open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ

**ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⴳⵉⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴱⵉⵊⵊⵓ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ
thumb|ⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴳ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⵍⴷⵉ, ⵊⵓⵏⴷ:

# ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2018 ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ 505 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵟⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
# ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012  ⴰⵔ 92 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵟⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
# ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵜ.
# ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⴷⵣⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵜ.
# ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵕⴽⴽⴰⵥⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵛⵛⵔⵟ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)

**

**ⵛⵛⵔⵟ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵕⴰⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⴰ ⴱⵔⵓⴷ, ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵛⴽⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵟⴰ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵜⵉⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴱⵉⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ, ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵔⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵔⴷⴰⵡⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⵍⵄⵣⵔⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵉⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵏⵉⴱⴰ, ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

## ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ

* ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵜⵉⵜⵉ
* ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴱⵉⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏ 
* ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ 
* ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵔⴷⴰⵡⵣ 
* ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵔⵉⴽ 
* ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⵍⵄⵣⵔⵉ 
* ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵉⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵏⵉⴱⴰ 
* ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵛ
* ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵙⴱⵜⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⵙⵉⵜ

thumb|ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⵙⵉⵜ
**ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⵙⵉⵜ** ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵅⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1967 ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ. ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴳⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍ. ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ.

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵢⵓⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 80 ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵣⵎⵎⴰⵥⵍ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ, ⵎⵖⵏⵉ, ⵍⵎⵔⴰⴱⵟ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵄⵉⵎ. ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ: ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⴰ, ⵎⵖⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⴰ.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵥⵥⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵙⵉⵜ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵓⵏⵓⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅⴰⵜ
ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵙⵙⵎⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ, ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⵓⵍ, ⵉⵙⴹⵕ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ. ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ, ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⵉⵔⵜ, ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴹⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⴼⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ? ⵛⵀⵔⵉⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⵡ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵓⵍ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ

[thumb|[ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ (ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ)]]
**ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ** ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ


Mîtrin Atlasse Tizi n Ayites Wirra clairisse.jpg
Mîtrin Atlasse Tizi Ayites n Wirra camions bwès.jpg


## ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ
* ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ
* ⵡⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ
* ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
* ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ
* ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
* ⵚⴼⵕⵓ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)

## ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵔⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ

**ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ** ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵛⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ-ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ ⵏ 2004 ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵖⵔ 11095 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

## ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ
ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ (ⵏ ⵜⵃⴰⵊⵉⵜ "ⴰⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ")

=ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ=
ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵃⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ

**ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵃⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995 ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴼⵇⵇⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙ" ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵃⵏⵏⵓⴹⵉ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004 ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵔⴰ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ. ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ 12 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵣⵎⴻⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵔⵉ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ "70", ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵥⵓⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⵍⴰⵍⴱⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵉⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⴰⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.

## ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ
ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ 85 ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ:

* ⵜⴰⴼⵇⵇⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵃⵏⵏⵓⴹⵉ (1995‌)
* ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓ (2004)
* ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵇⵕⵕⴰⵏ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ (2009‌)
* ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ (2010).
* ⵥⵕⴰⵢⴼⴰ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ (2010).
* ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⴰ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ (2012‌).
* ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ (2012).
* ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ.
* ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ (2015).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
2016

ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ **2016** (**MMXVI**) ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ 2966.

## ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
2015

ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ **2015** (**MMXV**) ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ 2965.

## ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 4 (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ)

**ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 4** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵊⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵔⵇⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ.
ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 4 (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ)
## ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 4 (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ)

*https://web.archive.org/web/20250331045202/https://www.entv.dz/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%a9/

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ
ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵉ ⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2009, ⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵊⵉⵔⵉ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵔⵜⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ. ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010, ⵍⵇⵇⵎⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⵍⵇⵇⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ. ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ 24 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ

ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵥⵜⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵕⵇⵇⴰⵚ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴹⴹⵕ.ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵜⵏ (ⵜⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ , ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ,ⵥⴰⴱⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰ),ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵏ ,ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ , ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵇⵇⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.

**ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ**

alt=ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ_ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ_ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ_ⵜⵓⵔⵔⴰ_ⴳ_1503
thumb|ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵉⵏ
**ⵜⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ**  

thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ

**ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ**

**ⵣⴰⴱⵓⵕ**

**ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰ**
ⴰⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ

thumb|ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ
**ⴰⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ** ⵏⵖⴷ **ⴰⵖⵓ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉ
ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ

thumb|220px|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ

**ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ: Bandera de Cuba) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ ⵏ 1959 ⴰⵡⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵢⵓⵄⵉⵜ.
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ

= ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ =

= ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ =
ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ (3) ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ:
* ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ
* ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
* ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ
ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ codes ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ

thumb|ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ
**ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ** (ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ: *[[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⵜ]]*) ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵙⵍⵍⴱⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. 

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ

**ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: *آيت بن حدّو*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴳⴰⵏ 30 ⴽⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵉⵏⴱ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⵔⵖⵏ, ⵖ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⵄⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵉⵖⴰⵏⵉ.

ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵖ 1987.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ55 5G

**ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ55 5G** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Samsung Galaxy A55 5G*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴱⴰⵢⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ  ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ (11 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2024).

## ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ

* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ05]]**
* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ15]]**
* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ25 5G]]**
* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ35 5G]]**

## ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰ
### ⴰⵎⵏⵉⴷ (ⵙⵉⵍⴼⵉ)
50MP, f/1.8, (ⵡⴰⵢⴷ), 1/1.56", 1.0µm, PDAF, OIS
12MP, f/2.2, 123˚ (ⵓⵍⵜⵔⴰⵡⴰⵢⴷ), 1.12µm
5MP, f/2.4, (ⵎⴰⴽⵔⵓ)
LED ⴼⵍⴰⵛ, ⴱⴰⵏⵓⵔⴰⵎⴰ, HDR
4K@30fps, 1080p@30/60fps, 720p@480fps

### ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ
32MP, f/2.2, 26ⵎⵎ (ⵡⴰⵢⴷ), 1/2.8", 0.8µm
4K@30fps, 1080p@30/60fps

## ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ ⵏ **ⵉⵢ 55 5G** ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ 5000 ⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴱⴱⵉⵔ "mAh" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵓⵏ "Li-Ion" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵕⵕⵊ, ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 25W ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴳ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⴼⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ.

## ⴰⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ 6.5ⵉⵏⵛ (170 ⵎⵎ) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⴱⴱⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉⴷ", ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 120Hz ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ HDR10+, 1080 × 2340px  ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵇⵓⵍ: 19.5:9 & ⴰⵙⵖⵍ (ⴰⵛⴽⵓⴽⵍ ~396 ppi) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ 4,6,8 ⴳⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ.
  
## ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ
ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⵉ **ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ55 5G** ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ One UI 6.1 ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓⵢⴷ 14.
  
## ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ
ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵢ" ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ  «ⵉⵙⵉⵎ/eSIM» ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴱⴰⵢⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ.
  
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵙ22]]**
* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵙ23 ]]**
* **[[ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵙ24]]**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ

**ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ** ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ "ⴰⵢ ⵉⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉ" (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *IMDb*)  ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ - ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴰⴷⵏ, ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵖⵔ IMDb.com ⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
* ⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜⵓⵣ
* ⵔⵉⵍⴳⵓⴷ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
ⴰⴼⵓⵔⴰⵔ

**ⴰⴼⵓⵔⴰⵔ** (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: *Afourar*) ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵛⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ-ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ ⵏ 2004 ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵖⵔ 11.9 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* 
* 
* 
*
28 (ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ)

28 (ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵉ 29.

= ⴰⵎⵎⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ =

= ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ =

= ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ =

= ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ =

= ⵥⵔ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ =

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ

**ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ:*central processing unit* ⵏⵉⵖ *processor*) ⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ *CPU*, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ, ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ (microcomputers) ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. the CPU contains information about my foreskin

## ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵢⴰ ⵏⵛⵛ ⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ (ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ)

**

**ⵢⴰ ⵏⵛⵛ ⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵙ ⵔⵔⴳⴳⴰⴱ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⴷⴰⴽⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ 1445 ⴷ ⵖ 28 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2974. ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵔⴰⵣ, ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵃⵏⵏⴰⵡ, ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕⵉ, ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⴽⴽⴰ, ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ, ⵉⴽⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰ.

## ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ

* ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵔⴰⵣ
* ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵃⵏⵏⴰⵡ
* ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕⵉ
* ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⵎⵕⴰⵡⵉ
* ⵏⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ
* ⵉⴽⵕⴰⵎ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ
* ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⴽⴽⴰ
* ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵃⵎⵓⵛ
* ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⴱⴱⵓⵟⵉ
* ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵣⵣⴽⵎⵉ
* ⵙⴰⵏⴰ ⵍⴽⵔⵛⵉ
* ⵛⴰⵢⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉ
* ⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵎⵛⵀⵓⵕ
* ⵣⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵇⵀⵄⴰ
* ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ
* ⵣⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉ
* ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵖⵕⵕⵓⵟ
* ⵢⴰⵙⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵟⵀⵕⵢⵓ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵊⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ

**ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵊⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵚⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵍⴼⵉ ⵙⵉ ⴷⵉ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2022. ⵜⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵊⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵃⵏⵏⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ. ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵊⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 80 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⵚⵕⴰⵃⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴷⴰⵡⵉ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵊⵓⵟⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴷⴰⵡⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵄⴰ ⴷⵉⵢⴰⴱ (*ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴷⵉⵡⵏ*)" ⴷ "ⵍⵖⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴷⴰ (*ⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ*)". ⵙⵉⵃ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ", "ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ" ⴷ "ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵉⵜ", ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ, ⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⴷⵕⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵊⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ
* ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ
* ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵉⵜ
* ⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵖ ⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵇⵇⵉⵔⵜ
* ⴱⵓⴱⵕⵉⴽ
* ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵍⵉⴳ
* ⵉⵏⴼⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴼⴰ (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ)
* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵏⵚⵓⵔ
* ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ
* ⵇⵇⵎⵛⵉⵛ
* ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ
* ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵓⴽⴽⵓ
* ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ
* ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ

**ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜ: *eSwatini*; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Eswatini*), ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ **ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜ: *Umbuso weSwatini*; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Kingdom of Eswatini*), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵎⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵡⵔⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵥⵓⵍ, ⴷ 130 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵣⴰⴱⵉⵇ. ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏⵜ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵏⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵖ 19 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2018, ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ.. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ (Switzerland).

## ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉt ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ: Hhohho, Lumobo, Manzini ⴷ shiselweni. ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ *Tinkhudla**inkhudla*'. ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ *'tinkhundla*. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 5 ⵏ tinkhundla.

## ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ:

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵍⵃⵓⵊⵊⴰⵜ

**ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵍⵃⵓⵊⵊⴰⵜ** (ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1974 ⵖ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994 ⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵉⵔ. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵇⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵓⵣⵏ".

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴱⵓⵍⵃⵓⵊⵊⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱⵉ ⵖ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵊⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1990. ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008 ⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ 2014, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵅⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵎⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴱⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵉⵔ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵜⴱⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ". ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵙⵙⴰⵃⵉⵔⴰ" ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵙⴰⵇⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⵣⵓⴳⵓⵣⵏ" ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵍⵓ" ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016.

## ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ

### ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ
* ''ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ'' - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵉⵔ (1994)
* *ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ*
* *ⵍⵉⵜⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ*

* *ⵍⵃⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴼ ⵍⵄⴰⵕ*

* *[[ⵃⵎⵓ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵉⵔ]]* - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⴷⵉ (2003)

* ''ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ'' - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓ (2004)
* *[[ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵓ]]* - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏ
* ''ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵢⵏ'' - ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵙⵔⵃⴰⵏ (2007)
* *[[ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⴳ]]*

### ⴰⵎⵥⴳⵓⵏ

* *ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵙⴰⵇⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⵣⵓⴳⵓⵣⵏ*
* *ⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵍⵓ*

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ

**ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.

## ⵉⵙⵎ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵖⵉⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 1960, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ 'ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵜ'.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ40

**ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ  ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ40** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: * Samsung Galaxy A40*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴱⴰⵢⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ  ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ (19 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ  2019) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2019.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Samsung Galaxy A40 20200810 060830.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Samsung Galaxy A20e in original protective case, Winschoten (2019) 04.jpg


## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ35 5G
* ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵙ24
* ⵙⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵢ55 5G

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ

**ⵙⵓⵄⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1982, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴱⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ.

## ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
* ''ⵍⴽⵏⵣ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ''
* ''ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵜⵓⴼ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ''
* ''ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ'' *-* ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓ (2004)

## ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
### ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

**ⵖⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵓⵏ*
* *ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⴹⴰⵕ*
* *ⵍⵅⴰⵜⵎ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ*
* *ⵉⵚⵔⴼⵉⵢⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵃⴱⵉⴱ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵓ*
* *ⵚⵚⴰⵃⵜ ⴰⴷⵏⵏⵉⵖ*
* *ⵍⵃⵓⴱ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵏ*

### ⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ

ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵃⴰⵏⴰⵏ "ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵇⴷⴰⵎ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ":

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵃⵍⵡⵉ

**ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵃⵍⵡⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: **عبد الله الحلوي**, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: **Abdellah El Haloui**) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵟⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ  ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 21. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. 

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵍⵄⵣⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙ
* ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ

**ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴱⴹ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ** ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ *ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ*, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ *ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵉ ⵍⴳⵍⴰⵡⵉ* ⵏⵖ *ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ*, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1879 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵍⵜⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1956 ⴳ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵓⵡⵡⴰ.

## ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ
ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵉ ⵍⴳⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ, 1878-1956, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⴰⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ .

ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ 20 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⵄⵕⴼⴰ,ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ .

ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 35 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ 44 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955 .

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵢⴰⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⴰⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⴰⵜ,ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⴱⵉⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1870 ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ .

ⵢⴰⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵕⴽⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ .

ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵅⵓⵎⴱⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ° ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵣⵣⴹ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ° ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ .

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1886 ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⵍⴳⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵃⵃⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⴱⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ° ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ .

## ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ
ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵥⴳⵉⵟ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵍⵉ,ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵢⵢⵏ ‘ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵍⵉⵎⴰ’ . ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⴰⵡⵢⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1898 ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⵍⴳⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ .

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

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ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ

ⴳⴰⵏ **ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴷⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: مصمودة) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 10, ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ. ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵕⵃⵃⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ.
ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ
ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵓ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵉⴱⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.
ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ) ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ *Mafāxir al-Barbar* ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ 1312, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ: ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ (ⵉⵣⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ?), ⵉⴳⴷⵎⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵏⴳⵏⴼⵉⵙ, ⵉⵍⵉⵣⵔⴳⵏ (هزرجة), ⵉⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ (هنتاتة), ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵖⵓⵙ (ماغوسة), ⵉⵜⵃⵍⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 11: ⴰⵥⵥⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵍⵇⵚⵕ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵜⴰ.

ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ (ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ) ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ: ⵉⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⵉⵔ, ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ, ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ.ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ (ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ. ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵡⴰ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ (?), ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵊⵏ, ⴰⵥⵥⴰⴷⵏ (ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵖⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵖⴰⵖ), ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ (ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵖⴰⵢⵏ), ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵉⵥⵓⴷⵏ (صودة), ⵉⴳⴷⵎⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵏⴼⵉⵙ (ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⵡⵏ), ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⴼⵏⵓⵜ). ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⵙⴽⵯⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵖⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ.

ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵔⵏ (هسكورة), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷⵜ. ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵯⵊⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵉⵏⴼⴹⵡⴰⴽ, ⵉⵎⵚⵟⴰⵡⵏ (?), ⵉⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵜⵉⴼⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ

**ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ** (ⵙ ⵓ ⴳⵣⵣⵉⵍ **AU** ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, **UA** ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ)   ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 55 ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ. 
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
 ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
 
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ
AU
 
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ

thumb|253x253px|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ
**ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Webpage*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⴹⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴰⵍⴱⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵙⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⵍⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵍ. ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵏⴰⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ. ⵊⵓⵏⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ "zgh.wikipedia.org".

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⴹⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ

**ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ: *Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia*)‏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

## ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ

## ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵉⴹⵉⵏ


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵯⴰ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ , ⵙⵉ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴽⴰⵏⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dfEYdxkZVLM.

