open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Boâ-chiam

**Bôa-chiam** (Hàn-jī: 磨針; Eng-gí: burr)  sī khí-kho sú-iōng lâi siu-bôa chhùi-khí ê ke-sī, ē-sái tī thūn-chhùi-khí ê sî-chūn the̍h-lâi bôa-tû chiù-chhng ,mā ē-sái tī beh chò ké-chhùi-khí ê sî-chūn iōng-lâi siū-hêng chún-pī chhùi-khí, he̍k sú-iōng tī kî-thaⁿ ū su-iàu bôa tio̍h chhùi-khí ê to·-ha̍p. Ū-sî-chūn ē kā i kiò-chò **chǹg-á** (*drill bit*), m̄-koh chǹg-á ê hâm-ì khah e̍h-sè kan-taⁿ ū chǹg-khang ê ì-sù, bôa-chiam m̄-nā ē chǹg-khang koh ē siah ē bôa . 

Bôa-chiam ū kúi-nā-chióng, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ khoàiⁿ--ê sī tàu tī ko-sok chhiú-ki-á (*high-speed handpiece*) ê hit-chióng. Kî-thaⁿ iáu-ū, chhin-chhiūⁿ tàu tī bān-sok oan-kak chhiú-ki (*low-speed contra-angle handpiece*) ê bôa-chiam, i ê pèⁿ ū phòa-khih, chhùn-chhioh pí chêng 1 chióng khah-tōa khah-tn̂g. Koh-ū chit-chióng sī tàu tī ban-sok ti̍t chhiú-ki (*low-speed straight handpiece*) ê bôa-chiam, i ê chhùn-chhioh koh khah-tn̂g.  

## Koh-iūⁿ ê bôa-chiam

Chiàu choán-sok lâi hun:

#bān-sok bôa-chiam (500-15,000 rpm), pèⁿ ê ti̍t-kèng 3/32 inch (2.4 mm); oan-kak chhiú-ki iōng--ê ê tn̂g-tō· tāi-iok 22 mm; ti̍t chhiú-ki ēng--ê ê tn̂g-tō· tāi-iok 5 kong-hun.
#ko-sok bôa-chiam (100,000-800,000 rpm), pèⁿ ê ti̍t-kèng 1/16 inch (1.6 mm), tn̂g-tō· tāi-iok 2 kong-hun chó-iū, ū chhiat-siah lêng-le̍k ê pō·-ūi ê chia̍t-bīn ti̍t-kèng tāi-iok bē chhiau-kòe 3 mm.

Chiàu chit-liāu lâi hun:

#thòaⁿ-kǹg bôa-chiam (*carbide burr*)
#o·-kǹg bôa-chiam (*tungsten carbide burr*)
#soān-chio̍h môa-chiam (*diamond burr*) :
::Ū-ê tēng-gī kóng, môa-chiam sī kí hoán-sî-kè (couterclockwise) tńg-se̍h chiah-ū chhiat-siah ê kong-lêng ê ke-si, soān-chio̍h môa-chiam in-ūi 2 ê hong-hiòng lóng ē-sái bôa, só·-í kā lēng-gōa kiò-chò soān-chio̍h bôa-chio̍h (*diamond stone*).

Chiàu hêng-thài lâi hun:

#îⁿ-hêng bôa-chiam (*round burr*) (1/4-10)
#hoan-liàn-tńg îⁿ-chui-thé bôa-chiam (*inverted cone burr*) (31 1/4-44)
#pêⁿ-bīn ti̍t-hêng lia̍t-kau bôa-chiam (*plain straight fissure burr*) (551/2-62)
#hoâiⁿ-chhiat ti̍t-hêng lia̍t-kau bôa-chiam (*crosscut straight fissure burr*) (556-563)
#pêⁿ-bīn îⁿ-chui-thé lia̍t-kau bôa-chiam (*plain tapered fissure burr*) (69-73)
#hoâiⁿ-chhiat îⁿ-chui-thé lia̍t-kau bôa-chiam (*crosscut tapered fissure burr*) (699-703)
#chhia-lián-hêng bôa-chiam (*wheel burr*) (111/2-16)
#íⁿ-hêng bôa-chaim (*bud burr*) (441/2-51)
#lâi-á-hêng bôa-chiam (*pear burr*) (230-232)
#tn̂g-ko-îⁿ bôa-chiam (*oval burr*) (218-221)
#îⁿ-chui-thé bôa-chiam (*cone burr*) (221/2-33)
#hóe-iām-hêng bôa-chiam (*flame burr*) (242-246)

Chiàu kong-lêng lâi hun:

#toan-chhiat bôa-chiam (*end-cutting burr*)
#ó·-khang bôa-chiam (*excavating burr*)
#bôa-iù bôa-chiam (*finishing burr*) mā kiò-chò thiâm-that bôa-iù bôa-chiam (*plug-finishing burr*)
#thui-kim bôa-chiam (*polishing burr*)

hoâiⁿ-chhiat bôa-chiam (*crosscut burr*) mā kiò-chò kì-khí bôa-chiam (*dentate burr*)
ti̍t-hêng lia̍t-kau bôa-chiam (*straight fissure burr*) kap toan-chhiat bôa-chiam (*end-cutting burr*) tâng-chê mā kiò-chò îⁿ-thiāu-thé bôa-chiam (*cylinder burr*)

Chìn-chi̍t-pō· chhiáⁿ-khòaⁿ tńg-se̍h chhiat-siah kang-kū (khí-kho) (*rotary cutting instrument*).
Seⁿ-si̍t hē-thóng

**Seⁿ-si̍t hē-thóng** (生殖系統; Eng: *reproductive system*) sī seng-bu̍t ēng lâi seⁿ-thoàⁿ ēng ê khì-koan ham siong-koan ê mi̍h cho͘-sêng ê hē-thóng. Chhiūⁿ kóng bú ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê seⁿ-si̍t hē-thóng tō ū nn̄g (ova), seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē (uterus), im-tō (vagina), kap 1 chióng hō chò hiâu-kháng-sò͘ (estrogen) ê ho͘-lú-bóng; m̄-koh leng it-poaⁿ bô sǹg tī sè-si̍t hē-thóng. Thaû-tùi-chú (gamete) mā sǹg tiàm sè-si̍t hē-thóng lāi-té.
Hái-chháu

Hái-iûⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k kóng--ê **hái-chháu** ia̍h **hái-chó** kí jīm-hô 1 chióng toà hái-chúi-té ê toā-châng to-sè-pau chó-lūi (*algae*). Ē-tàng chò chia̍h-mi̍h ê hái-chháu hō chò hái-chhài. Hái-chháu ē-tàng kin-kù in ê sek-sò͘ (*pigment*) pun chò chong-sek--ê (Phaeophyta), âng-sek--ê (Rhodophyta), chheⁿ-sek--ê (Chlorophyta).
Tiōng-khong

**Tiōng-khong** (仲康) sī Hā-tiâu tē-sì-jîm kok-ông. Khé ê kiáⁿ, Thài-khong ê sió-tī.
Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si

**Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si** sī Pā-pī-ló͘-nī-à (*Babylonia*) ê 1-siú sū-sū-si.  Chit-siú sū-sū-si it-poaⁿ hông kóng-chò sī kah taⁿ hoat-hiān siōng kó͘-chá ê bûn-ha̍k chok-phín, m̄-koh si̍t-chè-siōng sī ū pí i koh khah chá ê chok-phín tī-leh--ê.

Gilgamesh sī sîn-oē lāi-té só͘ kóng ê 1-ê kok-ông, khe-khó i ê nî-tāi chha-put-to sī tī se-goân-chêng 2650-nî hit-tah, ū chi̍t-hē-thóng ê Ki-en-gir (Eng-gí: *Sumer*) thoân-soat kap si, lóng siu tī āu--lâi ê Akkad-gí ê tn̂g si--ni̍h, hiān-chhú-sī siōng-kài ka-nn̂g ê pán-pún sī se-goân-chêng 7-sè-kí ê Assyr ông Ashurbanipal ê chu-khò͘ lāi-té hit 11-tè chio̍h-pán.

Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si tī kó͘-chá-sî sī chin chhut-miâ koh chin chē lâng chai--ê, lāi-té 1-toāⁿ kóng-tio̍h chò-toā-chúi ê kò͘-sū, hō͘ āu--lâi ê lâng kóng-chò sī Mesopotamia-pán ê Ná-a ê Toā-chûn.

Chit-siú sū-sū-si chú-iàu sī teh kóng Gilgamesh kap i ê pêng-iú Enkidu ê koan-hē, Gilgamesh in-ūi chò-ông ê tāi-chì kám-kak hoân-ló koh loé-chì, in-ūi i sī chin pháiⁿ ê ông, só͘-í sîn ēng thô͘ chō Enkidu lâi kap i tàu-sè, 2-ê lâng ū chin-chē lāng-hiám ê oa̍h-tōng. Chit lāi-té, koh te̍k-pia̍t kóng-kioh Enkidu sí liáu-āu Gilgamesh kám-chêng-tek sit-lo̍h.

Tha̍k Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si phó-thong lóng-sī tha̍k hoan-e̍k ê pán-pún, Gilgamesh mā piàn-chò tāi-chiòng bûn-hoà ê 1-ê siōng-teng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Mesopotamia
Ilias

**Ilias** (Kó͘-Hi-lia̍p-bûn: Ἰλιάς, *Ilias*, Latin-gí: *Iliad*) kap Odusseia (Eng-bûn: *Odyssey*) sī 2-siú Hi-lia̍p kó͘-chá ê sū-sū-si, it-poaⁿ sī kā Homeros tòng-chò in ê chok-chiá. Homeros thiaⁿ-kóng sī 1-ê ba̍k-àm ê Ionia si-jîn.

Ha̍k-chiá tùi tàu-té ū Homeros chit-ê lâng--bô, koh nā-chún ū, kám sī kāng-chi̍t-ê lâng, iáu teh chhia-poâⁿ. Che iā-chiū-sī kóng, Ilias kap Odusseia kám sī 1-ê chok-chiá siá--chhut-lâi-ê, ia̍h-chiá-sī chiâⁿ-chē phû-lōng si-jîn keng-koè tn̂g sî-kan chò-hoé chhòng-chok--ê, taⁿ iáu bô khak-tēng ê tap-àn. Chóng--sī lán ē-tàng chin chheng-chhó khoàⁿ-chhut chit-2-siú sū-sū-si sī tùi 1-ê chin kú-tn̂g ê khó͘-thoân-koa-si thoân-thóng seⁿ-thoàⁿ--ê, mā tùi āu--lâi ê Hi-lia̍p, Lô-má kap Au-chiu bûn-hoà sán-seng put-chí-á toā ê éng-hióng.

