open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ubuhlobo

**Ubuhlobo** kukubanobudlelwane obuhle, ombiza ngokuba **ngumhlobo**. Abantu aba kobu budlelwane bahloniphane ba. Ubuhlobo bahlukile kobo bantu abathandanayo; abahlobo bokwenene asibahlobo bathandanayo  

Umhlobo ngumntu amthandayo umntu amaziyo. Abantu abangabahlobo bayathetha bazinike ixesha lokuba kunye. Bayancedana xa omnye esengxakini okanye elimele. Abahlobo ngabantu ekunokuthenjelwa kubo. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu ababaxeleli nditsho nabazali babo iimfihlo zabo, kodwa baxelela abahlobo babo. Abahlobo bahla ngothanda izinto ezifanayo. Umhlobo ngumntu oye athande ubuchule bomnye umntu aze amncede okanye amkhuthazeukuze akwazi ukukhetha ngobulumko.
I-Anatomy

Ukufunda ngo**mzimba wezinto eziphilayo** lisebe lezifundo ze-bayoloji elijongene nokuphicotha indlela ezidalwe ngayo neziphila ngayo izinto eziphilayo nobubuxhakaxhaka obenza okokuba ezi zinto ziphile.  Xa esi sifundo usijonga kwelinye icala, sinxulumele ne-embryology kunye ne-comparative anatomy, nekuyiyo kanye eyinzalelwane ekufuphi kwi-evolutionary biology kunye ne-phylogeny. I-Human anatomy yenye yeziseko ze-nzululwazi yamamachiza. 

Eli sebe le-anatomy lahlulwe kubini kukho i-macroscopic kunye ne microscopic anatomy. I-Macroscopic anatomy, okanye i-gross anatomy, kukulolongwa nokuhlolwa kwamalungu omzimba wesilwanyana ngokujonga nje ngamehlo engancediswa nto. I-Gross anatomy ikwaquka isebe le-[superficial anatomy]]. I-Microscopic anatomy ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-optical kwizifundo zee-tissues eziziintlobo ngeentlobo, nezaziwa ngokuba zeyi-histology nakwisifundo see-cells.

Imbali ye-anatomy ibonakala ngokuthi kutyelwe phambili ngokuyiqonda imisebenzi yee-organs nangendlela owakhiwe ngawo nomile ngawo umzimba womntu. Nee-methods ziphuculwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, oko kubeka phambili ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ngokuthi kuqhaqhwe umzimba wesilwanyana esifileyo kunye nesidumbu (isidumbu somntu) kwinkulungwane yama-20 eminyaka yobuchwepheshe be-medical imaging kuquka ne- X-ray, i-ultrasound, kunye nemagnetic resonance imaging.

## Imithombo
I-anatomy yomntu

**umzimba womntu** uyiyo yonke into ebasisakhiwo somntu ophilayo kwaye unentloko, unentamo, ibesisibhukubhuku somzimba (esiquka umntla nomzantsi womzimba, iingalo kunye nezandla, imilenze kunye neenyawo.
Onke amalungu omzimba enziwe ngeentlobo-ntlobo zee-cells, nekuyeyona nto isisiseko sobomi.
Isibhukubhuku somzimba

**Isibhukubhuku somzimba** okanye **i-torso** ligama elisetyenziswa kuqhaqho mzimba elisetyenziswa kwimizimba yezilwanyana ezininzi (kuquka naleyo yabantu) ukusuka entanyeni ukuya emilenzeni  esi sibhukubhuku somzimba siquka umntla ekuthiwa yi-thorax osuka entanyeni ukuya esinqeni nomzantsi ekuthiwa yi-abdomen osuka esinqeni uye kuma emilenzeni.

## I-Anatomy

### Ezona organs zibalulekileyo

Ezona organs zibaluleke kakhulu nezivaleleke kwi-trunk. Kumntla wesifuba, kukho intliziyo nemiphunga zona zikhuselwe yi-rib cage, ize kuthi kwi-abdomen esemazantsi kubekho ii-organs ezininzi ezijongene nokusilwa kokutya: isibindi, esiveliza inyongo nefuneka kakhulu ekusileni ukutya; ugqongo kunye  namathumbu amancinane, wona atsala izakhamzimba ekutyeni; i-anus, apho ilindle lomntu liphuma khona; i-rectum, egcina feces; isingxobo senyongo, esigcina inyongo; izintso, esenza umchamo, the ureters, which pass it to the bladder for storage; and the urethra, which excretes urine and passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs.

### Ezona zihlunu zomzimba zingundoqo
Isibhukubhuku somzimba singuvimba wamaqela ngamaqela ezihlunu zomzimba. Oku kuquka:  
*izihlunu ze-pectoral muscles
*izihlunu zamazants'omzimba
*izihlunu ezisemacaleni omzimba

### Innervation
Iinjini okanye izihlunu zomzimba, namanye amalungu omzimba zixhunyaniswe ngeentlobo-ntlobo zemithambo, nemvelaphi yayo ikumalungu ei-thoracic vertebrae. umzekelo, i-cutaneous innervation inakekelwe:
* ngamasebe e-Ventral cutaneous
* ngamasebe elateral cutaneousLateral cutaneous
* amasebe e-Dorsal cutaneous

## Imithombo
Łobez

**Łobez** — iDolophu ePoland.

## Population

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DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:12000
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  bar:1861 from:0 till:4756
  bar:1895 from:0 till:5187
  bar:1925 from:0 till:5994
  bar:1933 from:0 till:6947
  bar:1939 from:0 till:7310
  bar:1945 from:0 till:1710
  bar:1946 from:0 till:4144
  bar:1957 from:0 till:6026
  bar:1970 from:0 till:7355
  bar:1990 from:0 till:10953
  bar:2015 from:0 till:10409

PlotData=
  textcolor:black fontsize:S
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  bar:1740 at: 1191 text: 1,2 shift:(0)
  bar:1749 at: 1339 text: 1,3 shift:(0)
  bar:1831 at: 2443 text: 2,4 shift:(0)
  bar:1861 at: 4756 text: 4,8 shift:(0)
  bar:1895 at: 5187 text: 5,2 shift:(0)
  bar:1925 at: 5994 text: 6 shift:(0)
  bar:1933 at: 6947 text: 7 shift:(0)
  bar:1939 at: 7310 text: 7,3 shift:(0)
  bar:1945 at: 1710 text: 1,7 shift:(0)
  bar:1946 at: 4144 text: 4,1 shift:(0)
  bar:1957 at: 6026 text: 6 shift:(0)
  bar:1970 at: 7355 text: 7,4 shift:(0)
  bar:1990 at: 10953 text:11 shift:(0)
  bar:2015 at: 10409 text:10.4 shift:(0)
  

## External links
* Łobez 
* BIP Łobez
* Łobez - You Tube

## iReference
Intetho eyenziwa ngezimbo

**Intetho eyenziwa ngezimbo** (NVC) ithumela iphinde yamkele umyalezo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amazwi. Ulwimi akukuphela kwesixhobo sokuthetha, zikho nezinye iindlela. Uninzi lwentetho eyenziwa ngezimbo lubayinto yesiqhelo: yenzeka ungakhange uyicinge.
I-ovum

**I-ovum** nge(siLatin: l"iqanda", isininzi: zii**ova**) ligama le-cell elibhekisa kwi-haploid eyimazi edalelwe ukuqhama ngokuthi izale, okanye ***[[i-gamete]]***. zombini ezi zinto ziphilayo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kuthiwa z(ii-embryophytes) zivelisa imbewu ezi-ova. 

## Izilwanyana ezincancisayo
### Abantu

Ii-Ova zenziwa zii-ovaries zemazi zize ziphinde zikhutshwe kwazizo. Kwasekuzalweni kwakhe, umntu onesini sobufazi ubanawo onke amaqanda akhe. Uthi xa afikelela kwinqanaba lokufikisa apha ekukhuleni kwakhe, akhuphe iqanda libe linye ngenyanga de kungabikho qanda lishiyekileyo. Loo nto ke kuthiwa yi-oogenesis. 

Xa i-ovum sele ichunyiswe nge-sperm sendoda, kuphuma  i-zygote, ethi ikhule ibe sesinye isidalwa. I-ovum ichunyiswa ingaphakathi emzimbeni womntu ongumfazi, kutsho kuvele i-embryo ethi ikhulele ngaphakathi kweuterus, isondliwa yi-placenta kamama. 

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.

### Ezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo
The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during their 'heat', which triggers the release of eggs from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.

### Izityalo
In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.

In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

## Gallery

Image:Gray3.png|A human ovum
Image:Acrosome reaction diagram.svg|Sperm cells trying to fertilize an ovum
Image:Sperm-egg.jpg|A sperm cell fusing with an ovum


## Related pages
* Cleidoic egg
* Egg (biology)
* Fertilisation
* Pollination
* Sperm
* Zygote
I-haploid

**I-Haploid** ligama elisetyenziswa xa i-cell inehafu yenani eliqhelekileyo lee- chromosomes. Isidalwa se-eukaryote sinee-cells ze-diploid, ingqokolela enye yee-chromosomes evela kwisidalwa ngasinye esinesini sobufazi nesinesini sobudoda. kodwa ke emva kokuba kwenzeke i-meiosis, inani lee-chromosomes ezikwi-gametes lahlulwa phakathi. Obu ke bubume be-haploid.

Ebantwini, inani eliphindwe kabini (le-diploid) lee-chromosomes lingama-46 (2x23). Inani lee-sperms nelamaqanda kwi-icells ze-haploid zingama-23. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziluhlobo lwe-haploid, njengenkunzi ye-hymenoptera (iimbovaneant, iinyosi kunye ne-wasps). Olu luhlobo olulodwa lwenkqubo yegenetic ekuthiwa yi-haplodiploidy.

Ezinye izityalo nezilwanyana zi-polyploid, zineengqokolela yee-chromosomes ezingaphezulu kwezimbini. Umzekelo, uhlobo olunye lwengqolowa luyi-hexaploid, luneengqokolela yee- chromosomes ezintadathu, nangona ezinye iintlobo zengqolowa zineengqokolela ezimbini kuphela.  Kuba izidalwa ezininzi zizi-diploid, isenobhidisa ungazi okokuba ingaba i-haploid ibhekisa kwingqokolela yee-chromosomes enye okanye ngaphezulu kusini na. Igama elilodwa elithi **monoploid** lingasetyenziswa; ingqokolela yee-chromosomes enye kuphela.
I-photosynthesis

**I-Photosynthesis** yinkqubo esetyenziswa zizityalo nazezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukuguqula amandla okukhanya, okuhlala kuvela elangeni, abe ngamandla e-chemical ayakuthi akhutshwe kamva ukuze aye kutha amandla kwimisebenzi eyenziwa zezi zidalwa ziphilayo. Laa mandla echemical agcinwa kwii-molecules ze-carbohydrate, ezifana neswekile, edidiyelwa ngecarbon dioxide nangamanzi – yiyo le nto kusetyenziswa igama elithi 'photosynthesis', elivela  kwisiGrike , *phōs*, "ukukhanya", kunye , *nokudidiyela*, "ukuxuba". Kumaxesha amaninzi, i-oxygen ichithelwa ngaphandle komzimba wento ephilayo njengokungcola. inkoliso yezityalo, inkoliso yee-algae, nee-cyanobacteria zenza i-photosynthesis; ezo zidalwa ke kuthiwa zii-photoautotrophs. I-Photosynthesis igcina i-atmospheric oxygen ikumgangatho ofanelekileyo ize inakekele zonke ii-organic compounds noninzi lwamandla afunekayo kubomi bezinto ezisemhlabeni.  

## Imithombo
I-phytoplankton

**i-Phytoplankton**  yingqokolela   yee-[autotrophic] zohlobo lwee-[plankton ikwayintsika esisizinda seelwandle, nesamanzi ahlaziyekileyo ngokwee-ecosystems. Eli gama livela kumagama esiGrike athi φυτόν (*i-phyton*), nelintsingiselo yalo ithetha "isityalo", kwane πλαγκτός (*i-planktos*), intsingiselo yalo ithetha "isibhaduli" okanye "umkhenkethi". Inkoliso yee-phytoplankton zincinane kakhulu ukuba zingabonwa ngamehlo engancediswa nto. Nangona kunjalo, xa zininzi kakhulu, ezinye iintlobo zazo zingabonakala ngokungathi ngamachaphaza ammabala-bala apha ngaphezulu emanzini ngenxa yobukho be-chlorophyll phakathi kwee-cell zazo nobukho bemibala efunekayo (efana nee-phycobiliproteins okanye ii-xanthophysll) kwezinye iintlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo.
Izinto ezixabisekileyo

**Into yexabiso** yinto ekwenziwa ngayo enye into. Xa sithetha ngento enexabiso, sithetha ngezinto ezibonakala ngamehlo. 

Umzekelo, isiziba, esi kwenziwa ngaso impahla yokunxiba, siyinto yexabiso. Izinto zexabiso *ngobunjalo bazo* zingekatshintshwa zibe yenye into eyahlukileyo.
I-Mercury

**I-Mercury**, ikwaziwa njenge**quicksilver** okanye **i-hydrargyrum**, yi-chemical element. Uphawu kwi-periodic table luthi **Hg**, yona i-atomic number yayo inga-80. I-atomic mass yayo ingama-200.59

Uphawu oluthi*Hg* lumele igama layo lesiLatini isiGreki *i-hydrargyrum*, elintsingiselo yalo ibhekiselele kwinto ebumanzi okanye emanzi isilivere.

## Imithombo
Isifundo

Study can mean:

*Uphando
*Isakhono sokufunda, iindlela zokufunda
*(Igumbi) lokufundela, igumbi lendlu, lifana nqwa ne-ofisi esekhaya
*Isifundo (sobuchule), umzobo okanye uthotho lwemizobo olwandulela umsebenzi omkhulu wezobuchwepheshe
*i-Étude, intwana yomculo ebizwa ngokuba s"isifundo"
*Imfundo
*ukulinga
Ujiko lokutsala isiciko sewayini

**I-corkscrew** sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ukuvula ibhotile yeveyn. Ifakwa kwi-cork kuze kutsalwe ngayo isiciko sitsho sithi bhoncu siphume kwibhotile yewayini. Amajiko okutsala isiciko sewayini ayafunekaare kuba ayikho enye indlela enokutsala esi siciko.
Isakhono sokufunda

**Izakhono zokufunda** okanye **iindlela zokufunda** ziindlela ezicwangciswayo ukuphucula  ukufunda. Zifuneka kahulu kwimpumelelo yasesikolweni, ingakumbi kwikholeji nangaphaya kwayo. Izakhono zokufunda zibandakanya iintlobo-ntlobo zobuchule namaqhinga ngamaqhinga athi ancede ekuphandeni nasekugcineni ulwazi. Ezinye zazo zizixhobo zokuvavanya okanye zeemviwo ezikwanceda abafundi ukuze babone apho basilele khona, nalapho badinga khona uncedo.  

