open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ulwandle i-Arctica

UThe **lwandle iArctica** lulwandle olukwiPali esemaNtla. Ezona ndawo zisemaNtla eEurasia naseMntla Melika zingakulwandle lwaseArctica. Isixwexwe somkhenkce obekeleleneyo kunye neliqhwa zilogquma phantse lonke olu lwandle ebusika, kunye noninzi lwalo luyogqunywa nasehlotyeni. Umqhekezi-mkhenkce okanye isichukumisi mandla se-nuclear esiyinqwelo esebenza ngaphantsi kwamanzi singasebenzisa ulwandle iarctica xa lihamba phakathi kweelwandle iPacific kunye neAtlantic.

Iinkundla zolwandle zimalunga ne14.056 lezigidi zeekhilomitha million km 2, nekuyeyona yakhe yancinane kumalwandle ama-5 ehlabathi, kwaye inama-45389 eekm zonxweme. Umphezulu wolwandle owogqunywe ngesikhaxa somkhenkce umalunga neemitha ezi-3 ubungqindilili. Ibioloji kukho ezibaluleke ngakumbi. Iintsapho zezilwanya ezisengozini zibandakanya iiwalrus, iiwhales kunye n amabhere epali. Ngokuya kuhamba iminyaka ulwandle iArctica luyalunyibilika ngokunyibilika, ngenxa yobushushu bomhlaba.

Umyinge wobunzulu bolwandle iArctica buziimitha ezi1038. Ubunzulu balo bukwisitya seEurasian,ubunzulu beemitha ezi5450. 

## IJografi
Ulwandle iArctica lugquma indawo emalunga14,056,000 eekm2.  Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezi45,390 ubude  Irhangqwe yiEurasia, umNtla Melika, iGreenland, kunye neziqithi eziliqela.  

Ngokubanzi luthathwa njengoluquka iBaffin Bay, ulwandle iBarents, ulwandle iBeaufort, ulwandle iChukchi, ulwandle olumpuma-Siberia, ulwandle iGreenland, iHudson Bay, iHudson Strait, ulwandle iKara, ulwandle iLaptev, Ulwandle olumHlophe kunye nezinye iziza zamanzi. luqhagamshelene kulwandle iPacific ngeBering Strait nakulwandle iAtlantic ngolwandle iGreenland nolwandle iLabrador. 

Amazwe akwibhoda yeolwandle lweArctica ngala: iRussia, iNorway, iIceland, iGreenland, iCanada kunye neUnited States.
USatyajit Ray

**USatyajit Ray** () wazalwa ngomhla wesi-(2 May 1921–23 April 1992) wayengumqondisi wee-movie weBenngali laseIndiya. Abantu abaninzi bambona njengo[memzi wefilim'' omkhulu kwi[imovie zomnyaka wenkulungwane yama-of 20  .

Wazalelwa kwisixeko 
# saseKolkata. Usapho lwakhe lakwaBengali lwaluhamba phambili kubugcisa nakwimibhalo. URay wafunda kwiKholeji 
Subscript textyasePresidency nakwidyunivesithi yaseVisva-Bharati. Ubizo lwakhe waluqala ngokuba ligcisa kwezentengiso. URay waba nom
# Numbered list item
#REDIRECT Target page name
dla wokwenza iifilim nangexa wathi wadibana nomenzi zifilim waseFransi uJean Renoir namhla wabona imovie eyayiyifilm yomhlaba i*Bicycle Thieves* xa wayendwendwele eLondon.

URay ubengumqondi weemovie ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe. Ezi movie ziquka iimovie ezidlala ixesha elide, ezidlalwa kwinto eyinyaniso nezimfutshane. Imovie yokuqala kaRay, ithi*Pather Panchali*, awawina iimbasa zehlabathi ezilishumi elinanye, kuquka i*Best Human Document* kwimibhiyozo yefilim yaseCannes. Le movie kunye ne*Aparajito* ne*Apur Sansar* zeenza i*Apu trilogy*. URay yena weenza umbhalo wefilim.
ULeonardo da Vinci

**ULeonardo da Vinci** wazalwa ngomhla we-(15 kuTshazimpuzi ngo1452 – waza wasweleka ngomhla wesi-2 kuCanzibe ngo1519) wayeyindoda yomTaliyane owayephila ngexesha le Renaissance.  Wayeyincutshe kwizinto ezininzi, kodwa ubukhulu becala wayedume ngokuba ngumzobi.  wayekwanguphicothi wamalungu angaphakathi komzimba wesidalwa esiphefumlayo,  umntu wezibalo, eyinjineli, ekwangumyili wezinto ezintsha, ingumxhonkxi okanye umqingqi, iarchitect, ibotanist, imvumi kunye nombhali. 
ULeonardo wayesoloko ethanda ukwazi ngayo yonke into endalweni. Wayefuna ukwazi okokuba zisebenza njani na izinto. Wayeyincuthse xa kuthethwa ngokufunda, eyila, esenza zonke izinto ezinika umdla.

abantu abaniniz bacinga okokuba uLeonardo wayengomnye wabapeyinti abakhulu ngalo lonke ixesha. Abanye abantu becinga okokuba ngoyena mntu unephiwo kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo. . Igcisa kwezembali uHelen Gardner waathi, *Akukho namnye ofana naye kuba wayenomdla kwizinto ezininzi, wayebonakala enengqondo yesigebenga, nangoku sisambona njengomntu owayemangalisa.  

ULeonardo uzalwa eVinci idolophana kufuphi nase[[Florence]], [[eItaly]]. Wayeqeqeshelwe ukuba ligcisa eqeqeshwa ng[[umxhonkxi (umqingqi)]]  nokwang[[umzobi]] u[[Verrocchio]]. Uninzi lweminyaka yakhe uluchithe esebenzela [[isinhanha]] saseItaly. Kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, wayehlala kwindlu entle awayinikwa yiKumkani yaseFransi.  

ULeonardo wayesenza zonke izinto zengqondo, kodwa wayedume njengomzobi. emibini kwimifanekiso yakhe iphakathi kwemizobo eyaziwa kakhulu ehlabathini: i*Mona Lisa* kunye ne*Last Supper*. Wazoba imizobo emininzi. Owona mzobo waziwayo y*iVitruvian Man''. ULeonardo wayesoloko ecinga ngokwenza izinto ezintsha. Izinto zakhe awayeziyilile zange zenziwe mntu. Nangona kunjalo siyayazi imibono yakhe, kuba kaloku wayesoloko ezigcina ngokuzibhala encwadini. Wayebhala azobe kuzo speho. Eminye imibono awayenayo yayingophephela, itanki, 
icalculator, iparachute, irobot, umnxeba, inguquko, kunye namandla elanga.

## Ubomi bakhe
### Ebuntwaneni bakhe, ngo1452 ukuya ku1466
 Isenokufumaneka kuvimba wezobugcisa iffizi
Izibalo

**Izibalo** zizifundo ezimalunga namanani. Izifundo zokuqala kwizibalo zezi: ukubala ngamanani; ukudibanisa okanye ukongeza; ukuthabatha okanye ukuphungula; ukuphinda-phinda; nokwahlula-hlula.    

Izibalo ezinendawo yokubanzima ziquka ukusebenza ngamanani aphawuliweyo, Iqhezu lenani, iiidecimali, kunye namanani athabatha amandla kunye nalawo aziingcambu. 

Abantu abaninzi, ingakumbi eMzantsi Afrika, baqala ukufunda ngezibalo, kumabanga okuqala, baze abanye babo bagqibele ngoko bangabisenyuka nazo izifundo zezibalo. Ngenxa yoko, kuthi kusakuvela iimeko apho kufuneka besebenzise kwa ezi zibalo, babe sele baalibala kwanto ngozo. ngalo lonke elo xesha, imisebenzi emininzi ifuna ulwazi ngezibalo, kwaye abaqashi abaninzi bakhalaza mihla le ngelithi kunzima ukufumana abantu abazazi ngokupheleleyo izibalo. Embalwa kwimisebenzi emininzi efuna ulwazi ngezibalo ibandakanya ubuchweli, iplumbers, i-auto mechanics, ii-accountant, i-architects, Oogqirha, kunye namanesi. Izibalo zifuneka kuzo zonke iinkalo zemathematics, kwisayensi, nakubunjineli. 

