open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iimpawu

Igama elithi iimpawu linganeentsingiselo ezininzi;  

## Ukuba ngumnininto
Igama elithi iimpawu libhekisa kwinto yomnye umntu. Ukuba umntu uthenga imoto, loo moto ke iba yeyaloo mntu. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wakwaLiberty yinto yabantu baseUnited States.  Abantu abasebenza ngokuthengisa nokuthenga izindlu basoloko bethetha nge, into ethetha izindlu, amagumbi, ii-ofisi, njalo njalo.  

## Iimpawu
Iimpawu zisenokuthetha izinto ezenza okokuba into ibenomdla: izinto eziziimpawu ezithile zento.  umzekelo; "I-Elastiki yenziwa yirhabha<nowiki/>", ngamanye amazwi irhabha yielastiki.  Le ntsingiselo ikufutshane kunaleyo yakwaChemistry (Jonga apha ngezantsi).

## I-Khemestri
KwiKhemestri<nowiki/>, igama elithi iimpawu libhekisa kwizinto  ngokuzeleyo izinto esizibonayo.    Umzekelo, amanzi abayinto emanzi xa engenziwanga nto ehleli ngokwendalo yawo njengamanzi,  *ayabila ngeqondo lobushushu  elili-100, * akanambala*[[Colour|<nowiki/>]]*, akanavumba, *njalo njalo*. yonke le nkcaza yeyeempawu zamanzi.  is a very good thing to do

## Kwiindawo zemidlalo yeeqonga
Kwiindawo zemidlalo yeqonga, iimpawu zibhekisa kwingqokolela yezinto ezisetyenziswa kwezi ndawo kwenziwa kuzo imidalo yeqonga okanye imiculo ye-opera.  Nantoni na eyenye esetyenziswayo kodwa ibe ingeyonxalenye yale ngqokolela  iluphawu lwento  (or "i-prop" ngokufutshane), umzekelo, ifenitshala, umthi, incwadi esetyenziswa ngumlinganiswa esenza ngathi uyafunda,  uzalipholile abamtshayayo. Ezi zinto zinakekelwe ngumlawuli wazo. Ngamanye amaxesha, izinto ezincinane ezifana neencwadi okanye abalandeli,  ngumlinganiswa omelwe kukuqinisekisa okokuba unazo ezi zinto. Yile nto ke le kuthiwa yipersonal prop".

## Amanye amaphepha azalana nala.
* Political economy
* Constitutional economics
I-Variable

I-**variable** luhlobo olulodwa lwesixa okanye lwenani lezinto elixabiso lalo lingaziwayo. Ii-variables zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwi-programming yeecompyutha okanye nakwii-equations zemathematika.  

Inani elifana no-5 okanye u-200 alinakulitshintsha ixabiso lalo.  Umzekelo, ukuba umntu umi kumgama oziinyawo ezi-5 kude nesakhiwo esithile,  umgama wevariable xa uthelekiswa nowesakhiwo  awunakutshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iinyawo ezi-5 kuthiwa xa zibizwa zisisixa esidibeneyo (ziyifixed amount), sibe ke eso sixa sichasene nesevariable (variable amount).  

Kodwa ukuba umntu uyahamba aye ebhekela kwisakhiwo amele kude kuso, umgama we-variable xa uthelekiswa nowesakhiwo uyanda ngokuya ebhekela ngokubhekela.  Ngoko ke ayinaxabiso linye lifanayo nelimi limi,  kwaye asinakusebenzisa inani elilixabiso elifanayo, singenakho nokusebenzisa inani elinye elifanayo ngalo mgama, njengoko umgama usenokuba lunyawo olu-1 ngoku sithethayo, ngomzuzwana nje ube ziinyawo ezi-2.  Kwamathematika, ivariable inikwa unobumba okana no-*x* okanye u-*y*.

Kwezinye ii-eequations, ii-variables zisetyenziswa ukubonisa amanani angaziwayo.  Kusetyenziswa uhlobo lwemathematika ekuthiwa yi-algebra, umntu ke angalifumana ixabiso le-variable.

Kwacomputer science, i-variable akunyanzelekanga okokuba i-variable ibelinani - isenokuba lixabiso lamagama abhaliweyo, okanye umhla, okanye ixabiso lemali, okanye into efana nomfanekiso.
I-Equation

I-mathematical **equation** yintetho enee-variables, nokokuba inye ubuncinane, (Uyawukhumbula ke okokuba xa kuthethwa nge-variable kuthethwa  ngexabiso elingaziwayo) <nowiki/> (=unknown value) kunye nophawu olubonisa isiphumo saloo nto ibaliweyo (uphawu lwe-"equals sign" ( = ) oluhamba nentetho yakwamathematika kicala ngalinye. Uphawu olubonisa isiphumo (=) luthi omabini amacala anexabiso alifana ncam, okanye ayinto enye ngokwexabiso.  I-equation ingasuka ibe yinto elula enje: x=0, okanye ibe yinto enzima enje: 4(3y^99)+76=42÷3x okanye ibenzima nagaphezulu koku.  

Zimbini iintlobo ze-equation yemathematika 
* Uhlobo lwe-equation olusenokuba yinyaniso okanye ubuxoki;  olu ke lukwabizwa ngokuba zii-identities. Umzekelo:  

* Uhlobo lwe-equation elikwenza okokuba ubale ixabiso le-variable enye nangaphezulu.  I-equation yaziwa ngokuba yinyaniso kuphela xa ii-variables zinelo xabiso lithile. Umzekelo:  
Uhlobo lwesibini lusoloko lusetyenziswa ukusombulula ingxaki apho umelwe kukwazi ixabiso lee-variables ezithile.  Umzekelo:

Uhlobo lwesibini kwi-equation lusetyenziswa kwi-algebra. umzekelo, ukusombulula i-equation engu-2x = 8 ngokuthi ufumane u-x uyakulandela umthetho wakwa-Algebra.  Ngoko uyakubala ngolu hlobo: 
x = 4.

## Iintlobo zee-equations
Ii-equations zingahlulwa-hlulwa ngokweendlela ezisebenza ngazo nobungakanani bazo ngokwenani nabo buyabandakanyeka. ezinye iintlobo zee-equations zezi:
* I-algebraic equation yi-equation apho athi omabini amacala abe zii-polynomials. Ezi ke zona zahlulwahlulwa ngokwamaqondo azo angala:
** linear equation for degree one
** quadratic equation for degree two
** cubic equation for degree three
** quartic equation for degree four
** quintic equation for degree five
* A Diophantine equation is an equation where the unknowns are required to be integers
* A differential equation is a functional equation involving derivatives of the unknown functions

## References
Ukungalingani

I-**Inequality** kuxa into enye ithe ya:
* ncinane kunenye (\ a oko kuthetha ukuthi u 'a' mncinane kuno '*b*')
* nkulu kunenye (\ a>b oko kuthetha ukuthi u '*a' mkhulu kuno* '*b*')
* ngabincinane kunenye (a\geq b oko kuthetha ukuthi u '*a' akakho mcinane kuno* '*b'<nowiki/>*, loo nto ke ithethe okokuba usenokuba mkhulu, okanye abenokuba uyalingana no '*b*')
* ngabinkulu kunenye (a\leq b oko kuthethe ukuthi *a* akakho mkhulu kuno '*b'<nowiki/>*, okanye usenokuba mncinane okanye uyalingana no '*b*')
Ngamanye amaxesha ukungalingani kusetyenziswa xa kubekwa intetho exela okokuba into incinane kunenye, inkulu kunenye, ayikho ncinane kunenye okanye thi **Inequality** is sometimes used to name a statement that one eayikho nkulu kunenye.  

## Amanye amaphepha azalana nala
* equal
* equation
I-Graf

Igraf ngumfanekiso oyilelwe ukuba uchaze okuthethwa ngamagama, ingakumbi unxulumano oluphakathi kwenani lezinto ezimbini nangaphezulu. ungayibona igraf ngasekunene.  

