open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Boah-phang-keng

**Boah-phang-keng**, he̍k-tsiá sī **koaⁿ-chhâ-thâu**, sī siōng toā ê khí-keng, it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī chêng-kah-taⁿ Tē-kiû téng-koân siōng toā-chiah ê ū chhùi-khí ê tōng-bu̍t.  I ê ha̍k-miâ *Physeter macrocephalus* ū "toā-thâu" ê ì-sù.  Tī chi̍t-koá gí-giân mā hō-chò "Siâu-keng", in-ūi thâu-khak lāi ū 1 khoán pe̍h-pe̍h ko-ko ê bu̍t-chit, kó͘-chá lâng lia̍h-chún sī siâu.

Herman Melville ê tāi-chok *Moby-Dick* (Pe̍h-keng-kì) lāi-bīn ū chhut-hiān 1 chiah pe̍h-sek ê Boah-phang-keng, chóng--sī Boah-phang-keng it-poaⁿ seⁿ-chò phú-sek.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
* Hái-ang po̍k-chà
Soaⁿ-khó͘-koe

**Soaⁿ-khó·-koe** (Hôa-gí: 短角苦瓜, Ha̍k-miâ: *Momordica charantia* L. var. *abbreviata* Ser.), sī chi̍t-nî-seng chháu-chit tîn-pún si̍t-bu̍t; kà-ì kui-kang ū ji̍t-thâu pha̍k ê khoân-kéng. Goân-té seⁿ tī jia̍t-tāi A-chiu, kóng-hoat chèng-chok tī choân-kiû jia̍t-tāi kap a-jia̍t-tāi tē-khu. Tī Tâi-oân kui-hòa hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-po̍at soaⁿ-khu; pak-pō· khah-chió khòaⁿ--kìⁿ; seⁿ-tī chhiū-nâ piⁿ-á, soaⁿ-lō·-kîⁿ, he̍k khòng-khoah ê pha-hng-tē. 

## Hêng-thāi

Keng kim-ku̍t, kńg-chhiu ko·-1-ki bô hun-chhe. 

Hio̍h-á tan-hio̍h, tn̂g 6 kàu 12 cm，khoah 5 kàu 10 cm; thâu-chêng-toan îⁿ-îⁿ, ki-pō· sim-hêng, ū 5 kàu 7 ê chhim-li̍h, pian-iân kì-á-iân; piáu-bīn choân jû-nńg ê mo·.

Hoe n̂g-sek, hoe-koan lêng-liang-hêng ū 5 li̍h, ti̍t-kèng ē tōa-kàu 32 mm; hoe  tan-sèng, kang--ê kap bú--ê kāng-chi̍t-châng; hoe tùi hio̍h-á ê kòe-hīⁿ-khang hia seⁿ--chhut-lâi, chi̍t-jiah seⁿ 1 lúi. Kui-tang lóng-ē khui-hoe.

Kóe-chi huh-kó (瓠果), ū ti̍t-kiâⁿ pâi-lia̍t chiam-chiam ê chè-á; kàu-se̍k-chúi sî sī kam-á-sek.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

*Khó·-koe
Hó͘-keng

**Hó͘-keng** (*Orcinus orca*) sī hái-iûⁿ hái-ti Delphinidae kho lāi-bīn siōng toā-chiah ê hái-ti-á chéng.  Tī chē-chē Au-chiu gí-giân mā hō-chò **Orca** ("hái-ang", "toā-chiah hî" ê ì-sù), kiàm-hî, hái-ang sat-chhiú, téng-téng.  Hó͘-keng sī lâng í-goā, hun-pò͘ siōng kài khoah ê tōng-bu̍t, thong sè-kài ê hái-iûⁿ to ū-tè-chhoē.  I thó-lia̍h ê kang-hu put-chí-á kiaⁿ--lâng, phah-la̍h ê tùi-siōng mā kài chē, pau-koah hî, ku, chiáu, soa-hî, sīm-chì kî-thaⁿ iù-chíⁿ iah-sī sè-chiah ê Cetacea tōng-bu̍t, mā ē kui-tin kong-ke̍k toā-hêng ê Phú-sek kap Khóng-sek Hái-ang, só͘-í ē-sái kóng tiàm tī chia̍h-mi̍h-liān (*food chain*) ê niá-thâu.
Ngó͘-lêng-lân

**Ngó͘-lêng-lân**(Hàn-jī: 五龍蘭, ha̍k-miâ: *Lantana camara*), koh kiò-chò **khí-siáu-hoe** (起痟花),**kòng-phòa-hoe**, sī to-nî-seng siông-le̍k koàn-bo̍k, chhiū-á-ki tiāⁿ chhun-tn̂g thòaⁿ-khui, kah-ì seⁿ tī kui-kang ū ji̍t-thâu pha̍k ê só·-chāi. 

Chū-té seⁿ tī jia̍t-tāi Bí-chiu, kap Se-ìn-tō· kûn-tó. Tī Tâi-oân kui-hòa, hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē, kap kē-hái-po̍at soaⁿ-khu, seⁿ tī lō·-kîⁿ, pha-hng-tē, he̍k chhiū-nâ piⁿ--á. Taⁿ hông kóng-hoat chèng-chok chò hoe-hn̂g koan-sióng ēng.

## Hêng-thāi

Keng ū 4 chōa ke-kak, ū chhoaⁿ-chhì.

Hio̍h-á tùi-seⁿ, ke-nn̄g-hêng he̍k tn̂g-ke-nn̄g-hêng, siang-pêng-bīn pho̍ah ngē-mo·, kì-á-khí ê piān-iân. 

Hoe kam-á-sek, kam-á-âng-sek, hún-âng-sek, he̍k n̂g-sek lóng-ū, thó·-seⁿ-á--ê kam-á-an̂g-sek siāng-che; hoe-koan sī chhim au-á-hêng, bóe-liu hit-pêng ū bô-chú-ngó· ê chhián-chhián li̍h-phāng. Ti̍t-kèng ū 8 mm. Hoe sī sàn-pâng-hoe-sū (繖房花序), gōa-hêng chhiuⁿ thâu-chōng-hoe (頭狀花) án-ne pâi-lia̍t, ùi hio̍h-á kòe-hīⁿ-khang hia seⁿ--chhut-lâi.

Kóe-chí sī he̍k-kó (核果) kiû-hêng, kàu-hun sî o·-nâ-sek, bah-chit.


Image:Twin_lantana_camara_edit.jpg
File:Lantana 2 FR 2012.jpg
File:Lantana Camara FR 2012.jpg


## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Goân-chho͘ o͘-khang

**Goân-chho͘ o͘-khang** (primordial black hole) sī 1 chióng lí-lūn-siōng ê o͘-khang (black hole), i m̄ sī chheⁿ in-ūi tāng-la̍t pang-lap (gravitational collapse) lâi chō-chiâⁿ--ê, i sī ú-tiū tī phòng-toā chá-kî in-ūi bu̍t-chit ê bi̍t-tō͘ thài koân lâi ín-khí.
Chiàu toā-phek-le̍k ê lí-lūn, ú-tiū chho͘-kî bi̍t-tō͘ kap un-tō͘ lóng put-chí-á koân, nā ū sím-mih só͘-chāi bu̍t-chit ê bi̍t-tō͘ khah koân--koá, tō ē chō-chiâⁿ o͘-khang; chiah-ê o͘-khang koh ē it-ti̍t lâu kaù taⁿ.
Superman

**Chhiau-jîn** (Superman) sī 1 ê cha-po͘ chhiau-eng-hiông (*superheroes*); i kiám-chhái sī só͘-ū ê chhiau-eng-hiông lāi-bīn siōng chhut-miâ ê jîn-bu̍t. I sī bí-su̍t-ka Joe Shuster kap chok-ka Jerry Siegel 2 lâng tī 1932 nî chhòng-chok chhut-lâi ê kha-siàu, 1938 nî bē hō͘ Detective Comics. Hit nî 6 goe̍h thâu-1-pái chhut-hiān tī *Action Comics* #1. Kàu taⁿ bat tī kok-chióng mûi-thé téng-koân chhut-hiān, pau-koah la-jí-o͘h, tiān-sī, tiān-iáⁿ, pò-choá, game. 

Chhiau-kip Cha-bó͘ Gín-á (Supergirl) sī Chhiau-jîn ê cha-bó͘ pán-pún.

Lūi-pia̍t:Hi-kò͘-lūi
Lūi-pia̍t:DC Comics
Lūi-pia̍t:DC Comics ê kak-sek
Sia̍h-liû

**Sia̍h-liû** (石榴), 1 khoán koé-chí.

Hoān-sè ū khòng chiân-lia̍t-soàⁿ gâm ê lō͘-iōng. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5132546.stm

## Sèng-keng
Chhut Ai-ki̍p Kì 28:33–34:
:Phàu chiu-ûi ê ē-kha-pô͘, tio̍h ēng lâm-sek, chí-sek, chu-âng-sek ê liāu, chòe sia̍h-liû; tī phàu chiu-ûi, sia̍h-liû ê tiong-kan, tio̍h ū kim hâm-lêng.  Chi̍t-lia̍p kim hâm-lêng, chi̍t-lia̍p sia̍h-liû, tī phàu chiu-ûi ê ē-kha-pô͘.

## Chù-kái

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Pomegranate - Trusted Health Information (MedlinePlus)
Sit-ji̍t

**Sit-ji̍t** (; ) sī kóng Goe̍h-niû chaú lâi Tē-kiû kap Ji̍t-thaû tiong-ng, kā Ji̍t-thaû ê kng-soàⁿ cha̍h tiâu, tī Tē-kiû téng-koân ē ū kúi hun-cheng kú khoàⁿ bô Ji̍t-thaû. Sit-ji̍t kan-taⁿ sin goe̍h (New Moon) ê sî khoàⁿ ē tio̍h, hit chūn Ji̍t-thaû kap goe̍h-niû tng tī ha̍p (conjunction) ê ūi.

Choân sit-ji̍t (total solar eclipses) sī Ji̍t-thaû choân-pō͘ lóng hō͘ Goe̍h-niû cha̍h tiâu, hit chūn ē-tàng chò chiâⁿ chē koan-chhat. 1919 nî tī Se Hui-chiu ê 1 pái sit-ji̍t, chèng-bêng it-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn ê lí-lūn ū khak-si̍t. Ta̍k-pái sit-ji̍t chi-kan tī kū-le̍k lāi-té thong-siông sī chha 1, 5 ia̍h 6-kó͘-goe̍h.

