弗朗西斯·伊西德罗·埃奇沃思

**弗朗西斯·伊西德罗·埃奇沃思**，FBA（，），盎格鲁-爱尔兰哲学家和政治经济学家，他在1880年代对统计学方法做出了巨大贡献。从1891年起，他被任命为《经济学杂志》的创始编辑。

## 对经济学的贡献

* **埃奇沃思猜想**
* **国际贸易**
* **税收悖论**
* **垄断定价**
* **边际生产率的理论**
* **埃奇沃思极限定理**

## 出版物

### 选集
* F. Y. Edgeworth (1925) *Papers relating to political economy* 3 vols. Available online at Gallica 
* Philip Mirowski (ed.) (1994). *Edgeworth's Writings on Chance, Economic Hazard, and Statistics*, Rowman & Littlefield.
* Charles R. McCann Jr. (ed.) (1966) *F.Y. Edgeworth: Writings in Probability, Statistics and Economics,* 3 vols. Cheltenham, Glos.: Elgar.
* Peter Newman (ed.) (2003) *F.Y. Edgeworth : Mathematical psychics, and further papers on political economy* Oxford University Press.

### 个人作品
* "Mr. Mathew Arnold on Bishop Butler's Doctrine of Self-Love", 1876, *Mind*
* *New and Old Methods of Ethics*, 1877.
* "The Hedonical Calculus", 1879, *Mind*, pp.&nbsp;394–408
* *Mathematical Psychics: An essay on the application of mathematics to the moral sciences*, 1881.
* "Mr. Leslie Stephen on Utilitarianism", 1882, *Mind*
* "The Law of Error", 1883, *Phil Mag*, pp.&nbsp;300–309
* "The Method of Least Squares", 1883, *Phil Mag*
* "The Physical Basis of Probability", 1883, *Phil Mag*
* "On the Method of Ascertaining a Change in the Value of Gold", 1883, *JRSS*
* "Review of Jevons's *Investigations*", 1884, *Academy*
* "The Rationale of Exchange", 1884, *JRSS*
* "The Philosophy of Chance", 1884, *Mind*
* "On the Reduction of Observations", 1884, *Phil Mag*, pp.&nbsp;135–141
* "A Priori Probabilities", 1884, *Phil Mag*
* "Chance and Law", 1884, *Hermathena*, pp.&nbsp;154–163
* "Methods of Statistics", 1885, *Jubilee Volume of RSS*.
* "The Calculus of Probabilities Applied to Psychic Research, I & II", 1885, 1886, *Proceedings of Society for Psychic Research*
* "On Methods of Ascertaining Variations in the Rate of Births, Deaths and Marriages", 1885, *JRSS*
* "Progressive Means", 1886, *JRSS*
* "The Law of Error and the Elimination of Chance", 1886 *Phil Mag*
* "On the Determination of the Modulus of Errors", 1886, *Phil Mag*
* "Problems in Probabilities", 1886, *Phil Mag*
* "Review of Sidgwick's Scope and Method", 1886, *Academy*
* "Review of Jevons's Journals", 1886, *Academy*
* "Four Reports by the committee investigating best method of ascertaining and measuring variations in the monetary standard", 1887, *Reports of the BAAS (Parts I & 3; Part 2)*
* "Observations and Statistics: An essay on the theory of errors of observation and the first principles of statistics", 1887, *Transactions of Cambridge Society*.
* *Metretike, or the method of measuring probability and utility*, 1887.
* "On Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1887, *Hermathena*
* "The Law of Error", 1887, *Nature*
* "The Choice of Means", 1887, *Phil Mag*
* "On Discordant Observations", 1887, *Phil Mag*
* "The Empirical Proof of the Law of Error", 1887, *Phil Mag*
* "On a New Method of Reducing Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1888, *Phil Mag*
* "New Methods of Measuring Variation in General Prices, 1888, *JRSS*
* "The Statistics of Examinations", 1888, *JRSS*
* "The Value of Authority Tested by Experiment", 1888, *Mind*
* "Mathematical Theory of Banking", 1888, *JRSS*
* "On the Application of Mathematics to Political Economy: Address of the President of Section F of the British Association for the Advancement of Science", 1889, *JRSS*
* "The Mathematical Theory of Political Economy: Review of Walras's Elements", 1889, *Nature*
* "Review of Wicksteed's *Alphabet*", 1889, *Academy*
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's *Kapital und Kapitalismus*", 1889, *Academy*
* "Review of Bertrand's Calcul des Probabilites", 1889, *J of Education*
* "Points at which Mathematical Reasoning is Applicable to Political Economy", 1889, *Nature*
* "Appreciation of Gold", 1889, *QJE*
* "The Element of Chance in Competitive Examinations", 1890, *JRSS*