Igraf elula ibonisa nje ubudlellwane phakathi kwamanani amabini  okanye  phakathi kwemilinganiselo yonke le nto isenziwa ngegrid. Ukuba ngaba le yigraf eluhlobo lwere*ctangular*, le milinganiselo mibini iyakucwangciswa ibe yimigca emibini eyahlukeneyo kwiiright angles zayo yomibini le migca. Omnye ungca kule migca mibini uyakubheka phezulu (the *vertical* axis). Ukanti omnye umgca uyakuya ngasekunene (the *horizontal* axis). Le migca ke (okanye le-*axes*, xa zininzi kuthiwa zii-axis) zidibana apho iphela khona, emazantsi ekona ngasekhohlo kwalapha kule graf.  

zombini ke ezi-axes zinophawu olubonakalayo apha ebudeni bayo.  Khawucinge nge-axis nganye, uthathe nje iruler ezotywe ephepheni.  uyabona ke, umlinganiselo ngamnye uboniswe ngobude bophawu onxulunyaniswa nalo kanye apha kubude bomgca.  

elinye igama legraf yitshathi okanye idiagram. kodwa ke ngoku, itshathi okanye idiagram isenokungayinxulumanisi le nnezinye izinto ezimbini nangaphezulu.  I-*Flowcharts* ne-*tree diagrams* ziyimizekelo yeetshathi okanye yeediagrams ezingezograf.  

## Ungayizoba njani itshathi engantsokothanga
Masithi mhlawumbi ufuna ukwenza igraf ebonisa ubude bakho njengokuba ukhula.  Ungabubonisa ubude bakho usebenzisa umlinganiselo ngeesentimitha ezibheka phezulu kumgca ekuthiwa yi-vertical axis,  uze ubonakalise iminyaka yobudala bakho kulo mgca uxwesileyo ubheka ngasekunene kuthiwa yi-horizontal axis.  

Umzekelo, masithi ubude bakho babuziisentimitha ezingama-60  xa kanye wawunonyaka omnye ubudala, baza bonyuka baziisentimitha ezingama-85 xa wawuneminyaka emi-2 uzelwe,  baphinda bonyuka ubude bakho baziisentimitha ezingama-95 xa uminyaka mi-3 uzelwe.  
Apha engqondweni yakho ungazikrwelela umgca ongqalileyo onqumla kuphawu lwesentimitha ezingama-50  ubude kumgca obheka phezulu.   uphinde uzobe owesibini umgca onqumla uphawu olubonakalisa umnyaka om-1 ubudala kumgca oxwesileyo oya ngasekunene.   Apho idibana khona le migca mibini ikumfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho (masithi  kusemdibanisweni wayo), ungabeka ichaphaza njengophawu lwakho. Inene, le migca ikumfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho, idla ngokwenziwa kwiphepha legraf (khawujonge apha ngezantsi). Ukuzotywa kwalo mdibaniso kuthiwa "*luphawu lwamanqaku eesentimitha ezingama-50 ngonyaka om-1.  *
Ifiziki

**Ifiziki**, lisebe lezenzululwazi<nowiki/>, sisifundo samandla okutyhala into kunye nefuthe elenziwa ngala mandla endalweni.  Ifiziki yanamhla idibanisa ulwazi lweengcaphephe kwezenzululwazi ngemithetho yesymmetry nogcino mandla (amandla, amendu, ukubasa, kunye ne-parity). Igama elithi fiziki lisuka kwigama lesigrike elithi ἡ φύσις "indalo".
Qongqothwane

**Qongqothwane: sisi nambuzane esimnyama ngebala,esihamba phantsi ngesantya esincinane kakhulu. Uqongqothwane uhlonitshiwe kwaye uathandwa ngamaxhosa. Uhlelinje uqongqothwane usendleleni uyahamba. Yiyo lonto kusithiwa ligqirha lendlela.**


*Igqirha lendlela nguqongqothwane*
*Sebeqabele gqithapha bathi nguqongqothwane*
Imfundo

**Imfundo** kukudluliselwa kolwazi nezakhono kunye nophuhliso lweempawu zobuntu.Imfundo esesikweni yenzeka kwisakhelo esintsonkothileyo semfundo, njengezikolo zikarhulumente. Imfundo engekho sesikweni nayo icwangcisiwe kodwa yenzeka ngaphandle kwenkqubo yesikolo esisesikweni, ngelixa imfundo engekho sesikweni kukufunda okungacwangciswanga ngamava emihla ngemihla. Imfundo esesikweni nengekho sesikweni yahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba aquka imfundo yabantwana abancinci, imfundo yamabanga aphantsi, imfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo, kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. Ezinye iindlela zokwahlulahlula zigxila kwindlela yokufundisa, njengemfundo egxile kutitshala nakwimfundo egxile kubafundi, nakwisifundo njengemfundo yesayensi, imfundo yolwimi, kunye nemfundo yomzimba. Igama elithi "imfundo" linokubhekisa nakwiimeko zengqondo kunye neempawu zabantu abafundileyo kunye nentsimi yezemfundo efunda ngeziganeko zemfundo.

Ingcaciso echanekileyo yemfundo iyaphikiswana  kwaye kukho ukungavisisani malunga nokuba zeziphi iinjongo zemfundo kunye nokuba imfundo yahluke kangakanani ekufundiseni ngokukhuthaza ukucinga nzulu. Oku kungavisisani kuchaphazela indlela yokuchonga, ukulinganisa, kunye nokuphucula iintlobo zemfundo. Ngokusisiseko imfundo idibanisa abantwana noluntu ngokufundisa amaxabiso enkcubeko kunye nemigaqo. Ibaxhobisa ngezakhono ezifunekayo ukuze babe ngamalungu oluntu anemveliso. Ngale ndlela ikhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kwaye iphakamisa ulwazi ngeengxaki zasekhaya nezehlabathi. Amaziko acwangcisiweyo achaphazela iinkalo ezininzi zemfundo. Umzekelo oorhulumente bamisela imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo ukumisela ukuba iiklasi zesikolo zenzeka nini, oko kufundiswayo, kunye nokuba ngubani onokuya okanye omele aye. Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, njenge -UNESCO, ibe nefuthe ekukhuthazeni imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kubo bonke abantwana.
Amanani a-rational

Kwi mathematika, i**rational number** lilo naliphi na  inani elinokubizwa ngokuba yiquotient okanye yifraction *p*/*q* yee integer ezimbini,  u*p* no *q*, libe linedenominator engu-*q* engalinganiyo no-zero. kuba ke u-*q* esenokulingana no-&nbsp;1, yonke i-integer iba linani eli-rational. Ingqokolela yawo onke amanani a-rational ihlala ibonakalisa ngobhalo ongqindilili u **Q** (okanye  umbhalo obhalwe ngqindilili kwibhodi emnyama \mathbb{Q}, i-Unicode ); wamiselwa ngo-1895 nguPeano emva kwe **, igama lesiTaliyane elithetha i"quotient".

I- decimal expression ye-rational number isoloko inokuphelelwa emva kwenani lokugqibela kuludwe lwamanani okanye iqalise ukuphinda-phinda kwa olo ludwe lolandelelwano kwinani lokugqibela loo nto isenzeka ngokuya isenzeka ngokuphundaphindeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, naluphi na uphinda-phindo okanye ukupheliswa kwe-decimal kumele inani eli-rational. Ezi zivakalisi ziyinyaniso, kodwa zingeyonyaniso yebase 10 kuphela, kodwa zikwayinyaniso yayo nayohi na enye i-integer base (umzekelo ibinary, ihexadecimal).