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* NASA Eclipse Web Site
* Eclipsewise, Fred Espenak's new eclipse site
* Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions, Hermit Eclipse
* Eclipse Photography, Prof. Miroslav Druckmüller
* Animated maps of August 21, 2017 solar eclipses, Larry Koehn
Hoán-lia̍p-chú

**Hoán-lia̍p-chú** (antiparticle) sī kóng kap bó͘ chióng lia̍p-chú (particle) ê chit-liōng sio-siâng, m̄-koh tiān-hō tò-pái ê lia̍p-chú. Ū koá lia̍p-chú ê hoán-lia̍p-chú tō sī i ka-tī, chhiūⁿ kng-chú tō sī; chit chióng lia̍p-chú tiāⁿ-tio̍h bô tiān-hō. Pún-té ta̍k-ê kioh-sī lia̍p-chú kap hoán-lia̍p-chú ê chū-jiân tēng-lu̍t lóng sio tùi-tīn, m̄-koh lō͘-boé tī chit-koá si̍t-giām hoat-kak in bô hù-ha̍p sî-kan tùi-tīn (T-symmetry). Lia̍p-chú kap i ê hoán-lia̍p-chú nā sio pōng, 2 ê lóng ē bia̍t-bô, pìⁿ-chiâⁿ lêng-liōng.
Tn̂g-sūi-bo̍k

**Tn̂g-sūi-bo̍k** (Hàn-jī:長穗木, ha̍k-miâ: *Stachytarpheta jamaicensis*) sī to-nî-seng siông-le̍k pòaⁿ-koàn-bo̍k. Kah-ì kui-kang ū ji̍t-thâu pha̍k ê khoân-kéng. Kun-té seⁿ tī jia̍t-tāi Bí-chiu. Taⁿ tī Tâi-oân kui-hòa, hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē, kap kē-hái-po̍at soaⁿ-khu, seⁿ tī lō·-kîⁿ, pha-hng-tē; kui-tang lóng-ē khui-hoe.

## Hêng-thāi

Keng sì-kak-hêng, kim-ku̍t.

Hio̍h-á tùi-seng, ke-nn̄g-hêng, he̍k tn̂g-tu-îⁿ-hêng, kì-á-khí-iân.

Hoe-koan 5 li̍h, chí-nâ-sek, ti̍t-kèng ū 10 mm; sūi-chōng-hoa-sū téng-seng.

Kóe-chí sī so̍k-kó (蒴果) tn̂g-tu-îⁿ-hêng, bih tī sio̍k-chûn hoa-go̍k (宿存花萼) lāi-té.
Sei Hái-ang

**Sei Hái-ang** sī 1 chióng toā-hêng ê chhiu-keng.  Sin-khu it-poaⁿ tn̂g 12-16 kong-chhioh (siōng tn̂g kiông beh 20 kong-chhioh), tāng 20-30 kong-tùn (45 kong-tùn--ê oân-ná ū).  Goā-hêng chhin-chhiūⁿ Bryde ê Hái-ang.  Chhàng-chúi ê pō͘-sò͘ sī siōng khó-khò ê khu-pia̍t pān-hoat.

Sei Hái-ang tī 20 sè-kí tiong-kî bat siū lâng thó-lia̍h, tī Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ hit-tah-á sí 20 bān chiah.  Bo̍k-chêng sī siū kok-chè pó-hō͘ ê chéng.

*Sei* sī Norge-gí, chí *[[Pollachius]]*-sio̍k ê hî-á (Eng-gí *pollock*, *coalfish*).
Bryde ê Hái-ang

**Bryde ê Hái-ang** sī Balaenopteridae kho lāi-bīn liáu-kái siōng chhián ê chhiu-keng.  In ê te̍k-cheng phēng kî-thaⁿ ê chhiu-keng khah te̍k-pia̍t.  In ê sin-khu pí-kàu khah sè, chiah 25 kong-tùn tāng nā-tiāⁿ.  Kî-thaⁿ kāng kho ê hái-ang kah-ì oá ke̍k-tē ê hân-tāi hái-he̍k, in soah khah hèng toà un-tāi, jia̍t-tāi oa̍h-tōng.  In khah chia̍p oá  hái-hoāⁿ, khah bô tī goā-hái cháu-chông.  Sui-jiân in ū chhiu-keng te̍k-iú ê keng-chhiu, in ê chia̍h-mi̍h chha-put-to lóng sī hî-á, m̄ sī sió seng-bu̍t.

## Hun-lūi

Ū 2 chióng:

***É Bryde ê Hái-ang** (mā hō-chò **Eden ê Hái-ang**, *B. edeni*)
***Bryde ê Hái-ang** (*B. brydei*)

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
*IUCN
É Chiàⁿ Hái-ang

**É Chiàⁿ Hái-ang** sī 1 chióng tiàm tī Lâm Poàn-kiû ê chhiu-keng.  Sī Neobalaenidae kho î-it ê chéng.  Sui-bóng hō É Chiàⁿ Hái-ang ê miâ, si̍t-chāi kap Phú-sek Hái-ang hām *rorqual* hái-ang khah chhin, tian-tò hām Chiàⁿ Hái-ang khah bô siâng.

É Chiàⁿ Hái-ang sò͘-liōng chió, kho-ha̍k-kài hán-tit ū gián-kiù ê ki-hoē, mā bô chhiūⁿ toā-hêng ê hái-ang hiah-ni̍h chia̍p hō͘ lâng thó-lia̍h.
Soaⁿ-ti

**Soaⁿ-ti** (**iá-ti**), iá-seng ê ti.

## A-chéng
* *Sus scrofa scrofa* - Pak Hui-chiu, Au-chiu, A-chiu
* *Sus scrofa ussuricus* - Pak A-chiu, Ji̍t-pún
* *Sus scrofa cristatus* - Sió A-chiu Poàn-tó, Ìn-tō͘, Oán-tang
* *Sus scrofa taiwanus* - Tâi-oân
Ti

**Ti** it-poaⁿ sī chí lâng kú-tn̂g í-lâi chhī lâi chia̍h ê cheng-seⁿ-á, sī soaⁿ-ti ê lo̍h-sèng chéng á-sī a-chéng.
Mûi-hoe-lo̍k

**Mûi-hoe-lo̍k** (ha̍k-miâ: *Cervus nippon*) koh kiò-chò **hoe-lo̍k**, sī lo̍k-kho ê ngó͘-tê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t.

Pí-kàu chúi-lo̍k (*Cervus unicolor*).
Iông-chú

Tī Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, **iông-chú** (proton) sī 1 chióng chhù-goân-chú lia̍p-chú; i ū 1 tan-ūi chiàⁿ-tiān ê ki-pún tiān-hō (elementary charge, 1.602&nbsp;×&nbsp;10−19 coulomb); ti̍t-kèng liōng-kî-iok 1.5×10−15&nbsp;m; chit-liōng 938.3&nbsp;MeV/*[[kng-sok|c]]*2 (1.6726&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−27</sup>&nbsp;kg), chha-put-to sī tiān-chú ê 1836 poē. Iông-chú chin ún-tēng, poàⁿ-kiám-kî (half-life) siōng-bô ū 1035 nî kú. Iông-chú ê bi̍t-tō͘ tāi-iok sī 2.31&nbsp;×&nbsp;1017&nbsp;kg&nbsp;m−3. Iông-chú ê spin sī ½. I ê hoán-lia̍p-chú (antiparticle) hō-chò **[[hoán-iông-chú]]** (antiproton). Iông-chú kap tiong-chú lóng sī hu̍t-chú (nucleon). Iông-chú iū koh kiò chò **chit-chú**.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k bī kái-koat ê būn-tê
Tiān-chú

**Tiān-chú** (electron) sī 1 chióng chin khin ê ki-pún lia̍p-chú (fundamental particle), i sī 1 chióng chhù-goân-chú lia̍p-chú, ū 1 tan-ūi ê hù-tiān. Tiān-chú ê spin sī 1/2, bē hō͘ kiông-la̍t éng-hióng, m̄-koh ē hō͘ tiān-chû-la̍t éng-hióng. Tiān-chú chham goân-chú-hu̍t chò-hoé cho͘-sêng goân-chú; hoà-ha̍k-kiān (chemical bonding) tō sī tiān-chú chō-chiâⁿ--ê. Kò͘-thé ê koè-tiān-mi̍h (conductor) ē-tàng koè-tiān tō sī tiān-chú teh soá tín-tāng.
Goân-chú

Tī hoà-ha̍k chham bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, **goân-chú** (atom) sī kóng cho͘-sêng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘ (chemical element) siōng sè lia̍p, koh ē-tàng pó-chhî hoà-ha̍k sèng-chit ê lia̍p-chú. Pún-té ta̍k-ê kioh-sī goân-chú bē-tàng koh hun-koah, lō͘-boé chiah hoat-kak goân-chú ē-tit koh hun-koah chò chit-koá chhù-goân-chú lia̍p-chú. Toā-pō͘-hūn ê goân-chú sī tiān-chú, iông-chú chham tiong-chú chit 3 chióng chhù-goân-chú lia̍p-chú lâi cho͘-sêng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Pe̍h-sek Hái-ang

**Pe̍h-sek Hái-ang**/**Pe̍h-keng** (ha̍k-miâ: *Delphinapterus leucas*) sī tiàm tī Pak-ke̍k/ē-Pak-ke̍k ê Cetacea chéng.
Monodontidae

**Monodontidae kho** pau-koah 2 chióng te̍k-sû ê hái-ang chéng:  Pe̍h-sek Hái-ang kap Chi̍t-kak.
Lêng-liōng

**Lêng-liōng** (; ;  *enerugî*, mā hō-chò **e-nú-jih**) ê khài-liām sī kóng "hoān-sè ē-tàng chō-chiâⁿ piàn-tōng ê mi̍h". Chin chē só͘-chāi lóng ēng tio̍h chit ê gí-sû; ēng tī kho-ha̍k ê sî, tēng-gī khah cheng-khak; ah nā hui-kho-ha̍k (non-scientific), ì-sù tō khah bô hiah chheng-chhó. 

Tī bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, lêng-liōng sī kóng ū châi-tiāu chò kang (mechanical work). Lêng-liōng ū chin chē chióng hêng-sek, chhin-chhiūⁿ ū ūi-lêng (potential energy), ūn-tōng-lêng (kinetic energy), tiān-lêng (electrical energy) téng-téng. Ta̍k chióng hêng-sek ê tan-ūi lóng chham chò kang sio-siâng, la̍t (force) chok-iōng 1 toāⁿ kī-lî. SI ê lêng-liōng tan-ūi sī joule, tō sī 1 newton chok-iōng 1 kong-chhioh hn̄g.

