利哈乔夫汽车厂

**莫斯科利哈乔夫工厂股份有限公司**（），简称**吉尔汽车厂**（ЗиЛ, ZiL），是俄罗斯一家汽车与重型装备制造厂。有吉斯（ЗиС, ZiS）和吉尔（ЗиЛ, ZiL）两大汽车品牌，汽车技术更新换代较慢。 

## 历史
1915年从意大利菲亚特汽车引进卡车生产线，1916年沙俄建设的6家汽车厂之一，时称**莫斯科汽车厂** (缩写为**AMO**，）。按许可证生产菲亚特的F-15 1.5吨级卡车。虽然到1917年仅完成了三分之二的工程量，但这已是6家中进展最快的一家。由于随后的十月革命与俄国内战，该厂于1924年11月1日生产出第一辆车，。1926年—1927年工厂只生产425辆汽车。1928年工厂年生产总量只有800辆。

1931年，苏联第一个五年计划期间，该厂得到美国的技术改造，美方还派专家赴苏现场指导，苏方也派人到美国汽车厂实习。援助中国一汽建厂的总专家（专家组组长）希格乔夫就曾在美国实习过。新建起巨大厂房，面积达120万平方米，工厂占地为500公倾，职工2.5万人，年产能力扩大到2.5万辆，1931年10月21日，新建工厂流水线投产。1931年10月1日起，“阿莫”工厂被命名为斯大林汽车厂（缩写为**ZIS**或**ZiS**，简称“吉斯”工厂）。1934年到1937年斯大林汽车厂进行第二次扩建工程，生产新型的3NC—5载重车。1937年产量超过6万辆。1946年3月工厂进行第三次扩建改造，换型产品，新产品为“吉斯—150”，到1948年末日产达到250辆规模。

1956年6月24日，赫鲁晓夫反个人崇拜运动中，更名为**利哈乔夫汽车厂**，以其首任总经理命名。

## 子公司

生产越野牵引车与底盘，载重14-40吨。
## 车型
### 豪华车
*  (1936)仿制美国豪华轿车帕克德（Packard）制造出了供政府公务专用的8缸
*  (1938, convertible version of ZIS-101)
*  (1945年8月) 仿制美国1942年款“派克超八”。一说该生产线是美国派克公司“派克180”的淘汰生产线。每年的产量只有十几辆手工定制车。“吉斯-110”还有敞篷版本。采用直列8缸汽油发动机，140匹马力，带同步器的3速手动变速箱，油耗为每百公里23升，最高车速能到达140公里。1958年停产时总产量为2083台。
*  (ZIS-110的防弹型，车身安装8mm厚的装甲，70mm厚的防弹玻璃，底盘也安装了装甲，能经受反步兵地雷的爆炸冲击，车厢内还有一道可升降的中隔玻璃。自重达到7.5吨。)
*  (prototype sub-compact convertible, 1962)
*  (1958)
*  (1970)
*  (1972)
*  (1972, shortened ZIL-114)
*  (prototype, 1988)
*  (1978)
* ZIL-4105 (1988, armoured version of ZIL-41047)
* ZIL-41041 (1985, five-seat version of ZIL-41047)
*  (station wagon version of ZIL-4104)
*  (convertible version of ZIL-4104)
*  (1983, upgraded ZIL-4104)
* ZIL-41047 (1985)
* ZIL-41072 (1988, escort version of ZIL-41047)
*  (2005?, concept)
*  (2012)

File:Mosfilm - Museum - img07.jpg|ZIS-101
File:Museum of Moscow - Proviantskie Sklady - ZIS 110 I.jpg|ZIS-110
File:ZiL-111G in Ilya Sorokin's Oldtimer-Gallery, 21 March 2010.jpg|ZIL-111
File:1972 Лимузин ЗИЛ-114 (СССР) , Zil-114 Limousine (USSR) - Flickr - denizen24.jpg|ZIL-114
File:ZIL-117.jpg|ZIL-117
Image:Zil-115.JPG|ZIL-4104
File:Zil-41047.jpg|ZIL-41047