## Iindlela zokufunda

* Ukugcina ixesha sisakhono esibalulekileyo. Ootitshala bafumanise unxulumano phakathi kwabafundi abakwaziyo ukulisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo ixesha labo, kunye ne-GPA (umyinge wenqanaba lokupasiswa kwabo). Okukona bekwazi ukusebenzisa ixesha labo ngokufanelekileyo, kokukona kusiba bezulu ukuphumelela kwabo okanye i-GPA yabo. I-Britton kunye ne-and Tesser ka-(1991) yafumanisa okokuba umlinganiselo wesakhono sokusebenzisa ixesha le- ngokufanelekileyo kwakuyindlela engcono yokubonakalisa ii- GPAs kunamanqaku abo e-SAT njengee-. Uninzi lwabafundi ngokucukuceza indlela abalisebenzisa ngayo ixesha labo, uninzi lwalo lumnka namanzi.
Isakhono

**Isakhono** okanye **iqhinga** kukufunda  ukwenza into. 
Isenokuba kukudlala ngesixhobo somculo okanye ukudlala uhlobo oluthile  lomdlalo okanye ukwenza into nje elula efana nokusebenzisa i-corkscrew. Umntu othi ezama ukwenza into abe engaphumeleli kusenokwenzeka okokuba usebenzisa iqhinga elingafanelekanga kuloo nto ayenzayo. Isakhono asilindelekanga ukuba sibe yinto ephathekayo: sisenokubhekisa kuloo ndlela umntu ayivela ngayo ingxaki ethile.  

Imizekelo yezakhono nantsi:
*isakhono sokubamba bow okanye umpu
*Isakhono sokuthetha zonke iilwimi
*isakhono sokufunda nesokubhala
Ingxuba kaxaka

**Ingxuba kaxaka okanye ingxaki** yimeko ekunzima kakhulu ukumelana nayo. Eli gama libhekisa kwinto eng"umqobo" (into emi endleleni yakho). Ukuba abantu banengxaki, kufuneka bazame ukufumana indlela yokuyi*sombulula* loo ngxaki.  indlela yokuyisombulula ke kuthiwa sisisombululo. 

## Imizekelo
"UJohn utshixele izitshixo zakhe ngaphakathi emotweni yakhe, khon'ukuze angakwazi ukuzifumana. Ngoko ke uJohn unengxaki".

### Ingxaki zasekuhlaleni
Singathetha ngomntwana onee"ngxaki ezinxulumene nesimilo" sakhe. Oko kuyakuthetha okokuba abantwana abalolu hlobo benza izinto ngeendlela ezithi zikhube zide zivuse umnyele kwabanye abantu kanti basenokuzilimaza nabo ngokwabo ngenxa yesimilo sabo esibi, kungenjalo badale inyakanyaka nezivungu-vungu entlalweni yabantu.

Ngamanye amaxesha xa abantu bethetha ngabantu abahamba nzima ekufundeni nangabantu abanengulo ngokwasengqondweni ebangela okokuba babenokuzikhetha ebantwini, bathetha ngendlela abasebenzisa ngayo imizimba yabo nezinto ezibangqongileyo njengeendlela eziyingxaki kuba bazibona zinokuphazamisa okukhulu, kodwa usengumba wakwamkhozi okwangoku. Le miba ke yona ayikhathazi mntu kunjalo nje ingajonganga kuvusa mnyele, kuphela ibonwa nje ngendleyokuzityanda igila nokuzanelisa kwabantu abadala nabantwana abaqhuba ngolu hlobo- njengokuziphazamisa okanye ukuphinda-phinda izinto abazenzayo njengokususa iingcango neziciko okanye izivalo okanye balinganise nayiphi na intshukumo eyenzeka apho bakhoyo, intshukumo enjengeyeflegi xa kukho umoya ovuthuzayo.  
 

### Imizekelo yokuzonwabis
ezinye iingxaki zenzelwa ukonwaba. Ezi ke zifana nee-puzzles. Ezinye zazo zingasonjululwa ngelogic, ukanti ke ezinye zingasonjululwa ngofunisela okanye nge-*[[heuristic]]*.

### Imizekelo ye-Mathematika
Nanku umzekelo wengxaki ye-mathematika:
"Ubudala bukaJohn buphinda-phinda kathathu obukaMary. Kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo, uJohn uyakube emdala ngokuphindaphindwe kabini kubudala bukaMary. Ingaba badala kangakanani uJohn noMary?" Impendulo kule ngxaki ithi uJohn mdala ngeminyaka elu-9 abe yena uMary eneminyaka emi-3 ubudala. 

abantwana bayathanda ukusoloko benikana iingxaki ezinokusonjululwa "ngokusebenzisa ingqondo".  oku kuthatha okokuba ukusebenzisa imibono endaweni yokusebenzisa ingqiqo ngokupheleleyo.   Nanku umzekelo:

"UPeter, uRuth, uSamuel kunye noJessica bahlala endwini enye. uPeter kunye noRuth baphuma baya ngaphandle. Xa bebuya bafumana uJessica ethe natya sele ebanda, engqongwe zii-glasi. Babeqinisekile okokuba ngene nguSamuel owenze oku. Kwakutheni ukuze bangabizi mapolisa?"  Impendulo yile: USamuel wayeyikati kanti yena uJessica wayeyintlanzi yegolide. 

Iseyeyakwamkhozi ke le

Umzekelo owaziwayo wengxaki engenakusonjululwa ngowokwenza isangqa sijike sime okoxande - square -  singafumaneka njani i-square esimphakathi waso okanye i-area yaso ilingana okanye ifana neyesangqa esinikiweyo, kusetyenziswa i-geometri.
I-Autism

**I-Autism** kukukhubazeka ngokwasemphefumlweni, nto leyo echaphazela ubomi bomntu. Oku kusilela kubonakaliswa ziimpawu zokurhoxa komntu okanye umntwana ekudibaneni nabanye abantu. Atsho ke ngoku abe yinkomo edla yodwa. Aphinde aphinda-phinde yonke into ayenzayo, abengumntu oloyikayo utshintsho olwenzekayo kwizinto ezimngqongileyo nasekuhlaleni. 

Ukukhubazeka ngokwasemphefumlweni kuchaphazela ukusebenza kobuchopho ukuze bungakwazi ukwamkela nokuphonononga ulwazi ekufuneka luhlalutyiwe yingqondo. Abantu abanale Autism bafumana kunzima ukusebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo abanye abantu abacinga ngayo. Bafumana kunzima ukuvula izifuba zabo bezivulela kwabanye abantu. Ngamanye amazwi kunzima kubo ukuthetha nabanye abantu, bafumane kunzima ukujonga abanye abantu kwaye abathandi kwaphela ukuphathwa ngezandla ngabanye abantu. umntu okhubazeke ngolu hlobo ubangumntu yedwa, nothanda ukuthetha yedwa, azonwabise eyedwa, ehle esenyuka, asuke ke ngoku ahleke yedwa kwizinto azingayo eyedwa. Umntu onje ke akalufuni nokulubona utshintsho, kuye nje makungatshintshi kwanto ekuhlaleni, nakwizinto ezimngqongileyo. Ubukhulu becala abantwana abakhubazeke ngolu hlobo bafumana kunzima kakhulu ukufunda into entsha enje ngokuya ngasese nokuya esikolweni.
Ukufana kwesakhiwo

**Ubume besakhiwo okanye ipattern** ngumbono, sisigama okanye uhlobo. Uhlobo lwento yinto enokuchazwa ngokwendlela ecingwa ngayo ngengqondo,  ize ke ngoko isetyenziswe apho imelwe kukusetyenziswa khona. Ukuhambelana kwemo yento eyakhiweyo is checking if a certain pattern is present. Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses.
Izinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo

ukwenzeka kwendalo yinto eenzeka uyijongile kodwa ingenokwenziwa ngasandla samntu.  Imizekelo iquka: ukuvela kwelanga, imozulu, inkungu, iindudumo, inyikima, ukukhula nokuphila kwezidalwa eziphefumlayo,  ukubola, ukuhluma; ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwamalungu omzimba, ukuyaluza kwamaza, ukhukhuliseko; i-tidal flow, kunye neentlekele zasendalweni ezifana nokubetha kwe-electromagnetic pulses, i-volcanic eruptions, nokunyikima komhlaba.

## Imithombo
I-Republic

**I-republic** (from ) luhlobo luhlobo lukarhulumente okanye lwesizwe  apho ulawulo lusezandleni lwabo bantu bonyuliweyo ukuze babengabameli babantu belo lizwe.  neenkokheli zikarhulumente zisebenzisa amandla azo ngokomthetho olawulayo. kule mihla siphila kuyo, igama elithi republic lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kurhulumente kuphela, loo nto yenze okokuba eli gama libe liyikhuphela ngaphandle ulawulo lwezikumkani. Kungoku nje, lungama-147 uludwe lwamazwe alolu hlobo phakathi kwamazwe azimeleyo angama-206 kwihlabathi jikelele asebenzisa igama elithi "republic" njengenxalenye yamagama awo aseburhulumenteni; akungawo onke laa mazwe akwi-republic ngokubanorhulumente wonyulo, kungengawo onke amazwe asebenzisa urhulumente wonyulo asebenzisa igama elithi *republic* kumagama awo.
I-Carnivore

**I-carnivore**  ithetha ukuthi 'isidlanyama' ngesi(Latini, *caro* ithetha 'inyama' or 'inyama' aze u*vorare* athethe ukuthi 'ginya') sisidalwa esiphilayo esifumana amandla nezakhamzimba ezifunekayo kuhlobo lokutya okwenziwe kuphela nangokukodwa ngeIsihlunu|zihlunu zesilwanyana nokokuba zizilwanyana eziphilayo okanye ezifileyo ezithi zibanjwe luhlobo lwezilwanyana oluzii-carnivores nee-herbivores. Ziyakuthi ke izilwanyana eziphilayo   zakubanjwa zityiwe ii-carnivores kanti zona ezibhaqwe sele zifile zityiwa zii-herbivores. Ezi zilwanyana zizii-carnivores kuthiwa xa zibizwa zii-predators. Ukanti isenzo esi senziwa zii-carnovores kuthiwa yi-predation. Ii-herbivores zona kuthiwa zii-scavengers, ukanti isenzo sazo sokutya izilwanyana esele zifile kuthiwa sisi-scavenging]]. Uhlobo lwezilwanyana oluxhomekeke kwinyama yezinye izilwanyana ukuze ifumane izakha mzimba kuthiwa lubizwa ngokuba zii-  carnivores, ngeli lixa ezi zingatyi kutya kuyinyama kuthiwa zii-  carnivores. Ii-Omnivores zona zitya inyama yezilwanyana kunye nokutya okungeyonyama kwaphela, ngaphandle koku kuqikelela kwinkcaza equkayo, akukho myinge uqingqiweyo wezityalo ezityiwayo nenyama ekukutya onokwahlula ii- facultative carnivore kwii-omnivore. I-carnivore ethe ngcu kwincakam yefoodchain kuthiwa yi-apex predator.
I-omnivore

**I-omnivore**  luhlobo lwesilwanyana olufumana oluphila ngokufumana amandla kwii-iintlobo-ntlobo zokutya eziquka izityalo, izilwanyana, i-algae, i-fungi nakwi-bacteria.

Eli gama lithatha ukuthi 'udla zonke' nge (Latini, *omnes*, *omnia*, othetha "zonke" okanye "yonke into" ne- *vorare* ethetha ukuthi "mimba"),

## Imithombo
I-Predator

Kwi-ecosystem **i-predation** kusebenza kwe-biological apho i-**predator** (isilwanyana esizingela esinye) izondla ngexhoba **layo** (isilwanyana esihlaselwayo). Ii-zisenokulibulala okanye zingalibulali ixhoba lazo phambi kokuba zilitye, kodwa ke indlela esebenza ngayo i-predation isoloko iba nesiphumo sokufa kwexhoba layo, ize ke ngoku yakuba ilosele okanye ilifumene sele lifile izityele itheko kwizihlunu zalo.  
 Kubonakala ngokungathi ke i-predation iyakusoloko isebenza ngokwecarnivory nangona ngamanye amaxesha kungenjalo.

## Uqikelelo lwexabiso lomthi
Uhlobo lolutya

**Uhlobo lokutya** luthetha u:

## Ukutya
*uhlobo lokutya(isondlo somzimba), kubhekisa kwizakhamzimba ezisekutyeni okutyiwa zizidalwaokanye liqela lezidalwa eziphefumlayo.
*Ukuhluza uhlobo lokutya, ukuzikhethela ukutya okuthile omawukutye ngeenjongo zokwehlisa  izinga lobunzima bomzimba okanye ukwehlisa indlela ozitya ngayo iityuwa zomzimba.  

**Uludwe lweentlobo zokutya
*Ukutya okuluhlobo oluthile, ukutya okunceda ekwehliseni izinga lobunzima bomzimba
*Ukutya ngokwesiko, Uhlobo ekutyiwa ngalo lisiko elithile.
I-scavenger

**Ukuzondla ngezinto ezifileyo** kubhekisa kwiintlobo ezimbini zokuzondla ezizii- carnivorous kunye nee- herbivorous apho i-scavenger ziphila ngokuzondla ngezilwanyana nezityalo.  Isilwanyana esitya inyama yesilwana esifana naso eso senzo sibizwa ngokuba yi-cannibalism. I-Scavengers sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kw[i-ecosystem]] ngokutya izilwanyana nezityalo ezifileyo. Izichumisi kunye nemibungu edla izinto ezifileyo enje ngeempethu zithi zigqibezele ezo zilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezifileyo, ngokuthi ziqwele amalungwana okanye nantoni engatyiwanga sisi-scarvenger kweso silwanyana okanye kweso sityalo.

## Imithombo
I-cannibalism

Kwi-zoology, **i-cannibalism** kuxa isilwanyana sizondla ngesinye isilwanyana esikwafana naso.  Ukuzondla ngesilwanyana esifana kwaneso sizondlayo okanye singathi ukubonakalisa ubu-cannibalism yinto exhaphakileyo kwintlalo yendalo yezilwanyana kwaye li-1,500 lezilwanyana ezilolu hlobo eselithe lashicilelwa. 

Oku akwenziwa kukushokoxeka kokutya okanye yindlala, njengoko bekukholelwa njalo ngaphambili, koko kuxhaphakile phantsi kweemeko zendalo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana.   Cannibalism seems to be especially prevalent in aquatic communities, in which up to approximately  90% of the organisms engage in cannibalism at some point of the life cycle. Cannibalism is also not restricted to carnivorous species, but is commonly found in herbivores and detritivores.

## IReference
I-ecology

**I-ecology** (from , "house"; -λογία, "study of") sisifundo sobunzululwazi esifunda nzulu ngempilo nokuhlalisana kwemihla ngemihla kwezidalwa eziphefumlayo kwiindawo eziphila kuzo. Sisifundo esikwicandelo le-interdisciplinary esidibanisa i-biology kunye ne-Earth science. I-ecology idibanisa intlalo yemihla ngemihla yee-organisms ikwachaza ngokubanzi okokuba zidityaniswa yintoni kanye ezi-organisms nezinye, nee-abiotic components zee-environment zazo. Izihloko ezinika umdla kubantu abafunda nge-ecology ziquka i-diversity, i-distribution, isixa se-(biomass), kunye nenani le (population) yee-organisms ezithile; kwakunye nendlela eziphilisana nezikhuphisana ngazo zona ngokwazo nakwindawo eziphila kuzo.
Ixolo

**Ixolo**, likwaziwa ngokuba y**i-rind** okanye s**isikhumba**, yinwebu engaphandle ekhusela isiqhamo okanye imifuno, eli xolo ke liyaxobuleka. I-rind idla ngokuba yinto esisityalo umphandle wexolo lesiqhamo, kodwa igama elithi exocarp libandakanya uqweqwe olulukhuni olubonakala kwii-nuts, ezingenakubizwa ngokuba ngamaxolo kuba zingenakuxotyulwa ngesandla okanye ngaloo nto kuxotyulwa ngayo, kodwa kuthiwa ngamaqokobhe ngenxa yokuqina kwawo.
Inyama emhlophe

**Inyama emhlophe** okanye **i-light meat** yinyama inyama yezinto ezibhabhayo ezilula nemibalabala xa kuthelekiswa **nenyama emdaka**. Ngokwesiqhelo, inyama emhlophe ibhekisa nakweyiphi inyama ezilula nemibalabala xa kuthelekiswa nenyama ebomvu njengenyama nenye inyama elolunye uhlobo. 

Inyama emhlophe yenziwe ngenyama yeefibres ze-fast-twitch, ngeli lixa yona inyama ebomvu okanye emdaka ngombala yenziwe ngezihlunu ezinee-fibres ezi-slow-twitch.

## Inyama yehagu
Xa sithetha ngokutya okusisondlo, abavelisi benyama bazimisele ukuyazisa imveliso yabo yenyama njengenyama emhlophe, kwaye  i-United States i-National Pork Board ziyibeke kwizinga le-"zinye i inyama ezimhlophe", njengenyama yezinto ezinamaphiko, nentlanzi;  kodwa, inyama ebomvu xa ingekaphekwa ize ithi yakuphekwa ijike ibemhlophe njengenyama yehagu zaziwa njengenyama ebomvu kwisebe lezolimo lase-United States ingakumbi xa umyinge we-myoglobin level ubangaphezulu kwama-65%. le yinto esashukuxwayo nanjengoko kukho olunye uhlobo lwentlanzi, olufana ne-tuna, zibomvu kodwa zithi zisakuphekwa zijike zibemhlophe; kananjalo, ezinye iintlobo zenyama yezinto ezibhabhayo eziye zithi ngamanye amaxesha zibonwe njengezinyama yazo imhlophe kodwa xa zingekaphekwa inyama yazo ibabomvu, njenge-rhanisi ne-goose. Kusenjalo, abakwa-USDA bayibona ibomvu yonke inyama yezilwanyana ezincancisayo."
Ukwahlula-hlulwa kwe-cell

**Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell** kuxa i-cell enye *nengunozala* wezinye *[[i-cell  (ngokwe-biology)|ii-cell]]* yahluke kubini nangaphezulu sithi ezo zii-*daughter cells*. Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-Cell kuyinxalenye yokwenzeka kwe-cell cycle. Zimbini iintlobo-ntlobo zokwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell Kwi-eukaryotes: yi-vegetative division, apho intshontsho le-cell ngalinye lifana nqwa nonina i-cell engunozala ke ukutsho. Oku kwahlulahlulwa kwe-cell kwaziwa ngokuba yi-(mitosis), kunye ne-reductive cell division, apho inani lee-chromosomes ezifumaneka kwintshontsho le-cell (daughter cells) liphungulwa ngenani eliyihafu kwelo lazo liphelele, ukuze kwenzeke ii-haploid gametes leyo ke kuthiwa yi-(meiosis). Xa kusenzeka i-Meiosis kuphuma ii-four haploid daughter cells ezine ngokuthi zenze umjikelo omnye we-DNA replication ize ilandelwe kukwahlula-hlulwa okwenzeka kabini:

## Imithombo
I-asexual reproduction

**I-Asexual reproduction** luhlobo lokuqhama okanye lokwanda apho isithole sesityalo okanye loo nto intshulayo isisiqhamo sesityalo okanye sesidalwa esinye. Oko kuthetha okokuba   esi sithole okanye eli ntshontsho alenziwanga ngumdibaniso wabazali ababini, koko sivela okanye livela kumzali omnye kuphela, lize ke elo ntshontsho okanye eso sithole sibeneempawu okanye sifuze loo mzali okanye eso sityalo sivela kuso. Ngoko ke; i-asexual reproduction ayibandakanyi kudibana kwee-gametes kwaye ingazange ilitshintshe inani lee- chromosomes. I-Asexual reproduction yeyona ndlela zizandisa ngayo izidalwa ezine-cell enye ezifana nee-archaebacteria, ii-eubacteria, kunye nee-protists. Izityalo ezininzi kunye nee-fungi nazo zanda ngale ndlela e-asexually. 

Ngeli lixa zona ii-prokaryotes zizandisa ne-ngokwe-asexually (ngaphandle kokudibana kwee-cell zemazi nenkunzi), 

Indlela ezanda ngayo izidalwa ezanda ngokudibanisa ii-cell zabazali ababini ezifana ne- conjugation, i-transformation kunye ne-i-transduction ngamanye amaxesha zayanyaniswa kei- sexual reproduction (okanye nokuncazelana ngokwesondo, ngokohlobo lokudibanisa ii-genes ekuthiwa yi-genetic recombination). Ukunqongophala kohlobo lokwanda oluyi-sexual reproduction kunqabile kwizidalwa ezinee-cell ezininzi nezibizwa ngokuba zii-multicellular organisms, ingakumbi kwizilwanyana.

## Imithombo
Oceania

**I-Oceania** ligama elisetyenziswa kwijografi xa kuthethwa ngayo ikwilizwekazi iyingqokolela yala mazwe alandelayo:i-Australia, i-New Zealand, i-New Guinea, kunye nezinye iziqithi ezininzi nezizwe eziyingqongileyo. Abanye abantu bathi yiAustralasia le ndawo eyinxalenye yehlabathi.  
Maxa wambi, abantu basebenzisa igama elithi *Oceania* kuba lona libandakanya kuphela iziqithi zePolynesia neseMelanesia kulwandle i-Pacific, nto leyo eyenza okokuba izimele geqe okanye yahluke kwi-Australasia.
I-biotic

Igama elithi **Biotic** libhekisa nakwintonina ephefumlayo. Izityalo nezilwanyana kunye nee-microbes, umzekelo, zii-organisms ezizizinto eziphilayo ngamanye amazwi. Ngoko ke zithathwa njengezinto ze-envronment  ezi-biotic.  
* Ukuphefumla kwee-organisms (kwezinto eziphilayo)
* Biology, ukufunda nzulu ngokuphefumla kwezinto eziphilayo. 
* Izinto ezi-Biotic, izinto eziphuma kwezi organisms ziphilayo.  
* Izinto ezenza i-Biotic kwi-ecology
* Ukubaluleka kwe-Biotic, ingaba ezi zinto zanda kangakanani na.  
* Indawo yezinto ezi-biotic, zonke ii-organisms ezihlalisana ndawonye kuloo ndawo zihlala kuyo.
Oonobumba

Kwezinye iilwimi, umzekelo Isingesi, sibhala **ileta** kwilungu ngalinye likanobumba. Iileta zibonisa izandi ezahlukeneyo xa ulwimi luthethwa. 

Ezinye iilwimi azibasebenzisi nobumba kwimibhalo yazo: isiTshayina, umzekelo, sisebenzisa ii-"ideograms". 

