open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Isifo sephepha

**Isifo sephepha**,okanye**iTB** ngokufutshane, sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholonngwane. Besisaya kubizwa njengesifo **esingubhubhane**. 

Isifo sephepha sibangelwa ziintlobo ezininzi zeimycobacteria, nesaziwa njenge*[[sifosephepha esiyi Mycobacterium]]*. Esi sifo sihlasela imiphunga, kodwa sisenokuhlasela namanye amalungu omzimba. Le ntsholongwane ihamba ngomoya ize sasazeke ngokusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, ngamanye amazwi iyosulela. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu onesi sifo ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye etsica/ethufa.   Phakathi kwabantu abahlanu nabalishumi babonakalisa iimpawu zesi sifo, kwikhulu ngalinye labantu abosulelekileyo esi sifo.   Kwaba bantu, esi sifo kuthiwa  *siyaphila*.  Isifo sephepha sibulala abantu abangaphezulu  kwesiqingatha. Aba ke ngabantu abathi bosulelekile nje babe bengekho phantsi konyango.  

## ulwazi olufunyenweyo nonyango
 

Ukubonwa kweTB ephilayo emntwini kuxhomekeke kwiradiology esithi ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Oogqirha bajonga isifuba somntu kwiX-ray eyaziwa ngokuba ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Kutsho kuthiwe umntu uye egesini. Ngaphezu koko, bayawuhlola umzimba bejonga okokuba unamanzi kangakanani na. La manzi aneemicrobe kuwo, ezikhula kwiicell cultures. Ii*cell cultures* zona ziyajongwa zogocwagocwe kujongwa okokuba akosulelekanga ngeTb na umntu.  

Ukuba isigulana sineTB kodwa sibe singabonakalisi zimpawu zayo, intsholongwane kuthiwa 'ikhona kodwa ayibonakali'. Oogqirha basebenzisa isikhumba uvavanyo ekuthiwa yi-Mantoux test, ukufumana iTB ethi ikho nje ibe ingabonakali. Basoloko behlola negazi.  

Lukhona ugonyo oluthi lwenziwe ukulwa iindlela ezithile zesifo sephepha. Kuthiwa lugonyo lwebacillus Calmette&ndash;Guérin.

Isifo sephepha sasisoloko sinyangwa lula ngepilisi ezibulala nezinyanga iintsholongwane. Kodwa ke ngoku intsholongwane inenkani ayishukunyiswa zezi pilisi. Le nkani ke yenza okokuba kubenzima ukunyanga esi sifo. Iintlobo ezininzi zezi pilisi kufuneka zisetyenziswe sisigulana ixesha elide. Kukho olunye uhlobo **lwesifo sephepha** olunenkani kakhulu kuzo zonke iziyobisi ezikhoyo. 

## Uqikelelo

Iingcali zikholelwa ekubeni isiqingatha sesithathu kuluntu lwehlabathi losulelwe ngesi sifo se*M. tuberculosis*. Usulelo olutsha lwenzeka kumntu ngamnye ngomzuzwana nje.  Ngo-2007, zizigidi ezingamalunga ne-13.7 zabantu ababambeke kakhulu sesi sifo kwihlabathi lonke jikelele.  Ngo-2010, bamalunga ne-8.8&nbsp;million abantu abasaqalwa sesi sifo, kanti ke phantse ngama-1.5&nbsp;million abantu abathe basutywa kukufa ngenxa yesi sifo, uninzi lwabo lukumazwe asakhasayo . Inani leziganeko zesifo sephepha belisoloko lisehla okokoko kwango-2006, yaza nemitsha imibandela ngesi sifo yehla ukususela ngo-2002. 

Isifo sephepha asenzeki ngesantya esinye kwihlabathi. Zingamashumi asibhozo iiphesenti zoluntu kumazwe aseAsia naseAfrika abathe bahlolwa baze bafunyaniswa enaso esi sifo, kodwa zintlanu ukuya kwishumi iiphesenti kumazwe aseMelika.  Abantu bahlala befumana isifo sephepha ngenxa yokuwa kwenjini ezilawula imizimba yabo.  Abantu abaninzi abaphila neHIV kunye neAIDS bangasifumana isifo sephepha.
Ukuzidla ngezinto ngemvelaphi yakho

Bhala isincoko ngesintu

Zazi ukuba okwakho nokwenzayo empilweni yakho ube ungum Afrika uzidle ngobu Afrika bakho kungathiwa unjena kanti unjeyana uzixelele ukuba ungumAfrika oziqenyayo ngobuAfrika bakho.Ungabi likhephe khephe uqine kwaye uyimele into yakho okanye isiko lakho nemvelaphi yakho ube uzidla kakhulu.
Michael Jackson

**Michael Jackson** (1958-2009) wayengumculi ophumelele kakhulu, owaziwa njenge **“King of Pop”**. Wazalelwa e-Indiana, eMelika, kwaye wathandwa kumhlaba wonke ngeengoma zakhe, ezifana ne **“Thriller”**. U-Michael waziwa kakhulu ngomdaniso wakhe, umphosa, kunye nesitayela somculo.
## Ukuzalwa kwakhe
U-**Michael Joseph Jackson** (wazalwa ngomhla wama-29 kweyeThupha ngo-1958). Wayeyimvumi nobhali weengoma waseMelika, engumdanisi, engumdlali weqonga, engusomashishini,nomxhasi omkhulu. Wayesaziwa ngegama elithi **[[King of Pop]]**. Igalelo lakhe kwicandelo lezomculo, ekudaniseni nakwifeshini, kunye nokupapasha ngobomi bakhe, zonke ezi zinto zamenza abeyintandane yehlabathi kumashumi amane eminyaka.
EGeneva

**IGeneva** sisixeko sesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwe laseSwitzerland. YiZürich kuphela enkulu kunaso. IGeneva sesona sixeko sikhulu eRomandy (indawo yabantu abantetho isisiFrentshi eSwitzerland). 

Sizinze kanye apho kukho umlambo iRhône iLake yaseGeneva (isiFrench *iLac Léman*) kwaye sikwangundlunkulu iRepublic nesixeko saseGeneva.

Mininzi imibutho yehlabathi eGeneva, kunye noondlunkulu babathunywa bezizwe ezimanyeneyo neyoMnqamlezo Obomvu. Kuphando lwango-2007 kwafumaniseka okokuba iGeneva sisixeko sesibini esikumgangatho ophakamileyo ngokwentlalo nangendlela ekuphilwa ngayo kwihlabathi jikelele (isogqithwa ngokucacileyo yiZürich kuphela).

Ngokwezizwe, iGeneva yayanyaniswa ngokumandla nezivumelwano zaseGeneva.

## Imbali

Kwaqalwa ukubhalwa ng*eGeneva* mhla kwakuthethwa ngomda wayo wedolophu, nowawenzelwe ukukhusela ubukumkani bamaRoma ukuze ingahlaselwa yiHelvetii. AmaRoma asithabathela kuso esi sixeko ngo-120 B.C. Ngo-A.D. 443 soxuthwa yiBurgundy, yaza yawela ezandleni zeFranks ngo-534. Ngo-888 le dolophu yaba yinxalenye yobuKumkani baseBurgundy, yaza yathi yakuba lapha yathatyathwa ngo-1033 bubuKumakani baseJamani.
 
Ukusukela ngo-1154 oobhishobhu baseGeneva babamba isikhundla sokuba ziinkosi zobuKumkani baseRoma engwele okokoko kwango-1154, kodwa iinkosi zaseGeneva kwaza kamva kwaziinkosi zaseSavoy babe"ngabameli", basoloko belungele ukuluthathela kuye ulawulo looBhishobhu. Ngo-1290 iinkosi zaseSavoy zafumana ilungelo lokuchonga isekela-ntloko(isandla sentloko elawulayo) yolawulo, isihloko esithi iVidame yaseGeneva sathi sanikezelwa kusapho lenkosi uFrançois de Candie weChambéry-Le-Vieux inkosikasi elawula eSavoy.  Isekela-ntloko linobunganga obuthile kule dolophu.
IJerusalem

**IJerusalem** yenye yezixeko ezindala apha emhlabeni apho abantu bathe bahlala khona ngokusisigxina. Kwiinkolo ezininzi sibaluleke kakhulu esi sixeko. amaJuda ayibona iJerusalem njengesixeko esingcwele kuba ibisaya kuba liziko lenkolo yabo kunye nezopolotiko ngamaxesha eBhayibhile. Kukwayindawo apho iTempile kaThixo imikhona. AmaKhrestu ayibona iJerusalem njengendawo eNgcwele kuba zonke izinto ezazisenzeka neziganeko ngobomi bukaYesu Khrestu zeenzeka phaya. amaMoslem akholelwa ekubeni umProfethi uMuhammad wavuka esuka kwakule ndawo waya ezulwini.

