open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kumpuwesto kimikal

An **Kumpuwesto kimikal** amo an puro nga sustansiya kemikal nga mayda duha o labaw pa nga dirudilain nga elemento kimikal nga puydi mapabulag ha mas yano nga sustansya ha pamaagi hit reaksyon kemikal ngan mayda kalugaringon nga kinaiya ngan istruktura kemikal.

## Padugang nga barasahon
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas
Elektrisidad

An **elektrisidad**  amo an mga panhitabo nga mayda ngan naawas hit elektrik nga karga.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga reperensya
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Benjamin, P. (1898). A history of electricity (The intellectual rise in electricity) from antiquity to the days of Benjamin Franklin. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* "One-Hundred Years of Electricity", May 1931, Popular Mechanics
* Illustrated view of how an American home's electrical system works 
* Electricity around the world
* Electricity Misconceptions
* Electricity and Magnetism 
* Understanding Electricity and Electronics in about 10 Minutes
* World Bank report on Water, Electricity and Utility subsidies
Impormasyon Teknolohiya

An **Impormasyon Teknolohiya** amo an pagaram, pagdesenyo, pagpauswag, pagpasunod, pagsuporta ngan pagdumara han sistema imporamasyon nga base ha kompyuter, labi na an software ngan hardware.

## Pinanbasaran

**Bibliograpiya**

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Padugang nga barasahon
* Allen, T., and M. S. Morton, eds. 1994. *Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s*. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Gleick, James (2011).*[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]*. New York: Pantheon Books.
* Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999). *Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Course Technology.
* Webster, Frank, and Robins, Kevin. (1986). *Information Technology&nbsp;– A Luddite Analysis*. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas
* The Global Information Technology Report 2008–2009
Software

An **kompyuter software** o **software** amo an mga programa, pamaagi ngan dokumentasyon ha sistema han kompyuter.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* 
* Software in Open Directory Project 
* Software glitches are sometimes deadly
Pinulongan hin programa

An **Pinulongan hin programa** amo an nababasahan han makina nga artipisyal nga lingwahe nga gindesenyo makasumat hin kompyutasyon nga ginpapadalagan hit makina labi na hit kompyuter. 

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon

*  
* Raphael Finkel: *[http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ Advanced Programming Language Design] *, Addison Wesley 1995.
* Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, Christopher T. Haynes: *[[Essentials of Programming Languages]]*, The MIT Press 2001.
* Maurizio Gabbrielli and Simone Martini: "Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms", Springer, 2010.
* David Gelernter, Suresh Jagannathan: *Programming Linguistics*, The MIT Press 1990.
* Ellis Horowitz (ed.): *Programming Languages, a Grand Tour* (3rd ed.), 1987.
* Ellis Horowitz: *Fundamentals of Programming Languages*, 1989.
* Shriram Krishnamurthi: *[[Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation]]*, online publication.
* Bruce J. MacLennan: *Principles of Programming Languages: Design, Evaluation, and Implementation*, Oxford University Press 1999.
* John C. Mitchell: *Concepts in Programming Languages*, Cambridge University Press 2002.
* Benjamin C. Pierce: *[[Types and Programming Languages]]*, The MIT Press 2002.
* Terrence W. Pratt and Marvin V. Zelkowitz: *Programming Languages: Design and Implementation* (4th ed.), Prentice Hall 2000.
* Peter H. Salus. *Handbook of Programming Languages* (4 vols.). Macmillan 1998.
* Ravi Sethi: *Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs*, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley 1996.
* Michael L. Scott: *Programming Language Pragmatics*, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2005.
* Robert W. Sebesta: *Concepts of Programming Languages*, 9th ed., Addison Wesley 2009.
* Franklyn Turbak and David Gifford with Mark Sheldon: *Design Concepts in Programming Languages*, The MIT Press 2009.
* Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi. *[[Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming]]*, The MIT Press 2004.
* David A. Watt. *Programming Language Concepts and Paradigms*. Prentice Hall 1990.
* David A. Watt and Muffy Thomas. *Programming Language Syntax and Semantics*. Prentice Hall 1991.
* David A. Watt. *Programming Language Processors*. Prentice Hall 1993.
* David A. Watt. *Programming Language Design Concepts*. John Wiley & Sons 2004.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* 99 Bottles of Beer  A collection of implementations in many languages.
*
Leon

An **leon** (Panthera leo) amo an usa ha upat nga dagko nga kamisayan ha genus Panthera, ngan miyembro han banay Felidae. An ***Panthera leo*** in uska species han Mammalia nga syahan ginhulagway ni Linnaeus hadton 1758. An *Panthera leo* in nahilalakip ha genus nga *[[Panthera]]*, ngan familia nga felidae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan.

## Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

* *P. l. persica*
* *P. l. leo*
* *P. l. azandica*
* *P. l. bleyenberghi*
* *P. l. hollisteri*
* *P. l. kamptzi*
* *P. l. krugeri*
* *P. l. massaica*
* *P. l. melanochaita*
* *P. l. nyanzae*
* *P. l. senegalensis*

## Mga kasarigan
## Mga kasarigan





## Mga sumpay ha gawas
Intelihensya artipisyal

An **intelihensya artipisyal** intelihensya nga ginpapakita han mga makina, pero diri pareho sugad han natural nga intelihensya nga ginpapakita han katawhan ngan kahayopan, nga nanginginlabot an consciousness ngan emosyon.
Limon

An **limon** amo an tawag ha *Citrus limon*. An ***Citrus limon*** in uska species han Magnoliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nicolaas Laurens Nicolaus Laurent Burman. An *Citrus limon* in nahilalakip ha genus nga *[[Citrus]]*, ngan familia nga Rutaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

## Galeriya


File:Lemon-citrus limon seedling.jpg|Lemon seedling.
File:Citrus limon - Lemon tree - Limonero - Limoeiro.JPG|Full sized tree
File:Citrus x Limon JPG1.jpg|A lemon tree in Corsica
File:Citrus limonum 1.JPG|Flowers.
File:Bees-really-like-pollinating-my-myer-lemon-tree.jpg||A bee on a Meyer lemon flower
File:Citrus limonum.JPG|Fruit and flowers.
File:Citrus lemon not ripe.jpeg|Unripe lemon on tree
File:Citrus fruits on tree.jpg|Green and yellow lemons in growth.
File:Citrus x limon 'Variegated Pink' - Lemon.jpg|Variegated pink lemon.
File:Citrus limonum 3.JPG|Buds, flowers, unripe and ripe fruits on the same plant.
File:Citron.jpg|Lemons for sale at a supermarket.
File:Starr 080605-6736 Citrus limon.jpg|Lemon slices.
File:Lemon Pickle.jpg|Lemon Pickle
Image:LemonEssentialOil.png|Lemon (*Citrus limon*) essential oil in a clear glass vial



## Pinanbasaran




## Mga sumpay ha gawas
Ubas

An **Ubas**  amo an tawag ha prutas ngan tanum han genus Vitis.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
* Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy. (2009). *Grapes* (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-401-9

*
Saging

An **Saging**  amo an tawag ha prutas ngan ha herbaciouas na tanum han genus Musa. An sab'a (Eng. plantain), latundan o kosta, lakatan (cavandish), bungoran ngan pakol amo in mga klase han saging. ang puno ni kay gihimoan gina iyot ug mga bisaya pag gi libog sinda kuno.

## Pinanbasaran

## Bibliograpiya

* 
*   
* 

* 
*   

## Padugang nga barasahon
*Dan Koeppel, *[[The New York Times]]* article of June 18, 2008, "Yes, We Will Have No Bananas"
* Harriet Lamb, "Fighting The Banana Wars and other Fairtrade Battles", ISBN 978-1-84604-083-2

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Kew plant profile: ''Musa acuminata'' (banana)
* Articles on banana trade at ''Agritrade'' 
* How the global banana industry is killing the world’s favorite fruit , by Gwynn Guilford of Quartz/MSN News, March 3, 2014
Bunga

An **bunga** nga agsob tawagon liwat nga **prutas** (Iningles:Fruit) (Pambansa:Bunga/Prutas) (tikang han Kinatsila nga pulong nga *fruta*) amo an pamaagi han tanom para makakalat hin mga liso. Kun mayda liso, nagpapasabot nga an istruktura puydi maging bunga pero diri ini kasirigngon nga kun may-ada anak nga liso, pirmi ini bunga.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
;Mga libro
* Gollner, Adam J. (2010). *The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce, and Obsession*. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-9695-3
* Watson, R.R. / Preedy, V.R. (2010, eds.). *Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health: Fruits and Vegetables*. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-374628-3

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*
*Images of fruit development from flowers  at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
*Fruit and seed dispersal images  at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
*Fruit Facts  from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.
*Photo ID of Fruits  by Capt. Pawanexh Kohli
Keso

An **Keso** amo an pagkaon nga protina ngan tambok tikang ha gatas. An Kiseyo usa na klase sin keso na nagtitikang san gatas san karabaw ngan ginhihimo sa Gandara, Samar.

## Pinanbasaran

## Bibliograpiya

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Padugang nga barasahon
*Layton, T. A. (1967) *The ... Guide to Cheese and Cheese Cookery*. London: Wine and Food Society (reissued by the Cookery Book Club, 1971)

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Cheese Making Illustrated  – The science behind homemade cheese.
* 
* Cheese.com – includes an extensive database of different types of cheese.
* Classification of cheese – why is one cheese type different from another?
Kamelyo

An **kamel** o **kamelyo** amo an usa ka hayop nga tikang ha genus *Camelus*. An ***Camelus*** in uska genus han Mammalia. An *Camelus* in nahilalakip ha familia nga Camelidae. 

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

## Pinanbasaran




## Mga reperensya
* 
* 
* Camels and Camel Milk. Report Issued by FAO, United Nations. (1982)
* 
* 

## Padugang nga barasahon
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* International Society of Camelid Research and Development 
* Six Green Reasons to Drink Camel's Milk
* Use of camels by South African police
* The Camel as a pet
Baka

An ***Bos taurus*** in uska species han Mammalia nga ginhulagway ni Linnaeus hadton 1758. An *Bos taurus* in nahilalakip ha genus nga *[[Bos]]*, ngan familia nga Bovidae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo naubos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
An **baka** amo an usa ka hayop nga miyembro han ubos-banay Bovinae han banay Bovidae. An baka an pinakadaramo san mga myembro san *genus* *[[Bos]]*, ngan ginkikilala na ***Bos taurus*** parihu han karabaw.  Gin'aataman an baka na *[[livestock]]* para sa iya karne (beef ngan veal), ngan para sa gatas ngan iba pa na dairy products nga anit. May'ada mga parte ha India na an baka may kahulugan han ira relihiyon. Una na gin'ataman an baka Turkey, mga 10,500 katuig an nakaagi, May'ada maabot sa 1.3 bilyones na kabakahan yan sa kalibutan. Sadton 2009, an baka an una na pan-livestock na hayop na bug'os na-mapa an iya genome.

## Mga kasarigan




## Mga sumpay ha gawas
Halas

An **halas** o **dupóng** (Iningles: *snake*) usa ka reptilya han orden Squamata ngan ubos-orden Serpentes. An sawa ngan ibingan amo an mga halimbawa san halas na agsub maiimdan ha Samar.

## Ebolusyon

An *fossil* na makikilala na kanan halas una na nabuhi sadton *[[Cretaceous]] period*. An giaagapi na *fossil* san halas nagtikang sa Utah ngan Algeria, na nagrepresentar sa genera *[[Coniophis]]* ngan *[[Lapparentophis]]*. Inin mga lugar na gintikangan sini na mga *fossil* nagkakaedad sadton Albian ug Cenomanian san panahon sa kaurhian  san *Cretaceous*, haros 112 tubtob 94 milyones katuig an nakalabay. Sugad man, an sayo nga lugar sa Algeria nagkakaedad sin sin 125 tubtob 112 milyones katuig an nakalabay.