* "Economic Science and Statistics", 1889, *Nature*
* "Review of Marshall's Principles", 1890, *Nature*
* "Review of Jevons's Pure Logic", 1890, *Academy*
* "Review of Walras's Elements", 1890, *Academy*
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Capital and Interest", 1890, *Academy*
* "La Théorie mathématique de l'offre et de la demande et le côut de production", 1891, *Revue d'Economie Politique*
* "Osservazioni sulla teoria matematica dell' economica politica", 1891, *GdE* (trans. "On the Determinateness of Economic Equilibrium")
* "Ancora a proposito della teoria del baratto", 1891, *GdE*
* "Review of Ricardo's Principles", 1891, *J of Education*
* "", 1891, In: , pp.&nbsp;1–14 (in  Wikisource)
* "Review of Keynes's Scope and Method", 1891, *EJ*
* "An Introductory Lecture on Political Economy", 1891, *EJ*
* "Review of Sidgwick's Elements of Politics", 1891, *EJ*
* "Review of Second Edition of Marshall's Principles", 1891, *EJ*
* "Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices," Connecticut Academy, 1892.
* "Correlated Averages", 1892, *Phil Mag*
* "The Law of Error and Correlated Averages", 1892, *Phil Mag*.
* "Recent Attempts to Evaluate the Amount of Coin Circulating in a Country", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Marshall's Economics of Industry", 1892, *Nature*
* "Review of Cantillon's Essai", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Palgrave's Dictionary", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Positive Theory of Capital", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Smart's Introduction to the Theory of Value", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Dusing's Das Geschlechtverhaltniss", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Benson's Capital, Labor and Trade", 1892, *EJ*
* "Review of Smart's Women's Wages", 1893
* "Review of Bonar's Philosophy", 1893, *Mind*
* "Review of Walsh's Bimetallism", 1893, *EJ*
* "Review of Fisher's Mathematical Investigations", 1893, *EJ*
* "Professor Böhm-Bawerk on the Ultimate Standard of Value", 1894, *EJ*
* "One More Word on the Ultimate Standard of Value", 1894, *EJ*
* "Review of Wiser's Natural Value", 1894, *EJ*
* "Theory of International Values: Parts I, II and III", 1894, *EJ*
* "Recent Writings on Index Numbers", 1894, *EJ*
* "The Measurement of Utility by Money", 1894, *EJ*
* "Asymmetric Correlation between Social Phenomenon", 1894, *JRSS*
* Entries: "Average", "Census", "Cournot", "Curves", "Demand Curves", Difficulty of Attainment", "Distance in Time", "Error", 1894, in Palgrave, editor, *Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 1*.
* "Review of the Webbs' History of Trade Unionism", 1894, *EJ*
* "Review of Third Edition of Marshall's Principles", 1895, *EJ*
* "Mr. Pierson on the Scarcity of Gold", 1895, *EJ*
* "Thoughts on Monetary Reform", 1895, *EJ*
* "The Stationary State in Japan", 1895, *EJ*
* "A Defense of Index-Numbers", 1896, *EJ*
* "Statistics on Unprogressive Communities", 1896, *JRSS*
* "The Asymmetrical Probability Curve (Abstract)", 1894, *Proceedings of the Royal Society*
* "The Asymmetrical Probability Curve", 1896, *Phil Mag*
* "The Compound law of Error", 1896, *Phil Mag*
* Entries: "Gossen", "Index Numbers", "Intrinsic Value", "Jenkin", "Jennings", "Least Squares" and "Mathematical Method", 1896, in Palgrave, editor, *Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 2*.
* "Review of Price's Money", 1896, *EJ*
* "Review of Nicholson's Strikes and Social Problems", 1896, *EJ*
* "Review of Pierson's Leerboek, Vol. 1", 1896, *EJ*
* "Review of Pierson's Leerkook, Vol. 2", 1897, *EJ*
* "Review of Bastable, Theory of International Trade", 1897, *EJ*
* "Review of Grazani's Istituzioni", 1897, *EJ*
* "La teoria pura del monopolio", 1897, GdE, (trans."The Pure Theory of Monopoly")
* "The Pure Theory of Taxation: Parts I, II and III", 1897, *EJ*
* "Miscellaneous Applications of the Calculus of Probabilities", Parts 1, 2, 3, 1897, 1898, *JRSS*
* "Review of Cournot's Recherches", 1898, *EJ*
* "Professor Graziani on the Mathematical Theory of Monopoly", 1898, *EJ*
* "Review of Darwin's Bimetallism", 1898, *EJ*
* "On the Representation of Statistics by Mathematical Formulae", Part 1 (1898), Parts 2, 3, 4 (1899)
* "On a Point in the Theory of International Trade", 1899, *EJ*
* "Review of Davidson, Bargain Theory of Wages", 1899, *EJ*
* "Professor Seligman on the Mathematical Method in Political Economy", 1899, *EJ*
* Entries: "Pareto", "Pareto's Law", "Probability", Supply Curve" and "Utility", 1899, in Palgrave, editor, *Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 3*
* "Answers to Questions by Local Taxation Commission", 1899, *Reprint of Royal Commission for Local Taxation*
* "The Incidence of Urban Rates, Parts I, II and III" 1900, *EJ*
* "Defence of Mr. Harrison's Calculation of the Rupee Circulation", 1900, *EJ*
* "Review of J.B. Clark's Theory of Distribution", 1900, *EJ*
* "Review of Smart's Taxation of Land-Values", 1900, *EJ*
* "Review of Bastable, Theory of International Trade (3rd edition)", 1897, *EJ*
* "Review of Bonar and Hollander, Letters of Ricardo", 1900, *EJ*
* "Mr. Walsh on the Measurement of General Exchange Value", 1901, *EJ*
* "Disputed Points in the Theory of International Trade", 1901, *EJ*
* "Review of Gide's Cooperation", 1902, *EJ*
* "Review of Wells's Anticipations", 1902, *EJ*
* "Methods of Representing Statistics of Wages and Other Groups Not *"Fulfilling the Normal Law of Error", with A.L. Bowley, 1902, *JRSS*
* "The Law of Error", 1902, *Encycl Britannica*
* "Review of Cannan's History of Theories of Production", 1903, *EJ*
* "Review of Bortkiewicz's Anwendungen and Pareto's Anwendungen", 1903, *EJ*
* "Review of Bastable's Public Finance", 1903, *EJ*
* "Review of Bastable's Cartels et Trusts", 1903, *EJ*
* "Review of Pigou's Riddle of the Tariff", 1904, *EJ*
* "Review of Nicholson's Elements", 1904, *EJ*
* "Review of Bowley's National Progress", 1904, *EJ*
* "Review of Plunkett's Ireland", 1904, *EJ*
* "Review of Northon's Loan Credit", 1904, *EJ*
* "Review of Graziani's Istituzione", 1904, *EJ*
* "Review of Dietzel's Vergeltungzolle", 1904, *EJ*
* "Preface", 1904, in J.R. MacDonald, editor, *Women in the Printing Trades*.
* "The Theory of Distribution", 1904, *QJE*
* "The Law of Error", 1905, *Transactions of Cambridge Society*
* "Review of Nicholson's History of English Corn Laws", 1905, *EJ*
* "Review of Cunynghame's Geometrical Political Economy", 1905, *EJ*
* "Review of Carver's Theory of Distribution", 1905, *EJ*
* "Review of Taussig's Present Position", 1905, *EJ*
* "Review of Henry Sidgwick: A memoir", 1906, *EJ*
* "The Generalised Law of Error, or Law of Great Numbers", 1906, *JRSS*
* "Recent Schemes for Rating Urban Land Values", 1906, *EJ*
* "On the Representation of Statistical Frequency by a Series", 1907, *JRSS*
* "Statistical Observations on Wasps and Bees", 1907, *Biometrika*
* "Review of de Foville's Monnaie and Guyot's Science economique", 1907, *EJ*
* "Appreciations of Mathematical Theories", Parts I & II (1907), Parts III & IV (1908), *EJ*
* "On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants", I, II & III (1908), Add. (1909), *JRSS*
* "Review of Andreades's Lecture on the Census", 1908, *EJ*
* "Review of Rea's Free Trade", 1908, *EJ*
* "Review of Withers's Meaning of Money", 1909, *EJ*
* "Review of Mitchell's Gold Prices", 1909, *EJ*
* "Review of Jevons's Investigations", 1909, *EJ*
* "Application du calcul des probabilités à la Statistique", 1909, *Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique*
* "On the Use of the Differential Calculus in Economics to Determine Conditions of Maximum Advantage", 1909, *Scientia*
* "Applications of Probabilities to Economics, Parts I & II", 1910, *EJ*.
* "The Subjective Element in the First Principles of Taxation", 1910, *QJE*
* "Review of John Stuart Mill's Principles", 1910, *EJ*
* "Review of Colson's Cours", 1910, *EJ*
* "Review of J. Maurice Clark's Local Freight Discriminations", 1910, *EJ*
* "Review of Hammond's Railway Rate Theories", 1911, *EJ*
* "Probability and Expectation", 1911, *Encycl Britannica*
* "Monopoly and Differential Prices", 1911, *EJ*
* "Contributions to the Theory of Railway Rates", Part I & II (1911), Part III (1912), Part IV (1913), *EJ*
* "Review of Moore's Laws of Wages", 1912, *EJ*
* "Review of Pigou's Wealth and Welfare", 1913, *EJ*
* "On the Use of the Theory of Probabilities in Statistics Relating to Society", 1913, *J of RSS*
* "A Variant Proof of the Distribution of Velocities in a Molecular Chaos", 1913, *PhilMag*
* "On the Use of Analytical Geometry to Represent Certain Kinds of Statistics", Parts I–V, 1914, *J of RSS*
* "Recent Contributions to Mathematical Economics, I & II", 1915, *EJ*
* *On the Relations of Political Economy to War*, 1915.
* *The Cost of War and ways of reducing it suggested by economic theory*, 1915.
* "Economists on War: Review of Sombart, etc.", 1915, *EJ*
* "Review of Pigou's Economy and Finance of War", 1916, *EJ*
* "Review of Preziosi's La Germania alla Conquista dell' Italia", 1916, *EJ*
* "British Incomes and Property", 1916, *EJ*
* "On the Mathematical Representation of Statistical Data", Part I (1916), Parts II–IV (1917), *J of RSS*
* "Review of Gill's National Power and Prosperity", 1917, *EJ*
* "Review of Lehfeldt's Economics in Light of War", 1917, *EJ*
* "Some German Economic Writings about the War", 1917, *EJ*
* "After-War Problems: Review of Dawson at al.", 1917, *EJ*
* "Review of Westergaard's Scope and Methods of Statistics", 1917, *JRSS*
* "Review of Anderson's Value of Money", 1918, *EJ*
* "Review of Moulton and Phillips on Money and Banking", 1918, *EJ*
* "Review of Loria's Economic Causes of War", 1918, *EJ*
* "Review of Arias's Principii", 1918, *EJ*
* "Review of Smith-Gordon, Rural Reconstruction of Ireland and Russell's National Being", 1918, *EJ*
* "On the Value of a Mean as Calculated from a Sample", 1918, *EJ*
* "An Astronomer on the Law of Error", 1918, *PhilMag*
* *Currency and Finance in Time of War*, 1918.
* "The Doctrine of Index-Numbers According to Prof. Wesley Mitchell", 1918, *EJ*
* "Psychical Research and Statistical Method", 1919, *JRSS*
* "Methods of Graduating Taxes on Income and Capital", 1919, *EJ*
* "Review of Cannan's Money", 1919, *EJ*
* "Review of Andreades's Historia", 1919, *EJ*
* "Review of Lehfeldt's Gold Prices", 1919, *EJ*
* *A Levy on Capital for the Discharge of the Debt*, 1919.
* "Mathematical Formulae and the National Commission on Income Tax", 1920, *EJ*
* "On the Application of Probabilities to the Movement of Gas Molecules", Part I (1920), Part II (1922), *Phil Mag*
* "Entomological Statistics" , 1920, *Metron*, pp.&nbsp;75–80
* "Review of Gustav Cassel's Theory of Social Economy", 1920, *EJ*
* "Review of Bowley's Change in Distribution of National Income", 1920, *JRSS*
* "Review of the Webbs' History of Trade Unionism", 1920, *EJ*
* "Molecular Statistics", Part I (1921), Part II (1922), *JRSS*
* "On the Genesis of the Law of Eror", 1921, *PhilMag*
* "The Philosophy of Chance", 1922, *Mind*
* "The Mathematical Economics of Professor Amoroso", 1922, *EJ*
* "Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work", 1922, *EJ*
* "Review of Keynes's Treatise on Probability", 1922, *JRSS*
* "Review of Pigou's Political Economy of War", 1922, *EJ*
* "Statistics of Examinations", 1923, *JRSS*
* "On the Use of Medians for Reducing Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1923, *Phil Mag*
* "Mr. Correa Walsh on the Calculation of Index Numbers", 1923, *JRSS*
* "Index Numbers According to Mr. Walsh", 1923, *EJ*
* "Women's Wages in Relation to Economic Welfare", 1923, *EJ*