Omabini la mazwe, kwaSirayeliIsrael nasePalestine abanga iJerusalem njengeikomkhulu lelizwe. Onke amanye amazwe kunye nezizwe ezimanyeneyo, masithi Umntla-weJerusalem inxalenye yakwaSirayeli ize impuma Jerusalem yona ibe yinxalenye ye Palestina. Kuba ingabonwa nje ngelizwe eliphantsi kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe okwaku, esi sixeko asinawo amaziko ozakuzo. amazwe amaninzi anamaziko awo ozakuzo eTel Aviv naseRamallah.

## Imithombo
Ifilosofi

**Ifilosofi ** yindlela yokucinga okanye yokuqiqa ngehlabathi, ngephakade, kwanangasekuhlaleni. Ifilosofi yingqokolela yezimvo, ezithe zaphicothwa yifilosofa (umntu ophande nzulu ngeendlela zokucinga ngehlabathi). Apha kwafilosofi, izimvo kuthiwa zi**, into ethetha okokuba lulwazi ngezinto ezingenakuphatheka ngezandla okanye zizinto ezingenakubonwa ngamehlo enyama kodwa zinokubonwa ngahlo engqondo". Kodwa ke oku akuthethi kuthi ifilosofi ayinanto yakwenza nezinto esizibona ngeliso lenyama.  Umzekelo, indlela emasiziphathe ngayo,  ibuza okokuba yintoni na esimelwe kukuyenza kwimpilo yethu yemihla ngemihla,  ngokunjalo nemetaphysics ibuza okokuba lisebenza kanjani na ihlabathi, lenziwe ngantoni.

Ngamanye amaxesha abantu bathetha ngendlela abathe banayo ngayo "indlela aqhuba ngayo umntu, nento akholelwa kuyo", into ethetha okokuba yindlela acinga ngayo umntu ngehlabathi. Eli phepha alithethi nga"ndlela abaqhuba ngayo abantu, nezinto abakholelwa kuzo". Koko limalunga nezimvo ekuthe kwacingwa ngazo ziifilosofa  (abantu abacinga babhale ngeendlela zokucinga) beyenza loo nto ixesha elide. 
Amawaka eminyaka iifilosofa bezisoloko zibuza imibuzo, efana nale: "Ingaba lukho ulwazi kakade apha emhlabeni ekunokuqinisekwa ngalo ngokokude ingathandabuzwa nakancinane yindoda ekwaziyo ukuqiqa it?".
* Yintoni  ukulunga?
* Yintoni ubuhle?
* Ingaba sinayi ifree will?
* Ingaba uThixo ukhona?
* Ingaba  ihlabathi elisingqongileyo likhona?
* Yintoni umntu?
* Yintoni inyaniso? 
* Yintoni ukungcola?
* Yintoni unxulumano phakathi kwengqondo kunye nomzimba?
* Yintoni inzululwazi?
* Yintoni ifilosofi?
* Yintoni uthando?
Uphando lobunzululwazi

**Uphando lobunzululwazi** yindlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuqokolela iinkcukacha zolwazi olufunekayo, noluyakuxhasa oko kunxanelwa ulwazi. Olu phando luza nolwazi kunye netheori  yobunzululwazi ukuze kucaciswe ngokubanzi ngendalo kunye nezinto ezifumaneka kwihlabathi. Lwenza okokuba izinto ezinokwenziwa ngumntu zenzeke. Uphando lobunzululwazi luxhaswa ngezimali ngabo basemagunyeni ngokwaseburhulumenteni, ngemibutho enikezela ngesisa, kunye namaqela azimeleyo, kuquka neenkampani ezininzi. Uphando lobunzululwazi lungahlulwa-hlulwa lube ngamacandelo-ngamacandelo ngokwezifundo nangokuqhutywa kweentlobo zezifundo ekuphandwa kuzo.  Uphando lobunzululwazi luhlelo olusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuhlola ubume beziko lemfundo, elinje ngezikolo zamashishini, kodwa ke abanye abantu bathi oku kuhlolwa kwala maziko akuchanekanga kwaphela,  kuba izinga lomgangatho wophando kubunzululwazi akusixeleli nto ngezinga lomgangatho wokufundisa. (ezi zinto ke azihambelani ngokupheleleyo).
Al Pacino

Al Pacino indima.

## Filmography
**[[Me, Natalie]]* (1969)
**[[The Panic in Needle Park]]* (1971)
**[[The Godfather]]* (1972)
**[[Serpico]]* (1973)
**[[The Godfather Part II]]* (1974)
**[[Dog Day Afternoon]]* (1975)
**[[Bobby Deerfield]]* (1977)
**[[...And Justice for All (film)|...And Justice for All]]* (1979)
**[[Cruising (film)|Cruising]]* (1980)
**[[Author! Author! (film)|Author! Author!]]* (1982)
**[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]* (1983)
**[[Revolution (1985 film)|Revolution]]* (1985)
**[[Sea of Love (film)|Sea of Love]]* (1989)
**[[The Local Stigmatic]]* (1990)
**[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|Dick Tracy]]* (1990)
**[[The Godfather Part III]]* (1990)
**[[Frankie and Johnny (1991 film)|Frankie and Johnny]]* (1991)
**[[Glengarry Glen Ross (film)|Glengarry Glen Ross]]* (1992)
**[[Scent of a Woman (1992 film)|Scent of a Woman]]* (1992)
**[[Carlito's Way]]* (1993)
**[[Two Bits]]* (1995)
**[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]* (1995)
**[[City Hall (film)|City Hall]]* (1996)
**[[Looking for Richard]]* (1996)
**[[Donnie Brasco (film)|Donnie Brasco]]* (1997)
**[[The Devil's Advocate (1997 film)|The Devil's Advocate]]* (1997)
**[[The Insider (film)|The Insider]]* (1999)
**[[Any Given Sunday]]* (1999)
**[[Chinese Coffee]]* (2000)
**[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]* (2002)
**[[Simone (2002 film)|Simone]]* (2002)
**[[People I Know]]* (2002)
**[[The Recruit]]* (2003)
**[[Gigli]]* (2003)
**[[Angels in America (miniseries)|Angels in America]]* (2003)
**[[The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)|The Merchant of Venice]]* (2004)
**[[Two for the Money (film)|Two for the Money]]* (2005)
**[[88 Minutes]]* (2007)
**[[Ocean's Thirteen]]* (2007)
**[[Righteous Kill]]* (2008)
**[[You Don't Know Jack (film)|You Don't Know Jack]]* (2010)
**[[The Son of No One]]* (2011)
**[[Wilde Salomé]]* (2011)
**[[Jack and Jill (2011 film)|Jack and Jill]]* (2011)
**[[Stand Up Guys]]* (2012)
**[[Phil Spector (film)|Phil Spector]]* (2013)
**[[Manglehorn]]* (2014)
**[[The Humbling (film)|The Humbling]]* (2014)
**[[Danny Collins (film)|Danny Collins]]* (2015)
Ukutya kwamaMpondo

Amampondo ngabantu abatya ukutya kwemveli. Nangona sele zikho nje izidlo zasemlungwini nekuzezona zithathelw aphezulu zezinye iintlanga ezizalana nawo, kodwa wona akashenxi ekutyeni kwawo kwemihla-ngemihla. Ubukhulu becala amaMpondo atya imifuno kunye nombona osiliweyo ngaxeshanye. Umgubo awutyiw angamandle kwemifuno. Nantsi imizekelo yokona kutya kuxhaphakileyo emaMpondweni:

## Ukutya kwamaMpondo
### iSiDudu
KwaXhosa isidudu saziwa njengepapa ethambileyo, edliwa kwakusasa, phambi kokuba kutyiwe ezinye izidlo. ukanti emaMpondweni, isidudu yipapa ebuqina edityaniswe nethanga. Le ke kuthiwa emaXhoseni ngumqa. Kukutya kwemihla ngemihla ke oku emaMpondweni. Xa siphekwa ke esi sidudu kunqunqwa amathanda abemaninzi kuqala aphekwe. aze athi akungathi ayavuthwa kugalelwe umgubo onganeno kakhulu kunamathanga laa aphekiweyo. Umgubo othandwa kakhulu ke ngulo ugutywa ngesandla. Yhiyo le nto ugalelwa kula mathanga engekavuthwa ngokwaneleyo, kaloku kufuneka nwo uthambe, kuthiwe ke ngoku, sibhadlile isidudu. ziyakubondwa ke zombini zide ziyondelelane. zikuloo mlilo, zitsale okwexeshana de nomgubo lo uthambele ukutyiwa. kunempilo kakhulu ke okokutya kunjalo nje kunentswane.

