open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ

**ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵔⵉⴹ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ  ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ.
ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⴷ ,ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ. 
ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵛⵏⵓⴱⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵃⴹⵓ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰ.ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵃⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴹⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ.
ⴷⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⴳⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵢⵓ

**ⴷⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⴳⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵢⵓ** (1449 – 11 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1494) ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1400-1600) ⵖ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰⴷ ⵖ 1480 ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵔⴰⵉⵜⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵏⵙⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ" ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ, ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵍⴰⵉⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⴱⵓⵜⵜⵉⵛⵍⵍⵉ. ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴱⵏⴷⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ, ⴰⵙⵍⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏⵓ ⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷⵉ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵎⵉⴳⵏⴰⵏⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵡⵉⵙ ⵔⵉⴷⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⵀⵍⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵛⵛⵏⵄⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⴳⵔⵓⴷⵎ

**ⴰⴳⵔⵓⴷⵎ**
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ (ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ)

ⵉⴳⴰ **ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ** ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ? ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ? ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ? ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ.

ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵍⴽⵎ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⵢⴰäⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰä ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵓⵠ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵡä, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ « ⵍⴰ Pⵜⵉⵜ ⵔoⴱⵔⵜ » ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵠⵎⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⵠⵎⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰä, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔ ⵢⴰäⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵠ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵠⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⵎⵔ

ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ **ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ** ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵖⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵙⵜⵉ **ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ** ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵀⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴳⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ....ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ.....

ⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴼ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵎⵎⵔⵖ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵖ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵢⵢⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵖ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵔⵖ ⵙⴱⵔⴽⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ, ⴼⴽⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵉⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ....ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ **ⵙⵏⵉⵎⵎⵔⵖ** ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ....

ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵔⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵣⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⵉⵔⵜ** ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ

**ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ** ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ.
## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ

ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⴹⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⴳⴰ
ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵟ

thumb
ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵟ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 50 ⴽⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 20 ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.ⵉⵣⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ 10968 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ . ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ
## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ 53%, ⴷ 21% ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 11% ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

# http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵇⵕⵎⵓⴷ
* ⵍⵃⵏⵛⴰⵏ

#
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ

**ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵙⴰⵢⵃ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 20 ⴽⵎ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.ⵉⵣⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ 6198 ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ . ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. 
## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ 16%, ⴷ 79% ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵃⴰⵎⴷ

**ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵃⴰⵎⴷ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 43 ⴽⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 20 ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.ⵉⵣⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ **5 463** ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ . ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ 40%, ⴷ 47% ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⵉⴷⵣⵉ
* ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵡⴽⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ)

**ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⴼⵜⵏⴰ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ** ⵏⵖ  **ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ,** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 62 ⴽⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ 20 ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ 15662 ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵄⵔⵇ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ 45%, ⴷ 25% ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20% ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ.

## ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵔⵎⵓⵍ ⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵅⴰⵍ “ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ” ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰⵏⵏ  ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⴽ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴳⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ (ⵉⵔⴰⵇⵍ) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵇⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵖⵔⵉⵇ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⴰⵇⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⴰⵇⵍ.

## ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ
ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⴼⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴷⵕⵕⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ (ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴹⵏⴰ) ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ.

## ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ?
ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵎⵓⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴱⴰⵅⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ (ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ) ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ (ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ) ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16 ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⵄⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1514 ⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ 600 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ
* ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ
* ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵉⵙⵉ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ

**ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵉⵙⵉ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 50 ⴽⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ 20 ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.ⵉⵣⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ 4143 ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ . ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ , ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ 36%, ⴷ 32% ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 23% ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ.
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵅⴰⵔⵎⴰⵣ ⵔⴰⵊⴰ

**ⵅⴰⵔⵎⴰⵣ ⵔⴰⵊⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2012, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ *ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⵏ* ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ** ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ** ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2018.

## '''ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ'''

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ.jpg|**ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵅⴰⵔⵎⴰⵣ ⵔⴰⵊⴰ.**

* ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ 2018 .
* ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ 2015.
* ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ 2020.
* ⵊⵓⴷⵢⴰ 2022.
* ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵙⵙⴰ 2022.
* ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ 2023.
* ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ 2024.
* ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰ 2024.

