ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ

**ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Africa*) ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 6% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ 20% ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ). ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 30 415 873 ⴽⵎ² ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ). ⵙ 1,225,080,510 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16,4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016. ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ
ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. 
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ **ⴰⴼⵔⵉ** ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ). ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ *ⴰⴼⵔⵉ* ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵜ **Afar** *(ⴰⴼⴰⵔ)* ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ"
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981 ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ *ⴰⴼⵔⵉ* ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ: *ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ*) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ *ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ*) ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ.

ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵇⴰⵕⵟⴰⵊ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵕⵟⴰⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 146 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⵎⴰ **-ⴽⴰ** (-ca) ⵏⵖ **-ⵉⴽⴰ** (-ica), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ (Latin suffix) ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
;ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ
* ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⴼⵍⴰⴼⵢⵓⵙ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼⵓⵙ (Ant. 1.15) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵔ (Epher), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.
* ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⵣⵉⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴱⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ (Etymologiae XIV.5.2) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ (ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ / *Aprica*), ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ *ⵉⴼⴼⵓⴽ* *(ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ)*.
* ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⵜ 1976 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ africus *(ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵓⵙ)* "ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ *ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ* (Umbrian), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ *ⴰⴹⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ* (rainy wind).

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

### ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ
ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵅⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵙ "ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵊⵢⴰ" ⵏⵉⵖ "ⴱⴰⵏⵊⵡⴰⵏⴰ" (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ)
ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⴷ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ  ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ (ⵜⵉⵕⵓⴱⵓⴷⴰ), ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ prosauropods,ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ornithischian
#### ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ **[[ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]]** ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ.

### ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

### ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ

### ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ

### ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ

### ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ

### ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ

## ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ
ⵜⴳⴰ  ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵡⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 163 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ. (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵉⵚⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ) ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 26.000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ. 

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⵏ ⵙⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ (37°21' ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⵓⵍⵀⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ (34°51'15 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 8,000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (5,000 ⵎⵉⵍ); ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ  (34°51'15" ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ (51°27'52" ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 7,400 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (4,600 ⵎⵉⵍ).

ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 2,381,741 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ 1,865,813 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵛⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
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ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ (ⵍⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⴰ), ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ.ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2003 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ 151 ⴷ 175 ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ
ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵙⵙⴽⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ  ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ (ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ). ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ :

* ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Afroasiatic) ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 240 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ 285 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵙⵙⵉⵃⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ.
* ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Nilo-Saharan) ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 30 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ, ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ, ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
* ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Niger-Congo) ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ (Sub-Saharan Africa). ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Khoisan) ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 400.000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ.
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵙⵙⵏⵚⴱⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ:  Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo  and Hausa). ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ.

## ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵟⵟⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 45% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵏ 40% ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 15% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵀⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ. 

## ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
[thumb|[ⴷⴰⴽⴰⵔ, ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]]
[thumb|[ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ, ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ]]
[thumb|[ⵊⵓⵀⴰⵏⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ, ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]]

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
*ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ 
*ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