### 卡车

* AMO-怀特：建厂后依靠维修美国怀特（White）卡车的过程中所积累的经验，自己开始生产载质量为3t的卡车。使用了该厂自己生产的部件及总成，其中一些还是由该厂设计的。
*  (1924, 菲亚特F-15的生产许可证)4缸化油器式水冷发动机，使用了磁石点火系统。4挡变速箱。后桥横梁与传动轴壳体设计成一个部件。为了防止车轮内胎的磨损加剧，该车型前轮的半轴角度设计为178°。原来变速器的操作杆及手刹均设置在驾驶室外侧，之后该厂对其作了改动，把它们移至靠近司机的地方，并新配备了蓄电池照明系统及喇叭。
*  (1930)采用进口的汽车零部件，掌握了生产AMO-2型军用卡车的技术
*  (1931)
*  (1932, prototype tractor-trailer based on AMO-3)
* ZIS-5：1934年，AMO-3使用了一些新的更为先进的零部件，重新命名为吉斯（ZIS）-5型。可靠性强、维修便利、耐低温性好，6缸化油器发动机，带有蓄电池点火系统。干式双片离合器、4挡变速箱、双级主传动器以及机械传动式刹车装置。1944年，乌拉尔汽车与发动机厂生产的吉斯-5卡车投产，配备了56kW发动机以及轮胎压力更大的新型轮胎。至1948年停产，共生产了532311辆。
*  (1934, 引进了美国的Dispatch Model SA and Model SD)
*  (1934, tractor-trailer version of ZIS-5)
*  (1934, extra long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)
*  (1934, long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)
*  (1936, gas generator version of ZIS-5)
*  (1934, long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)
*  (prototype replacement for ZIS-5, 1938)
*  (1939-1941, based on ZIS-5 but powered by wood gas)
*  (半履带车, 1939-1941, based on the ZIS-5)
*  (three axle prototype based on the ZIS-15)
*  (four-wheel-drive prototype based on the ZIS-15)
*  (1940, multifuel version of ZIS-5)
*  (1941, 4x4 version of the ZIS-5)
*  (1940, halftrack, based on the ZIS-5)
*  (1944, prototype 6x6 version of ZIS-5)
*  (1940, simplified version of ZIS-21)
* ZIS-42 (Halftrack, 1942-1944, based on the ZIS-5)
*  (1944, armed version of ZIS-42)
*  (1946, re-engined ZIS-5)
* ZIS-120N (1956, tractor-trailer version of ZIS-150)
*  (tractor-trailer version of ZIS-151)
*  (1954, prototype for ZIL-131)
*  (1955, prototype off road vehicle)
* ZIS-150 (1947，中国引进后为CA-10)
*  (1948, ZIS-150的3轴全驱越野型，中国的对应车型为CA-30
)
*  (1952?, prototype halftrack based on ZIS-151)
* ZIS-156 (1947, gas generator version of ZIS-150)
*  (prototype)
* ZIS-585 (1949, dump-truck version of ZIS-150)
*  (1962, 1987年生产转移给
* ZIL-131 (1967,3轴全驱越野型，防水发电机、密封性好的起动机以及屏蔽和密封良好的发动机点火系统，能用于气温在零下40℃至零上55℃。保有量较大，在俄罗斯随处可见。1987年生产转移给
*  (1960, prototype off road vehicle)
*  (1975, three-axle version of ZIL-130)
*  (1957, prototype off road vehicle)
*  (1959, prototype off road vehicle) - later built by BAZ
*  (1957, prototype off road vehicle)
*  (prototype off road tractor-trailer based on ZIL-131)
*  (1975, LPG powered version of ZIL-130)
* ZIL-157軍卡 (1958，3轴全驱越野型ZiS-150的改进型，具有了轮胎压力中央控制系统)
*  (1957, prototype off road vehicle based on ZIL-157)
*  (1957, improved ZIS-150)
*  (1957, tractor trailer version of ZIL-164)
*  (1958, prototype for ZIL-131)
*  (1957, gas generator version of ZIL-164)
*  (1962?)
*  (prototype for ZIL-4331)
*  (1964, prototype cab-over truck)
*  (1969, prototype for KAMAZ-5320)
*  (1969, two-axle version of ZIL-170, prototype for Kamaz)
*  (amphibious vehicle based on ZIS-151)
*  (cement mixer based on ZIL-164)
*  (1964, dump truck based on ZIL-130)
*  (1957, dump truck based on ZIL-164)
*  (dump truck based on ZIL-5301)
*  (1992, prototype truck based on ZIL-119)
* 
*  (1983, prototype truck based on ZIL-4104)
*  (2004?)
*  (1986)
*  (2004)
*  (dump truck based on ZIL-133)
* 
*  "Bychok" ("Bull") (1992)
*  (1970)
*  (1996)
*  (1999)
*  (1999)
* 
*  (2003)
*  (2003)
*  (2009)

