海達語

**海達語**是海達族的語言。該語言有8個元音和超過30個輔音。語言學家愛德華·薩丕爾曾在1915年把海達語歸為納－德內語系，該提議隨即受到諸多語言學家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，詳見參考文獻列表）的支持；然而，今天大多數語言學家將海達語看作是一个孤立语言。 2008年語言學界提議美洲的納－德內語系和北亚（中西伯利亞）的叶尼塞语系同源並構成德內－葉尼塞語門，却没有任何跡象表明海達語屬於該語門。

大约100年前，全體海達族都使用海達語，但今天海達語却是極度瀕危語言，只有20個人在使用， 而今其使用者幾乎全是长者。 

## 書寫系統
海達語語有兩套基於拉丁字母的書寫系統：在加拿大常用的，约翰·恩里科（）提出的恩里科系統，用來書寫南海達語；在美國常用的，（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系統，用來書寫北海達語。

* ANLC系統區分兩個同位異音（英語的）和（漢語拼音的）。

* 恩里科系統是一種跨方言文字（儘管只跨了兩個加拿大方言），它在不同方言中給了不同的語音影射，使得在兩种方言中發音相同的詞有著不同的寫法，而寫法相同的詞有著不同的發音。



此外還有一個不常用的系統，由John R. Swanton給出。它更像是基於语音的，而不像是基於音位的。

## 註釋

## 參考文獻

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## 延伸閱讀

# Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
# Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." *Aspects of Comparative Linguistics*, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp.&nbsp;45–118
# Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
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# Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. *Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow*, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
# Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." *The Outer Shores*, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp.&nbsp;223–248.
# Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." *International Journal of American Linguistics* 52:91–123.
# Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." *International Journal of American Linguistics* 49:136–166.
# Enrico, John. 1991. *The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida.* (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
# Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." *Gengo Kenkyu* 12:115–120.
# Enrico, John. 2003. *Haida Syntax*. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
# Enrico, John. 2005. *Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects.* (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
# Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
# Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. *Language in the Americas.* Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
# Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp.&nbsp;321–330.
# Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
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# Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 45(2).157–70.
# Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." *Anthropological linguistics* 38:179–215.
# Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. *Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung.* (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
# Pinnow. H-J. 1985. *Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache.* (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
# Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. *Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification.* Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
# Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. *Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache.* (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
# Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
# Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.* 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
# Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. *American Anthropologist* 17.534–558.
# Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
# Swanton, John R. 1905. *[http://archive.org/details/haidatextsandmy04swangoog Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect].* (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
# Swanton, John R. 1908. *[http://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hdn_vertxt-1 Haida Texts. Masset Dialect].* (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.

## 相關影視
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## 外部連結

*Haida language 
*Listen to the sounds of Haida 
*Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices 
*Raven, a story in the Haida language 
*Haida writing systems 
*Haida linguistics bibliography 
*The Book of Common Prayer in Haida 
*How to count in Haida 
*FirstVoices Haida iPhone App 
*FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary