open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ

thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ, **ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ**  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.

thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. 

## ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ "ⵍⵡⵕⴹ" ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ", ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ" ⵏⵖ "ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ".

## ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵃⵢⵢⴰⵍ

**ⴰⵃⵢⵢⴰⵍ** (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ: **ⵉⵃⵢⵢⴰⵍⵏ)** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ, ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃ.

## ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ
thumb|left|ⵉⵃⵢⵢⴰⵍⵏ

## ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⵔⵏ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍ-ⵎⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⴰ

thumb|300px|link=|ⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ
**ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : المغاربية) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ:  ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⴰ 2

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2011 ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵏ 16 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2011.
***ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵏ**
* ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵏⵖ (arabe : ديننا)
* ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ (arabe : العالم اليوم)
* ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⴷ (arabe : صدى الشارع)
* ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴱⵉ (arabe : الحدث المغاربي)
* ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ (arabe : قالت الصحف)

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ

[thumb|300px|[ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]
**ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ**, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ **ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ: *Republika e Shqipërise*). ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

## ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ
thumb|300px|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ
ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. 

## ⴰⵙⴳⴷ

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011, 58.8% ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵎⵢⴰ ⵙ 17.1% ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ 24.3% ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ.

### ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

Korçë - Mirahor-Moschee 1c.jpg|Mosque of Iljaz Bey Mirahor, Korçë
Apollonia (Albania)10.JPG|St.Mary's Orthodox Church in Apollonia, Albania
Xhamia kryesore, Shkoder, Shqiperi.JPG|thumb|Ebu Bekr Mosque, Shkodër
07Tirana Kath-Church.jpg|Catholic Church of Tirana
Durrës - Great Mosque.JPG|Great Mosque of Durrës
Kisha e Shen Marise ne Cercke 10.JPG|Ardenica Monastery, Fier
Tirana, moschea ethem bey, esterno di notte 02.JPG|thumb|Et'hem Bey Mosque, Tirana
Kisha Shën Harallambi ne Sarande.JPG|Church of Shën Harallambi Sarandë
The_World_Factbook_-_Albania_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_(5).jpg|Kruja Mosque
Kisha e Thethit 3.JPG|Church of Theth
Përmet_–_Gur_i_Qytetit,_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_01.jpg|Mosque in Përmet
Kisha Franceskane.jpg|Church Franceskane, Shkodër


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ

**ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ,** ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 7 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1913 ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⴼ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵙⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 4 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1960. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵣⵓⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⴷⵔ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵥⵓⵎⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍⴱⵕⵉⵅ ⵣⵡⵉⵙⵉⴳ

**ⴰⵍⴱⵕⵉⵅ ⵣⵡⵉⵙⵉⴳ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⴰⵍⴱⵕⵉⴽ ⵣⵡⵉⵙⵉⴳ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⵙⵜ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⴰⵍⴱⵕⵉⵛ ⵣⵡⵉⵙⵉⴳ** (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ: *Alberich Zwyssig*, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1808 ⴳ ⴱⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ 18 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1854 ⴳ ⵎⵉⵀⵔⵉⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵀⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1841 ⵉⵣⵣⵡⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ (ⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ)  ⴷ  ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵔⴳⵯⵣⴰ.
[thumb|250px|ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ [ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ|ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵣⵢⵓⵔⵉⵅⵀⵓⵔⵏ.]]

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
* ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵡⵉⴷⵎⵔ

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

**ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⵕⵉⵢⴰ ⵣⵡⵉⵙⵉⴳ** (ⵢⵓⵎⵥ  "ⴰⵍⴱⵕⵉⵛ/ⴰⵍⴱⵕⵉⵅ" ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1808 ⴳ ⴱⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔⵉ.
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1821 ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1841 ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⴳⵏ, ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵕⵓⵅ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵀⵉⴱ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ
ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵀⴱⵉⵢⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵕⴳⴰⵡ ⴳ 13 ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1841, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵀⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵣⵡⵉⵙⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵎⵙⴱⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵊⵓⵏⴰ  ⴼ ⵜⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵣⴼⵉⵔⵛ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵃⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵣⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ  ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. 