Toā-pō͘-hūn ha̍k-chiá kā téng-koân chit-2-siú sū-sū-si khoàⁿ-chò Hi-lia̍p gí-giân siōng-chá ê bûn-ha̍k chok-phín, m̄-koh mā ū lâng jīn-ûi Hesiodos (Eng-gí: Hesiod) ê chok-phín nî-tāi koh khah chá. 20-sè-kí ê toā-pō͘-hūn sî-kan, Ilias kap Odusseia ê nî-tāi lóng hông lia̍h-chò sī tī se-goân-chêng 8-sè-kí, m̄-koh chit-má chiâⁿ-chē ha̍k-chiá (pau-koat Martin West kap Richard Seaford chāi-lāi) jīn-ûi èng-kai sī tī se-goân-chêng 7-sè-kí he̍k-chiá-sī 6-sè-kí iā-kú-káⁿ.

Ilias ê loē-iông kap Troia (Τροία, mā kóng-chò Ilion Ίλιον) chiàn-cheng siōng-boé 1-tang (tē-10 tang) ê tāi-chì ū tī-tāi. "Ilias" chit-ê jī sī "koan-hē-tio̍h Ilion" ê ì-sù. "Ilion" sī siâⁿ-chhī ê miā-hō, nā "Troia" sī í Ilion chò tiong-sim ê siâⁿ-chhī pang-kok, 2-ê sû tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sio-thè-oāⁿ lâi sú-iōng.
Ke̍k-té-chiu-kî he̍k-chheⁿ

**Ke̍k-té-chiu-kî he̍k-chheⁿ** (ultra-short-period planets) sī kúi-tō chiu-kî (orbital period) bô kaù 1 kang ê he̍k-chheⁿ, in leh se̍h ê chheⁿ tiāⁿ-tio̍h bô kaù 0.88 poē ji̍t-thaû chit-liōng. In phēng pa̍t chióng he̍k-chheⁿ koh-khah oá leh se̍h ê chheⁿ. 

Hiān-chú-sî tī gîn-hô-hē ū chhoē tio̍h 5 lia̍p ke̍k-té-chiu-kî he̍k-chheⁿ.
Goā-phoê hē-thóng

**Goā-phoê hē-thóng** (integumentary system) sī pau tiàm seng-bu̍t goā-khaú-bīn, kā seng-bu̍t ham khoân-kéng keh--khui, pó-hō͘ seng-bu̍t, kám-kak khoân-kéng piàn-hoà ê khì-koan cho͘-sêng ê hē-thóng. Phoê-hu, thaû-mo͘, ú-mô͘, hî-lân (scale), chéng-kah, koāⁿ-choâⁿ (sweat gland), koāⁿ, siûⁿ (mucus) téng-téng lóng sǹg tī goā-phoê hē-thóng.
Khé

**Khé** (啟) sī Hā-tiâu tē-i̍t-jīm kok-ông (ia̍h ū-lâng lia̍h-chòe sī tē-jī-jīm). Sìⁿ Sāi, Ú-ông Sāi Bûn-bēng ê kiáⁿ, lāu-bú sī Thô·-soaⁿ-sī-cho̍k ê cha-bó͘·. Kiáⁿ chí-chiò ū gō·-lâng,  kî-tiong ū Thài-khong (太康) kap Tiōng-khong (仲康).
Mahabharata

**Mahabharata** (Devanagari-bûn siá-chò महाभारत) sī kó͘-chá Ìn-tō͘ ê 1-phiⁿ chong-kàu-tek, tiat-ha̍k-tek, sîn-oē-tek sū-sū-si. Mahabharata mā sī Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê 1-phō sèng-chu, m̄-nā án-ne, Mahabharata koh sī sè-kài-siōng 3-toā sū-sū-si lāi-té ê 1-siú, koh i hām Ramayana mā kāng-sî sī kó͘-chá Ìn-tō͘ ê 2-siú chú-iàu ê Sanskrit ê sū-sū-si.

Mahabharata lóng-chóng ū chhiau-koè 74,000-chiat, koh lēng-goā ū chin tn̂g ê sàn-bûn ê pō͘-hūn, jī-sò͘ chha-put-to ū 180-bān, sī choân-sè-kài siōng-tn̂g ê sū-sū-si. Pí--khí-lâi, Mahabharata iok-kî-lio̍k sī Sèng-keng tn̂g-tō͘ ê 4-poē, koh tāi-iok sī Ilias hām Odusseia ka--khí-lâi ê 10-poē, nā kap Ramayana pí, Mahabharata mā ū i ê 4-poē hiah tn̂g--leh.

Tī Ìn-tō͘, Mahabharata ū chin khoah koh chin chhim ê chong-kàu kap tiat-ha̍k tiōng-iàu-sèng, chit-tiám, tùi i te̍k-pia̍t hō͘ lâng siu tī Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê keng-su Bhagavad Gita lāi-té, tō khoàⁿ-ē--chhut-lâi.

"Mahabharata" ê ì-sù sī "Úi-tāi ê Bharata", ēng chit-má ê oē lâi kóng, tō-sī "Úi-tāi ê Ìn-tō͘" ia̍h-sī "Bharata ông-tiâu úi-tāi ê kò͘-sū" ê ì-sù.

Thoân-thóng ê kóng-hoat lóng sī kā Vyasa tòng-chò chok-chiá. Chóng--sī chit-siú sū-sū-si kài tn̂g--leh, kú-tn̂g í-lâi, koan-hē i ê bûn-hiàn gián-kiù, lóng ti̍t-ti̍t siūⁿ-beh hun-thiah i tī bô-kâng le̍k-sú sî-tāi ê hoat-tián kap cho͘-ha̍p. Chit-siú sū-sū-si ê kin-thâu kiám-chhái sī tī se-goân-chêng tē-8 ia̍h tē-9 sè-kí, m̄-koh hiān-chhú-sî chit-ê pán-pún siōng-chá ê nî-tāi èng-kai bē khah chá koè se-goân-chêng 400-nî.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Ìn-tō͘ bûn-hòa
Kau-hiáng-khek

**Kau-hiáng-khek** sī ūi kau-hiáng-ga̍k-thoân chok ê tn̂g-phiⁿ chhòng-chok-khek, it-poaⁿ pun kúi-ā-ê ga̍k-chiong. 

18 sè-kí boé tī Tek-gí sè-kài ê kó͘-tián-sek kau-hiáng-khek ū 4 ga̍k-chiong: thâu 1 chiuⁿ it-poaⁿ sī khoài-chàu ê *[[sonata]]* hêng-sek; tē 2 chiuⁿ pàng bān; tē 3 chiuⁿ ē-sái sī *minuet*-kap-*trio* iah-sī bú-khek-sek (*scherzo*) ê hêng-sek; tē 4 chiuⁿ hoan-thâu tńg-khì khoài-chàu ê *sonata* ia̍h *rondo-sonata* hêng-sek. Hit-tang-chūn ê ga̍k-thoân phēng āu--lâi khah sè cho͘, kan-taⁿ an-pâi ga̍k-khì, bô lâng-siaⁿ.

Beethoven chū i ê Tē-6-hō Kau-hiáng-khek khai-sí chhì sin ga̍k-chiong kiat-kò͘ kiam chham koá piau-tê im-ga̍k (program music) ê sêng-hun ji̍p-khì. I ê Tē-9-hō Kau-hiáng-khek ê boé chiuⁿ ke-thiⁿ siaⁿ-ga̍k-chiá. Lō͘-boé ê kau-hiáng-khek ê keh-sek tō lóng ke chin oa̍t-phoa̍t. Lô-mán-phài si-kî ián-piàn pìⁿ ga̍k-chiong kiat-kò͘ ke khah ū piàn-hoà, ga̍k-khì an-pâi khah ū piàn, piau-tê im-ga̍k ê chú-tê ì-sek khah bêng.

20 sè-kí ê kau-hiáng-khek soà-chiap téng sè-kí to-goân-hoà ê chhu-sè. Kau-hiáng-ga̍k ê hêng-sek ná lâi ná bô 1 ê tiāⁿ-tio̍h ê piau-chún. Ē-sái kóng, kìⁿ-nā toā-hêng--ê, ū pān--ê ê kau-hiáng-ga̍k-khek tō lóng thèng-hó koà chit ê miâ.
Koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân

**Koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân** sī 1 chióng ga̍k-khì cho͘-ha̍p, siōng chia̍p iōng lâi chàu Se-hng-sek ê kó͘-tián im-ga̍k. Cha̍p-choân ê koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân (iok-liōng 104 ê ga̍k-su) hō chò kau-hiáng-ga̍k-thoân (*symphony orchestra*) ia̍h ài-ga̍k (*philharmonic [orchestra]*). Kui-bô͘ khah sè ê ga̍k-thoân (iok-liōng 40 lâng) hō chò sek-lāi koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân (*chamber orchestra*).
Leng-phè-á

**Leng-phè-á** (Hàn-jī: 奶帕仔), mā thang kiò choè **bū-lá-jià** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: ブラジャー), sī kā cha-bó͘-lâng ê leng thiāⁿ leh ia̍h-sī am-khàm ê lāi-saⁿ pò͘.

Se-iûⁿ-sek ê leng-phè-á tī 1920 nî-tāi hoat-bêng, siōng toā ê cheng-chha sī ū 2 tè khok-á khàm leng-chhang.
## Tô͘-phìⁿ

Image:Fig2Sthethodesme ou Fascia d'apres une statue antique.gif|Au-chiu chá-chêng ê leng-phè-á.
Image:USpatent no1920705from1930.gif|1930 nî, hiān-tāi-sek--ê.
Tungsten-kǹg

**Tungsten-kǹg** he̍k **O͘-kǹg** (Hàn-jī: 鎢鋼; Eng-gí: tungsten carbide), hun-chú-sek siá WC he̍k W2C, sī hâm-ū tungsten kap thoàⁿ ê hòa-ha̍k-bu̍t, kap titanium carbide sio-siâng. In-ūi i ê tēng-tō͘ hui-siông koân, tiāⁿ hō͘-lâng the̍h-lâi tāi-thè soān-chio̍h chò chhiat-siah ê kang-kū, géng-bôa-châi, kap bearing. O͘-kǹg mā in-ūi i ê nāi-bôa-sèng hō͘-lâng sú-iōng lâi chò chhiú-pió-toà kap kiat-hun chhiú-chí.
Odusseia

***Odusseia*** (Hi-lia̍p-gí: Ὀδύσσεια) sī kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p 2-siú chú-iàu ê sū-sū-si lāi-té ê 1-siú (lēng-goá hit-siú sī Ilias), it-poaⁿ lóng kā chok-chiá tòng-chò sī Homeros. Chit-siú si ê nî-tāi iok-kî-lio̍k sī tī se-goân-chêng 800 kàu 600-nî tiong-kan, loē-iông ū chi̍t-pō͘-hūn sī Ilias ê āu-chhut, siú-iàu sī kóng Hi-lia̍p ê eng-hiông Odysseus, tī kā Troia kong-phoà-siâⁿ liáu-āu ê phiau-lōng, i kiat-sok kú-tn̂g ê phiau-lōng chìn-chêng só͘ tú-tio̍h ê tāi-chì, kap i siōng-boé--ah chóng-sǹg tńg-khì i goân-té ê ko͘-hiong Ithaki.

