South Africa’s Battle for San and Khoisan Skulls

*Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ *'Asante Twi** mu''

Mmɔden a South Africa rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye Sanfoɔ ne Khoisanfoɔ nnipa nnompe - titire ti kɔnkora ne nnompe a wɔfaa wɔn berɛ a na wɔdi wɔn no - no yɛ nnoɔma a ɛyɛ hu paa wɔ wiase nyinaa a wɔde reboa wɔn a wɔresan akɔ wɔn kurom no mu baako. Saa nnompe yi, a wɔde asie tete tete nnoɔma akorae ne abɔbeɛ mu nyansapɛ nnwuma mu wɔ Europa ne [[South Africa|South Afrika]] nyinaa no, wɔnam nnɛɛdɛe ne nyiyim a emu yɛ den so nyaa wɔn wɔ nnisoɔ a na edi aman so ne ntetemu nnisoɔ ase. Wɔn a wɔsan kɔ wɔn man mu no yɛ ade titire a ɛbɛma ɔman no mu nnipa anya atɛntenenee, amammerɛ mu animuonyam, ne asomdwoeɛ.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Sanfoɔ ne Khoisanfoɔ a na wɔyɛ South Afrikafoɔ a wɔdii kan tenaa hɔ no, wɔkunkum wɔn pii, na wɔmaa nnipa a wɔtraa ase wɔ aman foforo so yɛɛ nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ Europafoɔ amammerɛ ase. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 kosi afeha a ɛto so 20 no mfitiaseɛ mu no, wɔn a wɔtuu wɔn ho hyɛɛ amammerɛ ase, nnipa ho animdefoɔ, ne wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano wɔ adan mu no taa tutuu Sanfo ne Khoisanfo nnompe ase anaa wonyaa bi de boaa Europafoɔ a wɔyɛ abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ mu nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa mmusua mu dibea ho no.

Wɔde saa nnompe yi a na ɛmu pii yɛ ti kɔnkora dii dwuma wɔ kraniometric adesua ahodoɔ a na wɔde kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔnyɛ Europafoɔ yɛ nnipa a wɔba fam no mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ no na wɔde siee tete akorae akɛse te sɛ Natural History Museum a ɛwɔ Vienna, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle a ɛwɔ [[Paris]], ne [[Germany]] Charité Medical History Museum. Wɔ South Afrika mpo no, mmeae bi te sɛ Cape Town Suapɔn (UCT) ne Iziko Nneɛma Akorae no kura nnipa nnompe a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ nyansahu mu, a mpɛn pii no, na wonnye ntom anaa wommu wɔn.

== Saartjie Baartman Asɛm: Ɔmanfoɔ Atɛnkyea Ho Nsɛnkyerɛnne ==
Ɛbɛtumi aba sɛ asɛm a wonim no yie paa ne ***Saartjie Baartman***, Khoikhoi beaɛ bi a wɔdaa no adi wɔ Europa wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu sɛ "Hottentot Venus". Bere a owui wɔ 1815 mu no, wɔde ne nnompe, n'amemene, ne ne nna mu akwaa no siee hɔ na wɔde too gua wɔ Paris kɔsii 1974 mu. Ɛkɔɔ so ara kɔsii afe 2002 mu, berɛ a [[Nelson Mandela|Ɔmanpanin Nelson Mandela]] ne Khoisan akannifoɔ de mfe pii yɛɛ amanyɔsɛm akyi no, na wɔsan de n'amu no baa ɔman no mu na wɔsiee no nidi mu wɔ South Africa.

Ne nsrahwɛ no yɛɛ nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ wɔ South Afrika a na wɔretwe nkurɔfoɔ a wɔakɔ wɔn kurom no mu, na ɛhyɛɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ nnipa a aka no na wɔasan de wɔn aba no ho nkuran.

== Ntoa ahodoɔ a Ɔman no Bɔ ne Kwan a Wɔfa So Yɛ Ho Nhyehyɛeɛ ==
***Ɔman Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛhwɛ Agodie, Adwinneɛ ne Amammerɛ so (DSAC)*** ne ***South Afrikafoɔ Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA)*** ne amammerɛ mu akannifoɔ kuo yɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛde nnipa nkae ne agyapadeɛ a wɔsan de kɔ wɔn man mu (RRHRHO) ho nhyehyɛe wɔ afe 2000 mfitiaseɛ. Ne botaeɛ ahodoɔ no bi ne sɛ wɔbɛhunu, na wɔagye, na ɔde obuo asan akɔsie wɔn a aborɔfo akyere wɔn agu aman foforɔ so ne ɔman no mu agyapadeɛ no.

Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, wɔsan de Sanfoɔ ne Khoisanfoɔ nnompe a aka no firii Austria's Natural History Museum wɔ Vienna. Na wɔayi saa nnompe yi afi baabi a wɔsiee wɔn wɔ Northern Cape wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 20 mfiase mu, na wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Europa a na wɔn abusuafoɔ nnim anaa wɔn nni ho kwan. Wɔde Sanfoɔ ne Khoisanfoɔ asefoɔ amammerɛ no yɛɛ wɔn ayi wɔ wɔn a wɔsan baeɛ no ho.

