Igramma

**i-Gramma** ithetha imigaqo ebonisa indlela ekuthethwa nekubhalwa ngayo ulwimi. AmaGrike akudala ayedla ngokuyibiza nge-*grammatikē tékhnē*, ubuchule boonobumba. Isenokuba nayo nayiphi na intsingiselo kwezi zilandelayo:
#Izifundo ngolwimi: indlela olusebenza ngayo, nayo yonke into ngalo. Olu hlobo lwesifundo kuthiwa yi*Yintsusa yokuphanda nzulu ngolwimi*.
# Ukufunda ngendlela esima ngayo okanye ngenkangeleko yesivakalisi. Ingqokolela yemigaqo kunye nemizekelo ebonisa okokuba ulwimi lumelwe kukusetyenziswa njani na. Le ke *yeyona ndlela ifanelwe kukusetyenziswa ngayo igramma*, njengoko kubhaliwe kwincwadi yayo okanye kumgaqo wayo osencwadini. 
# Inkqubo efundwa ngabantu ngokuya bekhula. Le ke y*igrama yabanikazi bolwimi*  .p446p453

Xa sithetha, sisebenzisa igramma yomnikazi lwimi, okanye sibebusondela kangangoko sinako. Xa sibhala, sizama ukubhala ngegramma echanekileyo. Ngoko ke ukuthetha nokubhala ulwimi inye kuzo inendlela yayo.

## Ilwimi ngeelwimi
Zonke iilwimi zine-gramma yazo. Iilwimi zamaYurophu amaninzi zibufana, kodwa ezinye zazo, ezifana nesiTshayina nesiJaphane, zahluke kakhulu kuzo zonke iilwimi zaseYurophu. 
IsiNgesi senza utshintsho oluncinane kw('isimamva segama'). Ngokweelwimi zesiTaliyane okanye isi'Roma' (njengesiFrentshi, language|Italian, kunye neSpanishi), amagama okugqibela  athwele intsingiselo eninzi. KwisiNgesi sinazo ezimbalwa: isininzi kunye nezimnini (*ooJohn*') zezona zixhaphake kakhulu. Kwizenzi zethu siyazilahla izimamva sishiye sibe sinye: I love, you love, kodwa *she love**s**. Laa **s** yintsalela ye-[[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]], enezimamva. Izenzi zinezimamva ezibonakalisa utshintsho ku[[Grammatical tense|maxesha awohlukenyo]]: walk*'ed**, walk**ing*'.
[[Ukulandelelana kwamagama]] ngomnye umahluko omkhulu. Iilwimi zamaRoma zifaka ii-izichazi emva kwezibizo ezibhekisa kuzo. Umzekelo, kwisiNgesi, umntu angathi *I like fast cars*, kodwa nge[[ulwimi lweSpanish|Spanishi]], yi*Me gustan los coches rápidos*. Ukulandelelana kwamagama kutshintshile: ukuba ngaba ngamagama, ngaphandle kwegramma, aguqulelwe kwisiNgesi, kuyakuthetha ukuthi, 'to me they please the cars fast'. Kungokuba iSpanishi nesiNgesi sinemigaqo eyahlukeneyo ngokulandelelana kwamagama. Kwi[[ulwimi lwesiJamani|siJamani]], izenzi zisoloko zifikelela kufutshane nesiphelo sezivakalisi (njengakwesi: *Die Katze hat die Nahrung gegessen.*), kodwa kwisiNgesi sisoloko sisibeka phakathi kwe[[igatya eliyintloko|gatya eliyintloko]] kunye ne[[Injongosenzi(ngokwegramma|njongosenzi]], njengakwesi: *the cat has eaten the food*.

