Pan-Africanism

*Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ *'Asante Twi*' mu*

Pan-Africanism yɛ ɔman mu ahoɔdzen bi a ne botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ nkitahodi a ɛwɔ nnipa a wofi Afrika

nyinaa ne wɔn a wofi akyirikyiri no ntam no mu den. Ɛgyina atirimpɔ bi a na ɛwɔ hɔ fi Atlantic nkoatɔ, Trans-Saharan nkoatɔ, India Po nkoatɔ, Ɛpo Kɔkɔɔ nkoatɔ, Cape Colony (seesei South Africa) nkoasom, ne nkoasom wɔ Mauritius akyi no, nnipakan no trɛw kɔ akyiri sen Afrikafo a wɔwɔ Amerika ne Europa no.

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Pan-Africanism fi Afrikafoɔ akodi a wɔko tia nkoasom ne nnommumfa mu, na saa akodie yi firi tete akodie a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ nkoa hyɛn mu - atuate ne awudie - a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ nnɔbaeɛ ne

nnommumfa mu ne "san kɔ Afrika" a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu. Ɛgyina gyidie a ɛne sɛ baakoyɛ ho hia paa ma sikasɛm, asetena mu, ne amanyɔsɛm mu nkɔso no, ne botae ne sɛ ɔbɛka nnipa a wɔyɛ Afrikafo asefo abom ama wɔn ho atɔ wɔn.  Nanso, wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu no mu na Pan-Africanism bae sɛ amammuisɛm a ɛda nsow a mfiase no nnipa a wofi aman foforɔ so (nnipa a wofi Afrika a wɔtra Continent no akyi) na wodii wɔn anim. Wɔ afe 1900 mu no, Trinidadian mmaranimfo  - Henry Sylvester Williams  -frɛɛ nhyiamu bi a wɔyɛɛ no wɔ Westminster Hall, London, sɛ "wɔmmegyina asase a wɔwia wɔ koloni ahodoɔ no mu, nnipa mu nyiyim ne nsɛm foforɔ a ɛfa Abibifoɔ ho no so".

Pan-Africanism ne gyidi a ɛne sɛ "Afrikafo, wɔ Afrika man mu ne aman a atwa wɔn ho ahyia mu, wɔn nyinaa wɔ abakɔsɛm baako, na mmom wɔn nyinaa wɔ daakye baako". Pan-Africanism kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ Amerika, West Indies, ne Afrika no nyinaa wɔ abakɔsɛm bi a ɛfa wɔn ho, a ɛfa Atlantic po so nkoatɔ, Afrika nkoasom, ne Europa tumidi ho.

Pan-African adwene na ɛboa maa wɔhyehyɛɛ African Unity Organization (African Union) wɔ afe 1963 mu. African Union Commission wɔ ne tenabea wɔ Addis Ababa na Pan-African Parliament wɔ ne tenabea wɔ Midrand, Johannesburg.

## Ɛho nsɛm

Pan-Africanism si hia a ehia sɛ "wɔn nyinaa nya ahotɔ" so dua. Pan-Africanism wɔ hɔ sɛ aban ne nnipa botae. Pan-African akyitaafo no bi ne akannifo te sɛ Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, François Duvalier, Aimé Césaire, Haile Selassie, Jomo Kenyatta, Edward Wilmot Blyden, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Patrice Lumumba, Julius Nyerere, Robert Sobukwe, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Kwame Nkrumah, Ɔhene Sobhuza II, Robert Mugabe, Thomas Sankara, Kwame Ture, Dr. John Pombe Magufuli, Muammar Gaddafi, Walter Rodney, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, nnipakuw a wɔhwɛ nneɛma so te sɛ Joseph Robert Love, Marcus Garvey, ne Malcolm X, nhomanimfo te sɛ W. E. B. Du Bois, Anténor Firmin ne afoforo a wɔwɔ aman foforo so. Pan-Africanists gye di sɛ nkabom bɛma Afrika man no atumi adi n'ahoɔden nyinaa ho dwuma ama n'asomfo nyinaa. Nea ehia paa ne sɛ, sɛ Afrika nyinaa bom yɛ biako a, ɛbɛhyɛ Afrikafo den wɔ wiase nyinaa.

Sɛ Afrika nyinaa botae no ba mu a, ɛbɛma "tumi a ɛwɔ Afrika no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse", na "ɛbɛma wɔasan de wiase mu ahode akɔ baabi foforo, na ɛbɛsan nso ama nnipa anya adwene a emu yɛ den na wɔadi wɔn ho so wɔ amanyɔsɛm mu ... na ɛbɛsɛe nnipa ne amammuisɛm mu (tumi) nhyehyɛe ... wɔ Amerika".

Wɔn a wɔtaa pan-Africanism akyi - "pan-Africanists" anaa "pan-Africanists" - taa bɔ ɔkwampa a wɔfa so yɛ sosialismu ho dawuru, na wɔtaa sɔre tia amammui ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnsoɔ biara a ɛrekɔ so wɔ kontinente no so. Wɔn a wɔkasa tia nkyerɛkyerɛ no bɔ sobo sɛ ɛma nnipa a wɔyɛ Afrikafo no suahu yɛ pɛ. Wɔsan nso kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛte nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda aman a ɛwɔ Afrika no mu ne aman a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no ntam no ase.

