ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ

ⵉⴳⴰ **ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: موحى الناجي) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵙⵍⵜ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ.

ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵍⵢⵜ.

ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵖⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1953. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳⵔ 1962 ⴷ 1965, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.  

## ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ

* * Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco *(2005). New York: Springer
* *Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region* (ed.), IJSL Issue 190. 2008. Mouton de Gruyter
* Co-author, *Migration and Gender in Morocco* (2008). Co-authored. Renton, NJ: Red Sea Press
* *Multiculturalisme et démocratie dans le monde musulman* (ed.), (2010),  Fès :  Imagerie Pub.
* Co-edited *Women in the Middle East and North Africa.*(2010) London: Routledge
* *Gender and Violence in the Middle East*. Co-edited (2011) London: Routledge

**ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ**
**ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ:**
* L'olivier de la sagesse (2017), Paris: Karthala.
* Muslim Moroccan Migrants in Europe (2014):.
* Langue, Gender and Migration (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi) (2008). Trenton:.
* Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco (2005). New York: Springer.
* A Grammar of Moroccan Arabic (2004a). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with A. Makhoukh, H. Es-saiydy, M. Moubtassime, S. Slaoui.
* A Grammar of Amazigh (Berber) (2004b). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with Fatima Sadiqi).
* Applications of Modern Linguistics (1994), in co-authorship with F.  Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient.
* Introduction to Modern Linguistics (1992), in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient.
* Contrastive Analysis (1985), Wurzburg: Konigshausen  & Neumann.

**ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ**

* New Horizons of Muslim Diaspora in North America and Europe (2016), New York: Palgrave.
* Moroccan Feminisms (2016), Trenton: Africa World Press (co-edited).
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* Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa (2014), London: Routledge.
* La Langue Amazighe dans l’Education et les Médias. Fès : Publications of the CSN.(2013)
* Gender and Violence in the Middle East. London: Routledge (2011)
* Women in the Middle East and North Africa : Agents of Change. London: Routledge (2010). Edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi
* Modern Trends in Arabic Dialectology, in collaboration with M. Embarki. (2010). Red Sea Press.
* Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat : Ircam Publications (2009) .
* Women Writing Africa : The Northern Region (2009), in collaboration with F. Sadiqi, A. Noaira, A. Elkholy. New York: The Feminist Press (2009).
* Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat. Publication de l’IRCAM.(2008)
* Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (2008). Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language No 190, The Hague, Mouton de Gruyter.
* La Culture Amazighe et le Développement Humain (2007). Fès : University of Fès Publications.
* Femmes et Education (2007), edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi. University of Fes publications
* La Culture Populaire et les Défis de la Mondialisation. (2008). Rabat : Publication of IRCAM.
* Aspects of Amazigh (Berber) Linguistics (2007). Special Issue of Languages and Linguistics. Issue 20.
* Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine.(2006). Fès : University of Fès P
* Publications
* Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* Linguistic Studies and Language Teaching (ed.) (2003). Issue 12 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Issues in Arabic Phonetics and Language Learning (ed) (2001). Issue 7 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories (ed). (2000). Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès.
* Elements of Arabic Linguistics (ed) (1999). Issue 4 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Berber Sociolinguistics (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, The Hague, Mouton, 1997
* Sociolinguistics in Morocco (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language112, The Hague:Mouton, 1995.
* Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, The Hague: Mouton, 1991.
* Linguistics and English Literature at Maghreb Universities (ed). (1998. Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès
* Comparative Linguistics (ed). (1998). Issue 1 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.

