ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ

**ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ** (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 27 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1770 — 14 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1831) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵛⵜⵓⵜⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" (German Idealism) ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ (Dialectical method) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ» ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵉⵏⴳⵏ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1770 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵜⵓⵜⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵊⵡⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴱⵉⵏⴳⵏ ⴳ 1788. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ: ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵀⵓⵍⴷⵔⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⴽ ⵛⵉⵍⵏⴳ. ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴽⴰⵏⵟⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴳⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵔⵓⵙⵓ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴱⵉⵏⴳⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵥⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ: ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣⵜ
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣⵜ. ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ) ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ/ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ" (dialectique). ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ "ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ", ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ "ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ". ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴽⴰⵔ "ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵔⵓⴼⵜ" (Synthesis). ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ. ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵖⵔ "ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣⵜ" ⵏⵖ "ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣ" (Absolute Spirit), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ.

## ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⴰ
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰ (Jena) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1801, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵛⵉⵍⵏⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ "ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⴼⵉⵅⵜ ⴷ ⵛⵉⵍⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ", ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵛⵉⵍⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ "ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ". ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ" (Phenomenology of Spirit) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1806 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵇⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ), ⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣⵜ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵀⵉⴳⵍⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