I real number engekho rational ibizwa ngokuba yi-irrational. Amanani azii-iIrrational aquka , π, ''e'', kunye ne''φ''. I-decimal expansion yenani eli-irrational iyaqhuba ingaphindwa-phindwanga.  Kuba ingqokolela yamanani a- rational numbers ikwazi ukubaleka countable, ibe yona ingqokolela yamanani angawo  (iireal numbers)  ingenakho ukuba ingabalwa, phantse onke ii-real numbers zi-irrational.
I-Quotient

Kwi-mathematics, i-**quotient** linani elisisiphumo xa kusabiwa/kuhlulwa-hlulwa. elinye inani ngelinye. Umzekelo, xa sisaba u-6 ngolu hlobo 6 ÷ 3, i-quotient iyakuba ngu-2. Aze ke ngoko u-6 abizwe ngokuba yi-dividend, kuba nguye lo wabiwayo okanye wahlulwahlulwayo okanye masithi ngu-6 lo wabiwayo. Aze ke yena u-3 abizwe ngokuba yi- divisor, inani ekuqhekezwe, okanye ekohlulwe okanye kwabiwa ngalo laa-6. I-quotient isenokuchazwa njengenani elibhekisa kumaxesha i-divisor, okanye inani ekwahlulwa ngalo okanye ekwabiwa ngalo, u-3 ke ngokwalo mzekelo, inani elabiwayo, u-6 ngokwalo mzekelo.  

I-quotient isenokuthetha kanye indawo e-integral kwiziphumo ezivela xa kusahlulwa ii-integers ezimbini. Umzekelo, i-quotient ka-13 ÷ 5 iyakuba ngu-2 ngeli lixa i-remainder okanye intsalela nani ingu-3.

Ii-Quotients zivela kwii-tests ezithile, njengakwitest ye-IQ, nemele igama elithi intelligence quotient. Apha ke, i-quotient yakho linqaku lakho. Kumashumi ngamashumi eminyaka, njengokuba abantu besiya ngokuya bememezela ukukhula komntu ngokupheleleyo, ezinye ii-quotients ezikwafana nezi ziya zivela ngokuvela.
I-Fraction (yemathematika)

I-**fraction** (ligama elisuka kwisiLatin&#x69;&#x3A; *fractus*, "ukuqhekeka") imele into epheleleyo okanye, ngokupheleleyo singathi naliphi na inani lamacala alinganayo kkuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo.   Ngokwentetho yesiNgesi yemihla ngemihla, i-fraction ichaza okokuba mangaphi na amalungu obungakanani obuthile.  umzekelo, isiqinga okanye ihafu enye, isibhozo sesihlani, iikota ezintathu. 
I-*common*, *i-vulgar*, okanye *i-simple* fraction (imizekelo: \i-frac{1}{2} kunye ne17/3) inee-integer **i-numerator**, zichophe ngaphezu (okanye phambi komgca oxwesileyo), ukanti ke yona i-non-zero integer y**idenominator**, yona ibonakala ngaphantsi (okanye emva) komgca.
Ii-Numerators kunye nee-denominators nazo ziyasetyenziswa kwii-fractions ezingekho-*common*, kuquka iifractions ezicompound, ezicomplex, nee-mixed numerals.
I-Denominator

Kwi-mathematika, le ndawo ingezantsi kwifraction kuthiwa yi**denominator**. I-denominator ayinakuba ngu-ngu zero. Ukubangaba le ndawo ingumgca kwifraction iflethi  ngolu hlobo____, i-denominator ibasemazantsi. ukuba lo mgca uye waxwesa ngolu hlobo /, idenominator ibangasekunene. Le ndawo ingaphezulu kuthiwa yinumerator yefraction. Nanku umzekelo:
* Kwi3/4 i-denominator ngu"4".
* Kwi23+76/100 i-denominator ngu*100".
* Kwi<math>15/(35+7)</math> i-denominator ngu"(35+7)".
* Kwi<math>a / (6b + c)</math>, i-denominator ngu"(6*b* + *c'')".
I-integer

Ii-integers ngamanani angobunjalo bawo kunye  nee-negatives zawo.  
Nazi ezinye zazo ii-integers:

{...-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4,...}\,\!

u-Zero naye uyi-integer kodwa akakho-positive engekho na-negative. i-"integer" ligama elithetha into enye neli lithi *ngokupheleleyo*.o- I-integer linani eli-rational nelingena"fraction", okanye inxalenye yayo. I-integer linani eliyi-decimal nabo bonke oo-zero emva kwesahluleli se-decimal. (umzekelo, i-integer 17 iyafana nedecimal 17.0 okanye 17.0000.)

I-integer isoloko ilandelwa linani elincinane nelikhulu. Akukho integer ekuthiwa yeyona yakhe yancinane, kungekho na-integer kungathiwa yeyona inkulu. I-inteher nganye ingasuka ibenkulu kunenye, okanye suke ilingane nenye, okanye inencinane kunenye. Ii-Consecutive integers zezi zilanela emva kwezinye, njengo{3, 4, 5, 6.}\,\!

Xa zidityanisiwe ii-intergers kuphuma i-integer enye. Umahluko phakathi kwee-integers yi-integer. Isiqhamo esiphuma xa kuphinda-phindwe ii-integers yi-integer. (Umzekelo, (12 + 2345 x (67 - 8) ) x 9 yi-integer.) i-integer eyahlulwa-hlulwe ngenye i-integer ayibi yi-integer ngamanye amaxesha. (Umzekelo, 123 / 45 is not a integer.)

\mathbf{Z} or \mathbb{Z} ligamama lengqokolela yee-interger. (\mathbf{Z}, +, 0) liqela le-abelian.

Inani lee-integers alinasiphelo. The cardinal number of \mathbf{Z} is \aleph_0. The ordinal number of \mathbf{Z} is ^*\omega + \omega.
I-decimal

I**decimal** yindlela yokulawula amanani e lishumi njengesiqalo, okanye  sisiseko. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yinkqubo yamanani i**base ten** okanye yi**denary**. Igama elithi "decimal" likwasetyenziswa endaweni yegama elithi  "period" ukubonisa ichaphaza elithi maxa wambi lisetyenziselwe indawo ami kuyo amanani ngokwale nkqubo. Phantse wonke umntu usebenzisa le nkqubo kula maxesha siphila kuwo kwaye bakhetha ukusebenzisa yona kuba isoloko ibonakala kw kwindalo kwaye zine ‘’sinye’’ ookanye u "one" njengesiqalo sale nkqubo.  Inani elinithi inye’ okanye  one lidla ngokuba lelona nani kulula ukusebenza ngalo xa kubalwa.

## I-Decimal notation
I-Decimal notation kukubhalwa kwamanani kwinkqubo yamanani i- base-ten, esebenzisa iimpawu ezininzi (ekuthiwa ziidigits) zingasetyenziswa ngaphezu kwee-values ezi zezi  (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) ukumela naliphi na inani, nokokuba sele zinkulu kangakanani na. ezi digitszisoloko zisetyenziswa nge decimal separator ebonisa apho kuqala khona ukuqhekeka, kunye nenye yeempawu zomqondiso + (positive) or − (negative) Kanye phambi kwamanani ukubonisa uphawu.
I-solution

NgokweKhemestri, i**solution** ngumxube wezinto ezifanayo nezimbini nangaphezulu ezifanayo. Izinto ezinyibilikayo kuthiwa zii**solutes**. Izinto ekunyibilikiswa ngazo ezi solutes kuthiwa yi**[[solvent]]**. Umzekelo wemihla ngemihla yisolid njengetyuwa okanye  iswekile (eziziisolids eziziintlalutye), zinyibilika ebumanzini (njengasemanzini). iiGases nazo zinganyibilika ebumanzini. Umzekelo yicarbon dioxide okanye i-oxygen emanzini. Ii-Liquids zinganyibilika kwezinye ii-liquids kwaye nee-gases zinganyibilika kwezinye iigases.

