ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

thumb|ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵜⴳⴰ **ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ** ⵏⵖ **ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ** (ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ **ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵏ**) ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ. ⵜⴰⴳⴰ 580 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ, 327 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ, 239 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ (ⴹⴹⴰⵕⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ, 246 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.

ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1062, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵄⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵯⵕⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1123-1122, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ, ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴹⴷⵀⴱⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴷⵉ (1578), ⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵅⵅⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ. ⵥⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵏⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1912 ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵥⵣⵀⵕⴰ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 20 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 18 ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵣⵖ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ). ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ (ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵜ) ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵢⵓⵚⴽⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ (ⵜⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎⵜ) ⵉⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ (ⴰⵙⴱⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ, ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵡⴽⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ) ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵕⵎⵉⵍⴰ 2.

## ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ,[3]ⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ‘ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ’ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ‘ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ)[4]. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: وطن الله. ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ‘ⵙⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ’, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ‘ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ’ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: بلد أبناء أكوش. ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ‘ⴰⵎⵓⵔ’ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵔⵏⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ‘ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ’, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ‘ⴰⵎⵓⵔ’ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ‘ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ’ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ(ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ(ⵎⴰⵕⵕⵉⵢⴽⵓⵙ) ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ (ⵎⵓⵕⵕⵓⴽⵓ).

ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ «ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ». ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵔⴱⵉ. ⵙⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ «ⵎⴰⵕⵓⴽ», ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ «ⵎⴰⵕⵕⵓⴽⵓⵙ», ⵉⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ «ⵎⴰⵕⵕⵓⴽⵓⵙ», ⵏⴳⴰⵍⵣⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ «ⵎⵓⵕⵕⵓⴽⵓ», ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ «ⵎⴰⵕⵕⵓⴽⵓ». ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ «ⴼⴰⵙ», ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ «ⵎⵓⵕⵕⴰⴽⵓⵛ».

ⵥⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ (ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ), ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ‘ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ’, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1062, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵄⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ (1106-11061). ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ, ⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵯⵕⴰⵏ), ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ.

thumbnail|ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ. ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵇⵕⵟⵓⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ (ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ, ⵜⴷⴷⵣ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵯⵔⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ[4] ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1147, ⴳⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴳⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ. ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ (ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ) ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1269 ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴹⴹⵕ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1551 ⵜⵙⵙⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ (1659-1589). ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ.

ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ. ⴳ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⵊⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ
thumb|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ 580 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ, ⴷ 327 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴷ 239 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ), ⴷ 196 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ, 177 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ (ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ), ⴷ 246 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ. ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵜⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⴷⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵡⵛ (ⴷⵢⵓⵕ ⵍⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵄⴱⴱⴰⴷ ( ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⴱⴱⴰⴷ) ⴷ ⵙⵙⵇⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵛⵉⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ (ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ), ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵊⴰ, ⴼ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ. ⴼ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴱ2017 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵡⴰⵕ ⵍⵀⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵊⴰⵏⴰ, ⵍⴽⵡⴰⵙⵎ, ⴷ ⵍⴰⵀⵉⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰⵜ. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵍ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵊⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵊⵓⵕⴰⵙⵉ. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ 30 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵙⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ (ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⵡⵓⵣ) ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ (ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ:

"ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ 15 ⵏⵉⵖ 20 ⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵜ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⵛⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵣⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵅⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ."
thumb|ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴼ  ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴳⴰ 130000 ⵏ ⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 180000 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵏⴰⴳⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⴽⵙⵏ. ⴼ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵕⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ. ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵛⴽⵎⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵢⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵔⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵖⵏⴰⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵀⵓ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ.

## ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ
ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵕⵡⴰⵚⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵉⵔⵖ, ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵡⴰⵚⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ 28-29 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴷ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵛⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵕⵡⴰⵚⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵎⵕⵡⴰⵚⵓ. ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ[5] ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ:

## ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ
ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ 928.850 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ 843.575 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ 217.245 ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ 173603 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004.

## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴹ
ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵉⵢⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵣⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 20 ⵉⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⴹⴰ ‘ⵉⴼ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏ’ ⴷ ‘ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⴳⵓⵜⵜⵉ’.

ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ 15 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005 ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵍⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵙⵜ ‘ⵍⵓⴱⴰⵏ’ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ.

### ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ) ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ‘ⴱⵓⵍ ⵙⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵏ’ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵔⵏ :( ⴰⵇⵚⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵎⵏⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵢⵓⵚⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ.)   ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵛⵛⴽⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.

### ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ
**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵕⵏ**: ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵕⵏ), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ, ⵚⵚⵏⴰⴹⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵃ**: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵃ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵢⵓⵚⴽⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵃⵕⵕⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵀⵔⵉⵙⵜ), ⵍⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵢⵢⴰⵕⵏ, ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⵇⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ.

**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵛⴰⵛⴰ**: ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⴼⴰⴽⵉⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵓⵣ, ⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵊⵓ, ⴷ ⵍⵎⵛⵎⴰⵛ.

**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵃⴱⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ**: ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⵕⴰⴱⵛ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵥⴰⵕⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵙⵉⵏⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵡⴰⵏⴰ.

ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵍ (ⵍⴱⴰⴱⴱⵓⵛ) ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵕⵕⴰⵟⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵄⴰⵔⴼ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ (ⵍⴼⵏⴰⵕ).

ⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ.

### ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵓⵜⵏ
thumb|ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵛⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵣⵖ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ. ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ (ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ), ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵃⴹⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ. ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵕ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵉⵏ.
thumb|ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴹⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵣⵖ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵖ ⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵎⴰⵖ ⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵏⵜⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ. ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ(ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ) ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ (ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ), ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ (ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ), ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ (1912-1956), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵢⴰⴹⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 132 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ1972, ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ 96 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010.
thumb|ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ (ⵍⵅⴰⵏ)
ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ.

‘ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ’, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ 5 ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ (ⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴽⵓ), ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1925 ⵖ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ‘ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵜ’ ⴷ ‘ⴰⵏⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵉⵥⵢⵓ’, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ. ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵛⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽ ⵊⴰⴳⵕ. ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵜⵛⵔⵛⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵕⵛⵛⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ. ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 231 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴽⴰⵥⵉⵏⵓ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1986, ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵎⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴳⴰⵕⵙⵉⵢⴰ.

ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵄⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴷ ⵙⵓⴼⵉⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵔⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⵕⴰⵊ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020 ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵜⴰⵏⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵕⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2012, ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⴽⵓⵕ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵙⴱⴰ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵉⵕⴰⵢ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵕ ⵖ ⵍⴰ ⴱⵉⵍⵎⵉⵕⵉ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ 252 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⴷ 16 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 535 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ.

### ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ
ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵕⵢⴰⴹⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ…(ⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ).

### ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ (ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ) ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵣ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⵊⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵟⵕⵕⴰⵥⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵔⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵡⴰⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
thumb|ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⴱⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ
ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ.

### ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ
thumb|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵣⵖ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵃⵡⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⵓⵍⵍ ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001.

#### ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⴱ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ
ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ (1071-1070), ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ‘ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ’ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵥⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴳⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵜⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.

#### ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ.
thumb|ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ‘ⵍⴼⵏⴰ’ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (الدمار- الخراب), ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⵅⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ‘ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ’ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⴱⵓⴽⵜⵉ (1655-1596) ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵄⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴰⴷⵀⴱⵉ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: ‘ⵉⵡⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵉⴱⵏⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵏⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ‘ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ’ ‘ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴱⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏ, 1898, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ 205’. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⵅⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ.

#### ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ
thumb|ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵜⵜⵃⵓⵛⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵃⵏⵏⴰ.

ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ:
thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵏⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ‘ⵓⵄⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉ’ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎ3 ⵍⴼⵏⴰ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ‘ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ’. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵎⵍⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ (ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001 ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ. ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵔ ⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜ. ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003 ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴳ 2006. ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⵍ. ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ.

#### ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ


ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Detail of the architecture in Marrakesh, Morroco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴹⴰⵜ ⵏ ‘ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ’ ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in the night, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Detail from the terrace in Marrakesh, Morroco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Roof terrace of Riad Jnane Mogador Hotel. - Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Snake breeder (aisaoui), Djemaa El Fna square, Morocco, Marrakech.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵍⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵄⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Marrakech Bombing Site Late in the Day.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ, ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Djemaa el Fna 1.JPG|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.



### ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ: ⵍⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵕ, ⵍⵎⵚⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵕⵍ ⴷⵓ ⴼⵓⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ 16 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵎⵍ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ.

### ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ
thumb|ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵃⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ) ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ‘ⴱⵓⵍ ⵙⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵏ’ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵔⵏ :( ⴰⵇⵚⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵎⵏⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵢⵓⵚⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ.)  

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵛⵛⴽⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.

#### ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ:
**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵕⵏ**: ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵕⵏ), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ, ⵚⵚⵏⴰⴹⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ.

**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵃ**: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵃ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵢⵓⵚⴽⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵃⵕⵕⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵀⵔⵉⵙⵜ), ⵍⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵢⵢⴰⵕⵏ, ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⵇⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ.

**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵛⴰⵛⴰ**: ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⴼⴰⴽⵉⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵓⵣ, ⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵊⵓ, ⴷ ⵍⵎⵛⵎⴰⵛ.

**ⴰⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵃⴱⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ**: ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⵕⴰⴱⵛ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵥⴰⵕⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵙⵉⵏⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵡⴰⵏⴰ.

ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵍ (ⵍⴱⴰⴱⴱⵓⵛ) ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵕⵕⴰⵟⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵄⴰⵔⴼ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ (ⵍⴼⵏⴰⵕ).

ⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ.

### ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ
thumb|ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵏ 19 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵛⵉⵕ ⵉⵖⵓⵙⵏ, ⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ( ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ), ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ 5,8 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ 20 ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⴷ 200 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵔⵊⵜ ⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴼ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ‘ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ’ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ (ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⴷⵉⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ (ⵣⵕ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ).

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ‘ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ’.

ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵕⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. 

### ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ

* **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ**: ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵣⵜ ⵉ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ. ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴼⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ. ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵔⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ.[14]thumbnail|ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ

* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵎ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ** - 
* **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ**: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵣ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ.
* **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ**: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵎ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⵓⴷⵎ.
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ**: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ, ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ.
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵇⴱ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵔⵔⵃⴰ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ**
* **- ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵟⴱⵔⵔⵉⵎⵜ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵓⵜ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵣⵏ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵜⵓⵃ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴼⵓⵍⵓⵟⵉ**
* **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵍⵉ**
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ**: ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ.
* - **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴷⴱⴰⵖ**: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ, ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ.
* **ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵕⵚⵜ**

### ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ

#### ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵕⵜ
thumb|ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ (ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵜ)
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵛⵓⵛⵛⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 12.
thumb|ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵕⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 3 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ 510 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵕⵡⴰⵚⵓ.

#### ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ
thumb|ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵖ ⴳⵉⵍⵉⵣ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ (ⵊⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ) ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1924. ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1937 ⵉⴹⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1967.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ (ⵉⴼ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏ) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ( ⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉ) ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947. 

#### ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ
thumb|ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵛⵎⴰⵛ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵯⴽⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ. ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⴳⵉ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⴳⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⵡⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵏⴼ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ. 

#### ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵕ, ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵎⴰⵢ 2022 ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⵓⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ.

#### ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ. ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴱⵍⵍⴰⵔⵊ. ⴷ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵎⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ. 

## ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵢⴰⴹⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ. ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵣⵖ ⵕⵢⴰⴹⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ : ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ, ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ ⴰⵏⴽⵓⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵙ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉⵔ, ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵍⵉ ⴱⵓⴳⴰⵏⴼⵉⵍⵢⵉⵀ, ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵏⴷⵓⴽ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ (ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ), ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵓ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏⵓ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵖ, ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵏⴰ, ⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵀⴰ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵃⵍⴰⵎ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵏⴷ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵟⵉⴷⴰ.

### ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ, ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: *Palais de la Bahia*) ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵍ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴳ 21 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1924, ⵉⴼⵔⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴹⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵓⴷ 4 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1922, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ[17].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ. ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ.

ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900 ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.

#### ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ; ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ.

#### ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1906, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ, ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ, ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵎⵇⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1912. ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵍⵢⵓⵟⵉ, ⴳⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵓⵡⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 22 ⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ (ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ), ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ (ⵄⵕⵚⵜ ⵍⵎⵄⴰⵛ).

#### ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ
ⵥⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ[18].

ⵉⴳ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵣⵖ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵣⵖ ⴰ ⵙⴼⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ‘ⵍⵢⵓⵟⵉ’ ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵜ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⵎⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ, ⵜⴳ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ 52 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⵎⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵣⴳⵣⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⵜⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1899.

ⵥⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⴷⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵏ, ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ‘ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ’, ⵖ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴼ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ.

ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ‘ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ’, ⵉⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵇⵚⵕⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ.

ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ‘ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ’ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ‘ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵉ’.

#### ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1922 ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ.

#### ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ‘ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴽⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉ’, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ (ⴰⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ‘ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ’ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⴱ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ‘ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉ’, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ, ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1886, ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 60 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ[19].

ⵉⴳ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ‘ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ’, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ.
#### ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ


ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Fountain in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|alt=tala n waman n  usarag n iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk|ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Picture of the stunning architecture, central part of the fountain in the Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|alt=tawlaft n usarag n g tlla tala g iɣrm n lbahya g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk, isulf tt « dragan cestic »|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵜⵜ « ⴷⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵛⵙⵜⵉⵛ »
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Interior door of the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Picture Fountain in front of the door of the Bahia Palace taken from the inside in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The beauty of traditional Moroccan architecture. Creativity in decoration and mosaic. Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.



### ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ
thumb|ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ
ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵀⴱⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1578, ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ.
thumb|ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ (ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵕ), ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵀⵏⴷ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴷⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ. ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ.
thumb|ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴱⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⴹⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 90 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 20 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⴹⴼⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⴼⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵕⵕⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⵅⵅⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1696 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ.

### ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ
thumb|ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ. ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵛⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ(ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ) ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1130. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵕⵛⵉⵎⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ.

ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⴰ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵇⵯⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴹⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

### ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵟⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ)
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵣⵖ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ. ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ (grand concourse – repro victorian) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ.

### ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵀⵉ (ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⵍⵉ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵙⵜ.

### ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵓⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ

#### ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵓⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ
thumb|ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ
ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵕⵥⵎ ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵯⵎⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⴷ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵏⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⵣⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ( ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵊⵉⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵍⵉⵃⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ). ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴼ ‘’ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵡⴰⵔⵉⵜ’’ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ.

### ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ

thumbnail|ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵔⴷⴰⵡⵙ (ⵍⵊⵏⵜ) ⴳ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵣⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ.

ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ

### ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 244 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ :

### ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ

#### ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: جامع الكتبية المراكشي ) ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ).[21]thumbnail|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹ

ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ (ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ).

ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ. ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ (ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⵎⵎⵉ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1147, ⴼ ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1158, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵍⵅⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵔⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⵉⴷⵍ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜ ⵍⵇⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ (ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ.[2]

ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (الحلل الموشية في ذكر الأخبار المراكشية): ‘’ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵅⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ (ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ).[22]

### ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 5300 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⴷ 11 ⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵍⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ. ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵕⵜⵓⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 12 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵙ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1150.[23]

### ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⵎⵎⵉ (1130-1163) ⵉⴽⵎⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ (1199-1184). ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ - ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵯⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ(ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ). ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ(ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ) ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⵎⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵥⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ.

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⴷ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵓⵕ, ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴱⴱⴰⵚⵜ. ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴰⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵕⵕⴰⵊⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ(ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ).

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴳⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵓⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵎⵉ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ(ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴼⵉⵜ).

ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵀⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ.[24]

ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵕⵜⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ (1571-1562) ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏⴰ.[25]

### ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ
ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (الكتبيين) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ.

ⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1147. ⵓⵔ ⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ(ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ) ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ(ⵉⵀⵔⵜⵉⵇⵏ). ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ - ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵔⵅⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ , ⵍⵇⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 10 ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ.

