併合 (語言學)

**併合**（incorporation）為語言學之語法類別上的一種現象，諸如動詞與其賓語（賓語併合）或副詞修飾語所形成的合成词；同時保留其原始的語法功能。其中包含名詞修飾動詞，併縮小其詞義涵蓋範圍，而不是引用特定的語詞實體來進行此類功能。而併合與黏著法構詞(agglutination)有基本上的不同；併合主要以及物性(transitivity)與配價(verb valency)構成為主；而黏著法構詞可以是數名詞或名詞形容詞等而合成一單詞(合成詞)，或者及物性及配價所構成亦可。

併合是多式综合语的核心，例如在北美、西伯利亞，以及北澳大利亞等之語言裡都可以發現此類語法現象。 然而，多式綜合功能並不一定意味著有併合的功能（Mithun 2009）；而且這些併合表現的語言也不意味著該語言有多式綜合的功能。

## 併合範例
### 英語

### 奧內達語

### 帕內爾語

### 楚科奇語

### 科里亞克語

### 莫霍克語

### 夏安語

### 汉语

## 名詞併合的語義

## 歷時觀點的併合

## 註釋

## 參考文獻

*Baker, Mark C. (1996). The Polysynthesis Parameter. New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press.
*Baker, Mark C. (1988) Incorporation: a theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago:. University of Chicago Press.
*Evans, Nicholas & Hans-Jürgen Sasse (eds.). (2002). Problems of Polysynthesis. Berlin : Akademie Verlag.
*Kroeber, Alfred L. (1909). Noun incorporation in American languages. In F. Heger (Ed.), *XVI Internationaler Amerikanisten-Kongress* (pp.&nbsp;569–576). Vienna: Hartleben.
*Kroeber, Alfred L. (1911). Incorporation as a linguistic process. *American Anthropologist*, *13* (4), 577-584.
*http://www.academia.edu/1627216/From_denominal_derivation_to_Incorporation 
*Massam, Diane. (2001). Pseudo noun incorporation in Niuean. *[[Natural Language and Linguistic Theory]]*, *19* (1), 153-197.
*Mithun, Marianne. (1984). The evolution of noun incorporation. *Language*, *60* (4), 847-895. http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/mithun/pdfs/1984%20The%20evolution%20of%20noun%20incorporation.PDF 
*Mithun, M. (1985). Diachronic morphologization: The circumstances surrounding the birth, growth, and decline of noun incorporation. *Papers from the Sixth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. *Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 6. Jacek Fisiak, ed. Amsterdam-Poznan: John Benjamins-Adam Mickiewicz University, 365-394.
*Mithun, Marianne. (1986). On the nature of noun incorporation. *Language*, *62* (1), 32-38. http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/mithun/pdfs/1986%20On%20the%20nature%20on%20noun%20incorporation.PDF 
*Mithun, Marianne. (2009) Polysynthesis in the arctic. In: Mahieu, M.-A., Tersis, N. (Eds.), *Variations on Polysynthesis, The Eskaleut Languages*. Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp.&nbsp;3–18. https://web.archive.org/web/20140620224327/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/mithun/pdfs/2009%20Polysynthesis%20in%20the%20Arctic.PDF
*Mattissen, Johanna. (2006) The ontology and diachrony of polysynthesis. In: Wunderlich, D. (Ed.), *Advances in the Theory of the Lexicon*. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp.&nbsp;287–354.
*Payne, Thomas E. *Describing Morphosyntax*, Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58805-7
*Rosen, Sara T. (1989). Two types of noun incorporation: A lexical analysis. *Language*, *65* (2), 294-317.
*Sadock, Jerrold M. (1980). Noun incorporation in Greenlandic: A case of syntactic word-formation. *Language*, *57* (2), 300-319.
*Sadock, Jerrold M. (1986). Some notes on noun incorporation. *Language*, *62* (1), 19-31.
*Sapir, Edward. (1911). The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. *American Anthropologist*, *13* (2), 250-282.
*Van Valin, Robert D. & Randy LaPolla. (1997). *Syntax: Structure, meaning and function*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

### 範例及文本參考出處
*Conlang: Advanced Polysynthesis (Wikibooks)
*Lexicon of Linguistics
*Michael Jonathan Mathew Barrie Dynamic Antisymmetry and the Syntax of noun Incorporation
*Van Valin & LaPolla:1997

## 參見
*配价
*黏著法構詞(agglutination)
*加勒比語系(Cariban languages)

## 外部連接
*部分語法學詞匯簡釋