Ikhalttyhuleyitha ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi wezibalo. Iikhompyutha zingakwenza ngokukhawuleza oko, nekusesona sizathu sibangela okokuba abafumana iGlobal Positioning System babenekhompyutha encinane ngaphakathi.

## Imizekelo yezibalo

* 2 + 3 = 5 (ukudibanisa akutshintshi ziphumo nokokuba kuqalwe ngeliphi na inani: isiphumo saxa kungu 2 + 3 siyafana naxa kungu 3 + 2)

*7 - 5 = 2 (ukuthabatha kusenokutshintsha iziphumo xa kuqalwa ngelinye inani ebekungaqalwanga ngalo kuqala, umzekelo: isiphumo sika 7 - 5 sahlukile kwisiphumo sika 5 - 7)

* 3 * 4 = 12 (ukuphinda-phinda akutshintsi ziphumo nokokuba kuqalwe ngaliphi na inani, umzekelo: isiphumo esivela ku 3 * 4 siyafana nesiphumo esivela ku 4 * 3)

* 6 / 2 = 3 (ukwahlula-hlula kutshintsha isiphumo xa kuqalwa ngelinye inani kulawo mabini: 6 / 2 wahlukile ku 2 / 6)
Inani eliluphawu

I**nani lophawu** (linani lomzimveliso eliluphawu) yikhowudi enomahluko ebekelwe bucala ngeenjongo zokwahlula loo nto ithile kweziye. Nangona ihlala ibizwa ngokuba linani, isenokuquka oonobumba, nangona igqibela ngamanani. Awona manani aluphawu ngokwenene kwimveliso eqhutywayo ngalawo angenakwandiswa lelinye inani, okanye ngomnye umahluko, ukusuka kwelinye inani ukuya kwelinye. Izinto eziphawulwayo ke zingaphawulwa ngeekhowudi zoonobumba manani, kodwa linye kuphela kweli eliyakuba linani lokuphawula; amanye amana ukubizwa ngokuba ngamanani anominal, kwaye ngawo anokubonisa amalungu ezinto, abonakalise ngokungqalileyo okufakelweyo, njalo njalo.
Ngexesha lamatye

I**xesha lamatye** kwakulixesha lakudala apho abantu ababesenza izixhobo ngamatye,  ngeenkuni, ngamathambo nangezinye izinto azazikwasetyenziswa njengezixhobo, kodwa ilitye (ingakumbi uhlobo lwelitye olwalubizwa ngokuba y iflint)  lwalusetyenziswa ukunqumla izinto.  
Eli xesha laqala ngezixhobo zokuqala ezingamatye, malunga ne2.7 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Amanye amaqela abantu ayesekwixesha lamatye nakwinkulungwane yama20th yeminyaka. Babekwabulala izilwanyana ukuze bafumane into etyiwayo kunye nempahla yokunxiba.  
Ixesha elilandela ixesha lamatye yaba lixesha leBronze, eyathiwa eli gama emva kokuvela kweinkcenkce bronze. Ixesha lelitye laaphelelwa mhla abantu bafumanisa ubuchule bokunyibilikisa (bokwenza iinkcenkce). Inkcenkce yokuqala kwaba yicopper, yaza yalandelwa yibronze. Baqala ngoku abantu basebenzisa ibronze endaweni yelitye ku Mbindi-Mpuma phaya kwiminyaka yoo3000 ne2000 BC.
David Hilbert

U**David Hilbert**  (; (owazalwa ngomhla wama-23 kweyomQungu ngo1862 –waza lisishiya eli ngomhla we-14 kweyomDumba ngo1943) wayengumBali waseJamani
Wayedume ngokuba ngomnye wabona baBali abanefuthe kwihlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka yeenkulungwane ye19 neyama-20. Lo ka Hilbert weza nothotho lwemibono esisiseko kwimibandela ngemibandela yezibalo, kuquka iinvariant theory kunye ne axiomatization of geometry. Wenza netheory ye Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.

UHilbert wayamkela ngezandla ezishushu wakwayikhusela ngokungakumbi iGeorg Cantor's set theory kunye ne transfinite numbers. Ubunkokheli bakhe bodumo kw izibalo  yintetho yakhe wathi wayenza ngo1900 ingqokolela yeengxaki eyaba sisifundo sophando ngezibalo kwinkulungwane yama-20th.
UHilbert kunye nabafundi bakhe wabanegalelo elibonakalayo ekufumaniseni ngokuchanekileyo izixhobo ezibalulekilyo ezisetyenziswa kwizibalo zefisiksi yanamhlanje. UHilbert waziwa njenomgnye wabantu abeza neproof theory kunye ne mathematical logic, nangokuthi abe phakathi kwabantu bokuqala abakwaziyo ukwahlulwa phakathi kwemathematics and metamathematics.{{cite web
UKurt Gödel

**UKurt Gödel** wazalwa ngomhla mwama(28 kuTshazimpuzi ngo1906 eBrno, neyayisakuba yiAustria-Hungary]], ngoku yirhiphabhlikhi yaseCzech waza wasweleka ngomhla we-14 kweyomQungu ngo1978 ePrinceton, New Jersey) wayengumlogician, ekwayimathematician, nefilosofa

## ifuthe lakhe
Abanye abantu bacinga okokuba uGödel wayengomnye welogicians ezibonakalyo ngalo lonke ixesha.  umsebenzi kaGödel ubenefuthe elingummangaliso kwiingcinga zesaynsi nezefilosofi kwiminyak ayenkulungwane yama20. Abantu abaninzi, abafana noBertrand Russell, uA. N. Whitehead, kunye noDavid Hilbert, bazama ukusebenzisa ilogic neset theory ngelo xesha. Babefuna ukuqonda kakuhle imvelaphi yeziBalo.

## Udumo lwakhe
UGödel waziwa kakhulu ngeeincompleteness theorems zakhe ezimbini. Ezi theorems zathi zapapashwa ngo1931. Wayeneminyaka engama-25 ubudala ngoko, kwaye wayesanda kugqiba izifundo zakhe kwinqanaba ledoctorate kwiUniversity yase Vienna kumnyaka ongaphambi koko.  

Udumo lwezi theorems zimbini luthi ukuba iinkqubo zeaxiomatic ezithi gqolo zimna'ukuvela zinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze zizichaze ngokwazo, kuyakuba kho izinto eziyinyaniso kwezo nkqubo ezingenakungqinwa apha kwinkqubo ngokwayo.
EKomani

Ledolophu yayisakubizwa ngokuba yiQueenstown ifumaneka kwisiqingatha sephondo leMpuma Koloni kumaspala wasekuhlaleni I Enoch Mgijima Municipality Kwisithili sase Chris Hani District Municipality

## Imbali

IKomani yasekwa ngonyaka ka 1853 phantsi kolawulo luka Sir George Cathcart owayithiya ngegama lika Queen Victoria. Umsebenzi okumzila wololiwe odibanisa iMonti waqalwa nguRhulumente waseKoloni ka John Molteno ngonyaka ka 1876 waze wavulwa ngokusesikweni nge 19 May 1880

Ngonyaka wama 1960 abantu abanga maAfrika bafuduselwa empuma yelokishi yaseZibeleni njengenxalenye yomzamo wokufudusa abantu abamnyama kwiindawo zee "Homelands". Ledolophu kumaxa adlulileyo ibe nemozulu ezimbi kodwa ngethamsanqa akho monakalo owenzileyo.

