open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Le̍k-tó Ki-tiûⁿ

**Le̍k-tó Ki-tiûⁿ** (IATA: GNI, ICAO: RCGI) sī Le̍k-tó î-it ê ki-tiûⁿ, tiàm tī Lâm-liâu-chhoan. Tek-an Hâng-khong sī î-it ê hâng-khong kong-si, poe Tâi-tang. Tâi-tang Hâng-khong-chām hū-chek koán-lí.

Ki-tiûⁿ 2006 nî ê khí-kàng-kè-chhù (起降架次) 2046 pái, lú-kheh-jîn-chhù (旅客人次) 2.7 bān, phēng Pak-kan Ki-tiûⁿ chē, khah su Lân-sū Ki-tiûⁿ http://www.caa.gov.tw/big5/content/index.asp?sno=255.

## Siat-pī
* Ki-tiûⁿ bīn-chek: 7.45 kong-khéng
* Pháu-tō: 1010 m tn̂g, 23 m khoah, sek-ha̍p poe sió-hêng hui-lêng-ki.
* Thêng-ki-pêⁿ: bīn-chek 8130 m², thang thêng 3 tâi Dornier DO-228, ti̍t-seng-ki 1 tâi.

Ki-tiûⁿ bô iā-kan chō͘-hâng siat-si, àm-sî kan-taⁿ thê-kiong ti̍t-seng-ki chò kín-kip ê i-liâu jīm-bū.

## Le̍k-sú
Le̍k-tó Ki-tiûⁿ 1972 nî khí. Tong-chho͘ sī Kéng-chóng Le̍k-tó Tē-khu Kéng-pī Chí-hui-pō͘ teh koán-lí. 1990 nî 7 goe̍h chèng-sek hō͘ Bîn-hâng-kio̍k chiap-siu. 1995 nî 10 goe̍h oân-sêng pháu-tō, ki-pêⁿ ê kái-kiàn, lēng-goā ke-thiⁿ sin hâng-chām toā-lâu, thah-tâi, siok-sià téng-téng.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
Bîn-hâng-kio̍k Le̍k-tó Hâng-khong-chām kán-kài
Ûi-thoân-thé

**Ûi-thoân-thé** (Tek-gí: *genom*; Eng-gí: *genome*) sī chi̍t-ê seng-bu̍t kò-thé ê só͘-ū ûi-thôan sìn-sit. It-poaⁿ sī DNA phian-bé (*encode*), iā ū chi̍t kóa pēⁿ-to̍k sī RNA phian-bé. Ûi-thoân-thé lāi-té pau-hâm ûi-thoân-chú kap hui-phian-bé sū-lia̍t (*non-coding sequence*). 

Múi chi̍t khóan seng-bu̍t ê ûii-thoân-thé chhùn-chhioh (*genome size*) kap ûi-thoân-chú sò͘-liōng lóng bô saⁿ sio-kāng, sò͘-liōng siāng-chē tāi-iok 60,000 ê, sī chi̍t-chióng gôan-seng-tōng-bu̍t (*protozoan*). Lâng (*Homo sapiens*) ê ûi-thoân-thé lāi-bīn tāi-iok ū 20000 kàu 25000 ê ûi-thoân-chú, iû 30 ek ê iâm-ki tùi (*base pair*, *bp*) lâi chó͘-sêng. 

"Genom" chit-ê bêng-sû sī Tek-kok kho-ha̍k-ka Hans Winkler tī 1920 nî só͘ chhòng-chō, sī "*gen*" (ûi-thoân-chú) kap "*-ome*" (chóng-thé) nn̄g ê jī ê ha̍p-thé. Choan-bûn gián-kiù ûi-thoân-thé ê ha̍k-kho hō-chòe ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k (*genomics*), gián-kiù lāi-iông chú-iàu sī chi̍t-khóan seng-bu̍t ê chéng-thé ûi-thoân-thé.

## Kok-chióng seng-bu̍t ê ûi-thoân-thé pí-kàu

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Koan-liân bûn-chiuⁿ
* Liám-sek-thé (chromosome)

Lūi-pia̍t:Ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k
Hector Berlioz

**Louis Hector Berlioz** (1803 nî 12 goe̍h 11 – 1869 nî 3 goe̍h 8) sī Hoat-kok Lô-bān-chú-gī im-ga̍k ê chok-khek-ka, i ê *[[Hoàn-sióng kau-hiáng-khek]]* (Symphonie fantastique) kap *[[An-hûn-khek (Berlioz)|Grande Messe des morts]] ([[An-hûn-khek]])* kài chhut-miâ. Berlioz tùi hiān-chú-sî koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân ê kòng-hiàn put-chí-á toā, i ū siá 1 pún *[[Ga̍k-khì Lūn]]* (Treatise on Instrumentation), koh ēng chē chē lâng lâi ián-chàu koán-hiân-ga̍k, ū-sî-á koh ē chhiau koè 1000 ê ga̍k-su. Lēng-goā, i mā ū siá iok-liōng 50 tiâu siaⁿ-ga̍k kap kǹg-khîm ê koa-khek.
Oliver Sacks

**Oliver Wolf Sacks** (1933 nî 7 goe̍h 9 &mdash;) sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê sîn-keng-ha̍k-ka (neurologist), tī London chhut-sì.  Sacks ū siá kúi-nā pún siau-lō͘ chin hó ê chheh, chhan-chhiūⁿ bat phah chò tiān-iáⁿ ê *[[Cheng-sîn (chheh)|Cheng-sîn]]* (*Awakenings*), Robin Williams kap Robert De Niro chú-ián; lēng-goā ū 1 pún *[[Lia̍h-chún In Bó͘ Sī Bō-á ê Lâng]]* (*The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat*) mā kài chhut-miâ.
1

**1** (it, chi̍t, 一, 壹), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 0 āu-piah, tī 2 thâu-chêng.

## Sò͘-ha̍k
Tùi līm-hô chi̍t-ê sò͘ *x*:
:*x*·1 = 1·*x* = *x*
:*x*/1 = *x*
:*x*1 = *x*，1*x* = 1
:*x*↑↑1 = *x*, 1↑↑*x* = 1
: līm-hô chi̍t-ê m̄ sī 0 ê sò͘ *x*, *x*0=1

## "1" ê ián-piàn

1
Lūi-pia̍t:Sò͘-ha̍k
2

**2** (lī, jī, gī, nn̄g, 二, 貳, 兩), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 1 āu-piah, tī 3 thâu-chêng.

## Sò͘-ha̍k
* Tē-it ê sò͘-sò͘, ûi-it ê siang-sò͘ (雙數, 偶數) sò͘-sò͘.

## "2" ê ián-piàn

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

*Prime curiosities: 2

1
Lūi-pia̍t:Sò͘-ha̍k
3

**3** (saⁿ, sàm, sam, 三, 參), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 2 āu-piah, tī 4 thâu-chêng.

## Sò͘-ha̍k
* Tē-it ê khia-sò͘ (奇數) sò͘-sò͘.

## "3" ê ián-piàn

1
Steve Ballmer

**Steven Anthony Ballmer** (1956 nî 3 go̍eh 24 hō chhut-sì) sī Bí-kok ê khì-gia̍p-ka, Microsoft tùi 2000 nî 1 go̍eh khai-sí ê siú-se̍k chip-hêng-tiúⁿ (CEO). 2008 nî Forbes pâi-miâ thong-sè-kài tē 42 hó-gia̍h ê lâng, tāi-iok ū 150 ek bí-kim ê châi-sán.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Roger Penrose

**Roger Penrose** () sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê sò͘-ha̍k bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka (mathematical physicist), tùi it-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn kap ú-tiū-ha̍k ū toā kòng-hiàn.  Penrose mā bat siá koè 1 pún *[[Hông-tè ê Sin Thâu-khak]]* (The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics) lâi thàm-thó ì-sek ê būn-tê.

## Chù-kái

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Awake in the Universe – Penrose debates how creativity, the most elusive of faculties, has helped us unlock the country of the mind and the mysteries of the cosmos with Bonnie Greer.
* 
*  – Penrose was one of the principal interviewees in a BBC documentary about the mathematics of infinity directed by David Malone
* Penrose's new theory "Aeons Before the Big Bang?":
** Original 2005 lecture: "Before the Big Bang? A new perspective on the Weyl curvature hypothesis"  (Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, 11 November 2005).
** Original publication: "Before the Big Bang: an outrageous new perspective and its implications for particle physics".  *Proceedings of EPAC 2006*. Edinburgh. 2759–2762 (cf. also Hill, C.D. & Nurowski, P. (2007) "On Penrose's 'Before the Big Bang' ideas". Ithaca)
** Revised 2009 lecture: "Aeons Before the Big Bang?"  (Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics)
** 
* Roger Penrose on *[[The Forum (BBC World Service)|The Forum]]*
* 
* Hilary Putnam's review of Penrose's 'Shadows of the Mind' claiming that Penrose's use of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem is fallacious 
** 
* Penrose Tiling found in Islamic Architecture
* Two theories for the formation of quasicrystals resembling Penrose tilings
* 
** "Biological feasibility of quantum states in the brain" – (a disputation of Tegmark's result by Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszyński)
*** Tegmarks's rejoinder to Hagan ''et al.''
*  – D. Trull about Penrose's lawsuit concerning the use of his Penrose tilings on toilet paper
* Roger Penrose: A Knight on the tiles (*[[Plus Magazine]]*)
* Penrose's Gifford Lecture biography
* Quantum-Mind 
* Audio: Roger Penrose in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show
* Roger Penrose speaking about Hawking's new book on Premier Christian Radio
* "The Cyclic Universe – A conversation with Roger Penrose", *[[Ideas Roadshow]]*, 2013
* Forbidden crystal symmetry in mathematics and architecture, filmed event at the Royal Institution, October 2013
* ''Oxford Mathematics Interviews'': "Extra Time: Professor Sir Roger Penrose in conversation with Andrew Hodges." These two films explore the development of Sir Roger Penrose's thought over more than 60 years, ending with his most recent theories and predictions. 51 min and 42 min. (Mathematical Institute)
* BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific – Roger Penrose on Black Holes – 22 November 2016 Sir Roger Penrose talks to Jim Al-Khalili about his trailblazing work on how black holes form, the problems with quantum physics and his portrayal in films about Stephen Hawking.
* The Penrose Institute Website
* A chess problem holds the key to human consciousness?, Chessbase
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Lūi-pia̍t:Wolf Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng tit-chióng-jîn
François Jacob

