open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ababhali besiXhosa

Kweli phepha sizakudwelisa amagama ababhali besiXhosa abaqaqambileyo ngokweminyaka yokubhala kwabo. Amagama abhalwa kolu luhlu ngamagama abantu abancwadi zabo ziye zapapashwa ngokusemthethweni. Sikwakhuthaza iintsapho zaba babhali ezikhoyo namhlanje    ukuba nazo zizekwe mzekweni. Siyakuqala ngababhali abathabatha inxaxheba kwiminyaka yoo-1800-1899; Siphinde sijonge ababebalasele kwiminyaka yoo-1900-1950. kwiminyakaYhini bantu bakuthi!!! Apho sithe sashiya khona izikhewu sithi ngxe! siyakuthi gqolo sizivala.

## Ngeminyaka yoo-1840-1899

Aba babhali balandelayo ngabo abavula indlela kubhalo ngolwimi lwesiXhosa.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Umbhali !! Ubhale ntoni?!! Itayitile !! Unyaka ekupapashwe ngawo lo mbhalo
|-
| Gqoba William Wellington || Imbali/Umbongo|| Imbali yaseMbo|| ngo-1840
|-
| Ntsikana, William Kobe || Iphepha-ndaba||  || ngo-1841
|-
| Ngababhali abaninzi || Yi-Jenali equlethe ingqokolela yamabali nemibingo|| Isibuto Samavu || ngeminyaka yoo-1843-1844
|-
| Ayliff, Rev. John || yi-dictionary enge-Grama yesiXhosa|| Vocabulary of the Kafir language ||ngo-1846
|-
| B. W. ||  || Hintza hintzaExample || ngo-1846
|-
|Soga, Tiyo B.|| amaculo okudumisa; iingoma; nemibongo || iindumiso ezinje ngo-'Lizalis' indinga lakho || ngo-1857
|-
| Soga, Tiyo B.|| Incwadi|| Uhambo lomhambi (Kuguqulwe incwadi ethi "Pilgrim's Progress")|| ngo-1867
|-
| Newton, Rev. || Yincwadi yeendumiso zecawa ebhalwe ngesiXhosa ||  || ngo-1869, yaphindwa ngeminyaka yoo-1873-1877
|-
| Mqhayi, Samuel Edward Krune || umbongo/isicengcelezo||  || ngo-1875
|-
| Newton, Rev|| incwadi || Iintsomi zika-Easop eziguqulelwe esiXhosa (Isiqingatha soku-1)|| ngo-1875
|-
| Newton, Rev.|| incwadi || Iintsomi zika-Easop eziguqulelwe esiXhosa (Isiqingatha soku-2) || ngo-1877
|-
| Brownlee, Charles || Yimagazini (le yingqokolela engembali zikaSandilli. isicengelezo; kunye nesicatshulwa;ezingoSandilli].  ' || i'Cape Monthly' || ngo-1879
|-
| || Yincwadi/yimagazini ebalisa ngemfazwe yamaGcaleka|| i-'Cape Monthly' || ngo-1880 
|-
|Jabavu, John Tengu (Umhleli) || Liphepha-ndaba/yiJenali|| Izigidimi samaXhosa || ngo-1881
|-
| Ntsiko, Jonas || Yincwadi yamaculo eCawa abhalwe ngesiXhosa ||  || ngo-1881
|-
| || Yibhayibhile|| Incwadi yeeNdumiso || ngo-1883
|-
| Andrews C.|| Yincwadi ebalisa ngemfazwe; izicatshulwa; iingqokolela; iimbali ezingobomi; nezingobuhlanga|| Cape Quart Review,2:7 Personal reminiscences of the kafir war of 1834-5 || ngo-1883
|-
|Gqoba, William Wellington || Iphepha-ndaba ||  || ngo-1884
|-
| Bokwe, John Knox || Incwadi|| Ama-Culo ase-Lovedale || ngo-1885
|-
| Beattie, Thomas Ross ||Umbongo|| Pambamiso; a kaffir hero || 1891
|-
| Cory, Sir George Edward  || Notes of expeditions gathering historical material including notes of his conversations with elderly black and white informants in the Eastern Cape which record their memories of historical events from 1820-1902, the oral tradition of the Xhosa. [manuscript; oral; history]. || || ngeminyaka yoo-1897-1929 
|-
| Sontonga, Mankayi Enoch|| Iculo, umhobe weSizwe, ingoma, umbongo || Nkosi sikelel' i-Afrika || ngo-1899
|-
Umlinganiselo

Ukwenza ”umlinganiselo” wento kuxa iimpawu ezithile zento zinikwa inombolo.  Ukwenza umlinganiselo wento kukubeka ubungakanani bayo ngamanani. Umlinganiselo ungabhalwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe izinto ezininzi ezahlukileyo . 

## Yintoni ekungenziwa kuyo umlinganiselo?
Izinto ezininzi kungenziwa kuzo  umlinganiselo. Ezinye zeempawu zezinto ekungenziwa kuzo umlinganiselo:

* **[[Umgama]]**:  Umzekelo, imilinganiselo yomgama ingasetyenziswa ukuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo:  
** Ikude kangakanani  idolophu xa ulapha?   
**Zahlukene kangakanani le mithi?   
** Lude kangakanani olu luthi? 
* ‘’Ubunzima” : Umzekelo, umlinganiselo wobunzima ungasetyenziswa ukuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo;
 
** Yeyiphi eyona inzima , leli qela leapile leeapile okanye elaa qela lebanana leebanana?   
** Ingaba ukubeka eli litye kwesi sikhephe kwenza isikhephe ? 
* “Izinga lobushushu”: Umzekelo, imilinganiselo yobushushu ingasetyenziselwa ukubuza lemibuzo ilandelayo: 
 
** Ingaba kushushu namhlanje eLondon kunaseParis?   
** Ingaba lo mkhenkce ujika ubengamanzi ukuba ndiwufaka ngaphakathi.  
**Ingaba uSally uyagula?  Ingaba uSally unefiva?/uyagula?  
*”Ubungakanani”: Umzekelo,  umlinganiselo wobungakanani ungasetyenziselwa ukubuza le mibuzo ilandelayo; ''' 
** Mangaphi amapheyile amanzi endiwafunekayo ukuze ndigcwalise ibhafu?  
**Ingakanani  i-olive oyile  endiyigalela koku kutya ndikwenzayo.  
** Zingakanani iibhloko endingazifaka kule bhokisi?  
* “Uxinzelelo lomoya” Uumzekelo, umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lomoya ungasetyenziselwa ukuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo;   
** Mngakanani umoya endimelwe kukuwufaka kwelikule nqwelo vili lemoto?
** Ingaba izulu lizakuhlala lizolile okanye ingaba sizakuba nesichotho?  
** Ingaba iindlebe zam ziyakuva xa ndinyuka laa ntaba?  
Ungenza umlinganiselo wezinto ezininzi.
  
## Izinto ekwenziwa kuzo umlinganiselo
 
Uninzi lweempahla xa kusenziwa umlinganiselo wazo kusetyenziswa inombolo kunye [i-unit of measurement [nento yomlinganiselo. Into yomlinganiselo sisixa esimisiweyo. Inombolo ithelekisa impahla kwesa sixa simisiweyo. Oko kuthetha okokuba umthi obude bawo buzimitha eziphindwe kalishumi kuleyo yoluthi ebude buimitha  ubude bawo buzimitha ezili-10.

## [[Ulwazi ngomlinganiselo|Ulwazi olungomlinganiselo]]
Kukho umba we-mathematics okumgangatho ongasentla,  omalunga nokwenziwa komlinganiselo wezinto ngo olungaqhelekanga. Lo ke umlinganiselo kuthiwa lulwazi ngomlinganiselo. 
Umlinganiselo ungakukulingana, ubude bento, okanye bomgama, njalo njalo.
Amazwi alula omculo wefowuni

I**fowuni** sisixhobo esisebenza ngeentambo zombane. Ifowuni isebenza ngokuthi mens ababini bekwiindawo ezahlukeneyo bakwazi ukuthetha. Iifowuni zamandulo bezisaya kuxhunyaniswa ngeengcingo zombane. Kungoku nje intetho eza ngefowuni ingathunyelwa ngeradiyo. Le ndlela intsha ke kuthiwa yiwayalesi okanye engenazintambo 
 
## Imbali
U-Alexander Graham Bell ngumntu wokuqala owenza nefowuni, ngo-1876.  Iifowuni zamandulo zazenziwe ngeengcingo, ngcingo ezo kwakuxhunyaniswa ngazo ifowuni kwenye, kwaye wawunokuthetha kuphela kwiifowuni ezazixhunyaniswe naleyo uyisebenzisayo. Ekuhambeni kwethuba, ukusebenza kweefowuni kwavumeleka ukuba kuxhunyaniswe kwezinye iifowuni. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 iimatshini ezazisenza unxibelelwano zenziwa ukuba zizixhumanise ngokwazo. Uhlobo lwefowuni ekuhanjwa nayo  kuthiwa yi-’’Cell-phone’’ . Olu hlobo lwefowuni lwaqala ukuxhaphaka xa iminyaka yoo-1980 isiya ekupheleni. Ngezo ntsuku abantu babesoloko bephethe aba ’’ndihamba naye’’ beefowuni, kwezinye izixeko okanye  amazwe bekude kube yinto engaqhelekanga ukuhlala ungenayo.  Ezinye iifowuni ezi lolu hlobo zinakho ukutsala umnxeba zisebenzisa  i-satelite yonxibelelwano endaweni  yeepali zonxibelelwano ezisemhlabeni, into ethetha okokuba abantu bangawutsala umnxeba nokokuba sele bephi na kwihlabathi jikelele.   

 

## Iintlobo-ntlobo zeefowuni

Zininzi iintlobo zefowuni. Ii-''Computer'' zingasebenzisa oomatshini ekuthiwa zii’’modern’’  ukuze zixhumane nezinye ii’’computer’’ ngomzila wefowuni.  Loo nto yenza kubelula okokuba I’’computer’’  idityaniswe nezinye [ii-*network zecomputer*|izixhumanisi ze*computer’’]] ngomzila wefowuni, kuquka ne-[[intanethi]].  
Kumazwe amaninzi kukho iifowuni zikawonke-wonke. Ukuze umntu akwazi ukuzisebenzisa, kufuneka abhatale ngemali [[Iinkozo|eziinkozo]], okanye abhatale [[ikhadi lemali olinikwa ngetyala|nge’’credit’’ khadi]], okanye [[ikhadi elihlawulelweyo| i-’’prepaid card’’]]

Amazwe amanizni ane[[’’network*|mizila yeefowuni]].  Kumazwe asakhulayo ii’’cell phones’’ zisetyenziswa njengeyona ndlela etshiphu nekhawulezayo ekuziseni unxibelelwano lwanamhlanje kula mazwe. 

## Inombolo yefowuni
Ifowuni nganye inenombolo yayo. Namhlanje, iinombolo zefowuni zimalunga nesixhenxe ukuya kwishumi. Kumazwe amaninzi, inxalenye yenombolo yefowuni kuthiwa yi['’area code''. Iikhowudi zendawo zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa okokuba  iinombolo zeendawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo  azifani. Indawo nganye inekhowudi yayo, kwaye namazwe anezawo [uludwe lweekhowudi zonxibelelwano lwamazwe|Iikhowudi.  

## Imithombo
UbuKumkani bamaBritane

UbuKumkani **bamaBritane** babungamandla amakhulu. Buneengingqi eziphantsi kolwawulo lobUnitedKindom. Obu buKumkani bobona bakhe babukhulu ezimbalini.

Kwincakami yayo, ilawula umhlaba obukhulu bungama-23%. Bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-458 abantu abathi babekwa phantsi kolawulo lobuKumkani baseBritane. Obu buKumkani babusaziwa ngokokuba bobona bukumkani bobukoloni bakhe babukhulu ezimbalini. (abanye abantu bacinga okokuba ubuKumkani bamaMongol bobona bukhulu. Namhlanje, uninzi lwamalungu abo akwikwiBhunga lezizwe zonke. Eyona ndawo eyayisaziwa kakhulu kubuKumkani bamaBritane yinkampani ekuthiwa yi-British East India Company iNkampani yorhwebelwano lwaseEast India]]. Le nkampani yaqala njengeshishini elincinane njengokuba sele siyibona inkulu kangaka nje namhlanje, kunjalo nje abantu abaninzi baxhomekeke kuyo. Ngelo xesha iBritane yayisesona sizwe sakhe sanamandla kwihlabathi lonke jikelele.

 
I-Ngilane yaza yaqalisa eyayo indlela eya kubukumkani behlabathi. Kwinkulungwane ye-17 yeminyaka, yaqala ukwenza amazwe ase-Mntla-Melika amakoloni kunye ne-India. Oku kwakhokelela kudushe apho yoyiswa khona i-Netherlands ne-France eyayikhuphisana nazo emva kokuba koyiswe i-Spain. Emva kwemfazwe yamaNgesi namaDatshi nasemva kwemiNyaka yeMfazwe esiXhenxe, I-Britane yawathabathela kuyo phantse onke amazwe amabini, iDatshi neFrance iwathabathela kwihlabathi elitsha naseAsia. Nangona amazwe awathathwa ngobukoloni baseMelika athi afumana inkululeko ngo-1776, akuzange kubonakalise futhe kubuKumkani. Ngo-1919, emva koloyiso lweBritane kwiMfazwe yokuQala kwiHlabathi, yafika kanye kwixesha layo lempumelelo. Abantu ababekho kwinkulungwane ye-19 bathi "UbuKumkani bamaBritane abutshonelwa langa''  kodwa emva kweMfazwe yesibini kwiHlabathi, bawa ubuKumkani bamaBritane.

UbukumKani baseBritane babubonwa ngamanye amazwe nje ngobukumakani obungumzekelo, ingakumbi amaJamani awaziwayo. I-Jamani yona yasuka yathi gqolo ngomkhwa wokuqhwaya imfazwe e-Yurophu. Esinye sezizathu zoko yayikukufuna ubukumkani obufana nobaseBritane.

Emva kweMfazwe yesibini kwiHlabathi, yaqala iBritane yabuyisela amazwe eyayiwathimbile kubaniniwo, kwathiwa ke oko bubukoloni. I-Britane yagqiba kwelokokuba ibuyisele laa mazwe kuba iMfazwe yesibini kwihlabathi yayishiya ingentanto, ihluphekile. Kananjalo, abantu abaninzi ababephantsi kolawulo lobuKumkani babeqhankqalazela ukuwalawula ngokwabo amazwe abo.

