open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
I-Abstract algebra

I-**Abstract algebra** lolunye uhlobo lakwa-math olufunda nzulu ngezakhiwo ze-algebra nekuthiwa yi-algebraic structures. Ezi zakhiwo ziquka:   
* amaqela abizwa ngokuba zii-groups
* Izazinge ekuthiwa zii-rings
* ii-fields 
* ii-vector spaces
* ii-algebras
* i-Boolean algebra
Yinto eqhelekileyo ukwakhela i-theori kuhlobo olunye lwesakhiwo esinye, njengakwi-group theory okanye kwi-category theory. 

Injongo yetheori kwi-concept nganye kukuza nenkcazo epheleleyo necacileyo nge- concept, imizekelo yayo, izakhiwana eziphuma kuyo, iindlela zokunxulumanisa imizekelo ye-concept eyahlukeneyo ngokwakwa-algebra(ically) (ezi ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-morphisms kwezinye iimeko), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-concepts, macalana omabini ngaphakathi kwitheori yayo, nangaphandle kwamanye amabakala amanye amabakala  emathematics.

Ngexesha lembali, amabakala ngamabakala akwa-mathematics asebenzise ii--algebras. Ii-algebras zimalunga nokufumana okanye zixele ngokucacileyo nokuchanekileyo imigaqo yokubala ngee-formulas nangee-expressions ezithile kwamathematics.  Olunye uhlobo lwe-algebra (nolungelilo olu-*abstract*) yi-elementary algebra, umzekelo.  

## Examples
* Ukusombulula ii-equations ngee-variables ezininzi. Oku kukhokelela kwii-matrices, ii-determinants kunye nee-linear algebra.
* Ukufumana ii-formulas ze-polynomial equations. Oku kukhokhelela ekufumaneni (amaqela) ii-groups, njege-expression ye-symmetry. 
* I-Quadratic kunye ne-higher-degree equations kunye nee-Diophantine equations - ingakumbi xa i-Fermat's last theorem yayi-proved ikhokhelela kwinkcazo epheleleyo ye-rings, kunye nee-ideals.
Yenkomo

***Bos primigenius taurus***

File:Cow and calf.jpg|eNkomo ifasi ne e umntwana
File:Bull Oostvaardersplassen 2.JPG|Ndoda ya enkomo
File:Cow milking machine in action DSC04132.jpg|Machine ya ubisi e a sebenza
Mayonnaise

**Mayonnaise** okanye **Mayo** na sauce lokutya zamafu. Luyinto emulsion oli yemifuno kwakunye weqanda, kunye nokuba lemon okanye iviniga. Idla isetyenziswe condiment ukutya ezifana neesaladi, neti chips.

## iReferense
Untunjana

## Imvelaphi kantunjana

Lithunjana likanina eli, kuba lo umntwana olithunjana umithwa ngumzimba owaluphalayo, omithi okokugqibela. 

### Ukwenzeka kukathunjana
Eli thunjana sesasizalo kudala simitha abanye abantwana sade sancipha ngoku salithunjana ngenxa yokuba siwenza kokokugqibela lo msebenzi. untunjana umithelwa kuloo meko yalo mzimba ongasazukuvuma ukumitha kwakhona. 

### Wahluke ngantoni untunjana kwabanye abantwana?

Apha ekudalweni kwakhe kukho iimpawu ezibonakalisa okokuba yena wondliwe ngohlobo olungafaniyo nabantakwabo. Abanye bona bavele izinto zisaxhaphakile. Athi ke yena kuba evele ezi zondlo sezibunqaba, ziqongqothelwe apha kuye zonke, abonakale egqibelele ngento yonke, eluncedo ngohlobo olusisimanga apha kweli khaya. 

### Ukuvalela untunjana ngaphandle kobomi
Umntwana ongowokugqibela kunina ngenxa yokuba unina esuke waziyekela ukuzala lingekafiki ithuba lokufinyela kwethunjana lakhe, akabinazo iimpawu zikantunjana. Masithi mhlawumbi lo umfazi asuke ayekwagqirha aye kuzivala okanye acwangcise kuba esithi akafuni mntwana wumbi yena ngokwakhe. loo mntwana agqibele ngaye ukuzala usenokungabinazo iimpawu zikantunjana ingakumbi xa kuvalelwe umntwana obezakuba kho, kuba umzimba kanina ubungekaziqongqothi izondlo zawo apha kuye. Unina uyeke engekagqibi ukuzala.
I-computer hardware

I-**Computer hardware** okanye i-**hardware** ibhekisa kwizixhobo zekhompyutha ezibonakalayo nonokuziphatha ngezandla. 

eminye imizekelo yezi zixhobo iquka; 
* i-processor
* i-memory
* i-motherboard
* i-graphics card
* i-network card
* i-modem
* i-USB flash drive
* i-hard drive
I-hardware idinga i-software kuba yiyo exelela ihardware ukuba yenze ntoni na. ukuba ayinakubakho i-software, i-hardware ayinakusetyenziswa okanye ayinakusebenza.
Izibulo

Izibulo ngumntwana wamazibulo ozalwa ngumfazi oqalayo ukumitha ngaye lo. Njengokuba ebekhuliswa ngenyameko enkulu engazani nandoda, eyintombi nto, ebesithi ke esakwenda kube kukudibana kwakhe nendoda engumyeni wakhe okokuqala ebomini bakhe. Umzimba womfazi ubusithi njengokuba usothuswe sesi sehlo sokudibana nendoda, into angazange adibane nayo ngaphambili, abe sele emitha ngoko nangoko. Ngenxa yezi nguquko zenzeka kulo mzimba walo mfazi, ebemitha umntwana oneempawu ezizodwa ezibonakalisa okokuba umithe ngokophuka kobuntombi bukanina. Loo nto ibimenza loo mntwana ahluke kwabanye abazelwe mva, kuba le ndlela amithwe ngayo imenze abengumntu oyinkokheli esoloko ijonge abanye abantu. Abantu abanolwazi bebesithi bakumjonga bazibone iimpawu zezibulo apha kuye, ngakumbi imisebenzi yakhe.  

Izibulo akusingomntwana wokuqala ukuzalwa, ngumntwana wokuqala ukuthwalwa ngulo mama obeqala ukulala nendoda ngaye lo. Umfazi obemana emitha kungalungi, njengalo uphunyelwa sisisu okanye zizisu, mhlawumbi obesoloko ecwangcisa, akathi esakube ede waba uzala umntwana abe kanti ngolo hlobo uyazibula. Kuthiwa izibulo lakhe zange lilunge. yhiyo le nto aba bantu bathintela ukumitha kodwa babe benamadoda bangabazaliyo abantwana abaneempawu zokuzibula. Isizathu sesokokuba bamithwa yimizimba yeemazi zabafazi, hayi amazibulakazi. Kanti yena untunjana ngumntwana omithwe okokugqibela.

Ndima, D. D. "Izubulo noNtunjana'
11 (inani)

**11** (**ishumi elinanye**) linani. Liza phakathi kweshumi neshumi elinambini, yi-odd number, kwaye-prime number, emva koo-2, 3, 5, kunye no-7.

Kwii-Roman numerals, i-11 libhalwa ngolu hlobo  **XI**.
Sisxhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo

Kwa-computing, isixhobo sesiphumo solwazi  **oisixhobo sesiphumo solwazi sisisixhobo esiyi-**peripheral equipment esisetyenziswa ukukhupha iziphumo zolwazi oluphononolongiweyo. Imizekelo yezixhobo ze-output ziquka ii-monitors, ii-printers, nee-speakers, kunye nezixhobo zematshini ye-numerical controlled machine.

## Amaphepha afana nala

## Amanye amaphepha afana nala
Iindaba

**Iindaba** zenzeka xa abantu bethetha **ngeziganeko ezisematheni** (izinto ezenzeka ngoku sithethayo). Iindaba zisenokuza ngamaphepha-ndaba, ngoomabonakude, ngeemagazini, okanye ngoonomathotholo. 

Iliqela imizila yeendaba k-ubuxhaka-xhaka beengcingo zoomabonakude abasoloko bephokoza iindaba imini yonke, iindaba ezifana ne-Fox News kunye ne-CNN.  ziliqela iindaba zemagazini ezifana ne- *Time*, i-*The Economist*, kunye ne-*Newsweek*. Unondaba ngumntu onceda abaphulaphuli ngeendaba.  Umzekelo, uBrian Gotter ngunondaba.
I-CNN

**Iindaba ezihamba ngobuxhakaxhaka bee-**Cable zaapapashwa okokuqala emoyeni kumabonakude ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga yesSilimela ngo-1980.  Iindaba zokuqala ezaapapashwa ngobuxhakaxhaka be-Cable zaphehlelelwa ngu-David Walker nomkakhe uLois Hart. Kunyaka wayo wokuqala i-CNN iqeshe iingcali zopolitiko ezininzi, eziquka u-Rowland Evans noRobert Novak.ONgomhla woku-1 kweyomQungu ngo-1982 i-CNN yaaphehlelela umzila omtsha wokusasaza iindaba okwazalana nayo kodwa wonalo iqonga leengxoxo okanye iqonga lokuphawula libizwa ngokuba yi-CNN2. Iinkqubo zosasazo ezikumakomkhulu e-ziko leCNN eAtlanta, okanye, okanye kwi-Time Warner Center kwisixeko sase-New York, okanye kwi-studios e-Washington, D.C., nase-Los Angeles. I-CNN yeye-Time Warner, kunye nomzila weendaba zase-U.S.  ukwayinxalenye ye-nkqubo yosasazo yakwa-Turner.

I-CNN ibisoloko igxijwa rliZiko langasekunene eliphanda ngoSasazo ngokuthi i-CNN yenzelelela iphiko langasekhohlo.   Ngokwela ziko, alikho kangako kwicala langasekhohlo xa kuthelekiswa nezahlulo nesahlulo seendaba zakwa ABC, NBC, kunye nakwa-CBS. Ibisoloko igxijwa ngamaArabhu ngokukhokhelisa ukwenzelelelela imelika. .

## Amanye amaphepha azalana nala
* U-Larry King
* U-Michael Smerconish
* U-Rowland Evans
* U-Robert Novak
* U-Ted Turner

## Amanye amaphepha anokufundwa
I-abacus

I-**abacus** sisixhobo sakudala-dala esasidla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-math. Isasetyenziswa nangoku kwiindawo ezithile apha emhlabeni.  ngamanye amaxesha iimfama zisayakuyisebenzisa i-abacus, kuba zikwazi lula ukuweva ngezandla amanani. I-abacus ezixhaphakileyo zisebenza ngokuhamba-hambisa ii-beads kunye nee-rods.

Ii-Abacuses zingabala ngokudibanisa  okanye ukongeza ngokuthabatha okanye ukuphungula, ngomkuphinda-phinda, ngokwahlula-hlula, kwaye abantu bangazisebenzisa ukufumana i-square root se-whole numbers. Iingcaphephe,  okanye oompondo zihlanjiwe be-abacus ngamanye amaxesha bayibala ngokukhawuleza okugqithileyo i-maths bade bodlule nezo-calculators. Kukho iabacus exhaphake eTshayina.  Le abacus yahlulwe yaziintlobo ezimbini zemigca, eziphezulu zeze-"5"s, ezisezantsi zezoo-"ones". Kukho i-bead enye okanye ezimbini kumgca ongasentla, kwanezine okanye ezintlanu kwimgca engezantsi.   Umzekelo, u-8 yi-bead enye ngasentla nezi-3 ngezantsi, kuba u-5 + no-3 = 8. Ikholam nganye imele i-digit eyahlukileyo.  I-Abacus ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-math kwaye ibangumdlalo nje ukudlala ngayo. Kulungile ukuyinika abantwana njengezixhobo zokudlala okanye ibancede bafunde ngayo.  

## Ezinye ii-websites

### Amanye amaphepha jikelele nalawo angembali
* Iifoto kunye nemifanekiso ye-Abacus <br> 
* I-Abacus
* I-abacus yaseRoma<br> 

### Izifundo
* I-Manual de uso del Abaco Japonés Soroban
* I-Min Multimedia
* I-Suan Pan
* i-Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual

### Ii-Abacus curiosities
* I-Abacus in Various Number Systems at cut-the-knot
* I-Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci
* I- atomic-scale abacus
I-mouse yekhompyutha

I-**omouse yekhompyutha **isisixhobo se-input esisoloko sisetyenziswa kwi-personal computer. Ukuhamnjiswa kwe-mouse isehliswa isenyuswa kuloo ndawo ihanjiswa kuyo nekuyindawo engumphezulu olungeleleneyo  ingayishukumisa i-on-screen cursor iyise kwiindawo ngeendawo apha kwi-screen. Okufakwe kwi-khompyutha kungasuswa okanye kuchongwe ngokucofa nje amaqhosha e-mouse (oko ke kubizwa ngokuba kuku-klikha).

Ibizwa ngokuba yi-mouse yekhompyutha ngenxa yentambo yocingo exokomezela i-mouse kwikhompyutha.  Abantu abakha ii-mice zekhompyutha zokuqala bacinga okokuba ifana nomsila wempuku.  Namhlanje ii-mice zekhompyutha ezininzi zisebenzisa uxokomezelelo lweteknoloji,  olungenacingo. 

## Imbali

ngo-1964 uDouglas Engelbart (1925-2013), ingcali yezophando eStanford Research Institute, wafuna ukufumana indlela yokwenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha kubelula.  Ngezo ntsuku,  iikhompyutha zazinkulu kunjalo nje zikhwaza ngamaxabiso.  Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa kuba yonke into ebhalwayo  kwakufuneka ichwethezwe ngesandla, kwaye kwakungekho ndlela yokulungisa xa wenze impazamo.  

Emva kwexesha elide efunda ekwayila izinto ezintsha, uEngelbart waaphumelela ekwakheni isixhobo se-input awasibiza ngokuba yi- 'XY index'.

Ekuqaleni, yayifuna ukusetyenziswa ngezandla ezimbini, kodwa ke kwatshintsha oko ukuze sibe sinye kuphela isandla esifunekayo ukuyisebenzisa. Olu hlobo lwalufana nolwe-mouse esele siyisebenzisa kule mihla. Uphando lwe-Xerox Palo Alto luze ne-GUI ngo-1981, lusebenzisa i-mouse. 

I-mouse yayisetyenziswa nge-Macintosh ye-Apple Inc. xa yayifika okokuqala ngo-1984. I-Microsoft Windows nayo isebenzise i-mouse xa yayisafika,  ngoko ke ii-mice zekhompyutha ezazisoloko zikho zasetyenziswa kwiikhompyutha ezininzi.  Ii-mice zangoku zinamaqhosha amathathu: elasekhohlo, elasekunene, elokwehla usenyuka kwi-screen sekhompyutha.  

## Ukusetyenziswa kwayo
Kwiikhompyutha ezininzi, i-user ingayishukumisa i-mouse ngeenjongo zokususa i-cursor kuloo ndawo imi kuyo iyisa kwelo cala iya ngakulo.  Naxa ikhetha into ethile ekwi-screen, i-user ingayihambisa i-cursor iyise kuloo nto ikwi-screen, ize ithi yakuba phezu kwaloo nto iklikhe iqhosha langasekhohlo.  Iqhosa le-mouse  elingasekunene lisetyenziswa ukuvula ii-menus ezahlukeneyo, oko ke kuxhomekeke okokuba iphi na i-cursor. Amanye amaqhosha e-mouse angenza izinto ezahlukileyo, oko kuxhomekeke kwi-software. Inkoliso yee-mice inamaqhosha amabini aklikhwayo.  

Inkoliso yee-mice ine-"vili eliman'ukwehliswa liphinde linyuswe"—ivilana nje elincinane elifumaneka phakathi kwamaqhosha amabini namakhulu e-mouse.   I-user ingalihambisa celi vili liye phambili liphinde libuye umva li-scrolla kwizinto ezifana ne-website okanye ifolder. "Uku-scrolla" kuthetha ukuhambisa amagama okanye imifanekiso uyisa phantsi naphezulu apha kwi-screen, elinye icala lalo-page ikwi-screen liza nento esinokuyibona nesithi yi-view.  Ivili lisenokucofwa, ukuze liklikhwe njengakwelinye iqhosha. 

## Amanye amaphepha azalana neli
* i-Touchpad
* i-Trackball
* i-Touchscreen

## Izalathiso

## ezinye ii-sites
I-Personal compyutha

**I-Personal Khompyutha **(**i-PC**) ligama elixhaphakileyo lohlobo lwe-khompyutha oluthandwa nolusetyenziswa kakhulu ezi-ofisini nasemakhaya. I-PC yokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yi-"IBM PC" yeenziwa yinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yi-IBM ngo-1981, nangona iikhompyutha ezininzi zazenziwe ngaphambili njenge-Commodore PET. i-Smartphones kunye neekhompyutha ze-tablet nazo zikwaziikhompyutha onokwenza kuzo umsebenzi wakho, kodwa azisoloko zibizwa ngokuba zii-"personal khompyutha". 

sithetha nje, inkoliso yee-PCs zivamise ukuba nengqokolela yesakhiwo se-software ebizwa ngokuba yi-operating system. I-The operating system imele ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi kuquka nokuza ne-user interface (i-UI). Eyona ntandane ye-operating system kwi-PCs yi-Windows, ethengiswa liqumrhu lakwa-Mliqumrhu lakwaMiicrosoft. Ii-PC zenziwa yinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yi-Apple Inc. isenokusebenzisa inkqubo eyahlukileyo ye-software nebizwa ngokuba yi-Mac OS ethengiswa ngu-Apple Inc. 

Ii-operating systems ezizimeleyo zikwakho nazo. zibizwa ngokuba zii-operating systems ze-Linux . Zingaphaya kwama-300 iintlobo-ntlobo ze-Linux "ezichakwayo".  Inye kuzo yenzelwe injongo eyahlukileyo.    Ubuntu-Linux yeyona Linux isetyenziswayo kuba kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.  

I-PC yangoku inengqokolela yamalungu ambalwa angabalulekileyo.  I-"Base unit" okanye i-"Tower" ngowona ndoqo wekhompyutha.  I-mpuku yekhompyutha kunye ne-keyboard zisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa i-input.  I-monitor iyafuneka ukuze kujongwe i-output. Kwikhompyutha eyi-laptop ezi ndawo ziqukene ndawonye.  

Ngaphakathi kwi-base unit okanye kwi-tower zininzi iindawo ezisebenza ngombane. Ezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zii-motherboard, i-CPU, i-Hard disk kunye ne-memory.

I-CPU (Central Processing unit) ilandela imiyalelo ye-operating system neyee-application programs. I-memory, okanye i-RAM (random access memory), yeyolwazi lwazi (i-data) oluhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza lusisiwa luphinde luphume kwi-processor.  I- hard drive ibamba ii-programs kunye ne-data ngeli lixa ikhompyutha ingasebenzi ngenxa yokokuba amandla ombane engekho.    I-Floppy drives, i-CD-ROM drives zisetyenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi kwii-zixhobo zokwenza oko ii-emovable disks. 

Iikhompyutha zisoloko zine-modem ukuze zikwazi ukuthumela nokwamkela i-data ngomzila wefowuni, okanye kutsha nje, kuyenziwa oko nangemizila yeengcingo zomabonakude. Iikhompyutha zisenokuxhunyaniswa  kubuxhakaxhaka beengcingo ze-khompyutha.  

Ii-PCs zineentlobo-ntlobo zee-sockets ezibizwa ngokuba zii-ports.  Ezona zixhaphake kakhulu zaziwa ngokuba zii-USB ports.

Iikhompyutha zisenokusetyenziselwa umsebenzi, oquka ukwenza uphando usebenzisa i-internet, ugcina ii-records; okanye ubhala amaxwebhu.  Eminye imisebenzi iquka ukuxhumana, kunye nabantu kulo lonke eli hlabathi usebenzisa i- Instant messaging, i-emeyile okanye u-Skype okanye ukuveliswa kwemisebenzi efana nokudlala ekhompyutheni.
I-Astrolabe

I-**astrolabe** sisixhobo esisebenzisa indawo apho zimikhona iinkwenkwezi okanye ilanga.  Yayisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni kwi- navigation ukunceda iintloli nabakhenkethi baselwandle ukuze babone okokuba baphi na kanye. Umgama phakathi komntla nomzantsi we-equator bawufumana ngomlinganiselo womgama ophakathi kwelanga neenkwenkwezi ngaphaya kwe-horizon.  Ii-Astronomers zisebenzisa ezinye iintlobo zee- astrolabes, ezidla ngokuba zezinkulu kunezinye. 

I-astrolabe yokuqala yeenziwa kwilizwe le-Hellenistic ngo-150 BC. Isoloko isayanyaniswa ne-Hipparchus. I-astrolabe yayingumtshato we-planisphere (Isixhobo se-compyuting esiyitshathi efana nenkwenkwezi) ne-dioptra (isixhobo sokwenza umlinganiselo we-angles). Kwakuyi-calculator ekwaziyo ukuza nezisombululo kwiintlobo-ntlobo zeengxaki kwi--astronomy. U-Theon wase-Alexandria waabhala incwadi entsokothileyo kwi-astrolabe. U-Lewis uthi u-Ptolemy usebenzise i-astrolabe ukuze enze  ouphando relwe-astronomy lube lolushicilelweyo kwi-*Tetrabiblos*.

## Amaphepha azalana nala

## Ungafunda nala maphepha
I-Ammeter

I-**ammeter** (**am**pere **meter**) sisixhobo sokwenza umlinganiselo nesisetyenziswa ukujonga ukuhamba okanye ukuletshe kombane oyi-electric current kwi- circuit. I-electric current ilinganiswa ngokwee- amperes; ngenxa yesi sizathu, abanye abantu bazibiza ii-ammeters ngee- *ampmeters*, oko bekwenza ngempazamo.  Isenokujonga okokuba ibambelela okanye ihlala ixesha elingakanani na i-current, engakanani na amendu ayo i-current,  ize ijonge namandla ayo (ii-units ezisetyenziswayo zii-ohms, ii-amperes, kunye nee-volts).

## Amanye amaphepha azalana nala
* I-Voltmeter
Isixhobo sokuhamba kombane -

i-**conductor** sisixhobo sokuhamba umbane, ubushushu okanye isandi caukuze ezi zinto ziye kuphumela kwenye indawo.  

Inkoliso yee-metals, ezifana ne-iron kunye ne-copper, zii-conductor zombane. Ezi metals zisetyenziswa ukwenza iingcingo ezithwala   eukuhamba okanye ukuletsheza kombane. I-Plasma yeyona yakhe yabalasela ekuthwaleni umbane kwaye isetyenziswa ukufezekisa iinjongo ezininzi kodwa zona ii-metals zisetyenziswa ngaphezu kwezinye.   

Ezinye izixhobo zii-*semiconductors*. Oku kuthatha okokuba umbane ungahamba ngazo kodwa kungakho amagingxigingxi.  

Ezinye izixhobo zii-*resistors*. oku kuthatha okokuba ezi zenza kubenzima kakhulu ukuba umbane ungahamba ngazo.  

Ezinye izixhobo zii-*insulators*. Oku kuthatha okokuba zikumisa kume ngxi ukuhamba kombane.  Iingcingo zogqunywe ngee-insulators ezinjenge-plastic ukuze umbane ungakwazi ukuhamba ushiye ucingo.  