## Distribusyon

May'ada lahos sa 2,900 na specie san halas na mahihiagiaan tikang ha *Arctic Circle* ha Scandinavia ha norte tubtob timog ha Australia. Mahihiagian an halas sa natanan na kontinente maliban ha Antarctica. Mahihiagian liwat ini sa kadagatan, ngan sa higtaas na lugar sugad san Himalayan Mountains ha Asya. Daramo na puro na kun diin wara halas, sugad san Ireland, Iceland, ngan New Zealand (kudi an dagat sa libot san New Zealand pirmi ginbibisita san yellow-bellied sea snake ngan san banded sea krait).

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (INDIA)
* 
* 
* 
*BBC Nature:  Snake news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.
*Basics of snake taxonomy at Life is Short but Snakes are Long
Bukád

An **bukád** amo an istruktura para han reproduksyun han mga namumukad nga mga tanum ha divisyon Magnoliophyta o mas kilala na *angiosperms*.

## Morpholohiya

### Mga parte han bukad
An duha na *essential* na parte ha bukad amo an; *vegetative part*, na sakob an mga petals ngan mga katupad na struktura sa   *perianth*, ngan an *reproductive* o *sexual* nga parte. An typikal na bukad may'ada upat na klase sin struktura na na nakakabit  sa dulo san haliput na *stalk*.

## Panganak

An mga bukad amu in nadamu, u iba panman nga mga tanum ug utan nga may-ada bukad pina-agui san putyukan, alibhangbhang

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
* Esau, Katherine (1965) *Plant Anatomy* (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
* Greyson, R. I. (1994) *The Development of Flowers*. Oxford University Press.
* Leins, P., Erbar, C. (2010) *Flower and Fruit*. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart.
* Sattler, R. (1973) *Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas*. University of Toronto Press.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Native Plant Information Network
*[ Israeli researchers bring scent back to our flowers VIDEO&#93;
Puno (pansayod)

An **Puno** may mga kasirigngon nga:

*Puno, Peru - usa ka syudad ha Peru
*Puno (lalawigan) - usa ka lalawigan ha nasod han Peru
*Puno (rehiyon) - usa ka rehiyon ha nasod han Peru
*Puno - tanom o parte han tanom
Archaea

An **Archaea** amo an usa ka grupo hin tig-usa ka selula nga kagaw.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

**General**
* Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology
* Oceans of Archaea&nbsp;– E.F. DeLong, *ASM News*, 2003

**Classification**
* NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea
* Genera of the domain Archaea &nbsp;– list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
* Tree of Life illustration showing how Archaea relates to other lifeforms 
* Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms&nbsp;– discovery of the ARMAN group of archaea

**Genomics**
* Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC
* Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes  (at DOE's IMG system)
Bakunawa

An **bakunawa** (Iningles:Eclipse)  amo an langitnon nga panhitabo kun diin an usa langitnon nga butang naagi ha lambong ha igkasi u nasalipud ha igkasi.

## Inadlaw nga bakunawa

1. Bug-os nga Bakunawa

2. Diri bug-os nga Bakunawa

## Binulan nga Bakunawa

1. Bug-os nga Bakunawa

2. Diri Bug-os nga Bakunawa

## Mga kasarigan
Bisikleta

An **Bisikleta** usa nga duha it kaliding nga sarakyan nga pinipidalan hit tawo para lumarga.
## Pinanbasaran

### Padugang nga barasahon
* 
* Max Glaskin, *[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo14350452.html Cycling Science: How Rider and Machine Work Together]* January 2013, University of Chicago Press,  ISBN 9780226921877
* Raymond Huttier. *Le roman de la bicyclette, du célérifère au vélo moderne.* (Bicycle history) 139 p. illustré. Editions Susse, Paris. 1951.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Pedaling History Museum  The world's largest bicycle museum
* A range of Traffic Advisory Leaflets  produced by the UK Department for Transport covering cycling.
* A History of Bicycles and Other Cycles  at the Canada Science and Technology Museum
Karnero

An **karnero** usa ka hayop nga aada ha orden Artiodactyla. An ***Ovis aries*** in uska species han Mammalia nga ginhulagway ni Linnaeus hadton 1758. An *Ovis aries* in nahilalakip ha genus nga *[[Ovis]]*, ngan familia nga Bovidae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

## Pinanbasaran




## Mga reperensya
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* American Sheep Industry
* Sheep Industry  (Queensland)
* Canadian Sheep Federation 
* National Sheep Association (UK)
* New Zealand Sheepbreeders Association
* Sheep magazine , all articles available free online
* View the sheep genome in Ensembl
Sarakyan nga nalupad

An **sarakyan nga nalupad** amo an sarakyan nga nakakalupad.

## Kitaa Gihapon
*Idro

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

## Mga kasarigan

**Kasaysayan**
*Prehistory of Powered Flight 
*The Channel Crossing 
*The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA) 
*Virtual Museum
*Smithsonian Air and Space Museum  – Online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
*''New Scientist's'' History of Aviation
*Amazing Early Flying Machines  slideshow by *[[Life magazine]]*
;
**Impormasyon**
*Airliners.net
*Aviation Dictionary  Free aviation terms, phrases and jargons
*''New Scientist's'' Aviation page
Awto

An **awto**, **sarakyán-de-motór**, **sarakyan pantuna** o **sarakyan** amo an may kaliding nga makina nga gingagamit pagsakay hit mga pasahero.

## Mga kasarigan

## Padugang nga barasahon
* Halberstam, David, *The Reckoning*, New York, Morrow, 1986. ISBN 0-688-04838-2
* Kay, Jane Holtz, *Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back*, New York, Crown, 1997. ISBN 0-517-58702-5
* Heathcote Williams, *Autogeddon*, New York, Arcade, 1991. ISBN 1-55970-176-5
*Wolfgang Sachs: *For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our desires*, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0-520-06878-5

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
*Forum for the Automobile and Society
Telepono

An **Telepono** amo an usa nga gamit hit telekomunikasyon.
## Pinanbasaran

## Mga reperensya
* Coe, Lewis (1995), ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9
* Evenson, A. Edward (2000), ''The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0883-9
* Baker, Burton H. (2000), *The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone*. St. Joseph, Michigan: Telepress. ISBN 0-615-11329-X
* Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003), ''The Worldwide History of Telecommunications''. Hoboken: New Jersey: Wiley-IEEE Press . ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0
* John, Richard R. *Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications* (Harvard University Press; 2010) 520 pages; traces the evolution of the country's telegraph and telephone networks.
* Josephson, Matthew (1992), *Edison: A Biography*. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-54806-5
* Bruce, Robert V. (1990), ''Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9691-8.