## IMfundo
### Lamaziko emfundo afumaneka kuledolophu nakwindawo ezingqongileyo
*Queen's College
*Get Ahead Project and College
*Queenstown Girls' High School
*Hangklip High School
*KwaKomani Comprehensive
*MariaLouw High School
*Nkwanca High School
*Luvuyo Lerumo High School
*John Noah High School
*W.B. Rubusana High School
*Bulelani High School

### Primary schools
*Hangklip Primary
*Balmoral Girls' Primary School
*Queens College Primary

### Amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo
* Walter Sisulu University
*Ikhala Public FET College
*Boston City Campus and Business College
*Lukhanji FET College

## Imidiya
Ledolophu inephephandaba I the Rep, Queenstown express kwakunye namajelo osasazo kanomathotholo iLukhanji Fm ne Vukani Fm

## Inkwenkwezi ezizinzalelwane zaledolophu
*Tony Greig
*Daryll Cullinan
*Kenny McEwan
*Kaya Malotana
*Lionel Cronje
*Justin Kemp
*Robbi Kempson
*Dick Muir
*Carlo Del Fava
*Lwazi Mvovo
Ipattern

**Ipattern** ngumbono, igama lombono okanye umzekelo. Umzekelo ngombono wengqondo, ungasetyenziswa kuloo ndawo usetyenziswa kuyo. ukuhambelana kweepattern kukujonga okokuba ingaba ikho na ipattern ethile. Iipattern ezininzi zingaqondakala ngqo ngezivi zomzimba.  
Ezinye iipattern zisekwe phantsi kokuba ziphindwaphindwa, apho into ethile yenzeka ngokuphindaphindeneyo. umzekelo wepartten olula ingakukufakelwa kwee-tiles emgangathweni wendlu. Umzekelo, uninzi lwezindlu zokuhlambela lunentaphane yee-tiles zepaisley okanye ezimabalabala kumgangatho wendlu. 
Kubunzululwazi beekhompyutha, kwiiDesign patterns yimizekelo yezisombululo zeengxaki ezenzeka mihla le. 

## Iipatterns zemathematika
KwiMathematika, zininzi iintlobontlobo zeepattern. Umzekelo iFibonacci sequence luhlobo lwepattern olumbaxa. zikho ke kodwa ezilula noko ezifana nezi: 

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...

Kule pattern, inani elilandelayo sisiphumo senani elidluleyo eliphindaphindwe ngo 2. Ngokomthetho Basically a mathematical pattern is a sequence of numbers which follows one rule.
Ukuvana amandla kwamaqela

**Ukuvana amandla kwamaqela amabini** (ukwaziwa ngokuba yi**tug o' war**, **tug war**, **imfazwe yentambo**, **ukutsalwa kwentambo**, okanye **imfazwe yokutsalana**) ngumdlalo phakathi kwamaqela amabini nangaphezulu, ilelo iqela lisilwela impumelelo yalo kukhuphiswano lwamandla: Iqela ngalinye litsalela kwelayo icala ekupheleni kwentambo leyo itsalwayo, lize nelinye litsalele kwelinye icala lokuphela kwale ntambo, injongo yeqela ngalinye kukuvula umsantsa ngale ntambo ngokuyitsalela kulo ngamandla liyitsala kwelinye iqela ekukhutshiswana nalo nalo elo qela litsala ngamandla ukuze kucace elinamandla kuwo.  

## Isigama
I*[[sichazi magama sesiNgesi sakwa Oxford]]* sithi intetho ethi "ukuvana kwamandla kwamaqela" ngokwentsusa kuthetha "ukukhuphiswano lwesigqibo; umlo wokwenene okanye umlo wamandla; ukhuphiswano olumandla lokongamela". Kukwinkulungwane ye-19 yeminyaka kuphela apho le ntetho yayisetyenziswa kukhuphiswano lweembaleki phakathi kwamaqela amabini awayetsalana ngentambo kwicala ngalinye ekupheleni kwayo. 

## Imvelaphi

Imvelaphi yomdlalo wokuvana amandla akuqinisekwanga ngayo, kodwa lo mdlalo wawusenziwa kwiJiphethe yakudala, kwisiGrike naseChina, kulapho wawubanjwe khona lo mdlalo  njengembali eyayibonisa ukuvana amandla kwelanga nenyanga. 

Ngokwencwadi esihloko sayo sithiTang dynasty, nesithi*The Notes of Feng*, ukuvana mamandla, phantsi kwegama elithi "hook pulling" (牽鉤),lalisetyenziswa yiNkomanda yomkhosi  karhulumente waseChu ngamaxesha ebusika nasentwasahlobo

## Ukukhangela
Aliwal North

**Aliwal North** (IsiBhulu: *Aliwal-Noord*) (isiSotho: *Maletswai*) idolophi enkabeni eMzantsi Afrika kwa Orange/Senqu River, imi kwiPhondo laseMpuma Koloni (Eastern Cape Province). Aliwal North kuyinto esihlalweni "Walter Sisulu Local Municipality" ngaphakathi "Joe Gqabi District Municipality".
Intlalo

**Intlalo** yabantu liqela abanobudlelwane obusoloko bukho phakathi kwabo, okanye iqela elikhulu lasekuhlaleni kwingqingqi enye abaqokelelene behlala kuyo okanye kwindawo abahlala kuyo besabelana ngokwengingqi zabo ezifanayo okanye ngokwentlalo kwiziphaluka zabo, zibonisa ngokucacileyo okokuba zoyame kwigunya elinye kwezopolitiko kwaye zonganyelwe kokulindeleke kumasiko. Intlalo yoluntu ibonakala ngeendlela zobudlelwane (ubudlelwane basekuhlaleni) phakathi kwabantu ababelana ngesiko nangamaziko.
ITeknoloji

I**teknoloji** (lisuka kwisiGrike , *techne*, "ubugcisa, ubuchule, umsebenzi wezandla"; kunye , **) yingqokolela zamaqhinga, neendlela okanye iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yeempahla neenkonzo okanye ekufezekiseni iinjongo eziphambili, ezifana nophando lobunzululwazi. ITeknoloji isenokuba lulwazi lwalamaqhinga, lweenkqubo, njalo njalo okanye ingabuthuma phaya kwiimatshini, kwiikhompyutha, kwizixhobo nakumaziko oshishino, olunokwenziwa ngabantu ngaphandle kweenkcukacha zolwazi lokwenza izinto ezi lolu hlobo.
Ubugcisa

**Ubugcisa** bunendima enkulu  kwinkcubeko, kwaye igama lithetha into engaphezulu ko   "*[[bugcisa]]*". **Ubugcisa** buquka koomabonakude , ubugcisa bokufunda nokubanosiba lokubhala  (njengee ncwadi neminye imibhalo) kunye nobugcisa bokushukumisa amalungu omzimba (njengom culo, ukudanisa, umdlalo weqonga).

Maxa wambi, kwiiyunivesithi, busisishunqulelo seqela lezifundo eziphangaleleyo ezibizwa ngokuba ziihumanities. Ezi zifundo ziquka ifilosofi, itheology, iliterature, iilwimi, kunye nezembali ngokunjalo.  

"Izifundo zobugcisa zidla ngokuthelekiswa nezo"bunzululwazi".
Ingqondo

**Isayikholoji** sisifundo senzululwazi ngengqondo nokuziphatha. Isihloko sayo siquka ukuziphatha kwabantu nabangengabo abantu, zombini izinto eziqondayo nezingaziyo, kunye neenkqubo zengqondo ezifana neengcinga, iimvakalelo, kunye neenjongo. Isayikholoji sisifundo semfundo esibanzi kakhulu, esinqumla imida phakathi kwesayensi yendalo neyentlalo. Iingcali zengqondo zebhayoloji zifuna ukuqonda iimpawu ezikhulayo zobuchopho, zidibanisa isifundo kunye ne -neuroscience.Njengeengcali zentlalo, iingcali zengqondo zijolise ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye namaqela.