### IsiGwampa
Endaweni yethanga kuphekwa imifino ubukhulu becala. Ewe amabhola (amathanga asematsha) ayaphekwa nawo njenganqunqelayo. Iyakuthi isaqala nje ukubila le mifino, kugalelwe umgubo kuyo kuze kubondwe de kuyondelelane.
Ubungqina

**Evidence|ubungqina** yinto yokunika inkxaso kuloo nto kuthethwa kolo phando lwenziwayo.    Bunika izizathu zokokuba kutheni into eyenzekayo iyinyaniso.

Umzekelo, umntu udibana nekomityi yobisi oluchithekileyo, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw  were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence.

## Other websites
*Types of evidence
Iindlela zokwenza uphando lobunzulwazi

### Makhe senze umsetyenzana wokuvavanya olu lwazi
lo msebenzi siyakuthi siwenze kumalinge amathathu, afana nqwa, ngaphandle kwezinga lobushushu bamanzi.  r.
#Siyakugalela ama-25 eegrams zeswekile kwilitha yamanzi abanda okomkhenkce. Asizamisi. Siqaphela okokuba kuyakuthatha imizuzu engama-30 ukuze kunyibilike iswekile.  
#Sigalela ama-25 eegrams zeswekile kwilitha yamanzi asendlwini abushushu bawo bungama-(20 °C). Nalapha asizamisi. siqaphela okokuba iswekile ithatha i-15 lonke phambi kokuba inyibilike.  
#Siphinde sigalele ama-25 eegrams zeswekile kwilitha e-1 yamanzi abushushu bawo bungama-(50 °C). Asizamisi. Siqaphela okokuba iswekile ithatha imizuzu emi-4 kuphela phambi kokuba inyibilike.  

### Sigqiba kwelithini?
Inye indlela yokwenza kubelula ukubona iziphumo, kukwenza uludwe lwazo, ukwenza uludwe lwazo zonke izinto ezitshintsha mihla le xa sizibeka kuvavanyo.  Ezethu ke ziyakuba nje:

Ukuba wonke lo msetyenzana wokuvavanya ulwazi ubufana (besingasebenzisanga iswekile eninzi kwelinye ixesha size sibuye nganeno kwelinye ixesha, okanye sibe besingazamisanga kwelinye ixesha njalo, njalo.), besiyakutsho sibenobungqina obupheleleyo bokokuba ubushushu bunefuthe ekunyibilikiseni iswekile ngokukhawuleza. 
 
Nangona kunjalo, Asinakuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo,  okokuba akukho nto iyenye mhlawumbi enokuba ngunobangela woku. Umzekelo  *wesizathu esifuhlakeleyo* isenokuba iswekile inyibilika msinya qho xa iswekile eninzi inyibilikele kwindawo enye.  Kusenokunabiyo nyaniso oku, kodwa ukubangaba bekunjalo ngenene, iziphumo beziyakufana nqwa: amalinge amathathu awenziweyo, kunye neli lokugqibela kulapho iswekile ibiyakunyibilika ngokukhawuleza nangaphezulu. Ngoko ke, asinaso isizathu ngokuphelelyo esinokwenza sigqibe sithi oku kuyinyaniso okwangoku, singasuka nje sisise iso esi siphumo njengempendulo efanelekileyo okwangoku.
Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit

**Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit** (**IMWaRU**) iqembu locwaningo eSikoleni of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, iGoli.

IMWaRU iphatha nezinkinga eziningi amanzi.  

## References
I-Wikipedia

'''i-Wikipedia''' () ngumsebenzi we-intanethi encyclopedia kwiilwimi-ngeelwimi. Ifumaneka simahla (akuxabisi mali ukuyisebenzisa).  Kananjalo ikwa"vuleleke nakubani na," into ethetha ukuthi nabani na angazikopela ayisebenzise nakweyiphi na Hīiiiiiii afuna ukuyisebenzisa kuyo, ukuba nje abantu balandela imithetho nemigaqo yokusetyenziswa kwayo. 

umzikazi wayo ngumbutho waseMelika, isiseko seWikimedia, esiseSan Francisco, eCalifornia.

Igama layo ng wamagama amabini elokuqala yi*[[wiki]]*, igama laseHawai elithetha ukukhawuleza, kunye ne*encyclopedia.* Kuba ngokudibanisa inxalenye yala magama, liyportmanteau.

## Iminyaka elishumi ikho i-wikipedia
UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie

**UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie**  3 EyeNkanga 1964 – 9 Cabzibe 2004)  wayengumculi waseMzantsi Afrika, umbhali weengoma, umdanisi kunye nomlweli wenkululeko.  Ebizwa ngothando ngokuba **nguMaBrrr** ngabalandeli bakhe, uyakwabizwa ngokuba ngu "Kumkanikazi we-African Pop" okanye "uMadonna weeLokishi". UFassie wayengumntu odumileyo kumculo waseMzantsi Afrika, ehlonitshwa ngelizwi lakhe elinamandla, ukubakho kwakhe eqongeni kubanomtsalane, kunye nokuzinikela kubulungisa bentlalo, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngomnye wabaculi abanempembelelo kakhulu nababalaseleyo kwiLizwekazi laseAfrika. Nangona wayekho eqongeni ngendlela engaqhelekanga neyimpikiswano,  igama lakhe, uNokuzola, lithetha "ukuthula", "ukuzola", okanye "uxolo".
ULucky Dube

U**Lucky Dube** wazalelwa eErmelo, eyayisayakwaziwa ngokuba yeyaseMntla Transvaal, ekuthiwa ngoku yiMpumalanga, ngomhla wesi-3 kweyeThupha ngo1964. Abazali bakhe boohlukana phambi kokuba azalwe waza wakhuliswa ngunina, uSarah, owamthiya igama elithi *Lucky* kuba wakubona ukuzalwa kwakhe njengethamsanqa kuba kaloku wayephunyelwa zizisu amatyeli ngamatyeli.  Ekunye nabantakwabo, uThandi noPatrick, uDube ulichithe noninakhulu ixesha elininzi lobuntwana bakhe, ngelixa unina wayesele ehlala kwindawo awayexelenga kuyo. Kudliwano-ndlebe lwango1999, wamchaza uninakhulu nje*ngoyena mntu awayemthanda kakhulu*  nowaye "nowayephuceleza edibanisa izinto ezininzi endikhulisa ukuze ndibe namhlanje ndingulo mntu ndinguye."

