chhâ it-poaⁿ hām ām-kún chú-thé iōng--ê bô siâng.  Ām-kún tio̍h taⁿ put-chí-á tōa ê la̍t, iû-kî nā peⁿ khah chho͘-ióng ê hiân ê sî-chūn te̍k-pia̍t chia̍h-la̍t.  (Truss rod) ē-tàng tàu phô͘ ām-kún, hō͘ i bē-tit oan-khiau.  Ām-kún nā ū-kàu ngē, im chiah bē cháu--khì.
# Ām-kún koan-chat (*neck joint*)
# Sin-khu (*body*)
# (*pickups*)
# Tiān-chú
# Kiô (*bridge*)
# Hō·-? (*pickguard*)
Ka-ka-á

**Ka-ka-á** (咖咖仔，Hôa-gú Hàn-jī: 樹鵲) (Eng-gú: *Himalayan Tree Pie*, *Grey Tree Pie*; ha̍k-miâ:  *Dendrocitta formosae*), Tâi-oân te̍k-iú a-chéng. Seng-oa̍h tī tiong kē hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu. Tī Gio̍k-san Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g 2,800 m hái-poa̍t ê koân-tō· bat ū chhut-hiān ê kì-lo̍k.

Tāi-pō·-hūn hioh-tī tōa-châng chhiū-á ê tiong-kan kap téng-koân-chàn. Poe--khí-lâi ûn-ûn-á, hui-hêng ê sî ē-tàng chheng-chhó khoàⁿ-tio̍h si̍t-á ê pe̍h-pan kap pak-tó·-io ê pe̍h-mo·.

Ka-ka-á kiò-siaⁿ chiâⁿ chho·, chhin-chhiūⁿ "ka-á ka-á" ê siaⁿ, só·-í hō-chò ka-ka-á.

Chhùi-hêng chho·-ióng, lio̍h-á oan-khiau. Si̍t-bu̍t lâi-goân chē, sio̍k-î cha̍p-si̍t-sèng. Kóe-chí, thâng-thōa, pâ-thiông, lióng-chhe-lūi, ah-sī chiáu-á-siū lāi-té ê chiáu-á-kiáⁿ kap nn̄g, lóng sī i ê si̍t-bu̍t.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* 還我台灣鳥仔的本名
Creative Commons

**Creative Commons** (*CC*), Tai-oân kiò-chò **Chhòng-iōng CC** (創用CC), Tiong-kok pún-thó hō-chò **Tì-sek Kiōng-hióng** (智识共享), sī 1 ê hui-êng-lī cho·-chit, bo̍k-te̍k sī beh hō· khah chē chhòng-chok-phín ē-tit-thang tī ha̍h-hoat ê chêng-hêng hā kong-ke sú-iōng iah-sī hō· lâng siu-kái ka-kang.

Chham-khó *[[copyleft]]*.
Keⁿ-ti̍t

**Keⁿ-ti̍t** (驚蟄) sī cheh-khùi chi it, mā hō-chò **kiⁿ-ti̍t**, Ji̍t-thaû se̍h kaù chhiah-keng 345° ~ 360° hit kúi kang. Thong-siông ùi 3/5 kaù 3/21. Keⁿ-ti̍t mā ē tit kí Ji̍t-thaû tú-hó tī chhiah-keng 345° hit kang, thong-siông sī 3/5 iah 3/6.

It-poaⁿ-te̍k Keⁿ-ti̍t chit ê cheh-khùi sī kóng thâng-thoā teh tong-bîn, lâi hō͘ Lûi-kong kiaⁿ chhéⁿ ê sî-chūn.
Briare Ūn-hô Kiô

**Briare Ūn-hô Kiô** (*Pont-canal de Briare*) tiàm tī Hoat-kok ê Briare, i hō͘ Loire Hô-piⁿ Ūn-hô (*canal Latéral à la Loire*) ùi Loire hô téng-koân thong-koè, thàng kaù Seine Hô khì, pìⁿ-chiâⁿ 1 tiâu kiô lāi-té koh ū 1 tiâu khe thang sái chûn.
Kernow

**Kernow** (Eng-gí: *Cornwall*), tiàm-tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok sai-lâm kak-á ê le̍k-sú bûn-hòa tē-tài mā sī hiān-tāi Eng-tē ê 1 ê kūn.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok
Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Bogoria Ô͘

**Bogoria Ô͘** sī 1 ê iâm-sèng (*saline*) kiⁿ-sèng (*alkaline*) ê ô͘, tiàm tī Hui-chiu Kenya Baringo Ô͘ lâm pêng 1 ê poàⁿ-tē-li̍h (*half-graben*) khu-he̍k ê hoé-soaⁿ tē-khu, tú-tú tī chhiah-tō téng-koân. Bogoria Ô͘ kap lâm pêng Rift Soaⁿ-khut (*Rift Valley*) ê Nakuru Ô͘ hām Magadi Ô͘, koh ū pak pêng ê Logipi Ô͘ lóng sī sió hoé-ho̍h (*lesser flamingo*) siōng chia̍p thêng-hioh khiā-khí ê só͘-chāi. Bogoria Ô͘ chū 1973 nî 11 goe̍h 29 khai-sí tō sī 1 ê hù-ha̍p Làm-tē Kong-iok (*Ramsar Convention*), siū pó-hō͘ ê kok-ka pó-liû-khu. Bogoria Ô͘ chhián-chhián--a, liōng-kî-iok 10 m chhim, 34 km tn̂g, 3.5 km khoah, kui ê liû-he̍k ū 700 km2.
Chhun-chhiu tāi-bāng

**Chhun-chhiu tāi-bāng** sī Siau Hok-tek ê tē 3 tiuⁿ choan-chip, 1995 nî chhut-pán.

## Koa-khek
# "Chhun-chhiu tāi-bāng" - 4:15
# "Hong chhoe lo̍h thô͘ ê hō͘-siaⁿ" - 5:36
# "Mûi-kùi-hoe" - 4:39
# "10 kho͘ ê ló͘-bah-pn̄g" - 4:13
# "Ài kap lí chò-hoé" - 4:20
# "Thàn-chia̍h-lâng" - 6:25
# "Sió-chut-á koè hô" - 4:05
# "Khan-bông ín-tō͘" - 3:52
# "Ài-chêng ma-lá-sóng" - 4:28
# "Hú-siâⁿ loân-chêng" - 4:05
# "Hoâ-se Ke ê 1 lúi hoe" - 4:33
Ông Sim-lêng

thumb|Ông Sim-lêng
**Ông Sim-lêng** (王心凌, Kheh-oē: Vòng Sîm-lìn, pún-miâ **Ông Kun-jû** 王君如, 1982 nî 9 goe̍h 5), Tâi-oân Hôa-gí ngó͘-siōng koa-chhiú, Sin-tek lâng.  2003 nî chhut-pán thâu 1 tiuⁿ kò-jîn choan-chip *Cyndi Begins*.  In-ūi i chhut-tō ê kòe-têng, soan-thoân ê hong-sek, thiàu-bú, chhēng-chhah ê khoán-sek téng-téng hām lēng-gōa 1-ê Tâi-oân koa-chhiú "Siàu-lâm Sat-chhiú" Chhòa I-lîm chin sêng, tong-sî choâⁿ-á ū mûi-thé kā hō-chò "Sin Siàu-lâm Sat-chhiú".  2005 nî liáu-āu Ông Sim-lêng khai-sí khí-chō sin hêng-siōng, hiān-chhú-sî siáu-iú kiò i "Tiⁿ-bi̍t Kàu-chú".

## Sū-gia̍p

## Chok-phín
### Choan-chip
*2003 Begin...
*2004 Cyndi Loves You
*2005 Honey
*2005 閃耀2005新歌+節奏精選
*2005 Cyndi with U

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
*Jungiery gē-jîn keng-kí kong-si ê kài-siāu 

Lūi-pia̍t:1982 nî chhut-sì
Sò͘-to̍k

**Sò͘-to̍k** (Ji̍t-gí: 数独, sûdoku), 1 chióng oá-khó lô-chek ê sò·-jī bī-chhai. Kā 9×9 ê keh-á koh keh chò 9 "khu" 3×3 ê keh-á, ū koá keh-á ē seng kā sò͘-jī thiⁿ--ji̍p-khì; sńg ê lâng ài kā 1-9 9 ê sò͘-jī thiⁿ ji̍p-khì múi 1 choā, múi 1 noâ, múi 1 khu; kāng choā, kāng noâ, kāng khu ê sò͘-jī nā bô tiông-ho̍k tō koè-koan--a. M̄-bián ēng tio̍h sò͘-ha̍k tō ē-ēng-tit sńg. 1979 nî Bí-kok ê cha̍p-chì tāi-seng kài-siāu chit ê gī-niū; 1986 nî ín ji̍p-khì Ji̍t-pún liáu-aū hō-chò sò͘-to̍k chit ê miâ; kàu kah 2005 nî choân sè-kài khai-sí sî-kiâⁿ.

Chham-khó si̍p-jī-gú.
Kurów

**Kurów** sī chi̍t ê tī Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok Lublin Séng Puławy Kūn Kurów Kong-siā ê chng-thâu.

## Chham-oa̍t
*Pho-lân ê chng-thâu

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Puławy Kūn ê chng-thâu
Su-lí

**Su-lí** (思理), **lūn-lí** (論理), **lô-chi̍p** (邏輯), iah-sī **lí-chek** (理則, Eng-gí: *logic*) ē-tit kóng sī leh gián-kiù lūn-chèng (*argument*). Sui-bóng tiat-ha̍k-ka tùi i ê tēng-gī iáu ū cheng-lūn, chóng--sī su-lí-ka beh chò ê khang-khoè tō sī thê-kiong chē chē ū-haū kap khang-hàm ê chhui-lūn (*inference*), hō͘ lâng ē-tit khu-pia̍t lūn-chèng ê hó-bái. 

Éng-koè su-lí lóng hông tòng-chò tiat-ha̍k ê 1 ki hun-ki leh gián-kiù, 1850 nî hit chām-á khí, sò͘-ha̍k mā khai-sí khah chù-bûn su-lí, kaù kah hiān-chhú-sî, tiān-naú kho-ha̍k koh khah tio̍h oá-khò su-lí. Su-lí sī 1 chióng hêng-sek kho-ha̍k (*formal science*), su-lí tio̍h gián-kiù tîn-su̍t (*statement*) kap lūn-chèng, koh tio̍h kā in hun-lūi. Su-lí siōng ki-chân ê khang-khoè tō sī gián-kiù chhui-lūn ê hêng-sek hē-thóng (*formal system*) kap chū-jiân gí-giân ê lūn-chèng. Su-lí gián-kiù ê hoān-ûi chin khoah, ùi biū-lūn (*fallacy*), poē-lūn (*paradox*), kaù kah ki-lu̍t (*probability*) chhui-lí, in-kó-lu̍t (*causality*) ê lūn-chèng, ... lóng sī.

