隱變量理論

**隱變量理論**（）又稱**隱變數理論**，是由物理學家質疑量子力學完備性而提出的替代理論。歷史上隨著量子力學的發展，而提出了海森堡不確定原理等限制，一別於古典物理，諸如位置與動量等無法同時精準測出其值；此外關於粒子位置等特性由機率密度描述所取代。一些物理學家例如愛因斯坦，認為量子力學並未完整地描述物理系統的狀態，亦即質疑量子力學是不完備的。因此量子力學的背後應該隱藏了一個尚未發現的理論，可以完整解釋物理系統所有可觀測量的演化行為，而避免掉任何不確定性或隨機性。

歷史上愛因斯坦是隱變量理論的主要倡導者，出於對標準量子力學詮釋的機率性解釋的不滿。他曾說：「我相信上帝不擲骰子。」 

1935年，愛因斯坦與波多爾斯基、羅森共同提出的EPR悖論（以姓氏字首為縮寫）試圖對哥本哈根詮釋做出挑戰，論文中指出「實在性元素」（即隱變量）應該加入量子力學中，俾使在量子纏結現象中不會出現鬼魅般的超距作用。在提出後，這樣的爭辯仍停留在物理哲學的範疇，直到約翰·貝爾提出貝爾定理方得區分兩者差異。透過實驗證實：一定類型的局域隱變量理論與實驗結果不相符，包括EPR佯謬中提出的詮釋版本。非局域（廣域）的隱變量理論最知名者為德布羅意-玻姆理論。

## 参见
* 量子不確定性
* 量子力學
* 量子形上學
* 量子神祕主義（Quantum mysticism）
* 關係性量子力學（Relational quantum mechanics）

## 參考資料
### 文内引用

### 延伸阅读

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* **[[约翰·斯图尔特·贝尔|John Stewart Bell]]**, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox", *Physics* **1**, (1964) 195–200. Reprinted in *Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics*, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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* **Asher Peres**, ''Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods'', Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.
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* 
* **Erich Joos, et al.**, ''Decoherence and the Appearance of a Classical World in Quantum Theory'', 2nd ed., Berlin, Springer, 2003.
* **Wojciech Zurek** (2003). "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical — Revisited",  (An updated version of ''Physics Today'', 44:36–44 (1991) article)
* **Wojciech Zurek**, "Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical" in ''Reviews of Modern Physics'', vol.75, (715).
* **Asher Peres and Daniel Terno**, "Quantum Information and Relativity Theory",  ''[[Reviews of Modern Physics]]'' 76 (2004) 93.
* **Roger Penrose**, ''[[The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe]]'', Alfred Knopf 2004.
* **Maximilian Schlosshauer**, "Decoherence, the Measurement Problem, and Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics", in ''Reviews of Modern Physics'', vol.76, pages 1267–1305, 2005.
* **Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli**. "Relational Quantum Mechanics" ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2005 Edition).
* **Marco Genovese*', "Research on hidden variable theories: a review of recent progresses", in *Physics Reports'', vol.413, 2005.

## 外部連接
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