ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ

**ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ** (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: λίθος, líthos, lit. 'ⴰⵥⵕⵓ') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ **Li** ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ  ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ.

## ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ
### ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ
thumb|ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 0.534 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ). ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙ 0.6, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.

thumb|ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓM ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ (180 °C), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ (1342 °C). ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⁶Li ⴷ ⁷Li, ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ (⁷Li) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ (92.5%). ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.

### ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵓⴱⵣⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (LiOH), ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₃N) ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₂CO₃).

ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴹ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
thumb|ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817

ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ (LiAlSi₄O₁₀) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵓ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ. ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ" ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴼⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵡⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ "ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ/ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏⴰ" (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ λίθος, ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⴰⵥⵕⵓ"), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1818, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1821, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1855, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵔⵓⴱⵔⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ. ⴳ 1923, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴳⵉⵣⵍⵛⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵊⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ.

## ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴷⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⴳ 2020, ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ 82,000 ⵟⵓⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⴰ).

ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 18 ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ 99.5%.

## ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ
thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021 ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ (74%), ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ (14%). ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ (4%), ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ (1%), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

### ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ
ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ.

### ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵀⵉⵍ 200 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.

### ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ
ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₂CO₃), ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵊⴷⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ. ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴼⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20.

## ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ **ⴷ**.

## ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ
* ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ Royal Society of Chemistry

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