## Ukuqala kwakhe ukucula
Esengumntwana, uDube wayesebenza egadini, kodwa wathi ngokuya ekhula, waya eqonda okokuba umvuzo wakhe wawumncinane kakhulu ungenakonela usapho lwakhe, waza ke ngoko waya esikolweni. Apho ke wazibandakanya nekwayala, kunye nabanye koogxa bakhe, beenza umculo wabo wokuqala bedibene, ekwakusithiwa *yiSkyway Band*. Esesesikolweni njalo, wabhaqa nto ekuthiwa yiyintshukumo yamaRastafari. Uthe xa aminyaka ili-18 ubudala wajoyina iqela lomzala wakhe, iiLove Brothers, elalidla umculo wesiisiZulu Umculo wepop owawusaziwa ngokuba ngumbaqanga kwangelo xesha wayephila ngokusebenzela uHole kunye noCooke njengonogada kumzi othengisa ngeemoto ezithinjiweyo eMidrand. eli qela latyikitya isivumelwano nenkampani yoshicilelo iTeal, phantsi kuka  Richard Siluma (iTeal yathi kamva yangena phantsi kwenkampani yoshicilelo iGallo. Nangona uDube wayesesesikolweni ngoko, iqela laliwushicelela umsebenzi walo eGoli xa zivaliwe izikolo. Iziphumo zecwecwe zaphuma phantsi kwegama elithi *Lucky Dube and the Supersoul*. Icwecwe elilandelayo laakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza emva koko, kwaye ngelo xesha uDube wabhala ezinye izicengcelezo ukongeza emculweni. Kungeli xesha kanye apho watsho wafunda khona isiNgesi.

## Ukuya kwakhe kwireggae
Uthe xa kanye sele ekhuphe icwecwe lakhe  lesihlanu  loMbaqanga, uDave Segal (owayeyinjineli yesandi kumculo kaDube) wamkhuthaza ukuba alilahle igama le"iSupersoul". Onke amacwecwe alandelayo ashicilelwa ngema elithi *Lucky Dube*. ngeli xesha uDube waqaphela okokuba abalandeli bakhe babezilandela ezinye iingoma zeregae awayezidlala xe kukho iikhonsathi wayecula kuzo ngokwakhe. Wenza umtsalane kuJimmy Cliff nakuPeter Tosh, wacinga okokuba imiyalezo yezepolitiko-nezentlalo zinxulumene neregae yaseJameica kwaye ziyangqinelana nababukeli baseMzantsi Afrika isizwe seziko lobuhlanga society.

## Imithombo
Ray Phiri

U**Raymond Chikapa Enock Phiri** (23 kweyoKwindla ngo1947 - 12 kweyeKhala 2017) yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika ecula umculo we*jazz*, edidiyelweyo kunye nombhaqanga, wazalelwa eMpumalanga ezalwa ngumsebenzi waseMalawi owayesebenza apha eMzantsi Afrika ekwayincutshe yomdlali wesiginkci owayesaziwa ngegama elithi "Just Now" Phiri. uRay waba lilungu lokuqala eleza neqela ekuthiwa ziiCannibals kwiminyaka yoo1970. Zathi zakubhangiswa iiCannibals, uRay wazifumanela iqela leStimela, ngeli qela wakwazi ukushicilela amacwecwe entengiso yawo ikwinqanaba legolide neplatinum njenge*fire, Passion [[Ecstacy]]* (1991), *Look, listen and decide* (1992) kwakunye nengoma eyayisithi *People Don't Talk So Let's Talk* eyayivusa ingxwaba-ngxwaba yengxoxo.

## Iminyaka yobutsha bakhe
URay Phiri wazalelwa kufuphi naseNelspruit kumntla weTransvaal, nesele ibizwa ngokuba Liphondo laseMpumalanga eMzantsi Afrika, kule mihla siphila kuyo. Ngo-1985, uPaul Simon wacela uRay kunye ne Ladysmith Black Mambazo ukuba bajoyine kwiphulo lakhe lokwenza icwecwe elithi Graceland, phulo elo laba yimpumelelo nelatsho lenza iimvumi zaseMzantsi Afrika zakwazi ukuqaqambisa amagama azo kumazwe aphesheya. URay wasebenzisana  noPaul Simon kwakhona kwicwecwe likaSimon elithi *[[The Rhythm of the Saints|Rhythm of the Saints]]*, cwecwe elo elambeka kumaqonga afana ne*Central Park* kunye ne*Madison Square Garden* kananjalo wayebonakala kwimiboniso yoomabonakude baseUSA ehamba phambili. Ngo2012, uPaul Simon wenza iphulo letheko lokugqiba unyaka kwatyelelwa eGraceland, apho ke wabakho uRay naye. 

## Ubomi bakhe
UPhiri ubesoloko esiba kuthotho lweengozi zemoto nezithe zanegalelo kubomi bakhe nakwikamva lakhe kwezomculo. Kanajalo uPhiri wonzakala ngokumasikizi yango1987 kwingozi yemoto eyasuba imiphefumlo yemanejala ye*band* yakhe kunye nabanye abathandathu. Ngo2003, inkosikazi yakhe yalishiya eli ngenxa yengozi yemoto, ihamba noRay owayenzakele kakhulu. 

## Amawonga awafumeneyo
UPhiri ufumene iimbasa ezininzi ehlonitshwa ngegalelo lakhe kwimveliso yomculo, enye yezi mbasa kuthiwa yiOrder of Ikhamanga kwisilivere ewongwa ngayo nguMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika. Le kwakuyimbeko awayeyinikwa ngenxa yegalelo lakhe elingagungqiyo kwimveliso yomculo nempumelelo yakhe ekusebenziseni inkcubeko njengesixhobo sokuzisa inguqu ekuhlaleni. 

## Amacwecwe akhe
* 1982: *Fire, Passion And Ecstasy*
* 1983: *Rewind*
* 1985: *Shadows, Fear And Pain*
* 1986: *Look, Listen And Decide*
* 1987: *Unfinished Story*
* 1989: *Trouble In The Land Of Plenty*
* 1996: *Out Of The Ashes*
* 2000: *Steam Tracks* (Best of)
* 2001: *Live At The Market Theatre - 1st Half* (Live)
* 2002: *The 2nd Half* (Live)
* 2010: *A Lifetime...*
* 2011:  *Turn On The Sun*

## Imithombo
ULebu Mathosa

**ULebo Mathosa** (17 kaJulayi 1977 – 23 kaOktobha 2006) waluqala ubizo lwakhe neqela iBoom ShakalaseMzantsi Afrika elalisaziwa kakhulu ngomculo ngo-1994 eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, emva kokuba ethe waxhwila iliso lomfo owayengumdidiyeli weengoma uDon Laka kwintlangano yombutho owawuse Goli. Wayengomnye wabambalwa kumantombazana anempumelelo kumculo wekwaito kuba kulapho kwakukhonya amadoda khona. 

Uthe ukusuka apho wayimvumi ezimeleyo ngo1999. Itayitile yecwecwe lakhe yayisithi *Dream*, laba sele lifumana imbasa yegolide kwiiveki ezine likhutshiwe ngo2000. Kumsitho omkhulu weSouth African Music Awards owawungo-2001, uMathosa waphumelela imbasa ngengoma yakhe ;'dream' ekwakuyeyona ngoma ekwathi kwajuxuzwa ngayo neyayiphuma kwakweli cwecwe, kananjalo waphumelela imbasa ngokuthi abeyeyona mvumi  igqwesileyo ngelizwi layo kwabasetyhini. Icwecwe lakhe elilandelayo, elithi*Drama Queen*, lakhutshwa ngo2004, kwakhona waphumelela imbasa iSA Music Award ngokuba lelona cwecwe ekwakujuxuzwa ngalo.

Ngo2004 wabayintshatsheli yeSouth African pop charts, waza ngo-2006 wachongelwa imbasa yaseBritane MOBO (kuluhlu olugqwesileyo eAfrika) . Waba yimvumi eyayihamba kulo lonke ihlabathi, athi eseMzantsi Afrika abe eseMalaysia de aye nase Trafalgar Square eLondon, eminye yemiboniso yakhe eyathi yabalasela kuxa wayekwingxikela yesikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kukaNelson Mandela seminyaka engama85 ezelwe. Wandwendwela naseUS kumboniso owawusaya kubizwa ngokuba yi*[[The Vagina Monologues]]*. imbonakalo yakhe kuloo mboniso yayibonakalisa umyalezo omhle ngomntu wasetyhini nekwakuyinto ayiyo uMathosa, nekwankunguye, ngokutsho kombhali uZine Magube, owasuka wangumzekelo omhle kulutsha olungamantomabzana eMzantsi Afrika, [xa umbonela kude] okokuqala  ubangathi ubethelela ekwafundisa abo bacinga gwenxa ngesini somntu wasetyhini omnyama. Abanye abakhi mnya batthi amalungu angabantu basetyhini kwiBoom Shaka asebenzise 'iziqwempu zempahla, bajikelezise izinqe, bevuselela ubuni eqongeni ngelithi baphakamisa izimvo zabantu ezahlukeneyo.'" Ubufazi obungangxengwanga budibene nendlela abonakalisa ngayo isini sakhe eqongeni babukhwankqisa ngakumbi de wathiywa igama lokuba ngu"Madonna omtsha wasezilokishini".

