open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Messina

**Messina** ngumasipala wase-Italiya onabemi abangama   ikomkhulu lesixeko esilikomkhulu elinegama elifanayo eSicily . Ngumasipala wesithathu ngobukhulu waseSicilian ngabahlali emva kwePalermo kunye neCatania . Inyuka kufutshane nencam yomntla-mpuma weSicily ( Capo Peloro ) *kwingxingwa* enegama layo. Izibuko layo, kwinkulungwane yeminyaka enye yeendlela eziphambili zorhwebo zeMeditera kwaye kuphela ngamaxesha anamhlanje yaba yinqanawa yenqanawa yelizwekazi, yeyokuqala  e-Italy ngenani labakhweli abahambahambayo.  Iziko leyunivesithi yaseMessina libalulekile kwaye liyimbali: i " *Studiorum Universitas"* yasekwa ngo -1548 nguSaint Ignatius waseLoyola  .

Yasekwa ngu Siculi ngegama lika *Zancle*, elithetha *irhengqa* ngolwimi lwabo, yaphinda yahlaliswa ngamakholoni aseGrike yaza yabizwa ngokuba *nguMessana* . Ifikelele kwincopho yobukhulu bayo phakathi kweXesha eliPhakathi lokugqibela kunye embindini wenkulungwane ye-17, xa yayikhuphisana nePalermo ngendima yenkunzi yobukumkani baseSicily . Ibekwe emlilweni kwi -1678 emva kovukelo lwembali oluchasene neSpeyin olwakhokelela ekubhujisweni kweqela elilawulayo, lonakaliswe kakhulu yinyikima kwi-1783 . Yarhangqwa ngexesha lemvukelo yaseSicilian ngo-1848 ngokuchasene noFerdinand II waseBourbon, efumana umonakalo omkhulu. Ngowe- 1908 enye inyikima enkulu yatshabalalisa eso sixeko phantse yonke, yaza yabulala malunga nesiqingatha sabemi. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona ukusuka kwi -1912,  ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwisitayela se-Art Nouveau, isixeko sanamhlanje sibonisa ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye negridi eqhelekileyo yezitrato ezibanzi, ezithe tye kwicala elingasentla-emazantsi.
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwaseKrakatoa ngowe-1883

**Ugqabhuko-dubulo luka-1883 lweKrakatoa** lwenzeka ngo-Agasti 27 waloo nyaka kwisiqithi saseKrakatoa, esiseSunda Strait, phakathi kweziqithi zaseSumatra neJava, kwiDutch East Indies (i-Indonesia yangoku). Isiqithi sanyamalala xa intaba-mlilo yegama elifanayo, kwiNtaba yePerboewatan - ekucingelwa ukuba ayisekho - yagqabhuka. Oku kuthathwa njengogqabhuko -dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lwesibini olubulalayo kwimbali, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwesithandathu olukhulu emhlabeni,  ukongeza ekubeni sisandi esikhulu kunazo zonke esakha saviwa embalini (Ingxolo yesithonga yayivakala kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-5,000). 

## Iziphumo

Ukulandelelana kogqabhuko-dubulo kunye nokudubula kwathatha iiyure ezingama-22 kwaye kwabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-36,000. Ingxolo yafikelela naseOstreliya, kwiiPhilippines naseIndiya . 

Ngenxa yogqabhuko-dubulo, kwabakho iitsunami ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesijikelezi-langa. Kufuphi neziqithi zaseJava naseSumatra, amaza afikelela ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-40 ukuphakama.

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* Intlekele yaseJava (1883), uKap. W. J. Watson
TSR Subramanian

**UThirumanilaiyur Sitapati Ramana Subramanian** (11 Disemba 1938 – 26 February 2018) wayeligosa laseIndiya elasebenza njengonobhala wekhabhinethi yaseIndiya ukusuka ngoAgasti 1996 ukuya kuMatshi 1998.  Wayeligosa leNkonzo 1961 Indian Administrative Service ngo-ukusuka e-Uttar Pradesh Cadre.
Alfredo Chaves

**IAlfredo Chaves** ngumasipala kwiphondo lase Espírito Santo, eBrazil. yi-60&nbsp;km kumzantsi-ntshona wekomkhulu, iVitória . Abemi bayo babeyi-14,636 (2020) kwaye indawo yayo yi-615.79.&nbsp;km². 

## IJografi
Ikhona kumzantsi-mpuma welizwe, imida (empuma) Anchieta kunye neGuarapari, (emantla) Marechal Floriano kunye neDomingos Martins, (entshona) Vargem Alta, (emazantsi) Iconha kunye neRio Novo do Sul.

Umasipala ziintaba, nangona ungekho phezulu kakhulu jikelele. Eyona ncopho iphakamileyo yiTrancenco Peak kwi-1,050 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Idolophu yaseAlfredo Chaves ilele kwi-10 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

## Uqoqosho
Uqoqosho lusekelwe ikakhulu kwimfuyo, kuquka iinkomo (zobisi) kunye neenkukhu. Kwezolimo, ikofu kunye nezityalo zebhanana zidlala indima ebalulekileyo.

## Iimbekiselo

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* Proinfo Alfredo Chaves
Intaba-mlilo

**Intaba-mlilo** ukugqabhuka kuqweqwe lwento enkulu yeplanethi, njengoMhlaba, evumela udaka olushushu, uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, kkunye neegesi eziphuma kwigumbi le-magma elingaphantsi komphezulu.

## I-Etymology
Igama elithi *volcano* lithatyathwe kwigama leVulcano, isiqithi sentaba-mlilo kwiAeolian Islands yaseItali igama layo lisuka kwiVulcan, uthixo womlilo kwiintsomi zamaRoma. Uphononongo lweentaba-mlilo lubizwa ngokuba yi-volcanology, ngamanye amaxesha i-spelled *vulcanology*. 

## Iitectonics zePlate
Brindisi

**Brindisi** ngumasipala wase-Italiya onabemi abangama  , ikomkhulu lephondo elinegama elifanayo ePuglia .

Elinye lawona maziko anabantu abaninzi eSalento, esi sixeko sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezorhwebo nenkcubeko, ngenxa yethamsanqa lendawo yaso kuLwandle lweAdriatic . Yayisisihlalo soburhulumente sexeshana eBukumkanini baseItali ukusuka kwi-1943 ukuya kwi-1944  .

## Ijografi ebonakalayo

IBrindisi imi kwizibuko lendalo, indawo yokungena engene nzulu kunxweme lweAdriatic lwasePuglia . Ngaphakathi kweengalo ezingaphandle kwechweba kukho iziqithi zasePedagne, i-archipelago encinci engenakutyelelwa ngoku ngenxa yokuba yayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zemikhosi (i-UN Schools Group, isiseko esakhiwe ngexesha lokungenelela eBosnia).

Ukubonisa i-morphology yomhlaba othe tyaba, wonke ummandla kamasipala uwela kwi-Brindisi Plain kwaye ubonakaliswa lubizo oluphezulu lwezolimo kumhlaba wawo. Ifumaneka kumntla-mpuma wethafa laseSalento, malunga ne-40 m&nbsp;km ukusuka kwintlambo yase-Itria kwaye ke ngoko ukusuka kuhlumelo lokuqala lweMurge esezantsi. Kude kufuphi nesixeko yiTorre Guaceto State Nature Reserve  . ULwandle lwe-Ionian, nangona kunjalo, lubekwe malunga ne-45&nbsp;km. Ummandla kamasipala uquka i-hamlet yaseTuturano, malunga neemitha ezili-10 ukusuka kwikomkhulu&nbsp;km.

Ummandla kamasipala osemantla uhlanjwe ngumlambo omkhulu weSalento, iCanale Reale, ehamba eTorre Guaceto.

### Ummandla
Ummandla waseBrindisi  uphawuleka ngommandla omkhulu ongaphantsi komhlaba apho iidipozithi ze- calcarenitic kunye nesanti zemvelaphi yaselwandle ziphuma khona; nto leyo ebonisa inqanaba lodongwe olunzulu lwe- Lower Pleistocene, kunye ne -carbonate kamva eyakhiwe ngamatye ekalika e-Mesozoic kunye nomhlaba ovela kumjikelo we-sedimentary we-Fossa Bradanica. Ukuphuhliswa kwezolimo, ngakumbi ezolimo ezinzulu, kubangele ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi, nangona kunjalo kukhokelela ekunyukeni okungakhethiyo kokusetyenziswa.