10-tang ê chiàn-cheng siu-soah liáu-āu, Hi-lia̍p kun-tūi in-ūi tit-sit hái-sîn Poseidon, kiat-kó chûn-phoà chiâu sí, kan-taⁿ Odysseus khò kè-tì thô-seng, m̄-koh soah khai 10-tang chiah tńg-khì kàu Ithaki, in-ūi chha-put-to ta̍k-ê lóng liōng-kóng i í-keng koè-seng--ah, i bô tī-leh ê hit 20-tang, in kiáⁿ Telemachus kap in bó͘ Penelope tio̍h liú-la̍k kiông poaⁿ ji̍p in chhù ê chi̍t-tīn chin áu-bân ê tui-kiû-chiá, chit-tīn lâng hō͘-siong kau-piàⁿ, beh Penelope kè--in.

Odusseia sī Se-kok keng-tián--ni̍h chiâⁿ ki-pún ê 1-phō, kah hiān-chhú-sî, tī sè-kài ta̍k-só͘-chāi, lóng iáu ū lâng teh tha̍k, m̄-koán sī tha̍k Homeros sî-tāi ê Hip-lia̍p goân-bûn, he̍k-chiá-sī hoan-e̍k-pún, taⁿ chit-siú si í-keng chia̍p hō͘ lâng ìn-pán--ah, m̄-koh tong-goân-chhe i sī khó͘-thoân--ê, hō͘ keng-koè hùn-liān ê phû-lōng si-jîn chhiùⁿ--ê, chhiùⁿ ê gí-giân sī 1-chióng thàu-lām ê kó͘-chá Hi-lia̍p hong-giân, koh poè-ha̍p 1-khoán kiông-jio̍k-jio̍k-keh la̍k-pō͘-keh ê si-ūn.

Chit-siú si ê kiat-kò͘ m̄-sī lia̍h-ti̍t kiâⁿ thàng boé--ê, pâi-pí ē-ēng-tit kóng chám-jiân-á hiān-tāi, koh loē-iông ū kā cha-bó͘-lâng kap kē-chân kai-kip ê tē-ūi sak-koân. Tī Eng-gí téng-téng ê gí-giân--ni̍h, Odusseia (Eng-gí: *Odyssey*) chit-ê sû mā í-keng hō͘ lâng the̍h lâi piáu-sī tn̂g-kî phiau-lōng ê lú-hêng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p
Židikai

**Židikai** sī chi̍t ê tī Lietuva Kiōng-hô-kok Telšiai Kūn Mažeikiai Koān Židikai Tiúⁿ-ló-khu ê chng-thâu. Chit-ê chng-thâu tī 2011 nî ê sî-chūn ū 440 ê lâng tòa.

## Chham-oa̍t
*Lietuva ê chng-thâu
## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Mažeikiai Koān Chū-tī-thé ê chng-thâu
Lūi-pia̍t:Židikai Tiúⁿ-ló-khu
Chheh

**Chheh** (冊) mā kóng-chò **chu** (書), sī 1-tiuⁿ 1-tiuⁿ choá kap-chò kui-pún, chi̍t-pêng ê kîⁿ he̍k-sī tèng he̍k-sī liâm tiâu--leh, thang hō͘ lâng hian lâi tha̍k, siōng goā-kháu koh ka chu-phoê pó-hō͘ lâi chò-chiâⁿ--ê. Ta̍k-tiuⁿ choá ê ta̍k-bīn, lóng kiò-chò 1-ia̍h.

Ū ê chheh-ia̍h m̄-sī ēng choá chò--ê, koh-khah-sī kó͘-chá iáu bô choá ê sî, mā ēng iûⁿ-phoê-choá ia̍h-sī pò͘ chò chheh, koh pí-lūn Tiong-kok kó͘-chá ê sî, tō-sī ēng tek-á chhiat-chò 1-phìⁿ 1-phìⁿ, kǹg-chò-hoé chò chheh.

Chheh-ia̍h ê téng-koân ū bûn-jī, ū-sî-chūn koh ū tô͘, tī ìn-pán ê ki-su̍t hoat-tián chìn-chêng, chheh tio̍h ēng chhiú 1-jī 1-jī siá ia̍h chhau--khí-lih, nā hiān-chhú-sî ê chheh lóng ìn-jī--ê khah chē. Koh nā bô si̍t-chè kā ìn--chhut-lâi, kan-taⁿ chò tiān-chú tóng-àn ê chheh, tō-sī tiān-chú-chheh.

Ài tha̍k chheh ê lâng tiāⁿ ē hō͘ lâng kóng-chò sī nn̄g-kha chheh-tû, ia̍h-sī chheh-ku-á.

Chheh ū khó-lêng hō͘ ha̍k-seng tha̍k liáu siá tha̍k-chheh pò-kò, mā hoān-sè ē ū choan-gia̍p ê chok-chiá siá chu-phêng lâi siāu-kài, ū-sî-chūn chi̍t-tīn lâng mā ē in-ūi hèng-chhù, cho͘ 1-ê tha̍k-chheh-hoē.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Information on Old Books, Smithsonian Libraries
* "Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World"
Sng-hòa a-lú-mih

**Sng-hoà a-lú-mih** (酸化--) sī kheng-gîn kap sng-sò͘ ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t, hòa-ha̍k-sek Al2O3 . Tī khòng-gia̍p, tô-chû, kap châi-liāu kho-ha̍k chia-ê thoân-thé, mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kā kiò-chò **alumina**.

## Sèng-chit

Al2O3 sī chi̍t chióng choa̍t-iân-thé, chóng-sī ū siong-tùi khah koân ê jia̍t-thoân-tó-sèng ().

## Chham-chiàu

Lūi-pia̍t:Bû-ki hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:A-lú-mih ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Sng-sò͘ ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t
Ú-tiū bî-pho poē-kéng hok-siā

Tī ú-tiū-ha̍k, **ú-tiū bî-pho poē-kéng hok-siā** (cosmic microwave background radiation) ia̍h **ûi-liû hok-siā** (relic radiation) kí 1 chióng ú-tiū moá-moá-sī ê tiān-chû hok-siā, tī 1965 nî hoat-hiān--ê. Ú-tiū-ha̍k-ka khah chē jīn-ûi che sī ú-tiū toā-phek-le̍k siōng chāi ê chèng-kì.
RNA

**RNA** sī Eng-gí *ribonucleic acid* ê sok-siá, kí 1 khoán hām seng-bu̍t ûi-thoân thêng-sū ū tī-tāi ê he̍k-sng (nucleic acid). RNA hun-chú sī 1 tiâu he̍k-kam-sng (nucleotide) ê ko-chū-bu̍t (polymer). RNA kap DNA cheng-chha tī RNA ê he̍k-kam-sng ū ribose-khoân kap uracil, ah DNA ū deoxyribose kap thymine. RNA it-poaⁿ sī ùi DNA choán-lio̍k lâi ê; hoa̍t-lo̍h chit ê thêng-sū ê chú-iàu kàⁿ-sò͘ hō chò RNA to-chū-mûi (polymerase). RNA ê choán-lio̍k-pún iōng lâi hoan-e̍k chò an-ki-sng (amino acid) ê ko-chū-bu̍t, hō chò nn̄g-pe̍h-chit.

Chi̍t-koá RNA mā ū chhui hoà-ha̍k hoán-èng ê châi-tiāu; chit khoán RNA hō chò RNA kàⁿ-sò͘ ia̍h ribozyme.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:RNA
Tiān-sī

**Tiān-sī** sī 1 chióng hn̄g-lō͘ ê thong-sìn hē-thóng, iōng lâi hòng-sàng kap siu-chiap ē tín-tāng ê iáⁿ kap siaⁿ. Siu-chiap tiān-sī sìn-sek ê ke-khì hō chò tiān-sī-ki (chóng--sī chia̍p-chia̍p oân-ná kā kiò chò "tiān-sī").
Thaksin Shinawatra

**Thaksin Shinawatra** (Thài-gí: ทักษิณ ชินวัตร, IPA: [tʰáksǐn tɕʰinnawát]; 1949 nî 7 goe̍h 26 tī Chiang Mai chhut-sì), seng-lí-lâng, Thài-kok chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t, Thài-kok-lâng Thiàⁿ Thài-kok-lâng Tóng ê thâu-lâng, bat chò koè siú-siòng, 2006 nî hō͘ kun-hong sak lo̍h-tâi. 

I ê chó͘-sian lâi-chū Kńg-tang mûi-chiu, sèⁿ "Khu" (丘), sī kheh-lâng. Thaksin ê Hàn-miâ hō-chòe **Khu Ta̍t-sin** (丘達新).
Abe Sinzô

**Abe Sinzô** (, ), sī Ji̍t-pún tē 90 kap 96 jīm ê siú-siòng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Ji̍t-pún ê Lōe-koh Chóng-lí Tāi-sîn
Leng-bô͘

:**''Leng** ia̍h **ni** ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù, chham-khó: Leng (Khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)*


*'Leng-bô͘**, **leng-chhang** ia̍h **leng''' chú-iàu sī kí bú ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t téng sin-tâng ê khì-koan, ēng lâi hun-pì leng thang chhī iù-eⁿ (infant). Leng-bô͘ hun-pì ê mi̍h mā hō chò leng. 

Ki-pún-tek, kang--ê mā ū leng, m̄-koh hán leh hoat-io̍k.
Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn

**Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn** (, kán-lio̍k: **Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn**, **Jī-chiàn**) sī 1939 nî kàu 1945 nî, Tông-bêng-kok kap Chhia-sim-kok chi-kan ê choân-kiû chiàn-cheng, sī jîn-lūi le̍k-sú chêng kah taⁿ kui-bô͘ siōng kài tōa, phò-hāi siōng chīn-pōng, sí-siong siōng kài chhi-chhám ê sî-kî. Tng jia̍t ê sî, bat khan-siap tio̍h 70 thóng ê kok-ka. Lio̍k-hái-khong to ū teh kau-chiàn, bóe-chhiú ê sí-bông jîn-sò͘ khah-chē 6-chheng-bān lâng. Tông-bêng-kun chiàn iâⁿ.

Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn kî-tiong, Ji̍t-pún hoat-khí ê chhim-lio̍k mā kiò Tāi Tang-a Chiàn-cheng; Ji̍t-pún tī ê Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê chiàn-tiûⁿ mā kiò Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn
Leng

:**''Leng** ia̍h **ni** ū kúi-nā-chióng ì-sù, chham-khó: Leng (Khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)*

*'Leng** ia̍h **ni''' sī bú ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê leng-choâⁿ (mammary gland) hun-pì ê êng-ióng-mi̍h. Bú--ê ē-hiáu hun-pì leng sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t siāng tiōng-iàu ê te̍k-sek, iáu bē-hiáu siau-hoà pa̍t chióng chia̍h-mi̍h ê iù-eⁿ lóng tio̍h khò chia̍h leng lâi khip-siu êng-ióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-bu̍t
Koeh-niau

**Koeh-niau** (ha̍k-miâ: *Diplazium esculentum*) sī 1 chióng ē-chia̍h-tit ê koeh-lūi (蕨類), tī A-chiu, Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ta̍k-ūi to ū tè chhoē.  Che kiám-chhái sī siāng chia̍p the̍h lâi chia̍h ê koeh-lūi.  Chē-chē Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu ê liāu-lí ū chham, ē-iōng-tit chheⁿ-chia̍h ia̍h chhá-chia̍h.  Tī Tâi-oân it-poaⁿ sī chhá ia̍h chú.

Koeh-niau mā hō chò **koeh-niau-chháu**, **koeh-niau-chhài**, **koè-kau-chhài** (che oân-na ū han-chî-hio̍h ê ì-sù ).

Tâi-oân sán-tē chú-iàu tī Lâm-tâu, Tâi-tang, Hoa-lian.  Joa̍h--lâng 5 goe̍h kàu 10 goe̍h chhut-sán siāng chē, chóng--sī thàu-nî-tang to ē-choh-tit.  It-poaⁿ chèng toà sip-sip, ìm-ńg ê ūi-á, chhan-chhiūⁿ kau-á-piⁿ, chhù-piⁿ.  Íⁿ boē khui-hio̍h chêng he̍k-chiá-sī chhím khui-hio̍h ê sî, tō kā bán--khí-lâi.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Koeh-lūi si̍t-bu̍t
Saⁿ-kak-hio̍h se-hoan-liân

Saⁿ-kak-hio̍h se-hoan-liân (Hàn-jī: 三角葉西番蓮; ha̍k-miâ: *Passiflora suberosa*) kui-sio̍k-tī Se-hoan-liân-kho, sī to-nî-seng soan-tîn-sèng siông-le̍k tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t. Chôan-ji̍t-chiò he̍k pòaⁿ-ji̍t-chiò ê khoân-kéng sī I kah-ì seng-tióng ê khoân-kéng. 

Tī Tâi-oân hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu, seng-tióng tī chhiū-nâ-piⁿ, koàn-bo̍k-châng, he̍k chhiûⁿ-á. Kui-nî-thàu-tang lóng-ē khui-hoe.

## Hêng-thài

Keng phòa jiû-nńg ê mo·, ū kńg-chhiu.

Hio̍h-á hō·-seng, ke-nn̄g-khoán saⁿ-kak-hêng, 3 lia̍t, lióng-bīn phòa mo·.

Hoe-go̍k lián-á-hêng, 5 lia̍t, n̂g-le̍k-sek, ti̍t-kèng ū-kàu 18 mm; bô hoe-pān, m̄-koh ū si-chōng ê hù-hoe-koan; hoe tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sêng-siang-sêng-tùi seⁿ tī hio̍h-á-pèⁿ kah keng sio-chiap ê só·-chāi (kòe-hīⁿ-khang-seⁿ, he̍k e̍k-seng). 

Chiuⁿ-kó chhin-chhiūⁿ kiû-hêng, se̍k-chúi āu chí-o·-sek.  


Image:Passiflora suberosa (fruit).jpg
Image:Passiflora suberosa.jpg
Siàu-khong

**Siàu-khong** (少康) sī Tiong-kok Hā-tiâu tē-la̍k-jîm kok-ông. Siòng ê kiáⁿ, Thú ê láu-pē.

Siàu-khong chāi-ūi sî Hā-tiâu khah kiông-sēng, sú-chheng "Siàu-khong Tiong-heng".
Hì (khì-koan)

**Hì-chōng** ia̍h **hì** sī chek-chui tōng-bu̍t ēng lâi chhoán-khùi ê 1 chióng ho͘-khip khì-koan. Chú-iàu ê kong-lêng sī kā tāi-khì-chân khip--ji̍p-lâi ê sng-sò͘ sàng ji̍p-khì hoeh-laû--nih, koh kā ùi hoeh-laû lâi ê CO₂ sàng--chhut-khì. Khì-thé kau-oāⁿ ê só͘-chāi tiàm tī kúi-nā pah-bān sè koh po̍h ê te̍k-sû sè-pau, hō chò hì-pau (alveoli).
Ē-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí

**Ē-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí** chit ki chhùi-khí ê khí-koan tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē lāi-té 14 chiu ê sî khai-sí kài-hòa, chhut-sì āu 10 chiu kài-hòa oân-sêng. 6 kó·-goe̍h ê sî chhut-khí (*erupt*), 18 kó·-goe̍h ê sî khí-thâu oân-choân hêng-sêng. Chit ki chhùi-khí sī siāng sè ki ê ni-khí. I kah téng-ham chèng-tiong ni mn̂g-khí ū chha-put-to ê gōa-hêng, m̄-koh khí-koan ê  chhiat-toan-khí-kún ê tn̂g-tō· pí kīn-oán-sim khah tn̂g. Khí-koan ê chhiat-toan-khí-kún ê tn̂g-tō· pí téng-ham khah té 1 mm. 

### Tûn-chhek-bīn (Labial)
Tûn-chhek bīn kan-taⁿ chin-chió ê tó·-tó·. Kīn-sim kap oán-sim ê pian-iân siong-tong--ê ti̍t, koh tòe tio̍h tn̂g-tek tauh-tauh-á siu-sok. Chhiat-toan pian-iân chiok po̍h, ùi téng-koân khòaⁿ--lo̍h-khí kā khí-koan pêng-hun choh 2-pêng.

### Sia̍t-chhek-bīn
Kah tûn-chhek bīn beh-kāng beh-kāng, m̄-koh kīn-sim kap oán-sim ê pian-iân tī khí-kún só·-chāi ū hián-tio̍h ê siu-sok , só·-í tī khí-kún só·-chāi sán-seng 1-ê é kap chiam ê sia̍t-chhek piáu-bīn. 

### Khí-kin
Chit ê khí-kin sī ti̍t--ê, ǹg khí-kin-chiam hong-hiòng chiām-chiām siu-sok.

### Khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ
Chit ê khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ ê hêng-chōng chham chhùi-khí ê gōa-hêng sio-siāng.
Phoê-hu

Tī tōng-bu̍t kái-phoà-ha̍k (zootomy) kap phoê-hu i-ha̍k (dermatology), **phoê-hu** () sī kí goā-phoê hē-thóng ê 1 ê khì-koan, ū kúi-ná chân ê siōng-phôe sè-pau (epithelium) seng-bu̍t cho͘-chit (biological tissues), ē-tàng pó-hō͘ sin-khu lāi-té ê kin-bah (muscle) kap khì-koan. Phoê-hu ti̍t-chiap kap khoân-kéng chiap-chhiok, sī sin-khu kap pēⁿ-goân (pathogen) tùi-te̍k siāng tiōng-iàu ê khì-koan. Phoê-hu koh ē-tit keh-jia̍t (thermal insulation), tiâu-hô thé-un, ū chhiok-kak, ha̍p-sêng bî-tá-mín D ham B. Phoê-hu tek-tek sī sin-khu siāng tiōng-iàu ê pō͘-ūi chi it.
Bé-oaⁿ-tîn

**Bé-oaⁿ-tîn** (Hàn-jī: 馬鞍藤; Eng-gí: Seahore vine morning glory; ha̍k-miâ: *Ipomoea pes-caprae*) mā kiò-chò **bé-oaⁿ-chháu**, **hāu-tîn**, he̍k **hāu-chhì**, kui-sio̍k-tī Soân-hoe-kho, Tâi-oân goân-seng-chéng, sī to-nî-seng, phih-phak-sèng bo̍k-chit tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t. 

I kah-ì kui-kang ū ji̍t ê só͘-chāi, hun-pò͘ tī hái-piⁿ tē-khu, soa-pō͘ kap san-ô͘-chiau lóng-ū, ū-sî mā-ē chhut-hiān tī pêⁿ-tē chheⁿ-po͘. I kui-tang khui-hoe, m̄-koh pa̍k-pō͘ koâⁿ-thiⁿ sî bē khui-hoe. I tī soa-po͘ ē-sái kò͘-tēng hái-soa, ū liông-hó ê tēng-soa lêng-le̍k. 

## Hêng-thài

Keng kim-ku̍t kng-seⁿ, sì-kè sô tn̂g-lò-lò, chat kan seⁿ-chhut put-tēng-kin. 

Hio̍h-á tan-hio̍h hō͘-seng, kek-chit (革質), seⁿ tio̍h chhiūⁿ bé-oaⁿ, hio̍h-pèⁿ tām-po̍h-á âng-sek.

Hoe hó-chhin-chhiūⁿ lāu-á, hún-âng-sek, hoe-lāu-á lāi-bīn chí-âng-sek; ti̍t-kèng siāng-toā ē-sái ta̍t-kàu 65 mm; chū-sàn-hoe-sū (聚繖花序), ùi hio̍h-pèⁿ hun-ki hia hoat--chhut-lâi.

Kóe-chí sī sok-kó (蒴果), chhiūⁿ kiû-hêng.
Se-hoan-liân

**Se-hoan-liân** (Hàn-jī: 西番蓮), **pah-hiang-kó** (百香果), he̍k **sî-kè-kó** (時計果); ha̍k-miâ: *Passiflora edulis*) kui-sio̍k-tī Se-hoan-liân-kho, sī to-nî-seng soan-tîn-sèng tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t.  I goân-té seⁿ tī Pa-se, phó͘-phiàn chèng tī jia̍t-tāi, a-jia̍t-tāi tē-khu.  I kah-ì kui-ji̍t ū ji̍t-thâu ê khoân-kéng.  Lâng chèng lâi ti̍h i ê chiap, chhiâng-chāi kap pa̍t-chióng kó-chiap thàu-lām chò-hoé lâi ke-thiⁿ i ê khì-bī.  Bī sng-sng tiⁿ-tiⁿ.

