ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ **ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Proto-Berber, Proto-Libyan) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵣⵖ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴼ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵣⴳⵉⵙ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵚⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵛⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵛⴰⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ. 
## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ. ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ 3000 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ 9000 ⴷ 10,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵉⵖ ⴷ-ⵏⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵥⵕ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵣⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ:

* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ **1** (**PB1**) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 7000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ **2** (**PB2**) ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ (**PB1**), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ-ⴰⴷ.

ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 30 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 10 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵄ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵊⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵄ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⵓⵛⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵚⵚⴰⵃⵔⴰ.

### ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ
ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵙⵢⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Prasse, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ.

### ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ
ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⴳⵓⵟⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵙⵕⴰⵙ|ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⴳ. ⴱⵕⴰⵙ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵏ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ /ă/, /ĭ/, /ŭ/ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ /ā/, /ī/, /ū/ ⴷ /ē/. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ:

### ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ:

ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ *β ⴷ *ʔ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵡⴰⵃⴷⵓ ⵜⵏ.
ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ *ɟ ⴷ *ⴳ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ:

ⵖⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ *c ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ *k* ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ *š* ⵖ ⵜⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ).
ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, *căm* "ⴽⵎⵎ (ⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴼ)" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ *šəm*. (ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ).

ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ:
* dˤ → tˤ
ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ *-əβ* ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ -ⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜ (ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵜⵉⵜ). ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, *arəβ* "write" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ . (ⴰⵙⵏⵍⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⵖ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ.)

ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ **β* ⴰⵎ β; ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ *h* ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴹ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ
* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ
* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ
#### ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ
* Allati, Abdelaziz (2002). *Diachronie tamazighte ou berbere* (en francés). Publications de L'Universite Abdelmalek Essaâdi. p. 296. .
* Blench, R. (2006). *Archaeology, language, and the African past*. Rowman Altamira. p. 361. .
* Boukouss, Ahmed (2009). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131126073916/http://www.ircam.ma/doc/publica/phonologie_amazighe_2009.pdf Phonologie de l'amazigh]*. Institut Royal de la Culture Amazigh. p. 445. . Archivado desde el original el 26 de noviembre de 2013.
* Ehret, Christopher (1995). *Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary*. University of California Press. p. 557. .
* Heath, Jeffrey (2005). *A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)*. Walter de Gruyter. p. 745. .
* Heine, Bernd; Derek Nurse (2000). *African languages: an introduction*. Cambridge University Press. p. 396. .
* Kossmann, Maarten (2001a), «L'origine du vocalisme en zénaga de Mauritanie», en Ibriszimow, Dymitr; Vossen, Rainer, eds., *Etudes berbères*, pp. 89-95
* Kossmann, Maarten (2001b), «The Origin of the Glottal Stop in Zenaga and its Reflexes in the other Berber Languages», *Afrika und Übersee* **84**: 61-100
* König, Christa (2008). **'. Oxford University Press. p. 343. <small></small>.
* Prasse, Karl G. (1972-1974). ''Manuel de grammaire touarègue (tăhăggart)'' **3'''. Copenhagen.

#### ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ

* Proto-Berber etymologies (Alexander Militarev)
* Berber languages and Berber peoples: genetic and linguistic diversity
* Berber languages — PDF (4.2 MB)
* Proto-Berber kindship words — PDF (23.8 KB)

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