Angola’s Efforts to Recover Colonial-Era Bronze Work

*Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ *'Asante Twi** mu''

Mmɔden a [[Angola]] rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan anya nnadeɛ a wɔde kɔbere ayɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ nnisoɔ-berɛ  no mu no yɛ dwumadie kɛseɛ bi a wɔde rebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan anya [[Abibrem|Afrika]] amammerɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔsɛee no berɛ a na Europafoɔ redi wɔn so no. Wɔ Angola fam no, saa nnadeɛ yi nyɛ adwinnie bi kɛkɛ na mmom ɛyɛ ahintasɛm, honhom fam tumi, ne amanyɔsɛm a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ [[Portugal]] nnisoɔ ase (1575 - 1975). Ɛnnɛ, wɔkora saa nnoɔma no mu dodoɔ no ara so wɔ Europa tete nnoɔma akorae ne mmeaeɛ a nnipa bi a wɔn ankasa agye wɔn nnoɔma ato hɔ, titire wɔ [[Portugal]], [[United Kingdom]], ne [[Germany]]. Angolafoɔ ntoa a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛgye wɔn nnoɔma no si amammerɛ mu ntɛnkyea wɔ nnisoɔ a wɔtetee wɔn no de baeɛ ne ne nsunsuansoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa wɔ ɔman no nkaeɛ mu no so dua.

== Abakɔsɛm: Portugafoɔ nnisoɔ ne amammerɛ mu nhyɛsoɔ ==
Portugalfoɔ a wɔdii kan kɔtenaa Angola man mu no bɔɔ wɔn sese wɔ afe 1575 mu, na ɛno na ɛde nnisoɔ a wɔde dii dwuma bere tenten a basabasayɛ, nhyɛsoɔ adwuma, ne amammerɛ mu sakasaka dii dwuma no bae. Mfehaha pii a atwam no, Portugal asɛmpatrɛfoɔ, asraafoɔ mpanimfoɔ, ne nnommumfoɔ mpanyimfo faa Angola nneɛma a wɔde yɛɛ ade, a ebi ne kɔbere mfrafrae, nsɛsodeɛ ahodoɔ, ne ahemfo agyiraehyɛdeɛ firii hɔ anaa wɔn nsa kaa saa nnoɔma no.

Ne titire no, na wɔsom bo paa wɔ kɔbere a ɛfiri **Kongo, Ndongo, ne Chokwe** ahemman mu no ho. Na wɔde adwinni a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ mfonini yi, na na wɔde tete agyanom, sodifoɔ, ne honhom abɔde ahodoɔ na ɛyɛ mfonini, na na wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ asɔrefie ne ahemfie hɔ. Wɔ Chokwe nnadeɛ no mu titire no, nnipa ne mmoa ho mfonini a ɛyɛ den wɔ hɔ a egyina hɔ ma tumi ne nyansa, berɛ a wɔde Kongo nnadeɛ no bataa nyamesom ne amammuo tumidie ho. Wɔde saa nnoɔma yi pii kɔmaa Europa tete nnoɔma akorae te sɛ:

* ***Museu Nacional de Etnologia*** ([[Lisbon]], Portugal), 
* ***British Museum*** ([[London]], [[UK]]), 
* ***Ethnological Museum*** ([[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]], Germany), 
* ***Museu Nacional de Arqueologia*** (Lisbon, Portugal).

== San a wɔsan de nkurɔfoɔ ba Angola ==
Berɛ a Angola nyaa fahodie wɔ afe 1975 mu no, ɔmanko a ɛkɔɔ so mfeɛ pii no twetwee mmɔden a na wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan anya amammerɛ no mu ahoɔden. Nanso, ɛfiri mfeɛ 2000 no mfitiaseɛ, ne titire no, berɛ a amanyɔkuo no yɛɛ basaa wɔ afe 2002 akyi no, Angola abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan agye agyapadeɛ a wɔayera no. Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi nyaa ahoɔden bere koro no ara a Pan-African nkabom a ɛkɔɔ so, a nsɛm bi te sɛ 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report a France Ɔmanpanyin Emmanuel Macron hyɛɛ sɛ wɔnkyerɛ mu no maa ɛbaa mu no.

Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, Angola aban no nam ne amammerɛ, nsrahwɛ ne abɔdeɛ a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho dwumadie so srɛɛ sɛ wɔnsan mfa kɔbere ne dade nnwinne pii a ɛwɔ Portugal tete nneɛma akorae hɔ mma wɔn. Angola sii so dua sɛ wɔfaa saa nneɛma yi wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so, mpɛn pii no wɔ ɔko mu anaa wɔhyɛɛ wɔn ma wɔyɛɛ Kristofo, na ɛda so ara yɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia ma honhom fam ne amammerɛ agyapade a ɛwɔ hɔ no.