## '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ'''
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵅⴰⵔⵎⴰⵣ ⵔⴰⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ, ⴷⵕⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
*ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵟⵉⴼ ⵄⴰⵟⵉⴼ.
*
*ⵣⵉⵢⴰⵏ ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ
ⴰⵣⴰⵍ

ⴰⵣⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: نهار) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵇⵇⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ 12 ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 12 ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ 21 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵛوم ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵣⵓ ⵏ 21 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

*ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ: https://translate.wmcloud.org/
ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ

**ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵥⵉⵜ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Artificial intelligence) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵙⵙⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ (ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵙⵓ), ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ. ⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⵓ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: 
*intelligence:
**ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ
**ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙ
**ⵜⵉⵛⵡⵉ
**ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ
**ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ
*Artificial:
**ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ
**ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵥⵉⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ


	  
	  


 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ

	  
	  


 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ

	  
	  


 ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

	  
	  


 ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

 
	  


 ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

	  



 ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?

	  
	 


   


 ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ

  

   


 ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ

  

   


 ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

  




 ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?

  

   


 ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

  




 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ

	  
	  
	  	

 


 ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ

 

 
  
 
__NOEDITSECTION__
__NOTOC__
ⵛⵛⵢⴰⴹⵎⴰ

thumb|ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ
**ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵄⴰⴷⵎⴰ**, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵙⴰⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵊⵕⴰⵢⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.

## ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵢⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴱⵍ ⵃⴰⴷⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵃⵉⵍ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵉⴹⴹⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴱⵍⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ

: **ⴰⵕⴳⵔⴰ**

ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵕⴳⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵟⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵓⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵇⴰⴷⵉⵎ (ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴹⵓ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵥ.

: **ⵍⴰⵕⵓⵙⴰ**

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵔⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ *ⵍⴰⵕⵓⵙⴰ ⵛⵜⴰ* (لعروسة شتى) ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: ⵍⴰⵄⵔⵓⵚⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ "ⵜⵎⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ", ⴷ ⵛⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵜⴳⵏⵥⴰⵕⵜ". 

## ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵍⵃⴷⴷ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ

**ⵍⵃⴷⴷ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ** ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ **ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ** **ⵏ** **ⴷⵔⴰ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵢⴰⴹⵎⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 40 ⴽⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 20 ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.ⵉⵣⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ 8 989 ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ . ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ.
## '''ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ'''
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ , ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ 53%, ⴷ 23% ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 12% ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ.

## '''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ'''
ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵃⴷⴷ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

## '''ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ'''
* ⵓⵏⴰⵖⴰ.
* ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ.
*
ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ

**ⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⴰ**, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵎⵓⴷⴰ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵊⴱⵍ ⵃⴰⴷⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ; ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵔⴱⵉⵔ ⵃⴰⵀⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ.

ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵊⴱⵉⵍ ⵀⴰⴷⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵀⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳ 40 ⵡⴰⵙⵙ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵟⵢⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵜⵍⴰⵙ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⴼⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵇⴰⴷⵉⵎ (ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴹⵓ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵥ.

## ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ
ⵚⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ

**ⵚⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵓⵍ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Sara and Ismail) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵢⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⴷⵉⵢⵢⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵣⵓⵏ: ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ, ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵢⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵜⵃⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ) ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵊⴰⵥⵥ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⴼⵓⵏⴽ, ⴰⴱⵓⴱ, ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜⵉⴽ, ⴰⵙⵉⴼⴰⵕⴷⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴰⴷⵉⵢⵢⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵛⴰⵏⴳⴰⵀⴰⵢ.

## ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰ

**ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰ** ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ "ⵇⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ", ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981 ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ. ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

### ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵃⵎⴷ ⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵣⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

### ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ
ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵛⵏⵏⵓ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴷⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵛⵛⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵛⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷⵖⵉ.
## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵏⵚⵓⵔ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ     ☆ⵉⴱⵏⵉⵏⵉⵙ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⴱⵓⵜⵃⵔⵉⵜ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵉⴽ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⵇⵎⵛⵉⵛ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ     ☆ⵜⴰⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⴽⴰ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⵉⵎⵉⵙ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⴰⴱⵃⵔⵉ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⴽ ⵓⴹⵡⴰⵔ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ     ☆ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵍⴷⵉ
* ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ    ☆ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵓⴼ
* ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ: ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ
* ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ : ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ 1/2/3/4

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
* ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ

**ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⴷⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴼⴰⵕⴰⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵍⵄⵏⵚⵕⵜ

**ⵍⵄⵏⵚⵕⵜ** (ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ "لعنصرة", ⵍⵄⵏⵚⵔⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵏ. ⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ (ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ), ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃ.

## ⵖ ⵓⵣⵡⵉ
ⴰⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ.

## ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵏ
ⴰⵔ ⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ : "ⵉⵔⴷⵏ ⵍⵄⵏⵚⵕⵜ".

ⵖ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵍ.

ⵖ ⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵅⵜ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵖⵏⵚⵕⵜ.

## ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ
ⵖ ⴷⴷⵉⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉ ⵉⵡⵓⴷⵍⴰⵏ.

## ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰ
ⴱⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ
ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵄⵜ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵃ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ

thumb|300x300px|ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵢⵉⵜ, 1955

ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ (ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ) ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵡⵣⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉ

thumb|250px|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵡⵣⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉ
**ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵡⵣⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉ** ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⴰⴽⵔⴽⵔⵉ" , ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ 2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1974 ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵚⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

## ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1394 ⴰⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ 2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1974, ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ: "ⴰⴷⵊ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⴼⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ". ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵏ". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴼⴰⵡⵣⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2007.

## ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴷⵔⵇⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⴷⵍⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: "ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵉ. ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ."

## ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ
* ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⵃⵣⵓⵏ

**ⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼⴰ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ** **ⴰⵎⵃⵣⵓⵏ** (1946 - 2024) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵎⵔⵢⵎ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰ, ⵍⴰⵍⵍ ⵃⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵔⴰⵛⵉⴷ.

ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴹⵎⴰ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼⴰ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵀⵔⵓⵇ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⴰⵢⴷ ⴰⵎⵀⵔⵓⵇ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⴰⵥⴰⵢⵢⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ "ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ" ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⵚⵚⵓⵍⵃ, ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ" ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ".

ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ 22 ⴷⵓ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊⴰ 1445, ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ 29 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2024.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰ

* ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ
* ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵏ

**ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵏ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴰⵢ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 2001. ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⴷⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵔⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ

**ⵔⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ** ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972. ⵉⵍⵎⵔ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. ⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ.

### ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ
ⵏ **ⵔⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ** ⵍⵃⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵡⵡⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵜⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵥⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, "Mystical Sparks", ⴷⴳ 2020. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ *ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰ*, ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵕⵓⵃⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵄⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜⵉⵙ, *ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰ* ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵇⵓⵍ ⵖⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵇⴰⴱⴰⵍⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⵇⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵇⵇ.

ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵓⵃ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉⵏⵏⵙ (ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵔ) ⴰⵢ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵔ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷⵢⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵓⴷⴰⵎ. ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, "Mystical Sparks" ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵃⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⴱ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ.

### ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ

#### ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ (2020)

* **ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ**: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵓⴷⵔⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵥⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⴳⴳⵉⵄ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵡⵄⵔⵏ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵍⵎⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵃⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵀⵓⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵛⵓⴷⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵇⵢ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴽⴽⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.

### ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ
ⵔⵛⵀⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵃⴰⵣ. ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵅⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵓⴷⴰⵎⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵄⴰⵢⵉⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ . ⵍⵇⴷⵉⵛⴰⵜⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ, ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵃⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ ⴰⵢ ⴷⵜⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ.

### ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴽⴽⴰ
ⵙ ***ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ*** , *ⵔⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ* ⵉⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴹⴼⵔⵏ ⵢⵉⵅⴷⴷⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⵢⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜⵉⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⵓⵀⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⴷⴻⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵛⵜ ⵉⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ.
----

### ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ
1. [Fnac: "Étincelles mystiques" ⵏ ⵔⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ] (https://www.fnac.com/a15141996/Rchid-Bidak-Etincelles-mystiques) 

2. [Amazon: "ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ" ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⴰⴽ] (https://www.amazon.com/Etincelles-mystiques-Rchid-Bidak/dp/B08JDYXR62) 

4. [Le Lys Bleu "Étincelles mystiques" ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ] () 
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ

thumb|ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ
**ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ** ⵏⵖ ⵍⴼⵕⵉⵣ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵖⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ *ⴼⵔⴰⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ*. 

## ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ


File:Strawberry pips.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ 
Strawberry-1.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ
File:Strawberryflowers.jpg|ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵓ
File:Half a strawberry.jpg|ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ
File:- Strawberry -.jpg|
File:Whole_wild_strawberry_plant_UK_2006.JPG|ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵄⵍⵉⵜ
File:HDR Berries.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⴰⴱⵄⵍⵉ
File:Strawberries with hulls - scan.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ
File:Sliced strawberries.jpg|ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⵉ
File:Strawberries 1.JPG|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴽⵎⴰⵔⵏ
File:strawberry closeup.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵡⴰⵏ
File:Pomological Watercolor POM00004368.jpg|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1890 (cultivar Parker Earle).
File:Fraises 1 Luc Viatour.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ


## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1954

ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1954 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴽⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ, ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⴼ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔ ⵙⴳ 16 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 4 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴱⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⵏ 1946. ⴷⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ , ⵉⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ .

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵖⴰ

ⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵖⴰ  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵏⵛ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵖⴰ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵖⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵖⵏ

thumb

**ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ  ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵖⵏ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵓⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ "ⵉⵜⵛ ⴱⵓ"(HBO) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵕ.ⵕ. ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴷⴰⵍ.

## ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴰⵎⵣⴰ

**ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴰⵎⵣⴰ** ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ ⵏ 2004 ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵖⵔ 3,499  ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* 
* 
* 
* 
*
ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 3

ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 3

ⵎⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ.

## ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3
###### 


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#### ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ


```

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#### ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ


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## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
*https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet:Infobox/V3
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⴱⵓⵏⵄⵉⵍⴰⵜ

**ⴽⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⴱⵓⵏⵄⵉⵍⴰⵜ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1981 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.

ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004 ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ. ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ "ⴷⵎⵏⴰ" ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵛⵍⵃ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ", ⵉⵊⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴽⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ" ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ. ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⵜⵙⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ "ⴼⵏⵉⴷⴰ", ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵃⵙⴰⵏⵉⵜ "ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵎⵏ", ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ "ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ", ⵜⵉⵏ "ⴽⵔⵉⵎⴰ", ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ "ⵕⴰⵃⵉⵎⵓ", ⵜⵉⵏ "ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵇⴰⵎ", ⴷ "ⵉⵏⴼⵉⵚⴰⵎ"https://elcinema.com/person/2139981/.

ⵖ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵓⵇⵕⵜ" ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵥⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵙⵉⴼ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴽⴰⴱⵓⵍ" ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵛⵛⵓⴽⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⵏ

2007: ⵕⴰⵃⵉⵎⵓ
2008: ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵓⵇⵕⵜ
2010: ⵉⵏⴼⵉⵚⴰⵎ
2012: ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴽⴰⴱⵓⵍ
2013: ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵇⴰⵎ
2013: ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ
2014: ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ
2016: ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵣⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⵟⵟⴰⵏ
2017: ⵜⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
2017: ⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵣⵔⴼⴷ
2018: ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵄⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵄⴷⴰⵏ
2018: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵢⵢⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
2020: ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ

## ⵉⵙⵍⵙⵍⵏ

2011: ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ
2012: ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ - ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ
2013: ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ - ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ
2013: ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵍⵉⵜ
2015: ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵉⵏ
2017: ⵃⴷⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵍⵉⵣ
2018: ⵓⵛⵏ
2021: ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵙ
2021: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

* https://elcinema.com/person/2139981/

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

*
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ

**ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵀⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ:

1. ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ: ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ.

2. ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ: ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

3. ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵜ: ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵜⴰⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏⵜ.

4. ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

5. ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ: ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.

6. ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ: ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ).

7. ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

8. ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ: ⴰⵙⴷⵓⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.
## [[ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴳⴷⵓⵜ|ⴳ]] ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ:

1. ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

2. ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ: ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ.

3. ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ: ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

4. ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.

5. ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ: ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ.

6. ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ: ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

7. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ: ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957.

8. ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ: ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⴽⵍ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
* https://web.archive.org/web/20240701193653/https://cassation.cspj.ma/
ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ

**ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ 1966, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ. ⴳ 2001, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵔⵢ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ, ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ.

ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⵉⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵜ.

ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉ.

ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵡⴰⵍⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⴷⴰⵢⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 190 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.
## '''ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰⵏⵜ'''
ⵙⴳ 1994 ⴰⵔ 2000, ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ⵓⴱⵛⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵙⵢⴰⵜⵙ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵏⴽ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵍⵖⵓ ⵡⵉⵔⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
* ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ

**ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ** (ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ: *Bubakr Anccad*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ.ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ

ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⵏⴳⵔ 1975ⴰⵔ 1990. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ.

ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ. ⵉⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔ  ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃ ⴽⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1931 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1940.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵛⵛⴰⵎⵅ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⵉⴽⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵉⵣⵏⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴷⵏ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ, ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ:

* ⴰⵀⵡⴰⵡⵉ
* ⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔ
* ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ
* ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ
* ⵓⴷⴰⴷ
* ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ
* ⵉⵔⴱⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ
* ⴰⵜⴰⵢ

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1940 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.

## ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ
* ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ
* ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ
* ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
19 (ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ)

**19** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ: 1 ⴷ 9.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ 19

* 19 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ
* ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ (ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵅⴰⵙ ⵙ 1 ⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ).

* ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ 17.

* ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙ (ⴱⴰⵙⴱⴰⵍⵍ), 19 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

* 19 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ

thumb

**ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ** ⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵍⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ . ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵓⵊⵊⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ. ⵉⵜ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ  ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵍⵓⴹ. 
ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵙ 169.2 ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ  ⴽⵎ² ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵖⵎⵙⵏ 30% ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵇⴰⵃ . ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴱⴳⵙ ⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ .

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

## ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴹ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ

thumb|center|ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ

thumb|ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ

**ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ: Rapa Nui; ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ: Isla de Pascua ) ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵏⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ  ⵛⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ .

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ

## ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ

## ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ

## ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ
ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ

**ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ** ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ **ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ Republic of Uganda ) (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⴰⵃⵍⵉⵜ Jamhuri ya Uganda) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ  ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ .  ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ , ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵍ , ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴳⵓ , ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵔⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴰⵏⵢⴰ .

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ
ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ)

**ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ**, ⵜⵍⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2971/2021 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

“ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ”, ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.

## ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ
**ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ**, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. 
 
ⵜⴼⴽⴰ **ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ** ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ...

## ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ
ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ **ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵢⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ** ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ. ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎ.

ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ **ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ** ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜⵓⴱ, ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴼⴽⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. 

ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵔⴽ **ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ** ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⵓ ⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ (ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ) ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ! ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴳⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.

## ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ
* ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ

**ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ** (9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1923 – 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1999) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⴳ 1961 ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1999.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (1909-1961) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵔ (1909-1992). ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1999, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

## ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵓⵊⵊⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ

thumb|ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ

**ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ** ⵉⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴷ   ⵙ **ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ** ,**ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵓⵊⵊⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ** ⴷ **ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ** , ⵢⵓⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ , ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵍ ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ 60⁰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ . ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵓ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ
ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ 2023

ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2023 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.

## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ

*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023
*ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023
ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ

**ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ** , ⵓⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ .ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ **ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ** ⵏⵉⵖ **ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵊⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ** ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ **ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ** , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ 20.004 ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ (12.430 ⵏ ⵎⵢⵍ) ⴷⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2023

ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2023.

### [[1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽ ⵎⴽⴳⴰⵔⴼⵉ - 66 - ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ
* ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴼⵉⴷ - 73 - ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ & ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ
* ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ - 72 - ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ
* ⴽⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵣ - 71 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
* ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴼⴰⵢⵏⴱⵔⴳ - 91 - ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ
* ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉ - 79 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ

### [[2 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵙ ⵀⴰⵜⵣⵉⵊⵢⴰⴽⵓⵎⵉⵙ - 93 - ⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽ
* ⵀⵓ ⴼⵓⵎⵉⵏⴳ - 87 - ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ
* ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍ. ⵀⵢⵓⵣ - 97 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
* ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴱⵉⵍ - 81 - ⴰⵡⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉ

### [[3 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⴽⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ - 31 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
* ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏⴷ ⵊⵡⵉⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵓⴽⵉⵏ - 39 - ⴰⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉ
* ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⴼⵢⴰⵍⵉ - 58 - ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ

### [[4 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵎ ⴱⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉ - 87 - ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ
* ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ - 82 - ⴰⴱⵉⵍⵊⵉⴽⵉ
* ⵡⴰⵍⵜⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵎ - 90 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
* ⵀⴰⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵙ ⵉⵏⵣⵏⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳⵔ - 93 - ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ

### [[5 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰ ⵀⵡⵉⵍⴼⴰ - 20 - ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ
* ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ - 81 - ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ

### [[6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵔⴰⵃⵉⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉ - 86 - ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ
* ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⴰⵏ - 89 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
* ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜ - 67 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ

### [[7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⴷⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵙⴽⵓ - 87 - ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ
* ⴽⵉⵏⴳ ⴼⵓⵀⴰⵏⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳ - 54 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
* ⵎⵓⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵎⴱⴰⵎⵉ - 40 - ⴰⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉ

### [[8 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]]
* ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵜ - 78 - ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ
* ⵊⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵔ - 93 - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ
* ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵙⵉⵎⵉⴽ - 84 - ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
ⵖⴰⵏⴰ

**ⵖⴰⵏⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵖⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ. ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵟⵓⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵟⵉⴱⵡⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ.

ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ " **ⵖⴰⵏⴰ"** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⵉⵏⴽ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ
ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵖⴰⵏⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 26 908 262 ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ
ⵖⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 238,535 ⴽⵎ².
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ **ⴰⴽⵔⴰ**.
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.

## ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵏ.
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ.
ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵏⵜⴰ.
ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵛⵛⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵡⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔⵉ.
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵖⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ "ⴱⵍⴰⴽ ⵙⵜⴰⵔⵣ".
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴰⵏⴰ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵏ

thumb

**ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵏ** (: ; ⵉⵍⵓⵍ 21 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1977) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 25 ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ 2017.  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⵓⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⴳ 2014 ⴰⵔ 2016 ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 2012 ⴰⵔ 2014. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏⵙ (Renaissance) ⵙⴳ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴳ 2016.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ

**29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: *February 29*) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ "ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴰ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ (ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ.

## ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ
## ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ
## ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵓⵊⵊⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ

thumb|ⵜⴽⴰⵔⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ

**ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵓⵊⵊⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ** ⴰⵔ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴷ ⵙ **ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵎⴷ**   ⵙ ⵓⵎⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵥⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵡⵔ ⵉⵖⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵣⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ
ⵎⴰⵔⴳⵓⵜ ⵉⴱⵔⵜ

**ⵎⴰⵔⴳⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⴱⵔⵜ** (ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴳⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1926: ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ 26 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2009) ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⴰⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ

**ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ** ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵙ 30 ⴽⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵛⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ.
ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ 25 210. 
## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵚⴽⵓⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ.
ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴽⵏ.
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ.
## ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ
 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ.

## ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ.
31% ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, 60% ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ.

## ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ
ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⴷⵓⴱ.
ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ.
## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰⵙ

thumb|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⴰⵙ
**ⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰⵙ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵢⴰⵙ** (***Panthera pardus***) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵙⵓⵎⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵛⵛⵉⵡⵏ. ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⴹⵓⵕⵜ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ

**ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ** (ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ:**Serpentes)** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵡ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)

**ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ** ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉ ⴼⵉ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴱⴱⵉⴽⵜⵓⴱ (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ: SPECTOP) ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵢⵍ.

## ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ
ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴱⵉⴱⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴹⴱⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵄⴹⴹⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. 

## ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ

* ⵕⴰⵊⴰ ⵅⵔⵎⴰⵣ
* ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵉⴼ
* ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⵛⵄⴰⴱ
* ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵔ
* ⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵍⴱⴷⵖⵕⵉ
* ⵛⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔⵉ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵃ
* ⵙⴰⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵃⴰⵊ
* ⵎⵔⵢⵎ ⵄⵏⵏⵓⵣ
* ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ
* ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵊ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ
* ⵃⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵇⵇⵊⵉⵄ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵕⴰⵊⴰ ⵅⵔⵎⴰⵣ

**ⵕⴰⵊⴰ ⵅⵔⵎⴰⵣ** (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: **رجاء خرماز**) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ 2018 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉ ⴼⵉ, ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

## ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ

* ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ), 2022
* ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ), 2018
* ⵉⵟⵟⵓ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ

**ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ** ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ  ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ.

ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 21,322,750 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2021https://web.archive.org/web/20210718150157/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cairo-population.ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵖⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵍ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ. ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵓⵢ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴰⵄⵉⵏⴰ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:CairoUniv.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Partially restored head of an Egyptian King 1539-1292 BCE.jpg


## ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ

## ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ

## ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ

ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 1958

**ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1958**  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⴷ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ  ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ. 

ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴷ - ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵔ 35 ⵉⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵔⴰⵀⵏ - ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 29 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1958, ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵉ  ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ. ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹ ⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵃⵏⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ 2-5 ,  ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵅⵅⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵍⵉⵀ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵔⵣⴰ ⵓⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵏⵀⴰⵢⵎ

thumb|ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵉⵏⵀⴰⵢⵎ

**ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵉⵏⵀⴰⵢⵎ** (26 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1865 - 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1912) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵉⵏⵀⴰⵢⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴼⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵔ ⵏ "ⵟⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⴽ" ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷ 1500 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

## ⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵟⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⴽ
ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵕⴰⵎⴱ

**ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⴱ** (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳ 1946) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 45 ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 2017 ⴰⵔ 2021.
## ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
***ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :** ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵟⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⴽ

[thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵟⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ [ⵙⴰⵡⵜⴰⵎⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1912]]

**ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵟⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⴽ** ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ  ⴳ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1915  ⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵙⴰⵡⵜⴰⵎⴱⵜⵓⵏ, ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ,ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ .

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
IZ*ONE

**IZ*ONE** ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ K-pop ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵉ Stone Music Entertainment.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ

[thumb|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ]]
**ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ (**ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: New York ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ (New York City) ⵏⵖ **NYC**, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ  ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ , ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ,ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵓⴱⵏⵏⵣ . ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔ.

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ

right|thumb|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣⵉ

**ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣ** ,**ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ**  ⵏⵉⵖ ⴱ**ⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ** ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ **ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ:**Portuguese Republic**),ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵜⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵔⴰ .

## ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ

**ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ** ⵏⵖ **ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ** , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ.
ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ  ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ **ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ**, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵡⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⵏⴹⵜ.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵙ **ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ** ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ  ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ.

ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ  ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴼⵓⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵖⵍⵜ

**ⴼⵓⴰⴷ ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴳⴳⵓⵖⵍⵜ**  ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 08 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1989 ⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⴼⵕⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ) ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⵥ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ 2012, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴼⵓⴰⴷ ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴳⴳⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵣⵓⵀⵕ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ 2016, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵛⵡⵡⵕ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ 2015 ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ 3 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ.

ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴼⵓⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵣⵓⵀⵕ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵊⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ 2015, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⵔ 2020 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵚⵉ, ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ‘’ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ’’ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴼⴼⵖ  ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴳ 2023, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ 2019, ⵓⵏⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵔⴷⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⵉ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ  ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ.

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