Khanada

**IKhanada**   lilizwe elikuMntla Melika elijongene neAtlantiki ngasempuma, uLwandlekazi lweArctic ukuya emantla kunye noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ngasentshona. . Ngommandla we lilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngommandla opheleleyo womphezulu emva kweRussia . Imida kunye neGreenland (uBukumkani baseDenmark), ngokusebenzisa isahlulo sayo seHans Island, kunye ne- United States of America : i -United States yelizwekazi ukuya emazantsi, ubukhulu becala ecaleni komgca we- 49th parallel North, kunye ne-State of Alaska ukuya emazantsi. umntla-ntshona phantse uphele ecaleni kwe-141st meridian West:  ngowona mda womhlaba omde phakathi kwamazwe amabini ehlabathini.

Yayimiwe, ngaphambi kokufika kweYurophu kwilizwekazi, ngabemi bomthonyama, ummandla weCanada yanamhlanje wawulawulwa yiFrance kunye neUnited Kingdom ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17  , ukuqala kunxweme lweAtlantiki . AmaFrentshi emva koko alahlekelwa yimimandla yawo ngokuqhubekayo kwi-United Kingdom: okokuqala (1713) kunye neSivumelwano sase-Utrecht ekupheleni kweMfazwe ye-Succession yaseSpain, apho i-Newfoundland kunye ne- Hudson Bay yanikezelwa nguLouis XIV ; kulandela ngo-1763 emva kokoyiswa kwiMfazwe yamaFrentshi namaIndiya, iqonga laseMntla Merika leMfazwe yeMinyaka eSixhenxe, kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokuthengiswa kukaNapoleon (1803) waseFrench Louisiana ukuya eUnited States of America kunye neentsalela zayo zokugqibela ngaphesheya komda waseKhanada ukuya elwandle. Iunited Kingdom.

Ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi ka-1867, umanyano lwaseKhanada lwazalwa kunye nomanyano lwamathanga amathathu eBritish North America yaseNova Scotia, eNew Brunswick naseCanada , eyathi kamva yaba zine ngenxa yokwahlulwa kwephondo laseCanada laya kutsho eOntario naseQuebec. Ekuhambeni kwexesha,  kongezwa amaphondo amaninzi, awayeza kuthi kamva abe lilizwe lanamhlanje laseMntla Melika.Yasekwa njengelizwe elimanyeneyo ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi 1867 njengoManyano lweKhanada kwinyathelo lokuqala loBukhosi baseBritane, iye yalingana ngokusesikweni ne-United Kingdom nge-11 kaDisemba 1931, umhla wokubhengezwa koMthetho waseWestminster owakhulula uninzi lwawo. *ubukhosi* bangaphambili.

Ekugqibeleni, ngoMthetho omtsha waseKhanada we-1982 (ebizwa ngokuba yi- *patriation* okanye "ukubuyisela"), i- United Kingdom nayo yalahla igunya elisemthethweni lokulungisa umgaqo-siseko waseKhanada, oqinisekiswa kuwo nguMthetho we-1931.

IKhanada lilizwe elililungu leBritish Commonwealth, apho ingomnye wemimandla elishumi elinesihlanu: ngenxa yoko, nangona izimele,  intloko yayo yelizwe ingowe-United Kingdom, ukusukela ngo-2023 uKumkani uCharles III . Usebenza ekuhlaleni njengommeli kamongameli yirhuluneli jikelele yaseCanada, *oyintloko* yelizwe, enegunya lokuvuma iqumrhu lozakuzo, ukunika iofisi yenkulumbuso kunye nokumisela abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, ebiza unyulo jikelele lomanyano. kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, bamele ilizwe kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Ukususela ngo-1959, bekukho umkhwa ongekho semthethweni wokumisela irhuluneli jikelele othetha isiNgesi nothetha isiFrentshi ngenxa yokuhlonela amaqela amabini eelwimi ezinkulu zelizwe.

Inkqubo yezopolitiko yeyasepalamente kwaye inkulumbuso *iyinkokeli* yeqela eliphumelele unyulo jikelele lomanyano, oludla ngokubanjwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, ngaphandle kothethathethwano kwangethuba (olona suku lwakutsha nje lubuyela nge-20 Septemba 2021). Ukusukela ngo-2021, irhuluneli jikelele ebambeleyo yayisakuba ngumsebenzi waseburhulumenteni wase -Inuit kunye nonozakuzaku uMary Simon (1947-) ngelixa inkulumbuso iyinkokeli *yeLiberal* uJustin Trudeau (1971-), ese-ofisini ukusukela nge-4 kaNovemba ka-2015.

ECanada, kuthethwa iilwimi ezininzi zomthonyama kunye nezaseYurophu, kodwa ezisemthethweni ziziFrentshi kunye nesiNgesi , ezinesimo esilinganayo kuwo onke amaxwebhu oluntu omanyano: malunga nezigidi ezingama-35-37 zabemi (uqikelelo luka-2019), phantse i-57% yabo ngabantu abathetha isiNgesi kwaye bangaphezulu nje kwe-21% yesiFrentshi; nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi baseKhanada bathetha iilwimi ezimbini, kwaye ukususela ngo-2011, i-85% yabemi bachaza ubuchule besiNgesi kunye ne-30.1% ngesiFrentshi.  Ukususela ngo-2006, iphondo laseQuebec, elithetha isiFrentshi ngokusemthethweni, liye laqatshelwa njenge "sizwe ngaphakathi kweKhanada edibeneyo". Iilwimi ezingekho semthethweni ezinezithethi ezingaphezulu kwe  zibandakanya iSpanish, isiTagalog, isiArabhu, isiJamani kunye nesiTaliyane, ngenxa yobukho beziganeko zokufuduka kweli lizwe.