Isixa see-solute (izinyibiliki) esongezwe kwizinyibilikisi libonisa determines the ubuninzi nefuthe lomxube. Umxube onezinyibiliki ezininzi ubizwa ngokuba yi-concentrated solution; uze onezincona kuthiwe yi-dilute solution.

imizekelo ye-solid solutions yialloys kunye nenxalenye yeeminerals. Umzekelo, i-brass yi-alloy ye-copper ne-zinc.

## Related pages
*Hypertonic
*Hypotonic

## Imithombo
Ukufana kwezinto

Igama elithi **ukufana kwezinto** ligama elithetha ukufana nenye into.   Ngokwenzululwazi ubukhulu becala eli gama lisetyenziswa kwimixube. Imixube eng"oomakufanwe" ke yileyo ithi wakuyijonga ufike ifana nqwa, kungabikho lula ukutsho okokuba kudityaniswe ntoni nantoni na xa uwujonge nje ngamehlo. Lowo mxube unjalo ke uyawuhlala ufana uyinto enye kuyo yonke indawo. Ubisi olu lungumzekelo walo mxube. Koomakufanwe ke zizinyibilikisi kuphela ezibonakalayo. Izinyibiliki zona zijike zibeyiloo nto ziyio izinyibilikisi. Sitsho sithi ubisi lungamanzi, singathethi nto neeproteni nezinye izinto ezenza ubisi lube libisi.
Udonga

**Udonga** lolokwahlula lubhekephezulu. Yahlula amagumbi kwizakhiwo lukwakhusela izakhiwo.   Ludla ngokwenziwa ngamatye okanye izitena. Zimbini ezona iinjongo zokwenza udonga: kukuxhasa uphahla lwesakhiwo, nokwahlula-hlula isakhiwo sibe ngamagumbi, kukunika ukhuseleko ekungeneni kwezinto ezingafanelekanga nakwimozulu.

Phambi kumiliselwe izixhobo zomkhosi,izixeko ezininzi eYurophu zazikhuselwe ngamadonga. Kwathi kuba sele engasafanelekanga kule mihla siphila kuyo, zathi zadilizwa ezo ndonga.  

Igama elithi "udonga" lihlala lisetyenziswa xa kubhekiswa kudonga lwaseBerlin, olwathi lwakhiwa ngemfazwe i-Cold War, neyathi yaphela ngo1989, kodwa uninzi lwabantu luthetha nge-album iPink Floyd ekwasebenzisa kwa eli gama.  

## Amaphepha anxulumene neli
*Fire wall
*Wallpaper
*Great Wall of China
I-solvation

**I-Solvation**, yaziwa ngokuba y**idissolution**, kulapho kubakho ukudibana ngokuhambelana kweemolecules kwesinyibilikisi nee-molecules okanye iiions zesinyibili. 

## Related pages
* Unyibiliko
* Umxube

## Emakufundwe
*
Ukuphinda-phinda

Uphindaphindo luhlobo lokubala ukuze kufunyanwe isiphumo  iproduct esivela kuphindaphindo kwenani ngelinye inani.   
Uphindaphindo ngumsebenzi wesithathu kwimathematika emva kokudibanisa ukubala kokuqala, kulandelwe kukuphungula okanye kukuthabatha, kube le kusiba luphindaphindo.  

Ngokujonga nje amanani enje ngokuba enjalo, liyabonakala anani lee-tiles koluxande apho elinye inani kumanani amabini lilingana nenani lee-tiles kwelinye icala lize inani lilingane nenani lee-tiles elikwelinye icala. 

With real numbers, it tells you the area of a rectangle where the first number equals the size of one side and the second number equals the size of the other side.
Ukwahlula-hlula

* Ukwahlula-hlula (i-mathematika), ngumsebenzi wokwahlula osebenza njengophikisana nokwahlula-hlula.  
** ukwahlula-hlula (ukulawulwa kwamandla ombane), kukumiliselwa kwe-digital yokwahlulwahlulwa kwemathamatika
* Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa (kweevoti), indlela iivoti zolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni ezishicilelwa ngayo.  
* ukwahlulwa-hlulwa (kwi-horticulture), yindlela yokwandiswa kwezityalo, okanye yindlela ezidalwa ngayo izityalo.  
* Ukwahlula-hlula (emculweni) uhlobo oluthile lwe-ornamentation, lwaluxhaphake kakhulu kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-17 kumculo wamaNgesi. 
* Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-Cell, yindlela ezanda ngayo ii-cell kwinto ephilayo.  
* ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kweContinent, ligama elisetyenziswa kwaJografi ukwahlula iingxangxasi zemilambo.  
* North-South divide, igama elisetyenziswa kwijografi nezopolitiko lokwahlulwa kwamazwe atyebileyo namazwe angamahlwempu.
Indlebe

**indlebe** lilungu lomzimba elenza okokuba abantu beve. Ezinye izilwanyana, ezifana nabantu noninzi izilwanyana ezinamathambo omqolo, zineendlebe ezimbini, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana aziva ngeendlebe. Isigcawu sinoboya obuncinane emilenzeni yaso esimamela ngabo. 

Indlebe le siyibonayo isebenza ngokunqakula isandi isiqhubela ngaphakathi kuyo. Olu ngcangcazelo luthunyelwa engqondweni sisikhaxa semisonto yemithambo ehambisa igazi.  

Le ndawo ingaphandle nebonakalayo apha endlebeni kuthiwa y*ipinna.*

Iindlebe zikwasetyenziswa nakweminye imisebenzi. Indlovu isebenzisa iindlebe zayo ezinkulu ukuzipholisa ngemini ezishushu kakhulu. Amalulwane axhomekeke kwiindlebe zawo xa efuna ukufumana ixhoba lawo. Ezinye izilwanyana zisebenzisa iindlebe zazo xa zithetha nezinye izilwanyana ezifana nazo.
Ubunto bento

Kwisinye      Kwisininzi
into/injongo	izinto/iinjongo

1. Ubunto bento ungakubona ngokuba kube yinto ephathekayo ngezandla, ibe ingeyonto iphilayo.  
Asiyazi into embuleleyo, kodwa kwakuyinto ebuthelezi nenobunzima. 
2. Injongo yokwenza okuthile okanye yokwenza isicwangciso esithile kukuseka isiphumo okanye isizathu sesosenzo. 
Injongo yesoka kukhabela ibhola emnatheni welinye iqela.  
3. Kwigrama yesiNgesi, igatya eliyintloko sisibizo okanye sisivakalisi esinesibizo esidla ngokulandela isenzi. esi sibizo sibayinto ekwenziwa kuyo loo nto ithile.  
Kwisivakalisi esithi, "U-Yoko watya isonka.", isonka siyinjongo senzi. 
Isenzi
 

1. Ukuba uphikisa into ethethwayo, awuvumelani nayo. 
Abantu abaninzi bayayiphikisa into yokusebenza kakhulu.  
Amacandelo: 
•	Izibizo
•	Izenzi
•	Izenzi ezisetyenziswa rhoqo.
Izintso

**Izintso** zii-organs ezimbini ezifumaneka kumazantsi omzimba wezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo. Ezi organs zimile ngokungathi ziimbotyi. zenza umchamo (la manzi aphuma kwisinyi embal'uqanda. Zikwadlala indima xa kusenzeka naxa sele kuphuma umchamo. Xa iingcali zempilo zithetha ngezintso, sukuba zibhekisa kwigama elithi *renal*. Umzekelo, *[[ukoyisakala kwezintso|ukoyisakala kwerenal]]* ngelo xesha kuxa kanye izintso zigula zide zingasebenzi nokusebenza.  

Isimaphambili u*nephro-* sikwasetyenziswa ngamazwi abhekisa kw"izintso". Umzekelo,   i*nephrologist* ngugqirha ofunda nophicotha intso.
I-organism

I-**organism** yinto ephilayo. Kulula ukuyibona into ephilayo, kodwa akulula kangako ukuyichaza. Izilwanyana nezityalo zizinto eziphilayo, ngokuqinisekileyo. Ii-Organisms zi-i-biotic, okanye kukuphila, okuyinxalenye ye-environment. Amatye nokukhanya kwelanga ziyinxalenye yezinto ezingaphiliyo kwi-environment.

I-oganisms ziphila ngezinto ezintlanu. Ziphila ngomoya, ngamanzi, ngezakhamzimba (ngokutya), ngamandla nangendawo yokuhlala.  Nangona kunjalo, asinakuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo ziphila ngezi zinto ngexesha elinye. Ii-organisms ezininzi azidingi moya kwaphela.

Kufuneka unikwe ingqwalasela umcimbi wee-viruses. Akukabikho sivumelwano malunga sokokuba zithathwe njengezinto eziphilayo kusinina. Zenziwe ngeprotein ne-nucleic acid, kwaye ziyakhula, eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Kodwa zifumaneka zikwiimo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Imo yokuqala yile ingudomi ingasebenziyo. Enye ingaphakathi kwi-cell yezinye ii-organism eziphilayo. Ize ke ngoko i-virus ibenamandla amaninzi okuzandisa. Khawujonge iprogram yekhompyutha. Ith'izibenamandla isebenze ibe ivuliwe, kungenjalo, ayisebenzi tu. Kodwa nangona kunjalo iseyi-program.   

Omnye umzekelo ngowe-spore, inqanaba lokusasazwa kweebacteria, neefungus okanye ezinye izityalo. Azisebenzi de zibe zikwimeko elungele oko. Zinazo zonke indawo ezisebenzayo apha kuzo zokwakha i-organism epheleleyo, kodwa iyavalwa okwexeshana.
Ukuthabatha

**Ukuphungula** kukusebenza kwe-arithmetika ukuze kufunyanwe  phakathi kwamanani amabini. Amagama amanani abekelwe bucala xa kusetyenziswa intetho yokuphungula ngala, i-minuend - ne-subtrahend = umahluko. Le ntetho ithi 7 - 4 = 3 ingathethwa ngolu hlobo "kwisixhenxe siphungule isine kushiyeka isithathu," "xa sinesixhenxe ze sithabathe isine kushiyeka isithathu," okanye "isine kwisixhenxe kushiyeka isithathu."

Ukuba ngaba eli nani kuthatyathwa kulo lincinane kunelo lithatyathwayo, umahluko uyakuba linani elingekhoyo. umzekelo, 17 - 25 = ( -8 ). Singakubeka ngolu hlobo oku, "xa kwishumi elinesixhenxe sithabatha okanye siphungula amashumi amabini anantlanu kushiyeka isibhozo." Le yindlela abasebenza ngayo abantu abasebenza ngeethili yemali nabayibona ngayo itshintshi omelwe kukuyifumana wena mthengi xa ubhatala ngemali eninzi kuneendleko ozichithe kwimpahla leyo oyithengileyo.  

## Amanye amaphepha anxulumene neli
* arithmetic
* addition
* multiplication
* Division (mathematics)
Umxube

ngokwakwakhemestri, **umxube** yinto eyenziwe ngezinto ezimbini nangaphezulu. Ezi zinto zisenokuba ngamalungu eekhemikhali okanye zibe ngumdibaniso weekhemikhali ngeekhemikhali. Umxube usenokuba ngamanzi, into engengomanzi, ejiyileyo neqinileyo, okanye igesi.

Umxube awufani nomdibaniso owenziwe ngee-atom ezimbini nangaphezulu, apho ke i-atom nganye ixokomezelelwe kwenye ngekhonco ekuthiwa yibond. Umzekelo, umxube weegesi ihydrogen nenitrogen une-hydrogen ne-nitrogen, kungasiyio umdibaniso oyiammonia eyenziwe ngee-atom ze-hydrogen ne-nitrogen. 

Xa kuthe kanti izinto ezixutyiweyo zingoomakufanwe xa zizonke ubunjani bento, njengezinto ezingengomanzi (izinto ezibujiya okanye ezibuqina kunamanzi, neziqinileyo), ezinje ngee-solid ezimbini, kuthiwa ng*umxube womakufanwe*. Ukuba izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zidityanisiwe, njengentlabathi namanzi, ng*umxube oheterogeneous*.

Ukuba into enye kumxube inyibilika kwenye, ibizwa ngokuba yi-solution. Umzekelo, ukuba iswekile igalelwa emanzini yenza umxube, ize inyibilike ukuze kwenzeke i-solution. Ukuba ayinyibiliki, kuyakuthiwa yi-suspension.

Kanti nezinto ezingengomanzi, ezo zijiyileyo nezibuqina, zingayimixube.  Iindidi zomhlaba ezininzi namatye olwalwa ayimixube [[iiminerali|yee-minerali ezahlukeneyo.
Hepatitis A

Inqanawa Iliwa

ISuperheroes

I**Hepatitis A** (eyayidla ngokubizwa ngokuba **yihepatitis eyosulelayo**) emandla isifo esosulelayo sesibindi esibangelwa yintsholongwane yehepatitis A (HAV). Iimeko ezininzi ziba neempawu ezincinci okanye zingabikho kwaphela ingakumbi kwabaselula. Ixesha eliphakathi kokusuleleka neempawu, kwabo bazifumanayo, liphakathi kweeveki ezimbini nezintandathu. Xa kukho iimpawu ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala iiveki ezisibhozo yaye zinokuquka isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, utyatyazo, ulusu olutyheli, ifiva, nesisu esibuhlungu. Abantu abamalunga ne-10–15% bayabuyelwa kwakhona ziimpawu ebudeni beenyanga ezintandathu emva kokusulelwa okokuqala. Ukoyisakala okumandla kwesibindi akunakufane kubekho yaye oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala.

Ngokuqhelekileyo isasazeka ngokutya okanye ukusela ukutya okanye amanzi angcoliswe lilindle elinesi sifo. Oonokrwece abangaphekwanga ngokwaneleyo idla ngokuba ngoyena nobangela. Kanti inokusasazwa ngokusondelelana nomntu onokukosulela. Ngoxa abantwana bengabi nazimpawu xa basulelwa banokubosulela abanye. Emva kokosulelwa kanye, umntu akaphinde asuleleke ubomi bakhe bonke. Ukuze ifunyaniswe kufuneka kuhlolwe igazi njengoko iimpawu zifana nezo zezinye izifo. Yenye yeevayirasi ezintlanu ezaziwayo zehepatitis: A, B, C, D, kunye E.

Ihepatitis A vaccine iyanceda ekukhuseleni. Amanye amazwe ayincomela ngokuqhubekayo ebantwaneni nakwabo basengozini enkulu abangazange bagonywe ngaphambili. Lubonakal lusebenza. Ezinye iindlela zokuyithintela ziquka ukuhlamba izandla ukukupheka kakuhle ukutya. akukho nyango lukhethekileyo, uphumle yaye amayeza isicaphucaphu okanye utyatyazo akhutshwa njengoko efuneka. Ukosuleleka kudla ngokusuka ngokupheleleyo nangaphandle kwesifo esiqhubekayo sesibindi. Unyango lokoyisakala ngokupheleleyo kwesibindi, ukuba kuyavela, uqhaqho-fakelo lwesibindi.