## Imithombo
USteve Kekana

U**Tebogo Steve Kekana** (wazalwa ngeyeThupha ngomhla wesi-4 ka1958 eZebediela, eTransvaal) uyimvumi ekwangumbhali weengoma waseMzantsi Afrika. UKekana waphulukana nokubona eminyaka mihlanu ubudala, waza waya kwisikolo seemfama ePietersburg. ngexesha engumntwana wesikolo, ube engumntu okuthandayo ukucula, waza ke ngoko wabalilungu leqela labasaqalayo ukucula kwiminyaka yakhe yobukhwenkwe. 

Ngo1979 nango1980, uKekana waphumelela into eyayisaya kwaziwa njengeMbasa SABC Black Music Award yendoda ethe yagqwesa onke amadoda ngelizwi lokucula. Ingoma kaKekana ethi *Raising My Family* yiyona yabanodumo olukhulu eEurope ngo1980. Ewonke amacwecwe kaKekana athi ashicilelwa angaphezulu kwamashumi amane. Iingoma zakhe ezifana no"The Bushman" kunye no"Feel So Strong" (ezazivutha)ziingoma ezazihamba phambili kwitshathi yeSpringbok Radiyo (Itshathi eyayingekho sesikweni ngokupheleleyo ngelo xesha) eyayifikelela kwi#13 nakwi#6 ngo1982 nango1983 ngokulandelelana kwayo le minyaka. 

USteve Kekana sisifundiswa saseDyunivesithi esinezidanga ezimbini eseB Juris neseLLB degrees.  UnguAdvocate ukwafunsia izifundo zeLabour Law kwiDyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika. 

## Uludwe lwamacwecwe akhe
 
**Iphupho* 
**The English Album*
**Ngiyadlisa*
**Raising my family*
**Ha ke le tje* 
**Isithombe sami* 
**Ntombi yami* 
**Umenziwa akakhohlwa*
**Isiko lwabe Suthu*
**African Lady*
**My Pride, My Joy*
**BhoBho*
**Risen*

## Iireferensi
Ingcali yezophando

**Ingcali yezophando** ngumntu osebenza ngobunzululwazi. Ingcali yezophando izama ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi esiphila kulo kunye nezinto ezikulo. Iingcali zophando zenza  uphando ngokuhlola, zibuze imibuzo, zize zenze uphando oluthe xaxe ngaloo nto kuphandwa ngayo, ngeenjongo zokufumana iimpendulo zemibuzo equletwe kolu phando.  

## zisebenza phi ezi ngcali?
Ezi ngcali zisebenzela urhulumente, iinkampani, izikolo nakumaziko ophando. ezinye iingcali ziyatitsha/zifundisa kwiiyunivesithi nakwezinye iindawo nakumaziko oqeqesho zititshala, baze ke ngoko babeziingcali zophando. Iingcali zophando zisoloko zisenza amalinge ophando utheukuze bafumanise obona bunyani ngaloo nto kuphandwa ngayo, de ngamanye amaxesha bawaphinda-phinde laa malinge ophando okanye basebenzise iqela labangachukunyiswanga. Umsebenzi wobunzululwazi/wongcali uyenziwa nakumagumbi ophando. Ubukhulu becala iingcali ngabona bantu bathanda ukuba ngabantu abangakholelwayo kwinto yokokuba kukho ingangamela usomandla owongamele yonke umntu.
UMargaret Msengana

**UMargaret Singana** (*uMargaret Mcingana*, wazalwa ngo1938 eQueenstown, kwiPhondo laseMpuma-Koloniwayeyimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngeminyaka yo1950, wemka eQueenstown, iPhondo laseMpuma waye eGoli eyayisaya kuba kwiPhondo laseTransvaal, apho wathi waqeshwa waba ngumsebenzi wasemakhitshini. 

Wathi xa kanye esacoca imizi yabantu ngabantu kwa'bhaqwa' okokuba ungubani na kanye uMargaret Msingana.   Wayesoloko ecula ngeli lixa ecoca. Abaqeshi bakhe boneliseka kakhulu ngumculo wakhe de bamshicilela ngeli ecula baza bawathumela kwiinkampani zabashicileli-macwecwe iingoma zakhe. Abaqambi bengoma ethi *[[Sponono]]*, ebhalwe ngu*[[Alan Paton]]*, bamnika indawo yakhe apho wayecula ikhorasi layo ngo1964. 

Ngeminyaka yo1970 uSingana waqala ukuma ukucula ngemiqondiso. ngo1972 wenza iculo elithi "Good Feelings" kunye neband, eli cwecwe labamba indawo yesi-2 kwiLM Hit Parade endala. ngo1973, okaSingana wamenyezelwa njengemvumi eyinkokheli kwiculo elithi, *[[Iphi intombi]]*, kwathi ngokukhawuleza wazenzela udumo ngengoma ethi "Mama Tembu's Wedding". Ngo1977, ingoma yalo kaSingana ethi "I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You" yaba yetshisayo. Ngo1980 wahlaselwa sistroke and suffered from bad health for many years but, in 1986, she made a comeback with the song "We Are Growing", which was the theme song from the television series, *[[Shaka Zulu (TV series)|Shaka Zulu]]*.

Singana received many awards, including the 1976/1977 critics award from the British magazine, *[[Music Week]]*. She was known as "Lady Africa" in Southern Africa.
UThandiswa Mazwayi

**UThandiswa Mazwai** (wazalwa ngomhla wama-31 kweyoKwindla ngo1976) yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika egqwesileyo kwaye ephumelele iimbasa ngeembasa, kwaye uyimvumi ephambili ekwangumbhali weengoma weBongo Maffin.

## Eselula
UThandiswa wazalwa ngo1976 (unyaka wovukelo mbuso eSowetho). Ubukhulu becala ukhulele eSowetho, eRhawutini, phakathi kuqhankqalazo olwalusilwa nocalucalulo olwalunzima ngeminyaka yoo1980. Abazali bakhe bobabini babeziintatheli bekwangamatsha ntliziyo ayesilwa nocalucalulo, usakhumbula okokuba ikhaya lakhe lalisoloko ligcwele ziincwadi, ngamaphepha, likwafuthwe ziingxoxo zopolitiko. Ziimeko ezi lolu hlobo ke awathi wakhulela phantsi kwazo nezamtsho wanombono wokuba leli gcisa lomculo. Uqhubele phambili wayakufunda kwiDyunivesithi yaseWits apho wafunda khona izifundo ngoncwadi lwesiNgesi kunye nobudlelwane nehlabathi. Waafuthwa yimisebenzi kanina (owasweleka eselula uthandiswa) nayimibhalo yabantu abafana noo Steve Biko kunye noFrantz Fanon, uChinua Achebe noKwame Nkrumah.
UBilly Ocean

**UBilly Ocean** (wazalwa engu**Leslie Sebastian Charles**; ngeyoMqungu ngomhla wama-21, ngo1950) ligcisa lomshicileli waseTrinidad naseTobago ongumBritane elinothotho  zitshisayo eengoma zepop ye[R&B]] kwihlabathi ngeminyaka yee1970 kunye noo1980. Wayeyeyona mvumi nombhali wwaseBritane weR&B wakhe waduma kwiminyaka yoo1980.  After scoring his first four UK Top 20 successes, seven years passed before he accumulated a series of  successes, including three U.S. number ones. In 1985, Ocean won the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his worldwide hit, "Caribbean Queen", and in 1987 was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male.

Ngo2002, iUniversity yase Westminster, eLondon, yamwonga lo kaOcean ngesidanga sokuba ngugqirha womculo. Ngo2010, uOcean wathiwa jize ngembeko yeNkqubela eBomini ngokuthi anikwe imbasa yeMOBO. Ngomhla wama-29 kweYekhala, ngo2011, uOcean waba ngumxhasi weziko leLiverpool elalizakubonisa ngobugcisa balo eqongeni, elinikwa nguSir Paul McCartney. Ulilungu lentshukumo yeRastafari.
UZahara

**Zahara** (wazalwa **Bulelwa Mkutukana**, ngomhla we9 kweyeNkanga ngo1987 - 11 Eyo Mnga ngo2023) ngumlonjikazi ekwambhali weengoma, yimbongikazi, is a South African singer-songwriter, poet, ukwaluphawu lomzekelo wesithunya kwisibhedlele sabantwana iNelson Mandela *Children's Hospital*. Waqala ukucula kwikwayala yasesikolweni sakhe eneminyaka emithandathu qwaba ubudala, waza wathi xa aminyaka iluthoba ubudala wayalelwa ukuba acule kwikwayala yabadala ngenxa yelizwi lakhe elivakala ligqamile.   

Ngo2011 uZahara wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lodumo elithi *[[Loliwe]]*, elabonakalisa yimpumelelo enkulu; yaba kwizinga le*platinum* kwiintsuku nje ezili-13 laza lalatyuza emva nje kweentsuku ezili-17 laba sele likwizinha le*double platinum*, lathisa ngaphaya kwama100,000 eekopi eMzantsi Afrika. Umboniso wengoma yakhe yodumo, "uLoliwe", ufunxe i-1.3 yezigidi zabaphulaphuli ngokuboniswe kwi YouTube. Ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga kaCanzibe ngo2012, kumnyhadala wonyaka wokunikezelwa kweembasa owawubizwa ngokuba yiSouth African Music Awards, uZahara waphumelela iimbasa ezisibhozo, kuquka eyelona gcisa langasegoqweni i"Best Female Artist" nobhazabhaza wecwecwe lonyaka i"Album of the Year". phambi kwezi mbasa, kwagqabhuka ingxwabangxwaba ngosasazo malunga nobume bezezimali zakhe ezaziphethwe gwenxa ngabashicileli benkampani yakhe. Inkampani yakhe yoshicilelo i-TS, yazikhaba ngawo omane ezo zityholo.

## Early life
Igama lakhe leenkobe uZahara ngu**Bulelwa Mkutukana** wakumatyotyombe asePhumlani cebu nje ngaphandle kweMonti eMpuma Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika, apho wayehlala khona kunye nabazali bakhe uNokhaya kunye noMlamli Mkutukana. ungumntana wesithandathu kwabasixhenxe. walubonakalisa uthando lwakhe lomculo eseneminyaka emi-6 kuphela ezelwe. Waqala ukutsala amehlo abantu mhla wachongwa ukuba akhokhele iqela lomculo wesikolo secawa ePhumlani. Igama lakhe leqonga lithetha ukuthi "Intyantyambo edubulayo"; njengomntwana wayesaziwa ngegama lakhe lesiteketiso elithi *Spinach*.

## Ubizo lwakhe njengemvumi
Umculo wakhe ubekwa kwicandelo le"Afrosoul" kwaye ucula ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe, isiXhosa, nagesiNgesi. Iingoma zakhe bezisoloko zichazwa njengomxube wohlobo lomculo odunyiswe nguTracy Chapman, kunye noIndia.Arie.

Ubhazabhaza wecwecwe lakhe lodumo uZahara elithi *[[Loliwe]]* lakhutshwa ngo-2011. Ukukhutshwa kwalo okokuqala laba sele lithengisile kwisithuba nje esingephi seeyure ezingama 72 likho, and 19 days later, the album reached double platinum status in South Africa by surpassing the 100,000 sales mark. Oku kwamenza okokuba abeyimvumi yesibini emva koBrenda Fassie, owayengumXhosa onomtsalane kakhulu, nowafikelela kweli nani ngelo xesha lifutshane kangako. UZahara wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lokuqala lomboniso bhanyabhanya (iDVD)ecula ngokungathi ngu*X-Factor* umngeneli waseUSA LeRoy Bell. I-DVD yafikelela kumgangatho we*platinum* (ngokomgangatho obekwe ngabashicileli bamacwecwe baseMzantsi Afrika) ngosuku olunye nje kuphela. 

## Iingoma zakhe
* *[[Loliwe]]* (2011)
* *[[The Beginning Live]]* (2012)
* *[[Nelson Mandela (EP)|Nelson Mandela]]* (2013)
* *[[Phendula]]* (2013)

## Imithombo
UMarvin Gay Sr

**umFundisi uMarvin Pentz Gayes Sr.** (wazalwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyeDwarha ngo1914 – waza wasweleka ngomhla we-10 kwakweyeDwarha ngo1998) wayengumfundisi waseMelika phantsi kwebandla le*House of God*. Waye enguyise wegcisa lomculo laseMelika elalishicilela umculo uMarvin Gaye waza waduma kakubi emva kokumdubula ambulale unyana wakhe lo ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga kaTshazimpuzi ngo1984, emva koxambuliswano olwalukwikhaya lakhe eLos Angeles. 

## Eselula
UMarvin Gay ungumntwana weshumi elinesihlanu kuGeorge nakuMamie Gay wazalwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyeDwarha ngo914 kwifama enxuse induli ekuthiwa yiCatnip eJessamine County, eKentucky waza wakhuliswa  eLexington.  Ngokutsho kwenkosikazi yakhe, uAlberta, ubomi bosapho lwakwaGay babusoloko buzele ubundlobongela obubandakanya amatyeli ngamatyeli ilikhaya lokuxhatshazwa nokuphatheka kakubi kwanodubulwano. "AbakwaGay besilwa bodwa*, yamxelela njalo le nkosikazi umbhali ong [[uDavid Ritz]]. Esengumntwana uGay, wayesiya nonina kwicawa yama[[Pentecosti]], kwibandla le*House of God*. UGay wafudukela [[eWashington, D.C.]] eseyinkwenkwana ekwinqanaba lokonakalelwa lilizwi ngeenjongo zokuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe zo[[Minister (Christianity)|bufundisi]] kwibandla le*House of God'' kwalapho.

## Izalathiso
UWhitney Houston

**UWhitney Elizabeth Houston** (wazalwa ngeyeThupha ngomhla we-9, ngo1963 – walishiya eli ngeyoMdumba umhla we-11, ngo2012) engumlonjikazi waseMelika, ekwangumdlali, umdidiyeli, kunyenonobuhle. Ngo2009, *[[Abashicileli bakwaGuinness World]]* bamnika intshinga yokuba ngumdlali wasetyhini wamaxa onke.  UHouston ngomnye weemvumi weengoma zepop ezona ngoma ezazisoloko zithengwa kakhulu kubugcisa bomculo ngalo lonke ixesha, intengiso yazi iqikelelwa kuma-170-200 ezigidi zamacwecwe athengiswe kwihlabathi jikelele.  Ukhuphe oobhazabhaza abathandathu bamacwecwe, enye kuzo ngubhazabhaza weeholide abathathu ngabeengoma zemidlalo bhanyabhanya, zonke ke zizuze isetifikethi sedayimani,   i-multi-platinum, se-platinum okanye segolide, ukuzibonakalisa kwakhe lo kaHouston kwihlabathi kwithsathi yomculo, ngokunjalo nasekuqaqambeni kwakhe kwiMTV, ukususela kumboniso bhanyabhanya wengoma ethi "How Will I Know", abanefuthe elingummangaliso kumagcisa angamaAfrikakazi aseMelika amaninzi awayengabalandeli bakhe .
UStevie Wonder

**UStevland Hardaway Morris** (wazalwa ngomhla we-13 kwekaCanzibe ngo1950, engu**Stevland Hardaway Judkins**), waziwa ngegama lakhe leqonga ke elithi **Stevie Wonder**, ngumlonji waseMelika, imvumi, ukwangumbhali weengoma, nomdidiyeli wamacwecwe eengoma, aphinde abeyingcali edlala iiintlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo zomculo. Inkwenkwezi yomntwana, ubengomnye wabantwana abakhe banesiphiwo sobugcisa nowayebathanda kakhulu abadlali bomculo beminyaka yasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamalate 20. UWonder watyikitya isivumelwano noMotown oyinkampani yombhalo kaTamla eseneminyaka eli-11  waza waqhubela phambili ukucula phambi kwezihlwele ekwashicilela uMotown ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo2010. Wabayimfama esasandula ukuzalwa.'

## Izalathiso
Ilizwekazi

**Ilizwekazi** yindawo enkulu yomhlaba edibeneyo apha emhlabeni. kuyavunyelwana okokuba asixhenxe amazwekazi: yi-Africa, yi-Antarctica, yi-Asia, yiYurophu, yiNorth America, yi-Australasia okanye i-Oceania, kunye neSouth America.

**Ilizwekazi** yindawo enkulu yomhlaba apha emhlabeni eqokoleleneyo yaba yinto enye. ngokwesithethe kwavunyelwana okokuba asixhenxe amazwekazi: yi-Africa, yi-Antarctica, yi-Asia, yiYurohu, Ngumntla Melika, yi-Australasia okanye yi-Oceania, and South America.

## Ezinye iinguqulelo
### i-Australia
Babakho abathi iAustralia yenye yamazwekazi asixhenxe. abanye bathi iAustralia yinxalenye ye-Oceania.   i-Oceania yingingqi ebandakanya ii-Australia, iNew Zealand kunye nePacific Islands. Eyesithathu indlela indlela ligama elithi Australasia, lona liquka onke amazwe ubuncinane kwilizwekazi 
eAustralian. Oku kuquka isiqithi sase saseNew Guinea, eTasmania, eNew Zealand kunye neqela leziqithana. Lingakwicala langasemntla-mpuma weWallace Line, linomahluko omkhulu kunobo baseAsia. 

:"Iquka zonke iziqithi zeMalay Archipelago... kunye namaqela ngamaqela eziqithi kwiPacific. eli gama belisoloko lisetyenziswa kwiintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo".

### UmNtla nomZantsi Melika
Umntla Melika kunye nomZantsi Melika ngamazwekazi asoloko echazwa ngelithi ngama "NgamaAmerika". Oku kunika ithuba lokubandakanya imelika esembindini kunye neziqithi zeCaribbean. Ngaphaya koko iMelika ekumbindi Melika ibalwa nje ngelinye ilizwekazi laseMntla Melika.

## Imithombo
Inyikima

**inyikima** (nebikwabizwa ngokuba lungcangcazelo lomhlaba, ukushukuma komhlaba okuzenzekelayo nokungenakunqandwa kanye ukutyityimba temblor) komhlaba yenziwa kukukhutshwa kwamandla obushushu emhlabeni ngesaquphe kwenzeke umhlaba oqinileyo ngokungathi ulilitye odala ukwanda kwaamaza. Ukwanda okuphindaphindeneyo, uphindaphindo lokwanda kwamaza okanye umsebenzi wokuphindaphinda owenzeka kwindawo ethile kuthiwa kukuphindaphindeka, kohlobo kunye nobungakanani bodubulo lomhlaba obuthe babonwa ngexesha elithile.
Imozulu

**IClimatology** (from Greek , *klima*, "place, zone"; and , **) sisifundo ngemozulu, ngokwezifundo zophando ichazwa njengemo yezulu ngokomyinge wexesha elimisiweyo. Eli candelo litsha lesifundo lithathwa njengesebe lelezifundo zophando ngobume bezulu kwaye licandelo eliphantsi kwejography ejongene nokwenzeka kwindalo, nekulelona candelo lophando ngezifundo ezingomhlaba. Kunamhlanje nje iClimatology iquka izifundo ngemiba efana neoceanography and biogeochemistry.
Umoya

**Umoya yenye yezinto eziqhelekileyo kwezo sizaziyo.nokuba uphi na, usoloko ujikelezwe ngumoya. Xa unokungabikho, zonke izinto, abantu, izilo nezityalo zingafa. Wonke umntu, zonke izilo nazo zonke izityalo ziphefumla wona emini nasebusuku. Uyavakala xa uphephezela ubetha ebusweni. Amafu esibhakabhakeni phaya aqhutya yimimoya. Umoya yimpepho eshukumayo naxa singenakuyibona ngamehlo impepho leyo kwanemimoya evuthuzayo.  

uyi-**atmosphere yomhlaba. Umoya osijikeleziyo okanye esiphila kuwo ungumxube wee-gas ezininzi kunye nothuli lomhlaba. Unoya yi-gas ecocekileyo eziphila ngawo izidalwa eziphilayo, zize zithi ngawo zikwazi nokuphefumla. Ukumila kwawo nobungakanani bawo ngokobunzini  abunangqibeko. Awunabala navumba. Une-mass nobunzima. Uyi-matter kuba kaloku une-mass nobunzima. Umoya udala i-atmospheric  pressure. Akukho moya kwi-vacuum ye-cosmos. 

Umoya ngumxube we-nitrogen emalunga nama-78%, ama-21% e-oxygen, i-0.9% se-argon, i-0.04% ye-carbon dioxide, kunye nezinye iintwana ntwana zee-gas ezincinane kakhulu.  Kukho umyingewophunga wamanzi omalunga ne-1%.

Izilwanyana zidinga i-oxygen esemoyeni ukuze ziphile. Umzimba womntu, imiphunga ihambisa i-oxygen iyise e-gazini, ize iphinde ibuyisele i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Izityalo zidinga i-carbon dioxide esemoyeni ukuze ziphile. Zikhupha i-oxygen ephefumlwa ngabantu.  

Umoya obhudlayo ngumoya olwatyuzayo.    umoya  usengangcoliswa zezinye ii-gases (ezifana ne-carbon monoxide), umsi, noamthuthu. Olu ngoliseko sesinye sezizathu zokwenzeka kwe-global warming, kuba kaloku zenza i-"greenhouse effect".

Inqwelo-ntaka isebenzisa ii-propellers ukuhambisa umoya ngaphezu kwamaphiko, ayo, atsho akwazi fbhabha. Ii-Pneumatics isebenzisa i-air pressure ukuhambisa izinto.  

## Amanye amaphepha anxulumene nala.
* Inqwelontaka 
* Inqwelomoya
* Isikhululo seenqwelomoya
* I-Air space

## Ungafunda nanga amanye amaphepha
Ipopulation

Abemi  sisihwankathelo salo lonke uhlobo lwento nto ephilayo, ehlala kwindawo eziyimida ethile, apho zithi ziqhame zande khona.

IPopulation density linani labantu elingumyinge kuloo ndawo bahlala kuyo. Kwiidolophu ezinkulu ezifana nezixeko ezinkulu zinomthamo omkhulu wabantu. Kwezi ndawo abantu bahlala besondelelene. Kwiindawo apho kungekho bantu banninzi, abantu badla ngokuhlala beqaqelene, njengasezilalini emaphandleni.

Ngokwesiqhelo ipopulation ibhekisa kwinani loluntu kwindawo ethile. Maxa wambi sukube kubhekiswa kwizilwanyana. Umyinge wabantu  abanokuxhaswa kwindawo nganye kuthiwa yicarrying capacity.

## ukuphawula ngabemi
uluntu lwehlabathi sele lude lwafikelela kwizigidi-gidi ezisixhenxe ngo2011. uluntu lwehlabathi luya lusanda ngokwanda, kodwa isantya sokwanda koluntu siyehla kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukufudukela ezidolophini nako kuxhaphakile. Sithetha kwizixeko ezingama-32 ngabantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi abahlala kuzo.
Imephu

**Imephu** ngumfanekiso wendawo, idla ngokuba ngumfanekiso womhlaba okanye indawo ethile yomhlaba. Ipmephu yahlukile kwifoto ye-aerial kuba kubakho iyahlalutywa  

Igama elithi "mephu" lisenokusetyenziswa xa kuthethwa ngetshathi okanye umzobo obonakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi  kwemibono, abantu, iziganeko, okanye nantoni na eyenye onokucinga ngayo. Yiyo le nto abaqhulukqi beewebhu besoloko bethetha ngoludwe lwamaphela ewebhu kwiziko lewebhu iziko lemephu. 

abantu abenza iimephu ziicartographers.

