阿列维派

**阿列维派**（Alevi）是伊斯兰教的一个独立教派，从什叶派分化而来，吸收了安纳托利亚地区苏菲主义的成分。主要分布在土耳其，在該國的人数在1500～2000万之间。另外在塞浦路斯、希腊、保加利亚也有分布。

## 主要特征
阿列维派的崇拜活动主要在“组屋”（cemevi）内进行，并配以音乐、歌唱和舞蹈，且男人和女人在一起进行崇拜活动。宗教仪式用土耳其语、库尔德语以及其它一些方言。伊斯兰教的主流认为这个教派是异端。

阿列维派是一种民族宗教身份，因此您必须出生于阿列维母亲或父亲的家庭才能被视为阿列维派。

## 土耳其的阿列維派

土耳其政府不承認阿列維派的「組屋」為宗教場所，所以它們不像清真寺般可以得到政府資助。

土耳其政府規定中小學校的穆斯林學生必須上宗教課，阿列維派抱怨學校的強制性宗教課教授遜尼派教義，未有顧及阿列維派。歐洲人權法庭在2007年判決土耳其需要修改學校宗教課程，加入對阿列維派信仰的介紹。

阿列維派曾被塞利姆一世迫害，由於這個原因，阿列维社羣抗議土耳其總理埃爾多安命名第三條博斯普魯斯海峽大橋為塞利姆一世大橋。

## 延伸阅读

;一般介绍
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2000). *Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 1 Band: Kimlik ve Tarih / Identität und Geschichte.* Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 59/2000). 
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). *Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 2 Band: İnanç ve Gelenekler / Glaube und Traditionen.* Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 60/2001). 
* Engin, Ismail & Franz, Erhard (2001). *Aleviler / Alewiten. Cilt 3 Band: Siyaset ve Örgütler / Politik und Organisationen.* Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut (Mitteilungen Band 61/2001). 
* Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina (1992). *Die Kizilbas/Aleviten. Untersuchungen uber eine esoterische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Anatolien. Die Welt des Islams,* (New Series), Vol. 32, No. 1.
* Kitsikis, Dimitri (1999). Multiculturalism in the Ottoman Empire : The Alevi Religious and Cultural Community, in P. Savard & B. Vigezzi eds. *Multiculturalism and the History of International Relations* Milano: Edizioni Unicopli.
* Kjeilen, Tore (undated). "Alevism ," in the (online) *Encyclopedia of the Orient.*
* Shankland, David (2003). *The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition.* Curzon Press.
* Shindeldecker, John (1996). ''Turkish Alevis Today.'' Istanbul: Sahkulu.
* White, Paul J., & Joost Jongerden (eds.) (2003). *Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.* Leiden: Brill.
* Yaman, Ali & Aykan Erdemir (2006). *Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction*, London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi. 
* Zeidan, David (1999) "The Alevi of Anatolia." Middle East Review of International Affairs 3/4.

;库尔德阿列维派
* Bumke, Peter (1979). "Kizilbaş-Kurden in Dersim (Tunceli, Türkei). Marginalität und Häresie." *Anthropos* 74, 530–548.
* Gezik, Erdal (2000), Etnik Politik Dinsel Sorunlar Baglaminda Alevi Kurtler, Ankara.
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (1997). "Aslını inkar eden haramzadedir! The Debate on the Kurdish Ethnic Identity of the Kurdish Alevis." In K. Kehl-Bodrogi, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean (eds), *Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East* (Leiden: Brill).
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (1996). Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi revival in Turkey.  *Middle East Report,* No. 200, pp.&nbsp;7–10. (NB: The online version is expanded from its original publication.)
* White, Paul J. (2003), "The Debate on the Identity of ‘Alevi Kurds’." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) *Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview.* Leiden: Brill, pp.&nbsp;17–32.

;阿列维派历史
* Birge, John Kingsley (1937). ''The Bektashi order of dervishes'' , London and Hartford.
* Brown, John P. (1868), ''The Dervishes; or, Oriental Spiritualism.''
* Küçük, Hülya (2002) *The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle.* Leiden: Brill.
* Mélikoff, Irène (1998). *Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie.* Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, .
* Shankland, David (1994). "Social Change and Culture: Responses to Modernization in an Alevi Village in Anatolia."In C.N. Hann, ed., *When History Accelerates: Essays on Rapid Social Change, Complexity, and Creativity.* London: Athlone Press.
* Yaman, Ali (undated). "Kizilbash Alevi Dedes." (Based on his MA thesis for Istanbul University.)

