Amanaman Nkabom Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw a Ɔhwɛ Awuduru ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights)

**Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So** (United Nations Commission on Human Rights) na ɛde **Amanaman Nkabom Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw a Ɔhwɛ Awuduru ne Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So** (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights) no ahyɛde sii hɔ wɔ afe 1995 mu.

## Abakɔsɛm
Wɔ afe 1995 mu no, Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So no de ahyɛde sii hɔ sɛ wɔnhwehwɛ nea nnipa hokwan ahorow kyerɛ bere a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu (hazardous substances) ne nwura a awuduru wom mu (toxic waste). Nea ɛka eyi ho ne nea nneɛma a ɛrekɔ so te sɛ kar a wɔde di dwuma a mmara mma ho kwan (illicit traffic) ne nneɛma a awuduru wom na ɛyɛ hu a wɔayi no adi bere a asraafo dwumadi ahorow (military activities), ɔko ne ntawntawdi (war and conflict), po so ahyɛn a wɔbubu no kyerɛ (shipbreaking). Mmeae afoforo a ɛka ahyɛde no ho ne nnuruyɛ mu nwura (medical waste), nnwuma a wotutu fam (extractive industries) - (titiriw ngo, gas ne nea wotu (mining), adwumayɛfo tebea wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne kuayɛ mu (abour conditions in manufacturing and agricultural sectors), nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma, nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu a efi mmeae nyinaa fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu ba (environmental emissions of hazardous substances from all source), ne nwura a wɔtow gu (disposal of waste).

Wɔ afe 2011 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So no sii so dua sɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura betumi ayɛ asiane kɛse ama nnipa hokwan ahorow a wobenya koraa . Ɛtrɛw ahyɛde no mu ma ɛkaa nneɛma a asiane wom no nkwa nna nyinaa ho (whole life-cycle of hazardous products), efi ne yɛ so (from manufacturing) kosi nea etwa to a wɔtow gu so (final disposal). Wonim eyi sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so fi akokoaa so kɔ ɔdamoa mu (cradle-to-grave approach). Nnuru a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm(rapid acceleration in chemical production) no kyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi sɛ eyi yɛ asiane a ɛrenya nkɔanim, titiriw ma nnipa hokwan ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔmanfo afa horow a wonni ahobammɔ kɛse no mu.

UN si so dua sɛ amanaman ntam mmara a ɛfa nnipa hokwan ahorow ho (international human rights law) hwehwɛ sɛ aman yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam de siw ankorankoro (individuals) ne mpɔtam hɔfo (communities) a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ nneɛma a awuduru wom (toxic substances) ano. Wɔtaa bu ɔmanfo a wonni ahobammɔ sɛ wɔn a ɛka wɔn kɛse. Wɔn mu bi ne nnipa a wɔdi hia (people living in poverty), adwumayɛfoɔ, mmofra, akuo nketewa (minority groups), aborɔfoɔ (indigenous peoples), atubrafoɔ (migrants), ne akuo foforɔ a wɔn ho yɛ den, a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam (highly gendered impacts).

## Ɔbenfo a ɔde ne ho (Independent expert)
Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (UN Human Rights Council) na ɛpaw Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw no (The Special Rapporteur). Nnipa Hokwan Ahorow Bagua (Human Rights Council) no hwehwɛ sɛ onimdefo a wɔapaw no no hwehwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔayɛ de ahyɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow a nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye no ho nkuran na wɔabɔ ho amanneɛ na ɔsan de amanneɛbɔ ma Aman a wɔka ho no.

