open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umhlaba

**Umhlaba** (ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba k**ukungcola**) ngumxube wamatye, iziqendwana zeeminerali, izinto zendalo (eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo), amanzi, kunye nomoya.
Ubukhulu becala umhlaba wenziwe ngeenkozwana zamatye athe angqubana entlitheka ngenxa yezivungu-vungu zomoya ovuthuzayo, izandyondyo zemvula, ilanga, ikhephu, njalo-njalo, noqhekeko lwamatye. Uhlobo lomhlaba luluxhomekeke kumxube wamatye aqhekekileyo nakubungakanani beenkozo zamatye. Iinkozo zingancinane kakhulu kunjalo nje zibebuthelezi, njengodongwe, okanye zingankulu ngaphezu kokuba zinkulu kakade, njengeenkozo zentlabathi okanye zisenokuba njengeengqalutye zamatye, 
Imihlaba ibaluleke kakhulu kwindlela izinto zendalo ezinxibelelana ngayo ngenxa yezi zizathu zintandathu: okokuqala, imihlaba yindawo apho zikhula khona izityalo; okwesibini, imihlaba ilawula isantya nokucoceka kwamanzi ahamba kuwo; okwesithathu, imihlaba ihlaziya iityuwa ezisuka kwizilwanyana nezityalo ezifileyo; okwesine, imihlaba itshintsha umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, obizwa ngokuba yi-atmosphere; okwesihlanu, imihlaba yindawo ekuhlala kuyo izilwanyana, izinambuzane, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezincinane kakhulu ekuthiwa ziimicroorganisms; okwesithandathu, imihlaba zezona zixhobo zidala ezisetyenziswa ukwakha izakhiwo.  Imozulu ibaluleke kakhulu xa kusenzeka umhlaba. Umhlaba ovela kwiimozulu ngeemozulu unganezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo   ngokwahlukana kweentlobo zomhlaba apho usuka khona. 

## Imithombo

## __LEAD_SECTION__

**Umhlaba** sisijikelezi -langa sesithathu ukusuka eLangeni kwaye yindawo ekukuphela kwayo eyaziwayo kwindalo yonke apho ubomi bavela khona kwaye bafumana indawo yokuhlala. Ngelixa uMhlaba usenokungaqulathanga imithamo emikhulu yamanzi kwiSolar System, nguMhlaba kuphela ogcina amanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi, adlulela ngaphezu kwe-70.8% yesijikelezi-langa nolwandle lwayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba libe lihlabathi lolwandle. Imimandla yencam encanyana okwangoku igcina uninzi lwawo onke amanye amanzi anamashiti amakhulu omkhenkce agqume ulwandle nomhlaba, athomalalisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, amachibi, imilambo kunye namanzi omoya. Enye i 29.2% yomphezulu woMhlaba ngumhlaba, oquka amazwekazi neziqithi, kwaye ugqunyelelwe ngokubanzi luhlaza. Ngaphantsi komphezulu weplanethi kukho uqweqwe, oluqulathe iipleyiti zetectonic ezininzi ezihamba kancinane, ezinxibelelana ukuvelisa udederhu lweentaba, iintaba-mlilo, kunye neenyikima. Ngaphakathi kuqweqwe loMhlaba kukho undoqo ongaphandle wolwelo ovelisa imagnethi, ejikisa uninzi lwemimoya etshabalalisayo yelanga kunye nemitha ye-cosmic.

Ksnsksnajana
Ukutya

**Ukutya** yiyo nantonina  esisondlo nenkxaso yomzimba. Idla ngokuba yinto esuka kwisityalo okanye isilwanyana ngokwemveli, kwaye iba yinto equlathe izakha mzimba ezinje ngamafutha, iiproteyini, iivithamini, okanye iityuwa neeswekile zomzimba . Zonke ke ezi zinto zikukutya okuthi kungeniswe emzimbeni zizidalwa eziphilayo zize ke iimbewu zegazi (iicell) zomzimba zizithaphulele ke kuzo ezi zinto zikukutya ngeenjongo zokuba zibenamandla, zibenobomi, okanye zikhule kakuhle. 

HNgokwembali, abantu bazigcinela ukutya ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokuzingela nangokudibana, nangokulima. Namhlanje, inkoliso yokutya kwamandla okufunwa ngamandla kukwanda koluntu lwehlabathi kuziswa ngamashishini okutya. 

Ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokugcinwa kokutya kukhuselekile kusesweni lwamagosa anjenge International Association for Food Protection, World Resources Institute, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, okanye International Food Information Council.

## Imithomba
Vladimir Putin

**Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin** (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин, wazalelwa ngowe-1952) - isaphuli-mthetho semfazwe yaseRashiya

NgoFebruwari 24, 2022, waqalisa "umsebenzi wakhe okhethekileyo" eUkraine, nto leyo enyanisweni eyimfazwe. Le mfazwe isaqhubeka.
Umculo

**Umculo** (English: music) luhlobo lobugcisa oluqulathe ukudityaniswa kwezandi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiculo ecwangcisiweyo eyenza uncuthu lwengoma.
Intaba

**Intaba yeTafile** 

intaba ukukhukhumala kwendalo okwenzeka emhlabeni apha ngaphezulu yile ndawo ibayincochoyi (okanye incakam). Iba yindawo enyukayo nende kunenduli. Iintaba zisoloko zicingelwa okokuba zizinduli ezibude bazo bungaphaya kwama-600 eemitha (malunga nama-2000 eenyawo), kodwa lo mbono awunjalo kuwo onke amazwe. 

iintaba zibalulekile kuba zisoloko zinamanzi phakathi kwazo, kwaye zisoloko zibakho apho aqalisa khona amanzi ukubaleka. Iintaba zinjengezihluzi, ngoko ke abantu bangafumana amanzi ahlaziyekileyo.
Umlomo

**Umlomo** lilungu lomzimba elisetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuthetha. Kodwa zininzi izinto esizenza ngomlo. Zeziphi?
* Siyatya ngomlomo
* Siyathetha ngomlomo
* Siyaxoka ngomlomo
* Siyakha ngomlomo
* Siyaphilisa ngomlomo
* Sikwenza utshintsho elizweni ngoko sikuthethayo 

xela ezinye izinto esizenza ngomlo.

U **umlomo** ngumngxuma ovulekileyo embusweni apho sifaka khona ukutya xa sisitya. Kulapho kuhlafunwa khona ukutya, kwaye yindawo yokuqala apho kusilwa khona ukutya.

Umlomo unamazinyo anceda xa kuhlafunwa ukutya. Ngaphezu kwalo msebenzi wawo wokuqala wokusilwa kokusilwa kokutya, umlomo wabantu udlala indima enkulu nebonakalayo ekwenzeni intetho. Ngelo xesha ke amazwi wona enziwa emqaleni, elwimini, emilebeni, kwijaw, zikwanceda ukucwangcisa amazwi afumaneka kulwimi. Umlomo siwusebenzisa ukuncamisa siphinde sibonise indlela esivakalelwa ngayo ngomlomo.
UmZantsi Afrika mandulo!!!