;極端派
* Halm, H. (1982). *Die Islamische [[gnosis]]: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten.* Zurich.
* Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina, & Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, eds. (1997) *Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East.* Leiden: Brill, pp. 11–18.
* Moosa, Matti (1988). *Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects,* Syracuse University Press.
* Van Bruinessen, Martin (2005). "Religious practices in the Turco-Iranian world: continuity and change." French translation published as: "Les pratiques religieuses dans le monde turco-iranien: changements et continuités", *Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien,* no. 39–40, 101–121.

;阿列维派身份
* Erdemir, Aykan (2005). "Tradition and Modernity: Alevis' Ambiguous Terms and Turkey's Ambivalent Subjects", *Middle Eastern Studies*, 2005, vol.41, no.6, pp.&nbsp;937–951.
* Koçan, Gürcan/Öncü, Ahmet (2004) "Citizen Alevi in Turkey: Beyond Confirmation and Denial." *Journal of Historical Sociology,* 17/4, pp.&nbsp;464–489.
* Olsson, Tord & Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere, eds. (1998). *Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives.* Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute.
* Stokes, Martin (1996). "Ritual, Identity and the State: An Alevi (Shi’a) Cem Ceremony."In Kirsten E. Schulze et al. (eds.), *Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East,*, pp. 194–196.
* Vorhoff, Karin (1995). *Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identität in der Türkei der Gegenwart.* Berlin.

;阿列维派在欧洲
* Geaves, Ron (2003) "Religion and Ethnicity: Community Formation in the British Alevi Community." Koninklijke Brill NV 50, pp.&nbsp;52– 70.
* Kosnick, Kira (2004) "‘Speaking in One’s Own Voice’: Representational Strategies of Alevi Turkish Migrants on Open-Access Television in Berlin." *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,* 30/5, pp. 979–994.
* Massicard, Elise (2003) "Alevist Movements at Home and Abroad: Mobilization Spaces and Disjunction." *New Perspective on Turkey,* 28, pp.&nbsp;163–188.
* Rigoni, Isabelle (2003) "Alevis in Europe: A Narrow Path towards Visibility." In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) Turkey's Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview, Leiden: Brill, pp.&nbsp;159–173.
* Sökefeld, Martin (2002) "Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution." *Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,* 127, pp.&nbsp;163–189.
* Sökefeld, Martin (2004) "Alevis in Germany and the Question of Integration" paper presented at the Conference on the Integration of Immigrants from Turkey in Austria, Germany and Holland, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, February 27–28, 2004.
* Sökefeld, Martin & Suzanne Schwalgin (2000). "Institutions and their Agents in Diaspora: A Comparison of Armenians in Athens and Alevis in Germany." Paper presented at the 6th European Association of Social Anthropologist Conference, Krakau.
* Thomä-Venske, Hanns (1990). "The Religious Life of Muslim in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) *The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe,* New York: Mansell, pp.&nbsp;78–87.
* Wilpert, Czarina (1990) "Religion and Ethnicity: Orientations, Perceptions and Strategies among Turkish Alevi and Sunni Migrants in Berlin." In: Thomas Gerholm/Yngve Georg Lithman (eds.) *The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe.* New York: Mansell, pp.&nbsp;88–106.
* Zirh, Besim Can (2008) "Euro-Alevis: From Gasterbeiter to Transnational Community." In: Anghel, Gerharz, Rescher and Salzbrunn (eds.) The Making of World Society: Perspectives from Transnational Research. Transcript; 103–130.

;目錄學
* Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), "Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey." In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp.&nbsp;23–50.