**François Jacob** () sī Hoat-kok ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, i kap Jacques Monod chò-hoé hoat-hiān só͘-ū ê sè-pau lāi-té lóng ēng kàⁿ-sò͘ lâi khòng-chè choán-lio̍k ê ki-chè.  Jacob, Monod kap André Lwoff 3 ê lâng chò-hoé the̍h tio̍h 1965 nî ê Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng.  Jacob tī Hoat-kok ê Nancy chhut-sì.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-kok jîn-bu̍t
Tâi-oân ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng

** Tī Tâi-ôan ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng** sī kóng tòa tī Tâi-ôan ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng, chú-iàu sī tī Tâi-ôan chò khang-khòe, ia̍h-sī chham Tâi-ôan-lâng kiat-hun lî-chhiáⁿ î-bîn Tâi-ôan. Kî-tiong mā ū chi̍t-kóa sī hui-hoat î-bîn, ia̍h jîn-kháu hòan-bē ê siū-hāi-chiá. Tī Tâi-ôan ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng tû-liáu Oa̍t-cho̍k í-gōa, mā-ū chi̍t-kóa sī Oa̍t-lâm Hôa-jîn
.

Kin-kì 2024 nî ê thóng-kè, Tâi-ôan tāi-iok ū 282,384 ê Oa̍t-lâm kok-che̍k chía teh oa̍h-tāng, kî-tiong tōa-pō͘-hūn sī lô-kang. Kàu 2019 nî 5 go̍eh ûi-chí, ha̍p-kè ū 194,428 miâ Oa̍t-lâm lô-kang tī Tâi-ôan kang-chok. Lēng-gōa, tī 2012 nî, lóng-chóng ū 4,288 miâ Oa̍t-lâm-lâng kui-hòa chòe Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok kok-che̍k, chiàm kui-nî kui-hòa Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok jîn-sò͘ ê 76.6%, tōa-hūn sī lú-sèng.

## Siong-koan
*Tâi-oân ê Ìn-nî-lâng

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Nikolai Lobachevsky

**Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky** (Lō͘-se-a-gí: Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский, 1792 nî 12 goe̍h 1 – 1856 nî 2 goe̍h 24) sī éng-koè Lō͘-se-a ê sò͘-ha̍k-ka, hui-Eukleidēs kí-hô chá-kî ê hoat-tián-chiá.
Flannery O'Connor

**Mary Flannery O'Connor** (1925 nî 3 goe̍h 25 – 1964 nî 8 goe̍h 3) sī Bí-kok ê siáu-soat-ka, té-phiⁿ-kó͘ chok-ka kiam sàn-bûn-ka (essayist). O'Connor ê té-phiⁿ-kó͘ siá kah put-chí-á chán, Eng-bûn lāi-té sǹg it-téng--ê, pí-lūn kóng 1955 nî chhut-pán ê kò͘-sū-chi̍p *[[Hó ê Cha-po͘-lâng Oh Chhoē]]* (*A Good Man is Hard to Find*).
Alexis de Tocqueville

**Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville** (1805 nî 7 goe̍h 29 – 1859 nî 4 goe̍h 16) sī éng-koè Hoat-kok ê chèng-tī tiat-ha̍k-ka (political philosopher) kiam le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka. Tocqueville siāng ū-miâ ê tù-chok sī 1835 nî ham 1840 nî pun chò 2 koàn chhut-pán ê *[[Bí-kok ê Bîn-chú]]* (*De la démocratie en Amérique*), koh ū 1856 nî chhut-pán ê *[[Kū Chè-tō͘ kap Kek-bēng]]* (*L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution*); tī chheh--nih, i ùi kò-jîn kap siā-hoē ê kak-tō͘ lâi thàm-thó pêng-téng chit ê khài-liām ê hoat-tián.
Charlie Chaplin

**Charlie Chaplin** (1889 nî 4 goe̍h 16 – 1977 nî 12 goe̍h 25), pún-miâ **Charles Spencer Chaplin**, sī Eng-tē ê hí-chhut ián-oân, tn̂g-kî toà Bí-kok (1914 kàu 1952 nî), bat tit tio̍h Oscar Chióng. Chaplin sī tiān-iáⁿ-kài kài ū-miâ ê thiú-kha (clown), i o̍h-khoán (mime) ê ki-su̍t tùi āu--lâi ê piáu-ián-chiá ū toā éng-hióng. I siāng ū-miâ ê kak-sek hō chò "Lô-hàn-kha-á" (The Tramp); che sī 1 ê chhēng-chhah, khì-chit bē-su sin-sū ê iû-bîn. Chaplin in-ūi chèng-tī oá chó-phài, āu--lâi siū tio̍h FBI tiau-cha.
Rosalind Franklin

**Rosalind Elsie Franklin** (1920 nî 7 go̍eh 25 ji̍t - 1958 nî 4 go̍eh 16 ji̍t) sī Eng-kok ê seng-bu̍t-bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka kap X kng-sòaⁿ cheng-thé-ha̍k-ka (*crystallographer*), chú-iàu ê gián-kiù sī DNA, pēⁿ-to̍k, mûi-thoàⁿ (*coal*) kap chio̍h-ba̍k (*graphite*) ê kò͘-chō. 

Franklin tùi DNA só͘ hip ê X kng-sòaⁿ hôe-chiat (*X-ray diffraction*) siòng-phìⁿ kap gián-kiù hun-sek, sī Francis Crick kap James D. Watson tī 1953 nî kái chhut DNA kò͘-chō ê koan-kiàn kap chèng-kù. Franklin mā-sī tobacco mosaic virus kap polio virus ê chá-kî gián-kiù-chiá. 

Franklin chhut-sì kap kòe-sin tī Eng-kok London.

## Chhut-sin
Franklin sī 1920 nî 7 goe̍h 25 ùi Lûn-tun ê Notting Hill chhut-sì--ê; sī Iû-thài ka-têng chhut-sin. I-ê lāu-pē Ellis Arthur Franklin sī gîn-hâng-ka; lāu-bú hō chò Muriel Frances Waley. Franklin só͘-sio̍k ê ka-hē sī 1763 nî tùi Silesia ê Breslau kòe Eng-lân--ê, in goân sèⁿ *Fraenkel*, āu-bé chiah kái chò Eng-gí-hòa ê *Franklin*.

1932 nî 1 goe̍h, Franklind ji̍p Lûn-tun ê Sèng Pó-lô Lú-ha̍k-hāu (*St Paul’s Girls’ School*) tha̍k tiong-o̍h.

## Tā-ha̍k-seng sî-kî
1938 nî, Franklin ji̍p Cambridge Tāi-ha̍k ê Newnham Ha̍k-īⁿ, chi̍t keng cha-bó͘ ha̍k-hāu. Hit-tang-chūn Cambridge í-keng siu cha-bó͘ ha̍k-seng, m̄-koh iáu-bōe chiàⁿ-káng chiong in tòng chò phó͘-thong ê tāi-ha̍k-seng. Newnham kap Girton ha̍k-īⁿ ê lú-ha̍k-seng sī hān-chè tī cha-po͘ ê 10 phah-sén í-hā ê pí-le. Tī ha̍k-īⁿ ê sî, Rosalind o̍h liáu pau-koat hòa-ha̍k, bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, sò͘-ha̍k kap khòng-bu̍t-ha̍k téng kho-bo̍k; i lēng-gōa ia̍h siōng chi̍t khoán kà kho-ha̍k Tek-gí ê hòa-ha̍k-khò.

Tī Newnham ê tē-jī tang, Franklin o̍h liáu tàn-pe̍h-chit ê chih-áu, hu̍t-sng ê sêng-hun kap sèng-chit téng tì-sek, kiam ha̍p-si̍p lī-ēng X siā-sòaⁿ sàn-loān (*scattering*) ê gián-kiù hong-hoat, chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ hiòng kiat-chiⁿ-ha̍k (i āu--lâi ê choan-gia̍p) hoat-tián. 1940 nî 10 goe̍h, Franklin khai-sí i tī Cambridge ê tē 3 tang kiam siāng bóe tang, tong-sî Tek-kok tng teh hiòng Eng-kok hoat-tōng khong-si̍p.

## Pa-lí sî-kî
1947 nî 2 goe̍h, Franklin khì kàu Pa-lí, tī hia ê Kok-ka Hòa-ha̍k Ho̍k-bū Tiong-iong Si̍t-giām-sek (*Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'État*) chò gián-kiù.

