Alfred North Whitehead

**Alfred North Whitehead** OM, FRS (15 tháng 2 năm 1861 - 30 tháng 12 năm 1947) là một nhà toán học và triết gia Anh. Ông được biết đến như là triết gia của các trường phái triết học gọi là triết học quá trình, mà ngày nay đã có các ứng dụng cho một loạt các lĩnh vực, bao gồm cả sinh thái học, thần học, giáo dục, vật lý, sinh học, kinh tế học và tâm lý học.

Trong giai đoạn sớm của sự nghiệp Whitehead viết chủ yếu về toán học, logic học và vật lý. Tác phẩm nổi tiếng nhất của ông trong lĩnh vực này là 3 tập *[[Principia Mathematica]]* ('Nguyên lý của Toán học' 1910–1913), viết cùng với cựu sinh viên của ông là Bertrand Russell. *Principia Mathematica* được coi là một trong những tác phẩm quan trọng nhất về logic toán của thế kỷ 20, và được xếp hạng 23 trong danh sách 100 tác phẩm đứng đầu thế kỷ 20 trong lĩnh vực sách phi hư cấu viết bằng tiếng Anh bởi Modern Library.

## Cuộc đời

## Toán học và logic học

### ''A Treatise on Universal Algebra''

### ''Principia Mathematica''

### ''An Introduction to Mathematics''

## Quan điểm về Giáo dục

## Triết học và Siêu hình học

### Quan niệm của Whitehead về Thực tại

### Lý thuyết về tri giác

### Tiến hóa và giá trị

### Thượng đế

### Tôn giáo

## Di sản và ảnh hưởng

### Thần học và Triết học Tiến trình

### Khoa học

### Sinh thái học, kinh tế học và tính bền vững

### Giáo dục

### Quản trị kinh doanh

### Quan điểm chính trị

## Các tác phẩm chính
Liệt kê theo thời điểm xuất bản.
* *A Treatise on Universal Algebra*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898. ISBN 1-4297-0032-7. Available online at http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.chmm/1263316509 .
* *The Axioms of Descriptive Geometry*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/umhistmath/ABN2643.0001.001.
* with Bertrand Russell. *Principia Mathematica, Volume I*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. Available online at http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AAT3201.0001.001 . Vol. 1 to *56 is available as a CUP paperback.
* *An Introduction to Mathematics*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/umhistmath/AAW5995.0001.001. Vol. 56 of the *Great Books of the Western World* series.
* with Bertrand Russell. *Principia Mathematica, Volume II*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912. Available online at http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AAT3201.0002.001 .
* with Bertrand Russell. *Principia Mathematica, Volume III*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913. Available online at http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AAT3201.0003.001.
* *The Organization of Thought Educational and Scientific*. London: Williams & Norgate, 1917. Available online at .
* *An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1919. Available online at .
* *The Concept of Nature*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920. Based on the November 1919 Tarner Lectures delivered at Trinity College. Available online at .
* *The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922. Available online at .
* *Science and the Modern World*. New York: Macmillan Company, 1925. Vol. 55 of the *Great Books of the Western World* series.
* *Religion in the Making*. New York: Macmillan Company, 1926. Based on the 1926 Lowell Lectures.
* *Symbolism, Its Meaning and Effect*. New York: Macmillan Co., 1927. Based on the 1927 Barbour-Page Lectures delivered at the University of Virginia.
* *Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology*. New York: Macmillan Company, 1929. Based on the 1927–28 Gifford Lectures delivered at the University of Edinburgh. The 1978 Free Press "corrected edition" edited by David Ray Griffin and Donald W. Sherburne corrects many errors in both the British and American editions, and also provides a comprehensive index.
* *The Aims of Education and Other Essays*. New York: Macmillan Company, 1929.
* *The Function of Reason*. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1929. Based on the March 1929 Louis Clark Vanuxem Foundation Lectures delivered at Princeton University.
* *Adventures of Ideas*. New York: Macmillan Company, 1933. Also published by Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933.
* *Nature and Life*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.
* *Modes of Thought*. New York: MacMillan Company, 1938.
* "Mathematics and the Good." In *The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead*, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, 666–681. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941.
* "Immortality." In *The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead*, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, 682–700. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941.
* *Essays in Science and Philosophy*. London: Philosophical Library, 1947.with Allison Heartz Johnson, ed. *The Wit and Wisdom of Whitehead*. Boston: Beacon Press, 1947.

