Leopold von Ranke

**Leopold von Ranke** (/ˈrɑːŋkə/; tiếng Đức: [ˈʀaŋkə]; 21 tháng 12 năm 1795 - 23 tháng 5 năm 1886) là một nhà sử học người Đức và người sáng lập ra bộ môn lịch sử dựa trên nguồn thông tin. Theo Caroline Hoefferle,"Ranke có lẽ là nhà sử học quan trọng nhất định hình nghề sử học khi nó nổi lên ở châu Âu và Hoa Kỳ trong những năm cuối thế kỷ 19". Ông đã thực hiện phương pháp giảng dạy hội thảo trong lớp học của mình và tập trung vào việc nghiên cứu và phân tích các tài liệu lịch sử lưu trữ. Xây dựng cách thức trên các phương pháp của trường Sử học Göttingen, Ranke thiết lập các tiêu chuẩn cho nhiều tác phẩm sử học sau này, giới thiệu những ý tưởng như sự phụ thuộc vào nguồn chính (chủ nghĩa kinh nghiệm), nhấn mạnh về lịch sử tường thuật và chính trị quốc tế (*Außenpolitik*).

## Tác phẩm tiêu biểu
* *Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514* ("History of the Romanic and Germanic Peoples from 1494 to 1514", 1824)
* *Serbische Revolution* ("Serbian Revolution", 1829)
* *Fürsten und Völker von Süd-Europa im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert* ("Princes and Peoples of Southern Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries")
* *Die römischen Päpste in den letzen vier Jahrhunderten* ("The Roman Popes in the Last Four Centuries", 1834–1836)
* *Neun Bücher preussischer Geschichte* (*Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and History of Prussia, during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries*, 1847–1848)
* *Französische Geschichte, vornehmlich im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert* (*Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: A History of France Principally During That Period*, 1852–1861)
* *Die deutschen Mächte und der Fürstenbund* ("The German Powers and the Princes' League", 1871–1872)
* *Ursprung und Beginn der Revolutionskriege 1791 und 1792* (*Origin and Beginning of the Revolutionary Wars 1791 and 1792*, 1875)
* *Hardenberg und die Geschichte des preussischen Staates von 1793 bis 1813* (*Hardenberg and the History of the Prussian State from 1793 to 1813*, 1877)
* *Weltgeschichte - Die Römische Republik und ihre Weltherrschaft* (*World history:  The Roman Republic and Its World Rule*, 2 volumes, 1886)

### Bản dịch tiếng Anh
* ''The Ottoman and the Spanish Empires, in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,'' Whittaker & Co., 1943.
* ''Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and History of Prussia During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,'' Vol. 2, Vol. 3, John Murray, 1849.
* ''Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,'' Richard Bentley, 1852.
* ''The History of Servia and the Servian Revolution,'' Henry G. Bohn, 1853.
* ''History of England Principally in the Seventeenth Century'', Volume Two, Volume Three, Volume Four, Volume Five, Volume Six, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1875.
* ''Universal History: The Oldest Historical Group of Nations and the Greeks,'' Charles Scribner's Sons, 1884.
* ''History of the Popes: Their Church and State,''  Vol. 2, Vol. 3, P. F. Collier & Son, 1901.
* ''History of the Reformation in Germany,'' George Routledge & Sons, 1905.
* ''History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations, 1494-1514,'' George Bell & Sons, 1909.
* *The Secret of World History: Selected Writings on the Art and Science of History,* Roger Wines, ed., Fordham University Press, 1981.

## Tham khảo



## Sách tham khảo

* Boldt, Andreas D.  *The Life and Work of the German Historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886): An Assessment of His Achievements* (Edwin Mellen Press, 2015). 372pp
* Bourne, Edward Gaylord (1896). "Leopold Von Ranke." *The Sewanee Review,* Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;385–401.
* Bourne, Edward Gaylord (1901). "Ranke and the Beginning of the Seminary Method in Teaching History." In: *Essays in Historical Criticism.* New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp.&nbsp;265–274.
* Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward (1907). "German Schools of History." In: *Historical Essays and Studies.* London: Macmillan & Co.
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* Farrenkopf, John (1991)."The Challenge of Spenglerian Pessimism to Ranke and Political Realism,"*Review of International Studies,* Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;267–284.
* Fitzsimons, M. A. (1980)."Ranke: History as Worship,"*The Review of Politics,* Vol. 42, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;533–555.
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* Gilbert, Felix (1986)."Leopold von Ranke and the American Philosophical Society,"*Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,* Vol. 130, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;362–366.
* Gilbert, Felix (1987)."Historiography: What Ranke Meant,"*The American Scholar,* Vol. 56, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;393–397.
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* Guilland, Antoine (1915). "Leopold von Ranke." In: *Modern Germany and her Historians.* New York: McBride, Nast & Company, pp.&nbsp;68–119.
* Iggers, Georg (1962)."The Image of Ranke in American and German Historical Thought,"*History and Theory,* Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;17–40.
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* Krieger, Leonard (1975)."Elements of Early Historicism: Experience, Theory, and History in Ranke,"*History and Theory,* Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;1–14.
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* Lincoln, John Larkin (1894). "The Historian Leopold von Ranke," *In Memorian: John Larkin Lincoln.* Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, pp.&nbsp;568–584.
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* Price, William (1897). "A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Leopold von Ranke," *Annual Report of the American Historical Association,* Vol. I, pp.&nbsp;1265–1274.
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* Rüsen, Jörn (1990)."Rhetoric and Aesthetics of History: Leopold von Ranke,"*History and Theory,* Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;190–204.
* Schevill, Ferdinand (1952)."Ranke: Rise, Decline, and Persistence of a Reputation,"*The Journal of Modern History,* Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;219–234.
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## Liên kết ngoài
* Leopold von Ranke , from Humboldt University of Berlin website
* Leopold von Ranke historicism, from"Age of the Sage"website.
* Leopold von Ranke's papers  at Syracuse University; Ranke's personal library, containing many works by lesser known writers on historical, political and literary subjects of the 16th to 19th centuries, was also donated to the University's Rare Books  department.
* Williams, H. S. (1907). The historians' history of the world. Volume XV. (ed., this volume covers Leopold von Ranke on Page 633.)
* Works by Leopold von Ranke at Project Gutenberg
* [//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%29%20OR%20%28%221795-1886%22%20AND%20Ranke%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29 Works by or about Leopold von Ranke] at Internet Archive
* Works by Leopold von Ranke at Hathi Trust
* [Works by Leopold von Ranke](http://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=who%3a(Ranke+Leopold+von+%3b+1795-1886.+%3b)&rows=12) at Europeana
* &nbsp;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."". *Encyclopædia Britannica* (11th ed.).Cambridge University Press.&nbsp;
*  by Leopold von Ranke at the Internet Archive
* Biography of Ranke, 1901 by William Robinson Clark