Su-lí tī kó͘-tián Hi-lia̍p-gí siá chò λόγος, piáu-sī gí-sû (*the word*), giân-gí, boé--á pìⁿ-chiâⁿ su-khó (*thought*), chhui-lí (*reason*) ê ì-sù.

## E̍k-miâ
Hàn-jī-sû--ê hoan-e̍k, ū í-hā:

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Su-lí
O-bí-tô-hu̍t

O-bí-tô-hu̍t (阿彌陀佛; O͘-mí tô͘-hu̍t), mā hō·-chò **Bû-liōng-kong Hu̍t ** (無量光佛), **Bû-liōng-siū Hu̍t ** (無量壽佛), sī Se-hong Ke̍k-lo̍k Sè-kài ê khí-chō-chiá. O-bí-tô-hu̍t chit-ê miâ sī ùi Hōan-gú (梵語) lâi ê. Pún-thé sī **Bû-liōng-kak ** (無量覺) ê ì-sù. **O** sī *Bû*, **Bí-tô** sī *Liōng*, **Hu̍t** sī *Kak*. Sek-ka-bô·-nî Hu̍t (釋迦牟尼佛) bat chiâⁿ-chē pái soan-kóng O-bí-tô-hu̍t ê Liām-hu̍t Hoat-mn̂g. In-ūi che sī m̄-kóan Kun-sèng hó ia̍h-sī bái ê lâng lóng ē-tàng o̍h ê Hoat-mn̂g.

## O-bí-tô Hu̍t ê 48 ê Tōa-gōan
Oo-mí-tôo-hu̍t ê sì-tsa̍p peh tuā-guān, lû-hā sóo-lia̍t:
# Kok bô ok-tō guān (國無惡道願)
# Put tō ok-tshù guān (不墮惡趣願)
# Sin sit kim-sik guān (身悉金色願)
# Sam-tsa̍p gī guān (三十二相願)
# Sin bô tsha-pia̍t guān (身無差別願)
# Sok-miā thong guān (宿命通願)
# Thian-gán thong guān (天眼通願)
# Thian-hīnn thong guān (天耳通願)
# Ta-sim thong guān (他心通願)
# Sîn-tsiok thong guān (神足通願)
# Piàn-kiong tsu hu̍t guān (遍供諸佛願)
# Tīng-sîng tsiann-kak guān (定成正覺願)
# Kong-bîng bô-liōng guān (光明無量願)
# Tshiok-kong an-lo̍k guān (觸光安樂願)
# Siū-miā bô-liōng guān (壽命無量願)
# Sing-bûn bô-sòo guān (聲聞無數願)
# Tsu hu̍t tshing-thàn guān (諸佛稱嘆願)
# Si̍p-liām pit-sing guān (十念必生願)
# Bûn-bîng huat-sim guān (聞名發心願)
# Lîm-tsiong tsiap-ín guān (臨終接引願)
# Xué-kò tik sing guān (悔過得生願)
# Kok bô lú-jîn guān (國無女人願)
# Iam lú tsuán lâm guān (厭女轉男願)
# Liân-huâ hua-sin guān (蓮華化身願)
# Thian-lîn lé-kìng guān (天人禮敬願)
# Bûn-bîng tik hok guān (聞名得福願)
# Siu sû-sìng hîng guān (修殊勝行願)
# Kok bô put siān guān (國無不善願)
# Tuà tsìng-tīng tsū guān (住正定聚願)
# Lo̍k lû lāu-tsīn guān (樂如漏盡願)
# Put tham-kè sin guān (不貪計身願)
# Ná-lô-iân sin guān (那羅延身願)
# Kong-bîng huī-piān guān (光明慧辯願)
# Siān tâm huat-iau guān (善談法要願)
# It-sing póo-tshú guān (一生補處願)
# Kàu-hua suî-ì guān (教化隨意願)
# I-si̍t tsū-tsì guān (衣食自至願)
# Ing-liām siū-kiong guān (應念受供願)
# Tsong-giâm bô-tsīn guān (莊嚴無盡願)
# Bô-liōng sik-tshiū guān (無量色樹願)
# Tshiū hiàn hu̍t-tshat guān (樹現佛剎願)
# Thiat-tsiàu si̍p-hong guān (徹照十方願)
# Pó-hiong phóo-hun guān (寶香普熏願)
# Phóo-tíng sann-bī guān (普等三昧願)
# Tīng-tiong kiong hu̍t guān (定中供佛願)
# Hi̍k tô-lô-nî guān (獲陀羅尼願)
# Bûn-bîng tik-lím guān (聞名得忍願)
# Hiàn-tsìng put thuè guān (現證不退願)

## Kap O-bí-tô Hu̍t ū-koan ê Hu̍t-keng
* Hu̍t-soat O-bí-tô Keng (佛說阿彌陀經)
Choâ-kin-chháu

**Choâ-kin-chháu** (蛇根草) sī to-nî-seng ê chhaú-a-lūi, kui châng tāi-iok 30 cm koân, tiāⁿ kui tīn seⁿ taù-tīn. Mā hō chò **Ji̍t-pún choâ-kin-chháu**, **hô-pau-hoe**.

Hoe pe̍h pe̍h, ū-sî-á sió-khoá kiô-á-sek. Lóng 4-5 lúi chò-hoé seⁿ tiàm kui châng siōng têng-koân. Hoe-koè ná lá-pah, nâ-aû hia ū iù mo͘. Chhun-thiⁿ kaù kah tú joa̍h--lâng ê sî khui-hoe. Hoe sè sè lúi, chi̍t-khùn lóng seⁿ chiâⁿ chē.