## Siong-koan
* lêng-goân


Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê khài-liām
La-teng jī-bió

**La-ting jī-bió** (Latin alphabet) hi̍k-tsiá **Lô-má jī-bió** (Roman alphabet) sī kóo lô-má-lâng siōng-tāi-sing iōng-lâi su-siá Latin-gí ê jī-bió; hām kā la-ting jī-bió iōng teh su-siá  khok-tén ê tsi̍p-ha̍p.

## Li̍k-sú

### Khí-guân
#### Kū itali jī-bió

#### Kóo Latin jī-bió

#### Kū latin jī-bió

#### Kóo-tián latin jī-bió

### Tiong sè-kí kah āu-lâi ê huat-tén

### Thuân-pòo

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

*  Transl. of , as revised by the author 
* 
* 
*: Peter Lang. 
* 
* 

## Tsham-ua̍t
* Lô-má-jī
* (Latin script in Unicode)
* (Hawaiʻi tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-kiok/University of Hawaiʻi Press)
*
* (kīng-ki thé-tshau sè-kài-pue/Artistic Gymnastics World Cup)
* (Z (military symbol))

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

*Lewis and Short ''Latin Dictionary'' on the letter ''G'' 
*Latin-Alphabet 

Lūi-pia̍t:Lating bûn-jī jī-bió
Chiam-chhùi hái-ang

**Chiam-chhùi hái-ang**, Ziphiidae kho ê hái-ang, pun 6 ê sio̍k, 20-goā-ê chéng, sī hái-ti í-goā siōng toā ê Cetacea kho.  In kiám-chhái sī bo̍k-chêng liáu-kái siōng chhián ê toā-hêng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t.  Ū kúi-ā-ê chéng sī choè-kīn 20 tang chiah khai-sí ū kì-chài, hoān-sè iáu-ū kî-thaⁿ ê chéng boē hoat-hiān.
Boris Yeltsin

**Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin** (, *Boris Nikolaevič El'cin* ; ), Lō͘-se-a tē-1 jīm ê chóng-thóng.

Lūi-pia̍t:Lō͘-se-a Chóng-thóng
Tông-ūi-sò͘

**Tông-ūi-sò͘** (isotope) sī 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘ (chemical element) ê bô kāng hêng-sek; in goân-chú-hu̍t (atomic nucleus) ê goân-chú-hoan (atomic number) sio-siâng, chit-liōng-hoan (mass number) bô kâng; khiā kóng iông-chú pêⁿ che lia̍p, m̄-koh tiong-chú bô pêⁿ chē.

Tông-ūi-sò͘ pún-té ê ì-sù sī kóng tī chiu-kî-pió chiàm kāng 1 ūi ê goân-sò͘. Tông-ūi-sò͘ tī kho-ha̍k ê hō-miâ-hoat (nomenclature) sī ēng goân-sò͘ ê miâ-jī ke 1 ê liân-jī-hō, aū-piah koh chiap chit-liōng-hoan lâi piáu-sī, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng He-3 (helium-3), C-12 (carbon-12), C-14 (carbon-14), I-131 (iodine-131), U-238 (uranium-238). Tī hoà-ha̍k hû-hō (chemical symbol) tō kā chit-liōng-hoan khǹg tī goân-sò͘ hû-hō thaû-chêng téng-koân, chhiūⁿ kóng 3He, 12C, 14C, 131I hām 238U.
Kng

**Kng** () sī pho-tn̂g (wavelength) ē-tit hō͘ ba̍k-chiu (eye) khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê tiān-chû-pho (electromagnetic radiation), khiā kóng **[[khoàⁿ-ū-kng]]** (visible light). Ah nā ki-su̍t-te̍k (technical) iah sī kho-ha̍k kóng ê kng, tō pau-hâm chhìn-chhái pho-tn̂g ê tiān-chû-pho. 

Kng ū 3 chióng ki-pún sèng-chit: 
* kiông-tō͘ (intensity), iah sī pho-hok (amplitude), kap lán kám-kak--tio̍h ê kng-tō͘ (brightness) ū tī-tāi.
* pîn-lu̍t (frequency), iah sī pho-tn̂g, lán khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê sek (color). 
* phian-kng (polarization), tō sī chùn-tāng ê kak-tō͘ (angle of vibration), phó͘-thong khoân-kéng sió-khoá ē-sái kám-kak--tio̍h ê Haidinger ê oē-pit (Haidinger's brush) chit ê hiān-siōng.
Bu̍t-chit (matter) ū pho-lia̍p jī-goân-sèng (wave-particle duality), kng kâng-sî ū pho kap lia̍p-chú 2 chióng sèng-chit tī--leh. Kng ê pún-chit sī hiān-tāi bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê 1 ê koan-kiàn būn-tê.
Chit-liōng

**Chit-liōng** (質量, Eng.: *mass*) sī 1 hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ pau-hâm ê bu̍t-chit (matter) kap lêng-liōng. 1 hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê chit-liōng m̄-koán tī toh-ūi lóng sio-siâng, ah nā tāng-liōng tō ē ū cheng-chha. Tī siong-tùi-lūn, put-piàn chit-liōng (invariant mass) tùi bô kāng chham-khó-hē (reference frame) ê koan-chhat-chiá mā lóng sio-siâng; m̄-koh siong-tùi chit-liōng (relativistic mass) tō ē ū cheng-chha. Tī SI, chit-liōng ê tan-ūi sī kg.
Kan-á-phīⁿ Hái-ti

**Kan-á-phīⁿ Hái-ti** (*Tursiops truncatus*) sī siōng phó͘-phiàn koh thong lâng chai ê hái-ti chéng.  Un-jia̍t-tāi ê hái-iûⁿ ū-tè-chhoē.
Kim-sek Mô͘-thian-lûn

***Kim-sek Mô͘-thian-lûn*** (hàn-jī:), Tâi-oân Sam-li̍p Tâi-oân-tâi ê peh-tiám pún-thó͘-kio̍k, tī 2005 nî 6 goe̍h *[[Tâi-oân Liông-kńg-hong]]* lo̍h-hì liáu-āu soà-chiap hòng-sàng.

## Chham-khó chu-liau


## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
Koaⁿ-hong chām
Sok-tō͘

**Sok-tō͘** (速度; Eng-gí: velocity) sī ū hong-hiòng ê sok-lu̍t, tio̍h ēng hiòng-liōng lâi piáu-sī.
He̍k-chheⁿ Liân-pang

**He̍k-chheⁿ Liân-pang** (Eng-gí: *United Federation of Planets*), chhut-hiān tī Star Trek kho-hoàn iáⁿ-chi̍p ê hoàn-sióng ú-tiū lāi-bīn, sī 1 ê 150-thóng-ê hoē-oân he̍k-chheⁿ kap sò͘-chheng-ê si̍t-bîn-tē cho͘-ha̍p ê bîn-chú liân-pang-thé, siú-to͘ tiàm tī Tē-kiû.  Ē-kha siat Seng-kiû Lām-tūi (*Star Fleet*), chóng-pō͘ tī Kū-kim-soaⁿ.

Lūi-pia̍t:Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat
Immanuel Wallerstein

**Immanuel Wallerstein** (1930 nî chhut-sì), Bí-kok siā-hoē-kho-ha̍k-ka, chiam-tùi i-lāi-lūn (*dependency theory*) thê-chhut Sè-kài Hē-thóng Lūn (*The Modern World-System*, 1974/1980/1989 chhut-pán).

## Goā-chām liân-kiat
*Presentation of I. Wallersteins "World System Model "
*Phêng-lūn 
* Presentation of Immanuel Wallerstein
*Wallerstein-summary
Sî-kan

**Sî-kan** (時間) sī éng-koè, hiān-chhú-sî, bī-lâi chóng-ha̍p--khí-lâi ê khài-liām. Sî-kan chāi-lâi tō sī tiat-ha̍k, gē-su̍t, si ham kho-ha̍k chùn-būn ê chú-tê. Sî-kan ê ì-gī, tēng-gī, ē-tàng niû--bē, ... ta̍k ê lâng ê khoàⁿ-hoat bô siáⁿ kâng.

Lán ē-tit ēng ū kui-lu̍t leh tiông-hok ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ lâi niû sî-kan, chhiūⁿ kóng Tē-kiû ka-tī gô 1 lìn tō sī 1 "kang", nā se̍h Ji̍t-thaû 1 lìn tō sī 1 "nî". Gián-kiù chái-iūⁿ niû sî-kan ê hong-hoat hō chò niû-sî-hoat (horology).

SI ēng bió lâi chò sî-kan ê tan-ūi, siá chò **s**.
Siōng-boé-ê Khui-hām-lâng

***Siōng-boé-ê Khui-hām-lâng*** (Hoat-gú: *Le Dernier Trappeur*), Hoat-kok thàm-hiám-ka kiam kàm-tok Nicolas Vanier phah ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ, thàu-lām kì-lio̍k-phìⁿ/siáu-soat ê sêng-hūn, tī 2004 nî 12 goe̍h chhut-phìⁿ.

## Kò͘-sū khài-iàu
Canada Yukon hit-pêng ê Rocky Soaⁿ-lêng ū 1 ê Norman kap i ê Nahanni-cho̍k ê khan-chhiú Nebraska tī hia khiā-khí.  In 2 lâng khò 1 tīn káu-á tàu phah-la̍h lia̍h-hî thó in beh ti̍h ê mi̍h.  In oá-khò tāi-chū-jiân, bē giàn hiān-tāi siā-hoē ê bu̍t-chit kiau seng-oa̍h hong-sek.  Norman ka-kī chhò-chhiū chò i ê seh-chhia, báng-kah, khí in ê chhù.  Nebraska iōng thoân-thóng ê hong-hoat pang i hoa̍t-lo̍h pak--lo̍h-lâi ê phoê-chháu.  Norman 1 nî 1 pái kiâⁿ hn̄g lō͘ ji̍p-khì ke-á bē phoê-chháu, thang oāⁿ koá hun, mī-hún, hoan-á-hoé, la̍h-tiâu, chhèng-chí, tiān-tî téng-téng oh tit-tio̍h ê mi̍h.  M̄-koh i thó-lia̍h ê phoê kè-siàu ná lâi ná kē, kî-thaⁿ chhan-chhiūⁿ i án-ne khui-hām ê la̍h-hō͘ chha-put-to lóng í-keng pàng-sak chit khoán seng-oa̍h.  I kiám-chhái sī siōng-boé-ê khui-hām ê lâng ah.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

*tribute.ca ê kán-kài

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
*lederniertrappeur.com
*Tâi-oân koaⁿ-hong chām
Tāng-liōng

**Tāng-liōng** (weight) sī tāng-la̍t tùi mi̍h-kiāⁿ chok-iōng ê la̍t. Tāng-liōng chham chit-liōng bô kâng; tī Tē-kiû, lán koàn-sì kā 1 kong-kin mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê tāng-liōng kiò 1 "kong-kin tāng", án-ne 2 ê sò͘-ba̍k ē sio-siâng; tī Tâi-oân, koàn-sì ēng kin lâi piáu-sī 0.6 "kong-kin tāng". Tī thài-khong bô hō͘ tāng-la̍t éng-hióng--tio̍h ê sî, tāng-liōng ē pìⁿ chò 0.

