open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
49th parallel North

I- **49th parallel** of latitude emantla yenza umda omde womda weCanada-United States, ukusuka kwiphondo laseManitoba ukuya eBritish Columbia kwicala laseCanada kwaye ukusuka kwiphondo laseMinnesota ukuya eWashington kwicala laseMelika.

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengomda kubangelwa *iSivumelwano se-1818* kuqala kunye ne- *Oregon Treaty* ye -1846 ngoko, ngexesha likamongameli we-James Knox Polk.

Emva kokuba iUnited States ifumene iLouisiana ngo- 1803, kwavunyelwana ngokubanzi ukuba umda phakathi kwesi sizwe kunye neBritish Rupert's Land wawukunye nesahlulo esiphakathi koMlambo iMissouri kunye nezitshixo zoMlambo iMississippi kwelinye icala kunye ne- Hudson Bay basin kwelinye. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukucacisa ngokuchanekileyo indawo yendawo yamanzi kwindawo ethe tyaba njengombindi woMntla Melika.

Iikomiti zaseMelika nezaseBritane ezidibene emva kweMfazwe ye-1812 ukusombulula iingxabano zomda zaqaphela ukuba kuya kubakho inzondo enkulu ekuhloleni ummandla wamanzi, kwaye zavumelana ngesisombululo esilula ngo -1818 : i-49th parallel. Omabini amacala afumene kwaye aphulukana nomhlaba ngenxa yale ndibano, kodwa i-US izuze ngaphezulu kunokuba iphulukene nayo. Le ndibano yaseka umda kuphela phakathi kweLake of the Woods kunye neRocky Mountains ; ngasentshona kwezi, indibano yaseka umsebenzi odibeneyo weOregon Territory.

Nangona indibano ye-1818 yabeka umda ukusuka kwimbono ye-US kunye ne-United Kingdom, akukho sizwe sasilawula ngokukhawuleza phezu kwemimandla eyahluliweyo: ulawulo olusebenzayo lwahlala kunye nezizwe zendawo, ngokuyinhloko i- Coloured, i-Assiniboine, i-Lakota ne -Blackfeet . Ulongamo lwawo lwayekwa ngokuthe ngcembe luloyiso okanye isivumelwano kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo.

Ngowe- 1846 iSivumelwano saseOregon sahlulahlula i-Oregon Territory phakathi kweBritish North America ne-United States, sandisa umda wama-49 onxuseneyo ukuya kunxweme olusentshona nokunqumla iStrait yaseJuan de Fuca .Kule latitude, kufuphi ne-summer solstice, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukukhanya kweenkwenkwezi kungapheli ngokupheleleyo ngexesha leeyure zobusuku, ngaloo ndlela kushiya umgca omncinci wokukhanya kwelanga obonakala kwi-atmospheric kwicala elingasentla, ngexesha le-astronomical midnight.
Iindlela zeNkcubeko zeBhunga laseYurophu

I-**Council of Europe Cultural Route**, ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yiNdlela **yeNkcubeko yaseYurophu**, isiqinisekiso esinikezelwa yiBhunga laseYurophu kwiinethiwekhi ezikhuthaza ukwabelana ngenkcubeko yaseYurophu, imbali kunye nememori. Ezi ndlela kufuneka zihambelane nezinye iimpawu ezisisiseko ezikhuthazwa yiBhunga laseYurophu njengedemokhrasi, amalungelo oluntu kunye notshintshiselwano lwenkcubeko kwisakhelo sokhenketho lwenkcubeko. 

Indlela yenkcubeko yeBhunga laseYurophu ayiyondlela ebonakalayo yokuhamba kwaye inokuqulunqwa ngezinto zenkcubeko ezinomdla, ezifana neemyuziyam, oomasipala okanye amagunya asekuhlaleni adityaniswe abe ngumbutho omnye weambrela. Ukuwongwa ngewonga leNdlela yeNkcubeko yeBhunga laseYurophu kuvula indlela yokubonakala ngakumbi, uthungelwano lwamaqumrhu enkcubeko okanye inkxaso-mali.  Inkqubo yasungulwa yiBhunga laseYurophu kwaye kungekhona yi-European Union, nangona le yokugqibela igalelo kuyo. 

Le nkqubo yaqalwa liBhunga laseYurophu ngowe-1987. Isekelwe ukususela ngo-1998 eLuxembourg, kwi-European Institute of Cultural Routes (EICR). Ukusukela ngo-2010, inkqubo yovavanyo nesiqinisekiso ilawulwa siSivumelwano Esongeziweyo seNdlela yeNkcubeko (APE).
Iqela leVisegrád

**Iqela leVisegrád,** eyaziwa nangokuthi **Visegrád 4** okanye **i-V4**, intsebenziswano yenkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko kumazwe amane aseMbindi Yurophu - amalungu eManyano ukususela kwi-2004 - ngeenjongo zempi, inkcubeko, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nentsebenziswano yamandla; ngaphezu koko, iqela lisebenza ekukhuthazeni ukudityaniswa kwamanye amazwe kwi- European Union .

Eli qela lilandelela imvelaphi yalo kwiintlanganiso zeenkokeli zaseCzechoslovakia, eHungary nasePoland ezazibanjelwe kwidolophu yaseHungary yaseVisegrád ngomhla we-15 ngoFebruwari 1991. IVisegrád yakhethwa njengendawo yokuhlanganisana ngowe-1991 njengebinzana lamagama awayebhekisela kwiNkomfa yamaxesha aphakathi yaseVisegrád ngowe-1335 phakathi kukaJohn I waseBohemia, uCharles I waseHungary noCasimir III wasePoland . Emva kokuchithwa kweCzechoslovakia ngowe-1993, iCzech Republic neSlovakia zaba ngamalungu azimeleyo eli qela, ngaloo ndlela zandisa inani lamalungu ukusuka kwisithathu ukuya kwamane. Onke amalungu amane eQela leVisegrád ajoyina i-European Union ngomhla woku-1 kuMeyi ka-2004.
Iqela lebhola ekhatywayo lesizwe laseSan Marino

**Iqela lebhola lebhola lebhola lebhola lebhola laseSan Marino** ngummeli webhola weSan Marino kwaye ubekwe phantsi kwe-aegis yeSan Marino Giuoco Calcio Federation.

Ngenxa yobuncinci belizwe elimele, inani elilinganiselweyo apho abadlali bebhola ekhatywayo banokutsalwa khona (kwaye sibulela imithetho engqongqo kakhulu esebenzayo yokunikezelwa kobumi baseSan Marino, ehlala ithintela ukuba nokwenzeka kokuqhubekeka ngokusemthethweni  ) kunye nenqanaba elilinganiselweyo nelingaqhelekanga kubuntshatsheli bayo bangaphakathi, iSan Marino lolona khetho luthobekileyo lwebhola ekhatywayo lwelizwe olukhe lwavela kumbono wobugcisa nangokweziphumo; enyanisweni, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yomsebenzi, inokubala kuphela uloyiso olunye (oluzuzwe kwi-2004 kumdlalo wobuhlobo ngokuchasene nommeli wenye i-microstate, I-Liechtenstein), kwaye ihleli ngokusisigxina kwizikhundla zokugqibela kwi- FIFA ranking . 

Kwinqanaba lehlabathi leFIFA, ukusebenza ukusukela ngo-Agasti ka-1993, esona siphumo singcono saba yindawo ye-118 ngoSeptemba waloo nyaka, ngelixa indawo eyona ndawo yayiyi-211 (eyokugqibela), yahlala izihlandlo ezininzi, eyokugqibela apho ngoJuni 2023.
Sloveniya

**ISlovenia**, ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabhlikhi yaseSlovenia** ( ngeSlovenian *Republika Slovenija*, ngesiHungary *Szlovén Köztársaság*), lilizwe elizimeleyo kuMbindi Yurophu . Ikhawulela i-Itali ngasentshona (i-Friuli-Venezia Giulia), i-Austria ukuya emantla, iHungary ukuya empuma kunye neCroatia ukuya emazantsi, ejongene noLwandle lwe-Adriatic (iGulf of Trieste) ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona.Ikomkhulu layo yiLjubljana.