## Tham khảo

## Đọc thêm
* Casati, Roberto, and Achille C. Varzi. *Parts and Places: The Structures of Spatial Representation*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1999.
* Ford, Lewis. *Emergence of Whitehead's Metaphysics, 1925–1929*. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.
* Hartshorne, Charles. *Whitehead's Philosophy: Selected Essays, 1935–1970*. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1972.
* Henning, Brian G. *The Ethics of Creativity: Beauty, Morality, and Nature in a Processive Cosmos*. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. 
* Holtz, Harald and Ernest Wolf-Gazo, eds. *Whitehead und der Prozeßbegriff / Whitehead and The Idea of Process. Proceedings of The First International Whitehead-Symposion*. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg i. B. / München, 1984. ISBN 3-495-47517-6 
* Jones, Judith A. *Intensity: An Essay in Whiteheadian Ontology*. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1998.
* Kraus, Elizabeth M. *The Metaphysics of Experience*. New York: Fordham University Press, 1979. 
* McDaniel, Jay. *What is Process Thought?: Seven Answers to Seven Questions*. Claremont: P&F Press, 2008.
* McHenry, Leemon. *The Event Universe: The Revisionary Metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead*. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
* Nobo, Jorge L. *Whitehead's Metaphysics of Extension and Solidarity*. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986.
* Price, Lucien. *Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead*. New York: Mentor Books, 1956.
* Quine, Willard Van Orman. "Whitehead and the rise of modern logic." In *The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead*, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, 125–163. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941.
* Rapp, Friedrich and Reiner Wiehl, eds. *Whiteheads Metaphysik der Kreativität. Internationales Whitehead-Symposium Bad Homburg 1983*. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg i. B. / München, 1986. ISBN 3-495-47612-1 
* Rescher, Nicholas. *Process Metaphysics*. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995. 
* Rescher, Nicholas. *Process Philosophy: A Survey of Basic Issues*. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. 
* Schilpp, Paul Arthur, ed. *The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead*. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941. Part of the Library of Living Philosophers series.
* Siebers, Johan. *The Method of Speculative Philosophy: An Essay on the Foundations of Whitehead's Metaphysics*. Kassel: Kassel University Press GmbH, 2002. ISBN 3-933146-79-8
* Smith, Olav Bryant. *Myths of the Self: Narrative Identity and Postmodern Metaphysics*. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7391-0843-3
* Weber, Michel. *[http://www.academia.edu/279953/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._The_Basics Whitehead's Pancreativism — The Basics]*. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag, 2006.
* Weber, Michel. *[http://www.academia.edu/392183/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._Jamesian_Applications Whitehead’s Pancreativism — Jamesian Applications]*, Frankfurt / Paris: Ontos Verlag, 2011.
* Weber, Michel and Will Desmond (eds.). *[http://www.academia.edu/279955/Handbook_of_Whiteheadian_Process_Thought Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought]*, Frankfurt / Lancaster: Ontos Verlag, 2008. 
* Alan Van Wyk and Michel Weber (eds.). *[http://www.academia.edu/279954/Creativity_and_Its_Discontents._The_Response_to_Whiteheads_Process_and_Reality Creativity and Its Discontents.The Response to Whitehead's Process and Reality]*, Frankfurt / Lancaster: Ontos Verlag, 2009.
* Will, Clifford. *Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

## Liên kết ngoài
* The Philosophy of Organism in Philosophy Now magazine. An accessible summary of Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy.
* Center for Process Studies in Claremont, California. A faculty research center of Claremont School of Theology, in association with Claremont Graduate University. The Center organizes conferences and events and publishes materials pertaining to Whitehead and process thought. It also maintains extensive Whitehead-related bibliographies.
* Summary of Whitehead's Philosophy A Brief Introduction to Whitehead's Metaphysics
* Society for the Study of Process Philosophies, a scholarly society that holds periodic meetings in conjunction with each of the divisional meetings of the American Philosophical Association, as well as at the annual meeting of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. 
* "Alfred North Whitehead" in the *[[Bộ lưu trữ lịch sử toán học MacTutor|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]*, by John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson.
* "Alfred North Whitehead: New World Philosopher"  at the Harvard Square Library.
* Jesus, Jazz, and Buddhism: Process Thinking for a More Hospitable World 
* "What is Process Thought?" an introductory video series to process thought by Jay McDaniel.
* Centre de philosophie pratique « Chromatiques whiteheadiennes »
*  by John Lighton Synge on arXiv.org
* Whitehead at Monoskop.org, with extensive bibliography.
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* LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)