ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ

**ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⵉⵅⴰⵢⵍⵓⴼⵉⵜⵛ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ** (11 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1821 – 9 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1881) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ (19), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 25 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ " ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏⵏ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1846. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ: "ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⴼ", "ⴰⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵏ/ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜ", "ⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵏ" ⴷ "ⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙⵏ". ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ 11 ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵏ, ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹⵏ, 17 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹ "ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓ" ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ. 

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1841, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1837 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ "ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏⵏ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1849 ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ "ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ/ⵜⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⴰⵛⵉⴼⵙⴽⵉ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹ ⴳ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⵙⴼⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ  ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ 4 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ.

ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ **"ⵉⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ". ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵄⴱ ⵙ "ⵍⵇⵉⵎⴰⵔ". ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 170 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⵔⴽⴳⵓⵔ, ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴱⵓⵛⴽⵉⵏ, ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⵉⴽⵏⵣ. ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⵊⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵙⴰⵔⵜⵔ, ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵉⵜⵛⵀ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵅⵓⴼ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
  ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜⵡⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵏⵙⴽ", ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ (16). ⵜⵓⵎⵢ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ . ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ "ⵎⵉⵅⴰⵢⵉⵍ" ⴰⵕⴱⴱⵉ (ⴽⴰⵀⵉⵏ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵕⵥⴰ ⴰⵍⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵢⵔⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1809, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵉⵅⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ. ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1818 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳ 1819 ⵉⵜⵉⵀⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵉⵜⵛⴰⵢⵉⴼⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ "ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏⵙⴽⵉ" ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⵉⵅⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ, ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ "ⴷⴰⵔⵓⴼⵓⵢ", ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ 150 ⴽⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵙⴰ (7) ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ (1821–1835)
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⴳ 11 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1821 ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵏⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵏⵜⴰⵣⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴳⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵍⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⵔⵓⵍⵓⴼⵏⴰ". ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ (L'Évangile) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ. ⵉⵡⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ (ⴱⵓⵛⴽⵉⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵎⵣⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ (ⴳⵓⵜⵉ, ⵛⵉⵍⵔ, ⵙⵉⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵙ). ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵢⵉⴹⵚ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴼⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⴼ" ⴷ "ⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙⵏ".

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵡⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵎⵍⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1833, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⴼ ⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ "ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵎⴰⴽ". ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴹⵍ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ. ⵉⵃⵓⵙ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵢⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ".

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