I-Slovenia ibe lilungu le - European Union ukususela ngo-1 Meyi 2004 ; ukususela ngo-1 kaJanuwari 2007, i- euro ibe yimali yelizwe, ithatha indawo ye-thaler yaseSlovenia, eyamkelwa ngo -1991 emva kokuzimela; Ngaphambili imali yayiyidinar yaseYugoslavia . Abantu bomthonyama base -Italiya bahlala kwingingqi ye-Istrian yelizwe, ngelixa uluntu lwaseHungary lufumaneka kumda osempuma; Ukufudukela eSerbia naseBosnia -Herzegovinian kuyakhula.

Usuku lweSizwe lwaseSlovenia, njengeCroatia, lwenzeka ngomhla we-25 Juni, isikhumbuzo se -1991 isibhengezo sokuzimela kwi-Socialist Federal Republic yaseYugoslavia.
Ajentina

ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabhlikhi yaseArgentina** ( iSpanish : *República Argentina)* 

Presidente: Conan
Vicepresidente: Victoria Villarruel

yiriphabliki yomayano**,** emi kumazantsi oMzantsi Merika. Ummandla wayo wahlulwe waba ngamaphondo angama-23 kunye nesixeko esizimeleyo, iBuenos Aires, eyinkunzi yelizwe kunye nesihlalo sikarhulumente wobumbano, apho i- metropolitan yayo isithathu sabemi belizwe.

Ngommandla ongaphezulu we2&nbsp;791&nbsp;810&nbsp;km², lelona lizwe likhulu lithetha iSpanish emhlabeni, ilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu eLatin America, elesine ngobukhulu eMelika kunye nelesibhozo ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ummandla wayo, othatha indawo enkulu ye-Southern Cone, ijikeleze emantla yiBolivia kunye neParaguay, ukuya emantla-mpuma yiBrazil neUruguay, ngasempuma kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, nasentshona yiChile kunye namanzi eAtlantiki. iPages of Drake. I-Argentina ikwabanga iZiqithi zaseFalkland (phantsi kwegama lesiSpanish elithi *Malvinas*, ngesiTaliyane iMalvine), iSouth Georgia kunye neSouth Sandwich Islands. Ikwathatha i-Antarctica yase-Argentina njengenxalenye yommandla wayo welizwe, ibango elixhonywe phantsi kweSivumelwano se-Antarctica. I-Argentina yafumana ukuzimela ngomhla wama-25 kuMeyi 1810 xa i -viceroy yokugqibela yaseSpain eyayilawula eBuenos Aires yachithwa, kwaye ngomhla we-9 kaJulayi 1816, inkululeko yabhengezwa ngokusemthethweni eSan Miguel de Tucumán. 

Emva kwentlekele yezoqoqosho ka-2001, uqoqosho lwaphinda lwafumana kwakhona amanqanaba angaphambili okuba sempilweni. Abemi bayo abamalunga nezigidi ezingama - 50 banandipha isalathiso sophuhliso lwabantu, ingeniso yomntu ngamnye, inqanaba lokukhula koqoqosho kunye nomgangatho wobomi obeka eli lizwe njengelinye lawona aphuhlileyo eLatin America.  Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe, ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu, isibini esiphezulu kwiLatin America emva kokuba iVenezuela kwaye i-2014 yayiqikelelwa ukuba yi-24% ngonyaka, kunye noqikelelo olude lufikelele. I-40% ye-2015,   eye yazisa ilizwe kwi-bankruptcy kwakhona, okwesibini kwinkulungwane ye-21. 

Ngo-2019, uqoqosho lusengxakini, ishishini leemoto lisebenza kuphela kwi-15% yomthamo walo, ukuthengiswa kweemoto kukwi-free fall (-54% ngonyaka omnye), ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kufikelela kwi-54.7% ngonyaka omnye. Urhulumente ufuna imali mboleko kwi- IMF, eyathi ngo-2018 iboleke i-56 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kwiminyaka emithathu ngokutshintshiselana nokunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Phantse ngama-300&nbsp;I-000 yemisebenzi ilahlekile kwiminyaka emithathu kwaye intlupheko ikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwiminyaka engama-20.
Peru

I  **Peru**, ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabhlikhi yasePeru** ( , ngesiQuechua : *iPiruw Ripuwlika*, e Aymara : *iPiruw Suyu* ), lilizwe elikuMzantsi Melika . Icande emntla yi Ecuador, emantla mpuma yiColombia, ngasempuma yiBrazil, emazantsi mpuma yiBolivia, emazantsi yiChile nasentshona kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki . IPeu lilizwe elinommandla obanzi, elineendawo zokuhlala ukusuka kumathafa akunxweme lwePasifiki ukuya kwincopho yeAndes enabela emantla ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma, kunye namahlathi ashinyeneyo ommandla weAmazon ngasempuma, noMlambo iAmazon . Nge-1.28 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, iPeru lilizwe leshumi elinesithoba ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kunye nelesithathu ngobukhulu eMzantsi Melika.

Ummandla wasePeru ube likhaya leenkcubeko ezininzi zakudala, ukusuka kwimpucuko yeCaral, eyona mpucuko indala eMelika kunye nenye yeendlela ezintlanu zempucuko, ukuya kwi- Inca Empire, elona lizwe likhulu kwi- pre-Columbian America . Ummandla oquka iPeru ngoku uneyona mbali yempucuko inde kulo naliphi na ilizwe, elanda ilifa layo emva kwenkulungwane yesine BC.C.

UBukhosi baseSpain bawuthimba lo mmandla ngenkulungwane ye-16 baza baseka i- Viceroyalty apho, equka uninzi lwamathanga aseMzantsi Melika, nekomkhulu lawo eLima. I-Peru yafumana inkululeko ngo-1821, kwaye isiphelo sokugqibela solawulo lwaseSpain kulo mmandla satywinwa kwi- Battle of Ayacucho kwiminyaka emithathu kamva.

I-Peru yiriphabliki emele idemokhrasi yedemokhrasi eyahlulwe yangamacandelo angamashumi amabini anesihlanu olawulo. Lilizwe eliphuhlayo elinomlinganiselo ophezulu wophuhliso lwabantu  kunye nenqanaba lengeniso ephakathi  kunye nezinga lentlupheko malunga ne-19% . Lelinye lawona mazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kulo mmandla, anesantya sokukhula esiphakathi kwe-5.9% , kwaye inomlinganiselo okhawulezayo wokukhula kwamashishini ehlabathini, umyinge we-9.6% . Eyona misebenzi yayo yoqoqosho yimigodi, ezolimo, ukuloba kunye nokuveliswa kwamalaphu; Okufanelekile ukuba kuqatshelwe amanye amacandelo ohlumo, afana nelothungelwano ngefowuni kunye ne-biotechnology.  I-Peru ithathwa njengelizwe "elikhululekile" yi-Freedom House , lilungu elisebenzayo le- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, i -Pacific Alliance kunye ne- World Trade Organization ; igqalwa njengamandla aphakathi .  I-Peru lelinye lawona mazwe angalinganiyo kwihlabathi, kunye ne-1% yabemi ephethe i-30% yobutyebi. 

Abemi basePeru, abaqikelelwa malunga nezigidi ezingama-32.5, banezizwe ezininzi kwaye baquka ama-Amerindians, amaYurophu, amaAfrika, nama -Asiya. Olona lwimi luthethwayo sisiSpanish, nangona abantu abaninzi basePeru bathetha isiQuechua okanye ezinye iilwimi zomthonyama, njengesiAymara
Isoviet Union

**Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,**isifinyezo **se-USSR** kwaye ikwimo eshunquliweyo **yeSoviet Union,** yayililizwe elimanyeneyo elanabela phakathi kweMpuma Yurophu noMntla Asia, elasekwa ngowama-30 kuDisemba 1922 eluthuthwini loBukhosi baseRashiya . Yayibunjwe ziiriphabliki zobusoshiyali ezili-15, eyona inkulu kuzo yayiyiRashiya, yona ngokwayo eyayahlulwe yaba ziiriphabliki ezimanyeneyo ezizimeleyo.

