魯凱語文法

**魯凱語文法**()為基於魯凱語之文法。在文法的分類上台灣南島語言並不同於一般的分析語或其它综合语裡的動詞、名詞、形容詞、介詞和副詞等之基本詞類分類。比如台灣南島語裡普遍沒有副詞，而副詞的概念一般以動詞方式呈現、可稱之為「副動詞」，類之於俄语裡的副動詞。 對於數、格(附著)及时态改變時語詞的變化。魯凱語只有代詞本身會依格位之不同而進行变格運作。謂語本身不會依人称、数、性之變化而進行变位運作；而是基於已然語氣及非已然語氣、以主事(AF)及非主事(NAF)的觀點結合時體氣語詞(TAM/TMA/動貌詞)，再配合謂語的时态、体、式進行形態變化來運作。

基本的文法分類是將魯凱語詞類之詞綴、字詞結構及分類法，對比分析語等之詞類分類法加以條析判別。

## 詞彙與構詞

### 構詞方法
基本上萬山魯凱語音節採用一種基本的(C)V 構詞，通常詞構有2到4個音節(Zeitoun 2007)。有4種構詞程序。

#加詞綴(affixation)
#語根修飾(stem modification)
#重複詞(reduplication/RED)
#複合詞(compounding)

下列重複範式是產生在霧台魯凱語裡：

;重複名詞語根
*N + RED '大量'
*N(數詞、或時段) + RED '延長一陣子...'

;重複動詞語根
*V + RED '繼續，繼續做，重複做'
*V + RED '未來式'
*V (靜態詞) + RED '強烈，比較大'

在霧台魯凱語裡，附著式的語根重覆能夠被用來產生若干基本的名詞及動詞，比如：'打雷'、'山' ，以及 '刮擦'。

### 詞綴
下列為萬山魯凱語的詞綴來自齊莉莎(Zeitoun 2007)。

*a- 'when'
*a- (action/state nominalization)
*a- 'plural'
*-a 'beyond (in time or space)'
*-a 'irrealis'
*-a 'imperative'
*-ae (state nominalization)
*a- ... -ae; allomorph: ... -ae (objective nominalization; negative imperative)
*amo- 'will'
*-ane (meaning unknown; used on verbs to insult someone)
*-a-nga 'imperative' (mild requests)
*apaa- 'reciprocal causative' (dynamic verbs)
*apano- 'like to, prone to, have a tendency to'
*apa'a 'reciprocal causative' (stative verbs)
*apa'ohi- 'split (causative form)'
*-ci 'snivel'
*dh- 'invisible'
*i- 'at'
*-i 'irrealis'
*-i- ... -e (marking of the oblique case on personal and impersonal pronouns)
*-ka 'predicative negation'
*ka- 'in fact, indeed, actually'
*ka- ... -ae 'genuine, real, original'
*kala- ... -ae 'temporal nominalization'
*kapa ~ kama- 'continuously'
*kapa ... -nga 'all, every'
*ki- 'modal negation'
*ki- ... -ae 'whose'
*k-a- ... -ae 'more and more'
*la- 'plural'
*la-ma'a- 'reciprocal'
*-lo 'plural' (demonstrative pronouns)
*m- (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with k-, p-, or Ø in its non-finite form)
*ma- (stative (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with ka- in its non-finite form)
*ma- ... -le (forms 'tens')
*ma-Ca- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with pa-Ca; Ca refers to the reduplication of the first consonant)
*maa- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with paa)
*maa- ... -e (~ paa- ... -e; maa- (dual reciprocal) + -e (meaning unknown))
*maaraka- 'each/both'
*maatali- ... -le/-lo '(a number of) floors'
*maka- 'finish'
*maka- ... -le/-lo (~ paka- ... -le/-lo) 'up to N-/for N- days/months/years'
*maka'an- (attaches only to aleve 'below' and lrahalre 'above')
*makini- ... -(a)e (~ pakini- ... -(a)e) 'all'
*mali- (~ pali) 'along'
*ma'ohi (~ pa'ohi) 'split'
*m-o- (~ o-) 'holds X's ritual (where X = household name)' (attaches to household names to form dynamic verbs)
*m-o- (~ o-) 'toward'
*mo- 'anti-causative'
*m-ore (~ ore-) 'perform'
*mota'a- (~ ota'a-) 'raise'
*n- 'visible'
*-na 'still'
*naa- 'continuously'
*-nae 'place where'
*-nae 'time when'
*-nga 'already'
*-nga 'superlative'
*ni- 'counterfactuality (irrealis)'
*ni- ... -a 'concessive'
*o- 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
*o- ... -e 'dress well' (derives verbs from nouns)
*o-ara- 'only' (attached to verbs)
*o-ka'a- ... -le/-lo (~ ko'a- ... -le/-lo) 'a number of )recipients'
*om- (~ m- / ~ Ø) 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
*o-tali (~ tali- / ~ toli) 'wrap up, pack up'
*o-tali (~ tali-) 'made of'
*o-tara- (~ tara-) 'a number of months / years'
*taro- (doublet form: tao-) 'group of persons in movement'
*o-ta'i- (~ ta'i-) 'precede'
*o-'ara- (~ 'ara-) 'early'
*pa- 'causative'
*pa- 'every N-times'
*paori 'stick to, think about'
*pa'a- ... -ae '(what is) left'
*pe- 'forbiddance (?)'
*pi- 'local causative'
*po- 'causative of movement'
*po- 'bear, grow N' (attaches to nouns)
*saka- 'external'
*samori- 'keep on ... -ing' (attaches only to the root *kane* 'to eat')
*sa'api- 'prone to, inclined to'
*so- 'tribute'
*ta- (subjective nominalization)
*ta- 'inalienability' (kinship and color terms)
*ta- ... -(a)e 'place where'
*ta- ... -ae 'time when'
*ta- ... -n-ae (forms derived locative nominal)
*taka- 'a number of persons'
*tako- 'while'
*tala- 'container' (?; found only with the root *ove'eke*)
*tali- 'belong to'
*ta'a- 'with (a group of persons)'
*ta'a- ... -le/-lo 'measure with an extended arm' (bound numerals)
*to- 'do, make, produce, build'
*toka- ... -(a)e 'use ... for, by ... -ing'
*to'a- 'use ... to, for'
*'a- 'instrument/manner nominalizer'
*'a- ... -e 'have a lot of'
*'aa- 'turn into'
*'aka- 'Nth' (ordinal prefix 'a- + stative marker ka- (non-finite form))
*'ako- (doublet form: 'ako- ... -ae) 'speak (out)'
*'ako- 'barely, a little'
*'ako- ... -le 'say a number of times'
*'ako- ... -nga 'more'
*'ali- 'from (in time or space)' (ISBN 978-986-01-1219-1
*Elizabeth Zeitoun(齊莉莎),"萬山魯凱語語法"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221145421/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publ_m_d.asp-aid=28.htm,中央研究院語言學研究所,November 30/2007.ISBN 978-986-01-1219-1
*齊莉莎(Elizabeth Zeitoun)/林惠娟,"不要忘記咱們萬山的故事：過去的回憶"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221145721/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publ_m_d.asp-aid=10.htm,中央研究院語言學研究所,November 30/2007.ISBN 957-01-5587-6
*齊莉莎,"魯凱語萬山方言名物化結構探究(Nominalization in Mantauran (Rukai))",中央研究院語言學研究所,(3:1附冊期),2002-01.
*帥德樂,"南島語的「焦點屈折」是詞彙衍生：名物化的證據(Austronesian ‘Focus’ as Derivation: Evidence from Nominalization)",中央研究院語言學研究所,(3:1附冊期),pp.427-479,2002-01.

## 外部連結

*中研院語言所<語言暨語言學>期刊目錄
*台灣語言學學會 
*臺灣原住民族網路學院
*
*TITV Sinbung
*臺灣原住民族語言學習 
*原住民族族語線上詞典 
*Ogawa's Vocabulary of Formosan Dialects/小川尚義「臺灣蕃語蒐録」
*Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 
*原住民族語言研究發展中心 
*Alilin 原住民族電子書城