Njengenxalenye yecandelo elibandakanya izifundo ezahlukeneyo, iingcali zengqondo zibandakanyeka kuphando malunga nokuqonda, ukuqonda, ingqalelo, iimvakaleloubukrelekrele, amava axhomekeke kuwe, inkuthazo, ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nobuntu. Izinto ezinomdla kwiingcali zengqondo zifikelela kubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, ukuqina kwengqondo, ukuqina kosapho, kunye nezinye iindawo kwingqondo yoluntu. Zikwaqwalasela ingqondo engaziyo. Iingcali zengqondo zophando zisebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya ukuqonda ulwalamano olubangela kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zengqondo. Ezinye kodwa kungekhona zonke, iingcali zengqondo zeklinikhi kunye neengcebiso zixhomekeke ekutolikweni komfuziselo.
Intaba yomgaqosiseko

## '''Imbali'''

**Intaba Yomgaqosiseko** isekelwe kwisitrato se 11 Kotze Goli eBraamfontein. Isecaleni kwase Hillbrow.Umgaqo siseko sisihlalo senkundla yomgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika.Indluli ngaphambili yayiyi ndawo yeqaba eyathi kamva yasetyenziswa njengentolongo.Indawo yase Old FORT prison yaziwa ngokuba yinombolo yesine.Intolongolo yasekuqaleni yakhiwele ukuhlala amabanjwa amhlophe angamadoda ngo 1892.I-Old Fort yakhiwa kule ntolongo ngu paul kruger ukusukela kunyaka ka we 1899 ukukhusela iriphabliki yase Mzantsi Afrika kwisongelo lokuhlasela kwe Britheyini.Emva kwexesha iinkokheli zemvazwe ze Anglo-Boer zavalelwa apha yi Britheyini.Intolongo yase Old Fort exesheni yandiswa ukuba ibandakanye iseli 'zemveli', ezibizwa ngokuba licandelo 4 kunye necandelo 5, kwaye,ngo1707, kongezwa labasetyhini, iGail yabasetyhini.Ibhlokhi yokulinda enlindelekileyo yakhiwa ngowe 1920s.Zombini izishoshovu zopolitiko ezazichasene nocalucalulo kunye nezikrelemnqa eziqhelekileyo zabanjwa kule ntolongo,kwathi ngo 1907, 1913 nangowe 1922 kwabanjwa abamhlophe.Ngexesha localucalulo,indawo yokubanjwa yabaphikisi abachasene nocalucalulo ngo 1907.I-1913 kunye ne 1922 ezo zithathwa njenge 'anti-kuanzisha'kunye nabo baphule imithetho nje yelo xesha.UMahatma Gandhi wavalelwa apha ngo 1906.UNelson Mandela, uJoe Slovo, uBram Fischer, uRobert Sobukwe kunye no Albert Luthuli ngamanye amabanjwa lawo adumileyo.Ngesi sizathu ikwabizwa ngokuba yi'Robben Island' yase Rhawutini ngenxa yokubamba amabanjwa azopolitiko.Indawo yayihlala amabanjwa kwaze kwangowe 1983, xa kwakuvalelwa amatshantliziyo yayihlala ibanjwa ilinde amabanjwa aze athyunyelwe eRobben Island okanye ePitoli ukuya ejele.

Ukuqhekeza ibhiya ngumsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ukuba umnyama kuba ubeka abantu basetyhini ejele,imeko eboniswe kwi Women Gaol.Ukanti abanye babanjwa besabelana ngesondo ngaphaya komqobo wombala okanye ngokwesini esifanayo.Phakathi kwezinto ebezixeliwe ngexesha lovalelwa, umdaniso ohlazisayo 'Tauza', ukubetha kwetyala elinegama elingu 4 lamadoda amnyama, ukuvalelwa iinyanga ezintandathu kwiindawo ezimdaka, kwiindawo ezixineneyo, kwindawo yokulinda ityala, okanye ukukhuthuzwa ngaphantsi kunye nesidima saba bakwi Gaol yabasetyhini.I-Old Fort yabhengezwa njengelitye lesizwe ngo-1964 nangona yaqhubeka njengejele elisebenzayo de kwangowe-1987, emva koko izakhiwo kunye nendawo yonke zathwaxwa kukumgakhathalelwa nokonaliswa.Umgaqo siseko Hill wavula iingcingo zawo njengemyusiyamu ngonyaka ka-2004, ukhenketho luthatha iindwendwe kwiimyuziyamu ezintathu zentolongo, iNombolo yesine, iGaol yabasetyhinikunye ne-Old Fort.Esi siza sibonisa inkundla yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkundla yemisebenzi yobugcisa yaseMzantsi Afrika engama-200. 

**Idangatye Lentando Yesininzi**

Umlilo ovutha amalongotye kwindawo yomgaqo-siseko eRhawutini, eMzantsi Afrika.Ngaphandle kweminyango yamaplanga yesakhiwo senkundla, embindini weplaza kwaye eyakhelwe kwelinye lamanqwanqwa wentolongo endala yiLanganye Ledemokhrasi.Umlilo waqaqanjelwa nge-10 ka-Disemba ngo-2011 xa uMzantsi Afrika ubhiyozela isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-15 yokutyikitywa komgaqo siseko.

## Ireferensi
UAbram

**UAbram** (ongu**Abram**) yindoda ekubhalwe ngayo kwincwadi yeGenesis nakwiQu'ran. Apho, ke kuthiwa unguyi wamaJuda. Kungenxa yokokuba usisinyanya sawo. UAbram uyinxalenye yeenkolo yamaJuda, yamaKristu kunye namasilamsi. UAbram waziwa njengoyise wezi nkolo zintathu, nezibizwa ngokuba ziinkolo zikaAbram.

UAbram nguyise kaIsaac awamfumana kwinkosikazi yakhe uSarah. Unaye noIshmael awamfumana kuHagar, owayesisicakazana sikaSarah, ukwanabo nabanye abantwana awabafumana kuKeturah, awathi wamenza inkosikazi yakhe emva kokusweleka kukaSarah. Unguyisekhulu kaJacob noEsau. UAbram kukholelwa ekubeni usisiswenya samaSirayeli, amaIshmayeli namaEdomites. Abram wayengunyana wesithathu kaTerah ekwangunyana ongumzukulwana kaNahor. Abakhuluwa bakaAbram yayinguNahor noHaran.
Ukuziphatha

**Ukuziphatha** yinxalenye yefilosofi ejongene nokulunga nokungalungi. Ukuziphatha kuzama ukuphendula imibuzo enjengale:

* ziziphi izinto esizenzayo ezilungileyo? ziziphi izinto esizenzayo ezingalunganga? 
* Singawubona njani umahluko?
* Ingaba ukulunga nokungalungi zizinto ezifanayo?
* Sizenza njani izigqibo eziqatha ezinokwenzakalisa abanye abantu?
* Ingaba esikwenzayo kubachaphazela njani abanye abantu?
Ubuhlwempu

**Ubuhlwempu** kukunqongophala  okanye k, okanye bubume balowo oswele ixabiso elithile lezinto okanye lemali. .  Ligama elithetha izinto ezininzi, eziquka intlalo, imiba yezopolitiko loqoqosho. Ubuhlwempu bubonakala buyinkxwaleko okanye kuyinkxwaleko yexeshana, kwaye ubukhulu becala inxulumene nokungalingani.  njengegama elitshintshatshintshayo ngokwalo meko lisetyenziswe kuyo, ubuhlwempu buyatshintsha
UGautam Buddha

-**UGautam Buddha** ngu**Siddhārtha Gautam**, umntu owaqala inkolo  yeBuddhism. Wadla amazimba ukususela kumnyaka we 1944 BC ukuya kumnyama we 1864 BC. Ukwabizwa ngokuba ngu**Sakyamuni** okanye u**Tathāgat**.

## Iminyaka yobutsha bakhe
USiddhārtha Gautama(Sidaaha) wazalelwa kubukumkani bamaKapilvastu eNepal. Kunamhlanje nej le ndawo yokuzalwa kwakhe kuthiwa yiLumbini,  eNepal. Ngelo xesha, isiduko esithi Shakya's sasilawula amaKapilvastu. Uyise wayeyikumkani eyayibizwa ngokuba nguSuddodana Tharu, kwaye unina wayeyinzwakazi uMahamaya. USiddhārtha wayephila impilo etofotofo; uyise engafuni ngxaki nakusebenza nzima kufuphi nonyana wakhe. Isiprofetho sabona okokuba ukuba uSiddhārtha angahlala ngaphakathi kwibhotwe lakhe ubomi bakhe bonke, uyakuba yikumkani egqibeleleyo. Kodwa ukuba ukhe walishiya ibhotwe, uyakuba yinkokheli eqgibeleleyo kwenzenkolo. Ikumkani The kinayizange ifune okokuba unyana wayo abe yinkokheli yezenkolo. Wamgcina ke uSiddhartha ehleli bhotwe bonke ubomi bakhe bobuntwana.  

Uthe apha ekukhuleni kwakhe, uyise wambonela intombi uSiddhārtha ukuba ayenze inkosikazi yakhe xa aminyaka ili-16. Waza ke wanenkosikazi egama layo linguYashodhara, baza banonyana, uRahul. Nangoma uGautama wayenayo yonke into ayifunayo, wayengonwabanga. wayefuna ukufunda ngentsingiselo yokubakho kwakhe emhlabeni. 

Wasuka waphuma apho kwelo bhotwe ngaphandle kwemvume kayise. Wabona *"izithunzi ezine zigqitha"*: indoda endala eyayisisiqhwala, indoda egulayo, indoda ebhubhileyo, kunye nendoda engcwele engenakhaya. kulapho kanye uGautama waqala waqonda khona okokuba akukho nto inokumnqanda umntu ukuba angazalwa, angabimdala, angaguli, nokuba angafi. Wenza isigqibo sokokuba anikele ngobomi bakhe basemhlabeni. akazange ayigcine inkosikazi yakhe, abantwana bakhe, ubutyebi bakhe kwibhotwe. Wayeyakuba yindoda engcwele engenakhaya. Wayezakufuna impendulo kwingxaki yokuzalwa, ukuguga, ukugula, nokufa. Walishiya ikhaya lakhe ezinzulwini zobusuku.
Gcina Mhlophe

**Nokugcina Elsie Mhlophe** (wazalwa ngomhla ka24 EyeDwarha ngo1958} ungumntu owaziwayo waseMzantsi Afrika numlwi wenkululeko, umbali, umbongi kanye nombalisi ntsomi. ukubalisa intsomi sisenzo sesinto eAfrica uMhlophe ukwabalisi bamabhinqa abambalwa. wenza umsebenzi wakhe ngomdlandla egcina imbali enceda amasiko. ubalisa amabali ngamalwimi amanye wase Mzansi Afrika isingisi, iAfrikaans, isiZulu nesi Xhosa 
 

ubomi nomsebenzi 

uGcina wazalwa ngo 1958 eKwaZulu-Natal eHammersdale kumama womXhosa notata womZulu. waqala usebenza kwakhe epheka nemisebenzi yasekhaya, wade waba ngumfundindaba kwi Press Trust naku BBC Radio, wabnmumbhali kwi magazine yabantu abasafundayo. Ungumzekelo omhle elizweni kwaye uluncedo kumntu wonke.

### Ukusebenza
uGcina wasebenza engumfundi ndaba ePress Trust naku BBC Radio wabangumbhali leiphephancwadi labantu abaqala ufunda
Beyoncé

u**Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter** wazalwa ngomhla wesine kaSeptember 1981 ungumculi wasemelika, umbali wengoma kanye. wazalwa futhi wakhuliselwa eHouston, Texas, xa ekhula wangenela imikhupiswano yokucula wabangusosaziwayo nge1990's ekwiqela elicula iR&B elibizwa yhi Destiny child  waze emva koko ngo 2006 wazala umntwana wam lamlahl kwi orphanage yase mzantsi afrika apho ngaze aphinde ambon kdwa wade wachaza inyan lomntana lowo igama lakhe alisebenzisayo ayola mahlangeni awaliphiwa ngabo bazali wababhatal ukuba bamkhulise Nothemba mahlangeni(adoptmother)Oros venge(adoptfather)

Utata wakhe engumphati weliqela uMatthew Knowles, iqela laba lona qela elithengisayo elamantombazane kwilizwe jikelele. ngo2003 uBeyoncé wakhupha eyake ialbum ibizwa Dangerously in love eyeyi qala waseka inkqubela-phambili yakhe ithengisa izigidi ezingama shumi ananye, wazuza iGrammy Awards ezintlanu.
IRhini

thumb|idolophu i-Makhanda
IRhini sisixeko saseMpuma-KoloniemZantsi Afrika esinabantu abamalunga nama-70,000. Simi kumgama omalunga nama-70 eemayile kumntla-mpuma wesixeko saseBhayi, nakumgama weekhilomitha ezili-130 (iimayile ezingama-80) ukusuka emzantsi-ntshona weMonti. IRhini yeyona dolophu inkulu kuMasipala wengingqi yaseMakana, ikwangusihlalo webhunga likamasipala. Ikwasingatha imicimbi yedyunivesithi yaseRhini, isahlulo senkundla ephakamileyo yaseMpuma-Koloni, kwaye ingumlawuli weNkonzo yamaTshetshi asemZantsi Afrika.Ngomhla we 02 eyeDwarha 2018 umpathiswa wezezobugcisa nenkcubeko uNati Mthethwa uye walitshintsha igama leRhini ngokusemthweni, usukela ngalomhla iRhini yiMakhanda.

## Imbali
Umgama

Umgama ngumahluko womgama obonisa ukuba kude kwento kwenye into. Umgama ngumlinganiselo wesithuba esiphakathi kwezinto ezimbini. 

## Imizekelo
* Ibhola ithatha imitsi emi-5 ukusuka kwenye ibhola. Umgama phakathi kweebhola ezimbini yimitsi emi-5. 
* UJohn uhamba ngesantya esiziikhilomitha ezi-6 ngeyure. UJohn uhamba umgama oziikhilomitha ezintandathu (ezi-6). 
* Isangqa ngumgca onegophe. Umgama wendawo nganye kwisangqa uyafana nomgama osuka kanye esizikithini okanye phakathi kumbindi wesangqa.
Ifonetiki

Ifonetiki (upelo /ifonetiki/, livela kwisiGrike: isandi, ilizwi) lisebe lofundo ngeelwimi eliquka ufundo ngezandi zentetho, okanye malunga nolwimi lokuthetha ngezandla isithetha- ntonye zizijekulo. Ibandakanya iimpawu zomzimba nezandi zentetho okanye iimpawu: ukuphinyiselwa kwazo, ukuvakala kwazo, ukuviwa ngeendlebe, nobume bazo ngokoluvo. Ifonoloji kwelinye icala, iqwalasela  izinto ezingabonakaliyo, ukuhlengahlengiswa konxulumano lwegrama lwezandi neempawu.



Isifundo sefonetiki sisifundo esiyimimango ngemimango esigxile kwintetho. Malunga neelwimi ezithethwayo zintathu iindlela zokufunda ezingundoqo:
* Iifonetiki zophimiselo: ufundo ngokuphinyiselwa kwezandi zentetho ngesangozwi lokuphimisela ngumphimiseli.
* Iifonetiki zezandi: ufundo zokuthunyelaw kwezandi zentetho kumphimiseli ukuya kumphulaphuli.
* Iifonetiki zophulaphulo: ufundo lokwamkelwa nokuqondwa kwezandi zentetho ngumphulaphuli.
Yonke le miba inxulunyaniswa luthungelwano lwesandi, njengelizwi, ubude noyondelelwano.

## [[Imbali]]
Ifonetiki yafundwa ukusukela kwiinkulungwane yesithathu phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu(BC) kwilizwana lase-India, ngoshicilelo lukaPanini lwendawo nendlela yokuphinyiselwa kwamaqabane kwiSanskrit. Ialfabhethi ezinkulu eIndic namhlanje zihlela amaqabane azo ngokohlelo lukaPanini.

