Sudan’s Campaign for Return of Nubian Antiquities

*Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ *'Asante Twi** mu''

Sudanfoɔ ntoa a wɔbɔ faa Nubian ahoni a ahodoɔ no yɛ dwumadie a ɛho hia pa ara wɔ wɔn tete amammerɛ mu a wɔ a wɔyii ne fa kɛseɛ no ara fii hɔ berɛ a na ɛyɛ nnisoɔ ne bere a na ɛyɛ nnisoɔ akyi no, na seesei ɛwɔ atɔe fam tete nnoɔma akorae ne nnwumakuo mu. Saa nneɛma yi - efi ahoni, asɔredan mu nneɛma, ahemfo agyapadeɛ, agudeɛ, ne nnoɔma a wɔde sie awufoɔ so - firi Nubia ahemman a na emu yɛ den a na wɔfrɛ wɔn ***Kerma, Napata, ne Meroë***, a ɛtenaa Nile asubɔnten no ho bere tenten ansa na Egypt ahemfoɔ a wɔtenaa ase tete no reba ne berɛ a na wɔredi wɔn so no. Bere a wiase nyinaa rehu sɛ nnwumakuw a na wɔboaboa wɔn nneɛma ano wɔ hɔ berɛ a na wɔdi amammerɛ so no yɛ nea ɛnteɛ no, Sudan hwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan de ne Nubian agyapadeɛ no ma no. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔn ani gye ɔman no ho, na wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔn ankasa sisi wɔn ankasa amammerɛ ho gyinaeɛ.

== Abakɔsɛm: Nubia Agyapadeɛ a Wɔwiaeɛ No ==
Nubia mantam a ɛfiri Egypt anafoɔ fam kɔ Sudan atifi fam no yɛ tete amammerɛ a ɛsen biara a ɛwɔ [[Abibrem|Afrika]] no mu baako atenaea. Kush Ahemman no a na ne ahenkuro wɔ Kerma, Napata, ne akyiri yi Meroë no, na ne sibea, nyamesom, ne amammuisɛm mu yɛ den sen Egypt. Nokwasɛm ne sɛ, Nubia ahemfo dii Egypt so wɔ Ahennie a ɛtɔ so 25, a wɔfrɛ no "Kushite Ahennie".

Nanso, ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu reba no, Europafoɔ a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu, wɔn a wɔyɛ amammui mu mpanimfoɔ, ne wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ akorade no sɛee Nubia aboda, asɔrefie, ne mmeae afoforo. Britaani-Egypt amammerɛ mu nniso (1899 - 1956) na ɛhwɛ ma wotuu wɔn fii hɔ. Mpɛn pii no, sɛ wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu a, na wɔyɛ biribi a wɔfrɛ no partage, a na wɔma ananafo a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nnoɔma mu kwan ma wɔde wɔn nnoɔma no bi kɔ wɔn ankasa man mu. Eyi nti, wɔkora Nubia tete nnoɔma a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ mmeae te sɛ British Museum, Museum of Fine Arts wɔ Boston, Louvre Museum, ne Egypt Museum wɔ [[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]].

== Nnoɔma a Ɛsom Bo a Ɛwɔ Amanaman Ntam Nhyehyɛeɛ Mu ==
Nubianfoɔ tete nnoɔma a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛwɔ aman foforɔ so no bi ne:

* Nubian ahemfo te sɛ Taharqa ne Piye ahoni a ɛwɔ British Museum.
* Kerma adwini ne Meroitic ahode wɔ Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
* Taharqa Asɔredan a ɛwɔ Kawa Asɔredan mu, seesei ɛwɔ Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
* Wɔayi ɔfasu a wɔabobɔ so ne ɔbo a wɔabobɔ so afi asɔrefie a ɛwɔ Gebel Barkal ne Meroë no mu.
* Ɔhemmaa Amanishakheto agudeɛ no fa bi wɔ Berlin Ɔman Nneɛma Akorae hɔ.

Saa nneɛma yi ho hia paa na ama yɛate tete Sudanfo abakɔsɛm ne wɔn amammerɛ ase, nanso wɔda no adi wɔ atɔe fam aman mu a ɛtaa ma wɔn ho yɛ ahi anaa wɔn ho yɛ anika.

== Sudan Ntoa a Wɔbɔ faa wɔn a wɔbɛsan aba no ho ==
Ɛfiri afe 2000 mu no, Sudan atuate a wɔde rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan de Nubia tete nneɛma no aba no mu ayɛ den, titiriw bere a aman pii gye toom sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Afrika amammerɛ agyapade no san ma no. ***Ɔman Nhyehyɛe a Ɛhwɛ Tete Nneɛma a Wɔakora So ne Tete Nneɛma Akorae (NCAM)*''' wɔ Sudan no adi dwuma titiriw wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ yi mu, na wɔne UNESCO ne aman a wɔne wɔn yɛ adwuma no yɛ adwuma de hu nneɛma a wɔawia anaa wɔde kɔ aman afoforo so no na wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu.

Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, Sudan bɔɔ mpaeɛ sɛ wɔmfa Nubia tete nneɛma no mma Europa aman no, na wɔkaa sɛ wɔawia no, wɔtetee no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan siesie nnoɔma no. Ná eyi yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔfa so yɛ amammuo ne nhomasua mu nneɛma pii a nea edidi soɔ yi ka ho:

* Wɔne aman te sɛ Germany ne United Kingdom yɛɛ apam;
* Wɔne Afrika ne Arab Amanaman Nkabom Aman no yɛ nhyehyɛe wɔ nneɛma a wɔde ama no ho;
* Adansibea adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Sudan no ntetee wɔ sɛnea wɔde nnoɔma a wɔasan de aba no bɛdi dwuma, ahwɛ so, na wɔde adi dwuma;
* Wɔreyi mfiri a wɔkora so wɔ Intanɛt so ne nneɛma a wɔda ho adi adi de reboa ɔmanfo.

## Ɔhaw ahodoɔ
Ɛmfa ho mmoa a na ɛdɔɔso a wɔde bɛma no no, Sudan hyia akwansideɛ ahodoɔ pii:

* Ɛfibea a wɔfi bae: Wɔyii tete nneɛma no pii fii hɔ wɔ "mmara" mu, na ɛmaa wɔn a wɔfa wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn ankasa no ho yɛɛ den.
* Nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔsɔre tia: Atɔe fam tete nneɛma akorae ahorow taa twentwɛn wɔn nan ase sɛ wɔbɛsan de nneɛma a agye din no ama, na wɔka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ nneɛma a wɔde bɛkora so, nhomasua, anaa ɔmanfo a wobetumi anya bi.
* Nkɔso a enni mu: Sudan amammerɛ nnwuma no anya ɔhaw afi mfe pii a amammerɛ mu basabasayɛ, ntɔkwaw, ne sikasɛm a enni mu no mu, na ama wɔn ho adwiriw wɔn wɔ nneɛma a wɔasan de aba no ho.
* Amanyɔsɛm mu Nsakraeɛ: Nsakrae a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Sudan aban mu fi afe 2019 mu ne akodi a akɔ so no ama amanyɔne a wɔredi ho dwuma no ayɛ basaa.

Nanso, Sudan atumfoɔ kɔ so si so dua sɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔde bɛsan aba no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛbɛma ɔman no anya ahoɔden bio.

## Amanaman Ntam Mmoa ne Akwan a Wɔbɛfa so Ayɛ Wɔn Adwuma
Sudan's campaign ne 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Prohibition of the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property hyia, a Sudan ne atɔe aman bebree ayɛ saa apam no. Bio nso, Sarr-Savoy Report (2018) a France hyɛe no ama Afrika aman no anya nnyinasoɔ.

Wɔ nkɔsoɔ bi a ɛyɛ anigyesɛm mu no, Germany afiri nkɔmmɔbɔ ase wɔ Sudan a ɛfa Nubian nneɛma a ɛwɔ Berlin nnwumakuw mu a wɔde bɛsan ama wɔn no ho. France, wɔ Ɔmanpanyin Macron's restitution initiative no ase no, wɔagye hia a Afrikafo hia no atom, ɛwom sɛ wɔnsan mfaa Sudanfo nneɛma biara mmae de.

Sudan nso de ne ho ahyɛ continental advocacy platforms te sɛ AFRICOM (International Council of African Museums) mu, na ɔretutu akwan sɛ Afrikafo nyinaa mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ aman a wɔagye wɔn agyapadeɛ no mu.

## Mmoano
Sudan's campaign for the return of Nubian antiquities is a deeply symbolic and strategic effort to reclaim its past, restore cultural pride, and reconstruct its historical narrative on its own terms. Bere a wiase no rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ amammerɛ ho nhyehyɛe a ɛteɛ no, Sudan nne a ɛregyigye ho akyinnye no si atɛntrenee a wɔhwehwɛ no so dua - ɛnyɛ nneɛma no nko ara ho, na mmom abakɔsɛm a wɔawia ne nsɛm a wɔka a wɔnte. Sɛ wɔsan de Nubia tete nneɛma no ba a, ɛnyɛ tete nneɛma no nko ara na wɔbɛsan de aba, na mmom ɛbɛsan ama Sudan abɛyɛ baabi a Afrika amammerɛ fi ne n'agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ no so hwɛfoɔ.

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