Umgama phakathi kokugqithiswa kwayo empuma nasentshona kwakungaphezu kweekhilomitha  (ngaphezu kwama-90 degrees longitude ); eyona ndawo isentshona yayiyiOblast yaseKaliningrad, kumda wePoland, kwaye eyona ndawo isempuma yayiyiCape Dezhnev kwiBering Strait, eyahlulahlula kwilizwekazi laseMntla Melika malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-80.Ngokukodwa, esinye seziqithi zayo kwi-Strait, iGrande Diomede, ikumgama weekhilomitha  kuphela. ukusuka eLittle Diomede, engowaseUnited States of America : lo ngowona mgama umfutshane phakathi kwamagunya amabini omkhosi ngelo xesha.

Yayilelona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini eline  km² yommandla womphezulu, elilingana nesinye kwisithandathu somhlaba oveleyo, kunye nelona lizwe likhulu e-Asiya naseYurophu, kwindawo nganye yolawulo lwelizwekazi. 

Emva koloyiso oluphunyeziweyo ngokuchasene namagunya e-Axis kwiMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi yaba ligunya lezoqoqosho nelasemkhosini, likwazile ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yalo yezopolitiko nezentlalo nangaphandle kwemida yelizwe, ngakumbi eMpuma Yurophu .Ingquzulwano yayo neWestern Bloc eyayikhokelwa yi -United States of America, elinye igunya elikhulu elathi lavela ngelo xesha, lakhokelela kwiMfazwe Yomlomo, eyaphela ngokusesikweni ngokuchithwa kweSoviet Union . I- Russian Federation yathatha i-USSR ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990 kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne- G8, kwaye ithathe inxalenye enkulu yomkhosi weSoviet kunye ne-geopolitical legacy.

Uluhlu lweeriphabliki ezibumba umanyano lwaye lwaba nokwahluka okuninzi ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kwiminyaka eyandulela ukupheliswa kwayo, iiriphabliki ezilishumi elinesihlanu zaziyinxalenye yayo. Elona likhulu ngokubhekiselele kummandla, uqoqosho kunye nabemi kunye nelona libalulekileyo kwinqanaba lezopolitiko yiRashiya . Ummandla weSoviet Union waphinda wenza utshintsho olwahlukeneyo kwaye kwelona xesha lamva nje lihambelana nelo lasekupheleni koBukhosi baseRussia, kodwa ngaphandle kweAlaska, iFinland nePoland .

Umbutho wezopolitiko welizwe wawuquka ulawulo lweqela elinye, elilawulwa yiQela lamaKomanisi laseSoviet Union, elalilawula izixhobo zeSoviets, iindibano kuwo omabini amanqanaba engingqi nesizwe ezazimele abasebenzi kwiipaseji zamandla karhulumente. Lo mbutho ubukhokelwa nguNobhala Jikelele, onxibelelana nenkokeli ephambili ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle neyasekhaya.
I-NATO

**Atlantic Treaty Organisation** (IsiNgesi : *North Atlantic Treaty Organisation*, acronym **NATO**, French: *Organisation du traité de l' Atlantique nord*, acronym **OTAN**) yimbumbano yomkhosi wokhuselo phakathi koorhulumente phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu angama-31, kubandakanywa i-29 yaseYurophu kunye namabini aseMntla Melika, asekiweyo. emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II . Isivumelwano sokusekwa kwe-NATO, i-Atlantic Pact, yasayinwa eWashington ngo-4 ngo-Ephreli 1949, kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ngo-24 Agasti waloo nyaka.

I-NATO yinkqubo yokhuseleko edibeneyo: amazwe angamalungu azimeleyo athembisa ukukhuselana kulo naluphi na uhlaselo lwabantu besithathu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, yasebenza njengesithintelo kwisisongelo esasibonwa yiSoviet Union. Umanyano lwahlala lukhona emva kokubhangiswa kweSoviet Union kwaye lwabandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yomkhosi kwiiBalkans, kuMbindi Mpuma, eMzantsi Asia naseAfrika.

Ikomkhulu le-NATO likhona eBrussels, eBelgium, ngelixa ikomkhulu lomkhosi likufuphi neMons, ekwaseBelgium. Umfelandawonye unoMkhosi wokuPhendula we-NATO kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo edibeneyo yawo onke amalungu ayo aquka amajoni amalunga nezigidi ezi-3.5 kunye nabasebenzi abohlukeneyo. Inkcitho yabo yasemkhosini idityanisiwe ngo-2020 yenze ngaphezulu kwama-57% ewonke jikelele . Ukongezelela, amalungu avumile ukufikelela okanye ukugcina inkcitho ekujoliswe kuyo yokukhusela ubuncinane ye-2% ye -GDP yabo ngo-2024.

I-NATO yaqulunqwa ngamalungu alishumi elinesibini asisiseko kwaye yongeze amalungu amatsha kwizihlandlo ezisithoba, ezona zakutshanje zenzeke kwi-2023 xa iFinland yajoyina . ISweden kufuneka ibe lilungu lama-32 emva kokuqinisekiswa ngamazwe asele engamalungu. Ukongezelela, ukususela ngo-2023, i-NATO iyayibona iBosnia neHerzegovina, iGeorgia ne-Ukraine njengamalungu afisa. Ukwandiswa komfelandawonye kukhokelele kukruthakruthwano namazwe esithathu afana neRussia, elinye lamazwe alishumi elinesithoba athatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-NATO yoBudlelwane boXolo.
UPico da Neblina

**IPico da Neblina** yeyona ntaba iphakamileyo eBrazil. Inxalenye esemantla iseVenezuela. NgesiPhuthukezi neSpanish, *iNeblina* ithetha *inkungu encinci.* Le ntaba yanyuswa okokuqala ngo-1965 ngamajoni athile omkhosi waseBrazil.

Ummandla osemantla uyingxenye yeVenezuelan Neblina National Park, ngelixa indawo esemazantsi iphantsi kolawulo lwaseBrazil kwaye ifakwe kwiPico da Neblina National Park. Ezi kunye nezinye iipaki ezikufutshane zenza indawo ekhuselweyo engaphezulu kwe-80,000 km², ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yeyona ndawo ikhuselweyo inkulu ehlabathini kumahlathi ashinyeneyo.

Ngaphambili ubude bebugqalwa njenge-3,014&nbsp;m, imilinganiselo yamva nje imisele ukuba umphakamo ujikeleze i-2,995.30&nbsp;m.

Phezulu kukho icwecwe elikukhumbuza ukuba yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo eBrazil kunye neflegi yaseBrazil etshintshwa minyaka le ngamalungu omkhosi.
Ulwimi olusemthethweni

**Ulwimi olusemthethweni** lulwimi oluthe urhulumente olawulayo wamkelwa ngokusemthethweni ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu asemthethweni, afana nemithetho, amaxwebhu enkundla kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni. Iilwimi ezicatshulwe ngolo hlobo kuMgaqo sisekookanye kwimithetho elingana nawo zigqalwa njengeelwimi ezisemthethweni zoMbuso.

Ukuba iilwimi ezincinci zivela ecaleni kweelwimi ezisemthethweni (umz. "Kwiindawo apho olu lwimi luncinci lukhoyo, olu lwimi lusemthethweni kwezo ndawo zifana no(ii)lwimi ezisemthethweni"), ezi lwimi zikwathathwa njengegosa likarhulumente (le yimeko yaseSlovenia) Amaqumrhu olawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye imibutho yabucala, inokuchaza ulwimi lwawo olusemthethweni olunokwahluka kulowo welizwe ahlala kulo, ngakumbi ukuba asebenzisana neenkampani zangaphandle okanye akhusela iilwimi ezincinci. 