## Padugang nga barasahon

* Sobel, Robert (1974), *The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition*. Weybright & Talley. ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
* Todd, Kenneth P. (1998), ''A Capsule History of the Bell System'' . American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T).
* Ronell, Avital. (1989), ''The Telephone Book: Technology, Schizophrenia, Electric Speech'' (ISBN 0-8032-8938-3)

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data
* 1911 Britannica "Telephone" article 
* Virtual museum of early telephones
* The Telephone, 1877 
* Telephone Citizendium
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* FYI Downloader
Libro

An **basahon** o **libro** amo an koleksyon hit sinurat, pinatik, may litrato, o waray surat nga mga papel nga may panabon. 

Puydi magsurat an mga ilimintu ngadtu ha ibba nga mga ilimintu para mabasa han tawo. Sugad hit Kumpyutir, Tilibisyun. Kalkuladur

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Centre for the History of the Book 
* Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World 
* Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing
* *[http://www.sil.si.edu/SILPublications/old-books.htm Old Books, How to find information on publication history and value]* (1998) Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Kaliding

An **kaliding** usa ka malidong nga butang nga nalibot ha iya aksis nga gingagamit pag-alsa hit mga mag-bug-at nga butang o gamit hit mga buruhaton han makina.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga sumpay ha gawas
* The Oldest Wooden Wheel. Virtual exhibition. City Museum of Ljubljana. Accessed 31 January 2012.
Plautá

An **plautá** amo an usa ka instrumento ha musika.

## Pinanbasaran

## Bibliograpiya

*Buchanan, Donna A. 2001. "Bulgaria §II: Traditional Music, 2: Characteristics of Pre-Socialist Musical Culture, 1800–1944, (iii): Instruments". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
*Crane, Frederick. 1972. *Extant Medieval Musical Instruments: A Provisional Catalogue by Types*. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-022-6
*Galway, James. 1982. *Flute*. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Macdonald. ISBN 0-356-04711-3 (cloth); ISBN 0-356-04712-1 (pbk.) New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-871380-X Reprinted 1990, London: Kahn & Averill London: Khan & Averill ISBN 1-871082-13-7
*Phelan, James, *The Complete Guide to the [Flute and Piccolo]* (Burkart-Phelan, Inc., 2004)
*Putnik, Edwin. 1970. *The Art of Flute Playing*. Evanston, Illinois: Summy-Birchard Inc. Revised edition 1973, Princeton, New Jersey and Evanston, Illinois. ISBN 0-87487-077-1
*Toff, Nancy. 1985. *The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers*. New York: Charles's Scribners Sons. ISBN 0-684-18241-6 Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8771-5 Second Edition 1996, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510502-8
*Wye, Trevor. 1988. *Proper Flute Playing: A Companion to the Practice Books*. London: Novello. ISBN 0-7119-8465-4
*Maclagan,Susan J. "A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist", 2009, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6711-6

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Essay on the Jiahu flutes from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
*A selection of historic flutes from around the world at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
** Walking Stick Flute and Oboe, Georg Henrich Scherer, Butzbach, ca. 1750–57
**  Glass flute, Claude Laurent, Paris, 1813
** Porcelain flute, Saxony, 1760–1790
** Pair of ivory flutes by Johann Wilhelm Oberlender, mid 18th century, Nuremberg
** Flute by Garion, Paris, ca. 1720–1740
*nature.com New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany
* 
* Flute acoustics Resources on flute acoustics from the University of New South Wales.
Sista

An **sista** o **gitara** amo an usa ka instrumento ha musika.

## Pinanbasaran

### Mga pagkukuhaan
*
* Gioia, Joe. *The Guitar and the New World: A Fugitive History*  (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013) 254 pp.
*
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Instruments In Depth: The Guitar  An online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (October 2007)
*Stalking the Oldest Six-String Guitar 
*Guitar physics 
*International Guitar Research Archive 
*The Guitar, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art featuring many historic guitars from the Museum's collection
Piano

An **piano** amo an usa ka instrumento ha musika.

## Pinanbasaran

## Bibliograpiya
*Dolge, Alfred. *Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano*.  Covina Publishing Company, 1911.
*Isacoff, Stuart. *A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians - From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between*. Knopf Doubleday Publishing, 2012.
*Pollens, Stewart. *The Early Pianoforte*. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

## Padugang nga barasahon
* 
* 
*  
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* White, William H. (1909). *Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building*. New York: E. Lyman Bill.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Kasaysayan han Piano Forte , Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK
* Section '''Table of Music Pitches''' han Pagpurulongan Multimedia Musika han Virginia Tech
* An Makasaysayan Tinirok ni Frederick hin mga Piano
* An Pianofortes ni Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Agi han Oras han Kasaysayan hin Arte, An Museo Metropolitano hin Arte
Torotot

An **trompeta** amo an usa ka instrumento han musika.