== Ukutshintsha kolwimi ==
Igramma ebhaliweyo itshintsha kancinane kodwa yona igramma ethethwayo iyachebeleza okwa[[Into emanzi|manzi]]ukutshintsha kwayo. Izivakalisi ezifunyanisea ngabantu abantetho isisiNgesi kule mihla, kungenzeka okokuba zazibonakala zingaqhelekanga kwiminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo. kwaye isenokungaqheleki, kuba iintetho ezininzi esizithandayo zivela kw[[inguqulelo equnyazisiweyo kakumkani uKing james]] wase[[ibhayibhile|bhayibhileni]], naku[[Shakesspear]].  

abanye abantu basebenzisa igramma eyahlukileyo kwabanye abantu xa bethetha. Umzekelo, abantu abasebenzisa into ekuthiwa y[[i-General American English]] okanye [[i-Received Pronunciation|i-BBC English]] basenokuthi, *I didn't do anything*, ngeli lixa umntu othetha ulwimi olubizwa ngokuba y[[i-African American Vernacular English]] okanye i-AAVE asenokuthi, *I didn't do nothing*. Inguqulelo yase[[London]] [[kwinqanaba labasebenzi]]: *I ain't done nuffink!* Ezi ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-*double negatives*, kwaye zifumaneka kulwimi phantse kulo lonke ulwimi oluthethwayo ubukhulu becala, hayi kulwimi olubhaliweyo.  

Lo mahluko kuthiwa xa ubizwa z[[ii-dialects]]. I-dialect esetyenziswa ngumntu isoloko ibayileyo ithethwa apho umntu ahlala khona. Nangona ii-dialects zesiNgesi ibangamagama awohlukileyo okanye alandelelana ngohlobo olwahlukileyo kwamanye, zihamba ngokwemigaqo yegramma. kodwa ke xa kubhalwa ngesiNgesi saseMelika, igramma isebenzisa imigaqo yesiNgesi saseMelika jikelele. Xa abantu bethetha ng'esona siNgesi sisiso', bathetha ngokusebenzisa igramma yesiNgesi saseBritane, njengoko sibhaliwe sacaciswa kakuhle kwimibhalo eshicilelwe ngokwasemthethweni.  Imizekelo yesiNgesi *esithethwa* mihla le  eBritane isoloko ibizwa ngokuba y[[i-received Pronunciation]] okanye yi-BBC English.

== I-Syntax ==
Kwigramma kufundwa nge[[syntax]] nangamalungu olwimi awohlukeneyo. Zonke ke zi kuthiwa ng*amagatya entetho". Ayadibana ngokwemigaqo kutsho kwenzeke izivakalisi. Izivakalisi zona ziyadibana zenze imihlathi.

## Izigaba zentetho
Kwigramma kufundwa ngezibizo, izimelabizo, izenzi, iziphawuli, izihlomelo, prepositions, isihlanganisi, izivakalisi, iintetho, izikhuzo.

### Izibizo
Izibizo z'izinto' ezifana namagama anjenge'tafile kunye ne'situlo'. , izinto ozibona imihla ngemihla. Izibizo zezinto ezifana neendawo, amagama abantu, okanye ezinye izinto ezifana neentsuku zeveki. Igama elithi 'Iviwe' kuthiwa liyi-proper noun, njengo'lwesithathu' ne-'London'. Izibizo zisenokuba ngamagama ezinto ezingabonwayo ngamehlo okanye singathi izibizo zisenokubhekisa kuvakalelo njengaxa umntu exhwalekile okanye onwabile'.

### Izenzi
Izenzi zichaza into  kunye no. Ukwenzeka kwento : "uJohn wajula ibhola* . imeko/ubume: "Ndinexhala". Igama ekwakhelwe kulo isenzi kuthiwa yi-[[infinitive]]. I-infinitive ebhekisa kubukho bento ngu-"uku". umzekelo owaziwayo yintetho ka[[Hamlet]]: *ukuba njalo okanye ukungabinjalo, ngumbuzo lowo*.

=== Iziphawuli === 
Iziphawuli zichaza izibizo. Umzekelo, ubuhle k"ubuhle bebhayisikili" buthi ibhayisikili intle. Ngamanye amazwi, "ubuhle" buchaza ibhayisikili. Oku kusenokwenzeka nakwiindawo. Umzekelo, ubude, "sisakhiwo eside esi* buchaza isakhiwo.

## Imithombo