Ifonetiki yanamhla iqala ngemizamo efana naleyo kaJoshua Steele (e*Prosodia Rationalis*, 1779) noAlexander Melville Bell (in *Visible Speech*, 1867)—ukwazis iindlela zokupelwa kwzandi zentetho.

Ufundo lwefonetiki lukhule ngokukhawuleza ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ngenxa yokuveliswa komashini oshicilela izandi owawuvumela ukushicelela uphawu lwentetho.  Oosofonetitiki babekwazi ukuphonda-phinda ukudlala izandi zentetho amatyeli ngamatyeli baze ke bafake izihluzi zentetho kuphawu olo. Ngokwenza njalo umntu wayenakho ukucubungula ngobunono ubume besandi kuphawu lwentetho.

## Notes
UKwindla

**UKwindla**, olubizwa ngokuba sisiwo emantla eMerika, lelinye lamaxesha amane onyaka. UKwindla lubonisa utshintsho phakathi kwehlobo nobusika, ngoSeptemba (kumazwe asemaNtla) ngoMatshi (kumazwe asemaZantsi) xa ubusuku buqala msinyane namaqondo obushushu esihla ngamandla. Olona phawu loKwindla kukuwa kwamagqabi emithini.   


## Iireferensi
Impundulu

Uhlobo lwentaka engumlingo exhaphake kakhulu kwiintsomi zesiXhosa. Mandulo phaya le ntaka ibisayanyaniswa nombane, apho kudlale khona izulu bekukholelwa ukuba oko kubangelwe yimpundulu. Kwintlalo yamaXhosa kukholelwa ukuba yintaka yabafazi yokuthakatha athi umniniyo phambi kokuba asweleke ayishiye kwenye yeentombi zakhe. Ukuba ayabelwangwa mntu iba yingxaki neshologu ekuhlaleni kuba kaloku isoloko inxanelwe igazi.

## References
Umthetho

**Umthetho** yingqokolela yemithetho yaseburhulumenteni emiselwe ukuba ithotyelwe okanye ilandelwe ngabantu. Iinkundla zamatyala kunye nemisebenzi yabupolisa yiyo esingatha le nkqubo yemigaqo ize yohlwaye abo bantu bophula imithetho, ngokuthi umzekelo babahlawulise imali okanye nge-penalty okanye bathunyelwe ejele. Kwintlalo yamandulo, imithetho ibisaya kubhalwa ziinkokheli, zimise imithetho emakuhlaliswane ngayo ngabahlali, kusetyenzwe kude kushishinelwane. Namhlanje kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho ibhalwa ivotelwe ngamaqela ezoplitiko anyuliweyo kurhulumente ophetheyo, amaqela afana nepalamente okanye urhulumente. Ukulandela imithetho yasekuhlaleni kukwenza into **esemthethweni**. Nantoni na eyenziwayo ayikho mthethweni xa isophula umthetho okanye xa ingenziwa ngokomthetho.

ikhowudi yomthetho yikhowudi yemithetho ebhaliweyo emayinyanzeliswe]] okanye miliselwe eluntwini. Bandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwesipolisa, iinkundla zamatyala, okanye izohlwayo. Igqwetha, i-jurist okanye i-attorney ngumntu ofundele ukuxoxa nemigaqo yomthetho. E-United States, zimbini iintlobo zamagqwtha -  kukho amagqwetha azii-"transactional" ngabo babhala ii-contracts kunye nee-"litigators" aba ke baya kwiinkundla zamatyala. E-United Kingdom, ezi zifundiswa zibizwa ngokuba zii-solicitors nee-barristers ngokulandelelana kwazo.
Ubudoda

Inkunzi yenye yesini kwizini ezimbini ezifumaneka kwizilwanyana eziphefumlayo. **Inkunzi **yenye  yesini kwizini ezimbini  ezifumaneka kuninzi lwaso nasiphi na isidalwa esikwaziyo ukuzishukumela  nokuphefumla. Inkoliso yazo ke zinezini ezimbini -  inkunzi kunye nethokazi/mazi. Ebantwini endaweni yenkunzi sithi ngabantu basesibayeni ekuthiwa ngamadoda namakhwenkwe; ize endaweni yemazi okanye ithokazi, sibenabantu bangasegoqweni ekuthiwa ngabafazi namantombazana.  

Zombini ke ezi zini zineentlobo-ntlobo zee-organs zokuzala, kunye neentlobo-ntlobo mpawu zeempawu ezixhasa isizalo. zikwaneentlobo-ntlobo zemisebenzi yakwabhayoloji.  Abafazi bazala  abantwana ngokuthi bafumane i-semen evela  emadodeni. Kwiindawo zoluntu ezininzi, abafazi basoloko bebandakanyeka kwiindibano, ngeli lixa wona amadoda esoloko ezingela.   

## amaphepha anxulumene nala
* Umfazi/imazi
Indoda

**Indoda** ngumntu wangasebuhlanti omdala. Ubuni bayo buchasene nobo bomntu wasetyhini. Sisebenzisa igama elithi "ndoda" (iamabini nangaphezulu xa kuthethwa ngeisini|sini. Ubudoda lixesha apho kubakho iimpawu ezibonakalisa ukutshintsha kwenkwenkwe isiya ebudodeni. Inkwenkwe ngumntu onempawu zomntwana athi akhutshwe ngesiko lolwaluko ukusiwa ebudodeni. Igama lomntwana oyinkwenkwe ligama elichasene negama lomntwana oyintombazana. Emva kokuba amakhwenkwe efikile kwaye endlula kwisiko lolwaluko anokubizwa ngamadoda.

Indoda ngumokhi ngumonwabisi wekhaya umfudumezi wabantwana, othi xa ￼exakene nento ekhayeni ayilungise ngokwakhe. Indoda ngumntu othatha uxanduva alulungise, xa abantwana belambile aphume ayozingela abuye abeke into etafuleni. Lento kuthiwa yindoda inzulu kuba neligama lithetha lukhulu, jonga ukuba uyakhumbula abanye baye bathi xa izinto zibaxakile bathi “Yabona ke le into inzima nje ifuna amadoda anesondlo” kusube kuthethwa ngamadoda anomqolo, amadoda akwaziyo ukumelana negama lobudoda kuba lento iyindoda ihlukene kaninzi.

Amakhona amadoda azibiza ngamadoda kodwa iimpawu zobudoda engenazo. Iimpawu  zobudoda nazi:  

Indoda yindoda ngemisebenzi yayo

Indoda yindoda nngokuthatha uxanduva ekhayeni ilungise  apho kufanelekileyo khona

Indoda ngumasindwa ezama kodwa ixhathise sekumnyama entla 

Indoda ngumkhuseli umondli wekhaya 

Amanye ke amadoda aye azibize  ngamadoda kuba ￼ ezibona emikakuhle eneemoto, enxiba kakuhle, enemali kodwa nalo mali eyitya utywala namantombazana. Yilento amantombazana agqibela sele esithi “Amadoda zizinja” kungenxa yala madoda ahlambalaza isiko lobudoda, ezibiza ngamadoda kodwa eziphethe ubukhwenkwe. Kuba thina siyazi indoda ingabethi, indoda ayitshambazi ngento enayo indoda inomqolo ngumafunga angajiki. Indoda akuyondoda ngokuba ihla isenyuka into engayaziyo, akuyondoda ngokunxila nokusaphara ngemali namantombazana.

...Ozithobileyo: Tyhala Ngesihobe

Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father.

## Biology and gender

There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".

Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Perhaps one in 100,000 men were born without a male body. We call these *[[transgender]]* or *[[transsexual]]* men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference (for example "androgen insensitivity syndrome"). Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives.
Ufudo

**Ufudo** sisilwanyana esirhubuluzayo ngokokulandelelana kosapho lwakwa  Testudines oluhlala emhlabeni. Kanye njengabazala balo abahlala emanzini,   ooqongqothwane bolwandle, amafudo bakhuselwe ngoqweqwe kwiintshaba zabo ezibazingelayo ezifuna ukuwabulala.    Ayacothoza xa ehamba, aze atye uhlaza. Uninzi lwawo mancinane kakhulu, kodwa ooqongqothwane bomhlaba bayakwazi ukuzolula amaxesha amaninzi atsho abemakhulu: laa aseGalapagos athandwa kakhulu. UDarwin wenza enye yeempazamo ezinqabileyo xa angazange aqonde okokuba ingaba isilwanyana ngasinye kwez sivela kwisiphi na isiqithi.   Kwathi kamva kwabonakala ngokucacileyo okokuba zinawo umahluko othile ngokweziqithi ezihlala kuzo ngokwahlukana kwazo.  

Oofudo abahlalayo eMzantsi Afrika
:*Chersina*
::C. angulata 
:*Geochelone*
::G. pardalis 
:*Homopus* 
::H. areolatus 
::H. boulengeri 
::H. femoralis 
::H. signatus 
:*Kininyx*
::K. belliana 
::K. spekii 
::K. lobatsiana 
::K. natalensis 
:*Psammobates*
::P. geometricus
::P. tentorius 
::P. oculifer 

## Okunye ongakufunda ukongeza koko sele ukufundile
* Chambers, Paul. *A sheltered life: the unexpected history of the giant tortoise*. John Murray (Publishers), London. 2004. ISBN 0-7195-6528-6.
* Gerlach, Justin.  Giant tortoises of the Indian Ocean.  Chimiara publishers, Frankfurt.  2004
Unxweme

A Beach kukho yokwakheka kunxweme ye yolwandle okanye elwandle, okanye ngohlangothi echibini okanye umlambo. Lidla iqulathe amasuntswana umkhala, adla eyakhiwe elulwalweni, ezifana nesanti, igrabile, shingle, iingqalutye, okanye cobblestones. Amasuntswana equka Beach wambi zebhayoloji kwanemvelaphi, ezifana amaqokobhe mollusc okanye coralline ezimdaka.

Ezinye kumanxweme kuba indoda-eyenziwe kwizibonelelo, ezifana izithuba ekusindiseni, amagumbi, yaye uthandazel naziimvula. Kungafuneka kwakhona iindawo iindwendwe (ezifana iiholide, kwiinkampu, iihotele, yaye zokutyela) ekufutshane. iilwandle Wild, okwabizwa ngokuba elwandle ongaphuhliswanga okanye ukuphanda, hayi siphuhliswa ngale ndlela. iilwandle Wild unako ixatyiswe ngenxa yobuhle zingabanjwanga yaye indalo zombini.

Beaches ngokokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiindawo kunxweme apho yomtshangatshangiso okanye lentshukumo iidiphozithi izitakantlantsi neetyuwa.
## Overview
UmNtla Melika

**UmNtla Melika** ngelizwekazi esiqingatha somhlaba esisentshona. Emzantsi ngumZantsi Melika, elinye ilizwekazi esiqingatha somhlaba esisentshona. Akhona amazwe angamashumi amabini anesithathu emNtla Melika:

* I-Antiguwa neBarbuda
* IBahamasi
* IBarbayidosi
* IBelise
* IKanada
* IKosta Rika
* IKuba
* IDominika
* Iunited States
IJapani

IJapan isiqithi esempumalanga yePeninsula yaseKorea.

Ingoma yesizwe nguKIMIGYO (intsingiselo = ihlabathi lakho).

* umbusi : Naruhito

## Geography
Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, ungafuna bathi kwiziqithi ezincinane lobushushu Japan, ezifana Kyushu. Ummandla malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-378,000. 30% yihlathi.

## Lwabantu
Inani labemi bantu abayizigidi ezili-125.

Kwiminyaka yamuva, ukuguga ngokukhawuleza kuyaqhubeka.

Uluntu lujolise kwingingqi ejikelezileyo yeso sixeko, ukuqhutyelwa kwamanzi kwimihlaba yasemaphandleni.

Phantse i-98% yabemi ngabantu baseJapan. Ezinye Abemi boMzantsi Korean, uhlanga Korean, uhlanga Chinese, bamazwe Taiwan, ezifana Brazil . Kukho abantu abambalwa baseAinu abajikeleze iHokkaido.

## KwezoPolitiko
Ubukhosi bukho ebantwini. Nangona igosa lenkulumbuso, kukho umbusi onomqondiso wabantu ngaphandle kolawulo. Umsebenzi obuthathaka wenkundla, amandla e-bureaucracy anesimo esiqinileyo saseJamani.

Umhlaba kazwelonke uhlulwe ngama-47, kunye ne-parishural assembly kunye ne-rhu lumente ye-prefectural apho iziko libekwa khona.

## Inkcubeko
Ukutya okuqhelekileyo

Abantu baseJapan babedla ukudla irayisi kunye nezinye iinkozo njengesiqhelo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa emva kokutya kweSibini zeMfazwe yehlabathi. Isidlo somdabu waseJapan sithiwa ukutya kwaseJapane (ukutya kwaseJapan).



phakeme.
Ukojiswa

The term "ukojiswa" comes from the verb "ukoja" (to roast). It is used to refer to a ceremony in the Xhosa culture, a Bantu tribe that has its largest population in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Well known figures such as Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki and Miriam Makeba come from the same tribe. When an initiate (umkhwetha) finishes a full 7 days after circumcision, on the 8th day, village men under the direction of an elderly men in the  family/village prepare (roast) hard corn with roasted meat for the initiate(s). The soft roasted meat (intso nyama) specifically comes from the hip/thigh of a goat/sheep and is eaten with the roasted hard corn. It is interesting to note, that the same hip/thigh has significance in the Jewish culture where Jacob had his hip socket disjointed during a wrestle with an angel. 

The initiate has to eat of the corn and meat as much as he possibly can, ideally, finishing the whole corn. The origins of the use of corn and meat on the ceremony are unclear. However, these also signify wealth/abundance of supplies in the culture as their abundance would mean the tribe will never starve. The ceremony is further done to break the "fast" of the previous 7 days where initiates eat a strict diet with very little to no water at all to assist with their fast healing. After the ceremony, there is a gradual introduction of certain solid foods and liquids until initiates are fully healed. The process normally takes 3-4 weeks. After which the family can start preparing for a ceremonial celebration (umgidi) of their return home as men.
Intetho

**Intetho** yenzeka phakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu xa bedibene beyenza ngomlomo intetho yabo nomnye komnye. Ngamanye amazwi intetho isetyenziswa xa kuthethwa okanye kuncokolwa. Ngabantu kuphela abanolwimi lokuthetha. Intetho ephakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu  ibizwa ngokuba yincoko.

Intetho yenziwa zizandi ezihamba ngomoya. Izandi eziphuma engquleni zibunjwa yimilebe, lulwimi, ngamazinyo, yimpumlo, nayinkalakahla. 

Ukuze enze intetho umntu kufuneka a:
# khethe izandi zentetho
# zibeke ngokulandelelana kwazo 
# khuphe isandi kwingqula yakhe  
# sebenzise imilebe, ulwimi, amazinyo, impumlo, kunye nenkalakahla ukuze abumbe izandi.  
Zingakho iingxaki nanini na kwezi zigaba zine. Iingxaki zesigaba soku-1 nesesi-2 zaziwa ngokuba ziingxaki zamazwi, ngeli xa ezesigaba sesi-3 nesesi-4 zisaziwa ngokuba zezokubiza amagama okanye zentshukumo eyenzekayo. Abanyanga abantu abanobunzima xa bethetha naxa besebenzisa ulwimi  cbanganceda ukunyanga ezo zigaba kufunyanwa kuzo ubunzima. 

Izilwanyana azinayo intetho, kodwa ezinye ziyakwazi ukuncokola nezinye ngokusebenzisa izandi.  

Isithehti singatsho into, ize ithi yakuviwa loo nto ithethwa seso sithethi isenokuqondwa ngabamameleyo. Kuba nzima ukuluqonda ulwimi olutheththwayo ngamanye amaxesha.  Isenokwenza okokuba intetho imfiliba, iyabhidisa, okanye iyalahlekisa. Isenokuba lula okanye kubenzima ukuba iqondakale.  

