open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia

**Wikipedia** (Ing-bûn tho̍k-im: **Ûi-ki̍h-phí-tī-ià** (Uikiphitia), Hàn-jī: **維基百科**, tha̍k **Ûi-ki Pah-kho/Pek-kho**) sī 1-ê chū-iû lōe-iông ê bāng-lō· pek-kho-choân-su. I ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kiàn-li̍p 1 thò "chū-iû", bián-chîⁿ, to-gí ê pek-kho-choân-su. Wikipedia sī bāng-lō· téng siāng chē lâng sú-iōng ê 1-ê chham-khó sèng-chit ê bāng-chām; i ê chu-goân pêng-kin 1 ji̍t hông lia̍h 5-chheng-bān pái http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#endnote_PopularityRef. Tû-liáu thoân-thóng ê pek-kho-choân-su sû-tiâu í-gōa, iū-koh ū pau-koah tio̍h chú-iàu ê sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ, lông-bîn-le̍k téng-téng ê lōe-iông.

 

Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe chit-ê bô-tì-ì-beh-thàn-chîⁿ ê tan-ūi tī āu-piah chi-oān it-poaⁿ-sèng ê koán-lí kap chhau-chok. Lōe-iông hong-bīn oân-choân khai-hòng hō· chèng-lâng ha̍p-chok hoat-tián. Lōe-iông tōa-pō·-hūn sī sè-kài chē-chē kok ê jîn-sū tàu-tīn chhiâu--chhut-lâi ê kiat-kó. Chham-ka ê lâng chū-goān bô tēng-sî khai ka-kī ê sî-kan siá-chok, chè-tô·, siu-kái, chéng-lí, thó-lūn, soan-thoân chit-ê sū-kang.

Wikipedia chū 2001 nî 1 go̍eh 15 khai-sí ūn-chok. Tú khai-sí tan-sûn sī 1-ê Eng-gí ê sū-kang. Aū--lâi ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á cheng-ka . Bo̍k-chêng ū pah-gōa-chióng gí-giân pán-pún. 

Wikipedia koàn-sì iōng bûn-chiuⁿ ê sò·-liōng (bô-lūn tn̂g-té hó-bái) chò sêng-tióng ê chí-sò·. Tùi chit-ê kak-tō· lâi khoàⁿ, ē-sái kóng sêng-tióng chiâⁿ kín. Kàu 2004 nî 2 goe̍h 25 ûi-chí ū 50-bān phiⁿ. Kàu kah hit nî 7 go̍eh ū chhiau kòe 31 bān phiⁿ ê Eng-bûn bûn-chiuⁿ, lēng-gōa ū 53 bān phiⁿ siá kî-thaⁿ gí-giân. 9 goe̍h 20 hit ji̍t chhèng kàu 100-bān phiⁿ.

Wiki ki-su̍t kap bûn-hòa sī tàu-tīn pian-chi̍p ê tiōng-iàu ki-chhó·. Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe chio thêng-sek siat-kè-su gī-bū khai-hoat MediaWiki chit thò wiki nńg-thé.

## Chí-mōe sū-kang

* Wiktionary
* Wikibooks
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wikinews
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikispecies
* Wikiversity

## Chù-kái

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Holopedia
* GNU Chū-iû Bûn-kiāⁿ Hí-khó-su

## Goā-pō· liân-kiat

* Wikipedia gí-giân chóng-lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Ta̍k-ê lâi siá Wiki Pek-kho-choân-su  (Hoâ-gí)

Lūi-pia̍t:Wikipedia
Lūi-pia̍t:Wikimedia kang-sū
Lūi-pia̍t:Pek-kho-choân-su
Lūi-pia̍t:Bāng-chām
Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-gí siā-khu
Tōng-bu̍t

**Tōng-bu̍t** () sī chi̍t lūi seng-bu̍t ê miâ, sio̍k-î **Tōng-bu̍t-kài** (; Ha̍k-miâ: ***Animalia***). In ū-hoat-tō· tín-tāng, m̄-koh bô chhiūⁿ si̍t-bu̍t ū châi-tiāu lī-iōng kng lâi ha̍p-sêng chia̍h-mi̍h (kng-ha̍p-sêng chok-iōng, *photosynthesis*); in su-iàu siau-hoà pa̍t-ê seng-bu̍t chiah ē-tàng seng-chûn--lo̍h-khì.

Thong-sio̍k gí-giân it-poaⁿ kā jîn-lūi pâi-tû tī tōng-bu̍t-lūi chi gōa.  Tōng-bu̍t mā tiāⁿ iōng lâi chò cheng-siⁿ ê tông-gī-sû.  Chóng-sī tùi seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê koan-tiám lâi khoàⁿ, lâng mā sī 1 chióng tōng-bu̍t.

## Te̍k-teng
Tōng-bu̍t lóng sī to-sè-pau chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t. Tōa-to-sò͘ ê tōng-bu̍t lóng sī ī-êng seng-bu̍t, chió-sò͘ tōng-bu̍t ē-sái chìn-hêng bô-sng-sò͘ ho͘-khip, che kah ē kng-chū-êng seng-bu̍t (si̍t-bu̍t, chò-lūi) oân-á bô-kâng. Tōng-bu̍t tī i sìⁿ-miā chiu-kî ê mó͘-chi̍t-ê khám-chām ū ūn-tōng-sèng. Tōa-tō͘-sò͘ tōng-bu̍t ê phoe-thai hoat-io̍k tiong ū phoe-pau-kî. Keng-kòe phoe-pau-kî, sè-pau ē hun-hòa chò bô-kâng ê cho͘-chit kap khì-koan.

## To-iūⁿ-sèng

## Hoat-seng-ha̍k
Tōng-bu̍t sī chi̍t ê tan-hē-thóng, ū kiōng-tông chó͘-sian. In kah niá-piⁿ-mn̂g-thâng sī chí-mōe-kûn koan-hē. Ki-kûn sī hái-mî tōng-bu̍t, loa̍h-á-thē tōng-bu̍t, píⁿ-pôaⁿ tōng-bu̍t, chhì-pau tōng-bu̍t, chia-ê tōng-bu̍t sin-khu m̄ sī nn̄g-pêng tùi-thīn.

### Hui-nn̄g-pêng-tùi-thīn tōng-bu̍t

### Nn̄g-pêng-tùi-thīn tōng-bu̍t

縮圖|Nn̄g-pêng-tùi-thīn tōng-bu̍t ê sin-khu mô͘-hêng.
Ī-bô-khiuⁿ tōng-bu̍t sī nn̄g-pêng-tùi-thīn tōng-bu̍t ê ki-kûn.

#### Goân-kháu tōng-bu̍t kap Āu-kháu thong-bu̍t

Tú khai-sí hoat-io̍k ê sî, āu-kháu tōng-bu̍t ê phoe-pau ē hok-siā-sek li̍h-nn̄g, ah tōa-tō͘-sò͘ ê goân-kháu tōng-bu̍t (kńg-lê tōng-bu̍t) ē chìn-hêng kńg-lê-á-hêng li̍h-nn̄g. Chêng-kháu tōng-bu̍t kap āu-kháu thong-bu̍t lóng ū oân-chéng ê siau-hòa-tō, m̄-koh chêng-kháu tōng-bu̍t ê goân-tn̂g chi̍t-khai-sí ê **phoe-kang** (Eng-gí: blastobore) bóe-á ê hoat-io̍k chò i ê chhùi, tò-thâu hit bóe-liu ē hêng-sêng kong-bûn; ah āu-kháu tōng-bu̍t tú-hó tian-tò, in thâu-·á ê phoe-kang sī hoat-io̍k chò kong-bûn, tò-thâu seⁿ-chò chhùi.
[縮圖|[Goân-kháu tōng-bu̍t (*Protostomes*, téng-koân) vs. Āu-kháu tōng-bu̍t (*Deuterostomes*, ē-kha)]]

## [[Tâi-oân]] ê tōng-bu̍t
* Chang-sui-niau (Phòng-bóe-bâ)
* Káu-chat-niau (Chhit-á,Chhàu-chhit-á,Siā-hiuⁿ)
* Pe̍h-phīⁿ-sim (O·-kha-hiuⁿ)

## Koan-hē bûn-chiuⁿ

* Tōng-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Chang-sui-niau

**Chang-sui-niau** (Hàn-jī: 棕蓑貓)/**Soaⁿ-chang-niau** (山棕貓)/**Phòng-bóe-bâ** (膨尾貓) (Eng-gí: *Crab-eating Mongoose*) sī chi̍t-chióng bông-ko.  I ê sin-khu tn̂g-tō· 36-45.7 cm, bóe-liu liōng-iok-á 16.5-28 cm tn̂g.  Chang-sui-niau toà tī chhiū-nâ lāi ê khe-á-piⁿ kap soaⁿ-khu koân-tō· khah kē ê só·-chāi.

Chham-khó chang-sui.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
*gio.gov.tw
Si̍t-bu̍t

:*Koan-hē si̍t-phín chit ê tê-bo̍k, chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ [[chia̍h-mi̍h]].*

Tùi seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê koan-tiám lâi kóng, **si̍t-bu̍t** (植物) sī chí sio̍k-î *Plantae*-kài ê seng-bu̍t.

* Bo̍k ê lūi
* Châng ê lūi

## Tēng-gī
Só͘-iū oa̍h-mi̍h tī thoân-thóng-siōng sī pun chò nn̄g kûn: si̍t-bu̍t kap tōng-bu̍t. Chit khoán hun-lūi khó-lêng sī chū Aristotle khai-sí (Chêng 384–22 nî), i kā it-poaⁿ bē tín-tāng--ê hō chò si̍t-bu̍t, kā ē-tàng oa̍h-tāng chhōe-chia̍h--ê hō chò tōng-bu̍t. Khah òaⁿ ê Linnaeus (1707–78 nî) chhòng-chō hiān-tāi kho-ha̍k hun-lūi-hoat hē-thóng ê ki-chhó͘, to̍h kā che nn̄g khoán siat chò nn̄g-ê kài (lat. *regnum* "ông-kok"): Vegetabilia (āu--lâi piàn Metaphyta ia̍h Plantae) kap Animalia (mā hō Metazoa). Chū hit-chūn, lâng bān-bān chai-iáⁿ só͘ kóng ê si̍t-bu̍t-kài sī kā chē khoán bô koan-hē ê hun-kûn pun chò-hóe, lo̍h-bóe chin-khún kiam kúi-à khoán chó-lūi tùi si̍t-bu̍t-kài pun chhut--lâi. Chóng-sī ū-sî-chūn, te̍k-pia̍t sī thong-sio̍k ê tiûⁿ-ha̍p in oa-ná tiāⁿ hông jīn-ûi sī si̍t-bu̍t.

