戴克里先迫害

**戴克里先迫害**（）或稱作**大迫害**（），是羅馬帝國最後一次和最嚴重的一次对基督徒的鎮壓。303年羅馬帝國正處於四帝共治制，帝國東部主皇帝（奧古斯都）戴克里先、帝國西部主皇帝馬克西米安、東部副皇帝（凯撒）伽列里烏斯和西部副皇帝君士坦提烏斯一世頒布了一系列法令，廢除基督教的合法權益並要求他們遵守傳統的古羅馬宗教習俗。後來法令開始針對神職人員展開迫害，下令將這些民眾奉獻給羅馬眾神。

西部副皇帝及後來在305年成為西部主皇帝的君士坦提烏斯一世管治區的鎮壓比起其他3位皇帝較輕微，東部正副皇帝仍然繼續執行所有的禁令直到在313年西部皇帝君士坦丁大帝和東部皇帝李錫尼頒布《米蘭敕令》後，標誌著過去的迫害正式結束。

## 参考文献
### 引用

### 来源
; 古代文献

* Arnobius. *Adversus Nationes* (*Against the Heathen*) *ca*. 295–300.
** Bryce, Hamilton, and Hugh Campbell, trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0631.htm Against the Heathen] *. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Dessau, Hermann. *Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae* (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892–1916)
* Eusebius of Caesarea. *Historia Ecclesiastica* (*Church History*) first seven books *ca*. 300, eighth and ninth book *ca*. 313, tenth book *ca*. 315, epilogue *ca*. 325.  Books Eight and Nine.
** Williamson, G.A., trans. *The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine*. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8
* Eusebius of Caesarea. *De Martyribus Palestinae* (*On the Martyrs of Palestine*).
** McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2505.htm Martyrs of Palestine] *. From *Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers*, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
** Cureton, William, trans. *[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript] *. London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Accessed September 28, 2009.
* Eusebius of Caesarea. *Vita Constantini* (*The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine*) *ca*. 336–39.
** Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm Life of Constantine] *. From *Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers*, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Lactantius. *Divinae Institutiones* (*The Divine Institutes*) *ca*. 303–311.
** Fletcher, William, trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0701.htm The Divine Institutes] *. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Lactantius. *De Ira Dei* (*On the Wrath of God*) *ca*. 313.
** Fletcher, William, trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0703.htm On the Anger of God] *. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Lactantius. *Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum* (*Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors*) *ca*. 313–15.
** Fletcher, William, trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died] *. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Musurillo, Herbert, trans. *The Acts of the Christian Martyrs*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
* Optatus. *Contra Parmenianum Donatistam* (*Against the Donatists*) *ca*. 366–367.
** Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. *The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists*. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Quick links to the separate books and parts of ‘Against the Donatists’, Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Porphyry. *Fragments*.
** Brauunsberg, David, and Roger Pearse, eds. "Porphyry, Against the Christians: Fragments", in *Selected Fathers of the Church*. 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.
* Tertullian. *Apologeticus* (*Apology*) 197.
** Thelwall, S., trans. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0301.htm Apology] *. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 3. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 16, 2009.
* Tilley, Maureen A, trans. *Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa*. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.

