ⵍⵉⵙⴱ

ⵍⵉⵙⴱ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵜ: Lisp , ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ "List Processing (ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ)") ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1950, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵍ ⵎⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ  ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏ (Fortran).% ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ %, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ  ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ: ⴽⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ(Common Lisp), ⵙⴽⵉⵎ(Scheme), ⵔⴰⴽⵉⵜ(Racket), ⴷ ⴽⵍⵓⵊⵓⵔ(Clojure).
ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵜ-ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵙⴳ) ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⴱⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵣⵓ ⵛⵓⵔⵛ(Alonzo Church). ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵛⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ(AI). ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⴷ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ : ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ (tree data structures), ⴰⵙⴼⵔⴽ ⴰⵢⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵔⴰⵣ (automatic storage management), ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (dynamic typing), ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵍⵉⵏ (conditionals), ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵉⵣⵣⵡⵔ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵢ (higher-order functions), ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ (recursion), ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵏⴼⵜⴰⵖⵎⴰⵏ (self-hosting compiler), ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ (tupaya yebanaya baranka).

ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⴷ ⵣⴳ "ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ". ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵚⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ.

ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ. ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ (''s-expressions''), ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵓⵉⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜ-ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵀⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵔⵟ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙ; ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ `f` ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵔ ⴰⵎ `(f arg1 arg2 arg3)`.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵊⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉ(John McCarthy) ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⴳ 1958 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵛⵓⵙⵉⵜⵙ (MIT). ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵎ (ASM) ⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1960, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⴰⴳⴹⴰⵎ 1". ⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⴷⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵛⵓⵔⵛ(Alonzo Church), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵎⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵔⵥⵉⵎⵏ.

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ (IPL) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ (AI), ⵣⴳ 1955 ⵏⵖ 1956, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ.
ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ "ⵉⵎ-ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ (M-expressions)" ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴽⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ . ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ `car[cons[A,B]]` ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ `(car (cons A B))`. ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜ-ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵀⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵊⵏ ⵎ-ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ.

ⵜ-ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵜⵉⴼ ⵔⴰⵙⵙⵍ (Steve Russell) ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵉⵎ 704 (IBM 704) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⴰⵏ. ⵔⴰⵙⵙⵍ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉ  ⵢⴰⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ *[[ⵉⴼⴰⵍ]]*  ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ.

ⵉⵎⵛⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉ:

ⵙⵜⵉⴼ ⵔⴰⵙⵙⵍ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵙⴽⵙⵓ, ⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵀⵍⵖ  ⴰⵢⴰⵏ *ⵉⴼⴰⵍ* ... ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽ ⵏⵏⵉⵖⴰⵙ, ⵀⵓ, ⵀⵓ, ⴽⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙ, *ⵉⴼⴰⵍ* ⴰⴷⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵜⵉⴷ. ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵓ *ⵉⴼⴰⵍ*  ⵣⴳ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ    ⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵉⵎ 704, ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵖⵜⵉⴷ  ⴷ-ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. ⵖ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ...

ⴰⴳⵎⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ, "ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴱ".

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