Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari davlat madhiyasi

„**Yulduzli bayroq**“ – Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining davlat madhiyasi. Qoʻshiq soʻzlari 1814-yil 14-sentyabrda 35 yoshli huquqshunos va havaskor shoir Francis Scott Key tomonidan yozilgan. Francis Scott Key Britaniya kemalari tomonidan Fort MakHenrining bombardimon qilinishiga guvoh boʻlganidan keyin „Fort M’Henri himoyasi“ sheʼrini yozgan. Sheʼr 1812-yilgi Baltimor jangi paytida Patapsko daryosidagi Tashqi Baltimor bandargohidagi Qirollik dengiz floti boʻlgan urush haqidagi voqealar haqida soʻzlaydi. Key Urushning ramzi boʻlgan AQShning 15 yulduzli va 15 ta chiziqli yirik bayrogʻidan ham ilhomlangan boʻlib, madhiya ham aynan yulduzli bayroq sifatida tanilgan va gʻalaba ramzi hisobangan.

Sheʼr John Stafford Smith tomonidan Londondagi erkaklar ijtimoiy klubi Anacreontic Society uchun yozilgan mashhur ingliz qoʻshigʻiga bastalangan. Ushbu qoʻshiq „Osmondagi Anakreonga“ (yoki „Anakreontik qoʻshiq“) kabi turli soʻzlar bilan Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarida allaqachon mashhur edi. „Yulduzli bayroq“ deb oʻzgartirilgan ushbu qoʻshiq tez orada AQShda taniqli vatanparvarlik qoʻshigʻiga aylandi. Madhiyani 19 yarimton diapazoni bilan kuylash juda qiyinligi bilan mashhur. Sheʼr toʻrt baytdan iborat boʻlsa-da, bugungi kunda faqat birinchisi keng tarqalgan.

„Yulduzli bayroq“ 1889-yilda Qoʻshma Shtatlar dengiz floti va 1916-yilda AQSh prezidenti Woodrow Wilson tomonidan rasmiy foydalanish uchun tan olingan va 1931-yil 3-martdagi Kongress rezolyutsiyasi bilan davlat madhiyasiga aylantirilgan (46 Stat. 1508, 36 USC § 301 da kodlangan), uni prezident Herbert Hoover imzolagan.

1931-yilgacha boshqa qoʻshiqlar AQSh rasmiylarining madhiyasi boʻlib xizmat qilgan. "Hail, Columbia" XIX asrning asosiy qismida rasmiy funksiyalarda ushbu maqsadga xizmat qilgan. Ohangi Buyuk Britaniyaning milliy madhiyasi boʻlgan „Xudo qirolichani asrasin“ bilan bir xil boʻlgan „My Country, ʻTis of thee“ qoʻshigʻi ham amalda milliy madhiya boʻlib xizmat qilgan. 

## Tarix

## Matn

O say can you see, by the dawnʼs early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilightʼs last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
Oʻer the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocketʼs red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
Oʻer the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foeʼs haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, oʻer the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morningʻs first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
Oʻer the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battleʼs confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
Oʻer the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation.
Blest with victʼry and peace, may the Heav’n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
Oʻer the land of the free and the home of the brave!


## Manbalar

## Havolalar
* „New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner“, *[[CBS This Morning]]*, September 13, 2014 (via YouTube).
* „Star-Spangled History: 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem“, Biography.com.
* Star-Spangled Banner' writer had a complex record on race", Mary Carole McCauley, *[[The Baltimore Sun]]*, July 26, 2014.
* „The Man Behind the National Anthem Paid Little Attention to It“. NPR’s *[[Here and Now (Boston)|Here and Now]]*, July 4, 2017.
* Star-Spangled Banner (Memory)—American Treasures of the Library of Congress exhibition
* „How the National Anthem Has Unfurled; 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years“ by William Robin. June 27, 2014, *The New York Times*, p. AR10.
* TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star-Spangled Banner exhibit—C-SPAN, *American History*, May 15, 2014