ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ

**ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ** (ⵙ  ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ: *Andrea del Verrocchio*) ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵙⴽⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔ" ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ, ⴰⴷⵀⴰⵢⴱⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵍⴰ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ.

ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⴽⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵣⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⵉⵛⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⵖⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵓⴳⵉⵏⵓ. ⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ *[[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ]]*.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ *ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ* ⵖ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1435. ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴽⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵔⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳ "ⵜⴰⴽⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ" ⴹⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⴽⵉ, ⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ.

ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⴽⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵀⴽⴽⴰⵛ (ⴰⴷⵀⴰⵢⴱⵉ) ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ (ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵓⵛⴰ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴰⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵓⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵟⴱⵙⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵖⵕⵕⴰⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵇⵕⵄⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ", ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⵙⴽⵔⵉⴱⵜⵙ". ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ/ⵜⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰ'ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵣⵖ "ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔⵙ" ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵏⵛⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ. ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ, ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵍⵉⴰⵜⵀ, ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ (ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉ) ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ; ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ). ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ; ⴼ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⴰ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱⴱⵓ ⵍⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴷⵉⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵡⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵖ "ⴳⵓⵉⵍⴷ" ⵏ ⵙⵜ ⵍⵓⴽ (ⵍⵓⴽ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ), ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵏⵉⵛⵓ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ, ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⴱⵓⵜⵉⵛⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵉⵏⵓ, ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵔⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ, ⵉⵔⵥⵎ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵟⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵓ ⵛⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏⵉ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1488. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⴱⵓⵍ ⵎ. ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ.

## ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵥⵔⵓ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⴱⵓⵜ (ⴽⵓⴼⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵉⴷ (ⵡⴰⵛⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴰⴽⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⴰⵡ ⵔⵉⵍⵢⵉⴼ".

ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵄⴷⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ

* ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ"
* ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ
* ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ
* ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