## [[Tē-kiû]], [[Goe̍h-niû]] chham [[he̍k-chheⁿ]] ê siong-tùi tāng-liōng

Chit-liōng pêⁿ-pêⁿ 1 kg ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, tī bô kāng só͘-chāi tāng-liōng ē ū cheng-chha:

## Chham-khó
* Chit-liōng
Liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k

**Liōng-chú la̍t-ha̍k** (quantum mechanics) sī 1 chióng lí-lūn bu̍t-lí-ha̍k (theoretical physics), gián-kiù mi̍h-kiāⁿ tī goân-chú kap chhù-goân-chú lia̍p-chú chân-chhù ê sèng-chit; kó͘-tián la̍t-ha̍k (classical mechanics) ham kó͘-tián tiān-chû-ha̍k (classical electromagnetism) tī chit ê chân-chhù lóng ē bô-haū--khì. Liōng-chú la̍t-ha̍k sī chin chē bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ham hoà-ha̍k lí-lūn sò͘-ha̍k-te̍k ê tē-ki, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng kò͘-thài bu̍t-lí-ha̍k (solid-state physics), goân-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, hun-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k (molecular physics), kè-sǹg hoà-ha̍k (computational chemistry), liōng-chú hoà-ha̍k (quantum chemistry), lia̍p-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k (particle physics), goân-chú-hu̍t bu̍t-lí-ha̍k (nuclear physics). Liōng-chú
la̍t-ha̍k chham it-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn (general relativity) sī hiān-tāi bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê 2 ki toā-thiāu.

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: A history of quantum mechanics.
* Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.
* Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple: three video lectures by Hans Bethe
*QUANTUM FOR REAL-WORLD IMPACT $5 MILLION

Lūi-pia̍t:Liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k bī kái-koat ê būn-tê
Philip Glass

**Philip Glass** (1937 nî 1 goe̍h 31 chhut-sì), Bí-kok chì-chió-chú-gī-phài (minimalism) chok-khek-ka. 20 sè-kí boé-kî siōng ū éng-hióng-la̍t ê chok-khek-ka chi it. I ê gē-su̍t im-ga̍k tī it-poaⁿ tāi-chiòng tang-tiong chhoē tio̍h chhī-tiûⁿ.
Siong-tùi-lūn

**Siong-tùi-lūn** sī **siong-tùi-sèng lí-lūn** (theory of relativity) ê kán-chheng, i pau-hâm 3 chióng lí-lūn: Galileo Galilei ê siong-tùi-sèng goân-lí (principle of relativity), kap Albert Einstein ê te̍k-sû siong-tùi-lūn (special relativity) ham it-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn (general relativity). Siōng-tùi-lūn chit ê miâ sī Max Planck tī 1908 nî hō--ê.

Mi̍h-kiāⁿ sok-tō͘ kín iah sī chin sè ê sî, kó͘-tián la̍t-ha̍k ē bô-haū--khì. Siong-tùi-lūn thê-kiong ko-sok ūn-tiōng ê lí-lūn, liōng-chú la̍t-ha̍k thê-kiong bî-koan (microscope) sè-kài ê lí-lūn, chit 2 ê lí-lūn sī hiān-tāi bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê ki-chhó͘.
Ka-sok-tō͘

Tī bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, **ka-sok-tō͘** (加速度, Eng.: acceleration) sī sok-tō͘ ê piàn-hoà-lu̍t, khiā kóng sok-tō͘ tùi sî-kan ê bî-hun (derivative). Che sī 1 chióng tn̂g-tō͘/sî-kan² ê hiòng-liōng, tī SI ēng ta̍k bió-cheng² kúi bí lâi piáu-sī, siá chò **m/s²**.

a=\frac{dv}{dt}

a piáu-sī **ka-sok-tō͘**, v piáu-sī **sok-tō͘**, t sī **sî-kan**.

Nā sī beh piáu-sī bó͘-mı̍h 1-toāⁿ sî-kan lāi ê ka-sok-tō͘, ē-sái iōng **pêng-kin ka-sok-tō͘** chit-ê koan-liām. Kong-sek siá-chò

\bar a=\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}=\frac{v_2 - v_1}{t_2 - t_1}
Sok-le̍k

**sok-le̍k** (Eng. *speed*; Ji̍t. 速力), he̍k-chiá **sok-lu̍t**, sī chi̍t kiāⁿ bu̍t-thé sok-tō͘ ê liōng (*magnitude*), to̍h sī piáu-sī mi̍h-kiāⁿ soá-ūi (motion) soá joā kín, khiā kóng ūi-tì piàn-hoà ê pí-lu̍t; ēng múi tan-ūi sî-kan soá ê kī-lî (distance) lâi tāi-piáu.

## Chham-chiàu
Hiòng-liōng

Ū **[[hong-hiòng]]** kap **[[tōa-sè]]** ê liōng hō-chò **hiòng-liōng**. Pí-lūn-kóng "hiòng tang-pêng-bīn 20.3 m/s ê sok-tō͘", "ǹg ē-kha 10 kong-kin-tāng ê la̍t".

Hiòng-liōng 1-poaⁿ sī iōng chìⁿ-thâu lâi piáu-sī. Chìⁿ-thâu ê chí-hiòng tāi-piáu hong-hiòng, tn̂g-tō· tāi-pái tōa-sè.
Ki-pún-la̍t

**Ki-pún-la̍t** (fundamental forces) khah hó-sè ê kóng-hoat sī **ki-pún saⁿ-chok-iōng** (fundamental interaction), i sī kí lia̍p-chú kap lia̍p-chú saⁿ-chok-iōng siōng-kài ki-pún ê ki-chè, jî-chhiáⁿ bē-tàng koh ēng pa̍t chióng lí-lūn lâi kái-soeh. *Só͘-ū* ē-tit koan-chhat--tio̍h ê bu̍t-lí hiān-siōng, ùi iông-chú lāi-té quark cháiⁿ-iūⁿ tín-tāng, kaù kah chheⁿ-hē (galaxy) ham chheⁿ-hē sio lòng, lóng ē-tit ēng ki-pún-la̍t lâi soeh-bêng. Hiān-chhú-sî bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka ū chhoē tio̍h 4 chióng ki-pún-la̍t, khiā kóng tāng-la̍t (gravitation), tiān-chû-la̍t (electromagnetism), jio̍k-la̍t (weak interaction), ham kiông-la̍t (strong interaction).
Kî-lîn

**Kî-lîn** (麒麟), 1 chióng thoân-soat tōng-bu̍t, siōng-teng sūi-siông.

Tiong-kok Bêng-tiâu sî-chūn bat kā tn̂g-ām-lo̍k hō chò kî-lîn. Hiān-tāi Ji̍t-pún-oē oân-ná án-ne chheng-ho͘.
Tn̂g-ām-lo̍k

**Tn̂g-ām-lo̍k** (ha̍k-miâ: *Giraffa*) ia̍h **kî-lîn-lo̍k**, sī Hui-chiu ê 1 chióng ū-tê ê tōng-bu̍t.  Che sī thong sè-kài siōng lò ê lio̍k-tē tōng-bu̍t, kang--ê ē-tàng toā kah 4.8 chì 5.5 kong-chhioh koân, 900 kong-kin tāng.  Bó--ê khah sè-hàn, khah khin--tām-po̍h-á.

Tn̂g-ām-lo̍k kap lo̍k-á, gû ū chhin-chiâⁿ koan-hē, chóng--sī an-pâi tī ka-kī ê kho, hō chò Giraffidae, tû-liáu tn̂g-ām-lo̍k í-goā iū-koh ū siōng chhin ê okapi.

Chham-khó kî-lîn.
Tiān-chû-pho

**Tiān-chû-pho** (electromagnetic wave) sī ū tiān-tiûⁿ (electric field) ham chû-tiûⁿ (magnetic field) tī khong-kan thoân-pò ê 1 chióng pho. Tiān-chû-pho sī **[[tiān-chû hok-siā]]** hiān-siōng ê chi̍t bīn; lán pêng-sò͘ kóng ê **[[kng]]**, khêng-si̍t tō sī tiān-chû-pho. Tiān-tiûⁿ ham chû-tiûⁿ chiâⁿ-chò 90° teh hàiⁿ-tāng (oscillate), kap thoân-pò ê hong-hiòng mā lóng sio khiā-ti̍t.

Tiān-chû-pho ū lêng-liōng ham ūn-tōng-liōng, ē-tàng thoân hō͘ tú--tio̍h ê bu̍t-chit.
Hun-chú

**Hun-chú** (molecule) sī hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t (chemical compound) siōng sè ê sêng-hun, nā kā hun-koah chò koh khah sè, tō ē pìⁿ-chiâⁿ bô kāng khoán ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

Ēng hun-chú-sek (molecular formula) ē-tàng kā hun-chú ū siáⁿ-mih goân-chú lóng kā siá--lo̍h-lâi. Khó-pí kóng, thn̂g ê hun-chú-sek tō sī C6H12O6, piáu-sī 1 ê thn̂g hun-chú ū 6 lia̍p C goân-chú, 12 lia̍p H goân-chú chham 6 lia̍p O goân-chú. 

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Hòa-ha̍k
Kim-hî

**Kim-hî** (*Carassius auratus*) sī chit-á ê piàn-chéng, choan-bûn hō͘ lâng chhī-lâi khoàⁿ súi.
Báng

**Báng-á**, Culicidae kho ê khun-thiông.  Ū 1 tùi si̍t-á, 1 tùi pêng-hêng khì-koan (*halteres*), hêng-khu sán-tn̂g, kha lò.  Toā-hūn ê chéng ê báng-á-bó ē suh hoeh.  Chú-iàu àm-sî oa̍h-tōng.

Sè-chiah báng-á hō chò báng-bui; iù-thâng hō chò chúi-chhi.

