ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ

**ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: **Sodium**) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ **Na** ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 11. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ). ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ²³Na. ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1807.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ

### ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ
thumb|ⴰⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ D

ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⵣⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (0.968 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ (97.81 °C), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ.

thumb|ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ

### ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH) ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ (H₂) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂O) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂O₂). ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ

### ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ
ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ, ²³Na, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⴳ ²⁰Na ⴰⵔ ³⁷Na. ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ²²Na ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ (2.6 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ) ⴷ ²⁴Na (15 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ). ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ²²Na ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ). ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1807 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵟⴰⵚⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵙⵎ  "ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ" ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ "sodanum" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, Na, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ "natrium", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ "natron", ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ.

## ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2.27% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵀⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, NaCl), ⴰⵎⴼⵉⴱⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵏ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 10.8 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵍⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ "D" ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.

## ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 801 °C ⴰⵔ 600 °C. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵜⵓⴷ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 130,000 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵉⵔⴽⵓⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ. ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ.

thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ- ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaH) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaBH₄). ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (NaK) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ. ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⴰⵚⴱⴱⵏ).

## ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵏ. ⴰⵖⵓⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na⁺) ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (K⁺). ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⴹⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ 2 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ (ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ 5 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ). ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ.

## ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ.
***[[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (NaCl):** ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ.
***ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH):** ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵡⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
***[[ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (Na₂CO₃):** ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ.
***ⴱⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaHCO₃):** ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵜⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵜⵓ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⵍⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ.
***ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaNO₃):** ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Met-L-X ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