Enye yeendawo zokugqibela kubuKumkani bamaBritane kwabayiHong-Kong. I-Hong Kong yaabuyiselwa e-China ngo-1997. I-Britane yasigcina isikhundla sayo nje'ngeNgangalala' ngo-1982 ngeMfazwe yaseFalklands, imfazwe eyayiphakathi kwayo ne-Argentina bebanga isiqithi sase-Falkland. 

Zilishumi elinesine iindawo ezimi ngaphandle kweziqithi zase-Britane nezisephantsi kotshutshiso lwase Britane. Ngo-2002 ezi ndawo zili-14 zabizwa ngokuba ziziphaluka zaseBritane eziphesheya kweelwandle.
Ronald Reagan

**Ronald Wilson Reagan** (6 Eyomdumba 1911 - Los Angeles, 5 Eyesilimela 2004) weqonga ekwangumpolitiki wase Melika. Wayekwang uMongameli we-Yunayithedi Steyitsi ukusuka kumnyaka ka-1981 ukuya ku-1989. WayeyeyiRhuluneli yaseCalifornia ukusuka ngomnyaka ka1967 ukuya ku-1975. U-Reagan wayekwangumongameli ngumdlali kumabonakude kwade kwakabini, ukusuka kumnyaka ka-1947 ukuya kunyaka ka-1952 waza waphinda kwakhona ngomnyaka ka-1959 ukuya kunyaka ka-1960.

U-Reagan wazalelwa e-Tampico, Illinois. U-Reagan wasifumana e- Hollywood isiphiwo nemfundo yakhe. Waqala ukuvela kwimidlalo yoomabonakude yangoo-1953 movies. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato nenzwakazi eyayikwadlala lemidlalo yeqonga uJane Wyman ngo-1940. Baza bawuqhawula loo mtshato ngo-1949. Babenabantwana abathathu. U-Reagan waphinda watshata no-Nancy Davis ngo-1952. Banabantwana ababini. Umtshato wabo waqhuba de wasutywa kukufa u-Reagan ngo-2004.

Phambi kokuba aphumelele unyulo lokuba ngumongameli kngo-1980, U-Reagan waqhuba engumongameli izihlandlo ezimbini kungo-1968 nak ngo-1976. Wayengoyena mntu mdala ukonyulwa nje ngomongameli waseUnited States enama-69 eminyaka ubudala. Waziwa njenge’’sithethi esikhulu’’  kuba wayengumntu onobuchule bokuthetha kuluntu. U-Reagan wayesaziwa njengengo’’mongameli ongatshonelwa langa’’ kuba nasiphi na isenyeliso okanye isiqebheyi awayetyabekwa zona azizange zikwazi ukuchaphazela ukuthandwa kwakhe luluntu. nangoku, uReagan usengoyena mongameli othandwa kakhulu ngabantu kwmbali yaseMelika ngenxa yeliso lakhe lethemba ngelizwe laseMelika.
Ikhalenda yesiXhosa

Kwikhalenda yesiXhosa, ngokwenveli, unyaka uqala kwinyanga yeSilimela uze uphele ngekaCanzibe, xa kanye i-Canopas, inkwnkwezi enkulu ebonakala kumZantsi-womDibaniso okwayindawo apho kujikeleza khona izinto zomhlaba ezibonakalayo ezithe ngcu kumzantsi we-equator. 

Zimbini iindlela zokubiza iinyanga apha esiXhoseni: ngokwale mihla nangokwemveli. Kwimimandla yasezidolophini kusetyenziswa amagama ale mihla. Kodwa ke, ezilalini, kwimibongo, ingakumbi kumNtla Koloni kusetyenziswa amagama emveli. 

## Amagama eenyanga zonyaka

**Ngokwale mihla**

Amagama lae mihla ekubizwa ngawo iinyanga abolekwe kumagama enyanga angesiNgesi: 

    uJanuwari
    uFebhuwari
    uMatshi
    uApreli
    uMeyi
    uJuni
    uJulayi
    uAgasti
    uSeptemba
    uOktobha
    uNovemba
    uDisemba

**Ngokwemveli**

Ngokwemveli amagama eenyanga asuka kumagama ezityalo neentyatyambo ezikhulayo okanye eziman'ukutshintsha ngokwamaxesha onyaka. Zezi:
    eyoMqungu (inyaka yengca iTambuki)
    eyoMdumba (inyanga yokudumba kweenkozo) 
    eyoKwindla (inyanga yeziqhamo zokuqala)
    uTshazimpuzi (inyanga yokutshaza kwamathanga) 
    uCanzibe (inyanga kaCanopus)
    isilimela (inyanga kaPleiades)
    eyeKhala / EyeNtlaba (inyanga yamakhala)
    eyeThupha (inyanga yokudubula kweentyatyambo)
    eyoMsintsi (inyanga yomthi umsintsi) 
    eyeDwarha (inyanga yokuvela kwe-lilypad)
    eyeNkanga (inyanga yokuhluma kwee- daisies ezityheli)
    eyomNga (inyanga yokuvela komthi ohlabayo i-mimosa thorn tree kunye ne-simba)

Iintsuku zeveki

    ngomVulo
    ngolwesiBini
    ngolwesiThathu
    ngolwesiNe
    ngolwesiHlanu
    ngomGqibelo
    ngeCawa

Amaxesha onyaka

  eKwindla
  uBusika
  iNtlakohlaza/iNtwasahlobo
  iHlobo
I-Nile

I- **Nile** (Isi-Arabic: النيل *an-nīl*) ngumlambo ose Afrika.  Ngowona mlambo mde  emhlabeni (malunga nama- 6,650 km or 4,132 eemayile), uhamba uye kungena kwi Mediterranean Sea kufuphi  ne- Alexandria. Igama lawo lisuka kwigama  lesiGrike  elithi  Νεῖλος *Neilos*.

Umlambo i-White Nile isuka  eLake Victoria e-Uganda, uhambe ke nge-Sudan  uyekungena  e-Khartoum, apho uyakujoyinwa ngumlambo i-Blue Nile ukuze yenze umlambo i-Nile, uze ke ngoku wona uhambe nge Egypt. Umlambo i-Blue Nile uhamba nge-Ethiopia. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-300 zeemitha eziyiminqathana yamanzi ehamba esihla nge- Nile kusuku ngalunye.

I-Nile ibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe ehamba kuwo. Iidolophu ezininzi eJiphethe zakhiwe kufuphi nomlambo. Kananjalo ii-''pyramid'' zikufuphi ne-Nile.  Amanzi amaninzi ekukhuliswa ngawo izityalo eJiphethe  afumaneka kwi-Nile, nanjengoko ubukhulu becala eli lizwe lithwaxwa yimbalela. I-Nile yayibaluleke kakhulu [kumaJiphethe okuqala.  AmaJiphethe okuqala afumana [i- papyrus kwi-Nile.

Iintlobo-ntlobo ezininzi  zezilwanyana zihlala kula manzi aseNile okanye zihlale kufuphi nawo, kuquka iigwenya, iintaka, Intlazi nezinye ezininzi. Akuzozilwanyana kuphela ezixhomekeke kwiNile ukuze ziphile, kodwa nabantu abahlala phaya bayawafuna amanzi eNile ukuze benze izinto zabo zemihla ngemihla ezinjengokuhlamba impahla, njengoko amanzi efumaneka, egcina izityalo zingomanga kwaneminye imisebenzi.