## Koan-liân bûn-chiuⁿ
* Photo 51

## Chham-chiàu
### Su-chì
* 

### Chù-kha

Lūi-pia̍t:Kiat-chiⁿ-ha̍k-ka
Bill Gates

**Bill Gates** (; ), sī Bí-kok ê khì-gia̍p-ka kap nńg-thé siat-kè-su, mā-sī chi̍t-ūi chû-siān-ka, chhut-sì tī Bí-kok Washington ê Seattle. Bill Gates tn̂g-kî sī chôan-sè-kài siāng hó-gia̍h ê lâng, tī 2008 nî pâi-miâ tē-saⁿ. Gates sī Microsoft ê chóng-chhâi, i kap Paul Allen kiōng-tông chhòng-pān liáu chit-keng nńg-thé kong-si.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
4

**4** (sù, sì, 四, 肆), sī chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī, sio̍k chū-jiân-sò͘ kap chéng-sò͘, tī 3 āu-piah, tī 5 thâu-chêng.

## "4" ê ián-piàn

1
New Hampshire

**New Hampshire** sī Bí-kok tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 1,235,786, pâi-miâ tē 41. I ê siú-hú sī Concord, siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Manchester.


Image:Newfields nh swamscott street.jpg
Image:Colonial Theatre, Keene NH.jpg
Image:JericoLake.JPG
Washington

:*Khu-pia̍t: [[Washington D.C.]] sī Bí-kok ê siú-tō͘.*

**Washington** sī Bí-kok Thài-pêng-iûⁿ hái-hōaⁿ ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 6,468,424, pâi-miâ tē 13. I ê siú-hú sī Olympia, siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Seattle.

*
Ohio

**Ohio** sī Bí-kok tiong-se-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 11,353,140, pâi-miâ tē 7. I ê siú-hú kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Columbus.

## Tē-hō-miâ
*Ohio* tāi-seng sī Iroquois-gí tùi Ohio Khe (*Ohio River*) ê hō-miâ *Ohi:yo*, goân-gí ê ho͘-im sī "O͘h-híi-io͘h", *i* sī ho͘ tn̂g-im--ê.

Tī Eng-gí, *Ohio* chiàu bô kâng khiuⁿ-kháu ū "O͘h-hái-ioh", "Oh-hái-io͘h", ia̍h "Oh-hái-ioh" téng khoán.

## Tē-lí
Ohio ê tang-pêng sī Pennsylvania, sai-pak-pêng sī Michigan, pak-pêng ū Erie Ô͘, sai-pêng sī Indiana, lâi-pêng sī Kentucky, nā tang-lâm-pêng koh ū West Virginia.

## Le̍k-sú
Tùi khó-kó͘ chèng-kù thang thui-chhek, tī Ohio Kok-tē (*Ohio Valley*) siōng-bô tī Chêng 13,000 nî ê sî chiō ū iû-bo̍k-bîn té seng-oa̍h.

Chêng 1000 kàu 800 nî chêng-āu, chhut-hiān liáu Adena bûn-hòa.

Kàu tāi-khài Chêng 100 nî ê sî, Hopewell lâng mā ka-ji̍p Adena chò chi̍t hūn.

1803 nî 2 goe̍h 19, Bí-kok Chóng-thóng Thomas Jefferson chhiam-sú kok-hōe hoat-àn, ún-chún Ohio ê pian-kài kap hiàn-hoat. Chóng-sī Ohio it-ti̍t bô chèng-sek hō͘ kok-hōe chiap-siū chò tē 17-ê chiu. Kàu 1953 nî ê sî, Ohio ê kok-hōe gī-oân George H. Bender thê-chhut àn-kiāⁿ, iau-kiû kok-hōe jīn 1803 nî 3 goe̍h 1 ji̍t, iā to̍h sī Ohio Gī-hōe thâu pái chi̍p-hōe ê sî-kan, chò ka-ji̍p liân-pang ê ji̍t-chí. Kâng nî ê 8 goe̍h 7 ji̍t, Chóng-thóng Eisenhower chhiam-tēng gī-koat siat 1803 nî 3 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chò ka-ji̍p liân-bêng chi ji̍t.

Ohio ê óa tī tiong-ng ê chē-chí kap i-ê jîn-kháu, hō͘ i tī Bí-kok Lōe-chiàn chiàm tiōng-iàu tē-ūi.

## Keng-chè
Ohio tī 2015 nî ê GDP sī 610,928 pa̍h-bān bí-kim. Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē lâng-kang ê sán-gia̍p sī khiān-khong chiàu-kò͘ kap siā-hōe hû-chō͘ (*health care and social assistance*).

## Chham-khó
Oregon

**Oregon** sī Bí-kok Thài-pêng-iûⁿ hái-hōaⁿ ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 3,421,399, pâi-miâ tē 27. I ê siú-hú sī Salem, siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Portland.
North Dakota

**North Dakota** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 642,200, pâi-miâ tē 48. I ê siú-hú sī Bismarck, siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Fargo.

## Tē-lí
North Dakota chē-chí tī Bí-kok ê Tōa Pêng-goân (Great Plains) khu-he̍k. Chiu ê tang-pêng kòe Red Hô tio̍h sī Minnesota, tī lâm pêng sī South Dakota, nā sai pêng koh ū Montana; oa̍h pak pêng, sī Canada ê Saskatchewan séng.

Pún chiu sī iok-lio̍k ūi tī Pak Bí-chiu ê tiong-ng. In ū siat chi̍t ūi má-kuh "Pak Bí-chiu Tāi-lio̍k ê Tē-lí Tiong-sim" ê chio̍h-thâu tī Rugby siâⁿ. North Dakota ê thó͘-tē biān-chek ū , sī Bí-kok tē-19 tōa ê chiu.

## Le̍k-sú
Au-chiu-lâng lâi kàu chìn-chêng, Bí-kok goân-chū-bîn í-keng tī pún-tē khiā-khí. Le̍k-sú só͘ chai ê pō͘-cho̍k pau-koat Mandan, Dakota kap Yanktonai téng-téng.

Siāng chá lâi kàu pún-tē ê Au-chiu-lâng sī Canada ê Hoat-kok seng-lí-lâng La Vérendrye, i niá chi̍t kûn thàm-cha tūi kòe Mandan chng . Kàu 1762 nî ê sî, pún tē-khu í-keng sī Se-pan-gâ Louisiana ê chi̍t hūn (kàu 1802 nî).

Dakota Léng-thó͘ tī 1861 nî khai-siat, tû-liáu goân-choân bô siū koán-lí ê thó͘-tē í-gōa, chi̍t pō͘-hūn sī tùi Nebraska Léng-thó͘ pun--chhut-lâi. Au-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng mā tī hit-chūn lâi chia̍h khai-khún lông-tē. Kàu 1889 nî 11 goe̍h, Lâm-pak 2-ê Dakota chiu chèng-sek sêng-li̍p ka-ji̍p liân-pang.

Chha-put-tō It-chhù Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu, Lo̍k-ui-lâng ûi-chú ê lông-bîn tī chia cho͘-chit liáu chi̍t khoán hō chò Bû Tóng-phàu Liân-pêng (*Non Partisan League*) ê chèng-tī ūn-tōng, siūⁿ beh North Dakota mài siū chiu-gōa ê gîn-hâng kap kong-si éng-hióng, in tī chia chhòng-li̍p chiu-li̍p ê gîn-hâng *North Dakota Mill and Elevator* kap thih-lō͘, jî-chhiá kìm-chí kong-si kap gîn-hâng chiàm-iú lông-tē.

Goân-lâi tī Bismarck ê North Dakota Chiu-hú (*North Dakota State Capitol*) tī 1930 nî 12 goe̍h 28 sio--khì. Té-bé sin khí art-deco sek-iūⁿ ê tōa-lâu, ēng kàu chit-má. 1950 nî-tāi, chi̍t kóa liân-pang ê tâu-chu kap kiàn-siat kè-ōe khai-sí, pau-koat Garrison Chúi-pà, koh ū Minot kap Grand Forks ê Bí-kok Khong-kun ki-tē.

1970 nît-tāi, chio̍h-iû ê khai-chhái tī pún chiu se-pêng hoat-tián--khí-lâi.

## Jîn-kháu
### Population

Chiàu Bí-kok Phó͘-cha Kio̍k ê ko͘-sǹg, North Dakota tī 2017 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t ê jîn-kháu ū 755,393, pí 2010 nî Bí-kok Phó͘-cha ê kì-lio̍k ke 12.3%. This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011. Only Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer residents.

1870 nî ê sî, kui chiu ê jîn-khau iáu bô kàu 2,000 lâng, kàu 1930 nî ê sî-chūn í-keng ta̍t kàu 680,000. Liáu-āu tiō chin-ka sok-tō͘ bān--khì, tī 1970 nî ê phó͘-cha kiám kàu siāng kē ê 617,761, kàu 2000 nî ê phó͘-cha, ū 642,200 lâng. North Dakota ê jîn-kháu tiong-sim sī ùi Wells Kūn, óa Sykeston siâⁿ ê só͘-chāi.

## Keng-chè
North Dakota tī 2014 nî ê GDP sī 55,136 pa̍h-bān bí-kim. Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē lâng chò ê khang-khòe sī kiān-khong chiàu-kò͘ kap siā-hōe hû-chō͘ (*health care and social assistance*) sán-gia̍p.

## Chham-khó
Pennsylvania

**Pennsylvania** sī Bí-kok tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 12,281,054, pâi-miâ tē 6. I ê siú-hú sī Harrisburg, siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Philadelphia.

