ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ

253x253px|right|thumb|ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1854
**ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ** ⵏⵖ **ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ** (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Charles Robert Darwin, 12 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1809 – 19 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1882)  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 12 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1809 ⴳ ⵛⵔⵓⵣⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵕⵓⴱⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ «ⵉⵔⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ/ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ (Evolution), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ «ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ» (Natural Selection), ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ (ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵜ/ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ.

## ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 12 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1809, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ (1731-1802), ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⵎⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ 8 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. 

ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ.

ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1831, ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵏⵏ ⵉ 23 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵎ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵉⴳⵍ. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏⵣ ⵀⴰⵏⵙⵍⴰⵡ (1795-1861) ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ ⴼⵉⵜⵣⵕⵓⵢ (1805-1865). ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ  ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵊⵉⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ.

ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴳⵍ, ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ: ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰⴳⵓⵚ (ⵙⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ 20 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 1835) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⴼⵉⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙⵏ 1 000 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵎ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵔⵉⵡⵏ (ⵉⴱⵓⵜⴳⵔⴰⵜⵏ), ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵍⵍⵃ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵣⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵏⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ: ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴳⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵍⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵀⵔⵛⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ 1858, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⵕⵉⴷ ⵕⴰⵚⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ(1823-1913) ⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵀⵛⵕ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ 24 ⵏⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1859, ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ "ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ". ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵕⵥ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵄⴹⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⵡⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ. ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ?

ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵛⵉⵡⵉⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1871. ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵀⵓⵎⵓ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵏⵙ". ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ.

## ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ
ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ 10 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵎⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴽⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⴷⵍⵏ(ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ )  ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ(, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ «ⵉⵢⵎⴰ ⵡⵉⴷⵊⵡⵓⴷ». ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵊⵓⵔⵊ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵕⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⴼⵉⵛⵔ. 

## ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ

* ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵉⵔⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1839 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 8 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1914.
* ⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 2 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1841 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1851.
* ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏⵓⵔ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 23 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1842 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 16 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1842.
* ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⵉⵢⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 25 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1843 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 17 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1927.
* ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵀⴰⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1845 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 7 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1912.
* ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1847 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1926.
* ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 16 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1848 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 19 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1925.
* ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 15 ⵢⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1850 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 26 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1943.
* ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 13 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1851 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 29 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1928.
* ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵏⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 6 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1856 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1858.

## ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1882 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.  ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵢⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ: «ⵏⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ - ⴽⵯⵜⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ - ⵉⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵜⵉ.» ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ  ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⵓⴷ (ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵛⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ.

## ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

* ⴰⵍⴼⵕⵉⴷ ⵕⴰⵚⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ
* ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
* ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ

## ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