SoFi體育場

**SoFi體育場**（，又称**索菲体育场**），是一個位於美國加利福尼亞州英格爾伍德的露天體育場和娛樂綜合体，位于前好莱坞公园赛马场和洛杉矶论坛的所在地，于2020年9月正式啟用，由美国富商斯坦·克伦克的耗资超过50亿美元兴建，是全球造价最高的体育场馆，设有超过7万个座位，最高可容纳逾10万观众。美国SoFi公司以每年4000万美元取得了该体育场20年的冠名权。

该场馆是美国國家美式足球聯盟（NFL）洛杉磯公羊和洛杉矶闪电的主場，曾承办超级碗、摔角狂热等重大体育赛事及各种大型演唱会、音乐节等娱乐活动，也是2026年國際足協世界盃、2028年夏季奧林匹克運動會的主要场馆之一。

## 設計

SoFi体育场综合体由HKS设计，面积为310万平方英尺（288,500平方米），主要由三个部分组成：拥有70000个座位的SoFi体育场、2.5英亩的美国航空广场，以及拥有6000个座位的演出场地，三者通过统一的屋顶结构相连。体育场上方有一个有着独立支撑物的透明顶棚，可以完全覆盖该建筑综合体。这个顶棚面积高达数百万平方英尺，由302个ETFE面板组成，其中46个可以被控制展开以提供通风。

体育场外觀为銀白色，由超过35,000块阳极氧化铝板组成，屋顶结构形式由空间壳体结构和中部空间拉索结构组成，其中1450吨，75,000英尺长的拉索系统，规模为世界之最。由于场地距离洛杉矶国际机场仅三英里，受到航空高度限制，场馆的座位建造于地下100英尺处，可容纳70,240名观众参加大多数活动，包括13,000间高级座位和260间豪华套房，还可以为大型活动额外增加30,000个座位。体育场内安装了一块价值200万英镑的双面椭圆形的环形螢幕，由三星电子制造，重量约为220万磅（约1000吨），面积约为70,000平方英尺（6500平方米），具有8000万像素，是目前全球体育场馆最大的LED显示螢幕及唯一的双面中央悬挂式螢幕，可以从场馆的任何地方向观众提供即时视觉和資訊。

### 獎項
Sofi体育场获得了一系列的工程奖项，包括

* 2021年凡尔赛奖
* StadiumDB年度体育馆奖项
* 美国土木工程师协会的2021年杰出建筑工程奖
* West Basin市政水务颁发的杰出行动奖

## 歷史
### 地點選定

The stadium site was previously home to **Hollywood Park**, later sold and referred to as **Betfair Hollywood Park**, which was a thoroughbred race course from 1938 until it was shut down for racing and training in December 2013. Most of the complex was demolished in 2014 to make way for new construction with the rest demolished in late 2016 after the Hollywood Park Casino, which remained open after the track itself closed, moved to a new building. The current stadium was not the first stadium proposed for the site. The site was almost home to an NFL stadium two decades earlier. In May 1995, after the departure of the Rams for St. Louis, the National Football League team owners approved, by a 27–1 vote with two abstentions, a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million, privately funded stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park for the Los Angeles Raiders. Al Davis, who was then the Raiders owner, balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have had to accept a second team at the stadium.

On January 31, 2014, the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* reported that Stan Kroenke, owner of the St. Louis Rams, purchased a  parcel of land just north of the Hollywood Park site in the area that had been studied by the National Football League in the past for the 1995 Raiders proposal and that the league at one point attempted to purchase. This set off immediate speculation as to what Kroenke's intentions were for the site: After the site's former Hollywood Park owners gave up on getting an NFL stadium for the site in the mid-2000s it was sold and planned to be a Walmart Supercenter; however, in 2014, most of the speculation centered on the site as a possible stadium site or training facility for the Rams. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Kroenke informed the league of the purchase. As an NFL owner, any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league. Speculation about the Rams' returning to their home of nearly fifty years had already been discussed when Kroenke was one of the finalists in bidding for ownership in the Los Angeles Dodgers, but speculation increased when the news broke that the Rams owner had a possible stadium site in hand.