Tī Tâi-oân hun-pò· tī kē-hái-poa̍t kap tiong-hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu, khan-tîn tī chhiū-nâ piⁿ ê si̍t-bu̍t koân-téng, he̍k seng-tióng chāi khòng-khoah ê pha-hng-tē kap bô-lâng-kiâⁿ ê lîm-tō lō·-bīn. I sī kóng-hoān hun-pò· tī Tâi-oân ê kui-hoà-chéng koé-chí si̍t-bu̍t. 

## Hêng-thài

Hio̍h-á 3 lia̍t, pian-iân chhián-chhián kì-khí iân.

Hoe-hio̍h ū 5 hio̍h, hoe-go̍k mā 5 hio̍h chhiūⁿ hoe-hio̍h; hoe-hio̍h kap hoe-go̍k lóng-sī pe̍h-sek ê; koh-ū 1 lián oan-oan-khiau-khiau tn̂g-tn̂g chhiu-chhiu ki-pō· chí-sek ê hù-hoe-koan; hoe ê ti̍t-kèng siāng-toā ū 75 mm. 

Koé-chí sī chiuⁿ-kó seⁿ tio̍h îⁿ kiû-hêng he̍k tn̂g kiû-hêng; se̍k-chúi āu sī chí-sek (kiô-á-sek), ka-pi-sek, he̍k n̂g-sek; lāi-té nńg-kô͘-kô͘, hâm chē-chē lia̍p chí.  Pun 2 chióng goā-hêng:  1 khoán seⁿ chò n̂g-n̂g, ē-tit kap iū-á (grapefruit) phēng toā, goā-khak kim-ku̍t.  Lēng-goā 1 khoán seⁿ chò àm kiô-á-sek, khah bô lê-bóng toā, sêng-se̍k sî goā-phoê jiâu-jiâu, ta-sò.

## Siòng

Image:Passiflora_edulis.JPG|*Passiflora edulis*f. *flavicarpa*
Image:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|*Passiflora edulis*f. *flavicarpa*
Image:Purple passionfruit.jpg|Koé-chí


## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
Sió-tn̂g

Tī chi̍t-koá tōng-bu̍t, **sió-tn̂g** (Eng-gí: small intestine) sī siau-hoà hē-thóng lāi-té tiàm tī ūi kap toā-tn̂g tiong-ng ê pō͘-hūn. Jîn-lūi nā koè 5 hoè, tō ū 270~290 cm tn̂g. Sió-tn̂g ē-tit koh hun chò **[[cha̍p-jī-chí-tn̂g]]** (20 cm tn̂g), **[[khang-tn̂g]]** (100~110 cm) kap **[[hoê-tn̂g]]** (150~160 cm). Chia̍h-mi̍h ē ùi ūi ê iu-mn̂g (pylorus) sàng khì sió-tn̂g, chiah koh thaù-koè lùn-tāng (peristalsis) ê koè-thêng thong-koè sió-tn̂g.

Ū-tang-sî-á sió-tn̂g sī kí khang-tn̂g kap hoê-tn̂g.
Muhammad Yunus

**Muhammad Yunus** (Bengal-gí: , ), Bangladesh keng-chè-ha̍k-ka, bî-sìn-iōng (microcredit) ê khai-hoat-chiá, 2006 nî ê Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng ti̍t-chióng-jîn (kap Grameen Gîn-hâng kong-ke). 

Nobel Chióng ê phêng-gí: "in chhut-la̍t ùi ē-kha-chân khí-chō keng-chè kap siā-hoē khai-hoat". 

## Chham-khó
*http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/

Lūi-pia̍t:Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng tit-chióng-jîn
Lūi-pia̍t:Bangladesh jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Keng-chè-ha̍k-ka
Ferdinand Marcos

thumb|Ferdinand Marcos
**Ferdinand Marcos**, () sī Hui-li̍p-pin ê tē-cha̍p-jīm chóng-thóng kap to̍k-chhâi-chiá.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-li̍p-pin chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-li̍p-pin Chóng-thóng
Dhaka

**Dhaka** sī Bangladesh ê siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī, jîn-kháu ū 930 bān lâng (2006).
RNA kan-gāi

**RNA kan-gāi** (RNA interference, kán-siá **RNAi**) sī 1 chióng kīn-lâi hoat-hiān ê hun-chú ki-chè, ē-tàng kái-soeh **āu-choán-lio̍k ki-in siau-im** (post transcriptional gene silencing) ê hiān-siōng. Í-chá si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka hoat-kiàn ke-thiⁿ 1 ê ki-in ê gia̍h put-tàn bē ka-kiông i ê piáu-ta̍t (expression), soah tian-tò ē ná jio̍k-hoà.  Āu--lâi chiah liáu-kái siang-tiâu ê RNA (dsRNA) ē-tàng kan-gāi sū-lia̍t (sequence) beh-kâng (homologous) ê ki-in ê piáu-ta̍t.

RNA kan-gāi kòe-têng ê koan-kiàn sī siRNA, miRNA mā-ū lūi-sū kong-lêng.

Hoat-kiàn RNA kan-gāi ê Andrew Fire kap Craig Mello tī 2006 nî siū pan Nobel I-ha̍k Chióng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Seng-hòa-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:RNA
Toā-tn̂g

Tī chi̍t-koá tōng-bu̍t, **toā-tn̂g** (; ) sī siau-hoà hē-thóng lāi-té ùi bông-tn̂g (cecum) kaù kah ti̍t-tn̂g (rectum) ê pō͘-hūn, liōng-iok 1.5 kong-chhioh tn̂g, chiàm tn̂g-á 5 hūn 1. Toā-tn̂g chú-iàu hū-chek khip-siu chúi-hun, kā siau-hoà liáu bô beh ti̍h ê sái pâi tiāu.

Toā-tn̂g chiap tī sió-tn̂g ê hoê-tn̂g aū-piah, ē-tàng hun chò bông-tn̂g, thâng-iūⁿ-sûi (蟲樣垂), kiat-tn̂g (colon) kap ti̍t-tn̂g. Ū lâng kā kong-mn̂g-tō (anal canal) mā sǹg chò toā-tn̂g ê 1 pō͘-hūn. Ū-tang-sî-á toā-tn̂g to̍k-to̍k kí **kiat-tn̂g** ê pō͘-hūn nā-niā.
Tiong-hoâ Tāi-ha̍k

**Tiong-hoâ Tāi-ha̍k** (中華大學) sī Tâi-oân Sin-tek-chhī ê chong-ha̍p tāi-ha̍k. In tī 1990 nî chhòng-li̍p ê sî-chūn , sī **Tiong-hoâ Kang-ha̍k-īⁿ** (中華工學院), tī 1997 nî kái-ûi Tiong-hoâ Tāi-ha̍k. Chit-móa ê hāu-tiúⁿ sī Sa Íng-kia̍t.

## Ha̍k-īⁿ
*Kang ha̍k-īⁿ
*Kiàn-tio̍k kap kui-ōe ha̍k-īⁿ
*Kóan-lí ha̍k-īⁿ
*Jîn-bûn siā-hōe ha̍k-īⁿ
*Chu-sìn ha̍k-īⁿ
*Koan-kong ha̍k-īⁿ

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
*Tiong-hôa Tāi-ha̍k
Chhn̂g-kiû

**Chhn̂g-kiû** sī 1 hē-thóng ê kiû-sek iû-hì, kiû-tiâⁿ tiàm tī 1 tiuⁿ kiû-chhn̂g téng, kiû-khū chú-iàu sī 1 ki tu̍h kiû iōng--ê tn̂g kùn-á, hō chò *kiû-tī* ia̍h *kiû-chhê*.  Kiû tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chò-chi̍t-ē kúi-ā-lia̍p kho̍k-kho̍k-lìn, put-sî ē sio-lòng, sio-khok.  Só͘-í chhn̂g-kiû ia̍h ū hō chò **tu̍h-kiû**, **lòng-kiû**, **tōng-kiû**.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*
*

Lūi-pia̍t:Iû-hì
Lūi-pia̍t:Su-pò͘-chuh
Koaⁿ

:*Kan-sia̍p chi̍t ê [[chit-gia̍p]]--ê ì-sù, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[koaⁿ-oân]].*

**Koaⁿ** ia̍h **koaⁿ-chōng** sī chek-chui tōng-bu̍t ê 1 chióng khì-koan. Koaⁿ tī sin-tîn-tāi-siā chin tiōng-iàu, koh ē-tàng lia̍p-chek koaⁿ-thn̂g (glycogen), ha̍p-sêng hoeh-chiuⁿ nn̄g-pe̍h-chit (plasma protein), kái-to̍k, ... téng-téng. Siau-hoà ài ēng--tio̍h ê táⁿ-chiap (bile) mā sī koaⁿ leh hū-chek chè-chō.
Náu

Tōng-bu̍t ê **naú** ia̍h **naú-chhé** (Eng-gí: brain) sī kí tiong-chhu sîn-keng hē-thóng (central nervous system) ê khòng-chè tiong-sim. Toā-hūn tōng-bu̍t ê naú tiàm tī thaû--nih, hō͘ thaû-khak-oáⁿ (skull) pó-hō͘ tiâu, kap chú-iàu ê ti-kak khì-koan chin sio-oá, chhiūⁿ kóng sī-kak (vision), thèng-kak (hearing), bī-kak (taste), kap hiù-kak (olfaction). Jîn-lūi ê naú sī hū-chek su-khó (thought) ê khì-koan. Choân-pō͘ ê chek-chui tōng-bu̍t lóng ū naú, ah nā bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t (invertebrate) ū-ê ū chi̍p-tiong ê naú, ū-ê sī ū chin chē sîn-keng-chat (ganglion). Naú ē-tit chin ho̍k-cha̍p, pí-lūn kóng jîn-lūi ê naú ū chhiau-koè 1000 ek ê sîn-keng-goân (neuron), ta̍k ê sîn-keng-goân koh kap lēng-goā kúi-nā chheng ê chiap chò-hoé.
Siu-ho̍k-thé (khí-kho)

**Siu-ho̍k-thé** (*restoration*) sī beh siu-ho̍k chiù--khì ê chhùi-khí, hoê-ho̍k goân-té ê kong-lêng kap hêng-thài, he̍k cheng-ka chhùi-khí ê bí-koan. Siu-ho̍k-thé ū kúi-á-chióng châi-chit, siu-ho̍k ê hong-hoat ē-sái hun-chò ti̍t-chiap kap kàn-chiap 2 khoán. Ti̍t-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé sī tī chhùi-lāi chò--ê, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī it-poaⁿ só·-kóng ê thūn-chhùi-khí; ah kàn-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé sī tī chhùi-goā ê ki-kang-sek chè-chō hó chiah liâm khì chhùi-khí. Kàn-chiap ê chò-hoat tī chhùi-khí chhia hó, siu-ho̍k-thé iàu-bē tàu--khì-lih chin-chêng, ài ū chi̍t-ê lîm-sî ê siu-ho̍k-thé seng khǹg tī chhùi-khí koân-téng, î-chhî kā-ha̍p khong-kan kap chiap-chhiok tiám, chhiok-chìn kap pó·-chhî khí-chiu kap khí-chhoé ê cho·-chit, í-bián siū-siong. 

