Repatriation of South African Human Remains from German Universities

*Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ *'Asante Twi** mu''

Mmɔden a [[South Africa|South Afrika]] rebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan agye nnipa nnompe afiri aman foforɔ so no ka wiase nyinaa nhyehyɛeɛ bi a ɛrekɔ so a wɔde siesie agyapadeɛ, siesie abakɔsɛm mu ntɛnkyea, na wɔde nidie ma nnipa a wɔfiri aman foforɔ so no ho. Nsɛm a ɛho hia kyɛn biribiara no bi ne nnipa a wɔfiri South Afrika a wɔsan de wɔn baa wɔn man mu wɔ [[Germany|German]] suapɔn ahodoɔ mu, titire wɔn a wɔde wɔn kɔeɛ wɔ nnisoɔ ase ne nnipa mu nyiyim berɛ mu wɔ nnipa mu nyiyim ho nyansapɛ ne nnipa ho nimdeɛ mu no. Akwankyerɛ ahodoɔ no bi ne, honhom fam nnoɔma, ne amammerɛ ho nsɛm a ɛho hia na ɛno na ɛma ɛda sɛdeɛ nyansahpɛ, amammerɛ, ne nkae yɛ adwuma no da adi pefee.

== Abakɔsɛm: Nnisoɔ, amammerɛ, ne nnipa nnompe a wakora ==
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu no, Europa nyansahufo ne nnipa ho animdefo boaboaa nnipa nnompe ano fii Afrika de boaa nnipa mu nyiyim nkyerɛkyerɛ, ti-mu-nsusuw (kraniometry), ne mmusua mu kyekyɛ ho. South Africa, sɛ mantam titiriw wɔ Europefo amammerɛ mu trɛtrɛw ne mmusuakuw ho nyansahu mu no, bɛyɛɛ nnipa nkae a wɔtaa nya wɔ amammuifo te sɛ Khoisan, [[Tswana]], ne Xhosafo nkyɛn bere a wɔnnye wɔn ho nto mu.

Germanfo nhomanimfo yɛɛ adwumaden titiriw de boaboaa Afrikafo adasamma nnompe ano, mpɛn pii no, na wɔyɛ saa denam nniso mu mpanyimfo, asɛmpatrɛwfo, ne nnipa ho animdefo so. Nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ te sɛ Freiburg Suapɔn, Tübingen Suapɔn, Charité Aduruyɛ Sukuupɔn wɔ Berlin, ne Leipzig Suapɔn no boaboaa South Afrika nnompe a aka no pii ano, a emu pii yɛ tiboa, a wɔde abusuakuo ho nkrataa a ɛmfata akyerɛkyerɛ mu, na wɔkyekyɛɛ no abusua mu.

== Asetena mu nsɛm a ɛho hia ==

=== 1. Khoisan nkae no a wɔsan de bae (2013 - 2019) ===
Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, ade titire bi sii bere a Freiburg Sukuupɔn no de nnipa akron a wofi South Africa no nnompe maa DSAC (Department of Sports, Arts and Culture) ne South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). Wɔboaboaa nkae no ano wɔ Northern Cape wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu, na wɔde siee anatomical aboaboa mu de yɛɛ mmusuakuw adesua.

Wɔ 2019 mu no, wɔsan de nnipa a wɔagye din pii baa ɔman no mu, bere a Berlin Sukuupɔn Charité Ayaresabea no de nnipa bɛboro 20 a wɔn mu dodow no ara yɛ Khoisanfo a wɔfi South Afrika no nnompe maa wɔn. Ná wɔafa ɔkwan a ɛmfata so anya saa nnompe yi, mpɛn pii no, efi aboda mu anaa wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyehyɛ hɔ no so. Wɔyɛɛ wɔn nsrahwɛ no ho nhyehyɛe wɔ afahyɛ bi ase a South Africa mpanimfoɔ, German aban ananmusifo, ne Khoisan akannifo a wɔagye din.

=== 2. Leipzig Suapɔn ne Germany Suapɔn Afoforɔ ===
Mfe kakra a atwam ni no, German sukuupɔn afoforɔ te sɛ Leipzig ne Tübingen agye atom sɛ wɔwɔ nkae bi a efi South Africa. Nhomanim nhwehwɛmu a German ne South Africa nwomanimfoɔ nyinaa taa akyi no rekɔ so, a ne botae ne sɛ wɔbɛhu baabi a wofi ne sɛnea wɔbɛsan akɔ wɔn kurom wɔ obu mu. Seesei saa ahyehyɛdeɛ ahorow yi reyɛ adwuma wɔ abrabɔ gyinapɛn foforo a amanaman ntam gyinapɛn ahorow, te sɛ Amanaman Nkabom no Abakɔsɛm a Ɛfa Aborɔfo Ahofadi Ho (UNDRIP) ne [[UNESCO]] Apam a wɔyɛɛ no 1970 mu no kyerɛ no kwan.

