Hugo Grotius

**Hugo Grotius** (; 10 tháng 4 năm 1583&nbsp;– 28 tháng 8 năm 1645), với các tên khác như **Huig de Groot** (Dutch:&nbsp;]) hoặc **Hugo de Groot** (Dutch:&nbsp;]), là một luật gia người Hà Lan. Cùng với Alberico Gentili và Francisco de Vitoria, 
ông đã đặt nền móng cho Luật quốc tế dựa trên Luật tự nhiên. 
Một thần đồng trí tuệ từ tuổi thiếu niên, chỉ vì sự tham gia của ông vào các tranh chấp trong nội bộ phái Calvin của nước Cộng hòa Hà Lan, ông đã bị bắt giam và sau đó trốn thoát bằng cách nấp giữa một kho sách. Ông đã viết hầu hết các tác phẩm chính của mình khi lưu vong ở Pháp.

## Tham khảo
**Chú thích<br>

**Nguồn**
* <span class="citation book" contenteditable="false">van Ittersum, Martine Julia (2006).</span><span class="citation book" contenteditable="false">''Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies 1595–1615''. Boston: Brill.</span><span class="citation book" contenteditable="false">[[ISBN]]&nbsp;90-04-14979-1.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius&rft.aufirst=Martine+Julia&rft.aulast=van+Ittersum&rft.au=van+Ittersum%2C+Martine+Julia&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%2C+Natural+Rights+Theories+and+the+Rise+of+Dutch+Power+in+the+East+Indies+1595%E2%80%931615&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-04-14979-1&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
* <span class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Vreeland, Hamilton (1917).</span><span class="citation book" contenteditable="false">''Hugo Grotius: The Father of the Modern Science of International Law''. New York: Oxford University Press.</span><span class="citation book" contenteditable="false">[[ISBN]]&nbsp;0-8377-2702-2.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft.aulast=Vreeland&rft.au=Vreeland%2C+Hamilton&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%3A+The+Father+of+the+Modern+Science+of+International+Law&rft.date=1917&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8377-2702-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>

== Đọc thêm ==

* [[Pierre Bayle|Bayle, Pierre]]. (1720). "Grotius", in ''Dictionaire historique et critique'', 3rd ed. (Rotterdam: Michel Bohm).
* Bell, Jordy: ''Hugo Grotius: Historian''. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1980
* Blom, Hans W. (ed.): ''Property, Piracy and Punishment: Hugo Grotius on War and Booty in De Iure Praedae&nbsp;– Concepts and Contexts''. Leiden, BRILL, 2009, 416pp
* Blom, H. W.; Winkel, L. C.: ''Grotius and the Stoa''. Van Gorcum Ltd, 2004, 332pp
* Borschberg, Peter, 2011, ''Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies'', Singapore and Leiden: Singapore University Press and KITLV Press.
* Brandt, Reinhard: ''Eigentumstheorien von Grotius bis Kant (Problemata)''. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1974, 275pp
* Buckle, Stephen: ''Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume''. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993, 344pp
* Hedley Bull, Benedict Kingsbury and Adam Roberts, eds., 1990. ''Hugo Grotius and International Relations''. Oxford Univ. Press.
* Burigny, Jean Lévesque de: ''The Life of the Truly Eminent and Learned Hugo Grotius: Containing a Copious and Circumstantial History of the Several Important and Honourable Negotiations in Which He was Employed; Together with a Critical Account of His Works''. London: printed for A. Millar, 1754. Also Echo Library, 2006.
* Butler, Charles: ''The Life of Hugo Grotius: With Brief Minutes of the Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of the Netherlands''. London: John Murray, 1826.
* Chappell, Vere: ''Grotius to Gassendi (Essays on Early Modern Philosophers)''. Garland Publishing Inc, New York, 1992, 302pp
* Craig, William Lane, 1985. ''The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Christ During the Deist Controversy'', Texts and Studies in Religion, Vol. 23. Lewiston NY & Queenston, Ontario: Edwin Mellen Press.
* Dulles, Avery, 1999. ''A History of Apologetics''. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock.
* Dumbauld, Edward, 1969. ''The Life and Legal Writings of Hugo Grotius.'' Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Edwards, Charles S., 1981. ''Hugo Grotius: The Miracle of Holland''. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
* Falk, Richard A.; Kratochwil, Friedrich; Mendlovitz, Saul H.: ''International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Studies on a Just World Order, No 2)''. Westview Press, 1985, 702pp
* Feenstra, Robert; Vervliet, Jeroen: ''Hugo Grotius: Mare Liberum (1609–2009)''. BRILL, 2009, 178pp
* Figgis, John Neville: ''Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius 1414–1625''. Cambridge University Press, 1907, 258pp
* Gellinek, Christian: ''Hugo Grotius (Twayne's World Authors Series)''. Twayne Publishers Inc., Boston, U.S., 1986, 161pp
* ''Grotiana.'' Assen, The Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum Publishers. A journal of Grotius studies, 1980–.
* Gurvitch, G. (1927). ''La philosophie du droit de Hugo Grotius et la théorie moderne du droit international,''. ''Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale'', vol. 34: 365–391.
* Haakonssen, Knud: ''Natural Law and Moral Philosophy: From Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment''. Cambridge University Press, 1996
* <span class="citation journal" contenteditable="false">Haakonssen, Knud (1985).</span><span class="citation journal" contenteditable="false">"Grotius and the History of Political Thought".</span><span class="citation journal" contenteditable="false">''Political Theory'' **13*' (2): 239–65. [[doi]]:.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius&rft.atitle=Grotius+and+the+History+of+Political+Thought&rft.aufirst=Knud&rft.au=Haakonssen%2C+Knud&rft.aulast=Haakonssen&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0090591785013002005&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Political+Theory&rft.pages=239-65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=13" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
* Haggenmacher, Peter, 1983. *Grotius et la doctrine de la guerre juste*. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
* Haskell, John D.: *Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial*. (*Emory International Law Review*, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2011), 
* Heering, Jan-Paul: *Hugo Grotius As Apologist for the Christian Religion: A Study of His Work De Veritate Religionis Christianae, 1640 (Studies in the History of Christian Thought)*. Brill Academic, 2004, 304pp
* Jeffery, Renée: *Hugo Grotius in International Thought (Palgrave MacMillan History of International Thought)*. Palgrave Macmillan, 1st edition, 2006, 224pp
* Keene, Edward: *Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics*. Port Chester, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2002
* Kingsbury, Benedict: *A Grotian Tradition of Theory and Practice?: Grotius, Law, and Moral Skepticism in the Thought of Hedley Bull*. (*Quinnipiac Law Review*, No.17, 1997)
* Knight, W.S.M., 1925. *The Life and Works of Hugo Grotius*. London: Sweet & Maxwell, Ltd.
* Lauterpacht, Hersch, 1946, "The Grotian Tradition in International Law," in *British Yearbook of International Law*.
* Leger, James. St. (1962). *The 'Etiamsi Daremus' of Hugo Grotius: A Study in the Origins of International Law* (Rome: Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale).
* Mühlegger, Florian. *Hugo Grotius. Ein christlicher Humanist in politischer Verantwortung*. Berlin and New York, de Gruyter, 2007, XIV, 546 S. (Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte, 103).
* Neff, Stephen C.: *Hugo Grotius On the Law of War and Peace: Student Edition*. Cambridge University Press, 2012, 546pp
* Nellen, Henk J. M., 2007. *Hugo de Groot: Een leven in strijd om de vrede (official Dutch State biography)*. The Hague: Balans Publishing.
* ——— and Rabbie, eds., 1994. *Hugo Grotius, Theologian*. New York: E.J. Brill.
* O'Donovan, Oliver. 2004. "The Justice of Assignment and Subjective Rights in Grotius," in *Bonds of Imperfection: Christian Politics Past and Present*.
* O'Donovan, Oliver; O'Donovan, Joan Lockwood: *From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought*. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999, 858pp
* Onuma, Yasuaki (ed.): *A Normative Approach to War: Peace, War, and Justice in Hugo Grotius*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, 421pp
* Osgood, Samuel: *Hugo Grotius and the Arminians*. Hila, MT: Kessinger Pub., 2007
* Powell, Jim; Powell, James; Johnson, Paul: *The Triumph of Liberty: A 2,000 Year History Told Through the Lives of Freedom's Greatest Champions*. Free Press, 1st edition, 2002, 574pp
* Remec, Peter Paul. (1960). *The Position of the Individual in International Law according to Grotius and Vattel* (The Hague: Nijhoff).
* Rommen, Heinrich: *The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy*, trans. Thomas R. Hanley. Introduction and Bibliography by Russell Hittinger. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998
* Salter, John. (2001) "Hugo Grotius; Property and Consent." Political Theory 29, no. 4, 537–55.
* Salter, John: *Adam Smith and the Grotian Theory of Property*. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, Volume 12, Issue 1, February 2010, p.&nbsp;3–21
* Scharf, Michael P.: *Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change: Recognizing Grotian Moments*. Cambridge University Press, 2013
* Scott, Jonathan: *The Law of war: Grotius, Sidney, Locke and the political theory of rebellion* in Simon Groenveld and Michael Wintle (eds) *Britain and the Netherlands, vol. XI The Exchange of Ideas*, pp.&nbsp;115–32.
* Sommerville, Johann P.: *Selden, Grotius, and the Seventeenth-Century Intellectual Revolution in Moral and Political Theory,* in Victoria Kahn and Lorna Hutson, eds., *Rhetoric and Law in Early Modern Europe*. New Haven, Yale University Press, 2001, pp.&nbsp;318–44
* Straumann, Benjamin: *Hugo Grotius und die Antike. Römisches Recht und römische Ethik im frühneuzeitlichen Naturrecht*. Baden-Baden: NOMOS, 2007
* Stumpf, Christoph A., 2006. *The Grotian Theology of International Law: Hugo Grotius and the Moral Fundament of International Relations*. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
* Takahashi, Sakuyei: *The Influence of Grotius in the Far East*. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Law, 1908.
* Thomson, Erik: *France's Grotian moment? Hugo Grotius and Cardinal Richelieus commercial statecraft*. *French History*, Volume 21, Number 4, ngày 21 tháng 12 năm 2007, pp.&nbsp;377–394(18)
* [http://www.academia.edu/3067362/Economic_Theology_On_Grotiuss_Mare_Liberum_and_Vitorias_De_Indis_Following_Agamben_and_Schmitt Johannes Thumfart: "The Economic Theology of Free Trade.] [http://www.academia.edu/3067362/Economic_Theology_On_Grotiuss_Mare_Liberum_and_Vitorias_De_Indis_Following_Agamben_and_Schmitt On the relationship between Hugo Grotius's *Mare Liberum* and Francisco de Vitoria's *Relectio de Indis recenter inventis*], following Giorgio Agamben's enhancement of Carl Schmitt's notion of Political Theology". In: *Grotiana* 30/2009, pp.&nbsp;65–87.
* Tooke, Joan D.: *The Just War in Aquinas and Grotius*. S.P.C.K, 1965, 337pp
* Tuck, Richard: *Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development*. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 196pp
* ———, 1993. *Philosophy and Government: 1572–1651*. Cambridge Univ. Press.
* ———, 1999. *The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant*. Oxford Univ. Press.
* van Ittersum, Martine Julia, 2007. [http://www.academia.edu/6272104/_Preparing_Mare_Liberum_for_the_Press_Hugo_Grotius_Rewriting_of_Chapter_12_of_De_Jure_Praedae_in_November-December_1608_in_Property_Piracy_and_Punishment_Hugo_Grotius_on_War_and_Booty_in_De_Jure_Praedae_ed._H._W._Blom_Leiden_Brill_Academic_Publishers_2009_pp._246-280 "Preparing *Mare liberum* for the Press: Hugo Grotius’ Rewriting of Chapter 12 of *De iure praedae* in November-December 1608"] (2005-2007) 26-28 *Grotiana* 246 
* van Vollenhoven, Cornelius, 1926. *Grotius and Geneva*, Bibliotheca Visseriana, Vol. VI.
* ———, 1919. *Three Stages in the Evolution of International Law*. The Hague: Nijhoff.
* Weeramantry, Christopher: "The Grotius Lecture Series: Opening Tribute to Hugo Grotius". (*First Grotius Lecture*, 1999)
* White, Andrew Dickson: *Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason* (1915)
* Wight, Martin: *International Theory: the Three Traditions*. Leicester University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996, 286pp
* Wight, Martin (author); Wight, Gabriele (ed.); Porter, Brian (ed.): *Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini*. Oxford University Press, USA, 2005, 230 pp
* Wilson, Eric: *Savage Republic: De Indis of Hugo Grotius, Republicanism and Dutch Hegemony within the Early Modern World-System (c. 1600–1619)*. Martinus Nijhoff, 2008, 534p
* Zuckert, Michael P.: *Natural Rights and the New Republicanism*. Princeton University Press, 1998, 410pp