KwisiNgesi nakwezinye iilwimi, eyonanto incinane kwimibhalo ngunobumba. sisebenzisa oonobumba ukwenza amagama. Kwezinye iilwimi, umzekelo, iSipanish, kusoloko kukho unobumba omnye kwisandi ngasinye (okanye singathi: kwi-*phoneme* nganye, esona sakhiwo sentetho nesakhe sasincinane xa kusekwa intetho). Kulula ukukufunda oku. Kwezinye iilwimi,  umzekelo, kwisiNgesi, singasebenzisa oonobumba abaninzi kwisandi esinye, okanye unobumba omnye kwizandi eziliqela. kubanzima ke kubafundi ukufunda oku. Nantsi emizekelo:

:ISpanishi: *feliz* eligama linoonobumba abahlanu kunye nezandi ezintlanu. 
:IsiNgesi: *happy* eli gama linoonobumba aba-5 nezandi ezi-4.

:KwisiNgesi sisebenzisa u-"a" ku "happy" kwizandi ezintathu:
:a = /æ/ (p**a**d) OR /ɑ/ (b**a**r) OR /Ej/ (c**a**ke)

:KwiSipanishi sisebenzisa u-"a" kwisandi esinye:
:a = /a/ (g**a**to)

IsiNgesi, isiFrentshi, iSipanishi kwaye ezinye iilwimi ezininzi zisebenzisa oonobumba besiLatini xa zibhalwa. kule alphabet kusoloko kukho iintlobo ezimbini zoonobumba kwisandi ngasinye. Umzekelo, "A" and "a". Kwezinye ii-alphabets, umzekelo i-alphabet yesiCyrillic, kukho unobumba omnye kuphela kwisandi ngasinye (ngaphandle kwesiCyrillic esibhalwe ngesandla, apho unobumba omkhulu ungumbhalo owahlukileyo - aze ke ngoko angabinakwahluleka phakathi koonobumba abancinane ahamba nabo kuloo mbhalo). Naba aba nobumba: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

:I-alphabet yesiLatini: D d
:I-alphabet Cyrillic: Д д
Isibizo

Isibizo luhlobo oluthile lwegama (jonga kwisigaba sentetho) elidla ngokuba ligama lento enje ngomntu, indawo, into, ubunjani, kunye nombono.  EsiNgesini, izibizo zisenokuba kwisinye okanye kwisininzi.  

Izibizo zisoloko zifuna igama ekuthiwa yi- article okanye i-determiner (efana no-*the* okanye u-*that*). Laa magama asimagama asoloko ehamba nezinye iintlobo zamagama afana nezenzi kunye nezihlomelo.  (Umzekelo, abantu abathandi ukusoloko bechaza izibizo.  EsiNgesini, zininzi izibizo ngaphezu kwalo naluphina uhlobo lwegama.  

Naluphi na ulwimi apha emhlabeni, lunezibizo, kodwa azisoloko zisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezifanayo.   Zisoloko zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokwahluka-hlukana kweelwimi. umzekelo, Kwezinye iilwimi, izibizo azitshintshi zibekwisinye nakwisininzi, kanti ke ngamanye amaxesha akukho gama limele u-*the*.

Eminye imizekelo yezibizo esiNgesini nantsi: t*ime, people, way, year, government, day, world, life, work, part, number, house, syystem, company, end, party, information*.

## imbali yegama elithi isibizo
Igama 'isibizo' livela kwintsingiselo yesiLatin *ethi* "name." Amagama afana nezibizo achazwa kwimihla yamandulo ngu-Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini kunye nesiGrike samandulo esifana no- Dionysios Thrax.

## Ukusetyenziswa kwezibizo
Kwizivakalisi zesiNgesi, izibizo zisenokusetyenziswa njengentloko, injongosenzi, okanye i-complement. Zisoloko zilandela emva kwee-prepositions, njenge'object ye preposition'.

Maxa wambi izibizo zingachaza ezinye izibizo (ezifana nebhola yesoka). Xa zisenza oku, kuthiwa zizii-modifiers okanye ii-adjuncts.

Kukwakho nohlobo lwezenzi olunokusetyenziswa ngokufanayo nolu lwezibizo (ezifana nesi 'I like *running*.)  Ezi ke kuthiwa zii-*verbals* okanye zii-v*erbal nouns*, kwaye ziquka ii-*participles* (ezisenokuba zizichazi) kunye nee- *infinitives*.

## Iintlobo zezibizo nendlela ezilandelelana ngayo
Izibizo zilandelelana ngokwee-**common nouns**, nagee-**proper nouns**. Kukwakho nezimelabizo. Ezi ke izibizo bezisoloko zithathwa njengezibizo ezikwisigaba sentetho eyahlukileyo kuleyo yezibizo,  kodwa kudala ezinye ezinye ii-gramma zaziquka ezi zibizo njengenxalenye yezibizo kanye njengee-modern linguists ezininzi..

### Isibizo soqobo
**Isibizo soqobo** (esikwabizwa ngokuba **luqobo lwegama**) ligama elinikwa abantu, iindawo, iinkampani, okanye ii-brands. Eminye imizekelo yoqobo lwamagama nantsi: *yi-London, u-John, u-Thixo, u-OKthobha, u-Mozart, umgqibelo, i-Coke, Mnu. Brown, ulwandle i-Atlantika*

## Nanga amanye amaphepha anokufundwa
Isenzi

Isenzi luhlobo lwegama (isigaba sentetho) esixela [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukwenzeka okanye isenzeko] okanye [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/isimo esithile]. Singundoqo wesivakalisi: sonke isivakalisi sinesenzi kuso.Izenzi zikukuphela kohlobo lwegama elimana ukuguqu-guquka libe kwixesha lakudala okanye libe kwixesha langoku. .

Zonke iilwimi apha emhlabeni zinezenzi, kodwa azisoloko zisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo.  Zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokwahluka-hlukana kweelwimi.  Umzekelo, kwezinye iilwimi izenzi zesiTshayina nesi-Indonesian) aziguquki zibe kwimo yakudala neyangoku.  Oku kuthetha okokuba le nkcazo ingasentla isebenza kakuhle kwizenzi zesiNgesi kuphela.  

Zilishumi elinesithandathu izenzi ezisetyenziswa kwisiNgesi esikwinqanaba esisezantsi. Zezi: *be, [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/do do], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/have have], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/come come], go, see, [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/seem seem], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/give give], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/take take], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/keep keep], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/make make], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/put put], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/send send], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/say say], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/let let], [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/get get].*

## Igama 'isenzi'
Igama elithi isenzi livela kwigama w*ere-*, intsingiselo  yegama elithi Proto-Indo-European "igama". Liza ngegama lesiLatini elithi verbum kwisiNgesi nangesiFrentshi sakudala esithi *verbe*.

### Verbal phrase
Isivakalisi esifutshane, isenzi sisenokuba ligama elinye: *The cat *sat* on the mat*. Kodwa ke isenzi sisenokuba yintetho: *The cat *will sit* on the mat*. 

## References
Isohlwayo ngemali

Ukuba umntu ufunyaniswa enetyala lokwaphula umthetho, isohlwayo sabo isenokuba kukubhatala **isohlwayo semali**, isixa semali esithile. Kumazwe amaninzi, isohlwayo ngemali sisenokunikwa ngamapolisa, yinkundla yamatyala, ziijaji kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente.

Xa kuvunyelwana noosomashishini nge-contract, lowo uxhasa ishishini usenokuvuma ukulandela okanye ukuthobela imigaqo ethile. Ukuba umxhasi uyayophula le migaqo, bayavumelana okokuba kumelwe ahlawule imali ngokwenza oko. Umzekelo, xa umntu eboleka imoto aze avume okokuba uzakuyibuyisa ngolwesiHlanu, bavumelane okokuba ukuba akayibuyisi imoto leyo ngolwesiHlanu, kufuneka ekhuphe isohlwayo sama-$50 kwelo shishini.
Isohlwayo

**Isohlwayo** kuxa into kwenziwe into emntwini okanye kwisilwanyana abe loo mntu okanye eso silwanyana singayithandi loo nto eyenziwa kuye okanye kuso. kusenokwenzeka okokuba bophule umgaqo. Zininzi iintlobo zokohlwaya, zingasuka kwisigwebo sentambo kulo lonke ulwaphulo mthetho olumasikisi, kuye kwizinto ezithi zenziwe ngabazali xa besohlwaya abantwana, ezinje ngokubabetha okanye bathathe izixhobo zabo zokudlala. 

Ukohlwaya kungabonwa njengento elungileyo ekuhlaleni, kuba kunqanda kukwakhusela abantu ukuba bangakwazi ukwenza izinto ezigwenxa. Kusenokubonwa nje ngesenzo esikhohlakeleyo nesingeyomfuneko. kusenokubonwa njengesenzo esidala ubungozi ngakumbi kunokuba kulungise.
Isigwebo

**Isiggwebo** sisisohlwayo ubukhulu becala, kwaye isenokuthetha ukuthi: 
*ngokomthetho:
**Isigwebo (umthetho), umzekelo isigwebo sentambo
**Ukwayo (umthetho), isohlwayo sokutyeshela imigaqo nemithetho, okanye ukuxhatshazwa iinkqubo zomthetho. 
*Kwezemidlalo:
**Ukufumana isigwebo (ibhola ekhatywayo e-Amerika) ufumana isohlwayo ngenxa yokokuba iqela lakho liye lophula umthetho.  
** Ukufumana isohlwayo sokukhaba (kwibhola ekhatywayo)/(kwibhola yesoka) kukufumana *imbuyekezo* ngenxa yokokuba elinye iqela lophule umthetho, okanye kubhekiswa kwinkqubo ye-tiebreak apho kungekho mthetho ujongene nokwaphulwa komgaqo wokudlala, kwaye akukho sohlwayo nambuyekezo. Jonga kwindawo yesohlwayo.
**ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano namanye amakhadi isohlwayo okanye isigwebo sisenokuba ntlantlu mbini ese-"intra-game" apho kufakwa khona amanqaku athe chatha nangadibananga nalo naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo okanye umthetho, isohlwayo se-"extra-game" solwaphulo mthetho olufana ne-"revoke".
**Isohlwayo (i-ice hockey). jonga ne-Penalty box.
**Isohlwayo (i-rugby)
**Isohlwayo (Brazilian sports manufacturer)
**Kweminye imidlalo, izohlwayo zisenokuthathwa njengeempazamo, okanye ubugwenxa.  
*Kwezezimali nebhanki:
**intlawulo etshone ngenxa yokutsalwa kwemali kwi-akhawunti okanye kwi-investment phambi kwexesha  
**Intlawulo mali efuneka ngenxa yokungahlawuli ngexesha elkuvunyelenwe ngalo okanye ngenxa yezinye iintlobo zokutyeshela ukuhlawula, njengakwisohlwayo sokungahlawuli i-tax.  
*Kumatheko:
***[[Isohlwayo]]*, umfanekiso bhanya-bhanya.
Ikhowudi yomthetho

**ikhowudi yomthetho** yinkqubo yomthetho ebhaliweyo.   Xa umthethwa *ukhowudwa* kuxa umthetho ubhalwa phantsi ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo.  

Iikhowudi zomthetho zibhalwa ngu-rhulumente.
Inkokheli

**Inkokheli** ngumntu onegunya lokuyalela abantu ukuba benze ntonina. Ngokwentetho ecacileyo, inkokheli ngumntu olandelwayo ngabantu. Iqela labantu elingenankokheli yalo libizwa ngokuba liqela elingenankokheli. Inkokheli ngumntu owenza okokuba abantu bathathe amanyathelo okwenza intshukumo ngokubhekiselele kuloo nto ekufuneka yenziwe, apho bonke abo babandakanyekayo baneenjongo za zisengela thungeni linye.  Inkokheli imele iqela lenkampani. Umzekelo, Isekela mongameli laseCanada linelungelo lokulawula ilizwe laseCanada kwaye likwamele abantu baseCanada. Yinkokheli. 

## Jonga olunye ulwazi ngalo mba

## Other websites
*'The Vision Thing': How Effective Leaders Cultivate and Co-ordinate Social Identity in Order to Promote Followership
*Leadership Resources
Ipalamente

**Ipalamente** luhlobo lwaseburhulumenteni. 

Eyona palamente yaziwayo yile yase-United Kingdom, le ithi ngamanye amaxesha ibizwe ngokuba ng"unozala wazo zonke iipalamente".  igama elithi "palamente" livela kwigama lesiFrntshi elithi *parlement*, nelithetha intetho.

I-Althing, yipalamente yesizwe saseiceland, yaafunyanwa kwangoko ngeminyaka yoo-(930 AD), lilonke ke buburhulumente obudala kunabo bonke oorhulumente emhlabeni  koorhulumente abasekhona. Nangona kunjalo, i-Althing ayizange isebenze njengorhulumente weenkulungwane ezine, kwaye umsebenzi wayo njengorhulumente *wokuqala* uphuculwe. 

## Isebenza njani ipalamente yase-Britiane
ipalamente yase-United Kingdom yahlukaniswe yangamacala amathathu epalamente, [Indlu yee-Commons ze-House of Commons [indlu engezantsi), eyee-lordss ( indlu engasentla) kunye ne-Monarch. Igunya loburhulumente ligxile kwindlu yowiso mthetho. Angama-650 amalungu ePalamente (MPs). Aba bantu bachongwe ngabantu be-United Kingdom ukuze babamele kwindlu yowiso mthetho. Inkokheli yombutho wezopolitiko efuna isininzi samalungu epalamente idla ngokuba ngumphathiswa oyintloko, kodwa kungabi yinkokheli yesizwe, esi sikhundla sibekelwe indlu yowiso mthetho. indlu yowiso mthetho ivula amatyala emali amaninzi, intsalela isuka kwindlu yezikumkani, zize zona zigqibe ngomyinge werhafu

## Imithombo
Ibhunga lezokhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo

**Ibhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo** (UNSC) liyinxalenye yamalungu amathandathu aphezulu kuMazwe aManyeneyo. Ibhunga lokhuseleko lijongene nokugcina ucwangco okanye uxolo kunye nokhuseleko phakathi kwezizwe.

## Ubulungu
Ali-15 amalungu e-UNSC kodwa mahlanu kuphela amalungu . Nanga:
* i-Tshayina
* i-France
* i-Russia
* i-United Kingdom
* i-United States

Izihlalo ezilishumi zikho okwethutyana kwaye zigcinwe iminyaka emibini kunye nezizwe (amazwe)ezingaamalungu nezivotelwe ukuba zingene embuthweni ngokweengingqi zeNgqungquthela yezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Ubongameli bebhunga lokhuseleko (i.e. iinkokheli) bujikeleza ngokoonobumba bokuqala bezizwe kwinyanga nganye. 
ukususela ngo-2014, amalungu ethutyana ali-10 ngala:
# i-Argentina 
#i-Australia
#i-Chad
#i-Chile
#i-Jordan
#i-Lithuania
#i-Luxembourg
#i-Nigeria
#i-Rwanda
#i-South Korea

## Igunya
Ukuba ilizwe liye labonaka liziphethe kakubi, I-UNSC ingawisa isigwebo, esibizwa ngokuba sisisombululo okanye lukwayo libhunga lezokhuselo lwezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Umzekelo ngowokokuba i-UNSC ikubhangisile kungoku nje ukuthunyelwa kwempahla eyinuclear e-Iran njengoko bebona okokuba i-Iran izakwenza izixhobo zokulwa ze-nuclear. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, i-Jamani sele ilumene iindlebe ngalo mba namalungu ebhunga lezokhuseko  olusisigxina lwezizwe ezimanyeneyo.  
Ibhunga lezokhuselo lezizwe ezimanyeneyo lelona candelo linamandla ngokwegunya kumbutho wezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Ibhunga lezokhuseleko lijongene nokugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe.  

