Meksika adabiyoti

**Meksika adabiyoti** – ispan tilidagi eng sermahsul va taʼsirli adabiyotlardan biri boʻlib, Ispaniya va Argentina adabiyotlari bilan bir qatorda turadi. Bu adabiyotning eng muhim va xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan yozuvchilari orasida Octavio Paz, Alfonso Reyes, Carlos Fuentes, Sergio Pitol, José Emilio Pacheco, Rosario Castellanos, Fernando del Paso, Juan Rulfo, Amado Nervo, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Ramón López Velarde va Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora kabi ijodkorlar bor. Ularning asarlari Meksikaning boy tarixiy tajribasi, madaniy xilma-xilligi va ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlarini chuqur ifoda etib, ispan tilidagi jahon adabiyotiga beqiyos hissa qoʻshgan.

## Meksika adabiyotining shakllanishi
Meksika adabiyotining ildizlari Mesoamerikaning mahalliy xalqlari adabiyoti hamda Ispaniya adabiy anʼanalariga borib taqaladi. Ispanlar kelgach, mestizaje (madaniy aralashuv) jarayoni orqali yangi adabiyot vujudga keldi va bu jarayon Yangi Ispaniya vitse-qirolligida adabiyotning kreolizatsiya davrini boshlab berdi. Yangi Ispaniya adabiyoti oʻsha davrda butun Ispaniya adabiyotida hukmron boʻlgan Ispan Uygʻonish davri gʻoyalari taʼsirida rivojlandi. Shu bilan birga, mahalliy yozuvlar vitse-qirollikdagi xalq tilidan olingan koʻplab iboralarni oʻzlashtirdi. Oʻsha davr asarlarida koʻtarilgan mavzular ispan adabiyotining Meksikaga xos oʻzgacha variantini shakllantirishda muhim rol oʻynadi.

Mustamlaka davrida Yangi Ispaniyada barokko uslubidagi yozuvchilar ijod qildi. Ular orasida Bernardo de Balbuena, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Francisco de Castro, Luis Sandoval Zapata, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Diego de Ribera va Rafael Landivar bor edi.

Mustaqillik arafasida esa yangi avlod yozuvchilari ispan yarimoroli adabiyotidan milliy adabiyotni ozod qilish gʻoyasini ilgari surdilar. Bu harakatning ilk namoyandalari – Diego José Abad, Francisco Javier Alegre va Friar Servando Teresa de Mier edi. Yangi Ispaniya mustamlaka boshqaruvining soʻnggi yillarida José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi kabi muhim yozuvchilar yetishib chiqdi. Uning mashhur asari El Periquillo Sarniento Meksika adabiyotining ramziga aylangan boʻlib, Amerika qitʼasida yozilgan birinchi zamonaviy roman sifatida eʼtirof etiladi.

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmiga kelib, Los mexicanos pintados por sí mismos kabi asarlar paydo boʻldi. Bu kitob oʻsha davr ziyolilarining oʻz vatandoshlarini qanday tasavvur qilganini, ularning turmush tarzini va jamiyat haqidagi qarashlarini aks ettirgan odob-axloq va turmush manzaralarini tasvirlovchi toʻplam edi. XIX asr oxiriga borib, Porfirio Díaz hukumati davrida Meksika yozuvchilari oʻsha paytda Yevropada hukmron boʻlgan adabiy oqimlarga moyillik bildira boshladilar. Shu tariqa Meksika adabiyoti asta-sekin mahalliy ildizlardan chiqib, Yevropa modernizmi va estetik tamoyillari taʼsiriga oʻta boshladi.

Meksika mustaqilligining yuz yilligi (1910) munosabati bilan Antología del Centenario nomli adabiy loyiha yoʻlga qoʻyildi. Ushbu loyiha Meksikaning birinchi yuz yillik adabiyotini oʻz ichiga olgan mualliflarni jamlashni maqsad qilgan edi. Biroq loyiha toʻliq yakunlanmay, faqat birinchi jildi nashr etildi. U ikki tomdan iborat boʻlib, asosan toʻplangan sheʼriy asarlarni oʻz ichiga olgan. Ushbu toʻplamga oʻsha davrning taniqli shoirlari – Friar Manuel de Navarrete, Fernando Calderón va Ignacio Rodríguez Galván kiritilgan. Shu davrda modernizm oqimining yetakchi vakillari sifatida Amado Nervo va Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera tanilgan. Shuningdek, oʻsha davrning boshqa mashhur yozuvchilari qatorida Luis G. Urbina, Efren Rebolledo, José Juan Tablada, Enrique González Martínez va Ramón López Velarde ham Meksika adabiyotiga oʻzining sezilarli hissasini qoʻshgan.

## Kolumbgacha bo‘lgan adabiyot
Mesoamerika xalqlari yozuv tizimlarini ishlab chiqqan bo‘lsa-da, ular bu tizimlardan o‘z adabiyotlarini saqlash uchun kamdan-kam foydalanganlar. Meksikaning mahalliy xalqlari afsonalari va adabiy asarlarining aksariyati og‘zaki an’ana orqali avloddan-avlodga yetkazilgan.

Bizga ma’lumki, meksikaliklar orasida yosh ruhoniylarning asosiy faoliyatlaridan biri o‘z xalqining she’riy asarlari yoki afsonalarini yod olish edi.

## Mustaqil Meksika yozuvchilari (XIX asr)

### Essechilar
* Lucas Alamán (1792–1853)
* Serapio Baqueiro Barrera (1865–1940)
* Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1859–1895).
* Antonio Menendez de la Peña (1844–1912).
* Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña (1850–1928).
* Justo Sierra Méndez (1848–1912).
* José Vasconcelos (1882–1959).

### Romannavislar va hikoyanavislar
* Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834–1893).
* Angel del Campo (1868–1908).
* Florencio María del Castillo (1828–1863).
* José Tomás de Cuellar (1830–1894).
* Rafael Delgado (1853–1914).
* Federico Gamboa (1864–1939).
* Gregorio López (1897–1966).
* Manuel Payno (1810–1894).
* Guillermo Prieto (1818–1897).
* Vicente Riva Palacio (1832–1896)
* José Rubén Romero (1890–1952).
* Victoriano Salado Alvarez (1867–1931).
* Justo Sierra O'Reilly (1814–1861).
* Francisco Javier Moreno (1895–1961).

### Shoirlar

* Manuel Acuña (1849–1873).
* Manuel Carpio (1791–1860).
* Salvador Díaz Mirón (1853–1928).
* Enrique González Martínez (1871–1952).
* Enrique González Red (1899–1939).
* Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1858–1895).
* Renato Leduc (1898–1986).
* Rafael Lopez (1873–1943).
* Ramón López Velarde (1888–1921).
* Amado Nervo (1870–1919).
* Manuel Jose Othon (1858–1906).
* Juan de Dios Peza (1852–1910).
* Efren Rebolledo (1877–1929).
* Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959).
* José Juan Tablada (1871–1945).
* Luis G. Urbina (1864–1934).
* Granade Miriam (1995)
* Arianna Alvarez (2001)

## Zamonaviy yozuvchilar (XX va XXI asrlar)
Meksika inqilobi boshlanishi jurnalistika janrining oʻsishiga yordam berdi. Fuqarolik mojarosi tugagach, inqilob mavzusi Mariano Azuela va Rodolfo Usigli qalamiga mansub romanlar, hikoyalar va pyesalarda koʻrinish bera boshladi. Bu tendensiya keyinchalik Rosario Castellanos va Juan Rulfo kabi yozuvchilar asarlarida shakllangan milliy adabiyotning gullab-yashnashini oldindan belgilab berdi.

Shuningdek, sahnaga „tubjoy adabiyoti“ deb atalgan yoʻnalish ham chiqdi; u Meksikaning mahalliy xalqlari hayoti va tafakkurini tasvirlashga harakat qilgan. Biroq qiziq tomoni shundaki, bu harakat vakillarining birortasi ham aslida tubjoy vakili emas edi. Bu yoʻnalish vakillari orasida Ricardo Pozas va Francisco Rojas Gonzalez alohida ajralib turadi.

### Essechilar

* Jorge Cuesta (1903–1942)
* Germán Dehesa (1944–2010)
* Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
* Margo Glantz (1930–)
* Manuel Hernández Gómez (1950–)
* Hugo Hiriart (1942–)
* Carlos Monsivais (1938–2010)
* Octavio Paz (1914–1998)
* Óscar René Cruz Oliva (1933–)
* Sergio Pitol (1933–2018)
* Elena Poniatowska (1932–)
* Vicente Quirarte (1954–)
* Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959)
* Guillermo Samperio (1948–)
* Sara Sefchovich (1949–)
* Carlos J. Sierra (1933–)
* Gabriel Zaid (1934–)

### Romannavislar va hikoyanavislar

* Abraham Nissan (1969–)
* Andres Acosta (1964–)
* José Agustín (1944–)
* Homer Aridjis (1940–)
* Inés Arredondo (1928–1989)
* Juan José Arreola (1918–2001)
* René Avilés Fabila (1940–)
* René Avilés Rojas (1911–1979)
* Mariano Azuela (1873–1952)
* Mario Bellatín (1960–)
* Carmen Boulton (1954–)
* Juan de la Cabada Vera (1901–1986)
* Nellie Campobello (1900–1986)
* Rosario Castellanos (1925–1974)
* José de la Colina (1934)
* Alberto Chimal (1970)
* Leonardo Da Jandra (1951–)
* Amparo Dávila (1928)
* Guadalupe Dueñas (1920–2002)
* Salvador Elizondo (1932–2006)
* Beatriz Mirror
* Laura Esquivel (1950–)
* William Fadanelli (1963–)
* J. M. Servin (1962)
* Bernardo Fernández
* Jorge Ferretis (1902–1962)
* Heriberto Frías (1870–1925)
* Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012)
* Sergio Galindo (1926-1993)
* Juan García Ponce (1932–2003)
* Parmenides García Saldaña (1944–1982)
* Jesus Gardea (1939–2000)
* Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
* Elena Garro (1916–1998)
* José Luis González (1926)
* Martin Luis Guzman (1887–1977)
* Andrés Henestrosa (1906–2008)
* Yuri Herrera (1970–)
* Jorge Ibargüengoitia (1928–1983)
* Xavier Icaza (1892–1969)
* Patricia Laurent Kullick (1962–)
* Monica Lavin (1955–)
* Alfredo Lèal (1985)
* Vicente Leñero (1933–2014)
* Valeria Luiselli (1983–)
* Mauricio Magdaleno (1906–1986)
* Ángeles Mastretta (1949–)
* Elmer Mendoza (1949–)
* Miguel Angel Menendez Reyes (1904–1982)
* Thomas Mojarro (1932)
* Rafael Muñoz (1899–1972)
* Gilberto Owen (1904–1952)
* José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014)
* Fernando del Paso (1935–2018)
* Sergio Pitol (1933-2018)
* Gerardo Horacio Porcayo (1966–)
* Maria Luisa Puga (1944–2004)
* Rafael Ramírez Heredia (1942–2006)
* Cristina Rivera Garza (1964–)
* Sergio-Jesús Rodríguez (1967)
* Octavio Rodriguez Araujo (1941)
* José Revueltas (1914–1976)
* Martha Robles (1949–)
* Bernardo Ruiz (1953–)
* Juan Rulfo (1918–1986)
* Rafael Saavedra (1967–2013)
* Daniel Sada (1953–2011)
* Alberto Ruy Sanchez (1951)
* Gustavo Sainz (1940)
* Guillermo Samperio (1948–)
* Federico Schaffler
* Mauricio-José Schwarz (1955–)
* Enrique Serna (1959–)
* Jordi Soler (1963–)
* Gerardo de la Torre (1938)
* David Toscana (1961–)
* Juan Tovar (1941)
* Elman Trevizo (1981)
* Gabriel Trujillo
* Edmundo Valadés (1915–1994)
* Arqueles Vela (1899–1977)
* Xavier Velasco (1964–)
* Juan Pablo Villalobos (1973–)
* Juan Villoro (1956–)
* Josefina Vicens (1911–1988)
* Janitzio Villamar (1969–)
* Jorge Volpi (1968)
* Agustín Yáñez (1904–1980)
* José Luis Zárate (1966–)
* Eraclius Zepeda (1937)
* Gerardo Arana (1987–2012)