Hio̍h-á tn̂g-ko tn̂g-ko, 3-12 cm tn̂g, tùi-seⁿ, thaû-chêng chiam chiam, ki-pō͘ khah e̍h, mo͘ lang lang he̍k-chiá bô mo͘. Hio̍h-koáiⁿ 1-3 cm tn̂g.

Tâi-oân tiong-kē hái-poa̍t ê só͘-chāi lóng khoàⁿ ē-tit tio̍h.

## Chham-khó
Hayatana choâ-kin-chháu: *Ophiorrhiza hayatana Ohwi* (早田氏蛇根草)
Carl Ludwig Blume

**Carl Ludwig Blume** (1789 nî 6 goe̍h 29 - 1862 nî 2 goe̍h 3), Tek-kok/Kē-tē-kok ê si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka. Chhut-sì tī Tek-kok Braunschweig, m̄-koh i ê choan-gia̍p seng-gâi chú-iàu tī Kē-tē-kok. Tī Leiden i tam-jīm Kok-ka Si̍t-bu̍t Piau-pún Koán (Rijksherbarium Herbarium) ê chú-jīm. I ê miâ ū-sî toè Kē-tē-gí ê hêng-sek siá chò **Karel Lodewijk Blume**; chóng--sī chū-pún ê Tek-gí miâ siōng chia̍p chhut-hiān tī si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k bûn-hiàn tang-tiong.

I gián-kiù chē-chē Lâm-a (Tang-lâm-a?) ê si̍t-bu̍t chéng, te̍k-pia̍t sī tī Java (Kē-tē-kok si̍t-bîn-tē) hit-tah-á.

*Blumea* chit ê si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k ha̍k-su̍t kî-khan hō i ê miâ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Hô-lân jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok jîn-bu̍t
.info

**.info** sī 1 chióng it-poaⁿ siōng-téng domain (*generic top-level domain*, gTLD), iōng-tô͘ bô hān-tiāⁿ, chú-iàu ēng tiàm hòng-sàng chu-sìn ê bāng-chām. ICANN tī 2000 nî nî-té kong-pò͘ 7 ê sin ê phó͘-thong siōng-téng domain (*top-level domain*), .info mā tī lāi-té. 1980 nî-tāi khai-sí ēng Domain Name System (*Domain Name System*) liáu-aū, che sī thaû pái cheng-ka sin ê gTLD. Chit 7 ê sin ê gTLD sī ùi 180 ê thê-àn lāi-té kéng--chhut-lâi-ê, 1 ê bo̍k-tek sī beh pêⁿ-pāng .com ēng liáu siuⁿ koè thaû.
Goā-po͘-khu

**Goā-po͘-khu** () sī tiàm tī Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī sai-pak pêng ê khu. 

**Goā-po͘** pak pêng ū Tāi-an-khe, lâm pêng ū Tāi-kah-khe, tang-keng 120.37°, pak-hūi 24.18°, biān-chek 42.41 pêng-hong kong-lí. Tang pêng sī Aū-lí, sai pêng sī Tāi-kah, lâm pêng sī Chheng-chúi, pak pêng koè Tāi-an-khe sī Biâu-le̍k-koān ê Oán-lí-tìn.

 ê jîn-khaú ū  ê lâng,  hō͘. Éng-koè sī Taokas-cho̍k Tāi-kah-tang-siā khiā khí ê só͘-chāi, in-ūi sī tī siā-á khah goā-ûi ê po͘-á-tē, chū án-ne hō chò Goā-po͘.

Goā-po͘ ê khì-haú sǹg a-jia̍t-tāi, chú-iaù ê cho̍h-bu̍t ū tiū-á, hoe, phô-tô, ō͘-á kap má-lêng-chî.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Goā-po͘ Khu-kong-só͘ 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-tiong-chhī ê hêng-chèng-khu
Ka-lí-khu

**Ka-lí-khu** (佳里區) sī Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm-chhī sai pêng ê 1 ê hêng-chèng-khu.

**Ka-lí** tiàm tī tang-keng 120°, pak-hūi 23°, biān-chek 38.021 km², tang pêng sī Moâ-tāu, pak pêng sī Ha̍k-kah, sai pêng sī Chiong-kun kap Chhit-kó͘, lâm pêng sī Sai-káng-á.

Ka-lí ê jîn-khaú ū  lâng. 1920 nî siat Tâi-lâm-chiu Pak-mn̂g-kūn **Ka-lí-chng**, Ka-lí chit ê tē-hō-miâ tō án-ne ēng kaù taⁿ.

Ka-lí goân-té sī Siraya-cho̍k Siau-lang-siā (Siraya-gí: Saulang) khiā-khí ê só͘-chāi. Hiān-chhú-sî iáu ū lâng kā Ka-lí kiò chò **Siau-lang** (蕭壟).

Ka-lí chú-iàu ê lông-sán-phín ū tiū-á, hoan-be̍h, kam-chià, phang-koe kap gô͘-bó ().

