Zingiber officinale

**Zingiber officinale** a wɔ frɛ no **Akekaduro** wɔ Asante twi kasa mu yɛ nhwiren a ɛsow nhwiren a wɔde ne ntini, ginger ntini anaa ginger, di dwuma kɛse sɛ nnuhuam ne amanfo aduru .

Ɛyɛ nhabanduro a ɛtena hɔ daa, enyin afe afe deɛ brofo mu yɛ ka no pseudostems (atoro ntini a wɔde nhaban nnyinaso a wɔaboaboa ayɛ) a ne tenten bɛyɛ mita biako, na ɛwɔ nhaban fɛfɛɛfɛ

Akekaduro ka Zingiberaceae abusua no ho, a ɛno nso ka turmeric (Curcuma longa), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), ne galangal. Ginger fi Maritime Southeast Asia, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Austronesianfo na wodii kan de yɛɛ fie. Wɔne wɔn faa mu kɔɔ Indo-Pacific nyinaa bere a na Austronesianfo retrɛw asase no so no (bɛyɛ c. 5,000 BP), na ɛtrɛw koduu Hawaii. Ginger yɛ nnuhwam a wodii kan de fii Asia baa Europa no mu biako, na na tete Helafo ne Romafo de di dwuma. Dicots a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri wɔ Asarum abusua no mu no wɔtaa frɛ wɔn wuram ginger esiane sɛ wɔn ano yɛ dɛ nti.

Wɔde ginger adi dwuma wɔ China, India ne Japan wɔ tete aduruyɛ mu mfehaha pii, na sɛ nnuan ho kabea, nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ginger betumi aboa wɔ akyenkyennuro ne ɔyare a ɛrefa nyinsɛn ho mu, ɛwom sɛ wɔnkyerɛ sɛ edi mu. Yennim sɛ ginger yɛ adwuma wɔ yare biara ho, na FDA nso nnyaa ginger sɛ aduro ho kwan. Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, wiase nyinaa de ginger yɛɛ tɔn ɔpepem 4.3, na India na edii anim, na wiase nyinaa no, India na na ɛyɛ ginger a wɔtɔn no no mu 43%.

## Nsɛm asekyerɛ
Ginger" yɛ asɛmfua bi a wɔkyerɛɛ ase "ginger" wɔ brɔfo kasa mu wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 14 mfinimfini mu. Efi Old English gingifer mu, a efi Medieval Latin gingiber mu, gingiber fi Greek ζιγγίβερις zingiberis  mu, na siṅgabera fi Sanskrit mu. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Sanskrit asɛmfua no fi tete Dravidian asɛmfua bi a Tamil  kasa nso fi mu baɛ no mu ena Malayalam asɛmfua iñci-vēr (fi vēr, "ntini" mu); nkyerɛase foforo bi ne sɛ Sanskrit asɛmfua no fi srngam, a ɛkyerɛ "abɛn", ne vera, a ɛkyerɛ "honam" (a ɛkyerɛ ne ntini no su), nanso ɛno betumi ayɛ kasa mu nsɛmfua. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔfaa asɛmfua no fii tete French kasa gingibre (modern French gingembre) mu kɔɔ Middle English kasa mu.

## Bɛbia efiri

Ginger fi Po Southeast Asia. Ɛyɛ ade a wͻyɛ no wͻ bere a wͻwͻ kwae mu no. Adanse a akyɛ sen biara wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔduaa no wɔ Austronesianfo mu, baabi a na ɛwɔ nnua ahorow bi a wɔduaa no na wɔde dii dwuma fi tete. Wɔtetee ginger afoforo te sɛ turmeric (Curcuma longa), turmeric fitaa (Curcuma zedoaria), ne ginger a ɛyɛ yaw (Zingiber zerumbet). Na wɔde nnua no nhwiren ne ne nhaban no yɛ nnuan anaa wodi. Na wɔde nnua no nhaban nso nwene nkata. Saa nneɛma yi akyi no, na ginger wɔ ɔsom mu mfaso wɔ Austronesianfo mu, na na wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne ahorow mu de sa yare, na na wɔde bisa ahonhom ho ban. Wɔsan de dii dwuma wɔ Austronesian ahyɛn nhyira mu.

Wɔfaa ginger kaa wɔn ho wɔ wɔn akwantu mu sɛ nnua a wɔdua wɔ ahyɛn mu bere a na Austronesianfo retrɛw asase so no, fi bɛyɛ afe 5,000 A.Y.B. mu. Wɔde baa Pacific Nsupɔw so wɔ bere a na nnipa a wɔtraa ase ansa na wɔrewo wɔn no mu, ansa na wɔne amammerɛ foforo rehyia. Wɔda so ara nya asɛmfua laqia a efi Proto-Malayo-Polynesian kasa mu no bi wɔ Austronesian kasa ahorow mu kɔsi Hawaii. Wɔsan nso de no baa India ne South-East Asia aduan afifide afoforo ne Austronesian akwantu mfiri mu, bere a Austronesian hyɛnkafo ne Dravidian-kasafo a wɔwɔ Sri Lanka ne South India dii nkitaho wɔ bɛyɛ afe 3,500 ansa na wɔrewo Yesu no. Afei nso na Austronesian akwantufo de kɔ Madagascar ne Comoros wɔ mfie apem a ɛdi kan Y.B. mu.

Efi India no, aguadifo faa no kɔɔ Mediterranea ne Mediterranea Apuei fam bɛyɛ afeha a edi kan Y.B. mu. Wɔtetee no titiriw wɔ India anafo fam ne Great Sunda nsupɔw no so bere a na wɔretɔn nnuhwam no, ne aduaba, ne nnuhwam afoforo pii.

## Abakɔsɛm
Ginger ho kyerɛwtohɔ a edi kan no fi Analects, a Confucius Asuafo  kyerɛwee wɔ China wɔ Warring States mmere mu (475 - 221 BCE.) mu. Wɔ mu no, wɔka sɛ Confucius dii ginger wɔ aduan biara mu Wɔ afe 406 mu no, Faxian kyerɛw sɛ na wɔtete ginger wɔ nkuku mu na na wɔde kɔ China po so hyɛn mu de siw scurvy kwan. Wɔ Song ahenkyɛw (960 ⁇ 1279) mu no, na wɔtɔn ginger fi China anafo fam aman mu

## Dwuma a edi

Ginger yɛ eduani adnfo a wɔtae de di dwuma wɔ wiase nyinaa, sɛ ɛyɛ eduani anaa aduro. Wobetumi de ginger adi dwuma wɔ eduani ahodoɔ bi te sɛ afumduan, bɔnwoma, soda, nkwan, ne nsa mu. Ginger yɛ nnuan a wɔde si gyaade a ɛyɛ huam.  Ginger nhwiren a ɛyɛ nketenkete no yɛ nnua a ɛyɛ dɛ, na ɛyɛ srade a ɛyɛ dɛ. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde kɔfe anaa sherry gu mu sɛ nnuan nketenkete anaa wɔnoa ma wɔde di nnuan pii. Wobetumi de agu nsu a ɛreyɛ hyew mu de ayɛ ginger ntini tii, a wobetumi de ɛwo aka ho. Wobetumi de ginger ayɛ kɔfe anaa ginger bobesa.

**Asia**

Asia Ginger ntini no a abere no yɛ ntamasin na ayɛ sɛ akyen. Wɔtaa de ginger ntini mu nsu di dwuma sɛ nnuan a wɔde hyɛ Indiafo nnuani mu, na ɛyɛ ade a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ Chinafo, Koreafo, Japanfo, Vietnamfo, ne Asia Anafo famfo nnuan pii mu de hyɛ nam, nam, ne nnuan a wodi afumduan mu dɛw.

**North America**

Wɔ Caribbean no, wɔde ginger yɛ nnuani ne nsa a agye din, na wɔde yɛ nsa te sɛ sorrel, nsa a wɔyɛ no Buronya bere mu. Jamaicafo yɛ ginger beer sɛ carbonated anonne( beverage) ne foforo wɔ wɔn afie mu. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde ginger tea a efi ginger foforo mu na ɛyɛ, ne Jamaican ginger cake a agye din wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no.

**Western Countries**

Wɔ Atɔe fam nnuan mu no, wɔtaa de ginger di dwuma titiriw wɔ nnuan a ɛyɛ dɛ te sɛ ginger ale, gingerbread, ginger snaps, parkin, ne speculaas. Wɔyɛ aduhuam bi a wɔde ginger ayɛ a wɔfrɛ no Canton wɔ Jarnac, France. Ginger wine yɛ nsa a wɔde ginger ayɛ, na wɔtɔn wɔ United Kingdom, na wɔtaa tɔ wɔ ahwehwɛ mu. Wɔde ginger nso ka kɔfe ne tii a ɛyɛ hyew ho. Wɔ Greece supɔw a wɔfrɛ no Corfu so no, wɔyɛ ɔmanfo anonne bi a wɔfrɛ no τσιτσιμπύρα (tsitsibira), a ɛyɛ ginger beer. Nnipa a wɔwɔ Corfu ne Ionian nsupɔw a aka no gyee nsa no fii Britaanifo hɔ, wɔ bere a na Ionian nsupɔw no yɛ United States no.

## Nhyehyɛe ne ahobambɔ
Sɛ wodidi no pii a, ginger nni nsunsuanso bɔne pii, nanso sɛ wodidi no pii a, ebetumi ama obi anya ɔhaw bi te sɛ ɛyaw wɔ ne yafunu mu, na ebetumi ama obi anya nnuru bi a wɔde ma no a ɔmpɛ. Ɛwɔ FDA's "generally recognized as safe" list, ɛwom sɛ ɛne nnuro bi, a ebi ne anticoagulant aduru warfarin ne komaduro nifedipine di nkitaho de.

**Aduruyɛ (Chemistry)**

Ginger hua ne ne dɛ no fi ne ngo a ne mu yɛ hyew a ne mu duru yɛ 1 - 3% no mu. Emu na sesquiterpenes, te sɛ beta-bisabolene ne zingiberene, zingerone, shogaols, ne gingerols ne [6]-gingerol (1- [4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) yɛ mu nketenkete. Nnuro bɛyɛ 400 na ɛwɔ ginger mu.

## Nhwehwɛmu
Adanse a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ ginger boa ma obi ho twa na ɔhome a obi nya bere a ɔregye aduru anaa bere a wanyinsɛn no nyɛ nokware. Adanse biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ginger a wɔde sa nyinsɛn mu yareɛ no nyɛ hu.

Ginger nyɛ papa wɔ dysmenorrhea ho. Adanse bi wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛtumi sa yareɛ no, na ɛtumi ma nipadua no yɛ adwuma yie, nanso adanseɛ a ɛntumi nkyerɛ sɛ ɛtumi ma ɔyareɛ a wɔfrɛ no osteoarthritis no yɛ yaw. Adanse a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ ginger ma mogya tumi yɛ den no yɛ soronko.

Afe 2018 mu nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ sɛ ginger tumi ma nnipa a wɔdi mmoroo so no so yɛ duru na ɛsan nso ma HDL-cholesterol so yɛ den.

## Bɛbia Mmoa Efiri