## Naku okunye okungafundwa

## Ezinye ii-website
*UNSC website
UNobhala Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo

UNobhala-jikelele wezizwe eziManyeneyo ngomnye wabona bantu bakhe babaluleka kwumbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo. UNobhala-Jikelele ubaluleke ngakumbi kwiingxoxo zehlabathi ngokubanzi. UNobhala-Jikelele okhoyo sithetha nje nguBan Ki-moon.

## References
I-UNESCO

I-**UNESCO**  ngumbutho obizwa ngesiNgesi esigcweleyo ngelithi yi-**United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization** (ngesiFrentshi&#x3A; *L'Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture*. Usisithunywa sombutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ekuthiwa  ziZizwe eziManyeneyo. 

I-UNESCO ithi injongo yayo, njengoko yayichaziwe nje emva kweFazwe yesi-II kwiHlabathi,  ku"kwakha ukhuleso loxolo kwiingqondo zamadoda nabantu basetyhini". Ikwenza oku ngokunceda izizwe ukuze zisebenze kunye, ngemfundo eyakuba yeyomntu wonke, inzululwazi, kunye nenkcubeko. Oku kuyakunceda ezinye izizwe zilandele umgaqo womthetho kunye nowamalungelo abantu. Kananjalo iyakunceda ukuphakamisa iintlobo zokukhululeka ezikumgaqo siseko wezizwe eziManyeneyo.

I-UNESCO ine-195 lamazwe angamalungu. Kutsha nje yongeze iPalestine kweyomNga ngo-2011. Ngokuhambelana nePalestine, amanye amazwe asibhozo abe ngamalungu nawo.

I-UNESCO izamile ukufezekisa into ebisoloko ifuna ukuyenza ngeenkqubo ezintandathu:  imfundo, ninzululwazi ngezendalo, intlalo kunye nehuman sciences, inkcubeko, nothethwathwano kunye nolwazi. Eminye imisebenzi exhaswe ngu-UNESCO, kukufunda nokukubhala,  kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha iitishala. I-UNESCO isoloko isenza isigqibo sokokuba ngawaphi na amaziko anokuba ngawamasiko neNkcubeko yeHlabathi. IZiko leNkcubeko yeHlabathi yindawo ebalulekileyo,  enomtsalane ngokukodwa okanye entle.  Ukuba indawo iliZiko lesiko neNkcubeko, ayinakutshatyalaliswa,  kuba inganika ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa kwixa elizayo.  I-Uluru, umzekelo, inika ulwazi oluninzi ngesiko lama-Aborigines. I-UNESCO ikwalilungu leQela leZizwe eziManyeneyo elijongene nophuhliso. kwaye isebenzeka i-Millennium Development Goals.

## Amanye amaphepha amakafundwe
Thomas Sankara

**uThomas Isidore Noël Sankara** wazalwa ngowe 21 eye-Mnga 1949 wasweleka ngomhla we 15 eye-Dwarha 1987 wayeli joni kanye nomguquli waphinda wabangu mongameli welizwe lase Burkina Faso usukela kowe 1983 - 1987, ebonwa ngabalandeli bakhe engumntu ophakamisa inguquko, kwaye waziwa engu Che Guevara wase Africa

uSankara wathata isikhundla ngowe 1983 elandelwa ngesininsi ngabantu bebesusa urhulumente wangelo xesha, bezimisele ukususa urhwaphilizo nomyalelo wama Frentshi.Ngokukhawuleza waqala yona nkqubo eyeyizimisele ukutshintsha eyoluntu nezo qoqosho yake yazamwa elizweni lase Africa. Ukubonisa olutshintsho wajika igama lelizwe kusuka ku Upper Volta ibe yi Burkina Faso (ilizwe labantu abalungileyo)

imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yayi gxila ekuthinteleni indlala ukulima uzimele ngokwakho, nobuyisa umhlaba, egxilela kwimfundo waqhuba iphulo sesakhono sokubala nokufunda
Intsebenziswano

**Intsebenziswano **kuxa abantu besebenza bebonke ukwenza ngcono ubomi babo,  nangona besenokuzikhethela ngokukhululekileyo ukungasebenzi nabanye abantu, Kananjalo bafumana imali encinance xa besebenza bebonke.

Intsebenziswano luhlobo lombutho olusetyenziswa ngabantu ukuze ubomi babo bube ngcono. umbutho wokuqala yivenkile eseRochdale, eNgilane nowaqala ngo-1844.  Abantu abawuqalayo babefuna ukutya okwakuphantsi ngexabiso kwaye kukwizinga elingcono.  Ukusukela ngoko, abantu baafumana iindlela ezininzi zokusebenzisana. Umzekelo:
* amafama eza neenqwelo zawo ezekuthengisa ukuze bafumane amaxabiso angcono ngombona wawo.  
* amahlwempu ayazikhusela kwabo baboleka imali nabasebenzi bayayigcinela umhlala phantsi imali yabo (credit union)s,
* Abalobo beentlanzi bayazipakisha iintlanzi zabo ukuze bafumane ixabiso elingcono,  kwaye 
* Abahlali bazifumanela umbane okanye amanzi. 
Imibutho yentsebenziswano yimibutho yoluntu ngokubanzi kuba abanikazi bayo ngabantu abayisebenzisayo. Imibutho yentsebenziswano inceda abantu ukuba bakwazi ukumelana nobucapitalism.  I-International Cooperative Alliance yaaqala ngo-1885. Inika ingxelo yokokuba kukho izigidi-gidi ezingama-800 zamalungu emibutho yentsebenziswano kwihlabathi jikelele.  

## Ezinye ii-websites
* I-Rochdale - Unxibelelwano ngendawo yokuzalwa <br> 
* Ubudlelwane ngonxibelelwano kuzwelonke/ Iqhina lentsebenziswano kazwelonke
U-Momoko Kōchi

**U-Momoko Kōchi** (wazalwa ngomhla 7 Eyo Kwindla, ngo1932 – wasweleka ngomhla we 5 Eye Dwarha, ngo1998) actress wase Japani.
Umzali

A**bazali ** bomntu ngumama notata okanye loo mntu ujonge inzalo yakhe.  ebantwini, umzali ngumntu ongumama okanye ongutata awomntwana. Basenokuba ngabazali abazala umntwana okanye babe bakwenza oko ngenxa yomthetho. 

## Amaphepha azalana nala
* Usapho
* UMama
* Umntwana
* Ukunamathela kosana
Yegusha

**Skaap** / **Sheep** (*Ovis aries*)

Ovejas en Patagonia - Argentina.jpg|Yegusha in Argentina
Lamb first steps (edited).jpg|Lamtshi first steps



Flock of sheep.jpg
Ovis orientalis aries 'Skudde' (aka).jpg
German ewe grazing closeup.jpg
PECORE-SHEEPS-CORDEIROS-02.JPG
Take ours!.jpg
Barbados Blackbelly.JPG