努里斯坦人

**努里斯坦人**，是分布於阿富汗努爾斯坦省的印歐語系居民，人口125,000-300,000人，主要使用的语言为努利斯坦语言。在19世紀90年代中期，杜蘭線確立後，阿布杜爾·拉赫曼汗對該國東北部當時仍保持異教信仰的卡非爾斯坦實施軍事行動，使當地居民信仰伊斯蘭教，並改名為努爾斯坦省，即“光明之地”的意思。在改宗伊斯蘭教前，他們信奉伊朗-印度的吠陀宗教，非穆斯林宗教習俗在今天仍有一定保留。努里斯坦人主要是農民，牧民和奶農。在阿富汗，由於多年戰爭，努爾斯坦一直是主要戰場已導致許多努里斯坦人死亡，加上其他阿富汗民族進入該地生活，使他們與其他阿富汗人區別已減少。

## 註釋

## 參考文獻

*The Kafirs of the Hindukush, 1896, by George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick, (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints) - Online :online, 8 copies at Internet Archive.
*Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture (Survey of world cultures), 1962, by Donald Newton Wilber.
*Tribes of the Hindu Kush (Calcutta, 1880) by John Biddulph;
*Kafiristan (Lahore, 1881), Gottlieb William Leitner;
*Aus dem westlichen Himalaya (Leipzig, 1884), K.E. von Ujfalvy;
*The gates of India: Being an historical narrative by Thomas Hungerford Holdich (Unknown Binding - 1977);
*The Indian Borderland, 1880-1900 by Thomas Hungerford Holdich (Paperback - 12 April 2001);
*An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India, (comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the ... Entdeckungsgeschichte und Geographie Asiens), 1969 Edition, by Mountstuart Elphinstone;
*Proceedings (1869, 1879, 1881, 1884...)... by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), Norton Shaw, Francis Galton, William Spottiswoode..;
*The Religions of the Hindukush: The Religion of the Kafirs : The Pre-Islamic Heritage of Afghan Nuristan (The Religions of the Hindukush) by Karl Jettmar (Paperback - Mar 1986);
*A History of Kafferistan: Socio-economic and Political Conditions of the Kaffers, 1989, Amar Singh Chohan;
*Journal of the United Service Institution of India (Simla, 1881), Gottlieb William Leitner;
*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, O.S., vol. xix. (London, 1862), Trumpp;
*Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischcn Gesellschaft, vol. xx. (Leipzig. 1800);
*The New International Encyclopaedia edited by Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby 1911;
*The Encyclopædia Britannica, 1888, Thomas Spencer Baynes;
*Afghanistan, 1956, Donald Newton Wilber - Afghanistan;
*Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia, 1967, William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, Michael Cavenagh Gillett - Afghanistan;
*Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture, 1962, Donald Newton Wilber, Elizabeth E. Bacon - Juvenile Nonfiction;
*Country Survey Series, 1956, Human Relations Area Files, inc - Human geography;
*Geographical and economic studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana parva, 1945, Moti Chandra - History;
*The London quarterly review, 1973;
*Memoir on Cuneiform Inscription, 1949, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson;
*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1849, RAS Great Britain and Ireland;
*Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, Adolf Bastian, Heinrich Kiepert;
*Ancient geography of India, 1971, Anundoram Borooah;
*Political History of Ancient India, 1996, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Banerjee;
*The Indian historical quarterly, 1949, S Chattopadhyaya, India;
*The Achaemenids and India: By Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya. 2d Rev. Ed, 1974, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya;
*India as described in early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, 1980, B. C. Law - Tripitaka;
*The geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India, 1979, Nundo Lal Dey - Social Science;
*The Indian historical quarterly, 1936, India;
*Ancient Indian tradition & mythology: Purāṇas in translation, 1969, Jagdish Lal Shastri;
*Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology: Purāṇas in Translation, 1970, Jagdish Lal Shastri, Arnold Kunst, G. P. Bhatt, Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare;
*Vishnu Purana, H. H. Wilson;
*The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship, 1905, Charles Frederick Oldham;
*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1856, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland;
*Indian Caste, 1877, p 286, John Wilson; India of To-day, 1906, Walter Del Mar;
*On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D., 1904;
*Publications, 1904, Published by Oriental Translation Fund (Editors T. W. Rhys Davis, S. W. Bushel, London Royal Asiatic Society);
*Ancient Buddhist Monasteries: India and Nepal, 1998, S. Gajrani;
*Journal of Indian History, 1963, University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala - India;
*Census of India, 1961, India Office of the Registrar General, Office of the Registrar General, India;
*Transaction, Indian Institute of World Culture, Indian Institute of World Culture, Published by Indian Institute of World Culture;
*Journal of Uttara Pradesh Historical Society, Vol XVI, Part II;
*Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: Saṃskr̥tagranthebhyaḥ saṅgr̥hītāni Kāṭhakabrāhmaṇa, Kāṭhakaśrautasūtra, 1981, Surya Kanta
*The Contemporary Review, Vol LXXII, July-Dec 1897, A. Strahan (etc.), London;
*Bhārata-kaumudī; Studies in Indology in Honour of Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, 1945, Radhakumud Mookerji - India).

## 外部連結

*Nuristani Tribal Tree&nbsp;– US Naval Postgraduate School   Note: this source has been evaluated as "totally unreliable" by the leading scholarly authorities on Nuristan.
* 
* 
* 
*Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: https://web.archive.org/web/20050822145437/http://users.sedona.net/~strand/