Nearly a year went by without a word from Kroenke about his intentions for the land, as he failed to ever address the St. Louis media, or the Hollywood Park Land Company, about what the site may be used for. There was, however, speculation about the future of the Rams franchise until it was reported that the National Football League would not be allowing any franchise relocation for the 2015 season.

On January 5, 2015, Stockbridge Capital Group, the owners of the Hollywood Park Land Company, announced that it had partnered with Kroenke Sports & Entertainment to add the northern  parcel to the rest of the development project and build a multi-purpose 70,240-seat stadium designed for the NFL. The project would include the stadium and a performance arts venue attached to the stadium with up to 6,000 seats. The previously approved Hollywood Park development was reconfigured to fit the stadium, and included plans for up to  of retail,  of office space, 2,500 new residential units, a luxury hotel with over 300 rooms,  of public parks, playgrounds, open space, a lake, and pedestrian, bicycle, and mass-transit access for future services. On February 24, 2015, the Inglewood City Council approved plans with a 5–0 unanimous vote to combine the  plot of land with the larger Hollywood Park development and rezone the area to include sports and entertainment capabilities. This essentially cleared the way for developers to begin construction on the venue as planned in December 2015.

It was reported in early February 2015 that "earth was being moved" and the site was being graded in preparation for the construction that would begin later in the year.

The project was competing directly with a rival proposal. On February 19, 2015, the Oakland Raiders and the San Diego Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.85 billion stadium that the two teams would have built in Carson if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. The project was, like the Inglewood project, also approved to move forward and cleared for development. The two projects spent the remainder of 2015 jockeying for the right to get approved by the NFL.

### 建設

The NFL approved the Inglewood proposal and the Rams' relocation back to Los Angeles, 30–2, on January 12, 2016, over the rival proposal. On July 14, 2016, it was announced that Turner Construction and AECOM Hunt would oversee construction of the stadium and that the architectural firm HKS, Inc. would design the stadium. On October 19, 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) determined that a  tall LB 44 rotary drill rig would not pose a hazard to air navigation, so it approved the first of several pieces of heavy equipment to be used during construction. The stadium design had been under review by the FAA for more than a year because of concerns about how the structure would interact with radar at nearby Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). On December 16, 2016, it was reported in *[[Sports Business Journal]]* that the FAA had declined to issue permits for cranes needed to build the structure. "We’re not going to evaluate any crane applications until our concerns with the overall project are resolved," said FAA spokesman Ian Gregor. The FAA had previously recommended building the stadium at another site because of the risks posed to LAX—echoing concerns raised by former United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge. The Rams held the groundbreaking construction ceremony at the stadium site on November 17, 2016. The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and Rams' owner Stan Kroenke. On December 23, 2016, the FAA approved the large construction cranes to build the stadium.

On May 18, 2017, developers announced that record rainfall in the area had postponed the stadium's completion and opening from 2019 until the 2020 NFL season. On August 8, 2017, the LA Stadium Premiere Center opened in Playa Vista, featuring interactive multimedia displays and models showcasing the design and features of the new stadium (with a particular focus on prospective buyers of premium suites and seats at the facility).

In March 2018, the NFL announced that it would relocate its NFL Media unit (which manages the NFL's in-house media units, including NFL Network, digital properties, and NFL Films among other units) from Culver City to a new  facility neighboring the stadium in the Hollywood Park development including a studio capable of hosting audiences, as well as an outdoor studio. The new facility was completed in 2021. On June 26, 2018, the new stadium was ceremonially topped out.

As of August 2019, one year before the planned opening, Rams chief operating officer Kevin Demoff stated that the stadium was 75 percent complete.

In January 2020, Demoff announced that construction was 85 percent complete, with roof and oculus work, as well as seat installation, still in progress. In February 2020, a large crane collapsed—no one was injured. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders issued by the California state government in March 2020, construction (exempted as a critical infrastructure project) continued with social distancing and heightened health and safety standards. Demoff acknowledged that there was a possibility that its completion could be delayed, explaining that it was "not the time you want to be finishing a stadium, in this environment as you prepare", but that "our stadium, and I believe the Raiders' stadium as well, will both be amazing when they are finished and when they will begin play, which will certainly happen in the near future, whether that's in July, August, September, in 2021". Five construction workers were reported to have tested positive, including an ironworker who had worked in an assembly area away from the structure, and a backfill operator who had worked in an "isolated area outside the building" and had not entered it. On June 5, 2020, construction on the facility was temporarily halted after an ironworker fell to his death through a hole in the roof created by the removal of a panel for maintenance. On June 9, 2020, construction on the facility resumed everywhere but the roof.