:: *Also available as*: 

* "Review of Marshall's Money, Credit and Commerce", 1923, *EJ*
* "Review of The Labour Party's Aim", 1923, *EJ*
* "Review of Bowley's Mathematical Groundwork", 1924, *EJ*
* "Review of Fisher's Economic Position of the Married Woman", 1924, *EJ*
* "Untried Methods of Representing Frequency", 1924, *JRSS*
* *Papers Relating to Political Economy*, 3 volumes, 1925.
* "The Plurality of Index-Numbers", 1925, *EJ*
* "The Element of Probability in Index-Numbers", 1925, *JRSS*
* "The Revised Doctrine of Marginal Social Product", 1925, *EJ*
* "Review of J.M. Clark's Overhead Costs", 1925, *EJ*.
* "mathematical method in political economy," 1926, *Palgrave's  Dictionary of Political Economy,* reprinted in 1987, *The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics*, v. 3.
* "Mr Rhode's Curve and the Method of Adjustment", 1926, *JRSS*

## 参考资料

## 外部链接
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## 延伸阅读
* P J FitzPatrick, "Leading British statisticians of the nineteenth century, *Journal of the American Statistical Association* 55 (1960), 38–70.
* M G Kendall, "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, 1845–1926," *Biometrika* 55 (1968), 269–275.
* Newman, Peter (1987). "Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro," *The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics*, v. 2, pp.&nbsp;84–98.
* _____.  (2001). "Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (1845–1926)," *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences*, pp.&nbsp;4170–4175. Abstract. 
* Spiegel, Henry William. *The Growth of Economic Thought*. Ed. Durham & London. Duke University Press, 1991.
* Stigler, Stephen M. * (1987). "Edgeworth as statistician," *The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics*, v. 2, pp.&nbsp;98–98.