ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ

**ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Isaac Newton) (25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1642 – 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵡⵏⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ/ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ (Trinity College) ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ «ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ/ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ» (Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1687, ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ (Optique).

## ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1642 ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏⵛⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ/ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵏⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⵙⴽⵓⴼ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵓⵏⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⵎ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵜⵀⴰⵎ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵢⵡⵏⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ" ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵍ/ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ (ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⴽⴷⴰ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⴱⵏⵉⵜⵣ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴷ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵙⴰⵢ/ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ/ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯ/ⵓⴳⵓⴳⵥⵕ (ⴰⴳⵓⴳⵏⴰⵢ) ⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⴼ/ⵓⵄⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴽⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ «ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ».

## ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ
ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ «ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ/ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1687. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ/ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵡⴰⵃⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ/ⵜⵎⵙⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ (comètes), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ. ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1696, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙ/ⵓⵇⵊⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ/ⵜⴹⴼⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ. ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ/ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ "ⴰⵏ" ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵙⵙⵉⵔ" ⴳ 1705, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ.

## ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵖⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴳⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ (ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵓⵎⵜ. ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ/ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵜⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴰⵎⵙⵓ/ⵓⵏⵏⵖⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ (ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ), ⵜⵉⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴹⵚⵚⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ
thumb|230x230px|ⴰⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⴳ 20 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1727, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵊ, ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ/ⵜⵉⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴼⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵡⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ. ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ
ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴹⵕ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉ", ⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ «ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ» ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⵙⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1726:
thumb|327x327px|ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1712
« ... ⵏⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: "ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ?" ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: "ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ? ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ, ⵏⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ;.. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ."» 

## ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

* ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ (1671)
* ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ: ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ (ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ 1671-1675)
* ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ (1684)
* ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ (1687)
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ (1704)
* ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ (1707)
* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ 1728 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ)
* ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ**/**ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⵏⵏⴰ (1733)
* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ (1754)

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ
* ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ
* ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