Ahmed Sékou Touré

**Ahmed Sékou Touré**, ở Việt Nam quen gọi là **Xê-cu Tu-rê** hay **Sheku Turay** hoặc **Ture** (9 tháng 1 năm 1922 – 26 tháng 3 năm 1984) là một lãnh đạo chính trị người Ghi-nê và là một chính khách châu Phi, người trở thành Tổng thống Ghi-nê đầu tiên trong lịch sử, tại nhiệm từ năm 1958 cho đến khi ông qua đời năm 1984. Tu-rê là một trong những người theo chủ nghĩa dân tộc Guinée thuở sơ khai có tham gia vào công cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập cho đất nước từ tay Pháp.

## Xem thêm

* Chính trị Guinée
* Chuyến thăm cấp tổng thống của Sekou Touré đến Cộng hòa Congo
* Cung Tổng thống Sekou Touré
* Trường Đại học Kinh tế - Kỹ thuật Công nghiệp - Cơ sở 1 Nam Định, tên cũ là Trường Trung cấp Kỹ thuật Xê-cu Tu-rê

## Tham khảo
### Chú thích

### Nguồn trích dẫn

* Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). *Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African*, "Ahmed Sékou Touré," pp.&nbsp;1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999). 
* 
* Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. *Encyclopedia of Black Studies*. Sage Publications (2005) 
*  Ibrahima Baba Kake. *Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran*. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
* Lansiné Kaba. "From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957–1984;" in *Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960–1980*. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
* Phineas Malinga. "Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy" 
* Baruch Hirson. "The Misdirection of C.L.R. James", *Communalism and Socialism in Africa,* 1989.
* John Leslie. Towards an African socialism, *[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]* (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp.&nbsp;15–19.
*  Alpha Mohamed Sow, "Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen)", in *Les ethnies ont une histoire,* Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp.&nbsp;386–405, Karthala Editions (2003) 
* Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's :fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré.

; Bài viết mới

* "New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea" By Thomas F. Brady, *[[The New York Times]]*. May 2, 1959, p.&nbsp;2
* Guinea Shuns Tie to World Blocs; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By John B. Oakes, *The New York Times,* October 25, 1959, p.&nbsp;16,
* Red Aid to Guinea Rises By Homer Bigart, *The New York Times*. March 6, 1960, p.&nbsp;4
* Henry Tanner. Regime in Guinea Seizes 2 Utilities; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation, *The New York Times*. February 2, 1961, Thursday, p.&nbsp;3
* Toure Says Reds Plotted a Coup; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), *The New York Times*. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, p.&nbsp;14
* Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Gui'nea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam, July 8, 1962, Sunday *[[The New York Times Magazine]]*, p.&nbsp;146
* Guinea Relaxes Business Curbs; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), *The New York Times*, December 8, 1963, Sunday p.&nbsp;24
* U.S. Peace Corps Ousted by Guinea; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By Richard Eder, *The New York Times*, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, p.&nbsp;11
* Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, *The New York Times*, January 26, 1968, Friday, p.&nbsp;52
* Alfred Friendly Jr. Toure Adopting a Moderate Tone; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. *The New York Times*. April 28, 1968, Sunday, p.&nbsp;13
* Ebb of African 'Revolution', *The New York Times*, December 7, 1968, Saturday p.&nbsp;46
* Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), *The New York Times*, January 16, 1969, Thursday p.&nbsp;10
* Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), *The New York Times*, March 22, 1969, Saturday p.&nbsp;14
* 12 Foes of Regime Doomed in Guinea, *The New York Times*, May 16, 1969, Friday p.&nbsp;2
* Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea (Associated Press), *The New York Times*, November 23, 1970, Monday, p.&nbsp;1
* Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, *The New York Times*, November 29, 1970, Sunday, p.&nbsp;194
* Guinean is Adamant On Death Sentences, *The New York Times*, January 29, 1971, Friday. p.&nbsp;3
* Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; Guinea is Seeking Help On Bauxite, *The New York Times*, February 15, 1971, Monday Section: Business and Finance, p.&nbsp;34
* Political Ferment Hurts Guinea, *The New York Times*, January 31, 1972, Monday Section: Survey of Africa's Economy, p.&nbsp;46
* Guinean, in Total Reversal, Asks More U.S. Investment by Bernard Weinraub, *[[The New York Times]]*, July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 5
* Guinea is Slowly Breaking Out of Its Tight Cocoon by Alan Cowell, *The New York Times*, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
* In Revolutionary Guinea, Some of the Fire is Gone by Alan Cowell, *The New York Times*, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
* Guinea's President, Sekou Toure, Dies in Cleveland Clinic by Clifford D. May, *The New York Times*, Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A1, Col. 1
* Thousands Mourn Death of Toure by Clifford D. May, *The New York Times*, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 1
* Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero by Eric Pace, *The New York Times*, Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A6, Col. 1
* In Post-Coup Guinea, a Jail is Thrown Open. Clifford D. May. *The New York Times*, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p.A1, Col. 4
* Topics; How to Run Things, Or Ruin Them, *The New York Times*, March 29, 1984.
* Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm, *The New York Times*, April 7, 1984.
* Guinea Frees Toure's Widow, (Reuters), *The New York Times*, January 3, 1988.
* How France Shaped New Africa, Howard W. French, *The New York Times*, February 28, 1995.
* Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution, Karen DeWitt, *The New York Times*, April 14, 1996.
* Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57, Michael T. Kaufman, *The New York Times*, November 16, 1998.
* 'Mass graves' found in Guinea. BBC, 22 October 2002.
* Stokely Speaks (Book Review), Robert Weisbrot, *The New York Times Review of Books*, November 23, 2003.