## 
* European Mosquito Bulletin
Khun-thiông

**Khun-thiông** sī chat-kha tōng-bu̍t mn̂g (Eng-bûn: Arthropoda) lāi-bīn sò͘-liōng siōng chē, hun-pò͘ siōng khoah ê chat-kha tōng-bu̍t.  In sī tē-kiû téng-koân siōng-kài to-iūⁿ ê tōng-bu̍t, kàu taⁿ iok-lio̍k kì-chài ū 925,000 ê chéng, khah chē kî-thaⁿ só͘-ū ê tōng-bu̍t tàu-tàu--khí-lâi ê gia̍h.  Ē-sái kóng tī ta̍k chióng khoân-kéng lóng ū thâng-thōa tī-teh, kan-taⁿ hái--ni̍h m̄ sī in ê thian-hā.

Chit lūi tōng-bu̍t jı̍t-siông tiāⁿ kiò **thâng**.
Tiān-chû-la̍t

**Tiān-chû-la̍t** (electromagnetic force) sī tiān-chû-tiûⁿ tùi ū tiān-hō ê lia̍p-chú sán-seng ê 1 chióng la̍t. Che sī 4 chióng ki-pún-la̍t ê 1 chióng, lēng-goā 3 chióng sī kiông-la̍t, jio̍k-la̍t ham tāng-la̍t. Chit 4 chióng í-goā ê la̍t lóng sī ùi chiah-ê ki-pún-la̍t lâi--ê.

Lán seng-oa̍h--nih khoàⁿ ē tio̍h ê hiān-siōng tāi-thé lóng sī tiān-chû-la̍t ham tāng-la̍t ê chok-iōng. Kán-tan kóng, chhiūⁿ lán teh "sak" iah sī "giú" mi̍h-kiāⁿ, sī lán sin-thé ham mi̍h-kiāⁿ lāi-té-bīn ê hun-chú ham hun-chú teh chok-iōng; ah hun-chú tiong-ng ê chok-iōng iū-koh sī goân-chú ham goân-chú teh chok-iōng; ah goân-chú tiong-ng ê chok-iōng lóng sī tiān-chû-la̍t tùi ū tiān-hō ê iông-chú ham tiān-chú ê éng-hióng. Lēng-goā, só͘-ū ê hoà-ha̍k hiān-siōng lóng sī tī tiān-chú kúi-tō leh chok-iōng.
Jio̍k-la̍t

**Jio̍k-la̍t** (weak interaction) sī chū-jiân-kài 4 chióng ki-pún-la̍t ê 1 chióng, mā hō chò **jio̍k-hu̍t-chú-la̍t** (weak nuclear force). Tī lia̍p-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê phiau-chún bô͘-hêng (Standard Model), jio̍k-la̍t sī khò kau-oāⁿ W ham Z boson lâi hoat-seng chok-iōng. Jio̍k-la̍t ē chō-chiâⁿ goân-chú-hu̍t tiong-chú ê β soe-piàn (beta decay), soe-piàn koh ē ū hok-siā-soàⁿ (radioactivity). Jio̍k-la̍t sī tē 3 kiông ê ki-pún-la̍t, phēng tāng-la̍t khah kiông, m̄-koh kan-taⁿ kiông-la̍t ê 1/10¹³.
Bông-ko

Tī Tâi-oân, **bông-ko** sī hit-tah-á ê chang-sui-niau (phòng-boé-bâ).  Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ chhú kóng-gī, kā bông-ko tòng-chò kui-ê **Herpestidae**-kho ê chóng-chheng.  Chit ê kho ê hūn-chú sī chi̍t-koá sè-chiah, lio̍h-á sêng bâ ê chia̍h-bah tōng-bu̍t, tī A-chiu, Hui-chiu, Lâm-au, Carib-hái lóng ū-tè-chhoē.  Ū 30-goā-ê chéng.  In chia̍h thâng-thoā, hē, tō͘-kún, chhí (*rodent*) kap kî-thaⁿ ê sè-chiah tōng-bu̍t.  Oân-ná ē chia̍h nn̄g, sí-thé, sīm-chì koé-chí.

Lūi-pia̍t:Chia̍h-bah-bo̍k
Kiông-la̍t

**Kiông-la̍t** (strong interaction, strong force) sī hō͘ iông-chú ē-tàng kat sio oá, goân-chú-hu̍t ē-tàng pó-chhî ún-tēng ê ki-pún-la̍t. Tī liōng-chú sek-la̍t-ha̍k (quantum chromodynamics, QCD), kiông-la̍t sī kóng kiông-chú (hadron) tiong-ng ê saⁿ-chok-iōng (interaction). Kiông-la̍t sī siōng kiông ê ki-pún-la̍t, khò ka-chú (gluon) tùi quark, hoán-quark, ka-chú pún-sin sán-seng chok-iōng.
Bí-ha̍k

**Bí-ha̍k** sī gián-kiù "sím-mi̍h hō-chò súi" ê ha̍k-būn, chit-ê sû pún-sin mā the̍h lâi kóng 1-hāng mi̍h-kiāⁿ sī án-choáⁿ hō· lâng sán-seng hó ê kám-kak ê sèng-chit. 

Bí-ha̍k oan-nā sī tiat-ha̍k ê 1-ê hun-ki, chit-ê ha̍k-kho choan-kang su-khó gē-su̍t, kap chhin-chhiūⁿ súi, ko-ngá, ko-siōng, bái, bô-tùi-thīn chiah-ê hē-hāng kap piau-chún.

Bí-ha̍k chit-ê sû, sī tùi Ji̍t-pún hàn-jī-sû **美学**（びがく）lâi--ê.
Âng-gōa-sòaⁿ

**Âng-gōa-sòaⁿ** (infrared) tiāⁿ kán-siá **IR**, sī 1 chióng tiān-chû-pho, i ê pho-tn̂g khah tn̂g khoàⁿ-ū-kng, khah té bô-soàⁿ-tiān-pho (radio wave). Khoàⁿ-ū-kng pho-tn̂g siōng tn̂g ê sek sī âng-sek, âng-goā-soàⁿ pho-tn̂g phēng âng-sek koh khah tn̂g, m̄-chiah hō chit hō miâ. Âng-goā-soàⁿ ê pho-tn̂g iok-liōng ùi 750 nm kaù 1 mm.
Chí-gōa-sòaⁿ

**Chí-goā-soàⁿ** (ultraviolet) tiāⁿ kán-chheng **UV**, sī 1 chióng tiān-chû-pho, i ê pho-tn̂g pí khoàⁿ-ū-kng khah té , pí X siā-soàⁿ khah tn̂g , iok-liōng 1 nm kaù 380 nm. Chí-goā-soàⁿ ham X siā-soàⁿ ē-tàng chō-chiâⁿ êng-kng ê haū-kó. Chí-goā-soàⁿ ē-tàng sat-khún, m̄-koh mā ē siong-hāi phoê-hu ham ba̍k-chiu.
Khó-kiàn sek-lia̍t

**Khó-kiàn sek-lia̍t** (eng. *visible spectrum*), he̍k-chiá kóng **khó-kiàn kng-phó͘**, sī tiān-chû sek-lia̍t tang-tiong lâng ê ba̍k-chiu thang khoàⁿ--tio̍h ê pō͘-hūn. Ùi chit-ê hoān-ûi lāi-bīn ê tiān-chû hòng-siā, thang hō chò **khó-sī kng** (), **khoàⁿ-ū-kng** ia̍h sī **khó-kiàn kng-sòaⁿ** (可見光線; tho̍k. **khó-kiàn kong-siàn**). Khó-sī sek-lia̍t ê hoān-ûi bô chin bêng-khak, phó͘-thong-lâng khoàⁿ ē tio̍h pho-tn̂g 400 kaù 700 nm, ū-ê lâng ē-tàng khoàⁿ kah 380 kaù 780 nm. Sek-èng kng-soàⁿ liáu-aū, ba̍k-chiu tùi pho-tn̂g 555 nm ê le̍k-sek siōng bín-kám.

## Siong-koan
* Sek-tī
* Chí-goā-soàⁿ
* Âng-goā-soàⁿ
Hertz

Pîn-lu̍t ê tan-ūi, **Hertz** ê sok-siá. Tēng-gī sī 1-bió ê tó-sò·, iā chiū-sī 1/bió.

Hz=\frac{1}{s}

s tāi-piáu bió.
Pîn-lu̍t

**Pîn-lu̍t** (頻率) piáu-sī tan-ūi sî-kan lāi-té ū kúi kái. Phiau-chún ê tan-ūi sī Hz. Pí-lūn-kóng lán lâng ê sim-chōng 1-hun-cheng thiàu 75-ē, tō sī sim-chōng thiàu-tōng pîn-lu̍t 75 Hz.

Pîn-lu̍t kap chiu-kî sī tó-sò· ê koan-hē:

f=\frac{1}{T}

f sī pîn-lu̍t, T sī chiu-kî.
Gē-su̍t

縮圖|Tiau-khek

**Gē-su̍t** (藝術) sī bó·-chi̍t-koá chok-phín (mi̍h-kiāⁿ ia̍h oa̍h-tōng) he̍k-chiá-sī gē-su̍t piáu-hiān-chiá pún-sin, hām koan-sióng-chiá tiong-kan hō·-siong éng-hióng, tì-sú sán-seng cheng-sîn-siōng, sim-lí-siōng, kap kám-kak ê piàn-hoà ê oa̍h-tōng.

Chit-khoán oa̍h-tōng te̍k-pia̍t kiông-tiāu koan-sióng-chiá tùi chok-chiá (piáu-hiān gē-su̍t ê lâng) ê kiâⁿ-choè ê chiáng-ak, lán kā hiah-ê hō· chok-chiá kap koan-sióng-chiá sán-seng kau-kâⁿ ê chhiú-lō·, mûi-thé, tùi-siōng téng-téng ê chok-phín, hām chit kui-ê koè-têng, lóng kiò-chò gē-su̍t.

Gē-su̍t chok-chiá thoân-sàng hō· koan-sióng-chiá ê loē-iông, ū koan-liām, su-sióng, kám-kak, kám-chêng téng-téng koh-iūⁿ ê thiu-siōng hē-hāng.

Gē-su̍t chit-ê sû sī tùi Ji̍t-pún hàn-jī-sû 芸術（げいじゅつ）lâi--ê.

## Gē-su̍t ê chióng-mn̂g

Nā chiàu gē-su̍t chok-chiá só· ēng koh-iūⁿ ê chhiú-lō· kap mûi-thé, lán ē-sái kā gē-su̍t hun-chò bô-kâng ê chióng-mn̂g, ē-bīn sī àn gē-su̍t piáu-hiān ê hong-sek, kap le̍k-sú-siōng sio-pí-phēng ê khoán-sek lâi hun--ê.