### 取消或延期開幕暨第一場活動

The entirety of the NFL preseason was also cancelled; the Rams held their first practice at the stadium on August 22, 2020. On August 25, the Chargers and Rams announced that all games at the stadium would be held behind closed doors "until further notice". An official ribbon-cutting ceremony was hosted on September 8, ahead of its first NFL event on September 13—featuring the Rams hosting the Dallas Cowboys in the first Sunday-night game of the season. The first athletic contest with spectators present occurred on May 15, 2021, with LA Giltinis defeating Utah Warriors, 38–27, in a Major League Rugby match before 4,880 spectators. The Los Angeles Rams hosted the Chicago Bears for the first NFL regular-season game at the stadium with fans in attendance on September 12.

All of the originally announced summer concerts at the venue were cancelled or postponed by the pandemic, including a two-night stop on Taylor Swift's Lover Fest tour on July 25 and 26, 2020 (originally announced as the stadium's grand opening and later cancelled), and tours by Guns N' Roses (2020 Tour), Kenny Chesney (Chillaxification Tour), Tim McGraw (Here on Earth Tour), Mötley Crüe, and Def Leppard (The Stadium Tour). 
On May 2, 2021, the stadium hosted its first major event with spectators present, the filming of the Global Citizen-organized concert special *Vax Live: The Concert to Reunite the World*, hosted by Selena Gomez and featuring Jennifer Lopez, Eddie Vedder, the Foo Fighters, H.E.R., J Balvin and the Duke of Sussex, which aimed to promote COVID-19 vaccination. 
After COVID-19 restrictions were eased, SoFi Stadium hosted its first in-person concert event by American DJ Kaskade on July 17. Mexican regional music group Los Bukis kicked off their reunion tour on August 27 and 28, filling the stadium to capacity.
The Rolling Stones held two concerts on October 14 and 17. South Korean band BTS held a series of four concerts, titled Permission to Dance on Stage—LA, at the stadium on November 27–28 and December 1–2.

## 命名
2019年9月15日，个人金融公司SoFi以每年3000万美元的价格购得新体育场20年的冠名权，命名为SoFi體育場（SoFi Stadium）。

In May 2019, the personal finance company SoFi Technologies, Inc. (the parent company of Social Finance, Inc) closed $500 million in a single funding round led by Qatar Investment Authority. On September 15, 2019, it was announced that  SoFi had acquired the naming rights to the new stadium under a 20-year deal valued at over $30&nbsp;million per-year, a record for any naming rights for a sports venue. The company became an official partner of both the Rams and the Chargers, as well as a partner of the performance venue and surrounding entertainment district.

The covered open space formerly known as *Champions Plaza* between the playing field and the performance venue within the stadium was officially named American Airlines Plaza. The airline was named the first founding partner on August 6, 2019.

The performance venue was officially named YouTube Theater on June 28, 2021.

## 資金

The stadium was built privately, but as of 2015, the developer was seeking significant tax breaks from Inglewood.

At the commencement of construction, the cost of the stadium was estimated at $2.66&nbsp;billion. But internal league documents, produced by the NFL in March 2018, indicated a need to raise the debt ceiling for the stadium and facility to a total of $4.963&nbsp;billion, making it the most expensive sports venue ever built. Team owners voted to approve this new debt ceiling at a meeting that same month. In May 2020, another $500&nbsp;million in loans was approved by the NFL and the owners.

## 隊伍

The St. Louis Rams were first to commit to moving to the stadium, as NFL approval for their relocation to Los Angeles was obtained on January 12, 2016. The approval, as part of a concession made by Kroenke to get the stadium project and Rams relocation approved, also gave the San Diego Chargers the first option to relocate to Los Angeles and share the stadium with the Rams, conditioned on a negotiated lease agreement between the two teams. The option would have expired on January 15, 2017, at which time the Oakland Raiders would have acquired the same option. The Raiders eventually relocated to Las Vegas, Nevada, after having played a combined 47 years in Oakland (first from 1960 to 1981, and then again from 1995 to 2019).