## Miâ
Pennsylvania chiu chèng-sek ê Eng-gí miâ sī "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania", tī Bí-kok chú-iàu ū sì-ê chiu sú-iōng chit thò hō-miâ.

## Tē-lí
Pennsylvania lâm-pak ū 274 kong-lí hn̄g, tang-sai ū 455 kong-lí; biān-chek ū 119,282 pêng-hong kong-lí. Chiu ê lâm-pêng pian-kài hō-chò Mason–Dixon Soàⁿ, kap Delaware chi-kan kài-sòaⁿ sī *[[Twelve-Mile Circle]]*. Tī chiu ê tang-pêng koh ū Delaware Hô. 

## Le̍k-sú
Tī Au-chiu-lâng lâi-kàu chìn-chêng, chit-ūi sī Delaware, Susquehannock, Iroquois, Erie kap Shawnee téng goân-chū-bîn seng-oa̍h ê só͘-chāi.

Chá-kî Pennsylvania siū Hô-lân kap Sūi-tián ê si̍t-bîn, 1664 nî ōaⁿ Eng-kok niá-chiàm. William Penn sī Eng-kok si̍t-bîn-tē chhòng-kiàn-chiá. Āu-lâi Pennsylvania kiam chú-siâⁿ Philadelphia lâi-liáu chi-chē jîn-bîn sī Ki-tok-kàu Quaker phài.

Kàu 18 sè-kí, Pennsylvania iū koh khip-ín Tek-kok kap Scot-lân kiam Ire-lân î-bîn.
Rhode Island

**Rhode Island** chiàⁿ-miâ **State of Rhode Island** ("Rhode Tó Chiu"), sī Bí-kok siāng sió ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 1,048,319, pâi-miâ tē 43. I ê siú-hú kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Providence.
South Carolina

**South Carolina** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 4,321,249, pâi-miâ tē 24. I ê siú-hú kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Columbia.

## Le̍k-sú
Chit ūi ū 40,000 tang chêng jîn-lūi oa̍h-tāng ê chèng-kù. Au-chiu lâng tú kàu ê sî chha-put-to sī 1600 nî, hit chūn chāi-tē ū chē-chē hun-khui ê goân-chū-bîn pō͘-cho̍k, siāng-tōa--ê sī Cherokee, Catawba, lóng-chóng ū beh 20,000 ê jîn-kháu. 

## Goā-pō liân-kiat
* 
* South Carolina State Guide, from the Library of Congress
* South Carolina Department of Parks & Tourism
* 
* 
* Energy & Environmental Data for South Carolina
* USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of South Carolina
* U.S. Census Bureau
* South Carolina Visitor & Travel Information
* South Carolina State Facts from USDA 
* 
* South Carolina Lakes Database and reviews
List of TV stations in South Carolina: Television Stations – Station Index
John D. MacDonald

**John Dann MacDonald** () tiāⁿ siá chò **John D. MacDonald**, sī Bí-kok hoān-choē gî-ngái siáu-soat (crime and suspense novel) ê chok-ka, kò͘-sū poē-kéng toā-hūn tī Florida, khó-pí kóng Travis McGee hē-lia̍t.  1972 nî Bí-kok Sîn-pì Chok-ka (Mystery Writers of America) kā MacDonald lia̍t chò tāi-su (grand master); 1980 nî MacDonald the̍h tio̍h Bí-kok Chu Chióng.  1957 nî ê chok-phín *[[To-pó͘-chhiú]]* (The Executioners) bat tī 1962 nî, 1991 nî phah chò tiān-iáⁿ *[[Khióng-pò͘ Kak]]* (Cape Fear).
Hillary Clinton

**Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton** () sī Bí-kok ê chèng-tī-ka, sī tāi-piáu New York chiu ê siōng-īⁿ gī-goân. I sī Bí-kok 2008 nî chóng-thóng sóan-kú ê Bîn-chú-tóng chho͘-sóan hāu-sóan-jîn, chú-iàu ê tóng-lāi tùi-chhiú sī Barack Obama. 

Hillary Clinton tī Illinois chiu ê Chicago chhut-sì, bat tam-jīm lu̍t-su. I mā-sī tē 42 jīm Bí-kok chóng-thóng Bill Clinton ê bó͘, iā-tio̍h-sī Bí-kok chêng tē-it hu-jîn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok Siōng-īⁿ gī-goân
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok Tē-it Hu-jîn
Barack Obama

**Barack Hussein Obama, Jr.** () sī Bí-kok tē 44 jīm chóng-thóng.

I pún-té sī tāi-piáu Illinois chiu ê chham-gī-ôan. Āu--lâi chiâⁿ chò Bí-kok 2008 nî chóng-thóng sóan-kú ê Bîn-chú-tóng hāu-sóan-jîn, chho͘-sóan ê tóng-lāi tùi-chhiú sī Hillary Clinton. I tī 2008 nî 11 goe̍h tòng-sóan Bí-kok Chóng-thóng, 2009 nî 1 goe̍h 20 chiū-jīm. Hit nî tit tio̍h Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng.

Barack Obama tī Hawaii ê Honolulu chhut-sì, I ê hū-chhin lâi-chū Kenya, bó-chhin sī Bí-kok Kansas ê lâng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok Chóng-thóng
Lūi-pia̍t:Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng tit-chióng-jîn
Northumberland

**Northumberland** sī England tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê hui-to͘-chhī-kūn (non-metropolitan county), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 309,900. I ê pak-bīn sī Scotland, se-bīn sī Cumbria, lâm-bīn kap Durham kūn í-ki̍p Tyne and Wear siong-chiap.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
St. John's Ha̍k-īⁿ (Bí-kok)

**St. John's Ha̍k-īⁿ** (St. John's College) sī Bí-kok 1 keng ha̍k-gē ha̍k-īⁿ (liberal arts college), ū Maryland Annapolis kap New Mexico Santa Fe 2 ê hāu-hn̂g.  1696 nî chhòng-li̍p ê sî hō chò **King William's Ha̍k-hāu** (King William's School), sī ī-kho ha̍k-hāu; 1784 nî choán chò ha̍k-īⁿ.  St. John's sǹg sī Bí-kok siāng chá-kî ko-téng kàu-io̍k ê ha̍k-hāu.  1937 nî khai-sí, i chhái-iōng Úi-tāi Tù-chok Ha̍k-têng (Great Books Program), khò-têng chú-iàu sī leh gián-tho̍k tiat-ha̍k kap bûn-ha̍k ê chok-phín.

Miâ-chheng lia̍h-goā, St. John's Ha̍k-īⁿ kap chong-kàu bô tī-tāi.
Lô-tōng Tóng

**Lô-tōng Tóng** (Labour Party) ia̍h **Kang-lâng Tóng** (Workers' Party), **Kang Tóng**, sī sè-kài-siōng chin-chōe chèng-tóng só͘ hō ê tóng-miâ, chia-ê chèng-tóng tōa-pō͘-hūn lóng-sī chú-tiuⁿ siā-hōe-bîn-chú-chú-gī ia̍h-sī bîn-chú-siā-hōe-chú-gī, iā-ū pō͘-hūn sī chi-chhî siā-hōe-chú-gī kap kiōng-sán-chú-gī. Chin-chē Lô-tōng-tóng koh sī Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kok-chè ê sêng-ôan.

## Siong-koan
*Siā-hōe-bîn-chú-tóng
*Siā-hōe-tóng
*Bîn-chú-siā-hōe-tóng
*Kiōng-sán-tóng
*Lô-kang ūn-tōng
*Chó-phài
County Durham

**County Durham** ia̍h-sī **Durham Kūn**, sī England tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê hui-to͘-chhī-kūn (non-metropolitan county), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 493,470. I ê pak-bīn sī Northumberland kap Tyne and Wear, se-bīn sī Cumbria, lâm-bīn kap North Yorkshire, Darlington, Stockton-on-Tees í-ki̍p Hartlepool siong-chiap.

Le̍k-sú-siōng, Durham ê keng-chè ki-chhó͘ sī thih-khòng kap mûi-khòng. Chit-ê kūn ê hōan-ûi tī chit-kúi-cha̍p-nî-lâi ê piàn-tōng chin-chōe, "Durham" chit-ê jī iā-ū chin-chōe bô-kāng-khóan ê ì-sù.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Charles Perrault

**Charles Perrault** (1628 nî 1 goe̍h 12 – 1703 nî 5 goe̍h 16) sī éng-koè Hoat-kok ê chok-ka,  i khai-chhòng 1 chióng sin ê bûn-ha̍k lūi-hêng (genre), hō chò gín-á-kó͘.  I siá chin chē sim-sek ê kò͘-sū, chhan-chhiūⁿ *Le Petit Chaperon rouge* (*[[Âng Thâu-kin]]*), *La Belle au bois dormant* (*[[Khùn Bí-jîn]]*), kap *Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté* (*[[Chhēng hia-kóng ê Niau]]*). Perrault chin chē chok-phín kàu taⁿ iáu leh hoat-hêng, ū-ê hông kái phian chò ó͘-phē-là, ballet (khó-pí kóng Tchaikovsky ê *[[The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)|Sleeping Beauty]]*), hì-ke̍k, im-ga̍k-ke̍k (musical), kap tiān-iáⁿ (khó-pí kóng Walt Disney Kong-si phah ê phìⁿ *[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]* kap *[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]*).

## Chok-phín
* *Le Petit Chaperon rouge* (*[[Âng Thâu-kin]]*)
* *La Belle au bois dormant* (*[[Khùn Bí-jîn]]*)
* *Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté* (*[[Chhēng hia-kóng ê Niau]]*)
* *Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle de vair* (*[[O͘-cha-bó͘]]*)
* *La Barbe bleue* (*[[Chhiⁿ-hô͘-chhiu]]*)
* *Le Petit Poucet*
* *Les Fées* (*[[Soān-chio̍h kap Chiuⁿ-chî]]*)
* *La Marquise de Salusses ou la Patience de Griselidis*
* *Les Souhaits ridicules*
* *Peau d'Âne*
* *Riquet à la houppe*
O͘-cha-bó͘

**O͘-cha-bó͘** () sī chin ū-miâ ê gín-á-kó͘, goân-té sī ū sîn-oē sèng-chit ê bîn-kan kò͘-sū, biô-siá hông khó͘-to̍k ê chú-kak lō͘-boé tit tio̍h tháu-pàng. 1697 nî Charles Perrault siāng chá ēng Hoat-gí kā chéng-lí--chhut-lâi; soà--lo̍h 1812 nî Grimm Hiaⁿ-tī mā chéng-lí 1 ê Tek-gí-pán; kàu taⁿ thong sè-kài ū kúi-nā chheng ê pán-pún. 

## Hō-ló-oē ê pán-pún
1915 nî Tâi-oân Kàu-hoē-pò ū kā hoan-e̍k chò **Thô͘-thoàⁿ-á**, té-té-á. 2006 nî Lîm Kiàn-hui ùi Grimm Hiaⁿ-tī ê pán-pún hoan-e̍k oân-chéng ê kò͘-sū, hō chò **O͘-cha-bó͘**.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* O͘-cha-bó͘, Lîm Kiàn-hui hoan-e̍k
Sió Ông-chú

***Sió Ông-chú*** (Hoat-gí: ***Le Petit Prince***), 1943 nî hoat-hêng, sī Hoat-kok ê hui-hêng-ka (aviator) Antoine de Saint Exupéry siāng ū-miâ ê tiong-phiⁿ siáu-soat (novella). Chheh lāi-té ū chin chē Saint-Exupéry ka-tī oē ê chhah-tô͘. *Sió Ông-chú* ū chhiau-koè 180 chióng gí-giân kā hoan-e̍k; kè-chóng chhiau-koè 5 chheng-bān pún, sè-kài tē 3 chē.

## Hō-ló-oē ê pán-pún
Chng Hūi-phêng kap Lîm Kiàn-hui ū kā *Sió Ông-chú* hoan-e̍k chò Hō-ló-oē.

2018 nî Tâi-oân sè-kài-gí chiá Manlajo kā Sió Ông-chú hoan-e̍k chò Tâi-gí Pe̍h-ōe-jī kap Hàn-lô lām-siá, hoat-piáu tī Blogger.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Lîm Kiàn-hui hoan-e̍k ê Sió Ông-chú
*Manlajo hoan-e̍k ê Sió Ông-chú
Cumbria

**Cumbria** sī England sai-pak ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê hui-to͘-chhī-kūn (non-metropolitan county), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 498,800. I ê pak-bīn sī Scotland, tang-bīn sī Northumberland kap Durham, lâm-bīn sī Lancashire, tang-lâm sī North Yorkshire.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Tyne and Wear

**Tyne and Wear** sī England tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê to͘-chhī-kūn (metropolitan county), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 1,087,600. I ê pak-bīn sī Northumberland, lâm-bīn sī Cumbria.

Tyne and Wear ē-sái hun-koah chòe gō͘-ê to͘-chhī-chū-tī-khu (metropolitan borough), pau-koat South Tyneside, North Tyneside, Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead kap City of Sunderland.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Lancashire

**Lancashire** sī England sai-pak ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), kūn-miâ ê jī-gôan sī Lancaster, sī chi̍t-ê hui-to͘-chhī-kūn (non-metropolitan county). I ê pak-bīn sī Cumbria, tang-bīn sī North Yorkshire, lâm-bīn sī Merseyside kap Halton, tang-lâm sī West Yorkshire. Kî-tiong Merseyside gôan-lâi iā-sī Lancashire ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Goá Ka-tī

**Goá Ka-tī** (Eng-gí: My Own Self) sī Joseph Jacobs chhá-chi̍p ê Eng-gí gín-á-kó͘.  Ruth Manning-Sanders ê *[[Scot-tē Bîn-sio̍k-kó͘]]* (*Scottish Folk Tales*) lāi-té mā ū siu.

## Khài-iàu
Ū 1 tùi bú-á-kiáⁿ toà tī 1 keng sè keng-á chhù, hit kho͘-ûi-á ū chē chē 'hó chhù-piⁿ'.  Ū 1 àm gín-á-kiáⁿ bô ài khì khùn, lāu-bú sim-thâu ak-chak, ka-tī seng khì hioh.  Boé--á ū 1 ê cha-bó͘ gín-á ùi ian-tâng-kóng lo̍h--lâi, kóng i hō chò "Goá Ka-tī"; cha-po͘ gín-á ìn kóng i mā hō kāng miâ.  In chò-tīn sńg 1 khùn.  Lō͘-boé cha-po͘ gín-á lā hoé-thoàⁿ ê sî, bô-sè-jī kā thoàⁿ-iù-á poé tùi cha-bó͘ gín-á ê kha--khì.  Cha-bó͘ gín-á toā-siaⁿ ki.  Hit tia̍p ū siaⁿ-im ùi iân-tâng-kóng thoân--lo̍h-lâi, mn̄g kóng hoat-seng siáⁿ tāi-chì, cha-bó͘ gín-á ìn kóng "goá ka-tī" khì thǹg tio̍h i ê kha.  Hit ê siaⁿ-im kóng i bô eng-kai ka-tī ti hia pìⁿ-ku-pìⁿ-pih; soà--lo̍h 1 ki tn̂g chhiú-kut ùi ian-tâng-kóng chhun--chhut-lâi, kā cha-bó͘ gín-á giú cháu, siau-sit--khì.

Liáu-āu, hoān-nā a-bú kiò in kiáⁿ khì khún, i lóng chiâⁿ thiaⁿ-chhùi.

## Hō-ló-oē ê pán-pún
1997 nî Tân Tēⁿ Hông-giâu ùi Eng-gí ê pán-pún kā hoan-e̍k chò Hō-ló-oē ê **Goá Ka-tī**.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Jacobs goân-pún ê Eng-gí pán-pún ''My Own Self'' 
*Tân Tēⁿ Hông-giâu hoan-e̍k ê pán-pún
Siau-sit!

**Siau-sit!** (Eng-gí: News!) sī Joseph Jacobs chhá-chi̍p ê Eng-gí gín-á-kó͘.  

## Khài-iàu
Ū chi̍t ê lâng tn̄g tio̍h in koán-ke, koán-ke kā i pò chhù--nih ê siau-sit.  Ta̍k tiâu siau-sit āu-piah koh toè chi̍t tiâu koh-khah toā ê siau-sit...

## Ho̍h-ló-oē ê pán-pún
1997 nî Tân Tēⁿ Hông-giâu ùi Eng-gí ê pán-pún kā hoan-e̍k chò Ho̍h-ló-oē ê **Siau-sit!**.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Jacobs goân-pún ê Eng-gí pán-pún ''News!'' 
*Tân Tēⁿ Hông-giâu hoan-e̍k ê pán-pún
*Hak-kâ-fa ê pán-pún, Tân Tēⁿ Hông-giâu hoan-e̍k
Blackpool

**Blackpool** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-lân Blackpool ē-kha ê chi̍t ê koān (*district*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:Blackpool
North Yorkshire

**North Yorkshire** sī England Yorkshire and the Humber khu-he̍k (region) ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê hui-to͘-chhī-kūn (non-metropolitan county), kap piⁿ-á ê City of York, Redcar and Cleveland í-ki̍p Middlesbrough cho͘-ha̍p-sêng chi̍t-ê Ceremonial county.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Darlington

**Darlington** sī England tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-chhī-tìn (borough), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 98210. I ê pak-bīn kap sai-bīn sī County Durham, lâm-bīn sī North Yorkshire, tang-bīn sī Stockton-on-Tees. Kî-tiong ê chú-iàu siâⁿ-chhī tio̍h hō-kiò Darlington.
 
Darlington gôan-pún sī County Durham ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn, āu-lâi hun-koah chòe to̍k-li̍p ê hêng-chèng-khu, m̄-koh bo̍k-chêng iah-ū chi̍t-kóa tāi-chì sī iû County Durham ê chèng-hú tan-ūi lâi kóan-lí.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Stockton-on-Tees

**Stockton-on-Tees** sī England tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-chhī-tìn (borough) kap Tan-it Chū-tī-thé (Unitary Authority), khò-kīn Tees hô (River Tees) jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 189100. 

I ê pak-bīn sī County Durham kap Hartlepool, lâm-bīn sī North Yorkshire, tang-bīn sī Middlesbrough kap Redcar and Cleveland. Kî-tiong ê chú-iàu siâⁿ-chhī tio̍h hō-kiò Stockton-on-Tees.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Middlesbrough

**Middlesbrough** sī England tang-pak, North Yorkshire ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-chhī-tìn (borough) kap Tan-it Chū-tī-thé (Unitary Authority), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 138,400. Kî-tiong ê chú-iàu siâⁿ-chhī tio̍h hō-kiò Middlesbrough, sī chi̍t-ê káng-kháu.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Hartlepool

**Hartlepool** sī England tang-pak ê chi̍t-ê chū-tī-chhī-tìn (borough), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 90161. I ê pak-bīn sī Durham kūn, lâm-bīn sī Redcar and Cleveland, sai-bīn sī Stockton-on-Tees. Kî-tiong ê chú-iàu siâⁿ-chhī tio̍h hō-kiò Hartlepool.
 