### Shoirlar

* Griselda Álvarez (1913–2009)
* Guadalupe Amor (1918–2000)
* Homero Aridjis (1940–)
* List Germán Arzubide (1898–1998)
* Juan Banuelos (1932–)
* Efraín Bartolomé (1950–)
* José Carlos Becerra (1936–1970)
* Abigael Bohórquez (1936–1995)
* Rubén Bonifaz Nuño (1923–2013)
* Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976)
* Alí Chumacero (1918– 2010)
* Óscar Cortés Tapia (1960–)
* Jorge Cuesta (1903–1942)
* Gerardo Deniz (1934–2014)
* José Gorostiza (1901–1973)
* Daniel Gutiérrez Pedreiro (1964–)
* Francisco Hernández (1946–)
* Efraín Huerta (1914–1982)
* David Huerta (1949–)
* Martín Jiménez Serrano (1967)
* Jaime Labastida (1939–)
* Ricardo López Méndez (1903–1989)
* Tedi López Mills (1959–)
* Manuel Maples Arce (1898–1981)
* Yaxkin Melchy Ramos (1985–)
* Carmen Mondragón „Nahui Olin“ (1893–1978)
* Marco Antonio Montes de Oca (1932–2008)
* Oscar Oliva (1938–)
* José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014)
* , (1939–2014)
* Octavio Paz (1914–1998)
* Carlos Pellicer (1899–1977)
* Jaime Sabines (1926–1999)
* Jaime Augusto Shelley (1937)
* Javier Sicilia (1956–)
* Concha Urquiza (1910–1945)
* Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1950)
* Eraclio Zepeda (1937–2015)

### Dramaturglar

*  (1932–2003)
* Homer Aridjis (1940–)
* Luis G. Basurto (1920–1990)
* Sabina Berman (1955–)
* Emilio Carballido (1925–2008)
* Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976)
* Elena Garro (1916–1998)
* Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
* Miguel Ángel Tenorio (1954–1)
* Luisa Josefina Hernandez (1928–)
* Vicente Leñero (1933–)
* Oscar Liera (1946–1990)
* Carlos Olmos (1947–2003)
* José Lorenzo Canchola (1962–)
* Victor Hugo Rascon Banda (1948–2008)
* Guillermo Schmidhuber (1943–)
* Juan Tovar (1941–)
* Luis Mario Moncada (1963–)
* Rodolfo Usigli (1905–1980)
* Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1951)

### Tarixchilar

* Alfonso Junco
* Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas (1954–)
* Carlos Pereyra
* Carlos Alvear Acevedo
* Eduardo Blanquel
* Guillermo Bonfil Batalla (1935–1991)
* Victor Manuel Castillo Farreras (1932–)
* Daniel Cosio Villegas (1898–1976)
* Martha Fernandez
* Mariano Cuevas
* José Fuentes Mares (1918–1986)
* Adolfo Gilly
* Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru
* Lucas Alamán
* Luis González y González (1925–2003)
* Luis González Obregón
* Enrique Krauze (1947–)
* Miguel León-Portilla (1926–)
* Alfredo López Austin (1936–)
* Leonardo López Luján (1964–)
* Jorge Alberto Manrique
* Francisco Martin Moreno (1946–)
* Álvaro Matute Aguirre
* Margarita Menegus
* Alfonso Mendiola
* Jean Meyer (1942–)
* Lorenzo Meyer (1942–)
* Juan Miralles (1930–2011)
* Moguel Josefina Flores (1952–)
* Edmundo O'Gorman (1906–1995)
* Héctor Pérez Martínez (1906–1948)
* Constantino Reyes-Valerio (1922–2006)
* Antonio Rubial
* Rafael Tovar y de Teresa
* Guillermo Tovar y de Teresa
* Paco Ignacio Taibo II
* Cristina Pacheco Torales
* Elisa Vargas Lugo
* Bolívar Zapata
* José David Gamboa
* Vito Alessio Robles

## Xronologiya

## Yana qarang
* Meksika yozuvchilari roʻyxati
* Meksika shoirlari roʻyxati
* Infrarealizm

## Manbalar

## Havolalar
* Preface to C.M. Mayo anthology Mexico: A Traveler's Literary Companion