Ehlabathini lonke malunga neemeko ezineempawu eziyi-1.5 lezigidi zibakho nyaka ngamnye yaye lilonke bamalunga namashumi ezigidi abanokosuleleka. Ixhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla yehlabathi enogutyulo olukumgangatho ophantsi nalapho kungekho manzi akhuselekileyo aneleyo. Kumazwe asakhasayo malunga ne-90% yabantwana baye bosuleleleka beneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala yaye bayakhuseleka xa sele bebadala. Idla ngokuqhambuka kumazwe ahambele phambili noko apho abantwana bengachanabekanga ngoxa beselula yaye bengagonywa kakhulu. Ngo-2010, ihepatitis A emandla yaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-102,000. Usuku Lwehlabathi Lwehepatitis ibakho nyaka ngamnye ngoJulayi 28 ukwazisa ngeviral hepatitis.

## Iimbekiselo
Isifiso

Isifo yimpilo engamanga kakuhle,  ubuhesheheshe ngokwemo nangokokusebenza kwempilo yomntu, okuthi kuchaphazele ilungu layo yonke i- organism. Isifundo ngesizekabani sesifo sibizwa ngokuba yi-pathology.  *Disease is often construed as a *'medical condition*' associated with specific symptoms and signs.    It may be caused by factors originally from an external source, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with a disease can alter one's perspective on life, and one's personality.*

## References
Iimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha

Iimpawu zokudibanisa (**+**) kunye no kuthabatha(**−**) ziimpawu zakwamathematika ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba-positive nokuba-negative kwakunye nokwenzekayo xa kudityaniswa naxa kuthatyathwa. Umsebenzi wazo ezimpawu wandiselwe nakwezinye iintsingiselo ezininzi, ezifanayo nezibufana. Uphawu lokukudibanisa ngesiNgesi kuthiwa ngu-**Plus** kanti lona olokuthabatha kuthiwa ngu-**minus. U-Plus no-Minus ke ngamagama antsingiselo yawo iyeyesi-**Latin athetha "ukongeza" "kuphungula" ngokulandelelana kwawo.  

## Imbali
Nangona ezi mpawu zibonakala ngokungathi ngoonobumba okanye amanani amaArabhu aseHindu, azi mpawu zakudala-dala. Uphawu lokudibanisa noluyindlela ethile ekubhalwa ngayo ekuthiwa yi-Egyptian hieroglyphic, umzekelo, efana nemilenze emibini ehamba ngomkhondo walapho kwakubhalwe khona lo mbhalo  (ngokwesi-Egyptian ungabhalwa macalana omabini ukusuka ngasekunene  ukuya ngasekhohlo okanye ukusuka ngasekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene), kodwa xa uphawu lubuyela ngasemva lubonisa okokuba luphawu lokuthabatha
:

Iphepha likaNicole Oresmeukusuka kwiminyaka wenkulungwane ye-14 libonisa omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala ebalulekileyo yephawu i-plus "+"   .

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka ye-15 oonobumba u-"P" no "M" babesetyenziswa ngumntu wonke.
Iimpawu u-(P onomgca u*p̄* omele u-*più*, oko kuthetha ukudibanisa *plus*, kunye no-M  onomgca u-*m̄* omele u-*meno*, oko kuthetha ukuthabatha *minus*) zavela okokuqala kulwazi-lwe-mathematika ye-Luca Pacioli, i*[[Summa de arithmetica|Summa de arithmetica, i-geometria, i-proportioni i-et proportionalità]]*, nombhalo wayo owakhutshwa wapapashwa okokuqala e-Venice ngo-1494. The **+** is a simplification of the Latin "et" (comparable to the ampersand **&**). The **−** may be derived from a tilde written over **m** when used to indicate subtraction; or it may come from a shorthand version of the letter m itself. In his 1489 treatise Johannes Widmann referred to the symbols − and + as *minus* and *mer* (Modern German *mehr*; "more"): "was − ist, das ist minus, und das + ist das mer".

Incwadi epapashwe  nguHenricus Grammateus ngo-1518 yazithatha ezi mpawu yazisebenzisela olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi wokuqala wokudibanisa + nokuthabatha −  .

Robert Recorde, the designer of the equals sign, introduced plus and minus to Britain in 1557 in *[[The Whetstone of Witte]]*: "There be other 2 signes in often use of which the first is made thus + and betokeneth more: the other is thus made – and betokeneth lesse."

## References
Ii-protons

Ii**protons** zizinto ezithile ezifumaneka kw-atom. Zifumaneka kwi-nucleus ye-atom zihamba nee-neutrons. I-periodic table yamaqela ee-atoms ebonakalisa okokuba ezi atoms zinee-protons ezingaphi na. I-atom enye kwi-hydrogen (olona hlobo lwe-atom lwakhe lwalula) yenziwe nge-electron ezingqonge nezijikeleze i-proton. Ubukhulu becala ubunzima bale atom benziwa bukwi-proton, kuba kaloku yona ubunzima bayo phantse buphinda-phindwe kangangama-2000 kunobo be-electron. Ii-Protons nee-neutrons zizo ezenza i-nucleus yalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-atom. Kuyo nayiphi na i-element, inani lee- protons lisoloko lifana. Inani eli-atomic kwi-atom lilingana nenani lee-protons kuloo-atom.  

Ii-Protons zenziwe ngee-quarks. I-proton inye kukholelwa okokuba yenziwe ngee-quarks ezintathu, ezimbini ziiquarks-eziphezulu ize enye ibeyi-quark esezantsi. i-quark esezantsi inetshaji okanye uzibuthe we-1/3, zize zona ii-quarks eziphezulu zibenetshaji ye-+2/3 inye. Oku kongeza ye-+1. I-proton ine-mass encinane. Ubunzima be-proton bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubunzima be-neutron nabo bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubukhulu be-proton bubonakala ngokungcangcazela kwee-quarks ezikuyo, kwaye ezi-quarks zenza ilifu. Oko kuthetha okokuba i-proton akuyo bhola iqine kangako xa ithelekiswa nendawo equlethe ii-quarks.

## Amaphepha anxulumene neli
* Ukubola kwe-Proton
* I-Neutron
* I-Electron
* Ii-Quarks

## Kungaqwalaselwa nala alandelayo amaphepha

## Imithombo
I-subatomic particle

I-**subatomic particle** yi particle encinane kuneatom. Oku kuthetha okokuba incinane kakhulu.  Njengee-atoms neemolecules, i-subatomic particle incinane kakhulu  kangangokuba ayinakubonakala ngamehlo enyama. Inika umdla omkhulu kwiingcali zophando ezisoloko zisiwa zivuka zifuna ukuqonda kangcono ngee-atoms. Ezona zi-subatomic particles ekuphandwa kakhulu ngazo zezi zenza ii-atoms: ii-protons, ii-neutrons, kunye nee-electrons. Izifundo esingee-subatomic particles sibizwa ngokuba yi-particle physics. 

Ezi-particles zisoloko zibambene phakathi kwi-atom ngenye yeziseko zezamandla okutyhala (i-gravity, i-electromagnetic force, i-strong force, okanye  i-weak force).  Kumphandle we-atom ii-particles zisoloko zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu nangakumbi, kufuphi nesantya  sokukhanya isantya esiletsheza okombane. 

Ii-Subatomic particles zahlulwe kubini, seseeBaryons neseeLeptons.

Ii**Baryons** zenziwe ngeequarks ngeli lixa zona ii-Leptons kucingelwa okokuba ziphakathi kwee particles ezincinane, ekuthiwa ziielementary particles. Ii-Baryons zinikwe inani lokunombola i-Baryon. Kwiintshukumo ezithile, inani eliyinombolo ye-Baryon kufuneka igcinwe, oko kuthetha okokuba omabini amacala entshukumo, elisekuqaleni nelisekugqibeleni kufuneka anonjolwe ngenani lee-Baryons elinye. Ii- Baryonic particles zenziwe ngomxube we-quarks ezi-3 kwezin-ntandathu, eziphakathi kwee-particles ezincinane. Iintlobo zee-quraks ezintandathu eziphezulu, neziziphantsi, (zenza ii-protons nee-neutrons), ii-strange, ii-charm, umphezulu, nomzantsi. 