Hartlepool sī tián-lé-kūn (ceremonial county) Durham kūn ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn, m̄-koh kap Durham hui-to͘-chhī-kūn (non-metropolitan county) sī hun-khui ê nn̄g-ê hêng-chèng-khu. Hartlepool óa-khò Pak-hái, sī chi̍t-ê káng-kháu. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân
Hokkaidô

sī Ji̍t-pún pak-pō͘ ê chi̍t-ê hêng-chèng-khu, mā-sī tē-jī-tōa ê chi̍t-ê tó-sū, kap lâm-hong ê Honsyû sio-keh chi̍t-ê Tugaru Hái-kiap, siú-hú kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Sapporo. 

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Hokkaidō ē-kha ê hêng-chèng chân-ki̍p sī chìn-heng-kio̍k ( *shinkōkyoku*), lóng-chóng ū 9-ê chóng-ha̍p chìn-heng-kio̍k kah 5-ê chìn-heng-kio̍k.
West Yorkshire

**West Yorkshire** sī England Yorkshire and the Humber khu-he̍k (region) ê chi̍t-ê kūn (county), sī chi̍t-ê to͘-chhī-kūn (metropolitan county), jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 211 bān.

I ê pak-bīn kap tang-bīn sī North Yorkshire, lâm-bīn sī Derbyshire, sai-lâm sī Greater Manchester, tang-lâm sī South Yorkshire.

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê kūn
Totigi-koān

:*Khu-pia̍t: [[Totigi-chhī]] sī Totigi-koān ē-kha ê 1 ê chhī.*

 sī Ji̍t-pún Honsyû ê chi̍t-ê kōan, siú-hú sī Utunomiya-chhī.
Redcar and Cleveland

**Redcar and Cleveland** sī Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok Eng-lân North Yorkshire ē-kha ê chi̍t ê koān (*district*).

Lūi-pia̍t:Eng-lân ê koān
Lūi-pia̍t:North Yorkshire
Kiaⁿ-to͘-hú

sī Ji̍t-pún Honsyû Kinki tē-hng, iā-chiū-sī Kansai ê chi̍t-ê hêng-chèng-khu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 264 bān, siú-hú sī Kiaⁿ-to͘-chhī, Ji̍t-pún ê kó͘-to͘.
Tāi-pán-hú

sī Ji̍t-pún Pún-chiu Kinki tē-hng, iā-chiū-sī Koan-se ê chi̍t-ê hêng-chèng-khu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 883 bān, siú-hú sī Tāi-pán-chhī, Ji̍t-pún ê tē-jī/tē-saⁿ tōa-to͘-chhī.

## Chhut-miâ ê Lâng
* Hirai Ken, R&B koa-chhiú
Tu-sek

**Tu-sek** (株式), mā hō chò **kó͘-hūn** (股份), sī chi̍t hāng sū-gia̍p (pau-koat kong-si kap ha̍p-chok-siā téng-téng) siū tâu-chu chóng-gia̍h ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn. 

Piáu-sī chiàm-iú tu-sek ê chèng-kǹg kiò **[[kó͘-phiò]]** (he̍k-chiá **tu-kǹg**), sī chi̍t chióng iú-kè chèng-kǹg, ē-tàng (m̄-koh bô it-tēng ài) tī kong-khai ê chhī-tiûⁿ téng kau-e̍k. Hoat-hêng kó͘-phiò sī kong-si bō͘-chi̍p chu-kim ê chi̍t chióng hong-hoat. Ū-sî, lâng kóng ê "kó͘-phiò" tio̍h-sī "kó͘-hūn" ê ì-sù. Jî-chhiá in-ùi chèng-kǹg tiān-chú-hòa ê hoat-tián, niá ū kó͘-phiò ê lâng bô it-tēng ài theh kó͘-phiò chóa.

Tu-sek ê só͘-iú-chiá hō-chòe tu-chú (株主, mā kiò kó͘-tong, kó͘-chú, kó͘-kha), ē-tàng hun-phòe tio̍h siu-ek, iā-chiū-sī phòe-tong (配當, mā kiò kó͘-lī). Tu-sek chiàm siōng chē ê toā tu-chú hō-choè kó͘-thâu.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Kiat-lîm-séng

:*Khu-pia̍t: [[Kiat-lîm-chhī]] sī Kiat-lîm-séng ē-kha ê 1 ê chhī.*

**Kiat-lîm-séng** (吉林省) sī Tiong-kok Tang-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Tiông-chhun-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Tiông-chhun-chhī (長春市)
*Pe̍k-siâⁿ-chhī (白城市)
*Pe̍k-san-chhī (白山市)
*Kiat-lîm-chhī (吉林市)
*Liâu-goân-chhī (遼源市)
*Sù-pêng-chhī (四平市)
*Siông-goân-chhī (松原市)
*Thong-hoà-chhī (通化市)
*Iân-pian Tiâu-sián-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (延邊朝鮮族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Hô-pak-séng

**Hô-pak-séng** (河北省) sī Tiong-kok Hôa-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Chio̍h-ka-chng-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Chio̍h-ka-chng-chhī (石家莊市) 
*Tn̂g-soaⁿ-chhī (唐山市)
*Chîn-hông-tó-chhī (秦皇島市)
*Hân-tan-chhī (邯鄲市)
*Hêng-tâi-chhī (邢臺市)
*Pó-tēng-chhī (保定市)
*Tiuⁿ-ka-kháu-chhī (張家口市)
*Sêng-tek-chhī (承德市)
*Chhong-chiu-chhī (滄州市)
*Lông-hng-chhī (廊坊市)
*Hêng-chúi-chhī (衡水市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Liâu-lêng-séng

**Liâu-lêng-séng** (遼寧省) sī Tiong-kok Tang-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Sím-iông-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Sím-iông-chhī (瀋陽市)
*Tāi-liân-chhī (大連市)
*An-san-chhī (鞍山市)
*Pún-khe-chhī (本溪市)
*Tiâu-iông-chhī (朝陽市)
*Tan-tong-chhī (丹東市)
*Bú-sūn-chhī (撫順市)
*Hū-sin-chhī (阜新市)
*Hô͘-lô͘-tó-chhī (葫蘆島市)
*Kím-chiu-chhī (錦州市)
*Liâu-iông-chhī (遼陽市)
*Poâⁿ-kím-chhī (盤錦市)
*Thih-niá-chhī (鐵嶺市)
*Êng-kháu-chhī (營口市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
West Virginia

**West Virginia** sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu, jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū 1,808,344, pâi-miâ tē 37. I ê siú-hú kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Charleston.

## Tē-lí
West Virginia tī Lâm-pō͘ Bí-kok, sī Appalachia tē-hng chi̍t pō͘-hūn. Ùi tang-lâm-pêng ū Virginia, tī sai-lâm-pêng ū Kentucky, sai-pak-pêng sī Ohio, pak-pêng koh ū Pennsylvania, tang-pak sī Maryland.

## Le̍k-sú
Kin-á-ji̍t kiò chò West Virginia ê só͘-chāi, chûn-chāi chi̍t kóa kó͘-tāi ê Thô͘-tun Kiàn-chō-chiá, in-ê ûi-jiah tī Moundsville, South Charleston, kap Romney téng só͘-chāi liû-chûn kàu chiang. Kó͘ Indian bûn-hòa (*Paleo-Indian culture*) chhut-hiān tī Chêng 10,500 nî, iân chú-iàu ê hô-chhoan hoat-tián.

1671 nî, Chiong-kun Abraham Wood siū Virginia Si̍t-bîn-tē ê Ông-ka Chóng-tok William Berkeley chí-sī, phài lâng thàm-cha hoat-kiàⁿ liáu Kanawha Chúi-chhiâng.

West Virginia sī Lōe-chiàn sî-kî tùi pang-liân-chiu Virginia thoat-lî chhut--lâi-ê. 1861 nî 4 goe̍h 17 ji̍t, 49 ūi West Virginia tāi-piáu chiam-tùi Virginia ê Hun-lî Tiâu-lēng (*Ordinance of Secession*) tâu-phiò, kiat-kó 30-ê hoán-tùi, 17-ê chàn-sêng, 2-ê khì-koân.

1863 nî 3 goe̍h 26 kap 4 goe̍h 20, siu-chèng ê hiàn-hoat hông-chhái-ēng, Bí-kok ê chóng-thóng Lincoln soan-pò͘ tī 1863 nî 6 goe̍h 20 chiap-siū sin chiu siat-li̍p.

## Jîn-kháu

Chiàu Bí-kok Phó͘-cha Kio̍k ê ko͘-sǹg, West Virginia tī 2016 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t ê jîn-kháu ū 1,831,102 lâng, pí 2010 nî Bí-kok Phó͘-cha ê chu-liâu kiám 1.2%. Pún chiu ê jîn-kháu tiong-sim tē-tiám sī ùi Braxton Kūn ê Gassaway siâⁿ.

Tī 2010 nî ê phó͘-cha lāi-bīn, pún chiu ê chéng-cho̍k cho͘-sêng sī:
* 93.2% ê hui-Hispanic Pe̍h-lâng
* 3.4% hui-Hispanic O͘-lâng ia̍h Hui-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng
* 0.2% hui-Hispanic Bí-kok Indian lâng kap Alaska Goân-chū-bîn
* 0.7% hui-Hispanic A-chiu-hē Bí-kok-lâng
* 0.1% kî-tha (hui-Hispanic)
* 1.3% To-chéng-cho̍k Bí-kok-lâng (hui-Hispanic).