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ

220px|thumb|right|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ 
**ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ**, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 21 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵔ 1833 ⴳ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵀⵓⵍⵎ (ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ) ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1896 ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⵔⵉⵎⵓ (ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ), ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⴱⴻⴱ ⴱⵓⴼⵓⵔ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ.

=ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ=	

=ⵥⵔ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ=	

=ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ=
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ

[thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ''[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵔ 10*]]
*'ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ*' (ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ: ; ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Venus) ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ]] ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ *ⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ*; ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ *ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴳⵉ* ⴷ *ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ*, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴳⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]] ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ]]. *ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ'' ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ
* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴰⵏ

220px|right|thumb|ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ
**ⴰⵎⴰⵏ**  (ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ: **H<sub>2</sub>O**)  ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ  65 %, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ 75 %, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ 95 %. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 70 %, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 97 % ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 3 % ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵕⵉⵥⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵍⵡⴰⵛⴰⵃⵉ

ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵍⵡⴰⵛⴰⵃⵉ  ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵚⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵅⴰⵏⴰ، ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1973. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ  ⴷⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ   ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ (ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ).
ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ,  ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ  ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ.

## D
**[[ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]]** : blood : sang

## F
**[[ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ]]** : virus

## M
**[[ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔ]]** : être vivant

## Ɣ
**[[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ]]** : cell : cellule

## S
**[[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]** : biology : biologie

## Ẓ
**ⵜⵓⵥⵎⵜ** : noyau

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ

ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ.
=ⴱ=
*ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ \ خارج الملعب
=ⴳ=
=ⴷ=
=ⴹ=
=ⴼ=
*ⴰⴼⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ
*ⴰⴼⵔ
**ⴰⴼⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ
**ⴰⴼⵔ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ
=ⴽ=
*ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ
**ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ
**ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ
**ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
**ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ
**ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵜ

=ⵀ=
=ⵃ=
*ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ
=ⵅ=
=ⵇ=
=ⵉ=
=ⵊ=
=ⵍ=
=ⵎ=
*ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ
*ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
**ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ
**ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ
*ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ
*ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ
=ⵏ=
***[[ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ (ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ)|ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ]]** Arbitre حكم
ⴰⵡⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

***[[ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ]]**  Arbitre assistant حكم مساعد
ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ.

=ⵓ=
*ⵓⵔⴰⵔ
=ⵔ=
=ⵖ=
=ⵙ=
*ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ
*ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵢ
*ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⵉ
*ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ
=ⵛ=
=ⵜ=
*ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰ
*ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⴷ
=ⵟ=
=ⵡ=
=ⵢ=
*ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⵉⴷ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ
**ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ

=ⵣ=
*ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ
*ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ
*ⴰⵣⴳⵏⴽⵓⴷ
*ⴰⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢ
=ⵥ=
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

## ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ

= ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ =
*ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

= ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ =

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵉⵎⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ-...

## A
angstrom : 

atom : **ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣ**; ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ : atome : ذرة

## B

## C
chemistry : **ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵎⵉⵜ** : chimie : كيمياء

## D

## E
electron : **ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ**, ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ : électron 

## F

## G
gas : 

## H

## I
isotope : **ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵓ**, ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ, ⵉⵏⴳⴳⴰ : isotope : نظير

## J

## K

## L
liquid :  

## M
molecule : **ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ**, ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ : molécule : جزيئة

## N
neutron : **ⴰⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏ**, ⵓⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏ, ⵉⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ : neutron 

nucleus : 

## O

## P
proton : **ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ**, ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ : proton

## Q

## R

## S
solid : ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵏ : solide 

## T

## U

## V

## W

## X

## Y

## Z

## ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ

**ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Nombre), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⵉⵣⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⴽⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵟⵟⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵡ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ. 
=ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ=
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵟⵟⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ  ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ. 

ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ

**ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ** ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵥⵉⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ -3 ⵏⵖ -e. ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ. 0 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ; ⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ x ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ x , ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ **ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ**.

*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Z_- ⵏⵖ \mathbf{Z}_-.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Z_-^* ⵏⵖ \mathbf{Z}_-^*.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Q_- ⵏⵖ \mathbf{Q}_-.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Q_- ⵏⵖ \mathbf{Q}_-.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \R_- ⵏⵖ \mathbf{R}_-.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \R_-^* ⵏⵖ \mathbf{R}_-^*.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴷⵖ

220px|right|ⴰⵎⴷⵖ|thumb
**ⴰⵎⴷⵖ** (ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: ***Girafe***) ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «Giraffa camelopardalis».

ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⴳⵔ 5 ⴰⵔ 6 ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⵜⵏ, ⴳ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵍ 1,192 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵍ 828 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 1,930 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⵔⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ 1.2 ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ.
ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴰⵔⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵅⵉⵜⵔⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵉⴳⵙ ~50 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵢⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ.

## ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳ

**ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ** ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴷⴰ ⵥⵉⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ 3 ⵏⵖ e. ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ. 0 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ; ⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ x ⴰⴽⴷ 0  (ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵍⵉⵙ x ) ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ **ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ** (ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵍ. **ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ**). ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵣⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ + ⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ (ⵎⴷ: +3, +e).

*ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. 
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Z_+,\mathbf{Z}_+, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽ \N.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Z_+^*, \mathbf{Z}_+^*, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽ \N^*.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Q_+ ⵏⵖ \mathbf{Q}_+.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \Q_+ ⵏⵖ \mathbf{Q}_+.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \R_+ ⵏⵖ \mathbf{R}_+.
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ \R_+^* ⵏⵖ \mathbf{R}_+^*.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ

ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ **ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ** ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ:

*ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ : 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n, … ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙ \N;
*ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ : …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n, … ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙ \Z.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ

thumb|220px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ
**ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ** ⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵥⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵣⴰⵢⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵜ. ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⴰ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ (ⴰⵙⵔⵎ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵓⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ

thumb|ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ
ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴰ (ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ (ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ), ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴽⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵎⵎⴰ «ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ». 

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ

**ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵕⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ.

## ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010

= ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ =
= ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ =
= ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ =
= ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ =
= ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ =
= ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ =
= ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵣⵏ =

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵓⵍ (ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ)

[330px|right|thumb|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵢⵓⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ SI (ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ [ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ (ⴰⴽⵓⴷ), ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ (ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓ), ⵓⵎⴱⵉⵔ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵔⵓⵔ), ⴰⵎⵓⵍ (ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ), ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ (ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ), ⴽⵉⵍⴱⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵍⵜ) ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴷⵍⴰ (ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ).]]**ⴰⵎⵓⵍ** (ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ : mol) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏ 6,022140 76× 1^23 ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ.ⴰⵎⴹⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓ (ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓ), ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ NA ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍ (mol^−1).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵓⵏ

**ⴰⵎⵓⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Society) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ (ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ) ⴳⵔ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ; ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ
* ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎ

ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ **ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎ** ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ XIX ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ. "ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎ" ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵔⵓⵚⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ».
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ

link=|thumb|300px|
**ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ** ⴷ ⵢⵓⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ (ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ 1 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ). ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰ, 1 ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ; ⴰⵡⴷ 0 ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ, ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ 6 ⴷ 12 ⴷ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ 6 = 2 × 3 ⴷ 12 = 3 × 4 ⵏⵖ 2 × 6, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ 11 ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ 1 ⴷ 11 ⴽⴰ´ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ 0 ⴷ 1 ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ  (ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19) 1 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ 1 ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰ.

25 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ 100 :

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 ⴷ 91.

## ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ

**ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ** ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ. ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ 42 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵎ², ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ 8,3% ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ 28,2% ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ 970 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 13,6% ⴳ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ

## ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

## ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## Figures caractéristiques de l'Amérique

## Liste des métropoles

## ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ

## Unions transcontinentales

## Aménagements territoriaux

## ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ

## ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⵓⵎⵓⵖⵜ

## Filmographie

## ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵣⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ

**ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ** ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴹⵕⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ
ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷⵉ 5 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 33 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ
ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ (ⵓⵏⴰⵜⵉⵍ), ⴷⵉ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵓⵏ (ⴳⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵎ), ⴷⵉ
ⵎⴰⵍⵉ (ⵙⵓⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰ) ⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ (ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⵉⵍ).
ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⴷⵉ 2001, ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴷⵉ
ⴽⴰⵣⴰⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2004 ; ⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
ⴱⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷⵉ (53%) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (30%). MBC 1
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵖⵉⴷⵉⵙ

thumb|354x354px|ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵖⵉⴷⵉⵙ
ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ, **ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵖⵉⴷⵉⵙ** ⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵥⴷⵉⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏ(+ⵏ?).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ

[thumb|right|300px|ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ [ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ|ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (1989-2009)]]

ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ **ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ** (Coefficien de Jini ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ **ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ**) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵔⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⴹⵓ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1912.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ "0" ⴷ "1" (ⵏⵖ "0" ⴰⵔ "100"). "0" ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰ "1" ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴱⵍⴰⵛ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 0,25 ⴷ 0,6 (ⴳⵔ 25 ⴷ 60 ⴳ 0 ⴰⵔ 100).

ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ 0.2, ⴰⵎ (ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ, ⵙⵓⵡⵉⴷ, ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ, ⵜⵛⵉⴽ…). ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ 0,6 ⴰⵎ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ, ⴳⵡⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⵀⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰⵙ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴰⵏ

ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎ.
ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⴼ ⴽⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⴳⴰⵡⴰ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ

**ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ** ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ. 
## ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽ:
# ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ
# ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ
# ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
# ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ
# ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ
# ⴰⴳⵔⵓ
# ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ
# ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ 

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ

**ⴰⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵜⵥⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ. ⵜⴹⴼⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⵣ ,  
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵅⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ

## ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ

## ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ
ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ (ⵏ ⵜⵃⴰⵊⵉⵜ "ⴰⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ")

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

[thumb|''ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ'', ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ [ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵡⵙ ⵊⵉⵣⵉⵙ ⴳ 1892]] 
**ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ** (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ , *ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ*, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ") ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ  ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ "ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ", ⴷ, ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴹⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵜ
ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ" ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ "ⵣⵔⵉ".

## ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵉⵙ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⴱⵔ "ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ".

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ

**ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵟⵟⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵙⵉⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉⵏ (ⵕⴱⴱⵓⵏ) ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ  ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵎⴽ ⵉⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ. 

ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ (ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵄⵉⵡ (ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵙⵎⵄⵉⵡ").

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ

## ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ

* ⵉⵣⵎ
* ⴰⵍⵖⵎ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ

[thumbnail|[ⵎⴰⵕⵛⴰⵍ ⵔⵓⵣⵏⴱⵉⵔⴳ (2005)]]
**ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ** (ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵚⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵚⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵛⴰⵍ ⵔⵓⵣⵏⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ: ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ), ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵛⴰⴷⵜ ( ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ),  ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ (ⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵥⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵛⴼⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ).

ⵚⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ. ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ (ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵜⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ).

ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ  ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵏⵎⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ.  ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ  ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵜⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ  ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵔⴰⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵎⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ  ⵎⴰⵙ  ⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵕⴰⴹ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ.

## ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ,  ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⵉⵇⵏ,  ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵓⵣⵏⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵕⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙ

right|thumb|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ ''ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴰⴹⵓⵍⴼ ⴱⵓⴳⵉⵔⵓ 

**ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Angel)  ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ

**ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ: ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ; ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ: República de Angol ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ 2023

**ⴰⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ 2023** (ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ 2023 ⵏⵖ ⴰⵔⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ 2023) ⵢⵓⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23:11 ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ (22:11 ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ). ⵢⵓⵜ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵙ 6.8 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵅⵜⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ: ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ, ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ, ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ-ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴹⵕⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵙⵉⵜ (ⴰⵥⵓⵕ) ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ 71.8 ⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ. ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⵣ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ 18.5 ⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ. ⴰⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴽⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 70.81 ⴽⵎ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ. ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 3000 ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 2059. ⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰ, ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ. ⴰⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ 2023 ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ, ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ
### ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ

Hosmint tere Hawse måjhons distrûtes Irhil3.jpg
Hosmint tere Hawse dilé Irhil dilåbrêye måjhon toetea.jpg
Hosmint tere Hawse sicole distrûte Irhil.jpg|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵅⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ 
Hosmint tere Hawse måjhons distrûtes Irhil7.jpg
Hosmint tere Hawse måjhon distrûte Irhil5.jpg
Ighil aida camionetes.jpg
Aida Irhil djipe pompîs.jpg
Hosmint tere Hawse Irhil gades sorvicantes.jpg|ⴰⵖⵖⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ
Hosmint tere Hawse måjhons distrûtes Irhil colons.jpg|ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵙⵏ
Campmint Irhil.jpg|ⵉⴳⵉⵟⴰⵏ  ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⴰⵖⵜ
Irhil toetea estat.jpg
Campmint Irhil tocoe tchôde aiwe.jpg|ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
Irhil aida a tcheryî pus hôt pås moultîs.jpg


### ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵢ

Rissôtaedje sourdon falijhea dilé Arg.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵔⴳ
Rissôtaedje sourdon falijhea dilé Arg rascodeuse.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵔⴳ
Rissôtaedje sourd olivî Amerhrasse.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵖⴰⵙ
Rissôtaedje dilé Amezmiz.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ
Rissôtaedje voye Afella Irhil.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ (ⴰⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ)
Hosmint tere Hawse rissôtaedje Amzughni efants.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ
Hosmint tere Hawse rissôtaedje Amzughni.jpg|ⵓⴷⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ
Aiwe di Fisse tiesse voye Irhil.jpg|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵙ (ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ)


## ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ

Hosmint tere Hawse temognaedje Irhil.webm|ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ
Hosmint tere Hawse temognaedje Tinmal.webm|ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ (ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ)
Hosmint tere Hawse temognaedje Alousse.webm|ⵣⴳ ⴰⵍⵓⵙ
Hosmint tere Hawse temognaedje Arg.webm|ⵣⴳ ⴰⵔⴳ
Hosmint tere Hawse temognaedje Anbdor.webm|ⵣⴳ ⴰⵏⴷⴱⵓⵔ


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ

**ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ**, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵜ **ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ**, ⵙ ⵜⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵉⵜ *Indonesia* ⴷ *Republik Indonesia*, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ. ⵙ 13 466 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵙ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ 250 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 4 ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ. ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⴽⴰⵔⵟⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ

**ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ: *Andorra*), ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ: *Principat d'Andorra*), ⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ: *Principat de les Valls d'Andorra*), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵀⴷⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ,  ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ.
ⵜⴳⴰ "ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ" ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⵎⵎⵓⵚ ⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 468ⴽⵎ² ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ 85,645 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ 1.023 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ.
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵣⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ
## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
## ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ
## ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ
## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ
## ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ
## ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ
## ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ
## ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ
## ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ

**ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ**  

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵓⵏⵓ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵕ

**ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵕ** (fl. 1339), ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ '**ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵍⵓⵔⵜⵓ**' (fl. id 1320), ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ **ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵓ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵜⵓ** ⵏⵖ **ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵜⵉ** ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ **ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉ**, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵔ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ-ⴰⵎⴰⵊⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 14, "ⴷⴰⵍⵓⵔⵜⵓ" ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ 1325 ⴷ "ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵔ" ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ 1339. ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ.  ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ.
## Dalorto 1325 Map
## Dulcert 1339 Map
## London c. 1340 map
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ

**ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ**  (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ : محرك, ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ : ⵎoⵜⵓⵔ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ).

[thumb|right|225px|[ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ.
1- ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ (ⴰⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ)
2- ⴰⵙⵍⵍⴷ
3- ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ
4- ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ (ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵓ)
]]

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ

**ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ** ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ.
=ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ=
ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ « Internet » ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ internetting, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ : « ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ », ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵣ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1972 ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵏ (Robert Elliot Kahn), ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1983, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ « Internet » ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ARPANET ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ.

=ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ=
=ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ=

=ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ=
=ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ=
=ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ=
=ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ=
=ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ=
=ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ=
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

**ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** ⵙⴳ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ  ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ،

**ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** ⵉⵅⵜⴰⵍⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.  ، ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ ⴰⵟⴱⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ. ،  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵟⴱⵙⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵍⵄⵎⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ  . ⵣⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ  ⴳ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵀⴰⵏ  ، ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵉⵔⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ  ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ. **ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵙⴽⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴽⴽⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵀⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴼⵏⵊ ⴷ ⵓⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵣⵉ

**ⴰⵏⵣⵉ** ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ.

=ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ=
*ⵢⵓⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ.
*ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵉⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰ.
=ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ=
*ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ.
*ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵥⵔⴰⵏ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ

***ⵙⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ*** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: South Park) ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵜⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜ ⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜ  ⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵔⴰⵍ.
ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵛ, ⴽⴰⵢⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴼⵍⴱⵙⴽⵉ, ⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⴽⵓⵔⵎⵉⴽ 
ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵍ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ  (ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ: South Sudan) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ  ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2011. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵊⵓⴱⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵔⴰⵎⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ  ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ.  ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ  ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ , ⵜⵡⴰⵛⴽⴽⴰⵍ  ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1972 ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1983. ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2005. ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⴷⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2011, ⴷⴳ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ  98.8٪ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ , ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 2012, ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ  ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⴼ. ⵉⵜⵄⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ; ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 2016 ⵖⵓⵔⵙ  ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵃⵏⴰⵛⵛⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉ (ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵃⵏⴰⵛⵛⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵛⵍⵏ).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ

300px|thumb|ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ
300px|thumb|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ
ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ :   ⵀⵉⵡⵍⵉⵔ : (Hewlêr) هه‌ولێر، ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ: ܐܪܒܝܠ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵖⵍⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ  . ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ  ⵙ   ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⵔⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 360 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵜⴱⵄⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙ 89 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵟⵔ ⵜⴱⵄⴷ ⵖⵉⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵍⴰⵢⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏⵉⴳ 112 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵟⵔ . ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴷ  ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ  ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⴷⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ  ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ  ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (13165) ⴽⵎ²  ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵓⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ  ⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵓⵥⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍⵡⴰⵡ (أربيلواو)  .

ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉ  ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ  ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ  ⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉ ⵃⴷⵢⴰⴱ، ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ  ⵜⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵟⵓⵔⵉⵜ). ⵏⵏⵓⵔⵥⵎⵏ  ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵟⵟⴰⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 32 ⴰⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉ، ⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ  ⵄⴰⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⵏ ⴼⵔⵇⴷ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ

220px|right|thumb|ⵉⵙⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
**ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ** (ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ: *Argania spinosa*, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ *Sideroxylon spinosum*, ⴷ *Argania sideroxylon*).
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⵏ *ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ* ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ  ⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵏⵉ. 

## ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ *ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ* ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵖⴰⵢ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵢ...

## ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

Image:Maroc_Essaouira_argane_oil_Luc_Viatour_1.JPG|ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
Image:Maroc_Essaouira_argane_oil_Luc_Viatour_2.JPG|ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
Image:Maroc_Essaouira_argane_oil_Luc_Viatour_3.JPG|ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
Image:Essaouira huile d'argane 1076.JPG| ⴰⴼⵢⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ 


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ

**ⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ** 

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴷ

thumb|ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴷ
**ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴷ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ 72 ⴽⵎ, ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 28 912 ⴳ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2024. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ 7 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
## ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ
 
ImageSize  = width:320 height:220
PlotArea   = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical 
AlignBars  = justify 
Colors =
  id:gray1 value:gray(0.9)
DateFormat = yyyy   
Period     = from:0 till:50000
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10000 start:0 gridcolor:gray1
PlotData =      
 bar:1994 color:red width:1 
   from:0 till:18563 width:25 text:18563 textcolor:black  fontsize:10px    
 bar:2004 color:yellow width:1 
   from:0 till:23637 width:25 text:23637 textcolor:black  fontsize:10px
 bar:2014 color:blue width:1 
   from:0 till:29263 width:25 text:29263 textcolor:black  fontsize:10px
   bar:2024 color:green width:1 
   from:0 till:28912 width:25 text:28912 textcolor:black  fontsize:10px

## ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵏ : 20,8%.
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ) : 19,5%.

## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵉ. ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ.
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ : 40,5%.
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 16,9%.
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ : 26,3%.
* ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ : 38,2%.
## ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ
* ⴱⴰⵕⵓⵅ ⴱⵓⵃⵚⵉⵕⴰ - ⴰⵃⴰⵅⴰⵎ.
* ⵛⵎⵄⵓⵏ ⵛⵜⵔⵉⵜ - ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵜⵉ  ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ.
## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Moroccan Desert 42.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Walking on the sand.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Cabins at the tifina campground, south of the town of Erfoud, Morocco.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Moroccan Desert 43.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Moroccan Desert 5.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Moroccan Desert 39.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Moroccan Desert 40.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Anti desertification sand fences south of the town of Erfoud, Morocco.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Near arfood.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Blecos erfoud maroc.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Scyphocrinites elegans Museum Grenoble 03082017.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Erfoud Tafilalt2.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Royal-Palace-Erfoud.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Erfoud Tafilalt1.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Erfoud-Sahara-Morocco.jpg

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ

220px|right|ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴳⵉ|thumb

**ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ** (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Archipel) ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ (ⴰⵔⵅⵉⴱⵉⵍⴰⴽⵓⵙ αρχιπέλαγος), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ

**ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ : Հայաստան ,Hayastan ), ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ **ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ:Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun) ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵣⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ ,ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⴼⴰⵏ(Yerevan) , ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵢⴰ, ⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵉⵢⴰ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008, ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3,238,000 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.

## ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ
ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ Հայաստան (ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏ) ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ Հայք (Hayk’) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ *ⵙⵜⴰⵏ* ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ

300px|thumb|right|link=|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ
**ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ  ، ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ. ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 36852 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2013 . ⵜⴰⴳⵡⴰⵏⵛⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ **ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ** ⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ .
ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵙ  33.01 ⵏ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ. 
*ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ​​ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ **ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ** ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⵊⴰⵔ 21.2 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⴷ 28° , ⴷ 18 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ. 
ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ، ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ 19° ⴷ 23° ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ . 

300px|thumb|right|link=|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ

*ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ 
ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ **ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ**  ، ⴳ  ⵜⵎⵏⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ  ⴳ ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵔⵓⴷⵔⵉⴳⵉⵣ  ، ⵙⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔ.  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ  ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵓⵔⵥⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ **ⴰⵔⵓⴽⴰⵙ** ⵊⴰⵔ  ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ  ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ ، ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ 09:00  ⴷ 2:00 ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ

**ⵔⵔⵉⴼ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ** ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵣⴷⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴳⵔ 3 ⴰⵔ 5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⵜⵉⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵔⵜⵉⵍ (Cape Spartel) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴱⴷⴰⵏⵏ (Ras Kebdana) ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⵉ (Meřwect) ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵥⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵖ: ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ, ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏ, ⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵉⵙⵜ, ⴰⵣⵖⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⵙⵕⵡⴰⵏ, ⵎⵉⴹⴰⵔ, ⵣⴰⵢⵢⵓ, ⴰⵄⴰⵔⵡⵉ, ⴷⴷⵔⵉⵡⵛ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓⵄⵢⵢⴰⵛ, ⵉⵎⵣⵓⵔⵏ, ⵍⵄⵔⴰⵢⵛ, ⴰⵊⴷⵉⵔ, ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ, ⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ, ⴷ ⵍⵊⴱⵀⴰ. ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ “Cordillera Bética” ⴷⵉ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵇⵇⵉⵏⵏ ⵛⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ. ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ “ⵊⴱⴰⵍⴰ” (ⵉⵊⴱⵍⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⴱⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ “ⵊⴱⴰⵍⴰ” ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ “ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ” ⵏⵉⵖ “ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ”, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵍⴱⴷⴰ “ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ” ⵎⴰⵛⵉ "ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ". ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴷⴰⵛⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ “ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ” (ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ), ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ.

thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
thumb |ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ
[thumb|ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏ]]
thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ.

## ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵉⵊ ⵏⵜⵙⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵣⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

## ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ
*ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ
*ⵎⵓⵃⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ

## ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵜⴱⴷ ⴷ 18 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1921 ⵓⵎⵉ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵅ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵊⴷⵉⵔ

## ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1911 ⴰⵔ 1926. ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵃⴽⴽⵎ ⵅⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵙⴱⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵍⵇⴰⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ (ⵏⵖ ⵎⵔⵉⵜⵛ) ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1921, ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ.
ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1893 ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴳⴰⵔⵍⵓ ⵅ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵓ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵍⵢⴰ.

## ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
* ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ
* ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ
* ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵔⴼⵔⵓⵄ
* ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ
* ⴱⵏⵏⵄⵎⴰⵏ
* ⵜⵡⴰⵜⵓⵏ
* ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴷⴰ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵎⵉⵢⴰ
* ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵉ
* ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵅ ⵎⵓⵃⵏⴷ
* ⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼⵉ
* ⵉⵎⵟⵍⴰⵄ
* ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵔⵡⴰⵍⵉ
* ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵙ

[thumb|Acfa g [ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ]]
**ⴰⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵙ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵛⴼⴰ** (ⵙⴳ שוא *schwa*, lexwa ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵖⵔⵎⵉ

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵖⵔⵎⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ. ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ:

**ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ]]**
* **[[ⴰⵖⵔⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼ]]** ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼ.
**ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]**
* ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ, *ⴰⵖⵔⵎⵉ*' ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

thumb|300px|ⴰⴳⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
[thumb|300px|ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1820]]
**ⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⴽⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⴳⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⴱⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ** (*Atlantoxerus getulus*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ *ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵓⵣⵉⴽⵙ* ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ.
*ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⴼⵜ (ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ) ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵔ 25 cm  ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵖⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ 15 ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵔ 20 ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ  ⵊⴰⵔ 200 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⴷ 300 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ.
ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵓⴱⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵙⴳ 6 ⴰⵔ 7 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ : ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵖ, ⵍⴱⴰⵣ, ⵓⵛⵛⵏ, ⵉⴳⵉⴷⵔ, ⴰⵀⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ, ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ.

ⴰⵏⵥⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔ  ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⵡⵉⵔⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓⵔⴰ" ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ.

### ⵉⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ
* **([[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]])** ''Atlantoxerus'', en Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (editors). 2005. *Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed). Visto el 31 de enero de 2011.
* **([[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]])** ''Atlantoxerus getulus'', en Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (editors). 2005. *Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference* (3rd ed).

 
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵓ

ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵓ (ⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ: Arafo) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ  ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ . ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2011 ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ 5.5 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ

thumb|ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ|link=
**ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⵔⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵙⵏⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵏⵓ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⵓⵏⵜ.

## ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴳⴳ ⴰⵔⵔ ⴳ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⴰⴼⵜ, ⵏⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⴰⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵜⵏ. ⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵉⴷⴼⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵇⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵡⵓ, ⵏⴽⴽⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⴷ. 

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ

**ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ** (ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ: ⴰⵍⵅⵓⴱⵣ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⴼⵉ الخبز الحافي ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1973. ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴱⵓⵜⵏ (tabous) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵉⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⴼⵜ.

=ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ=	
ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵓⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⴰⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⵡⵍⵙ ⴳ 1973 ⴳ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⵓⵡⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ 1980 ⴳ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴱⵉⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⴰⵀⵔ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⴰⵔ 1982, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ 1983 ⴰⵔ 2000.

=ⵜⴰⴳⴹⵡⵉⵜ=	
ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ. ⵢⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵓⴳ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵙ ⵖⴼ ⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵊⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵉⴹⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⴹ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵅⵓⵍⴹ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵉⴹⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ (sexuel), ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖ (viol) ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⴰⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴷⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1930 ⴰⵔ 1950, ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵙⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵅⵓⵎⴱⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ, ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ. ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⵎⵎⵢ ⴰⵔ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ.

=ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ=
ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ, ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵀⵔ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ, ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵢⵍ, collection Points, 1980.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵃ

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**ⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ  ⵏ ⵏⵓⵃ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵓⵃ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ  ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ  ⵙⴳ ⵟⵟⵓⴼⴰⵏ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵀⵔⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ،  ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ (40) ⵏ  ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵓⵃ ⵙ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵓⴽⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ ، ⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴰⴼⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ، ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ  ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ  ، ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵢⵀⵍⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵎⵓⴼⵙⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ  ⵍⵇⴰⵡⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵟⵟⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ . 
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ

**ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵖⵢⵢⵓⵍ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵎⴽⵜⴰⵔ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴰⴼⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳⵔ 5000-7000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵥⵥⵓ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵓⴳⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵥⵥⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴰⵖ.

ⴰⵡⵜⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ, ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵙ, ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵛⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵏ.
[thumb|284x284px|ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ [ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱ]]

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ 12000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ 6000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ  ⵓⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⵓⴱⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵎⴰⵍⵉ.

ⴳ ⵓⴳⵊⵊⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴷⵏ, ⴰⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ : ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵢⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵓⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

ⴳ 2006 ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 41 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⴷⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ 11 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵓⴼⵔ

**ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵓⴼⵔ** (ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Musée du Louvre) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ  ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ، ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵓⴼⵔ ⴰⵎⵚⵔⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵎⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ، ⵍⵍⵓⴼⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵜ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ **1190**

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ

**ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *Sunday*) ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ, ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ.

## ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ
## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ
## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