open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ⵜⵉⴹⴹⴰ

**ⵜⵉⴹⴹⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⴱⵓⵟⴰⵍⴱ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015, ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵜ (‌‌‌37) ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ

**ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ** (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ: tuda gr taksi d tayri) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵕⵃⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2025 , ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ . ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ , ⵜⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵡⵇⵇⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ) ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ,ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ .ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ  ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵜ  ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ , ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵖⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ
ⵕⵃⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ , ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999 ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵇⵇⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰ , ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⴳ 2018 , ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2022 ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵓ ⵥⵓⵀⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵚⵟⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ ,ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴰⴹ .

## ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ
# **ⵜⵓⴷⴰ** **:** ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ *ⵓⵏⵉⵔ * ⵖⵓⵔⵙ 19 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ , ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ,ⵜⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ .
# **ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ** **:** ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ 29 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ , ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ , ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ (ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ) ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ , ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ , ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ .
# **ⵡⴰⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ** **:** ⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ , ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ,ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵏ.
# **ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ** **:** ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ , ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ .
# **ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵓ** **:** ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ , ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ , ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ .
# **ⵎⵃⵏⴷ :** ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵏⵜ (ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ) , ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ *ⵜⴼⵔⴳⴰⵏⵜ*ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ .
#**ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ** **:** ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ , ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ , ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ .
# **ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⵡⴰ ⵃⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ :** ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ , ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⵎ ⵜⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ . 
# **ⵃⵙⴰⵢⵏ :** ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ , ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ , ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵔⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ.
# **ⵎⵃⵏⴷ :** ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ , ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴹⴹⴰⵕⵍⴱⴹⴰ , ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵙ ⴹⴹⴰⵕⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ.
# **ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⵏⵏⵓ :**ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵙⴰⵢⵏ , ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ , ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.
# **ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵙⴰⵢⵏ :** ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ , ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ , ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ , ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵣⴷⴷⵖⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ

thumb|ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ
ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Mickey Mouse*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⵜ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵍⴰ
ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴳⵯⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵙⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⵜ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ" (Steamboat Willie) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ (Synchronized sound).

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙ (Dubbing) ⵏ ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947.

## ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ
ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴽⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (Anthropomorphic mouse) ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ:
* ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵢⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
* ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ (Shorts) ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ  ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ
ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ  ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ:
***ⵎⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ (Minnie Mouse)**: ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴱⴰⵛⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵕⵟⵓⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
***ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⴷⴰⴽ (Donald Duck)**: ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵄⴰⴼ.
*ⴳⵓⴼⵉ (Goofy): ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵀⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴽⵉ.
*ⴱⵍⵓⵜⵓ (Pluto): ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴽⵉ, ⵡⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.

## ⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ
ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵓⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴳ "ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⴷ" ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⵢⵓⴷ (Hollywood Walk of Fame) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978.

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ: ⴳ ⵉⵍⵙⵓⵜⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵢⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ ⵍⴰⵏⴷ" (Disneyland).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⵓ

**ⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⵓ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: **Arsène Raux**, 5 ⴼⵓⵕⴰⵕ 1893 ⵖ ⵔⵓⵛⴳⵉⴷ – 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 1971) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵔⵓⵛⴳⵉⴷ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ) ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ; ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵖⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵓ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1905). ⴽⵔⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ(ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⵔⵓ 1942); ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ 50 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵎ, ⴰⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ. ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵔⵓ, 1948). ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉ ⴱⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵙⵜⵔⵉⴽⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ *ⴱⴰⵃⵔ ⴰⴷ-ⴷⵓⵎⵓⵄ* (ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ) ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ 1960.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1971, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵙ ⵓⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⴼⵓⵏⵚ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ *ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⵓ* (Fonds Arsène Roux) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ (ⵍⴰⵎⵜⴰⵍ), ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⴳⵔⵜ (van den Boogert,1995), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ (Stroomer & Peyron, 2003). 

## ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ

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* Arsène Roux and Michael Peyron, *Poésies berbères de l’époque héroïque, Maroc central (1908–1932)*, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud 2002
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## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ

**ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 16 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢⵉⵏ/ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ/ⵓⴳⵯⴷⵉⵍ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ
ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵚⵉⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵕⴱⵉⴱ, ⵍⵄⴰⵡⵏⵉ, ⵍⵄⴱ ⵎⵄ ⴷⴷⵢⴰⴱ/ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴼ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ "ⵙⴰⵄⴰ ⴼ ⵊⵊⴰⵀⵉⵎ/ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ "ⵟⵟⵕⵉⵇ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍ /ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍ". ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ "ⵃⴷⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵍⵉⵣ" ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017. ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ/ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2018.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

### ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ

*    ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏⵏ (2004)
*    ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴼ (2010)
*    ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍ (2012)
*    ⵣⵣⵉⵕⵓ/ⴰⵎⵢⴰ (2012)
*    ⵍⴼⵔⴷⵉ/ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ (2012)
*    ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ (2014)
*    ⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ (2015)
*    ⵓⵕⴽⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ (2015)
*    ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ (2016)
*    ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵚ(2016)
*    ⵍⵄⵟⵚⴰ/ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵉ(2016)
*    ⵍⵃⵏⵛ /ⴰⴼⵉⵖⵔ(2017)
*    ⵄⵎⵎⵉ /ⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⵓ (2017)
*    ⴼⵉ ⴱⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵊⴰⵢⴱ/ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵏⵏ (2017)
*    ⵚⵕⵅⴰ ⵎⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵅⵕ (2018)
*    ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵄⴼⵉⵏⴰ (2019)
*    ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵄⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵄⴷⴰⵏ (2018)
*    ⴰⵏⴰ ⵎⵛⵉ ⴰⵏⴰ /ⵏⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽ (2023)
*    ⵍⴱⴰⵟⴰⵍ/ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ (2024)

### ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ

* ⵔⵔⴱⵉⴱ (2004)
* ⵍⵄⴰⵡⵏⵉ (2005)
* ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ (2008)
* ⵃⴰⵡⵍⵓ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵎⵙⵜⵓⵔ (2012)
* ⴹⵓⵕ ⴱⵉⵀⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ/ⵙⵃⵓⵡⵚ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ (2013)
* ⵕⴰⵚ ⵍⵎⵃⴰⵢⵏ/ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵏⴰⵣⵏ (2013)
* ⵏⴰⵢⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ/ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ (2015)
* ⵃⴷⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵍⵉⵣ (2017)
* ⵡⵍⴰ ⵄⵍⵉⴽ (2018)
* ⵓⵛⵛⵏ (2018)
* ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ/ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ (2018)
* ⵀⵎⵎⵉ ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵎⵎⵉ (2019)
* ⵍⵎⴰⴹⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵜ/ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵜⴰⵜ (2019)
* ⵇⵚⵕ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ/ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ (2019)
* ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵅⵜⴰⵕ (2019)
* ⵣⵀⵕ ⵍⴱⴰⵜⵓⵍ (2020)
* ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ (2020)
* ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎ/ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ (2021)
* ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵔⵕⴰ/ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵏ(2021)
* ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵀⴰ ⵓ ⵟⵕⵉⵇⵓ (2021)
* ⵉⵍⴰ ⴹⴰⵇ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ (2023)
* ⵊⵓⵊ ⵡⵊⵓⵀ (2024)
* ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ
* ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵛⵓ (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)
* ⵄⵏⴷⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵏ (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)
* Face à Face (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)
* FBM ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰ (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵍⵓⵟⴼⵉ
* ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵙⵟⴰⵡⵉ
* ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ

**ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ** (1953 – 2025) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴳⴰⵎⵍⵍⵉ, ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ/ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎ ⴽⵍⵜⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⴼⴰⵢⵔⵓⵣ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953 ⴳ ⴷⵔⴱ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵏⵜⵓⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ. ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ. ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ  .