== Abrabɔ, amammerɛ, ne honhom fam nnoɔma ==
Wɔ South Africa amammerɛ mu, titire wɔ Khoisanfo mu no, ayi a ɛfata ne nananom a wɔawuwu a wɔsom wɔn no yɛ ade titiriw wɔ honhom fam yiyedi ho. Sɛ wɔtwe nnipa a wɔawuwu no de wɔn kɔkyerɛ afoforo a, wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ honhom fam bɔne, na ɛsɛe abusuabɔ a ɛda ateasefo ne awufo ntam no. Sɛ wɔsan kɔ wɔn kurom a, ɛma nkurɔfo tumi yɛ amanne ahorow de siesie wɔn ho, na ɛma wonya honhom fam asomdwoe ne amammerɛ mu nkitahodie.

Bio nso, saa nsrahwɛ yi yɛ adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ na nniso no adi atirimɔdensɛm, na ɛhyɛɛ Europa ahyehyɛde ahorow no ma wɔsɔre tiaa dwuma a nyansahu adi wɔ abakɔsɛm mu wɔ nnipa a wɔhyɛ wɔn ase no a wɔtew wɔn ho no ho.

== Ɔman no ho a wɔde hyɛ adwuma mu ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn bɛsan aba wɔn man mu ==
South Africa aban no nam SAHRA ne Adwumadie, Adwinne ne Amammerɛ Dwumadibea no so adi dwuma titiriw wɔ mmɔden a wɔrebɔ sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu no mu. Ɔman no mmara kyerɛ kwan wɔ tetefo nkae a wɔbɛhwehwɛ, ne a wɔbɛka ho asɛm, ne a wɔbɛfa akɔ, ne nkae a wɔbɛsan de akɔsie wɔ afahyɛ ase ho.

Bio nso, South Africa ka Afrika Nkabom no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa agyapade a wɔde ma ho no ho, na aboa ma wɔde Afrikafo a wɔatu wɔn afi wɔn man mu no nkae ne wɔn nneɛma a wɔde asie ho nsɛm a ɛwɔ aman no mu ayɛ adwuma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu.

== German aban mmuaeɛ ne akyɛwpa ==
Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, ***German Amanaman Ntam Nsɛm So Asoɛe*''' no de kyɛwpa too dwa sɛ wɔagye Afrikafo nnompe wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so, na wɔabɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan de wɔn aba wɔn man mu. Germany nso ahyɛ bɔ sɛ ɔbɛboa wɔ sika ne logistic mu ama nhwehwɛmu wɔ baabi a wofi bae, asieyɛ ho ka, ne nkɔmmɔ a wɔne wɔn a wofi mu bae no bɛyɛ.

Germany's experience with restitution of Namibian remains ⁇ asɛɛ wɔfa ma nnipa ho nyansahu ⁇ aahyehyɛ ne amammerɛ a ɛresesa wɔ nipa nkae ho ne ne nkorabata akyi asɛyɛde ho.

## Ɔhaw ahodoɔ ne kwan a wɔfa so di so
Ɛmfa ho nkɔso a wɔanya no, ɔhaw pii da so wɔ hɔ:

* Nkyerɛwee a ɛfa baabi a wofi bae ho no nyɛ pɛ: Wɔkyerɛw nkae no mu pii din bɔne anaa wɔtwee wɔn fii baabi a wofi bae no ho.
* Nhyehyɛe a wɔsɔre tia: Sukuupɔn ahorow bi yɛ nyaa wɔ mmara mu, nnwuma mu, anaa nhomasua mu.
* Wɔ South Africa no, wontumi mfa nidi nsie nnipa pii a wɔawuwu.

Nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛrekɔ so, ntoboa a wɔde ma akorae ho nhwehwɛmu, ne nnipa a wɔwɔ mpɔtam hɔ a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no ho hia na ama saa nhyehyɛe yi anya nkɔso.

## Mmoano
South Afrikafoɔ a wɔayi wɔn afi German suapɔn ahodoɔ mu a wɔde wɔn aba wɔn man mu no yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so adeyɛ a wɔde siesie nnipa, nidi, ne wɔn amammerɛ. Ɛkyerɛ sɛnea abakɔsɛm mu atɛntrenee, nyansahu mu abrabɔ pa, ne amammerɛ mu honhom fam nneɛma hyia. Bere a South Afrika kɔ so bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan ama wɔn nneɛma nyinaa no, saa nneyɛe yi yɛ anammɔn a ɛho hia paa a ɛbɛma wɔatumi agyina nnɛɛmmafo nniso a na ɛyɛ yaw a atwam no ano na wɔama Afrikafo anya wɔn agyapade so tumi.

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