Ezinye izixhobo zithi xa kubanda kakhulu zibe zii-superconductors. Aziniki nkxaso ekubambeni umbane ukuba ungahambi.
Ukujikeleza ndawonye

**RI-rotation yintshukumo eyenziwa yi-**object ngokwenza intshukumo jikeleza eyenziwa yokujikeleza ndawonye. 

Into ekumila kuzii-dimensional ezimbini ijikeleza isazinge (okanye *umbindi*) *somjikelezo*. Into ekumila kuzii-dimensional ezintathu ijikeleza okwesazinge somgca obizwa ngokuba yi-*axis*. Ukuba i-axis yomjikelezo ikwalapha esiqwini, kuthiwa isiqu siyazijikeleza ngokwaso, okanye senza isizungelezane -  nto leyo ethetha okokuba ijikeleza ngesantya esithile, ukanti mhlawumbi iyazijikelezela nje ingalawulwa nto oko ikwenza nge-angular momentum. Ukujikeleza okusuka kwindawo engaphandle (umzekelo umhlaba ojikeleze ilanga) ubizwa ngokuba yi-*orbit* okanye ngokuthe chatha ubizw ngokuba yi-*orbital revolution.*

## Iintlobo zokujikeleza

ukujikeleza isazinge endaweni enye kusenokuba kumkhondo olandelwa yi-clockwise okanye owe-anticlockwise.

### Ukubhabha
Kwiintlobo-ntlobo zokubhabha, okanye zokuhamba emoyeni, ezo zizezona zinkulu zaziwa ngokuba ziyi-p*itch*, i-*roll* kunye ne-*yaw*. igama elithi rotation likwasetyenziswa kuhabo ngomoya ukubhekisa kwipitch yenqwelo-moya ebheka phezulu, ingakumbi xa iqalisa ukusuka emhlabeni. Amagama anje ngala ayasetyenziswa kwiintlanzi ezihamba ngamanzi.  

### Iimatshini zokuzonwabisa
Iimatshini zokuzonwabisa zezokujikeleza.   Ivili le-Ferris kunye nevili le-observation hline-axis ekwisenta e-horizontal, kunye ne-axis e-parallel kwi-gondola nganye, ngozibuthe, okanye ngomatshini.  

### Ezemidlalo
Ukujikeleza, kuhlala kubizwa ngokuba kukwenza isajinge, kudlala indima enkulu kwiinkqubo zemidlalo ezininzi.  *I-Topspin* kunye ne-*backspin* kwintenetya. *IsiNgesi*, *silandela size senze i-draw* kwi-billiards ne-pool. Iibhola ze-Curve  kwi-baseball nakwi-spin bowling ye-cricket.  Iipaddles ze-Table tennis azibaluleke ngokuthi zivumele abadlali ukuba bajikelezise ibhola ngeli lixa beyibetha.  

## ezinye ii-websites
Isantya

**Isantya **ngumgama [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/object ohanjwa yinto] ngexesha elithile nelibekiweyo. Isantya ngumlinganiselo obonakalisa okokuba ingaba into ihamba ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na.  **Umyinge wokuhamba kwesantya **sento ngelo xesha limisiweyo ngumgama ohamjwa yiloo nto uze  ducukucezwe okanye wohlulwahlulwe ngexesha.  

## Ukufumana isantya
Isantya sifumaneka ngo-s,

s = d \over t

apho ke u-d ungumgama aze yena u-t abelixesha elichithiweyo.  

## Ii-units zomlinganiselo wesantya
Zininzi ii-units zomlinganiselo wesantya. Umzekelo, isantya sokuhamba kwento singalinganiswa ngee 
* imayile ngeyure (mph),
* khilomitha  ngeyure (km/h)
* mitha ngomzuzwana (m/s), noyi-SI-unit yesantya.

## Ukutshintsha isantya
Xa into itshintsha isantya, ihamba ngokukhawuleza okanye chu kancinane.Ukuba siyanda isantya sento ethile, kuthiwa xa ibizwa yi-acceleration. Ukuba into iya ihamba kancinane, size isantya [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/decrease sinciphe, ibizwa ngokuba] yideceleration, okanye i-negative acceleration.

## Amanye amaphepha azalana nala
* I-Velocity
* I-Momentum
* I-Quantum mechanics
* I-Metric system
I-displacement vector

I-**displacement vector** ligama elisuka kwa- mathematika. Iyi-vector. Ibonakalisa umkhondo kunye nomgama ohanjiweyo. Isoloko isetyenziswa kwifiziki ukubonisa isantya, i-acceleration ngumgama ohanjwe yinto (xa uyithelekisa nendawo esuka kuyo  okanye indawo esuka kuyo into.
Imoto/Inqwelo amfutha

Imoto  ngumatshini wokuhambisa abantu nezinto nezinto 

Imoto akusinto iphilayo. Ihashe lingamlayisha limhambise umntu kwanezinye izinto, kodwa aliyomoto.  

Ezinye iinqwelo mafutha zihamba emhlabeni.   Uninzi lwazo lunamavili.Imizekelo ziibhayisekile, iimoto, iimoto ezinamavili amathathu, kunye noololiwe. 

ezinye iinqwelo mafutha zihamba emanzini. Imizekelo, zizikhephe, iinqanawa, kunye neesubmarines.

Iinqwelo mafutha ezihamba esibhakabhakeni zibizwa ngokuba ziinqwelo moya. Imizekelo, zaiinqwelo ntaka akunye neebhaluni.

Iinqwelo ntaka zisenokufumana i-propulsion power kumaziko ngamaziko.  
* Ezezihlunu zomzimba wabantu.  Imizekelo, ziibhayikekile kunye neskateboards.
* Iinjini.  Imizekelo, zii-automobiles, iinqanawa, kunye neenqwelontaka.  
* Imibane. Imizekelo,  ngoololiwe  
* Izilwanyana.  imizekelo, ziicarts kunye neechariots.
* Umoya.  Imizekelo zii-sailboats kunye nee-iceboats.
* Ezinye iinqwelo mafutha azinawo amandla e-propulsion.  imizekelo, ziiglinders kunye neebhaluni.

## Ezinye ii-Websites
I-plastiki

Iplastiki sisixhobo esitshintshayo ngokwendlela esime ngayo, ngoko ke izinto ezininzi zisenokwenziwa ngeplastiki.  zininzi iintlobo zeplastiki.  Ezinye zazo zinokuma ngendlela ethile kuphela xa zigqitywa kwenziwa; zize ke emva koko ziqine.  Ezinye zingatshintsha ngokuthi zitshiswe okanye zide zinyibilikiswe.  

Uninzi lweplastiki zenziwe ngezandla;  azenzeki ngokwendalo.  zivamise ukwenziwa nge-oyile evela emhlabeni. Inkqubo yokwenza iiplastiki intsokothile.  Uninzi lwezixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba ziiplastiki zizii- polymers. Ii-Polymers ngamatsheyini amade ee-atoms aphingeneyo.  

Abantu basebenze ngeeplastiki  ezenziwe ngee-polymers ixesha elide.  U-Alexander Parkes, umcebisi weNgesi (1813-1890), wenza uhlobo lweplaski yokuqala ngo-1855. Yayiqinile kodwa isebenziseka kwaye ikhaya, waza wayibiza ngokuba yi- "Parkesine."

Iiplastiki zithe saa emhlabeni kwaye maxa wambi ukuba uyawatshisa akhupha ivumba eliyingozi.  Ukuba asiwasebenzisi kwakhona, abakukungcola.  

## Ukwenziwa kwe-Plastic
Iiplastiki zivamise ukuba-petrochemicals, zenziwa kwi-petroleum, uhlobo lwe-oyile. Iinjineli zithi ziyicole i-petroleum ehamba ngenkqubo yobushushu.  Ivelisa i-ethylene ne-propylene, eziziseko zokwakha iikhemikali zeeplastiki ezininzi. Ezi khemikhali ziye zidityaniswe ukuze zikhuphe i- polymer.

## Iiplastiki ezaziwayo nemisebenzi yazo
* Polyamide (usually called nylon)  Women's stockings.
* Polycarbonate – bulletproof glass, compact discs, DVDs.
* Polyethylene – tubes made of plastic
* Polyethylene terephtalate (called PET when used for bottles, and polyester when used for clothes or other materials)
* Polypropylene
* Polystyrene
* Polyurethane
* Polyvinyl chloride (called PVC, usually). Used for insulation of electric wires, but also for pipes and road signs.
Umatshini wokwenza ivasi

**Umatshini wokuhlamba impahla ngu**ngumatshini ohlamba impahla emdaka onomgqomo wokufaka impahla.  Lo mgqomo uzaliswa ngamanzi,  uze kuthi emva koko ujikeleziswe ngamandla ukuze amanzi akwazi ukukhucula ukungcola empahleni.   Uninzi lwezi matshini zokwenz ivasi zenzilwe ukuze  iisepha zokuhlamba impahla ezibizwa ngokuba zii-detergent (ezingamanzi okanye  pezingumgubo) nazo zigalelwe kwakulo matshini.  ezi zinto ke zinganceda ukuze impahla icoceke ngokuqaqambileyo.  

