Ɛfeɛ

**ɔfeɛ** (a wɔsan frɛ no emesis ne throwing up)[a] yɛ obi yafunu mu nneɛma a ɔmfa n’ano ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɔde ne hwene pam no a ɔmpɛ, ɔhyɛ no.

akisikuru betumi afi nyarewa te sɛ aduan mu awuduru, yafunu mu yare, nyinsɛn, yare a ɛma obi ho yɛ no hyew, anaasɛ ɔnom nsa; anaasɛ ebetumi ayɛ nea efi nyarewa te sɛ amemene mu akisikuru, nhyɛso a ɛkɔ soro wɔ atiridii mu, anaasɛ mframa a ɛma ɛyɛ ion a wɔde di dwuma boro so akyi. Wɔfrɛ nkate a obi wɔ sɛ ɔrebɛfe no akisikuru; ɛtaa di anim, nanso ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na ɛma obi fe. Nsa anaa aduru a wɔde kum nipadua no a ɛma obi ho yɛ no hyew no betumi ama obi ahome ɔfe, na ama obi amene.[3] Wɔ tebea horow a emu yɛ den mu, baabi a nsu a ɛtɔ nipadua no mu ba no, ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔde nsu fa ntini mu. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛho hia sɛ wɔde nnuru a ekum akisikuru no ano siw akisikuru ne ɔfe ano. Ɔfe a obi ankasa de ba no betumi ayɛ adidi mu haw te sɛ bulimia no fa, na mprempren wɔabu no ankasa sɛ adidi mu haw wɔ n’ankasa mu, a ɛma obi ho tew.[4]

## Nsɛnnennen a ɛba
**apɛde a ɛwɔ hɔ**

Sɛ yafunu mu nneɛma kɔ ɔhome akwaa no mu a, asiane wom sɛ obi bɛfe. Wɔ tebea horow a ɛfata mu no, gag reflex ne ɔfe no mma eyi ntumi mma; nanso, saa nneɛma a ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban yi sɛe wɔ nnipa a wɔnom nneɛma bi (a nsa ka ho) anaasɛ wɔde aduru a ɛma obi dwensɔ brɛoo mpo no mu. Onipa no betumi amene na wamene[5] anaasɛ wanya aspiration pneumonia.[6]

**Nsu a ɛtɔ ne electrolyte a ɛnkari pɛ**

Sɛ obi fe kyɛ na ɛboro so a, ɛma nsu no sa (nsu a ɛtɔ gu nipadua no mu), na ebetumi asakra electrolyte no tebea. Yafunu mu a wɔfe no ma acid (proton) ne chloride yera tẽẽ. Sɛ wɔde alkaline tide a efi mu ba no ka ho a, eyi de hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (chloride dodow a ɛba fam a ɛka HCO− a ɛkɔ soro ho) ba

3 ne CO

2 ne mogya mu pH a ɛkɔ soro) ne mpɛn pii no hypokalemia (potassium a ɛso tew). Hypokalemia no yɛ nea efi asaabo no tua acid a ɛyera no ho ka a ɛnteɛ. Sɛ obi hwere aduan a odi a, awiei koraa no ebia ɔbɛdan cachectic. Nea ɛntaa nsi no fi nneɛma a ɛwɔ dwensɔtwaa mu a bile acid ne HCO− ka ho a ɛfe no mu

3, a ebetumi ama nipadua no mu nkwaadɔm ayɛ acidosis.[citation needed]

Mallory–Weiss a ɔtetew ne ho

Hwɛ nso: Mallory–Weiss yare no

Sɛ obi fe no mpɛn pii anaasɛ ɛfe pii a, ebetumi ama ɛwo no mu ayɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ɛbɛtetew nketenkete wɔ ɛwo no mu (Mallory–Weiss tear). Eyi betumi ada adi sɛ wɔde mogya kɔkɔɔ foforo frafra ɔfe bere a wɔayɛ no mpɛn pii akyi a.

**Nsõ ho aduruyɛ**

Sɛ obi bɛfe mpɛn pii te sɛ nea wohu wɔ bulimia nervosa mu no betumi ama ne sẽ no asɛe esiane acid a ɛwɔ ɔfe no mu nti. Nkwammoaa mu nkwaadɔm nso betumi anya anom akwahosan so nkɛntɛnso bɔne, denam anom ntini a ɛsɛe no so.

## Nneɛma a ɛde ba
Ebia nneɛma pii na ɛde ba, na ɔfe a ɛkyɛ no wɔ bere tenten a ɛma wohu sɛ ɛyɛ soronko.

**Nneɛma a ɛma obi nya aduan**

Nea ɛde ba wɔ aduan mu akwaa no mu

Gastritis (yafunu no fasu a ɛyɛ hyew)[19] .

Yafunu mu yare

Gastroesophageal reflux yare a ɛma obi nya ɔyare no

Celiac yareɛ[20] .

Gluten a ɛnyɛ celiac ho nkate[21] .

Pyloric stenosis (wɔ nkokoaa mu no, eyi taa de "projectile vomiting" a ano yɛ den kɛse ba na ɛyɛ ade a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ oprehyɛn ntɛm ara) .

Dwonku a ɛsiw kwan

Adidi mmoroso (yafunu a ɛyɛ ma dodo) .

Yafunu ne/anaasɛ peritonitis a emu yɛ den

Ileus na ɔkyerɛwee

Aduan ho akisikuru (mpɛn pii no ɛne akisikuru anaasɛ ɛho ahonhon) .

Cholecystitis, dwensɔtwaa mu yare, akisikuru, mmerɛbo mu yare

Aduan mu awuduru

Wɔ mmofra mu no, ebetumi afi akisikuru a ɛba nantwi nufusu mu protein ahorow ho (Milk allergy or lactose intolerance) .

## Ayaresa
Antiemetic yɛ aduru a etu mpɔn ko tia ɔfe ne akisikuru. Wɔtaa de nnuru a ekum akisikuru di dwuma de sa yare a ɛma obi ho yɛ no hyew ne nea efi nnuru te sɛ opioid ne nnuru a wɔde sa yare mu ba.[citation needed][3]

Nnuru a ekum akisikuru no yɛ adwuma denam mmeae a ɛma obi nya akisikuru a ɛbata emesis ho a esiw ano no so. Enti, wɔde nnuru a ekum cholinergics, nnuru a ekum histamine, nnuru a ekum dopamine, nnuru a ekum serotonin, ne cannabinoids di dwuma sɛ nnuru a ekum akisikuru.[37]

Adanse a ɛfoa nnuru a wɔde kum akisikuru ne akisikuru a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ dwumadibea a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so no so no nyɛ papa.[38] Ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee sɛ ebia aduru biara ye sen foforo anaasɛ eye sen ayaresa a ɛyɛ nnam biara.[