## Siong-koan bûn-chiong
* Ka-lí-hin
* Siau-lang-siā

## Goā-po͘ liân-kiat

* Ka-lí-khu Choân-kiû Chu-sìn-bāng 

*
Chhun-hun

**Chhun-hun** (春分) sī cheh-khùi chi it, Ji̍t-thaû se̍h kaù chhiah-keng 0° ~ 15° hit kúi kang. Sù-siông ùi 3/21 kaù 4/5. Chhun-hun mā ē tit kí Ji̍t-thaû tú-hó tī chhiah-keng 0° hit kang, thong-siông sī 3/20 iah 3/21.
Hong-goân-khu

**Hong-goân-khu** () sī Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī ê 1 ê hêng-chèng-khu, tiàm tī khah oá pak pêng ê só͘-chāi, Tâi-tiong Chhī-chèng-hú ê pō͘-hūn ki-koan siat tī chia. 

**Hong-goân** tī tang-keng 120.43°, pak-hūi 24.14°, biān-chek 41.18 pêng-hong kong-lí. Pak pêng sī Aū-lí, sai pêng sī Sin-kóng, lâm pêng sī Thâm-chú kap Pak-tūn, tang pêng sī Chio̍h-kng kap Sin-siā.

Hong-goân  ū  ê lâng,  hō͘.

Hong-goân nî-chhé-un 22&nbsp;°C, sǹg a-jia̍t-tāi khì-haū. Chú-iàu ê lông-sán-phín ū phòng-kam, phô-tô, lâi-á, âng-khī. 

## Le̍k-sú
Hong-goân goân-té sī Pazeh-cho̍k (Pa-cháiⁿ-cho̍k, 巴宰族) khiā khí ê só͘-chāi, hō-chò **Hô͘-lô͘-tun** (葫蘆墩). "Hô͘-lô͘-tun" chit-ê miâ sī chū Pa-cháiⁿ-gí ê "Haluton" hoan-e̍k lâi--ê, chit-ê sû siōng-chá sī "Paradan", sī Pa-cháiⁿ-lâng tùi chia ê chheng-ho͘; lēng-gōa mā ū thoân-soat sī in-ūi chit-ê só͘-chāi ū saⁿ-ê khòaⁿ--khí-lâi sêng hô͘-lô͘ ê thô͘-tun, chiah ē hō-chò "Hô͘-lô͘-tun".

1920 nî Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú tùi Tâi-oân chìn-hêng ke-chng kái-chè, in-ūi chit-jiah chèng--ê "Hô͘-lô͘-tun bí" phín-chit chin-hó, tio̍h iōng Ji̍t-pún thoân-soat lāi-té ê "Hong-úi-goân Chhian-ngó͘-pek Chhiu Sūi-sūi Kok" ( *Toyoasihara no tiioaki no mizuho no kuni*) kā Hô͘-lô͘-tun kái-miâ chò "Hong-goân" ( *toyohara*), sio̍k-tī Tâi-tiong-chiu Hong-goân-kūn.

## Kau-thong
### Thih-lō͘
;
* Tâi-tiong-sòaⁿ: Hong-goân Chhia-thâu

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Hong-goân Khu-kong-só͘ 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-tiong-chhī ê hêng-chèng-khu
Hi-lia̍p-gú

**Hi-lia̍p-gú** (Ελληνικά) sī Ìn-Au gí-hē ê gú-giân, Hi-lia̍p kap Ku-pí-lō͘ ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân, hiān-sî iok-lio̍k 1200 bān lâng sú-iōng.

Hi-lia̍p-gú mā sī kó͘-tián gú-giân ê 1 ê. 

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

	

Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-lia̍p-gí
Kó͘-tián giân-gú

**Kó·-tián gú-giân** sī bô siū-tio̍h pa̍t ê gú-giân ê bûn-ha̍k éng-hióng tō ū kā-kī ê bûn-ha̍k ê hia̍h-ê gú-giân. Chhin-chhiuⁿ kó·-chá ê Hàn-gú, Hi-lia̍p-gú lóng sǹg sī kó·-tián gú-giân. Ū-lâng kā Latin-gú mā sǹg sī kó·-tián gú-giân, m̄-koh i ê bûn-ha̍k ū bat siū-tio̍h Hi-lia̍p bûn-ha̍k éng-hióng.
A-la-pek-gí

**A-la-pek-gí** (亞喇伯語) sī A-la-pek-lâng kóng ê gí-giân. Che sī Semit gí-cho̍k chi̍t khoán.

## Hong-giân

## Siong-koan
* Kó͘-tián A-la-pek-gí

## Chham-khó
Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian

**Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian** (大不列顚, ) sī tī Au-chiu sai-pêng ê 1 ê tó-sū, tang-lâm kap Hoat-kok tiong-kan keh Eng-kiat-lī Hái-kiap, sai-pêng kah Ài-ní-lân-tó tiong-ng keh Ài-ní-lân Hái. Taⁿ sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok siōng tōa ê 1 pō͘-hūn, téng-kôan ū 3 ê pang-kok: Eng-lân, So͘-kat-lân kap Ui-le̍k-sū.

## Chham-khó
Pak Ài-ní-lân

**Pak Ài-ní-lân** (北愛爾蘭, Eng-gí: *Northern Ireland*, Ài-ní-lân-gí: *Tuaisceart Éireann*) ia̍h kiò **Pak Ài-lân** (北愛蘭), sī Ài-ní-lân-tó pak-pêng, sio̍k Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê hit-pō͘-hūn.
Ài-ní-lân (tó)

**Ài-ní-lân-tó** sī Au-chiu sai-pêng ê 1 ê tó-sū, pí Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian koh-khah óa sai. Téng-kôan ū 2 ê pō·-hūn: Ài-ní-lân Kiōng-hô-kok kap Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê Pak Ài-ní-lân.
So͘-kat-lân

**So͘-kat-lân** (Eng-gí: *Scotland* ""; So͘-kat-lân Gael-gí: *Alba*), sī tī Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian-tó pak-pêng ê thó͘-tē, sī cho͘-ha̍p chò Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok 4 ê pang-kok (*country*) ê 1 ê.

## Hō-miâ
Eng-gí-miâ *Scotland* lâi-goân sī *Scoti*, sī Latin-gí tùi Gael lâng ê kiò-hoat. Kâng gí-goân ê tē-hō-miâ *Scotia*, tāi-seng sī kóng kin-á-ji̍t ê Ài-ní-lân. Kàu siōng-bô 11 sè-kí ê sî, *Scotia* chiah hông ēng lâi piáu-sī ēng Gael-hē giân-gí ê So͘-kat-lân Forth Khe í pak tē-hng; hit-chūn ia̍h ū chi̍t jī tùi Gael-gí *[[Alba]]* piàn--lâi ê *Albania* kap *Albany*. Tāi-khài tī Āu-kî Tiong-sè-kí ê sî-chūn, *Scots* kap *Scotland* pìⁿ khah phó͘-phiàn ēng lâi hō kin-á-ji̍t ê So͘-kat-lân jîn-bîn kap tē-hng.

Bûn-hiàn tang-tiong, *Scotland* ê im-e̍k-gí ū **So͘-kat-lân**, **So͘-kiat-lân**, **So͘-kek-lân** ia̍h **Su-kat-lân** (Sòaⁿ-thâu-ōe) téng khoán.

## Bûn-hoà

### Giân-gí
So͘-kat-lân ū 3 khoán koan-hong sêng-jīn giân-gí: Eng-gí, So͘-kat-lân-gí, kap So͘-kat-lân Gael-gí. So͘-kat-lân Piau-chún Eng-gí (*Scottish Standard English*) sī So͘-kat-lân só͘ thong-hêng ê chi̍t khoán Eng-gí piàn-chéng. Kun-kù 2011 nî phó͘-cha, 63% ê So͘-kat-lân jîn-kháu sī bē-hiáu So͘-kat-lân-gí--ê. Lēng-gōa tī So͘-kat-lân ia̍h ū chi̍t khoán Koân-tē Eng-gí (*Highland English*). Nā Gael-gí hong-bīn, chú-iàu sī ùi Se-hng Kûn-tó (*Western Isles*) teh kóng. Gael-gí ê sú-iōng jîn-kháu, tī 1881 nî ū 250,000 lâng, kàu 2008 nî í-keng chhun 60,000 lâng chó-iū.

## Chham-khó

*
Kang (sî-kan)

**Kang** ia̍h-sī **ji̍t** sī sî-kan ê tan-ūi. Tē-kiû ka-kī se̍h 1 lìn sī 1 kang, chi̍t kang hun chòe 24 tiám-cheng.
Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok

**Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok** (la. *Sacrum Imperium Romanum*; tek. *Heiliges Römisches Reich*) sī chêng Tiong-kó͘ Sî-tāi kè-sio̍k kàu 1806 nî tī Au-chiu ê chi̍t ê chèng-tī liân-ha̍p. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-chiu ê le̍k-sú
Lūi-pia̍t:Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok
20 sè-kí

**20 sè-kí** sī tùi 1901 nî kàu 2000 nî chia̍h ê 100 tang.

## Nî-tāi kap nî
:

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

Lūi-pia̍t:Sè-kí
Lô-má

**Lô-má** (**Roma**) sī Í-tāi-lī ê siú-to͘, mā sī kó͘-chá Lô-má Tè-kok khai-sí ê só͘-chāi kap kiaⁿ-siâⁿ.

## Jîn-kháu
İstanbul

**İstanbul** (Thó͘-ní-kî-gí: *İstanbul*) sī Thó͘-ní-kî İstanbul Séng ê siú-hú, mā-si Thó͘-ní-kî siāng-toā ê siâⁿ-chhī kap káng-kháu. İstanbul ê jîn-kháu chhiau-koè 1000 bān, sī sè-kài-ki̍p ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Tē-lí

İstanbul oá Bosphorus Hái-kiap khòng-chè O͘-hái ê chhut-ji̍p.

## Le̍k-sú
Tī Tang Lô-má Tè-kok ê sî kiò-chòe Byzantium. Tī Osman Tè-kok ê sî kiò-chò Constantinople.

## Tsù-sik

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
* Website of the Istanbul Governorship 
* Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013
*Old maps of Istanbul  – Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel – Historic Cities Research Project
NASA

**NASA** sī **Kok-ka [[Hâng-khong]] kap [[Thài-khong]] Hêng-chèng Kio̍k** (KHTH; *National Aeronautics and Space Administration*) ê Eng-gí kán-siá. In sī Bí-kok tī 1958-nî khí-ki ê 1-ê ki-kò·, choan-mn̂g hū-chek Bí-kok ê kok-ka ú-tiū hoat-tián kè-e̍k. Chit-ê ki-kò· mā hū-chek tn̂g-kî ê bîn-kan hām kun-sū ê ú-tiū poe-thiⁿ gián-kiù.

NASA ê lí-sióng sī "beh kái-siān chia ê seng-oa̍h, kā seng-oa̍h hùn-toā khì kàu hit-ūi, koh khì chhoē-tio̍h tī hn̄g-hn̄g hit-pêng ê oa̍h-miā." NASA ê sú-bēng sī "beh liáu-kái hām pó-hō· lán ê tē-kiû, chhím-khoàⁿ chit-ê ú-tiū, koh cháu-chhoē tē-kiû í-goā ê oa̍h-miā, hām kó·-lē āu-chi̍t-tāi ê chhím-khoàⁿ-chiá."

