open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Monero

thumb|196x196px|Ilogo yeMonero
**IMonero** yimali yedijithali eyaziwa njenge-cryptocurrency — luhlobo lwemali olusebenzisa itekhnoloji yobumfihlo bokuthengiselana. Yasungulwa ngo-2014 ngenjongo yokukhusela ubumfihlo, ukubonelela ngokungaziwa, kunye nokungaxhomekeki kwizithintelo zenkqubo yemali yakudala. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimali zedijithali ezinjengeBitcoin, i-Monero isebenzisa itekhnoloji ethile ekhuthaza ubumfihlo obunamandla bokufihla iinkcukacha zentengiselwano.

KwiMonero, iinkcukacha ezinjengeedilesi zomthumeli nomamkeli zifihliwe ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana ne-Ring Signatures kunye ne-Stealth Addresses. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba akukwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani othumele okanye ofumene imali, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba ilandelwe. Ukwengeza, i-Monero ikhusela ulwazi malunga nemali ethunyelwayo kwintengiselwano nganye, ngenxa yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-RingCT (Ring Confidential Transactions).

IMonero isekelwe kwitekhnoloji ebizwa ngokuba yi-blockchain. Kodwa ke, umahluko obalulekileyo kwi-Monero kukuba i-blockchain yayo iyimfihlo kwaye ilungiselelwe ukukhusela ulwazi lwabasebenzisi. Abasebenzisi bayo banokuzithemba ukuba imbalelwano yabo yemali ayinakufumaneka lula ngabantu besithathu okanye ngabalawuli bezemali.

IMonero yakhiwe phezu kobuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuba yi-CryptoNote, obusekelwe kwinkqubo yokuthengiselana okufihlakeleyo. Oku kuchaza ukuba i-CryptoNote ayisosixhobo semali ngokwalo, kodwa yitekhnoloji esetyenziswa njengesiseko sokwakha iMonero, egxile kubumfihlo. Le ndlela itshintshe indlela umhlaba ojonga ngayo ubumfihlo kwiimali zedijithali. Njengoko iyi-softhiwe yomthombo ovulekileyo (open source), uluntu lwehlabathi lonke luyakwazi ukufaka isandla kuphuhliso nokuphuculwa kweMonero.

Inkqubo yemigodi yeMonero ibandakanya amaqela aziwa ngokuba ngabavukuzi, abasebenzisa amandla eekhompyutha zabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana nokongeza iibhloko ezintsha kwi-blockchain yayo. Le nkqubo inceda ekuqiniseni ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi yeMonero kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ayikwazi ukuqweqwediswa lula.

## iReference

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* IWebhusayithi esemthethweni
Siyabonga Mabena

left|thumb|Umdlali ophambili Usiyabonga Mabena

## Umsebenzi weklabhu

**USiyabonga Mabena** uqhubele phambili kwiTransnet School of Excellence, ngaphambi kokuba abenomdla kumaqela aseMzantsi Afrika iMamelodi Sundowns kunye neOrlando Pirates ngo2022.  Wakhetha ukujoyina iSundowns, nogxa wakhe uRelebohile Ratomo wajoyina iPirates, wanyuselwa kwiqela leSundowns elineminyaka eyi19 kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. 

Ngomhla we14 kweyoKwindla 2023, wothuswa kukubandakanyeka kwiqela likaRhulani Mokwena kumdlalo weDStv Premiership owawudlalwa neRoyal AM .  Ngamanqaku ku5–1, uMabena uye wafakwa endaweni kaThemba Zwane, waba ngumdlali wesihlanu omncinane kumdlalo wokuqala woMzantsi Afrika kule nkqubo.  Emva komdlalo, umanejala uMokwena ufanise uMabena nongasekhoyo uGift Leremi, encoma ukulinganisa, ukukwazi ukudlala ngeenyawo zombini, nokutshintsha indlela ahamba ngayo ngesantya. Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesixhenxe Msintsi 2023 uSiyabonga Mabena ubengoyena mdlali omncinci ukufaka amanqaku kwiPremier Soccer League eneminyaka eyi16 neenyanga eziyi7 neentsuku eziyi9 edlalela iMamelodi Sundowns xa iqhubisana neSekhukhune United.

## Imithombo yolwazi
Umjukujelwa we-Intercontinental ballistic

**Umjukujelwa we-intercontinental ballistic**sisijukujulwa sokunikezelwa koluhlu olude lwezixhobo zenyukliya, ezithi, zisebenzisa i -ballistic trajectory, ifikelele kumphakamo obalulekileyo, kuqukwa nenxalenye yokubhabha kwe-suborbital kwaye ngokuyinxenye. orbitals . I-ICBM yohlulwe kwezinye imijukujelwa yebhalistikhi enjenge -IRBMs okanye ii-SRBM ngoluhlu lwayo olude kakhulu (ngaphezu kwama   ), edla ngokusikelwa umda zizivumelwano zobupolitika nezolawulo lwezixhobo.
Ngo-1989 unyulo lukamongameli wase-Equatorial Guinea

Unyulo lukaMongameli lwabanjwa e-Equatorial Guinea ngomhla we-25 Juni 1989, owokuqala ukususela ngo-1968, nangona uTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo wayenexesha lakhe leminyaka esixhenxe eliqala ngo-1982 elivunyiweyo kwi-referendum kwi-1982. Yayinguye kuphela umgqatswa kwaye uphinde wonyulwa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa ngeevoti ezingama-99%.

## Iimbekiselo
Enethunga ayisengelwa phantsi

Umzekelo : Xa unikwa lonto uyinikwayo be unayo into yokuyiphatha awunikwa sandleni njengomntu ongenanto yakuyiphatha.
Holocaust

thumb|AmaYuda afika eAuschwitz II kwiPoland eyayiphantsi kweJamani, ngoMeyi 1944. Uninzi lwakhethwa ukuba luye kumagumbi okuhlala igesi.
**I-Holocaust** yayingumcimbi owawuqhuba phakathi kweminyaka yee-1930 ukuya kwiminyaka yee-1940, ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini, apho amaNazi phantsi kobunkokheli buka-Adolf Hitler atyhola, atshutshisa, kwaye abulala izigidi zabantu, ingakumbi amaJuda aseYurophu. Oku kwakuyinxalenye yenkqubo yabo ye-genocide eyaziwa ngokuba yi-*Endlösung* (isisombululo sokugqibela), eyayijolise ekupheliseni amaJuda.

## Ukwenzeka kwe-Holocaust
AmaJuda, kunye nezinye iintlanga kunye namaqela anjengezigulana zengqondo, abantu abathandanayo ngokwesini esinye, kunye nabantu abangamaRoma (amaGypsy), baba phantsi kwenkqubo yokutshutshiswa. Babethunjwa, besetyenziswa njengezibulo labantwana abasebenzayo, okanye babulawa kwizikhululo zokufa ezifana ne-Auschwitz, Treblinka, nezinye. Ngokubanzi, kubalwa ukuba amaJuda angaphezulu kwezigidi ezintandathu ahamba kwesi sihlakano.

## Imbali
I-Holocaust yaqala ngokusebenzisa umthetho ongathandabuzekiyo, i-Nuremberg Laws, ngonyaka ka-1935, owawususa amalungelo abantu abangengomaNazi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkqubo yeNazi yaqalisa ukuthutha abantu abangafunekiyo kwizikhululo zokuhlala ngaphambi kokuba bajoliswe ekutshatyalalisweni ngokupheleleyo.

## Isikhumbuzo kunye nezifundo
I-Holocaust yasilela kumhlaba wokutsho ukuba amalungelo abantu kufuneka ahlonitshwe. Iindawo ezininzi emhlabeni zineendawo zokukhumbula ezi ntsholongwane, ezinje ngeYad Vashem e-Israel. Kwakhona, imfundo nge-Holocaust iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufundisa izizukulwana ezizayo ukuze zikhusele amalungelo oluntu.

## Imithombo

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* Yad Vashem
* The Johannesburg Holocaust & Genocide Centre
I-Anticyclone

Kwi-meteorology, **i-anticyclones** ziindawo zomoya zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kumhlaba onesetyhula okanye i-elliptical shape, ebangela ukuguquguquka okuthobekileyo kwiiparamitha zemeteorological, ngokuchaseneyo nemimandla ye-cyclonic okanye indawo yoxinzelelo oluphantsi : ngaphakathi Bayavuthelakuzo imimoya ibuthathaka, ihlala ibethwa ngumoya., kwaye uvuthele ngasekunene kuMntla weIkhweyitha uze uvuthele ngasekunene kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha. 

Umoya, xa unzima, uyacinezela, ufudumale kwaye wome ngakumbi (into ebizwa ngokuba yi -atmospheric subsidence), edla ngokunyibilika amafu. Phambi kwe-anticyclone, nangona kunjalo, inkungu okanye inkungu inokuvela ngexesha lasebusika ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamaqondo obushushu kufuphi nomhlaba, ngelixa ehlotyeni ukufudumala okunamandla komhlaba kunokubangela ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kwamafu e-cumulonimbus kunye neendudumo zendawo ukuya kuthi ga yokuqina ngamandla
Zagarolo (kumasipala)

:


**IZagarolo** ( Italian : **Comune di Zagarolo** ) ngumasipala waseItali .  Itholakala kwiphondo laseCittà metropolitana di Roma Capitale kunye nommandla waseLazio, kwindawo ephakathi kwelizwe,  km empuma yeRoma, ikomkhulu lelizwe. Kukho abemi abangama  (kwi2014). 

Imozulu yiMeditera .  Ubushushu obuphakathi buyi-  °C . Eyona nyanga ishushu nguAgasti, nge &nbsp;°C, kwaye eyona ngqele kaDisemba, ngo &nbsp;°C.  Umyinge wemvula yi-  millimeters ngonyaka. Eyona nyanga inemvula kakhulu nguNovemba, kunye neemilimitha  zemvula, kwaye eyomileyo nguAgasti, kunye neemilimitha ezingama  .
UAdam

**UAdam**  ligama elinikwe kwiGenesis 1–5 kumntu wokuqala.  UAdam ngumntu wokuqala owamaziyo uThixo. 

UAdam wona kumyezo wase-Eden ngokutya kumthi wokwazi okulungileyo nokubi. Esi senzo sangenisa nesono ehlabathini. Kuphela kungokubethelelwa kukaYesu emnqamlezweni, uluntu lunokukhululwa.
INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe (eLesotho)

**INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe** licandelo elisezantsi lePalamente yaseLesotho eyinxalenye emibini.

## Ukuqamba
INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe yangoku inamalungu ali-120 ewonke. Amalungu angama-80 anyulwe kwiindawo zovoto zelungu elinye kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuqala yokukhetha isininzi (yokuqala-emva kwesithuba). malungu aseleyo angama-40 onyulwa ngokumelwa ngokomlinganiselo kunye noluhlu lwemibutho yesizwe. Amalungu asebenza isithuba seminyaka emihlanu.

UTlohang Sekhamane unguSomlomo weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ngoku.

## Unyulo lwamva nje


## Bona kwakho

* INdlu yeeNgwevu zaseLesotho - igumbi eliphezulu lePalamente
* Imbali yaseLesotho
* Uluhlu lwezithethi zeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseLesotho

## Iimbekiselo

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

*
Uluhlu lwezithethi zeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseLesotho

**Uluhlu lwezithethi zeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseLesotho** .

INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe yasekwa ngo-1965 kwaye yandulelwa liBhunga leSizwe laseBasutoland. UWalter P. Stanford wayesisithethi seBhunga leSizwe ukusuka kwi-1961 ukuya kwi-1965. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwabaphathi-ofisi:

## Iimbekiselo
Zana (band)

**Zana** liqela le-rock kunye ne pop lase-Serbia elasekwa e- Belgrade ngo-1979.
thumb|Logo

## Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi
Iqela leZana laqala ngo-1983 eBelgrade, eSerbia, kwaye lasungula i-albhamu yokuqala enomxholo wemixube ye-pop kunye ne-rock. Iqela labonakala kakhulu ngeengoma zabo ezifana ne **“Jutro će promeniti sve”** kunye ne **“Lopov”**, eziye zabonwa njengemisebenzi ephumeleleyo kumculo weSerbia. Umdlalo weZana ubalulekile kumphosa wama-80 kunye ne-90s, kwaye badlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomculo.

## Izihlandlo zomsebenzi
Zana yaphumelela ngaphezulu kumculo we-pop, kwaye ibonisa imisebenzi yobuchule kumculo wepop rock, izikhamiso, kunye nemixube ye-alternative rock. Ibandla leZana liqhubeka nokuphosa, kwaye lidele ukuhamba phambili kumphosa we-pop rock.
Nirvana (band)

thumb|Nirvana (1992)
**Nirvana** yayiliqela lomculo laseMelika elasekwa eAberdeen, eWashington, ngo-1987.
Jugoton

thumb|Logo IJugoton
**IJugoton** yayiyeyona rekhodi inkulu kunye nevenkile yerekhodi yekhonkco kwiYugoslavia yangaphambili esekelwe eZagreb, SR Croatia.

## Imbali
Jugoton yasungulwa ngo-1947. Ibalulekile ngokukhululwa kwezinye zezenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomculo wepop ne-rock zakuqala zaseYugoslavia. Ukwengeza, le nkampani yayiphethe inethiwekhi ebanzi yezitolo zomculo kulo lonke elase-SFR Yugoslavia. Le nkampani yaguqula igama layo yaba yiCroatia Records ngo-1991, emva kokuba iCroatia yehlukanise neYugoslavia.

## Abaculi

* Bijelo Dugme – Ibhendi yeRock
* Zdravko Čolić – Umculi wePop
* Oliver Dragojević – Umculi waseCroatia
* Goran Bregović – Umculi kunye nomphosa, ilungu langaphambili leBijelo Dugme
* Korni Grupa – Ibhendi yeRock
* Srđan Marinković – Umculi
* Tereza Kesovija – Umculi waseCroatia
* Zana (band) — Ibhendi yePop-Rock-NewWave
* Arsen Dedić – Umculi-ncwadi
* Riblja Čorba – Ibhendi yeRock
* Lepa Brena – Umculi wePop-folk
* Neda Ukraden – Umculi wePop kunye neFolk
* Kreator – Ibhendi yeMetal
* Bajaga i Instruktori – Ibhendi yeRock
* Zoran Šojkić – Umculi
* Dino Dvornik – Umculi wePop
* Sanja Doležal – Umculi kunye nelungu lebhendi iNovi Fosili
* Đorđe Balašević – Umculi-ncwadi
* Mišo Kovač – Umculi weFolk
* Indexi – Ibhendi yeRock
* Vera Šolja – Umculi wePop
* Svetlana Ražnatović (Ceca) – Umculi wePop-folk
* Nina Badrić – Umculi wePop waseCroatia
* Zvonko Bogdan – Umculi weFolk
* Gabi Novak – Umculi wePop waseCroatia
* Duško Trifunović – Umbhali kunye nomculi
* Lado – Iqela leFolk
* Željko Joksimović – Umculi wePop
* Boris Novković – Umculi wePop waseCroatia
* Sevdah Baby – Umculi wePop
* Nina Kraljić – Umculi waseCroatia
UCeca (imvumi)

Ceca, ogama eligcwele uSvetlana Ražnatović, ngumculi ophumeleleyo waseSerbia. 

Uzalelwe ngo-1973 eZlatibor, eSerbia, kwaye waqala umculo wakhe eminyaka emincinci. Uphumelele kakhulu kumculo wePop-folk kwaye udume ngeengoma ezifana ne *“Lepi grome”* kunye ne *“Kukavica.”* Uphumelele iimbasa ezininzi kumculo kwaye unomsebenzi ophumelele kakhulu kumphakathi weBalkan.
Bijelo Dugme

thumb|Bijelo Dugme (1986)
IBijelo Dugme liqela lomculo werock elidume kakhulu eBalkan, nelaba nefuthe elikhulu kwimbali yomculo kule ngingqi. 

Eli qela lasekwa ngo-1974 eSarajevo, eBosnia naseHerzegovina, kwaye laba luphawu lwenkulungwane yegolide yomculo kwiYugoslavia yakudala.

## Imvelaphi kunye nokuQala
Amalungu okuqala eBijelo Dugme abandakanya uGoran Bregović, owayengumqhubi weqela kunye nomdlali weqonga (guitarist), kunye noŽeljko Bebek njengomculi ophambili. Eli qela lazimisa ngokudibanisa umculo werock kunye nezandi zemveli zaseBalkan, yenza isimbo esahlukileyo esathandwa ngababukeli abaninzi.

**Iialbham ezibalulekileyo**

Iialbham zabo ezifana ne *“Kad bi’ bio bijelo dugme”* (1974) kunye ne *“Bitanga i princeza”* (1979) zaba yimpumelelo enkulu, kwaye iingoma zabo zaba yimibhalo yesikhumbuzo kubathandi bomculo werock. Umsebenzi wabo wawudunyiswa kakhulu ngexesha lokukhutshwa kunye nangemva koko, kunye neenombolo zee-albham zabo ezivele kuluhlu lwezona albham zibalaseleyo zeYugoslav rock, zidunyiswa ngolwakhiwo, ubuchule bokudlala, imveliso kunye nomgangatho wobugcisa weengoma.

## Utshintsho lwamalungu kunye neNdlela entsha
Ngexesha lomsebenzi wabo, iBijelo Dugme yajongana notshintsho kumalungu, kuquka utshintsho kumculi ophambili. Emva kokuhamba kukaBebek ngo-1984, uMladen Vojičić “Tifa” wajoyina iqela, elandelwa nguAlen Islamović ngo-1986. Ngeli xesha, isandi seqela satshintsha, sadibanisa izitayela ezintsha ezifana ne-new wave kunye ne-pop rock, kodwa bagcina ukuthandwa kwabo kubabukeli.

**Ukuchithwa kunye nokuHlanganiswa kwakhona**

IBijelo Dugme yachithwa ngo-1989, kodwa ifuthe labo emculweni laseBalkan lihlala likhulu nanamhlanje. Ngo-2005, eli qela lahlanganiswa kwakhona kwi-lineup ebandakanya uninzi lwamalungu adlulileyo, kuquka bonke abaculi abathathu, kwaye benza iikhonsathi ezintathu eSarajevo, eZagreb naseBelgrade. Ikhonsathi eBelgrade yaba yenye yezona zikhonzathi zineentlawulo eziphezulu zazo zonke iixesha.

## Ilifa kunye neMpembelelo
Umsebenzi weBijelo Dugme usahlonitshwa kuzo zonke iirepublics zangaphambili zeYugoslavia, kwaye iqela lidla ngokuthathwa njengenye yeempawu zenkcubeko yeYugoslavia, umsebenzi wabo uhlala uyimixholo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-yugo-nostalgia.

IBijelo Dugme ngumzekelo wokuba umculo unamandla okuhlanganisa iintlanga kunye nokudala ubumbano, nakwimimandla eneembali ezinzima.
Divlje Jagode

thumb|Divlje Jagode (2022)
**Divlje Jagode**  lilitye elinzima kunye nebhendi yentsimbi enzima, eyaqalwa ngo-1977 eSarajevo, e-SR Bosnia naseHerzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia, kwaye ukususela ngo-1994 ukuhlangana kwakhona okusekelwe eCroatia.

## Ubomi obuqalayo
I-Divlje Jagode yasungulwa ngo-1977 eSarajevo, ngelixa i-punk rock yayiqala ukufika eYugoslavia. Iqela laqala njengemibutho yama-punk, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-Divlje Jagode yatshintsha isikhumbuzo somculo futhi yenza i-rock yeqela kunye ne-metal.

## Ukuphumelela kweqela
Ukuqala kwayo, i-Divlje Jagode yaphumelela ngokuphumelela kumphosa we-punk rock waseYugoslavia, kodwa yayingaphoswa ngumculo wokuphosa we-punk rock kunye ne-hard rock. Iqela laphendukela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala izihlobo zomculo ezinokufunyanwa kude kumphosa wokuphosa wabo.

## I-carriera
I-Divlje Jagode yahlala ibalulekile kwiimeko zomculo zomphosa, xa ifikelela kumphosa ngokuphumelela kuzinxulumene kwinkampani ye-music label. Ngokuqhubekayo, i-Divlje Jagode yahlala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezimnandi kumphosa kunye nokuqinisekisa umphosa woqoqosho wabo, ngaphezu kwezindidi zomculo ezahlukeneyo, zifakela izixeko zomphosa.

Iqela lihlala limile, libonisa imisebenzi ye-rock yamacandelo aqhelekileyo ohlangene kumphosa we-punk rock.

## I-discography

* Divlje Jagode (1983)
* Motori (1984)
* Jednom Kad Noć (1986)
* Tako Mogu Ja To (1990)
* Svetla Strana Tame (2006)
* Bastion (2012)
Elvira Rahić

U- **Elvira Rahić** yimvumi yabantu baseBosnia. URahić waqala umsebenzi wakhe womculo wobuchwephesha ngo-1991 kwaye sele ekhuphe ii-albhamu ezilishumi zesitudiyo. Uhlala eSarajevo naseVienna.
Sanela Sijerčić

**USanela Sijerčić** yimvumi yaseBosnia yaseSarajevo. Ukhuphe ii-albhamu ezintandathu kwaye wafumana i-"Folk Oscar" ngo-2006 Ukwabizwa ngokuba "yimvumi yoNyaka" (eBosnia) Uxelwe ukuba "umhlala phantsi ekurekhodeni okusebenzayo kunye nokwenza ngo-2009.
Romeo Santos

thumb|Santos
**U-Anthony** **Romeo** **Santos** (owazalwa ngoJulayi 21, 1981)  yimvumi yaseMelika, umbhali weengoma, kunye nomvelisi werekhodi owaziwa kakhulu njenge-frontman kunye nevocalist ephambili yeqela le -bachata i-Aventura. 

## Ubomi obuqalayo
Romeo Santos, owazalwa ngoAnthony Santos ngomhlaka 21 kuJulayi 1981, eBronx, New York, unamalungelo aseDominican. Wakhulela kusapho esinemvelaphi yezomculo, apho ubaba wakhe wayengumculi kunye nonina ebelibandakanyeka nezobuciko. USantos waba nomdla kumculo kwasebancinci, kwaye ngasese wathonywa ngohlobo olunzulu lomculo, kubandakanya i-bachata, umculo ophuma eDominican Republic.

Wakhulela endaweni eyayibanjwe ngamaLatino, apho waba nethuba lokufunda ngomculo kunye namasiko aseDominican Republic. U-Santos waqala umkhakha wakhe womculo njengekholi ephambili yeqela i-Aventura, alalisungula kunye namakhusha zakhe kunye nabahlobo. Ekuqaleni, babenoncedo oluncinci, kodwa ngenxa yomzabalazo, i-Aventura yaba nempumelelo ngeminyaka ye-1990s nasekuqaleni kwe-2000s. Ukuchukumisa kukaSantos kumculo kwezinye iintlobo kunye nokuxhaswa kwakhe kusapho kwaba nomphumela obalulekileyo kumsebenzi wakhe kumculo.

## Umsebenzi womculo

### Umsebenzi wokuqala, iLos Tinellers, kunye ne-Aventura (1994-2011)
URomeo wayeyimvumi ephambili, umbhali weengoma kunye nomvelisi weAventura. Wakha iqela kwi-1994 kunye nomzala wakhe uHenry Santos "Hustle Hard", kunye nabahlobo uLenny Santos "Len Melody", kunye noMax Santos "Mikey aka Max Agende".

## References
Selected Ambient Works 85–92

*Selected Ambient Works 85-92* ngu-Aphex Twin yialbhamu ye-ambient ne-electronic ekhuthazayo, ekhishwe ngo-1992. Le albhamu ibonisa imisebenzi ka-Aphex Twin, egxile kumajolise e-ambient, kunye nemisebenzi ye-techno kunye ne-IDM (Intelligent Dance Music). Itrack ye-albhamu inobuhle obungavumi ukukhangeleka, idibanisa izandi zokuzola nezinye ezihamba phambili, ezibuyela kwiimeko ezipheleleyo nezicwangciso.

Le albhamu ibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni we-electronic music kwaye ibonisa izinto ezintsha eziphucula amathuba okuvelisa umculo ohlukeneyo. Kwasekuqaleni kwakho, i-ambient ineezimvo zokuqonda, ngelixa i-Aphex Twin idibanisa imithombo ye-intelligent, yenza ukuba ibe yinzuzo yokucinga ngendlela emnandi.
Blu Cantrell

thumb|UBlu Cantell
**UTiffany Cobb** owazalwa nge-16 kaMatshi 1976, owaziwa njengo**Blu** **Cantrell**, yimvumi ye R&B yaseMelika.
Kimi (imvumi)

thumb|Kimi & Aca Lukas
UKimeta Cevani, owaziwa kakhulu ngelithi Kimi, ngumculi ovela eKosovo.  

Wazalwa ngomhla we-2 Matshi 1970 ePrizren, ngelo xesha eyayiyinxalenye yeYugoslavia. Ubalulekile kwiingoma ezibhalwe ngesiBosnia kwaye uneempembelelo ezibonakalayo kwicandelo lomculo we-turbo-folk, pop, rock waseBalkan.
Indima edlalwe ngoondlebe zikhany'langa kwiilwimi ze sintu (African Languages)

UMzantsi Afrika omtsha, ongcamla inkululeko yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu ananye (31) kodwa umnqa, iingxaki nengcinezelo zexesha lobandlululo zisawombethe uMzantsi Afrika kwaye ithemba lithande ukunqongophala malunga nokusonjululwa kwezingxaki. Eyona ngxaki Itshotsh'entla kwezika Ntu kukufa kweelwimi zesintu (African Languages). Icandelo lophando nokulondolozwa kweelimi i UNESCO ibalula ukuba, qho ngeveki ezimbini enyangeni  iilwimi zakawantu ziyafa. Unobangela woku ngokuchazwa ngoka Roy-Compbell (2019) ubika ukuba amakoloniyali afika e Afrika ama Afrika esindla ngendebe endala, yaye imfihlo zawo kunye neelwimi zazingabhalwanga phantsi, kwaye ulwazi lwaludluliswa ngokuthetha. Bafika ke babona ukuba undlela lula wokuba bakwazi ukudlulisa olwabo ulwazi kwisizwe esintsudu kukuba babhale phantsi iilwimi zama Afrika ukuze bakwazi ukuguqula intetha yabo yolwimi lwabo bayise kulwimi lwesintu ukuze baviwe ukuba uthini na umyalezo wabo. Kwabanjalo ke ukwakhiwa kweelimi zesintu zisakhiwa ngabantu abangezonzalelwane zase Afrika. Injongo yoku yayikukuba kushunyayezwe ama Afrika ngenkolo yobuKrestu ze kushicilelwe necwadi yezibhalo ezingcwele ngeelwimi zesintu. Kuthe ke isakufezeka lonto lwaphinde lwafakwa phantsi koxinezelelo ulwimi lomntu omnyama kuba lalungavumelekanga ukuba lusetyenzizwe ezikolweni, elona lwimi kwakufundwa ngalo lulwimi lwesiBhulu neSingesi. Ingcinezelo yolwimi nokungalingani kwaqala ngexesha lobandlululo ukuba ke nangoku kusenjalo nangona ukhona umnyenyevu kwiziphaluka ezithile zoMzantsi Afrika. 

Uluntu lonke lalucinga ukuba kuyakuthi emva kuka 1994 izinto zibuyele esimeni kodwa kunamhlanje kusaphuma uphando oluthi kusekude engqinibeni. Amaqonga afana ne Wikipedia ngawo anika ithemba kwiilwimi zesintu ukuba aziyi kutshabalala de kuphele ngenxa yamatiletile eziwenzayo ukubuyisa nokunika isidima kwiilwimi zesintu, nangona uluntu lungayiseli so lengxubakaxaka. Izinga lokufa kweelwimi zesintu likhomba ilizwe apho kuzakuthethwa ulwimi olunye ngumntu wonke, elo lizwe iyakuba lelilahlekwe bubuntu balo, imvelaphi, ukuzazi kunye neengcambu zalo. Yanga wonke ubani angadlala indima kwiinzame zokubuyisela iilwimi zakwantu!.

Camagu!

Inkululeko
Iilwimi zakwantu
African Languages
Lubumbashi Sport

**Iqela lebhola ekhatywayo iLubumbashi Imidlalo** liqela lebhola ekhatywayo elisuka eDR Congo. Ngoku badlala kwiLinafoot ye-DR Congo ephezulu. Imidlalo yabo yasekhaya ibanjelwe eStade Frederic Kibassa Maliba eLubumbashi.

## Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF

* **[[Indebe yaBaphumeleleyo kwiNdebe ye-Afrika]]**: Imidlalo e-1

:: 1981&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala

## Iimbekiselo


## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* Iprofayile *yeklabhu-Soccerway.com*
* I-logo yeklabhu
Tirana

**I-Tirana** [b] / ( / tɪ ˈrɑːn ə / ⓘ tih-RAH -nə,    ; Gheg Albanian) likomkhulu nesona sixeko sikhulu selizwe i-Albania.  Esi sixeko sasekwa ngo-1614 yinjengele yeOttoman-Albanian uSylejman Pasha Bargjini. Isixeko sinabemi abangama-555,422, ukusukela kwidatha yobalo luka-2011. Isixeko simi kumbindi we-Albania, yaye sesona sixeko siphambili selizwe sokwenza ezoshishino. Likhaya kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya i-Tirana International Airport, esona sikhululo sikhulu saseAlbania. Esi sixeko sitsala abakhenkethi abaninzi minyaka le. Eyona nto inomtsalane kubakhenkethi ibandakanya iPiramidi yaseTirana kunye nechibi i-Artificial. Emazantsi esixeko kukho intaba ebizwa "Dajti", apho indawo yayo ephezulu inokufikelelwa yimoto yekhebula kwaye kwindawo yayo ephezulu, iTirana inokubonwa ngokupheleleyo, kwimbono ye-panoramic.

## iimbekiselo
Ingonyama

thumb|Ibhubesi

**Ingonyama** (***Panthera leo***) yikati enkulu yohlobo *lwePanthera*, inzalelwane yaseAfrika naseIndiya.
Panyaza Lesufi

**U-Andrek "Panyaza" Lesufi** (owazalwa nge-4 eyoMsintsi 1968) ngusopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika owaqeshwa njengeNkulumbuso yesixhenxe yaseRhawutini ngenyanga eyeDwarha ngo-2022. Ngaphambili wayeliLungu lesiGqeba esiLawulayo (i-MEC) kwezeMfundo kurhulumente wephondo laseRhawutini phakathi kukaCanzibe 2014 neyeDwarha 2022, ngaphandle nje kweentsuku ezimbini zokuba nguMphathiswa wezeziMali ngoCanzibe 2019. Kwangaxeshanye, ebebambele uMphathiswa woPhuhliso loLuntu phakathi kweyeNkanga 2019 neyesiLimela 2020. 

Owayesakuba litshantliziyo elichasene nocalucalulo nezemfundo, uLesufi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko kulawulo lukarhulumente nonxibelelwano kurhulumente wase-Ekurhuleni, eGauteng nakurhulumente kazwelonke, apho ebesebenza  kwiSebe lezeMfundo-siseko ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2014. Wanyulwa okokuqala kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yePhondo laseRhawutini ngo-2014. Ulilungu le- African National Congress (ANC) kwaye usebenze kwiKomiti eLawulayo yePhondo laseGauteng ukusukela ngo-2007; uye waqeshwa njengoSihlalo wombutho wePhondo ngoJuni ka-2022. Ukwalilungu loMbutho i-South African Communist Party kwaye ukwalilungu leKomiti yesiGqeba yeSizwe ye-ANC.
IKHAYA

**I-HOSE** (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-HOSE okanye ISIXATHU) ligama elisetyenziselwa ukudlala umdlalo oxubeneyo wepoker ukubandakanya imidlalo emininzi emine eyahlukeneyo yepoker.
Natural American Spirit

**Natural American Spirit**, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba **nguMoya waseMelika**, luphawu lwaseMelika lwecuba kunye nezinye iimveliso zecuba, okwangoku ezizezakwaReynolds American kwaye zenziwe yiNkampani yaseSanta Fe Natural Tobacco.
Umdiza

thumb|Umdiza
**Icuba** sisilinda esimxinwa esinezinto ezinokutsha, ngokuqhelekileyo icuba, esongwe senziwa kwiphepha elibhityileyo lokutshaya.
thumb|Icuba Lombane
Mariah Carey

thumb|UMariah Carey 1999
**UMariah Carey**  owazalwa ngoMatshi 27, 1969 yimvumi yaseMelika, umbhali weengoma, umvelisi werekhodi, kunye nomlingisi. Ebizwa ngokuba yi "Songbird Supreme" yiGuinness *World Records*, uCarey waziwa ngoluhlu lwezwi lakhe elinee-octave ezintlanu, isimbo sokucula esimnandi kunye nokusetyenziswa komsayino werejista yempempe.
Ariana Grande

thumb|uAriana 2024
**UAriana Grande-Butera** owazalwa ngoJuni 26, 1993 yimvumi yaseMelika, umbhali weengoma, kunye nomlingisi.
IBhunga lokuchasa iRiphabliki

IBhunga lokuchasa iRiphabhlikhi liqela elikhokelwa ngowayesakuba yiNkokeli yabavukeli uRhissa Ag Boula ejonge ukubhukuqa iBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko lweLizwe kunye nokubuyisela u-Mohamed Bazoum njengoMongameli waseNiger kulandela ukugxothwa kwakhe ngumkhosi kubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseNigerien luka-2023 ngoJulayi 2023.

Eli qela lasekwa ngo-9 ka-Agasti 2023 nguRhissa Ag Boula, owayesakuba yiNkokeli yeqela labavukeli eliPhambili kwiLiberation ye-Aïr kunye ne-Azaouak (FLAA) eyathatha inxaxheba kwiimvukelo ezimbini zabantu baseTuareg kwiminyaka yee-1990 kunye ne-2000s, owatyhola umkhosi we-Nigerien ngokubhekisele kwi-juntarage yase-Nigerien ngokubhekisele kwi-juntarage yase-Niger. Bazoum. U-Ag Boula uthe uxhasa ukungenelela kwe-ECOWAS ukubuyisela i-Bazoum kumandla. Elinye ilungu le-CRR lathi inani lezopolitiko laseNiger lijoyine iqela kodwa lalile ukuphuma esidlangalaleni ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko.

## Bona kwakho

* 2023 Ingxaki yaseNiger

## Iimbekiselo
I-Televisa

**I-Televisa** yinkampani yonxibelelwano yaseMexico kunye nosasazo ekomkhulu kwisixeko saseMexico. 

Le nkampani ilawula imarike kamabonwakude eMexico, elona lizwe likhulu lithetha iSpanish ehlabathini, yaye kukho abaphulaphuli abangama-60 ukuya kuma-85 ekhulwini. Ikwanazo nemisebenzi kwamanye amazwe aseLatin America kwaye ithumela ngaphandle ikakhulu iitelenovelas kumazwe angaphezu kwama-75.

## Iimbekiselo

## Amakhonkco angaphandle
* Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni
Phambili kwiNkululeko ye-Aïr kunye ne-Azaouak

I-**Front for the Liberation of Air and Azaouak** (isiFrentshi: *Front de Liberation de l'Air et de l'Azaouak**,* ebizwa ngokuba **yiFLAA**) liqela labavukeli elathatha inxaxheba kwimvukelo ezimbini. ngabantu baseTuareg ngeminyaka yoo-1990 kunye noo-2000.

## Isishwankathelo
Ngokwindla ka-1991, imvukelo yaseTuareg yanda eNiger. I-FLAA ivakalise ukuhlaselwa kwamaziko olawulo njengendlela yokusabela kwiziganeko zaseTchin Tabaraden. I-Front for the Liberation of Air and Azaouak (FLAA) liqela labavukeli elathatha inxaxheba kwiimvukelo ezimbini zabantu baseTuareg kwiminyaka yoo-1990 kunye ne-2000. Owayesakuba yinkokeli yakhe nguRhissa Ag Boula owakha iBhunga lokuchasa iRiphabhlikhi ngo-2023.

## Bona kwakho

* abantu Tuareg
* Imvukelo yaseTuareg (1990–1995)
* Imvukelo yaseTuareg (2007–2009)
* Rhissa Ag Boula
* IBhunga lokuchasa iRiphabliki

## Iimbekiselo
Mano Dayak

**UMano Dayak** (1949 – Disemba 15, 1995) wayengumlweli wenkululeko waseTuareg, inkokeli, itshantliziyo, isifundiswa kunye nomthethiswano. Ukhokele iMvukelo yeTuareg kwingingqi yaseTénéré, emantla eNiger ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Wazalelwa kwintlambo yaseTiden kwiiNtaba zeAïr (kufuphi nesixeko saseAgadez) ngo-1949. Wafa kwingozi yenqwelo-moya ngowe-1995, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kuqikelelwe ukuba ayizange izenzekele.

Kwasebutsheni bakhe waya kwiYunivesithi yase-Indiana eBloomington, e-Indiana ukuya kufunda isidanga sokuqala kwintsomi waza kamva wenza isidanga kwisayensi yezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseSorbonne. Kwakulapha eFransi apho wadibana nenkosikazi yakhe u-Odile, umfundi we-anthropology owayecwangcise ukuseka ishishini labakhenkethi kunye naye ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970.

## Impumelelo kunye nelifa
Ngaphandle kokukhokela imvukelo yeTuareg (eyayikhokela kwisiseko sakhe e-Adrar de Bouss), uMano Dayak wenza igama lakhe njengombhali weencwadi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo malunga nenkcubeko yeTuareg kunye nezopolitiko. Ukwasebenze njengesikhokelo sikaThierry Sabine ngexesha lerali yaseParis-Dakar. Iqela leTuareg iTinariwen lanikezela ngengoma kuye kwicwecwe labo elithi "Aman Iman". Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseMano Dayak eAgadez sithiywe ngaye.

## Iimbekiselo
Americano Futebol Clube (MA)

**I-Americano Futebol Clube**, eyaziwa ngokuba **yi-Americano**, yiklabhu yebhola ekhatywayo yaseBrazil esekelwe eBacabal, kwiphondo lase Maranhão.

## Imbali
Iklabhu yasekwa ngoNovemba 15, 1978. I-Americano yakhuphisana kwi-Campeonato Maranhense kwi-1993, i-1996, i-1998 ukuya kwi-2000, kunye ne-2005.

## Iimbeko

* **[[ICampeonato Maranhense iCandelo leSibini]]**
** **Abaphumeleleyo (1):** 2016

## Ibala lemidlalo
I-American Futebol Clube idlala imidlalo yabo yasekhaya e -Estádio José Luís Corrêa, obizwa ngokuba *yiCorreão*. Ibala lezemidlalo linomthamo omkhulu wabantu abangama-7,856.

## Iimbekiselo
Kuxhelw' eXhukwana

**Kuxhelwe eXhukwana**: Kuluvuyo kuyimincili abantu bonke bonwabile, eXhukwana sisithili okanye yilali ekude kufutshane nexesi, apho kwakufudulwa kusaziwa ukuba kwakuyilali eyayifudulwa kusaziwa ukuba kwakuyilali eyayisokola kakhulu kwicala lemfuyo, abantu bakhona babengayazi inyama kwakunye nezinye izinto. Zekuthiwe xa kukho loo mntu uphuphileyo eXhukwana ozoxhela inkomo, wonke umntu ulungele ukuyeka nantoni na, wonke umntu onwabe, kubeluvuyo bachulunyaniswe yinto yokuba uzakutya inyama. kuthiwe xa konwatyiwe kuxhelwe eXhukwana
I-Nacional Futebol Clube (MG)

**INacional Futebol Clube**, eyaziwa ngokuba **yiNacional de Uberaba**, liqela lebhola ekhatywayo laseBrazil elizinze eUberaba, kwiphondo lase Minas Gerais.

## Imbali
Iklabhu yasekwa ngo-Agasti 1, 1944. I-Nacional iphumelele iNqanaba leSibini leCampeonato Mineiro kwi-1963, 1979, kunye ne-1982.

## Iimbeko

* **[[Campeonato Mineiro Módulo II]]**
** **Abaphumeleleyo (3):** 1963, 1978, 1982
* **[[Campeonato Mineiro Segunda Divisão]]**
** **Abaphumeleleyo (1):** 2013
* **Torneio Incentivo**
** **Abaphumeleleyo (1):** 1978

## Ibala lemidlalo
INacional Futebol Clube idlala imidlalo yasekhaya e-Uberabão. Ibala lezemidlalo linomthamo omkhulu wabantu abangama-25,000.

## Iimbekiselo
Sizwe Lindelo Snail ka Mtuze

Sizwe Lindelo Snail ka Mtuze holds an LLB from the University of Pretoria with tax law and cyberlaw electives. He is a practicing attorney with the law firm Snail Attorneys at Law. He holds an LLM from the University of South Africa. Sizwe is registered with the University of Fort Hare for an LLD. Sizwe is an adjunct Professor at the Nelson Mandela University, Mercantile Law Department (2020- to date) and has been a Research Fellow since 2014 as well as Lecturer in the field of cyberlaw at the University of Fort Hare since (2018- date) Sizwe enjoys lecturing to LLB student and supervising of LLM theses and also acts as an external examiner of LLB and LLM for most South African Universities. In addition, he has developed courses and given training to the Law Society of South Africa (LSSA), the International Telecommunication Union, the Council of Europe, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners.

Sizwe was a member of the South African Information Regulator Sizwe was a member on the ICT Review Panel of the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services (DTPS), serving as a chair of the E-Commerce Committee (Digital Society, as renamed). Sizwe served on the National Cyber Security Advisory Council of the DTPS. (2014 -2016) He was deputy chair and chair for the Law Society of South Africa (LSSA) E-Law Committee (2013–to 2021). He has been the domain name mediator for ZADNA (the Domain Name Authority) since 2017 as well as member of the Information Regulator (IR) (2016–2021) and a member of the Films and Publication Appeal Board (FPB) (2016–2021). Sizwe also is an Advisory Member of the Cyber BRICS, FGV Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2019 to date). Sizwe was the co-editor and author of CyberlawSA III: The Law of the Internet in South Africa (2012) but also CyberlawSA IV: The Law of the Internet in South Africa published in 2021.

Sizwe is a co-founding member of the Annual Cyberlaw Conference and the Annual Lex–Informatica Conference (2008–2021). He was WASPA (Wireless Application Service Providers’ Association) adjudicator (2008–to 2016). Sizwe is International Co-Ordinator of the ACCP, Kampala, Uganda. (2008 - to date ) Sizwe is also Examiner for the Attorneys Admission Exam - Legal Practice Counsel (2019 - date). Sizwe is a regular commentator on cyberlaw in various South African newspapers and on radio talk shows.

His impressive background includes serving as a Member of the Information Regulator of South Africa from 2016 to 2021, where he played a crucial role in shaping the country's data protection and privacy landscape. He was also a key contributor to the drafting of South Africa's Cybercrimes Act, serving on the advisory committee responsible for shaping this critical legislation.
ICarajás yam

**UMgodi weCarajás** ngowona mgodi mkhulu wentsimbi ehlabathini. Ibekwe kumasipala waseParauapebas, kwiphondo lase Pará kwiiNtaba zeCarajás ezikumantla eBrazil. Umgodi usebenza njengomgodi ovulekileyo, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba uqulathe malunga ne-7.2 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni ze-iron ore, kunye negolide, manganese, i-bauxite, ikopolo, kunye nenickel. Umgodi uqhutywa yi-Brazilian mining corporation iVale (eyayifudula iyiCompanhia Vale do Rio Doce), kwaye ekuqaleni yayiyinxalenye ye-US Steel ukusuka kwi-1970 ukuya kwi-1977.

Lo mgodi ukwindawo yemvumelwano yemigodi yeIhlathi leSizwe laseCarajás, leyo "iqulathe oovimba ezaziwayo-kakuhle 18 billion iitoni kunye ibakala avareji 65,4% Fe."

Umgodi ubukhulu becala unikwe amandla ombane ophuma emanzini avela kwiDama laseTucuruí.

## Iimbekiselo
CE Operário Várzea-Grandense

**I-Clube Esportivo Operário Várzea-Grandense**, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba **yi-CEOV**, **i-Operário Várzea-Grandense**, **i-Operário-VG** okanye ngokulula **i-Operário**, liqela lebhola ekhatywayo laseBrazil elisuka eVárzea Grande, uMato Grosso, elasekwa ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe ngo-1949.

## Imbali
Iklabhu yasekwa ngo-1 Meyi 1949, kwaye yaphumelela isihloko sayo sokuqala kwi-1964 emva kokuphakamisa i-Campeonato Mato-Grossense. Iklabhu yaphumelela izihloko ezimbini ezilandelelanayo zeMato-Grossense kwi-1967 kunye ne-1968, ngaphambi kokuphinda i-feat ngo-1972 kunye ne-1973.

Nangona ejongene neengxaki zemali kwi-1980s, i-CEOV yayiyiklabhu yokugqibela esuka kuMato Grosso ukudlala kwi-Série A (1986) ngaphambi kweCuiabá kwi-2021. Ngaloo minyaka ilishumi, iklabhu yaphakamisa izihloko ezintathu zeMato-Grossense ngokulandelelana, kwi-1985, i-1986 kunye ne-1987.

Baphinde badlala kwi-Série B nakwi-Série C ngexesha le-90s, bephumelela izihloko ze-Mato-Grossense ezimbini ezilandelelanayo kwi-1994 kunye ne-1995 ngaphambi kokuba banikwe ilayisenisi ngenxa yamatyala aphezulu. Kwindawo yeklabhu, i-Esporte Clube Operário yasekwa.

I-CEOV ibuyele kwindawo esebenzayo kwi-2002, njengoko i-EC Operário yasuswa kwaye emva koko yachithwa ukuba iklabhu ithathe indawo yabo. I-CEOV iphumelele i-12 ye-Mato-Grossense yabo ngaloo nyaka, kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukumelana namatyala; emva koko, iklabhu yaphinda yanelayisensi, kunye ne-Operário Futebol Clube Ltda. yadalwa ukuqhubeka nembali yeklabhu.

Kwi-2009, i-CEOV yaphinda yasebenza ukudlala kwi-Mato-Grossense Segunda Divisão yonyaka, kunye nokudibanisa ne-Operário FC kwacetywayo, kodwa ayizange ibonakale. Emva komnye unyaka onelayisenisi, iklabhu idlale kwi-2013 Segunda Divisão, ukujongana necala labo elifana nelinye kunye nokuphumelela ukunyuselwa ngokugqiba okwesibini.

## Iimbeko

### Iitumente ezisemthethweni

### Abaphumelele iimbaleki

* Campeonato Mato-Grossense (7): 1961, 1981, 1982, 1993, 2015, 2019, 2021
* I-Copa FMF (1): 2022
* ICampeonato Mato-Grossense iCandelo leSibini (1): 2013

## Ibala lemidlalo
I-Operário idlala imidlalo yasekhaya kwibala lezemidlalo laseVerdão. Ibala lezemidlalo linomthamo omkhulu wabantu abangama-40,000.

## Iimbekiselo
Human Rights Day - Usuku lokubhiyozela Amalungelo

= *Stimela by Masekela,* Umhobe we Human Rights Day! =
alt=Hugh Masekela the Human Rights Activist|left|thumb|417x417px|Hugh Masekela's Stimela, A Human Rights Anthem
Umhla we 21 March wabekwa ngokusesikweni ukuba ngumhla wokubhiyozela amalungelo abasebenzi beli lo Mzantsi Afrika. Lo mhla usukela kwiziganeko eziliqela zokuxhatshazwa nokujongelwa phantsi, nokunyhashwa kwamalungela abasebenzi. Intsusa yeziziganeko isukela kwilixa lobandlululo phansti komthetho  wama Koloniyali. Ingoma yongasekhoyo u Hugh Masekela ethi "Stimela" yavotelwa ukuba ibe ngumhobe wesizwe ukukhumbula iziganeko ezingqamene nolusuku. Ezinye zeziganeko ezihamba phambili ngokunhyashwa kwamalungelo nezikhokelele ukuba ingoma ka Masekela ibe yiyo esetyenziswayo ukubhiyozela olusuku, sisiganeko sika Loliwe, owayethatha amadoda amnyama ezwekazi i Afrika ewathuthela kwimigodi yaseGoli ngenjongo zokuba basebenze kulemigodi ukuze bakhele amaKoloniyali ubutyebi. Aba basebenzi akukho buhlungu okanye kuxhatshazwa bangakuvanga kuquka nokunhyashwa kwamalungelo abo. Yiyo lonto ingoma ka Masekela iyiyo engumhobe wesizwe xakubhiyozelwa usuku lamalungelo oluntu. Oonomayini ngokwembhali, kwaqala ngabo ukuhlukunyezwa nokunyahswa kwamalungelo abo kwindawo zokusebenza. Ulutsha lwanamhlanje lufika kwilizwe apho sekwakhiwe amasebe amele amalungelo oluntu, kodwa lonto ayithethi ukuba ilizwe selide lafikelela kwinkululeko engenamakhwiniba. Kodwa ke okwangoku ma Afrika, masithi nilubhiyozele kakuhle usuku lwamalungelo enu, HAPPY HUMAN RIGHTS DAY!!

Human Rights
21 March
Amalungelo oluntu
Hugh Masekela
Stimela
Tim Omotoso

**UTim Omotoso** (ozelwe enguTimothy Oluseun Omotoso, ngomhla we-14 kweyeKhala ngomnyaka we-1958) nguMvangeli weendaba ezilungileyo waseNigeria kunye nomfundisi ophezulu we-Jesus Dominion International (JDI), eseDurban, eMzantsi Afrika. Uvalelwe entolongweni elindele ityala lakhe ukususela ngenyanga kaTshazimpunzi ngomnyaka wama-2017 kwinkundla ePhakamileyo yaseGqeberha ngenxa yokudlwengula, ukubhenca nokuthengiswa kwabantu. Kuxelwa ukuba wayelungisa amaxhoba akhe kwaye waqala ukuwaxhaphaza ukususela kwiminyaka eli-14. Wabanjwa yiyunithi yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphambili eMzantsi Afrika, iiHawks, ngomhla wama-20 kwinyanga kaTshazimpunzi ngomnyaka wama-2017 kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseGqeberha.   . . Ngomhla wesi-2 kuTshazimpunzi kumnyaka wama-2025, wakhululwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseGqeberha ngelithi akanatyala, kuzo zonke izityholo awazibekwayo ezingama-32. Emva kokuchitha iminyaka emalunga nesi-8 esentolongweni, uOmotoso ukhululwa kuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba iqela legunya-bantu lezotshutshiso life namthanyana kwiinzame zalo zokubonisa ityala eliqinileyo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. NgoMeyi ka-2025, uTimothy Omotoso wabanjwa ngamapolisa oMzantsi Afrika kwityala lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Moeletsi Mbeki

**UMoeletsi Goduka Mbeki** ( wazalwa ngowama30 kweyeNkanga 1945 ) yingcali yezoqoqosho eMzantsi Afrika   nosekela sihlalo weZiko loMzantsi Afrika leMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe, ugxumeke iintente kwiYunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand ekwanguye nomhlalutyi wezopolitiko weNedcor Bank . Ulilungu lebhunga lesigqeba seInternational Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) esekelwe eLondon. Ungumninawa wowayesakuba nguMongameli uThabo Mbeki nonyana wenkokeli yeANC uGovan Mbeki . Usoloko esematheni ngokugxeka uMongameli Mbeki. 

UMoeletsi Goduka Mbeki unemvelaphi kubuntatheli, ukhe wasebenzela iYunivesithi yaseHarvard iNieman Fellowship nakwiBBC . Usebenze kwiphephandaba iHerald njengentatheli ngethuba eselubhacweni eZimbabwe. Usoloko esebenza njengomhlalutyi wezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrikaekwanguye  nombhali wephepha elinesihloko esithi "Ukuqhubela phambili kwentlupheko kwiSub-Saharan Africa" elapapashwa yi International Policy Network ngowama30 kweyeSilimela 2005. Wayengumcebisi kumajelo eendaba eANC ngeminyaka ye1990 kwaye ngoku ngusihlalo we -Endemol South Africa indlu yemveliso kamabonakude iKMM Review Publishing  neAfrika.  Ubuye waba ngumlawuli weComazar evuselela kwaye inike imvume kuthungelwano lukaloliwe eAfrika.
Ubuntu ifilosofi

**Ubuntu** (   kwezinye iilwimi zesiNtu ezifana nesiZulu) lichaza uluhlu lweenkqubo ezisondeleleneyo ezisondeleleneyo zaBantu zaseAfrika ezigxininisa ukunxibelelana kwabantu nehlabathi elibangqongileyo nendalo. "Ubuntu" ngamanye amaxesha bucaciswa ngokuthi umntu ngumntu ngabantu . NgesiXhosa, eli gama lokugqibela liyasetyenziswa, kodwa lidla ngokuthethwa ngengqiqo yentanda-bulumko ngakumbi ukuba lithetha “inkolelo kwiqhina lokwabelana elidibanisa lonke uluntu”. 

## Amagama ahlukeneyo kwezinye iilwimi zesiNtu
Nangona elona gama lidumileyo elibhekiselele kwifilosofi kule mihla iligama "ubuntu" (ngokoulwimi lwesiZulu, eMzantsi Afrika), ifilosofi kukholelwa ukuba ibuyela emva ekuqaleni kolwimi lwe-proto-Bantu kwaye inamanye amagama amaninzi kwezinye iilwimi zesiNtu .
Ukungabandakanywa ekuhlaleni

Ukukhutshwa kwezentlalo okanye **ukulahlwa kwezentlalo** kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezentlalo nokukhutshwa koluntu . Ligama elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yiYurophu kwaye laqala ukusetyenziswa yiFransi ngasekupheleni kwamakhulu ama-20. Kwicala le-EU, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iyichaza "njengemeko apho umntu ethintelwa (okanye akhutshwe) ukuba anikele kwaye azuze kwinkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho nentlalontle". Isetyenziswa kwizifundo eziquka imfundo, i-sociology, i-psychology, impilo, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. 

Ukungabandakanywa koluntu yinkqubo apho abantu bavalelweyo (okanye bavinjwe ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo) kumalungelo ohlukeneyo, amathuba kunye nezibonelelo zesiqhelo ezifumaneka kumalungu amaqela ohlukileyo, kwaye ezisisiseko kumanyano lwentlalo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngaphakathi kwelo qela lithile  (umz. inkqubo efanelekileyo ).
Uncwadi lwaseMzantsi Afrika

**Uncwadi loMzantsi Afrika** luncwadi lwaseMzantsi Afrika, oneelwimi zesizwe ezili11: isiBhulu, isiNgesi, isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSotho, isiPedi, isiTswana, isiVenda, isiSwazi, isiTsonga nesiNdebele.

## Isishwankathelo
UElleke Boehmer (cf. Cullhed, 2006: 79) ubhala athi: "Ubuzwe njengosolusapho, buthanda ukuzimela- ubuntu obunye, indlela enye yokukhula, ukuzalwa negazi elinye kubo bonke ... [kwaye] iya kukhuthaza ngokukodwa uhlobo olulodwa okanye 'iliso elinye' lokuqonda". Ingxaki yokuqala ajongene nayo nawuphi na umfundi woncwadi lwaseMzantsi Afrika kukwahluka kweenkqubo zoncwadi . UGerrit Olivier uthi, “Nangona ingeyonto ingaqhelekanga ukuva izifundiswa nabezopolitiko bethetha ‘ngoncwadi lwaseMzantsi Afrika’, imeko ekumgangatho osezantsi iphawulwa kubuntlabazahlukene nokuqhekeka”. URobert Mossman wongeza ngelithi “Elinye lawona mafa ahlala ehleli kwaye alusizi kwinkqubo yocalucalulo isenokuba akukho mntu – oMhlophe, oNtsundu, oweBala (okuthetha iintlanga ezixubeneyo eMzantsi Afrika), okanye umAsia – onokuze athethe “njengommi waseMzantsi Afrika. “Ingxaki, nangona kunjalo, yabakho ngaphambi kocalucalulo, njengoko uMzantsi Afrika ililizwe elakhiwe ngabantu abebesoloko behlukene ngokweelwimi nangenkcubeko. Ezi nkcubeko zonke ziye zagcina ukuzimela, zenza uqulunqo olufana *neeSouthern African Literatures* eziphikisanayo nguMichael Chapman, enzima. UChapman uphakamisa umbuzo:Lolukabani ulwimi, inkcubeko, okanye libali likabani ekunokuthiwa linegunya eMzantsi Afrika xa ukuphela kocalucalulo kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ecela umngeni malunga nokuba yintoni na ukuba ngummi waseMzantsi Afrika, kukuthini ukuhlala khona, ingaba uMzantsi Afrika yi-MLG, kwaye, ukuba kunjalo, zithini iinkolelo zayo, yintoni efuna ukulityalwa kwaye iyintoni ekhunjulwayo njengoko sihlola ixesha elidlulileyo ukuze siqonde indlela yangoku kwaye sikhangele umkhombandlela kwikamva elingaziwayo.
Imidiya yokuncokola

**Imithombo yeendaba zoluntu** bubuxhakaxhaka  bobuchwephesha obusebenzisanayo obenza undlela lula bokuyilwa, ukwabelana kunye nokudityaniswa komxholo (njengezimvo, umdla, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuthetha) phakathi koluntu olubonakalayo kunye nothungelwano .   Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka: 

* Amaqonga e-Intanethi enza abasebenzisi bayo bakwazi ukwenza kwaye babelane ngomxholo, bathathe inxaxheba kwinethiwekhi zentlalo.   
* Umxholo owenziwe ngumsebenzisi- ozifana neetekisi ezibhaliweyo okanye amagqabantshintshi, iifoto zedijithali okanye iividiyo, kunye nedatha eyenziwe ngonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi .  
* Iiprofayili ezikhethekileyo zenkonzo eziyilwe kwaye zagcinwa ngumbutho wentlalo yoluntu .  
* Imithombi yeendaba zoluntu inceda kuphuhliso lwe-intanethi yentlalo zoluntu ngokudibanisa iprofayile yomntu omnye kwezabanye abantu okanye amaqela.
Ukuqulunqwa nokubaluleka kwamaqhalo nezaci kwintlalo kaXhosa.

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**Amaqhalo** nezaci awasetyenziswa ngamaXhosa kuphela, asetyenziswa zizizwe ngezizwe kwilizwe jikelele. Maxa wambi uyakufumanisa ukuba ezi zangotshe okanye ezi ntetho zisondelene ntonje zahluka ngokubhalwa nokuphinyiselwa nanjengoko sineelwimi ezahlukeneyo. 

## Uqulunqo lwamaqhalo nezaci
Uqulunqo lwamaqhalo nezaci kwenziwa ngokujonga isimo sentlalo, ukujongwa kwezimilo zabantu nezinto ezisingqongileyo, umzekelo, iintaka, izinambuzane, izilwanyana zasekhaya, nezilwanyana zasendle. 

Olu qulunqo lubonisa ubuciko nobukrelekrele bengqondo yemveli kuba abantu bathatha isimilo sento ethile basinxulumanise nesimo sentlalo ze bakhuphe iqhalo nesaci esiqulethe imfundiso, okanye imo yexesha. Umzekelo, masithathe iqhalo elithi “Xa kumpondo zankomo”. Eli qhalo laqulunqwa emva kokuba abantu baqaphela ukuba xa kukusasa kakhulu zimpondo zeenkomo zodwa eziye zibonakale ebuhlanti ngenxa yokuba akukakhanyi kakuhle kusalele umbethe. Oku kwanceda abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuchana amaxesha nanjengoko kwakungekho ziwotshi mandulo, uve umntu esithi: “Wafika eDutywa xa kumpondo-zankomo, walindela uloliwe oya eRhawutini”,https://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=FeU3mPqQBIg%3D&tabid=626&portalid=0&mid=2091 ukuveza ukuba lo mntu wadika eDutywa kwakusasa kakhulu, xa kukhanya iimpondo zeenkomo.

### Ukubaluleka kwamaqhalo nezaci
Amaqhalo nezaci asetyenziselwa izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokufundisa, ukukhwebula nokunqanda unyawo oluntenxayo kwanokubethelela ukuzingca nokuzazi.  Siphinde sijonge eli qhalo lingentla lithi "Xa kumpondo zankomo". UMesatywa eli qhalo ulichaza enjenje: “Ngexesha lasekuseni, onokuthi ukuba uye ebuhlanti ubone nje kuphela ukukhanya kweencam zeempondo zeenkomo. Lelo xesha ke elo, ixesha lombethe”. Eli qhalo lisetyenziselwa ukwazi ixesha kwintlalo yabantu abasebenzisa indalo kuphela bengenabuxhakaxhaka bale mihla.

## Imithombo yolwazi
Tinarha

thumb|Uitenhage
**ITinarha** yidolophu enemvelaphi nembali enzulu eMzantsi Afrika

Le yidolophu eyaziwa ngoku ngokuba yiKariega, yidolophu ekumazantsi eMpuma Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika. Le dolophu ikumgama ongama 35km kwimpuma yeBhayi (Gqeberha), kwaye iwela kuMasipala ombaxa iNelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Le ndawo inembali ebanzi nenomtsalane kunye negalelo elikhulu kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika, ingakumbi kwixesha lobandlululo ngokulwela inkululeko. 

### Imbali nokuvela kwegama
Idolophu yaseTinarha yasekwa ngomhla we-25 kweyoKwindla ngonyaka we-1804 ngolawulo lwamaDatshi, kwaye yayithathwa njengendawo yaseFama kuba inemithombo yamanzi eyingqongileyo, nto leyo eyayibalulekile kwimisebenzi yezolimo. Igama elithi "Tinarha" lisusela kumohathi we-Dutch East India Company, uJacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist. 

Ngonyaka wama-2021, igama laledolophu liye latshintshwa ngokusesikweni yaba yiKariega ukuze kuhlonitshwe amagama nemveli yamaXhosa, olotshintsho lusenzelwa ukugxininisa ukubuyiswa kwesidima samagama aseAfrika ebesele etshitsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.

### Iinzalelwane zale dolophu:

# Enoch Sontonga - Imbongi nombhali ophume izandla.
# Smuts Ngonyama - Usopolitiki.
# Mcebisi Jonas - Usopolitiki.
# Loyiso Bala - Imvumi.
# Zwai Bala - Imvumi.
# Mzwanele Zito - Umdlali webhola yombhoxo. 

## Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo