IYukreyini

**Yukreyini** lilizwe eYurophu. Ikomkhulu Kyiv.

## Imbali yelizwe
Ngenkulungwane yesi-7 ukuya kweye-9, izizwe zaseMpuma zamaSlav zahlala apha, eziye zafuduka ngokuyinxenye zisuka kummandla weIYukreyini yanamhlanje zaya kummandla osentshona weIRashiya yanamhlanje. KumaXesha Aphakathi, amazwe omabini la mazwe ayeyinxalenye yelizwe elinye, ikomkhulu lalo laliyiKyiv(ikomkhulu IYukreyini). Ngenkulungwane ye-12, urhulumente Kievan waqalisa ukuqhekeka kwiinqununu ezahlukeneyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-12, uYuri Dolgoruky, unyana we-6 wenkosana yaseKivan uVolodymyr Monomakh, wayengenalo ilungelo etroneni, ngoko ke wazimisela ukoyisa amazwe akumntla-mpuma.

Ngaloo ndlela, embindini wenkulungwane ye-12, izizwe zamaSlav zazifumana zikumazwe akuMbindi Rashiya. Ngaphambi kokufika kwabo, indawo yaseMoscow, eyasekwa nguDolgoruky njengendawo yokuhlala encinci, yayihlala izizwe ezikufutshane neFinns zanamhlanje. Kwaqhambuka imfazwe phakathi kwe ilizwe Vladimir-Suzdal (Central IRashiya) kunye neKiev, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwahlukaneni kwayo neKivan ilizwe

Emva kokuhlasela kukaBatu ngo-1240, inkokeli yeenkosana zasemntla, uAlexander Nevsky, waba ngunyana nomfundi owamkelwa nguBatu, kwaye ukuthatha inxaxheba kuka-Alexander emfazweni kwicala leHorde kwakhokelela kunyana wakhe oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, uDaniil, waba yinkosana yokuqala yaseMuscovite, ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweRashiya yanamhlanje.Esini isixeko esikhulu samaxesha phakathi kwiRashiya yanamhlanje yayiyi Veliky Novgorod, eyayisoloko isilwa neMoscow yaza yoyiswa yiMoscow kuphela ngowe-1478.

Abantu bexesha elizayo baseUkraine nabaseBelarusian ekugqibeleni bahlukana namaRashiya azayo ngenkulungwane ye-14, baba yinxalenye yeGrand Duchy yaseLithuania (kude kube ngenkulungwane ye-18, aba bantu babini babezalana ngokusondeleyo, kwaye ngoku amagama avela kwiilwimi zaseUkraine naseBelarusian angama-84% afanayo).

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, iGolden Horde yaqhekeka yaya kutsho kwiCrimea Krai, iAstrakhan neKazan Krais, neRashiya, eyayisilwa iimfazwe eziqhubekayo zogonyamelo nxamnye namaqabane ayo angaphambili nabamelwane, ngokuyintloko iGrand Duchy yaseLithuania. Amadabi esixeko saseSmolensk ayeqhelekile. Abantu baseRashiya baphuma kwizizwe zamaSlavic aseMpuma baza benza isizwe esahlukileyo ngexesha leMuscovite ngenkulungwane ye-17.

Abantu baseRashiya banamhlanje beza kumazwe ase-IYukreyini ngenkulungwane ye-17, kwaye ngexesha lomzabalazo wama-IYukreyini ukuze bazimele kunye nokuchasa uhlaselo lwasePoland ngo-1648-1654, phantsi kobunkokeli bukaBogdan Khmelnytsky, isivumelwano se-truce neRashiya sagqitywa ngo-1654.

Abemi baseIYukreyini babengagqalwa ngokusemthethweni njengabemi kwaye babethunyelwa rhoqo kunye ukuya kusebenza ngenkani nzulu eRashiya, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano sika-1654. (Abemi baseIYukreyini abayi-10 000 bafa ngenxa yeemeko ezingacocekanga ngexesha lokwakhiwa kweLadoga Canal.) Oku kwakhokelela ekuvukeleni kukaHetman Ivan Mazepa ngowe-1708, owaqhawula ubudlelwane neRashiya waza wafuna ukuba phantsi kokhuseleko lwaseSweden.

Ngomnyaka we-1775, iRashiya yatshabalalisa i-Cossacks yase-IYukreyini kunye neenqaba zabo - iSich, eyakhokelela ekugqilazweni kwabantu base-IYukreyini kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-Russification - ukutshatyalaliswa ngokusemthethweni kolwimi lwase-IYukreyini kunye nenkcubeko. 

Imizekelo ebalaseleyo yalo mgaqo-nkqubo nguMyalelo we-Ems (Эмский указ) kunye nommiselo woMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphakathi eRashiya uPyotr Valuev (Валуевский зиклуар), owalela abantu baseIYukreyini ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe. Inqaba yaseSanta Elisabethe yaba negalelo ekoyisweni kwelizwe yaye ngowe-1784 yaba sisixeko sase-Yelisavetgrad (ngoku eyiKropyvnytskyi) .

Ngomnyaka we-1914, uMlawuli uNicholas II wavala ukubhiyozela iminyaka eyi-100 yokuzalwa kombhali odumileyo waseIYukreyini uTaras Shevchenko, owabangela ukucaphuka kwi-Empire yaseRashiya.

Ekuqaleni kowe-1917, iMvukelo kaFebruwari eyayikhokelwa nguAlexander Kerensky yabhukuqa ubukhosi yaza yabhengeza iRashiya njengeriphabliki, inika abantu abaninzi ababecinezelwe ngaphambili ithuba lokulwela inkululeko yabo .