Maxa wambi umatshini wokuhlamba kunye nomatshini wokomisa impahla babekwa ndawonye. Ommatshini bokuhlamba impahla basoloko besetyenziswa nge-teknoloji ukuze ukwazi ukuwutshintsha usebenze ngendlela ofuna ukuhlamba ngayo.  

## Ezinye ii-website
 I-Media enxulumene neematshini zokwenza ivasi kwi- Wikimedia Commons
I-Cargo

I-**Cargo** okanye **igutsi ** ithetha impahla  ehanjiswa ngabantu, ngokusoloko besebenzisa iinqwelo mafutha ezenzelwe loo msebenzi endaweni yezo zenzelwe iinkonzo zokuthutha abahambi. Inqwelo idla ngokuba y-itruck okanye  igutsi, i-igutsi ehamba eyinqwelo ntaka okanye uloliwe oyigutsi.  

Esi sibizo sisetyenziswa njengesibizo esingenakubaleka ngokwamanani; abantu bayakuthetha ngegutsi.  Namhlanje, iimpahla zihlala zipakishwa kwiitoni zokuhambisa iimpahla ngolwandle, endaweni yezo ze-bulk Cargo. indawo apho zothula khona eziCargo okanye ezi gutsi ibizwa ngokuba yi-*cargo terminal*.

## Ezinye ii-Websites
Ibhokisi yemoto

**Imoto yebhokisi **yimoto ecibiyelwe ebhokisini neyenzelwe ukuthwala igutsi, kwaye le moto ihamba kumzila kaloliwe.   Iimoto zebhokisi zineengcango emacaleni ngcango ezo zahluka-hlukeneyo ngobukhulu kwanangeendlela asebenza ngazo. ezinye iimoto zebhokisi zineengcango ezisekupheleni kwazo amakhonkco acuthwayo navulwayo ukuze zikwazi ukulayisha izinto ezinkulu.
Isitya sokuphatha

Isitya sokuphatha siy[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/object i-object] esetyenziswa ukuphatha into. Abantu bafaka izinto  **kwisitya sokuphatha. **umsebenzi wezitya zasenqanaweni kuthiwa yi-ontainerization. 

## Iintlobo zezitya zokuphatha
* I-Barrel
* Ibhokisi
* Ibhotile
* I-Can
* I-Carton
* I-Crate
* Inkonkxa
* I-Jagi 
* I-Jar
* I-Packet
* I-Pani
* I-Receptacle
* I-Tub
* I-Vat - :d:Q38942
Ibhotile

**Ibhotile** sisitya sokuphatha esisetyenziselwa ukuphatha izinto ezingamanzi. Iibhotile ziyashiyashiyana ngobukhulu.  Iibhotile zenziwa ngee-gilasi okanye okanye ngeplastiki. Into eqhelekileyo yeyokokuba iibhotile zebhiye zenziwe ngegilasi, zize zona ezithwala iziselo zenziwe nge-plastiki.

[milk Ubisi], iwayini, i-lemonade, kunye namanzi zihlala zifakwa ezibhotileni.
Ibhokisi

Ibhokisi sisingxobo esisetyenziselwa ukuba kufakwe izinto ngaphakathi kuso. Ubukhulu becala esi singxobo simile  okwe-cuboid (i-square), kodwa ke isenokuba kumila kumbi. Iibhokisi zenziwe ngekhadibhoks, ngokhuni,   i-plastiki okanye i-metali.
Iibhokisi ezininzi zenziwe ngekhadbhoks, kwaye uninzi lwazo luyenziwa.  Owona msebenzi wazo wokuqala kukuba kupakishwe iimpahla ezithengiswayo okanye kugcinwe kuzo iipmahla.  Zisenokwenziwa kwi[cardboard khadbhoks] eziboqokileyo nezishwabeneyo. kubomi bazo besiqhelo ziyathandwa ukuze zisetyenziswe njengento ephantsi ngokwexabiso kodwa injalo ibe isetyenziswa kuthotho lwemisebenzi,  eminye yayo iyeyezenzululwazi. izinto zokudlala abantwana, ikhostymz nezinye izinto.  

**Ibhokisi **ikwathetha i-rectangle, *umzekelo, ibhokisi esebenziseka lula neqhelekileyo. *Kodwa ii-rectangles zibizwa ngokuba zii-rectangles, igama elithi bhokisi kukucacisa ubuni bento, okanye i-perimeter ye-rectangle.
I-can

* yinto emi oku kwe--cylinder nesetyenziselwa ukugcina ezinye izinto, ingakumbi izinto ezingamanzi nezikukutya. Zizinto ezenziwe nge-metal.
*  Isenzi ngolwimi lwesingesi esintsingiselo yaso ithi kungenzeka, umzekelo, "I can read a book."
*  Iimpundu.
*  endle.
* I-Can, luhlobo leqela labenzi bomculo xperimental music mukusukela ngeminyaka ye-1970s
* **Bubomi **baseTurky, **i-can**; ikwaligama lesi-Turky i-can.
Iimpundu

**igama elithi Iimpundu ** lisisithetha nto nye nendawo apho  ubuntu, ngomzimba obonakalayo singathi buphela khona, le ndawo ke yaziwa ngokuba ngumzantsi womzimba womntu. **Impundu **iiqeba elinye lempundu. 

Iimpundu zisengabizwa ngokuba zii-"butt" ngesiNgesi. Elinye igama lesiNgesi ekubizwa ngalo iimpundu nelithathwa njengegama elisisithuko kuthiwa y"i-ass". 

Owona msebenzi weempundu kukuba zinceda abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuhlala. Iimpundu zikwaziwa njengelungu lomzimba elivuselela imizwa yokwabelana ngesondo ebantwini. Impundu ziyabandakanyeka ekwabeleni ngesondo kwinto ebizwa ngesingesi ngokuba yi-anal sex.  

 and kwi mpundu zabafazi  amadonda afaka into kuthiwa Yi pipi  ibizwa ngozeka ngo lungu sex kuthiwa inandi. Kuqhiba. Uyazala umfazi. Ipipi inje 🍆 koda Yona inde
I-twig

I-**twig** lisetyana  elibhityileyo. Ii-twigs zibaluleke kakhulu ukwahlukaniswa kwemithi, ii-shrubs kunye nee-vines, ingakumbi ngamaxesha asebusika.  

## Izalathiso
I-crate

I-**crate** luhlobo lwebhokisi okanye lwesitya sokuphatha esidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kuhanjiswa izinto ngeenqanawa. Isenokwenziwa ngowkhunu, kodwa ii-crate ezenzelwe ukuthwala iibhotile zidla ngokuba ziiplastiki. Iicrates ze-steel kunye ne-aluminium nazi zisoloko zisetyenziswa. 

## Imbali
Igama elithi crate livela kwigama: lesiLatin&#x69;&#x3A; *cratis*. Iipakethe ekwakupakishelwa kuzo iimpahla mandulo zazenziwe ngo-khuni akunye no-msonto owenza ukhuni. Ii-crates zokuqala nezazidla ngokuhambisa nantonina kwakuzii-hampers okanye iibhaskithi. Zazenziwe ngee-twigs, izi-strips zokhuni, ezeengcambu, kunye nezeereeds. Nantoni na eyayinokungxalwa kwibhokisi okanye kwisitya sokuphatha. Iibhaskithi zazisetyenziswa ukuze zikhongozele ziphinde zihambise ukutya kunye neempahla. Kamva  igilasi kunye neejagi ze-ceramic zazikhuselwe ziibhaskithi.

