海蝶螺屬

**海蝶螺屬**（學名：**'），又叫**明螺屬*'，是[[玉黍螺類|玉黍螺目]][[海蝶螺科]]之下一個[[浮游生物|全浮游]]（）[[海洋生物|海洋]][[腹足綱]][[軟體動物]]的[[屬 (生物)|屬]]，也是海蝶螺科的模式屬。

==分佈==
除[[Atlanta californiensis]]外，全部19种都生活在热带和亚热带水域。大多数物种（十种）是世界性的，其余的9种物种中，有5种在印度太平洋，有2种只限于太平洋，1种在印度-大西洋，1种只限于大西洋。

它们是在热带和亚热带海洋中漂浮或游泳的蜗牛。大多数都具有全球性的分布，但是A. brunnea，A. pulchella和A. quoyi仅在美国水域中发现。 A. fusca、A. pacifica和A. rosea只生活在日本周围的海洋中。

==描述==
It has been recognized by several authors that identification of species in this genus is difficult and is dependent on their morphology of eyes, radula and operculum.

Main diagnostic features include: the shell and keel are calcareous; larval shell becomes the spire in the adult shell.

Snails of this genus are very small. Their coiled, [[calcareous]] shell has a diameter of less than 1&nbsp;cm. The [[protoconch]] of the larval shell is retained after [[metamorphosis]] and becomes the [[spire (mollusc)|spire]] of the adult shell. The number of spire whirls varies from 2½ (in the *A. lesueuri*- group) to 6 (*A. gibbosa*) and is thus also helpful in the identification of a species. The spire shape differs between the species groups, from very small (*A. lesueuri*- group), to inflated or flat (*A. inflata*- group ) to large (*A.inclinata*- group and  *A. gibbosa*- group).

They can retract into their shell and close it off with an [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]]. This operculum is [[cartilaginous]] and flexible. In 1961 Richter distinguished three types of the operculum in which the larval gyre of the operculum is apical. This gyre can be relatively somewhat larger (macro-oligogyre), smaller (micro-oligogyre) or a single gyre (monogyre).

The eye morphology also consists of three types with differences in pigmented region between the lens and the [[retina]].

The [[radula]] is typically taenioglossate with one central (rachidian) tooth, with on each side one lateral tooth and two marginal teeth. In 13 species the number of tooth rows increases during growth (Type I), while in 8 species the radula has a limited number of tooth rows (Type II).

===Identification===
Many authors (e.g., Thiriot-Quiévreux, 1973, p.&nbsp;240; Richter, 1974, p.&nbsp;60; Seapy, 1990, p.&nbsp;107) admit that identification of Atlanta species is difficult and including soft-part features (eyes, [[radula]], [[operculum (gastropod)|operculum]]) or application of transmitted light to observe inner shell structures (Richter, 1987, p.&nbsp;178) are very helpful in distinguishing species with similar shells. However, such methods are unavailable for fossil material. This makes identifying fossil species of *Atlanta* quite difficult and even well-preserved specimens occasionally can only be related to existing taxa with a query (e.g., *Atlanta* sp. in Janssen, 2004, p.&nbsp;108; *Atlanta* cf. *echinogyra* in Jansen 2007). Advantageous in this study of fossil atlantids, however, is the fact that all specimens are preserved as opaque [[aragonit]]ic shells as a result of [[Recrystallization (geology)|recrystallisation]], which facilitates assessing [[protoconch]] shape and ornament with a normal 25 or 50× binocular magnification, they are thus much easier studied than in the usually very transparent and shiny Recent specimens. Still, here, too, study of the larval shell shape and micro-ornamentation by [[Scanning electron microscope|SEM]] is highly desirable or even indispensable.

==物種==
*Atlanta* includes a large number of Recent species. Lalli & Gilmer (1989) listed 14 species, but Richter & Seapy (1999) recognised 21 extant species, provisionally subdivided into seven ‘species groups’ (and one species unassigned). A further Recent species was described since; *Atlanta selvagensis* de Vera & Seapy, 2006.

，[[WoRMS]]紀錄本屬物種如下：
* Atlanta ariejansseni Wall-Palmer, Burridge & Peijnenburg, 2016
* Atlanta brunnea J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta californiensis Seapy & Richter, 1993
* Atlanta echinogyra Richter, 1972
* Atlanta fragilis Richter, 1993
* Atlanta frontieri Richter, 1993
* Atlanta gaudichaudi Gray, 1850
* Atlanta gibbosa Souleyet, 1852
* Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta lesueurii J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta meteori Richter, 1972
* Atlanta oligogyra Tesch, 1906
* Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817
* Atlanta plana Richter, 1972
* Atlanta rosea Gray, 1850
* Atlanta selvagensis de Vera & Seapy, 2006
* Atlanta tokiokai van der Spoel & Troost, 1972
* Atlanta turriculata d'Orbigny, 1836
;*taxon inquirendum*
* Species *Atlanta peresi* 
* Species *Atlanta pulchella* 
;異名

* Subgenus Atlanta (Heliconoides) d'Orbigny, 1836 接受为 Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1836 (original rank)
* Atlanta affinis Tesch, 1906 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta bivonae Mandralisca, 1840 接受为 Oxygyrus inflatus Benson, 1835 (异名)
* Atlanta bulimoides d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Limacina bulimoides (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination)
* Atlanta cordiformis Gabb, 1873 接受为 Atlanta selvagensis de Vera & Seapy, 2006 (doubtful synonym)
* Atlanta costae Mandralisca, 1840 接受为 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 (异名)
* Atlanta depressa Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta depressa Gray, 1850 接受为 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850 (doubtful synonym)
* Atlanta fossilis Tate, 1898 † 接受为 Leptonotis fossilis (Tate, 1898) †
* Atlanta fusca Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta brunnea J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta gaudichaudii Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta gaudichaudi Gray, 1850
* Atlanta helicinoides Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta inclinata Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta inflata Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta inflata d'Orbigny, 1835 接受为 Heliconoides inflatus (d'Orbigny, 1835) (original combination)
* Atlanta keraudrenii Lesueur, 1817 接受为 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817
* Atlanta lamanoni Gray, 1850 接受为 Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888) (Invalid: secondary junior homonym of Steira lamanoni Eschscholtz, 1825)
* Atlanta lamanonii Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888) (异名)
* Atlanta lesueurii Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta lesueurii J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta lesueurii d'Orbigny, 1835 接受为 Limacina lesueurii (d'Orbigny, 1835) (original combination)
* Atlanta macrocarinata Bonnevie, 1920 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta megalope Richter, 1961 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta pacifica Tokioka, 1955 接受为 Atlanta gaudichaudi Gray, 1850
* Atlanta primitia Smith E.A., 1888 接受为 Atlanta lesueurii J.E. Gray, 1850 (dubious synonym)
* Atlanta quoyana Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta quoyii J.E. Gray, 1850 接受为 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850
* Atlanta rangi d'Orbigny, 1836 接受为 Oxygyrus inflatus Benson, 1835 (synonym)
* Atlanta rangii d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Limacina rangii (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination)
* Atlanta reticulata d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Peracle reticulata (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination)
* Atlanta rosea Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta rosea Gray, 1850
* Atlanta sculpta (Issel, 1911) 接受为 Protatlanta sculpta Issel, 1911
* Atlanta souleyeti E. A. Smith, 1888 接受为 Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888) (original combination)
* Atlanta steindachneri Oberwimmer, 1898 接受为 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 (synonym)
* Atlanta trochiformis d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Limacina trochiformis (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination)
Based on similar morphologies, these species have been placed in seven [[species group]]s:



Tesch (1908) was the first to group together the species of *Atlanta* sharing similar morphologies. He recognized four species groups; the *Atlanta peronii*-, *Atlanta inflata*-, *Atlanta turriculata*-, and *Atlanta inclinata*-groups. In addition to these four, three additional ones are currently recognized; the *Atlanta lesueurii*-, *Atlanta gaudichaudi*- and *Atlanta gibbosa* groups. Except for Tesch's *Atlanta turriculata*-group, the composition of Tesch's species groups has changed by species invalidations, the addition of new species over time, and addition of three new species groups. The main changes in Tesch's species groups have occurred in the *Atlanta peronii*-group (with *Atlanta gaudichaudi* and *Atlanta lesueurii* now forming their own species groups) and the *Atlanta inclinata*-group (the *Atlanta gibbosa* now forming its own group).

==參考文獻==
This article incorporates CC BY-3.0 text from references.

* Richter G. & Seapy R.R. 1999. *Heteropoda*, pp.&nbsp;621–647. In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Leiden: Backhuys Publ.
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). *European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification*. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp.&nbsp;180–213 
* Rolán E., 2005. *Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda*.
* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. *Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico*, Pp.&nbsp;579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
* Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). *All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia*. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp

==外部連結==

* [http://www.sibm.it/CHECKLIST/BMM%2015(s1)%202008%20Checklist%20I/35%20GASTROPODA%20PROSOBRANCHIA.pdf Marco Oliverio, *Gastropoda Prosobranchia*, Biol. Mar. Mediterr. (2008), 15 (suppl.): 235-278] 
* [https://www.faunaitalia.it/checklist/ Oliverio, Marco (2006). *Gastropoda Prosobranchia Caenogastropoda'', in: Revisione della Checklist della fauna marina italiana]