Kwale ntetho inye isenokubekwa ngezinye iilwimi, ngokuthi ulwimi luguqulelwe kwezinye iilwimi.  

## Amanye amaphepha
Ukuthetha

Ukuthetha kuxa ulwazi luhanjiswa ngolo hlobo luhanjiswa ngalo lusuka kulowo uluthethayo **lusiya kulowo kubhekiswa kuye. Zininzi ke intlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokusetyenziswa ukuhambisa ulwazi.  **
* Izinto ezibonakayo ekusetyenziswa zona xa kuthethwa (ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwamalungu omzimba okanye ukusebenzisa izangotshe zamalungu omzimba xa kuthetha)  
* Ukuthetha ngezandi (njengolwimi lomntu, kodwa ke isenokuba kukukhonkotha kwenja) 
* Ukwenza intetho ngokuphatha nje qha. 
* Usebenzisa ivumba
* usebenzisa ukubhala
Ukuthetha kungayintetho elungileyo ethethwayo (igama) okanye ibeyintetho engathethwayo (uncumo). Zininzi iindlela zokuthetha, kwaye kwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha. Akubantu kuphela abathethayo, ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi ziyathetha nazo. Okunye ukuthetha kuyazenzekela nje kungakhange kucingwe, nje ngaxa umntu entshintsha indlela ame ngayo.  

Enye indlela yokuthetha izama ukutshintsha indlela acinga ngayo umntu. Eyona meko yakha yanzula kulo mkhwa kukulukuhla abantu. 

## Kusebenza njani ukuthetha?
Ukuthetha kusebenza ngokwenza ingxoxo ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi okanye ngemiyalezo. Xa sikuchaza ngokubanzi ukuthetha   
# Isithethi nesithi ngumthumeli myalezo sithumela umyalezo, osuka kumbono wakhe. yile nto ke ibizwa ngokuba yi*encoding*
# Umthumeli walo myalezo ke uwuthumela umyalezo wakhe ngendlela ethile.  
# aze athi ke lowo uthunyelelweyo nongumamkeli walo myalezo awamalezo lowo awuhle amahlongwane phezulu okanye awunambithe.  
ngaphandle nje komongo womyalezo, zikho ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. Ezi zinto aziyonxalenye yomyalezo zona ngokwazo, kodwa ziyiloo meko ekuthethethelwa phezu kwayo.  
* Ngubani lo uthethayo, eyintoni apha ekuthethetni kwakhe.  
* Imiyalezo ethethwayo ayisoloko ihamba yodwa, kodwa ikhatshwa yeminye imiyalezo. Zonke ezi zinto nazo ziyatolikwa.  
Ukuze loo myalezo kutshintshiselwana ngawo ubenempumelelo,  umthumeli wawo kunye nalowo kuthunyelwa kuye, umamkeli walo myalezo ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka bavumelane ngamagama amakasetyenziswe kulo myalezo. Igama elithi *[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/hedge hedge]* lingathetha into eyahluke kwaphela kwezinye iimeko elisetyenziswa kuzo eli gama, ngokwezi meko zahlukeneyo.  KwiBayoloji, ihedge ngumgca weeshrubs okanye wemithi yokubiya.  Ngokwezezimali, igama elithi hedge kukulondoloza nokugcina kuvimba okwenzelwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko wenye wolunye ugcino.  nkokwakwaIn linguistics igama elithi hedge ligama okanye ingqokolela yamagama eyenza okokuba amanye amagama angabinakubaluleka kangako. Ngaphandle kolwazi olongezelelweyo kunzima ukwazi okokuba liliphi igama elithi *hedge* elithethwa ngumthumeli womyalezo. 

## Amaphepha azalana nala
* Ulwimi oluluphawu
* Ulwimi oluthethwayo
Incoko

Incoko yintetho yabantu ababini nangaphezulu xa bencokola ngento. Yinto eyenzeka ngokwesiqhelo, ayicwangciswa ingaqhulunqwa, nangona abantu abakule ncoko basenokuba nomdla kwinto ethile.  

Incoko yeendlela ezisisiseko soxhumana kwabantu.   Isenokuba malunga nawo nawuphina umxholo, kwaye usenokungaqameli kwinjongo ethile.  Iincoko ziyabavumela abantu bathabathe inxaxheba ngokubanegalelo kwizihloko zeencoko zabo ezingeemibono yabo eyahlukeneyo ukuzebafunde nakwabanye.  Incoko ingathelekiswa nokwenziwa kwentetho ngokusemthethweni. Intetho okanye amazwi. umzekelo, yintetho eyenziwa ngumntu omnye ngomlomo, eyenza kwiqela labantu abathile. Injongo yayo yintetho esuka calanye.  

Akunyanzelekanga ukuba iincoko zenzeke phakathi kwantu ubusongobuso, zingenzeka ngefowuni okanye ngeintanethi.  

## Amaphepha azalana neli
* Conversation analysis
* Consensus
* Intensity of preference
I-input - ukungeniswa kolwazi

## Iulwazi olukwinzululwazi yecompyutha
abantu abasebenzisa iikhompyutha basoloko besebenzisa igama elithi ulwazi neli lithi data ngokufanayo. Kukho amasebe emfundo ekuthiwa  information science" ne"information technology" (IT).

ngeminyaka yoo- 1970 neyoo-1980, abanye abantu beza nenye intsingiselo ethe ngqo ngo. ngelo xesha, uvimba wolwazi kwikhompyutha waye sele akhiwe, ulwazi luthetha uhlobo lolwazi oluthile olungakhange luphononongwe. * * Oko kuthetha okokuba ulwazi aluzange lutshintshwe okanye lulungiswe, kwaye ke alunakuthenjwa.  Ngokwale ntsingiselo intsha,  ulwazi luthetha ulwazi oluphononongiweyo, lwaze lwaphumelela uvavanyo ngento olumelwe kukuba yiyo.  Umntu angathemba okokuba  lulungile.  

Ulwazi lungalungiswa kwaye lungakulungela ngakumbi ukuthenjwa xa kunokuba kho  iindlela ezilungileyo nezipheleleyo zokuphonononga olu lwazi. (ukujongwa nokuphononongwa kolwazi, validation okanye iverification) kuze emva koko kwenziwe isigqibo sokokuba lukulungele ngokwaneleyo na (ukuba lufakwe kwinkqubo yokwamkelwa.  umntu kufuneka ayazi imithetho esetyenzisiweyo xa kuphononongwa ulwazi, okanye loo mntu ophonononge ulwaze abe ngumntu othembakeleyo.  Ukuba umntu akanakutsho okokuba oku kweenziwa,  ulwazi lubonakala iselulwazi lwaloo mntu, ukuze loo mntu aluphonononge ulwazi kwakhona, kuloo mbono uphangaleleyo ngolwazi.
I-Algebra

I-Algebra isenokusetyenziswa ukusombulula ingxaki zasekuhlaleni kuba imithetho ye-Algebra isebenza kwintlalo yethu yemihla ngemhla kwaye amanani angasetyenziswa ukuze amele amaxabiso   ezinto eziyinyani. I-Physics, injineli kunye neprogramming yekhompyutha zizifundo ezisebenzisa i-algebra ngalo lonke ixesh.  Kukwabalulekile ukwazi ngesurveying, iconstruction kune nebusiness, ingakumbi i-accounting.
I-Fiziki

**I-Fiziki**, lisebe lezenzululwazi, elijongene nezifundo ezingamandla asendalweni negalelo elenziwa ngala mandla nefuthe lendalo kumhlaba esiphila kuwo. I-fiziki yanamhlanje idibanisa imibono yabantu ngabantu emalunga nemithetho neengxoxo ezifanayo  (amandla, i-momentum, utshintsho, kunye neparity). Igama elithi fiziki lisuka kwigama lesiGrike elithi ἡ φύσις "indalo".