Umbhalo wokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwi-crate ehamba ngenqanawa e-United States ukwincwana eyapapashwa ngo-1930, ethi *Technical Bulletin No. 171* ngokubhalwe ngu-C. A. Plaskett wesebe leZolimo lase-US. Imibhalo yakhe ibonisa okokuba ii-crates yayisele ichaziwe phambi kwelo xesha sele likhankanyiwe apha ngasentla.  U-C. A. Plasket wayesaziwa ngokubanzi ngolu vavanyo nangokuchaza amacandelo ngamacandelo empahla ezihamnjiswa ngeenqwelo.  

## Isakhiwo
Nangona zisenokusetyenziswa zombini kwinqwelo zolwandle, i-crate yahlukile kwibhokisi. I-crate ino[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/frame mququmbelo] ngeli lixa ibhokisi ingenawo. Ii-crates zizikhongozeli ezi[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/rigid ngqindilili] zakhiwe ngeenjongo zokokuba  [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/protect zikhusele] oko [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/content zikuqulathile]. Ii-crates zisenokuba zenziwe ngokhuni, ngeplastiki, nge-metal okanye ngezinye izinto. Ii-crates zidla ngokuyilwa ukuze zilingane gingci loo nto ziyikhuselayo. Ukuba kuphindwe kwasetyenziswa kwalaa-crate inye ibisetyenziswe kwenye into ngaphambili, kungakukumosha i-space, kwaye oko kungazophula okanye kuzonakalise iimpahla eziqulethwe yiyo. 

## Izalathiso

## Ezinye ii-websites
UNontando Jabavu

Umbhali nentatheli uHelen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu wazalelwa kusapho lwezifundiswa eMpuma Koloni ngama-1919. Wathi akubaneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, wafunda eNgilandi, waqhubeka ehlala khona iminyaka emininzi. Waba ngomnye wababhali neentatheli zase-Afrika ezingamanina. 
Ngo-1955 uNoni Jabavu wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika wahlala iinyanga ezintathu. Watyelela uyise uNjingalwazi D.D.T. Jabavu waseForthare, nezizalwane eMpuma Koloni naseGoli. i’The Ochre People’ eyapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1963 yingxelo ecacileyo yohambo lwakhe nequlathe iinkumbulo ezicace gca zelizwe awayelithanda nabantu awadibana nabo. 

“Ilizwi lombhali” kuDrawn in Colour nalo lingabangumdla:
“Ndingowamazwe amabini endinyaniseke kuwo: UMzantsi Afrika apho ndazalelwa khona neNgilandi apho ndafunda khona. Ndithe xa ndifumana umnxeba ovela kutata, ndabhabha ndabuyela eMzantsi Afrika ukuze ndibephakathi kwaBantu bakuthi, ndishiya umyeni wam onguMngesi emva eLondon. Ekupheleni kwala nyaka, mna naye saya kuhlala eMpuma Afrika, ukusondelela udadewethu ekukuphela kwakhe owayetshatele apho. Apha ndibalise nto ngemvelaphi neemeko endisuka kuzo. Le yingxelo yam ngamava neendlela zokubona umahluko phakathi kweMpuma noMzantsi Afrika ekungeniseni kwazo intlalo yaseNtshona. 

UJabavu wasweleka nge-19 kweyeSilimela ngo-2008 eneminyaka engama-88. Lo mqolo ulandelayo obhalwe yimbongi uMakhosazana Xaba yimbeko emfaneleyo lo kaJabavungenxa yesakhono sakhe sokubhala nobuntatheli. 

Isigqibo sam sokubhala ibali ngobomi bukaNoni Jabavu siqhutywe kukufuna ukwazi nokucaphuka okungazenzisiyo ngenxa yento ebibonakala kum njengokungaqatshelwa kwendima yakhe yokuqala njengombhali nentatheli. Ubani kufuneka afunde nje iincwadi zakhe ezimbini (uDrawn in Colour noThe Ochre People) ukuze abone ukuba wayenesiphiwo kangakanani njengombhali weziganeko zobomi. Iikholamu zomhleli zakhe zobuntathetheli zibonakalisa isimbo sokuchaza esakha umfanekiso-ngqonweni ebekufanele ukuba besingaqhelekanga ngexesha lakhe. Ngelixa bendinodliwano-ndlebe noWally Serote owayehlala eBotswana ngokuya uNoni wayehlala khona naye, ndifunde nto eqinisekise iingcinga zam zokuqala ngaye. 

“Wayesithi thina madoda asikwazi ukunxulumana naye (uNoni). Wayelinina elaliphila ngaphaya kwamaxesha ethu.” Le nto ithetha lukhulu nangakumbi kuba uSerote yingcali yoncwadi nezenkcubeko yena kuqala.
Ityala lamawele

***Ityala lamawele*** yincwadi ebhalwe nguSamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi (1875-1945). Le yinoveli yokuqala eyaziwayo ebhaliwe ngesiXhosa. Yapapashwa ngo-1914.

## ingabula zigcawu

Eli bali lisekwe kwixesha lodumileyo uKumkani  uHintsa kaKhawuta (1789-1835) Aah,Zanzolo !!!, lingempikiswano phakathi kwamawele asebalini uWele noBabini ngelifa likayise. Ingxoxo yeyokuba ngowuphi ofanele ukujonga izinto zomzi, nanjengokuba bezalwe ngemini enye. Le mpikiswano isonjululwa enkundleni yamatyala eyayichotshelwe nguKumkani uHintsa ngenqu. 

Abantu-ngabantu beza nobungqina, abaphambili phakathi kwabo nguKhulile oliiyange- umthobo wesithethe semveli, kunye nabazalisikazi ababekhona ngomhla wokuzalwa kwamawele. 

Ibali likwangesithethe sengqithi apho umntwana asikwa umnwe. Umzalisikazi uTeyase unako ukunika ubungqina ukuba ngubani imvelatanci ngokujonga ingqithi (linye iwele elinengqithi, leli lizalwe mva). UKhulile uphawula athi isizathu sokuba imvelatanci anikwe ubukhulu, yenziwe indlalifa kungokuba inamava angaphaya kunawabaninawa bayo, kodwa kwimeko yamawele akunjalo.

Ekupheleni kwetyala bobabini abanakwe bayathobelana, ingulo avume ubukhulu bomnye.
Umsondo owenza ukhuni

**Imisonto eyenza ukhuni **yenziwe nge-cellulose ezyifumana kwimithambo ye-xylem efumaneka kwizityalo, ingakumbi emithini. 

Izinto ezenziwa ngemisonto yemithi ibandakanya iphepha, i-straw, i-bamboo, i-cotton, i-hemp, umoba. into nganye kwezi ifumaneka kwisityalo ehambelana naso.
I-Jagi

AIjagi luhlobo lwesitya sokuphatha olukwaziyo ukugcina into engamanzi, (umzekelo, amanzi). idla ngokuba sisitya esimlomo waso uvuleke kancinane. Ithululwa ngalo mlomo ke loo nto ingamanzi.  phantse zonke iiJagi  zinomqheba.  

## Amaphepha azalana nala
* Ijagi ye-Harvest 
* IJagi wayini

## ezinye ii-websites
IMakemake

I-**Makemake** (ibizwa ngokusesikweni njenge-**136472 Makemake**) iyi-dwarf planet.Yaafunyaniswa ngomhla wama-31 kaMatshi ngo-2005 zii-astronomers ezingoo-
Michael E. Brown, u-Chad Trujillo kunye no- David Rabinowitz. Yayisaya kubhengezwa njenge-dwarf planet ngomhla we-11 kaJuni ngo-2008. I-Makemake -yinto eyi-Trans-Neptunian, kuba ijikeleza iLanga emva kwe- Neptune.

Kuthiwa xa ibizwa i-Makemake emva kwesithixo sama-ancient civilization that lived on Easter island.

## Igama
Ekuqaleni  le-planet yayinikwe igama lokuyiphawula elithi  'Easterbunny' njengoko yathi yafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza emva kwePasika. umbutho weAstronomi kuzolwenke wayinika igama elithi   Makemake, the creator uthixo ongumdali wabantu besiqithi sePasika, ukuze bazigcine bexhumene nePasika.

Isimboli ecetywayo ye-Makemake ngu-.

## Ukumila kwayo
I-Makemake ibonakala ngokungathi yenziwe ngomkhenkce anangamantye. kodwa izinga  lobushushu liphantsi kakhulu, umkhenkce uqina nkqi ufane nqwa namatye.  

