IBotswana

**IBotswana**, ngokusesikweni **IRiphabliki weBotswana** (NgesiTswana nangesiKalanga: *IHango yeBotswana*), lilizwe alichukumisi ulwandle kuMazantsi eAfrika. IBotswana ithe tyaba ezweni layo, akukho ntaba ezininzi. Iipesenti ezingama-70 zayo ziNtlango yeKalahari . Unqamleze uMzantsi Afrika emazantsi, iNamibia entshona, kunye neZimbabwe empuma. Umda wayo neZambia emantla kufutshane nedolophu yeKazungula awuchazwanga kakuhle ngenxa yokuba uphakathi koMlambo iZambezi. Lo mda weZambia ziimitha ezimbalwa ezilikhulu ubude.

Le lizwe linezigidi ezi-2.3, yaye lelinye lamazwe anabantu abambalwa emhlabeni kwikhilomitha nganye. Malunga neepesenti ezilishumi zabantu bahlala kwikomkhulu, iGaborone. IBotswana belelinye lamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kwihlabathi: ngo-1960 umntu ngamnye ufumene iidola ezingama-60 ngonyaka qha. Namhlanje iBotswana inoqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza.

*[[Abantu|I-Homo sapiens]]* yaqala ukuhlala kweli lizwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-200,000 eyadlulayo. Abantu abangabeTswana bayinzala yabathethi zesiNtu ezafudukela emazantsi e-Afrika zaya kwiBotswana malunga ne-600 AD, zezihlala kwiindawo ezinesizwe njengabalimi nabelusi. Ngo-1885, aba-British bawuthanga lo mhlaba bewuthiya i-Protectorate ye-Bechuanaland . Njengokuba ubuKoloni babusenzeka, iBechuanaland yaba yiriphabliki ezimeleyo ye- Commonwealth phantsi kwegama langoku nge-30 kaSeptemba ka-1966.  Namhlanje iBotswana yiriphabliki, enerekhodi lenani leenyulo ezinobulungisa.

Uqoqosho lulawulwa yimigodi, ziinkomo nalukhenketho. Namhlanje abantu baseBotswana banomvuzo wonyaka emalunga ne-$18,825 kwi-avareji ngo-2015, lolona luphakamileyo eAfrika. 

IBotswana lilungu leManyano yase- Afrika, loMbutho woPhuhliso lwamaZantsi e-Afrika, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo . Ilizwe lichatshazelwe kakubi bubhubhane we-HIV/AIDS. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo kwiinkqubo zokwenza ukuba unyango lufumaneke, kunye nokufundisa abantu malunga nendlela yokunqanda ukusasazeka kwe-HIV/AIDS, inani labantu abane-AIDS lenyuka ukusuka ku-290,000 ngo-2005 ukuya ku-320,000 ngo-2013.Ngo-2014, IBotswana ikwelona nani lesithathu liphezulu lokufumana i-HIV/AIDS: ngama-20% abantu abosulelekileyo.

## Igama
Igama leli lizwe lithetha "Umhlaba wabeTswana", abaliqela elikhulu apho.  Igama elithi *Batswana* ekuqaleni lalisetyenziswa kwabeTswana, nangoku kunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, likwasetyenziselwa ngokubanzi njengegama labo bonke abemi baseBotswana nabantu abangakwazi ukuthetha isiTswana. 

## Imbali

### Imbali yokuqala
Ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kubonise ukuba ii-hominids zihlala eBotswana kangangesithuba seminyaka ezizigidi ezibini. Izixhobo zamatye kunye namathanbo wezilwanyana zibonise ukuba zonke iindawo zelizwe zazinabahleli iminyaka ye-400,000 eyadlulayo. Ngo-Okthobha wo-2019, abaphandi baxela ukuba iBotswana yayindawo yokuzalwa bonke abantu behlabathi malunga neminyaka 200,000 eyadlulayo. Lo mzobo wazotywe malunga neminyaka 70,000 eyadlulayo. Ekuqaleni abantu bathetha iziKhoisan kulo mmandla.

### Mfecane

Phantsi ko-1820s uKumkani uMakaba II wabakhokela abaNgwaketse ababeneenkomo ezininzi entlangweni. Babenomkhosi onamandla yaye babehlala edolophini enabantu abali-10,000. Ixesha lobunzima laqala ngo-1823-1843: eli xesha libizwa "Mfecane". Kwakukho iimfazwe ezininzi phakathi abeTswana namaNdebele nabaKololo. UShaka Zulu ebemanya ubukumkani bakhe emazantsi. 

Ngo-1852 uKumkani uSechele I ukhokele izikumkani zamaTswana ukoyisa amaBhulu awayeze kubela umhlaba wazo eDimawe. Ngo-1960 amaBhulu avumile ukungabuyi. Ngeli xesha abathunywa bevangeli bafika: ngo-1875 uKumkani Khama III wathi ukuba ubuKrestu buyinkolo yabeTswana. Lo Kumkani wakha izikolo, akazange avume utywala nokuhlala kwabamhlophe kumhlaba wakhe. 

Ngo-1885 umkhosi weGreat Britain wangena eBotswana ukungeza umhlaba; kwakungekho nto banokuyenza ookumkani. Ngo-June 1966 uSeretse Khama waba ngumongameli wokuqala weBotswana emeleyo. 

## IJografi
IBotswana ityebile kwindalo. Imozulu yomile, kodwa i-Okavango Delta izisa amanzi emantla. Ipaki yelizwe yeTshobe "Chobe" inelona nani likhulu leendlovu emhlabeni yaye ineentlobo zeentaka ezingama-350. 

Iingxaki ezimbini zendalo ziimbalela nakukunwenwa kwentlango. Isebe lezamahlathi laqala ukutyala izityalo zemveli ukunceda imvula nokunqanda ukhukuliseko lomhlaba.