### Imozulu
Ngokusekwe kwireferensi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ubushushu obuphakathi kweyona nyanga ibandayo, uJanuwari, imalunga ne +9.6&nbsp;°C, ngelixa eyona nyanga ishushu, ka-Agasti, ijikeleze +25 kunye neencopho ezinokufikelela +35-40&nbsp;°C. Umyinge wemvula ngonyaka ungaphantsi kwama-600&nbsp;mm, ibe nobuncinci entwasahlobo - ehlotyeni kunye nencopho ekwindla-ebusika [    .

* Ukuhlelwa kwemozulu yaseBrindisi  :
** Ummandla wemozulu C;
** Iintsuku zeDegree 1083.
Tvashtr

**Tvashtr** okanye **Tvashta** nguthixo wamagcisa weVedic okanye umenzi wefashoni. Ukhankanywe njengo-Aditya (oonyana bothixokazi u-Aditi) kwimibhalo yamaHindu kamva *njengeMahabharata* kunye *nePuranas*, nangona ukubaluleka kwakhe kuncipha. I-Tvashtr ngamanye amaxesha ichongwa kunye nomnye uthixo wegcisa ogama linguVishvakarma.
Iofisi yeRadiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali

I**-Ofisi yeRadio kunye neTelevishini yaseMali**  (*I-Ofisi ye-radiodiffusion et de télévision du Mali*, ORTM) ngumsasazi wesizwe welizwe laseNtshona Afrika laseMali.

## Imbali
Usasazo lwaseMaliya lwaqala ngo-1957 njengonomathotholo wekilowatt enye esibizwa ngokuba *yiRadio Soudan* eBamako, ngoko ke yayiliziko lolawulo lwekoloni yaseFransi yaseSoudan . Emva kokuzimela ngo-1960, iRadio Nationale du Mali (iRadio-Mali) yaqala ukusasaza ukusuka *la maison de la Radio* kwindawo yaseBozola eBamako. Izakhono zobugcisa bomelezwa ngee-transmitter zaseCzech ukusuka kwi-18 ukuya kwi-30 kilowatts ngo-1962.

Umabonakude wombala waziswa ngo-1984.

Ngomhla wesi-5 ku-Okthobha 1992, urhulumente waseMaliya wahlukana ne-RTM ngokwe-"Law 92-021", kulawulo oluthe ngqo lukarhulumente, waba liqumrhu elixhaswa ngemali nguwonke-wonke, eliqhutywa ngokuzimeleyo (an "Établissement Public à Caractère Administratif (EPA)"). Oku bekuyinxalenye yenkqubo yesizwe yenkululeko, ukuhambisa isizwe kwi "Riphabhlikhi yesiThathu yaseMaliya". Abasasazi babucala bamiselwa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye i-RTM yahlengahlengiswa njenge-ORTM ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari ka-1993.

I-ORTM ukubanjwa yiKomiti yeSizwe yokuBuyiselwa kweDemokhrasi kunye ne-State (CNRDR) imikhosi ngomhla we-21 Matshi 2012 njengenxalenye ye-2012 yaseMaliya yokuvukela umbuso.  Uqhanqalazo lwabantu abaliwaka lwabanjwa ngomhla wama-26 kweyoKwindla,

## Iimbekiselo

## Bona kwakho

* Unxibelelwano eMali
* Umabonwakude eMali
Indebe yaseItali

I**-Coppa Italia**, eyaziwa ngokuba **yi-Coppa Italia Frecciarossa** ngenxa yezizathu zenkxaso,  yeyona ndebe yebhola ekhatywayo yase-Italiya, kunye nokhuphiswano lwesibini oludumileyo lwesizwe emva kobuntshatsheli beSerie A. I-tournament ibanjwe phantsi kolawulo lwe-FIGC kwaye ithathwa njengendebe yesizwe ye-federal, ngokufana neNgesi ye-FA Cup, nangona kunjalo, ngokukodwa eYurophu, isoloko ihlelwe yi-incarnations eyahlukeneyo ye- Lega Serie A, ngokufana neBhola leNgesi. Indebe yeligi. Iqela labaphethe indebe yase-Italiya lingabonisa iyunifomu yalo esemthethweni kangangeenyanga ezilishumi elinesibini emva kokoyisa indebe, kunye ne- Italian tricolor cockade njengophawu loloyiso.

Ushicilelo lokuqala lwetumente lwenzeka ngo -1922, kwaye le yodwa ihlelwe ngokuthe ngqo yi-Football Federation. Ukhuphiswano lwacetywa kwakhona ngonyaka we -1926-1927 (uhlelo lwaphazamiseka kumjikelo we-32), kwaye emva koko lwahlengahlengiswa rhoqo ngonyaka ukusuka kwixesha le- 1935-1936: kweli xesha liphindwe kabini itumente yayilawulwa liCandelo loLawulo lwe-Upper. Izahlulo. Isiganeko saba nesinye isigxina, ngenxa yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, kwi-1943, kwaye yaqala kwakhona kwi -1958 phantsi kwe-aegis ye- National Professional League de kube ngu- 2009-2010 edition. Ukusukela ngo -2010–2011 indebe ibilawulwa yiLega Serie A.

Irekhodi yezihloko eziphumeleleyo IJuventus, kunye neengqungquthela ezilishumi elinesine (kubandakanywa ezine zilandelelana ukusuka kwi-2015 ukuya kwi-2018, kunye nerekhodi); kwimbali yalo olu khuphiswano lubone impumelelo yamaqela alishumi elinesithandathu. Ukususela ngo-1936, iqela eliphumeleleyo lokhuphiswano lifumene, ngaphezu kwendebe kunye naluphi na uncedo lwemali, kunye nokufaneleka kwiindebe zaseYurophu ; ukusukela ngo-2009, indawo kwi -Europa League iye yabanjwa.  Ukususela ngo-1988, iklabhu ebambe indebe iphinda ifumane ilungelo lokudibana neentshatsheli zeSerie A kwi-Italian Super Cup.
Iflegi yaseMali

**Iflegi yesizwe Mali** kukho i-tricolor enemigca emithathu elinganayo ethe nkqo. Ukusuka kwicala lokunyusa imibala iluhlaza, igolide, kwaye ibomvu, imibala Yepani-Afrika. ILe flegi iyafana neflegi yaseGuinea ngaphandle kokuba imibala ilandelelana.

Iflegi yangoku yamkelwa ngoMatshi 1, 1961 . Iflegi yokuqala yamkelwa ngo-Aprili 4, 1959, xa iMali yajoyina i-Federation of Mali. Iflegi yayifana kodwa inomfanekiselo womntu oneengalo zolulelwe esibhakabhakeni. Umzobo wasuswa ngenxa yenkcaso yamaSilamsi ekuboniseni, inkolelo echasene nokwenza imifanekiso yesimo somntu (eMali kukho malunga ne-90% yamaSulumane). Iflegi yamkelwa ngo-1959 kuba umanyano lwaluxelisa iflegi yaseGhana, kodwa lulandela isimbo seFrench Tricolor . Yatshintshwa ibe ne logo emnyama eyaziwa ngokuba yi kanaga, imilo yomntu eyenziwe isitayile. Imibala yayijonge ukubonisa umanyano kunye nezinye izizwe zaseAfrika. Emva kokuba amazwe amabini ahlukene kwi -1960, iflegi yagcinwa ukuba isetyenziswe eMali de kube ngo-Matshi 1961, xa umqondiso weKanaga wachithwa.

