Voting Rights Act of 1965

*Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ *'Asante Twi*' mu*

Hokwan a Wɔde Tow Aba ho Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ 1965 mu yɛ mmara bi a ɛwɔ United States a ɛbara nnipa mu nyiyim wɔ abatoɔ mu. Ɔmanpanin Lyndon B. Johnson berɛ a na ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa ho nnipakan rekɔ so wɔ Ɔsanaa da ɔtɛ so 6 wɔ afe 1965 mu no, na akyiri yi Congress sesaa mmara no mpɛn anum de trɛɛ ne bammɔ mu. Wɔyɛɛ saa mmara no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔman no mu nnipa a ɛsono wɔn amammerɛ benya hokwan akɔ so atena ase, titiriw wɔ Amerika anafo fam. Sɛnea U.S. Wɔ United States Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Atɛntrenee Ho Nsɛm So no, wobu mmara no sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a edi mũ sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu. Ɔman Nneɛmakorabea ne Kyerɛwtohɔ Ho Dwumadibea kaa sɛ: ""Hokwan a Wɔde Tow Aba ho Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1965 mu." no yɛ mmara mu nsakraeɛ a ɛsen biara wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda aban ne ɔmantam nniso ntam wɔ abatoɔ mu fi bere a wɔsan kyekyee Ɔmanko no akyi no".

Mmara no wɔ nnyinasosɛm pii a ɛhwɛ ma wɔyɛ abatow. Mmara no mu "nhyehyɛe ahorow" no ma ɔman mũ no nyinaa nya hokwan sɛ wobedi ade. Ɔfa a ɛtɔ so mmienu no yɛ mmara bi a ɛbara ɔman no ne aban a ɛwɔ hɔ no sɛ wɔremfa mmara biara a "ɛde ɔman ba biara hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔtow aba esiane ne honam ani hwɛbea anaa ne kɔla anaa sɛ ɔka kasa bi a nnipa kakraa bi pɛ ka ho no mma no". Nnyinasosɛm afoforɔ a wɔhyɛ no nsow no hyɛ akenkan ne atwerɛ ho sɔhwɛ ne nneɛma a ɛtete saa a na wɔadi kan de abɔ mmusuakuo nketewa ahofadi no ho ban. Mmara no san ka "nneɛma pɔtee" bi ho asɛm a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amammui bi mu nkutoo. Nnyinasosɛm titiriw bi ne Ɔfa a ɛto so 5 a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wodi kan yɛ nhyiamu no ho nhyehyɛe, a ɛbara aman bi sɛ wɔmmfa nsakraeɛ biara a ɛfa abatoɔ ho nni dwuma bere a U.S. Attorney General anaa U.S. Ɔmantam Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ D.C. no kae sɛ nsakrae no mfa nyiyim mma nnipa kakraa bi a wɔwɔ ahobammɔ no. Nnyinasosɛm foforo a ɛho hia hwehwɛ sɛ amansin a kasa kakraa bi na wɔka no ma wɔn a wɔtɔ wɔn bo ase no ma wɔn nsa ka nkrataa a wɔde to aba ma wɔtow aba wɔ kasa abien mu ne nneɛma foforo a wɔde yɛ abatoɔ no.

Ɔfa enum ne nhyehyɛɛ soronko afofor pii a wɔdze dzi dwuma wɔ amansɛm mu a "ahoban a wɔdze ma" a wɔakyerɛw no wɔ Ɔfa nnan (b) no ka ho. Mfiase no na wɔhyehyɛɛ mmara no sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma wɔ amammui a na wodi atirimɔdensɛm wɔ abatow mu wɔ 1965 mu no, na Congress no yɛɛ mmara no foforo wɔ 1970 mu ne 1975 mu. Wɔ *Shelby County v. Holder* (2013), U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no bɔɔ asɛm no gui sɛ mmara no ne mmara no nhyia, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ne bere atwam. Asɛnnibea no antia Ɔfa a ɛto so enum, nanso sɛ wɔamfa ɔkwan a wɔfa so bɔ ho ban a, Ɔfa a ɛto so enum no ntumi nyɛ adwuma. Asɛnnibea ahodoɔ a na wɔadi kan de wɔn ho ato asɛm no so no maa wɔn a na wɔretwerɛ wɔn din sɛ wɔn a wɔbɛtoɔ wɔn din no dodoɔ kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Shelby gyinaesie no akyi.

## Hwɛ nso

### Amanaman mmara

* Ɔmanfoɔ abatoɔ ho twerɛtohɔ mmara of 1993 (NVRA)
* Help America Vote Act (HAVA)
* Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA)
* Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Nnipa Ahofadi Ho Mmara)

### Wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara

* For the People Act (2019 ne 2021)
* John Lewis Voting Rights Act (2019 ne 2021)

### Ɔman mmara

* Ɔman Nhyehyɛeɛ a Ɛma Nnipa Hokwan
* California Abatow Ho Mmara
* Virginia Mmarahyɛ Mmara
* John R. Lewis Voting Rights Act a ɛwɔ New York

### Nea ɛboro saa

* Nnipa a wɔhyɛ wɔn ho so ma wɔtow aba wɔ United States
* Mmaa a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔpaw wɔ United States

## Mmeaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

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