### Nsɛmti a Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw no abɔ ho amanneɛ a wɔpaw (Selection of topics reported on by the Special Rapporteur)

* Wɔ bosome Ɔbɛnem afe 2022 mu no, Human Rights Watch de asɛm bi kɔmaa Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw (Special Rapporteur) no amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa mercury, nsaanodwuma (artisanal) ne Sikakɔkɔɔ a wotu nketewa ho (small-scale Gold Mining). Wɔde mercury di dwuma wɔ sika kɔkɔɔ a wotu mu de gye sika kɔkɔɔ no fi aboɔden abo no mu. Mercury a epira mmofra titiriw no (harmful to children) tow hyɛ ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no mfinimfini (central nervous system) no so na ebetumi asɛe amemene no (brain damage) na wawu. Mpɛn pii no, mmofra adwumayɛfo a wonni asiane a ɛwɔ mercury mu ho nsɛm kakraa bi anaa atoro so na wɔyɛ adwuma a wotu fagude no.
* 2021 - Amanneɛbɔ: Plastik kyinhyia no fa ahorow ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ nnipa hokwan ahorow so (The stages of the plastics cycle and their impacts on human rights)

Amanneɛbɔ no twe adwene si nnipa hokwan ahorow a awuduru a wɔde ka plastic ho ne plastic asetra mu nsɛm, a hokwan ahorow a mmea, mmofra, adwumayɛfo, ne aborɔfo wɔ ka ho so dua. Wɔtaa de nnuru a awuduru wom (Toxic chemicals) ka plastic ho, na ɛde asiane kɛse ba hokwan ahorow a nnipa wɔ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so (causing serious risks to human rights and the environment). Amanneɛbɔfo Titiriw (Special Rapporteur) no de nyansahyɛ ahorow (recommendations) a n’atirimpɔw ne sɛ wobedi nea enye a plastic de ba nnipa hokwan ahorow so no ho dwuma ma (negative consequences of plastics on human rights).

* 2015 - Amanneɛbɔ: Hokwan a obi wɔ sɛ ɔnya nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura ho (Right to Information on Hazardous Substances and Wastes)

Wɔ amanneɛbɔ yi mu no, Amanneɛbɔfoɔ Titiriw (Special Rapporteur) no ma hokwan a ɛwɔ sɛ wɔnya nsɛm wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu ne nwura nkwa nna nyinaa mu no kɔ mu pefee (life cycle of hazardous substances and wastes), ɔkyerɛ nsɛnnennen (identifies challenges) a aba wɔ saa hokwan yi a wɔbɛnya mu na ɔkyerɛ ɔhaw ahodoɔ yi ano aduru a ɛbɛtumi aba (outlines potential solutions to these problems). Wɔaka Aman no asɛyɛde (Obligations of States) ne adwumayɛfo asɛyɛde ahorow (responsibilities of business) a ɛfa hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wonya nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu (hazardous substances) ne nwura (wastes) ho a wɔde bedi dwuma ho.

### Mprempren Ɔbenfo a Ɔde Ne Ho (Current Independent Expert)

* Dr. Marcos A. Orellana, efi afe 2020 besi Mprempren/Ɛnnɛ (2020 - current)

### Abenfo a Wɔde Wɔn ho a wɔn Atwam Kɔ (Past Independent Experts)

* Mr. Baskut Tuncak (Turkey/USA), efi afe 2014 kosi afe 2020
* Mr. Marc Pallemaerts (Belgium), efi afe 2012 kosi afe 2014
* Mr. Calin Georgescu (Romania), efi afe 2010 kosi afe 2012
* Mr. Okechukwu Ibeanu (Nigeria), efi afe 2004 kosi afe 2010
* Ms. Fatma Zohra Ouhachi-Vesely (Algeria), efi afe 1995 kosi afe 2004

## Beae a menyaa mmoa fii


## Abɔnten so nkitahodi ahorow

* United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights

Nkyekyεmu:Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ
Nkyekyεmu:Amanaman Nkabom Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (United Nations Human Rights Council)
Nkyekyεmu:Amanaman Nkabom amanneɛbɔfo titiriw (United Nations special rapporteurs)
Nkyekyεmu:Aman ntam nkitahodi (Diplomacy)
Nkyekyεmu:Nneɛma a wɔsɛe no a asiane wom (Hazardous waste)