; Các nguồn thứ cấp khác

* Graeme Counsel. "Popular music and politics in Sékou Touré’s Guinea". ''Australasian Review of African Studies''. 26 (1), pp. 26–42. 2004
* Jean-Paul Alata. Prison d'Afrique
* Jean-Paul Alata. Interview-témoignage de Jean-Paul Alata sur Radio-France Internationale 
* Herve Hamon, Patrick Rotman L'affaire Alata
* Ladipo Adamolekun. "Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building". Methuen (August 1976). 
* Koumandian Kéita. Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature. Nubia (1984).
* Ibrahima Baba Kaké. Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran. Jeune Afrique, Paris (1987)
* Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo. La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré. (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985). 
* Kaba Camara 41. Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré: cela a bien eu lieu.
* Kindo Touré. Unique survivant du Complot Kaman-Fodéba
* Adolf Marx. Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient.
* Ousmane Ardo Bâ. Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré. Harmattan, Paris (1986) 
* Mahmoud Bah. Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré
* Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo. Noviciat d'un évêque: huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré.
* Amadou Diallo. La mort de Telli Diallo
* Almamy Fodé Sylla. L'Itinéraire sanglant
* Comité Telli Diallo. J'ai vu: on tue des innocents en Guinée-Conakry 
* Alsény René Gomez. Parler ou périr
* Sako Kondé. Guinée. Le temps des fripouilles
* André Lewin. Diallo Telli. Le Destin tragique d'un grand Africain. 
* Camara Laye. Dramouss 
* Dr. Thierno Bah. Mon combat pour la Guinée
* Nadine Bari. Grain de sable
* Nadine Bari. Noces d'absence
* Nadine Bari. Chroniques de Guinée (1994)
* Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
* Maurice Jeanjean. Nadine Bari. Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain
* Collectif Jeune Afrique. Sékou Touré. Ce qu'il fut. Ce qu'il a fait. Ce qu'il faut défaire.
* Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
* Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
* Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957–1984
* Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
* Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime: lettre ouverte au président Mitterrand
* Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré: quarante ans de dictature
* Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir: l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984

## Liên kết ngoài

* Xã luận: Kính chúc Tổng thống Xê-cu Tu-rê lên đường mạnh khỏe — Báo Nhân Dân, số 2374, 18 tháng 9 năm 1960
* 1959 ''Time'' magazine cover story about Sékou Touré
* WebGuinee – Sekou Toure  Publishes full text of books and articles as well photos of Sekou Toure
* Camp Boiro Memorial. Extensive list of reports and articles on the notorious political prison where thousands of victims of the dictatorship of Sekou Toure disappeared between 1960 and 1984.
* More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)
* BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule (1959).
* Conflict history: Guinea, 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group.
* 1st page on the French National Assembly website
* 2nd page on the French National Assembly website