## Abakɔsɛm

Pan-Africanism yɛ nyansapɛ a ɛfa abakɔsɛm, amammerɛ, honhom mu, adwinni, nyansahu, ne 

nyansapɛ ho. Pan-Africanism sɛ abrabɔ ho nhyehyɛe fi tete mmere mu, na ɛboa ma nnipa nya gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛfi Afrika amammerɛ ne akodi a wɔde ko tia nkoasom, nnipa mu nyiyim, amammerɛ mu tumidie, ne amammerɛ fofore mu tumidie no mu.

Bere koro no ara a na nkoa a wɔwɔ Wiase Foforo no mu pii sɔre tia nniso no (nea na Haiti Nsakrae no da no adi no), afeha a ɛto so 19 awieeɛ no maa amammui kuw bi a wɔtaa Afrikafo akyi baa wiase nyinaa a na wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɛka wɔn ho wɔ akodi ahorow a na wɔn ani gye ho no mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma nhyɛso no aba awiei. Na ɛyɛ Afrikafo a wɔtete aman afoforo so no a wɔtu fii Afrika no na ɛmaa wɔtumi hwɛɛ Afrika sɛ ɔman mũ no nyinaa. 16] Nyamesom mu pan-Africanist wiase mu adwenkyerɛ foforo bi a ɛho hia wɔ amanyɔsɛm mu bae wɔ Ethiopianism mu. Wɔ London no, na Sons of Africa yɛ amanyɔkuw bi a Quobna Ottobah Cugoano kaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ ne nhoma Thoughts and Sentiments on the *Evil of Slavery* a wɔtintim wɔ afe 1791 no mu. Kuo no kasae wɔ nhyiam ahodoɔ ase na wɔyɛɛ nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw ho ɔsatu ahodoɔ, wotintim ɔsatu ho nsɛm na wɔkɔsraa mmarahyɛ badwam. Wɔkyerɛw krataa kɔmaa nnipa bi te sɛ Granville Sharp, William Pitt ne wɔn a na wɔpere sɛ wɔbɛtu aborɔfo ase, ne Ɔhene George III ne Wales Ɔhempɔn, a akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ George IV no.

Ɛnnɛyi Pan-Africanism fii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfiase. Henry Sylvester Williams na ɔhyehyɛɛ Pan-African Nhyiamu a edi kan wɔ London wɔ afe 1900 mu.

## Adwenpɔ

Sɛnea Henry Sylvester Williams dii kan kaa ho asɛm no (ɛwom sɛ abakɔsɛm atwerɛfoɔ bi kyerɛ sɛ Edward Wilmot Blyden na ɔtwerɛɛ) no, pan-Africanism kyerɛ sɛ Afrika nyinaa bɛyɛ biako.

Bere a na apartheid wɔ South Africa no, na Pan Africanist Congress bi wɔ hɔ a na Robert Sobukwe na odi wɔn anim a na wɔhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ Afrikafo a wɔwɔ South Africa no so wɔ Apartheid nniso ase. Nnwumaku afoforɔ a wɔhwɛ ma Afrika nyinaa yɛ: Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association ne African Communities League, TransAfrica ne International People's Democratic Uhuru

Movement.

Bio nso, wɔhwɛ Pan-Africanism sɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan akɔ nea wɔn a wɔtaa akyi no bu no sɛ Afrikafo amammerɛ, amammerɛ, ne gyinapɛn ahorow ho adwene a ɛyɛ soronko. Ɛho nhwɛso ne Léopold Sédar Senghor's Négritude movement, ne Mobutu Sese Seko's view of *Authenticité*.

Asɛmti a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ Pan-Africanist nwoma mu no fa abakɔsɛm a ɛda aman ahorow ntam wɔ Afrika no mu ne mfaso a ɛwɔ nkabom so sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ko tia tumidi ne amammerɛ.

Sukuupɔn ahorow bi kɔɔ akyiri araa ma wɔhyehyɛɛ "Pan-African Studies Departments" wɔ 1960 mfe no awiei. Eyi ka California State University ho, baabi a wɔhyehyɛɛ saa adesuabea no wɔ afe 1969 mu sɛ ɛyɛ biribi a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔmanfo kyɛfa dwumadi no, na ɛnnɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ "African World Experience ho adesua a wɔde ma sukuufo no", de "kyerɛ sukuufo no ne ɔmanfo no sɛ Afrika, Afrika Amerika, ne Caribbean amammerɛ yɛ ade a mfasoɔ wɔ so, ɛyɛ anigye, na ɛyɛ nwanwa" na "wɔde Afrikafo amammerɛ a ɛtia Abibifoɔ ho nhwehwɛmu ma sukuufoɔ no ne ɔmanfoɔ no". Syracuse Sukuupɔn nso de Pan-African Studies wɔ hɔ.

## Pan-African ahosuo
Aban ahyɛnsode a edi kan a wɔde kyerɛ Pan-Africanism ne UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement 

Association) aban ahyɛnsode, ɛyɛ aban ahyɛnsode a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, tuntum ne ahabammono a ɛwɔ afa abiɛsa. UNIA gyee no toom wɔ August 13, 1920, berɛ a wɔyɛɛ nhyiam bi wɔ Madison Square Garden wɔ New York no.]

Wɔde Pan-African kɔla ahorow adi dwuma de ayɛ frankaa wɔ aman ne nsase pii so wɔ Afrika ne Amerika de akyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Abibifo Amanamanmufo. Eyinom mu bi ne Malawi, Kenya, South Sudan ne Saint Kitts ne Nevis frankaa. Nnwumakuw ne nnwumakuw a ɛwɔ Afrika nyinaa nso taa de kɔkɔɔ, tuntum ne ahabammono a ɛwɔ kɔla abiɛsa mu yɛ adwuma wɔ nsɛm ahorow mu.

Frankaa foforɔ a ɛhyɛɛ Pan-African aku nkuran ne ahenkyɛ mmiansa a ɛyɛ ahabammono, kɔkɔɔ ne akokɔ-sradeɛ no. Saa kɔla yi firi Ethiopia frankaa a wɔyɛɛ no afe 1897 no mu, na efiri sɛ Ethiopia yɛ ɔman a agye ne ho a akyɛ sen ɔman biara wɔ Afrika no mu.

## Kasatia
Wɔabɔ Pan-Africanism sobo sɛ ɛyɛ Afrika amammerɛ mu nnipa a wɔagye din a wɔn ani mmfa Afrikafo nkorɔfo ho. Kenyan left-wing journalist Philip Ochieng kyerɛwee wɔ 1971,

Sɛ nnipadɔm no ara nim biribiara fa nnipakuw no ho a, ɛnhaw wɔn. Pan-Africanism yɛ nnipakuw bi a wɔn ani gye wɔn ankasa yiedie ho.

Kwame Nkrumah ne ne berɛ sofo no mu pii nyaa ne ho adwemmɔne, na wɔfaa no sɛ "ɔbarima a ne ho yɛ den a ne botae ara ne sɛ ɔbɛdi Afrika man no nyinaa so". Afrika aman a wɔagye wɔn ho no mu dodow no ara sɔre tiaa Nkrumah a na ɔpɛ sɛ Afrika bɛyɛ ɔman biako no, efisɛ na wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ asiane ma wɔn man no tumidie. Ivory Coast manpanin Félix Houphouët-Boigny yɛ Nkrumah tamfo, na wɔn baanu no ne wɔn ho wɔn ho nyaa akasakasa.

Pan-Africanist akuw te sɛ African Unity Organization no, nnipa te sɛ Tanzanian manpanyin Julius Nyerere abɔ wɔn sobo sɛ wɔyɛ "dictators' committee" a ɛnbɔ Afrikafo kyɛfa ho ban. Afrika akannifo a wɔdii anim wɔ Afrika Nkabom Ahyehyɛde no ne Afrika Nkabom no, te sɛ Uganda manpanyin Idi Amin, Zimbabwe manpanyin Robert Mugabe, ne Libya manpanyin Muammar Gaddafi, wɔabɔ wɔn sobo sɛ wɔrebu nnipa mmara so bere a wɔde Pan-Africanist kasa redi dwuma de ama wɔn tumi ayɛ nea ɛfata. Malawi sikasɛm ho nimdefoɔ Thandika Mkandawire kyerɛ sɛ,

Tumi a Pan-Africanism ne Afrika amantam nhyehyɛe adi no biako ne sɛ wɔantumi ansɔ Afrikafo no ho ban amfi wɔn ankasa atirimɔdenfo a wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa no ho. Wɔanhu Pan-Africanism sɛ ɛhyɛ nnipa hokwan sɛ ɔman mma a wɔwɔ wɔn aman mu no mu den na ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban. Anigye a wɔde ma wɔ Pan-Africanism din mu no ama Afrika tumidifoɔ a wɔyɛ basabasayɛ a efi ɔporɔ so kosi nnipakuo kum so no ayɛ wɔn ho te sɛ sum.

Ɔkasatia foforo a wɔde baa Pan-Africanism so ne sɛ ɛmfata wɔ nsɛm a ɛrekɔ so nnɛ a ɛfa Afrika a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ bere a na wɔdi kan no akyi no ho, na ɛno nti, "ɛkaa tete no mu". Wɔabɔ Pan-Africanism sobo sɛ ɛtwe adwene si "African" anaa "black" ahoni so dodo bere a ɛbu n'ani gu amammerɛ ne nyamesom mu nsonsonoe ne ntɔkwaw a ɛwɔ Afrikafo ntam no so (ne titire wɔ Nigeria, baabi a faahodie akannifo gyaee ɔman baakoyɛ akyi fa wɔn ankasa mmusuakuo ho mfasoɔ so), na wɔaka sɛ adwene no gyina "ɔtamfo koro" a ɔte sɛ amammerɛ so na ama wanya ne ho mfasoɔ ne ne tumidie.

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