Ii-‘’Pyramids’’ zazakhiwe kufuphi ne-Nile kuba bezidinga Isanti  evela kwi-Aswan ukuze zithwalwe ngezikhephe ezithwala imithwalo enzima kwehliwe nazo kusiyiwa kwiNile.


Image:BlueNileCFalls.jpg|The Iingxangxasi ze-Blue Nile
Image:Dhows on the Nile.jpg|A isikhephe i-dhow inqumla i-Nile kufuphi neAswan
Image:Nile aswan.jpg|I-Nile, kwi-Aswan
Image:Vallee fertile du Nil a Louxor.jpg|I-Nile, ekuphakameni kwe-Luxor


## Intsingiselo nembali yegama i-Nile

Igama elithi "Nile"livela kwigama lesiGrike  elithi *Neilos* (). i-Neilos iveal kwigama elithi "river valley". Kulwimi lwesiJiphethe lwakdala-dala, i-Nile ibizwa ngokuba yi- *Ḥ'pī* okanye yi*iteru*, oko kuthetha ukuthi "Umlambo Omkhulu", imelwe  Iimpawu nezibalo ezimele okubhaliweyo  ezibonakaliswe ngakwisandla sasekunene  (eziyi- *itrw*, kunye ‘'amanzi' determinative).  I-Coptic, amagama athi *piaro* (Sahidic) okanye *phiaro* (Bohairic) athetha ukuthi "umlambo" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great") avela kwakweli gama lakudala. 

## Imithombo
Iziphaluka zaseBritane eziphesheya kolwandle

NgesiNgesi ezi ziphaluka kuthiwa zii*British Overseas Territories*. 

The fourteen British Overseas Territories are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom. They do not, however, form part of it.[1] Instead, they are those parts of the former British Empire that have not acquired independence, or, unlike the Commonwealth realms, have voted to remain British territories. While each has its own internal leadership, most being self-governing, they share the British monarch (Queen Elizabeth II) as head of state.

The name "British Overseas Territory" was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, replacing the name British Dependent Territory introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981. Prior to 1 January 1983, the territories were officially referred to as Crown colonies. With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (which host only officials and research station staff) and the British Indian Ocean Territory (used as a military base), the Territories retain permanent civilian populations. Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus.

Collectively, the Territories encompass a population of approximately 350,000 people and a land area of approximately 667,018 square miles (1,727,570 km2). The vast majority of this, 660,000 square miles (1,700,000 km2), constitutes the British Antarctic Territory.[2][3] The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System[4] and, as part of a mutual agreement, the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory.

Although the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British Crown, they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom.[5][6] The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of 53 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire.

The current minister responsible for the Territories is Mark Simmonds MP, of the Foreign Office. Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas, however, are the responsibility of the Minister for Europe David Lidington MP, while the Falkland Islands are the responsibility of Hugo Swire MP, also of the Foreign Office.[7][8][9]
Ukukhululeka

**ukukhululeka** kuthetha imeko apho umntu ngamnye akwaziyo ukwenza ngendlela abona ngayo kungenjalo, abe uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa isakhono sakhe, kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo ngelo xesha umzekelo kwikhululeko yezopolitiko. ligama elintsingiselo yalo imbaxa.  

Ukukhululeka yintetho esetyenziswa nelamkelwa njengegama elithehta inkululeko kuphela, ngokwale nkululeko umntu uxhamla inkululeko ngokuthi aphume kwintlalo yokucinezelwa ngenkani, le nkululeko ihamba ngokweembono zomntu olwela inkululeko ngokwasekuhlaleni, kanti ke kwelinye icala, ibeka umnwe kwizinto eziyimfuneko ngokwasekuhlaleni nangokwezoqoqosho kwanokuphathwa kwabantu ngokufanayo, njengasemandleni olawulo nakwizixhobo zokunceda abantu bakwazi ukuphumeza ezi njongo. Kananjalo, itsha-ntliziyo elilwela inkululeko ngokwasekuhlaleni liqhoboshela  ukukhululeka (okokutsho, inkululeko) ekwabelaneni ngokulinganayo ngefuthe lamandlaezopolitiko oko kutsho, ngolawulo lwesininzi) xa sithetha ngokukhululeka okwakhayo. Eyona nto bayithethayo bathi inkululeko kungekho ngalingana ithetha ukongamela kwalowo unamandla kunabanye.   Ngoko ke, inkululeko kunye nentando yesininzi zibonwa njengabaphikisani abathi bazalane kodwa ekugqibeleni. 

Emsebenzini wakhe, UJohn Stuart Mill, *ongokukhululeka*, waba ngowokuqala ukuwubona umahluko phakathi kokukhululeka  njengesenzo nokukhululeka ngaphandle (kokunyanzelwa ukuba wenze into).  UMill wakwazi noku okokuba iyintoni na "indalo kunye nemiqathango yamandla engabonwa njengenokusetyenziswa ngokusenthethweni kubo bonke abantu basekuhlaleni" ade ke ngoko, achaze he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus, the prevailing question becomes "how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control".

## Types of freedom
Some of the main types of human freedom are: freedom to life, freedom of association, freedom of belief, freedom of speech, freedom to express oneself, freedom of the press, freedom to choose one's state in life.  However, the civil constitutions of each country have different definitions of the freedoms allowed to the citizens. It has been argued that any law limits freedom, since it sets limits on what people may do.

## Other pages

* Human rights
* Justice
* Constitutional economics

## References
Justine Musk

## Justine J. Musk

{| class="wikitable"

!   Justine J. Musk 
|
|-
| Uzalwe engu || Justine Jennifer wilson
|-
| Umsebenzi || Umbhali weencwadi
|-
| Uhlobo lweencwadi azibhalayo || IiNoveli kunye nemidlalo yeqonga
|-
| Iincwadi azibhalileyo || BloodAngel
|-
| Umyeni wakhe || Elon Musk(batshate ngo nyaka ka2000 baze bohlukana ngo nyaka ka2008)
|-
| Abantwana || bana bantwana abasixhenxe waze omnye wasweleka
{|
Indlu ye satyagraha

Satyagraha eyaziwa nje nge ndlu ka Gandhi iyiMuseum ne ndlu yaba vakashi ifumaneka eJohannesburg. lendlu yeyeka Mahatma Gandhi waye hlala futhi esebenza khona ngonyaka ka 1908 kuze kbe ngu 1909. Yabaliswa ukuba yhi ngenye ye lifa lembali. Satyagraha uthetuku  ngcwaliselwa kwi nyani. lendlu ya zotywa ngumculi uHerman Kallenbach ezobela uGandhi ngokwakhe.

## Imbali

uGandhi wacita iminyaka eyi 21 uqala ngo 1893 kude kube ngu 1914, nokuba wahamba wavelela iIndia nelizwe lamangesi (UK) ngelo xhesha. kutiwa waqala ufunda ngoku calucalulwa kwabantu ngebala ngemini, ebanjwa estishini sololiwe  ePietermaritzburg ngenxayokuba ehamba kwiinqwelo yabantu abamhlophe bodwa.