Nangona kunjalo, akuqinisekanga ukuba urhulumente uthatha isigqibo sokwamkela olunye okanye iilwimi ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni, njengoko kunjalo kwiSoviet Union, apho ulwimi oluthethwayo lwe *de facto* lunokuboniswa kummandla ngamnye, kodwa ngokusemthethweni i-Union ayizange ithathe nayiphi na into. ulwimi olufanele ukoyisa nayiphi na enye (isiRashiya sasisetyenziselwa amaxwebhu asemthethweni).
Uruguwayi

Uruguay ngokusemthethweni **Eastern Republic of Uruguay** **(** , ngokubhekiselele kwimo yejografi ukuba ummandla wawumi kwi-Confederation of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata  ), lilizwe eliseMzantsi Melika . Inommandla oyi-176,220 km² kunye nabemi abayi-3,431,932. Ikomkhulu yiMontevideo .

Ijikelezwe kumntla-mpuma nakumantla yiBrazil, emazantsi-ntshona yiArgentina, emazantsi yiRío de la Plata nasempuma kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki . I-Uruguay yiriphabliki yomongameli, intloko yelizwe ngoku nguLuís Lacalle Pou Iqela eliMhlophe). Ulwimi olusemthethweni siSpanish.

Kucingelwa ukuba ummandla we-Uruguay yanamhlanje wawumiwe ukususela kwi -7th millennium BC.C. ukusuka kumaqela amancinane abantu abahambahambayo . Abemi bokuqala ababehlala apho yayingamaCharrúas .

Imbali esemthethweni yaqala ngowe-1516 xa, ngokutsho kwengxelo yaseSpeyin, uJuan Díaz de Solís wafikelela kumbindi weRío de la Plata waza wafumanisa elo lizwe. Inguqulelo yesiPhuthukezi ithi umlomo wawufunyenwe kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili ngabahloli bamaPhuthukezi. Indawo yokuqala yokuhlala esisigxina yasungulwa ngo-1624 e- Villa Soriano (kwiindonga zeRio Negro). Ixesha elilandelayo libonakaliswe ngokungquzulana rhoqo kunye namaPhuthukezi, owathi ulongamo phezu kwendawo. Ngowe-1726, iMontevideo yasekwa.
ECremona

**ICremona** (*Cremùna* ngesiCremonese dialect ) ngumasipala wase-Italiya onabemi abangama  , ikomkhulu lephondo elinegama elifanayo eLombardy .

Eyaziwayo ngobugcisa bevayolin yemveli, isixeko simi kumbindi wePo Valley, engekude nonxweme lomlambo iPo .
Grinlend

**IGreenland** (Greenlandic : *Kalaallit Nunaat)*

IGreenland ngummandla woBukumkani baseDenmark, ekwabandakanya ilizwe laseDenmark kunye neZiqithi zaseFarae . Umda weCanada, ukusukela ngo-2022, kwiHans Island . IGreenland yayiyenye yeekoloni zeNorwegian Crown de kwangowe-1814, xa yayiphantsi kolawulo lweDenmark; ngowe-1953 yaba yinxalenye yobukumkani baseDenmark ngenkqubo yomanyano lobuqu . Ngo-1979 esi siqithi sanikwa igunya lokuzilawula (*hjemmestyre*) yiFolketing (iPalamente yaseDenmark) ngomthetho owawiswa ngo-1978.

Nangona kunjalo, umlawuli waseDenmark uhlala eyintloko yelizwe laseGreenland. Yayiyinxalenye yoMbutho woQoqosho lwaseYurophu, njengommandla waseDenmark, ukususela ngowe-1973 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1985, xa kwagqitywa ekubeni ihambe ngenxa ye- referendum ye-1982 .

Kulandela uhlolo-zimvo luka-2008, amagunya owiso-mthetho, enkundla kunye nolawulo lwemithombo yendalo aye atshintshelwa kurhulumente wasekhaya .    I-referendum, nangona iphantsi kokugxekwa kwaye ingabophelelanga kwipalamente yaseDanish, yamkelwa ngulo mva kwaye isicelo sayo sasebenza nge-21 Juni 2009, esenza inyathelo elibalulekileyo elibhekiselele kwinkululeko.     IDenmark isagcina ulawulo lwemali, umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nokukhusela umkhosi kwaye inikezela ngenkxaso-mali yonyaka (malunga ne-3.4 yezigidigidi zezithsaba, ezilingana ne-30% ye-GDP ye-2008).
Mozambikh

**Mozambique**  ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabhlikhi yaseMozambique,** 

, lilizwe elizimeleyo eMpuma Afrika . Inabemi abangama  ngokobalo luka-2017  kunye nendawo eyi-  . . Ikomkhulu yiMaputo . IMozambiki yayiyikoloniyali yangaphambili yasePortugal, ezimeleyo ukusukela ngo-1975.

Icandeke emantla yiTanzania, iMalawi kunye neZambia, ngasempuma yiMozambique Channel (eyahlulahlula kwiMadagascar ), emazantsi nguMzantsi Afrika nasentshona yiZimbabwe neSwatini . IMozambique lilizwe elisaphuhlayo kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sabemi bahlala kubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo .
ENgilani

**INgilani** (isiNgesi : *England*, /ˈɪŋɡlənd/) lelinye lamazwe amane ayinxalenye ye -United Kingdom yaseGreat Britain naseNyakatho ye-Ireland, ekuphela kwayo engayi kubumba iziko lolawulo kwaye ingabi norhulumente ozimeleyo.   Yabelana ngemida neSkotlani ukuya emantla kunye neWales ngasentshona, ngelixa ikomkhulu layo yiLondon, ikomkhulu laseUnited Kingdom.

Ijikelezwe kumntla-ntshona kuLwandle lwaseIreland, emazantsi-ntshona kuLwandle lweCeltic, ngasempuma kuLwandle lwaseMantla nakumazantsi yi English Channel, eyahlulahlula kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. INgilani ibandakanya uninzi lommandla osemazantsi kumbindi wesiqithi saseGreat Britain kwaye ineziqithi ezincinci ezingaphezu kwe-100, ezifana ne- Isles of Scilly kunye ne- Isle of Wight .

Ummandla obizwa ngokuba yiNgilani ngoku wawuhlalwa ngamadoda kwasekuqaleni kwePaleolithic ePhakamileyo, kodwa ithatha igama layo kwi- Anglo-Saxons, abemi baseJamani ababehlala eBritani ngexesha le- 5th kunye ne -6th inkulungwane ; *INgilani* ithatha kwifomu endala ethi **' ethetha "uMhlaba wee-Angles" (Latin : **'). INgilani yaba lilizwe elimanyeneyo ngo -927 (ebudeni bolawulo lwe-Æthelstan yaseWessex ) kwaye ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-15 yaqalisa ukuba nempembelelo enkulu, kwinkcubeko nakwipolitiki, kwihlabathi liphela.  Ulwimi lwesiNgesi, iCawa yaseTshetshi kunye nomthetho wesiNgesi zisisiseko semibutho yamazwe aManyeneyo. Inkqubo yezopolitiko yepalamente yamaNgesi yamkelwe ngokubanzi zezinye izizwe.  Ngokuchanekileyo eNgilani, uguquko lwezoshishino lwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-18, luyiguqulela ekubeni lilizwe lokuqala elihambele phambili kwezoshishino ehlabathini.  I-English *Royal Society* yabeka iziseko zenzululwazi yovavanyo yanamhlanje. 

Ummandla wamaNgesi ubukhulu becala ubandakanya iinduli eziphantsi namathafa, ngakumbi embindini nakumazantsi eNgilani. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imimandla yeentaba emantla (umzekelo, iintaba zeSithili saseLake, iiPennines kunye neYorkshire Dales) nakumazantsi-ntshona (umzekelo, iDartmoor kunye neCotswolds). ILondon, ikomkhulu laseNgilani, yeyona ndawo inkulu e-United Kingdom. Abemi baseNgilani bamalunga ne-57 yezigidi, malunga ne-84% yabemi bonke base-United Kingdom, kwaye ubukhulu becala bugxile eLondon, eMidlands naseYorkshire. Amadlelo kunye namadlelo afumaneka kwiindawo ezingaphandle kwezixeko ezikhulu.

