ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⵜⵉ

**ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⵜⵉ** ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ " **ⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ-ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ** ⵏⵖ "**ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ** ⵏⵖ **ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ** (1488 - 1554). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ".

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵕⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 901 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ/ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ / 1495 ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 906 ⵏ ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ / 1500. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ "ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ" ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ "ⵍⵇⴰⵕⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ". ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ/ⵍⴱⵉⵄⵜⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵟⵟⴰⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ,ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵇⴰⵍⵉ/ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⴽⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵔⴱⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⵜ, ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ  ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ/ⴰⵡⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ «ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ» ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1399 ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ / 1979 ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⵉⴷⴰ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ,ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

## ⵖⴼ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵡⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵍⵅⵓⵊⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1941 (ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ" ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1986). ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵎⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ.

## ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
**ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ** 

ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 930 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ( ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ) – 1524, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ-ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ. ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵍⵃⵊⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ.

## ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼⵙ
**ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵄⵍⵓⴼ**

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵄⵍⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ  ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜ.

## ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ
ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ, ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2011, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ «ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ, ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵏ» (Leo Africanus A Man Between Worlds), ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵔⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ(ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ).

ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵢⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⵊⵉⴼⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵟⵕⴰⵛ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ «ⵖⴼ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⵓⵥⵥⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ», ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵢⵓⴱ.

## ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

# ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ .

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* **[[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ|ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]]**
* **ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵉⵖⵜ**
* **[[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