## Amaphandle i-TBVC
Oonobumba i-TBVC bamele e-Transkei; e-Bophuthatswana; e-Venda e-Ceskei. La  maphandle amiswa ngokobuhlanga ngoorhulumente bamandulo eMzantsi Afrika, phambi komnyaka wama-1994. Bonke abantu bala maphandle babengavumelekanga ukuba bahambelane. ngaphandle kokuba bahamba ngemvume karhulumente. Yhiyo le nto kwakufuneka benamapasi okuya xa befuna ukuphuma kumaphandle abo.
E-Bhizana

Idolophu yamaMpondo. 
## Iilali zayo
* ku-Nomlacu
* E-siKhumbeni/KuSiwisa
* E-LuDeke
* E-NKANTOLO!!!! Ikhaya lika OLIVER THAMBO
* Kwa-Zindela
* E-Baleni
* E-Mbhobheni
* E-Nqabeni
* E-Nkantswini
* E-Mbholompo
* E-Mbhongweni
* E- Greenville

## Izikolo zaseBhizana nazi
Iijunior secondary
* Ku-Majavu Junior Secondary School
* E-Ludeke Junior Secondary School
* E-Zizityaneni Junior Secondary school
* e-Baleni Junior Secondary School
* E-Bhizana village
* Mjanyelwa Junior Secondary School
* KwaNikwe Junior Secondary School 
* Ntsingizi Junior Secondary School
Iimvumi zaseMzantsi Africa

## Ezikwelemimoya
Iimvumi zaseMzantsi Afrika esele zalishiyayo eli nazi: **[[UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie]]** (3 November 1964 – 9 May 2004) wayeyimvumi yomculo onesingqi esithandwa ngamaAfrika eyayingahambisani kwaphela nenkqubo yocalu-calulo. Ukungazibandezi kwakhe eqongeni kwamemnza waziwa njengomntu arned a reputation for "ongangenazintloni nongoyiki ngokoyikiswa". Abalandeli bakhe bebembiza ngo**MaBrrr**, *maxa wambi ubebizwa njengeqhawekazi lomculo wesingqi saseAfrika* okanye bathi ngu"Madonna weelokishi". uMiriam Makeba; '''ULucky Philip Dube''' (ubizwa ngolu hlobo*doo-beh*) (wazalwa ngomhla wesi-3 kukweyeThupha ngo1964 – wasweleka ngomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ngo2007) eyimvumi yereggae neRastafarian yaseMzantsi Afrika. Washicilela amacwecwe angama-22 ngesiZulu, ngesiLungu nangesiBhulu kwisithuba esinganga-25 eminyaka kunjalo nje amacwecwe akhe ayengwawona macwecwe omculo wereggae awayethengiswa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika.  UDube walinyazwa kwimizi yaseGoli eRosettenville ngokuhlwa kwangomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ngo2007. '''uLebo Mathosa''' (wazalwa ngo1977 - ngomhla wama-23 kweyeDwarha waza wasweleka ngo2006) wayeyimvumi yekwaito yasemzantsi Afrika. uBussie Mhlongo; uMagaret Singana {Mcingana}; uNana Coyote, Sfiso Ncwane.
E-UNISA

Igama elithi **UNISA** xa ligcwele lithi **University of South Africa**.

## Iphi le Yunivesithi?
Ikomkhulu lase-unisa lizinze eMuckleneuk eseTshwane, kunjalo nje sesona sakhiwo sithathe umhlaba omkhulu kwesi sixekokazi. I-UNISA yafudukela eMuckleneuk Ridge ngo-1972 isuka kwindawo endala neyayixhwarhe kuyo kumbindi wedolophu yaseTshwane. Ubugoci-goci bezakhiwo zayo ezinkulu bazotywa benziwa ngabazobuchule ii-*Architects* zakwa-Bryan Sandrock. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960s iinjineli zadinanisa iintloko ziceba esi sakhiwo sehlabathi sohlobo olulodwa.  Eyona nto yenza umtsalane ngakumbi kwesi sakhiwo kukuba sithe ngcu phezu kwentaba.  

Kungoku nje i-Unisa inamasebe ayo eSunnyside, apho ziqhutya khona iinkquno zezifundo zabafundi yonke imihla. Elinye isebe liseFlorida eGoli. Lona ke lijongene nokusingatha imisebenzi yeNzululwazi. Ikholeji yezoLimo, eyeNjineli kunye neyobuCwephetshe sele ziphaya ngoku sithethayo.  

Zisixhenxe iingingqi zamaziko ale yunivesithi apha emZantsi Afrika. Iinjongo zala maziko kukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabafundi xa befunda mihla le kuwo osithoba amaPhondo eli. Nanga ke lama ziko:
 
EMpuma koloni(eMonti, eMthatha, EBhayi)
ERhawutini(Ekurhuleni, eFlorida, eGoli, eTshwane, naseVaal Triangle)
Kwazulu-Natal (e-thekwini, e-New Castle, e-Mgungundlovu, e-Richards Bay, nase-Wild Coast)
ELimpopo (eGiyani, eMakhado, ePolokwane)
EMidlands (eBloemfontein, eKimberley, eKroonstad, eMafikeng, ePotchefstroom, eRustenburg)
EMpumalanga (EMiddelburg, ENelspruit)
EWestern Cape (EKapa, eGeorge)

## Ukuqala kwayo

## Inqununu zokuqala kule dyunivesithi
U-Thuli Madonsela

U-**Thulisile "Thuli" Nomkhosi Madonsela**, oligqwetha elingungondo-ngqondo nochwepheshe kwezamalungelo oluntu. Ukwangumkhuseli wabemi beli. Wayengomnye weengcaphephe owathi wancedisa kumagqibela kankqoyi oqhulunkqo lomgaqo siseko loMzantsi Afrika kwiminyaka yoo1994-5.  

## Ngowaphi
Wazalelwa eGoli ngomnyaka ka1962 waza wakhulela eSowetho. Izalwa ngubani le nzwakazi? Uzalwa  nguBafana, uyise kunye nonina uNomasonto,abantu ababephila ngesirhoxwana sabo sokuthengisa. Ucawa phi? U-Thuli NgumSabatha wacawe yamaSabatha ezinze eSowetho. 

## Ubizo lwakhe ngokwasenkonzweni/ngokwemisebenzi yakhe ayifundeleyo
UThuli wangena emsebenzini njengetitshalakazi kwiminyaka yoo-1980. Uthe esuka apho wazibandakanya nemisebenzi yeemanyano njengomcebisi kwiManyano kaZwelonke yee-Printers kunye neeManyano zabasebenzi. -   

## Imisebenzi adume ngayo njengegqwetha nomkhuseli woluntu
Ukuqala kwakhe ngo-2012, uMadonsela uqwalasele isikrokro sokokuba kungahle kuthi kanti inkuntyula yemali yabarhafi iphambukiselwe ngokungekho mthethweni ekuhlawuleleni iindleko zezinto zika Mongameli waseMzantsi Afrika, uJacob Zuma, kwakunye nokwakhiwa kwe"Zumaville", eqikelelwa kwisizumbulu semali engangama-206 ezigidi zeerandi. Kwangaloo nyaka ka-2012, uye wenza uphando ngamahumhum athi uJulius Malema unyengezelwe isinyamfu semali ngamaqhinga athi aphekwa kumsebenzi wexeshana webunjineli owathi wakhutshwa kwisebe lezothutho, waza wanikwa umnntu ekwakucingeleka okokuba ungaphandle kweli sebe.
Kayamandi

**iKayamandi** yeyona dolophu incane (township ye abantu) kwi Stellenbosch, kwiPhondo lasentshona-Koloni.
Imifuno

Asetyenziswa ngemihla, **imifuno** yiyo nayiphi na inxalenye yesityalo ukuba ningagqitywa ngabantu njengoko ukutya njengenxalenye yesidlo okunencasa. Igama elithi "yemifuno" liphantse engenasizathu, kunye becala kuchaziwe ngesithethe okupheka nenkcubeko. Idla ngaphandle nokunye ukutya efunyenwe kwi izityalo ezifana iziqhamo, iinqoba, ezinokutya okuziinkozo, kodwa kuquka iimbewu ezifana idanyaze. Intsingiselo lokuqala yemifuno ilizwi, isasetyenziswa nangoku zebhayoloji, ukuba ukuchaza zonke iintlobo zezityalo, njengoko kwi ngokwemiqathango "ubukumkani yemifuno" kwaye "izityalo".