"Si̍t-bu̍t" chit jī, phó͘-thong lâi kóng sī ū to-sè-pau, hâm *[[cellulose]]* ê sè-pau-piah, thang tī-ēng ia̍p-le̍k-thé tián-hiān kong-ha̍p-sêng chia ê sèng-chit.

## To-iūⁿ-sèng
Ē-té ê piáu tián-sī Viridiplantae ("chheⁿ-sek si̍t-bu̍t") chi̍t-ê seng-bu̍t hun-ki ê hun mn̂g. Tang-tiong chóng-kè ū tāi-iok 300,000 chéng tng oa̍h--teh ê Viridiplantae seng-bu̍t, in tang-tiong 85%–90% sī khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Tâi-oân ê si̍t-bu̍t
* Si̍t-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ

## Siòng-phìⁿ

File:Borassus flabellifer.jpg|Borassus flabellifer
File:Chestnut in Guntur.jpg|The fruits of Palmyra Palm tree, Borassus flabellifer (locally called Thaati Munjelu) sold in a market at Guntur, India.
File:Turmericroot.jpg|Turmeric rhizome
File:Starr 050407-6233 Ipomoea batatas.jpg|Sweet potato, *Ipomoea batatas*, Maui Nui Botanical Garden
File:Pandan wangi.JPG|*Pandanus amaryllifolius*
File:California Papaya ID.jpg|California Papaya
File:Papaya sunset.jpg|*Carica papaya*, cultivar 'Sunset'
File:Prepared lemon grass.JPG|*Cymbopogon citratus*, lemon grass, oil grass
File:Bangkuang 070612-056 stgd.jpg|*Pachyrhizus erosus* bulb-root. Situgede, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
File:KIKU brak-ontree.JPG|Fuji (apple)
File:SauropusAndrogynus.jpg|Sprouting shoots of *Sauropus androgynus*
File:Ilaneer.jpg|*Cocos nucifera*
[...]


## Chham-chiàu
Tâi-oân ê si̍t-bu̍t

**Tâi-oân ê si̍t-bu̍t**:

* Chúi-pit-á (Chúi-pit, Âng-hái ka-tang)
*Chúi-liân-hoe
*Káu-chàn-thah
*Khó·-lēng (Khó·-lēng-kang, Khó·-lēng-kū) 

## Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Si̍t-bu̍t lia̍t-toaⁿ
* Tâi-oân-ōe ê si̍t-bu̍t hō-miâ lia̍t-toaⁿ

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
* WWF Global 200
* Si̍t-bu̍t ê Tâi-oân-miâ
Chúi-liân-hoe

**Chúi-liân-hoe** (Hàn-jī: 水蓮花, Hôa-gí:台灣萍蓬草) sī 1 chióng Tâi-oân te̍k-iú-chéng ê chúi-seng si̍t-bu̍t.
Ngó͘-kok (iōng-gí)

**Ngó͘-kok** (Hàn-jī: 五穀) chú-iàu sī chháu-á-lūi seⁿ ê chí, giâm-keh kóng sī 1 khoán koé-chí (*caryopsis*). Thoân-thóng ê ngó͘-kok pau-koat ē-kha chit kúi hāng:

*Be̍h-á (Hàn-jī: 麥仔)
*Liáng (Hàn-jī: 粱)
*Sé-á (Hàn-jī: 黍仔)
*Tāu-á (Hàn-jī: 豆仔)
*Tiū-á (Hàn-jī: 秞仔)

Chia ê kok-bu̍t tī sè-kài chē-chē só͘-chāi lóng ū lâng toā-liōng chèng.  Tī chi̍t-koá khai-hoat-tiong ê kok-ka, sīm-chì sī toā-pō͘-hūn lâng chú-iàu ê chia̍h-mi̍h.

Tû-liáu chí te̍k-pia̍t ê gō͘ khoán si̍t-bu̍t í-gōa, "ngó͘-kok" chit jī mā ū-sî sī chí só͘-ū ê kok-bu̍t.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Hoan-be̍h

**Hoan-be̍h** (Hàn-jī: 番麥, ha̍k-miâ: *Zea mays* ssp. *mays*), kó͘-chá tī Tiong Bí-chiu chai-poê lo̍h-sèng ê ngó͘-kok.  Au-chiu-lâng tī 15–16 sè-kí chiap-chhiok tio̍h Bí-chiu liáu-āu, choâⁿ-á thoàⁿ kàu sè-kài kok-tē.

## Le̍k-sú
Au-chiu-lâng tī Columbus khì kàu Bí-chiu í-chêng, iá m̄-chai hoan-be̍h ê chûn-chāi. Chāi-tē ê Bí-chiu goân-chū-bîn,
tī che chá-chêng chio̍h í-keng ū hoan-be̍h ê chai-chèng. Tùi Canada lâm-pō͘, kàu Chile ê tiong-lâm-pō͘ lóng ū.

Tī Mesoamerica bûn-bêng lāi-té, hoan-be̍h-jîn ê sek-tī ū gî-sek-siōng ê ì-gī, ū tùi-èng ê sîn-bêng.

16 sè-kí, Columbus kòe Bí-chiu liáu-āu chi̍t tōaⁿ sî-kan, Au-chiu-lâng sui-jiân í-keng chai-iáⁿ hit ūi m̄-sī A-chiu, chóng-sī iá koh tiāⁿ chiong A-chiu kap Bí-chiu khan chò hóe, hoan-be̍h ū chi̍t chām tio̍h hong siūⁿ kóng sī Oán-tang ê chok-bu̍t, keng-kòe Thó͘-ní-kî lâng sàng kòe Se-kok.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*

## Liân-kiat
* ITIS 42268
* Sorting Zea names
Thâu-tńg-kheh

**Thâu-tńg-kheh** (Hàn-jī: 頭轉客) iah sī **Thâu-tò-kheh** (Hàn-jī: 頭倒客) chí ê sī sin-niû tē 1 pái tńg khì āu-thâu-chhù chò-kheh.
Le̍k-sú

**Le̍k-sú** (歷史) ē-sái kán-tan kóng sī "koan-hē koè-khì ê chu-liāu", chhin-chhiūⁿ "Tē-kiû ê tē-lí le̍k-sú". Nā kan-na iōng chit ê sû, it-poaⁿ sī chí lán lâng ê le̍k-sú, ia̍h-tō-sī chêng kàu taⁿ ê jîn-lūi siā-hoē ê kì-chài.

## Siong-koan
* Tâi-oân le̍k-sú
* Pe̍h-ōe-jī le̍k-sú
Koé-chí-bâ

**Koé-chí-bâ** (果子猫) (ha̍k-miâ: *Paguma larvata taivana*), mā thang hō-chò **pe̍h-phīⁿ-bâ** (白鼻猫), **o͘-kha-hiuⁿ** (烏跤香), **bâ-á** (猫仔), a̍h-sī **pe̍h-phīⁿ-sim** (白鼻心), tī Himalaya soaⁿ-khu, Tâi-oân, Tiong-kok Hôa-lâm kah Tang-lâm-a ê cho̍k-kûn sò͘-liōng khah chē; hō͘ IUCN hun-lūi-chò bô hûi-ki ê bu̍t-chióng. Tī 1831 nî iû Eng-kok tōng-bu̍t ha̍k-ka John Edward Gray hoat-pió chit-ê bu̍t-chióng.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
*http://wwwdb.tesri.gov.tw/content/animal/ani_mamal_04.asp
Tâi-oân le̍k-sú

## Chá-kî Tâi-oân

It-poaⁿ ê khòaⁿ-hoat sī tī 50,000 nî í-chêng Tâi-oân tio̍h ū lâng tòa. M̄-koh, chia-ê chá-kî ê chū-bîn lâu-lo̍h-lâi ê mi̍h bô chin-chōe. Hiān-chhú-sî lán kóng ê Tâi-ôan goân-chū-bîn àn jîn-lūi-ha̍k ê kak-tō͘ sī lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k ê.

## Hô͘-lân kap Se-pan-gâ sî-tāi

## Teⁿ-sì chèng-koân sî-tāi

## Chheng-kok sî-tāi

## Jı̍t-pún sî-tāi

1894 nî, Tāi-chheng kah Ji̍t-pún in-ūi Tiâu-sián būn-tê hoat-seng Kah-ngó͘ chiàn-cheng. Tāi-chheng chiàn-pāi, 1895 nî Tâi-oân koah-hō͘ Ji̍t-pún.

## Chiàn-āu

## Siong-koan
*Tâi-oân le̍k-sú nî-pió
*Ko-hiông le̍k-sú
## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* kū-pán

Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú
Kun-sū

## Kun-chióng
* Lio̍k-kun
* Hái-kun
* Khong-kun
* Hái-kun lio̍k-chiàn-tūi
## Bú-khì
* He̍k-bú-khi 
* Tō-tôaⁿ 
* Hui-tôaⁿ 
* Tōa-phàu 
* Chhèng 
* Tē-lûi 
* Chhiú-lûi-tôaⁿ 
* Chhèng-chí

## Kun-lām
* Hâng-khong-bú-lām
* Khu-tio̍k-lām (驅逐艦)
* Sûn-iûⁿ-lām (巡洋艦)
* Chiàn-lia̍t-lām 
* Hō·-ōe-lām 

## Kî-thaⁿ ê bú-khì chong-pī
* Chiâm-chúi-théng
* Tank 
* Chiàn-tàu-ki
* Po̍k-kek-ki
* Chin-chhat-ki (偵察機)
I-ha̍k

**I-ha̍k** (Hàn-jī: 醫學) sī oē-seng kho-ha̍k ê 1 mn̂g ha̍k-būn, mā sī ha̍k-būn ê lîm-chhn̂g èng-iōng. I-ha̍k koan-hē tio̍h lâng ê kiān-khong kap lâng ê pēⁿ. In-ūi i-ha̍k kap hiān-tāi se-iûⁿ kho-ha̍k ū bi̍t-chhiat ê koan-hē, i-ha̍k tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chí **se-i-ha̍k**. Chóng--sī, tī Tang-a-chiu ê chi̍t-koá kok-ka, i-ha̍k ū-sî mā pau-koat hiān-tāi hàn-i-ha̍k. I-ha̍k mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ iōng lâi chí i-seng chò ê tāi-chì. I-ha̍k mā sī hiān-tāi siā-hoē ê 1 ê chè-tō·; che tùi chin chē kok-ka koán-lí **i-liâu** ē-tit liáu-kái.

I-ha̍k ê ki-chhó· hun-kho ū sio tùi-èng ê lîm-chhn̂g choan-kho, it-poaⁿ àn-chiàu khì-koan a̍h-sī pēⁿ lâi hun. Só·-í i-liâu ê kho-ha̍k ē-sái kóng sī koan-hē khì-koan hē-thóng kap pēⁿ ê chai-bat, ah i-ha̍k ê choan-gia̍p ē-sái kóng sī hùn-liān ē-hiáu èng-iōng hia ê chai-bat ê siā-hoē thoân-thé.

Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ chú-iàu thàm-thó se-i. (Gê-i-ha̍k ū to̍k-li̍p 1 phiⁿ.)

## I-ha̍k kán-sú

## Kok-chióng i-ha̍k choan-gia̍p
### Ki-chhó· i-ha̍k

* Kái-phoà-ha̍k
* Seng-hoà-ha̍k
* I-ha̍k lûn-lí
* Biostatistics
* Sè-pau-ha̍k
* Embryology
* Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k
* Genetics ("Ki-in-ha̍k")
* Cho·-chit-ha̍k
* Bián-e̍k-ha̍k
* Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k
* Sîn-keng-kho-ha̍k
* Êng-ióng-ha̍k
* Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k
* Io̍h-lí-ha̍k
* Seng-lí-ha̍k
* Toxicology

### Chín-toān kap iáⁿ-siòng choan-kho

### Lîm-chhn̂g i-ha̍k

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* I-ha̍k bêng-sû lia̍t-toaⁿ
Káu-chat-niau

**Káu-chat-niau** (Hàn-jī: 九節貓), **chhit-á** (七仔), **chhàu-chhit-á** (臭七仔), **siā-hiuⁿ** (麝香).

Ha̍k-miâ: *Viverricula indica pallida*.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
*http://archive.zo.ntu.edu.tw/mammal/r_mamm_index.asp?mamm_id=M0052
2004 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng soán-kí

**2004 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí** tī 2004 nî 3 goe̍h 20 ji̍t kí-hêng, choè-āu Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng ê hāu-soán-jîn Tân Chúi-píⁿ í 6,471,970 phiò (tek-phiò-lu̍t 50.11%) sêng-kong liân-jīm, tòng-soán tē 11 jīm Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok (Tâi-oân) chóng-thóng.

## Tâu-phiò-jı̍̍t
* 2004 nî, 3 go̍eh 20.

## Hāu-sóan-jîn
*Bîn-chú-chìn-pō·-tóng
::Tân Chúi-píⁿ(chóng-thóng)+Lū Siù-liân(hù-chóng-thóng)
*Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng+Chhin-bîn-tóng
::Liân Chiàn(chóng-thóng)+Sòng Chhó·-jû(hù-chóng-thóng)

## Sóan-kí kiat-kó
2004 nî Bí-kok sóan-kí

**2004 nî Bí-kok sóan-kí**
* Sî-kan: 2004 nî, 11 go̍eh 2.
* Hāng-bok: Chóng-thóng, kok-hōe (House kap Senate)
* Sóan-kí kiat-kó: Bí-kok kok-hōe kiam chóng-thóng soán-kí, John Kerry thiau-chiàn George W. Bush chóng-thóng sit-pāi, Bîn-chú-tóng tī kok-hōe ê ūi kiám kúi-nā-ê.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kok-kok ê soán-kí
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok ê chèng-tī
Chèng-tī

**Chèng-tī**, ia̍h sī kóng **chèng-sū**, sī thoân-thé chò koat-tēng ê koè-têng, it-poaⁿ sī ēng lâi kóng chèng-hú ê ūn-chok.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiong
*Tâi-oân chèng-tī
**2004 nî Tâi-oân sóan-kí
*A-chiu chèng-tī
**Tiò-hî-tó būn-tôe
*Bí-kok chèng-tī
**2004 nî Bí-kok sóan-kí
Tâi-oân chèng-tī

**Tâi-oân chèng-tī**

## Tiōng-iàu sū-kiāⁿ

* Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ
* Bí-lē-tó Sū-kiāⁿ (Ko-hiông sū-kiaⁿ)

## Chèng-tóng

* Bîn-chìn-tóng
* Chhin Bîn Tóng
* Tâi-oân Le̍k Tóng
* Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng
* Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng

## Soán-kí

* 1996 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2000 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2004 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2005 nî Tâi-oân Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe tāi-piáu sóan-kí
* 2008 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2012 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
Ín-tit

Ín-tit (Hàn-jī:引得) sī eng-gí tiong ê *index* ê ì-sù, mā kiò *Sek-ín* (索引). I lia̍t-chhut chheh--ê bêng-sû kap in ê ia̍h-hō, hong-piān tha̍k-chiá chhoē sû--ê ì-sù.

## Chham-khó
*chu-liāu-khò͘ sek-ín

Lūi-pia̍t:Tô͘-su chhut-pán-gia̍p
Han-chî

**Han-chû** (Hàn-jī: 番薯,蕃薯, Eng-gí: *sweet potato*) sī 1 ê tiōng-iàu ê niû-si̍t.  Chit sû ē-sái chí kui-châng ê si̍t-bu̍t a̍h sī kan-taⁿ kin ê pō·-ūi.  Han-chî ê kin pûi, chē tiān-hún, chia̍h--khí-lâi tiⁿ-tiⁿ.  Hio̍h-á kah iù-ki mā ū lâng chia̍h.  Oân-ná ū lâng chèng tī sek-lāi.

Han-chî ê ha̍k-miâ sī *Ipomoea batatas* L.  *Ipomoea* chit ê sio̍k iū-koh ū kúi-nā-khoán chèng tī hoe-hn̂g ê chéng (Eng-bûn: *morning glory*).

Han-chî ê goân-sán-tē it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi tī Lâm Bí-chiu.  Āu--lâi chiah kòe hái khì kàu Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k sió-tó.

## Tī Tâi-ôan

Ū lâng kám-kak Tâi-oân-tó ê hêng sêng 1 lia̍p hân-chî, só·-í ū chheng-ho· Tâi-oân lâng chò "Hân-chî-á" ê kóng-hoat.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Chhiū-chî
* Má-lêng-chî
* Ō·-á.
* Soaⁿ-io̍h

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* 台灣番薯文化誌 (ISBN 986-7796-18-7)

*
Ō͘-á

**Ō·-á** (Hàn-jī: 芋仔) sī 1 khoán jia̍t-tài si̍t-bu̍t, ha̍k-miâ hō·-chò *Colocasia esculenta*.  It-poaⁿ chèng lâi chia̍h i ê hoâiⁿ (莖, *rhizome*) a̍h sī hio̍h; mā ū lâng chia̍h i ê hoe.

Ō·-á tī sè-kài chin chē jia̍t-tài ê só·-chāi (Hui-chiu, Tang-lâm-a) sī 1 khoán thoân-thóng ê ki-pún chia̍h-mi̍h.

## phín-chéng
pin-nn̂g-sim ō͘,mī-ō͘,phō-kiaⁿ-ō͘..

## Tô͘

Image:2006-10-22Colocasia01.jpg|Ō͘-á hio̍h
Image:Taro_corms_2.jpg|Ō͘-á hoâiⁿ
Sat-ba̍k-hî

**Sat-ba̍k-hî** (Hàn-jī: 虱目魚), mā kóng **sat-ba̍k-á**, sī Tang-lâm-a tē-khu tiōng-iàu ê chi̍t-chióng si̍t-iōng-hî. In hî-sin siōng-tn̂g ē-sài kàu 1.7 kong-chhioh tn̂g. M̄-koh, tōa-pō͘-hūn tn̂g chi̍t kong-chhioh chó-iū. In bô chhùi-khí, chia̍h chó-lūi kap bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t (*invertebrates*).

Sat-ba̍k-hî sī jia̍t-tāi kiâm-chúi-hî (??). Tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ lóng ū. Tâi-ôan chhī sat-ba̍k-hî ū saⁿ-pah nî í-siōng ê le̍k-sú. Hiān-chhú-sî chú-iàu chhī tī Hûn-lîm Gî-lân ê chiáⁿ-chúi hî-ùn kap kiâm-chúi hî-ùn.

Sat-ba̍k-hî ê Ji̍t-pún miâ o̍h Hō-ló im tha̍k *sabahî* (サバヒー).

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
*
Kín-siám-ê

**Kín-siám--ê** (Hàn-jī: 緊閃兮, Eng-gí: *flashmob*) sī 1-tīn lâng àn-chiáu iok-sok ê sî-kan hut-jiân chı̍p-tiong tiàm iok-sok hó ê kong-kiōng tiûⁿ-só·. Kín-siám ê chham-ú-chiá it-poaⁿ chiàu ū-tēng ê hì-pún ián-chhut, liáu-aū chek-sî kip-sok sòaⁿ--khì. It-poaⁿ bē hoat sin-bûn-kó mā bô chiap-siū mûi-thé chhái-hóng.

## Siā-hōe ì-gī
Kín-siám--ê ê bo̍k-tek chē-chē khóan. Tōa-pō·-hūn tan-sûn beh sim-sek chı̍t-ē.

## Kín-siám--ê chāi Tâi-oân
Tâi-oân chū 2003-nî 8-go̍eh khai-sí ū kín-siám oa̍h-tōng. Ū "Tâi-ôan #1 Kín-siám Hêng-tōng" thàu-kòe bāng-lō· soan-thôan beh tī 8-go̍eh 30 tiàm Tâi-pak Tiong-hàu SOGO chū-hōe. In beh lòng-cheng, chhiùⁿ-koa, hoah-hiu "Happy New Year", "Gún beh tńg Hóe-chheⁿ lo·h!" téng kháu-hō http://zonble.twbbs.org/archives/2003_08/000879.php  http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/3/8/30/n367178.htm. To̍k-phài kín-siám--ê bat tiàm Chiúⁿ Kài-chio̍h ê bōng-á-po· chū-hōe kháu-sé i ê sí-tiong chi-chhî-chiá. In chhēng hà-saⁿ ké chò hàu-lâm hàu-lú kā "Chiúⁿ Kong" "chio-hûn" http://blog.elixus.org/jumbo/archives/001688.html .

## Chham-kiàn
* Critical Mass

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* MashFlob :: The Worldwide Flashmob Community 
* Flashmob.com 
* Antimob.com
Hî

Conodonta
Hyperoartia
:Petromyzontidae (lampreys)
Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish)
Thelodonti
Anaspida
Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish)
:Galeaspida
:Pituriaspida
:Osteostraci
Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
:Placodermi
:Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
:Acanthodii
:Osteichthyes (bony fish)   
::Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
::Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
:::Actinistia (coelacanths)
:::Dipnoi (lungfish)

**Hî, Hû, Hîr** (Hàn-jī: 魚) sī 1 chióng léng-hoeh, ū liông-kut, ū chhi ê chúi-lāi tōng-bu̍t.

## [[Tâi-oân]] chhut-sán ê hî
* Bián-á
* Khó·-hoe 
* ??(鰕虎科)
** Hoa-thiàu ?(花鮡, *Scartelaos gigas*, *Scartelaos histophorus*)
* ??(鰺科)
** Âng-kam (紅魽, *Seriola dumerili*) 
* Tō-hî kho (舵魚科)
** O·-mo (黑毛, *Girella punctata*, *Girella mezina*, *Girella leonina*) 
* Nâ-á-hî kho (籃子魚科)
** Chit-kho lāi ê hî it-poaⁿ lóng kiò chhàu-tō· (臭肚)
* Chu kho (鯔科, Mugilidae)
** Chit-kho lāi ê hî it-poaⁿ lóng kiò O·-hî (烏魚)
* Chheng Kho (鯖科)
** Thô·-thuh (土魠 , *Scomberomorus commerson*)
* Lí kho (Family Cyprinidae)
** Tōa-thâu-liân  (大頭鰱, *Aristichthys nobilis*, Eng-gí : Bighead )
** Liân-hî  (鰱魚, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silver carp) 
** O·-liu (烏鰡, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Black carp)
** Chhaú-hî (草魚, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Grass carp)
* Tiau kho (鯛科) 
** Ka-la̍h  (*Pagrus major* )
* Chû-tiau kho (慈鯛科)
** Gô·-koeh-hî (吳郭魚,  *Oreochromis niloticus niloticus*; * Tilapia zillii*, *Oreochromis mossambicus*)
* Chhiuⁿ kho 
** Pe̍h-chhiuⁿ (白鯧, *Pampus chinensis*, *Pampus argenteus*)
* Têng-chhiuⁿ kho 
** Bah-chit, Bah-chit-á (肉鯽, 肉鯽仔, *Psenopsis anomala*)
* Chháu-hî
* Chio̍h-pan
* Hái-am
* Hái-liân
* Hoe-liân
* Liân-á
* Liân-hî
* Nōa-chô
* O·-liân
* Pe̍h-liân-á
* phàⁿ-thâu-liân
* Sat-ba̍k-hî
* Soa-hî
* Tek-hio̍h-liân
* Tōa-thâu-liân

## Tâi-oân í-gōa ê só·-chāi chhut-sán ê hî
* Sian-lú toán-tiau

## Gōa -pō·  liân -kiat
* http://www.nmmba.gov.tw/english/intro/qtv/t3.html
Pe̍h-ōe-jī

:*Pún tiâu-bo̍k chú Ho̍h-ló-oē--ê Lô-má-jī, Kheh-gí--ê chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Kheh-gí Pe̍h-oē-jī]]*

**Pe̍h-ōe-jī** (POJ; Hàn-jī: 白話字) sī chi̍t khoán iōng Latin (Lô-má) pheng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan-hái-kiap lióng-ōaⁿ ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-ūi tong-chho͘ sī thôan-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê iân-kò͘, ia̍h-ū-lâng kā POJ hō-chò **Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī**, he̍k-chiá sī kán-chheng **Kàu-lô**. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-chiá bē-chió m̄-sī kàu-tô͘, kàu-tô͘ mā chin chē bē-hiáu POJ.

## Tēng-gī

Tùi hoat-tián-sú ê kak-tō͘ lâi khoàⁿ,siōng-kài chá iōng lô-má-jī lâi kì-lio̍k ē-lâm giân-gú ê sī 17 sè-kí tiàm Hui-lu̍t-pin ê se-pan-gâ lâng,put-lî-kò hit thò hē-thóng chin-chá tio̍h sit-thoân khì lah,kan-ta chhun tām-po̍h-á bûn-hiàn niā.

jû-kim só͘-kóng ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī,ōe tek tui-sok kàu 1832 nî Eng-kok thoân-káu-sū Be̍h-to-su（Walter Henry Medhurst）só͘  chò ê 《Hok-kiàn hong-giân sû-tián》（A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms 1832）, put-kò͘  chit thò hong-àn tek-khak kap jû-kim ta̍k-ê só͘ sú-iōng ê pe̍h-ōe-jī ū chin-chōe bô-kâng.

lán chit-má se̍k-sāi ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī sī Táⁿ-má-jī（Rev. John Van Nest Talmage）Lô Chhì （Elihu Doty）chí kóa tiàm Ē-mn̂g thoân-kàu ê bo̍k-su só͘ sú-iōng ê Hā-gú lô-má-jī pheng-im hē-thóng,tōa pō͘-hūn ê pe̍h-ōe-jī chhut-pán mn̍gh a̍h-sī í chit-thò hē-thóng lâi su-siá.

Tùi su-siá gí-giân ê kak-tō͘ lâi khoàⁿ, “tián-hêng” ê POJ í 19 sè-kí ê kó͘-tián Ē-mn̂g-oē úi ki-chhó͘. Chóng--sī kàu kah 19 sè-kí bé ah ū  iōng lâi kì-lio̍k Chiang-chiu-ōe kap Choân-chiu-ōe ê te̍k-sû hû-hō chhut-hiān

## Le̍k-sú

### Pōe-kéng

### Tī Tâi-oân
POJ pēng-m̄-sī Tâi-oân siōng chá ū ê phèng-im bûn-jī.

#### Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú kap Kok-bîn-tóng chèng-hú tùi pe̍h-ōe-jī ê ap-pek

#### 1990 nî-tāi liáu-āu ê hoat-tián

## Jī-bó

### Jī-bó ê hō-miâ
Tùi kò-pia̍t jī-bó ê hō-miâ, iā tio̍h sī tùi jī-bó kò-pia̍t chí-miâ ê sî sú-iōng ê tha̍k-hoat, í-hā sī kî-tiong chi̍t khoán:

## Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat
*Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat

## Pe̍h-ōe-jī bûn-hiàn

## Tiān-náu chhú-lí
*Chú-iàu ê bûn-chiuⁿ: [[Tiān-náu chhú-lí Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]*

## Phoe-phêng
* Pheng-im hē-thóng (bûn-jī) bô ha̍h Hàn-gí ê su-iàu, in-ūi Hàn-gí tan-im-chiat ê sû-lūi te̍k-pia̍t chē.
* POJ jī-bó ê tho̍k-im kap Eng-gí chha chin chē.
* POJ sī im-phiau, m̄ sī bûn-jī.
* POJ a̍h-sī kî-tha ê Lô-má-jī sī “gōa-lâi” ê, m̄ sī “pún-thó͘” ê.

## Chham-chiàu

## Gōa-pō͘ bāng-liān

* 

**It-puann**
* – Google group for Taiwanese language enthusiasts – uses POJ and Chinese characters.
* – information on Unicode encodings for POJ text
* – group dedicated to the promotion of Taiwanese and Hakka romanization

Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gú lating bû-jī
Harry Potter (jîn-bu̍t)

**Harry Potter** sī chok-ka J. K. Rowling ê hoàn-sióng sió-soat hē-lia̍t ê chú-kak.  I ê choân-miâ sī **Harry James Potter**.  Kin-kù kò·-sū ê lōe-iông, i tī 1981-nî chó-iū chhut-sì.  I ê pē-bó tī i 1 hòe ê sî ūi beh hóan-khòng Lord Voldemort, hi-seng in ê sèⁿ-miā lâi pó-hō· i, só·-í i sī hō· a-î, î-tiuⁿ ióng-chhī tòa-hàn ê.  Tī te-1-chi̍p Há-lih Phá-thò 10 hòe beh tńg 11; kàu kah siōng sin 1 chi̍p (te-5-chi̍p), i í-keng sī 15 hòe.

Tī hoat-su̍t ê sè-kài, Harry Potter put-chí-á ū miâ-siaⁿ, in-ūi i 1-hòe tōa ê sî-chūn m̄-nā bô sí tī Voldemort ê chhiú--nih, koh ín-khí Voldemort giâm-tiōng tio̍h-siong lâi cháu-lō·.  Chū hit-pái Harry Potter ê thâu-khak-hia̍h tō ū 1 ê sih-nà-hêng ê khî.

I chì-hó ê pêng-iú sī Ron Weasley kap Hermione Granger; in sī hoat-su̍t ha̍k-hāu ê tông-o̍h.  I ū 1 chiah àm-kong-chiáu hō·-chò Hiat-u-ik.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Harry Potter (hē-lia̍t)
* Harry Potter (kò͘-sū)
Ron Weasley

**Ron Weasley** (choân-miâ *Ronald "Ron" Bilius Weasley*) sī J. K. Rowling só· siá ê Harry Potter sió-soat hē-lia̍t ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t chi-it. I hām Hermione Granger 2-lâng sī Harry Potter chì-hó ê pêng-iú. I ê pē-bó sī Arthur kap Molly Weasley; i ū 5 ê a-hiaⁿ Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, kap 1 ê sió-mōe Ginny.
J. K. Rowling

**J. K. Rowling** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok chok-ka **Yuwan** **Rowling** (1965 nî 7 go̍eh 31 chhut-sì) ê pit-miâ. I siá-chok ê Halí Potel gín-á-kó· hō· i tùi 1997-nî khai-sí tī kok-chè-siōng tōa chhut-miâ. I chhut-sì tī Englan se-lâm-pō· South Gloucestershire ê chi̍t-ê sió-tìn hō-chò Chipping Sodbury.

2004-nî 2-go̍eh ê *Forbes* cha̍p-chì pò-tō i ê châi-sán ū 5-ek 7-chheng 6-pah-bān Eng-pōng, sī le̍k-sú-siōng siá-chheh thàn siōng chē chîⁿ ê chok-ka. Tī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok i oân-nā sī siōng-kài hó-gia̍h ê cha-bó·-lâng, sīm-chì pí Lú-ông Elizabeth 2-sè khah hó-gia̍h.

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* J.K. Rowling ê kò-jîn bāng-chām
Hermione Granger

**Hermione Granger** (choân-miâ *Hermione Jane Granger*) sī J. K. Rowling siá ê Harry Potter sió-soat hē-lia̍t ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t. I sī Ti-chè-á Hoat-su̍t Ha̍k-hāu ê cha-bó· ha̍k-seng.  I hām Loán Úi-su-lì 2-lâng sī Harry Potter chì-hó ê pêng-iú.  I thâu-náu hó, hèng tha̍k-chu, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ èng-iōng i ê chai-bat kái-koat tāi-chì.

J. K. Rowling kin-kù i ka-tī 11 hòe ê iūⁿ chò chit ê kak-sek ê bô·-á.

Tiān-iáⁿ-pán ê Hermione iû Emma Watson ián-chhut.
Liap-sī

**Liap-sī** un-phiau (Eng-gí: *Celsius scale*), tī kong-gôan 1742 nî, iû Sūi-tián (*Sweden*) ê thian-bûn-ha̍k-ka Anders Celsius só͘ kiàn-li̍p--ê, sī pêng-siông-sî siāng-chia̍p sú-iōng ê un-tō͘ piáu-sī-hoat chi-it.