Kâng tang chiu lāi ū 1.2% ê Hispanic, Latino, ia̍h Se-pan-gâ-hē jîn-kháu.

## Keng-chè
West Virginia tī 2015 nî ê GDP sī 74,321 pa̍h-bān bí-kim. Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē lâng-kang ê sán-gia̍p sī khiān-khong chiàu-kò͘ kap siā-hōe hû-chō͘ (*health care and social assistance*).

## Siâⁿ-chhī
Pún chiu goân-pún chū 1863 nî kàu 1870 nî kan ê siú-to͘ sī Wheeling. Āu--lâi tī 1870 nî kàu 1875 nî kan pat kái siat tī khah óa tiong-pō͘ ê Charleston. Kàu 1875 nî, koh chi̍t pái sóa tńg Wheeling, chóng-sī tè-bé tī 1885 nî hóe-sio húi-hoāi, to̍h koh chi̍t kái sóa khì Charleston, kè-sio̍k kàu chit-má.

### Tōa siâⁿ-chhī

### Sió siâⁿ-chhī

## Chham-chiàu

*
Soaⁿ-sai-séng

**Soaⁿ-sai-séng** (山西省) sī Tiong-kok Hôa-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Thài-gôan-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Thài-gôan-chhī (太原市)
*Tiông-tī-chhī (長治市)
*Tāi-tông-chhī (大同市)
*Chìn-siâⁿ-chhī (晉城市)
*Chìn-tiong-chhī (晉中市)
*Lîm-hun-chhī (臨汾市)
*Lī-liông-chhī (呂梁市)
*Sok-chiu-chhī (朔州市)
*Hian-chiu-chhī (忻州市)
*Iông-choân-chhī (陽泉市)
*Ūn-siâⁿ-chhī (運城市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Siám-sai-séng

**Siám-sai-séng** (陝西省) sī Tiong-kok Se-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Se-an-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Se-an-chhī (西安市)
*An-khong-chhī (安康市)
*Pó-ke-chhī (寶雞市)
*Hàn-tiong-chhī (漢中市)
*Siong-lo̍k-chhī (商洛市)
*Tâng-chhoan-chhī (銅川市)
*Ūi-lâm-chhī (渭南市)
*Hâm-iông-chhī (咸陽市)
*Iân-an-chhī (延安市)
*Jiû-lîm-chhī (榆林市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Kam-siok-séng

**Kam-siok-séng** (甘肅省) sī Tiong-kok Sai-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Lân-chiu-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Lân-chiu-chhī (蘭州市)
*Chiú-choân-chhī (酒泉市)
*Ka-io̍k-koan-chhī (嘉峪關市)
*Tiuⁿ-e̍k-chhī (張掖市)
*Kim-chhiong-chhī (金昌市)
*Bú-ui-chhī (武威市)
*Pe̍h-gîn-chhī (白銀市)
*Tēng-se-chhī (定西市)
*Lóng-lâm-chhī (隴南市)
*Thian-chúi-chhī (天水市)
*Pêng-liâng-chhī (平涼市)
*Khèng-iông-chhī (慶陽市)
*Lîm-hā Hôe-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (臨夏回族自治州)
*Kam-lâm Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (甘南藏族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
An-hui-séng

**An-hui-séng** (安徽省) sī Tiong-kok Hôa-tang tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Ha̍p-pûi-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Ha̍p-pûi-chhī (合肥市)
*Bû-hô͘-chhī (蕪湖市)
*Pāng-pō-chhī (蚌埠市)
*Hoâi-lâm-chhī (淮南市)
*Bé-oaⁿ-soaⁿ-chhī (馬鞍山市)
*Hoâi-pak-chhī (淮北市)
*Tâng-lêng-chhī (銅陵市)
*An-khèng-chhī (安慶市)
*N̂g-soaⁿ-chhī (黃山市)
*Hū-iông-chhī (阜陽市)
*Sok-chiu-chhī (宿州市)
*Tû-chiu-chhī (滁州市)
*Lio̍k-an-chhī (六安市)
*Soan-siâⁿ-chhī (宣城市)
*Tî-chiu-chhī (池州市)
*Po̍k-chiu-chhī (亳州市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Hô-lâm-séng

**Hô-lâm-séng** (河南省) sī Tiong-kok Tiong-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Tēⁿ-chiu-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Tēⁿ-chiu-chhī (鄭州市)
*Khai-hong-chhī (開封市)
*Lo̍k-iông-chhī (洛陽市)
*Pêng-téng-san-chhī (平頂山市)
*An-iông-chhī (安陽市)
*Ho̍k-piah-chhī (鶴壁市)
*Sin-hiong-chhī (新鄉市)
*Chiau-chok-chhī (焦作市)
*Phok-iông-chhī (濮陽市)
*Hí-chhiong-chhī (許昌市)
*Lúi-hô-chhī (漯河市)
*Sam-bûn-kiap-chhī (三門峽市)
*Lâm-iông-chhī (南陽市)
*Siong-khiu-chhī (商丘市)
*Sìn-iông-chhī (信陽市)
*Chiu-kháu-chhī (周口市)
*Chù-bé-tiàm-chhī (駐馬店市)
*Chè-goân-chhī (濟源市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Ô͘-pak-séng

**Ô͘-pak-séng** (湖北省) sī Tiong-kok Tiong-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Bú-hàn-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Bú-hàn-chhī (武漢市)
*Go̍k-chiu-chhī (鄂州市)
*N̂g-kng-chhī (黃岡市)
*N̂g-chio̍h-chhī (黃石市)
*Keng-bûn-chhī (荊門市)
*Keng-chiu-chhī (荊州市)
*Cha̍p-ián-chhī (十堰市)
*Suî-chiu-chhī (隨州市)
*Siong-iông-chhī (襄陽市)
*Hâm-lêng-chhī (咸寧市)
*Hàu-kám-chhī (孝感市)
*Gî-chhiong-chhī (宜昌市)
*Un-si Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (恩施土家族苗族自治州)
*Thian-bûn-chhī (天門市)
*Chiâm-kang-chhī (潛江市)
*Sian-thô-chhī (仙桃市)
*Sîn-lông-kà Lîm-khu (神農架林區)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Chheng-hái-séng

**Chheng-hái-séng** (青海省) sī Tiong-kok Se-pak tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Se-lêng-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Se-lêng-chhī (西寧市)
*Hái-tang-chhī (海東市)
*Hái-sai Bông-kó͘-cho̍k Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (海西蒙古族藏族自治州)
*Hái-pak Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (海北藏族自治州)
*Hái-lâm Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (海南藏族自治州)
*Hông-lâm Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (黃南藏族自治州)
*Gio̍k-sū Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (玉樹藏族自治州)
*Golog Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (--藏族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Kang-sai-séng

**Kang-sai-séng** (江西省) sī Tiong-kok Hôa-tang tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Lâm-chhiong-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Lâm-chhiong-chhī (南昌市)
*Bú-chiu-chhī (撫州市)
*Kòng-chiu-chhī (贛州市)
*Kiat-an-chhī (吉安市)
*Kéng-tek-tìn-chhī (景德鎮市)
*Káu-kang-chhī (九江市)
*Phêng-hiong-chhī (萍鄉市)
*Siōng-jiâu-chhī (上饒市)
*Sin-û-chhī (新餘市)
*Gî-chhun-chhī (宜春市)
*Eng-thâm-chhī (鷹潭市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Ô͘-lâm-séng

**Ô͘-lâm-séng** (湖南省) sī Tiong-kok Tiong-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Tn̂g-soa-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Tn̂g-soa-chhī (長沙市)
*Siông-tek-chhī (常德市)
*Thim-chiu-chhī (郴州市)
*Hêng-iông-chhī (衡陽市)
*Hoâi-hoà-chhī (懷化市)
*Lô͘-té-chhī (婁底市)
*Siāu-iông-chhī (邵陽市)
*Siong-thâm-chhī (湘潭市)
*Ek-iông-chhī (益陽市)
*Éng-chiu-chhī (永州市)
*Ga̍k-iông-chhī (岳陽市)
*Tiuⁿ-ka-kè-chhī (張家界市)
*Chu-chiu-chhī (株洲市)
*Siong-sai Thó͘-ka-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (湘西土家族苗族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Kang-so͘-séng

**Kang-so͘-séng** (江蘇省) sī Tiong-kok Hôa-tang tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Lâm-kiaⁿ-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Lâm-kiaⁿ-chhī (南京市)
*Siông-chiu-chhī (常州市)
*Hoâi-an-chhī (淮安市)
*Liân-hûn-káng-chhī (連雲港市)
*Lâm-thong-chhī (南通市)
*Siok-chhian-chhī (宿遷市)
*So͘-chiu-chhī (蘇州市)
*Thài-chiu-chhī (泰州市)
*Bû-sek-chhī (無錫市)
*Chhî-chiu-chhī (徐州市)
*Iâm-siâⁿ-chhī (鹽城市)
*Iông-chiu-chhī (揚州市)
*Tìn-kang-chhī (鎮江市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Chiat-kang-séng

**Chiat-kang-séng** (浙江省) sī Tiong-kok Hôa-tang tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Hâng-chiu-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Hâng-chiu-chhī (杭州市)
*Lêng-pho-chhī (寧波市)
*Ô͘-chiu-chhī (湖州市)
*Ka-heng-chhī (嘉興市)
*Kim-hoâ-chhī (金華市)
*Lē-chúi-chhī (麗水市)
*Kû-chiu-chhī (衢州市)
*Siāu-heng-chhī (紹興市)
*Tâi-chiu-chhī (台州市)
*Un-chiu-chhī (溫州市)
*Chiu-san-chhī (舟山市)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Sù-chhoan-séng

**Sù-chhoan-séng** (四川省; Sù-chhoan-ōe: Si3cuan1sen4, IPA: [sɿ213tsʰuan55sən53]) sī Tiong-kok Sai-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, kán-chheng **Chhoan** (川) ia̍h sī **Sio̍k** (蜀)  séng-hōe sī Sêng-to͘-chhī.