## Bona kwakho

* itywina laseMali
Inkuku kunye nebhola intuthumbo

**I-Cock kunye ne-ball torture** (**CBT**) yi- BDSM okanye umsebenzi wesondo obandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwentlungu okanye ukuxinwa kwi-penis okanye kwi-testicles. Oku kunokubandakanya imisebenzi ebuhlungu ngokuthe ngqo, njengokuchola izitho zesini, ukudlala ngewax, ukubetha izitho zesizini, ukuxinana, ukubethela ibhola, ukubethelela izitho zesina, ukudlala i-urethral, ukuhlushwa kwe-tickle, i-electrostimulation ye-erotic, ukuguqa okanye ukukhaba.  Umntu ofumana ezo zinto usenokufumana ulonwabo ngokwasemzimbeni ngokuthe ngqo ngokusebenzisa i-masochism, okanye ulonwabo lweemvakalelo ngokuthotywa ngokwesini, okanye ukwazi ukuba umdlalo uyamkholisa umntu onegunya.  lwale mikhwa lufaka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo. 

## Iimbekiselo
INdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA ka-2034

**INdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA ka-2034** iya kuba yiNdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA yama-25, itumente yebhola ekhatywayo yamazwe ngamazwe ephindwe kabini ngamaqela esizwe samadoda yemibutho yamalungu eFIFA. Imiselwe ukuba isingathwe eSaudi Arabia, njengoko ibililizwe kuphela elangenisa isicelo ngexesha lomhla wokugqibela weFIFA wama-31 kuOkthobha wama-2023.

## Amaqela

### Isiqinisekiso

### Iibhidi ezaliwe

*  ASEAN
*  Australia,  New Zealand,  Malaysia, and  Singapore
*  China
*  Kazakhstan,  Kyrgyzstan, and  Uzbekistan

Nge-9 ka-Okthobha ka-2019, amazwe amahlanu e-ASEAN kucetywe ngokusesikweni ukusingatha iNdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA yowama-2034. IThailand iza kukhokela inyathelo. 

Ngomhla we-15 Juni 2022, uNdunankulu waseCambodia u-Hun Sen, kwindima yakhe njengosihlalo we-ASEAN, uthe uya kubongoza iinkokeli zase-Southeast Asia ukuba zenze isicelo sokusingatha iNdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA ngo-2034 okanye ngo-2038. 

## Iimbekiselo
Modena

**I-Modena** ngumasipala wase-Italiya onabemi abayi- ,  ikomkhulu lephondo elikwaligama e - Emilia-Romagna .

Kwimithombo, iindaba zokuqala malunga neModena zibuyela kwimfazwe phakathi kwamaRoma kunye namaBoii awayehlala kuloo ndawo. Eli ziko lalisebenza njengenkampu yomkhosi kwanangaphambi kokuba eso sixeko simiselwe ngokusemthethweni ngamaRoma.Isixeko, enyanisweni, sasekwa ngo -183 BC, njengekoloni phantsi komthetho waseRoma, yi-triumvirs Marco Emilio Lepido, Tito Ebuzio Parro kunye noLucio Quinzio Crispino owazisa abemi abangamawaka amabini ukusuka eRoma.  Ukususela kwi-6th inkulungwane, i-Modena ibe yidolophu ye-ducal ye- Lombard Kingdom ( i-Lombard Duchies ) kumda kunye nezinto ze- Eastern Roman Empire, oko kukuthi i- Byzantine Empire . ( Imbali yeModena ). Njengabaninzi boomasipala baseLombard ngo-1167 uModena wajoyina iLombard League ngokumelene noFrederick Barbarossa . Ukusuka kwi-1598 ukuya kwi-1859 yayilikomkhulu leDuchy yaseModena kunye neReggio kwaye yiyunivesithi yakudala kunye nesihlalo se-archiepiscopal . Ngowe-1757 uDuke uFrancesco III d'Este waseka iakhademi yasemkhosini yokuqeqesha amagosa omkhosi wase-Estense osekelwe kwibhotwe lesibini. Ngokudityaniswa kwe-Italiya, iPalazzo Ducale yayisisihlalo sesikolo somkhosi saseSavoy Kingdom yaseSardinia yaseVittorio Emanuele II, kamva uBukumkani base-Italiya, obathi bavela kumashumi eminyaka yade yaba siSikolo soMkhosi soMkhosi kunye neCarabinieri e. 1947.

I -Duomo, i- Civic Tower kunye ne- Piazza Grande yesixeko zibandakanyiwe, ukususela kwi-1997, kuluhlu lweendawo zelifa lehlabathi lase-Italiya yi-UNESCO.
Ukuhamba kombane

Kwi-electromagnetism, **i-flux yombane** ngumlinganiselo webala lombane ngomphezulu onikiweyo,  nangona intsimi yombane ngokwayo ayikwazi ukuhamba.

Indawo yombane u-**E** inokukhupha amandla kwintlawulo yombane nakweyiphi na indawo kwindawo. Intsimi yombane yi-gradient yesakhono.

Intlawulo yombane, njenge-electron enye esithubeni, inomhlaba wombane oyijikelezileyo. Kwifom yemifanekiso, le ntsimi yombane iboniswa njengechaphaza, intlawulo, i-radiating "lines of flux". Ezi zibizwa ngokuba imigca yeGauss  Qaphela ukuba imigca yentsimi ingumfanekiso ocacileyo wamandla entsimi kunye nesikhokelo kwaye ayinayo intsingiselo yomzimba. Ubuninzi bale migca buhambelana namandla ombane, anokuthiwa kwakhona ukuxinana kombane: inani le "lines" kwindawo yeyunithi. Umbane oguquguqukayo ulingana nenani lilonke leentambo zombane ezihamba kumphezulu. Ukwenza lula ekubaleni, kudla ngokuba lula ukuqwalasela umphezulu we-perpendicular kwimigca yeflux. Ukuba intsimi yombane ifana, umbane ohambayo odlula kwindawo ye -vector S

## Bona kwakho

* Umjikelo wemagnethi
* Iinxaki zikaMaxwell
* Indawo yombane
* Indawo yemagnethi
* Intsimi yombane

## Ucaphulo
SSBC TV

**I-SSBC TV (i-South Sudan Broadcasting Corporation Television)** yinethiwekhi kamabonakude kawonke-wonke eSouth Sudan ephethwe kwaye iqhutywa liZiko loSasazo laseSouth Sudan. I-SSBC TV isasaza ngesiNgesi kunye neJuba Arabic kwaye inokujongwa nakwiSatellite. Uthungelwano luqhuba izikhululo zeTV ezincinci zasekhaya eAweil, Wau, Malakal naseRumbek. UMzantsi Afrika, iChina kunye neJapan zibonelele ngezixhobo kunye noqeqesho kubasebenzi be-SSBC TV. 

I-SSBC TV isasaza nge-Arabsat Badr-4 kunye ne-Arabsat-5C satellite. Iiyure zosasazo ze-SSBC zezi:

* 9:00 - 0:00 ( Juba Time )
* 7:00 - 22:00 ( UTC )

Ikhonkco laqala phantsi kolawulo lokuzilawula kweSouth Sudan (eyenziwe emva kwesivumelwano soxolo ngo-2005) ngoDisemba 18, 2010 ngesathelayithi. Emva kweenyanga eziliqela yokukhutshwa kwayo kokuqala, wayejongene nengxaki enkulu: hlawula uthumelo nge-Arabsat Badr 6 kunye neesathelayithi zonxibelelwano zama-Arabhu ... ngenxa yokuzimela kweli lizwe. Kuluncedo ukwazi ukuba ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka lihlawule irenti ye-Arabsat ukusasaza onke amajelo ayo. Nangona kunjalo, iSudan yaseMazantsi esanda kwakhiwa ayenzi ukusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, ijelo lisasazwa ngerenti kamama wakhe weriphabliki. Ikhonkco linokuphazanyiswa iinkqubo zalo zokusasaza kwisathelayithi. 

## Bona kwakho

* Ebony TV
* Imidiya yaseMzantsi Sudan
* Umabonwakude eMzantsi Sudan

## Iimbekiselo

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* Umabonakude waseSouthern Sudan (SSTV) kuFacebook
ISão Luís Gonzaga do Maranhão

**São Luís Gonzaga do Maranhão** ngumasipala okwilizwe lase Maranhão kwingingqi yoMntla-mpuma weBrazil.    

## Bona kwakho

* Uluhlu loomasipala baseMaranhão

## Iimbekiselo
Iligi yeSizwe yobuNgcali kwiSerie A

I-**Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A** (isifinyezo se **-LNPA**), eyaziwa ngokuba yi **-Lega Serie A**, ngumbutho wabucala ongaziwayo oquka iiklabhu ezidityaniswe ne- Italian Football Federation ezithatha inxaxheba kwi- Serie A ye-Italian football Championship. 

