open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ú (tiān-sī pîn-tō)

**[[Hō͘|Ú]]** (tēn-sī ) (Ú (tēn-sī-tâi), Hōo tiān-sī pîn-tō, Hōo tēn-sī-tâi; ; hong-kik-huà: До///дь; ing-gí: Dozhd), mā kiò-tsò TV Rain, gôlôsu ê  sin-bûn pîn-tō hā kāng-miâ mûi-thé , sîng-li̍p teh 2010-nî. 

Ú pîn-tō pò-tshut sin-bûn, bûn-huà, tsìng-tī, siong-gia̍p pò-tō, gī-tê hun-sik,  thó-lūn, tù-tsok tâm-lūn, , gē-su̍t ua̍t-to̍k, kah kì-lio̍k-phìñ, sī-pîn gē-su̍t tíng-tíng ê . Tuā-to-sòo ê Dozhd tset-bo̍k lóng-sī . Dozhd pîn-tō ê tsō-iū-bîng sī "Kah tuì-lán tiōng-iàu ê jîn-bu̍t tâm-lūn tiōng-iàu ê tāi-tsì". Ú pîn-tō sī-kui  sóo-ū-ê. Lî-tshiáñ Hōo pîn-tō mā kóng-huàn pò-tō , , ,  tíng-tíng ê sū-kiāñ; liōng-kî-iok-á ū sañ-hun tsi-jī ê pò-tshut sî-kan hōo ti̍t-pò tset-bo̍k tsiàm-tiâu--ê.

Ìng  teh 2022-nî 3-gue̍h tshe 1 ê iau-kiû,  hong-só Ú pîn-tō koh hām Moscow Hôe-seng; í-tshú lâi tsóo-tsí tsia-ê pîn-tō tsiam-tuì gôlôsu tshim-ji̍p ukraina ê pò-tō. Teh 2022-nî 3-gue̍h tshe 3, pîn-tō tsóng-kàm Natalya Sindeyeva suan-pòo, "Ú pîn-tō beh tsiām-sî thîng-tsí pîn-tō ê îng-ūn".

## Tôo-siōng


Dmitry Medvedev and Dozhd 3.jpg|Teh tong-sî Gôlôsu sî-jīm tsóng-thóng Dmitry Medvedev hóng-mn̄g kî-kan, Ú ê sin-bûn-sik iû pîn-tō tshòng-sū-jî Natalya Sindeyeva lâi tsú-tshî, 2011-nî 4-gue̍h 25.
Edward Joseph Snowden - Arrival at Sheremetyevo International Airport 10.jpg|«Ú» liap-iáñ tshái-hóng jîn-guân teh  tán-hāu .
Dmitry Medvedev with journalists 2013.jpg|Dmitry Medvedev hām Ú ê  "Mikhail Zygar" () kah kî-thann ê kì-tsiá.
Ксения Собчак на большой пресс-конференции Владимира Путина.jpeg| teh Vladimir Putin ê sin-bûn huat-pòo-huē siōng, 2014-nî 12-gue̍h 18-ji̍t.
Golunov march 450.jpg|Kì-tsiá "Maria Borzunova" (Мария Борзунова) teh  tang-tiong tsi-tshî , 2019-nî 6-gue̍h 12-ji̍t.


## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
*Sûn-hâng tō-tuâⁿ(Sûn-hâng tō-tuâñ; cruise missile)
*M142 HIMARS (eng-gí: M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS))
*Chhì-giām ki (tshì-giām ki; eng-gí: experimental aircraft; hàn-gí: 試驗機, 原型機)
*Pí-lē bô͘-hêng (pí-lē bôo-hîng; eng-gí: scale model; hàn-gí: 比例模型)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

*
*Dozhdʹ (Television station : Moscow, Russia) 
*Dozhdʹ (Television station : Moscow, Russia) - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress 
*[Дождь (Television station : Moscow, Russia) WorldCat Identities] 

Lūi-pia̍t:Ú pîn-tō
Lūi-pia̍t:Lō͘-se-a ê tāi-chiòng thoân-mûi kong-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Moscow ê kong-si
Moscow Hôe-seng

**Moscow ** (Moscow Huê-siañ; gô-gí: Э́хо Москвы́; ing-gí: Echo of Moscow; Moscow Huê-sing ) sī khiā-teh Moscow ê  gôlôsu siong-gia̍p kóng-pò tēn-tâi. Moscow Huê-sing teh gôlôsu tsiâñ-tsē siâñ-tshī, tsi̍t-kuá soo-lên ka-bîng kiōng-hô-kok (kah tong-tē ê kóng-pò tēn-tâi ha̍p-tsok) hām internet lóng-teh tsìn-hîng kóng-pò. Huê-sing pîn-tō teh tsûn-tsāi kî-kan uî-it ê  sī  .

Teh 2022-nî 3-gueh tshe 1, Moscow Huê-sing in-uī pò-tō  hōo  tshú-siau pîn-tō thîng-pò Koh-teh 3-gue̍h tshe 3, Moscow Huê-sing táng-sū-huē thâu-pio kuat-tīng pì-só tēn-tâi. Moscow Huê-sing ê bô-suàñ-tēn pîn-lu̍t suî-hiō hōo gôlôsu kok-ka suan-thuân tēn-tâi  tsiap-kuán.

## Pîn-lu̍t

*Abakan — 71.06 FM
*Barnaul — 69.11 FM
*Blagoveshchensk — 101.5 FM
*Buzuluk — 95.8 FM
*Chelyabinsk — 73.97, 99.5 FM
*Chicago — 
*Kazan — 105.8 FM
*Makhachkala — 105.2 FM
*Moscow — 91.2 FM
*Nizhnevartovsk — 107.0 FM
*Orenburg — 101.3 FM
*Omsk — 70.55, 105.0 FM
*Penza — 107.5 FM
*Perm — 91.2 FM
*Rostov-on-Don — 69.44 FM
*Samara — 99.1 FM
*Saint Petersburg — 91.5 FM
*Saratov, Engels — 105.8 FM
*Tolyatti — 107.9 FM
*Tomsk — 105.0 FM
*Tyumen — 72.44 FM
*Tver — 107.2 FM
*Ufa — 91.1 FM
*Ukhta — 105.0 FM
*Vladikavkaz, Beslan — 102.8 FM
*Volgograd — 101.1 FM
*Vologda — 105.7 FM
*Yekaterinburg — 91.4 FM
*Zelenogorsk — 71.06 FM

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Huê-sing tēn-sī/Echo TV Russia)
*Bûn-pún bûn-kiāⁿ (bûn-pún bûn-kiāñ; eng-gí: source text; hàn-gí: 文本文件)
*Bandung hōe-gī (Bandung huē-gī; eng-gí: Bandung Conference; hàn-gí: 萬隆會議)
*Gá-suh-teng hāu-èng (gá-suh-ting hāu-ìng; eng-gí: gaslighting; hàn-gí: 煤氣燈效應)
*M1 Abrams (M1 Abrams tsú-li̍k tank; M1 Abrams tsú-li̍k tsèn-tshia)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* 
*


Lūi-pia̍t:Moscow ê kong-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Moscow ê muî-thé
Lūi-pia̍t:Gôlôsu ê thong-sìn-siā
Falklands Hái-sū Î-sán Sìn-thok Ki-kim

**Falklands Hái-sū Î-sán Sìn-thok Ki-kim** (ing-gí: The Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust (FMHT)) sī Englân hām Uile̍ksū ê tsi̍t-ê ,  khiā-tī Lûntun. Teh   ê tài-líng tsi-hā, FMHT ê  sī beh hiòng    .

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Englân hām Uile̍k tsû-sēn uíuânhuē/Charity Commission for England and Wales)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
*
Chio̍h-la̍h

**Chio̍h-la̍h** (Hàn-jī: 石蠟; Eng-gí: **parafin**) sī chi̍t chióng iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t, sī thòaⁿ-sò͘ sò͘-liōng chhiau-kòe 20 ê  alkane ê hūn-ha̍p-bu̍t, it-poaⁿ-se̍k sī CnH2n+2.
縮圖|250x250像素|chio̍h-la̍h
Parafin sī la̍h-chek ê chú-iàu sêng-hūn.
Lūi-pia̍t:Chio̍h-iû chè-phín
Lūi-pia̍t:Si̍t-phín thiⁿ-ka-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Alkane
Hâng-lia̍t

Sò͘-ha̍k siōng, **hâng-lia̍t** (, ) sī chi̍t-kóa iàu-sò͘ cho͘-sêng ê tn̂g-ko-hêng tīn-lia̍t. Sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ tiong choan-mn̂g gián-kiù hâng-lia̍t ê hun-chi ha̍k-kho sī hâng-lia̍t-lūn, i sī sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ siōng kái tiōng-iàu ê chú-tê chi-it.
## Tēng-gī
Hâng-lia̍t sī chi̍t chióng tn̂g-ko-hêng tīn-lia̍t, tīn-lia̍t lāi-tē ê múi chi̍t ba̍k lóng kiò-chò **iàu-sò͘** (, ), in khó-lêng sī sò͘-jī, hû-hō, sò͘-ha̍k-sek ia̍h sī kî-thaⁿ ê sò͘-ha̍k mi̍h-kiāⁿ. Jî-chhiáⁿ koh ū kúi-nā chióng ūn-soàn ē-tàng ēng. 