= **ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ** =
center|thumb|ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ
center|thumb|ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵊ ( ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵯⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ.ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵊ)

= **ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ** =
ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ

ⵜⵓⴱⵇⴰⵍ

ⴰⵎⴰⵏ

ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ

= **ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ** =
¹ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dfEYdxkZVLM
ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ

**ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: *Ibn Khaldoun*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴼⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ".

= ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ =
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ https://islamonline.net/archive/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9/, ⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵚⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏⵙ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵕⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1362 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵇⵛⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵎⵙⴼⴰⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ , ⵢⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵖⵕⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵖⵕⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵇⵛⵜⴰⵍⴰ . ⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵙ , ⵉⵙⴰⴷⵎⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵊⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ "الحاجب" https://www.culture-islam.fr/contrees/maghreb/ibn-khaldoun-origines-mythiques-des-berberes-v-1375-n-e, ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴼⵓⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ . ⵎⴰⵛ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵊⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵇⵓⵙⵟⵏⵜⵏⴰ , ⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴱⵊⴰⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵅⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵙⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⴳⴷ  ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵙ .
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1374 ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵙ " ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ..." ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ"كتاب العبر " ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ .ⵄⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1377 ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ" .

1382 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1406.

## ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Bust of Ibn Khaldun (Casbah of Bejaia, Algeria with pedestal).jpg|thumb|**ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵊⴰⵢⴰ**
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Muqaddimah Ibnu Khaldun Imam Khairul Annas.JPG|thumb|**ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ**


## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
* https://islamonline.net/archive/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9/

* https://www.culture-islam.fr/contrees/maghreb/ibn-khaldoun-origines-mythiques-des-berberes-v-1375-n-e
ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ (ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ)

**ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: *Assaisse*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 6838 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ 1355 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2964/2014.

## ⵉⴹⵓⵕⴰⵏ
## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
## ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ
## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ
## ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ
## ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ
## ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* 
* 
* 
* 
*
ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ

thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ
**ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Pleine lune) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ

**ⵏⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵅⴰⴷⵉⵊⴰ ⵍⴳⵊⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ (ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017.

## ⴰⵙⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⴰ

# ⴳⵔ ⵓⵥⴱⴱⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ
# ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ
# ⵉⴳⵎⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ
# ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ
# ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ
# ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ
# ⵏⴽⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ
# ⵀⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

## ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴷⵛⴰⵢⵔⴰ

**ⴷⵛⴰⵢⵔⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ.

## ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵛⴰⵢⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵉⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴳ ⴷⵛⴰⵢⵔⴰ ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ:

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ) : 19.5%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ : 15.8%

### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 50.2%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 18.0%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 18.6%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 52.9%

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵔⵔⵃⵉⵍ

**ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵔⵃⵉⵍ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ.

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ:

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ) : 29,4%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ : 11,1%

### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 43,3%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 12,9%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 10,6%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 55,5%

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

ImageSize = width:220 height:220
PlotArea = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
  id:gray1 value:gray(0.9)
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:16905
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2500 start:0 gridcolor:gray1
PlotData =
  bar:1994 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:9211 width:15 text:9211 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2004 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:15369 width:15  text:15369 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ

alt=ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵖⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵔⴼⵓⵜ|240x240px|thumb
**ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ**  ⵏⵖ *ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ* , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2004 ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ , ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ, ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ, ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ,ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵍⵜ ,ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵍⴼⴰ.

ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜ ⵇⵇⵉⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2006 ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ,ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⴷ :

* ⴰⵙⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ  ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔ  ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ 18 ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
* ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴰⵙ.
* ⴰⵇⵇⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
* ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2023 ⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ , ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

## <big>ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ</big>
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ

**ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 838.820 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ 171.186 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2974/2014.

## ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵃⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ:

* ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⴰⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ
* ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
* ⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵟⴰⵟⴰ
* ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ, ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ:

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ) : 40.7%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ : 4.9%

### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 41.3%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 12.7%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 6.9%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 50.3%

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ

**ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵜⵇⵙⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ, ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵔⵓⴹ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 2,297 ⴽⵎ² ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖ ⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2014 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 600,599 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ 143,752 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 2 297 ⴽⵎ2, ⵉⵃⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ:

* ⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
* ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
* ⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
* ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

### ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ

### ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ

**ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ** (ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ: *ⵉⴼⵢⵢⵉⵢ*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ 10,872 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ 2014.

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ:

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ) : 18,2%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ : 24,3%

### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 43,8%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 17,9%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ) : 18%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ) : 35,9%

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵓⴳⵓⵜⴰ

**ⴱⵓⴳⵓⵜⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ: *Bogotá*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵊⵉⵊⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ 2.640 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⵡⵔ "ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵥ" ⴷ "ⴽⵡⵉⵜⵓ", ⴷ ⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ 7.8 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵖ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ 8.7 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵖ. ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ 307.36 ⴽⵎ². ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ

**ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ. ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳ ⵙ 83 Km ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ 100 km ⴷ  ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ. 

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ:

### ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ) : 44,2%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰⵔ : 3,7%

### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 38,4%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 5,9%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 3,4%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 71,6%

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

Zgh-pladje imswan.jpg
Imswinne naçales fåre.jpg
Imswinne baiye surfeus.jpg
Imswinne surfeus so plantche.jpg
Imswinne moskêye.jpg
Zgh tweletes ⵉⵊⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.jpg|ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ


## ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵍ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⴰⵊⵉⵜ "ⴰⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" ⵙ ⵓⴹⵖⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ.

ⵖⵉⴷ

## ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
* ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ
* ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ
* ⵟⵉⵍⴹⵉ
...

## ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ
ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ (ⵏ ⵜⵃⴰⵊⵉⵜ "ⴰⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ")

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
1 (ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ)

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ "1" :
* 1 (ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ): ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ
* 1 (ⴼⵉⵍⵎ): ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ
* 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ: ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 31 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ.
ⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟ

**ⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟ** (ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 21 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1996) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⵛⵉⵙⵜⵔ ⵢⵓⵏⴰⵢⵜⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010. ⵖ 2017, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ (ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ)

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ" :

* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⴳ: ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ/ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ
* ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵓ ⵣⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⵟⵉ: ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11
ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ

**ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ** ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ **ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵓ ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: **الحاج المهدي بن مبارك**) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1936 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 15 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2024 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ. ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: "ⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳⵉ" ⴷ "ⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉ" ⴷ "ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⴼⵕⴹ" ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵓⵏⴼ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978.

## ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ. 

## ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ "ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ" ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵙⴰ ⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ, ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. 

ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ

ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ: 

ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵜ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ

1978 ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵃⵕⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙⵏ "ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵕⵕⵥⵇⵇ". ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ "ⵕⵕⵥⵇⵇ" ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ. 

### ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⴼⵕⴹ"
ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⴼⵕⴹ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⴰⵜⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴰⵡⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵟⵟⵍⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵃⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵕⴰⵢⴹ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2024 ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵖⵓⴼⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⴰⵔ
*ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ
*ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+01:00)

**ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *UTC+01:00*) , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ "+01", ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
* ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+00:00)
* ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+02:00)
* ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+03:00)
* ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+04:00)

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (±00:00)

**ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *UTC+00:00*) , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+01:00)]]**
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+02:00)]]**
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+03:00)]]**
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+04:00)]]**
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ

**ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ** ( ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Coordinated Universal Time*, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ:*Universel Temps Coordonné*), (ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ:*UTC*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ (*TAI*), ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵥⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ

**ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ **ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ** ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. 

## ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵏ

* **ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⵉⵜ**: ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1776.
* **ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ**: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⵄⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵖⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ .

## ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵏ

* ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵢⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ
* ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵅⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ
* ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹ

## ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ
ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ.
## ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ

* ⴰⵣⵔⴼ.
* ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵣ
* ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ
* ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵕⵓⴱⵍⵓⴽⵙ

**ⵕⵓⴱⵍⵓⴽⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Roblox*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵓⵏⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵓⵡ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵙ ⴱⵓⴽⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴳⵔ 8-18 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵢⴼⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵣⵓⴽⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003, ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005, ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2006.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ

**ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖ.

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ:

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ): 29.4%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ: 14%

### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 40.4%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ): 12.5%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ): 18.6%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ): 39.1%

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

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PlotArea = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
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Colors =
  id:gray1 value:gray(0.9)
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  bar:1994 color:gray1 width:1
   from:0 till:10524 width:15 text:10524 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px
  bar:2004 color:gray1 width:1 
   from:0 till:14190 width:15  text:14190 textcolor:red  fontsize:8px


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵜ

**ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵜ** ⵏⵖⴷ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵣⵣⵉⵀⴰⵔ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵯⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1986 ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ. ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵣ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵏ "ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⵥⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷⵢⵓ ⴱⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵖⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ, ⴰⴳⵉⵎⴱⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵔⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵯⴱⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵍⴳⵉⵜⴰⵔ. ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵔⵜⵔⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⴰⵜⴳⵯⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ

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**ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ** (ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ: ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ

**ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ** ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵟ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

**ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵓⵎⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⵙ 150 ⴽⵎ ,80 ⴽⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ 110 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ (ⵉⴼⵓⵙⵙ) ⴷ 60 ⴽⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵙ (ⴰⵣⵖⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⵡⴰⵏ, ⵍⵄⴰⵔⵡⵉ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵚⴰⵕ, ⵣⴰⵢⵢⵓ) ⵜⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ (ⵎⴰⵕⵛⵏⴽⴰ/ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵛⵉⴽⴰ) ,ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ.
ⴰⵣⴰⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵔⵡⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ 1 000 000 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2023.

ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ 161 726 ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ 2014, ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400 000 ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
## ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵙⴰ
## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ
## ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⴰⵙ

**ⴼⴰⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: *فاس*, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: *Fès/Fez*) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙ 180ⴽⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 4.216.957 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵉⵚⵓⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷⵔⵉⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵔⴰⴱⴰ ,ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ.
## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 52.0%
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 23.4%
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 5.8%
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 55.6%

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⵎⵉⵎⵓ

**ⵙⵎⵉⵎⵓ** ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⵎⴰⵙ:

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ) : 45,2%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ : 6,8%

### ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 40,7%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 12,2%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 8,6%
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 59,1%

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

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PlotArea = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
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DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:9000
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000 start:0 gridcolor:gray1
PlotData =
 bar:1994 color:green width:1 
  from:0 till:2675 width:15 text:2675 textcolor:red fontsize:8px
 bar:2004 color:green width:1 
  from:0 till:8026 width:15 text:8026 textcolor:red fontsize:10px


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵉⵢⴰⴹ

**ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ** ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴳ'ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978,ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵏ : ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽ, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ,ⵍⵇⴰⵍⵄⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ .ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵖⴰ ⵎⴽⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵓⴼⵓⵔⵓⵎ .

ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ_ⵏ_ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ_ⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ
## ⵅⴼⵙ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵏⵓ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ .
ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵉⵢⴰⴹ 13 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ : ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ,ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1400 ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ 148 ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵓ .
## ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ

**ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ** ⵜⵍⵍⴰ :

* ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴼⴰⵔⵜ .
* ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ "ⵙⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ"

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1978, ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ . ⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎ:

* ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ 
* ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ.
* ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ .
* ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.
* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ .
* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ .
* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ .

**ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵉ ** ⵜⵍⵍⴰ :

* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵉ .
* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.
* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ .

**ⴳ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ** ⵜⵍⵍⴰ:

* ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.

**ⴳ ⵍⵇⴰⵍⵄⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏⴰ ** ⵜⵍⵍⴰ:

* ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⵥⵍⴰⵢ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
https://www.uca.ma/
ⴰⵅⵅⵏⴰ

thumb|ⵜⵉⴽⵯⵙⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵅⵅⵏⴰ
**ⴰⵅⵅⵏⴰ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵅⵏⴰ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵚⵓⴹ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵏⵉⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵣⵉ**; (ⵓⵏⵜⵉ: **ⵜⴰⵅⵅⵏⴰ,** ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ**: ⵉⵅⵅⵏⴰⵜⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵉⵅⵏⵡⴰⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵢ**)‏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⵢⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴼ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵡⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ


ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Venere Callipige Napoli.jpg|ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Académie de dos Etty.jpg|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵉ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Studio Jean Jacques Lequeu.jpg|ⵊⵉⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵙ ⵍⵉⴽⵡⵉ


## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵣⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢ
* ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴼⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ

**ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ**, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜ.

## ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ
* ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+02:00)

**ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *UTC+02:00*) , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ "+02", ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+01:00)]]**
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+03:00)]]**
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+04:00)]]**
* **[[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ (+05:00)]]**
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