Eyasungulwa ngo-1 kaJulayi 2010, i-League isekelwe eMilan kwaye iququzelele, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo ye-federal, i- Serie A, i- Coppa Italia, i- Italian Super Cup, i- Campionato Primavera 1, i- Coppa Italia Primavera kunye ne- Supercoppa Primavera kunye ukukhuthaza umdla weenkampani ezimanyeneyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukusukela ngo-2021, ikwazile ukulawula ubuntshatsheli belizwe kunye nendebe kwi- eSports .

ILega Serie A lilungu leeLeagues zaseYurophu, umbutho odibanisa iiligi zaseYurophu .
I-National Professional League iSerie B

I-**Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie B**  (isifinyezo **LNPB**), eyaziwa ngokuba **yiLega Serie B**, ngumbutho wabucala ongaziwayo oquka iiklabhu ezidityaniswe ne- Italian Football Federation ezithatha inxaxheba kwiSerie B ye-Italian football Championship. 

Eyasungulwa ngo-1 kaJulayi 2010, i-League isekelwe eMilan kwaye iququzelela, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo ye-federal, i- Serie B, i-Campionato Primavera 2 kunye ne -Supercoppa Primavera 2, kunye nokukhuthaza umdla weeklabhu zayo ezidibeneyo.

ILega Serie B lilungu leeLeagues zaseYurophu, umbutho odibanisa iiligi zaseYurophu .
Umbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe woLungiso

**International Organization for Standardization** (ngesiNgesi *International Organisation for Standardization*, isifinyezo **ISO** ) ngowona mbutho ubalulekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele kwinkcazo yemigangatho yobugcisa. Iqhuba imisebenzi yokubonisana ye -UNESCO kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN).  . Iilwimi ezisemthethweni ze-ISO ziNgesi, isiFrentshi kunye nesiRashiya (ubugcisa be-19.1 bommiselo.)  Uninzi lwemigangatho epapashiweyo inokufumaneka kuLuhlu lwemigangatho ye-ISO.

Igama elithi "ISO" alisisifinyezo (enyanisweni ngesiNgesi i ISO ikwabizwa ngokuba yiInternational *Organisation for Standardization*, kwiFrench *Organisation internationale de normalization* nakwi Russian Международная организация по стандартиза ции, iguqulelwe: *Meždunarodnaja organizacija po standartizarives*) IsiGrike ἴσος (iphimbo: ìsos), intsingiselo yayo imele "ukulingana". Ukukhethwa kwegama elivela kwimvelaphi yesiGrike kunesishunqulelo kwachazwa kukhangelo lwesifinyezo esinophawu lwendalo iphela (i-akhronimi endaweni yoko idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nolwimi esetyenziswa ngalo). 

Inekomkhulu layo eGeneva, eSwitzerland,  kwaye amalungu ayo ngamaqumrhu emigangatho yesizwe yamazwe ali-164 ehlabathini lonke. I-ISO isebenzisana ngokusondeleyo ne- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), enoxanduva lokubeka emgangathweni izixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki, kunye ne- International Telecommunication Union (ITU) malunga nemigangatho yobugcisa ngaphakathi kwezonxibelelwano .  Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo ukuya kutsho ngo-2019, i-ISO iphuhlise i-22&nbsp;683 imigangatho yobuchwephesha bamazwe ngamazwe.  Kwakhona kuye kwaphuhliswa ezinye iintlobo zamaxwebhu abizwa ngokuba neenkcukacha zobugcisa (*IiNkcazo zezoBugcisa* - TS), iingxelo zobugcisa ( *IiNgxelo zezoBugcisa* - TR), iinkcukacha ezifumaneka esidlangalaleni (*IiNkcazelo eziFumaneka kuLuntu* - i-PAS), izivumelwano zeeworkshop zamazwe ngamazwe (*Izivumelwano zeworkshop International* - IWA) kunye nezikhokelo.
Inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe yeeyunithi zokulinganisa

I-**International System of Units**, i-**SI** efinyeziweyo (ebizwa ngokuba *yi-esse-i*  ), yeyona nkqubo ixhaphake kakhulu yeeyunithi .I- Convention ye-Meter ye-1875 yabeka iziseko zenkqubo eqhelekileyo yeeyunithi zokulinganisa, ezibizwa ukususela kwi-1961 *i-International System* . Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezinye iiyunithi ezisisiseko zokulinganisa zongezwa, zafikelela kwisixhenxe ngowe-1971; nganye kuzo ibhekisela kubungakanani bomzimba . Zonke ezinye iiyunithi zokulinganisa zisuka kwezi kwaye ke zibizwa ngokuba ziiyunithi ezithathwe. 

Amanye amazwe ase-Anglo-Saxon, nangona eyamnkele inkqubo ye-SI, asasebenzisa iiyunithi eziqhelekileyo, njenge-US kunye ne- Bhritane .Ubunzima benkcubeko yotshintsho ukusuka kwenye inkqubo ukuya kwenye bunxulunyaniswa ngokusisiseko neengcambu zembali. Inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe isebenzisa iiyunithi zesistim **yemetriki** ezalelwe kumxholo weNguqulelo yesiFrentshi : Iiyunithi ze-SI zinamagama afanayo kunye nobukhulu obusebenzayo obufana neeyunithi zemetriki. Inkqubo, esekwe kubungakanani bexesha lobude bobunzima, yaqala yabizwa ngokuba **yiNkqubo yeMKS** ukuyahlula **kwiNkqubo yeCGS** efanayo; iiyunithi zayo zokulinganisa yayiyimitha, ikhilogram neyesibini endaweni yesentimitha, igram, yesibini.
Lima Campos

**ILima Campos** ngumasipala okwilizwe laseMaranhão kwingingqi ekuMntla-mpuma weBrazil.    

## Bona kwakho

* Uluhlu loomasipala baseMaranhão

## Iimbekiselo
IKomiti yeOlimpiki yeSizwe yaseItali

**IKomiti yeOlimpiki yeSizwe yase-Itali** okanye **i-CONI** liqumrhu elilawulayo lezemidlalo e-Italy.

Yasekwa ngo-1914 njengombutho wabucala ngenjongo yokuququzelela ubukho be-Olimpiki yabadlali base-Italiya, kwaye emva koko yaba ngumbutho onxibelelanisayo wayo yonke imibutho yezemidlalo yesizwe, indima esayibambayo phantsi kwegunya elisemthethweni lequmrhu loluntu elingengoqoqosho. phantsi kweliso likamongameli weKhabhinethi.

Nangona ulawulo lukarhulumente, i-CONI ayinaxanduva lwezopolitiko kwimiba ephathelele kwibala lezemidlalo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yeKomiti ye- Olimpiki yamazwe ngamazwe ebophelela iikomiti zamazwe angamalungu ukuba zizimele kumandla karhulumente.
Umbutho wooSompempe baseItali

**Italian Referees Association** (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi**-AIA**) licandelo le- Italian Football Federation ejongene nokufunwa, ukuqeqeshwa, ubugcisa, ukudibanisa kunye nokuziphatha koosompempe bebhola base -Italiya .