Imephu ezininzi namhlanje zenziwa ngokusebenzisa nkqubo yekhompyutha ekuthiwa yiiGIS.   Ezi ke ziyinkqubo yoovimba abalawulwa ngokweendawo endaweni yamagama embali.  

Ukuba imephu ikwintwana yephepha okanye kwifestile yekhompyutha, kufuneka ibe icwangcisiwe.  Kuba kaloku umhlaba ungqukuva okanye usisazinge kwaye lona iphepha kunye neefestile zekhompyutha zona zisibanca. Zininzi iindlela ezisebenzisa imathematics xa zisenza izicwangciso. Lunye kuphela uhlobo lwemephu yomHlaba olungacwangciswayo lolo luzotywa emoyeni. Olu ke kuthiwa yiglobhu.
Ihlabathi

**Ihlabathi** yindawo eyiplanethi yesithathu ukusuka elangeni kwaye kukuphela kweplanethi eyaziwa njengenobomikuyo. Ihlabathi eli leenzeka kwisithuba sezigidigidi ezi4.5 billion zeminyaka eyadlulayo. lelinye leeplanethi ezine ezinamatye ngaphakathi kwi*solar* izinto ezijikeleze ilanga. Ezinye zazo ziiMercury, iVenus, kunye neMars.

Ubunzima obukhulu mass belanga benza okokuba ihlabathi lilijikeleze ngokwesazinge, kanye oku kobunzima behlabathi xa busenza okokuba inyanga ilijikeleze . Nehlabathi ngokunjalo liyazijikikelezela,  ngoko ke iindawo ngeendawo zijonge ngaselangeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ihlabathi lijikeleza ilanga kanye (kube kanye ngo"year") qho kwisithuba esingangamawaka ama-365¼ lijikeleza oko (kanye ngo"suku").

Inyanga ijikeleza umhlaba qho kwiintsuku ezimalunga nama-27⅓, kwaye ibanokukhanya okuvela elangeni. Njengokuba ihlabathi lijikelelza ilanga kwangelo xesha linye, ukutshintsha kokukhanya kwenyanga kuthatha iintsuku ezimalunga nama-29½ ukuba itshintshe ebumnyameni iye ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo isuke apho iphindele ebumnyameni kwakhona. Kulapho ke kwavela khona lo mbono wenyanga.    Kodwa ke ngoku iinyanga ezininzi zineentsuku ezingama-30 okanye ama-31 zitsho zikulungele ukwenza unyaka.

ihlabathi kukuphela kweplanethi kwinkqubo yethu yezinto ezijikeleza ilanga enobumanzi obuninzi naamanzi. Malunga nama71% zomhlaba zogqunywe ngeelwandle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, maxa wambi kuthiwa y*iplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka*.  

Ngenxa yamanzi ayo, ihlabathi lilikhaya lezigidi zeentlobo zeizityalo nezilwanyana. Izinto eziphila emHlabeni ziyitshinsthe kwaphela umphezulu nembonakalo yomhlaba. umzekelo, cyanobacteria ekuqaleni watshintsha umoya kwaye wayinika I-oksijini. Indawo ephilayo kumphezulu woMhlaba ibizwa ngokuba yi "biosphere".

## Igophe lokujika
Ihlabathi yinxalenye yeeplanethi ezisibhozo kwakunye nenxalenye yamawakawaka ezinto ezincinane ezizulazula zijikeleza ilanga njengenkqubo yokujikeleza kwezinto ezingqonge ilanga. Inkqubo yokujikeleza kwezinto ezingqonge ilanga ihamba ngeNgalo yeOrion yeMilky Way Galaxy ngoku,  kwaye oku kuyakwenzeka isithuba seminyaka eli-10,000.  

Ihlabathi ngokubanzi  kude le kwilanga (lo mgama ubizwa ngokuba yi"Astronomical Unit"). Umhlaba uhamba ngendlela yawo ngesantya esikumyinge wama  ngomzuzwana.  Umhlaba ujika kuyo yonke le ndlela malunga ne-365¼ yamathuba athatyathwa lilanga ngelo xesha ke uMhlaba wona uchitha uyihamba yonke loo ndlela ujikeleza ilanga. Ukuze kubekho usuku olude kunezinye qho ngonyaka, usuku olongezelelweyo lubakho qho kwiminyaka emine. kuthiwe ke lo nyaka yi"leap year".

Inyanga ijikeleza umHlaba kumgama ongumyinge we . It is locked to Earth, so that it always has the same half facing the Earth; the other half is called the "Dark Side of the Moon". Kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-27⅓ ukuba iNyanga ijikeleze umhlaba wonke kodwa, ngenxa yokuba uMhlaba ujikeleza iLanga ngaxeshanye, kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-29½ ukuba iNyanga isuke ebumnyameni iye ebumnyameni iye ebumnyameni kwakhona. Kulapho igama elithi "inyanga" lavela khona, nangona iinyanga ezininzi ngoku zineentsuku ezingama-30 okanye ezingama-31

## Imithombo
IJografi

**IJografi** zizifundo ngeHlabathi nangeempawu zalo, izidalwa ezihlala kulo, kunye nokwenzeka kwalo. Igama elithi *jografi* livela kumagama esiGrike athi *gê* ("Umhlaba") kunye nelithi*graphein* ("ukubhala, ukuzoba"). Lithetha "ukubhala kunye nokuzoba umhlaba". eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa ngumphandi obizwa ngokuba nguEratosthenes (276-194 B.C.).
Iimpawu zalo zizinto ezifana namazwekazi, iilwandle, imilambo kunye  neentaba. Abahlali balo ngabo bonke bantu  kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala kulo. Izinto ezenzeka kulo zizinto ezifana namaza omoya, umoya, kunye nenyikima.

Umntu oyingcaphephe kwijografi kuthiwa yijografa. Ijografa izama ukuqonda ngeHlabathi nangezinto ezikulo, zaaqala kanjani zaza zatshintsha  njani.  

IJografi yahlulwe yangamacandela amabini elephysical geography nele human geography. KwiPhysical geography kufundwa ngobume bendalo yehlabathi ukanti kwihuman geography kufundwa ngobume boluntu kwihlabathi. Kwizifundo zoluntu lwasemhlabeni kungabandakanywa izinto ezifana noluntuolukwisizwe, Lumi njani uqoqosho lwesizwe, nezinye izinto. 

iijografa kufuneka zibenolwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeemephu kuba kaloku iimephu zibaluleke kakhulu kumntu ofuna ukwazi ngejografi. Iijografi zizisebenzisa kakhulu iimephu, zide zizenze nokuzenza ngamaxesha amaninzi. ukwenziwa kwememphu kuthiwa yi''cartografi'', Ngokufanayo, abantu abenza iimephu kuthiwa zii*cartografa*.

## Emhlabeni

Iijografa ezifunda ziphicothe le planethi yasemhlabeni zingaqwalasela oku kulandelayo: 
   
* Imozulu 
* Ubume bomhlaba
* amazwekazi 
* Iilwandle
* umhlaba
* amatye
* imilambo 
* iintaba
* iintshukumo zobushushu ezenzeka kwinzulu yomhlaba
* iintshukumo ezenzeka kufutshane nomphezulu womhlaba

## Uluntu lwasemhlabeni

Iijografa ezifunda ngoluntu lwasemhlabeni lungaqwalasela oku kulandelayo:
* Uluntu 
* amazwe omhlaba
* ukusetyenziswa komhlaba 
* ezolimo
* Isixeko
* Ushishino
* Amandla elanga
* Ungcoliseko/udungeko
* ungcoliseko lomoya

## Amaphepha azalana nale ngxoxo
* igalelo lejografi kupolitiko lwehlabathi

## Izalathisi

## Ezinye ii''website''
* A geography trivia website
* Geography Trainer 1.3 - Educational game aimed at school children
* www.geoknow.net - Geography resources at your fingertips!
* PopulationData.net
* PopulationMondiale.com
* Using Literature To Teach Geography in High Schools. ERIC Digest.
* Teaching Geography at School and Home. ERIC Digest.
* The National Geography Content Standards. ERIC Digest.