File:Zis 5.jpg|ZIS-5
File:Katyusha Rocket Launcher - Artillery Museum - St. Petersburg - Russia.jpg|BM-13-16 on a ZiS-6 chassis
File:Zis 42 m.jpg|ZIS-42M
File:Zis_150_museum.jpg|ZIS-150
File:BM-13-16 on a ZiS-151 chassis in a military museum in Belarus.jpg|BM-13-16 on a ZiS-151
File:ZiL-157-5340.JPG|ZIL-157
Image:Ził001.jpg|ZIL 130
File:Den Pobedy, Koryazhma, 2012 (22).JPG|ZIL-131
File:POL_MWP_ZiL_485.JPG|ZIL-485 BAV
File:ZiL-133.1.JPG|ZIL-133
File:BM-27 Uragan of the Russian Army.jpg|BM-27 Uragan on ZIL-135
Image:Самосвал ЗИЛ.jpg|ZIL 4331
Image:АЦ 3,2-40 (ЗИЛ-4331) ПЧ-16, г.Котлас.JPG|fire truck AC 3.2-40 (ZiL-4331)
Image:Tushenie podvala Naberezhnaya 54a, Koryazhma 8.04.2010 (10).JPG|fire truck AC 3,0-40 (ZiL-4334)
Image:ZIL-5301 dimetilefir 1.JPG|ZIL 5301 Bychok ("Bull")



### 大客车

* AKZ-1 (1947-1948, based on ZIS-150 truck)
*  (1932-1934, based on the AMO-3)
*  (prototype, based on the ZIS-6, 1934)
*  (1934-1938, 基于ZIS-11)
*  (1938-1942, 基于ZIS-5)
*  (prototype, based on the ZIS-15, 1939)
*  (based on the ZIS-5)
*  (1955-1961)
*  (short-range version of ZIS-127)
*  (1946–1950)
*  (1949–1957)
*  "Yunost" (1962-1970, based on ZIL-111)
*  (1971-1994, based on ZIL-118; also called ZIL-118K)
*  (1957-1959, based on ZIL-164)
*  (1959, prototype for LiAZ)
*  (1991-1999, based on ZIL-41047)
*  (1998-present, based on ZIL-5301)

File:ZiS-8.jpg|ZIS-8
File:ZiS-154 1947.jpg|ZIS-154
File:ZiL-158 1961.jpg|ZIL-158
File:ZIL-118K.jpg|ZIL-119


### 运动型车

*  (1939)
*  (1951, based on ZIS-110)
*  (1956)
*  (1956)
*  (1957)
*  (1957, lengthened ZIL-112/4)
*  (1960–62)
*  (1962)

### 其它

* B-3 half-tracked transporter
*  armored personnel carrier
*  amphibious vehicle (1966)
*  pneumatic tracked off-road vehicle (1965)
*  Amphibious Screw Vehicle (1968)
* ZIL-29061 Amphibious Screw Vehicle 
*  Amphibious Screw Vehicle 
*  prototype for "Bluebird" (1973)
*  (1975?) "Bluebird" 6-wheeled amphibious vehicle, designed to carry the ZIL-2906. Used for the recovery of Soyuz capsules. 
*  (1975?) Amphibious rescue vehicle, passenger version of the ZIL-4906. Used for the recovery of Soyuz crews.

## 参見
* 苏联也以斯大林命名(ZiS)
* (ZIS-154 & ZIS-155)

## 参考文献
* , James Grandsen (1984). *Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two*, p.&nbsp;44. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.

## 外部链接
* http://www.bert-hein.de All about the ZIS-110 and database of existing ZIS cars
* Official web-site of ZIL
* History of ZIL at ukcar.com
* [History of ZIL at digilander.libero.it](http://digilander.libero.it/cuoccimix/ENGLISH-automotorusse9-G(Zil).htm)
*English website for Russian Military Trucks
*  History of ZIL at avtomash.ru