*Bí-su̍t
**Koè-oē
**Tiau-khek
**Kiàn-tio̍k
**Jī-hoat (Su-hoat)
**Hip-siòng (Liap-iáⁿ)
**Kang-gē
**Hoe-tō (chhah-hoe)
*Bûn-ha̍k
**Si
**Siáu-soat
**Hì-kio̍k
**Sàn-bûn
*Kó͘-tián im-ga̍k
**Chok-khek
**Ián-chàu
**Chí-hui
*Siat-kè (Si̍t-iōng gē-su̍t)
**Sî-kiâⁿ gē-su̍t
**Tô·-siòng gē-su̍t
**Kang-gia̍p siat-kè
**Khong-kan siat-kè

Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hòa
Gamma siā-sòaⁿ

**Gamma siā-sòaⁿ** (*gamma ray*) tiāⁿ siá chò **γ siā-sòaⁿ**, sī tiān-chû-pho ê 1 chióng hêng-sek, tī hòng-siā-sèng soe-piàn (radioactive decay) he̍k-chiá tiān-chú chiàⁿ-chú bia̍t-bô (electron-positron annihilation) chit chióng hu̍t-chú ia̍h chhù-goân-chú hoán-èng ê koè-têng--nih lóng ē sán-seng.

γ siā-sòaⁿ pîn-lu̍t chin koân, iok-liōng 1020Hz kaù 1022Hz, pho-tn̂g chin té, iok-liōng 10-14m kaù 10-12m, lêng-liōng chin toā, ē-tit thàng koè kim-sio̍k ham âng-mn̂g-thô͘.
Pe̍h-sek

**Pe̍h-sek** (白色) ia̍h **pe̍h** tī kng-ha̍k siōng sī khoàⁿ-ū-kng choân-pō͘ ê pho-tn̂g lām chò-hoé, tī lâng ê jīn-ti siōng kā tòng-chò chi̍t khoán sek, he̍k-chiá sī bô sek-chúi tī--leh. Tī kok chióng bûn-hoà--nih, pe̍h-sek koh hông the̍h lâi piáu-sī chin chē ò-biāu ê ì-sù, chhin-chhiūⁿ liông-siān, sûn-kiat, hó--ê, téng-téng.

## Sek-tiāu piàn-hòa

Ū-ê chhián-sek tī hō-miâ siōng he̍k-chiá sī ge̍-su̍t siōng, hông sǹg chò sī pe̍h-sek ê piàn-hoàn sek-tiāu. Lēng-gōa, si̍t-chè lâng pêng-siông khòaⁿ tio̍h ê "pe̍h-sek" sī jīn-sek ê lí-kái siōng ê pe̍h-sek, in si̍t-chè pho-tn̂g siōng sī thàu pe̍h-sek ê piàn khoán sek-tī. 

Khó-lêng sǹg chò pe̍h-sek ê sek-tī siōng-bô pau-koat:

* Pe̍h-phú
* Chhiò-pe̍h-sek
* Pún-pe̍h-sek
* *Ghost white*
* *White smoke*
* *Snow* "soat-pe̍h"
* *Ivory* "chhiūⁿ-gê-sek"
* *Floral white*
* *Seashell*
* *Cornsilk*
* *Old lace*
* *Cream* "ku-lìm-muh-sek"
* *Beige*
* *Linen*
* *Antique white*
* *Navajo white*
* *Antique ivory*
* *Ash-blond*
* *Blond* "kim"
* *Bone white* "kut-pe̍h"
* *Chalk-white*
* *Chinese white* 
* *Creamy-white*
* *Feldspar*
* *Flake white*
* *Cremnitz white*
* *Lime white*
* *Milk-white* "gû-leng-sek"

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Sek-chhái
Âng-sek

**Âng-sek** (紅色) ia̍h **âng** sī khoàⁿ-ū-kng pîn-lu̍t siōng kē ê sek-chúi, pho-tn̂g iok-liōng 630-760 nm. Pîn-lu̍t nā koh-khah kē tō sī âng-goā-soàⁿ. Âng-sek ham chhiⁿ-sek, nâ-sek sī sio-tha̍h-hêng (additive) ê 3 ê chho͘-kip sek-chúi (primary color), ē-tàng cho͘-ha̍p chhut pa̍t chióng sek-chúi.

## Sek-tiāu piàn-hòa

* Chheng-âng
* Tōa-âng
* Thô-âng
* Tan-hông
* Chu-âng, chu-se-âng
* Àm-âng, be̍k-âng, chhim-âng, o͘-tò͘-âng, chó-âng, tîm-âng, o͘-âng
* Chhián-âng, chhiò-âng, hún-âng, iûⁿ-âng, chúi-âng
* Gîn-âng
* Jī-âng
* Ian-chi-âng

## Chham-chiàu

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k
Lūi-pia̍t:Sek-chhái
Le̍k-sek

**Le̍k-sek** (綠色, green) ia̍h **le̍k**, it-poaⁿ kóng **[[chheⁿ-sek|chheⁿ]]**, sī pho-tn̂g iok-liōng 520-570 nm ê khoàⁿ-ū-kng, sī chū-jiân-kài siōng phó͘-phiàn ê sek-chúi, te̍k-pia̍t sī ū ia̍p-le̍k-sò͘ (chlorophyll) ê si̍t-bu̍t. Le̍k-sek khah kng--koá tō sī chheⁿ-sek.

## Sek-tiāu piàn-hòa

Lūi-pia̍t:Sek-chhái
N̂g-sek

**N̂g-sek** (黃色, yellow) ia̍h **n̂g** (黃) sī pho-tn̂g 565-590 nm ê khoàⁿ-ū-kng hông kám-kak--tio̍h ê sek-chúi. Ba̍k-chiu bāng-mo̍͘h (retina) ê âng-sek ham chheⁿ-sek chui-sè-pau (cone cell) nā siū chhì-khek, m̄-koh nâ-sek chui-sè-pau bô ê sî, mā ē chō-chiâⁿ n̂g-sek ê kám-kak, chhiūⁿ kóng âng-sek ham chheⁿ-sek ê kng lām chò-hoé, mā ē kám-kak sī n̂g-sek. N̂g-sek sī siau-kiám-hêng (subtractive) ê chho͘-kip sek-chúi (primary color), i ê hō͘-pó͘-sek (complementary color) sī nâ-sek (blue). 

Lūi-pia̍t:Sek-chhái
Lûn-lí-ha̍k

**Lûn-lí-ha̍k** sī tiat-ha̍k ê 1-ê hun-ki, lûn-lí-ha̍k gián-kiù ê bo̍k-tek sī beh liáu-kái tō-tek ê pún-chit, piān-pia̍t sím-mi̍h sī tio̍h, sím-mi̍h sī m̄-tio̍h--ê. Tī Se-kok thoân-thóng lāi-té, lûn-lí-ha̍k ū-sî-chūn hông kiò-chò tō-tek tiat-ha̍k(Eng-gí: *moral philosophy*). Phó-thong ēng "lûn-lí-ha̍k" chit-ê jī-sû, sī chí gián-kiù hām hun-sek sī-hui (tio̍h kap m̄-tio̍h), hó kap pháiⁿ ê ha̍k-kho.

## Lûn-lí-ha̍k It-poaⁿ ê chióng-mn̂g

**Lûn-lí-ha̍k** ê kài-hān chin khoah, m̄-koh ē-tàng iok-kî-lio̍k kā hun-chò **aū-siat lûn-lí-ha̍k**(Eng-gí: *meta-ethics*) kap **kui-hoān lûn-lí-ha̍k**(Eng-gí: *normative ethics*) chit 2-ki.

Chóng--sī lán hán-tit kóng toh-chi̍t-ê ha̍k-chiá sī aū-siat lûn-lí-ha̍k-chiá ia̍h kui-hoān lûn-lí-ha̍k-chiá, toā-pō·-hūn ê lûn-lí-ha̍k-chiá ê tù-chok lāi-té, chit 2-pō·-hūn lóng ē ke-ke-kiám-kiám siá--tio̍h.

### Aū-siat lûn-lí-ha̍k

:**Aū-siat lûn-lí-ha̍k** gián-kiù--ê, sī lûn-lí seng-bêng ê pún-chit. Iā-chiū-sī choan-mn̂g tùi ū tō-tek phoàⁿ-toān ê koan-liām chò hun-sek ê lûn-lí-ha̍k-kho. In-ūi 20-sè-kí gí-giân tiat-ha̍k kap hun-sek tiat-ha̍k ê éng-hióng choaⁿ-á toā-heng.

### Kui-hoān lûn-lí-ha̍k

:**Kui-hoān lûn-lí-ha̍k** sī khe-khó sím-mi̍h-khoán ê tō-tek (kui-hoān) hām phoàⁿ-toān sī hó--ê (chèng-gī--ê, tio̍h--ê téng-téng) ê lûn-lí-ha̍k-kho.

:Kui-hoān lûn-lí-ha̍k tō chhin-chhiūⁿ aū-siat lûn-lí-ha̍k kap si̍t-iōng lûn-lí-ha̍k tiong-kan ê 1-tiâu kiô, chit-ê ha̍k-kho ti̍t-ti̍t teh cháu-chhoē si̍t-iōng ê tō-tek piau-chún, hō· lâng ē-tàng piān-pia̍t ti̍oh kap m̄-tio̍h, koh lâng beh án-choáⁿ chiah ē-tàng koè ū tō-tek ê seng-oa̍h.

## Si̍t-iōng lûn-lí-ha̍k

**Si̍t-iōng lûn-lí-ha̍k** sī kā aū-siat lûn-lí-ha̍k kap kui-hoān lûn-lí-ha̍k gián-kiù ê sêng-chek, chìn-chi̍t-pō· khoàⁿ tī hiān-tāi si̍t-hêng ē ū sím-mi̍h būn-tê, koh ē ha̍h bē ha̍h ê ha̍k-kho.

Nā chiàu si̍t-hêng ê bô-kâng kài-hān lâi hun, siōng-bô ū ē-kha chiah-ê hun-ki:

* Sèⁿ-miā lûn-lí-ha̍k
* I-liâu lûn-lí-ha̍k
* Khoân-kéng lûn-lí-ha̍k
* Keng-chè lûn-lí-ha̍k
* Chu-sìn lûn-lí-ha̍k
Ké-chhùi-khí chheng-khì-piáⁿ

**Ké-chhùi-khí chheng-khì-piáⁿ** sī chi̍t-chióng the̍h-lâi chheng-khì o̍ah-chô ké-chhùi-khí ê io̍h-piáⁿ. I ê sêng-hūn chú-iàu sī sodium perborate, potassium monopersulfate, sodium polyphosphate, alcalase, sodium carbonate, kap citric acid.

Sodium perborate kap potassium monopersulfate sī ióng-hòa-hêng sat-khún-che, ē-sái thâi-sí sè-khún kap ko͘ (fungus) téng-téng bî-seng-bu̍t.

