土爾沙種族屠殺

**土爾沙種族屠殺**（）又被稱作**土爾沙屠殺**、**土爾沙種族騷動**、**格林伍德屠殺**或**黑色華爾街屠殺**，是指1921年5月31日至6月1日，美國白人攻擊奧克拉荷馬州土爾沙的非裔美國人社區的居民和企業並屠殺非裔美國人，這被視為美國歷史上最為嚴重的種族暴力事件之一。該地社區原本是美國最富有的非裔美國人社區，然而這次襲擊事件分別以地面和空中攻擊的方式摧毀該地區超過35個街區。最終，有超過800人被送往醫院，並有超過6,000名非裔美國人居民被逮捕和拘留數天。

## 背景

## 經過

## 後續
本次屠殺事件最後一位倖存者於2025年11月24日逝世，享嵩壽111歲。

## 影響
### 川普造勢爭議
2020年6月，美國總統唐納·川普宣布6月19日六月節在土爾沙舉辦2019冠狀病毒病美國疫情暫停總統選舉活動後的首場造勢大會，當時喬治·佛洛伊德之死正鬧得沸沸揚揚，遭非裔美國人批評「褻瀆土爾沙人民」、「侮辱自由日象徵」。6月12日，川普宣布，「出於尊重」，將造勢大會日期改為6月20日，把重大假期還給非裔美國人。6月19日，非裔美國人民權運動牧師阿爾·夏普頓抨擊川普的選舉口號「讓美國再次偉大」時說，川普在近期暴露了他自己對黑人歷史的無知，美國在過去大部分時間裡都只為了白人偉大。

### 纪念活動
2021年5月31日，美國總統喬·拜登發表公告，宣布当天为“1921年塔尔萨种族屠杀一百周年纪念日”，呼吁美国民众“反思我们国家种族恐怖的深刻根源”。拜登在塔尔萨种族屠杀纪念公告中承认，美国联邦政府在这起事件中扮演了不光彩的角色：事件发生后，当地通过法令实施新的建筑标准，建房成本之高令多数黑人家庭无法重建家园；事件发生后，联邦政府把格林伍德社区列为“危险”区域，令黑人房主无法以同等条件获得住房贷款；其后几十年，联邦政府的投资，包括穿过格林伍德的联邦高速公路建设，使格林伍德社区遭到拆除和切断。

2021年6月1日，拜登親赴土爾沙，會見土爾沙種族屠殺倖存者3人，並發表土爾沙種族屠殺一百週年紀念演講。拜登說，土爾沙種族屠殺“不是騷亂，這是大屠殺──我們史上最惡劣的一次，卻不是唯一的一次，且被我們的歷史遺忘了太久”，“事件才發生，就有人明顯想把它從我們的集體記憶中抹去⋯⋯長久以來，土爾沙的學校沒有教授這段歷史，更不用說其他地區的學校”。拜登是第一位承認土爾沙種族屠殺，並在土爾沙種族屠殺紀念日前往土爾沙悼念的美國總統。拜登说，仇恨一直没有消失，现在美国仍然存在对非裔美国人和亚裔美国人的仇恨与歧视，他的政府将会努力解决这些问题。記者詢問拜登是否要為土爾沙種族屠殺代表國家道歉，拜登並未回應。

## 參見
* 羅斯伍德大屠殺
* 美国内乱事件一览表

## 參考資料

## 延伸閱讀
* Alfred L. Brophy, *Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Race Reparations, and Reconciliation,* New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Scott Ellsworth, *Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921,* Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.
* Donald Halliburton, *Tulsa Race War of 1921.* San Jose, CA: R and E Publishing, 1975.
* James S. Hirsch, *Riot and Remembrance: The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy,* Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
* Rob Hower, *1921 Tulsa Race Riot: The American Red Cross-Angels of Mercy.* Tulsa, OK: Homestead Press, 1993.
* Hannibal B. Johnson, *Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District.* Austin, TX: Eakin Press 1998.
* Tim Madigan, *The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.* New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001.
* Mary E. Jones Parrish, *Race Riot 1921: Events of the Tulsa Disaster.* Tulsa, OK: Out on a Limb Publishing, 1998.
* Lee E. Williams, *Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921.* Hattiesburg, MS: University and College Press of Mississippi, 1972.

## 外部連結

* ''The Crisis Magazine,'' Vol. 22 No.# 3, on the Tulsa Race Riot, pp.114-116 
* "What happened to Black Wall Street on June 1, 1921?" , *San Francisco Bay View*
* "Tulsa Race Riot" , Greenwood Cultural Center
* "A Historical Study of the Perceived Racial Definitions and Events Leading to The Tulsa Race Riot". 2011 History Thesis, Oklahoma City University.
* "Red Cross Report 1921 on Actions Taken due to Riot", Tulsa Historical Society
* Facts and Links for "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921" , Subliminal.org
* "Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive", University of Tulsa McFarlin Library, Special Collections, links to inventory, related materials, and photographs.
* Link to ''Ruth Sigler Avery Tulsa Race Riot Archive'', Index, Special Collections & Archives, Oklahoma State University – Tulsa
* Oklahoma Commission, ''Report on the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921'', February 28, 2001, Internet Archive {full text online}
* "Tulsa Race Riot", Tulsa Historical Society
* "Tulsa Race Riot", Oklahoma Historical Society
* "Tulsa Race Riot: Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection" , Tulsa City County Library: African American Resource Center
* Associated Press, "Tulsa Guard Kills Man" , *Evening Public Ledger* (Philadelphia, PA), 6 June 1921, article includes photo of burned-out portion of Greenwood, *Chronicling America,* Library of Congress
* Tulsa Tribune,'' May 31, 1921 , Tulsa Race Riot blog, 18 June 2014
* ''The Morning Tulsa Daily World,'' 1 June 1921 , Library of Congress
* ''The Morning Tulsa Daily World'' June 1, 1921 {Extra} 
* ''The Morning Tulsa Daily World'' June 1, 1921 {2nd Extra} 
* ''The Morning Tulsa Daily World'' June 1, 1921 {3rd Extra} 
* ''The Morning Tulsa Daily World'' June 3, 1921 
* "William Redfearn's Brief in ''Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Company'', Oklahoma Supreme Court 1924 
* ''The Durant Weekly News'', 3 June 1921 , Chronicling America, Library of Congress
* Linda Christensen. "Why Teaching the Tulsa Race Riot is More Than Just Teaching History" , May 28, 2013, *GOOD Magazine.*
* Linda Christensen. "Burned Out of Homes and History: Unearthing the Silent Voices of the Tulsa Race Riot" , 8-page lesson plan for high school Students, 2013, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools.
* Tulsa race riot  Collection of 11 photographic postcards of the race riot that took place in Tulsa, Oklahoma on May 31 and June 1, 1921. Pictures illustrate the devastation to the Greenwood District's African-American community, including whole blocks burned to the ground, bodies of victims, and the damaged convention hall.
* Listing of known/unknown/possible White/African-American casualties of the Tulsa Race Riots 
* I Marc Carlson, "A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs", Part 2 
* "Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice" , *Al-Jazeera*, 19 July 2014
*Voices of Oklahoma interview with Otis Clark.  First person interview conducted on November 23, 2009, with Otis Clark, survivor of the Tulsa Race Riot.