Ngo 1904 uGandhi wadibana noHerman Kallenbach, omzobi wezindlu wayeliGermaan neJuda owafika kwelilizwe ngo 1896. ngo 1907, uKallenbach wazoba indlu ngomzekeliso woronta ababini kodwa wayenza ngendlela yokokhiwa ngendlela zesi Ngesi (Europe). yabizwa ithango(Kraal).
Lendlu inamakriwa ne ndawo yokudlala imidlalo yeTennis (Tennis Court), kodwa zombini zaquba kwi mpilo yokumcanga noku velela. uGandhi wayelala kwikamire ephezulu wesiya kuyo ngo kwela ileli, kodwa yena noKallenbach babelana ikitshi bavelela abavakashi babo kwi kamire yokuhlala. izindlu zezingena mnyango owudibanisayo, kudingeka uphume kuze uyongena komnye umzi. Ubomi buka Kallenbach kwaba nenguqulo ngoku bebe phila ndawonye. imali weyisebenzisa yahla nendlela emangazayo. bawushiya umzi ngo 1909 indlu yaba naba pathi abaninsi bambikoba ithengwe lishishini lase France iVoyageurs du Monde yalungiswa yavulwa ngo 2011

Lendlu iphetwe nguLauren Segal ophethe ezinye imuseums nje nge Apartheid Museum eligama leSatyagraha letheta ukuba inyani enyanzelekileyo lisuka kwincgebo zika Gandhi ngoku wehlala eMzantsi Afrika
EThekwini

**Durban** (isiZulu: *iTheku*) yidolophu yesibini kwiidolophu ezakhe zankulu emZantsi Afrika. Iyinxalenye yomhlaba wephondo la KwaZulu-Natal.

## Imbali
kuqikelelwa okokuba abantu ababangabokuqala ukuhlala kwindawo yaseThekwini baafika bevela eMantla ngeminyaka yoo-100,000 phambi kokufika kukakristu (BC), ngokwekhabhoni yamatye enkcubeko awafunyanwa emiqolombeni yaseDrakensberg. Aba bantu babehlala kanye kwiinkaba zamathafa aKwaZulu-Natal de kwaba kukukhula kwesizwe sa kwaNtubantu abo babsesuka eMantla kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.
EGoli

**iGoli** sisisixeko esiseMzantsi Afrika. Likomkhulu lePhondo laseRhawutini. Esi sixeko saafunyanwa ngomhla wesi-4 kweyeDwarha, ngo-1886 kwaye inentengiso ekukhuseleko oluphezulu kwezentengiso, nto leyo eyenza okokuba ine yeyona inentengiso enkulu kwi-afrika iphela.  

Izakhiwo zaseGoli zezona zakhe zande e-Afrika, i-Carlton Centre (inamabali angama-50) nekusesona sakhiwo sakhe saside, isakhiwo eside saseHillbrow (esibude bungama-270 metres, or 90 stories). Igama lesiteketiso lesi sixeko kuthiwa yi-Goli, nto leyo ethetha okokuba "*yindawo ye[[igolide|golide]]*". iiphecenti ezingamashumi amane zegolide yehlabathi ifunyenwe apha. Iziko lasegoli eligcina izilwanyana laafunyanwa ngo-1904, kwaye ngokwembali, belisoloko liphantsi kweliso likwalawulwa sesixeko saseGoli. Ligcine amabhere amabini kuphela e-Africa. Igoli eli alibonwa njengeziko lokutyelela apha eMzantsi Afrika, koko libonwa njengesixeko sokushishina.  

Igoli linemozulu etshinatshintayo.

uNelson Mandela walishiya eli phakade elapha eGoli ngomhla wesi-5 kweyoMnga ngo-2013, eneminyaka engama-95 ubudala. Wayewongwe ngembasa "yokukhululeka kwesi Sixeko".
Mayibuye indebendala

## Kusadliwa ngendeb'endala kwaXhosa
Ndingaphozisanga maseko masingene emxholweni
Abantu abantsundu baphelile apha phandle ngenxa yokulahla imbo ngophoyiyana.  Xa ungumntu kubalulekile ukuba uyazi imvelaphi yakho kwaye uwaxabise amasiko kunye nezithethe.Amaxhosa pha! mandulo ibingabantu abangumzekelo omhle, kodwa ngenxa yokulandela izinto zabantu abamhlophe babutshabalalisa oko.
Xa kunokubuyiswa indebe endala zingatsho zihambe ngendlela izinto zakwaxhosa.Into iqala apha esinxibeni, xa unokujonga apha phandle akukho nomnye umntu osanxiba isintu.Abantu bazinxiba ngeharitageday kuphela,ukanti inkonde zakuthi bebezixabisile izinxibo zakwantu.
Zininzi izinto ezinyundululu ezenziwa ngabantu abantsundu ngenxa yokulandela izinto zabantu abamhlophe.Ukhulelo lwamantombantombazana aselula yenye yezinto ezibangelwa kokulahlwa kwemvelaphi yakwaNtu ngoba pha mandulo ubungasoze umbone umntwana okhulelwa eselula.
Luphelile ulutsha lwakuthi ngenxa yokulahlekiswa zizinto zabantu bangaphandle.Ukuphumelela kwabantu abantsundu kunqongophele ngoba bazibandakanya ngezinto ezingabakhiyo.
Abantu abaninzi abasawenzi amasiko kanti ke isiko yinto ebalulekileyo ngoba xa ungayenzanga iyakulandela,ukanti abanye bathi sele bewenza bawenze ngendlela engeyiyo umzekelo. Abanye abantu bolukela ezibhedlele koko bekungenziwa oko kusadliwa ngendebe endala.

## Izinto ezixatyisiweyo kwaXhosa
*Amasiko
*Ingoma Zakwantu
*Intsomi
*Izaci namaqhalo
Olu ncwadi lwemveli belusenziwa xa kuchithwa isithukuthezi.Iintsomi zenziwa ngexesha langokuhlwa,bezithandwa ukwenziwa ngoomakhulu kunye nootatomkhulu kudala.
Ubudlobongela bebunqongophele ngoba abantu abantsundu bebedla ngokozonwabisa amaxesha amaninzi.Ukubulalana kwabantu ngendlela ezimasikizi bekungenziwa.Emicimbini bekuculwa iingoma zakwaXhosa,kuxhentswe,kungqungqwe njalo-njalo.Ukubuyiswa kweNDEB'ENDALA kungabanga ukuba kubekho uxolo nothando eMzantai Afrika.Uqhawulo mtshato yinto ibingafane yenziwe,kodwa namhlanje sigagana nalo umhla nezolo phofu unobangela kukulahlwa kwendeb'endala.Abantu abangamabhinqa ababathobeli abantu abangotata'
Amantombazane ebethwala kudala,umntu ebesendela emntwini angazange wancuma naye kodwa ekugqibeleni bebekwamkela oko.

## Ilobola
Lobolo or Lobola in Zulu, Xhosa and northern and southern Ndebele (Mahadi in Sesotho, Roora in Shona, and Magadi in Northern Sotho), sometimes translated as bride price, is a traditional Southern African custom whereby the man pays the family of his fiancée for her hand in marriage. The primary purpose of lobola is to build relations between the respective families as marriage is seen as more than a union between two individuals. (Compare with the European dowry custom where the woman brings assets.)
 
Traditionally the Lobolo payment was in cattle as cattle were the primary symbol of wealth in African society. However, many modern urban couples have switched to using cash. Some families even use electronic transfers and credit cards as a form of payment.