;土耳其语文献
* Ata, Kelime. (2007), Alevilerin İlk Siyasal Denemesi: (Türkiye Birlik Partisi) (1966–1980). Ankara: Kelime Yayınevi.
* Aydın, Ayhan. (2008), Abidin Özgünay: Yazar Yayıncı ve Cem Dergisi Kurucusu. İstanbul: Niyaz Yayınları.
* Balkız, Ali. (1999), Sivas’tan Sydney’e Pir Sultan. Ankara: İtalik.
* Balkız, Ali. (2002), Pir Sultan’da Birlik Mücadelesi (Hızır Paşalar’a Yanıt). Ankara: İtalik.
* Bilgöl, Hıdır Ali. (1996), Aleviler ve Canlı Fotoğraflar, Alev Yayınları.
* Coşkun, Zeki (1995) Aleviler, Sünniler ve ... Öteki Sivas, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
* Dumont, Paul. (1997), "Günümüz Türkiye’sinde Aleviliğin Önemi" içinde Aynayı Yüzüme Ali Göründü Gözüme: Yabancı Araştırmacıların Gözüyle Alevilik, editör: İlhan Cem Erseven. İsntabul: Ant, 141–161.
* Engin, Havva ve Engin, Ismail (2004). Alevilik. Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
* Gül, Zeynel. (1995), Yol muyuz Yolcu muyuz? İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Gül, Zeynel. (1999), Dernekten Partiye: Avrupa Alevi Örgütlenmesi. Ankara: İtalik.
* Güler, Sabır. (2008), Aleviliğin Siyasal Örgütlenmesi: Modernleşme, Çözülme ve Türkiye Birlik Partisi. Ankara: Dipnot.
* İrat, Ali Murat. (2008), Devletin Bektaşi Hırkası / Devlet, Aleviler ve Ötekiler. İstanbul: Chiviyazıları.
* Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), "1964–1997 Yılları Arasında Alevi Örgütleri" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 223–241.
* Kaleli, Lütfü. (2000), Alevi Kimliği ve Alevi Örgütlenmeri. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Kaplan, İsmail. (2000), "Avrupa’daki Alevi Örgütlenmesine Bakış" içinde Aleviler/Alewiten: Kimlik ve Tarih/ Indentität und Geschichte, editörler: İsmail Engin ve Erhard Franz. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 241–260.
* Kaplan, İsmail. (2009), Alevice: İnancımız ve Direncimiz. Köln: AABF Yayınları.
* Kocadağ, Burhan. (1996), Alevi Bektaşi Tarihi. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Massicard, Elise. (2007), Alevi Hareketinin Siyasallaşması. İstanbul: İletişim.
* Melikoff, Irene. (1993), Uyur İdik Uyardılar. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
* Okan, Murat. (2004), Türkiye’de Alevilik / Antropolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: İmge.
* Özerol, Süleyman. (2009), Hasan Nedim Şahhüseyinoğlu. Ankara: Ürün.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, H. Nedim. (2001), Hızır Paşalar: Bir İhracın Perde Arkası. Ankara: İtalik.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (1997), Pir Sultan Kültür Derneği’nin Demokrasi Laiklik ve Özgürlük Mücadelesi. Ankara: PSAKD Yayınları.
* Şahhüseyinoğlu, Nedim. (2001), Alevi Örgütlerinin Tarihsel Süreci. Ankara: İtalik.
* Salman, Meral. 2006, Müze Duvarlarına Sığmayan Dergah: Alevi – Bektaşi Kimliğinin Kuruluş Sürecinde Hacı Bektaş Veli Anma Görenleri. Ankara: Kalan.
* Saraç, Necdet. (2010), Alevilerin Siyasal Tarihi. İstanbul: Cem.
* Şener, Cemal ve Miyase İlknur. (1995), Şeriat ve Alevilik: Kırklar Meclisi’nden Günümüze Alevi Örgütlenmesi. İstanbul: Ant.
* Tosun, Halis. (2002), Alevi Kimliğiyle Yaşamak. İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
* Vergin, Nur (2000, [1981]), Din, Toplum ve Siyasal Sistem, İstanbul: Bağlam.
* Yaman, Ali (2000) "Anadolu Aleviliği’nde Ocak Sistemi Ve Dedelik Kurumu." Alevi Bektaşi.
* Zırh, Besim Can. (2005), "Avro-Aleviler: Ziyaretçi İşçilikten Ulus-aşırı Topluluğa" Kırkbudak 2: 31–58.
* Zırh, Besim Can. (2006), "Avrupa Alevi Konfederasyonu Turgut Öker ile Görüşme" Kırkbudak 2: 51–71.

## 参见
* 奇茲爾巴什
* 卡迪里耶
* 梅夫拉維教團

## 參考文獻