On January 29, 2016, the Chargers and Rams came to an agreement in principle to share the stadium. Both teams would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the facility's controlling entity, StadCo LA, LLC. The same day, Chargers chairman and CEO Dean Spanos announced the team would remain in San Diego for the 2016 NFL season, while continuing to work with local government on a new stadium. Measure C (the Chargers stadium proposal) did not receive the requisite number of votes required for passage.

On January 12, 2017, the Chargers exercised their option and announced plans to relocate to Los Angeles for the 2017 season, making the Chargers the second tenant at the stadium and returning them to the market where they played their inaugural season in 1960.

The Chargers and Rams’ move into the stadium marked the return of major professional sports to Inglewood for the first time since the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings left The Forum for Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles in May 1999.

SoFi Stadium is the first venue in the long -year history of the Rams to be specifically designed for the team. In their years in Cleveland, the team had multiple stadium shares with high school teams and the baseball Indians, while the Los Angeles Coliseum was built two decades before the arrival of the team, and baseball's Anaheim Stadium had to be converted to also host football. Finally, The Dome at America's Center in St. Louis was built on speculation to host an NFL franchise, and not specifically to take in the Rams.

Major League Rugby team LA Giltinis played the first rugby match in the stadium on May 15, 2021.

## 主要活動
### NFL
#### 第五十六屆超級盃

SoFi Stadium hosted Super Bowl LVI on February 13, 2022, marking the first Super Bowl to be played in the Los Angeles area since Super Bowl XXVII in 1993. The stadium was originally awarded Super Bowl LV (2021) at an NFL owners' meeting in May 2016; in May 2017, because the stadium's opening was delayed to 2020, the NFL chose to re-award Super Bowl LV to Raymond James Stadium in Tampa (which was the remaining city in a pool of four used to determine the hosts of Super Bowl LIII through LV), and award LVI to Los Angeles instead. Because issues may need to be addressed in an inaugural season, the NFL does not allow a stadium to host the Super Bowl during its first season of operation.

In 2022, SoFi Stadium became the first stadium to host a conference championship game and the Super Bowl in the same year. With the Rams winning the 2021 NFC Championship Game, they became only the second team to play a Super Bowl in their home stadium, although the Rams were the away team, since the AFC (Cincinnati Bengals) was the designated home team. With the Rams' victory in Super Bowl LVI, the stadium also became the second stadium to see their main tenant win the Super Bowl.

### 大學橄欖球
#### 大學橄欖球季后賽全國冠軍

On November 1, 2017, it was announced that the stadium will host the 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship. The winners of the Peach and Fiesta Bowls in 2023 will play on January 9, 2023.

#### LA Bowl

The Mountain West and Pac-12 conferences play a bowl game at SoFi Stadium known as the LA Bowl (officially known as the Jimmy Kimmel LA Bowl presented by Stifel). The conference tie-ins for the game moved from the Las Vegas Bowl. The inaugural edition of the game in 2021 featured Utah State defeating Oregon State 24–13.

### 足球
#### 2026年國際足總世界盃

洛杉矶申办2026年国际足联世界杯的本地活动由AEG牵头的私营企业组织，并得到了洛杉矶体育娱乐区委员会（SoFi体育场）、	洛杉矶足球俱乐部、洛杉矶银河队和玫瑰碗体育场的协助。在私营企业表示支持并愿意承担主办费用后，洛杉矶市议会批准了该申办活动。 在最终的美加墨申办中，SoFi 体育场未被选为申办场地，因为组委会在最终评估中没有考虑未建成的场馆。 联合申办委员会表示，他们将重新评估体育场的选择过程，并在 2021 年中期重新考虑将 SoFi 体育场作为他们在洛杉矶地区的主要选择体育场。

### 2028年夏季奧運會
按照组委会的目前方案，预计SoFI体育场将会和洛杉矶纪念体育场共同承办2028年夏季奧運會和残奥会的开幕式，这也是奥运史上首次以“双场馆”的形式使开幕式同步进行的奥运会。此外，SoFI体育场还会在开幕式前承接一定场次的足球比赛，同时开幕式后临时改建为游泳场地用于举办游泳比赛。也因此本届赛事的田径大项和游泳大项需要对调比赛时间，改为“先田径、后游泳”。