### Imnnitn d imarrn f tɣuriwin n usartu d wamun uɣrim

* Women and Political Participation in Morocco and North African States. Chapter published in Gender and Power, Edited by Mino Vianello and Mary Hawkesworth, pages 35–52. New York:Palgrave. 2016.
* Recruitment of Foreign Male and Female Fighters to Jihad. In  International Review of Sociology. Vol. 26, Number 3. November 2016, pp.&nbsp;546–557.
* Women, Gender, and Politics in Morocco. In Social Sciences. Vol 5, Number 75. November 2016, pp.&nbsp;2–8.
* Violence Against Underage Domestic Girls in Morocco, In  Salhi, Z. (Ed.). Gender and Violence in Muslim Societies. London: I.B.Tauris. 2013. Pages: 132-160
* Arab Women’s Unfinished Revolution. The Project Syndicate. 2013.
* “Women’s Activism and the New Family Code Reforms in Morocco” The IUP Journal of History and Culture, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2012, pp.&nbsp;52–70
* Ennaji, M. (2012). Media and Moroccan Migrants. Journal of New Media Studies at MENA. Issue 1: 9-21.
* Ennaji, M. (2012). Undocumented Labor Migration from Morocco to Europe: An African Perspective.  In  Okome, M.O. and Vaughan, O. (Eds.).  Transnational Africa and Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* The Modern Islamists of the Maghreb. The Project Syndicate. 2012.
* Ennaji, M. (2010). Moroccan Migrants in Europe and Islamophobia. In Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Vol.30, No 1: 14-20.
* Ennaji, M. (2010). Migration marocaine et co-développement à l’heure de la crise financière. In Migration, Droits de l’Homme et Développement. Coordination : M. Lahlou & M. Zouiten. Rabat: Faculté de Droit, Souissi. Pages 197-209.
* Reform without  Regime Change. Common Ground News. 2010
* Civil Society Transforms Morocco. Common Ground News. 2010.
* “Multilinguisme, Genre et Participation Politique au Maroc. », in Diogène No 225, pages 56–69. 2009.
* “Multilingualism, Citizenship and Berber Education” (2009). Mediterranean Journal of Education Studies.
* “Women’s NGOs and Social Change in Morocco”, in Women in the Middle East and North Africa, Edited by F.Sadiqi and M. Ennaji (2010). London: Routledge.
* “Steps to the Integration of Moroccan Women in Development” (2008). In The British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35:3, 339-348
* “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* “ Women’s Activism, Social Change and the Feminization of Public Space in Morocco”  in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi (in JMEWS, Vol 2, No 2: 86-114, 2006)
* “Social Policy in Morocco : A Historical and Analytical Approach” (2006).  In V.Moghadam and Massoud, K. (Editors). Social Policy in the Middle East. London:  Palgrave.
* “Women’s NGOs and Civil Society in Morocco”(2006). In Femmes Méditerranéennes et leurs Droits (F.Sadiqi, Editor). Fès : Publications of the University of Fès. Pages :81-92.
* « La Femme Marocaine et la Mondialisation, in  L’Europe : Une Chance pour la Femme Musulmane ? », La Pensée et les hommes, (2004), pp.&nbsp;57–74.
* “Women and Development in Morocco”. Mediterranean Women, F. Sadiqi (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* “Civil Society, Gender and Social Cohesion”. In M. Ennaji (ed), Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (2004b). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* “Human Rights and Cultural Relativism in North Africa”. Dahesh Voice, (2006).
* “ What Role Can English Departments Play in their Socio-economic Environment?”(1998). In Linguistics and English Literature in Maghreb Universities, pp.&nbsp;235–240. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters.
* "The Moroccan University: Is there an alternative?" in Interdisciplinarity and the University, publications of the   Faculty of Letters, Rabat,1997
* "The Role of Education in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb", in Proceedings of the 9th Mate Conference, Agadir  1989c.

### ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ

* “Urbanization and Changes in Arabic: The Case of Casablanca. In David Singleton, Joshua A. Fishman, Larissa Aronin & Muiris Ó Laoire (Eds.). Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation (2013).
* « Berber in Contact with Maghrebi Colloquial Arabic : A Case of Language Revitalization.” In Languages and Linguistics (2013), 32: 39-58.
* “Language and Nationalism in Morocco” (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). (2008).
* “Arabic Sociolinguistics and Cultural Diversity in Morocco” (2008).
* “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* “Amazigh Language: Facts and Prospects”, (2006). In a Fetscherift to Dean Mohamed Chad. Fès: Publications of the University of Fès.
* “Multilinguisme et Genre au Maroc” (2004a). In Languages and Linguistics 14: 105-119.
* “Standardisation du Lexique Amazighe : Le Cas des Néologismes” (2004b). In Standardisation de l’Amazighe.
* “Attitudes to  Berber and Tifinagh Script” (2003a).
* “Reflections on Arabisation and Education in Morocco (2003b).
* “Berber Language and the Consolidation of Democracy” (2003c) (in Arabic).
* “Education et Langues Maternelles: l’Exemple de l’Amazighe” (2003d), In Proceedings of the Conference by Fondation BMCE, 17 juin 2003, pp.&nbsp;91–100.
* “L’Amazigh Composante Incontournable de la Culture Marocaine” (2003e). Edition du Samedi, 15 November 2003
* “Language Contact, Arabization Policy and Education in Morocco” (2002a).
* “ Comment on Hudson’s Outline of a Theory of Diglossia” (2002b).
* “ Arabisation (2002c). In Francophone Studies. Edited by Margaret A. Majumdar (2002), 14. London: Arnold.
* “ On the Main Differences between Standard and Moroccan Arabic Complex Sentences" (2002d). In Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today. Edited by Abderrahim Youssi et al. Rabat: Amapatril.
* “Writing Berber: Towards a Unified Orthography” (2002e).
* “North Africa” (2002f). In Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History (2002f). Edited by Zeleza, P. (2002). London: Routledge.
* “De la Diglossie à la Quadriglossie". In Languages and Linguistics (2001) 8: 49-64.
* “On Preserving Arabic and Berber Oral Tradition in North Africa” (2000). In Languages and Linguistics 6, 79-87.
* “Language and Ethnic Identity, The Arab World (Maghreb and Near East) (1999a). In Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, ed. By Joshua, A. Fishman, 382-395, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* “Language and Ideology: Evidence from Media Discourse in Morocco” (1999b). In Social Dynamics Vol. 25, No. 1: 150-161.
* “The Sociology of Berber: Change and Continuity” (1997). In Berber Sociolinguistics. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, 23-40.
* “Arabic Varieties in North Africa” (1998). In Notes and Records 7: 10. Cape Town: CASAS Publications.
* “A Syntactico-semantic study of the Language of News in Morocco” (1995). In Sociolinguistics in Morocco. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 112, 97-111.
* “On the Differences between American and British English”(1992). In 
* “ Aspects of Multilingualism in the Maghreb” (1991). In Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, 7-25.
* “ An Evaluative Report on the ELT Objectives at the University : A Focus on the Learner” (1990)., in The Proceedings of the XIth MATE Conference on English Language Teaching in the Maghreb: Current Issues in Evaluation, pp:29-42.
* “On Fishman’s Language Planning Policies” (1989). In Revue de la Faculté des Lettres 10:85-92.
* “Language Planning in Morocco and Changes in Arabic” (1988a). In International Journal of the Sociology of Language 74: 9-39.
* "The Impact of Nationalism and Nationism on the Languages in Contact in Morocco" (1988b), in Langues et Littératues VI: 37-48.

### ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ

* “La Structure Morphologique du Causatif en Amazigh” (2005). In La Structure Morpologique de l’Amazigh. Edited by Ameur, M. et al.  Rabat : Ircam publications.
* “The Structure of Clitics in Berber” (2003). In Languages and Linguistics 11: 71-82.
* “Clitics in Berber” (2002a) (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics 10: 97-116.
* “The Construct State in Berber” (2001), in Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol 31, No 2: 55-72. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Publication.
* “Negation, Tense and the Licensing of N-Words in Standard Arabic (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics (1999) 4:19-44.
* “Aspects of Cliticization in Arabic” (2000). In Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories, pp.&nbsp;119–151. Edited by M. Ennaji.
* “The Construct State in Arabic and Berber” (1998). In The Proceedings of the First Chamito-semitic Conference, pp.&nbsp;121–134.
* “Pronominal Elements and Binding” (1997). In Voisinage, pp.&nbsp;247–266. Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication.
* “Pronouns vs. Clitics” (1995).. In Etudes Linguistiques, Revue de la Faculté des Lettres, Fès, pp.&nbsp;37–52.  Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication.
* “AGR and Clitics : The Morpho-Syntax Interface, ms. Faculty of Letters, Fès.
* "A Copulative Approach to Verbless Sentences in Moroccan Arabic" (1990),   in La Linguistique au Maghreb, edited by J. Pleines, Rabat: Okad,.
* "WH-Questions and Focus in Tamazight" (1989), in Linguistica Communicatio 1:17-30.
* “Analyse des Questions-ma en Tamazight”, (1989), in Maknasat 3: 43-53.
* "Non-Verbal Predicates in Moroccan Arabic"(1988), in Proceedings of  the  First International Conference of the Linguistic Society of  Morocco. Rabat: Editions Okad.
* "The Syntax of Free Relatives in English, Moroccan Arabic and   Berber"(1986a), in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters, pp.&nbsp;8:87-94
* "The Syntax of Cleft Sentences in Berber" (1986b), in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi, Studies of Language 10,1.

### ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ

* “On the Teaching of Amazigh Language”, (2006). In Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine (M. Ennaji, Editor). Fès: University of Fès Publications.
* “Teaching Human Rights in the Classroom” (2004).
* “The Role of Technology as a Teaching Material.” (2002).
* "Reinforcing Communicative Writing"(1994), in Proceedings of the National ELT Symposium, pp.&nbsp;95–100. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters ...
* "On Fishman's Language Planning Policies", in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres de Fès 10, 1989b.
* "The Role of Linguistics in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb",
* "Towards a Moroccan Model of English Language Teaching" (1988),
* "Strategies and Techniques for Scoring compositions" (1987).
* “The Relevance of Contrastive Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching” (1986).

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