## Le̍k-sú
[縮圖|[Sam-seng-tui Ûi-chek chhut-thó͘ ê chheⁿ-tâng siáu-kúi-á-khak]]

### Sú-chiân sî-tāi kap Sian-chîn
Kī-kin 200 bān nî chêng ê Kū-chio̍h-khì Sî-tāi, Sù-chhoan tō ū jîn-lūi teh oa̍h-tāng. Kī-kin 1 bān nî chìn-ji̍p Sin-chio̍h-khì Sî-tāi. Bo̍k-chêng í-keng hoat-hiān 200 gōa ê ûi-chek, kî-tiong siōng tiōng-iàu ê sī Pó-tun Bûn-hòa (寶墩文化), Sam-seng-tui Bûn-hòa (三星堆文化).

Kī-kin 4000 nî, chìn-ji̍p Chheⁿ-tâng-khì Sî-tāi, kiàn-li̍p ū lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ ê Kó͘-sio̍k Ông-kok (古蜀王國), kap Tiong-goân ê Siong, Chiu pêng-hêng chûn-chāi. Kó͘-sio̍k Ông-kok ū Chhâm-chông (蠶叢)、Pek-koàn (柏灌), Hî-hû (魚鳧), Tō͘-ú (杜宇) téng-téng sī-cho̍k kiàn-li̍p ê ông-tiâu. Siōng bóe chi̍t-ê ông-tiâu sī Pih-lêng (鱉靈) kiàn-li̍p ê Khai-bêng Ông-tiâu (開明王朝). Lēng-gōa, chū Se Chiu chá-kî khai-sí, Sù-chhoan Phûn-tē tang-pō͘ mā ū chu-hô͘ kok Pa-kok (巴國). Pa, Sio̍k nn̄g tē ê bûn-hòa mā hō͘-siong éng-hióng, thàu-lām, lo̍h-bóe hêng-sêng só͘-ūi ê **Pa-sio̍k Bûn-hòa** (巴蜀文化).

Se-goân-chiân 316 nî, Chîn-kok bia̍t Kó͘-sio̍k kap Pa-kok, siat-li̍p Sio̍k-kūn (蜀郡).

### Chîn chì Lâm-pak-tiâu

### Sûi-tông chì chheng

### Kīn-tāi

### Hiān-tāi
1952 nî thiat-siau thiat-siau 4-ê hêng-sù-khu, sêng-li̍p Sù-chhoan-séng. 1955 nî, thiat-siau Se-khong-séng, Kim-soa-kang í tang ê só͘-chāi ōe-kui Sù-chhoan-séng.

## Tē-lí

### Tē-hêng
Sù-chhoan-séng ê sai-sì  chú-iàu sī Chheng-Chōng Ko-gôan, tang-sì chú-iàu sī Sù-chhoan Phûn-tē. Séng-lāi ê tēng-hêng í soaⁿ-tē ûi chú, chiám 77.1%.

Sù-chhoan kéng-lāi ê soaⁿ-lêng ū: 

* Tāi-pa-soaⁿ (大巴山)
* Liông-bûn-soaⁿ (龍門山)
* Bîn-soaⁿ (岷山)
* Hoâiⁿ-toān Soaⁿ-lêng (橫斷山稜)
** Kiông-lâi-soaⁿ (邛崍山)
** Tōa-soat-soaⁿ (大雪山)
** Sa-lú-lí Soaⁿ (沙魯里山)

Choân-séng siōng koân ê só͘-chāi sī Tōa-soat-soaⁿ ê Kòng-ka-soaⁿ (貢嘎山), hái-poa̍t  7,514 m.

### Chúi-bûn
Sù-chhoan-séng lâi tōa-to-sò͘ (97.02%) ê hô-chhoan sio̍k-tī Tiông-kang liû-he̍k, chhūn--ê (2.98%) tio̍k-tī Hông-hô liû-he̍k.

### Khì-hāu

## Hêng-chèng-khu
Sù-chhoan-séng ū 1-ê hù-séng-kip-chhī, 17-ê tē-kip-chhī, 3-ê chū-tī-chiu.
*Hù-séng-kip-chhī: Sêng-to͘-chhī (成都市)
*Tē-kip-chhī
**Biân-iông-chhī (綿陽市)
**Kóng-goân-chhī (廣元市)
**Lâm-chhiong-chhī (南充市)
**Pa-tiong-chhī (巴中市)
**Ta̍t-chiu-chhī (達州市)
**Ngá-an-chhī (雅安市)
**Tek-iông-chhī (德陽市)
**Sūi-lêng-chhī (遂寧市)
**Kóng-an-chhī (廣安市)
**Bî-san-chhī (眉山市)
**Chu-iông-chhī (資陽市)
**Lo̍k-san-chhī (樂山市)
**Lāi-kang-chhī (內江市)
**Chū-kòng-chhī (自貢市)
**Gî-pin-chhī (宜賓市)
**Lô͘-chiu-chhī (瀘州市)
**Phan-chi-hoa-chhī (攀枝花市)
*Chū-tī-chiu 3-ê:
**Garzê Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (Garzê藏族羌族自治州)
**Ngawa Chōng-cho̍k Kiuⁿ-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (Ngawa藏族羌族自治州)
**Liâng-san Î-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (涼山彝族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Kùi-chiu-séng

**Kùi-chiu-séng** (貴州省) sī Tiong-kok Sai-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Kùi-iông-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Kùi-iông-chhī (貴陽市) 
*Pit-chiat-chhī (畢節市)
*Chun-gī-chhī (遵義市)
*Tâng-jîn-chhī (銅仁市)
*Lio̍k-poâⁿ-chúi-chhī (六盤水市)
*An-sūn-chhī (安順市)
*Khâm-sai-lâm Pò͘-i-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (黔西南布依族苗族自治州)
*Khâm-lâm Pò͘-i-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (黔南布依族苗族自治州)
*Khâm-tang-lâm Biâu-cho̍k Tong-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (黔東南苗族侗族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Hûn-lâm-séng

**Hûn-lâm-séng** (雲南省) sī Tiong-kok Sai-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Khun-bêng-chhī.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Khun-bêng-chhī (昆明市) 
*Khiok-chēng-chhī (曲靖市)
*Gio̍k-khe-chhī (玉溪市)
*Pó-san-chhī (保山市)
*Chiau-thong-chhī (昭通市)
*Lē-kang-chhī (麗江市)
*Phó͘-jī-chhī (普洱市)
*Lîm-chhong-chhī (臨滄市)
*Tek-hông Tāi-cho̍k Kéng-pho-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (德宏傣族景頗族自治州)
*Nō͘-kang La̍t-chhek-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (怒江傈僳族自治州)
*Te̍k-khèng Chōng-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (迪慶藏族自治州)
*Tāi-lí Pe̍k-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (大理白族自治州)
*Chhó-hiông Î-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (楚雄彝族自治州)
*Âng-hô Ha-nî-cho̍k Î-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (紅河哈尼族彝族自治州)
*Bûn-san Chòng-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (文山壯族苗族自治州)
*Se-siang-pán-la̍p Tāi-cho̍k Chū-tī-chiu (西雙版納傣族自治州)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng
Hái-lâm-séng

**Hái-lâm-séng** (海南省) sī Tiong-kok Tiong-lâm tē-khu ê chi̍t-ê séng, séng-hōe sī Hái-kháu-chhī.

Hái-lâm-séng ê chú-thé pō͘-hūn sī Hái-lâm-tó.

## Hêng-chèng-khu
*Hái-kháu-chhī (海口市)
*Sam-a-chhī (三亞市)
*Tam-chiu-chhī (儋州市)
*Sam-soa-chhī (三沙市)
*Khêng-hái-chhī (瓊海市)
*Bān-lêng-chhī (萬寧市)
*Ngó͘-chí-san-chhī (五指山市)
*Tang-hng-chhī (東方市)
*Bûn-chhiong-chhī (文昌市)
*Lîm-ko-koān (臨高縣)
*Têng-māi-koān (澄邁縣)
*Tēng-an-koān (定安縣)
*Tūn-chhiong-koān (屯昌縣)
*Chhiong-kang Lê-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (昌江黎族自治縣)
*Pe̍k-soa Lê-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (白沙黎族自治縣)
*Khêng-tiong Lê-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (瓊中黎族苗族自治縣)
*Lêng-chúi Lê-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (陵水黎族自治縣)
*Pó-têng Lê-cho̍k Biâu-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (保亭黎族苗族自治縣)
*Lo̍k-tong Lê-cho̍k Chū-tī-koān (樂東黎族自治縣)
*Iông-phó͘ Keng-chè Khai-hoat-khu (洋浦經濟開發區)

## Jîn-kháu

## Le̍k-sú

## Tē-lí

## Bûn-hòa

## Chham-khó


Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok ê séng