Sodium polyphosphate sī chheng-kiat-che, ē-sái thê-kiong chheng-khì hāu-kó, pang-chān chheng-khì khí-káu kap khí-khún-pan.

Alcalase ē hun-kái nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, thèng-hó kā pn̄g-chhài iù-á png-kái chheng-tû.

Sodium carbonate kap citric acid sī khí-pho-che, thê-kiong khí-pho ê hāu-kó, lâi ta̍t-kàu chhin-chhiūⁿ bu̍t-lí-sèng chheng-sé chheng-khì ê hāu-kó.

## Hó-chhù

#Chǹg-ji̍p-khì khí-kún-pō· kap chhiū-chí ê khang-phāng chò chheng-kiat khang-khòe, mí-pó· ki-hâi-sek ê bín, lù bô-hoat-tō· ta̍t-kàu ê só·-chāi.
#Ū sat-khún ê hāu-kó, ē-sái thâi-sí 99.9% ê kháu-khiuⁿ bî-seng-bu̍t.  
#Khì-tû khí-siôⁿ he̍k khí-khún-pan.
#Bē phò-hāi ké-chhùi-khí ê châi-chit.
#Kái-siān ké-chhùi-khí ê chhàu-bī.
#Kiông-pek hoān-chiá kā ké-chhùi-khí the̍h khí--lâi chheng, hō· gê-chô ū hioh-khùn ê sî-kan.
#Sú-iōng hong-piān séng-sî séng-la̍t.

## Pháiⁿ-chhù
Ài chim-chiok kéng-soán, chù-ì sêng-hūn kám-ē chân-liû--lo̍h-lâi, chō-sêng jîn-thé siong-hāi.
Chheⁿ-sek

**Chheⁿ-sek** (青色, chhiⁿ-) ia̍h **chheⁿ**, sī sek-chúi chi̍t khoán, í le̍k-sek ûi-chú, ia̍h chiō sī pho-tn̂g iok-liōng 520-570 nm ê khoàⁿ-ū-kng, sī chū-jiân-kài phó͘-phiàn--ê sek-tī, te̍k-pia̍t sī ū ia̍p-le̍k-sò͘ (chlorophyll) ê si̍t-bu̍t chiō hoán chheⁿ-sek. Chheⁿ-sek khah àm--koá tō sī le̍k-sek.

## Hō-miâ
Hō-ló-ōe he̍k-chiá sī Tâi-oân-ōe kóng ê chheⁿ-sek, kap kî-tha chin chē Tang-iûⁿ giân-gí sio-siâng, ū-ê sî-chūn sī hâm kok khoán le̍k-sek kiam nâ-sek chāi-lāi, chhin-chhiūⁿ khóng-sek kap kiô-sek téng-téng lóng ū-sî hông kóng sī "chheⁿ"--ê. 

Chóng-sī sek-tī ê khu-pia̍t kài-liām kap hō-miâ tio̍h siū bûn-hòa ê éng-hióng, kok bîn-cho̍k kap giân-gí tùi chia sek-tī ê hun-lūi kap liáu-kái sī ke-kiám bô tùi-tâng.

Nā Eng-gí ê *green* chit jī, Hō-ló-ōe phó͘-thong sī hoan-e̍k chò chheⁿ-sek he̍k-chiá sī le̍k-sek, i-ê ì-sù mā chin khoah, pho-tn̂g 520-570 nm ê khoàⁿ-ū-kng, hâm le̍k-sek kap chheⁿ-sek lóng chún-sǹg. Nā beh khah cheng-khak, tio̍h-ài ēng X11 sek-chúi (*X11 colors*) hit khoán sek-chúi phiau-chún, iah sī sRGB hit khoán choa̍t-tùi sek-chúi bô͘-sek (*absolute color space*) lâi tēng-gī.

Chheⁿ-sek sī sio-tha̍h-hêng ê chho͘-kip sek-chúi (*primary color*), i ê hō͘-pó͘-sek sī #FF00FF ê magenta-sek.

## Seng-lí-ha̍k
Chheⁿ-âng sek-bông (red-green color blind) ê lâng toā-hūn ē-tàng khu-hun le̍k-sek ham âng-sek, m̄-koh ē kap pa̍t chióng sek-chúi lām chò-hoé, khó-pí kóng kám-kak chheⁿ-sek ham n̂g-sek chin sio-siâng, le̍k-sek ham tê-sek (brown) chin sio-siâng.

## Siong-koan
* Giân-gú tùi nâ-sek kap le̍k-sek ê khu-pia̍t

## Chham-khó bûn-hiàn

Lūi-pia̍t:Sek-chhái
Hio̍h-á Hái-liông

**Hio̍h-á Hái-liông** (*Phycodurus eques*) sī 1 chióng kap hái-bé ū chhin-chiâⁿ koan-hē ê hái-hî.  Che sī ***Phycodurus***-sio̍k î-it ê hūn-chú.  Lâm/se Ò-chiu hù-kīn ê chhián hái--ni̍h sī in thian-jiân ê seⁿ-thoàⁿ-tē.  In kui hêng-khu seⁿ bē-su hio̍h-á ê mi̍h, ū pau-chong/am-khàm ka-kī ê lō͘-iōng, thang hō͘ tùi-chhiú kioh-sī bô tiàm tī hia.
Jīn-sek-lūn

**Jīn-sek-lūn** sī tiat-ha̍k ê 1-ê hun-ki, mā ū lâng kóng-chò **tì-sek-lūn**. Jīn-sek-lūn só· gián-kiù ê chú-tê, sī chin-lí kap tì-sek ê sèng-chit, goân-thaû hām kài-hān (lâng ē-tàng liáu-kái ê kài-hān téng-téng)

Tī chit-ê léng-he̍k ê thó-lūn, it-ti̍t lóng tì-sim tī leh hun-sek tì-sek ê pún-chit kap tì-sek hām chi̍t-koá sio-oá ê koan-liām (pí-lūn-kóng chin-lí, sìn-taú) tiong-kan ê koan-hē. Ū chin chē thó-lūn kap chèng-sêng (Eng-gí: *justification, theory of justification*) ū tī-tāi. Jīn-sek-lūn ha̍k-chiá ē khì hun-sek ta̍k-hāng tì-sek chú-tiuⁿ aū-piah chèng-sêng ê piau-chún, ia̍h-chiū-sī chú-tiuⁿ ê lâng i tio̍h ū sím-mi̍h kin-kì chiah ē-ēng-tit kóng i chai-iáⁿ bó·-chi̍t-hāng sū-si̍t. It-lâi-jī-khì, jīn-sek-lūn só· mn̄g--ê sī chhin-chhiūⁿ chiah-ê būn-tê: "lí kám ū-iáⁿ chai-iáⁿ lí liōng-kóng lí chai-iáⁿ ê tāi-chì?" kap "lí sī án-choáⁿ chai-iáⁿ lí chai-iáⁿ ê tāi-chì--ê?"

Beh gián-kiù tì-sek ê lí-lūn, khêng-si̍t sī ū chiâⁿ chē bô-kâng ê pō·-sò·--ê, chit-chām-á ū chi̍t-koá sin ê gián-kiù í-keng kā kúi-ā sè-kí ê kū ká-tēng sak-tó, mā in-ūi án-ne, jīn-sek-lūn kah taⁿ iû-goân sī chin oa̍h-tāng ê ha̍k-kho.

Ē-kha sī jīn-sek-lūn tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chhú-lí ê būn-tê:

* Lán lâng sī án-choáⁿ khak-si̍t chai-iáⁿ 1-hāng tāi-chì/mi̍h-kiāⁿ--ê?
* Lán lâng tùi tāi-chì/mi̍h-kiāⁿ ū toh-chi̍t-koá têng-tâⁿ ê su-khó hong-sek?
* Kám ū hit-khoán ē-tàng khak-tēng su-khó hong-sek sī tio̍h he̍k-chiá-sī m̄-tio̍h ê hong-hoat?
* Chit sè-kan kám ū put-khó-ti ê léng-he̍k tī-leh? Nā chún ū, sī ēng siáⁿ-khoán hêng-thé chûn-chāi--ê?
Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ

**Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ** sī seⁿ toà chhùi-lāi ê khùi-iông (á-sè͘), mā ū kóng **chhùi phoà**, **chhùi phoà-khang**. Chóng--sī chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ (Eng-gí: *aphthous ulcer*) oân-ná ē-tàng seⁿ tī kî-thaⁿ ê pō͘-ūi. Khah cheng-bi̍t ê kóng-hoat sī 1 chióng liâm-mo̍͘h khùi-iông, siōng chia̍p hoat-seng tī chhùi, nâ-âu, khah hán-tit seⁿ tī si̍t-tō, ūi-tn̂g, pì-jiō-seⁿ-si̍t-khì téng pō͘-ūi. Chit khoán khùi-iông chin thiàⁿ, i ê khang-chhùi bīn phú-phú, kîⁿ âng-chéng âng-chéng, chin bêng.

## Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k kap pēⁿ-in
Ē-tàng chhut-hiān tī jīn-hô nî-hoè, chhiâng-chāi sī chheng-siáu-liân sî-kî, it-ti̍t kàu chiâⁿ-lâng; chia̍h-lāu tō kín chió--khì. Put-chí-á phó͘-phiàn, toā-hūn ê chiâⁿ-lâng chá-bān ē tio̍h. Cha-bó͘-lâng khah ē. 

Pēⁿ-in bô bêng. Gûi-hiám in-chú pau-koat kio̍k-pō͘ tio̍h-siong, thé-chit (ûi-thoân). Pō͘-hūn ê pēⁿ-lē kap chi̍t-koá bián-e̍k pēⁿ ū tī-tāi: Behçet ê pēⁿ, (*cyclic neutropenia*), HIV.