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ (1130-1163). ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1158, ⵥⵥⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1162-1190-1199. ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴼⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉⵜ.

### ⴰⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ
ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.

### ⵥⵖ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 80 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ, ⴷ 60 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ. ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ(ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ). ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵎⵎⵏⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ.

ⴰⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵣⵉ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴽⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵏ.

ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ 45 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴹⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴼ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵏⵓⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⴱⴷ ⴳⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ‘ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ’. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⴼⵇⵉⵀ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵍⵎⵇⵙⵓⵔⵜ.[26]

### ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ)
ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ. ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ, ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴼ (ⵉⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ الاسطوان ) ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏ (ⵉⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.. ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ (ⵉⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ اسطوان ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⴳ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵙⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.

ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷⴱⴱⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ - ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ… ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ - ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⵥ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ - ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⵜ.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ… ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ.

### ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ
ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⵛⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ, ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ.

### ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ
ⴳ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⴷⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵣⵖ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵅⴼⵡⴰⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵥⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵇⵚⵔⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ.

ⵉⴼⵕⴹⴰⵚ ⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ. ⴷ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵯⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ. ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵇⵙⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ.[27]

### ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵔ. ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵚⵚⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⴹⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵃⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ, ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵚⵚⴰⵔⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ 77 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙ 8 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⵉ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ 12.8 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ 29 ⵏ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ. ⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⴹⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵜ). ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵍⵎⵓⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵥⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵇⵯⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵯⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖ, ⵎⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵕⵥⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ.

ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵀⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵍⵎⵓⴷⴷⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ. ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ.[28]

### ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ


ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in the night, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵏ.



### ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵜⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵅⵅⵓⵔⴱⵓ ⵜⵜ. ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵜⵜ ⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ. ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1919 ⵏⵉⵖ 1920. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⴼ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵄⴱⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⴱ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ. ⵜⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵏⵍⵍⴰ.thumbnail|ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

### ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ. ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵛⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ (ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ) ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1130. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵕⵛⵉⵎⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ.

ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⴰ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵇⵯⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴹⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

### ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ
thumbnail|ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ
ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴷⵉⵄ. ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵓⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⵉ ⵍⵅⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵕⵓⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ.

### ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ
ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ) ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⴱ ⵏⴳⵔ 1562-1563 ⴷ 1572-1573. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵣⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ, ⵜⵕⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.

ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ.

### ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
thumbnail|ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ : ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ, ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⴰ, ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ, ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵓⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵇⵚⵓⵕ, ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⵣⵡⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵡⴰⵚⵓⵜ.

### ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ
thumbnail|ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ (ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ) ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.

ⵜⵥⵉⵍ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ : (ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ) ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ (ⵛⵀⵓⵔⵛⵀ ⵓⴼ ⵜⵀ ⵀⵓⵍⵢ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵢⵔⵙ), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ.[29]

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵖ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928, ⵜⵥⵉⵍ ⵜⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1929. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵍⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵔⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.[30]

ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴱⵔⵔⴰⴽ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵥⵥⴰⵍⵍⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.[31]

#### ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ


ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Paintings,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ  (**ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ**) ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Altar of the Roman Catholic curch during the Christmas holidays, - Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ (**ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ**) ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Christmas altar - Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech - Morroco.jpg|ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ (**ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ**), ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The interior of the Roman Catholic church,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ (**ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ**) ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.



### ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵄⵣⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵎ (ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ) ⵖ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵎⵓⴷ (ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵕⴰⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ. ⴳⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵕⴰ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ, ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵜⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵃⴰⵙ.

## ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ

### ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ
thumbnail|ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ. ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ1917 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ. ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 60 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴰⴷⵀⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵎⴹⴰⵍ thumbnail|ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ
ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1590 ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⴱ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴰⴷⵀⴱⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵚⴰⵢⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵕⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍ. ⴰⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵔⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵔⴰⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴳⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏⴼ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

### ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ
ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ (ⵙⴰ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ), ⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵥⵕⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ‘ⵥⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ’.

ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ: ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵚⵏⵀⴰⵊⵉ, ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴰⵄⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵎ ⵙⵙⵀⵉⵍⵉ, ⴱⵓ ⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⵙⴱⵜⵉ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵓⵍⵉ, ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵜⴱⴱⴰⵄ, ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵖⵣⵡⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ: ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⴱⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ(ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ), ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵓⵍⵜ, ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ, ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ, ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵍⵖⵣⵡⴰⵏⵉ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵇⵚⵓⵕ).

### ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
ⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵀⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜⵜ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵙⵀⵉⵍⵉ, ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵚⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵕⴰ.

## ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ(ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ), ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵕ. ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1558 ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵅⴷⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ. ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ, ⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵕ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1912, ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ), ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ (ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵔ:

### ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ
thumbnail|ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ, ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ. ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ( ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⴼⵏⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵔⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ). ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍ.thumbnail|ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ

### ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵣⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ: ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴷ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵯⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.thumbnail|ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕⵉⵍ

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⵍⵇⵇⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴼ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 65000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2019.

ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ: 1 - ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, 2 - ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ( ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵜⵏ), 3 - ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ( ⴰⵙⵍⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ), 4- ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ( ⴰⵕⵕⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ).

### ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵀⵉ, ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵀⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵄⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵏⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵡⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵃⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⴷⵎⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ( ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵍⴱⵍⵍⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵜⵜⴰⵏ) ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵃⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ, ⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ.thumbnail|ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

### ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ
ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⵖ 5 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017 ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ 163 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵀⵎ. ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.

### ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
thumbnail|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏ 23 ⴼ ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2023 ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ

ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⴼ ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2023, ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴱⵉ ⴰⵔⴽⵎⴰⵎ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

### ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

* ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ

* ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

* ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ

* ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵡⵉⵏ

## ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ

### ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴰⵄⵢⴰⴹ ( ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ), ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ (ⵏⵙⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛⵀ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000 ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵉⵍⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⴱ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⵏⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1987. ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ ⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵣⵖ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵕ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⴰⵀⵓⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵍ.

### ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ)
thumbnail|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ)
ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1565-1564. ⵜⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵏ.

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.

ⵔⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ 1680 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ. ⴼ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵀⵡⴰⵏⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⵓⵖⴷⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ. ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵖⵯⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ.thumbnail|ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ)

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ(1142-1106), ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 900 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕ.

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵖⴰⵍⴱ(1574-1557) ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1564 ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1565, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵕ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵖⴰⵍⴱ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵕⵕⵛⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ(1142-1106), ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 900 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕ.

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵖⴰⵍⴱ(1574-1557) ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1564 ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1565, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵕ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵖⴰⵍⴱ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵕⵕⵛⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.

ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵔⵣ ⴷ ⵔⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⴳⴰⴱⵚ. ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉ (1745-1670) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ. ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1960, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⴼ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1982.

### ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴰⵄⵢⵢⴰⴹ
ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴰⵄⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ (ⵏⵙⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛⵀ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴳⵉⵍⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ 13 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⴰ ⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵇⵍⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ
thumbnail|ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

ⵜⴳⴰ **ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ** ⴷ **ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ** ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ.

ⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉ ⵛⴰⵕⵍ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵔⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵓⴱⴱⵉⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⴳ ⵉⴹ.

## ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴷ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 124 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓⴷ (ⵍⵃⵎⵎⴰⵎ).

## ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ

### ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ
ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⴰⴼ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

### ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ 3 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴼ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴱⵔⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ 471 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜ1 / ⵜ2 ⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ 42000 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ 4.5 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴹⴹⴰⵎ ⵜⵍⴰ 4.5 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⴰ 45 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴰⵙⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ 14 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵡⵉⵏⴳ 737 ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵡⵉⵏⴳ 747. ⴰⵙⴱⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 340 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ.

### ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ
ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1923 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008 ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴷⵉⵎ. ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.

### ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ
ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴱⵏⴰⵏⵜⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ (ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ) ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⵅⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵍⴰ 15 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵟⵟⴼ 27 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

### ⴰⵙⴱⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⴰ:
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⴰ  ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ  ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ. ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.

## ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵏ

### ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ

* ⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵃⵎⵔ: ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ ( ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : باب احمر , ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ : la porte rouge ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵉⵡ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ. ⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵃⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ " La Médina " , ⵉⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ " ⴷⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛⵀⵉⵢⴰ"

* ⴳⵉⵍⵉⵣ: ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ Guéliz ( ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : ڭيليز , ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ : Guéliz ) ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵙⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵊⴱⵍ ⴳⵓⵍⵉⵣ ( ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ Guéliz ) , ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ .

* ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ: ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴷⵉⵏⴰ ( ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : المدينة , ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ : La Médina ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ . ⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ . ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 000 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ .

* **Livrnaj**: ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ **Livrnaj** ( ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : الحي الشتوي , ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ :  L'hivernage  ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ Guéliz. ⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵟⵉⵍⴰⵜ

ⴷⴰⵡⴷⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ: ( ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : داوديات , ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ : ⴷⴷⴰⵡⴷⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎ. ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⵍⵃⵉⵢ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ".

* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ

* ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵚⴽⵕ

* ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ

* ⴰⵣⵍⵉ

* ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⴽⵉ

* ⵙⵓⴽⵓⵎⴰ

* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ

* ⵍⵎⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ

* ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ

* ⵍⵎⵛⵡⴰⵕ - ⵍⵇⵚⴱⵜ

* ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ

* ⵄⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵉ

* ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ

* ⵍⴰⴼⴰⵇ

* ⵏⵏⴰⵅⵉⵍ

## ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ) ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ:

* ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

* ⵍⴽⴰⵡⴽⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ

* ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

* ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ

ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ 4624 ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ, ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⴼⵓⵕⵎⵉⵍⴰ 2 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵓ - ⵊⵉ - ⴱⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴳⵓⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 3 ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ
ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵔⵖⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ( ⵕⴰⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ: ⵜⵜⴰⴱⵍ, ⵍⴽⵕⵡⵉⵜⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵏⵊⴱⵉⵔ, ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴼⴰ, ⵉⴼⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵍⵇⵔⵇⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵛⵓⵛ ⵓⵕⴷ.

ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⵏⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵟⵏⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴷ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ. ⵟⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵡⵡⴰ.

ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵟⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵢⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ, ⴳⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵍⴼⴰⴽⵉⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵚⵢⵢⵕⵏ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵥⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵟⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴳⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⴹⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ.

ⵍⵇⵉⵎⵕⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴱⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵣⵣⴰⵄⴼⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⴱⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵓⵣ.

ⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⵚⵟⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵜⴱⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴼⵢⵢⵉ ⵉⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵎⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵔⵎⵉⴽⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵟⵉⵛⴰ, ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵣⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵄⴷⵏⵓⵙ.

ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⴽⴼⵜⴰ (ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵢⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴹⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵇⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ.

ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⴱⴰⴽⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵄⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵓⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ), ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵊⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵣ ⴽⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉ.

ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵇⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵕ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵔⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⴽⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ.

ⴰⵏⵣⵉⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ, ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutobiya-Marrakech-MOROCCO.jpg|ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Marrakech.jpg|ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Marrakech banner.jpg|ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Souk.JPG|ⵙⵓⵇⵇ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Marrakech - Menara.jpg|ⵎⵏⴰⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
Image:Hoteldevillemarrakech.jpg|ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ 6
Image:Maroc_Marrakech_(Small).jpg|ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵛ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴽⵜ
Image:Placejemaaelfna.jpg|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ 
Image:Koutoubia_Mosque_2.jpg|ⵜⴰⵚⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ
Image:Koutoubia Mosque,Marrakech,Morocco.jpg|ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ
Image:Ballon Ciel d'Afrique à Marrakech.JPG|ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴳⵓⵍⴼⵢⵉⵔ
Image:Marrakech, Bab Agnaou.JPG|ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ


## ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ
Commons ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵜ: ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