Tī chi̍t-ê tāi-khì-ap-le̍k chi-hā, chúi kiat-peng ê un-tō͘ (gêng-kò·-tiám) siat-tēng-chòe Liap-sī 0 tō͘ (0&nbsp;°C), chúi kún ê-sî ê un-tō͘ (hut-tiám) siat-tēng-chòe Liap-sī 100 tō͘ (100&nbsp;°C), 0&nbsp;°C kàu 100&nbsp;°C tiong-kan pêng-kin hun-chòe 100 hūn, múi-chi̍t-hūn chiū-sī Liap-sī chi̍t-tō͘ (1&nbsp;°C).

Liap-sī chit sû lâi chū Hôa-gí *shè shì* () he̍k-chiá Ji̍t-bûn *Sessi* () ê Hàn-jī tho̍k-im.
Un-phiau

**Un-phiau** sī un-tō͘ ê phiau-sī, bo̍k-chêng thong-hêng ê un-phiau ū saⁿ-chióng, hun-pia̍t sī Liap-sī (Celsius a̍h centigrade), Hôa-sī (Fahrenheit), kap Khái-sī (Kelvin) un-phiau, kî-tiong Khái-sī un-phiau iā-chheng-chòe cho̍at-tùi un-phiau (absolute temperature scale).

#Liap-sī un-phiau ē-tàng-kóng sī pêng-siông-sî siāng-chia̍p-ēng--ê, hiān-chú-sî tāi-pō·-hūn ê kok-ka lóng chhái-iōng chit-chióng khah-hong-piān ê un-phiau.
#Hôa-sī un-phiau gôan-té sī Eng-gí kok-ka só· sú-iōng--ê, put-kò chit-má tî-liáu Bí-kok í-gōa, chin-chē Eng-gí kok-ka mā lóng chiām-chiām hòng-khì Hôa-sī un-phiau, chhái-iōng Liap-sī.
#Khái-sī un-phiau siāng-chú-iàu sī kho-ha̍k-kài teh sú-iōng--ê, chin-chē kong-sek lāi-té ê un-tō·, lóng-sī chhái-iōng khái-sī un-phiau.
Tn̂g-bóe soaⁿ-niû

**Tn̂g-bóe soaⁿ-niû** (Hàn-jī: 長尾山娘, Ha̍k-miâ: *Urocissa caerulea*, Eng-bûn: Formosan Blue Magpie)
sī Tâi-oân te̍k-iú ê chiáu-á. Liân Hêng ê Tâi-oân Thong-sú kóng: '俗稱長尾山娘,翠翼朱喙,光彩照人.'

## Hun-pò
Tâi-oân.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* 還我台灣鳥仔的本名
Chôa-tiau

**Chôa-tiau** ( Hàn-jī: 蛇鵰) (Eng-gú: *Formosan Serpent-Eagle*, *Crested Serpent Eagle*; ha̍k-miâ: *Spilornis cheela*), 1 chióng gâu lia̍h chôa ê eng-á.

## Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
* 還我台灣鳥仔的本名
GNU Chū-iû Bûn-kiāⁿ Hí-khó-su

**GNU Chū-iû Bûn-kiāⁿ Hí-khó-su** (Eng-gí: GNU Free Documentation License, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kán-chheng **GFDL**) sī 1 chióng hoa̍t-lo̍h chū-iû lōe-iông ê *[[copyleft]]* ("pán-chó") hí-khó-su. Che chū-té sī Chū-iû Nńg-thé Ki-kim-hōe (FSF) ūi in ê GNU kè-ōe só· siat-kè--ê. Hí-khó-su 1.2-pán ê choân-bûn tī http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html.

GFDL sī ūi nńg-thé soat-bêng-su kap kî-tha ê chham-khó, kàu-ha̍k chu-liāu siat-kè ê. Hí-khó-su chu-tiuⁿ chu-liāu ê jīm-hô khó·-pih, tō sǹg kóng ū siu-kái--kòe, lóng tio̍h chhái-iōng kāng-ê hí-khó-su. Chiah-ê khó·-pih ē-sái bé-bē, m̄-koh it-tàn tāi-liōng seng-sán, tiāⁿ-tio̍h ū sek-ha̍p lâng siu-kái ê kek-sek. Bo̍k-chiân Wikipedia sī GFDL chhái-iōng-chiá tang-tiong siōng ū kui-bô· ê kè-ōe.

Lūi-pia̍t:Wikipedia
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-lu̍t
Chhân-eⁿ

**Chhân-eⁿ** sī Odonata-ba̍k ê khun-thiông, ū tōa-lúi ho̍k-gán, 2 tùi tn̂g-tn̂g thàu-bêng ê si̍t-á, kap lò-tn̂g ê sin-khu. Chhân-eⁿ ê ba̍k-chiu put-chí-á lāi.  In it-poaⁿ chia̍h báng-thâng (báng-á, hô·-sîn), phang, bé-ia̍h téng-téng ê sè-chiah thâng.  Chhân-eⁿ tiāⁿ tī chúi-tî-á, khe-á, làm-tē hù-kīn chhut-hiān.  In bē tèng lâng.

Tùi nn̄g sǹg khí, chhân-eⁿ ê sèⁿ-miā siōng té 6-kó·-go̍eh, siōng tn̂g sīm-chì ū 6~7 tang kú. Chit tōaⁿ sî-kan tōa-pō·-hūn sī iù-thiông (chhu-thâng) ê hêng, hō chò chúi-ge̍k; in tiàm chúi-lāi lia̍h kî-tha bô-liông-kut-lūi (*invertebrate*) ê thâng chia̍h, chhin-chhiūⁿ tō·-koai-á, báng-á-chhu, kap sè-boé-á hî. Lī-khui chúi ê sêng-thâng khah tōa-hêng ê chéng ū-hoat-tō· oa̍h 4-kó·-go̍eh.

Chhân-eⁿ ê ba̍k-chiu iok-lio̍k ū 3-bān-lia̍p sió-gán (*facet*), ū kīn 360-tō· ê sī-le̍k, tùi lia̍h khong-tiong ê poe-thâng ū pang-chān.
Hàn-jī

**Hàn-jī** (漢字, Hong-im hû-hō: ㄏㄢ˪ ㆢㄧ˫; Hôa-gí kán-hòa-jī: , chù-im: ㄏㄢˋ ㄗˋ; *(kanji)*,  *(hanja)*, , Lâm-jī: 𡨸漢 / 漢字), mā ū lâng kā i hō-chòe **Tn̂g-lâng-jī** iah-sī **Khóng-chú-jī**, sī iōng lâi siá kúi-nā-chióng hiān-tāi kap kó͘-tāi gí-bûn ê su-siá bûn-jī hē-thóng. Hiān-tāi ê Tiong-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Hân-kok, Tâi-oân lóng ū sú-iōng Hàn-jī. M̄-koh Tiâu-sian í-keng hùi-tiāu. 20 sè-kí chìn-chêng, Oa̍t-lâm-bûn iáu ū lâng iōng Hàn-jī siá. Le̍k-sú-siōng mā bat ū kî-thaⁿ ê bîn-cho̍k iōng Hàn-jī he̍k-chiá hóng Hàn-jī lâi chhì siá in ê ōe. Hàn-jī tī Tang-a ê tē-ūi chha-put-to tiō-sī Au-chiu ê La-tin-jī. Chit-má chú-iàu leh iōng hàn-jī ê tōa-pō͘-hūn sī kóng Hàn-gí ê só͘-chai.

## Hàn-jī ê te̍k-sek

Hàn-jī chú-iàu sī sì-kak-hêng--ê.

### Pō·-siú (Jī-pêng)
### Hun-lūi

## Ián-piàn kap thôan-pò·
### Tiong-kok
### Tâi-oân
### Oa̍t-lâm
Hàn-jī tī 1 sè-kí tio̍h thoân ji̍p Oa̍t-lâm, Oa̍t-lâm-gí mā bat oân-choân kā hàn-jī tòng-chò sī su-siá iōng ê bûn-jī, lēng-gōa koh tī hàn-jī ê ki-chhó͘ siōng ka-kī chhòng-chō lâm-jī (喃字). tān-sī in-ūi su-siá siōng chiâⁿ bô hong-piān, só͘-í hàn-jī iā-sī siōng chú-iàu ê su-siá hong-sek. 1945 nî Oa̍t-lâm Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok sêng-li̍p liáu-āu, kā hàn-jī hùi-tû, khai-sí sú-iōng hō-chò "kok-gí-jī" ê pheng-im bûn-jī. Chit-chūn ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng í-keng khòaⁿ-bô hàn-jī ah.
### Hàn-gí-giân

## Chham-khó
* Si--sī Si̍t-su Sú
Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn

**Tâi-ôan goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k** (Hàn-jī: 臺灣原住民族) sī 17 sè-kí Hàn-jîn bōe î-bîn chêng tō tī Tâi-oân khiā-khí ê Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k kah in ê hiō-tāi.  Lēng-gōa 1 ê bêng-sû sī *sian-chū-bîn* (先住民), taⁿ khah hán-tit iōng.  Tâi-ôan goân-chū-bîn ê thoân-thóng gí-giân sio̍k-î Lâm-tó-gí-hē.

## Miâ-chheng

Tâi-oân ê Hō-ló-lâng, Kheh-lâng kiò in *[[Hoan-á]]*, ì-sù sī "bô bûn-bêng ê lâng".  Ū-ê goân-chū-bîn mā kā  Hō-ló-lâng hō-chò *Pháiⁿ-lâng*.  

Ji̍t-pún-lâng kin-kù tiong-sêng-tō͘ kā in hun-chò *se̍k-hoan* kah *chheⁿ-hoan*.  Lēng-gōa iū-koh ū *hoan-lâng* ( *banzin*) ê kóng-hoat.  Āu--lâi mā ū *ko-soa-cho̍k* ( *takasagozoku*), *ko-soaⁿ-cho̍k* ê kiò-hoat.  In ê cho̍k-kûn hun-lūi tùi hiān-tāi jîn-lūi-ha̍k, gí-giân-ha̍k, sīm-chì it-poaⁿ-lâng ê chai-bat éng-hióng chin chhim.

Chiàn-āu ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chèng-hú it-lu̍t chheng-ho͘ in kiò *soaⁿ-pau*, ē-kha koh pun chò "soaⁿ-tē" kap "pêⁿ-tē" 2 chióng.

Sui-bóng bat ū jîn-sū jīn-ûi *sian-chū-bîn* khah thò-tòng, hiān-chhú-sî *goân-chū-bîn* chit-ê chheng-ho͘ sī siā-hōe phó͘-phiàn ē-tàng chiap-siū ê bêng-sû.

## Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi

Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok sêng-jīm ê cho̍k-kûn kah sêng-jīm ê nî-tāi:

(Í-hā khó-lêng ū chhò-gō͘)

* Amis ('Amis; Pangcah)
* Atayal (Tayal, Tayan)
* Bunun
* Kanakanavu (2014 nî)
* Kavalan (2002 nî)
* Paiwan
* Puyuma
* Rukai
* Saaroa (Hla'alua, 2014 nî)
* Saisiyat (Saisiat)
* Sakizaya (2007 nî)
* Seediq (2008 nî)
* Tao (Yami)
* Thao (2001 nî)
* Truku (Taroko, 2004 nî)
* Tsou (Cou)

## Bûn-hòa koân

Chiàn-āu lâi Tâi ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chèng-hú si̍t-si Hàn-hòa chèng-chhek.  1995 nî siu hoat chìn-chêng, Sèⁿ-miâ Tiâu-lē (姓名條例) pēng bô ún-chún Goân-chū-bîn sú-iōng thoân-thóng miâ-sèⁿ.  Chit tiâu hoat-lu̍t tī 2003 nî koh-chài siu-tēng, ún-chún in tòa kok-bîn sin-hūn-chèng téng-thâu lia̍t lô-má-phèng-im ê miâ.  Chóng--sī kàu 2005 nî iáu bô-kàu 1 chheng lâng hoan-thâu kái iōng thoân-tóng miâ.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

*Aboriginal identity sought through name rectification (*[[Tâi-pak Sî-pò]]*)
Lâm-tó gí-hē

**Lâm-tó gí-hē** (Hàn-jī: 南島語系) sī 1 ê gí-giân ka-cho̍k, tōa-pō·-hūn ê sêng-oân tī Tang-lâm-a kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê tó-sū, kúi-ê-á tī A-chiu tāi-lio̍k, 1 ê tī Hui-chiu Madagasikara-tó. Lâm-tó gí-hē bô-lūn sī gí-giân ê sò·-liōng (kin-kù *[[Ethnologue]]*, ū 1244 ê) iah-sī tē-lí hun-pò· (tùi Madagasikara kàu Rapa Nui) lóng sī só·-ū gí-giân ka-cho̍k tang-tiong siōng-kài tōa--ê 1 ê. Tī Ìn-tō·-Au-chiu gí-giân iáu-bōe thòaⁿ--chhut-khì chìn-chêng, Lâm-tó gí-hē sī sè-kài tē-lí hun-pò· siāng khoah ê ka-cho̍k.

*[[Lâm-tó]]* sī *Austronesia* chit ê bêng-sû ê hoan-e̍k, goân-thâu sī Latin-gí *auster* ("lâm") kap Hi-lia̍p-gí *nêsos* ("tó") 2 sû kap chò-hóe, ì-sù sī "lâm-hong ê tó-sū". Má-lâi-Polynesia sī khah kū ê iōng-gí, ū-sî-chūn iōng lâi chheng-ho· Tâi-oân í-gōa ê Lâm-tó gí-giân.

Koan-hē Lâm-tó gí-hē ê goân-thâu kap ián-piàn, bo̍k-chêng 1 ê chú-liû ê ha̍k-soat chú-tiuⁿ Lâm-tó gí-giân ê chó·-gí tī Tiong-kok lâm-pō· he̍k-chiá-sī Tiong-lâm-pòaⁿ-tó, āu--lâi ùi hia thn̂g khì kàu Tâi-oân, Tâi-ôan choaⁿ-á chiâⁿ-chò Lâm-tó gí-hē ǹg Thài-pêng-iûⁿ hām Ìn-tō·-iûⁿ thòaⁿ--chhut-khì ê kin-thâu. Kin-kù gí-giân pí-kàu ê hun-sek, Tâi-oân ê Lâm-tó gí-giân chi-kan ê chha-pia̍t sī Lâm-tó gí-hē sêng-oân tang-tiong siōng-kài tōa--ê, piáu-sī in tī Tâi-oân tó-siōng ū chiâⁿ kú 1 tōaⁿ sî-kan. Khó-kó͘-ha̍k thê-kiong chi̍t-kóa chèng-kù chi-chhî chit ê lí-lūn.

## Hun-lūi

Lâm-tó-gí-hē lāi-pō· ê hun-hoat siāng chió ū 2 chióng. 1 chióng khu-pia̍t 10-ê ē-lūi-pia̍t, kî-tiong 9-ê tī Tâi-oân, chhun-ê 1-ê pau-koat só·-ū kî-thaⁿ ê gí-giân (Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân):

* Formosa gí-giân (10-gōa-ê gí-giân)
* Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân (900 ê gí-giân khah ke)
** Se Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân
** Tiong/Tang Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân

Formosa gí-giân ê sú-iōng-chiá tī Tâi-oân pún-tó kap Lân-sū, jîn-kháu bô-kàu 50 bān lâng. Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân hun-soàⁿ tī 1 tōa-phiàn. In pun 2 tōa cho·: Se Má-lâi-Polynesia (3-ek jîn-kháu) kap Tiong/Tang Má-lâi-Polynesia (1-ek). Se Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân pau-koah Hui-li̍p-pin gí-giân (370 ê chó-iū) kap Ìn-nî sai/tiong-pō· ê gí-giân. Tiong/Tang Má-lâi-Polynesia gí-giân pau-koah tang Ìn-nî gí-giân, sai Sin Guinea gí-giân, Halmahera hit-tah-á ê gí-giân, kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê Polynesia gí-giân.

## Chú-iàu ê gí-giân

Bó-gí jîn-kháu.

* Java-gí (>8000 bān, Ìn-nî)
* Ìn-nî-gí (3500 bān)
* Tagalog (2400 bān, Hui-lu̍t-pin)
* Ilocano (900 bān)
* Cebuano (2400 bān)
* Malagasy (1000 bān, Madagasikara)
* Fiji-gí (33.7 bān)
* Tonga-gí (10.8 bān)
* Maori-gí (10 bān, Sin Jia̍t-lân-jia)
* Hawaii-gí (Bí-kok)
* Kiribati-gí (6.7 bān)
* Ebon (Marshall Kûn-tó)
* Paiwan-gí (Tâi-oân)
* Tetum-gí (Tang Timor)

## Siong-koan
* Lâm-tó bîn-cho̍k

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Ethnologue report for Austronesian.

Lūi-pia̍t:Lâm-tó gú-giân
Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat

**Chìaⁿ-jī-hoat** (Hàn-jī: 正字法) sī 1-thò kui-chek. Chit-thò kui-chek kui-tēng án-choáⁿ chèng-khak ê iōng 1-ê bûn-jī hē-thóng lâi siá 1-ê gí-giân.
Wiki

**wiki** (hoat-im "úi-kih" a̍h "u-it-kih") kap **WikiWiki** chí 1 khóan chhiau-bûn-jī (*hypertext*) ê bûn-kiāⁿ-chi̍p he̍k-chiá sī sêng-sán hit-kóa bûn-kiāⁿ ê ha̍p-chok-tek nńg-thé. "**Wiki wiki**" lâi chū Hā-oái-ih-oē, ì-sù sī "iáu-siū-á kín". *Wiki* ('W' tōa-siá) kap *WikiWikiWeb* ū-sî chí Portland Pattern Repository -- tē-1-ê wiki. It-poaⁿ-sèng ê iōng-hoat sī kiàn-gī siá sió-siá ê 'w'.

Wikipedia sī 1 khóan wiki.

## Te̍k-sek
Wiki ê bûn-kiāⁿ hō·-chò "ia̍h". Iōng-chiá thàu-kòe *browser* ē-sái chhau-chok wiki-ia̍h ê lōe-iông kap kiat-kò·. Iōng wiki kho-ki siat sin ia̍h a̍h-sī siu-kái í-keng chûn-chāi ê ia̍h lóng chin kan-tan, in-ūi wiki sú-iōng 1 khoán kán-hòa ê markup gí-giân, iōng-chiá bē-hiáu HTML iû-goân ū-hoat-tō· chè-chō bûn-kiāⁿ.

It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, siu-kái--kòe ê ia̍h bián keng-kòe lâng sím-cha tō ē-iōng-tit pī chiap-siū. Tōa-pō.-hūn ê wiki tùi-gōa kong-khai, chì-chió sī tùi kâng-ê server ê iōng-chiá kong-khai. Chù-chheh m̄-sī pit-iàu--ê.

### Pian-chi̍p wiki-ia̍h
Thoân-thóng ê wiki-ia̍h siâng-sî ū 2 chióng hêng-thài tāi-piáu múi-1-ia̍h: hián-sī iōng--ê hêng (it-poaⁿ sī sek-ha̍p browser nńg-thé kái-tha̍k ê HTML) kap pian-chi̍p iōng--ê hêng (kán-hòa ê markup gí-giân). In-ūi HTML sú-iōng chē-chē-khoán *nested tag*, tag kap lōe-iông thàu-lām chò-hóe, pian-chi̍p bûn-kiāⁿ pí-kàu-tek khah bān, khah ho̍k-cha̍p. Koh in-ūi HTML ún-chún lâng iōng chhin-chhiūⁿ JavaScript kap Cascading Style Sheet chiah-ê hú-chō· kho-ki, iau-kiû iōng wiki te̍k-sû ê tag khah hó î-chhî it-tì ê kek-sek kap chéng-thé ê kám-kak.

Iōng-chiá iōng wiki gí-hoat chéng-lí hó lōe-iông liáu-āu, "wiki iân-jín" tō chiōng goân-sú ê bûn-kiāⁿ choán-oāⁿ chò HTML, HTML bûn-kiāⁿ chiah koh sàng hō· iōng-chiá ê browser kái-tha̍k, hián-sī.

Wiki chiap-siū ê gí-hoat ū bē-chió chióng "hong-giân". Kán-tan ê wiki iân-jín kan-na ū-hoat-tō· chiap-siū ki-pún ê bûn-jī kek-sek-hòa chí-lēng (chhin-chhiūⁿ chho·-thé, sin toāⁿ-lo̍h). Khah ho̍k-cha̍p ê wiki chi-oān *table*, iáⁿ-siòng, hong-thêng-sek, téng-téng. Ūi beh chéng-ha̍p to-goân ê gí-hoat, ū lâng tng teh chè-tēng 1 thò piau-chún ê *Wiki Markup Standard* http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?WikiMarkupStandard.