ⵜⴼⴼⴰⵖ  ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵊⵊⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966, ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵊⵊⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⴷⵔⴱ ⵙⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢ/ⴰⴼⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ
ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ "ⵅⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴹ/ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵏ "ⵎⴰⵡⴰⵀⵉⴱ/ⵜⵉⵎⴼⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ ⵊⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ .

## ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ
ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ ⵙ "ⵓⴳⵓⵔⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ" ⴰⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ .

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ
ⵜⵉⵡⵍ ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵢⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵛⴰⵎⵙ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ". ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⵓⴼ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵣⵣⴰⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ  ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

## ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

# ⵊⴰⵔⵉ ⵢⴰ ⵊⴰⵔⵉ/ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⵓ .
# ⵢⴰⴽ ⴰ ⵊⵕⵃⵉ/ⵢⴰⴽ ⴰ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵓ .
# ⴰⵎⵔⵉ ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ/ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .
# ⴰⵃⵍⴰ ⵚⵓⵕⴰ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ .
# ⵍⴱⵃⵃⴰⵔⴰ/ⵉⴱⵃⵔⵉⵢⵏ .
# ⵕⴰⵃ/ⵉⴼⵜⴰ .
# ⵏⵃⵎⴷⵓ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵓ ⵏⵛⴽⵕⵓⵀ
# ⵄⵍⴰ ⵖⴼⵍⴰ
# ⵖⴰⴱ ⵄⵍⵢⵢⴰ ⵍⵀⵉⵍⴰⵍ
# ⵡⴰⵇⴼ ⵄⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴽⵓⵎ

## ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ

# ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵃⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ 8 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2025 ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵔⵔⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵙⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
'''ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵍⵃⵎⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ'''

**[[ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ]]**

**[[ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵛⵢⵓⵙ|ⵉⵣⵍⵉ]]**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ

**ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ** (4 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1918 – 16 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1951) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵄⵉⴱ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵍⴰ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⴰ ⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵄⵉⴱ ⴳ 4 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1918 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵍⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ. ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵍⵇⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ: ⴰⴱⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴹⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴷⴰ/ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵓⵍⵉⵜⴰⵔⵉⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ
ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵖⵏⴷⴼ, ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⴰⵖⴰⴼⵙ, ⴰⵖⵔⴰⵣ ,ⵜⵉⴽⵔⴽⴰⵙ, ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ 1929 ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵜⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, "ⵍⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ", ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵢⴰ ⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵉⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ", ⴷ "ⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵊⴰ ⵖⵏⵏⵉ", ⴷ "ⵙⴱⵃⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵕⴰ", ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ "ⵃⴹⵉ ⵕⴰⵚⴽ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵏⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵏ (ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ/ⵉⴱⴰⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ,ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ.

ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1951, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ 16 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1951 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵔ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵙⵍⴰ .

ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴼⴽⴽ/ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵡⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ "ⵙⵙⵕⴰⴱ" ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵄⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
**[[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵍⵃⵎⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ]]**

**[[ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ]]**

**[[ⵙⵍⴰ]]**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ

**ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ** (1940 - 2026) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⵣⵣⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940 ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵏ". ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ
ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵜⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰⵡⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ ⵊⵊⵔⴰⵔⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵕⵕⴰⵛⴷⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵎⵔ. ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵎ.. ⴰⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵉⵍ" ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ "ⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⵔⴰⵎⵉ" ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

# ⴰⴱⵍⵉⵡⵏ
# ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ/ⵉⵏⵉⵍⵍⵉ
# ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ/ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ
# ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ
# ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ

## ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012 ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ 4 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2015 ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴼⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ/ⵜⵓⵛⵍⵉⵅⵜ" (ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵏⵏⵃⵡⵉ) ⴷ "ⵢⴰ ⵇⴰⵟⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵊⴱⴰⵍ /ⵡⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵍ" ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ "ⵙⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵙ", ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ
* ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ
* ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ

**ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 2 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1941) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵢ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵎⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵖ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957.