== Liên kết ngoài ==
; Tổng hợp
* 
* 
* 
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/hugo-grotius Works by Hugo Grotius] in the Online Library of Liberty
* 
* 
; Các tác phẩm riêng lẻ
* [http://www.constitution.org/gro/djbp.htm *On the Laws of War and Peace* (abridged)]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86069579.r=Hugo+Grotius.langEN *On the Laws of War and Peace'' (Latin, first edition 1625)]
* ; disputation, aged 14, at Leiden University
* ; disputation, aged 14, at Leiden University
; Khác
* Extensive catalogue of Grotius' writings at the Peace Palace Library, The Hague 
* 
* 

## Luật tự nhiên

Khái niệm về luật tự nhiên của Grotius có tác động mạnh mẽ đến các cuộc tranh luận triết học, thần học và diễn biến chính trị của thế kỷ 17 và 18. Trong số những người mà ông chịu ảnh hưởng có Samuel Pufendorf và John Locke, và thông qua những nhà triết học này, tư tưởng của ông đã trở thành một phần của bối cảnh văn hóa của Cách mạng Vinh quang ở Anh và Cách mạng Hoa Kỳ .  Theo hiểu biết của Grotius, thiên nhiên không phải là một thực thể riêng biệt mà là sự sáng tạo của Chúa. Vì vậy, khái niệm về luật tự nhiên của ông có nền tảng thần học.  Cựu Ước chứa đựng những giáo lý đạo đức (ví dụ như Mười Điều Răn ), được Chúa Kitô xác nhận và do đó vẫn còn hiệu lực. Chúng hữu ích trong việc giải thích nội dung của luật tự nhiên. Cả sự mặc khải trong Kinh thánh và luật tự nhiên đều bắt nguồn từ Chúa và do đó không thể mâu thuẫn với nhau. 

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