== Dwetɛ ahodoɔ a ɛsom bo a wɔbɛsan de aba ==
Nnoɔma a Angola pɛ sɛ ɔgye no bi ne:

* ***Chokwe kɔbere mfoni ne nnipa***, a egyina hɔ ma asahene ne nananom, a wɔfae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei mu;
* ***Asɛnnua a wɔde kɔbere ayɛ firi Kongo Ahemman mu***, a wɔde Kristosom ahyɛnsodeɛ ne amammerɛ mu nsoromma ho nimdeɛ ka ho, a wɔhyehyɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16-17 mu;
* ***Dwetɛ nkataanim*** a na wɔde di dwuma wɔ Chokwe ahohyɛsoɔ ne awudi amanne ahodoɔ mu.

Nhwɛsoɔ baako a ɛda adi paa ne bronse ahoni a ɛyɛ Chokwe akofoɔ a wɔde sie Museu Nacional de Etnologia wɔ Lisbon. Wɔfaa no bere a na Portugal asraafo rebɛtwe wɔn aso wɔ 1890 mfeɛ no mu no, na ɛda so ara yɛ Afrika nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ tete akorae hɔ no fa titire.

== Amanaman ntam ne mmara ho akwankyerɛ ==
Angola afa kwan a amanyɔfoɔ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ no fa so yɛ nneɛma ho nhyehyɛeɛ. Angola aban no ne [[UNESCO]] ne ***Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)*** reyɛ adwuma de asiesie wɔn a wɔbɛsan aba wɔn man mu no ho wɔ aman mmienu ntam amammerɛ nhyehyɛe mu. Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, Angola ne Portugal hyɛɛ ***Cultural Cooperation Protocol*** ase, a ɛka nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛfa nnoɔma a ɛfa amammerɛ ho a wɔbɛtwerɛ ho na wɔadi ho nkɔmmɔ.

Berɛ korɔ no ara mu no, Angola reyɛ ne man mu mmara a ɛfa amammerɛ agyapadeɛ ho no. Ɔman no agye ***UNESCO 1970 apam*** a ɛfa amammerɛ mu agyapadeɛ a wɔde kɔ nkurɔfoɔ nkyɛn a mmara mma kwan no ho no atom, na ɛreyɛ nnoɔma a wɔde kɔ akorae wɔ hɔ no ho adwuma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nneɛma a wɔasan de aba no bɛtena hɔ na wɔabɔ ho ban.

== Ɔhaw a ahodoɔ ==
Ɛmfa ho nkɔsoɔ a ɛrenya no, Angola hyia haw pii:

# Portugal mmara mu akwanside ahorow: Portugal mmara no bu tete nneɛma akorae ho nneɛma sɛ ɔman no agyapade, na eyi ma ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn kurom bere a wɔanyɛ mmara mu nsakrae.
# Nkrataa a enni mu: Nneɛma pii a efi Angola a ɛwɔ Europa no nni baabi pɔtee a efi, na ɛma asɛm no yɛ den.
# Nneɛma a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban: Angola tete nneɛma akorae, titiriw nea ɛwɔ Luanda akyi no, gye sɛ wɔyɛ no foforo ma ɛne amanaman ntam nneɛma a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban no hyia.
# Nkorɔfo amammerɛ: Europa aman bi da so ara de Afrika tete nneɛma no di dwuma sɛ "wiase agyapadeɛ" a wɔn nyinaa wɔ bi, na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ agyapadeɛ a wɔayi no atirimɔden so.

== Amammerɛ mu mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ dwetɛ a wɔbɛsan de aba no so ==
Wɔ Angola fam no, ɛnyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so ade a wɔde kɔkɔɔ ayɛ no na wɔasan de aba; ɛyɛ amammerɛ mu nneɛma a wɔsan siesie. Saa kɔbere yi nyɛ adwinni bi kɛkɛ - ɛfa abusua abakɔsɛm, ɔsom mu gyidie ahodoɔ, ne amanyɔsɛm ho. Wɔn a wonni hɔ no ama nkurɔfo no nimdeɛ ne wɔn amanne ahorow no ayɛ kwa.

Bio nso, sɛ wɔsan ba a, ɛbɛma amammerɛ nnwuma te sɛ ***Museu Nacional de Antropologia (Luanda)*''' anya tumi na ama Chokwe, Lunda, ne Kongofo no anya amammerɛ mu nsakrae.

## Awieeɛ
Angola adwuma a wɔreyɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan anya wɔn nnadeɛ a wɔde kɔbere ayɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ wɔn bere so no gyina hɔ ma mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsiesie amammerɛ mu akuru a nnadeɛ no de bae no. Bere a Angola refa ne kɔkɔɔ no, na ne botae ne sɛ ɔbɛsan de abakɔsɛm mu atɛntrenee aba, ama n'amammerɛ mu ahohoahoa anya ahoɔden, na wama honhom mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛwɔ mfonini ahorow yi mu no asan aba nkwa mu. Ɛwom sɛ ɔhaw ahorow da so wɔ hɔ de, nanso amanaman ntam biakoyɛ a ɛrekɔ so, mmara mu nsakrae, ne amammerɛ mu nkitahodi de nkɔso a ɛrenya ho anidaso ma.

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