; 現代文献

* Barnes, Timothy D. "Legislation Against the Christians." *Journal of Roman Studies* 58:1–2 (1968): 32–50.
* Barnes, Timothy D. "Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the "Great Persecution"." *Journal of Roman Studies* 80 (1976): 239–252.
* Barnes, Timothy D. *Constantine and Eusebius*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
* Barnes, Timothy D. *The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
* Barnes, Timothy D. "Scholarship or Propaganda? Poprphyry *Against the Christians* and its Historical Setting." *Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies* 39 (1994): 53–65.
* Barnes, Timothy D. "Review: *Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance*." *Phoenix* 54:3–4 (2000): 381–383.
* Barnes, Timothy D. "Monotheists All?" *Phoenix* 55:1–2 (2001): 142–162.
* Baynes, Norman H. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." *The Classical Quarterly* 18:3–4 (1924): 189–194.
* Beatrice, Pier Franco. "Antistes Philosophiae. Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz." *Aug* 33 (1993): 1–47. (In German)
* Castelli, Elizabeth A. *Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making*. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
* Chadwick, Henry. *The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great*. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
* Clarke, Graeme. "Third-Century Christianity." In *The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire*, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 589–671. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
* Corcoran, Simon. *The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284–324*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-814984-0
* Corcoran, Simon. "Before Constantine." In *The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine*, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
* Curran, John. *Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-815278-7
* Davies, P.S. "The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303." *Journal of Theological Studies* 40:1 (1989): 66–94.
* Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. *The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome*. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3
* Dodds, E.R. *Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine*. New York: Norton, 1970.
* Drake, H.A. *Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3
* Edwards, Mark. "Christianity, A.D. 70–192." In *The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire*, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 573–588. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
* Elliott, T. G. *The Christianity of Constantine the Great*. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
* Fox, see Lane Fox, Robin
* Frend, William H.C. *Martyrdom and persecution in the early church: a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus*. New York University Press, 1967. Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company, U.K.  ISBN 0-227-17229-9
* Frend, W.H.C. "Prelude to the Great Persecution: The Propaganda War." *Journal of Ecclesiastical History* 38:1 (1987): 1–18.
* Frend, W.H.C. "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy." In *The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine*, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 503–523. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9
* Gaddis, Michael. *There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire*. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-24104-5
* Gibbon, Edward. *History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 1.* edited by David Womersley. London: Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 978-0-14-043393-7
* Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." *Church History* 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
* Hopkins, Keith. "Christian Number and Its Implications." *Journal of Early Christian Studies* 6:2 (1998): 185–226.
* Jones, A.H.M. *The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey*. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964.
* Keresztes, Paul. "From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius." *Vigiliae Christianae* 37:4 (1983): 379–399.
* Knipfing, J.R. "The Edict of Galerius (311 A.D.) re-considered." *Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire* 1 (1922): 693–705.
* Lane Fox, Robin. *Pagans and Christians*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. ISBN 0-394-55495-7
* Leadbetter, William. "From Constantine to Theodosius (and Beyond)." In *The Early Christian World*, ed. Philip Francis Esler, 258–292. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-16496-2
* Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. *Continuity and Change in Roman Religion*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-814822-4
* Löhr, Winrich. "Some Observations on Karl-Heinz Schwarte's 'Diokletians Christengesetz'." *Vigiliae Christianae* 56:1 (2002): 75–95
* MacMullen, Ramsay. *Christianizing the Roman Empire*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03642-6
* Millar, Fergus. *The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Hardcover ISBN 0-674-77885-5 Paperback ISBN 0-674-77886-3
* Mitchell, Stephen. "Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription." *Journal of Roman Studies* 78 (1988): 105–124.
* Nicholson, Oliver. "Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ: Lactantius' Divine Institutes IV. 18, 1–2." *Journal of Theological Studies* 40:1 (1989): 48–65.
* Odahl, Charles Matson. *Constantine and the Christian Empire*. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
* Potter, David S. *The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395*. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
* Rees, Roger. *Diocletian and the Tetrarchy*. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
* Rives, J.B. "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire." *Journal of Roman Studies* 89 (1999): 135–154.
* de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Aspects of the Great Persecution." *Harvard Theological Review* 47 (1954): 75–113.
* de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?" *Past & Present* 26 (1963): 6–38.
* Schott, Jeremy M. "Porphyry on Christians and Others: "Barbarian Wisdom," Identity Politics, and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution." *Journal of Early Christian Studies* 13:3 (2005): 277–314.
* Schott, Jeremy M. *Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity*. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8122-4092-4
* Sherwin-White, A.N. "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again." *Journal of Theological Studies* 3:2 (1952), 199–213.
* Tilley, Maureen A. *The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World*. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8006-2880-2
* Tilley, Maureen A. "North Africa." In *The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine*, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 381–396. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9
* Trompf, G.W. *Early Christian Historiography: Narratives of redistributive justice*. New York: Continuum, 2000. ISBN 0-8264-5294-9
* Walter, Christopher. *The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition* . Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84014-694-X
* Williams, Stephen. *Diocletian and the Roman Recovery*. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8
* Woods, David. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." *Journal of Theological Studies* 43:1 (1992): 128–134.
* Woods, David. "'Veturius' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution." *[[Mnemosyne (journal)|Mnemosyne]]* 54:5 (2001): 587–591.

## 外部連結
* A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked 
* Persecution of Christians from Britannica