## Pinanbasaran

### Bibliograpiya
*Barclay, Robert. *The Art of the Trumpet-Maker: The Materials, Tools and Techniques of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in Nuremberg *, Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-816223-5
*Bate, Philip. *The Trumpet and Trombone: An Outline of Their History, Development, and Construction*, Ernest Benn, 1978, ISBN 0-393-02129-7
*Brownlow, James Arthur. *The Last Trumpet: A History of the English Slide Trumpet*, Pendragon Press, 1996, ISBN 0-945193-81-5
*Campos, Frank Gabriel. *Trumpet Technique*, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-516692-2
*Cassone, Gabriele. *The Trumpet Book*, pages 352+CD, illustrated, Zecchini Editore, 2009, ISBN 88-87203-80-6
*Sherman, Roger. *Trumpeter's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Playing and Teaching the Trumpet*, Accura Music, 1979, ISBN 0-918194-02-4
*Skardinski, Stan. *You Can't Be Timid With a Trumpet: Notes from the Orchestra*, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1980, ISBN 0-688-41963-1
*Smithers, Don L.  *The Music and History of the Baroque Trumpet Before 1721*, Syracuse University Press, 1973, ISBN 0-8156-2157-4.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*International Trumpet Guild, international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.
*Trumpet Live ,— an exclusive video pedagogy website for trumpet featuring the teachings and performance of leading international trumpet players.
*Trumpet Playing Articles by Jeff Purtle, protege of Claude Gordon
*Trumpet Players' International Network is the oldest and largest email list with members from all parts of world.
*Jay Lichtmann's trumpet studies  Scales and technical trumpet studies.
*Dallas Music&nbsp;— a non-profit musical instrument resource site
*
Tren

An **tren** usa ka sarakyan nga gumagamit hit riles, hinangbayan nga aragian o dalan nga puthaw.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
* , 256 pp.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas
Tenis

An **tenis** o **tinis** usa ka paugnat-ha-kusog han duha ka magmurulay o duha ka kampo nga tig-duha it magmuruglay.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
* Barrett, John *Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships* (HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 978-0-00-711707-9
* Collins, Bud *History of Tennis&nbsp;— An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book* (New Chapter Press, 2010) ISBN 978-0-942257-70-0
* Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.) *The Fireside Book of Tennis* (Simon and Schuster, 1972) ISBN 978-0-671-21128-8
* Doherty, Reginald Frank *R.F. and H.L. Doherty&nbsp;— On Lawn Tennis* (Kessinger Publishing, 2010) ISBN 978-1-167-08589-5
* Dwight, Eleanor *Tie Breaker&nbsp;— Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century* (Scala Books, 2010) ISBN 978-1-905377-40-4
* Gillmeister, Heiner *Tennis: A Cultural History* (Continuum, 1998) ISBN 978-0-7185-0195-2
* Grimsley, Will *Tennis&nbsp;— Its History, People and Events* (Prentice-Hall, 1971) ISBN 0-13-903377-7
* King, Billie Jean and Starr, Cynthia *We Have Come a Long Way* (McGraw-Hill, 1998) ISBN 0-07-034625-9
* Whitehead, Dave *The Tennis Junkie's Guide (To Serious Humor)*. (iUniverse, 2002) ISBN 0-595-65364-2
* Whitman, Malcolm D. *Tennis&nbsp;— Origins and Mysteries* (Dover Publications, 2004) ISBN 0-486-43357-9

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

;Mga internasyonal nga organisasyon
* International Tennis Federation (ITF)
* Association of Tennis Players (ATP) : Men's Professional Tennis Organization
* Women's Tennis Association (WTA) : Women's Professional Tennis Organization

;Team competitions
* Davis Cup 
* Fed Cup 

;Iba 
* International Tennis Hall of Fame
* Tennis Grand Slam tournaments history
Pulbura

An **pulbura** amo tinimpla nga asupre, uring ngan potassium nitrate.

## Pinanbasaran

* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* 
* .

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Gun and Gunpowder
*  The Origins of Gunpowder
* Cannons and Gunpowder

* Oare Gunpowder Works, Kent, UK
* Royal Gunpowder Mills
* The DuPont Company on the Brandywine A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that covers the founding and early history of the DuPont Company powder yards in Delaware
* 
* Video Demonstration  of the Medieval Siege Society's Guns, Including showing ignition of gunpowder
* Black Powder Recipes 
*
Bumuruto

An **bumuruto** amo an kumpuwesto kimikal nga nasusuritan ngan nabuto nga mayda dako nga tingog.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga reperensya
* Army Research Office. *Elements of Armament Engineering (Part One)*. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Materiel Command, 1964.
* Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command. *Safety and Performance Tests for Qualification of Explosives.* NAVORD OD 44811. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
* Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command. *Weapons Systems Fundamentals.* NAVORD OP 3000, vol. 2, 1st rev. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971.
* Departments of the Army and Air Force. *Military Explosives.* Washington, D.C.: 1967.
* USDOT Hazardous Materials Transportation Placards
* Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests, and Landscap. Occurrence and relevance of organic pollutants in compost, digestate and organic residues. *Research for Agriculture and Nature*. 8 November 2004. p 52, 91, 182.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas
* Class 1 Hazmat Placards
* Blaster Exchange - Explosives Industry Portal 
* Explosives info 
* Explosives GlobalSecurity.org
* Journal of Energetic Materials
* Military Explosives 
* The Explosives and Weapons Forum 
* UN Hazard Classification Code at GlobalSecurity.org
* Why high nitrogen density in explosives? 
* YouTube video demonstrating blast wave in slow motion
Pusil

An **pusil** amo an usa ka armas nga nabuto ngan natira hin bala.

## Reperensya

;Mga pagkukuhaan

*
*
*

## Padugang nga barasahon

*
Papel

An **papel**   o **suratan** amo an manipis nga materyales nga puydi pagsuratan, igpatik ngan igputos. Himo ini tikang ha kahoy, durudilain na banwa o daan nga tela o trapo. An Papel, ug an paghimo han papel amo in ginsusugad na nagtikang ha tsina sadton 105 A.D.

## Kasaysayan

An gidaani nga nahihibaruan na *archaeological fragment*  na direkta na *precursor* san moderno na papel nagtitikang sa Tsina sadton 2nd century BC. An proseso san paghimo san papel pinaagi san *pulp* amo in ginsisering na imbento ni  Cai Lun, usa na *court eunuch* sadton *2nd-century AD*  sa Han Dynasty.

