Incwadi

**Incwadi**

## Etymology

Igama elithi *incwadi* livela kwiSingesi Sakudala i, ekunokwenzeka ukuba ivela kwingcambu yaseJamani , ethetha u " beech ".  Ngeelwimi zeSlavic ezifana nesiRashiya, isiBulgaria, isiMacedonia   —"ileta" ihambelana ne "beech". NgesiRashiya, isiSerbia kunye nesiMacedonia, igama elithi  (  ) okanye  (  ) ibhekisa kwincwadi yesikolo samabanga aphantsi enceda abantwana abancinane babe nobuchule bokufunda nokubhala. Ngoko ke kucingelwa ukuba imibhalo yokuqala yase-Indo-European inokuba yakrolwa kumthi we-beech.  Igama lesiLatini elithi "", elithetha incwadi ngokwengqiqo yanamhlanje (ebotshwe namagqabi ahlukeneyo), ntlandlolo yayithetha “ibhloko yomthi”. 

## Iingcaciso

Kwimo yayo yale mihla, incwadi idla ngokuqulunqwa ngamaphepha amaninzi (ahlala enziwe ngamaphepha, enziwe ngesikhumba okanye evellum) adityaniswa eludinini olunye aze akhuselwe ngeqweqwe. Ngokwandiswa, *incwadi* ibhekisa kumxholo wencwadi ebonakalayo ebhaliweyo, eshicilelweyo, okanye enemifanekiso. Inxalenye enye okanye isahlulo somsebenzi omde obhaliweyo unokubizwa ngokuba *yincwadi*, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi ethile equlunqwe kudala, inxalenye nganye imbonakalo ka-Aristotle, umzekelo, yincwadi. 

Kunzima ukwenza ingcaciso echanekileyo yencwadi eyichaza ngokucacileyo ukusuka kwezinye iindidi zezinto ezibhaliweyo kwixesha kunye nenkcubeko. Intsingiselo yeli gama itshintshile kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokuvela kwamajelo onxibelelwano.  Umbhali wembali weencwadi uJames Raven uye wacebisa ukuba xa kufundwa indlela iincwadi eziye zasetyenziswa ngayo ukunxibelelana, kufuneka zichazwe ngendlela ebandakanya ngokubanzi njengeendlela, eziphathwayo, ezihlala zihleli, eziphindiweyo nezifundekayo,  zokurekhoda nokusasaza ulwazi, kunokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezibonakalayo okanye ezingokomxholo. Oku kuya kubandakanya, umzekelo, iincwadi zombane, amaphephandaba, kunye nequipus (uhlobo lokurekhoda olusekwe kwiqhina ngokwembali esetyenziswa ngamasiko eAndean yaseMzantsi Melika ), kodwa kungekhona izinto ezimisiweyo kwindawo ezifana nezikhumbuzo ezibhaliweyo.  

Inkcazo engqongqo inikezwa yi-UNESCO ngenjongo yokushicilela izibalo zesizwe malunga nokuveliswa kweencwadi, kucetyiswa ukuba incwadi ichazwe "njengopapasho olushicilelweyo olungelona ushicilelo lwamaxa athile yamaphepha angama-49 ubuncinane, ngaphandle kwamaphepha angaphandle, apapashwe kweli lizwe kwaye enziwe afumaneke kuluntu", ekwahlula kwezinye izinto ezibhaliweyo ezifana neencwadana.  Kovač *et al.* bayihlabile le ngcaciso ngokusilela ukunika ingxelo kwiifomathi zedijithali ezintsha. Bacebisa iikhrayitheriya ezine (ubude obuncinane; umxholo wombhalo; ifomu enemida echaziweyo; kunye "nolwakhiwo lolwazi" njengesakhiwo somgca kunye nezinto ezithile ezibhaliweyo) ezenza "uluhlu lwencwadi", apho iifomathi ezizalisekisa iinqobo ezingaphezulu zijongwa ngokufana ngakumbi nencwadi yemveli eshicilelweyo.  

Nangona kulwimi lwezemfundo imonograph ingumsebenzi oyincutshe kwisifundo esinye, kwithala leencwadi nakwinzululwazi yolwazi eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuthetha naluphi na ushicilelo olungeluthotho olupheleleyo kumqulu omnye (incwadi ebonakalayo) okanye inani eliqinisekileyo lemiqulu (enjengenoveli enemiqulu emininzi), ngokuchaseneyo noshicilelo olulandelelanayo okanye lwamaxesha athile. 

## Imbali

thumb| Umphambili ontsonkothileyo weDiamond Sutra evela kumnombo wookumkani baseTang eTshayina, okt ngowama-868 CE, eyona ncwadi indala eyaziwayo eshicilelweyo ehlabathini ( iThala leeNcwadi laseBritani )