## Emakufundwe
Umongo wethambo

**Umongo **oluhlobo lwe-tissue olufumaneka kwindawo ekhongozeleyo nevulekileyo apha ethanjeni. Kubantu abadala, umongo kumathambo amakhulu wenza ii-cell zegazi ezintsha. Isixa somongo Umongo sizii-% ezi-4 kubunzima bomzumba womntu (malunga nee-kilograms ezi-2.6)  

## Iintolobo-ntlobo zomongo

Zimbini iintlobo zomongo wethambo. Ngumongo obomvu owenziwe nge-myeloid tissue ubukhulu becala (yiyo eyenza ii-cells zegazi ezintsha).  Ii-cells zegazi ezibomvu, ii-platelets, kunye noninzi lwee-cells zegazi ezimhlophe zenziwe ngomongo obomvu.  Umongo oqanda wona wenziwe ngee-cells zama-futha kuphela. Zombini ezi ntlobo zomongo wamathambo zinee-blood vessels ezininzi kunye nee-capillaries.

Xa umntu ezalwa, wonke umongo wethambo ubomvu. Athi umntu ngokuya ekhula, umongo wakhe wethambo uye usiba luhlobo lomongo oqanda.  Xa sele emdala, malunga nehafu yomongo wethambo lakhe ubabomvu.  

Umongo obomvu ufunyanwa kumathambo a-flat kuphela - njengakwithambo lesinqa, kwithambo lesifuba, elentloko, iimbambo, kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo (amathambo athi xa edibene enze i-spinal column), nasemagxeni - nakumathambo enziwe nge-cancellous ("antofontofo") ekupheleni kwamathambo amade anje nge-femur (ithambo lethanga) kunye ne-humerus (ithambo elikumntla nelisisandulela sengalo). Umongo oqanda wona ufunyanwa ngaphakathi kwindawo ezivulekilyo kanye kumbindi wethambo, okanye kwisikhewu se-medullar esifumaneka kumathambo amade. 

Xa umzimba uye walahlekelwa ligazi elininzi, uyakwazi ukutshintsha umongo oqanda uwuphindisele kumongo obomvu ukuze kwenzeke ezinye ezinye ii-cell zegazi ezizakuvala isikhewu seli gazi lichithekileyo.
I-femur

I-**femur** lithambo lithambo lethanga elifumaneka kwii-tetrapods. Lihamba liyekuxhumana ne-pelvis (isinqa) kwisiphelo sethanga de liyekuthi xhaxhe phaya emanzi esiphelo edolweni. Ixokomezela i-hip ngesixokomezeli ngesiqhina lokuxokomezela   elimile njengebhola ethe yathiwa gangqa esityeni. Le bhola yiyo eyenza okokuba ikwazi ukushukuma i-hip ngokukhululekileyo.   

Amazantsi esiphelo se-femur enza ihenjisi enomzantsi womlenze ebizizwa ngokuba lidolo. Linee-'articulations' ezimbini: line-patella (umnqwazi wedolo), kunye ne-tibia (elona thambo lisemanzi omlenze).
I-tibia

I-**tibia**, **i-shinbone**, okanye i-**shankbone** lelona thambo lide nelomeleleyo kula mathambo mabini afumaneka emlenzeni ezantsi kwedolo lezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo. Ixokomezela idolo ngamathambo eqatha.
Nontsizi Mgqwetho

U**Nontsizi Mgqwetho** ebehlala kwiGoldfields zaseWitwatersrand eMzantsi Afrika, kodwa akazange ayilibale imvela phi yakhe yasemaphandleni phesheya kwenciba, nakumaxesha angaphambili olonwabo apho ubukhosi bamaXhosa obuzimeleyo babukhululekile kwingcinezelo yabebala. Kwisithuba esingangeminyaka elishumi, ukususela ngo1920 ukuya ku1929, wabhala izibongo kwiphephandaba laseRhawutini Umthetheli wa Bantu, Nguye kuphela umntu wokuqala oyimbongi yasetyhini ukuvelisa umsebenzi onobutyebi kwisiXhosa. 

Ngaphandle koku kuvelisiweyo kule mibhalo kuncinane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngobomi bakhe. Nge23 kaOkthobha 1920 wayevutha embokweni liqhayiya, umfutho emele izibongo zabasetyhini. Wayethumela imibongo rhoqo kweliphephandaba kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu ukusuka ku1924 ukuya ku1926. ukhe waphumla iminyaka emibini de imibongo yakhe emibini yokugqibela yaphuma ngoDisemba ka1928 nangoJanuwari ka1929. Waze wanyamalala kwisithukuthezi senzolo awayeqhamke kuyo. 
Emva koko azange kuvakalento ngakwicala lakhe, kodwa ezi zibongo wazishiyayo zakhawuleza zamenza omnye wamagcisa amakhulu oncwadi akhe abhala isiXhosa. ulilizwi labasetyhini ababandezelekileyo omelana nolawulo ngamadoda, ukhokhelo olungahambeli ndawo, ukungazibandakanyi kwabantsundu, nomnqweno wokubukula nokohluka kwabebala, ukugxojwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nembali eyintlekele yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yokuhluthwa komhlaba nenkcubeko.

Amandla akhe uwafumana kunqulo olulolwakhe lwalowo unguThixo wamakrestu, nomama Afrika, nanjengempelesi yentsana zakhe, abo, agxininisa ukuba akudingeki baphendule kwizicelo zokubuya kwakhe  njengokuba engazange ahambe, wayexhathise kubantu bakhe abamphoxayo.
Njengokuba imbongi kwakuhlala iyindoda, UNontsizi wayengavinjwa umboko wokubonga esidlangalaleni angakwazi ukunika intlonipho inkosi.  Iphephandaba labeka izibongo zakhe ngokusesikweni laze lamnika itikiti lokungena kumphakathi owaphika isithethe.  Wayekhululekile ukubonakali/ukuvelisa ilizwi lembongi, wathathe ilungelo lembongi lokugxeka iinkokheli. Njengembongi wayegxile  kwimikhuba yoluntu, ejonge ukubumba indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu nokuhlanganisa izenzo zabo.
Umlenze

U**mlenze** yinto esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izinto; ukuzibamba zingawi. Iintaka kunye nabantu zinemilenze emibini. Ezinye izinto,yimilenze.   umzekelo, iitafile nezitulo, nazo zixhaswa yimilenze.    

Izikwanyana zona zidla ngokuba nemilenze emi-2 nemi-4 (izilwanyana ezizii-vertabrates, zaziwa njengezilwanya ezinethambo lomqolo), okanye 6, 8, okanye 12 (ii-arthropods, umzekelo ziizinambuzane kunye nezigcawu). Ii-Centipedes kunye nee-millipedes zinothotho lwemilenze emininzi, kodwa ke ayide ibengamakhulukhulu okanye amawaka emilenze njengoko amagama azo esenza okokuba abantu abangazaziyo ezi zilwanyana bacinge okokuba kunjalo. Abantu bona banemilenze emi-2, ethi iphelele yakuba neenyawo. 

i-*Biped* sisilwanyana esinemilenze emibini ize yona i-*quadruped* ibe sisilwanyana esinemilenze emine.  