Emva kokuba ethabathe ulawulo ngasekupheleni kowe-1917, uVladimir Lenin wabhengeza imfazwe yamakhaya kwindawo eyayisakuba yiRiphabliki yaseRashiya, inxalenye yayo yayiyimfazwe yowe-1917–1921 phakathi kweUkraine neRashiya, eyakhokelela kukwahlulwahlulwa kweUkraine phakathi kwePoland neRashiya (ukususela ngowe-1922 yiSoviet Union).

Ngowe-1932-1933, urhulumente waseSoviet phantsi kukaJoseph Stalin waqhuba iHolodomor (indlala yokwenziwa), amazwe amaninzi ayibona njengembubhiso yabantu baseUkraine yaza yasuba ubomi babantu abafikelela kwizigidi ezili-10 IYukreyini nakumazantsi eRashiya, uninzi lwabo luhlala abantu baseIYukreyini.

Ngowe-1937, i-NKVD (kamva yabizwa ngokuba yi-ISebe leMicimbi yaNgaphakathi yeSoviet Union) yadubula ininzi ye-intelligentsia yase-IYukreyini, amanani enkcubeko, kunye nososayensi, kwaye iintsalela zabo zangcwatywa ngokufihlakeleyo kwiHlathi laseBykivnyan, apho isikhumbuzo sakhiwa emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Imeko efanayo yayikhona eBelarus ngo-1937.

Ngowe-1939, iSoviet Union, ikunye neJamani, yahlasela iPoland, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuqaliseni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yaye de kwaluhlaselo ngowe-1941, yayixhasa iJamani ngokwezoqoqosho .

Ngeminyaka yee-1960 kunye neyee-1980, urhulumente waseSoviet wacinezela abantu abaphikisayo, wabathumela ezintolongweni nakwizibhedlele zabagula ngengqondo, oyena mchasi udumileyo yayinguVasyl Stus waseIYukreyini. Ngowe-1985-1991, iSoviet Union yawa ngenxa yohlaziyo lwedemokhrasi, yaye ngowe-1991, amazwe ali-14 avakalisa inkululeko .

Emva kwesihlandlo sesithathu sika-Vladimir Putin ekulawuleni ngo-2012, iRashiya yaqalisa ukuqhawuka okukhulu kwintetho yasimahla, kwaye uPutin waqala ukuqokelela amajoni kufutshane nemimandla esempuma yeIYukreyini. Ukugcina amandla, uMongameli wase-IYukreyini ngoko uViktor Yanukovych wacela uPutin ukuba athumele imikhosi kwaye ahlasele i-IYukreyini ngo-2013, ekhokelela kuqhanqalazo olubizwa ngokuba yi-Euromaidan.

Ngomhla wama-20 kuFebruwari 2014, ngoxa uYanukovych wayeseKyiv, iRashiya yaqalisa ukuthimba usingasiqithi weCrimea kumazantsi eIYukreyini, yaza kamva yamnkela uYanukovych emva kokuba ebalekile. Ngomhla we-12 ku-Epreli 2014, iRashiya yaqalisa umsebenzi womkhosi kwimpuma yeIYukreyini, xa imikhosi ephantsi komyalelo wegosa leNkonzo yoKhuseleko yaseRashiya u-Igor Girkin wahlasela isixeko saseSloiansk. Ngomhla we-13 ku-Epreli, i-IYukreyini yaqalisa umsebenzi wokulwa nabanqolobi, i-ATO .

Kuze kube ngu-2022, iRashiya, ngopopi "weRiphabhliki yaseDonetsk", umlawuli wakhe wokuqala wayengumongameli waseMoscow u-Alexander Borodai, walwa imfazwe efihlakeleyo elwa ne-IYukreyini, eyakhula yaba yimfazwe epheleleyo. Ngo-2022, uqhanqalazo oluninzi oluchasene nemfazwe lwenzeka kulo lonke elaseiRashiya, olwalucinezelwa ziinkonzo zokhuseleko 
  .

E-IYukreyini, iRashiya yenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzima lwemfazwe, olufana nokugqobhoza iindawo zokuhlala, ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixeko ezifana neMariupol, kunye nokutshutshiswa kwabemi ngenxa yesimo sabo saseIYukreyini, kuquka ukungcungcuthekiswa kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kwamakhaya abo. Olona lwaphulo-mthetho lunobuzaza olujoliswe kubemi baseIYukreyini kukudubula eBucha, okwenzeka ngoMatshi ka-2022..

Kwiindawo ezihlaselweyo, amaRashiya aqala ukutshatyalaliswa ngobuninzi beencwadi zolwimi lwaseIYukreyini ezivela kumaziko emfundo, iimyuziyam, kunye namathala eencwadi angahambelani nomgaqo-nkqubo waseRashiya, kwaye adala inkqubo yeenkampu "ukuhluza" (IsiRashiya: Фильтрационные лагеря России на Украине) apho abemi bavalelwa entolongweni kwaye bathuthunjiswa  .

kunye nenqaku lesazinzulu sezobupolitika saseRashiya uTimofey Sergeytsev, “Ifanele Yenze Ntoni IRashiya NgeIYukreyini?” (IsiRashiya: Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной?), yabizwa ngokuba "ngumbhalo-ngqangi waseRashiya ongokubulawa kwabantu" ngumbhali-mbali waseMelika uTimothy Snyder .

## References