Yasekwa ngo-1911 kwaye inomsebenzi wokutyumba oosompempe ukuba bakhokele imidlalo yebhola ekhatywayo, ebanjwe phantsi kwe-FIGC. Umgaqo we-FIGC enyanisweni ubonelela ukuba yonke imidlalo yebhola edlalwa e-Italy ngendlela esemthethweni okanye kuyo nayiphi na imeko eququzelelwe okanye egunyaziswe yi-FIGC okanye amasebe ayo, kubandakanywa nebhola ekhatywayo ye-5-icala kunye nebhola ekhatywayo yaselwandle, ilawulwa ngamagosa omdlalo ( Usompempe kunye nabancedisi bakhe ) onyulwe liZiko lobuGcisa elinobuchule le-AIA.
I-Italian Football Federation

I**-Italian Football Federation**, eyaziwa ngokuba **yiFedercalcio** okanye nge-acronym **FIGC**, ngumbutho owaziwayo, kunye nobuntu obusemthethweni, odibeneyo kwiKomiti ye-Olimpiki yeSizwe yase-Italiya kunye neyodwa evunyiweyo ngenjongo yokukhuthaza umdlalo webhola ekhatywayo, futsal kunye ne-futsal e. I-Italiya yebhola ekhatywayo yaselwandle, kunye nokukhathalela imiba enxulumene nabo.  I-Football Federation isekelwe eRoma kwaye idibene neFIFA ukususela ngo-1905  kunye ne- UEFA ukususela kwi-1954, njengomseki-co-founder. 

Iiligi (Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A, Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie B, Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico, Lega Nazionale Amatenti)  abajongene nokuququzelela ubuntshatsheli obuchwephesha kunye neekomityi ze-amateur,  ziyingxenye ye-Football Federation. I-Italian Referees Association,  njengomqambi we-trios yoonompempe bemidlalo, amacandelo obugcisa (Umbutho wabadlali bebhola base-Italiya kunye noMbutho wabaqeqeshi bebhola ekhatywayo yase-Italiya),  iCandelo loBugcisa kunye neCandelo loLutsha kunye neSikolo.  Ngaphaya koko, iCandelo leSerie A labaseTyhini abaBuchule, iCandelo leSerie B yabaseTyhini kunye neCandelo le-Paralympic kunye neleBhola yoMfuniselo yasekwa. 

Ekugqibeleni, ngeClub Italia, i-Football Federation iququzelela ulawulo lwemisebenzi yebhola yebhola yelizwe, i-futsal kunye namaqela ebhola ekhatywayo elwandle.
Nacional Atlético Clube (MG)

**INacional Atlético Clube**, eyaziwayo njengeNacional **de Muriaé**, yiklabhu yebhola yaseBrazil esekelwe eMuriaé, kwiphondo lase Minas Gerais.

## Imbali
Iklabhu yasekwa ngoDisemba 25, 1927. 

## Impumelelo

* **Campeonato Mineiro Segunda Divisão :**
** **Abaphumeleleyo (1):** 1969

## Ibala lemidlalo
INacional Atlético Clube idlala imidlalo yayo yasekhaya e- Estádio Soares de Azevedo.  Ibala lezemidlalo linomthamo omkhulu wabantu abayi-13,971.  

## Iimbekiselo
IMG (ifomati yefayile)

**IMG**, kwikhompyuter, ibhekisa kwiifayile zokubini nge `.img` ulwandiso lefayile egcina imifanekiso yediski ekrwada yeefloppy iidiski, hard drives, kunye neediski zamehlo okanye umfanekiso webitmap - `.img`.
URyke Geerd Hamer

**URyke Geerd Hamer** (17 May 1935.)&nbsp;- 2 Julayi 2017)  wayengumJamani, owayesakuba ngugqirha kunye nomsunguli we**-Germanic New Medicine** ( **GNM** ), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-**German New Medicine** kunye **neNew Medicine**, inkqubo ye-pseudo-medicine enenjongo yokukwazi ukunyanga umhlaza. 

## Iimbekiselo
Clube Atlético Mineiro

**Clube Atlético Mineiro**), eyaziwa ngokuba yi **-Atlético**, **iMineiro** okanye **i-Atlético Mineiro**, kunye ne-colloquially **njengeGalo** ("I-Rooster"), yeyona klabhu yebhola yebhola ekhatywayo enkulu kunye nendala ye-Belo Horizonte, idolophu enkulu yelizwe laseBrazil laseMinas Gerais. Iqela likhuphisana kwiCampeonato Brasileiro Série A, inqanaba lokuqala lebhola lebhola laseBrazil, kunye nakwiCampeonato Mineiro, i -league yelizwe eliphezulu leMinas Gerais.

## Iimbekiselo

## Amakhonkco angaphandle
* **[https://atletico.com.br/ Clube Atlético Mineiro]**
* SOCCERWAY
* FLASHSCORE
* Transfermarkt
* Globalsportsarchive
2024 Paulista Football Championship-Uthotho A4

I**-2024 Campeonato Paulista - i-Série A4** iya kuba yi-49th ye-49 yokhuphiswano lwebhola ehlelwe yi-São Paulo Federation (FPF).

## Amaqela athatha inxaxheba
Ngezantsi ngamaqela athatha inxaxheba kolu hlelo: 

## Bona kwakho

* 2024 Paulista Football Championship
* 2024 Paulista Football Cup
* 2024 Paulista Football Championship-Uthotho A2
* 2024 Paulista Football Championship-Uthotho A3
Luiz Carlos Bianchi

**ULuiz Carlos Bianchi** (Ribeirão Preto, ngo-Ephreli 16, 1930 - Ribeirão Preto, Juni 3, 2015) wayeyi- otorhinolaryngologist kunye nomphathi webhola waseBrazil . Wayengumongameli weBhunga leBotafogo Futebol Clube ngexesha le-2002 kunye nebhunga layo lengxoxo kwi-1969 kunye ne-1996 ukuya kwi-1997, apho unesihloko se-Conselheiro Nato. Kwakhona wongamela iBhunga leNgxoxo leRibeirão Preto Recreational Society kunye neLions Club yendawo.

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* Uludwe lwabo babesakuba ngooMongameli beBotafogo Futebol Clube
Reggio Emilia

**iReggio Emilia** ngokusemthethweni **iReggio nell'Emilia**  , isiTaliyane umasipala wabahlali be ,  ikomkhulu lephondo elinegama elifanayo e- Emilia-Romagna .

Eyakhelwe ngomyalelo we- consul uMarco Emilio Lepido ecaleni kwe- Via Emilia, indlela yamandulo yaseRoma eyayidibanisa iPiacenza ukuya eRimini, uReggio Emilia unokuqhayisa isiteketiso seSixeko saseTricolore, njengeflegi yaseItali, ephefumlelwe iiflegi zeRiphabhlikhi . I-Cispadana, yazalwa kwaye yaqala ukuboniswa kwesi sixeko nge-7 kaJanuwari 1797. Ibhena iboniswe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo eSala del Tricolore kwiholo yedolophu, ebamba iiseshoni zebhunga likamasipala .

I-Reggio, kunye neParma ekufutshane kunye neModena, yindawo yemvelaphi yeParmigiano Reggiano ; Esi sixeko saziwa nangokuphuhlisa indlela yokufundisa ebizwa ngokuba yiReggio Emilia Approach . Emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, iReggio yayisesinye sezixeko ezihonjiselwe ubugorha bomkhosi kwimfazwe yenkululeko yoMlo wase-Italiya ngendima ebalulekileyo eyayidlalileyo ngexesha lemfazwe yenkululeko yase-Italiya .
Ijet lag

**Izowuni zexesha** ziinxalenye zelongitudinal kumphezulu woMhlaba phakathi kweemeridians ezimbini ezikhethekileyo, ezisebenzisa ixesha elifanayo ngeenjongo zomthetho, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Ngaphambi kokwamkelwa kwabo, ixesha lelanga lendawo (umyinge okanye inyaniso)

) lisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoMhlaba.

Imimandla yexesha, ngokudibanisa ibhendi okanye indawo yendawo yexesha, ivumela iiwotshi zommandla okanye ilizwe ukuba zimiselwe kumndilili wexesha lelanga le-meridian esembindini yendawo ewela kuyo. Ekuqaleni, ihlabathi lahlulahlulwe layimimandla yamaxesha angama-24, indawo nganye eyayigubungela i-15° yobude, yayinezowuni yexesha layo yaye yahlukile kummelwane wayo ngeyure enye. Emva koko, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko, iindawo zexesha ezingama-39 zenziwa, ezisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

Iindawo ezininzi zexesha ziyaphambuka kwi -Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) ngenani elipheleleyo leeyure ukusuka e-UTC-12 (i- Baker ne- Howland Islands) ukuya kwi-UTC+14 (i-Line Islands); abanye, nangona kunjalo, banokutenxa kwe-30 okanye i-45 imizuzu (njengexesha lexesha laseNewfoundland yi-UTC-3:30 kunye ne- Nepal UTC + 5:45).

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ixesha lokonga imini kwinxalenye yonyaka, ngokuqhelekileyo elitshintsha ixesha ngeyure. Iindawo ezininzi zexesha le-terrestrial zitshintshelwe ngasempuma ukusuka kwiindawo zazo zexesha le-nautical ezihambelanayo; oku kudala isiphumo esisisigxina sokugcina ixesha lokukhanya kwemini.
Kazakhstan

**Kazakhstan** ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabliki yaseKazakhstan**, lilizwe elinqumla ilizwekazi elixabene neAsia neYurophu . Ikomkhulu layo yiAstana .

Ummandla waseKazakhstan ngokwembali wawumiwe ngabantu abahambahambayo. Kumaxesha amandulo amaSkitiya ayehlala kulo mhlaba, kwaye ubukhosi base-Achaemenid Persian banda busiya kumhlaba osemazantsi welizwe lanamhlanje. Abafuduki baseTurkic, abalandela umnombo wabo kumazwe amaninzi aseTurkey afana neTurkic Khaganate, bahlala kweli lizwe kwimbali yalo. Ngenkulungwane ye-13 lo mmandla woyiswa buBukhosi baseMongol phantsi kweGenghis Khan . Ngenkulungwane ye-16, amaKazakh afumana ubuntu obubodwa njengeqela, elahlulwa laba ziijüz ezintathu (amaqela ezizwe ezinookhokho abafanayo abahlala kwimimandla ethile). 

AmaRashiya aqalisa ukungena kwithafa leKazakh ngenkulungwane ye-18 yaye, phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, alawula yonke iKazakhstan njengenxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya . Emva kweRevolution yaseRashiya yowe-1917 kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya eyalandelayo, ummandla waseKazakhstan waba yinxalenye yeSoviet Union eyathi, ngowe-1936, yaseka iKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, isikhundla esasibanjwe de kwangowe-1991, unyaka wokuchithwa kwe-USSR, emva koko. eyayiyiriphabliki yokugqibela yoManyano lwangaphambili ukubhengeza inkululeko kwiMoscow .

Icandeke ngasempuma yiTshayina, ngasentshona nasemantla yiRashiya kwaye emazantsi yiKyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan neTurkmenistan .Ikwajonge ngaphezu kwe  kuLwandle lweCaspian, ekuphela kwesitya setyuwa elunxwemeni: IKazakhstan, eneneni, lelona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini ngaphandle kokufikelela elwandle . Olunye lolona phawu lubalulekileyo lweli lizwe yi
Ikhowudi yengingqi

**Isimaphambili sefowuni** yikhowudi yamanani, esetyenziswa kumnxeba, ebekwe phambi kwenombolo yesazisi ukucacisa indawo yejografi okanye udidi olunikiweyo lweenkonzo.

Ezi zimaphambili zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga indawo yejografi, okanye ukwahlula uthungelwano lwemfonomfono ngokwemida yengqiqo (umzekelo, izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo zefowuni zabasebenzisi bomnxeba abahlukeneyo); kunye nokuba luncedo ekuchongeni ulwazi olulodwa (okanye oluhlawulweyo) uthungelwano kunye neenombolo zenkonzo.

Ilizwe ngalinye ehlabathini linesimaphambili sefowuni samazwe ngamazwe, esenziwe ngedijithi enye okanye ngaphezulu; kwilizwe ngalinye - njengoko kubonisiwe - kukho ulwahlulo olungakumbi ngokwejografi okanye ngothungelwano lwemfonomfono. Kuxhomekeka kwimeko, kunokuba yimfuneko okanye kungabi yimfuneko ukusebenzisa isimaphambili sejografi ukuba sele ukwindawo ekhethiweyo (izimaphambili zihlala zisebenzisa amanani akhethekileyo afana no-zero, okanye kuyo nayiphi na imeko echongwe kakuhle yindibano). 

Upelo lwenombolo yefowuni lufuna ukuba izimaphambili - ezahlulwe enye kwenye ngesithuba esilula - zahlulwe kumanani okuchonga ngeqhagamshela elifutshane (ngaphandle kwezithuba); ukongeza, akukho nxenye yenani kufuneka iqulathe ixesha okanye isileshi sangaphambili.
Grêmio Desportivo São-Carlense

**Grêmio Desportivo São-Carlense**, ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-**São-Carlense**, yiklabhu yebhola ekhatywayo yaseBrazil esekelwe eSão Carlos, eSão Paulo. Ikhuphisana kwiCampeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão, inqanaba lesine kwiligi yebhola ekhatywayo yaseSão Paulo. 

## Iimbekiselo
União Agricola Barbarense Futebol Clube

**União Agrícola Barbarense Futebol Clube** yyiklabhu yebhola ekhatywayo eSanta Bárbara d'Oeste, kumbindi welizwe lase São Paulo. Yasekwa ngoNovemba 22, 1914, ekuqaleni yathatha inxaxheba kubuntshatsheli abangafundanga kwaye yaba professional kuphela 1964.

União Barbarense wayeyintshatsheli yomdlalo waseBrazil ngo-2004. Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, iphumelele i- A2 kunye ne-A3 series kunye ne-Interior Championship. Ngo-2021, wathatha ikhefu lokungabikho ngenxa yezizathu zemali.

## Izihloko

; Ubungcali

* UBuntshatsheli baseBrazil - Uthotho C : 2004.
* Campeonato Paulista – Series A2 : 1998.
* Campeonato Paulista – Series A3 : 1967.
* Campeonato Paulista do Interior : 1999.

; Ingingqi

* Vula iMidlalo yaNgaphakathi: 1996.
* Imidlalo yeNgingqi: 1998 kunye no-2002.

; Ongenangqondo

* Barbarense Football League: 1946.
* Santa Barbara City Cup: 1957, 1961 kunye 1963.

* Campeonato Paulista U20 – 2nd Division : 1988.
Club Italia (ibhola ekhatywayo)

**I-Club Italia** ngumzimba we- Italian Football Federation ezisa kunye kwaye ilungelelanise ulawulo lwemisebenzi yawo onke amaqela esizwe, amadoda kunye nabasetyhini, kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezibekwe phantsi kwe-aegis ye-federation (ibhola ekhatywayo, i-five-side football kunye nebhola ekhatywayo yaselwandle).  

I-Club Italia ikhokelwa ngumongameli womanyano we- FIGC, onika izikhokelo kwaye avume iinkqubo zobugcisa, uthatha isigqibo ngetshathi yombutho yezakhiwo zeklabhu, kunye nokuba yintloko yabathunywa beqela lesizwe A.  Uncediswa ngusekela-mongameli we-federation kunye nomongameli we- Lega Serie A, kunye nokuba nethuba lokuseka iqumrhu elicebisayo eliqulunqwe ngabantu bebhola ekhatywayo yaseNtaliyane.  Uxanduva lokhetho lobugcisa lweqela lesizwe le-A endaweni yoko luphathiswe uMkomishinala woBugcisa. 

Ubume beQela lenziwe nguMmandla wokuSebenza kunye noMmandla woBugcisa, owahlulwe ngale misebenzi ilandelayo: Ukusebenza kunye nophando, uMmandla wezoNyango, uHlalutyo lweBhola.
I-autograph

Kwi- philology, i- **autograph** ngumbhalo obhalwe ngokupheleleyo ngumbhali  yaye ke ngoko umele   yomsebenzi.

Endaweni yoko, igama elithi " **idiograph** " libonisa uxwebhu olubhalwe ngesandla esingesiso eso sombhali, kodwa phantsi kweliso elibukhali lombhali. Kwifilosofi yesiTaliyane, ikhowudi yesiLatin yaseVatican 3195 (equlethe iPetrarca 's *Canzoniere* ) ngumzekelo osebenzayo wenxalenye yombhalo-ngqangi we-autograph, inxalenye ye-idiograph ngesandla sikaGiovanni Malpaghini .
ISO 639

**ISO 639** ngumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe wokuhlela iilwimi zendalo kunye namaqela eelwimi, kwaye ubanika ikhowudi yokuchonga eyodwa. 