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* MeatballWiki ê "Tour bus stop"
* WikiWikiWeb (tē-1-ê wiki)
* 
* 
* http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiEngines
* Home library wiki 
* EvoWiki: How wikis evolve 
* How did you come up with the idea for the Wiki? (Mûi-thé hóng-būn Ward Cunningham)
* Parsewiki

Lūi-pia̍t:Tiān-náu bāng-lō͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Nńg-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-gí siā-khu
Thài-pêng-iûⁿ

**Thài-pêng-iûⁿ** (tùi Se-pan-gâ-gí *Pacífico* lâi--ê) sī choân-sè-kài siōng tōa ê "chúi-sin", só· chiàm ê bīn-chek sī 1.797 ek km², ia̍h-tō-sī tē-kiû ê saⁿ-hun-chi-it. I ê lâm-pak-tn̂g iok-lio̍k 15,500 km, tùi Pak-ke̍k ê Bering-hái kàu Lâm-ke̍k Ross-hái ê kîⁿ. Tang-se-hiòng siōng khoah sī tī 5-tō· latitude, ū 19,800 km, tùi Ìn-nî kàu Colombia. Sai-pêng ê ke̍k-tiám it-poaⁿ jīm-tēng sī Malacca Hái-kiap. Tē-kiû piáu-bīn siōng-kài kē ê só·-chāi (Mariana Hái-kau) tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ hái-té.

Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ū 25,000 lia̍p tó-sū, pí kî-tha tōa-hái ha̍p--khí-lâi keng-ka chē ê. Tōa-pō·-hūn tī chhiah-tō í-lâm.

Thài-pêng-iûⁿ bô-chê ê kîⁿ chiâⁿ-chò chin chē hái, kî-tiong siōng tōa--ê sī Celebes-hái, Coral-hái, Tang-hái, Ji̍t-pún-hái, Sulu-hái, Tasman-hái kap N̂g-hái. Sai-pêng ê Malacca Hái-kiap hām Thài-pêng-iûⁿ, Ìn-tō· Hái sio-chiap; tang-pêng ê Magellan Hái-kiap kā Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Tāi-se-iûⁿ sio-chiap.

Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê miâ sī Phû-tô-gâ phâng-hái-ka Ferdinand Magellan hō--ê. I tùi Magellan Hái-kiap kàu Hui-li̍p-pin chit chōa chúi-lō· kiâⁿ tio̍h chin sūn-lī. Chóng--sī, Thài-pêng-iûⁿ pēng m̄-sī lóng hiah-ni̍h-á pêng-hô. Chē-chē tó-sū siū hong-thai chau-that; Thài-pêng-iûⁿ-kîⁿ ê lio̍k-tē mā kāu hóe-soaⁿ koh sî-siông ē tē-tāng. Hái-té tē-tāng ín-khí ê hái-tiòng bat húi-bia̍t chiâⁿ chē lia̍p hái-tó, chō-sêng chū-bîn ê chai-lān.
Tē-kiû

**Tē-kiû** (; thian-bûn hû-hō: ) sī Thài-iông-hē 9 tōa hêng-chheⁿ chi-it, nā-beh pí-kàu chià-ê hêng-chhiⁿ lī Ji̍t-thâu ê hn̄g-kīn, Tē-kiû sǹg-sī pâi tī tē-3-ūi. Tē-kiû sī leh ûi-jiâu Ji̍t-thâu chò kong-choán, siâng-sî iū-koh chū-choán chò ūn-tòng. Tē-kiû kong-chóan ūn-hêng ê kúi-tō liōng-kî-iok sī "ah-nn̄g-hêng"--ê. Tē-kiû se̍h Ji̍t-thâu 1-khôan sī 1-nî, chū-chóan 1-khôan sī 1-ji̍t (1-kang). Tē-kiû sī Thài-iông-hē siōng tōa ê lio̍k-tē hêng-seng (terrestrial planet), sī bo̍k-chêng ûi-chí, jîn-lūi chai-iáⁿ--ê î-it ū chúi kah sèⁿ-miā tī-leh ê hêng-chhiⁿ. 

Tē-kiû ko·-ko· ū 1-lia̍p thian-jiân ê oē-chheⁿ, tō-sī go̍eh-niû. Ge̍h-niû ûi-jiâu Tē-kiû se̍h 1-khôan sī 1 go̍eh-ji̍t. 

## Sîn-kî ê hêng-chhiⁿ
Thài-iông-hē 9 tōa hêng-chhiⁿ sī : Chúi-chheⁿ, Kim-chheⁿ, Tē-kiû, Hóe-chheⁿ, Bo̍k-chheⁿ, Thô·-chheⁿ, Thian-ông-chheⁿ, Hâi-ông-chheⁿ kah Bêng-ông-chheⁿ. Tī-leh Ú-tiū tang-tiong, Tē-kiû sī ûi-it chûn-chāi chúi kah ióng-khì ê chhiⁿ-kiû, che to̍h-sī Tē-kiû siāng-kài te̍k-pia̍t ê só·-chāi. Tē-kiû lī Jit-thâu tāi-iok 1-ek 5000-bān kong-lí hn̄g, kng-sòaⁿ ùi Ji̍t-thâu kiâⁿ-kàu Tē-kiû piáu-bīn, su-iàu 8 hun 20 bió ê sî-kan. Tē-kiû kong-chóan ê sok-tō· sī 1 tiám-cheng 1600 kong-lí, lán lâng soah lóng kám-kak bōe--chhut-lâi. Ge̍h-niû kah Tē-kiû chi-kan ê kū-lî sī 38-bān 4400 kong-lí.

## Tē-kiû sī tī-sî hêng-sêng--ê

Kàu-kah bo̍k-chiân ûi-chí, kho-ha̍k-ka hoat-hiān kóng Tē-kiû téng siāng-kài kó·-chá ê giâm-chio̍h chha-put-to hêng-sêng tī 45~46 ek nî í-chêng, hit-tong-sî Thài-khong tiong chûn-chāi chin-chiàⁿ chōe ê eng-ia kah thô·-hún. In-ūi eng-ia kah thô·-hún ná-lâi-ná-chōe, ná-kha̍h-ná-kāu, sî-kan chi̍t-ē kú-tn̂g, soah lâi hêng-sêng hiān-chú-sî ê Thài-iông-hē kah chiòng hêng-chheⁿ, Tē-kiû mā-sī tī chit-khóan ê chêng-hêng chi-hā seⁿ-chiâⁿ--ê. 

Tē-kiû sī jîn-lūi kah seng-bu̍t seng-chûn ê só·-chāi, i ê gōa-piáu îⁿ-lìn-lìn, chhin-chhiūⁿ 1-lia̍p kiû. lán lâng kā chit-lia̍p kiû khòaⁿ-chòe sī iû 2 pō·-hūn chó·-sêng--ê, to̍h-sī "tē-sim" (地心) kah "tē-hâm" (地函). Ah tē-hâm ê piáu-bīn sī "tē-khak" (地殼).

## Hái kah lio̍k-tē ê kiû-thé

Tē-kiû ê gōa-hêng sī téng-ē lio̍h-á khah píⁿ, tiong-ng lio̍h-á khah phòng, ē-sái kóng sī ah-nn̄g-hêng ê kiû-thé. Tē-kiû ū 2-tiâu chú-iàu ê pòan-kèng, khah tn̂g--ê hit-tiâu keng-kòe Chhiah-tō, tāi-iok 6378 kong-lí tn̂g; khah té--ê hit-tiâu keng-kòe Lâm-Pak-ke̍k, tāi-iok 6356 kong-lí tn̂g. 

Tē-kiû ê piáu-bīn-chek tāi-iok 5-ek 1000-ban km², kî-tiong 71% sī hái-iûⁿ, lio̍k-tē bīn-chek kan-na chiàm 29%--niā-niā. 

Tē-kiû gōa-piáu-bīn **li-li lak-lak**, **mi̍h-mi̍h mauh-mauh**, bōe pêⁿ-tháⁿ. Lio̍k-tē ê pêng-kin kôan-tō· kan-nā 875 kong-chhioh, put-jī-kò, sè-kài siāng-kôan ê soaⁿ Chomolangma Hong (tī Se-chōng Himalaya Soaⁿ-lêng), i ê hái-po̍at ū 8848 kong-chhioh. Hái-iûⁿ ê pêng-kun chhim-tō· tāi-iok sī 3800 kong-chhioh, siōng-chhim ê Mariana hái-kau ū 10,911 kong-chhioh.

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Kok-li̍p Pian-e̍k-koán kok-tiong seng-bu̍t kàu-châi  (Hôa-gí)
Tē-hā tiān-tâi

**Tē-hā tiān-tâi** (地下電台) chí bô keng-kòe ún-chún sú-iōng la-jí-o·h kóng-pò pîn-lu̍t ê tiān-tâi. Chiah ê pîn-lu̍t it-poaⁿ pó-liû hō· siong-gia̍p chi̍p-thoân, chèng-hú, a̍h-sī kong-kiōng sú-iōng. Tē-hā tiān-tâi pau-koat té-pho pîn-lu̍t.

Tī hòng-sàng siū kóan-chè ê kok-ka, tē-hā tiān-tâi sī ûi-hoat ê. Put-jî-kò in-ūi siong-koan ê ke-si hó chhàng, chèng-hú tan-ūi (chhin-chhiūⁿ Tâi-oân ê Sin-bûn-kiok, Bí-kok ê Liân-pang Thong-sìn Úi-oân-hoē) tiāⁿ bô-hoat-tō· iú-hāu chhōe chhut hū-chek-jîn koh kā in chè-chhâi.

Tī Se-hng, tē-hā tiān-tâi kap bû-chèng-hú chú-gī ū siong-tong ê koan-hē. Ūn-tōng-chiá jīn-ûi tē-hā tiān-tâi sī tùi tōa châi-thoân kap koaⁿ-hong ūi in siat-kè ê pîn-lu̍t koan-chè hoat-tō· ê thiau-chiàn.

## Tùi kok-chè-hái hòng-sàng
Bí-kok, Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok, Pak Europa ê tē-hā tiān-tâi ū tùi kok-ché-hái hòng-sàng ê thoân-thóng. Tē-1-chiah tē-hā tiān-tâi ê chûn tāi-khài sī Rex. Chit chiah kiáu-chûn tī 1930 nî-tāi tùi Bí-kok Ka-chiu kīn-hái hòng-sàng. Chū 1958-nî khai-sí, kúi-nā-ê tē-hā tiān-tâi tùi chûn-téng hòng-sàng khì kah Danmark, Kē-tē-kok, kap Sūi-tián. Tē-1-ê (ia̍h-sī siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê) Eng-kok tē-hā tiān-tâi sī Radio Caroline, tùi 1964-nî khai-sí.

## Hoat-kok ê tē-hā tiān-tâi
Hoat-kok ê tē-hā tiān-tâi ūn-tōng tī 70 nî-tāi bóe, 80 nî-tāi chhe khai-sí oa̍h-tāng.

## Tâi-oân ê tē-hā tiān-tâi
Tâi-oân chū 1994-nî khai-sí ū tē-hā tiān-tâi. Chiah ê tiān-tâi lóng tùi tē-bīn hòng-sàng.

Siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê tiān-tâi lóng kap hit-chūn ê chèng-tī hoán-tùi ūn-tōng, siā-hōe ūn-tōng ū tī-tāi. Kî-tha iáu koh ū tân-sûn siong-gia̍p-tek ê hui-hoat tiān-tâi, sio̍k-chheng "bē-io̍h-á-tâi".

### Tâi-oân tē-hā tiān-tâi lia̍t-toaⁿ
Pō·-hūn tiān-tâi í-keng ha̍p-hoat-hòa.
* Tâi-oân-chi-siaⁿ
* Chin-lí-chi-siaⁿ
* Le̍k-sek Hô-pêng Tiān-tâi
* TNT Pó-tó Sin-siaⁿ Tiān-tâi
* Chheng-liân-chi-siaⁿ
* Sin-tóng-chi-im
* Chèng-gī-chi-siaⁿ
* Kûn-chiòng-chi-siaⁿ
* Hái-iûⁿ-chi-siaⁿ
* Bāng-chhun-hong Kóng-pò Tiān-tâi
* Sin-iâⁿ-chi-siaⁿ
* Bîn-seng-chi-siaⁿ
* Tá-káu Eng-hîong Tiān-tâi
* Tâi-oân-lâng Kóng-pò Tiān-tâi

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Gio̍k-san Bāng-lō· Tiān-sī-tâi  tī bāng-lō· choán-poh chin chē Tâi-oân to̍k-phài ê tē-hā tiān-tâi.
* Le̍k-sek Hô-pêng Tiān-tâi
* Sin-tóng-chi-im 
* Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê Radio Jackie ū bûn-chiuⁿ biô-siá in tùi 1969-nî kàu 2003-nî ha̍p-hoat-hòa ê le̍k-sú. Che m̄-sī tián-hêng ê kò·-sū. (Eng-gí)
* Chū-iû la-jí-o·h ê sian-hong (Hoat-gí)
* Des radios pirates aux radios libres (Hoat-gí)
* How to be a Community Radio Station (Eng-gí)
* http://dmoz.org/Arts/Radio/Formats/Pirate_Radio/  (Eng-gí)
Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ

**Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ** oân-choân khiā tī Pak-ke̍k tē-tài, sī sè-kài 5 tōa-iûⁿ tang-tiong siōng sè koh siōng chhián ê. Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ "té" tī 1 ê kīn îⁿ-hêng ê phûn-tē lāi-té, i só chiàm ê bīn-chek iok-lio̍k 1,409-bān pêng-hong kong-lí. Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ kiōng beh hō͘ lio̍k-tē ûi tiâu leh: Au-A Tāi-lio̍k, Pak Bí-chiu, Chheⁿ-tē, kap kúi-nā-lia̍p tó. Lēng-gōa koh sio-chiap Barents-hái, Beaufort Hái, Chukchi Hái, Kara Hái, Laptev Hái, Tang Siberia Hái, Lincoln Hái, Wandel Hái, Greenland Hái, kap Norge Hái. Bering Hái-kiap kā Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ, Thài-pêng-iûⁿ liâm chò-hóe; Greenland Hái chiap khì Tāi-se-iûⁿ.

## Tē-tiám
Chúi-sin chú-iàu tī Pak-ke̍k-khoan lāi

## Tē-lí chō-piau
90 00 N, 0 00 E

## Bīn-chek
* Choân-pō·: 1,405.6-bān pêng-hong kong-lí (Bí-kok ê 1.5 pōe khah sè--tām-po̍h-á).

## Hái-hoāⁿ-soàⁿ
45,389 km

## Khì-hāu
Ke̍k-tē-sèng thiⁿ-sî, thàu-nî-tang koâⁿ, khì-un piàn-hòa iú-hān. Tang-thiⁿ ê te̍k-chit: kui-ji̍t àm-thiⁿ, khì-hāu ún-tēng, gàn, chió-hûn. Joa̍h-thiⁿ kui-ji̍t thiⁿ-kng, sip koh bông ê thiⁿ-khì, ū-sî ū *[[cyclone]]* kiam lo̍h-hō, lo̍h-seh.
Chhiah-tō

**Chhiah-tō** sī 1 tiâu sióng-siōng ê îⁿ-kèng-soàⁿ, kho· tī 1 lia̍p hêng-seng ê lâm-pak-ke̍k ê tiong-ng ūi-tī; hit tah ê tē-bīn kap tńg-se̍h ê te̍k-sim (*axis of rotation*) pêng-hêng. Chit tiâu soàⁿ sī 1 ê tōa-îⁿ. Chhiah-tō kā kiû ê piáu-bīn chhiat chò Pak-poàⁿ-kiû kap Lâm-poàⁿ-kiû. I ê hūi-tō· hông tēng chò 0-tō·. Tē-kiû ê chhiah-tō ū 40070 km tn̂g.

## Khì-hāu
Jia̍t-tài, chhiah-tō ê kùi-cheh hām un-tài, hân-tài chha chin chē. Tiàm jia̍t-tài khiā-khí ê lâng it-poaⁿ kā kùi-cheh hun-chò 2 ê: sip--ê kap ta--ê. Chóng--sī, tōa-pō·-hūn óa-kīn chhiah-tō ê só·-chāi thàu-nî-tang sip, sui-bóng kî-tha ê in-sò· (koân-tō·, lī hái ê kī-lī) ē éng-hióng kùi-cheh ê piàn-hòa.

## Chhiah-tō kap [[thài-khong]]
Óa-kīn chhiah-tō ê tē-tiám sek-ha̍p siat thài-khong-káng a̍h-sī thài-khong tiān-thui, in-ūi hiah ê tiám tín-tāng ê sok-tō· siū tē-kiû tńg-se̍h éng-hióng, pí tē-kiû jīm-hô só·-chāi koh khah kín. Tùi hia hoat-siā thài-khong-chûn ē-tàng kiám iōng jiân-liāu. Khó-sioh tē-kiû ê chhiah-tō lo̍h tī hái-bīn khah chē, hán-tit keng-kòe lio̍k-tē.

## Keng-kòe ê tē-tiám
* São Tomé kap Príncipe - keng-kòe Ilhéu das Rolas (kûn-tó ê 1 lia̍p sió-tó)
* Gabon
* Congo Kiōng-hô-kok
* Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok
* Uganda
* Kenya
* Somalia
* Maldives - khó-lêng bô tú-tú keng-kòe jīm-hô 1 ê tó
* Pini - Sumatra hū-kīn ê sió-tó
* Sumatra
* Lingga - Sumatra hū-kīn ê sió-tó
* Borneo - Kalimantan
* Sulawesi
* Halmahera
* Halmahera tang-pêng ê sió-tó-kûn
* Gilbert Kûn-tó - khó-lêng bô tú-tú keng-kòe jīm-hô 1 ê tó
* Phoenix Kûn-tó - Baker-tó hū-kīn
* Line Kûn-tó - Jarvis-tó hū-kīn
* Galápagos Kûn-tó - keng-kòe Isabela-tó.
* Ecuador
* Colombia
* Pa-se
Tōa-îⁿ

**Tōa-îⁿ** (), **tōa-îⁿ-kho·-á** () sī kiû-thé piáu-bīn ê 1-chióng te̍k-sû ê îⁿ. Tōa-îⁿ ū kúi-ā-chióng ê tēng-gī. Bô-lūn toh-1-chióng tēng-gī, lóng-sī sio-siâng ê ì-sù.

*Tōa-îⁿ sī tī kiû-bīn bīn-téng 1 ê kap kiû pêⁿ tōa poàⁿ-kèng ê îⁿ. 
*Tōa-îⁿ sī keng-kòe kiû tiong-sim ê chhiat-phìⁿ tī kiû-bīn só· chhiat--chhut-lâi ê 1-ê îⁿ.
*Tōa-îⁿ sī tī 1 ê kiû-thé bīn-téng ē-sái ōe chhut-lâi ê siōng tōa ê îⁿ.

Chhiah-tō sī 1 khoán tōa-îⁿ.
Hong-thai

Tī khì-siōng-ha̍k **hong-thai** (風颱) chèng-sek ê iōng-gí sī **jia̍t-tài khì-soân** (熱帶氣旋, *tropical cyclone*). Che sī 1 khoán tī jia̍t-tài hêng-sêng ê kē khì-ap hē-thóng. Hong-thai bē tī chhiah-tō hū-kīn chhut-hiān, mā bē tùi lio̍k-tē khai-sí; kiàn-nā teng-lio̍k, hong-thai ē kín jio̍k-hòa. Hong-thai tòa lâi hong-pok. I ê hong óa tē-kiû ê piáu-bīn chn̂g, tī pak-poàⁿ-kiû sī hoán-sî-cheng hong-hiòng ká, tī lâm-poàⁿ-kiû sī tòe sî-cheng hong-hiòng ká.

## Hong-thai ê hun-lūi

## Chām-gōa liân-kiat
* Hong-thai Pah-mn̄g  - Khì-siōng-kio̍k ê būn-ta̍p-chi̍p.
Pek-kho-choân-su

**Pek-kho-choân-su**, he̍k-chiá sī **pah-kho-choân-su**, mā ū kóng **pek-kho-su** iahsu, bo̍k-tek sī beh tī iú-hān ê khong-kan biô-siá kok-chióng léng-he̍k ê chai-bat. Kiông-tiāu tê-bo̍k chiâu-chn̂g, chhim-tō· pí-kàu-tek tō khah su. In-ūi iá-sim tōa, it-poaⁿ ū bó·-chióng thêng-tō· ê koân-ui.

## Le̍k-sú
1 sè-kí ê Lô-má-lâng Gaius Plinius Secundus phian ê *[[Naturalis Historiae]]* sī só͘ chai-iáⁿ siōng chá ê pek-kho-choân-su chok-phín. Tang-tiong i kì 37 chiuⁿ koan-hē phok-bu̍t-ha̍k, kiàn-tio̍k, i-ha̍k, tē-chit, tē-lí, kiam kî-tha ê sè-sū. Chiàu i tī thâu-sū kóng--ê, sī tùi chhiau-kòe 200-ê chok-chiá ê 2000 hāng chok-phín khì chéng-lí chhut 20,000 kiāⁿ sū-si̍t, koh ka-thiam i kò-jîn ê keng-giām.

Au-chiu Tiong-sè-kí ha̍k-chiá Seville ê Isidore tī tāi-iok 630 nî phian ê *Etymologiae* sǹg-sī hit-ê sî-tâi ê thâu-chi̍t pō͘ pek-kho-choân-su. Tang-tiong hâm 448 chiuⁿ, lóng-chóng 20 kńg.

## Goā-pō· liân-kiat

* Encyclopaedia and Hypertext 
* Internet Accuracy Project – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs
* Encyclopedia – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original Encyclopédie.
* De expetendis et fugiendis rebus – First Renaissance encyclopedia
* Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias