Washington kò-chûn hêng-tō͘ Delaware Hô (1851 hōe-ōe)

** Washington kò-tsûn hîng-tōo  [[Khe|hô]] (1851 [[Kòe-ōe|huē-uē]])** (ing-gú: Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)) sī  gē-su̍t-ka  tī 1851-nî sañ-pak iû-uē ê . 

Tsia--ê uē-tsok sī uī-tio̍h kì-liām George Washington tsiong-kun hām tāi-lio̍k-kun tī 1776-nî 12-gue̍h 25-ji̍t tsì 26-ji̍t àm-sî teh Bí-kok to̍k-li̍p tsiàn-tsing ê sî-tsūn kò-tsûn tōo-kuè Delware-hô, Tsit-ê hîng-tōng sī tī 12-gue̍h 26-ji̍t thàu-tsá teh New Jersey  tsiu ê Trenton tsiàn-i̍k tang-tiong tu̍t-si̍p kah tsiàn-sìng Hessian kun-tuī ê tē-it pōo.

Tsit-tiunn uē ê guân-pún sī Tik-kok Bremen  siu-tsông ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn, tī 1942-nî jī-tsiàn kî-kan ê tsi̍t-pái hong-tsà tang-tiong hông huí-sún. Leutze koh uē nn̄g-ê pán-pún, kî-tiong tsi̍t-ê tsit-má kǹg-teh New York tshī ê . Līng-guā tsit-tiunn kǹg-teh Washington, D.C. pe̍h-kiong se-i̍k ê tsiap-thāi-khu, m̄-ku tī 2015-nî 3-gue̍h hông kòo-bé pīng-tshiánn teh Minnesota tsiu ê  tián-tshut. Tī 2022-nî 4-gue̍h,  suan-pòo, tsit pak khak-se hù ê uē-tsok tio̍h-beh tī 5-gue̍h teh phah-bē-huē tíng-kuân tshut-bē, ū-siū kóo-kè uî 15 tsì 2000 bān bí-kim. Tsuè-āu tsit-pak tôo í 4300 bān bí-kim ê kè-siàu siū-tshut.

## Li̍k-sú

Emanuel Leutze teh Bí-kok sîng-tióng tuā-hàn ê, sîng-liân liáu-āu, tńg-khì Tik-kok, tī 1848-nî kik-bīng kî-kan bîng-sing tshòng-tsok tsit-pak tôo ê siūnn-huat. Ǹg-bāng iōng Bí-kok kik-bīng uî bôo-iūnn, kóo-lē A-tsiu ê tsū-iûtsú-gī kái-kik-tsiá, lî-tshiánn koh lī-iōng Bí-kok ê iû-kheh hām gē-su̍t ha̍k-sing tsò bôo-ti̍k-jî hām tsōo-tshiú, kî-tiong pau-kua Worthington Whittredge ham Andreas Achenbach, Leutze tī 1850-nî uân-sîng tē-it pak tôo. Tē-it pak tôo uân-sîng liáu-āu, tē-it pak tôo sua-teh i-ê kang-tsok-sik hōo tuā-hue sio-tàn-tiāu, Suî-āu tē-it pak tôo hông siu-ho̍k koh hōo  lâi siu-kòo. Tī 1942-nî 9-gue̍h 5-ji̍t, teh jī-tsiàn kî-kan, tē-it pak tôo suà-lâi teh bîng-kun ê hong-tsà tang-tiong  tshui-huí.

Tē-jī pak tôo sī tē-it pak tôo ê tsuân tshùn-tshiò ho̍k-tsè-phín, tī 1850-nî khai-sí, lî-tshiánn koh-tī 1851-nî 10-gue̍h teh New York tshī tián-tshut. Tshiau-kuè 50,000 lâng lâi tsham-kuan tsit-pak tô. Tsit-pak tôo siōng khai-sí sī-iû Marshall O. Roberts iōng 10,000 bí-kim (hit-tong-sî sī tsi̍t-pit tuā-tsînn, tī 2021-nî tāi-iok sī 350,000 bí-kim) ê kè-siàu lâi siu-bé. Teh tsiânn-tsē piàn thè-uānn sóo-iú-kuân liáu-āu, tsit-pak tôo tsuè-āu tī 1897-nî iû John Stewart Kennedy kuan-tsīng hōo Tuā-too-huē gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán. "Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth" (Whashington teh Monmouth tsi̍p-kiat kun-tuī), Leutze ê "Washington Crossing the Delaware" ê kâng-phuānn tsok-phín teh   Doe tôo-su-kuán ê  Heyns (tang-pîng) ua̍t-lám-sik tián-tshut.

Tsit-pak tôo teh i-ê li̍k-sú siōng tsì-tsió hông tsió-khì nn̄g-pái.tī 1950 nî-tāi tshoo-kî, tsit-pak tôo sī Texas tsiu Dallas tián-lám ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Jiân-āu, uì 1952-nî khai-sí,  teh kū-lî tôo-uē lâi kòo-sū huat-sing ê hiān-tiûnn bô-guā-hn̄g ê Pennsylvania tsiu Washington Crossing ê liân-ha̍p uē-lí kong-huē ê kàu-tn̂g tián-tshut kui-lo̍h-nî.

Tī 2002-nî 1-gue̍h, tong-sî tsi̍t-uī tsiân Tuā-too-huē phok-bu̍t-kuán kíng-uē teh tah 911 si̍p-kik ê siòng-phìnn ê sî-tsūn, tsit-pak tôo suá-lâi hông phah oo-khì. Hó-ka-tsài tsit-pak tôo bô-kong tsō-sîng tiōng-tāi ê sún-hāi.

Kah tsit-pak tôo tàu-tīn sú-iōng ê kán-tan uē-khing guân-lâi m̄-sī  Leutze siat-kè ê guân-sí khing-keh. Tī 2007-nî, teh New York li̍k-sú ha̍k-huē huat-hiān tsit-tiunn iû Mathew Brady tī 1864-nî sóo hip-ê siōng-phínn, tsit-tiunn siōng-phìnn-thâu tián-sī tsit-pak tsòng-kuan ê ing-kuan uē-khing. Ū 12 ing-tshiò x 21 ing-tshiò ê tiau-khik hok-tsè khing-keh sī-iû New York tshī ê Eli Wilner & Company sú-iōng tsit-tiunn siōng-phínn sóo tsè-tsō ê. Kan-na tiau-khik ê ing-tíng-kuan tō-ū 14 ing-tshiò khuah.

Tī 1979-nî tsì 2014-nî, tsit-pak tôo ê tē-sann pán sī guân-pán ê sok-sió pán, kuà-teh Pe̍h-kiong ê tsiap-thāi-sik. Tsit-pak tôo hōo Minnesota tsiu Winona tshī  ê tshòng-sí-jîn Mary Burrichter hām Bob Kierlin sóo siu-kòo, lî-tshiánn koh tsòphok-bu̍t-kuán ê hi̍k-sim tián-tshut.

## Tsok-phín ê pòo-kio̍k
Tsit-pak tôo sī i-ê gē-su̍t kòo-tôo jî-lai tshut-miâ. Washington tsiong-kun hōo bô tsū-jiân ê bîng-liōng thian-khong lâi kiông-tiāu, m̄-ku i-ê bīn ū lia̍h-tio̍h teh-beh tshiō-tio̍h ê ji̍t-thâu. Sik-tshái tsú-iàu sī tshim-sik ê sik-tiāu sóo tsoo-sîng ê, kán-ná phah-phú-kng hit-tang-tsūn soo ū-kî ê kong-kíng kâng-khuán, m̄-koh teh kuí-tiunn tôo lāi-té it-tsài tshut-hiān an-sik ê kng-tiám. Sok-té ê thàu-sī hām uán-tshù ê tsûn-tsiah lóng teh tsing-ka tsi̍t-pak tô ê tshim-tōo, lî-tshiánn kohkiông-tiāu tsài-tio̍h Washington ê tsit-tsiah tsûn-á.

Tsûn-tíng ê lâng tāi-piáu Bí-kok si̍t-bîn-tē ê tsi̍t-ê hîng-tsia̍t-bīn, pau-kua tsi̍t-ê thâu tì Scotland bō-á ê lâng hām tsi̍t-ê Hui-tsiu lâng ê hōo-è teh thâu-tsîng pīng-pâi, se-hong pōo-tshìng-tshiú teh tsûn-thâu kah tsûn-bué, āu-piah ū nn̄g-ê tì khuah-pian bō-á ê lông-bîn (kî-tiong tsi̍t-ê koh-iōng pe̍h-pòo-liâu pau-tsat i-ê thâu). Tsûn-bué koh-ū tsi̍t-ê lâng, i tshīng-tshah kán-ná sī Bí-tsiu guân-tsū-bîn ê sann-khòo; tse-lóng-sī tāi-piáu án-ne ê tsi̍t-tsióng siūnn-huat, tio̍h-sī sin Bí-kok sóo-ū ê lâng lóng kah Washington tàu-tīn tsò-hué teh thong-óng sìng-lī hām sîng-kong ê lōo-thâu-siōng, iā-tio̍h-sī ta̍k-ê lâng lóng tshut-hiān teh kâng tsit-tiâu tsûn ê tíng-kuân.

Kin-kù 1853-nî ê tián-lám bo̍k-lio̍k, khiā-tī Washington pín-á tshiú gia̍h-tio̍h kok-kî ê lâng tō-sī Bí-kok bī-lâi ê tsóng-thóng James Monroe tiong-uì, lî-tshiánn uá-khò teh pín-á ê lâng tō-sī Nathanael Greene tsiong-kun. Tshú-guā, Edward Hand tsiong-kun tsē-teh tsûn-lāi, hû-tio̍h i-ê bō-á.

## Li̍k-sú tshò-ngōo
Teh tôo-siōng tíng-kuân sóo biâu-huē ê kî-á sī Bí-kok kok-kî ("Sing-tiâu-kî") ê tsá-kî pán-pún, tsit-khuán siat-kè teh Washington hîng-tōo ê sî-tsūn koh ia̍h-bé ū. Kî-á ê siat-kè sī tī 1777-nî 6-gue̍h 14-ji̍t ê tē-jī-kài Tāi-lio̍k huē-gī  iú-kuan kî-á ê kuat-gī tang-tiong tsiah-ū tē-it-pái ê tsí-tīng, pīng-tī 1777-nî 9-gue̍h 3-ji̍t tē-it-pái khah-lâi sú-iōng; tio̍h-sī kî-á sī teh Washington tī 1776-nî ê hîng-tōo tsi-āu koh tsiânn-kú liáu-āu khah tshut-hiān. Tī 1776-nî 1-gue̍h tshe-1, Washington teh Massachusetts tsiu Somerville sing-khí-lâi ê Tuā Liân-bîng Kî, sī koh-khah hû-ha̍p li̍k-sú ê kî-á, tō-sī tsò Tāi-lio̍k kun ê tāi-piáu piau-tsún hām tē-it bīn ê Bí-kok kok-kî.

Khiā-teh Washington ê li̍p-tiûnn tíng-kuân, tsiânn bîng-hián sī uī-tio̍h iōng ing-hiông ê hong-sik lâi biâu-huē i, si̍t-tsāi lāi-kóng teh pō-hong-ú ê tiâu-kiānn tsi-hā tsûn-á an-tsuân tsiàn-pāi uî-tshî. Iá-koh khó-lū-tio̍h Washington khiā-tio̍h tsit-tiâu iōng kò ê tsûn-á tíng-kuân, án-ne tsit-khuán khiā-tio̍h ê tsu-sè khó-lîng ē-hōo tsûn-á píng-tsûn. Put-jî-kò, li̍k-sú ha̍k-ka David Hackett Fischer jīn-uî, teh tsit-tiunn tôo tíng-kuân ta̍k-ê lâng lóng ài khiā--khí--lâi í-lâi pī-bián hōo tsûn-té ê ping-tsuí bak-tâm; m̄-ku si̍t-tsè-siōng sú-iōng ê Durham-tsûn ū-khah tuā tsiânn-tsē, tsûn-té mā-koh khah pênn, tsûn-á ê tshik-bīn koh-khah kuân, tsûn-á ê huainn-niû mā khah khuah (khuah-tōo) tāi-iok 8 ing-tshiò, tsiah-tsiú tshim-tōo sī 24-30 ing-tshùn.

## Íng-hióng

"Washington Crossing the Delaware" (Washington kò-chûn hêng-tō͘ Delaware Hô) sī David Shulman 1936-nî ê . Tsit-siú si-kua soo piáu-sī ê sī uē-tiong ê tiûnn-kíng, tse-sī tsit-siú tsa̍p-sì hîng ah-ūn ê si-kua, ta̍k-hîng lóng-sī piau-tê ê .

1953-nî, Bí-kok liû-hîng gē-su̍t-ka Larry Rivers huē-tsè "Washington Crossing the Delaware" (Washington kò-chûn hêng-tō͘ Delaware Hô) ê uetsok, tsit-tiunn tôo hōo New York tshī  siu-tsông.[9] Tsi̍t-pak tôo iah-koh kè-hua̍t Roy Lichtenstein (1951-nî huē-tsè ê thiu-siōng piáu-hiān tsú-gī piàn-thé) hām Robert Colescott (1975-nî huē-tsè ê piau-tê uî "George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware" ê hóng-tsè-phín) ê ho̍k-tsè-phín.[10] Grant Wood teh i ka-kī ê "Kik-bīng ê lú-jî" lāi-té ti̍t-tsiap sú-iōng Leutze ê uē-tsok. Tsit-pak tôo sī tuì D.A.R. (Daughters of the American Revolution) ê ti̍t-tsiap pîng-kik, teh tsim-tsiok sím-sī Wood uì in-ê lóng-bô kin-kù ê tsing-ing tsú-gī tsi kái-suat。

William H. Powell tsong-tso̍k tsit-kpak khiàm Leutze tsok-phín gē-su̍t tsè-bū ê uē-tsok, uē tiong biâu-huē Oliver Perry tī 1812-nî tsiàn-tsing kî-kan tio̍h-sī  kî-kan kā tsí-hui-kuân uì tsi̍t-tsiah tsûn-tíng tsuán-î kàu līng-guā tsi̍t-tsiah tsûn tíng-kuân. Guân-lâi ê uē-tsok tsit-má kuà-teh Ohio tsiu Gī-huē tāi-hā lāi-té, lî-tshiánn Powell āu-lâi koh tshòng-tsok tsi̍t-pak koh-khah tuā-tiūnn, koh-khah tshián sik-tiāu ê kâng-tsi̍t-ê tsú-tê ê suan-jiám uē, tsit-pak tôo kuà-teh Washington, D.C. ê Bí-kok kok-huē tāi-hā lāi-té. Teh Powell ê nn̄g-pak tsok-phín tang-tiong, Perry lóng khiā-teh tsi̍t-tsiah ū kuí-ā-ê sing-khu tshīng tsè-ho̍k teh kò-ê tsûn-á tíng-kuân . Washington tsit-pak uē-tsok hián-sī uì tsiànn-pîng kàu tò-pîng ê hîng-tsìn hong-hiòng, Perry ê tôo-siōng hián-sī khak-sī tò-píng ê ūn-tōng hong-hiòng; m̄-ku tsit nn̄g-tsióng kòo-tôo teh kî-thann hong-bīn sī bueh-sio-kāng ê. Nn̄g-pak tôo lóng biâu-huē tsûn-tíng ê tsi̍t-miâ sîng-kheh, i-ê thâu-khak lóng tînn-tio̍h pe̍h-pòo-liâu.

## Tsù-kái

## Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

*Anne Hawkes Hutton, *Portrait of Patriotism: Washington Crossing the Delaware*. Chilton Book Company, 1975. .  A detailed history of the painting, the actual crossing of the Delaware by American forces, and the life of Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. 
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## Tsham-ua̍t
*, *Washington Crossing the Delaware* (1953 painting),  huē-uē

## Guā-pōo liân-kiat

* Introduction to ''Washington's Crossing'' by David Hackett Fischer  at the Oxford University Press blog. 
*''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' at The Metropolitan Museum of Art 
*Full-text of "The painting ''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' on display in the Great Hall" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art