Inabot sa Middle East ngan ngadto sa medieval Europe an papel sadton 13th century, kun diin gintindog naman an una na *water-powered [[paper mill]]*. 
http://images.travelpod.com/tw_slides/ta01/3a6/75a/paper-tree-sydney.jpg 

## Mga una na gintikangan san ''fibre''

Antes an industriyalisasyon san paghimo san papel, an pinakomon na ginkukuhaan san fibre para mahimo an papel amo an *recycled fibre* tikang san mga nagamit-na na na tela ngan gintatawag na trapo. An trapo himo tikang han *hemp, linen* ngan  gapas.. An proseso san  pagtangal san tinta tikang sa recycled na papel amo in naimbento ni Justus Claproth, usa na aleman, sadton 1774.. Gintatawag ini na proceseso yana na **deinking**.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
* Alexander Monro, *The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of the World's Greatest Invention*, Allen Lane, 2014

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*TAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
*''How is paper made?''  at The Straight Dope, 22 November 2005
*United States Government Printing Office: Government Paper Specification Standards 
*How Organic Paper is Made 
*Modern Paper Making Production System
Baloto

An **baloto** (Iningles:Boat/Kayak) (Pambansa:Bangka) amo an usa nga guti nga sarakyan pan-dagat.

## Mga kasarigan
Édith Piaf

Hi **Édith Piaf** (9 Disyembre 1915 – 11 Oktubre 1963) in usa ka Fransesa nga man-aawit.

## Pinanbasaran

## Padugang nga barasahon
*  Memoirs, written by stepsister.
* *The Piaf Legend*, by David Bret, Robson Books,1988.
* *Piaf: A Passionate Life*, by David Bret, Robson Books, 1998, revised JR Books, 2007
* "The Sparrow – Edith Piaf", chapter in *Singers & The Song* (pp.&nbsp;23–43), by Gene Lees, Oxford University Press, 1987, insightful critique of Piaf's biography and music.
* *Marlene, My Friend*, by David Bret, Robson Books, 1993. Dietrich dedicates a whole chapter to her friendship with Piaf.
* *Oh! Père Lachaise*, by Jim Yates, Édition d'Amèlie 2007, ISBN 978-0-9555836-0-5. Piaf and Oscar Wilde meet in a pink-tinted Parisian Purgatory.
* *No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf*, by Carolyn Burke, Alfred A. Knopf 2011, ISBN 978-0-307-26801-3. An in-depth and insightful look at Piaf's life.
* *Piaf*, by Margaret Crosland. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1985, ISBN 0-399-13088-8. A biography.
* *Edith Piaf, secrète et publique*, [by] Denise Gassion (sister of É. Piaf) & Robert Morcet, Ergo Press, 1988; ISBN 2-86957-001-5

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* 
* 
* Edith Piaf's songs
* Genealogy of Edith Piaf, Généalogie magazine, n° 233, pp.&nbsp;30–36
* Edith Piaf and her Paris
Ibn Battuta

Hi **Ibn Battuta** amo an usa ka Morocano nga eksplorador.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga pagkukuhaan

*
*
*
*.

* . The text of these volumes has been used as the source for translations into other languages.
* .
* .
* .

* . First published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.
*.

* . Reissued several times. Extracts are available on the Fordham University site .
* .
* .
* .
* . This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. An separate index was published in 2000.

* .
*.
*.
*
*. A translation of an abridged manuscript. The text is discussed in Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1853) Volume 1 pp. xvi-xvii.
*. First published in 1981. Pages 279-304 contain a translation of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to West Africa.
*.
*
*
*
*
*
*.
*
*
*
*
*
*. Includes the text of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to China. The translation is from the French text of Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1858) Volume 4.

## Padugang nga barasahon

*
*
*.
* .
*.
*.
* . Contains an introduction by Mackintosh-Smith and then an abridged version (around 40 percent of the original) of the translation by H.A.R. Gibb and C.E. Beckingham (1958-1994).
*.
*.
*
*.
* .

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* A Tangerine in Delhi  — *Saudi Aramco World* article by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (March/April 2006).
* The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta  — *Saudi Aramco World* article by Douglas Bullis (July/August 2000).
* Google Books — link to a 2004 reissue of Gibb's 1929 translation.
* French text from Defrémery and Sanguinetti (1853–1858) with an introduction and footnotes by Stéphane Yérasimos published in 1982: Volume 1 , Volume 2 ,Volume 3 .
Ibn Khaldun

Hi **Ibn Khaldūn** o **Ibn Khaldoun** (bug-os nga ngaran, Inarabo: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون ‎, Abū Zayd ‘Abdu r-Raḥman bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, (Mayo 27, 1332 AD/732 AH – Marso 19, 1406 AD/808 AH) usa ka Amihanan Aprika nga makarit nga tawo — usa hiya nga astronomer, ekonomista, historyano, Mag-aaram hin Islam, Teyolohiyano Islam, hafiz, hurista, abogador, matimatiko, stratehiyano militar, nutrisiyonista, pilosopo, syentipiko sosyal and tawo han estado— natawo ha Amihanan Aprika nga yana nga Tunisya.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga reperensya
; Bibliograpiya

*Fuad Baali. 2005 *The science of human social organization : Conflicting views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm al-umran*. Mellen studies in sociology. Lewiston/NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
*Walter Fischel. 1967 *Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His public functions and his historical research, 1382–1406; a study in Islamic historiography*. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا *Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Gharbān wa Sharqān*. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic).
*Ibn Khaldūn. 1958 *The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history*. Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. 3 vols. New York: Princeton.
*Ibn Khaldūn. 1967 *The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history*. Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. (Abridged).
*Mahmoud Rabi'. 1967 *The political theory of Ibn Khaldun*. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
*Róbert Simon. 2002 *Ibn Khaldūn : History as science and the patrimonial empire*. Translated by Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Original edition, 1999.
*Allen Fromherz. 2010 "Ibn Khaldun : Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

### Iningles
* 
*
*Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13)
*Ibn Khaldun on the Web 
*Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work, by Muhammad Hozien
*Muslim Scientists and Scholars – Ibn Khaldun 
*Ibn Khaldūn, from Arnold Toynbee, ''A Study of History'' vol. iii, III. C. II. (b), p. 321
*Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Management and Work 
*Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology 
*Ibn Khaldun. The Mediterranean in the 14th century: Rise and fall of Empires . *Andalusian Legacy* exhibition in the Alcazar of Seville
*The Ibn Khaldoun Community Service Award 
*Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud
*The Ibn Khaldun Institute 

### Multilinggwal nga Websayt
*Multilingual bibliography on Ibn Khaldun : English, French, Arabic, German, Italian, Spanish…

### Diri-Iningles
* Exposé simplifié sur la théologie scolastique
*Chapters from the Muqaddimah and the History of Ibn Khaldun '''in Arabic''' 
*Dutch biography 
*Ismail Küpeli: ''Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens – Eine Gegenüberstellung'', München, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-75458-3 (German e-book about the politics of Syria with reference to the political theory of Ibn Khaldun)
Aśoka

Hi **Ashoka** (304 BC – 232 BC) usa ka Indyan nga emperador han dinastiya Maurya nga naghadi han haros ngatanan han ubos-kontinente han Indya tikang 273 BC ngadto 232 BC.

## Pinanbasaran

## Bibliograpiya

* 
* 
* Bongard-Levin, G. M. *Mauryan India* (Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division May 1986) ISBN 0-86590-826-5
* Chauhan, Gian Chand (2004). *Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India: From the Mauryas to AD 650.* Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi. ISBN 978-81-215-1028-8
* 
* Falk, Harry. *Aśokan Sites and Artefacts&nbsp;– A Source-book with Bibliography* (Mainz : Philipp von Zabern, [2006]) ISBN 978-3-8053-3712-0
* Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind (1996). *Aśoka Maurya* (Twayne Publishers) ISBN 978-0-8290-1735-9
* Hultzsch, Eugene (1914).  *The Date of Aśoka,* The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (Oct. 1914), pp.&nbsp;943–951.  Article stable URL. 
* Keay, John. *India: A History* (Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition 10 May 2001) ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
* Li Rongxi, trans. (1993). The biographical scripture of King Aśoka / transl. from the Chinese of Saṃghapāla, Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 0-9625618-4-3.
* 
* 
* Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1967). *Age of the Nandas and Mauryas.* Reprint: 1996, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1
* Seneviratna, Anuradha (ed.), Gombrich, Richard; Guruge, Ananda (1994). King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary studies, Kandy: Sri Lanka; Buddhist Publication Society, 1st edition, ISBN 9552400651
* Singh, Upinder (2012). "Governing the State and the Self: Political Philosophy and Practice in the Edicts of Aśoka," South Asian Studies, 28:2 (University of Delhi: 2012), pp.&nbsp;131–145. Article stable URL.
* Swearer, Donald. *Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia* (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Anima Books, 1981) ISBN 0-89012-023-4
* Thapar, Romila. (1973). *Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas. 2nd Edition.* Oxford University Press, Reprint, 1980. SBN 19-660379 6.
* von Hinüber, Oskar. (2010). "Did Hellenistic Kings Send Letters to Aśoka?" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 130:2 (Freiburg: 2010), pp.&nbsp;261–266.
* MacPhail, James Merry: "Aśoka", Calcutta: The Associative Press ; London: Oxford University Press 1918 PDF (5.9 MB)

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*
Ciro nga Harangdon

Hi **Ciro II han Persya** o **Siro II** o **Cyrus II** ( *Kūruš*; *Kourosh*; Bag-o nga Pinersa:  *Kuruš*; ; c.&nbsp;600 – 530&nbsp;BC), nga tinatawag nga **Ciro nga Harangdon** o **Siro nga Harangdon** o **Cyrus nga Harangdon** (Iningles: *Cyrus the Great*) (c. 600 BC o 576 – December 530 BC), amo an syahan nga Zoroastiyano Persyano nga Shāhanshāh o emperador. Hiya an nagtukod han Imperyo Persyano ha ilarom han dinastiya Achaemenida.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Cyrus Cylinder  Full Babylonian text of the Cyrus Cylinder as it was known in 2001; translation; brief introduction
*Xenophon, *Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus*, translated by Henry Graham Dakyns and revised by F.M. Stawell, Project Gutenberg.
*Cyrus the Great An article about Cyrus by Iran Chamber Society
*http://gravity.ir/7-panorama/shiraz/8-cyrus-the-great-pasargadae 360 Panoramic Image - Tomb of Cyrus The Great
Maís

An **maís** (Iningles:Corn) (Pambansa:Mais)  (Zea mays) amo an miyembro han banay han banwa nga Poaceae. An ***Zea mays*** in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné. An *Zea mays* in nahilalakip ha genus nga *[[Zea]]*, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

## Historya
An mais una na gin'uma ha Tehuacan ha Mexico. An mga Olmec ngan Maya nagtantanum hin daramo na magkadurudilain nga klase hin mais ha bug'os na Mesoamerika. Pagtikang sadton 2500 BC, nagwarak an pagtanum han mais ha Amerika ngan ha 15th ngan 16th siglo, inabot an mais ha Europa ngan ha bug'os nga kalibutan.

## Produksyun

Gin'uuma an mais ha bug'os sa kalibutan, ngan mas damo an naaani na mais sa kada tuig kaysa san iba na mga *grain*. An Estados Unidos na ani san 40% san naproprodyus sa kalibutan; An iba pa na nasod na dagko an ani amo an 
Tsina,  Brazil, Mehiko, Indonesia, India, Fransya ngan Argentina. Inaabot 817 milyon tolenada an gin'ani sadton tuig 2009—labaw san gin'ani na paray (678 milyon tolenada) ngan  trigo (682 milyon tolenada).

## Mga Pahimulos
### Pagkaon ha Tawo
An mais ngan giniling na mais amo in usa nga primero na pagkaon ha daramo na rehiyon ha kalibutan.

Sangkap an mais ha paghimo han mga pagkaon han mga Mehikano sugad han *[[tortillas]]*, *[[tamale]]*, *pozole*, *atole*,*taco*, *quesadilla*, *chilaquiles*, *[[enchilada]]* ngan iba pa. An Popcorn amo in usa nga klase hin mais na naputok kun ginpapaso.

Usa liwat an mais na gintitikangan han gawgaw, ngan mantika na gamit ha panluto.

### Mga Kemikal
An gawgaw nga tikang ha mais pwede mahimo na *plastics*, tela, *adhesive*, ngan iba pa nga produkto kemikal. Pwede liwat pagkuhaan hin alcohol an mais na sangkap ha *biofuel*.

## Pinanbasaran




## Padugang nga barasahon
*   
* 
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* "Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years," New York Times, May 25, 2010
* Growing Corn Information on the uses and starting of corn seed
* ''Zea mays'' at Plants For A Future 
* Maize Genetics and Genomics Database project 
* The Maize Genome Sequence Browser
* 
* ''Zea mays'', corn taxonomy, facts, life cycle, and kernel anatomy at GeoChemBio.com 
* Major topic "''Zea mays''": free full text articles in National Library of Medicine
* Paul Lunde, ''New World Foods, Old World Diet'', 1992, Saudi Aramco World 
* Encyclopedia of Life
* Information about B73 and Mo17 maize genomes
Alhebra

An **alhebra** amo an sanga han matematika nga nagaaram hin istrucktura, relasyon ngan kantidad.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga reperensya
*
* Donald R. Hill, *Islamic Science and Engineering* (Edinburgh University Press, 1994).
* Ziauddin Sardar, Jerry Ravetz, and Borin Van Loon, *Introducing Mathematics* (Totem Books, 1999).
* George Gheverghese Joseph, *The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics* (Penguin Books, 2000).
* John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson, ''History Topics: Algebra Index''. In *[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]* (University of St Andrews, 2005).
* I.N. Herstein: *Topics in Algebra*. ISBN 0-471-02371-X
* R.B.J.T. Allenby: *Rings, Fields and Groups*. ISBN 0-340-54440-6
* L. Euler: *[http://web.mat.bham.ac.uk/C.J.Sangwin/euler/ Elements of Algebra] *, ISBN 978-1-899618-73-6
* 

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Khan Academy: Conceptual videos and worked examples
* Khan Academy: Origins of Algebra, free online micro lectures 
* Algebrarules.com: An open source resource for learning the fundamentals of Algebra
* 4000 Years of Algebra , lecture by Robin Wilson, at Gresham College, October 17, 2007 (available for MP3 and MP4 download, as well as a text file).
*
Umar

Hi **Umar** (Inarabo: عمر بن الخطاب; Transliterasyon: `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, c. 586-590 CE – 7 Nobyembre 644), danay liwat tawagon nga Umar nga Harangdon o Farooq nga Harangdon amo an gigagamhaman ha upat nga Kalipa Rashidun ngan usa ha may ginkukusogi ngan impluwensya nga Kagamhanan Muslim.

## Pinanbasaran

## Mga reperensya
*Donner, Fred, *The Early Islamic Conquests*, Princeton University Press, 1981.
*Guillaume, A., *The Life of Muhammad*, Oxford University Press, 1955.
*Albert Hourani, *[[History of the Arab Peoples|A History of the Arab Peoples]]*, Faber and Faber, 1991.
*Madelung, Wilferd, *The Succession to Muhammad*, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
*G. Levi Della Vida and M. Bonner, "Umar" in *Encyclopedia of Islam*, CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1999.
*Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). *The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*How Many Companions Do You Know?  By Ali Al-Halawani.
*

## Mga sumpay ha gawas

*Excerpt from ''The History of the Khalifahs'' by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
*Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab (r.a.a.)  by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy.

## Mga sumpay ha gawas
*Excerpt from ''The History of the Khalifahs'' by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
* Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab (r.a.a.)  by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy.
Trigonometriya

An **Trigonometriya** o **Trigonometri**  (tikang ha Griniyego nga trigōnon "triangulo" + metron "pagsukol") amo an usa nga sanga han matematika nga nanginginlabot ha mga triangulo labi na an mga triangulo nga plano (plane triangle) nga it usa ka angulo mayda 90 degri.

## Pinanbasaran

## Bibliograpiya
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*Christopher M. Linton (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy . Cambridge University Press.
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## Mga sumpay ha gawas

* Khan Academy: Trigonometry, free online micro lectures
* Trigonometry  by Alfred Monroe Kenyon and Louis Ingold, The Macmillan Company, 1914. In images, full text presented.
* Benjamin Banneker's Trigonometry Puzzle at Convergence
* Dave's Short Course in Trigonometry  by David Joyce of Clark University
*Trigonometry, by Michael Corral, Covers elementary trigonometry, Distributed under GNU Free Documentation License
Infinidad

Ha Pilosopiya, matematika, ngan teyolohiya, an **infinidad** (tigaman ∞) amo an konsepto nga nagpapasabot hin "waray undang".

## Mga pabaro

## Mga reperensya
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## Padugang nga barasahon
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* D. P. Agrawal (2000). *[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_jaina.htm Ancient Jaina Mathematics: an Introduction]*, Infinity Foundation.
* Bell, J. L.: Continuity and infinitesimals. Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy. Revised 2009.
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* L. C. Jain (1973). "Set theory in the Jaina school of mathematics", *Indian Journal of History of Science*.
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## Mga sumpay ha gawas

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**[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/infapp.htm A Crash Course in the Mathematics of Infinite Sets] *, by Peter Suber. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1–59. The stand-alone appendix to *Infinite Reflections*, below. A concise introduction to Cantor's mathematics of infinite sets.
**[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/infinity.htm Infinite Reflections] *, by Peter Suber. How Cantor's mathematics of the infinite solves a handful of ancient philosophical problems of the infinite. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1–59.
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*''Infinity'', Principia Cybernetica 
*Hotel Infinity 
* John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (1998). 'Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor' , *[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]*.
* John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (2000). 'Jaina mathematics' , *MacTutor History of Mathematics archive*.
* Ian Pearce (2002). 'Jainism', *MacTutor History of Mathematics archive*.
*Source page on medieval and modern writing on Infinity
*The Mystery Of The Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity
*Dictionary of the Infinite (compilation of articles about infinity in physics, mathematics, and philosophy)