ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ. ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ.

ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900 ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ

## ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ

ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ; ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ

ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1906, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ, ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ, ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵎⵇⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1912. ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵍⵢⵓⵟⵉ, ⴳⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵓⵡⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 22 ⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ (ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ), ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ (ⵄⵕⵚⵜ ⵍⵎⵄⴰⵛ).

## ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ

ⵣⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ  ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ[1].

ⵉⴳ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵣⵖ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵣⵖ ⴰ ⵙⴼⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ‘ⵍⵢⵓⵟⵉ’ ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵜ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⵎⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ  ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ, ⵜⴳ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵏ  ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ  ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ 52 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ  ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⵎⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵣⴳⵣⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⵜⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1899.

ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⴷⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵏ, ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ‘ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ’, ⵖ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ  ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴼ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ.

ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ, ⵉⵍⵉ  ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ‘ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ’, ⵉⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵇⵚⵕⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ.

ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ‘ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ’ ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜ  ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ  ⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ‘ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵉ’.

## ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1922 ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ  ⵣⵖ  ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ  ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ  ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ  ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ  ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ.

## ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ‘ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴽⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉ’, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ (ⴰⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ  ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ‘ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ’ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ  ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⴱ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ‘ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉ’, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ, ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵖ  ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1886, ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 60 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ[2].
ⵉⴳ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ‘ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ’, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ


ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Fountain in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|alt=ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ|ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Picture of the stunning architecture, central part of the fountain in the Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|alt=ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, isulf tt « dragan cestic »|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, isulf tt « dragan cestic »
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Interior door of the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Picture Fountain in front of the door of the Bahia Palace taken from the inside in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The beauty of traditional Moroccan architecture. Creativity in decoration and mosaic. Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ..



## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)