Ii**Leptons** zithande ukubancinane kunee-Baryons. Olu luhlu luquka ii-electrons, ii-Muons, ii-Taus kunye nee-neutrinos. Ii-Leptons azenziwanga ngee-quarks kwaye azahlulahluleki.
I-Particle physics

I-**Particle physics** licandelo lakwa-physics eliphanda ngezinto ezibonakalayo neezincinane kakhulu,    Ezaziwa ngokuba zii-particles. Ezi-particles zizinto ezincinane kakhulu kodwa zincinane zinjalo zizo ezakha ihlabathi elisingqongileyo nesiphila kulo.

## Ii-fundamental forces – Amandla enza uzibuthe
Ii-Particles zingathwala  fundamental forces. Umzekelo, yi-electromagnetic force ithwalwa zii-photons. Ii- fundamental forces ezine zizo ezijongene nayo phantse yonke into kwiphysics iphela, nditsho negravity, i-radioactive decay, kunye nemagnetism. Ezi forces zine nazi: yi-electromagnetism, inuclear e-strong ne-buthathaka, kunye ne-gravity.

## I-Standard model
Enye yamagama abalulekileyo kwi-physics kuthiwa yi-Standard Model.   I-Standard Model yi-theory ezama ukucacisa ii-fundamental forces.  I-Standard Model sidibane ne General Relativity yeyona ngcaciso yamkelekileyo okwangoku malunga nendlela elisebenza ngayo eli hlabathi.

I-Standard Model saziwa ngokuba neengxaki. Umzekelo, akukho nto ingako kuyo echaza igravity.  Yhiyo le nto i-General Relativity, enye i-theory echazayo okokuba zingabandakanywa njani na izinto ezine-gravity, khon’ukuze ii-physicists zichaze banzi nge-universe. Mninzi umsebenzi wokuphucula i-theory kwaye/okanye ukufumana i-theory engcono esenziwayo. Lo msebenzi ke usoloko ubizwa ngokuba yi-theoretical particle physics, kuba akukho nanye kwezi esele ivavanyiwe yaza yapasiswa.   I-Theoretical particle physicists yenza ii-theories ukuba zizame ukupasisa i-Standard Model. Umzekelo omnye ngowokokuba kwenzeka njani na ukuba zibeninzi ii-thoeries eziqikelela iiparticles eziundiscovered.

## I-singqubani
IFiziki ifumanise ngolwazi olumalunga nee-particles ngokuthi iphande infunda ngee-collisions eziphakathi kwee-particles ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo omhle ofanayo ngowokungqubana kweemoto, apho kuboniswa okokuba ingaba iingcali zeFiziki zenza uphando zize zifunde ngee-particles eziye zangqubana. Khawufan’ucinge, nanku umntu efuna ukujonga umphakathi wezi nqwelo zingqubeneyo.    Ukungqibana kwezi moto zimbini zihamba ngesiphezulu sona isantya, singaske sizophule iimoto size ngoko zijonge ngaphakathi. Kwangendlela efanayo, iingcali zefiziki zingqubanisa ii-particles ezimbini ukuze zizophule zize ke ngoko zikwazi ukufunda umphakathi wazo ezi-particles.

Ukuba ii-particles zibaleka ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu, ezinye zazo ziyakwaphuka zibezintsalu xa zingqubana. Xa zisaphuka, kutsho kuvele iintlantsana okanye iimfikimfelana zee-particles ezintsha.   Kunzima kakhulu ke ukufumaneka kwezi particles kuba ziyabola  (zitshintsha zibe zii-particles ezilula) ngephanyazo. I-Modern particle physics idibanisa ezo-particles zingqubanayo zinamandla angummangaliso okwenza ezinye ezintsha ii-particles ngapkathi kwe-particle accelerator. Le ke kuthiwa xa ibizwa y**i-high-energy physics**, ngenxa yobungakanani bamandla afunekayo.
Malala Yousafzai

**Malala Yousafzai** (wazalwa ngomhla ka 12 July 1997) ungumlwi usuka kwi lizwe lase Pakistan. uthethela amalungelo wamabinqa kanye nokufundiswa kwabo. Uduma ngokuba ngumntu olwela amalungelo wabantu kanye nemfundo kwindawo asuka kuyo eSwat Valley ingingqi yase Khyber Pakhtunkhwa apho eTaliban yanqanda amantombazane ukuba bangayi esikolweni. Iintetho ka Malala yakhula ide yongamela ilizwe jikelele.Usapho lwakhe baqhuma izikolo kwelo cala. ekuqaleni kuka 2009 eneminyaka eyishumi nanye 11 wabalela onondaba ebaxelela ngesimo sokuphatwa yiTaliban kanye nokukhuthaza ukufundiswa kwamantombazana.Ngemini ka 9 October 2012, uMalala wadutyulwa entloko eTaliban befuna ukubulala yena no yihlo wakhe uZiauddin Yousafzai.

Emva kwa bezame ukubulala uMalala abantu kwilizwe jikelele babonisa inkxasouMalala yaba nguyena mntu omncinci ukufumana isabelo soxolo Nobel Peace Prize

.

## Notes



## Imithombo
I-inhalation

I-**Inhalation** iyihafu yento eyenzekayo xa umntu okanye izilwanyana ziphefumla. Umoya osuka ngaphandle ungena ngaphakathi kwiphiphunga nge-respiratory system. Imiphunga ithatha inxalenye ye-oxygen iyifake egazini. Iziyobisi nazo zisenokupngena kwimiphunga yomntu. to put them into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again. This is the other half of breathing, called exhalation.
Ukuphefumla

thumb| Ixesha elilungele umfanekiso wemagnethi ye-thorax yomntu ngelixa lokuphefumla
**Ukuphefumla** ( **ukuphefumla**  okanye **ukungena komoya** ) yinkqubo yesingqisho yokuhambisa umoya ngaphakathi ( inhalation ) kunye nokuwukhuphela ngaphandle ( exhalation ) imiphunga ukuze kube lula ukutshintshiselana ngegesi kunye nendalo yangaphakathi, ikakhulu ukukhupha i nokuzisa ioksijini .
Ukuxuba

## Verb

# Ukuba *uxuba*' into, uzamisa izinto ezimbini ndawoninye nangaphezulu. 
#: **''Xuba** amaqanda nobisi ngeflawa.*
# Ukuba *'uxuba** into, udibanisa [[izinto]] edityaniswayo nezidibanayo zibe mbini nangaphezulu kodwa zibe ezi zinto bezihleli za[[ukwahlukana|hlukene]] zingadibananga.
#: ''Musa **ukudixuba*' impahla ekhanyayo kunye nempahla emibala imdaka k[[umatshini wokuhlamba impahla]].*
#  kukudibanisa iingoma ezininzi.
I-uranium

**I-Uranium** yi-Khemikhali (imetal) kwi-periodic table. ine-atomic number engunombolo 92, into ethetha okokuba i-atom ye-uranium inee-protons ezingama-92 kumphakathi wayo obizwa ngokuba y-i-nucleus. I-Uranium eyombiwa emhlabeni izakwenziwa kwii-isotopes zentlobo ze-uranium ezintathu ezinamanani eeneutrons ezahlukeneyo kwii-nuclei zazo: Inkoliso yayo y-iranium-238; i-uranium-235 ayixhaphakanga kangako; i-uranium-234 yeyona inqabe kakhulu. I-Pitchblende yeyona ingundoqo eyembelwa i-uranium.
I-Periodic table

**I-periodic table ye-chemical elements** luludwe lwee-atoms ezaziwayo. Kwi-table, ii-elements zibekwe ngokulandelelana kweenombolo zee-atomars kuqalwa kwinombolo encinane kuzo zonke. I-atomic number ye-element ifana nqwa nanombolo yee-electrons okanye yee-protons kuloo atom kuthethwa ngayo ngelo xesha.  

I-Periodic table yeenziwa yaza yacwangciswa ngusokhemesti waseRussia uDmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev owazalwa ngo-1834 waza wasweleka ngo-1907.

## I-periodic table esemgangathweni
U-Dmitry Mendeleyev

u-**Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev** (wazalwa ngomhla wesi-8 kweyoDumba (ngokwekhalenda ka-Julian O.S. ngomhla wama-27 kweyomQungu) ngo-1834 kufuphi ne-Tobolsk – ngomhla wesi-2 kweyomDumba O.S. 20 January 20) ngo-1907 e-Saint Petersburg) wayengusokhemesti wase-Russia. Nguye oyena mntu wathi wayila i-periodic table yee-elements. Uninzi lwamalinge akhe athi enziwa kwi-periodic table yakhe (izinto ezinjengee-properties of elements nezazingekafunyaniswa mntu ngelo xesha. Loo nto yakhokhelela ekubeni i-Chemical element 101 ibizwe ngo-Mendelevium.
Ubomi bakhe

U-Mendeleev wazalelwa kwilali yase-Verkhnie Aremzyani, kufuphi ne-Tobolsk, ezalwa ngu-Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev kunye nomkakhe uMaria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (intombi yakwaKornilieva). Uyisemkhulu waye enguPavel Maximovich Sokolov, umshumayeli wecawa yamaOrthodox aserussia esuka kwingingqi ye-Tver .[1]  ekunye nabafowabo ekunye noodadewabo, baafumana iifani ezintsha ngethuba apho babehamba iindibano zezakwalizwi. [2] Wathi kamva ekukhuleni kwakhe, wayila i-periodic table yee-elements.

U-Mendeleev ucingelwa ukuba wayenguntondo kubantakwabo ababeli-14, kodwa elona nani lililo liyohluka ngokwabhali abasinika le ngxelo. Wathi xa aminyaka ili-13 ubudala, emva kokusweleka kukayise nokutshatyalaliswa ngomlilo kweziko loshishino likanina, uMendeleev waqalisa ukuya e (school)|Gymnasium eTobolsk.

Ngo-1849, usapho lalwaMendeleev nolwaluse luziimpula zikalujaca ngelo xesha laya eSaint Petersburg, apho wafika wangena kwi-Main Pedagogical Institute ngo-1850. Emva kokuthweswa kwakhe isidanga, isifo sephepha samenza ukuba afuduke aye e-Crimean Peninsula ngakunxweme olusemantla eBlack Sea ngo-1855. Uthe eselapho waba yingqonyela yezescience ye-Simferopol gymnasium №1. Waphindela eSaint Petersburg ephile engumqabaqaba ngo-1857.
I-Periodic Table I-Mendeleev ka 1871 

U-Dmitriy Mendeleev: imbali emfutshane ngemisebenzi yakhe, nangobomi bakhe, mendcomm.org
Удомельские корни Дми
Isithembu

Isithembu kuxa indoda inabafazi ababini nangaphezulu. Eli ke lisiko elidala, linenkqayi kwaNtu. Sibaluleke kakhulu ke isithembu kumz'ontsundu. 
## Injongo yesithembu
Akukho makhwiniba esintwini kuba kaloku abadala bahamba ekhondweni labo bangaphambili kubo ngobudala nabo, njalo njalo. akukho mntu ubesiza nento engazange yabonwa nengazange yenziwa ngaphambili. Isenokubakho inzala esenokwaphukaneka, kodwa kubakho nokuba ngumntu mnye osakhumbulayo okokuba bekuqhutywa njani na kakade ngaphambili. Indlela ekwenziwa ngayo izinto luhlanga nohlanga kuthiwa lisiko. Nantsi ke ikumkani inabafazi abahlanu nangaphezulu.
I-oxygen

**Ioksijini** yikhemikhali ; inomqondiso ongu-**O** kunye nenani le-atomic 8.​​ '''Ioksijini''' yeyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu kuqweqwe loMhlaba, yenza phantse ihafu yoqweqwe lomhlaba ngendlela **yeeoksidi** ezahlukeneyo ezifana, 

# namanzi,
# ikharbon diokside 
# i-iron oxides  
# neesilicates . 

**Ioksijini** yeyesithathu eyona nto ininzi kwindalo yonke emva kwe-hydrogen kunye ne-helium namanzi, ikharbon diokside, i-iron oxides kunye neesilicates. Yeyesithathu eyona nto ininzi kwindalo yonke emva kwe-hydrogen kunye ne-helium.
Igadi

**Igadi** yindawo ecwangcisiweyo, idla ngokuba ngaphandle apha ezindlwini, iba yindawo ebekelwa bucala ukuze ihombise umzi, kutyalwe kuyo, ikwanzelwe ukuba zikwazi ukuzonwabisa izityalo nolunye uhlobo lwezinto zendalo. Igadi ingazithatha zombini, izinto zendalo nezinto ezenziwe ngezandla. Olona hlobo lwaziwa kakhulu namhlanje lolwegadi ekupholwa kuhlalwe kuyo, kodwa igama elithi *igadi* ligama ebelisoloko lisetyenziswa gabalala kwizinto ezininzi. ikhaya lezilwanyana, elibonisa ngezilwanyana zasendle
Imithi ehlala iluhlaza

:*[[I-Evergreen, Colorado]] ligama ledolophu yaseMelika.*

**Imithi ehlala iluhlaza** yimithi egcina amagqabi ayo ebusika. Inkoliso yemithi iyaphulukana namagqabi ayo ngotshazimpuzi.
yona imithi ehlala iluhlaza ihlala inamagqabi ayo unyaka wonke.
I-organ

Ngokwebayoloji, **i-organ** okanye **i-viscus** yingqokolela yee-tissues ezithi zidibane zimi ngohlobo oluthile ukuze zenze umsebenzi othile zibambisene kunye.
 In anatomy, a **viscus**  is an internal organ, and **viscera** is the plural form. 

Ii-Organs zenziwa yi-tissue enkulu, i-parenchyma, kunye nee-"sporadic" tissues, kunye ne-stroma.

## Imithombo
Isikizi

**Isikizi** okanye isiqebheyi yinto eyenzekileyo nepapashwa kuwonke-wonke ingakumbi xa yenziwe ngumntu obalulekileyo okanye usaziwayo ibe kanti eso senzo asilunganga, silihlazo, okanye sisityholo  esingokuziphatha kakubi. Isiqebheyi sisenokuba yinto eyenzeke ngokwenyaniso, isenokuba bubuxoki, (esihlala sibizwa ngokuba  ) okanye zisenokuba zizo zombini.  Ezinye zeziqebheyi kuthiwa xa zichazwa zii-**scandalous**.

Iziqebheyi zisenokuxelwa  , ezikwaziyo ukuva amahlebo baze bawathubelezise kuwonke-wonke. Esona siqebheyi saziwayo seseWatergate, apho umongameli waseUS u-Richard Nixon wafunyanwa exhasa ekwaqhuseheke izigilamkhuba zabaqhekezi.  

Izityholo ezingenabunyani zisoloko zokhikelela ekulahlekeni kwesidima salowo utyholwayo, kwaye zingalitshabalalisa Ikamva lakhe loo mntu.  Ngamanya amaxesha iinzame zokogqumap isikizi kuye kudale elinye isikizi elingaphezu kwelo logqunywayo ingakumbi xa oko kogquma kungaphumeleli.  
Maxa wambi abakho amasikizi athi achaphazele abasebenzi abasebenzela umongameli, abafana nabexesha lolawulo lukaGrant. I- Iran-Contra affair nayo kwakulisikizi elaziwayo elalichaphazela uRonald Reagan nabasebenzi bakhe. Bonke aba babengazange babekwa sityholo salwaphulo mthetho.