Ubugcisa be-San rock

AmaSan, okanye amaBushmen, ngabantu bomthonyama eMzantsi Afrika ngakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiMzantsi Afrika neBotswana . Imizobo yabo yamandulo yamatye kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-rock art ) ifumaneka emiqolombeni nakwiindawo zokukhosela amatye . Lo msebenzi wobugcisa ubonisa abantu abangengobantu, abazingeli, kunye nezilwanyana ezixutyiweyo ezingabantu abangengabo abantu. Kukholelwa ukuba ezi zityalo zixutyiweyo ezingabantu abangengabo abantu okanye abaphilisi ababandakanyeka kumdaniso wokuphilisa. 

UGall ubhala athi, "Iphaneli kaLaurens van der Post eTsodilo yenye yezona mizobo zidumileyo zelitye." Phezulu kweli litye eBotswana kukho umfanekiso "wenkunzi yenkomo ebomvu eqaqambileyo" epeyintwe, ngokutsho kukaVan der Post, "kuphela nje ngokuba uBushman owayenobume obunzulu nenkomo wayenokuyipeyinta." Kwakhona kweli litye kukho indlulamthi yebhinqa engashukumiyo, ngokungathi yothuswe yirhamncwa. Eminye imifanekiso emininzi yezilwanyana iboniswe apho, kunye neminwe yezandla ebomvu njengegazi esayinwe ngumzobi ongaziwayo.  AmaDrakensberg kunye neLesotho aziwa kakhulu ngobugcisa bawo belitye laseSan.  ITsodilo yaqatshelwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi ye-UNESCO ngo-2001; ayizizo zonke izinto zobugcisa ezigutyungelwe koku ngabantu baseSan okanye ookhokho babo.

## Ukufunda kubugcisa be-rock
Ngokutsho kukaThomas Dowson, "ubugcisa obuninzi belitye bukwiimpawu kunye neefaniso." Umzekelo, iinkunzi zeenkomo zazithetha umtshato kunye nokuphilisa okanye umdaniso wetrance. Ubugcisa belitye businika umbono wembali yamaSan, kunye nendlela ababephila ngayo ubomi babo.  Ubugcisa beSan babusoloko bunemvelaphi yonqulo kwaye busekelwe kwi -cosmology yamaSan ; izifundo zazingakhethwanga ngokukhetha, kodwa endaweni yoko ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo kohlobo oluthile, njengoqoqosho okanye lwentlalo.  : 65–6 Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lobugcisa bamatye luye lwaqoshwa okanye lwatshatyalaliswa ngabantu.

USan wasebenzisa ubugcisa berock ukurekhoda izinto ezenzeka ebomini babo. Ubugcisa berock bungasetyenziswa ukubonisa ubomi bentsapho okanye busetyenziswe kwisiganeko esisesikweni. Kufunyenwe imizekelo emininzi yobugcisa berock efana neenqwelo kunye namakoloni. UDowson uphawula ukuba, "Abantu abazise iinqwelo njalo njalo baba, nokuba bayazi okanye abazazi, inxalenye yemveliso yoluntu yobugcisa berock baseMzantsi Afrika. Bongeza umlinganiselo omtsha.  UDorothea Bleek, umbhali wenqaku elithi "Beliefs and Customs of the /Xam Bushmen", elapapashwa ngo-1933, uthi amaSan aphinde arekhode "izilwanyana zomdaniso wemvula". Xa babesenza imidaniso yemvula babesiya kwi-trance ukuze "babambe" esinye sezi zilwanyana. Kwi-trance yabo babesibulala, kwaye igazi laso nobisi lwaba yimvula.  Njengoko kubonisiwe kubugcisa berock, izilwanyana zomdaniso wemvula "abazibonayo" zazidla ngokufana nemvubu okanye i-antelope, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zazijikelezwe yintlanzi ngokutsho kukaDowson. 

Sinokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela amaSan awayephila ngayo ngobugcisa babo bamatye. Wonke umntu uyafana; enye ayichazwanga ngakumbi okanye ayinankcukacha ngakumbi kunomnye. Oku kubonisa ukuba nangona amaxhwele ayenamandla akhethekileyo, ayengagqalwa njengawona aphezulu okanye abhetele. Ukuphilisa kwakungekokuba ngumntu obalaseleyo nonamandla, kodwa kwakulungelwe uluntu luphela.  

H. C. Woodhouse, umbhali wencwadi ethi Archaeology in Southern Africa, uthi imithombo yembali ikwathi amaSan ayedla ngokuzenza izilwanyana ukuze akwazi ukusondela ngokwaneleyo edlelweni ukuze adubule. Intloko yembabala yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesi sigqubuthelo kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukudanisa kunye nokulinganisa izenzo zezilwanyana. Inani elikhulu lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwimizobo bubungqina bokuba amaSan akwenzile oku. 

Kamva umzobo we-San rock waqala ukubonisa ukunxibelelana nabemi baseYurophu. Umzekelo odumileyo ngowenqanawa yokuhamba ngenqanawa, eyaziwa ngokuba yiPorterville Galleon (efunyenwe kwiikhilomitha ezili-150 ngaphakathi elizweni kwiiNtaba zaseSkurweberg kufutshane nedolophu yasePorterville ). Lo mfanekiso kucingelwa ukuba umele inqanawa yaseDatshi kwaye yenziwe phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-17. Imizekelo kamva yezihloko zekoloniyali ibandakanya abafazi abanxibe iilokhwe zesitayile saseYurophu, amadoda anemipu, kunye neenqwelo kunye neenqwelo ezenziwe ngenkulungwane ye-19.  

## Imveliso yobugcisa belitye
AmaSan asebenzisa amatye anemibala eyahlukeneyo ukwenza imizobo. UWoodhouse uthi, "Babedla ngokusebenzisa ilitye elibomvu, abaligaya lide libe lihle, baze balixube namafutha." Emva koko bahlikihla eli litye ukuze benze imifanekiso. Le peyinti imelana nemvula kunye nemozulu ixesha elide kakhulu.  Ngokutsho kukaPhillip V. Tobias, uNjingalwazi oHloniphekileyo wePalaeoanthropology kwiBernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, amaSan asebenzise le peyinti ngeendlela ezine: "iimonochrome, ii-animal outlines kwimigca ebomvu etyebileyo, imifanekiso emincinci edweliswe kancinci, kunye nemifanekiso emhlophe enesitayile."  U-AR Willcox, umbhali wenqaku elithi "Australian and South African Rock-Art Compared", elapapashwa ngo-1959, uthi isixhobo esasetyenziswa ukwenza le mizobo "yayiyibrashi eyenziwe ngeenwele zesilwanyana okanye uboya obuncinci." Abantu babesebenzisa nezandla zabo kunye namathambo ezilwanyana ukupenda. Oku kusenokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba umzobo wabo ube mhle kakhulu kwaye umnandi.  I. kunye no-J. Rudner, ababhali bejenali ethi "Who Were the Artists? Archaeological Notes from South West Africa", eyapapashwa ngo-1959, bathi uhlobo olusetyenziswa ngamaSan ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiDynamic School. "Inentshukumo eninzi nombala, kwaye ifikelele kwincopho yayo kwimifanekiso yeembabala ezinemibala." Idla ngokunxulunyaniswa namaSan. 

Ngokutsho kukaWoodhouse, kunikwe izikhokelo zokuba ngubani osebenze kubugcisa bamatye ngabantu abakhethiweyo. Kukho imifanekiso emininzi ye-eland, i-reybuck, i-hartebeest kunye nengonyama, kunye ne-San kunye nokulwa.  Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa imifanekiso yezityalo. UWilcox uphawula ukuba, "izityalo zazidla ngokuwela kumhlaba wabafazi, ngoko ke kucingelwa ukuba ababhali bale mizobo yayingamadoda." 

## Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kunye nokugcinwa
I-South African Rock Art Digital Archive (SARADA) iqulethe imifanekiso engaphezulu kwama-250,000, ukulandelwa kwemifanekiso, kunye namaxwebhu embali yobugcisa bamandulo base-Afrika. Ukongeza ekwenzeni imifanekiso yobugcisa ifikeleleke kuluntu olubanzi, le projekthi inceda ekukhuseleni ubugcisa kumonakalo obangelwa kukutyelela ubuso ngobuso. 

## Bona kwakho

* Iindlela zokunyanga zaseSan
* Unqulo lwamaSan

**Imizobo**

* IDriekops Eiland
* *Inenekazi elimhlophe*

* Umqolomba we-Apollo 11
* IDrakensberg
* I-Tsodilo Hills, indawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi eBotswana
* Twyfelfontein, indawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi eNamibia
* IZiko loBugcisa beWildebeest eKuil Rock

## Amakhonkco angaphandle

* I-Digital Bleek kunye noLloyd
* I-Archive yeDijithali yoBugcisa beRock baseMzantsi Afrika

## Ukufunda okungakumbi

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* Ardatürk, Ahmet Sadi, and Tugba Kural. “San People Culture, Arts And Designs”. *AIS - Architecture Image Studies*, vol. 6, no. 1, Apr. 2025, pp. 172-87, doi:10.48619/ais.v6i1.1130.http://journals.wisethorough.com/index.php/AIS/article/view/1147/776

## Amanqaku