## Imithombo
Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika

**[[UMzantsi Afrika]]** uneelwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezilishumi elinanye.  Zezi: isiBhulu, isiNgesi, isiNdebele, isiSuthu saseNtshona, isiSuthu, isiSwazi, isiTswana, isiTsonga, isiVenda, isiXhosa kunye nesiZulu. Uninzi lwabemi baseMzantsi Afrika (olungaphaya kwama99%) luthetha enye yezi lwimi njengolwimi lwabo lokuqala.  Uninzi lwabemi boMzantsi Afrika luyakwazi ukuthetha iilwimi ezimbini nangaphezulu. phambi komnyaka ka-1994, uMzantsi afrika wawuneelwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezimbini kuphela, kusisiNgesi nesiBhulu.

Kwinguquleleo yolwimi lwesiNgesi yoMgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, zibizwa ngamagama esiNtu nekungamagama abizwa ngeelwimi zawo. Ulwimi lwesiZulu kuthiwa *isiZulu*, ulwimi lwesiXhosa kuthiwa *isiXhosa*, njalo njalo.  Iilwimi ezidweliswe kumGaqo siseko nazi: isiZulu (Zulu), isiXhosa (Xhosa), isiBhulu(Afrikaans), isiSepedi (Northern Sotho), isiTswana (sseTswana), isiNgesi (English), isiSuthu (isisuthu saseMzantsi), Xitsonga (Tsonga), isiSiswati (isiSwati), Tshivenda (isiVenda), kunye nesiNdebele (Southern Ndebele).

EMzantsi Afrika, isiNdebele sazeMazantsi saziwa kuphela njenge*siNdebele*, kuba kaloku uninzi lwamaNdebele aseNtshona luseZimbabwe. Kwinguqulelo yomGaqo siseko ka-1993 xa kuthethwa nge*Northern Sotho* kuthiwa *Sesotho sa Leboa*, kodwa eka-1996 inguqulelo kuthiwa si*siSepedi*. Amasebe ngamasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yaseburhulumenteni isebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo xa ebhekisa kwisiSuthu saseMntla]]. 

Olona lwimi lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente nakunye kwiinyewe eziphezulu sisiNgesi. Zombini isiBhulu nesiNgesi zibaluleke kakhulu kushishino. Uninzi lwezinhanha (izityebi) zeli loMzantsi Afrika zithetha isiBhulu nesiNgesi.  

Ezimbini kwiilwimi zaseburhulumenteni zezaseNtshona naseJamani(isiNgesi nesiBhulu). Ezinye iilwimi eziluthoba zezesiNtu. ezine zeelwimi zesiNtu ziyinxalenye yosapho lweelwimi zesiNguni (isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSwati, isiNdebele). Ezintathu kwiilwimi zesiNtu lulwimi lwesiSuthu-nesiTswana (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, nesiTswana). isiTsonga lulwimi lweTswa-Ronga. Kananjalo uMzantsi Afrika unolwimi lwezandla kuzwelonke. ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMzantsi Afrika.
GxikigxaSiyanda

INDIMA YOMNTWANA OYINKWENKWE KWAXHOSA

Umntwana oyinkwenkwe kwa Xhosa ubaluleke kakhulu. Uthi akuzalwa kubeyimivuyo nemincili kwelokhaya ngoba kaloku bona bafumene indlalifa. Uthi xa ekhula akhulele phantsi kwengqeqesho yomntu ongu tata welo khaya ukuze amfundise izinto zelo khaya ezinje ngamasiko nezithethe. Kuye kuthiwe uyanda umzi wasemathileni ngoba kaloku ukhula kwakhe abe mdala lo mntwana uya kuzeka umfazi baze bazale abantwana abayokungcina igama lalomzi lingatshabalali ekuhambeni kwexesha.
 
uthi xa eneminyaka engamashumi ababini(20) nangaphezulu kancinci kufuneke oluswe abe yindoda. Ubone ubuhle bomXhosa xa lo mntwana ekhatshwa ngamanye amakhwenkwe esiya ebudodeni, kube nguyele-yele kubemnandi. Amakhwenkwe enze umgubho, iintombi zamakhwenkwe zinxibe izibheshelo zazo ezimhlophe qhwa, zichokozile zintle mfondini! amakhwenkwe wona enxibe amasayibhokhwe wawo egaxele iintsimbi zawo. Ombele amantombi axhentse amakhwenkwe enze lonto intle inomfaneleko, babe oomama bengahabazi bexela amangabangaba ase lwandle kwedini! kubamnandi nasegezeni ngoba kaloku akukho ntlobo yakutya kwesiXhosa kubakho mingqusho, miqa, mifino, marhewu, kwowu! kuxhelelwe exhukwana kubantu abadala ngoba kubakho nomqombothi.  

Emva kwalo mgubho ke uye enzelwe ibhuma emasimini ayakuhlala kuyo iinyanga ezimbini nangaphezulu ukuze angadibani nabantu ababhinqileyo. Ahlale nekhankatha eliya kumgada kude kufike ixesha lokuba aphinde abuyele kowabo. 

UMGIDI

Uthi xa ebuyela kowabo amkelwe ngezandla ezishushu enzelwe umgidi. kubemnandi kuselwe utywala kumenywe iilali ngeelali zize kwamkela lo bhuti umtsha weli khaya. Kuye kuxhentwse, oomama bangqiyaze, iintombi zibe zibheshuza kwelazo icala, ootata babe bezomnwabele bezityela utywala. Emva kobobumnandi uye anxityiswe iimpahla zobu krwala ogqiba ahlale into engange nyanga ezilalini. emva kwalo nyanga uye anyuke aye eGoli ayokutshintsha, ayeke ukuba likrwala abe ngubhuti phakathi kwabanye oobhuti. 

IMBEKO 

Ootata abadala noobhuti baye bamyale bamxelele izinto ezenziwayo ngumntu oyindoda nezingenziwayo. Kuye kufuneke athobe, abenembeko ahloniphe omdala nomncinci atshintshe izenzo ezibi ebezenza ngoko ebeyinkwenkwe. Emva koko uba yindoda enesidima nesithozela azeke umfazi bazale abantwana bandise ikhay labo. Agcine igama lalo mzi nokuba sele beswelekile abantu belokhaya abadala.
EBloemfontein

**iBloemfontein** yenye kwezintathu zoondlu-nkulu njengeNkundla ePhakamileyoas ilapho. NgesiBhulu nang esiDatshi, igama elithi 'Bloemfontein' lithetha "ukudubula (kwentyatyambo)". Esi sixeko saziwa ngokuba sisixeko seentyatyambo. zininzi iintyatyambo eBloemfontein.

## Imbali
iBloemfontein yaawas funyanwa nguNjengele H. Douglas Warden ngo-1846. Yadalwa njengenqaba kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Yaba ngumbindi woburhulumente obulawulwa yiBritane iOrange River Sovereignty (1848–54) kunye neOrange Free State (kamva eyaziwa njengeFreyistata).
Umtshato wesintu/umendo

NgokwesiNtu umtshato (**umendo**) wakha ubuhlobo phakathi kwemizi emibini ethi itshatise indoda nomfazi ngokwasentlalweni nangokwasemthethweni emveni kokuba elotyolwe ngeenkomo zasemzini wakhe eziquka nezinye iimpahla ezinexabiso ekuvenwe ngazo ngokwemvano yobulawu. Ubuhlobo obu buphakathi kwale mizi mibini bungunaphakade, kanti buye bomelezwe ngakumbi kukuzalwa kwabantwana. Ukusiwa komfazi emini ngamawabo esingela ikhaya lakhe apho ebephila ubomi benkosazana kumphakamisela kwiqondo lobukhosikazi apha emzini. Kulapho ke ayakubalasela khona ngesakhono sakhe sothando, nenkathalo, nangokukhuthala, ngentembeko nangobundlezana. Ngokomzekeliso lo mfazi usisikhukukazi esifudumeza umntwana, ixhego, mikhuhlane nani zinkedama zalo mzi khonukuze zizive zonelisekile.

## Isalathiso
* Ndima, D. D. (2013). Re-imagining and re-interpreting African jurisprudence under the South African Constitution (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa). Ifumaneka apha
IMayini

:*[[Izidubuli]] ezidubulayo xa zitshisiwe nazo kuthiwa ziimini; iintobo ezimbini z[[iimayini zomhlaba]] kunye [[iimayini zeNaval|neemayini zeNaval]].*

**imayini** yinkqubo yokuthatha izinto ngaphantsi emhlabeni. Nayiphi na into enganakukhula mayisetyenzwe ngokwasezimayini. Ukusebenza ngezinto zisemathunjini omhlaba kuthiwa *kuyembiwa*. Ukusebenza ezimayini kungabandakanya ukwembiwa kweemetal kunye neetyuwa zomhlaba, ezinje ngamalahle, idayimani, igolide, isilivere, iplatinum, icopper, kunye neiron.  Ukusebenza ngemigodi kungabandakanya nezinye izinto ezifana ne-oli  negesi yemveli.

Ezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi wezimbiwa ziquka ukuhlubula umhlaba apha ngaphezulu. Lo ke kuthiwa k*ukubhantwa kwezimbiwa]]*.  Olunye uhlobo lokusebenza ngezimbiwa lwenziwa ngokuthi kwembiwe kude kuyo kutsho emathumnjini omhlaba de kuye kufikwa    *ekupheleni kwesimbiwa eso*. Olu ke kuthiwa *ngumsebenzi wezimbiwa owenziwa emathunjini omhlaba*.  Olunye uhlobo lokusebenza ngezimbiwa, olufana nezimbiwa zegolide, lwenziwa ngezinye iindlela. Igolide ingembiwa ngokuthi ikhangelwe apho kukho khona umlambo okanye kwezinye iingxangxasi zamanzi ukuze kususwe iqendu zegolide. Oku kuthiwa *kukuyisefa* okanye *umsebenzi wezimbiwa owenziwa ngokusefa*.

umsebenzi wasezimayini kuthiwa ngumembi mgodini. Ukwemba izimbiwa emathunjini omhlaba  umsebenzi.  Imigodi emininzi innengozi. amakhulu abasebenzi migodini bafa minyaka le ngenxa yeengozi, ingakumbi kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. imithetho yokhuseleko neyokhuseleko olungxamisekileyo izixhobo isetyenziselwa ukukhusela abembi migodini kwiingozi. umsebenzi wezimbiwa zamalahle ngaphantsi emathunjini omhlaba kokona kunobungozi ngakumbi kuba  amalahle angatyekeza ityhefu kunye neegesi ezidubulayo.  

Inxalenye yeedolophu ziidolophu zomsebenzi wezimbiwa. Abantu bahlala phaya kuba bayakwazi ukwenza imali njengoosozimayini  okanye benze izinto besenzela osozimayini.
Igolide

**Igolide** sisimbiwa'' esithambileyo, esinobunzima, nesimenyezelayo. Isetyenziswe ngabantu amawaka-ngamawaka eminyaka kwihlabathi lonke jikelele, ukwenza ijewelary, ukuhombisa, nokwenza imali. igolide yayibalulekile kuba  yayinqongophele, kananjalo kulula ukuyisebenzisa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izimbiwa. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukungciba amazinyo nakwizixhobo zeentambo zombane ezifana neecomputer. umbala wale *metal*i nawo kuthiwa *[[golide (umbala)|golide]]*.

Iindlela ekwembiwa ngayo igolide ifana nqwa naleyo kwembiwa ngayo ezinye izimbiwa. Ixabiseke kakhulu igolide kangangokuba ukufunyaniswa kwendawo entsha yesi simbiwa ide yenze ngamanye amaxesha ugxabhagxabhiso ekuthiwa yi 

## Iimpawu zekhemikhali
Kwa-Khemestri, igolide ngumba wekhemikhali 79, isimbiwa esigqithisayo seQela le-11. Inobunzima be*atom* obuli- 199.96 a.m.u. Uphawu lwayo yi**Au**, livela kwigama kwisiLatini legolide, *i-aurum*. S*isimbiwa esi noble* oko kuthetha okokuba sinechemical reactivity ephantsi.

Igolide ithambe kakhulu. Igoldsmith Ingayikhanda ngesando itsho ibengamacwecwana abhityileyo. ikwa, loo nto ithetha okokuba isengatsalwa ibelucingo. xa isetyenziswa emalini okanye kwijewelry, isoloko ixutywa nesilivere okanye nezinye izimbiwa ukuze ibe buqina. 

Uninzi lwezimbiwa zingwevu ngebala. Igolide iqanda ngenxa yendlela ezisebenza ngayo ii-electron. Esinye isimbiwa nekukuphela kwaso ukusoloko sisetyenziswa nesingekho ngwevu ngombala yicopper.

## Ulwimi nenkcubeko

Igolide ingathetha okokuba into ethile okanye umntu othile wenza kakuhle kakhulu okanye uqhube kakuhle kakhulu. Imbasa yegolide isoloko inikwa umntu ophume phambili kugqatso okanye kukhuphiswano lwezemidlalo.

## Imithombo
Iqela leLiverpool

**iLiverpool liqela lebhola ekhatywayo** liqela lamaNgesi ibhola ekhatywayo. Lasekwa ngo-ngeyoKwindla umhla ka-15, ngo-1892, bakwaziwa ngegama elithi *The Reds*. Iqela lidlala kwi-Premier League. I-Stadium abadlala kuso yi-Anfield. eli qela liLawulwa nguBrendan Rodgers. umnikazi weli qela ngu-John W Henry.

## Imbali

ILiverpool yaaphumelela ubuntshatsheli okokuqala kwibhola ekhatywayo ngo1901, baza bafumana obesibini ngo1906. Baadlala umdlalo wabo wokuqala weFA CUP amagqibela kankqoyi ngo-1914, baza boyiswa ngo-1-0 besoyiswa yBurnley. Imbasa yokugqibela abayiphumelelayo kwaba yi-Carling cup ngeyoMdumba ka-2012, emva kokuba bebethe iCardiff City. Baphumelela nendebe yaseYurophu izihlandlo ezintlanu, ngempumelelo kade kwaba ka-5 eIstanbul ngo 2005. Umdlalo waphunyelelwa emva kokuba iLiverpool ibentanganye ngo-3-3 neA.C. Milan yaza ke emva koko yaphumelela nge*penal*thi, singathi ngenxa yobugorha bukanozinti u-Jerzy Dudek. ILiverpool F.C.  iphumelele indawo yokuqala kwiLeague yaseNgilane, ne-*Premier League* (oku kuquka ukhuphiswano kwinqanaba lokuqala), kwade kwali-18.
U-FW de Klerk