Hâng-lia̍t lāi-té hoâiⁿ ê chi̍t pâi iàu-sò͘ kiò-chò **chōa** (, ), chhiòng ê chi̍t pâi iàu-sò͘ kiò-chò **khiā** (, ).
It-poaⁿ lâng leh gián-kiù ê hâng-lia̍t, iàu-sò͘ lóng sī sò͘-jī khah chē. Nā-chún chi̍t ê hâng-liat ê iàu-sò͘ lóng sī K ê goân-sò͘, lán tiō kóng che hâng-lia̍t sī ”tī thé K téng-koân“ ·ê. Nā chit ê thé sī si̍t-sò͘, tiō chiâⁿ-chò **si̍t hâng-lia̍t** (實行列); nā sī ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘, tiō chiâⁿ-chò **ho̍k hâng-lia̍t** (複行列).
### Tōa-sè
Hâng-lia̍t ê **tōa-sè** (, ) tiō sī leh kóng i ū jōa-che chōa kap khiā. Siat-sú chi̍t ê hâng-lia̍t ū m chōa, n khiā, i ê tōa-sè tiō sī m\times n, lán kóng i sī “m\times n hâng-lia̍t”, che ài ēng Eng-gí tha̍k-chò *m by n*.

Kan-taⁿ ū chi̍t chōa ê hâng-lia̍t kiò-chò chōa-hiòng-liōng; kan-taⁿ ū chi̍t khiā ê hâng-lia̍t kiò-chò khiā-hiòng-liōng; chōa kap khiā pêⁿ-chē ê hâng-lia̍t kiò-chò sù-hong hâng-lia̍t.

## Kì-hō
Kā iàu-sò͘ lóng siá ·chhut-lâi ê sī, hâng-lia̍t it-poaⁿ sī ēng goe̍h-bâi-tiám ia̍h sī oat-bó͘-tiám pau ·khí-lâi, chhin-chhiūⁿ
:\mathbf{A} =
\begin{bmatrix}
a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\
a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \cdots & a_{mn}
\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{pmatrix}
a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\
a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \cdots & a_{mn}
\end{pmatrix}=\left\{a_{ij}\right\}_{}.


## Ki-pún ūn-soàn
Lán ē-sái tùi hâng-lia̍t chìn-hêng kúi-nā chióng ūn-soàn, pau-koat *ka-hoat*, *sûn-liōng-chek*, *choán-tì*, *sêng-hoat*, *chōa-ūn-soàn*, kap *chú-hâng-lia̍t*.

### Ka-hoat

:
\begin{pmatrix}
3 & 3 & 2 \\
0 & 2 & -4
\end{pmatrix}
+
\begin{pmatrix}
9 & 0 & 6 \\
7 & -5 & 4
\end{pmatrix}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
3+9 & 3+0 & 2+6 \\
0+7 & 205 & -4+4
\end{pmatrix}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
12 & 3 & 8 \\
7 & -3 & 0
\end{pmatrix}


### Sûn-liōng-chek

:
4 \cdot
\begin{pmatrix}
3 & -1 & -2 \\
4 & -2 &  5
\end{pmatrix}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
4 \cdot 3 & 4\cdot (-1) & 4\cdot (-2) \\
4 \cdot 4 & 4\cdot (-2) & 4\cdot 5
\end{pmatrix}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
12 & -4 & -8 \\
16 & -8 & 20
\end{pmatrix}


### Sûn-liōng-chek

Chi̍t ê Choán-tì


\begin{pmatrix}
0 & 8 & 2 \\
1 & 6 & 9
\end{pmatrix}^\mathrm{T} =
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & 1 \\
6 & 6 \\
2 & 9
\end{pmatrix}


## Hun-kái

## Êng-ióng

## Le̍k-sú

## Chham-khó


:*
H
H
Goe̍h-bâi-tiám

**Goe̍h-bâi-tiám** (), mā hō-chò **koat-hô͘** (), **koat-hō** (), sī thiam tī jī ê siang-bêng tòng-chò sī chù-sek ê chi̍t siang hû-hō, ū chē-chē chióng.

Leh siá Hàn-jī ê sî, só͘-ū ê koat-hô͘ lóng tio̍h sūn-sî-cheng oat 90 tō͘.

## Sò͘-ha̍k èng-iōng
Chho͘-téng sò͘-ha̍k tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē ēng ( ), [ ], { } 3 ê chân-kipê koat-hô͘, kiò-chò **sè-koat-hô͘**, **tiong-koat-hô͘** kap **tōa-koat-hô͘**. Leh chò ki-pún soàn-su̍t ê sî, koat-hô͘ lāi-té ·ê tio̍h seng kè-sǹg, pí-lūn-kóng: 2 \times [(4 + 6) \times 3] = 2 \times [10 \times 3 ] =  2 \times 30 = 60

## Goe̍h-bâi-tiám
**Goe̍h-bâi-tiám** (, ) mā ē-sái kóng **îⁿ-koat-hô͘** ().

## Oat-bó͘-tiám
**Oat-bó͘-tiám** (, ) . “**Oat-bó͘**” pún-té sī Hàn-jī jī-pō͘ “厶” ê chi̍t chióng sio̍k-chheng.

## Chhùi-chhiu-tiám
**Chhùi-chhiu-tiám** (, ) mā kiò-chò **hô͘-chhiu-tiám** ().

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Piau-tiám
Highgate Bōng-á-po͘

**Highgate ** (Highgate kong-bōng; Highgate Cemetery) sī Ing-kok  ê tsi̍t-ê bōng-á-poo. Liōng-kî-iok-á ū 170,000 lâng hông tâi teh tsām-kuè "sai bōng-tē" hām "tang bōng-tē" ê tāi-iok 53,000 ê  lāi-té. Highgate bōng-á-poo teh-hia sóo tâi ê  lâng í-kip Highgate bōng-á-poo tsiâñ-tsò  ê sū-si̍t siōng tsi tē-uī teh lâi tshut-miâ. Highgate bōng-á-poo teh  lāi-té hông phîng-tīng uî it-kip.  Highgate bōng-á-poo sī  tsi-it.

## Tôo-siōng


File:HighgateCemeteryLondon.jpg
File:HighgateCemeteryLondon2.jpg
File:HighgateCemeteryLondon3.jpg
File:HighgateCemeteryLondon4.jpg
File:HighgateCemeteryLondon5.jpg
File:Highgate Cemetery 013.jpg
File:Carl Rosa.png|Carl Rosa ê hûn-bōng
File:Sepulcro con ángel.jpg|thumb|Mary Nichols hām tn̂g-khùn ê thian-sú, Highgate Cemetery|alt=On the top of the grave lies a sleeping angel on a bed of clouds. ‘In Ever Loving Memory of Mary, the darling wife of Arthur Nichols and fondly loved mother of their only son Harold who fell asleep 7th May 1909. Also of Dennis Arthur Charles son of Harold and Winifred who died 28th April 1916 aged 15 months.’
File:Highgate Cemetery East 2.JPG|Highgate Tang bōng-tē (2010)
File:Highgate grave.jpg|Caroline Tucker ê bōng-á, Highgate Tang bōng-tē
File:Highgate Cemetery - East - Bruce Reynolds 02.jpg|Bruce Reynolds ê bōng-á
File:SayersTomb HighgateCemetery.JPG|Tom Sayers ê hûn-bōng
File:Patrick Caulfield Grave Highgate East Cemetery London 2016.jpg|Patrick Caulfield, RA ê bōng-á
File:Mansoor Hekmat Grave in Highgate East Cemetery in London 2016 04.jpg|Mansoor Hekmat ê bōng-á
File:Grave of Anna Mahler Austrian sculpture, in Highgate East Cemetery in London 2016.jpg|Anna Mahler ê bōng-á
File:Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo Grave in Highgate East Cemetery in London 2016 09.jpg|Yusuf Dadoo ê bōng-á
File:Eric Hobsbawm Grave in Highgate East Cemetery in London 2016 06.jpg|Eric Hobsbawm ê bōng-á
File:Jeremy Beadle grave.jpg|Jeremy Beadle ê bōng-á
File:WFGgrave.jpg|Iû  sóo siat-kè ê  ê bōng-á, Tang bōng-tē


## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (North London)
* (Griffon vulture)
* Hu̍t-soat Tāi-sêng Bû-liōng-siū Chong-giâm Chheng-chēng Pêng-téng Kak Keng (佛說大乘無量壽莊嚴清淨平等覺經)
* Lêng-giâm-keng Tāi-sè-chì Pho·-sat Liām-Hu̍t Ôan-thong-chiong (楞嚴經大勢至菩薩念佛圓通章)
* Hoat-hôa-keng Phó·-hiân Pho·-sat Hêng-gōan-phín (法華經普賢菩薩行願品)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* 
*The Ultimate Tour of Highgate Cemetery - The Sexton's Tales  
*The London Burial Grounds 
*Find a Grave - Des millions de cimetières enregistrés
Sù-hong hâng-lia̍t

**Sù-hong hâng-lia̍t** (), mā kiò-chò **hong-tīn** (), sī chōa kap khiā ê sò͘-liōng pêⁿ-pêⁿ ê hâng-lia̍t. Chi̍t ê **''n'' kai sù-hong hâng-lia̍t** (), ū *n* chōa kap *n* khiā, tiō sī n\times n hâng-lia̍t. Chi̍t ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t, piáu-ta̍t khah bêng-hián ·leh, tiō sī
:A_{n\times n} = \begin{bmatrix}
  a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\
  a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\
  \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
  a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn}
\end{bmatrix}

## Te̍k-sû chióng-lūi
### Tùi-kak hâng-lia̍t kap saⁿ-kak hâng-lia̍t
Tùi-kak hâng-lia̍t tiō sī chú-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ lóng m̄ sī lêng, kî-thaⁿ lóng sī lêng ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t. Chún-kóng chú-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ ê téng-thâu (ia̍h-sī ē-kha) lóng sī lêng, tiō hō-chò ē-saⁿ-kak hâng-lia̍t ((ia̍h téng-saⁿ-kak hâng-lia̍t)).

### Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t
Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t tiō sī chú-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ lóng sī chi̍t, kî-thaⁿ lóng sī lêng ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t.

### Khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t
Khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t tiō sī ū ge̍k hâng-lia̍t ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t. Khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t it-tēng sī hui-te̍k-ī hâng-lia̍t. 

### Tùi-thīn hâng-lia̍ t
Tùi-thīn hâng-lia̍t tiō sī choán-tì kah i ka-kī sio-kâng ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t, i.e. A^\mathrm{T}=A. Chhoa̍h tùi-thīn hâng-lia̍t tiō sī boán-chiok A^\mathrm{T}=-A ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t.
Tùi ho̍k sù-hong hâng-lia̍t A lâi kóng, kiōng-tam choán-tì kah i ka-kī sio-kâng ·ê, kiô-chò Hermite hâng-lia̍t, i.e. A^* = A; nā-chún sī A^* = -A, tiō kiò-chò chhoa̍h Hermite hâng-lia̍t.

### Ti̍t-kau hâng-lia̍t
Ti̍t-kau hâng-lia̍t tiō sī choán-tì kah ge̍k sio-kâng ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t, i.e. A^\mathrm{T}=A^{-1}. Tńg-se̍h hâng-lia̍t sī chi̍t chióng te̍k-sû ê ti̍t-kau hâng-lia̍t, in ê hâng-lia̍t-sek lóng sī chi̍t.
Tùi ho̍k sù-hong hâng-lia̍t A lâi kóng, kiōng-tam choán-tì kah ge̍k sio-kâng ·ê, kiô-chò Unitary hâng-lia̍t, i.e. A^* = A^{-1}.

### Chiàⁿ-tēng hâng-lia̍t

### Chèng-kui hâng-lia̍t

## Sèng-chit
### Jiah

### Hâng-lia̍t-sek

### Kò͘-iú-ta̍t kap kò͘-iú hiòng-liōng

:
S
S
Khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t

Tùi chi̍t ê n-kai sù-hong hâng-lia̍t A lâi kóng, nā-chún ū chi̍t ê n-kai sù-hong hâng-lia̍t B sú-tek 
:AB=BA=I_n,
lán tiō kóng A sī **khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t** (, ), kî-tiong I_n sī n-kai tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t, sêng-hoat sī it-poaⁿ ê hâng-lia̍t sêng-hoat; jî-chhiáⁿ chit ê B sī î-it iû A koat-tēng ·ê, lán tiō kā kiò-chò A ê ge̍k hâng-lia̍t, kì-hō sī A^{-1}.

## Hui-te̍k-ì hâng-lia̍t
Lán kóng, chi̍t ê hâng-lia̍t sī **te̍k-ì hâng-lia̍t** (, ) he̍k-chiá sī **tòe-hòa hâng-lia̍t** (, ) nā kiam taⁿ nā i ê hâng-lia̍t-sek téng-î lêng. Pí-lūn-kóng, 
:A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 4 & 7 \\ -1 & -2 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 7\end{pmatrix}
sī chi̍t ê te̍k-ì hâng-lia̍t, in-ūi \det{A}=0. 

Lán ē-sái chèng-bêng kóng, chi̍t ê hâng-lia̍t sī **hui-te̍k-ì hâng-lia̍t** (, ) he̍k-chiá sī **tòe-hòa hâng-lia̍t** (, ) nā kiam taⁿ nā i sī khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t. Chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ ē-bīn ê khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t tēng-lí.

## Sèng-chit

### Khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t tēng-lí
Lēng A sī chi̍t ê tī thé *K* téng ê n-kai sù-hong hâng-lia̍t, í-hā sū-su̍t téng-kè:

# A sī **khó-ge̍k** hâng-lia̍t.
# A ū chi̍t ê tò-chhiú ge̍k (i.e. chū-chāi B sú-tek BA=I_n), *ia̍h* A ū chi̍t ê chiàⁿ-chhiú ge̍k (i.e. chū-chāi C sú-tek AC=I_n); in tī lán chia kî-si̍t sio-kâng, lóng sī A î-it ê ge̍k hâng-lia̍t (i.e. B=C=A^{-1}).
# A sī **hui-te̍k-ì** hâng-lia̍t.
# A sī **hui-tòe-hòa** hâng-lia̍t.
# \det{A}\neq0.
# A kap tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t I_n chōa-téng-kè.
# A kap tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t I_n khiā-téng-kè.
# A ū n ê mn̂g-sún ūi-tì.
# A móa-kai, i.e. \text{rank}(A)=n
# Hong-têng-sek A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0} tú-tú hó ū chi̍t ê kái, sī bô-liâu kái \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0}.
# Tùi só͘-ū \mathbf{b}\in K^n, hong-têng-sek A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{b} lóng tú-tú hó ū chi̍t ê kái.
# A ê hu̍t sī bô-liâu ê, i.e. \ker(A) = \{\mathbf{0}\}.
# A ê khiā lóng sòaⁿ-sèng to̍k-li̍p.
# A ê khiā thí-khui K^n.
# A ê khiā khong-kan tiō sī K^n.
# A ê khiā cho͘-sêng K^n ê chi̍t cho͘ ki-té.
# Tùi \mathbf{x} kàu A\mathbf{x}  ê sòaⁿ-sèng siá-siōng sī chi̍t ê tùi K^n kàu K^n ê siang-siā.
# Sò͘-jī 0 m̄ sī A ê  kò͘-iú-ta̍t.
# A^T mā sī khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t. (Só͘-í, A ê chōa mā lóng sòaⁿ-sèng to̍k-li̍p, mā thí-khui K^n, mā cho͘-sêng K^n ê chi̍t cho͘ ki-té.)
# Ē-sái ēng iú-hān ê ki-pún hâng-lia̍t ê sêng-chek lâi piáu-sī A.

### Kî-thaⁿ sèng-chit
Lēng A sī chi̍t ê n-kai khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t, i koh ū ē-bīn kok-chióng sèng-chit:

* \left(A^{-1}\right)^{-1}=A.
* \left(kA\right)^{-1}=k^{-1}A^{-1} tùi hui-lêng sûn-liōng k
* \left(A^\mathrm{T}\right)^{-1}=\left(A^{-1}\right)^\mathrm{T}.
* \det{A^{-1}}=\left(\det{A}\right)^{-1}.

Nā A sī ka-kī ê ge̍k hâng-lia̍t (i.e., A = A^{-1}) he̍k-chiá A^2 = I, lán tiō kā A kiò-chò tùi-ha̍p hâng-lia̍t.

### It-poaⁿ sòaⁿ-sèng kûn
Só͘-ū ê n-kai khó-ge̍k hâng-lia̍t hām hâng-lia̍t sêng-hoat kap chò-hóe, ē chiâⁿ-chò chi̍t ê kûn, kiò-chò n-kai it-poaⁿ sòaⁿ-sèng kûn.
## Chham-khó chu-liāu


K
K
Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t

**Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t** (, ) I_n sī chi̍t chióng n kai sù-hong hâng-lia̍t, i ê chú tùi-kak-sòaⁿ ê iàu-sò͘ lóng sī chi̍t, kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi lóng sī lêng. 
## Tēng-gī kap kì-hō
Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t it-poaⁿ sī siá chò I_n; nā-sī size í-keng hô͘ lâng chai-iáⁿ, ia̍h-sī kóng m̄ chāi mā bô iàu-kín, tiō ē-ēng-tit siá chò I. Ū-ê léng-he̍k (pí-lūn-kóng liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k) ē kā tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t siá-chò \boldsymbol{1}.

Ēng tùi-kak hâng-lia̍t ê kì-hō lâi siá, tiō sī
: I_n = \operatorname{diag}(1, 1, \dots, 1).
Lán mā ē-sái kóng, tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t ê iàu-sò͘ tiō sī Kronecker delta:
:(I_n)_{ij} = \delta_{ij}.
Siá khah kū-thé--leh, tiō sī án-ne:
: 
I_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \end{pmatrix}
,\quad
I_2 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
,\quad
I_3 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}
,\quad \dots ,\quad 
I_n = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \end{pmatrix}.


## Sèng-chit
Chún-kóng A sī chi̍t ê m\times n hâng-lia̍t, hâng-lia̍t ê sêng-hoat chŏaⁿ ū chi̍t ê sèng-chit, tiō sī
: I_m A = A I_n = A.
Te̍k-pia̍t lâi kóng, tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t sī hâng-lia̍t khoân ê sêng-hoat tan-ūi-goân, mā sī it-poaⁿ sòaⁿ-sèng kûn \text{GL}(n) ê sêng-hoat tan-ūi-goân.

Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t ê kò͘-iú-ta̍t lóng sī chi̍t, jīm-hô hiòng-liōng lóng sī tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t ê kò͘-iú hiòng-liōng.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu


T
T
Chú-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ

Sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ tiong, **Chú-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ** (, ) sī hâng-lia̍t \{A_{ij}\}_{m\times n} lāi-té só͘-ū hû-ha̍p i=j ê só͘-chāi, khiā-sǹg-kóng sī tùi siōng chò-siōng kàu siōng iū-hā ê hit tiâu sòaⁿ. Tī chit tiâu sòaⁿ téng-koân ê iàu-sò͘ kiò-chò **tùi-kak-sòaⁿ iàu-sò͘** (, ), bô tī i téng-koân ·ê kiò-chò   **hui-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ iàu-sò͘** (, ). Ē-bīn saⁿ ê hâng-lia̍t ê chú-túi-kak-sòaⁿ lán ēng âng-sek ê 1 kā siá ·khit-lì:

:\begin{bmatrix}
\color{red}{1} & 0 & 0\\
0 & \color{red}{1} & 0\\
0 & 0 & \color{red}{1}\end{bmatrix}
\qquad
\begin{bmatrix}
\color{red}{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \color{red}{1} & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \color{red}{1} & 0 \end{bmatrix}
\qquad
\begin{bmatrix}
\color{red}{1} & 0 & 0\\
0 & \color{red}{1} & 0\\
0 & 0 & \color{red}{1}\\
0 & 0 & 0\end{bmatrix}

## Sèng-chit
Tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t ê chú-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ iàu-sò͘ lóng sī chi̍t, hui-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ iàu-sò͘ lóng sī lêng:
:
I_n = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \end{bmatrix}.


Chi̍t ê sù-hong hâng-lia̍t ê tùi-kak-sòaⁿ iàu-sò͘ ê chóng-hô tiō sī i ê jiah (, ).

## Hoán-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ
n-kai sù-hong hâng-lia̍t \{B_{ij}\}_{n\times n} ê **hoán-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ** (, ) sī só͘-ū hû-ha̍p i+j=n+1 ê só͘-chāi. Ē-bīn âng-sek ê 1 tiō sī hoán-tùi-kak-sòaⁿ:

\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 & \color{red}{1}\\
0 & \color{red}{1} & 0\\
\color{red}{1} & 0 & 0\end{bmatrix}


C
C
Kiōng-tam choán-tì

**Kiōng-tam choán-tì** (, ) sī chiam-tùi hâng-lia̍t ê chi̍t chióng chhau-chok, kán-tan lâi kóng, i pau-hâm chi̍t pái ho̍k-kiōng-tam kap chi̍t pái choán-tì.

## Kì-hō kap tēng-gī

### Kì-hō
Chi̍t ê ho̍k hâng-lia̍t A ê kiōng-tam choán-tì, kì-hō ū chiok chē chióng:

* Tī sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ tiong, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē siá-chò A^* ia̍h-sī A^\mathrm{H}.
* Tī liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k tiong, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē siá-chò A^\dagger, ēng Eng-gí tha̍k-chò “*A dagger*”.
* Ū sî-chūn ē siá-chò A^+, sui-jiân-kóng chit ê hû-hō khah chia̍p sī piáu-sī Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse.

### Tēng-gī
A ê kiōng-tam choán-tì lán ē-sái án-ne lâi tēng-gī:\left(A^\mathrm{H}\right)_{jk} = \overline{A_{kj}},kî-tiong iàu-sò͘ \overline{A_{kj}} téng-koân chi̍t hoâiⁿ ê ì-sù sī A_{kj} ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam.

### Lē
Ká-sú-kóng lán beh kè-sǹg hâng-lia̍t
:A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 - i & 5 \\ 1 + i & i & 4-2i \end{pmatrix}
ê kiōng-tam choán-tì, lán tio̍h seng sǹg i ê choán-tì:
:A^\mathrm{T} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 + i \\ -2 - i & i \\ 5 & 4-2i\end{pmatrix},
koh sǹg i ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam:
:A^\mathrm{H} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 - i \\ -2 + i & -i \\ 5 & 4+2i\end{pmatrix}.

## Miâ-chheng
Chia-ê mài-chheng ì-sù chha-put-to lóng sio-kâng:

* **kiōng-tam choán-tì** (, )
* **Hermite kiōng-tam** (, )
* **Hermite choán-tì**  (, )
* **adjoint** ()

## Sèng-chit
* Si̍t hâng-lia̍t A ê kiōng-tam choán-tì tiō sī i ê choán-tì: A^\mathrm{H} = A^\mathrm{T}.
* Tùi jīm-hô nn̄g ê pêⁿ-tōa ê hâng-lia̍t A kap B, lán ū (A + B)^\mathrm{H} = A^\mathrm{H} + B^\mathrm{H} .
* Tùi jīm-hô ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ z kap jīm-hô m\times n hâng-lia̍t A, lán ū (zA)^\mathrm{H} = \overline{z} A^\mathrm{H} .
* Tùi jīm-hô m\times n hâng-lia̍t A kap jīm-hô n\times p hâng-lia̍t B, lán ū \left(AB\right)^\mathrm{H} = B^\mathrm{H} A^\mathrm{H} . Ài chù-ì, sūn-sī tian-tò-péng ·ah.
* Tùi jīm-hô m\times n hâng-lia̍t A, lán ū \left(A^\mathrm{H}\right)^\mathrm{H} = A, i.e. kiōng-tam choán-tì sī chi̍t chióng tùi-ha̍p.

## Chham-khó khu-liáu


K
K
Ho̍k-kiōng-tam

Tī sò͘-ha̍k tiong, chi̍t ê ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ z ê **ho̍k-kiōng-tam** (, ) \overline{z} mā sī chi̍t ê ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘, \overline{z} ê si̍t-pó͘ kah z sio-kâng, \overline{z} hi-pō͘ kah z pêⁿ-tōa tān-sī hû-hō tùi-hoán ê sò͘. Khiā-sǹg-kóng, nā-chún a  kap b sī si̍t-sò͘, z=a+bi ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam tiō sī \overline{z}=a-bi. Pí-lūn-kóng,

: \overline{-4+3i} = -4-3i
: \overline{8} = 8 (si̍t-sò͘ ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam sī i ka-kī)
: \overline{2i} = -2i (sûn hi-sò͘ ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam sī i ê tùi-hoán sò͘)

Lán nā iōng-tio̍h ke̍k-chò-piau piáu-sī, ē-sái án-ne tēng-gī ho̍k-kiōng-tam:
:\overline{re^{i \theta}} = re^{-i \theta}
kî-tiong in ê hok-kak hû-hō tùi-hoán. Che ē-sái iōng Euler kong-sek lâi chèng-bêng.

## Miâ-chheng
Eng-gí *conjugate* goân-chū Latin-gí ê *coniugāre* (“liân chò-hóe, gû-taⁿ”), iû *con-* (“chò-hóe”) +‎ *iugāre* (“ chiap, pa̍k, liân”) kò͘-sêng. 

Tiong-kok-ōe kā e̍k-chò 共軛. Ji̍t-pún-ōe e̍k-chò 共役. Tâi-oân-ōe e̍k-chò 共擔.

## Kì-hō
Ho̍k-kiōng-tam ê kì-hō ū nn̄g chióng: vinculum \overline{z} kap chheⁿ-tiám z^*. 

Tē 1 chióng sò͘-ha̍k-ka khah ài iōng. 

Tē 2 chióng bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, tiān-ki kang-têng, tiān-náu kho-ha̍k téng-téng léng-he̍k khah ài iōng.

## It-poaⁿ-hòa
Chi̍t ê ho̍k hâng-lia̍t ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam tiō sī ta̍k-ê iàu-sò͘ lóng ka i piàn-chò ho̍k-kiōng-tam. Pí-lūn-kóng, 
:\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 2+3i & \sqrt{3} i \\ 1-0.5i & -6\end{pmatrix} ,\quad \overline{\mathbf{A}} = \begin{pmatrix} 2-3i & -\sqrt{3} i \\ 1+0.5i & -6\end{pmatrix}. 
## Sèng-chit
Tùi jīm-hô nn̄g ê ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ z kap w, lán ū
* \overline{\left(\overline{z}\right)}=z.
* \overline{z + w} = \overline{z} + \overline{w}.
* \overline{z - w} = \overline{z} - \overline{w}.
* \overline{zw} = \overline{z}\cdot \overline{w}.
* \overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}, chún-kóng w \neq 0.
* z\overline{z} = {\left| z \right|}^2.
* \left\vert \overline{z} \right\vert = \left\vert z \right\vert.
* z^{-1} = \frac{\overline{z}}{{\left| z \right|}^2}, chún-kóng z \neq 0.
* \overline{z^n} = \left(\overline{z}\right)^n, tùi só͘-ū ê n \in \Z
* \exp\left(\overline{z}\right) = \overline{\exp(z)}
* \ln\left(\overline{z}\right) = \overline{\ln(z)}, chún-kóng z \neq 0.
## See also

* Hermite kiōng-tam

## Chù-kái
Ti̍t-kau hâng-lia̍t

**Ti̍t-kau hâng-lia̍t** (, ) sī chi̍t khoán si̍t sù-hong hâng-lia̍t, i ê choán-tì téng-î i ê ge̍k:
:A^\mathrm{T} = A^{-1},
khiā-sǹg-kóng 
:A^\mathrm{T} A^{-1} = A^{-1}A^\mathrm{T}= I,
kî-tiong I sī tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t.

## Lē
Chia ê lē lóng sī ti̍t-kau hâng-lia̍t:
*
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1 \\
\end{pmatrix} &emsp;&emsp; (tông-téng piàn-ōaⁿ)
*
\begin{pmatrix}
\cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\
\sin \theta & \cos \theta \\
\end{pmatrix} &emsp;&emsp;(tńg-se̍h \theta)
*
\begin{pmatrix}
\cos 16.26^\circ & -\sin 16.26^\circ \\
\sin 16.26^\circ & \cos 16.26^\circ \\
\end{pmatrix} \approx \left(\begin{array}{rr}
0.96 & -0.28 \\
0.28 & 0.96 \\
\end{array}\right)&emsp;&emsp;(tńg-se̍h 16.26^\circ)
*
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & -1 \\
\end{pmatrix} &emsp;&emsp; (thàu-kòe*x*-te̍k ê kiàⁿ-siōng)
*
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix} &emsp;&emsp; (thè-ōaⁿ chō-piau-te̍k)

T
T
Sòaⁿ-sèng thí-khui

Hiòng-liōng khong-kan tiong, chi̍t ê hiòng-liōng chi̍p-ha̍p S ê **sòaⁿ-sèng thí-khui** (, ), tiō sī pau-hâm S ê siōng sè chú-khong-kan. 

## Tēng-gī
Siat-sú ū chi̍t ê tī thé K téng-bīn ê hiòng-liōng khong-kan V. Hiòng-liōng chi̍p-ha̍p S ê **sòaⁿ-sèng thí-khui** (kán-chheng thí-khui) tiō sī só͘-ū pau-hâm S ê chú-khong-kan ê kau-chi̍p W. Lán kā siá-chò W=\operatorname{span}(S), mā ē-ēng-tit sú-iōng ē-bīn kúi-nā chióng kóng-hoat:

* W sī hō͘ S thí ·khui ê chú-khong-kan. ()
* S thí ·khui W. ()
* S sī W ê thí-khui chi̍p-ha̍p. ()

Lēng-gōa chi̍t chióng tēng-gī sī án-ne: S ê thí-khui tiō-sī só͘-ū S ê goân-sò͘ ê iú-hān sòaⁿ-sèng cho͘-ha̍p, i.e.,

:  \operatorname{span}(S) =  \left \{ {\left.\sum_{i=1}^n c_i \mathbf{v}_i \;\right|\; n \in \N, \mathbf{v}_i  \in S, c_i  \in K} \right \}.

## Lē

* \left\{(-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)\right\} sī ê si̍t-sò͘ hiòng-liōng khong-kan \R^3ê chi̍t ê thí-khui chi̍p-ha̍p. Chi̍t ê te̍k-sû ê thí-khui chi̍p mā sī \R^3 ê chi̍t ê ki-té. Nā-chún kā (-1, 0, 0) ōaⁿ-chò (1, 0, 0), chit ê chi̍p-ha̍p tiō ē chiâⁿ-chò \R^3 ê phiau-chún ki-té.

* \left\{(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), \left(-1, \frac{1}{2}, 3\right), (1, 1, 1)\right\} mā sī \R^3ê chi̍t ê thí-khui chi̍p-ha̍p, m̄-kò i m̄ sī ki-té, in-ūi i bô sòaⁿ-sèng to̍k-li̍p.
*  \left\{(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)\right\} m̄ sī \R^3 ê thí-khui chi̍p-ha̍p, tān-sī i thí ·khui \R^2.

S
S
Sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘

**Sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘** (, ) sī sò͘-ha̍k ê hun-chi ha̍k-kho. 

## Gián-kiù chú-tê

### Hiòng-liōng khong-kan

Hiòng-liōng khong-kan sī sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ só͘ gián-kiù ê chú-iàu sò͘-ha̍k kiat-kò͘. Tī thé téng-koân, koh hû-ha̍p kúi-nā ê kong-siat ê chi̍p-ha̍p, ka-siōng nn̄g ê ūn-sǹg (hiòng-liōng ka-hoat kap sûn-liōng-chek), tiō chiâⁿ-chò chi̍t ê hiòng-liōng khong-kan.

### Hâng-lia̍t

Hâng-lia̍t sī chi̍t chióng tn̂g-tu-hêng ê tīn-lia̍t. Sù-hong hâng-lia̍t ē-sái piáu-ta̍t nn̄g ê hiòng-liōng khong-kan chi-kan ê sòaⁿ-sèng siá-siōng, só͘-í sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ ê chi̍t ê sè hun-chi.

### Kò͘-iú-ta̍t kap kò͘-iú hiòng-liōng

### Lāi-chek khong-kan

*
S
Sit-hāu phêng-tēng

**Sit-hāu phîng-tīng** (ing-gí: failure assessment) teh tēn-náu  set-kè ê siōng-hā-bûn lāi-té sī-tsí khak-jīn tsi̍t-ê  teh ti̍k-tīng tiâu-kiāñ tsi-hā ē sit-pāi, koh set-huat siu-tsìng i-ê sit-pāi  ê kho-ha̍k. Sit-hāu phîng-tīng hām iân-sǹg-huat ê tsún-khak-sìng, ,  ū ti̍t-tsiap .

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Open Library)
* (陳炳楠/Thuat-suàñ)
* (Golden Gate Park)
* (Heh-tsí lí-lūn/嚇阻理論)
* (Kim Sîng-thài/양승태/梁承泰)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
*Failure Analysis
*Failure and fault analysis for software debugging
Tiān-chú hián-bî-kiàⁿ

**Tēn-tsú hén-bî-kiàñ** (ing-gí: Electron microscope; : tēn kiañ) sī sú-iōng tēn-tsú lâi hén-sī bu̍t-kiāñ ê lāi-pōo hi̍k-tsiá  ê hén-bî-kiàñ. Ko-sok ê tēn-tsú ê pho-tn̂g pí khó-kiàn kng ê pho-tn̂g khah té (), lî-tshiáñ tēn-tsú hén-bî-kiàñ ê  (tāi-iok 0.2 nāi-bí) pí  ê hun-pēn-lu̍t  (tāi-iok 200 nāi-bí) koh kha kuân tsiâñ-tsē.

## Ìng-iōng
;Puàn-tō-thé hām tsu-liāu thú-tsûn
* Circuit edit
* Defect analysis
* 
**Sing-bu̍t-ha̍k hām sèñ-miā kho-ha̍k**
* 
* Cryo-electron microscopy
* Diagnostic electron microscopy
* Drug research (e.g. antibiotics)
* Electron tomography
* Lia̍p-tsú hun-sik
* Particle detection
* Protein localization
* 
* Tissue imaging
* Toxicology
*  (e.g.  monitoring)
;Tsâi-liāu gén-kiú
* Device testing and characterization
* Tōng-thài tsâi-liāu si̍t-giām
* Electron beam-induced deposition
* In-situ characterisation
* Materials qualification
* Medical research
* 
* Nanoprototyping
;Kok-tsíng hâng-gia̍p
* Chemical/Petrochemical
* Direct beam-writing fabricationi-iáu
* Food science
* 
*  (Tuàn-khió siòng-ha̍k)
* Micro-characterization
* Mining (khòng-bu̍t sik-hòng hun-sik)
* I-iáu phín-khòng (Pharmaceutical QC)

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Thiò-siā tēn-chú hén-bî-kiàñ/Transmission electron microscopy)
* (Yawn)
* (United States v. Cruikshank)
* (United States v. Miller)*Discord
*San-tiok (san-tik; mangosteen; purple mangosteen)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* An Introduction to Electron Microscopy : resources for teachers and students
* Cell Centered Database – Electron microscopy data
* Science Aid: Electron Microscopy : high school (GCSE, A Level) resource

### It-puañ
* Animations and explanations of various types of microscopy including electron microscopy (Université Paris Sud)
* Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM)
* ETH Zurich website: graphics and images illustrating various procedures
*Eva Nogales's Seminar: "Introduction to Electron Microscopy" 
* FEI Image Contest: FEI has had a microscopy image contest every year since 2008
* Introduction to electron microscopy by David Szondy
* Nanohedron.com image gallery: images generated by electron microscopy
* X-ray element analysis in electron microscopy: information portal with X-ray microanalysis and EDX contents

### Li̍k-sú
* John H.L. Watson's recollections at the University of Toronto when he worked with Hillier and Prebus 
* Rubin Borasky Electron Microscopy Collection, 1930–1988 (Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution)

### Kî-thañ
* The Royal Microscopical Society, Electron Microscopy Section (UK)
* Albert Lleal. Natural history subjects at Scanning Electron Microscope SEM 
* EM Images 

Lūi-pia̍t:Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k

Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok ê hoat-bêng
Koan-kiān sî-khek (Tong-sim)

**Kuan-kēn sî-khik (Tong-sim)** (hàn-gú: 關鍵時刻 (東森); ing-gú: Crucial Time) sī Tâi-uân Tong-sim sin-bûn-tâi tsè-pòo ê tset-bo̍k, iû tsu-tshim tng-ke ê tsú-tshî-jîn Lâu Pó-ket teh tsú-tshî. Tsit-ê tset-bo̍k sī Tong-sim sin-bûn ê tiông-tshing ê tiān-sī tset-bo̍k, tset-bo̍k sî-kan pat tò-tshù bî-tiâu. Hēn-tsú-sî teh pài-it tsí pài-gōo 21:55-00:05 pòo-tshut. Kuan-kēn sî-khik mā-sī tâi-uân siōng-tsá ê "tsîng-kíng-sik sin-bûn" tâm-uē tsiat-bo̍k.

Tset-bo̍k ê YouTube pîn-tō teh 2012-nî 7-gue̍h set-li̍p. 2018-nî -gue̍h, tsit-ê pîn-tō  jîn-sòo ta̍t-kàu 100 bān, tsiâñ-tsò tâi-uân tan-it tset-bo̍k tang-tiong, tē-1 ê tu̍t-phuà  tīng-ua̍t ê pîn-tō, kàu 2020-nî 3-gue̍h, tīng-ua̍t ê jîn-sòo tu̍t-phuà 200 .

## Tsú-tshî-jîn
*Lâu Pó-kiat: Tong-sim sin-bûn-tâi tng-ke tsú-tshî-jîn, tâi-uân tsu-tshim sin-bûn muí-tè-jîn.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
* (Seoul tiong-iong tē-hng huat-īñ/서울중앙지방법원/首爾中央地方法院)
* (Hân-kok tāi-huat-īñ/대한민국 대법원/韓國大法院)
* (Hân-kok tāi-huat īñ-tiúñ/대한민국의 대법원장/韓國大法院長)
* (Kim Bīng-tsu/김명수 (법조인)/金命洙)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
* 
*
Actio libera in causa

**Actio libera in causa** (**guan-in tsū-iû hîng-uî**; latin-gí: actio libera in causa) tsì-tsāi tshú-lí  teh hîng-uî hit-tong-sî khiā-tī "bô  ê tsōng-thài", hi̍k-tsiá "khiā-tī hèn-tsè tsik-jīm lîng-li̍k ê tsōng-thài"; guân-pún kin-kù , tō-sī hîng-uî huat-sing hit-ê sî-tsūn khiàm-khuat tsik-jīm lîng-li̍k tì-sú bô-huat-tōo sîng-tsuē. M̄-koh, suah  kin-kù tsit-ê "actio libera in causa" (guan-in tsū-iû hîng-uî) lí-lūn ten-tò ē-tàng khò-ú hîng-uî-jîn ê . "Guan-in tsū-iû hîng-uî" (actio libera in causa) sī  tang-tiong siōng tiōng-iàu ê lí-lūn tsi-it.

## Tsù-sik

## Tsham-khó bûn-hèn

*Eschelbach: Beck’scher Online-Kommentar zum StGB, Ed. 10/2009, § 20 Rn. 71.
*Trechsel: Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch, Praxiskommentar, Art. 19 Rz. 22.
* Dreher/Tröndle: *Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze*, C.H. Beck, München 1995, § 20 Rnr. 18–21. 
* Michael Hettinger: *Die "Actio libera in causa" – Strafbarkeit wegen Begehungstat trotz Schuldunfähigkeit? : eine historisch-dogmatische Untersuchung*, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-428-06492-5. 
* Henning Leupold: *Die Tathandlung der reinen Erfolgsdelikte und das Tatbestandsmodell der "actio libera in causa" im Lichte verfassungsrechtlicher Schranken*, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11914-2. 
* Eberhard Schmidhäuser: *Die actio libera in causa – ein symptomatisches Problem der deutschen Strafrechtswissenschaft*, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1992, ISBN 3-525-86255-5. 
* Heiko Übler: *Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich der actio libera in causa: Ende einer überkommenen Rechtsfigur*, Universität Regensburg, Dissertation, 2002. 
* René Zenker: *Actio libera in causa: ein Paradoxon als öffentlicher Strafanspruch in einem vom Schuldprinzip geprägten Rechtsstaat*, LIT-Verlag, Münster 2003, ISBN 3-8258-6578-9. 
*Martin Killias, Précis de droit pénal général, Berne, Stæmpfli, 2001 (ISBN 978-3-7272-0733-4), § 925 à 929. 
*高點法律網《判解集》28期〈原因自由行為的可罰性基礎－－最高法院103年度台上字第1832判決〉http://lawyer.get.com.tw/File/PDF/判解集/218592_原因自由行為的可罰性基礎.pdf 

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (sim-tì put kēn-tsuân/Non compos mentis)
* (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ/山東高等法院)
* (Se-khong ko-tíng huat-īñ/西康高等法院)
* (An-hui ko-tíng huat-īñ/安徽高等法院)
* (Tshing-bua̍t sin-bûn-huat/清末新闻法)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

*Actio libera in causa and criminal liability  
*(PDF) Actio Libera in Causa 
*Actio Libera in Causa-SpringerLink 
*何謂原因自由行為? 
*原因自由行為的可罰性基礎-最高法院103年度台上字第1832判決-刑事法判解 
*原因自由行為的可罰性基礎－－最高法院103年度台上字第1832判決- 月旦知識庫 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tek-kok phó͘-thong hêng-hoat
Lūi-pia̍t:Brocard hoat-lu̍t kek-giân
Lūi-pia̍t:Hêng-hoat

Lūi-pia̍t:Latin-gí hoat-lu̍t su̍t-gí
Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-lu̍t ha̍k-suat hām goân-chek
Lūi-pia̍t:Au-lio̍k hoat-hē hoat-lu̍t su̍t-gí
Lâu Pó-kiat

**Lâu Pó-ket** (1963-nî 9-gue̍h 20-ji̍t) sī tâi-uân muî-thé-jîn, Then-tsú-kàu tôo, uì Tiongkok bûnhuà tāiha̍k sin-bûn-hē . Pat tam-jīn kuè Tiong-sî àm-pò kì-tsiá, Liân-ha̍p-pò kì-tsiá, Liân-ha̍p-pò tsuān-su̍t uí-guân,  "Nuâ-tsa̍h sin-bûn" (攔截新聞) tsú-tshî-jîn tíng-tíng ê tsit-bū.  Tong-sim sin-bûn-tâi Kuan-kēn sî-khik tng-ke tsú-tshî-jîn.

## Tsū-tshî tsok-phín
### Tēn-sī tset-bo̍k
*Tong-sim sin-bûn-tâi "Kuan-kēn sî-khik"

## Tshut-pán-phín
### [[Chok-phín|Tù-tsok]]

## Én-tshut tsok-phín
### Tēn-sī-kio̍k

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
*
* (Tāi-guân thóng-tsè)
*Colistin (eng-gí: Colistin)
* (Siám-sai ko-tíng huat-īñ)
* (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
*

Lūi-pia̍t:1963 nî chhut-sì
Lūi-pia̍t:Chāi-sè jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Lâu--sī
Moscow chèng-koàn kau-e̍k-só͘

**Moscow tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k-sóo** (**MOEX**, gô-gú: Московская биржа) sī gôlôsu siōng- ê tsìng-kuàn  ; sîng-li̍p teh 2011-nî, sī-iû 1992-nî sîng-li̍p ê ММВБ () hām 1995-nî khui-gia̍p ê РТС () kau-i̍k-sóo ha̍p-pìng jī-sîng. Moscow kau-i̍k-sóo sī kóo-phiò, , , huè-pè,  , kuì kim-sio̍k, ngóo-kok, hām thn̂g kau-i̍k ê tsoo-tsit-tsiá.

khòng-kóo pau-kuat tsi̍t-ê  ( АО "", sok-siá tsò НРД (НКО АО НРД)), í-kip siōng-tuā ê  —— Hui gîn-hâng sìn-thài tsoo-tsit "Kok-ka tshing-sǹg tiong-sim" (АО "НКО, НКЦ").

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Tsoo-ha̍p io̍h-bu̍t/combination drug or a fixed-dose combination (FDC))
* (Al-Shabaab (militant group))
* (thê-ôo/Pelican/hái-gô)
* (Jin-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Jin-class submarine)
*

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
*

Lūi-pia̍t:Moscow chèng-koàn kau-e̍k-só͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Moscow chèng-koàn kau-e̍k-só͘ chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Moscow ê kong-si
Lūi-pia̍t:Gôlôsu chèng-koàn kau-e̍k-só͘
PMNS hâng-lia̍t

Tī lia̍p-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k tiong, **PMNS hâng-lia̍t** sī chi̍t ê (; , kán-chheng **PMNS matrix**), mā kiò-chò **neutrino sio-lām hâng-lia̍t** (; ) sī chi̍t ê unitary sio-lām hâng-lia̍t, chū-iû thoân-pò ê neutrino kap si jio̍k-la̍t ê neutrino nn̄g-ê chi-kan liōng-chú thài ê chhat-piat.   Chit ê hâng-lia̍t siōng chá sī Ziro Maki, Masami Nakagawa, kap Shoichi Sakata tī 1962 nî the̍h-chhut ·ê, ēng-lâi kái-soeh Bruno Pontecorvo ī-chhek ê neutrino tín-tāng hiān-siōng.

## Hâng-lia̍t
PMNS hâng-lia̍ chok-iōng tī neutrino ê chit-liōng kò͘-iú thài, tiō chiâⁿ-chò bī ê kò͘-iú thài  sī án-ne:

: \begin{bmatrix} {\nu_e} \\ {\nu_\mu} \\ {\nu_\tau} \end{bmatrix} 
= \begin{bmatrix} U_{e 1} & U_{e 2} & U_{e 3} \\ U_{\mu 1} & U_{\mu 2} & U_{\mu 3} \\ U_{\tau 1} & U_{\tau 2} & U_{\tau 3} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \nu_1 \\ \nu_2 \\ \nu_3 \end{bmatrix} \ .

### Chham-sò͘-hòa
PMNS ū kúi-nā chióng bô-kâng ê chham-sò͘-hòa. Siōng chiap khòaⁿ-tio̍h ·ê sī bô͘-hóng 3-chhù-goân khong-kan lāi-té ê tńg-se̍h, ū 3 ê sio-lām kak ( \theta_{12} ,  \theta_{23}  kap  \theta_{13}), koh ū chi̍t-ê tāi-piáu CP phò-hoāi ê ūi-siòng  \delta_\text{CP} .

:: \begin{align} & \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & c_{23} & s_{23} \\ 0 & -s_{23} & c_{23} \end{bmatrix}
 \begin{bmatrix} c_{13} & 0 & s_{13}e^{-i\delta_\text{CP}} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -s_{13}e^{i\delta_\text{CP}} & 0 & c_{13} \end{bmatrix}
 \begin{bmatrix} c_{12} & s_{12} & 0 \\ -s_{12} & c_{12} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \\
 & = \begin{bmatrix} c_{12}c_{13} & s_{12} c_{13} & s_{13}e^{-i\delta_\text{CP}} \\
 -s_{12}c_{23} - c_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_\text{CP}} & c_{12}c_{23} - s_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_\text{CP}} & s_{23}c_{13}\\
 s_{12}s_{23} - c_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_\text{CP}} & -c_{12}s_{23} - s_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_\text{CP}} & c_{23}c_{13} \end{bmatrix}. \end{align} 

kî-tiong s_{ij} kap c_{ij} hun-pia̍t sī tāi-piáu \sin\theta_{ij} kap \cos\theta_{ij}.

## Koh khòaⁿ

* Neutrino tín-tāng
* CKM hâng-lia̍t

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Neutrino
Lūi-pia̍t:Lepton
Lūi-pia̍t:Lia̍p-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k
Unitary hâng-lia̍t

Tī sòaⁿ-sèng tāi-sò͘ tiong, chi̍t ê  ho̍k sù-hong hâng-lia̍t U sī **unitary hâng-lia̍t** (, ), nā-chún-kóng i ê kiōng-tam choán-tì U^* téng-î i ê ge̍k U^{-1}:

: U^* = U^{-1},

khiā-sǹg-kóng

: U^* U^{-1} = U^{-1}U^*= I,

kî-tiong I sī tan-ūi hâng-lia̍t. Liōng-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k khah ài ēng to-á-tiám (†) lâi siá kiōng-tam choán-tì, só͘-í téng-koân hit chi̍t sek ē piàn-chò

: U^\dagger U^{-1} = U^{-1}U^\dagger= I.

U
Kherson kok-chè ki-tiûⁿ

**Kherson kok-tsè ki-tiûñ** (ukraina-gí: Міжнародний аеропорт Херсон, IATA tāi-bé: KHE; ICAO tāi-bé: UKOH; ing-gí: Kherson International Airport) sī tsi̍t- khiā-tī Ukraina Kherson-tsiu Kherson tshī-tiûñ ê kun-bîn hap-iōng ki-tiûñ. Teh 1961-nî, tsi̍t-  hui-ki uì Kiev pue-kàu Kherson ki-tiûñ. 2006-nî, ki-tiûñ khai-pi̍t bîn-hâng . Ki-tiûñ tī  ê hit-kang 3-gue̍h tshe 2, hōo gôlôsu  tsiàm-niá.

## Thōng-kè sòo-jī

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Boryspil kok-tsè ki-tiûñ/Boryspil International Airport)
*
* (Gí-gên-khuan kuan-tshik-tsām/Linguasphere Observatory)
* (泰和律議)
* (Tsì-guân sin-kik/至元新格)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
* Official website
Madagascar (tiān-iáⁿ)

***Madagascar*** sī Bí-kok DreamWorks Animation kong-si 2005 nî chhut-phín ê tiān-iáⁿ. Chiap-soà sī **.

Tī Tâi-oân hoat-hêng ê Hoâ-gí phìⁿ miâ sī *Mǎdájiāsījiā* (馬達加斯加).

## Chham-khó


## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* 
* 
* 
* 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tōng-oē
Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok tiān-iáⁿ
Kutsevolivka

**Kutsevolivka** (Ukraina-gí: ) sī chi̍t ê tī Ukraina Kiōng-hô-kok Kirovohrad Chiu Onufriivka ê chng-thâu (*[[selo]]*).

## Chham-oa̍t
*Ukraina ê chng-thâu

## Chham-khó

Lūi-pia̍t:Kirovohrad Chiu ê chng-thâu
Sī-chhiòng

**Sī-tshiòng** (sī-tshiùñ; ing-gú: sight-singing; hàn-gú: 視唱) tō-sī iōng-lâi hîng-iông tsi̍t-ê én-tshiùñ-tsiá tng-teh í lóng m̄-bat khuàñ-kuè hi̍k-tsiá m̄-bat o̍h-kuè ê ga̍k-phóo iōng sī-tsiò jî-lâi ián-tshiùñ ê lēn-si̍p hi̍k khó-tshì. Sī-tshiòng ê ua̍h-tāng iau-kiû ián-tshiòng-tsiá su-iàu teh ián-tshiùñ ê kuè-tîng tiong  kah hén-hēn tshut-lâi teh ga̍k-phóo tíng-kuân ê im-kuân hām .

## Tsham-khó bûn-hèn

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

* Bower, Bruce (15 December 2011). "For Sight-Reading Music, Practice Doesn't Make Perfect : Discovery News." Discovery News: Earth, Space, Tech, Animals, History, Adventure, Human, Autos. Science News. 
* Hambrick, David Z. and Meinz, Elizabeth J. (19 November 2001). "Sorry, Strivers: Talent Matters", *[[The New York Times]]* 
*  

## Tsham-ua̍t
*Sī-chiò
* (Rapid antigen test)
*
* (t-siuttsiu-tsè tān-tō tō-tān/Intercontinental ballistic missile)
* (Gôlôsu ti̍k-tsióng tsok-tsiàn pōo-tuī/Special Operations Forces (Russia))
* (Brimstone (missile))

## Guā-pōo lên-ket
* Interactive sight-reading software for all instruments and voice, See Music 
* Sight reading training, crisstanza.github.io 

Lūi-pia̍t:Tha̍k-chheh
Lūi-pia̍t:Im-ga̍k kì-phó͘-hoat
Lâu Chheng-hûn

**Lâu Chheng-hûn**（），sió-miâ **Chú-teng**，sī Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi kap Chiàn-āu sî-kî ê chok-ka. Tâi-lâm bōng-cho̍k chhut-sin, chū tiong-o̍h sî-tāi khai-sí liû-ha̍k Ji̍t-pún, Khèng-èng Gī-sio̍k tāi-ha̍k chut-gia̍p, tī liû-ha̍k kî-kan kái sìn Ki-tok-kàu. Tù-chok ū《LÔ HOA KÁI-CHŌ THÓNG-IT SU-HĀN-BÛN》、《Tāi-ha̍k Cheng-siông》kap《Thian-kok Ò-pì Choân Chiàu-siā》téng chheh.

## Seng-peng
Lâu Chheng-hûn, Tâi-lâm bōng-cho̍k chhut-sin, sī Lâu Sūi-san ê tōa-kiáⁿ, siⁿ-bó si Lâu Chiā Chiū. Seng-tióng tī chhim-sìn Ki-tok-kàu ê ka-têng tiong, sè-hàn ê sî tī Thài-pêng-kéng Ki-tok Tiúⁿ-lo-kàu-hōe hù-sio̍k sió-ha̍k tha̍k-chheh. 1907 nî chìn-ji̍p Tâi-lâm Tiúⁿ-lo-kàu-hōe tiong-o̍h. Tī Tióng-êng tiong-o̍h kî-kan, Lâu Chheng-hûn sêng-chek siat-thái-hó, tī 1909 nî Saⁿ-nî-kip ē-pòaⁿ-nî 「chóng-kiat-khó」ê sî, í 97 hun（ki̍p-keh hun-sò͘ 70）ê ko-hun sūn-lī chiâⁿ-chòe sì-nî-kip seng. 1910 nî chiân-óng Ji̍t-pún kiû-ha̍k. 1912 nî sòng bú. Ùi Ji̍t-pún Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tông-chì-siā tiong-ha̍k phó͘-thong-pō͘ chut-gia̍p liáu-āu, tī 1915 nî chìn-ji̍p Khèng-èng Gī-sio̍k tāi-ha̍k tha̍k-chheh. 1920 nî Sèng-tàn-chiat, Lâu Chheg-hûn tī Tang-kiaⁿ Lêng-lâm-pán Ki-tok kàu-hōe, ùi 小崎弘道（こざき ひろみち） bo̍k-su niá sóe-lé ji̍p-kàu. 1921 nî,  chhú-tit Khèng-èng Gī-sio̍k tāi-ha̍k lí-châi ha̍k-sū. Liû-ha̍k kî-kan, Lâu Chheng-hûn kap sió-mōe Lâu Siù-khîm ê ha̍k-ché 本目貞（Lâu Cheng） se̍k-sāi, tong-sî 本目貞 tng-leh thak Tang-kiaⁿ Ki-tok-kàu só͘ chhòng-pān ê Chheng-san Lú ha̍k-īⁿ Eng-bûn-kho. 1922 nî, nn̄g lâng tī Tang-kiaⁿ Lêng-lâm-pán Ki-tok-kàu-hōe kiat-hun. Hun-āu, Lâu Chheng-hûn tńg-lâi Tâi-oân hia̍p-chō͘ lāu-pē keng-êng ka-gia̍p, keng-êng Sam-to siong-hōe, chiông-sū si̍t-gia̍p, āu-lâi tam-jīm Lâu--ka Hô-goân lông-tiûⁿ koán-lí-jîn 20 gōa nî. Lēng-gōa iā bat jīm Tâi-lâm-chhī Kàu-io̍k úi-oân、Tâi-lâm-chhī Hia̍p-gī hōe-oân téng kong-chit. 1924 nî, Lâu Chheng-hûn khí chi̍t-tòng nn̄g-chàn-lâu Eng-kokh-sek ê iûⁿ-lâu, pí-phēng tong-sî ê Tâi-lâm-chiu Ti-sū koaⁿ-tí.

1925 nî, Lâu Chheng-hûn ēng Pe̍h-ōe-jī chiàu Ē-mn̂g-ōe gú-im, phian-choàn kap chhut-pán《LÔ HOA KÁI-CHŌ THÓNG-IT SU-HĀN-BÛN》chit-pún chheh, kiōng 513 ia̍h, lōe-iông sī Lô-má-jī kap Hàn-jī pēng-iōng ê tùi-chiàu-bûn, sī chi̍t pō͘ choān-siá Hàn-bûn Su-hān-bûn ê chí-lâm ēng chheh. 1942 nî, chhut-pán《Tāi-ha̍k Cheng-siông》, í Hàn-bûn、Ji̍t-bûn kap Pe̍h-ōe-jī cheng-kóe 《Tāi-ha̍k》, kiōng 48 ia̍h. Tī che í-āu, Lâu Chheng-hûn choán-chòe khûn-tha̍k 《Sèng-keng》, tī 1965 nî 12 goe̍h Sèng-tàn kî-kan hoat-piáu《Ia-so͘ sī siáng？》. 1970 nî, oân-sêng Sèng-su tê-tián《Thian-kok Ò-pì Choân-chiàu-siā》Siōng-koàn, āu-lâi tī 1978 nî oân-sêng chit-pún-chheh ê hā-koàn, kè-kiōng 10,179 tê-sèng.

## Ka-têng

* Bó͘：本目 貞（Lâu Cheng）
** Tióng-lú：Lâu Khèng-lí（bat kái-miâ 邦室慶子）
** Tōa-kiáⁿ：Lâu Kóe-chō
** Tē-jī hāu-siⁿ：Lâu Kek-sin（bat kài sìⁿ 邦室）
** Tē-saⁿ hāu-siⁿ：Lâu I̍t-bîn（bat kài sìⁿ 邦室）
** Ban-á-kiáⁿ：Lâu Pī-sè（bat kài sìⁿ 邦室）

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* LÔ HOA KÁI-CHŌ THÓNG-IT SU-HĀN-BÛN－Tâi-gí-bûn Kì-ek
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-lâm-chhī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê Sin-kàu-tô͘
Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê chok-ka
Rutracker.org

**Rutracker.org** (í-tsîng sú-iōng **torrents.ru** ê  it-ti̍t-kàu 2010-nî) sī gôlôsu siōng-tuā ê . Tset-tsí 2022-nî 3-gue̍h, Rutracker.org ióng-iú 1374  tsù-tsheh iōng-tsiá, 214.1 bān ê  (kî-tiong 197.5 bān ê torrent iáu-koh teh ua̍h-thiàu), sóo-ū torrent ê tsóng iông-liōng uî 4.653 PB.

## Li̍k-sú

* 2004 káu-gue̍h 18 — tshòng-tsè  BitTorrent tracker
* 2008 tshit-gue̍h tshe 5 — Sóo-ū ê  lóng hông tsuán-î kàu tsi̍t-ê kiò-tsò  ê tan-to̍k torrent tracker 
* 2010 jī-gue̍h 18 — I̍k-miâ uì torrents.ru king-kái tsò rutracker.org
* 2015 tsa̍p-it gue̍h tshe 9 — Tracker hōo  kìm-tsí
* 2016 it-gue̍h 25 — Gôlôsu  àn-tsiàu huat-tîng ê iau-kiû kìm-tsí Rutracker.org tsit-ê bāng-tsām

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hèn

*Дело №343-227. Правообладатели против Torrents.ru //  : журнал. — 2010. — № 4. — С. 28—29. 

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Veps language)
*
* (Yaksa tsèn-i̍k/Sino-Russian border conflicts)
* (Hàn-i̍k lí-lūn/Chinese translation theory)
* (Hàn-i̍k ê si-lōo thuân-pòo/Silk Road transmission of Buddhism)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Вики рутрекера 
* Способы обхода блокировки сайта 
* История крупнейшего торрент-трекера Рунета (с 18.09.2004 по 25.01.2016)
Advance Australia Fair

**Advance Australia Fair** (*Hiòng-chiân bí-lē ê Ò-chiu*) sī Ò-chiu ê kok-koa.

## Eng-gí

Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are one and free;
We’ve golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history’s page, let every stage
Advance Australia fair!
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia fair!

Beneath our radiant Southern Cross,
We’ll toil with hearts and hands;
To make this Commonwealth of ours
Renowned of all the lands;
For those who’ve come across the seas
We’ve boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair!


## Tâi-oân-ōe
Phôe-hêng-chiá bo̍k-tiûⁿ

**Phuê-hîng-tsiá bo̍k-tiûñ** (Skinwalker Ranch, mā-koh kiò "sherman bo̍k-tiûñ") sī bí-kok Utah-tsiu Ballard tang-lâm hong tāi-iok 512  (207 ) ê tsi̍t-tah ; bo̍k-tiûñ mā in-uī i-ê tshiau-tsū-jên hēn-siōng hām tsi̍t-kuá UFO sū-kiāñ jî-lâi tshut-miâ. Tō-sī tsia-ê tāi-tsì bo̍k-tiûñ tō tsiâñ-tsò too-tshī thuân-suat hām pōo-hūn ú-tiū-lâng gén-kiú ài-hòñ-tsiá ê . Guân-pún bo̍k-tiûñ sī bô ti̍k-tīng ê miâ-tshing; bo̍k-tiûñ ê  sī in-uī siōng-su̍t ê sū-kiāñ liáu-āu, tsiah hōo guā-kài iōng Navajo thuân-suat lāi-té iú-kuan  ê shaman phuê-hîng-tsiá lâi kā bo̍k-tiûñ hō-miâ.

## Puē-kíng
 tshut-hiān ê put-bîng hui-hîng bu̍t-thé pò-kò tī 1970 nî-tāi kong-pòo.

## Tsù-kái

## Ên-sin ua̍t-tho̍k

*Why a millionaire real-estate mogul bought Skinwalker Ranch 
*Brandon Fugal – Supercar owner & Steward of Skinwalker Ranch  

## Tsham-ua̍t
* (Phuê-hîng-tsiá/Skin-walker)

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

*SkinwalkerRanch.org – Property maps and updates from local researchers investigating the ranch
*RealityUncovered.com Article comparing claimed phenomenon to the region's Native American Ancestral heritage and religious practices (archived) 
*
*17 Creepy Facts About Utah’s ‘Skinwalker Ranch’ at **
*Fortean Times blog

Lūi-pia̍t:Forteana
Tiong-kok Tong-hong Hâng-khong 5735-hō pan-ki sit-sū

**Tiong-kok Tong-hong Hâng-khong 5735-hō pan-ki sit-sū**（koh-kiò-chòe**“3·21”Tong-hâng MU5735 Hâng-khong-khì Poe-hêng sū-kò͘**, **3·21 Tong-hâng kheh-ki sū-kò͘**、**Tong-hâng“3·21”tūi-ki sū-kò͘**a̍h-sī**Ngô͘-chiu Khong-lān**、**Têng-koān khong-lān**、**Kńg-sai Khong-lān**）sī hoat-seng tī Pak-kiaⁿ sî-kan 2022-nî 3-ge̍h 21-hō e-po͘ ê chi̍t-kiāⁿ ê Tiong-kok kheh-ki tūi-lo̍h sū-kò͘. Sit-sū hui-ki sī Tong-hong Hâng-khong Hûn-lâm iú-hān Kong-si poe-ê Pho-im 737-800-hêng hui-ki, pian-hō B-1791, tùi Khun-bêng poe-khì Kńg-chiu, hâng-pan pian-hō sī **MU5735**（IATA）抑是**CES5735**（ICAO）.Hui-ki hō͘-lâng kàm-chhek kàu khoài-sok tūi-lo̍h hām sit-liân liáu-āu tāi-iok-á tī 14:22 sî tī Kńg-sai Chòng-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu Ngô͘-chiu-chhī Têng-koān Lông-lâm-tìn Bo̍k-lông-chhoan chi̍t-ê kam-á-hn̂g tūi-lo̍h.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu
Wolfgang Pauli

**Wolfgang Ernst Pauli** () sī chi̍t ūi Ò-tē-lī ê lí-lūn bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka; i sī liōng-chú bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê khai-thok-chiá. 1945 nî, Pauli tio̍h Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng, tio̍h-chióng ê lí-iû sī “i hoat-hiān tōa-chū-jiân ê sin tēng-lu̍t, Pauli bô-chò-hóe goân-lí, koat-tēng-sèng ê kòng-hiàn.” Chit hāng pau-hoat spin lí-lūn, che sī bu̍t-chit kiat-kò͘ lí-lūn ê ki-chhó͘.

Pauli tī Wien chhut-sì, in lāu-pē sī hòa-ha̍k-ka Wolfgang Joseph Pauli (Wolf Pascheles, 1869–1955), in lāu-bú sī Bertha Camilla Schütz, in a-chí Hertha Pauli sī chi̍t ūi chok-ka kiam ián-oân. Pauli ê tiong-ng-miâ sī beh kì-liām i ê  kàu-hù Ernst Mach, i mā sī chi̍t ūi bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka. Pauli ê a-kong a-má sī tùi Praha lâi ê Iû-thài bōng-cho̍k; i ê cha-po͘-chó͘ sī Iû-thài chhut-pán-siong Wolf Pascheles. Pauli ê lāu-bú Bertha Schütz sī tī Lô-má Tiān-chû-kàu ê ka-têng  chhiâⁿ-ióng tōa-hàn ·ê; Bertha ê lāu-pē sī  Jewish writer Friedrich Schütz. Pauli was raised as a Thian-chú-kàu, although eventually he and his parents left the Church.

Pauli tha̍k ê ko-tiong sī Wien ê Döblinger-Gymnasium; i tī 1918 nî pit-gia̍p with distinction. Nn̄g kó goe̍h í-āu i tiō hoat-piáu i ê tē-it phiⁿ lūn-bûn, leh thó-lūn Albert Einstein ê it-poaⁿ siong-tùi-lūn. Āu-lâi i khì tha̍k München Tāi-ha̍k, chí-tō kàu-siū sī Arnold Sommerfeld, 1921 nî 7 goe̍h Pauli the̍h-tio̍h i ê phok-sū, i lūn-bûn ê tê-bo̍k sī lī-chú-hòa siang-goân-chú chúi-só͘  (H+2) ê liōng-chú lí-lūn.

Sommerfeld chhiáⁿ Pauli khì siá chi̍t phiⁿ siong-tùi-lūn ê pêng-lūn hō͘  (*Sò͘-ha̍k Kho-ha̍k Pah-kho-choân-su*). Pauli the̍h-tio̍h phok-sū nn̄g kó goe̍h í-āu,  siá-hó 237 iah ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Einstein mā ū kā i o-ló; hit phiⁿ siong-tùi-lūn ê bûn-chiuⁿ sī as a monograph, i kàu-taⁿ iáu koh sī siong-tùi-lūn ê phiau-chún chham-khó tho̍k-bu̍t.
左|縮圖|Wolfgang Pauli leh siōng-khò
Pauli tī Göttingen Tāi-ha̍k chò Max Born ê chō͘-lí, keh-tńg-nî tī Copenhagen ê Lí-lūn Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Gián-kiù-só͘ (later the Niels Bohr Institute). Chū 1923 nî kàu 1928 nî, i sī Hamburg Tāi-ha̍k ê kàu-siū. Hit-chām-á Pauli was tùi hiān-tāi liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k ê hoat-tián chò-chhut pang-chān. Te̍k-pia̍t sī i ū kiàn-kò͘ bô-chò-hóe goân-lí kap hui-siong-tùi-lūn-sèng spin. 1924 nî i mā ū siá chi̍t phiⁿ lūn-bûn leh thó-lūn colloid hòa-ha̍k kap i-ha̍k.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka
Lūi-pia̍t:Ò-tē-lī jîn-bu̍t
Lūi-pia̍t:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Nobel tit-chióng-jîn