Ubukumkani baseNgilani bukwaquka iWales, uloyiso olwagqitywa nguKumkani u-Edward I ngo-1282, kodwa umanyano olusemthethweni aluzange lwenzeke de kwangowe-1536. Ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe ngo-1707, ngoMthetho weManyano, ubukumkani baseNgilani badibana nobukumkani baseSkotlani benza uBukumkani obutsha beGreat Britain.   Ngo-1801 iGreat Britain kunye noBukumkani baseIreland, ngoMthetho wesibini *weManyano*, zadityaniswa kwiUnited Kingdom yaseGreat Britain naseIreland.
Ekhwithoriyal Gini

IRiphabhlikhi yase-**Guinea** () lilizwe elikuMbindi Afrika.

Kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika, i-Equatorial Guinea yindawo yesithathu encinci ngokubhekiselele kwindawo yomhlaba (emva kweGambia kunye ne- Djibouti ) kwaye enye yezona zincinci ngokwemiqathango yabemi: indawo ephezulu yi-28,051 km², kwaye inabemi be-676,000 kuphela ngokuqikelelwa kwe -UN ye-2009 . , 1,014,999 ngokwe- 2001 census  okanye  ngokwe- 2015 census .  Iilwimi ezisemthethweni zesizwe siSpanish, isiFrentshi kunye nesiPhuthukezi.

Ummandla welizwekazi (i- Rio Muni) inqamle iCameroon ukuya ngasentla, iGabon ukuya empuma nakumazantsi kunye neGulf of Guinea ngasentshona. Iziqithi ezincinci Elobey Chico, Elobey Grande kunye neCorisco zijonge unxweme. Inxalenye ye-insular iqulethwe kwisiqithi saseBioko (kude kube yi-1970 *Fernando Pó*), apho i-capital yelizwe ( i- Malabo) ikhona, ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-160 kumntla-ntshona wonxweme lwaseRio Muni, kunye nesiqithi esincinci sase- Annobón kumazantsi-ntshona, 500 km kude kunxweme yelizwekazi Equatoguinean kunye 600 km ukusuka Bioko. Oku kwenza i-Equatorial Guinea ibe kuphela kwelizwe laseAfrika elithi, nangona lingelilo ilizwe lasesiqithini, linekomkhulu lalo elikwisiqithi kunokuba libe kwilizwekazi. I-Equatorial Guinea iya kulahlekelwa yinto ekhethekileyo xa i-capital iya kuhanjiswa eCiudad de la Paz.
Likhtensteyin

**ILiechtenstein**

), ngokusemthethweni **iNqununu yaseLiechtenstein** (  ; in Alemannic German *Förschtatum Liachtaschta* ), lilizwe elikuMbindi Yurophu ovalelwe phakathi kweSwitzerland neOstriya kwaye ivaliwe . Imele elinye lawona mazwe mancinci ehlabathini. Inqununu ithetha isiJamani, ulwimi oluthethwa kwi-diglossia kunye ne -Alemannic German . Uzalwe njengenqununu yoBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma, iLiechtenstein yinkosi yomgaqo-siseko kwaye, ngenxa yecandelo layo lezemali, imele elinye lawona mazwe acebileyo emhlabeni.
Iqela lesizwe lebhola ekhatywayo loMzantsi Afrika

**Iqela lebhola ekhatywayo loMzantsi Afrika** (ngeAfrikaans *Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale sokkerspan*, ngesiNgesi *Iqela lesizwe lebhola ekhatywayo loMzantsi Afrika*), abadlali balo babizwa ngokuba *yiBafana Bafana* ("amakhwenkwe ethu" ngolwimi lwesiZulu), ngummeli wesizwe webhola ekhatywayo obizwa ngokuba yi -African yelizwe kwaye ibekwe phantsi kolawulo loMbutho weBhola eKhatywayo waseMzantsi Afrika.

Iqela lesizwe loMzantsi Afrika laqala ukudlala ngo-1924 laze labuyela kumdlalo wamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1992, emva kokunqunyanyiswa iminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu yiFIFA kunye nokuvalwa komsebenzi okwathatha iminyaka engama-40 okwabangelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wesizwe wocalucalulo . Yayisindleke i-yaze yaphumelela itumente ngelo xesha. Uthathe inxaxheba kwizigaba ezintathu zokugqibela zobuntshatsheli behlabathi (1998, 2002 and 2010, kuhlelo lwasekhaya), ekhutshiwe kwimeko nganye kumjikelo wokuqala. Ithathe inxaxheba njengelizwe eliza kusingatha imidlalo yeConfederations Cup ngo-2009, igqibezela kwindawo yesine.

Kuluhlu lweFIFA olusebenzayo ukususela ngo-Agasti 1993, indawo engcono kakhulu eyaphunyezwa nguMzantsi Afrika yindawo ye-16 ngo-Agasti ka -1996, ngelixa eyona nto imbi kakhulu yindawo ye-124 ngoDisemba ka -1992 . Ikwindawo ye-68 kwirenki.
Uyilo lwezakhiwo

I-luqeqesho olunjongo yalo ikumbutho we-anthropized space **apho** abantu bahlala khona. Ukwenza lula, sinokuthi ngokuyintloko kubhekiselele kuyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwepropati okanye indawo eyakhiweyo . Imiba yobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa zidibanisa kuyo. Kunye kunye nesculpture, yinxalenye yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-plastic visual arts.

Ekubeni umntu enobuchule obunjalo bokukwazi ukuzilungelelanisa ngokwempucuko, ubugcisa bokwakha bebusoloko bukho. I-Architecture yazalwa kuqala ukwanelisa iimfuno zebhayoloji zomntu ezifana nokukhuselwa kwi -agent ye-atmospheric, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu iphakathi kwezifundo ezikhoyo kuzo zonke impucuko. Kuphela kamva, kunye nophuhliso lolwahlulo lwabasebenzi kuluntu, imisebenzi yesibini yongezwa kumsebenzi oyintloko kwinani elihlala likhula.

Ngokubonakala kweempawu zobuhle kwakukho ukuzalwa kwezakhiwo kwakhona njengobugcisa obubonakalayo, nangona kunjalo inikwe iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo. Kuya kuba kunciphisa kwakhona ukuthetha malunga nexabiso lobuhle kuba uyilo olulungileyo luhlala lusisiphumo seenqobo ezisesikweni kunye nesifundo se-anthropological.

Ukuchaza i-architecture kunzima njengoko i-architectural phenomenon isoloko ikhona kwinkcubeko yabantu, ukufumana iimpawu, iinkcazo, imisebenzi, indawo kunye nemiba yokwakha ehlala ihluke okanye ihluke kwimpucuko ukuya kwimpucuko okanye ukusuka kwixesha ukuya kwixesha.
Grisi

**IGrisi**, ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabliki yaseHellenic** lilizwe elikumazantsi Yurophu, emi kumda osemazantsi wosingasiqithi weBalkan . Yiriphabliki yepalamente kwaye ikomkhulu sisixeko saseAthene . Ulwimi olusemthethweni sisiGrike sanamhlanje .

Ipeninsula yolule imida yaseAlbania, eMantla eMacedonia, eBulgaria naseTurkey ukuya emantla kwaye ihlanjwe kwamanye amacala ngoLwandle lwe-Aegean, uLwandle lwase-Ionian kunye noLwandle lwaseKrete . Ilawula iziqithi ezingaphezu kwama , ezingama-227 kuzo ezinabemi. 

IGrisi ithathwa njengelona landela lifanelekileyo lempucuko yaseMycenaean, yeGrisi yamandulo kunye noBukhosi baseByzantium, kunye nenye yeembali zempucuko yaseNtshona kunye nekhaya ledemokhrasi yangaphambili , yefilosofi , yobuKristu bobuOthodoki kunye yemigaqo yobuKristu yobugcisa, ijiyometri kunye nezakwalizwi ngokunjalo neyeMidlalo ye - Olimpiki yamandulo, ilifa layo lithatyathwe ziiOlimpiki zanamhlanje .

IRiphabhlikhi ineengcambu zayo kwiMfazwe yaseGrike yeNkululeko eyalwelwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 ngokuchasene noBukhosi baseOttoman, obabangela iRiphabhliki yokuQala yaseHellenic . NgeNgqungquthela yaseLondon ye-1832 ukuzalwa koBukumkani baseGrisi kwasekwa, kwachithwa okokuqala kwi-1924 kunye nokuzalwa kweRiphabhliki yesiBini yaseHellenic, kwaye okwesibini kwi-1968 kunye ne-coup d'état ekhokelwa ngamakholoneli uGeōrgios Papadopoulos, U-Nikolaos Makarezos kunye no-Ioannis Ladas, owadala i -Dictatorship ye-Colonels . IRiphabhlikhi yanamhlanje yazalwa ngo-1974 ekupheleni kolawulo lomkhosi.

Nangona ukudodobala koqoqosho okunamandla okubangelwa yintlekele yezoqoqosho ye- 2010s, iGrisi ithathwa njengelizwe eliphuhlileyo, libekwe kwindawo yamashumi amathathu anesibini kwihlabathi ngokubhekiselele kwisalathiso sophuhliso lomntu kunye nengeniso yomntu ngamnye ye-  yeedola (idatha ehlaziyiweyo kwi-2019). Lelinye lamazwe angama-51 ajoyine uMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngowe-1945 yaye ukususela ngowe-1981 liye laba yinxalenye yokuqala yoMbutho wezoQoqosho waseYurophu emva koko layiManyano yaseYurophu laza lamkela i- Euro noninzi lwamanye amazwe ngo-2002; iphinde ibe lilungu leNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) ukususela ngo-1952 , yoMbutho weNtsebenziswano yezoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso (OECD) ukususela ngo-1961, kunye nelungu eliseka uMbutho we-Black Sea Economic Cooperation ( I-BSEC) kunye ne- European Space Agency (ESA)  .

Phakathi kwezixeko ezikhulu kukho ikomkhulu, iAthene, eyayisindleke  yeeOlimpiki yanamhlanje ngowe-1896 yaye kwakhona ngo-2004, eThessaloniki, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiSymprōteyousa (  . , ngokoqobo: "co-capital") , Patras, iziko eliphambili lePeloponnese, kunye neHeraklion, ikomkhulu kunye neziko elikhulu labantu kwisiqithi saseKrete .
EMantla eMakedoni

**IMantla eMakedoni**  ngokusemthethweni **iRiphabhlikhi yaseMantla eMakedoniya**, lilizwe elivaliweyo kuSingasiqithi weBalkan kumzantsi-mpuma weYurophu . Ikomkhulu yiSkopje .

Kuze kube ngu -2019 igama elisemthethweni lombuso laliyiRiphabhlikhi **yaseMakedoniya** : ngenxa yesi sizathu ilizwe libandakanyeka kwingxabano yexesha elide malunga negama layo neGrisi, eyaphela ngoJuni 2018 ngenxa yesivumelwano se-Prespa . Ngaphandle kokusilela ukufikelela *kwikhoram* kwireferendamu yokuqinisekisa ye-30 kaSeptemba, ipalamente yaseMakedoniya yavuma ngoJanuwari 2019 isilungiso somgaqo-siseko sokwamkela igama laseMantla *eMakedoniya*, eyaba semthethweni ngomhla we -12 kaFebruwari,  kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikwazi ukujoyina negama elitsha kwi -NATO nge-27 Matshi 2020 kunye nokuvula indlela yokungena kwi- European Union,   elilizwe phakathi kwabo bagqatswa ngokusemthethweni bobulungu be-EU . 

Ngamanye amazwe, kubandakanywa nalawo eManyano yaseYurophu, kunye neManyano ngokwayo kunye namanye amaqumrhu aphezulu, yamkelwa **njengeYugoslavia yaseMakedoniya yangaphambili**  (isifinyezo se-ERJM okanye i-ERIM;  ngesiNgesi *yayisakuba yiRiphabhliki yaseYugoslavia. yaseMakedoniya*, FYROM in Macedonian Πоранешна Југословенска Република Македонија, *Poranešna Jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija* ) emva kokungena kweLizwe kwi- UN (1993) ngolu "gama lethutyana". 

Ilizwe elivaliweyo, iMantla eMacedonia ingumda kumazantsi-ntshona yiAlbania, emantla mpuma yiBulgaria, emantla yiSerbia naseKosovo, kwaye emazantsi mpuma yiGrisi. Ummandla owawulawulwa yiMakedoni ngaphambili wawungowona mmandla usemazantsi eYugoslavia . Imida yanamhlanje yasekwa kungekudala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa iYugoslavia yobusoshiyali yaseka iRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseMacedonia kuloo ndawo, iqaphela abantu baseMacedonia njengesizwe esahlukileyo ngaphakathi kweYugoslavia. Yathiywa ngokutsha iRiphabhlikhi yaseMakedoni nge-8 kaSeptemba 1991, yahlukana ngoxolo neYugoslavia ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso olongezelelweyo lwendawo.

Ibunjwa ikakhulu ngabemi baseMakedoni nabase- Albania, ukuhlalisana ngokufuthi kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxabano zobuhlanga, zemimandla nezopolitiko ekudala zikho.      Kukho ama-Roman amancinci, amaTurkey kunye nama-Serbian-Bulgarian amancinci.

Iilwimi ezisemthethweni ezithethwa eMntla Macedonia sisiMacedonian (esamkela ialfabhethi yesiCyrillic) nesiAlbania .
I-Peninsula yaseBalkan

I-**Balkan Peninsula**, ekwabizwa ngokuba **ziiBalkans** (isuka kwindlela efinyeziweyo yeeNtaba *zeBalkan*, inkqubo yeentaba phakathi kweBulgaria neSerbia ; isuka *kwiBalkan* yaseTurkey 'monteʼ ), iyisingasiqithi eMpuma Yurophu ; Ibotshelelwe ngasentshona kuLwandle lweAdriatic, emazantsi-ntshona kuLwandle lweIonian, ngasempuma kuLwandle Olumnyama, ukuya emazantsi-mpuma kuLwandle lweMarmara, kwaye emazantsi kuLwandle lweAegean.
IRiphabhlikhi yaseMolossia

**I-Molossia** (**iRiphabhlikhi yaseMolossia**) lilizwe elincinci elibanga ulongamo ngaphezu      womhlaba kufuphi neDayton, Nevada . I-micronation ayikhange ifumane kwamkelwa kuwo nawaphi na amazwe angamalungu oMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo .     Yasekwa nguKevin Baugh.  Uyaqhubeka nokuhlawula irhafu yepropati kumhlaba kwi- Storey County, urhulumente wendawo owaziwayo, nangona ebiza ngokuthi " uncedo lwangaphandle ".  Uye wathi "Sonke sifuna ukucinga ukuba sinelizwe lethu, kodwa uyazi ukuba iUnited States inkulu kakhulu".
IJupiter (i-astronomy)

**Jupiter** yiplanethi yesihlanu yesixokelelwano selanga ngokulandelelana komgama ukusuka eLangeni kunye neyona inkulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yeplanethi : ubunzima bayo buhambelana namaxesha amabini anesiqingatha inani lazo zonke ezinye iiplanethi ezidityanisiweyo.  Ihlelwa, njengeSaturn, i-Uranus kunye neNeptune, njenge -gas giant (ezimbini zokugqibela zihluke ekubeni zihlelwe kumaxesha amva nje njengeengxilimbela ezinomkhenkce ).

I-Jupiter inokwakheka okufana neLanga : enyanisweni yenziwe kakhulu yi -hydrogen kunye ne-helium enemilinganiselo emincinci yezinye iigesi ezidibeneyo, ezifana ne-ammonia i-methane kunye namanzi .  Kukholelwa ukuba iplanethi inesakhiwo esinemaleko amaninzi, kunye nesiseko esiqinileyo, ekucingelwa ukuba yindalo yamatye kwaye yenziwe nge -carbon kunye ne-silicates yentsimbi, apho i- mantle ye-metallic ye-hydrogen inobunzima kunye nesigqubuthelo esikhulu se-atmospheric  bacinezela kakhulu kuyo. 

Umoya wangaphandle ubonakaliswe ngamaqela amaninzi kunye neendawo ze-shades ezihluka ukusuka kwikhilimu ukuya kumdaka, ofakwe kwi- cyclonic kunye ne-anticyclonic formations, phakathi kwayo i- Great Red Spot ivelele.  Ukujikeleza okukhawulezileyo kweplanethi kuyinika inkangeleko yespheroid ethe tyaba ezipalini  kwaye ivelise imagnethi emandla eyenza i- magnetosphere ebanzi;  ngaphezu koko, ngenxa ye- Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism, iJupiter (njengazo zonke ezinye izigebenga zerhasi) ikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla kunokuba iwafumana eLangeni   

Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye nokwakheka okufana noko kweLanga, iJupiter kudala ithathwa njenge " nkwenkwezi engaphumeleliyo ":  eneneni kuphela ukuba ibinethuba lokunyusa ubunzima bayo ukuya kuma-75-80 amaxesha angoku  [ 2  undoqo wayo ngewube ubambe ubushushu kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo ezivumayo ukuqalisa ukuhlangana kwe-hydrogen kwi-helium, nto leyo ebiya kwenza inkqubo yelanga ibe yinkqubo yeenkwenkwezi zokubini. 

Ummandla onzulu womxhuzulane kaJupiter unempembelelo kwisakhiwo sesijikelezi-langa ngokuphazamisa imijikelo yezinye iiplanethi  kwaye ngokuyinxenye “uyicoca” inkunkuma enokubetha kwezona planethi zingaphakathi.  Iisathelayithi ezininzi  kunye nenkqubo yamakhonkco angabonakaliyo ajikeleza iJupiter;  isenzo esidibeneyo semimandla ye-gravitational ye-Jupiter kunye ne-Sun iphinda izinze ii-orbits zamaqela amabini e-Trojan asteroids. 

Isijikelezi-langa, esasisaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, siye sadlala indima enkulu kwiinkolelo zonqulo zezithethe ezininzi, kuquka amaBhabhiloni, amaGrike namaRoma, awawafanisa nomlawuli wezithixo.  Isimboli yeenkwenkwezi yesijikelezi-langa (♃) luphawu olunesitayile lombane, olona phawu luphambili lwesithixo.
ISaturn (i-astronomy)

**ISaturn** yiplanethi yesithandathu kwinkqubo yelanga ukusuka eLangeni kunye neyesibini iplanethi enkulu emva kweJupiter . Inomlinganiselo weradiyasi ka-9.48 wamaxesha oMhlaba kunye nobunzima obuphindwe ka-95 kunobo boMhlaba . ISaturn, eneJupiter, Uranus, kunye neNeptune, ihlelwa njengesigebenga segesi.  Eli gama lithatyathwe kuthixo wentsomi waseRoma obizwa ngegama elifana nqwa negama lesiGrike elithi Cronus.  

I-Saturn yenziwe nge-95% ye-hydrogen kunye ne-3% ye-helium elandelwa zezinye izinto. Undoqo, oquka i-silicates kunye nemikhenkce, ujikelezwe ngumaleko oshinyeneyo we-metallic hydrogen kwaye emva koko umaleko ongaphandle onegesi. 

Imimoya kwi-atmosphere yeSaturn inokufikelela kwi zikhawuleza kakhulu kunezo zikuJupiter kwaye zicotha kancinci kunezo zivuthela kwi-atmosfera yeNeptune. 

I-Saturn inenkqubo ebanzi kunye necacileyo yeendandatho ezibandakanya ubukhulu becala amaqhekeza e-ice kunye nothuli lwe-silicate. Ngeenyanga zayo ze-146 ezaziwayo,   iSaturn ibambe irekhodi lelona nani likhulu lesathelayithi kwinkqubo yelanga. Kwezi, i-Titan yeyona nyanga inkulu kwaye ikuphela kwenyanga kwisixokelelwano selanga ukuba ibe nomoya obalulekileyo.
Neptune (i-astronomy)

**INeptune** yiplanethi yesibhozo kunye neyona ikude kwiSolar System ukusuka eLangeni. Yiplanethi yesine ngobukhulu, ngokuqwalasela ububanzi bayo, kunye neyesithathu ngobukhulu ukuba iqwalasela ubunzima bayo. INeptune inobunzima obuphindwe ka-17 kuMhlaba kwaye inkulu kancinane kunewele layo i- Uranus, ubunzima bayo bulingana ne-15 yobunzima boMhlaba, kodwa ixinene kancinane kuneNeptune.  

Ifunyanwe ngorhatya lwe-23 kaSeptemba 1846 nguJohann Gottfried Galle, kunye neteleskopu yeBerlin Astronomical Observatory, kunye noHeinrich Louis d'Arrest, umfundi wenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi owamncedayo, INeptune yaba yiplanethi yokuqala ukufunyanwa ngayo. izibalo zemathematika kunokuphononongwa rhoqo: utshintsho olungaqhelekanga kwi-orbit ye-Uranus yabangela ukuba izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zikholelwe ukuba kukho, ngaphandle, iplanethi engaziwayo eyayiphazamisa ukujikeleza kwayo. Isijikelezi-langa sifunyenwe kwiqondo elinye nje lendawo eqikelelweyo. Inyanga iTriton yabhaqwa kamsinya emva koko, kodwa akukho nanye kwiisathelayithi zendalo ezilishumi elinesithathu zeNeptune eyafunyanwa phambi kwenkulungwane yama-20 . Isijikelezi-langa sikhe satyelelwa sisithukuthezi esinye kuphela, *iVoyager 2*, eyadlula kufutshane naso ngo-Agasti 25, 1989.

I-Neptune inokwakheka okufanayo kunye ne-Uranus kwaye zombini ineengqungquthela ezahlukileyo kwiiplanethi ezinkulu zegesi iJupiter kunye neSaturn . Ngenxa yesi sizathu ngamanye amaxesha bahlelwa kudidi olwahlukileyo, okubizwa ngokuba yi  "frost giants ". Umoya weNeptune, nangona ufana nezo zombini iJupiter kunye neSaturn ekuyilwe ikakhulu yihydrogen kunye nehelium, ikwanomlinganiselo omkhulu "we ice", njengamanzi, ammonia kunye ne methane, kunye nezalathi zehydrocarbons mhlawumbi nenitrogen. Ngokwahlukileyo, ingaphakathi leplanethi liqulunqwe ngumkhenkce kunye nelitye njenge-Uranus.  Imitha yemethane ekhoyo kumaleko angaphandle omoya inegalelo ekunikeni isijikelezi-langa iNeptune uphawu lwaso lombala ozuba kakhulu. 

INeptune inomoya onamandla kunayo nayiphi na iplanethi kwiSolar System. Izantya ezingaphaya kwama zilinganisiwe.  Ngexesha le-Voyager 2 's flyby ngo-1989, i-hemisphere esezantsi yeplanethi yayineNdawo Enkulu Emnyama efana ne-Jupiter's Great Red Spot ; ubushushu bawona mafu aphakamileyo eNeptune babumalunga no, enye yezona ndawo zibandayo kwiSolar System, ngenxa yomgama omde ukusuka eLangeni. Iqondo lobushushu kumbindi weplanethi limalunga nama-7000&nbsp;°C, xa kuthelekiswa nobushushu bomphezulu beLanga kunye nelo londoqo wezinye iiplanethi ezininzi ezaziwayo. Iplanethi kwakhona inesixokelelwano seringi esityhafileyo, esafunyanwa ngoo-1960 kodwa siqinisekiswa kuphela yiVoyager 2.
Ibala lemidlalo laseMapei-Isixeko saseTricolore

**Ibala lemidlalo laseMapei - Città del Tricolore** , owazalwa **eStadio Giglio**  kwaye emva koko wathiywa igama elithi **Stadio Città del Tricolore**, liziko lezemidlalo lase -Italiya eliseReggio Emilia. Yakhelwe egameni lebhola ekhatywayo ye IReggiana (umzekelo wokuqala webala lezemidlalo eItali emva kwemfazwe  ) iqala ngo-Agasti 1994  yaza yagqitywa ngo-Aprili 1995, ibekwe eMancasale, iikhilomitha ezimbini ukusuka kumbindi wesixeko ; ekuqaleni yayiyindawo yokhuphiswano lwangaphakathi yenkampani yabaxumi, ikwasindleke umbhoxo wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemidlalo yePro14.

Umxholo woluhlu lweenguqu zobunini obulandela ukuguquguquka kwemali okubandakanya uReggiana, emva kwexesha eliphantsi kolawulo kwinkundla yemali ye-Reggio Emilia  yathatyathwa ngo-2013 nguMapei , inkampani yomnini kunye nomxhasi oyintloko ISassuolo .Isakhiwo sikwasetyenziselwa imidlalo yasekhaya yeReggiana ehlaziyiweyo, kwaye, kwixesha elidlulileyo, ezo ICarpi kwi-2011-12 kunye nemidlalo yasekhaya ye IAtalanta ye- Europa League phakathi kwe-2017 kunye ne-2018 kunye neminye imidlalo yasekhaya ye- 2018. -2018 ubuntshatsheli. 19 .Ikwakhethwa ukuba isingathe umdlalo wamagqibela kankqoyi we-2015-16 ye-Women's Champions League kwaye, kwinqanaba lesizwe, i- Italian Super Cup ka-2020 kunye ne -Italian Cup finals ka-2020-21 .

Ibala alinawo umkhondo wezemidlalo  kwaye linazo zonke izihlalo; zombini iipali kumacala amade ebala agqunyiweyo.
Umbutho weBhola ekhatywayo waseMzantsi Afrika

**Umbutho weBhola ekhatywayo woMzantsi Afrika** Umbutho webhola ekhatywayo woMzantsi Afrika **(SAFA)** liqumrhu lolawulo lesizwe elilawula umdlalo webhola ekhatywayo eMzantsi Afrika (RSA) kwaye ulilungu leCAF. I-SAFA yasekwa ngo-1991 kwaye ingumbutho webhola ekhatywayo wesibini eMzantsi Afrika ukubizwa ngokuba nguMbutho *weBhola eKhatywayo woMzantsi Afrika* kwaye ikwangumbutho webhola ekhatywayo wesibini eMzantsi Afrika ukubambana neFIFA. Umbutho okhoyo ngoku woMzantsi Afrika weBhola eKhatywayo, ngokungafaniyo nowandulelayo, uyalivumela iqela lesizwe elixubeneyo.

I-SAFA yamkelwa kwiFIFA ngo -1992 kwaye ukususela ngoko iqela layo lesizwe liye lamela uMzantsi Afrika kwiNdebe yeZizwe zase-Afrika kunye neNdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA  . Ngexesha le-SAFA njengombutho webhola ekhatywayo osebenzisana ne-FIFA, uMzantsi Afrika uphinde wabamba amahlelo amaninzi eNdebe ye-COSAFA, iNdebe yeZizwe zase-Afrika ngo -1996 kunye neNdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA ka-2010. 

UMbutho weBhola eKhatywayo woMzantsi Afrika unoxanduva lokulawula amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo esizwe soMzantsi Afrika (amadoda nabasetyhini), kunye necandelo lesithathu nangaphantsi loBuntshatsheli beBhola ekhatywayo yaseMzantsi Afrika . IPremier Soccer League ilawula amacandelo amabini aphezulu kunye neendebe ezininzi.
ERoma

**IRoma** likomkhulu laseItali. Ikwalikomkhulu lesixeko esilikomkhulu elinegama elifanayo kunye nommandla weLazio . Umasipala waseRoma unenkqubo ekhethekileyo yolawulo, ebizwa ngokuba yiRoma Capitale kwaye ilawulwa ngumthetho karhulumente. 

Ukubala  abahlali,   ngoyena masipala unabantu abaninzi eItali kunye neyesithathu kwi-European Union emva kweBerlin neMadrid,  ngelixa, kunye nommandla, ngoyena masipala mkhulu eItali kunye neManyano yaseYurophu, kunye nesixeko sesihlanu ngobukhulu eYurophu emva kweMoscow, Istanbul, London kunye ne St. Ikwangumasipala waseYurophu owona mmandla mkhulu weendawo eziluhlaza. 

Ngokwesithethe, iRoma yasekwa nge-21 ka-Epreli 753 BC.C. nguRomulus (nangona ukugrunjwa kwamva nje kufutshane neLapis niger bekuya kubala isiseko emva kweenkulungwane ezimbini ngaphambili  ); Ekuhambeni kweminyaka engamawaka amathathu embali, yaba simetropolis yokuqala yaseNtshona,  intliziyo ebethayo yenye yezona mpucuko zibalulekileyo zamandulo, eyaphembelela uluntu, inkcubeko, ulwimi, uncwadi, ubugcisa, izakhiwo, ucwangciso lwedolophu, ubunjineli bokwakha, ifilosofi, inkolo, umthetho kunye nezithethe zeenkulungwane ezilandelayo. Indawo yemvelaphi yolwimi lwesiLatini, yayilikomkhulu lelizwe laseRoma lamandulo, elandisa ulawulo lwayo phezu kweMeditera yonke kunye neYurophu enkulu; ngoko iLizwe likaPopu, liphantsi kwegunya lexeshana loopopu; emva koko yaba buBukumkani baseItali ukususela ngowe-1871 ukusa kowe-1946, emva koko yaba yiRiphabliki yaseItali. Ngenkcazelo ichazwa *njenge Urbe* *Caput mundi* kunye *neSixeko sanaphakade* .

Intliziyo yobuKristu bamaKatolika, sesona sixeko kuphela emhlabeni ukubamba ngaphakathi kulo lonke ilizwe, i -enclave yeSixeko saseVatican , apho kongezwa ikomkhulu loMyalelo weMilita oyiMongami waseMalta, umntu osemthethweni phantsi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Iziko layo eliyimbali, elisikelwe umda kwiindonga ze- Aurelian, ubungqina obudlulayo malunga newaka leminyaka emithathu, yimbonakaliso yembali, ubugcisa kunye nelifa lenkcubeko yehlabathi laseNtshona Yurophu,  kangangokuba, ngo-1980, kunye iipropati ezingaphandle kwe- Holy See kwisixeko, ifakwe kuluhlu lweendawo zelifa lehlabathi le -UNESCO,   ilungiselelo elongeziweyo ngo-1990 kwiindawo ezibandakanyiweyo ngaphakathi kweendonga zaseGianicolo .  Ngowama-2007 iColosseum, engumfuziselo wesi sixeko, yaba phakathi kwezinto ezisixhenxe ezimangalisayo zehlabathi. 

Indawo yesiseko soLuntu lwezoQoqosho lwaseYurophu kunye ne -Euratom,  ikwabamba ikomkhulu lemibutho emithathu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo : i- FAO, i- International Fund yoPhuhliso lwezoLimo (IFAD) kunye neNkqubo yoKutya yeHlabathi (WFP). Ngowe-1960 yabamba iMidlalo yeOlimpiki .

Kuzo zonke ezi mpawu, iRoma iwela kudidi lwezixeko zehlabathi, kanye kudidi *lweBeta +*.
Empoli

**I-Empoli**    ngumasipala wase-Italiya onabemi abangama-   kwisixeko esilikomkhulu saseFlorence eTuscany .

Ilikomkhulu leManyano yooMasipala base-Empolese Valdelsa, apho iyinxalenye kunye noomasipala baseCapraia kunye neLimite, Castelfiorentino, Cerreto Guidi, Certaldo, Fucecchio, Gambassi Terme, Montaione, Montelupo Fiorentino, Montencispertoli .