Tiāⁿ khoàⁿ leh iōng ê ti̍t-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé ū gîn-sek ê gîn-hún, kap chhùi-khí-sek ê glass ionomer cement, resin-ionomer cement, ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí. Siâng-chāi iōng tio̍h ê kàn-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé ū kham-thé (khí-kho), koan-kài-thé (khí-kho), khí-lông, kap siuⁿ-bīn (鑲面, *veneer*); iōng tio̍h ê châi-chit ū ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí, iù-hûi-á (khí-kho), tô-chû (khí-kho), he̍k n̂g-kim khe-kim (khí-kho). 


Image:Composite resin fillng 1.jpg|Chìn-chêng ê ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap chiù-khí
Image:Composite resin fillng 2.jpg|Ē-té ū chiù-khí
Image:Composite resin fillng 3.jpg|Ēng ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí têng-thūn hó-sè
Bâ-chùi

**Bâ-chùi** (*anesthesia* he̍k *anaesthesia*) thoân-thóng-siōng sī kí-kóng thiàⁿ-kak he̍k kî-thaⁿ kám-kak ê chó·-toān, chó·-chí i ê thoân-tó. I ē-sái kiám-kheng he̍k bián-tû hoān-chiá tī chhiú-su̍t he̍k kî-thaⁿ tī-liâu koè-têng sî ê  thiàⁿ-thàng kap bô-sóng-khoài. 

## Chióng-lūi

Ū ē-kha chit kúi-chióng ê bâ-chùi:
*Choân-sin bâ-chùi (*general anaesthesia*) - chiām-sî sòng-sit ì-sek (*consciousness*) kap bô-sòng-khoài ê kì-tì (memory)
*Kio̍k-pō· bâ-chùi (*local anaesthesia*) - tī sin-khu ê kio̍k-pō· chù bâ-chùi-io̍h, hō· chiām-sî sit--khì kám-kak 
*Khu-he̍k bâ-chùi (*regional anaesthesia*) - tī sîn-keng he̍k chek-s'o (*spinal cord*) piⁿ-á chù bâ-io̍h hō· sin-khu bó· chi̍t-pō·-hūn chiām-sî sit--khì kám-kak mā khó-lêng ē chiām-sî sit--khì tōng-chok ê lêng-le̍k

Hō· hoān-chiá io̍h-á hō· kám-kak sóng-khoài he̍k kiám-chió chiau-cho, m̄-koh bô ín-khí bâ-chùi, he kiò-chò tīn-chēng (*sedation*).
Kau-kiû

**Kau-kiû** kí kúi-ā-chióng ī-hoat chhin-chhiūⁿ ê thé-io̍k ūn-tōng.  Ki-pún-tek pun 2 tīn kiû-tūi, siang-pêng ê kiû-oân giâ kùn-á sio-cheⁿ kā 1 lia̍p kiû ia̍h 1 tè îⁿ poâⁿ-á (hō chò *puck*) kòng ji̍p-khì tùi-chhiú ê bāng-á lāi.  In-ūi kùn-á oan-khiau (khó-pí J-hêng ia̍h L-hêng), bē-su kau-á ê hêng, tō kā hō chò "kau-kiû".

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*

Lūi-pia̍t:Su-pò͘-chuh
Lūi-pia̍t:Kau-kiû
Ko-sok chhiú-ki (khí-kho)

**Ko-sok chhiú-ki** (*high-speed handpiece*, dental drill; gê-chǹg-á) sī khí-kho beh thūn-chhùi-khí chìn-chêng the̍h-lâi boâ chiù-chhng ê ke-si, seⁿ-tiuⁿ bô-toā boâ ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ-kín. 

Ko-sok chhiú-ki kah boâ-chiam tâng-chê sú-iōng, boâ chiam ū thoàⁿ-kǹg ha̍p-kim--ê, tiān-tō· o·-kǹg·--ê, kui-ki o·-kńg--ê, kap boâ-chiam thâu pau soān-chio̍h--ê. Hiān-tāi ê ko-sok chhiú-ki ê choân-sok ē-sái koân-koè 800,000 rpm. 

Ko-sok chhiú-ki ē hoat-chhut lāi-kiàm-kiàm te̍k-sû ê siaⁿ-im, he sī tāi-hūn lâng kiaⁿ-khoàⁿ khí-kho ê goân-in chi-it.
Hoeh

**Hoeh** (血) ia̍h **huih** kap **hiat-e̍k** (血液), sī sûn-khoân hē-thóng lāi-té te̍k-sû-hoà ê seng-bu̍t cho͘-chit, tāi-thé sī kúi-nā chióng sè-pau tiàm tī hoeh-chiuⁿ (blood plasma)--nih. Chiah-ê sè-pau pau-hâm chah ho͘-khip ēng ê khì-thé, koh hō͘ hoeh âng-chhiah âng-chhiah ê chhiah-hoeh-kiû (red blood cell), kap pēⁿ tùi-te̍k ê pe̍h-hoeh-kiû (white blood cell), koh ū ē-tàng hō͘ hoeh gêng chò-hoé ê hoeh-pán-á (platelet).
Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)

**Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí** (*dental composite*) sī khí-kho iōng lâi thiâm-pó· chiù-khí ê châi-liāu. Kah kî-thaⁿ ê ho̍k-ha̍p châi-liāu (*composite material*) kāng-khoân, khí-kho ê ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí sī iû chhiū-chí ki-chit, chhin-chhiūⁿ methacrylate hit-lūi ê urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), kap bû-ki thiâm-liāu (*filler*) chhin-chhiūⁿ silicon dioxide silica lâi cho·-sêng. Thiâm-liāu chú-iàu sī tô-chû he̍k po-lê, ē kái-piàn ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí ê nāi-boâ-tō· (*resistance*) kap thang-kng-sèng. Ngó·-ha̍p-chē  (*coupling agent*) chhiūⁿ silane sī ēng-lâi ka-kiông chit 2 ê hêng-hūn chi-kan ê kiat-ha̍p. Iōng kng he̍k jia̍t chia-ê lêng-liōng ē chhiok-hoat ín-hoat-chē (*initiator*) lâi khai-sí ho̍p-ha̍p chhiū-chí ê chū-ha̍p hoán-èng (*polymerization*).  Chhui-hoà-chē ē-sái khòng-chè hoán-èng ê sok-tō·.
Iù-hûi-á

**Iù-hûi-á** (; ) sī tī hûi-iô lāi-té kō͘ koân-un sio-·chhut-lâi ê tô-chû. The̍h-lâi sio iù-hûi-á ê châi-liāu sêng-hūn chú-iàu sī feldspar, silica, kap kaolin, í-ki̍p khòaⁿ su-iàu chiah ka-ji̍p ê potash, soda, ia̍h-sī chio̍h-hoe. Iù-hûi-á ê te̍k-sèng sī po-lê-hoà, thang-kng, tēng-tēng, chhè-chhè, bē kòe-chúi, bē kòe-tiān, nāi hòa-ha̍k chhim-si̍t, nāi jia̍t chhiong-kek. I sī pe̍h-sek ·ê, mā ū khó-lêng sī kî-thaⁿ jîn-kang ê sek-chúi. 

Iù-hûi-á hŏng the̍h-lâi chè-chō chàu-kha pn̄g-toh-á ê óaⁿ-pôaⁿ, piān-só͘ ia̍h e̍k-keng ê ōe-seng siat-pī, phòe-kéng-phín, gē-su̍t-phín, kap thài-luh. In-ūi i bē kòe-tiān, mā hŏng the̍h-lâi chò choa̍t-iân ê hûi-á-chím kap hûi-á-óaⁿ. Khí-kho mā kā the̍h-lâi chò khí-lông, siuⁿ-bīn.
Bangkok

**Bangkok** () sī Thài-kok ê siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

## Chôan-miâ
Bangkok chit-ê tē-miâ chôan-pō͘ ê hâm-thâu, hō-kiò:

:*Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit*

Thài-gí:
:กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยามหาดิลกภพ นพรัตน์ราชธานี บุรีรมย์อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยะวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ ()

Ì-sù:
:Thiⁿ-sài chi siâⁿ, úi-tāi chi siâⁿ, éng-sûi-put-hiú ê chu-pó chi siâⁿ, giám-ngē ê Indra chi siâⁿ, sè-kài chi-tiong chi̍t-ê êng-he̍k kiú lia̍p pó-chio̍h ê hông-tāi siú-to͘ , khòai-lo̍k chi siâⁿ, chhiong-bóan-liáu kū-tāi ê hông-kiong, ná-siòng thiⁿ-téng chóan-sè sîn-bêng ê chū-só͘ , chi̍t-ê Indra hù-û, Vishnukam kiàn-chō ê siâⁿ.

Chit-ê tē-miâ sī Guinness Kì-lio̍k lāi-bīn sè-kài siōng-tn̂g ê tē-miâ.

## Chham-khó
Amazonas

**Amazonas** ū ē-kha kúi-ā-chióng ì-sù, in ê gí-goân lóng hām Amazonas ê sîn-oē ū tī-tāi. Chit jī tùi-tâng ê Eng-gí sī Amazon, mā chin chia̍p sú-iōng.

## Tē-lí
* Amazonas Hô
* Amazonas Ú-lîm
* Amazonas Phûn-tē
* Amazonas (hêng-chèng-khu):
** Amazonas Séng, Colombia
** Amazonas Khu, Perú
** Alto Amazonas Séng, Perú
** Amazonas Chiu (Pa-se)
** Amazonas Chiu (Venezuela)
* Amazônia Legal, Pa-se chèng-hú tēng--ê tē-he̍k.
* Amazonis Planitia, Hoé-chheⁿ téng-bīn ê pêng-goân.