Saa ara nso na wɔ afe 2021 mu no, wɔhunuu nnipa a wɔda so te South Afrika suapɔn ahodoɔ mu na wɔsiesiee wɔn sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba wɔn kurom. Berɛ a UCT ne nnwumakuo afoforɔ huu ɔhaw a nnompe yi a wɔde too hɔ na wosuaa ho ade de bae no, wɔpaa kyɛw na wɔhyɛɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛma nneɛma a wɔde asie no ayɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan a emu da hɔ so.

== Amammerɛ ne Honhom Fam Nnoɔma ==
Wɔ San ne Khoisanfo fam no, ɛnyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so ara na wɔsan de wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu no kɔ hɔ - ɛyɛ adeyɛ a emu dɔ wɔ honhom fam. Atetesɛm mu gyidi ahorow kyerɛ sɛ awufo ahonhom ntumi nnya ɔhome kosi sɛ wɔde wɔn afunu bɛhome wɔ wɔn nananom nsase so wɔ amanne a ɛfata mu. Sɛdeɛ na wɔkyekyere awufoɔ wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no sɛee saa honhom fam akomatɔyam yi, na ɛde ɔhaw kɛse baa saa nkurɔfo yi so.

Wɔtaa de mpanimfoɔ, nyamesom akannifoɔ, ne aban ananmusifoɔ ka wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ho, na wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ bere a wɔde sa yare na wɔde wɔn adwene si nea atwam no so bio.

== Mmara ne Amanaman Ntam Nhyehyɛeɛ ==
Amanaman mu ne amanaman ntam mmara pii boa South Afrika mmɔdemmɔ no:

* **National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999)**: Ɛhyɛ sɛ wɔmfa obu ne nidi mma nnipa nkae na wɔnsan mfa wɔn nkɔ wɔn kurom.
* **UNESCO 1970 Nhyehyɛeɛ**: Ɛbara amammerɛ ho agyapadeɛ a wɔtwe kɔ baabi a ɛmfata, a nnipa nnompe ka ho.
* **UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples''': Ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔfiri aman foforɔ so wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔsan de wɔn nananom a wɔawuwu ne nneɛma kronkron kɔ wɔn kurom.

Bio nso, wɔne Austria, Germany, United Kingdom, ne France yɛɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛde wɔn baa nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa nhwehwɛmu, kyerɛwtohɔ, ne nsiesie ho.

## Ɔhaw Ahodoɔ ne Akwan a Wobɛfa so Anya Nkɔsoɔ
Ɛmfa ho nkɔsoɔ a wɔanya no, South Afrika da so ara hyia ɔhaw ahodoɔ:

* Nsɛm a Wɔakyerɛw no Nwiei: Wɔtwerɛ nkae no pii ho nsɛm yiye, na ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu baabi a wofi bae anaa nnipa a wɔtenaa ase wɔ hɔ.
* Nhyehyɛeɛ mu Ɔsɔretia: Aman foforɔ so tete nneɛma akorae bi mpɛ sɛ wɔde nkae a enni abusua a wofi mu ho adanse a emu da hɔ ma wɔn.
* Sika ne Nneɛma a Wɔde Bɛyɛ: Nneɛma a wɔde bɛsan de akɔ fie no gye sika pii, na egye nnwinnade a wɔde bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu, de atu kwan, na wɔde akɔsie awufo wɔ afahyɛ no ase.

Nanso, nkɛntɛnsoɔ no kɔ so ara. South Afrika aban reyɛ adwuma de akyerɛ wɔn ho nsɛm agu kɔmputa so, ama amanaman ntam ayɛ adwuma, na ama wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no ate wɔn nka wɔ gyinae a wɔasi sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn akɔ wɔn man mu no ho. Sɛ yɛpɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ ma wɔsan de nidi ne obuo ma wɔn a wɔresan aba wɔn man mu no a, ehia sɛ yɛma ɔmanfoɔ de wɔn ho hyɛ mu.

## Mmoano
Ɔko a South Afrika rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de San ne Khoisan mpokyerɛ ne nnipa nnompe aba no yɛ abrabɔ, amammerɛ, ne abakɔsɛm mu ade a ɛho hia paa. Ɛkyerɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛko atia nniso a wɔde too wɔn so no, na wɔasan de ɔman no mu nnipa a wodi kan no anuonyam aba wɔn so, na wɔasan asa abakɔsɛm mu akuru. Bere a nnipa a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa rehu ntɛnkyea a wɔyɛ wɔ nyansahu ne ahennie din mu no, South Afrika gyina hɔ sɛ ɔman a ɛredi anim wɔ akodi a wodi de gye amammerɛ ne nnipa a wofi wɔn man mu no hokwan ahodoɔ ho dwuma no mu.

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