ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ

**ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵓⵉⵍⵍⴰ** ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ: **ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴳⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵏⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴱⴰⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎE ⴰⵇⴱⵍⵉ.

## ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ  ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ. ⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵃⵃⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ "Veneziola" ⵏⵖ "ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ". ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ *Veneziola* ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ *Venezuela*.

ⵉⴽⴼⴰ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⴷⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, *[[:en:Suma de Geographia|Summa de geografía]]*, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ *Veneciuela*. ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "Venezuela" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ, ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (*Estado de Venezuela*) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳⵔ 1830 ⴷ 1856, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (*República de Venezuela*) ⴳⵔ 1856 ⴷ 1864, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (Estados Unidos de Venezuela) ⴳⵔ 1864 ⴷ 1953, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ 1953 ⴰⵔ 1999.
## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
### ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ
ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ. ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ 15,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰ-ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰ, ⵎⵓⵡⴰⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵡⵏⴰ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⴰⵔ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ-ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵥⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵀⵓⵜ.  

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓ-ⴽⵡⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵃⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ.  

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 15, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵢⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵔⴰⵡⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ. ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ *caciques*.

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵉⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵕⴰ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 1498, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ. ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ.

### ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ
ⵉⵣⵍⵎ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 1498, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ. ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵙⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵅⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵓⵛⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ "Venezuela" ("ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ") ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ.

ⴳ 1522, ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⵔⵓ (1527), ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ (1529) ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵙ (1567). ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵛⵛⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ.  

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵛⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16 ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ. ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴱⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⵉⵛⵛⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⵓ) ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ "ⴼⵉⵙⵍⵔ" ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴽ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵍⴰⵢⵏ-ⴼⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴳ ("ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ"), ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⴹⵓⵕⴰⴹⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ.  

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 17 ⴷ 18, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ. ⴳ 1777, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵜ, ⵜⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴽⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.  
### ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ

ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵀⵔⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵏⵣⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴳ 1808, ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ.

ⴳ 1810, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⴷ VVI, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴳ 5 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ, 1881. ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴳ 1812 ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ.  

ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ (ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⴽⴰⵕⴽⴰⵙ ⴳ 1813, ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ. ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵃⵉⵢⵢⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵊⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ.  

ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1816 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵀⴰⵢⵜⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵏ. ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵛⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵎⵏⵏ. ⴳ 1819, ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴱⵎⵢⴰ, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.  

ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴱⵓⴱⵓ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ, 1821, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⵡⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵡⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ 1823.

ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ.  

### ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵍⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. 

ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵅⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵢⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵔⵓ (llanero cavalry), ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ, ⵙⵎⵢⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴳ 1826, ⵉⵏⴷⵀ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "la cosiata" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ.  

ⴳ 1830, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵅⴼ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵍ, ⵜⵎⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ: ⴰⴳⵏⴼⵉ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ.  

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ "caullidos" ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ. 

ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴳ 1854, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ.  

ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍ (1859-1863) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ.  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.  

### ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ
ⴳ 1870, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⵓⵟⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⴰⵍⵜ". ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵙⵉⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵢⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ, ⵜⵡⴷⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ.

ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.  

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1887, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ Caudillo. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1890, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵅⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1898 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ. 

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ. ⴳ 1902, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴹⵃⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵏ.  

ⵉⵔⵡⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 1899, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.

### ⵜⵉⴷⴽⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣⵉⵏ (1889-1935)

ⴳ 1899, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ. ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⵀⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ 1902-1903 ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. 

ⵓⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵡⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉ. ⴳ 1908, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵕⵓ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎ, ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1935.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵏⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵣⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ.  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴽⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵉⵍ (Shell) ⴷ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⵍ (Standard Oil), ⴱⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1920.   

ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ. ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⴽⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴳ 1935 ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ.   

### ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ (1935-1958)

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴳ 1935, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵢⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ. ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ.  

ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ "ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ" ⴳ 1936 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵍⵏ (modéré), ⵙⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⵏⴰ.  

ⴳ 1941, ⵉⵅⵍⴼ ⵉⵣⵢⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⵎⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴽⴼⵍ. ⵜⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ Acción Democrática (AD), ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴼⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.  

ⴳ 1945, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ 1947, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳⵓⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1948, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⴰⵍⴷⵓ ⵛⴰⵍⴱⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ, ⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵡⵜ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.  

ⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ, ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵏⵍⴼⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ, ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ 23 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 1958, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴼ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ.
## ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ (1958-1998)
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴳ 1985, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵏⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ Acción Democrática (AD). 

ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴹⵎⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, AD, COPEI (ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵏ) ⴷ URD (ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ), ⵙⵏⵉⵏ "Pacto de Puntofijo" ⴳ 1958, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⴼⵅ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ. ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ.  

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1960 ⴷ 1970, ⵜⴼⵍⵥ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ 1975, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ 1976, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ, ⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.  

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⵙⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1980, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⵣⴰⴳ (ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ. 

ⴳ 1989, ⵉⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⴰⵕⵍⵓⵚ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⵃⵕⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵚⵚⴰ , ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "Caracazo", ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⴷⵙ. ⵜⴼⴹⵃ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵇ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.  

ⵜⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ 1992 ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ-200. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ, ⵉⵔⴱⵃ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵥⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴳ 1994, ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.  

### ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ (1999-ⴷⵖⵉ)
ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1998, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴳ 1999, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ "ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ", ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴼⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ. ⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ, ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ.

ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵣⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵍ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ALBA" (Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America). ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵅⵙⵔ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ, ⵉⵙⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ.  

ⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙ 30 ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ CLAP ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010, ⵉⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵃⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ, ⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵡⵏ. ⵉⴽⵯⵎⵎⵛ GDP ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 70% ⴳⵔ 2014 ⴷ 2021 — ⵉⴳ ⵓⴽⵯⵡⵎⵎⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.  

ⵣⴳ 2019, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⴰⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⵡⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏⵜ, ⵜⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 60% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ.  

### ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ
ⵜⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ.  

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ PDVSA, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ 1976, ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 1999, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ PDVSA ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵏ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ.  

ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3.5 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ 1998 ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 700,000 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ 2020, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ. ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ 2019 ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ PDVSA ⵖⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ  CITGO.  

ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ "barter" ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴹⵕⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ 2023 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 850,000 ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.  

ⵜⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.  
## ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