## Kî-thaⁿ
* Amazon.com
Amazon

**Amazon** khó-lêng ê ì-sù ū:

* Amazon (kong-si)
* Amazon lâng

Tùi-tâng ê Se-pan-gâ-gí kiam Phû-tô-gâ-gí sī *[[amazonas]]*.
Ti-kak hē-thóng

Ti-kak hē-thóng (Eng-gí: sensory system) sī sîn-keng hē-thóng ê 1 pō͘-hūn, hū-chek chhú-lí ti-kak (sense) chu-sìn. Ti-kak hē-thóng pau-hâm chiong-khì (sensory receptor), thoân-tō-khì (neural pathway), kap pō͘-hūn hū-chek ti-kak ê naú. Ti-kak hē-thóng chú-iàu ē-tàng chhú-lí sī-kak, thiaⁿ-kak, chhiok-kak (somatic sensation), bī-kak, kap hiù-kak (olfaction).
Keng (bú-khì)

**Keng** sī 1 chióng bú-khì, i lī-iōng keng-pán kap keng-chìⁿ-hiân keng--khí-lâi ê la̍t lâi siā chìⁿ. I ê lō͘-iōng pau-hâm phah-la̍h, pí-sài; kó͘-chá sî-tāi bat iōng tī kau-chiàn.

Ēng keng ê kī-lêng hō chò keng-chìⁿ-hoat. Keng sī lán lâng siāng chá kin-kù ki-hâi goân-lí hoat-bêng ê phah-la̍h ke-si chi it.

## Siong-koan
* Siā-chìⁿ
Khí-chhoé-iām

**Khí-chhoé-iām** tio̍h-sī khí-chhoé ê hoat-iām. 

## In-toaⁿ

Khí-chhoé-iām ê in-toaⁿ ū chiù-khí, hoà-ha̍k io̍h-phín ê chhì-khek, kim-sio̍k siu-ho̍k-thé ê léng-jia̍t thoân-tó siong-hāi, siu-ho̍k-thé kah o·-tōng (窩洞, *cavity*) chi-kan ê li̍h-phāng (*leakage*), ki-hâi-sèng ê chhì-khek, kap goā-siong (*trauma*) téng-téng. 

Chiù-khí sī khí-chhoé-iām ê chú-iàu goân-in. Tng-tang chiù-khí chìn-hêng kàu khí-pún-chit-khí-iū-chit kap-kài (*dentinoenamel junction*), sè-khún só· hun-kái ê sán-bu̍t kap to̍k-sò· ē chhim-ji̍p khí-chhoé, ín-khí chèng-chōng.
Keng

**Keng** ū ē-kha kúi chióng ì-sù:

*Keng (bú-khì)
*Keng (si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k)
*Keng-á (su-pú-lín)
*Keng-tō͘
*Chi̍t-kóa tù-chok ê hō-miâ, chhin-chhūⁿ: Sèng-keng, Kó͘-lân-keng, Hu̍t-keng
Amazon Hô

**Amazon Hô** (Phû-tô-gâ-gí: Rio Amazonas, Eng-gí: Amazon River) ūi-tī Lâm Bí-chiu, sī tē-kiû téng-bīn chúi-liōng siōng kài ū gia̍h ê hô-chhoan, khah chē kî-thaⁿ 6 toā hô tàu-tàu--khí-lâi ê gia̍h. Tē-lí choan-ka khah chē jīn-ûi i sī tē 2 tn̂g ê hô (tē 1 tn̂g sī Hui-chiu ê Nile Hô).

Lūi-pia̍t:Pa-se ê khe
Lūi-pia̍t:Lâm Bí-chiu tē-lí
Gutta-percha

**Gutta-percha** (*Palaquium*) sī 1 khoán jia̍t-tāi ê chhiū-á, goân-pún seⁿ tī Tang-lâm-a kap Ò-a-chiu (*Australasia*) ê pak-pō·, ùi Tâi-oân ǹg lâm kàu Malaya kap ǹg tang kàu Só·-lô-bûn Kûn-tó. I mā sī 1 chióng hui-tân-sèng ê thian-jiân chhiū-ni (*latex*), sī chit-chióng chhiū-á ê chhiū-chiap chè-chò ê, te̍k-pia̍t sī kí ùi Palaquium gutta chit-chióng phín-chéng--lâi-ê.

In-ūi i ê seng-bu̍t-phîn-toāⁿ-sèng (bio-inertness), bē kah sin-thé khí chok-iōng, pī the̍h-lâi chò kin-kńg tī-liâu ê tiân-pó͘  châi-liāu.
Bán-chhùi-khí

**Bán-chhùi-khí** (*extraction*) sī kā chhùi-khí ùi chhùi--nih î-tû--chhut-lâi. Ū kúi-á-chióng lí-iû hō͘ lán to̍h-ài lâi bán-chhùi-khí. Chhùi-khí nā chiù liáu siuⁿ giâm-tiōng, bô-hoat-tō· koh siu-ho̍k, sī bán-chhùi-khí siāng-chē ê goân-in. Chó·-seng-khí he̍k chhut būn-tê ê tì-hūi-khí mā siâng-chāi hông bán-tiāu. Ūi-tio̍h beh tiau-chhùi-khí, tī-liâu khí-lia̍t bô-chiàⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē bán chhùi-khí thê-kiong khong-kan lâi kā chhùi-khí pâi hō· chiàⁿ.
DjVu

**DjVu** (tha̍k chò deja-vu) sī 1 khoán tiān-naú tóng-àn keh-sek, toā-hūn ēng tiàm saù-biâu lâi ê iáⁿ-siōng, te̍k-pia̍t sī ū bûn-jī kap soàⁿ ê chu-liāu. DjVu ū ēng tio̍h chi̍t-koá khah sian-chìn ê ki-su̍t, chhiūⁿ kóng bûn ham tô͘ hun chân (layer separation), hun-toāⁿ chài-ji̍p (progressive loading), soàn-su̍t pian-bé (arithmetic coding), kap jī-goân iáⁿ-siōng (bitonal image) ê siau-si̍h ap-siok (lossy compression). DjVu chò--chhut-lâi ê bûn-kiāⁿ phín-chit koân, hó-tha̍k, khong-kan sè, chin sek-ha̍p tiàm tī WWW lâi ēng.
La̍k-tiâu phiâu-thâng

**La̍k-tiâu phiâu-thâng** (六條瓢蟲, *Menochilus sexmaculatus*) sī chi̍t-chióng ku-á, khui-sio̍k-tī Phiâu-thiông-kho (Coccinellidae), sin-khu tn̂g 4.5 kàu 5.5 mm. I ê goā-koan piàn-ī chiâⁿ-toā, phiau-chún-sêng kah pho-bûn phiâu-thâng beh-kâng-beh-kâng, m̄-koh thâu-chêng heng-khám poē-pán (背板) hoe-bûn te̍k-sû koh-bô kam-á-âng-sek ê hoe-pan. Kî-thaⁿ koh-iūⁿ piàn-ī-hêng iáu-ū khoah si̍p-jī o·-bûn he̍k sè si̍p-jī o·-bûn téng-téng bô-kâng ê pan-bûn piàn-hoà. 

La̍k-tiâu phiâu-thâng ji̍t---sî chhut-lâi oa̍h-tāng chhoē-chia̍h, bah-si̍t-sèng (chia̍h chho--ê), ài chia̍h ku-sîn (gâ-thâng, 蚜蟲). Tû-liáu tang-thiⁿ, i hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu, tiāⁿ ē khoàiⁿ.
Bî-sió-hoe-tia̍p

**Bî-sió-hoe-tia̍p** (Hàn-jī: 微小灰蝶; ha̍k-miâ: *Zizina otis*) kui-sio̍k-tī sió-hoe-tia̍p-kho (*Lycaenidae*), si̍t-kó· thíⁿ-khui khoah 17 kàu 20 mm. I ê goā-koan kah Okinawa-sió-hoe-tia̍p (*Zizeeria maha*) beh-kâng beh-kâng, m̄-koh khah sè-lia̍p-chí, chú-iàu ê cheng-chha sī pún-chéng ē-kha-si̍t-kó· pak-tó·-bīn tiong-hng ê o·-tiám bô têng-hiān oân-chéng ê ô·-hêng pâi-lia̍t, thâu-chêng-iân sǹg--ji̍p-lâi tē-jī lia̍p o·-tiám chám-jiân hiòng loē-chhek phian-soá. I ê piáu-bīn (kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn) sī nâ-sek, ū o·-sek ê pian-iân. 

Bî-sió-hoe-tia̍p ji̍t--sî chhut-lâi oa̍h-tāng chhoē-chia̍h, chháu-si̍t-sèng, toà-tī pêⁿ-tē kap kē-hái-poa̍t soaⁿ-khu ê chháu-châng--nih. I kah-ì phài-hóng hoe, chhoē hoe-bi̍t chia̍h.
Sió-hoe-tia̍p-kho

**Sió-hoe-tia̍p-kho** (小灰蝶科, *Lycaenidae*) tī ô·-tia̍p lāi-té sǹg-kóng-sī sè-lia̍p-chéng--ê, m̄-koh soah chiàm Tâi-oân boé-ia̍h-á chióng-lūi ê 25 % chó-iū. Tī Tâi-oân chāi-iáⁿ--ê ū 63 sio̍k 120 chéng. 

## Goā-pō· liân-kiat

http://www.tspes.tpc.edu.tw/~afu/910.htm
Sim-chōng

**Sim-chōng** sī chek-chui tōng-bu̍t 1 chióng kin-bah cho͘-sêng ê khì-koan, lāi-té-bīn khang-khang, hū-chek kā hoeh thaù-koè hoeh-kńg (blood vessel) sàng kaù kui sin-khu. Sim-chōng tiāⁿ-tio̍h chin ū kui-lu̍t leh siu-siok. Sim-chōng ê sim-kin (cardiac muscle) sī 1 khoán put-sûi-ì-kin (involuntary muscle), choan-tô͘ ēng tiàm sim-chōng, chin ióng. 

Khoân-hêng tōng-bu̍t (annelid), nńg-thé tōng-bu̍t (mollusk), kap chat-kha tōng-bu̍t (arthropod) mā ū kong-lêng chhan-chhiūⁿ ê kiat-kò͘.
Nńg-thé tōng-bu̍t

**Nńg-thé tōng-bu̍t** sī sio̍k tī **Mollusca** chit ê toā kong ê tōng-bu̍t, sêng-oân pau-hâm chin chē chióng hái-sán kap goā-khak súi-súi ê tōng-bu̍t, ùi sè-sè-chiah ê lê-á, lâ-á kàu ba̍t-cha̍t (hoe-ki), jiû-hî, chiuⁿ-hî téng-téng lóng sī. Bo̍k-chêng chai-iáⁿ ū 112,000 chéng. 

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Charles Darwin

**Charles Robert Darwin** (1809 nî 2 goe̍h 12 – 1882 nî 4 goe̍h 19), Eng-tē chū-jiân-ha̍k-ka. I siāng kài chhut-miâ ê sêng-chiū tō-sī chhoē chhut chèng-kì chèng-bêng seng-bu̍t-chéng ùi chìn-hoà kái-piàn lâi chō-chiâⁿ, koh thê-chhut kho-ha̍k lūn-soat kái-soeh kóng, chit khoán kái-piàn ê ki-choán (mechanism) sī chū-jiân soán-te̍k. Chit ê lí-lūn sī hiān-tāi seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê 1 ki tē-ki-kha.

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
* Darwin Online: i ê tù-chok, 5 bān bīn ê bûn-jī, 4 bān tiuⁿ tô͘.
Phó͘-thong kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)

**Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kim** he̍k **ki-té kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kin** (*base metal alloy*) sī khí-khó tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ leh sú-iōng ê ha̍p-kim. 
Khí-kho leh iōng ê chù-chō (鑄造, *casting*) kap toān-chō (鍛造, *wrought*) ki-té kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kim ū ē-kha chit kúi-lūi:
#Chù-chō cobalt-chromium ha̍p-kim - iōng tī kio̍k-pō· oa̍h-tōng ké-chhùi-khí ê chi-kè (支架, *framework*), iù-hûi-á-kim-sio̍k siu-ho̍k-thé (*porcelain-metal restoration*)
#Chù-chō nickel-chromium ha̍p-kim – iōng tī kio̍k-pō· oa̍h-tōng ké-chhùi-khí ê chi-kè, khí-lông kap kio̍k-pō· kò·-tēng ké-chhùi-khí, iù-hûi-á-kim-sio̍k siu-ho̍k-thé
#Toān-chō pe̍h-tih-á (*stainless steel*) ha̍p-kim – kin-kńg tī-liâu ê ke-si, tiau-chhùi-khí ê tih-soàⁿ kap tih-kè (*bracket*), hiān-sêng ê khí-lông (*preformed crown*)
#Toān-chō cobalt-chromium-nickle ha̍p-kim – iōng tī tiau-chhùi-khí ê tih-soàⁿ
#Toān-chō nickel-titanium ha̍p-kim – iōng tī tiau-chhùi-khí ê tih-soàⁿ
#Toān-chō beta-titanium ha̍p-kim – iōng tī tiau-chhùi-khí ê tih-soàⁿ
Sū-sū-kio̍k

**Sū-sū-kio̍k** (敘事劇, Tek-gí: *Das epische Theater*) ia̍h **so͘-oán hì-kio̍k** (theatre of alienation) ia̍h **chèng-tī-kio̍k**, sī 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî kàu tiong-kî kî-kan hoat-tián ê hì-kio̍k ūn-tōng, kap Tek-kok hì-kio̍k-ka Bertolt Brecht ū saⁿ-liâm-tì-toà ê koan-hē.  Sui-bóng kî-tiong chē-chē khài-liām pún-chiâⁿ tō kú-kú tī-teh, chóng--sī sī Brecht khì kā hit-koá goân-sò͘ thóng-it, hoat-tián chò i ka-kī ê khoán-sek, jī-chhiáⁿ kā sak sî-kiâⁿ.  Ū-sî ia̍h ū hō chò Brecht-sek ián-gē, m̄-koh sū-sū-kio̍k ê goân-lí oan-ná pau-hâm siá-chok kap chè-chok ê chân-chhù.  Brecht pún-lâng āu--lâi khah kah-ì iōng **piān-lūn hì-kio̍k** (dialectic theater) lâi kiông-tiāu saⁿ-kap lí-lūn kap gī-lūn ê sêng-hūn.

## Bo̍k-tek
Sū-sū-kio̍k siat-sú 1 chhut hì-kio̍k ê bo̍k-tek sī beh thê-chhut kò͘-sióng koh iau-chhiáⁿ koan-chiòng lâi chú-koat in ê loē-iông, khah iâⁿ tan-sûn ê gû-lo̍k ia̍h "o̍h hiān-si̍t".  Kha-siàu ê bo̍k-tek m̄-sī beh o̍h chin-si̍t ê lâng, èng-kai sī beh tāi-piáu chèng-hoán-pêng ê piān-chèng, goân-sú-hêng-thài (archetype), ia̍h khek-pán (?stereotype) ìn-siōng, kā in tù-hiān tī chèng-lâng bīn-thâu-chêng.  Him-sióng sū-sū-kio̍k ê koan-chiòng tiāⁿ-tio̍h sûi-sî ti-kak in teh khoàⁿ 1 chhut hì, mā tio̍h hām tâi-á téng ê tāi-chì pó-chhî chêng-sū-te̍k ê kī-lî.  Brecht kā chit khoán lí-sióng kiò chò *[[Verfremdungseffekt]]*.

Sū-sū-kio̍k ê hêng-sêng chú-iàu sī chiam-tùi kî-thaⁿ tng sî-kiâⁿ ê hì-kio̍k khoán-sek lâi hoán-èng, te̍k-pia̍t sī Konstantin Stanislavski chú-tiuⁿ ê siá-si̍t-kio̍k.  Brecht kap Stanislavski pêⁿ-pêⁿ lóng hiâm chêng-sū-kio̍k (melodrama) hèng piàn pá-hì, poaⁿ sái-lāng lâng ê ke̍k-chêng lâi chè-chō chhèng koân ê chêng-sū, cheng-chha Stanislavski chú-tiuⁿ hì tio̍h o̍h lâng chin-si̍t ê hêng-ûi, ah Brecht jīn-ûi he oan-ná sī 1 chióng tô-phiah-chú-gī (escapism).  Sū-sū-kio̍k ê siā-hoē/chèng-tī ì-sek mā hām Antonin Artaud ê kip-chìn lí-lūn bô siâng; Artaud chú-tiuⁿ tio̍h tiàm thiat-té hui-lí-sèng ê chân-chhù lâi éng-hióng koan-chiòng.
Kā-bô͘

**Kā-bô·** he̍k **ìn-bô·** (*impression taking*) sī khí-kho 1 ê ji̍t-siông ê khang-khoè, beh the̍h-chhú hoān-chiá khí-lia̍t ê cheng-bi̍t bô·-hêng. 

Siâng-chāi sú-iōng ê ìn-bô· châi-liāu ū sodium alginate, agar, silicone, polysulfide, kap polyether.
Éng-kiú-khí

**Éng-kiú-khí** sī jîn-lūi kap chiok-chē tōng-bu̍t ê tē-2 thò kap siāng-lō͘-boé chi̍t-thò chhùi-khí. 

Jîn-lūi tī 6 hoè khai-sí lak ni-khí, ùi thâu-chêng ê mn̂g-khí ta̍uh-ta̍u-á oāⁿ-chò éng-kiú-khí. 

Éng-kiú-khí siāng-chē ū 32 khí:

* Téng-ē-ham mn̂g-khí ū 8khí
* Téng-ē-ham kak-khí ū 4 khí
* Téng-ē-ham sió-āu-chan ū 8 khí
* Téng-ē-ham toā-āu-chan ū 12 khí

Siāng-āu-piah 4 khí toā-āu-chan mā kiò-chò tì-hūi-khí, it-poaⁿ sī tī 18 kàu 20 hoè chó-iū hoat--chhut-lâi. Ū-ê lâng tì-hūi-khí hoat bē chhut--lâi, chiâⁿ-chò bâi-ho̍k-khí.
Khí-soàⁿ

Khí-soàⁿ (dental floss) sī 1 chióng nylon iù-si kap ê soàⁿ, he̍k sok-ka (chhiūⁿ teflon, polyethylene) chò ê soàⁿ, the̍h-lâi chheng chhùi-khí khí-phāng ê khí-khún-pan. Khí-soàⁿ khǹg-ji̍p khì chhùi-khí-phāng, chiap-kī khí-hoāⁿ ê só·-chāi, jiân-āu ǹg kā-ha̍p ê hong-hiòng khì khe chhùi-khí. Khí-soàⁿ ū-ê ū chham phang-bī, koh hun ū la̍h kap bô la̍h 2 khoán.
Liâm-ha̍p-che

**Liâm-ha̍p-che** (黏合劑, *cement*) tī khí-kho chú-iàu iōng tī 2 ê hong-bīn, tē-1 sī tan-to̍k he̍k kah kî-thaⁿ mi̍h-kiāⁿ chò-hoé chò siu-ho̍k chiù-khí ê châi-liāu; tē-2 sī kā siu-ho̍k-thé liâm tī chhùi-khí téng-thâu. Iàu-ū chi̍t-kóa liâm-ha̍p-che ū te̍k-sû ê kong-lêng, iōng tī gê-thé ho̍k-sêng, kin-kńg tī-liâu, tiau-chhùi-khí, khí-chiu-pēⁿ tī-liâu, kap khí-kho ê chhiú-su̍t.

Sui-bóng liâm-ha̍p-che mā ē-sái chò siu-ho̍k-thé sú-iōng, m̄-koh in-ūi it-poaⁿ in lóng khah jio̍k, khah gâu iûⁿ--khì, khah bē-tàng té-khòng chhùi-khiuⁿ khoân-kéng ê khó-giām, só·-í khah chió án-ne iōng, nā-ū tio̍h-sī lîm-sî ê sèng-chit khah-chē.

## Chióng-lūi

Liâm-ha̍p-che ū kúi-á-chióng:

# Zinc phosphate
# Zinc silicophosphate
# Zinc oxide-eugenol
# Zinc polycarboxylate (zinc polyacrylate)
# Glass ionomer
# Resin
# Resin-modified glass ionomer
Sī-kak hē-thóng

**Sī-kak hē-thóng** (Eng-gí: visual system) sī seng-bu̍t ê 1 hō sîn-keng hē-thóng, hō͘ seng-bu̍t ū sī-kak chit khoán ti-kak, hū-chek kā ùi khoàⁿ-ū-kng lâi ê chu-sìn choán-oāⁿ chò tùi sin-thé (body) sì-kho͘-liàn-tńg ê lí-kái. Chit ê khang-khoè chin ho̍k-cha̍p, pau-hâm tio̍h kā 2 chhù-goân ê taû-iáⁿ choán-oāⁿ chò 3 chhù-goân ê kiat-kò͘. Bô kāng  chéng ê seng-bu̍t khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê kng bô siâng, pí-lūn kóng ū-ê khoàⁿ ē tio̍h chí-goā-soàⁿ, ū-ê khoàⁿ ē tio̍h âng-goā-soàⁿ.
Hiù-kak hē-thóng

**Hiù-kak hē-thóng** (Eng-gí: olfactory system) sī leh chhú-lí hiù-kak (olfaction) ê ti-kak hē-thóng. **Hù-sio̍k hiù-kak hē-thóng** (accessory olfactory system) ē-tit kám-kak tio̍h ??? (pheromone). Hiù-kak hē-thóng kap bī-kak hē-thóng lóng sī kā hoà-ha̍k sìn-hō choán-tō (transduction) chò ti-kak (perception).