Injongo ye-ISO 639 kukwenza ikhathalogu eyaziwayo jikelele yeekhowudi eziqhelekileyo ezinxulunyaniswa ngokukodwa nolwimi ngalunye ngaphandle kokungacaci. Igama elithi ulwimi libandakanya zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano lweelwimi phakathi kwabantu kubandakanya iilwimi ezingasekhoyo okanye zembali, amaqela eelwimi, ukwahluka kweelwimi, iziyelelane kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano olungathethwayo. njengolwimi lwezandla. 

I-ISO 639 yavunywa okokuqala ngo-1967, kodwa inamacandelo ahlukeneyo (amanani-1 ukuya ku-6) apapashiweyo aza ahlaziywa kaninzi ukutyhubela iminyaka ukuya kutsho kwinkulungwane yama-21, ekwandisa ixesha ngalinye inguqulelo ye-ISO yangaphambili. Eyona migangatho isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yi-ISO 639-1 kunye ne-ISO 639-3.

Iikhowudi zokuchonga ezibonelelwe yi-ISO 639 zinokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi kunye nezicelo, umzekelo ukubonisa ulwimi ebhalwe ngalo isicatshulwa okanye iwebhusayithi, ukuchonga ulwimi lwemvelaphi yegama elichazwe kwisichazi-magama, iilwimi. ilawulwa kwisoftware, igama lendawo njl.njl. Ngesi sizathu, ISO 639 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwinkalo yethekhnoloji yolwazi, uyilo lwewebhu kunye nolawulo lweencwadi ezigcina iibhayibhilografi.
ISO 639-1

**I-ISO 639-1** yinxalenye yokuqala yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO 639, edwelisa iikhowudi ezimfutshane zokuchonga iilwimi eziphambili ezithethwa kwihlabathi. Yakhutshwa okokuqala ngo-2005 *njengeeKhowudi zokumela amagama eelwimi -- Icandelo loku-1: ikhowudi ye-Alpha-2*.

Icandelo 1 libandakanya ukurekhoda iikhowudi ezinoonobumba ababini. Kukho iikhowudi ezili-136 ezinoonobumba ababini abarekhodiweyo, eziquka iilwimi eziphambili zehlabathi. Eminye imizekelo:

* Ulwimi lwaseArmenia lumelwe ngu- hy
* Ulwimi lwesiDatshi lumelwe ngu -nl
* Ulwimi lwesiNgesi lumelwe ngu -en
* I-Esperanto imelwe yi- eo
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ISO 639-2

Umgangatho **we-ISO 639-2**, inxalenye yesibini yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO 639, uludwe lweekhowudi ezinoonobumba abathathu ezichaza amagama eelwimi. Yapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1998 *njengeMithetho Emela Amagama Eelwimi—Icandelo 2: Ikhowudi ye-Alpha-3.*

Nangona ngokubanzi ulwimi ngalunye luhambelana nekhowudi enye kuphela, iilwimi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zihlukile, zineekhowudi ezimbini. Kwezi lwimi, enye ikhowudi yeyokusetyenziswa kwe-"bibliographic" (ISO 639-2/B), ngelixa enye isetyenziselwa "isigama" (ISO 639-2/T). Ngokwesiqhelo, ikhowudi yebhayibhilografi isuka kwigama lesiNgesi lolo lwimi, ngelixa ikhowudi yesigama isuka kwigama kulwimi lokuqala.

Ithala leencwadi leCongress ligunyabantu lobhaliso kwi-ISO 639-2. Kule ndima, iThala leencwadi leCongress lifumana kwaye liphonononge izindululo zotshintsho.
ISO 639-3

**I-ISO 639-3: 2007,** **Iikhowudi zokumelwa kwamagama eelwimi-Icandelo 3: Ikhowudi ye-Alpha-3 yokugubungela ngokupheleleyo iilwimi**, yinxalenye yesithathu yomgangatho ''wehlabathi'' weekhowudi zolwimi kuthotho lwe-ISO 639, inkqubo ebanzi yokuhlela. zonke iilwimi, kubandakanywa zonke iilwimi ezithethwayo zehlabathi, ukudibanisa ulwimi ngalunye kunye nekhowudi ekhethekileyo yesazisi. Umgangatho wapapashwa yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) ngo-1 February 2007 .

Icandelo lesithathu le-ISO 639 sisalathiso esabela iikhowudi ezinoonobumba aba-3 (*alpha-3*) kwikhathalogu enkulu yeelwimi eziquka iilwimi zala maxesha, zamandulo, ezaphelayo kwaneelwimi ezenziweyo, kuquka iilwimi zezizwana kunye neelwimi ezigciniweyo, kwisimbuku seelwimi. 7776 izinto. Injongo kukwakha isalathiso ngokubanzi nesineenkcukacha kangangoko kunokwenzeka esiquka lonke uhlobo lolwimi lomntu lwendalo oluthethwa ehlabathini. Inkcazo yolwimi eyandisiweyo yayisekelwe ngokukodwa kwiikhowudi zolwimi ezisetyenziswe kwi- Ethnologue (imiqulu ye-10-14) epapashwe yi-SIL International, ngoku eyirejista ye-ISO 639-3 . 

Le khowudi entsha ifezekisa umsebenzi owenziwe nge -ISO 639-2 version yangaphambili, ukugqiba kunye nokulungisa ukuhlelwa kwayo. I-ISO 639-3 yenzelwe ukuba ingangqubani ne-ISO 639-2 (ngoko ke, onke amasuntswana akwi-ISO 639-2 anikwa isichongi esitsha - ngaphandle kweentsapho zolwimi okanye ingqokelela yeelwimi, ngaphandle kwe-ISO 639-3 kwaye yaphinda yaziswa kuphela. kamva ISO 693-5). Indibaniselwano evunyelwe kukhetho lwekhowudi eyenziwe ngoonobumba aba-3 (*alpha-3*) ikuvumela ukuba uhlele uluhlu olukhulu kakhulu lweelwimi. 

Ekuqaleni, uhlaziyo lonyaka kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweekhowudi ezicwangcisiweyo kwakucingelwa, ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi umsebenzi wokuhlelwa owenziweyo.
Isingxi

**Isigxina esipheleleyo** (isiNgesi se-Commonwealth), **ixesha** (isiNgesi saseNyakatho yaseMelika), okanye **inqaku elipheleleyo.** Luphawu lwesiphumlisi olusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi, amaxesha amaninzi ukuphawula isiphelo sesivakalisi esibhengezayo (njengoko sahluliwe kumbuzo okanye isikhuzo).
Voix du Sahel

**ILa Voix du Sahel** sisikhululo sikanomathotholo selizwe laseNiger, esiphethwe ngurhulumente waseNiger, esebenza kwi-91.3&nbsp;MHz. Ngokusekelwe eNiamey, isikhululo sikanomathotholo sasekwa kwaye sahamba emoyeni nge-31 kaJulayi, 1958 njengeRadio *Niger* kodwa yamkela igama laso langoku ngo-1974. Siso kuphela isikhululo sikanomathotholo sesizwe kwaye sikuphela kwesikhululo sikanomathotholo esibonelela ngeenkqubo ngeelwimi ezisibhozo ezahlukeneyo eziquka isiFrentshi.

## Bona kwakho

* Imidiya yaseNiger

## Iimbekiselo

* Afdevinfo
ISO 639-5

**I-ISO 639-5** yinxalenye yesihlanu yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO 639, edwelisa iikhowudi ezimfutshane zokuchonga iintsapho ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqela eelwimi ezithethwa kwihlabathi. Umgangatho wakhutshwa kwaye wapapashwa ngoMeyi 15, 2008 ngegama lesiNgesi: *Iikhowudi zokumelwa kwamagama eelwimi- Icandelo lesi-5: Ikhowudi ye-Alpha-3 yeentsapho zeelwimi kunye namaqela*

I-ISO 639-5 ibonelela ngekhowudi yokuchonga ezintathu ( *i-Alpha-3* ) yokumela amagama eentsapho kunye namaqela eelwimi eziphilayo okanye eziphelelweyo. Iilwimi ezenzelwe kuphela ukusetyenziswa ziikhompyuter, ezinje ngeelwimi zenkqubo yekhompyuter, azifakwanga kule khowudi.