## Hun-lūi
* Sè--ê (*minor*): ti̍t-kèng 3) ē-tàng hong khang-chhùi, kiám thiàⁿ, hō͘ kín hó.

## Ū-hông

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
* Fitzpatrick TB, Johnson RA, Wolff K, Polano M, Suurmond D.  *Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology*.  3e.  New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1997.
Chûn-chāi

Tī pún-thé-lūn lāi-té, **chûn-chāi** sī chí jīm-hô ē-tàng hông kóng-chò *ū* / *tī-leh* ê mi̍h. Tùi sím-mi̍h sī chûn-chāi ê pún-chit, tī bô-kâng ê tiat-ha̍k, pí-lūn Aristotle-phài, Tāi-lio̍k Tiat-ha̍k, Chûn-chāi-chú-gī, Islam, kap Marx-chú-gī, kái-soeh lóng koh-iūⁿ.
Sè-kài

**Sè-kài** chit-ê sû ê ì-sù siōng-bô ū:

* Piáu-sī tē-kiû lóng-chóng ê mi̍h, koh mā-sī kóng tē-kiû-téng lóng-chóng ê kok-ka, khu-he̍k ê ì-sù.
* Piáu-sī ú-tiū, iā-chiū-sī lóng-chóng ê bu̍t-chit-sè-kài ê ì-sù.
* Piáu-sī jîn-lūi siā-hoē, sī kóng choân-jîn-lūi ê siā-hoē ê ì-sù.
* Kong-ke ū kāng-chi̍t-khoán bûn-bêng, bûn-hoà ê siā-hoē, pí-lūn-kóng "Ki-tok-kàu sè-kài", "Islam sè-kài" téng-téng. Tī léng-chiàn ê sî-tāi, lán mā ē kóng tē-it sè-kài, tē-jī sè-kài kap tē-saⁿ sè-kài lâi piáu-sī tī bô-kâng tīn-iâⁿ lāi-té chò-tīn ê kok-ka.

It-poaⁿ lán kóng sè-kài, khah-chē sī chí tē-it-ê ì-sù: tē-kiû-téng lóng-chóng ê mi̍h (pau-koat kok-ka, khu-he̍k téng-téng chāi-lāi).

## Sè-kài ê hun-khu
Lán lâng ē kā tē-kiû-téng ê sè-kài hun-khu, m̄-koh nā siūⁿ-hoat kap piau-chún koh-iūⁿ, án-choáⁿ hun tō ū cheng-chha--ah.

### Chò-kui-ê lâi hun
* Hui-chiu kap Au-a tāi-lio̍k (kū tāi-lio̍k)
** Au-a tāi-lio̍k: Au-chiu, A-chiu
** Hui-chiu
* Bí-chiu
** Lâm-bí-chiu (Latin Bí-chiu)
** Pak-bí-chiu (Anglo Bí-chiu)
* Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu
** Australia
* Lâm-ke̍k
* Ēng chhiah-tō lâi hun: Pak-poàⁿ-kiû, Lâm-poàⁿ-kiû
* Ēng pún-chhoe chú-ngó·-soàⁿ kap kok-chè ji̍t-kài-soàⁿ lâi hun: Tang-poàⁿ-kiû, Se-pòaⁿ-kiû
* Ēng lio̍k-tē kap hái-iûⁿ ê pí-lē koân-kē lâi hun: Soaⁿ-poàⁿ-kiû, chúi-poàⁿ-kiû

### Pō·-hūn hun-khu
* Khoân-thài-pêng-iûⁿ, khoân-tāi-se-iûⁿ
* Pak-ke̍k-khoân, Lâm-ke̍k-khoân, chhiah-tō khu-he̍k
* Oán-tang, Tiong-tang, kīn-tang

## Tsù-kái

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* World . *[[The World Factbook]]*. Central Intelligence Agency.
*
Khó͘-koe

**[http://www.herbaldb.com/bitter-melon/20110503/what-is-bitter-melon-and-why-does-it-taste-the-way-it-does/ Khó͘-koe]** (ha̍k-miâ: *Momordica charantia*), Cucurbitaceae kho ê jia̍t-tāi, a-jia̍t-tāi khan-tîn (soan-tîn) si̍t-bu̍t, phó͘-phiàn chèng lâi chia̍h i ê koé-chí.  Khó͘-koe sī só͘-ū ê chhài-se lāi-bīn siōng kài khó͘ ê 1 chióng.
Mošovce

**Mošovce** sī Slovensko tiong-pō· 1-ê tiōng-iàu ê chng-thaû, mā sī Turiec-khu siōng-toā ê chng-thâu chi-it.

Hiān-chhú-sî Mošovce ū 1,380-lâng khiā-khí, chāi-tē ū chin chē le̍k-sú kó·-jiah, chit-ê só·-chāi mā sī Slovensko ê toā si-jîn Jan Kollar ê kò·-hiong.

## Gōa-pō· liân-kiat

* www.mosovce.sk
* Brochure 
* Information 
* Drienok 

## Gallery

Image:Kastielmosovce.jpg|Mošovce ê Rococo-sek ê chhù-the̍h.
Image:Kostolmosovce1.jpg|Mošovce ê Lō·-tek-chong kàu-tn̂g.
Image:Kostolmosovce2.JPG|Mošovce ê Thian-chú-kàu kàu-tn̂g.
Image:Kaplnka-Mosovce.jpg|Chit-má Mošovce ê 1-ê phok-bu̍t-koán.
Image:Dom-Mosovce.jpg|Mošovce tong-goân-chho· lâu--lo̍h-lâi ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t.

Image:Mosovce.jpg|Mošovce ê chhiú-kó·-chiong.
Image:Vlajka-Mosovce.jpg|Mošovce ê kî-á.
Image:Map_slovakia_mosovce.png|Mošovce tī-leh ê ūi.
Image:Mapa-Mosovce.png|Mošovce
Si-koe

**Si-koe** (ha̍k-miâ: *Citrullus lanatus*) sī 1 chióng ē soan-tîn ê chháu-bo̍k, goân-thâu tiàm Hui-chiu lâm-pō͘ seⁿ-thoàⁿ.  I ê koé-chí goā-phoê ku̍t-liu, it-poaⁿ sī chheⁿ-sek a̍h n̂g-sek, âng-âng ê bah tiⁿ koh gâu kâm chúi, si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka hō-chò "false berry".
Hizb Allah

**Hizb Allah** (), tiàm tī Lī-pa-lùn lâm-pō͘ ê Islam-kàu chèng-tóng kiam kun-sū cho͘-chit, 1982 nî Í-sek-lia̍t chiàm lâm Lī-pa-lùn liáu-āu sêng-li̍p--ê.
Hái-bé

**Hái-bé** sī 1 chióng te̍k-sû ê hái-hî, ha̍k-su̍t-kài kā i pun khì Syngnathidae kho, ***Hippocampus*** sio̍k, ē-kha iok-lio̍k pun 35 ê chéng.  Thong sè-kài ê un-tāi, jia̍t-tāi to ū-tè-chhoē.  It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi hái-bé sī chū-jiân-kài î-it 1 chióng cha-po͘ ū châi-tiāu koà-kūi ê tōng-bu̍t.

Kīn--lâi in-ūi thó-hái siūⁿ lī-hāi, choâⁿ-á ū sêng-chûn ê gûi-hiám.  Te̍k-pia̍t sī Hàn-io̍h hèng kéng hái-bé chò châi-liāu, chhī-tiûⁿ 1 tang hoān-sè siau 2000 bān chiah ê gia̍h. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/seahorse/vincent.html
Siōng-tè

:*"Siōng-tè" ê kî-tha ì-sù, khòaⁿ [[Siōng-tè (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)]].*
It-sîn-kàu--ni̍h to̍k-it ê **Sîn**/**Siōng-tè**, sī bān-hāng-mi̍h lāi-tè siōng-koân ê chûn-chāi, sī tong-goân-chho· chhòng-chō--ê, tī bān-mi̍h téng-koân chò chú-cháiⁿ--ê, it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi I sī choân-lêng, choân-ti, tī ta̍k-só·-chāi lóng tī-leh, koh ū chiâu-chn̂g ê thiàⁿ--ê. Pí-lūn Iû-thài-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu, Islam kàu lóng ū chit-ê koan-liām. Nā Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu sī koàn-sì kóng **Thian-chú**, mā ū kā 2 chióng kóng-hoat kap-chò-hoé pìⁿ **Siōng-chú**--ê. Ū chi̍t-koá Islam-kàu ê ha̍k-chiá chú-tiuⁿ Siōng-tè ê miâ tiāⁿ-tio̍h ēng A-la-pek-gí keng-bûn ê iōng-sû, Allah, bē-ēng-tit hoan-e̍k.

## Kok it-sîn-kàu ê sîn
Kî-tiong siōng-chú-iàu--ê phì-jû Iû-thài-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu kap Islam-kàu lāi-té, lóng jīn-ûi Siōng-tè chhòng-chō chit-ê sè-kài, koh thóng-tī kui-ê ú-tiū. In lóng jīn-ûi Siōng-tè ū ē-bīn chiah-ê sèng-chit:

* Siōng-tè sī sèng--ê (bô choē--ê, bē siau-si̍h bē hú-pāi--ê)
* Siōng-tè sī kong-gī--ê (pêⁿ-chiàⁿ--ê, gī--ê, I ê phoàⁿ-toàn mā lóng-sī tio̍h--ê)
* Siōng-tè ū chiâu-chn̂g ê koân-lêng (I ê ì-hiòng tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē chiâⁿ)
* Siōng-tè sī choân-lêng--ê (bô I chò-bē-kàu ê tāi-chì)
* Siōng-tè sī choân-ti--ê (bô I m̄-chai ê tāi-chì)
* Siōng-tè ū chiâu-chn̂g ê thiàⁿ
* Siōng-tè tī ta̍k-só·-chāi lóng tī-leh
* Siōng-tè sī tī bān-hāng-mi̍h chìn-chêng tō tī-leh--ê, I ti̍t-ti̍t tī-leh, koh éng-oán tī-leh.
* Siōng-tè sī chhiau-thoat--ê (I tī khong-kan kap sî-kan í-goā, I bē hō· chit-sè-kan ê le̍k-liōng he̍k-sī kî-thaⁿ I só· chhòng-chō ê mi̍h lâi éng-hióng.

Iû-thài-kàu, Ki-tok-kaù kap Islam it-poaⁿ kā Siōng-tè khoàⁿ-chò sī ū ūi-keh--ê, I ū ì-hiòng mā ū kò-sèng, chóng--sī ū chin chē lí-sèng-chú-gī ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, in kám-kak che sī m̄-tio̍h--ê, in jīn-ûi tùi Siōng-tè jīn-hô chhin-chhiūⁿ lâng ê kóng-hoat, lóng kan-taⁿ sī phì-jū niā-tiāⁿ, in kóng Siōng-tè kah-sī chhiau-thoat--ê, tō bô-khó-lêng ū chhiūⁿ lâng ê kiâⁿ-choè.

Tī ki-tok-kàu (chú-iàu ê kàu-phài) ê koan-liām lāi-té, Siōng-tè ū 3-ê ūi-keh, hō-chò sam-ūi it-thé, m̄-koh bô-kâng ê kàu-phài, tùi Sèng-kiáⁿ ê ì-hiòng kap sèng-chit, iû-goân iáu ū cheng-gī.

## Siong-koan
* Ki-tok-kàu ê Sîn

## Liân-kiat