### 摔角狂熱

In February 2020, WWE announced that SoFi Stadium would host WrestleMania 37—the 2021 edition of its flagship professional wrestling pay-per-view—on March 28, 2021. The *Los Angeles Times* had previously reported in April 2019 that SoFi Stadium was a "front-runner" to host a future edition of the event. As WrestleMania 36 in 2020 was not held as an in-person event at Raymond James Stadium due to COVID-19, WWE announced on January 16, 2021, that Inglewood's hosting of the event would be deferred to WrestleMania 39 on April 2, 2023, in favor of hosting WrestleMania 37 in Tampa instead. WrestleMania 39 will mark the sixth time that WrestleMania has been held in the Greater Los Angeles area, having last hosted it in 2005 at Staples Center.

### 演唱會

## 好萊塢公園

The stadium is located in Hollywood Park, an entertainment complex and master-planned neighborhood named after the former horse racing track that sat on the site. Hollywood Park consists of over  that will be used for office space and condominiums, a 12-screen Cinepolis movie theater, ballrooms, outdoor spaces for community programming, retail, a fitness center, a luxury hotel, a brewery, up-scale restaurants and an open-air shopping and entertainment complex. Immediately adjacent to the stadium is Rivers Lake with a waterfall and fountain. The first establishment to open in Hollywood Park was the new Hollywood Park Casino, which opened on October 21, 2016.

### 洛杉磯足聯

Hollywood Park is the home of NFL Los Angeles, the league's West Coast headquarters. Previously based in Culver City, a  building next to the stadium houses office operations for hundreds of NFL Media employees that work for NFL RedZone, NFL.com and the NFL app. The building is also the home of NFL Network and many other department's supporting the league's media and business operations. In addition to office and studio space of which there are five soundstages, the facility features NFL Media's first outdoor studio and space to host studio audiences. The NFL Los Angeles campus opened on September 8, 2021.

### YouTube電影院

体育场顶棚的东南角附有一个能容纳6,000人的。

第一个安排的活动是墨西哥摇滚乐队Caifanes于2021年9月的音乐会。

## 交通資訊
### 大眾運輸

The stadium is accessible from bus shuttles to two nearby Los Angeles Metro Rail lines: the C Line at Hawthorne/Lennox station and the K Line at Downtown Inglewood station. These shuttle services operate every five to eight minutes starting three hours prior to kickoff time, and continuing until ninety minutes after the game's conclusion.

A second game-day shuttle line, operated by the city of Gardena's GTrans municipal bus service, originates from the Harbor Gateway Transit Center in Gardena, traveling to SoFi Stadium, with connections to the C Line's Hawthorne/Lennox station. SoFi Stadium is also accessible by Metro lines 115, 117, 211, 212, and Torrance Transit line 10.

The city of Inglewood and Los Angeles Metro began talks to build an  automated people mover line that will connect the Downtown Inglewood K Line station with SoFi Stadium, as well as the Forum and the Intuit Dome, the future Los Angeles Clippers basketball arena just south of the Hollywood Park site. The Inglewood Transit Connector will be operated by the city, in conjunction with Metro, and was planned to open in 2027, one year prior to the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. However, the Federal Transit Administration reports that the people mover is not expected to open for revenue service until early 2030.

	

## 流行文化

* On September 9, 2020, the stadium's construction was the subject of a two-hour special called *NFL Super Stadiums* on Science Channel.
*In December 2021, the stadium was used as the venue for the Influencer Games, a YouTube Originals miniseries hosted by MrBeast (real name Jimmy Donaldson). The first video showed Jimmy put famous YouTubers and TikTokers against each other in a series of mini-games in various parts of the stadium complex, including in YouTube Theater. After that, the second video showed the remaining contestants play a game of hide and seek around the entire complex.
*During the first LA Bowl at the stadium, YouTuber Mark Rober teamed up with a local 12 year old named Anthony Hartman to build the world's largest t-shirt cannon per request of Jimmy Kimmel, with all three launching it during the halftime show.
*In February 2022, Dude Perfect, along with Mark Rober, hosted the 33rd episode of Overtime, a series by Dude Perfect at the stadium.

## 參見

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* 直覺巨蛋
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* 論壇體育館

## 參考資料

## 外部連結

* 
* 好萊塢公園網站