Ikhowudi ye-ISO 639-5 ithatha iikhowudi zeentsapho zolwimi esele zikho kumgangatho we -ISO 639-2, ukuwugqiba kunye nokwandisa, kwaye kuchaza uluhlu lweentsapho kunye namaqela eelwimi.

Kuthelekiso phakathi kwe-ISO 639-5 kunye ne-ISO 639-2 iintlobo ezintathu zeemeko ke ngoko zinokufunyanwa:

* iikhowudi ezinentsingiselo efanayo kuyo yomibini imigangatho (umzekelo *alg* ethi kuzo zombini imele iilwimi zaseAlgonquian);
* iikhowudi ezinentsingiselo ebanzi kumgangatho we-ISO 639-5
* iikhowudi ezintsha xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho we-ISO 639-2 (umzekelo *sqj* ebonisa iqela leelwimi zesi-Albanian).
Paulista Futebol Clube

**Paulista Futebol Clube** ngumbutho wezemidlalo osekelwe eJundiaí, kwilizwe laseSão Paulo. Yasekwa ngoMeyi 17, 1909 kwaye imibala yayo ibomvu, emnyama namhlophe . Izihloko eziphambili zeklabhu yiCopa do Brasil, kwi- 2005 edition, i- Série C, kwi-2001, kunye nesihloko sesithathu kwi-Copa Paulista kwi-1999, i-2010 kunye ne-2011 . UPaulista ukhuphisana kwinqanaba lesihlanu leCampeonato Paulista, inqanaba lokugqibela lebhola lebhola lebhola.
Eccellenza Molise

Ubuntshatsheli **[[Ukugqwesa (ibhola)|be-Eccellenza]] Molisana** (IKomiti yoMmandla yasekwa ngo-1992. Ngaphambi koko amaqela e-Molise adlala ethe saa kukhuphiswano lweentshatsheli zase-Abruzzo naseCampania) lubandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqela ali-16.

Nabani na ofumana elona nani liphezulu lamanqaku uphumelela iwonga leentshatsheli zeNgingqi kunye nokunyuselwa kwi-D. Amaqela asuka kwindawo yesibini ukuya kweyesihlanu akhuphisana kumdlalo wokudlala (imidlalo yasekhaya nangaphandle, kunye neyokugqibela enye kwibala elingathathi hlangothi), kwaye ophumeleleyo uphumelele indlela eya kwisigaba seSizwe, esiquka imidlalo yokudlala phakathi kwemimandla yendawo yeSerie D.

Amaqela asuka kwindawo yeshumi elinesibini ukuya kweyeshumi elinesihlanu ajongana kumdlalo wokudlala (ekhaya nangaphandle) ukuze agqibe ngeqela ekumele lihliselwe kwiPromotion . Iqela lokugqibela elibekwe kuluhlu lihlehliselwa kwiNyuso ngokuzenzekelayo.

Yamkele amaqela avela ePuglia naseCampania ngamaxesha amaninzi (kwi-2017-18 Frentania esuka eFoggia, kunye ne-Alliphae, i-Tre Pini Matese kunye ne-Vulcania esuka eCaserta).

Iqela elingelona likaMolisan liphumelele itumente amaxesha amane: uSan Giorgio Collathia waseChieuti (FG) ngo-2000-01, uGioventù Dauna waseCastelnuovo della Daunia (FG) ngo-2015-16, uComprensorio Vairano waseVairano Patenora (CE) ngo-2019- I-20 kunye ne-Aurora Alto Casertano yaseCapriati iVolturno (CE) kwi-2020-21. Iklabhu yokugqibela, ekuzalweni kwayo kwangaphambili kunye negama elithi Capriatese, iphinde iphumelele ukunyuswa kwiSerie D ngeCoppa Italia Dilettanti.

Ukunyuswa kunye nokuthotywa kwintshatsheli yebhola ekhatywayo yaseItali
Iklabhu yeMidlalo ekumbindi

**Central Sport Club** ngumbutho wezemidlalo osuka eCaruaru, kwiLizwe lasePernambuco, yasekwa ngoJuni 15, 1919. Owona msebenzi wayo wezemidlalo yibhola ekhatywayo.

## Iimpawu

### Ibala lemidlalo

#### Ingxelo yabaphulaphuli
Ngo-Oktobha 22, i-1986, irekhodi elikhulu lokuya kwimbali yeCaruaru lenzekile: abantu be-24,450 baye babukela i-Central's 2-1 ukunqoba ngokumelene Flamengo, kumdlalo osemthethweni Ubuntshatsheli baseBrazil bonyaka omnye. 

### IMascot
Kuthiwa, ebaleni apho abadlali beCentral bebezilolongela khona, ekuqaleni kwembali yeklabhu, bekukho imithi emininzi kwimithi ejikelezileyo, ngokungathi bebebukele imidlalo yeqela lalapha. Ukususela kobu bukho rhoqo, intaka yaba ngumqondiso weklabhu. 

## Izihloko

### Ezinye iitumente

* **Torneio Qualificatório do Campeonato Brasileiro Série B 1994 - Zona Pernambuco**: **1** (1993)

### Iindidi ezisisiseko

#### Abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 (abancinci)

* **[[IPernambuco Junior Football Championship|Campeonato Pernambucano de Juniores]]**: **1** (1983)
* **Torneio Início de Pernambuco – Júnior: 2** (1964 e 1974)
*  **Liga Desportiva Caruaruense - 2º divisão:** **1** (2001).

### Ibhola ekhatywayo yabasetyhini

*  I-Vivo Champions Cup (i-Women's Open) - 2011

## Amaphulo akhoyo

### Abesizwe

* **Indawo yesi-4 kuLuhlu lweNtshatsheli lweBrazil B: ngo-1995** **Indawo yesi-5 kuLuhlu lweNtshatsheli lweBrazil B: ngo-1983**  **Indawo yesi-7 kuLuhlu lweNtshatsheli yeBrazil B: ngo-1984**  **Indawo ye-8 kuLuhlu lweNtshatsheli yeBrazil B: ngo-1985**  **Indawo yesi-8 kwindebe yeJoão Havelange – iiModyuli eziLuhlaza neziMhlophe: ngo-2000**

### Imimandla

*  **UHenrique Jacques Cup ophume kwindawo yesibini** : **1** (1965)

### Umbuso

* Umgqatswa wePernambucano Championship: 2 (2007 kunye 2018) Indawo ye-3 kwi-Pernambuco Football Championship: 3 (1964, 1986 kunye no-2008)  Indawo yesi-4 kwi-Pernambuco Football Championship: 27 (1961, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977, 187, 192 3, 1984, 1985 , 1987, 1989, 1990, 1993, 2001, 2002 kunye no-2010)  Intshatsheli yePernambuco Cup: 3 (1996, 1999 and 2009)  Ophume kwindawo yesibini kwiPernambucano Championship – Series A2: 1 (2005).  Ophume kwindawo yesibini kwi-FPF Incentive Tournament: 2 (1976 and 1977)  Umbaleli we-Start of Pernambuco Tournament: 1 (1978)  Indawo yesi-3 kwisiXeko seRecife Tournament: 1 (1971)  Umgqatswa wePernambucano Junior Championship: 1 (1965)

### </img> Futsal

* **3ª colocado na Taça Brasil de Futsal: 2014**
* **3ª colocado na Taça Nordeste de Futsal: 2014**

## Amanani

### Ukuthatha inxaxheba
ISerie A 2021-2022

I**-2021-2022 Serie A** yayiyi-120 ye-flight ye-flight ephezulu ye -Italian football ubuntshatsheli (i-90 kunye neqela elinye), edlalwa phakathi kwe-21 ka-Agasti 2021 kunye ne-22 kaMeyi 2022 kwaye yaqukunjelwa ngokuloyiso IMilan, isihloko sayo seshumi elinesithoba.

Umdlali ophumelele kakhulu kwitumente nguCiro Immobile (ILazio) kunye neenjongo ze-27.