ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ

**ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ: Albert Einstein) (14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879 – 18 ⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1955) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⵉⴼⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ), ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ" ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1921 ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ (ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ) ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ (Photoelectric)",  ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (E=mc²), ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜ/ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ "ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ (ⴰⵏⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ) ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (1902-1909) ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ "ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ", ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1915, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ (ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ) ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴽⵓⴷ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1895, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⴳ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (1895-1914) ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1900. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ 1901, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1905 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ "ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ") ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ ⴳⵔ 1912 ⴷ 1914 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1933, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ 1940. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵏⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵖⵥⵏ/ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵖⴹⴼ ⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ", ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ "ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ". ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ/ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⴽⴽⵉ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵔⵉⴳ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵖⴼ "ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵙⵍ-ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ" ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⴰⵙⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵟⵓⵏ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵣⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1955.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
**ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ**
thumb|left|254x254px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵯⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ(1882)
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍⵎ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵅ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⴽⵉⵏⴰⵣⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ, ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵅ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1880 ⵖⵔ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ/ⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie" ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ.

ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ Luitpold-Gymnasium (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ Albert-Einstein-Gymnasium) ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1894, ⵜⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⵓⴱⴷⴰⵏ (DC) ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ (AC) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ. ⵎⵣⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ; ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵓ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⵢⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ Luitpold Gymnasium. ⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵙⵙⵓ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1894, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⴰⴱⵢⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ: «ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵉⵔ (éther) ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ».

ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 12 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 12 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ 12 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵎⴰⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ: «ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ... ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴹⴼⵕⵖ.» ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵥⵓ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ." ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ  ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ/ⴰⵏⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 12 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 14 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ "ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷ."

ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ), ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ "ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ", ⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ: "ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ - ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵏ - ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵜ."

ⴳ 1895, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 16 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ (ETH), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⵓⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⵓⴼⵢⴰⵏ (ⴳⵎⵏⴰⵣⵢⵓⵎ) ⴳ ⴰⵔⴰⵡ-ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1895 ⴷ 1896 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜ ⵡⵉⵏⵜⵍⵔ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ. (ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵡⵍ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵜⵍⵔ). ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1896, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. ⴳ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1896, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵜⵍⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳ-ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ.

## ⵉⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
thumb|left|ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ 1912.
ⵣⵓⵣⵣⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ - ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1987 - ⵜⵎⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵀⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵅⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵍⵉⵙⵉⵔⵍ", ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 1902 ⴳ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⵙⴰⴷ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵢⴼⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ) ⵖⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1903 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵅⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵡⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1903. ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1904, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵔⵏ-ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ. ⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1910. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1914, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ 14 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1919.
ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ ⴳ 1919, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ 1912. ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 1933. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵣ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ ⴳ 1935, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1936.
thumb|200x200px|ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ ⴳ 1921.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵣⴰ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵏⴽⵓⴼⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵇⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ "ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵏⴽⵓⴼ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ).

## ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴳ 1900, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1901, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍ ⴳⵔⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ - ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ/ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ
ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵥ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 9 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1930.thumb|left|254x254px|ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 1904(25 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ).ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵅⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵅⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙ, ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⴰⵏⵏ? ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉⴷⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵔⵏ(ⴷⵄⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ. ⵓⵍⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵏⴳⴰⵔ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ.

ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵉⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⵔⴰⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣ, ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ, ⵜⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵍⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴹⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴱⵔⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏⵏ. ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ (ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ). ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵀⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵎⵓⵕⴼⵉⴽⵜ (anthropomorphique) ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⵏ. ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵎⵓⵕⴼⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ. ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵀⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵕ, ⵡⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵀⵕⵟⵉⵇⵏ (hérétiques) ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵓⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵏⴰⴼ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴼⵕⵓⵏⵚⵡⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ? ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ, ⴳⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵙⵙⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵡⵣⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
thumb|248x248px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 1950.
ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ, ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵅⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵅⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ; ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵎⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵅ ⵢⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ. ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵣⴰⵏ! ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ! ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⴽⵓⵒⵍⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ. ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴽⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵀⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⴰ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 17 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1955, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵖⵥⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵉⵡⵏ (Abdominal aortic blood vessels). ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ: «ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵓⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵉⵖ. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵎⵍⵥⵉⵏ. ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵖ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ(ⵏⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵖ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ); ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵖ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵥⴰ.» ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵍⵉⵏⵙⴱⵓⵔⵓ, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 76 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵔⴼⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵇⵇⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⵏⵜⵓⵏ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ.

## ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ
thumb|249x249px|ⴰⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1920.
ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ 150 ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ 5 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2014, ⵍⴰⵖⴰⵏⵜ/ⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ «ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ», ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30000 ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ «ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ/ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵏ». ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣ-ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ:

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ (ⵎ) ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ (ⴻ), ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ, ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ.
thumb|172x172px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴱⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.
• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ: ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1905, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴼⴰ (ⵣⵣⵔⴱ), ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴳⴰⴱⴱⵓ (ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵡⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵏⵥ (ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴼⴰ) ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵖⵥⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.

• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1915, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ/ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴽⵓⴷ.

ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ , ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴽⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ/ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴹⴰⵎⵉⵏ.

## ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
**ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ****, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏ:**

* ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ: ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ.

* ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ (ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ).
* ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴰⵅ?
* ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ.
* ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵖ?

## ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
thumb|268x268px|ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵣⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ.
**ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ**

* ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵍⴰⵍⴰⵎ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣⴷ.
* ⴰⵅⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵇⵇⵍⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ, ⴳ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⵍⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ.
* ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.
* ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵖ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴼ.
* ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ.
* ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔ.
* ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴼⵊⵊⵉⵊⵏ, ⴽⵔⴼⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ.
* ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵓⴽⵣ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
* ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ
* ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ
* ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ
* ⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