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hèn

* 

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

* Alexander, Joseph K. *Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership* (2019) excerpt
* Bizony, Piers et al. *The NASA Archives. 60 Years in Space* (2019)
* Brady, Kevin M. "NASA Launches Houston into Orbit How America's Space Program Contributed to Southeast Texas's Economic Growth, Scientific Development, and Modernization during the Late Twentieth Century." *Journal of the West* (2018) 57#4 pp 13–54.
* Bromberg, Joan Lisa. *NASA and the Space Industry* (Johns Hopkins UP, 1999).
* Clemons, Jack. *Safely to Earth: The Men and Women Who Brought the Astronauts Home* (2018) excerpt
* Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius, eds. *Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight* (NASA, 2006)
* Launius, Roger D. "Eisenhower, Sputnik, and the Creation of NASA." *Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives* 28.2 (1996): 127–143.
* Pyle, Rod. *Space 2.0: How Private Spaceflight, a Resurgent NASA, and International Partners are Creating a New Space Age* (2019), overview of space exploration excerpt
* Spencer, Brett. "The Book and the Rocket: The Symbiotic Relationship between American Public Libraries and the Space Program, 1950–2015," *Information & Culture* 51, no. 4 (2016): 550–82.
* Weinzierl, Matthew. "Space, the final economic frontier." *Journal of Economic Perspectives* 32.2 (2018): 173–92. online , review of economics literature

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (KAI T-50 Golden Eagle)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* 
** NASA Engineering and Safety Center
** NASA History Division
** Monthly look at Exploration events 
** NODIS: NASA Online Directives Information System 
** NTRS: NASA Technical Reports Server
** NASA History and the Challenge of Keeping the Contemporary Past 
** NASA podcasts
* NASA Watch, an agency watchdog site
* 
* How NASA works on howstuffworks.com
* ''Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly''
Tiuⁿ Lêng-seng

**Tiuⁿ Lêng-seng** (張靈生 1863 nî - ?) sī Soaⁿ-tang lâng, 37-sòe khai-sí sìn Iâ-so·, Gôan-lâi sī sio̍k-î Tiúⁿ-ló Kàu-hoē ê kàu-iú, i chok chip-sū 3 nî. Tī 1919 nî in-ūi thiaⁿ i tióng-chú ê kiàn-chè, in-jî chiūⁿ-khì Siōng-hái Sù-ô· Sìn-sim hōe chhâ-khó Sèng-lêng ê tō-lí. Kàu 12 go̍eh 21 ji̍t Tiuⁿ Lêng-seng tī kīn-lîn hōe-tn̂g, chheng-chá to̍k-li̍p kî-tó ê sî-chūn, i tit-tio̍h sèng-lêng kah kóng-chhut-lâi lêng-giân. Chhù-nî in-ūi o̍at-tho̍k An-hioh-ji̍t Hōe ê su, jî-āu kái-siú An-hioh-ji̍t. 1913-14 nî i tī ke-lāi khai-sí pān-lí Chin Iâ-so͘ Kàu-hōe. 1917 nî i kàu Pak-kiaⁿ Sîn ê Kàu-hōe kìⁿ Hûn-tit-sin (Fendelson) bo̍k-su (Hûn-tit-sin sī Bí-kok ê Thoân-kàu-sū). Hûn-tit-sin khòaⁿ-kìⁿ i siú An-hioh-ji̍t, thôan lêng-sóe, jî-chhiáⁿ si̍t-kak tâng-sim, Tiuⁿ Lêng-seng pēng-chhiáⁿ chiap-siū Hûn-tit-sin ê án-chhiú, in-chhú phōe án-li̍p ûi tiúⁿ-ló.
Chū-tī siā-lí

**Chū-tī siā-lí** (*comunidades autónomas*) sī Se-pan-gâ chú-iàu ê tē-hng hêng-chèng tan-ūi, lóng-chóng ū 17 ê, pau-koah tio̍h 50 ê séng (*provincias*).
.cat

**.cat** sī 1 chióng chàn-chō·-hêng siōng-téng domain (贊助型上頂--, Eng-gí: *sponsored top-level domain*, sTLD); ICANN tī 2005 nî 9 goe̍h chèng-sek phoe-chún sú-iōng.  Bo̍k-te̍k sī beh thê-seng Catalunya-gí kap Catalunya bûn-hoà ê lêng-kiàn-tō͘.  Che sī tē 1 ê khiā tī gí-giân bûn-hoà ê kak-tō͘ sin-chéng sêng-kong ê domain miâ.  Catalunya ê bîn-kan thoân-thé Associació puntCAT sī .cat ê chàn-chō͘ tan-ūi (*sponsor*).

.cat sī Catalunya chū 1996 nî khai-sí sak ê domain miâ; chit ê miâ oân-ná sī ISO 639-2 kui-hoān ê Catalunya-gí tāi-bé.  Tī Catalunya ū chi̍t-koá ki-kò͘, khì-gia̍p iah-sī kò-jîn bē-giàn tiàm .es (Se-pan-gâ) iah-sī .fr (Hoat-kok) chit 2 ê kok-ka domain miâ chhut-pán in ê bāng-ia̍h.  Pí-lūn kóng Catalunya chèng-hú ê bāng-chí (www.gencat.net) tō thiau-kang bô iōng .es.  Girona kam-goān iōng Gibraltar ê domain miâ .gi mā bô ài iōng .es.

