O‘z-o‘zini nusxalaydigan mashina

**Oʻz-oʻzini nusxalaydigan mashina** – atrof-muhitda topilgan xomashyolardan foydalanib, oʻzini mustaqil ravishda koʻpaytirishga qodir boʻlgan avtonom robot turi. Bu jarayon tabiatda uchraydigan oʻz-oʻzini koʻpaytirish jarayoniga oʻxshash tarzda amalga oshadi. Oʻz-oʻzini nusxalaydigan mashinalar konsepsiyasi Homer Jacobson, Edward F. Moore, Freeman Dyson, John von Neumann, Konrad Zuse kabi olimlar tomonidan ilgari surilgan va oʻrganilgan. Yaqinroq vaqtlarda esa K. Eric Drexler oʻzining nanotexnologiyaga oid „Yaratilish dvigatellari“ (Engines of Creation) kitobida (bunday mashinalar uchun „taqillovchi replikator“ atamasini oʻylab topgan) hamda Robert Freitas va Ralph Merkle oʻzlarining „Kinematik oʻz-oʻzini nusxalaydigan mashinalar“ (Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines) sharhida butun replikator loyihalash maydonining ilk keng qamrovli tahlilini taqdim etganlar. Bunday texnologiyaning kelajakdagi rivojlanishi oylar va asteroidlar mintaqasidan ruda hamda boshqa materiallarni qazib olish, oy fabrikalarini yaratish va hatto koinotda quyosh energiyasi sunʼiy yoʻldoshlarini qurish bilan bogʻliq bir qancha rejalarning uzviy qismidir. Fon Neyman zondi bunday mashinalarning nazariy misollaridan biridir. Von Neumann, shuningdek, „universal konstruktor“ deb atagan loyihasi ustida ishlagan. U evolyutsiyaga qodir boʻlgan oʻz-oʻzini nusxalaydigan mashina boʻlib, uni olim uyali avtomatlar muhitida shakllantirgan. Taʼkidlash joizki, von Neumannning oʻz-oʻzini koʻpaytiruvchi avtomatlar sxemasi shuni koʻrsatadiki, cheksiz evolyutsiya uchun irsiy maʼlumotlar nusxalanishi va avlodga oʻz-oʻzini nusxalaydigan mashinaning oʻzidan alohida tarzda uzatilishi kerak. Bu degani, mashina shunchaki oʻzini nusxalamasdan, oʻzining „yoʻriqnomasini“ ham alohida nusxalab berishi kerak. Bu chuqur mantiqiy xulosa Watson va Crick tomonidan DNK molekulasi kashf qilinishidan ancha oldin ilgari surilgan edi. Von Neumann hujayradagi maʼlumotlar qanday nusxalanishini biologlardan avvalroq matematik tarzda toʻgʻri bashorat qilgan.

## Manbalar

## Adabiyotlar

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* M. Sipper, Fifty years of research on self-replication: An overview, Artificial Life, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.&nbsp;237–257, Summer 1998.
* Freeman Dyson expanded upon Neumannʼs automata theories, and advanced a biotechnology-inspired theory. See Astrochicken.
* The first technical design study of a self-replicating interstellar probe was published in a 1980 paper by Robert Freitas.
* Clanking replicators are also mentioned briefly in the fourth chapter of K. Eric Drexler's 1986 book *[[Engines of Creation]]*.
* Article about a proposed clanking replicator system to be used for developing Earthly deserts in the October 1995 Discover Magazine, featuring forests of solar panels that powered desalination equipment to irrigate the land.
* In 1995, Nick Szabo proposed a challenge to build a macroscale replicator from Lego robot kits and similar basic parts. Szabo wrote that this approach was easier than previous proposals for macroscale replicators, but successfully predicted that even this method would not lead to a macroscale replicator within ten years.
* In 1998, Chris Phoenix suggested a general idea for a macroscale replicator on the sci.nanotech newsgroup, operating in a pool of ultraviolet-cured liquid plastic, selectively solidifying the plastic to form solid parts. Computation could be done by fluidic logic. Power for the process could be supplied by a pressurized source of the liquid.
* In 2001, Peter Ward mentioned an escaped clanking replicator destroying the human race in his book *[[Future Evolution]]*.
* In 2004, General Dynamics completed a study for NASAʼs Institute for Advanced Concepts. It concluded that complexity of the development was equal to that of a Pentium 4, and promoted a design based on cellular automata.
* In 2004, Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle published the first comprehensive review of the field of self-replication, in their book MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM.htm Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, which includes 3000+ literature references.
* In 2005, Adrian Bowyer of the University of Bath started the RepRap project to develop a rapid prototyping machine that would be able to replicate itself, making such machines cheap enough for people to buy and use in their homes. The project is releasing material under the GNU GPL. https://web.archive.org/web/20070112200308/http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ensab/replicator/