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ 2 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1941 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1959, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ "ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵄⵎⵓⵕⴰ" ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ  ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1959, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ "ⵎⵓⵍ ⵍⵅⴰⵍ", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ "ⵡⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ". ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1962 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵕⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ .

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

### ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ

# ⵟⵟⵓⵎⵓⴱⵉⵍ/ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ.
# ⵏⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵓ/ⴰⴼⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴽ.
# ⵍⵄⴰⵛⵉⵇⵉ /ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ .
# ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ .
# ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ .
# ⵙⵓⵇ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ/ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵉ .
# ⵎⵓⵏⴱⴰⵔⵏⴰⵚ .

### ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ

# ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⴽⴰⵔⵜ .
# ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ .
# ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ?
# ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ .
# ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵀⵕⴰⵣⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ .
# ⵓⴼⵓⵏ .

## ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ

# 1985: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ.
# 1993: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.
# 1996: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵕⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ.
# 2004: ⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⵔⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ ⵊⴰⵏ-ⵊⴰⴽ ⵉⵍⴰⴳⵓⵏ.
# 2004: ⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⵔⵖⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⵓⵍⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.
# 2004: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⵔⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ.
# 2005: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ.
# 2006: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ.
# 2011: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
'''ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ'''

'''ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵡⵉ'''

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ

**ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵏⵚ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵏⵚ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴷⵉⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ: "ⴰⵔ ⴽ ⵙⴰⵇⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ" ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵄⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵇⵇ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ". ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⵢⵓⴳⵯⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ 7000 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ) ⵙ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

# ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ 1987).
# ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⴼⵏⴽ, 1990, 208 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ).
# ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵣⵏⵉⴼ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ 1983).
# ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷⵉⴱⴰⴷ
# ⴰⵎⴷⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, 2000.
# ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ " ⵏⵊⵎⴰ/ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ", ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993.
# ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ
# ⴰⵜⵉ ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴽⵯⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵎⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, 2020. ⵜⵓⴱⵇⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ (ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ).

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ
* ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ
* ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵊⵊⴰⵏ

**ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵊⵊⴰⵏ **(ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ :*tamara ijjan* ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2025 , ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ **ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ** , ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ *ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ* , ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 116 ⵏ *ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ*  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ 9 ⵏ *ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ* , ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ .

## ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ
**ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ **ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ *ⵜⵙⵜⵜⵉⴼⵜ* ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ , ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008 , ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021 . ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ , ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ :
* **ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ : ***tawackint n tdyazin(2016)*
*  **Ndda s tinml** *tizlatin n imZyann*(2023)
* **Tamara ijjAn:***ungal(2025)*
## ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ
# **ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ / ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ :**ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ , ⵖⵓⵔⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ...
# **ⵏⴱⴰ / ⵏⴱⴰⵔⴽ :**ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⵚ , ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴳⵎⵜ...
# **ⵢⵓⵙⴼ :**ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ , ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ ,ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ - ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵉⵟⵚⵚⴰ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ...
# **ⵉⵟⵟⵓ :** ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ (ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ) , ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⵜ , ⵢⴰⵡⵍ ⵜⵜ ,ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ : ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ - ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ - ⵜⴰⵎⵡⵇⵇⵔⵜ - ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜ ...

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵜⵉ

**ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵜⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵉⵜ: Алматы; ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ: Алма-Ата), ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ **ⴰⵍⵎⴰ ⴰⵜⴰ** ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵙⴳ 1929 ⴰⵔ 1997. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ 2001. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵙ 970 ⴽⵎ ⴼ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ 2 292 333 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2025. ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ

link=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaylu:Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ FFP2
**ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎⵜ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵙ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵡⵔ ⵉⴽⴹⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴻⴳ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵙ.

## ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵎⴰ:

* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ
* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ FFP2

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:A_surgical_mask_(2017).jpg|ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Atemluftfilter_Einwegmaske.jpg|ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵜ FFP2 


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵉⵃⵉ

**ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵉⵃⵉ** (12 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1936 - 28 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2020), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ,ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴰⵚⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. 

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵉⵃⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ; ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ "ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1953 ⴷ 1955, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ "ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⵥⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵀⵏⵖⴰⵕⵢⴰ" ⴳ ⵢⵉⵛⴱⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955, ⴷ "ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵓ" ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ "ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1957 ⴷ 1960, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1960, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ  ⵙ "ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴳⵔ 1960 ⴷ 1961. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1962, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ" ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964; ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ 28 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2020, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 84 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ; ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵥⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⵓⵏⴰ .

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵥⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ
* ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ

**ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ** (9 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1960), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ  «ⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴽⴷⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴰ/ⴰⵡⴰ ⵀⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵅⵔⵔⵉⵇ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ», ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ The Chemical Brothers ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ "Galvanize". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1983. ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⴰⵙⵜ/ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ «J'en ai marre» ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵃⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⵜⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ. ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴼⵔⵜⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ. ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ «J'en ai marre» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ. ⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴰⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ «ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ» ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵍⵎⵉⵍⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴰⵖⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ «J'en ai marre», ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ. ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ, ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ .

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵚⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ «ⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴽⴷⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴰ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ «ⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴽⴷⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴰ/ⴰⵡⴰ ⵀⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵅⵔⵔⵉⵇ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ» ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵔⵙ/ⵉⵖⴹⵕ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ «ⵛⵓⴼⵉ ⵖⵉⵔⵓ/ⵥⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ» ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍⵏ. ⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ.

ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "Morocco Swings" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ
ⵜⵉⵡⵍ ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵙⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⴽⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵓⴽ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⵓⴽ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵎⵓⵕⴰⴹ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵍⴱⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

# 1991: The Voice of the Atlas (ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ) .
# 1997: Country Girls & City Women .
# 1998: Najat Aâtabou 2001: La Diva marocaine .

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* **[[ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ|ⵏⴰⵄⵉⵎ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⵃ]]**
* **[[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵍⵃⵎⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ]]**
* **[[ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ]]**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ

**ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ - ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ - ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1967 ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵅⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵔ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ "ⵍⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ/ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ", ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵀⴷ/ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ
ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ  ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ . ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵯⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

# 1970: ⵍⵃⵔⵔⴰⵣ (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) 
# 1993: ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 1996: ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) 
# 1996: ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵎ  (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 1998: ⴰⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ  (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 1999: ⵎⴱⵔⵓⴽ/ⵉⵔⵖⵓⴷ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) 
# 2001 - 2002: ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴱⵓⵃ 
# 2002: ⵎⴰⴷⵓ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ)
# 2004: ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙⵎ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 2007: ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) 
# 2008: ⵜⵔⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⴱⵟⵟⴰⵛ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 2009: ⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴰ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
# 2011: ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵖ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 2013: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴼ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
# 2013: ⵙⵃⵓⵚ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
# 2014: ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ(ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
# 2015: ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
# 2018: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵡⵓⵍⵜ(ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ) ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ
* ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
* ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

**ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ** (1949 - 1997), ⴰⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ . ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ "ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⵉⵔⵉ" ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵡⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵊ/ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵇⵓⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ. ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵏⴷ/ⵢⵉⵡⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ . ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵄⵏⵓⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷ  ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵍⵃⴰⵍ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ: "ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵊⵉⵜ" ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵊⴷⵓⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ.

ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⴷⵊⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ" ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ. ⴱⴱⵓⵇⵇⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵉ/ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ, ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ/ⵕⵕⴰⵃⵉⵍ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ/ⴰⵜⵏⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ "ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ" ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⵜⵓⵏ. ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ "ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍⵖⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵊⴷⵓⴱ) ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴳⴳⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ : "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ" ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ". ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⵚⵉⵕ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵖⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵎ ⵀⴰⵎⴰⵎ", ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
* ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ
* ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ
* ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ

**ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ** ⵏⵖ ⴷ **ⴱⴰⴽⵓ**   ( 1948 - 2012) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵉⵡⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ/ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵕ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1974. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵜⴰ/ⵓⴷⴷⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ/ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵥⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⵊⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ/ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵥⵉ. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴹ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, "ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ/ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ "ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ", ⴷ "ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵖⵉⵔ ⵅⵓⴷⵓⵏⵉ, ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵖⵉⵔ ⵅⵓⴷⵓⵏⵉ/ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵢⵉ, ⴼ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵢⵉ " ⴷ "ⵏⵕⵊⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵛⵉⵜ", ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵍ ⵊⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ  ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⵏⴽⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ "ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵔ". ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⴷⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵢ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵙ "ⵍⵎⵄⵍⵍⵎ", ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎ.ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵇⵇⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵀⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵊⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⵏⵏ/ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ .

## ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴷⵉ
ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ", ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⴽⵓ", ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⵃⴰⵍ" ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ .

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ/ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⴳ 14 ⴳⵉⵙ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
* ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ
* ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⵓⴱⵉ

**ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⵓⴱⵉ** (4 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1963 – 2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2025) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ  ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴳⴳⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ .

## ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴹ . ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵡⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ. ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵥⵕⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ
ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ: «ⴰⵄⵣⵔⵉ» ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵅⵉⵙⵉ, ⴷ «ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ» ⵏ ⵟⵟⵢⵢⵉⴱ ⵚⵚⴹⵉⵇⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⴷ «ⴱⵓⵃⴼⵏⴰ» ⴷ «ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ» ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴼⴰⴹⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999, ⴷ «ⵏⵏⵛⴱⴰ» ⵏ ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴱⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007, ⵖⴼ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ/ⵓⵎⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⵢⵉⴱ ⵍⵄⵍⵊ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ: «ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ» ⴷ «ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ» ⴷ «ⴰⵎⵙⴼⵔⵔⵓ/ⴰⵎⴳⵡⵡⴰⵍ» ⴷ «ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ».

## ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ
ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⵓⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ «ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ» ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰ ⴱⵓⵔⵇⵉⵢⴰ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴼⵕⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵡⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵙⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

## ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ

# 2001: ⴰⵛⵡⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵉⵢⴰ 
# 2002: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ 
# 2003: ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴷⵊⵉⵜ 
# 2003: ⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ 
# 2004: ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
# 2005: ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ 
# 2005: ⴰⴽⴱⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴱⴱⴰ . 
# 2006: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵎⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⴰ 
# 2006: ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ 
# 2007: ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ 
# 2010: ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⵡⴰⵀⵎ 
# 2011: ⵎⵓⵛⵓⵎⴰ
# 2011: ⵜⴰⵣⴰ 
# 2011: ⵕⵕⵉⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵄⵟⵉ 
# 2012: ⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽ 
# 2013: ⴱⵓⵖⴰⴱⴰ/ⴱⵓⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ 
# 2014: ⵙⴰⵊⴰ, ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 
# 2015: ⵉⴽⵓⵏⴱⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ 
# 2015: ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ 
# 2015: ⵄⴰⵢⴷⴰ 
# 2016: ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ 
# 2017: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ 
# 2017: ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵏⵏ
# 2018: ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ 
# 2018: ⵄⴰⵛⵓⵕⴰ 
# 2019: ⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴼⴽⴰⵢ 
# 2019: ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ 
# 2021: ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ

### ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ

# 1999: ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
# 2000: "ⴷⵡⴰⵢⵔ ⵣⵣⵎⴰⵏ"
# 2001 - 2003: "ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵟⵎⴰ" (3 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ) 
# 2002: ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ 
# 2002: ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵕⴰⵢⵛ
# 2003: ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵎⵉⵔⵜ 
# 2005: ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ 
# 2006 - 2007: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ
# 2009: ⵍⵎⵊⴷⵓⴱ 
# 2009: ⵊⵃⴰ ⵢⴰ ⵊⵃⴰ 
# 2012: ⵍⵃⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ
# 2013: ⵀⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴷ ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ 
# 2013: ⵙⵃⵓⵡⵚ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ 
# 2014: ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ 
# 2015 - 2017: ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵖⵣⵍⴰⵏ 
# 2018: ⴷⵉⵙⴽ ⵃⵢⴰⵜⵉ/ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ 
# 2018: ⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵇ/ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ 
# 2019: ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ 2020: ⵀⴰⵢⵏⴰ 
# 2021: ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵍⵎⵕⵚⴰ 
# 2021: ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ
# 2021: ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⵓⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ 2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2025 ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 61 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ . ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵯⵥⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ .

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
**[[ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ]]** 

**[[ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ]]**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵡⴷⵖⵉⵔⵉ

**ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵡⴷⵖⵉⵔⵉ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ  ⵍⵡⴷⵖⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵔⵓⵃ/ ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ "ⵙⴱⵉⵔⵉⵜ" ⴷ "ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵜⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜⵉ" ⴼⵖ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ . ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴷⴰⵜ(ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ) ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ/ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵔⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙⵉⵜⵉ" ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵡⴷⵖⵉⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ/ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ" ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ "ⵏⴰⵙⴰ".

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ
ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵡⴷⵖⵉⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ/ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵢⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵍⵡⴷⵖⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ"; ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ (CIL), ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ  ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ, "ⴽⵉⵔⵢⵓⵣⵉⵜⵉ", "ⵔⵓⴼⵔⵣ", "ⵙⴱⵉⵔⵉⵜ", ⴷ "ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉ", ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ "ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⵀⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ "ⴳⵔⴰⵢⵍ", ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⵊⵓⵏⵓ" ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ.

ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵢⴰⵃ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ "ⵏⴰⵙⴰ", ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓ/ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 39 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ; ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ  ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⵏⴰⵙⴰ" ⴳ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵓⴳⵍ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ "ⵜⴱⵓⵕⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵕⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵔﺍⵏ". ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 6 ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ 5000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ JPL, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵙⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ

# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ (2012).
# ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⴼⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* **[[ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ]]**
* **[[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ]]**
* '''ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ''' 
* '''ⵉⵙⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ'''

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ (ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ)

**ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: **Taymat Band**)ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵇⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵓⵄⴱⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓⵄⴱⵉⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ.

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2014, ⵜⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ (ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ) ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ (ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ…)

ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⵎ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ 5 ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ 7 ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵖ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ (ⵃⴰⵍⵓ hallu).

ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵔⵣ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ.
ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ

* ⴰⵎⴽⵙⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ
* ⵃⵍⵍⵓ
* ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ
* ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
* ⴰⵣⵏⵣⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

**ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: لساني أمازيغي) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

## ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⵛⵜⵓⵎ

**ⵀⴰⵏⵙ ⵛⵜⵓⵎ** (3 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1864 ⵖ ⵎⵉⵜⴼⴰⵢⴷⴰ – 20 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1936 ⵖ ⴷⵔⵉⵣⴷⵏ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴱⵉⵏⴳⵉⵏ, ⵀⴰⵍ, ⵍⵉⴱⵜⵣⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕ (habilitation) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1895. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵍⵉⴱⵜⵣⵉⴳ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⴹⵓⵍⴼ ⴽⵔⵉ, ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵣⵓⵜⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴷⵉⵍⵉⵜⵛ. ⵖ 1900, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵓⵍⵓⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵉⴱⵜⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ 1909 ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⵓⵔⵣ (ⵀoⵏoⵔⴰⵉⵔⴻ) ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ (ⵏⴻo-ⴰⵔⴰⴱⵉⵛ) ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵍⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵃⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ; ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵟⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵉⵄⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⴰⵀⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ *Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft* (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ).