}**UFrederik Willem de Klerk** nguMpolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika. U-De Klerk wazalwa eGoli, ngomhla we-18 ekwindla ngo-1936. . WayenguMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika ukusukela ngo-1989 de kwango-1994. Ngo-1993, wawongwa ngembasa yeNobel Prize ngokuba noxolo noNelson Mandela. bathi bawongwa ngembasa ngokuphelisa ingcinezelo ngoxolo nangokuseka urhulumente omtsha wentando yesininzi eMzantsi Afrika. Ukusukela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-1996 wayengusekela-mongameli waseMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-1997, wadla umhlala-phantsi kwezopolotiko. Ngo-2004, wayishiya iNew National Party, kwakuthi kanti ifuna ukuzimanya ne-African National Congre ukuze zibe ngumbutho omnye. 
u-De Klerk wafundela ubugqwetha. waziphothula izifundo zakhe ngo-1958. Njengomfundi, wajoyina iNational Party. Emva kokuba ethweswe isidanga, waaba ngumcebisi wabo ngokwezomthetho, de kwango-1972. Kumtshato wakhe wokuqala noMarile Willemse balizwa ngabantwana abathathu. Okokoko kwango-1998, utshate noElita Georgiades.
Isibhakabhaka

**isibhakabhaka** yile nto sithi xa siyibiza yimbonakalo  yeliphakade eliphezu kweentloko zethu. Xa izulu lizolile likwacwengile, lona libaluhlaza ngombala. Ubunzulu balo mbala uluhlaza buyanda ngokuya zijonga phezu kweentloko zethu.
Isibhakabhaka, senziwe ngegesi ezizimolecule, siluhlaza ngenxa yokuthi saa kokukhanya kwelanga kusenziwa zezi molecules. iRayleigh scattering zichaza isixa sokusasazeka kokukhanya kwemitha yelanga. Kuthi kuba yonke imibala yomnyama omabalabala idala ukukhanya okumhlophe simelwe kukubona isibhakabhaka esimhlophe, kodwa ukukhanya okuluhlaza kusasazeke ngaphezu kokukhanya okubomvu. Yiyo le nto isibhakabhaka sibonakala siluhlaza (ngosuku olungenamafu).
Imvula

**Imvula ** ngamaqabaza amanzi ehla evela emafini asesibhakabhakeni angaphezu kwe-0.5 mm ubukhulu bawo. amaqabaza amanzi amalungane-0.2mm ukuya kwi-0.45mm ubukhulu kuthiwa ziidrizzle. Imvula luhlobo lokuphefumla Rain is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge. Rain is part of the water cycle.

A **rainstorm** is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods on floodplains. Rivers overflowing can destroy houses and drown people. Also, landslides may happen.

## Ukwenzeka kwemvula
When the Sun heats the ground surface, the ground heats the air.  This air rises and  cools.  When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.  This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.

## imvula ekhwazwa zintaba
**Relief rain** usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain.  On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. Relief rain is also a very dense and cold mixture of precipitation.

Relief or orographic rain is formed when air is forced to cool when it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. As it rises it cools, condenses and forms rain. The highest annual rainfall totals occur in mountain areas. There is often a rain shadow effect whereby the leeward (downwind) slope receives a relatively small amount of rain.

## Frontal rain/Cyclonic rain
**Frontal rain** happens when a cold front meets a warm front. The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.
Kuthini ukuphumelela

## Kukuthini ukuphumelela
Ukuphumelela kukufezekisa amaphupha akho ,ufumane yonke into oyinqwenelayo .Kukuvuka kusasa udlamkile endaweni yokuba uvuke wohlulekile.

## Indlela eya empumelelweni
Indlela eya empumelelweni: inde kwaye iyahlaba, imfundo yona sisitixo sempumelelo. Ukuze uphumelele kukho izinto ekufuneka uzincame kuba ubomi bunama hlandenyuka.

Xa ungumntu onxanelwe impumelelo zininzi izinto ekufuneka uzazile,okokuqala kufuneka ube ngumntu onama phupha, uboniswe kwaye onke amaphupha akho uzamele uba mawafezeke, kufuneka uzame ngendlela zonke ukuba ufezekise amaphupha akho.

## Ungavumeli umona wabantu uphazamise ikamva lakho
Sukuvumela abanye abantu bakubumbele ngokwabo ikamva lakho.Sonke sinako ukuwafezekisa amaphupha ethu kwaye asidingi kuncedwa ngabanye abantu ukuze siwafezekise.

## Izinto ezinothi zikunqande ekufezekiseni amaphupha akho
Okokuqala kufuneka wazi ukuba abahlobo bayakhethwa , kuyafuneka ukuba ukwazi ukuzikhetha kuba ufuna ntoni na ngoba  abantwana abaninzi abangakwaziyo ufezekisa amaphupha abo balukuhlwa ngabahlobo ,kubalulekile uba ukwazi ukuthi "hayi!" kubahlobo bakho.

## Iziyobisi
Uninzi lwabantwana amaphupha abo bawancamile kuba besanelisa iitshomi zabo ,baye batshaye iziyobi ezo zibenza ingqondo zabo zingasebenzi kakuhle . Umntwana otshaya iziyobisi umbona ngosolo elambile ,uba mdaka emzimbeni kuba kaloku ayikho enye into ayikhathaleleyo ngaphandle kweziyobisi.Usoloko ethengisa ngalo lonke ixesha kuba ufuna intsangu ne tiki kulapho ke amaphupha omfundi aye aphele khona aphinde lomfundi akhuthuze abantu kuba efuna intsangu ne tiki.Uyakufumanisa uba umntana angenza nantoni na ukuze afumane iziyobisi.Abantwana xa befuna eziziyobisi benza ngamandla onke ukuze bazifumane,benza ezinto ezifana noku thatha izinto ezingasongezaba(stealing) Bakhuthuze Abantu.

## Ukukhulelwa uselula
Ukukhulelwa uselula yenye yezinto ezibangela uba abantwana baphulukane namaphupha abo,kuba ukubanomntwana uselula uba nophazamiseko oluthile engqondweni nasemzimbeni wakho kuba xa ungumntwana umzimba wakho awuka khuli ngokwaneleyo .Kule mihla siphila kuyo kuxhaphakile ukubona abantwana abakhulelweyo kwaye umbone umntu unebhongo ngesusu sakhe.Uye ufumanise ukuba nasemakhayeni wabo abathathelwa ngqalelo ngabazali basuka bawathathele kubo lamasana ,umzali ayenze ibeluxanduva lakhe ukukhulisa loo mntwana.Lo ebekhulelwe angayiboni imbi into yokukhulelwa elula ngenxa yenxaso ayifumana ebazalini bakhe.

## Ingcebiso zokuphumelela kwiziyobisi
Xa ufuna uphumelela kufuneka uzimanye kunye nabantu abaphumelelayo ukuze ufezekise amaphupha akho .Zama uba ubenomntu owaphumeleleyo lamaphupha akho ,umntu ozakujonga kuye uba manyathelo mani awathathileyo ukuze ayofika kulendawo akuyo.Kubalulekile uba ubenomntu okuncedisayo ekuthatheni izigqibo ezizizo ungaphazami sele uzowaphumelela okanye xa sele ugqiba izifundo zakho kubengona uqaphelayo ukuba lento uyifundeleyo /lomsebenzi uzakuwenza ayinguwo lo uwuthandayo.

## References