ICANN chheng-chhó piáu-sī kìm-chí lâng iōng .cat chò koan-hē niau-á (Eng-gí:  *cat*) ê lō͘-iōng, tû-hui sī iōng Catalunya-gí siá iah-sī hām Catalunya bûn-hoà ū tī-tāi.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Chù-chheh pān-hoat (Catalunya-gí, Se-pan-gâ-gí, Eng-gí)
*Associació puntCAT (Catalunya-gí)
* Cultural diversity in cyberspace: The Catalan campaign to win the new .cat top level domain  (Eng-gí)
**  Amadeu Abril: .cat ê thui-sak-chiá  (chit phiⁿ chham-khó téng-koân ê bûn-chiuⁿ, Hoâ-gí)
Iberia Poàn-tó

**Iberia Poàn-tó**, Au-chiu tāi-lio̍k siōng toā ê poàn-tó (bīn-chek 582 860 km²), tiàm tī Au-chiu sai-lâm. Lâm-pō͘ kap tang-pō͘ oá Tē-tiong-hái; pak-pō͘, se-pō͘ oá Tāi-se-iûⁿ. Tang-pak piⁿ-kài sī Pirineo Soaⁿ-lêng, tī hia hām tāi-lio̍k chú-thé sio kap. Lâm-pō͘ Gibraltar hit-tah-á siōng oá Hui-chiu pak hái-hoāⁿ.

## Kok-ka kap léng-thó͘
* Se-pan-gâ
* Phû-tô-gâ
* Andorra
* Gibraltar (sio̍k Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)
Pirineo Soaⁿ-me̍h

**Pirineo Soaⁿ-me̍h** (Hoat-gí: *Les Pyrénées*, Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Los Pirineos*, Catalunya-gí: *Els Pirineus*), tiàm tī Au-chiu tāi-lio̍k sai-lâm ê soaⁿ-me̍h, sī Hoat-kok kap Se-pan-gâ ê thian-jiân piⁿ-kài, mā sī Iberia Poàn-tó sio-chiap tāi-lio̍k chú-thé ê só͘-chāi. Ùi Tāi-se-iûⁿ (*Bay of Biscay*) kàu Tē-tiong-hái (*Cap de Creus*) lóng-chóng 430 km tn̂g.
Surströmming

**Surströmming** ("sng hui-hî") sī 1 chióng Sverige tiám-sim/liāu-lí, ki-pún châi-liāu iōng Pe̍h-hái "hui-hî" (鯡魚, ha̍k-miâ *Clupea* sio̍k), hoat-kàⁿ liáu-āu chng tī koàn-thâu tī chhiau-kip-chhī-tiûⁿ bē.  Chin chē lâng, te̍k-pia̍t sī goā-kok-lâng, chin kiaⁿ Surströmming ê bī.  Che sī in-ūi koàn-thâu khui--khui ê sî-chūn ē phīⁿ tio̍h bē-su pha̍k koè ji̍t-thâu ê pùn-sò hit-khoán chháu-phú bī, tì-tio̍h ū lâng kóng Surströmming ki-pún-siōng sī hāi--khì ê hî-á.  Lâng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ the̍h chhut-khì sek-goā chia̍h.  Hèng chia̍h ê lâng jīn-ūi che sī 1 khoán tio̍h ta̍uh-ta̍uh o̍h chia̍h chiah chai-iáⁿ hó ê san-tin-hái-bī.

Chò surströmming iōng ê hî-á sī chhun-thiⁿ lia̍h ê hui-hî, hit-chūn ê châi-chit siōng chán.  Hui-hî seng hē toà tháng-á lāi hoat-kàⁿ 1~2 kó͘ goe̍h, liáu-āu hē ji̍p-khì koàn-thâu lāi kè-sio̍k hoat-kàⁿ.  Poàⁿ-nî chì 1 tang tiong-kan, chū-pún kóng-á hêng ê koàn-thâu ē in-ūi sè-khún pàng gá-suh chhut-lâi choâⁿ-á pìⁿ khah phòng hêng.

Kúi-ā-keng hâng-khong kong-si kìm-chí lâng chah surströmming koàn-thâu chiūⁿ-ki, kiaⁿ chhàu-phú kiam po̍k-chà.
Hóe-chheⁿ Cheng-chhat Kúi-tō-ki

NASA ê ***Hóe-chheⁿ Cheng-chhat Kúi-tō-ki*** (Eng-gí: *Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter*, **MRO**) sī 1 tâi cheng-chhat Hoé-chheⁿ ê to-iōng-tô͘ thài-khong-chûn, tī 2005 nî 8 goe̍h 12 hoat-siā, 2006 nî 3 goe̍h 10 chìn-ji̍p Hoé-chheⁿ kúi-tō. I ê bo̍k-tek sī beh siông-sè koan-chhat Hoé-chheⁿ piáu-bīn, thang pang-chān kéng bī-lâi jīm-bū ê lo̍h-tē tē-tiám, siâng-sî mā beh thê-kiong hit-koá jīm-bú ko-sok chu-liāu thoân-sàng ê ho̍k-bū. Àn-sǹg ē se̍h Hoé-chheⁿ 4~5 tang kú.

MRO sī tē 4 tâi kàu-ūi koh ū teh oa̍h-tāng ê jîn-chō oē-chheⁿ. Nā pau-koah piáu-bīn ê thàm-hiám-khì sī tē 6 tâi.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

*NASA ê MRO chām
*JPL ê MRO chām
*ILS information for launch vehicle AV-007

Lūi-pia̍t:NASA