Giacomo Puccini

Hi **Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini** (Disyembre 22, 1858 – Nobyembre 29, 1924) usa nga Italyano ngakompositor hin opera nga sinisiring nga usá han mga makarit nga mga kompositor hin opera han urhe nga ika-19 ngan syahan nga bahin han ika-20 nga siglo. Gintawag hiyá nga amo "an pinakaharangdon nga kompositor hin Italyano nga opera sunod kan Verdi".
An sayó nga bahin han mga buhat ni Puccini nahibase han minat-an nga urhe-nga-ika-19-nga gatostuig nga romantiko nga opera nga Italyano. Ha urhé, malinamposon niya nga naipadukwag an iya buhat han baga-hin-tuód nga estilo nga *[[verismo]]*, nga diin usá hiyá han mga nangunguna nga nagbandilyo.

An mga kilalado nga sinurat ni Puccini amo an *[[La bohème]]* (1896), *[[Tosca (opera)|Tosca]]* (1900), *[[Madama Butterfly]]* (1904), ngan *[[Turandot]]* (1924), ngatanan hini upod han mga importante nga opera nga gintutukar nga mga standard.

## Musika
Bisan kon hi Puccini kilalado tungod han iya mga opera, nagkomposo gihapon hiya hin mga piyesa para hin orkestra, sagrado nga musika, *chamber* nga musika, ngan mga kanta para han tingog ngan piano.

### Mga Opera ni Puccini
* *[[Le Villi]]*, 1884. 
* *[[Edgar (opera)|Edgar]]*, 1889.
* *[[Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|Manon Lescaut]]*, 1893.
* *[[La bohème]]*, 1896.
* *[[Tosca (opera)|Tosca]]*, 1900.
* *[[Madama Butterfly]]*, 1904.
* *[[La fanciulla del West]]*, 1910.
* *[[La rondine]]*, 1917.
* *[[Il Trittico]]*: *[[Il Tabarro]]*, *[[Suor Angelica]]*, *[[Gianni Schicchi]]*, 1918.
* *[[Turandot]]*, waray matapos han 1924 han panahon han pagtalikod hin kadayonan han kompositor, ginsyahan ini nga ginpasundayag han 1926 hin bersyon nga ginkumpleto ni Franco Alfano.

### Mga buhat ni Puccini ngan mga bersyon
* *Messa* (tinatawag hin sayop nga *Messa di Gloria*, nga Misa, Lucca, 1880)
* *Preludio Sinfonico ha A major* (Milan, 1882)
* *Capriccio Sinfonico* (Milan, 1883)
* *Le Villi* (1884-05-31 Teatro dal Verme, Milan) 
* *Le Villi* [rev] (1884-12-26 Teatro Regio, Turin) 
* *Edgar* (1889-04-21 Teatro alla Scala, Milan - 4 ka acta)
* *Edgar* [rev ] (1891-09-05 Teatro del Giglio, Lucca - 4 ka acta) 
* *Edgar* [rev 2] (1892-02-28 Teatro Comunale, Ferrara - 3 ka acta) 
* *Manon Lescaut* (1893-02-01 Teatro Regio, Turin) 
* *La bohème* (1896-02-01 Teatro Regio, Turin) 
* *Tosca* (1900-01-14 Teatro Costanzi, Rome) 
* *Madama Butterfly* (1904-02-17 Teatro alla Scala, Milan) 
* *Madama Butterfly* [rev] (1904-05-28 Teatro Grande, Brescia) 
* *Edgar *[rev 3] (1905-07-08 Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires - 3 ka acta) 
* *Madama Butterfly* [rev 2] (1905-07-10 Covent Garden, London) 
* *Madama Butterfly* [rev 3] (1905-12-28 Opéra Comique, Paris) 
* *La fanciulla del West* (1910-12-10 Metropolitan Opera, New York) 
* *La rondine* (1917-03-27 Opéra, Monte Carlo) 
* *Il trittico* (1918-12-14 Metropolitan Opera, New York): 
** *Il tabarro* 
** *Suor Angelica* 
** *Gianni Schicchi*
* *Turandot* (1926-04-25 Teatro alla Scala, Milan)

## Mga reperensya
**Pinanbasaran**

**Mga pagkukuhaan**
* Ashbrook, William & Powers H. *Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition*, Princeton Univ. Press, 1991.
* Author unknown, *Hampton's Magazine* Vol. 26 No. 3, March 1911.
* Author unknown, "The Stage," *Munsey's Magazine* Vol. 44 p.&nbsp;6., 1911.
* Author unknown, "New York Acclaims Puccini's New Opera," *Theatre Magazine*, Vol. 13 No. 119, January 1911.
* Berger, William, *Puccini Without Excuses: A Refreshing Reassessment of the World's Most Popular Composer*, Random House Digital, 2005, ISBN 1-4000-7778-8.
* Budden, Julian, *Puccini: His Life and Works*, Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 978-0-19-816468-5
*Carner, Mosco, *Puccini: A Critical Biography*, Alfred Knopf, 1959.
* Centro di Studi Giacomo Puccini, "Catedrale di S. Martino", Puccini.it, Retrieved 3 Nobyembre 2012.
* Checchi, Eugenio, in *Nuova Antologia*, Francisco Protonotari. ed (in Italian), December 1897, pp.&nbsp;470–481.
* Dry, Wakeling *Giacomo Puccini*, London & New York: John Lane, 1905.
* Eaton, W.P., "Where We Stand in Opera," *American Magazine*, Vol. 71 No. 5, March 1911.
* Espinoza, Javier, "Revealed: the identity of Puccini's secret lover", *The Guardian* (London), 29 Septyembre 2007.
* Fisher, Burton D., *Puccini's IL TRITTICO,* Miami: Opera Journeys Pub., 2003, ISBN 0-9771455-6-5.
* Kendell, Colin (2012), *The Complete Puccini: The Story of the World's Most Popular Operatic Composer*, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 2012. ISBN 9781445604459 ISBN 1-4456-0445-0
* Keolker, James, "Last Acts, The Operas of Puccini and His Italian Contemporaries", 2001.
* Gervasoni, Carlo, *Nuova teoria di musica ricavata dall'odierna pratica* (New theory of music distilled from modern-day practice) Milano: Blanchon, 1812.
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* Montgomery, Alan, *Opera Coaching: Professional Techniques And Considerations*, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, ISBN 9780415976015.
* Mourby, Adriano, "Scandalissimo! Puccini's sex life exposed," *The Independent*, 6 Hulyo 2008.
* Osborne, Charles, *The Complete Operas of Puccini: A Critical Guide*, De Capo Press, (1982).
* Randall, Annie J. and David, Rosalind G., *Puccini & the Girl*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press ISDN 0226703894
* Ravenni, Gabriella Biagi and Michele Girardi, *Giacomo (Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria) Puccini (ii)* in Grove Music Online, accessed 9 Agosto 2012.
* Siff, Ira, "Puccini: La Fanciulla del West," *Opera News*, Vol. 77 No. 1, July 2012.
* Sadie, Stanley; Laura Williams Macy, *The Grove Book of Operas*.
* Sadie, Stanley (ed.), *[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]*, London: Macmillan/New York: Grove, 1980, ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
* Smith, Peter Fox. *A Passion for Opera*. Trafalgar Square Books, 2004. ISBN 1-57076-280-5.
* Streatfield, Richard Alexander, *Masters of Italian music,* C. Scribner's Sons, 1895.
* Weaver, William, and Simonetta Puccini, eds. *The Puccini Companion*, W.W. Norton & Co., 1994 ISBN 0-393-029-30
* Wilson, Alexandra, *The Puccini Problem: Opera, Nationalism, and Modernity*, Cambridge University Press (2007)

* http://www.bohemianopera.com/puccini.htm 
* http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/puccini.html 

## Mga Sumpay ha Gawas
* Puccini cylinder recordings, tikang han Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project han University of California, Santa Barbara Library.

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*Centro Studi di Giacomo Puccini
*American Center for Puccini Studies
*Puccini-Research-Center
*Festival Puccini e la sua Lucca
*''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Giacomo Puccini
*Puccini cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
*Puccini's music in movies
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