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ
* *Märchen der Schluḥ von Tázerwalt*. (Transliteration and translation of Berber legends), 1891.
* *Tunisische Maerchen und Gedichte*, 1893 &ndash; Tunisian tales and poems.
* *Tripolitanisch-tunisische Beduinenlieder*, 1894 &ndash; Tripolitanian-Tunisian Bedouin songs.
* *Chants des Bédouins de Tripoli et de la Tunisie*, 1894 &ndash; Chants of Bedouins from Tripoli and Tunisia.
* *Grammatik des tunisischen Arabisch nebst Glossar*, 1896 &ndash; Grammar of Tunisian-Arabic with glossary. 
* *Märchen und gedichte aus der stadt Tripolis in Nordafrika*, 1898 &ndash; Tales and poems from the city of Tripoli in North Africa.
* *Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestück, Gespräche, Glossar*, 1899 &ndash; Handbook of the Shilha language of Tazeroualt; grammar, reading passages, dialogs, glossary.
* *Märchen der Berbern von Tamazratt in Südtunisien*, 1900 &ndash; Tales of the Berbers from Tamezret in southern Tunisia. 
* *Arabisch, Persisch und Türkisch in den Grundzügen der Laut- und Formenlehre*, 1902 &ndash; Arabic, Persian and Turkish in a general outline of phonology and morphology. 
* *Maltesische Märchen, Gedichte und Rätsel in deutscher Übersetzung*, 1904 &ndash; Maltese stories: poems and riddles in German translation.
* *Maltesische Studien; eine Sammlung prosaischer und poetischer Texte in maltesischer Sprache nebst Erläuterungen*, 1904 &ndash; Maltese studies; a collection of prose and poetic texts in Maltese.
* *Türkische Schrift; ein Übungsheft zum Schreibenlernen des Türkischen*, 1916 &ndash; Turkish writing;  an exercise book for learning how to write Turkish.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1936
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵏⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵏⵙⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ 1864
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ
ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ

**ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ: الجمعية المغربية للبحث والتبادل الثقافي) ⵏⵖ **ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴻⵙⵙⵏⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴻⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: *Association marocaine de recherche et d'échange culturels*, ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⴳⵣⴻⵍ AMREC). ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵓ 1967 ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴹⵓⴽⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.

ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴰⵟ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵙ 10 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1967 (ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ 28 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2917), ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ, ⵃⵎⴻⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵓⵙ, ⴰⴱⴷⴻⵍⴼⴰⴷⵍ ⵍⵖⵡⴰⵍⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔ, ⴰⵀⵎⴻⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⴰⵡⵓ, ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⴼⴰⵡⵉ, ⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵊⴰⵡⵉ. ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵓⵙ.

ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵃⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴼⴽⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ 1967, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵏⵓⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.

## ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ

### ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ:
: ⵕⴱⴰⵟ
: ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ
: ⵍⴽⵏⴹⵔⵜ
: ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
: ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
: ⵟⴰⵟⴰ
: ⴱⵏⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
: ⴰⵏⵥⴰ
: ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
: ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
## ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ
:::10,ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ εⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ (ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ)
:::ⵏ° 34 ( ⵍⴳⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛ ⴷoⵏⴰⵍⴷ’ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ)
:::ⵕⴱⴰⵟ - ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
:ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ : ⵡⵡⵡ.ⴰⵎⵔⴻⵛ.ⵎⴰ

## ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ

## ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ

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