John Langalibalele Dube

**UJohn Langalibalele Dube** (wazalwa ngonyaka we-11 kweyomDumba ngo-1871 – waze wasweleka ngonyaka we-11 kweyomDumba ngo-1946), wayengumbhali wasemZantsi Afrika owayebhala amabali, ekwayingqondi, umfundisi okanye ititshala, ingcali kwezopolitiki, umpapashi, umhleli, umbhali weenoveli, kwanembongi. Waba ngumyili nomongameli wonkongolo yeeNzalelwane zeSizwe sazemZantsi Afrika (i-SANNC), mbutho lowo owaba yiNkongolo yeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika ngonyaka we-1923. Lo kaDube wasebenza njengoMongameli wale Nkongolo ukusuka ngonyaka we-1912 ukuya kunyaka we-1917. Wasiwa eMelika ngamamishinari awayeze kuzimasa isikolo sokuqeqesha i-Oberlin. Wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika, waza ngonyaka we-1903 ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, bayila iphepha-ndaba, nelibizwa ngokuba l'Ilanga lase Natal*.

Ngonyaka ka-1901, waqala iziko leendibano zamantombazana eNanda e-Ohlanga. Wayesoloko ethundeza abantu abamnyama ukuba bashishine, watsho yena ngonyaka we-1903 waqala iphepha-ndaba lakhe ngolwimi lwesiZulu nelibizwa, isihloko salo sithi 'Ilanga'. Ngonya we-1930, uJohn Dube wapapasha "Umzimba wesiCaka sikaShaka." Wayekwabhala ngobomi beenkokheli zakwaZulu, eziquka ukumkani uDinizulu.

Wayengumntu oqhuba iingxoxo ngezopolitiko. I-ANC yakhe yayingombutho olwayo ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, kodwa akazange alahlekelwe yile mibandela mibini ilandelayo:
Okokuqala, amalungelo abantu, okwesibini, ukubaluleka kokumanyana kwama-Afrika. Lo ngumyalezo awayewushumayela imihla yonke yokudla kwakhe ubomi, de wasutywa kukufa ngonya we-1946. 

== Ebuntwaneni bakhe ==
UJohn Langalibalele wazalelwa e[[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natala]] kwisitishi semishini yase[[Ianda, KwaZulu-Natal|Nanda]] esikwa yimishini yobambiswano phakathi kweMelika noZulu(Meli-ZulAZM), isebe [[leBhodi yekomiti yaseMelika elimele iimishini zamanye amazwe]], ikwaleli sebe elathi kamva lamanya iimishini zeenkonzo zomZantsi Afrika kunye noozakwabo yimishini yeecawa zenkongolo ye[[Ntlangano yeemishini zaseLondon]] kwaye [[iManyano yenkongolo]] yomzantsi Afrika ukwakha [[Icawe yasemZantsi Afrika yenkongolo emanyeneyo]] (UCCSA).  Uyise owayengumfundisi [[uJames Dube]], wayengomnye wabefundisi bokuqala ukugcotywa nje ngomfundisi ongumAfrika we-AZM. UDube waqala ukufunda eNanda nakw[[Adams School (eManzimtoti)|iKholeji iAdams College]], [[eManzimtoti]].

Umfundisi [[uWilliam Cullen Wilcox]] waabizwa ukuba aze kuthetha noDube, owayehlupha kwisikolo saseAdams. ngelo xesha uyise uJames Dube wayengumfundisi webandla laseNanda. 

ngo-1887, usapho lwakwaWilcox lwaluphindela eMelika, waza uJohn Dube ekunye nonina bathi gqolo becenga esi sibini samamishinari ukuba bahambe kunye naye uDube xa besiya eMelika, apho wayezakuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe. Saavuma ke esi sibini ngelithi bangahamba naye, ngaphandle kokuba uzakuzihlawulela iimfuno zakhe zemihla-ngemihla. Kodwa ke baamcebisa, waza wathi akufika eMelika uDube, uWilliam wamfumanela umsebenzi wasemgaqweni.

DUDube waaya kufunda kw[[isikolo soqeqesho lokuqala i-Oberlinl]] nangona wafunda ukuchwetheza nokuzinceda, akazange ade abe uwongwa ngempumelelo kwelo nqanaba.

UDube wayengumntwanegazi, ngokwelungelo lakhe, eyinkosi yohlanga lwamaQadi. Kwathi kuba uyise wayesele eguqulelwe kubuKrestu ngamamishinari okuqala phambi kokuba kubekho iRiphabhlikhi yaseMzantsi Afrika, zange awalawule amaQadi. Eyona fani kaDube ng[[Ngcobo (surname)|uNgcobo]], owayenobukhosi bamaQadi akwa[[Zulu people|Zulu]].

==Igalelo lakhe kwisizwe==

Kumntu owayenomfutho wemfundo yobumishinari, kwakukho ungquzulwano phakathi kwale mfundo yaseNtshona intsha ifikayo kunye nendlela ekwakuhlalwa kuphilwa ngayo ngokwemveli yamaAfrika. Kodwa yena uDube wakwazi ukuyithatha le yantlukwano ngokwasekuhlaleni esebenzisa amava akhe nanje ngendoda eyayithembekile kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni, njengokuba kwiminyaka elandelayo, wathi wathenjwa yindlu yobuKhosi bamaZulu. Sekuyinto eyamkelekileyo umbono othi lo kaDube ngewayengazange abe lilungu leSANC, kodwa ngenxa yokokuba iimfundiso kunye neencoko zakhe ngokubaluleka komanyano zangena nokungena komfutho wezopolitiko. Namhlanje kubonakala kufanelekile kwiingcali zembali ezinomkhethe ukukhankanya okokuba ukunesa kwakhe le mfundo intsha umfo kaDube bubungqina obathi bakhokelela ekubeni athi kamva ohlukane ne-ANC. Kodwa, eyona nyaniso yeyokokuba, i-ANC yayingazange ibe ngumbutho wamatsha-ntliziyo awayelwela imibandela efana nelungelo lo[[kuvota kwenzalelwane zemveli ezingabantu abadala]] de kwenziwa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo ngokuthi kuqalwe okanye kuyilwe umbutho wolutsha oy[[iANC Youth League]] ngeminyaka yoo-1940.

Iintetho zikaDube njengomongameli wombutho wezopolitiko lwabantu abamnyama azizange zibhengezwe, ngoko ke azizange zibenakufumaneka. Omnye umbutho wabantu abamnyama owathi wakhiwa njengombutho wentsebenziswano kwezentlalo nopolitiko neNtlangano ka[[Marcus Garvey]] engo[[phuculo lwabantu abangama-Negro negqiza lazizwe zamaAfrika]], eyafunyanwa ngo-1914. Kwiintshukumo zakhe zopolitiko okaDube wayehlaba ekhangele kwaye engagxeki kwaphela, kodwa ephuma elubala ngamalungelo abantu abamnyama nangokubaluleka komanyano - wayibona imfuneko yokumanyana kwabantu abamnyama kude le, phambi kokuba kufike uGarvey kweli lizwe.

==Umfundisi/ititshala==

UDube wayekwayititshala, isithethi esibalulekileyo kwisekethe eyayifakana imilomo nabelungu kwiindibano ekwakusothulwa kuzo iintetho kwisizwe jikelele.  Ngo-1901 yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, [[uNokutela Dube]], baqala isikolo soshishino samaZulu angamaKrestu, nesaziwa nje nge[[siKolo semfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange]] kwase-Ohlange, kufuphi nase[[Phoenix, Durban|Phoenix]] kunye nas[[EkuPhakameni]]. Eli yayiliziko lemfundo lokuqala emZantsi Afrika ukuqalwa ngabantu abamnyama.  Wayezinika imfundiso zakhe ngokumenywa waza ke ngenxa yoko wawongwa ngesidanga sobugqirha kwifilosofi (kwezolwazi nobulumko). Igalelo lakhe njengetitshala alibhalwanga ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ubenayo ekwayibeka imibono yakhe ngemfundo nesiko emayisetyenziswe kwiindlela eziyingozi zorhulumente [[wengcinezelo]] xa athe waluthathelakuye ulawulo ngo-1948 efaka umthetho we[[Bantu Education Act]]. UDube wayebone kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa imfundo yaseNtshona kunye namasiko nezithethe zalapha ekuhlaleni, kodwa konke kwakhelwe ngendlela ekuphilwa nekwenziwa ngayo izinto ngama-Afrika. Imibono yakhe ngemfundo ifunyanwa kwi-*Ukuziphatha* kunye ne-*Isita*.

==Indoda eyayibhala iileta==
Uphakathi kwamadoda aye ziintloli zokuqala ezabhala iileta ezadlala indima enkulu ukuze kufunyanwe uncwadi lwesiZulu. Wayengomnye wabapapashi nababhali besiZulu bokuqala, nangona incwadi yokuqala ukupapashwa yayibhalwe ngu[[Magema Magwaza Fuze]], ombali yakhe ngamaZulu ithi, *Abantu abamnyama lapo bavela ngakona* (eguqulelwa esiXhoseni ngolu hlobo,"Abantu abamnyama nalapho bavela khona"), yapapashwa ngo-1922, kodwa yayibhalwe ngeminyaka yoo-1880 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1890s. Umsebenzi wokuqala owapapashwa nguDube kwakusisincoko esasibhalwe ngolwimi lwesiNgesi sincoko eso esasingokuziphucula nokubanesidima.Esi sincoko saapapashwa ngo-1910. Umsebenzi owakhokelela ekubeni makabe uwongwa ngesidanga sobugqirha befilosofi sisincoko esasisihloko sayo sithi*Umuntu Isita Sake Uqobo Lwake* ("Utshaba lomntu nguye yena qobo lwakhe") ibhalwe ngakutsha ngo-(1992)(uhlobo lwakudala lokubhala ngolwimi lwesiZulu phambi ko-1936). Waaqhubela phambili epapasha ineveli engembali ekwacaca okokuba iyathandwa kwaye inefuthe kwingqokolela yokubhalwe ngesiZulu phantsi kwesihloko esithi*Insila kaShaka* ("isicaka somzimba kaShaka") ngo(1930). UDube wayekwazinikele kumsebenzi wokubhala ngobomi beentsapho zeenkosi zamaZulu, ingakumbi iintsapho zeNkumkani uDinizulu, owaba ngumntu wokuqalwa ukubhalwa kwemvelaphi yakhe kwimbali yamaAfrika. Kukwakho neqela lemisebenzi engenafuthe nengabalulekanga kangako ngokomgangatho, imisebenzi efana nesincoko*Ukuziphatha* [esingokuziphatha komntu] ngo(1910).

Ngaphezu koko, uDube nenkosikazi yakhe bavula iphephandaba lokuqala elalibhalwe ngesi[[IsiZulu|Zulu]]/nangesiNgesi *Ilanga laseNatali* ngo-1903, olu papasho lwathi lwenzelwa umsitho womnyhadala kuvuyiswana nalo ngo-2003. *Ilanga laseNatali* alisazimelanga okoko lathi lathengwa ngumbutho wezopolitiko owawubizwa ngokuba y*Inkatha yeNkululelo yeSizwe* ngo-1988, owawukhokhelwa ng[[uMangosuthu Buthelezi]], waza wathi kamva waba ngumbutho wezopolitiko emva korhulumente wengcinezelo emZantsi Afrika wabizwa ngokuba y[[Inkatha Freedom Party]] (IFP). UDube wabhala waza wahlela izihlandlo ngezihlandlo kweli phepha nakwamanye awayenababhali amagama abo angowobuxoki. Wayesakupapasha namanye kwimibongo. Wafundisa iintatheli ezathi kamva zaqhubela phambili zabangabahleli kwiphepha lakhe banika inkxaso ekuqaqambiseni nasekuphuhliseni imbali noncwadi lwesiZulu.  

UDube nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, banconywa ngokwenza iculo lika[[Enoch Sontonga]] edumileyo ethi "[[Nkosi sikelel iAfrika|Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]". eli culo laathi kamva laba ngumhobe weSizwe emva kokuba ikwayala yeziko lemfundo ephakamileyo i-[[Ohlange High School|Ohlange iziko leMfundo]] ithe yalicula. Balicula kwindibano yombutho ka[[Khongolose wabantu beMveli beSizwekazi i-Afrika]] ngo-1912. Eli culo laaculwa emva komthandazo wokuvala, yaza i-ANC yamisa okokuba libe ngumhobe wokuvala ngokusesikweni ngo-1925. 1925.

==Ukufuthwa kwakhe nguBooker T. Washington==
UDube waliva ngokwakhe ifuthe lika lika[[Booker T. Washington]] xa wayehambele e-USA esiyakwandisa imfundo yakhe ekuqaleni phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1890. Yena ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe baqala [[Ohlange isikolo seMfundo ephakamileyo|isikolo semfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange]] ngo-1901, esi sisikolo esasenzelwe ukuba sifundise [[Bantu peoples|aBantu]] basetyhini ngendlela zempucuko ukuze bakhululeke baze bafumane indawo kwisizwe esiphucukileyo. Kwisincoko sakhe esithi *Ukuziphatha* uDube waaqaphela okokuba abantu basetyhini abamnyama ngabona babuthathaka ekuphuhliseni intlalo yabantu bemveli ngenxa yemiqathango nokuncitshiswa kwamathuba abo okuba bafunde, waza waqaphela okokuba impumelelo nokuqaqamba kwabantu basetyhini kuvutha kuphele okomlilo weendiza. Eyona nto eyaba nefuthe kwimpumelelo kaDube yaba kukufunda kwakhe incwadi yaseWashington esihloko sayo sithi *Up From Slavery*, incwadi engokuzithemba, ivangeli eyayishunyayelwa ngokwesiko laseMelika ng[[uRalph Waldo Emerson]]. Le ncwadi yaabonakalisa ukuba nefuthe elingummangaliso kwiingcinga zaBantu bemveli kwilizwe i-Afrika, nakuye wonke umntu omnyama ehlabathini jikelele. Yahamba yahamba yaguqulelwa nakwezinye iilwimi zaBantu abamnyama emZantsi Afrika, kodwa uDube akazange ayiguqulele nakoluphi na ulwimi, ndaweni yoko, wasuka wathatha iimfundiso zayo wazifaka ukuba zenziwe njengoba zinjalo. Obu bubuchule nenkqubela engazange yenziwa ngomnye umntu, ngaphandle koGarvey nemigushuzo yakhe eyayingathi ayinto  kangako kodwa ibalulekile kusopolitiki [[uSteve Biko]] ekwikhaya lakhe e[[King William's Town|Qonce]] kwiphondo laseMpuma-Koloni. UDube wayethanda kakhulu liziko lase Washington i[[Tuskegee]]; kwiminyaka emva koko, uMarcus Garvey waazama ukubona i-Washington kuba yabanomtsalane ofana nokaDube nakuye, ngangona yena waafika eMelika ngo-1916, yayise ifile ke yona iWashington kumnyaka ogqithileyo. Isikolo sikaDube sisasebenza nangoku. UDube wayelikholwa elingagungqiyo ekuzithembeni, ekuziphatheni nangokunxanelwa ukomoya wokuqonda ukuba nesidima nentlonipho emehlweni abantu. Kw*Isita'' ushumayela ukuzimela nemfuneko yokuba abantu abamnyama baziqalele amathuba ezoqoqosho ukuze bahlonitshwe lihlabathi.  

Impumelelo yombutho kaNokutela noJohn Dube yayingenakwayanyaniswa nomtshato wabo. Bathi kona bakungabi nabantwana kwabonwa njengento embi kuNokutela,   waza uJohn wanguyise wosana lwabo bantwana babo. Kwavulwa ikomiti yokuphanda uJohn, kodwa zange enziwe nto waza uNokutela waziva enukunezwe ngokomphefumlo.  Esi sibini soohlukana phakathi ngo-1914, waza Nokutela wafudukela kwiPhondo laseTransvaal wahlala apho ke de wafikelwa kukugula sisifo sezintso. Wabuyela wayakuhlala noJohn Dube eRhawutini, waza wasweleka 
ngo-1917 enama-44 eminyaka ubudala. Abantu ababezimase umngwabo wakhe yayinguPixley&nbsp;uka&nbsp; uIsaka&nbsp;uSeme namanye amalungu aphambili ento eyayizakuba yi-African National Congress.

## Imisebenzi olusekwe phezu kwalo eli phepha

## Uxhumano lwangaphandle
*