Ekuqaleni, imifuno yaqokelelwa endle ngokuzingela waza wangena nokulima kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, mhlawumbi ngethuba elisusela kwi-10,000 BC ukuya 7000 BC, xa indlela entsha yezolimo yobomi kuphuhliswa. Ekuqaleni, izityalo owakhulayo ekuhlaleni ange sasilinywa, kodwa njengoko ixesha lihamba, urhwebo wazisa izityalo zamanye ukusuka kwenye ukongeza iintlobo zasekhaya. Kule mihla, imifuno uninzi bakhulile lonke ihlabathi asivumela kwemozulu, kwaye izityalo ukuze kulinywa kwiindawo ekhuselweyo kwiindawo ngaphantsi ezifanelekileyo. China ke ngoyena mvelisi kwemifuno, kunye kurhwebo lwehlabathi iimveliso zezolimo ivumela abathengi ukuba bathenge imifuno ezikhuliselwe kumazwe akude. Isikali imveliso yahluka ukusuka kumafama ashishinayo axhobisa iimfuno zentsapho zabo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa yesonka, ukuze ezolimo kunye acreages ezininzi izityalo elinye-kwimveliso. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo yemifuno ochaphazelekayo, evuna isivuno ilandelwa kwalungiswa, ukugcina, ukuqhuba nokwazisa.

Imifuno kungatyiwa nokuba ukrwada okanye uphekiwe kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo ukutya babantu, ukuba kakhulu asezantsi kukutyeba necarbohydrates, kodwa eziphakamileyo weevithamini, iiminerali kunye nefayibha. Oorhulumente abaninzi ukukhuthaza abemi babo ukuba awadubadube kakhulu iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, izabelo ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu ngosuku speho kunconyelwayo.
Umlambo

**Umlambo** yingxangxasi yamanzi arhiba *ngomzila* (ookanye ngendlela) phezu komhlaba. Le ndlela okanye lo mzila uhamba amanzi kuthiwa yi*riverbed* aze wona umhlaba macala omabini kuthiwe ngamanxweme amanzi. Umlambo uqala kumhlaba ophakamileyo okanye kwiinduli okanye kwiintaba uze uhle ke njalo usuka kumhlaba ophakamileyo uye kutshao kumhlaba osezantsi, ngenxa ye''gravity''. Umlambo uqala ngokuba ngumthonjana nje omncinane, uze uye ukhula ngokukhula de ubengumlambo omkhulu, ngokuya uhambela kude.
I-Mathematics

## Yintoni [[i-Mathematics]]?

I-Mathematics sisifundo sokufunda ngamananiekubalwa ngawo, ngee''ndlela ezimile ngayo izinto'' nangee''patterns'' zezinto ekuthethwa ngazo ngelo xesha. Kumazwe afana neNgilane, i-Australia, New Zealand naseFrance liyashunqulelwa eli gama leMathematics kuthiwa yi*Maths*. Kanti eMelika, eCanada naseGermany kuthiwa yi*Math*.
Xa uy''i-Mathematician'' ke kufuneka wazi okokuba uzakufunda ngezi zinto sele zichaziwe apha ngasentla.

## Ibaluleke ngantoni i-''Mathematics''?
I-*Mathematics* ibaluleke kakhulu kuba zisonjululwa ngayo iingxaki zasekuhlaleni ezisoloko zikho imihla-ngemihla. Baninzi abantu abangezo-*Mathematicians* abayisebenzisayo i-*Mathematics* kunjalo nje abaninzi bafunda ngayo. Khawufane ucinge xa ungugqirha ube ungazange wayifunda i-*Mathematics*, uzakuyibalela njani imixube yamayeza abantu abagulayo. Masithi mhlawumbi ungusomanxiwa, uzakuwazi njani umlinganiselo wamanxiwa. Zininzi izinto apha ebomini ezingenakwenzeka ngendlela efanelekileyo ngaphandle kweMathematics.

## Zizisombulula njani iingxaki zemihla-ngemihla eziMathematicians?
Ezi Mathematicians ke zisebenzisa i-''logic'' xa zisombulula iingxaki.
I-logic

Igama elithi *logic* livela kwigama lesiGreek elithi logos. I-logos yona ingathetha *isivakalisi*, *[[i-discourse]]*, *[[i-reason]]*, *[[i-rule]]*, *[[i-ratio]]*. Ewe kona ezi ntsingiselo azinakunceda ngokwaneleyo ukunika intsingiselo eyiyo yegama elithi 'logic' ngale ndlela lisetyenziswa ngayo kungoku nje.

Ungayichaza uthi yintoni kanye kanye i-logic? Ngokufutshane singathi i-logic sisifundo ngeeprinciples ze-''reasoning'' efanelekileyo okanye eyiyo, nekuthiwa ngokwakwa science yi-''correct reasoning''. Le nkcazo yeyexeshana nje kuba indlela ekuchazwa ngayo intsingiselo ye-logic ngumcimb'onzima otshis'ibunzi nodala ingxwaba-ngxwaba.
kodwa ke, ngenxa yokokuba kufuneka sikwazisile mfundi ngesi sifundo se-logic, sicinga okokuba kubalulekile okokuba sikunike ufifi ngesi sifundo ozakube usifunda. yiloo nto kuphela esizakube siyenza kweli phepha okwangoku. Nje ngoko sele siwuchazile umahluko phakathi kwe-*logic reasoning* ne-*psychology of reasoning* phantsi kwesihloko esithi 'ii-*principles*, ngoku sizakuthetha kuvokotheke ngayo nge-logic neeprinciples zayo.

## Ii-principles ze-logic
Khawutsho ke, zeziphi ezi principles zereasoning ezenza i-logic? zininzi ii-principles ezi lolu hlobo, kodwa ke eyona nto esiyifundayo (kungeyiyo yodwa) kwi-logic zii-principles ezilawula nezingumkhomba-ndlela obonisa i-validity yeengxoxo (okanye yee-arguments ukuze sikwazi ukubona okokuba ingaba izigqibo ezithile ekuthi kufikelelwe kuzo ziziziphumo zoko bekukukhe kwabekwa ngaphambili njengento enokwenzeka. Umzekelo, khawuqwalasele ezi ngxoxo zintathu zilandelayo:

 Ukuba uZola uhlala ezilalini, ke uZola ulihlwempu.
 UZola uhlala ezilalini.
 Ngoko ke, uZola lihlwempu. 

 Ukuba u-K>10, ke u-K>2.
 u-K>10.
 Ngoko ke, u-K>2. 

 Ukuba i-Johannesburg iseRhawutini, ke i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
 I-Johannesburg ise-Rhawutini. 
 Ngoko ke, i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.

Ezi ngxoxo zintathu sizibonayo apha ngokuqinisekileyo ziingxoxo ezilungileyo kuba kaloku izigqibo ekufikelelwa kuzo ngazo zisekelezelwe zikwalandela ii-assumptions(oko sele kutshiwo ngaphambili). Ukuba ngaba ezi-assumptions ze-argument ngenene zinyanisekile okanye zi-true, nesigqibo se-argument ekufikelelwa kuso si-true. I-logician izakukuxelela okokuba zonke ziyimibandela yaloo argument ekuthiwa yi-modus ponens.
Iiprinciples

## Sithetha ngantoni xa sithetha ngeeprinciples?

I-*principle* ngumthetho okanye umgaqo obekiweyo omawulandelwe okanye ubanjwe ngabo bantu ubekelwe bona.  I-*principle* isenokuba sisiphumo sento elindelekileyo nefanelekileyo ukuba yenzeke, njengemigaqo ezenzekelayo endalweni, okanye indlela  eyakhiwe ngayo loo nto kuthethwa ngayo.  
Ii*principles* okanye imigaqo yaloo nto kuthethwa ngayo ingaqondwa ngabo bantu bayisebenzisayo okanye ngabo bantu bakwicandelo layo  nje ngolona phawu lwenkqubo yabo.  Zibonisa eyona njongo yokwakhiwa kwaloo nkqubo okanye loo nto kufundwa ngayo, kutsho kujongwe okokuba ziyasebenza na,  okanye zingasebenziseka na,  nto leyo engenakwenzeka xa kuye kwathi kanti kukho enye yee*principles* okanye yemithetho, okanye yemigaqo ethe ayahoywa okanye ayasetyenziswa.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo nge-logic yeyokokuba yona ijongene nee*principles* ze-''correct reasoning''. Ukuze siqonde kakuhle ngentsingiselo nendlela esebenza ngayo i-logic, makhe siyithelekise ''neye-psychology of reasoning''. Ngamanye amazwi, makhe sijonge umahluko phakathi kwe-''''logic'''' ne-''psychology of reasining''. Phambi kokuba senze oko masazi okokuba umntu ofunde nzulu nge-''logic reasoning'' ubizwa ngokuba yi-''logician'', kanti lowo ufunde nzulu nge-''psychology of reasoning ubizwa ngokuba yi-psychologist.' 
### Umahluko phakathi kwe-logic ne-psychology of reasoning

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! I-logic!! I-*psychology of reasoning*
|-
| Umntu ofunde ngayo yi-*Logician* || Umntu ofunde ngayo yi-Psychologist
|-
| Kufundwa ngee-principles ze-correct reasoning|| Kufundwa ngezona ndlela abaqhele ukucinga ngazo   abantu, nditsho neempazamo abazenzayo kokokuqiqa kwabo.  

|-
| I-*logic reasoning* isixelela ngendlela emasiqiqe ngayo okanye emasizisebenzise ngayo iingqondo zethu ukuba sifuna ukuseka iingqiqo zethu phezu kwento eyiyo ngendlela efanelekileyo Example ||Isixelela ngeyona ndlela baqiqa ngayo abantu nditsho neempazamo abazenzayo.  
|-
| Ukuba ngenene abantu bayayilandela na le mithetho ye-*correct reasoning* ngumba wophando lowo, into engenanto yakwenza ne-''logic'' || Ibe yona i-*psychology of reasoning* kwelinye icala iyiscience yophando.   
|-
UmGaqo-siseko wasemZantsi Afrika

Yintoni umGaqo-siseko?
UmGaqo-siseko weli lasemZantsi afrika ngumthetho owongameleyo kweli lizwe. Unika isiseko somthetho ngobukho bale riphabhlikhi yasemZantsi afrika, iwabeka acace gca amalungelo nekulindeleke ukuba kwenziwe ngabemi beli, ize icacise ngokupheleleyo indlela ame ngayo urhulumente weli lizwe. Lo mGaqo siseko ukhoyo usisikhokhelo sesihlanu kurhulumente wasemZantsi Afrika, nowathi waqulunkqwa ePalamente eyonyulwa ngo-1994, unyulo lokuqala olubandakanya zonke iintlanga zeli lizwe. Lo mGaqo-siseko wabhengezwa nguMongameli uNelson Rholihlahla Mandela ngomhla we-10 kweyoMnga (December) ka-1996, waza waqala ukusebenza ngomhla wesi-4 kweyoMdumba (February) ngo-1997. lo mGaqo-siseko wathi wathatha indawo yomGaqo-nkqubo wethutyana (interim Constitution) eyamiswa ngomnyaka ka-1993.  

### Amagama axhaphakileyo kumGaqo-siseko
*Iflegi yasemZantsi Afrika  
*IRiphabliki  
*Umhobe wesizwe  
*IShedyuli  
*Iilwimi zoburhulumente  
*Abemi boMzantsi Afrika  
*URhulumente wesizwe  
*URhulumente wephondo
Ukwenda

Umntu owendayo yintombi. Luxanduva olungummangaliso ukwenda kwe ntombi.

Okokuqala nje xa sithetha ngokubonwa kwentombi yomntu yindoda efuna ukuthatha umfazi, okanye xa kuthethwa ngokwenda kwentombi isendela mzini uthile,  eyona nto ibalulekileyo bubuhlobo obakhekayo phakathi kwekhaya lentombi ebonelwa ukwenda nekhaya lendoda le ebone le ntombi njengomfazi wayo. Qaphela ke xa sithetha ngekhaya kwaNtu asithethi ngeendonga, iifestile kunye nophahla kuphela, sithetha ngabo bonke abantu abaphantsi kwesiduko esinye. Umzekelo xa intombi yasemaBheleni ibonwe ngumfo wasemaTolweni, ubuhlobo budalekile kuye wonke umntu wezi ziduko zombini. Nokokuba wena Tolo udibana nomnye umntu ongamaziyo nditsho sele niphesheya kweelwandle, akuthi uliBhele, ngumntu wasebukhweni bakho lowo, nawe ntombi ngokunjalo, ngumntu wasemzini wakho lowo. Wena ntombi eyendele kulo mzi kufuneka wazi okokuba obu buhlobo bukhuselwe bakhiwa nguwe. Obu buhlobo bunciphisa kanobom ubutshaba phakathi komzi omnyama.

Okwesibini, eli siko alithathwa kancinane kwaNtu kuba litshayelela ukuza kwemiphefumlo.Umphefumlo ke ngowomDali. Le miphefumlo ke ithwalwa yile ntombi ezekwenda ekhapha. 

Ukwenda kuxa intombi yasemzini isiya kuqinisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwekhaya layo naloo mzi yendele kuyo. Xa yendile ke le ntombi yandisa usapho lwalo mzi yendele kuwo ngokuzala, ngokusombulula ingxaki nangokujongana neentsapho, nditsho nezinja zalo mzi yendele kuwo le ntombi.
Imali

**Imali** iphepha elincinane elisetyenziwa ngabantu xabethenga Izinto abazifunayo sine ndithi zemali ima
I-discourse

Yintoni i-discourse?

Igama elithi ''discourse'' lithetha ngamagama okanye intetho yemihla ngemihla esetyenziswa ngabahlali ekuhlaleni. Kanti ke ngokwakwa-''science'', i-*discourse* ibhekiswa kumagama okanye kwintetho esetyinziswayo kweso sifundo kuthethwa ngaso. Siyazi okokuba izifundo ezininzi ziqhutywa ngesiNgesi, kodwa amagama esiNgesi asetyenziswayo ayahluka ngokwezifundo eziqhutywayo. Umzekelo, amagama esingesi asetyenziswa kwezomthetho (kwa-*Law*) ahlukile kumagama asetyenziswa kwezempilo (kwa-*Health*). Yhiyo le nto abantu bomthetho abafana namagqwetha, oomantyi, njalo najlo kwiinkundla zamatyala okanye xa bezincokolela bebodwa besebenzisa i-*discourse* yakwa-*Law*. Kananjalo, kwezempilo (kwa-*Health*) amanesi, oogqirha, njalo njalo, basebenzisa amagama akwa-*Health* xa bencokola okanye bethetha bebodwa. Nanku umzekelo, xa esithi amanesi'Le *patient* izakufakwa i-''PoP'' meaning "plaster of Paris", umntu ongasebenzi kwezempilo nongayaziyo kwaphela intsingiselo yeli gama, uyakusuka acinge nge-*plaster* ekunokuba yeyaseParis, axakwe okokuba ingena phi ke ngoku le *plaster* eseNgqushwa nje yena. Kuba nzima kakhulu ke xa sele kusithiwa makaliguqulele esiXhoseni okanye alitolike eli gama. Inye into eyakunceda kukuthi kanti lo mntu utolika eli gama uyayazi ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yalo kuba usebenza kwisebe lezempilo. Uyakulichaza kakuhle athi lithetha 'isamente efakelwa kumntu owaphuke ithambo'. 

Ibaluleke ngolo hlobo ke i-*discourse*. Umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu ngowokokuba, kutheni le nto kusetyenziswe amagama esiNgesi (anje ngo-*Health*; "Law", njalo njalo) sibe sisithi le *Wikipedia* yeyesiXhosa. Okokuqala qaphela okokuba amagama esingesi abhalwe bukekela ukubonisa okokuba akasingowakwaXhosa ngawolunye ulwimi, isiNgesi ke ukutsho. Eyona nto kaloku kukuba abantwana bamaXhosa abafunda ezikolweni zamaXhosa apho isiXhosa ilolona lwimi lusetyenziswayo bafunda iincwadi ze-science ezibhalwe ngesiNgesi. Ngoku okokoko aba bantwana befunda sele bewaqhele la magama ebhalwe ngesiNgesi. Igama elithi science, umzekelo, laziwa ngabafundi libhalwa ngolu-hlobo "Science", kuba kaloku okokoko bafunda imihla ngemihla xa kuthetha ngescience bazakubona lo "science" obhalwe ngolu hlobo, umzekelo, Physical science, life Science, social science, Agricultural science, nezinye. Xa ke ngoku ezakudibana neli gama selibhalwe ngolu hlobo "Sayenisi", inene siyakube siyababulala abantwana, kuba abasayikuqhelana lula neli gama. Ngaphezu koko, akukho ndlela kugqitywe kuyo emakubhalwe ngayo laa magama akwa-science. Nanku umzekelo apha kwa-Wikipedia. Igama elithi "Biology" libhalwe ngeendlela ezahlukileyo *Bayoloji*, *Bhayoloji*.
I-Plaster of Paris

Yintoni i-plaster of Paris?

I-*Plaster of Paris*yisamente efakwa emntwiniukuxhasa elo thambo laphukileyo.
Ababhali esiXhoseni

Xa sithetha ngababhali bakwaXhosa sibahlula kubini. 

### Amaqhawe ababhali bamandulo
* U-Tiyo Soga: Umfundisi (1819-1871)
* Walter Benson Rubusana, : Ugqirha (21 Febhuwari 1858 - 17 april 1936)
* U-James Jolobe Ranisi, **Jolobe**: Imbongi yesiZwe] (25 July 1902- 16 May 1976)

### Amatsha-ntliziyo ababhali banamhlanje
U-Janet Burnside

Le yinzwakazi yase Scotland eyatshatwa nguTiyo Soga. Aba babini bathi balizwa ngabantwana abasixhenxe.
U-Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma

**Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma** (wazalwa ngo-1949). Lo ngomnye woomama ababevuth'amalangatye besilwa umbundane wokucinezelwa nokukhohlakalelwa komntu ontsundu kweli laseMzantsi Afrika. U-Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma Wayesakuba yinkosikazi yesithathu kaMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika, uJacob Zuma.
Abantwana bakaTiyo Soga

Naba abantwana bakaTiyo Soga:

Ave Maria 

## WILLIAM ANDERSON SOGA (5 KweyoMqungu 1858 - 15 KweyeKhala 1916)
 
U-William yinkulu kaTiyo. Ngexesha lokuwa kwakhe uTiyo, uWilliam wayeneminyaka eyi-13 kuphela ubudala. Njengogqirha u-William wavula i*mission* ekuthiwa yi*Miller mission* kufuphi nase Elliotdale, eTranskei eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo 1885, uWilliam watshata inzalelwane yase Scotland uMay Agnes Meikle. Unyana wabo uAlexander RB Soga walandela ekhondweni likayise waba ngugqirha naye. Wazifumana iziqinisekiso zezizifundo eGlasgow ngo1912. Usebenze njengogqirha e-Elliotdale nase Dutywa.

## JOHN HENDERSON SOGA (10 KweyoMdumba 1860 - 11 KweyeKwindla 1941)
Nangona ezalelwe apha eMzantsi Afrika u-John, kodwa waswelekela eSouthampton. Waqeqeshelwa ubufundisi ke lo mfo njengoyise. Kodwa yena walufumana eEdinburgh obakhe ubufundisi waza wathwesa ngokusesiskweni isidanga soko ngo1893. Emva koko wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika. Apho afike wavula khona i-*mission* kwisitishi saseMbonda. Eselapho udibene nenzwakazi u-Isabella Brown, intombi kaChristina (m.s. McKay) noDavid Brown. Kwathi kanti kudibene ukufa neyeza.  

## ALAN KIRKLAND SOGA (24 Novemba 1861 - 1938, eMzantsi Afrika)
Amagama okuqala ale ndedeba ngamagama abazali bakanina uJanet. Lo mfo ufunde ezomthetho, waza wasebenza kwamantyi eMthatha. Ekuhambeni kwethuba ube yi-editor yephepha laseMzantsi Afrika. Yena ke uvele watshata nentomi yomXhosa u-Ellen Mba wakuCentane. Unyana wabo u-De villiers Soga uye waba ngumfundisi waseRhabe.

## ISABELLA MCFARLANE SOGA (10 KwekaCanzibe 1864 - 16 KweyeKwindla 1884)
u-Isabella lona yinkulu kwintombi ezizelelwe kuwo umtshato ka Tiyo no Janet. Usutywe kukufa enemininyaka elishumi elinesithoba ubudala.

## JOTELLO FESTIRI SOGA (1865 - 12 KweyoMnga 1906)
Wafumana isiqinisekiso sokuba ngugqirha wezilwanyana eDick College, eEdinburgh ngo1886. Emva koko wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika apho wafika walwa kakhulu nesifo sezilwanyana ekwakusithiwa 'Ngulindipasi' u-rinderpest ngesiNgesi, ngo-1897. U-Jotello watshata ne nzwakazi uCatherine Watson Chalmers, baze bawongwa ngeentombi ezintathu; uCatherine, uMargaret kunye no-Doris.

## FRANCES MARIA ANNA SOGA (10 KweyoMdumba 1868 - 20 KweyoMsintsi  1942)

## JESSIE MARGARET SOGA (8 KweyoMdumba 1870 - 23 KweyoMdumba 1954)
lo ke ngumathunjana kanina, owathi enomnyaka omnye jwi, wasutywa kukufa uyise, uTiyo.

Kuyavakala ke okokuba kukho omnye umntwana ongazange alunge. Ngesiba sithi basibhozo bebonke abantwana bakaTiyo Soga.

Phambi kokuba alishiye eli ngo1871, wabashiya nomyolelo  abantwana bakhe, ingakumbi kwaba wayefuna ukuba bafunde eScotland. Wabaxelela okokuba bangaze babeneentloni ngoyise ongumAfrika.  Wayesoloko ebabongoza abantwana bakhe ukuba bangaze balilibale ikholwa lenkosikazi yaseScotland elingunina, umama io wayenomqolo, enyanisekile ekwakhuthele enenkathalo engummangaliso.
U-K D Mathanzima

U-**Kaizer Daliwonga Mathanzima** (wazalwa ngo1915 waza walishiya eli ngo2003) wayengumongameli welinye lamaphandle awayebekelwe bucala ngurhulumente wengcinezelo eMzantsi Afrika. Wabekwa njengomongameli kwangulo rhulumente ngo1976 waza wasuswa kwanguye ngo1987.
IYunivesithi yaseStellenbosch

I-**Stellenbosch Yunivesithi** (Yayisakubizwa ngokuba yi-Yunivesithi yaseStellenbosch. Le yiYunivesithi yakhe nabanina oqhuba izifundo zophando. Le Yunivesithi izinze kwidolophu yaseStellenbosch. Zikwakho nezinye iiyunivesithi eziyingqongileyo ezifana neYunivesithi yaseKapa kunye neYunivesithi yaseWestern Cape. Xa lishunqulwa eli gama lithi "Stellenbosch University" ngesiNgesi liba ngu 'SU'.
I-Yunivesithi yasePitoli

Le **Yunivesithi yasePitoli** yenye yeeYunivesithi eziqaqambileyo eMzantsi Afrika. Njengoko negana layo lingqina, le Yunivesithi izenze ePitoli.
Jacob Matlala

**Jacob "Baby Jake" Matlala** (1 August 1962 – 7 December 2013) 
Lo nguJacob Matlala umdlali wodumo wezamanqindi. Wazalwa ngomhla wokuqala kweyeThupha (kuAgasti) ka-1962, waza wayibeka inqawa ngomhla wesi-7 kkweyoMnga (kuDisemba) ka-2013. Inyanga yeNkanga (kaDisemba) ka-2013, yinyanga yokunduluka kwamadoda amakhulu eMzantsi Afrika. Ngomhla wesihlanu kwakule nyanga kwaawa ufaf'olude uMadiba. Kwaadlula nje iintsuku ezimbini walandela u'Baby Jakes' ngokunga uyamkhapha. Yhe wethu lo nyaka ka-2013 uwaginyil'amaqhawe. Ukuwa kukaRholihlahla kwaandulelwa kukulala kwegatyana lomfana owayesaze ngobuso elizweni u-Vuyo Mbuli. Zininz'izinto ziman'ukwenzeka ziphinde zidlule. Lo mfana waykhaba ibhekile NgoMeyi, singakhange sive okokuba ukhe wabikwa hlaba. Kanti uvul'indlela kaMaDib'omde owalandela emva kweenyanga ezisixhenxe ehambile uRhadebe.
U-Helen Zille

Lo ngu-**Otta Helen Zille** owazalwa ngomhla we-9 kweyoKwindla ngo-1951. Uyinkulumbuso kwiPhondo lasentshona-Koloni, ukwalilingu lasePalamente kwakweli Phondo. Le nzwakazi ikhokhela umbutho weqela eliphikisayo i-Democratic Alliance. Ngaphambili lo kaZille wayengu-Mayor wesixekokazi iKapa.  
Iiminyaka yoo-1970, yiminyaka yokuvuthwa kwengcinezelo apho kwakuqhum'uthuli. Kungelo xesha kanye lo kaZille wathi wazibonakalisa khona, eyintatheli ephum'izandla yephepha elalibizwa ngokuba yi-Rand Daily mail, ekwalwa nocalu-calulo olwalukho emZantsi Afrika. Kaloku waba ngomnye wabantu abadiza okokuba lwalukho unyawo lwemfene ekuswelekeni kukaSteve Biko nowayelitsha ntliziyo lokulwa negcinezelo ekwakhokhela umbutho wakhe we"Black Consciousness. ngeminyaka yoo-1980, uHelen Zille wasebenzela iqela ekuthiwa yi-"Black Sach" namanye amaqela. Kuyo yonke leminyaka ekulawula ngayo urhulumente woluntu, uZille ebesoloko ekho esebenza. Ngo-1999-2004 wayeyinkulumbuzo yezemfundo kurhulumente wePhondo laseNtshona Koloni, ngo2004 - 2006 wabalilungu lasePalamente wabangusodolophu okanye yi-Meya, ngo-2006-2009.sithetha nje lo kaZille uyiNkulumbuso yaseNtshona-Koloni, sikhundla eso wasifumana ngo-2009.

Imisebenzi eyenziwe yile ntokazi ntokazi yakwaZille njengeMeya okanye uSodolophu waseKapa, ingakumbi impumelelo yakhe ekulweni nobundlobongela, iziyobisi, kunye nentswela-ngqesho egqubayo eKapa,  yakhokhelela ekwenyulweni kwakhe njengeMeya yeHlabathi kunyaka ka2008. Bebonke abantu ababegxalathelana kolu khuphiswano bejonge ukuwina le ndebe babengama-820. Kananjalo  waye ngundaba-mlonyeni de wavuzwa ngentshinga yokokuba ungeyena mntu udala iinda koonondaba ngo-2006, eyinikwa le ntshinga ngabakwa-National press club ngoJuly ka-2007. Kwayena uZille kaloku wangena kumagqibela kankqoyi kukhuphiswano lwendebe eyayilungiselelwe eyona nkosikazi iphum'izandla eMzantsi Afrika.  Zine iilwimi ezithethwa nguZille, nazi: SisiNgesi, sisiBhulu,sisiXhosa kunye nesiJamani ulwimi lwabazali bakhe.
Imithetho elishumi

**Imithetho elishumi** ikwaziwa ngokuba yi''Decalogue'' yingqokolela yemithetho nemigaqo emakuhanjwe ngayo ngokwebhayibhile. Le mithethi imalunga nendlela abantu amaziphathe ngayo nangndlela emasMnqule ngayo uMdali wethu. Le mithetho ixatyiswe kakhulu kwinkolo yamaJuda neyamaKrestu. Iquka imithetho ethi MNYE kuphela Ofanelwe kukunqulwa, nguThixo, kugcinwe umhla weSabatha, kutshatyalaliswe izithixo, ubugqi, ubugebenga, ubusela, ubuxoki, nokukrexeza. Amaqela ngokwahlukana kwawo aneenkolelo zawo ezahlukileyo kule mithetho, ngokwendlela etolikwa nelandelelana ngayo ngokweendlela enonjolwe ngayo le mithetho. Le mithetho ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu kuba ibubulungisa kwizinto ezenzekayo kwilizwe lethu . Ikwa khumbuza abo bacinga ukwenza konke oku khankanyiweyo .

## Amakhonkco angaphandle
Non Praevalebunt
Iinkulumbuso zomZantsi Afrka

## E-Mpumakoloni

 

## E-Freystata
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Name of the Premier
|-
| 1994-1996 || Mosiuoa Lekota
|-
| 1996-1999|| Ivy Matsepe Casaburri
|-
| 1999-2004 || Winkie Direko
|-
| 2004-2009|| Beatrice Mashorff
|-
| 2009-present|| Ace Magashule
|-
U-Raymond Mhlaba

uBawo u**Raymond Mphakamisi Mhlaba** wazalwa ngomhla we-12 kweyoMdumba ngo1920, waza walishiya eli ngomhla wama-20 kweyoMdumba ngo2005. Wayelelinye lamatsha ntliziyo omzabalazo esilwa nengcinezelo ekwayinkokheli ye African National Congress (ANC). Lo kaMhlaba wachitha iminyaka engama-25 yonke ethothoza esentilongweni ngesigwebo sika dilika jele awayesaziwa ngaso bekunye noNelson Mandela, uGovan Mbeki, uWalter Sisulu nabanye , isigwebo setyala laseRivonia. Bonke ubomi bakhe ebudaleni bakhe wabuchitha evuth'amalangatye njengelungu leANC ekwalilo nelungu lombutho wamakomanisi alapha eMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yobuntu awaye nabo, waye wanikwa isiteketiso esithi 'Oom Ray'.

## Ubomi bakhe
U"Oom Ray" wazalwa kwingingqi ebizwa ngokuba kuseMazoka kwisithili sase-Fort Beaufort. Ufunde e-Healdtown Missionary Institution eNxukhwebe kwalapho e Fort Beaufort. Wathi ke akusishiya isikolo waya kusebenza kwindawo yokuhlamba impahla eBhayi. Kulapho wafika wakhwetywa khona yimibutho yabasebenzi bekwenza oko ngombutho owawubizwa ngokuba yi"Non European Laundry Workers Union". Ngo-1943 wazibandakanya nombutho wamaKomanisi aseMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-1944 waba lilungu elipheleleyo le-ANC. Uye ke wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato  nentombi yakwa Meke, uJoyce, owayeyinzalelwane yaseFort Beaufort. Kwiminyaka eli-17 bekunye, phambi kokuba umkakhe lo asutywe ku kufa  kwingozi yemoto ngo-1960, balizwa ngabantwana abathathu.  Waphinda wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato ngo1982 nentombi yakwa Heliso, uDideka esese Roben Island balizwa ngabantwana abathathu.
I-Career guidance\ Ufundela ukuba yintoni?

Xa sisesesikolweni sithetha ngee-Subjects. Sakupasa imatriki siya kwiindawo ngeendawo ezinje ngeeKholeji, umzekelo: ikholeji yokuqeqeshela ubunesi; ikholeji yokuqeqeshela ubutitshala; ikholeji yokuqeqeshela ubupolisa; ikholeji yokuqeqeshela ubulimi, nezinye. Kanti ke abanye bapasa nje imatriki bangqale eYunivesithi apho bafike kuthethwa nge-academic discipline okanye ngeField of study.
Ii-Subjects

Nazi ii-subjects ezifundwa esikolweni;

Ziilwimi; yi-Accounting; yi-Agricultural Science; yi-Agricultural Technology;
I-Accounting

Yintoni i-Accounting?

I-Accounting okanye i-accountancy, yi-measurement, nokuphicothwa kolwazi oluphangaleleyo ngoqoqosho olwenziwa ngemali kwii-Economic entities. Xa kusenziwa lo umlinganiselo, ulwazi luyathethwa okanye luyancokolwa.  
I-accounting nebisoloko isaziwa ngokuba "Lulwimi loshishino" yenza umlinganiselo weziphumo zoqoqosho olwenziwa zizinto ngezinto ezenzeka apha embuthweni. Ize ke yona i-Accounting izihambise ezi ziphumo kubo bonke abantu abanokuzisebenzisa, kuquka ii-investors, ii-creditors, i-management kunye nee-regulators. Abantu abasebenza nge-accounting kuthiwa zii-Accountants.
Umlinganiselo osetyenziswa kwa-Accounting

apha kwa-Accounting kukho I-concept ethi 'The money measurement' ligxininisa umba wokokuba kwa-Accounting, nsiphi na isenzeko esithe sashicilelwa okanye sabhalwa phantsi sibekwa kumlinganiselo okanye sibekwa esikalini ngokwemali echithiweyo okanye engenileyo kweso senzeko. Xa kusetyenziswa lo mgqaliselo, nantonina ethe yenzeka ibe ingenakuchazwa ngokwemali Nkcitho-Ngeniso, ayishicilelwa konke-konke kwiincwadi zakwa-Accounting. Ngoko ke, akuvumelekanga ukushicilelwa izinto ezingenakubalwa ngalo mgqaliselo wakwa-Accounting, izinto ezifana nomgangatho wesakhono somqeshwa okanye indlela abaphethwe ngayo abaxhasi kwinkampani ethile.  

Omnye wemibandela ehamba phambili kwimigqaliselo yakwa-Accounting yi"-Measuring Unit Principle. lo mthetho womlinganiselo umela into yokokuba umlinganiselo mawube usekelezelwe phantsi kwezinga lemali elifanelekileyo. Umzekelo umlinganiselo wemali ekubalwa phantsi kwawo mawungqamane nexesha ekubalwa ngalo loo mali. Ukuba indlu yayiyi R20 000 ngo 1984, makubalwe okokuba ngokwelixesha langoku yimalini na.
I-Economic entities

I-Economic entitiesKwi-Accounting ii-*Economic entities* zezo zamkelekileyo ngokwemigaqo yakwa-*Accounting*. Kodwa ke singathi nawuphi na umbutho ekuhlaleni ungayiyo i-*Economic entity*.
 
Nantsi imizekelo eqingqiweyo: Izibhedlele, iinkampani, ooMasipala, kunye nemibutho yaseburhulumenteni.
I-Democracy

Yintoni i-Democracy

I-Democracy yindlela yonyulo apho wonke umntu oyinzalelwane okanye ummi welo lizwe anikwa ithuba lukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo.
Ezolimo

**Ezolimo**, sisenokuthi kukufuya, le nto athi amaNgesi wona yi-farming, okanye singathi xa kuthethwa nge-Agriculture kuthethwa ngezolimo, athi ke yena ontetho isisiNgesi yi-husbandry. 

Ngokupheleleyo i-*Agriculture* kukufuywa kwezilwanyana; kukutyalwa kwezityalo nokukhuliswa kwazo, ukunonotshelwa kwesityalo ekuthiwa yi-fungi, kunye nezinye indlela zokuxhasa ubomi ezinje ngokutya, I-fiber ekutyeni, i-biofuel, nezibuyezarha kunye nezinye iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukugcina nokuphucula saluti yomntu. I-Agriculture yayingundoqo kuphuhliso ngethuba apho kwakusanda khona ukufuduka kwabantu kwiindawo zabo zemveli ngenxa yokuzingela nagezinye izizathu de baye kuzinza kwelinye ilizwe babe ngabalapho umphelo. Ngesingesi ke kuthiwa le mfuduko yi- sedentary human civilization. Apha ke kulapho kwatsho kwanda ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasekhaya nokutyalwa kwezityalo ezikukutya eluntwini, okwaba luncedo olukhulu kwatsho kwakho umdliva wokutya. Le ntlutha yenza okokuba luye luphuhla ngokuphuhla i-civilisation. 

Isifundo esenziwa ngale-Agriculture kuthiwa yi-Agricultural science. Imbali ngale Agriculture singayilanda emva ukusuka kumawaka-ngamawaka eminyaka, apho ukukhula kolimo bekusoloko kuqhubeka phambili kusenziwa kukwachazwa ngokubanzi kukwahlukana kwemo yezulu, kwamasiko, kunye ne-technologies.
Isilwanyana

Njengoko sisazi, zimbini iintlobo zezilwanyana esinazo, kukho ezo zasekhaya ezinje ngeegusha, inkomo, inkukhu, izinja, ikati nezinye. Kuphinde kubekho ezi zasendle ezifana neengada, neemfene, indlovu njalo njalo.
I-Fungi

Yintoni i-fungi?

Luhlobo lwesityalo olwahlukileyo kwezinye izityalo.

I-Fungus kuthiwa yi-Fungi xa zimbini nangaphezulu. Esi sityalo siyinxalenye yezityalo eziphantsi kweqela elikhulu lezidalwa eziphilayo ekuthiwa yi-eukaryotic. Eli qela libandakanya ii-microorganisms  (izivundisi) ezifana nee-yeasts (amagwele), kunye [nee-molds (amaBritane athi ziimoulds), kunye namakhowa ekuthiwa [ii-mushrooms|zii-mushrooms ngesiNgesi.  
Njengabantu, uhlobo lwesityalo ngasinye luphantsi kwe-kingdom yaso. Njengokuba abantu beneezikumkani zabo njengekumkani yamaXhosa, eyamaMpondo, njalo njalo, nezityalo ke ngokwahlukana kwazo zinobazo ubukumkani eziphila phantsi kwabo. I-kingdom yezityalo yahlulwe yazindidi ezintandathu. Obokuqala kuthiwa yi-Animalia, obesibini yi-Plantae; obesithathu yi-fungi; obesine yi-Protista; obesihlanu yi-Archaea; obokugqibela yi-Bacteria.

ungabhideki ke, kuba uyakufika kwiincwadi zamaBritane, amaAustralia kunye namaLatin Amerika kuthethwa ngeendidi ze*kingdom* ezintlanu kuphela ezizezi: i-Animalia, i-Plantae, i-Fungi, i-Protoctista, kunye ne-Prokaryota/Monera.

I-fungi yahlukile kwizityalo esizibona mihla le, ikwahlukile kwizilwanyana, kwii-protists nakwii-bacteria. Owona mahluko mkhulu ngowokokuba ii-cells zebuFungi zineendonga ekuthiwa zii-cell walls. Ezi *cell walls* ezine-chitin. Kanti ke ezezityalo kwanezinye iiProtists zona ii-*cell walls*  zinee-cellulose. Lo mahluko nje uwodwa singekade siye kwezinye iimpawu ekwahlukwe ngazo zezi zityalo, ubonisa okokuba i-fungi le iphantsi kweqela elizimeleyo nelilodwa lezityalo eziyelelene kuzo, zibe zizonke ke ziphantsi kwe-Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes),kuba kaloku zineempawu ezininzi ezifanayo, ookhokho bazo banye. Lilonke zisuka mnombeni mnye. Kuthiwe ke ngoku ziphantsi kweqela i-monophyletic.

## Ezinye iimpawu ezibonakalisa umahluko phakathi kwe-Fungi nezinye izityalo
Ibhokhwe

Elona gama lesiNguni esibizwa ngaso esi silwanyana "yimbuzi". Abantu abaninzi bayakuthi eli gama lelesiZulu. Kanti hayi khona, belisayakusetyenziswa ngabo bonke abantu abantetho yabo isisiNguni. Kwathi ke ngenxa yefuthe lolwimi lwesiBhulu kumaXhosa, kwasetyenziswa eli gama lithi 'Ibhokhwe'

Ibhokhwe nenkomo zizilwanyana zasekhaya ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu bemveli baseMzantsi Afrika. Bekuhlalwa kusenziwa ngazo imicimbi enje ngamasiko ekuhlaleni. Ubuyakusoloko usiva kuthethwa ngebhokhwe xa kusenziwa imicimbi yekhaya emincinane. Kanti ke yona inkomo ibibaluleke nangaphezulu kuba kaloku ibixhelwa xa kukho imicimbi emikhulu. Iigusha ezi ziyafika zize nabelungu yiyo le nto kuthiwa ngamadlagusha.

Mandulo phaya umntu omnyama wayengayifaki kowakhe umlomo igusha, eyicekisa, kuba kaloku wayengayazi. Nditsho nehagu le iyafika kweli lizwe, yayingekho mandulo. Yibhokhwe negusha ezona zilwanyana bezixhelwa, zityiwe.

na zasendle kuba
Kulapho izinze khona inkaba yam

## KULAPHO IZINZE KHONA
Ndandiyazi na kanene ukuba ndizobe ndilapha namhlanje? .Ngenxa yoba kwedinini into ka Mnyamana into enebala elimdaka kwedini yayikhona kwamandulo phaya ngelaxesha obawo mkhulu babethi bavuswe yimiqhagi ikhala ime phezu kwesibaya imise amaphiko ingathi iyaqhayisa.
Amasiko nezithethe zakwaNtu

Haa rharha, nokhwelithole, Khenke uOdwa Dlanjwa

## Amasiko abantu abantsundu e-Eastern Cape
### Amasiko nezithethe
Kukho izilwanyana ezithi sisetyenziswe xa umntwana esenzelwa imbeleko okanye esaziswa kwizinyanya . Sikwasetyenziswa ekwenzeni amasiko amaninzi akwaNtu. Ibhokwhe isetyenziswa ngamaXhosa emaxesheni amaninzi

#### Inkomo
Inkomo kukhu zininzi kakukhulu.
Zikhona iinkomo ezingathethi nto,
Zibekhona ezithetha nezinyanya
ikhona inkomo yoku buyisa abantu bakowenu okanye yokubakhapha.
Njengoko eyokukhapha inganyanzelekanga ikhale,
eyokubuyisa inyanzelekile ikhale kwaye kufuneka ihambe nebhokhwe kuba ibhokhwe yeyokubuyisa inkomo uyampha

### Amasiko [[indoda|amadoda]]

### Amasiko [[Umfazi|abafazi]]
### Amasiko [[intombi|eentombi]]
ama siko entombi kulapho kusho kona ukuthi intombi isese yilona itshitshi noma cha!.

### Amasiko [[intombazana|amantombazana]]
### Amasiko [[Inkwenkwe|amakhwenkwe]]
### Amasiko [[Umntwana|abantwana]] elona siko libalulekileyo elithi lenzelwe umntwana yiMbeleko.Eli lisiko elithi lenziwe ukwazisa umntwana kubantu abadala okanye izinyanya ngokusesikweni.Elisiko lithi lenziwe ngokutshiswa kwempepho kuxhele esosilwane esothi sinxulumanise abaphilayo nezinyanya ngokomphefumlo kwaye alenziwa komnye umzi lenzelwa kulo nina womntwana xa engendanga xa endile lenziwa kulo yise womntwana ingakumbi xa ingesosizana
Lusingise phi na ulwimi lwesixhosa?

kweli le Afrika esemaZantsi sineshumi elinanye leelwimiezisetyenziswa mhla nezolo,kunjalo nje zonke ezo lwimi zishicilelwe,ziyaziwa ziziphatha-mandla zeelwimi.Kuzo zonke ezo lwimi ke,zimbini kuphela iilwimi ezisetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ogqibeleleyo okanyengokwesinya
Google Maps

Google Maps eYet-xe. Gogli mapa je etxe gaeramonuti sia njexe Google.

* 

### Google Earth

Google Earth  vá enkve ita ye productá upse dinara na Xhosa.

### Google Street View

Google Street View

*
Imbeleko

**Imbeleko** lisiko elithi lenziwe kwaXhosa ngenjongo zokwamkela umntwana kusapho . Aye athethe amaxhego namaxhagwazana bathi 'bamazisa kwizinyanya ukuze zimkhusele ezintweni ezimdaka nezingalunganga'. Xa lisenziwa ke elisiko kuye kuxhelwe ibhokhwe emhlophhe ebonisayo ukuba umntwana akanazono, usasandokuzalwa kuphekwe,kwenziwe notywala besixhosa umqombothi ke ukutsho . Umntwana lowo ke wenzelwayo uye aqatywe umhlaba  obomvu (imbola) oxutywe namanzi kusikwe nenqatha lebhokwe lenziwe into eyineklesi ifakwe lembola yakhe ke nalo elo nqatha lijike libebomvu kusikwe nase sikhumbeni sebhokhwe leyo yakhe indawana encinci yenziwe ibhengile afakwe apha esihlahleni sakhe. Emva koko kuye kubekhona inyama ayityiswa yedwa ingavuthwanga (umkhono walobhokwe) kuthiwa uyashwama umntwana, ushwamela esithebeni sehlahla lomnquma, ushwama nomama lo amfukameyo. Abantu abangeka yenzelwa imbeleko abashwami kulamkhono. Elisiko alenziwa ngokufana kuye kohluke amakhaya neziduko, umzekelo ezinye iziduko zenza imbeleko nge nkomo. Elinye igama lembeleko kuthiwa ngumqabo.   

Maxa wambi ubulunga okanye ke lebhengile okanye le necklace kuthethwa ngayo apha iphelekwa yintsimbi enxitywa apha esihlahleni ekuthiwa licamagu. Kweminye imizi ke umntwana xa athe wanxitywa icamagu akalufaki ufele esihlahleni Kokomo unxityiswa nje ubulunga apha emqaleni.

Imbeleko lufele lwesilwanyana esasithi sixhelwe xakuthe kwazalwa usana kwelosapho luthile. Olufele lwalulungiselela ukuba usana olo luzelweyo lubenengubo yokombatha okanye ibhayi lokuba unina alubeleke. Isizathu sokulilungiselela olufele usana yayikukuba kwakungekho zingubo kungekho mabhayi okubeleka umntwana, yiyo lonto olufele lwalubizwa ngokuba yimbeleko. khawuthi xhaa kancinane ucinge ukuba ithetha ukuthini intetho yesixhosa ethi "akulahlwa mbeleko ngakufelwa". Ngenxa yokuba esisenzo sifana nezenzo zamasiko ngokuthi kuphalazwe igazi lesilwanyana,kwaathi ke ekuhambeni kwexesha isenziwa lento kwade kwalahleka isizathu nonobangela wokwenziwa kwayo de abanye bayenza isiko, ibe ingelosiko yona. Kangangokuba yeenziwa isiko ngabanye, ude ayenzelwe umntwana nokuba sele edlule kwilixa lokubelekwa.
Sung Jae-gi

**Sung Jae-gi** (Korea:성재기, 成在基, 1967 — 2013) wazalwa Human right activists, filosofie loMzantsi Korea.

## External links
* Activist's 'suicide' causes huge stir Koreatimes 2013.07.26 (English)
* Police continue search for missing men's rights activist yonhapnews 2013.07.27 (English)
* ''Suicide performance and journalist ethics News Dongah'' (English)
* Body of Sung Jae-gi found in Han River Koreaherald 2013.07.29 (English)
* Seoul ‘Bridge of Life’ Attracts More Suicide Attempts korearealtime 2013.11.08 (English)
Intlalo kaXhosa

Baninzi ababhali bamandulo abayibeka icace gca intlalo kaXhosa. Omnye wabo likhwahla nonjinga-lwazi uTiyo Soga.