URobert Sobukwe

**URobert Mangaliso Sobukwe** OMSG (5 EyoMnga 1924 – 27 EyoMdumba 1978) wayengomnye  wamatsha ntliziyo awayelwela inkululeko  yaseMzantsi Afrika owayechasene nocalucalulo kunye no mntu owaqala umbutho iPan Africanist Congress (PAC), esebenza njengomongameli wokuqala walo mbutho. 

USobukwe wayejongwa njengomxhasi oqinileyo wekamva lama-Afrika eMzantsi Afrika kwaye wayechasa intsebenziswano yezopolitiko naye nabani na ongengomAfrika, echaza "umAfrika" njengaye nabani na ohlala kwaye ethobela iAfrika kwaye okulungeleyo ukuthobela ulawulo lwabantu baseAfrika.  Ngo1960 EyoKwindla, uSobukwe waququzelela waza waqalisa iphulo loqhanqalazo elungenanabungozi kuba waye chasene    nemithetho yamapasi, apho athe wagwetywa iminyaka emithathu entolongweni ngenxa yezizathu zokuphembelela uqhanqalazo. Ngo1963, ukuphunyezwa kwe-"Sobukwe Clause," kwavumela ukuhlaziywa okungapheliyo kwesigwebo sakhe sentolongo,  kwaye uSobukwe emvakoko wafuduselwa eRobben Island ukuze avalelwe  apho wayehleli kwisisele esimnyama yedwa . Ekupheleni konyaka wakhe wesithandathu eRobben Island, wakhululwa waza wavalelwa endlwini , ngo nyaka ka 1978 uye wanabela uqaqaqa emva esavalelwe endlwini kulowonyaka. 

## Obomi bakwangoko

### Ubuntwana: 1924–1947
USobukwe wazalelwa eGraaff-Reinet kwiPhondo laseMpuma Koloni ngomhla wesi-5 kweyoMnga ngo-1924.  URobert Sobukwe wayenguntondo kubantakwabo. Wayenabantakwabo bahlanu abafowabo abane nodadewabo omnye.  Ngelixa uyise owayevela eLesotho wayesebenza njengonobhala wevenkile jikelele kunye nomsiki weenkuni wexesha elincinci, umama kaSobukwe ongumXhosa wayesebenza njengomsebenzi wasekhaya kumakhaya abamhlophe.  Robert amabanga akhe aphantsi uwafunde emishini eGraaff Reinet eMzantsi Afrika .  Kwiminyaka eli-15 ubudala, uSobukwe waqhubeka waza ekugqibeleni wagqiba imfundo yakhe yesibini kwiHealdtown Institute, eyayibonelela ngemfundo yobuKrestu bamaMethodist kunye nobugcisa benkululeko kubo bonke abafundi.  Akugqiba imfundo yakhe apho wabhalisela inkqubo yezifundo yoQeqesho looTitshala kumabanga aphantsi iminyaka emibini. Nangona kunjalo, akazange afumane isikhundla sokufundisa. Kungekudala imfundo kaSobukwe yamiswa ngo nyaka ka -u1943 xa wayenesifo sephepha. 

### IFort Hare: 1947–1949
Ngonyaka ka 1947 uSobukwe wabhalisa kwiKholeji yaseMzantsi Afrika yaBantu eFort Hare, iziko eliphambili labafundi abamnyama bexesha lakhe.  USobukwe wabhalisa isidanga seBakala lokuqala kwizifundo zoBugcisa neze NkcubekoFort Hare, efunda isiNgesi, isiXhosa, kunye noLawulo lwaBantu.  Nangona ekuqaleni uSobukwe wayengenamdla kwezopolitiko, izifundo zakhe zoLawulo lwaBantu (eziphathelele ulawulo lwamaBantu aseMzantsi Afrika), kunye nokwazi kwakhe ezopolitiko eFort Hare, zenze uSobukwe wanomdla kakhulu kwesi sihloko.  Kamva, wagxila ngakumbi kwimibongo nakwidrama. Ukugxila kwakhe kwezopolitiko kwakuqhutywa yimpembelelo yomfundisi wakhe uCecil Ntloko. Wayengumlandeli we All African Convention (AAC). USobukwe kunye nabahlobo bakhe abathathu baqala ushicilelo lwemihla ngemihla olubizwa ngokuba yi Awareness. Olu shicilelolwalungenantsebenziswano kwaye lugxekwa yi Native Representative Councils kunye ne Native Advisory Boards. 

wazibandkanya neqela  i African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) ngo nyaka ka 1948. Lo mbutho wawusekwe kwikhampasi yeyunivesithi nguGodfrey Pitje, owathi kamva waba ngumongameli wayo. Ngo nyaka 1949, uSobukwe wonyulwa njengomongameli wokuqala weBhunga lwabaMeli baBafundi baseFort Hare, apho wazibonakalisa khona njengesithethi esibalaseleyo. Ngonyaka ka1949, uSobukwe wadibana noVeronica Mathe kwiSibhedlele saseAlice. Kamva esi sibini sazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato ngonyaka ka1950. 

## Ezopolitiko eziphambili
Ngo-1950, uSobukwe wonyulwa njengotitshala kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eStanderton, isikhundla awasiphulukana naso xa wayethetha ngokuthanda iDefiance Campaign ngo-1952 ; nangona kunjalo, wabuyiselwa kwakhona kamva. Ngo-1952, uSobukwe wafumana udumo defiance campaign.Ngelo xesha wangezifakanga zatshona izandla zakhe kwimisebenzi ephambili ye-ANC, kodwa wayesabambe isikhundla sokuba ngunobhala wesebe lombutho eStanderton. 

### ERhawutini: 1954–1959
Ngonyaka ka1954, emva kokufudukela eRhawutini, uSobukwe waba ngumfundisi wezifundo zamaAfrika kwiDyunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand .   Ngexesha lakhe eRhawutini waba ngumhleli wephephandaba *iThe Africanist* kungekudala waqala ukugxeka iANC ngokuvumela ukuba ilawulwe ngabantu abaxhasa iProgressive Party, awayeyibiza ngokuba "ngama-liberal-left-multi-racialists".  Wayemele iAfricanist Socialist Democracy.  wayengumsekeli ozinikeleyo weembono zamaAfrika malunga nenkululeko eMzantsi Afrika kwaye wala umbono  wokusebenza nabamhlophe.