Abantu abantetho isisiNgesi basebebzisa igama elithi "mlenze" kwizafobe, umzekelo: 
* *awunamlenze wakuma* (oko kuthetha okokuba "awunankxaso; awunanxaxheba kule ngxoxo") 
* *ukuyibeka ngomlenze* (ukubaleka)
* ukutsala omnye umntu ngomlenze (ukumqhula ngenjongo zokudlala ngokuthi ubonise okokuba kukho into engenabunyani)
Isitulo

I**situlo** sisihlalo sefenitsha. sisetyenziswa ngabantu xa befuna ukuhlala.  Izitulo zidla ngokuba nemilenze emine ukuze zikwazi  ukuxhasa  ubunzima bomntu ohleli kuzo. Ezinye iintlobo zezitulo, ezifana njengee-barstool, zinomlenze omnye kuphela osesizikithini sesitulo.  Izitulo ezi loluhlobo zidla ngokujikelezeswa &#x5B;*<span title="References are needed for the previous part of the text from July 2010">source?</span>*&#x5D;. Ngamanye amaxesha izitulo zinezixhaso emacaleni azo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu xa befuna ukungqiyamisa iingalo zabo.  Ezi zitulo  zisenokubizwa njeneezitulo zengalo. Zininzi iintlobo zezitulo ezifana nezitulo ze-Windsor kunye nee-rocking chairs. Kukwakho nolunye uhlobo lwesitulo olubizwa ngokuba yisofa okanye i-settee. Esi ke sona sisoloko sisetyenziselwa ukuhlala tofotofo kwaye sinokuhlalwa ngabantu ababini nangaphezulu.
Imela

I**mela **sisixhobo senkcenkce okanye se-metal esitshwezwe sabukhali nesisetyenziswa ukuze sisike yonke into emelwe kukusikwa.  Isininzi segama elithi "imela" lithi "iimela."

## Iintlobo-ntlobo zeemela
* **Iimela zokupheka nezasekhitshini: ** azaziwa ngokuba ziimela zabapheki. Iqela leemela lisetyenziswa xa kuphekwa. Imela zekhitshi zitshwezwa zibetsolo zikwabanjwa ngesibambo esenziwe ngokhuni okanye ngeplastiki kwaye zisetyenziswa xa kunqunqwa ukutya nenyama ezakuphekwa. 

* **Table knives**: These knives are used to cut up food for eating. Some table knives are sharper than others, but none are as sharp as kitchen knives. Steak knives are sharper because they need to cut steak. Fish knives and butter knives are also used at the table and have rounded blades that are not so sharp.

* **Iimela zokuzingela** zisetyenziswa xa kuthalwa izilwanyana. 

* **Iimela zokuloba** azisetyenziswa xa kunqunyulwa iintlanzi ezivulekileyo. 

* **Iimela zokwakha** zisetyenziswa xa kunqunyulwa imida yomgangatho, ikhaphethi, i-insulation, ne-plastic sheathing.

## Ukukhetha uhlobo lwemela olululo
Zininzi iintlobo zeemela, kuxhomekeke ekubeni yintoni ekufuneka inqunyulwe. Ngemela eluhlobo olulungileyo, loo nto uyisikayo iyakusikeka ngokukhawuleza kunjalo nje isikeke lula. Ngemela engalungelanga kusika, kuyakukuthatha imizamo emininzi ukwenza lo msebenzi. Xa incinane kakhulu imela kuloo nto kufuneka isikiwe, isarha, izembe, okanye isixhobo esinamandla singafuneka.  

## Iintlobo zeemela ezingekho mthethweni
Ukuphatha iimela kululwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi ukuba le ndawo kusikwa ngayo inde kune- inches eziliqela. olunye uhlobo lwemela oluchasene nomthetho kwiindawo ezininzi y"i-switchblade", imela eneqhosha elithi lisakucofwa kutsho kuchukumiseke i-springi ukuze kuvuleke imela.  

## Amanye amaphela anxulumene nala
* Isikere
* Isarha
* Izembe
* I-Guillotine
Radio Studio 54 Network

**Radio Studio 54 Network**, okanye **Studio 54 Network ,** yinto Italian yabucala kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo esekelwe kwi Locri, eCalabria . Studio 54 Network iyinkonzo yerediyo FM kwaye lisasazwa kumaphondo alishumi kwimimandla ezintlanu emazantsi Italy: Catania , Messina , Reggio eCalabria , Vibo Valentia , Catanzaro , Cosenza, Crotone, Lecce, Potenza kunye Salerno). Iinkqubo luphawulwa ukugqithiswa hits zomculo kunye nolwazi-ixesha lenene, ngohlaziyo ngemihla 28.

## External links

* Radio Studio 54 Network Official Website (Italian)
* Studio 54 Network webcast streaming
Awethu putumani

## Amagqabantshintshi ngoAwethu Putumani
UAwethu wazalwa kwinyanga kaCanzibe, ezalelwa kwiphondo lase Mpuma Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika, kwilali yaseMbewane, kwisithili saseDutywa. Ilali yake ayikude kuyaphi kuneka Thabo Mbeki, ubuninzi ingaziyure ezimbini ezinecala. Umfana lona wakwa Putumani ngomnye ozingcayo ngenchubeko yesiXhosa kakhulu. Apha kwaXhosa kukho inkolelo yokuba umntu xa athe wazalwa ebusika, ubankone ngamaqhinga oku kwegqwalashu.

Awethu, kule page ithi "Inqaba" thetha ngeDutywa, uze uthi kule ithi "Ingxoxo", usixelele ngawe ke ngoku. Mhle lo mfanekiso. Ndithethile nawe phaya kwi-page ethi 'ingxoxo' yivule ufunde
Isilevu

**Isilevu** okanye ummandla wokucamngca yindawo apha ebusweni ngezantsi komlebe osezantsi ikwaquka indawo eveleleyo. Ithanda ukuba ncinane yaye ibe ngqukuva kubantu basetyhini, ngelixa iba nkulu de ibe buxande emadodeni. Yenziwa ziintlafuno ezingezantsi. Ebantwini kuneentlobo eziliqela zemilo zezilevu, umzekelo isilevu esinefotho. 

*In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern humans as distinct from archaic forms. Non-human anthropoid apes have a simian shelf for example.* Indlovu * are the only other animals considered to display such a feature,* although this leads to debate over the use of the term.

## Imithombo
Ukufika kweLizwi kwaXhosa

Ngokubhalwa ngu-John M. Vimbe

Ndivuyiswa lixesha lokuvela kwam kweli lizwe, kuba ethe uMnini-Ntozonke ukundibumba kwakhe wandibumba ngexesha lokuthumela kwakhe iLizwi lakhe ezweni lakowethu. Ekuthe ke ekufikeni kwalo nabafundisi aza amakhosi ethu alamkela; ndithi ke ndiyinkwenkwe, bekuthe ngaphambi kokufika komfundisi lowo kwavuka uNxele umfo kauBhalala}Bhalala, noGaba umfo kaNtsikana; kwabe ikukuqala kokubona kwam iLizwe, endicinga ukuba iminyaka yobuprofethi baloo madoda, kususela ku-1816 kuze kulo we-1905, oko kuthetha okokuba ayenamashumi asibhozo anethoba, 89, engabaprofethi loo madoda. Umfundisi wokuqala ayesithi amadoda ngu-Sodyoyi, wafika wakha kwaSihota. Emva kwakhe kwafika uRev. John Brownlee ngo-1820. Mandingene ekuqaleni kwa ukuliva iLizwi. Kwaafika uNtsikana evela eGqorha. Waafika wema kwaMankazana. Waandiqhelisa uMa ukuya nam ecaweni, ngeCawa kwaNtsikana. ITyalike kaNtsikana ibisenzelwa ngaphantsi komqonchi, izitulo ingamatye. Ngelo xesha ekuboneni kwam, sasingathi sintanganye noDukwana, uKobe emkhulu kuthi. Akahlalanga kakhulu uNtsikana kwaMankazana. Kuthe ngo-1824 wesuka ubawo Nongxe kwaMankazana, beza esikolweni eGwali. Waafikela ubawo lo kwaMatshaya. Ngelo xesha amaNtsikana ayese wonke, aye ephethwe ngu: Phalaza, Hogu, Xelewa, Rwexwana, Mazaleni, Noyi, Matshaya, Pheyi, Mtyhobile, Nginya, Thamo, nabanye. Onke ke ayephethwe nguKobe, into kaNtsikana, umfo olunge kunene phezu kokuba abantu belo xesha babengcole kakhulu. Afika aMantsikana, eGwali, uBhuluneli ephahlwe ngamalawu akwaSihota. Bekusithiwa icala lamalawu eGwali ngumzi wasemagwangqeni, kuthiwe elinye icala lalo mzi lelaMantsikana. Waahlala ke apho umfo kaGaba, wabe elishumayela ilizwi likaThixo, kwatsho kwagqobhoka abantu abaninzi.
#REDIRECT Zemk'iinkomo magwalandini