Disproportionality in special education

Ntotoe a ɛnsɛ wɔ nhomasua titiriw mu ne nnipa dodow akuw bi a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu wɔ anohyeto a wɔde si hɔ ne nteɛso mu, titiriw wɔ United States aban sukuu nhyehyɛe mu. Wɔtaa da nsɛsoɔ adi sɛ mmusuakuo, mmusuakuo, asetena mu sikasɛm, anaa amammerɛ ne kasa ahodoɔ (CLD) akuo pɔtee bi a wɔankyerɛ wɔn ho asɛm wɔ nwomasua titire mu sɛ wɔde toto wɔn a wɔwɔ asuafoɔ dodoɔ no nyinaa mu ho a. Abofra abusuakuw ne abusuakuw a ofi betumi anya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wobehu no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so sɛ ohia nhomasua titiriw ho nnwuma no so, na ama nsɛm a ɛhaw adwene aba wɔ atɛntrenee, pɛyɛ, ne nkɛntɛnso a ebetumi anya wɔ sukuufo nhomasua mu nkɔso so no ho.

## Nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde kyerɛ
Nneɛma ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛhaw adwene wɔ asuafo a wɔbɛkyerɛ wɔn wɔ nhomasua titiriw mu no ho. Asuafoɔ a wɔkyerɛ wɔn boro so no kyerɛ dadwen a ɛne sɛ wɔde asuafoɔ a wɔn kɔla yɛ kɔkɔɔ, titire Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ sukuufoɔ, kɔ nwomasua titire mu wɔ dodoɔ a ɛkorɔn sene wɔn mfɛfoɔ sukuufoɔ aborɔfoɔ, a ɛbɛtumi ama wɔabu wɔn animtiaa na wɔanya nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne wɔ wɔn nwomasua mu suahunu so. 1] . Asuafoɔ a wɔanhunu wɔn yie no kyerɛ tebea a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛhunu asuafoɔ a wɔn kɔla yɛ kɔkɔɔ na wɔnya nkyerɛkyerɛ titire dwumadie sene wɔn mfɛfoɔ aborɔfoɔ a wɔreda suban a ɛte saa ara adi, a ɛbɛtumi ama asuafoɔ nnya mmoa a ɛhia a wɔhia na wɔadi nkonim wɔ sukuu mu

Asuafoɔ a wɔn kɔla yɛ kɔkɔɔ nso wɔ asiane mu sɛ wɔbɛhunu wɔn wɔ ɔkwan a ɛntene so ama nwomasua titire ɛfiri sɛ wɔkyerɛ wɔn wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so sɛ wɔwɔ nkyekyɛmu a wɔmpɛ wɔ asetena mu te sɛ nkateɛ mu basabasayɛ ne adwene mu dɛmdiɛ berɛ a ebia wɔwɔ dɛmdiɛ a wɔanhunu, na ɛde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu ne mmoa a ɛntu mpɔn ma saa asuafoɔ yi

## Nneɛma a wɔhwɛ so
Wɔyɛɛ Ɔfa B a ɛwɔ Ankorankoro a Wɔadi M dɛm Nhomasua Mmara (IDEA) mu no nkyekyɛmu 300.646 sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɔman biara a ɛnya sika no, ɛhia sɛ ɛhwɛ sɛ nsɛsoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a egyina abusuakuo anaa abusuakuo so a ɛrekɔ so wɔ ɔman no ne Mpɔtam Nhomasua Nnwumakuo (LEAs) a ɛwɔ ɔman a ɛfa mmofra a wɔbɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ mmofra a wɔadi dɛm, mmofra yi a wɔde wɔn bɛkɔ nhomasua tebea horow pɔtee bi mu, ne nteɛso a wɔde yi wɔn fi wɔn a wɔde wɔn kɔ sukuu mu, a nea ɛka ho ne sɛnea wɔayi wɔn afi adwumam ne nea wɔpam wɔn ka ho.

Wɔ IDEA fa B mu no, ɔman biara nya sika, na ɛsɛ sɛ United States Ɔman no mu Ɔkyerɛwfo no de nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano na wɔahwehwɛ mu ma de ahu sɛ ebia nsonsonoe kɛse a egyina abusuakuw ne mmusuakuw so rekɔ so wɔ Ɔman no ne Ɔman no LEA ahorow mu anaa. Wɔ Mmara no Ɔfa 300.64 mu no, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ Aman no hwehwɛ data mu hwɛ sɛ ɛnsɛ kɛse wɔ mmeae a edidi so yi mu:

# Mmofra a wɔadi dɛm ne wɔn dɛmdi a wɔbɛkyerɛ,
# Abofra no a wɔde no bɛto nkyerɛkyerɛ tebea mu, ne
# Sukuu a wobegyae obi anaasɛ wɔbɛpam obi afi sukuu mu biara ne bere tenten a wɔde bɛkɔ sukuu . IDEA hyɛ sɛ aman no boaboa nkyerɛkyerɛ soronko ho nsɛm ano na wɔnhwehwɛ mu wɔ abusuakuw ne mmusuakuw mu wɔ ɔmantam no mu.

### Ɔman no a wɔhwɛ so
Aman no ahwɛ na wɔahyɛ nea ɛnsɛ wɔ nhomasua titiriw mu denam ahwehwɛde ahorow a wɔde asi hɔ wɔ IDEA ne Afe Biara Adwumayɛ Amanneɛbɔ (APRs) mu no so. Wɔ ɔmantam gyinabea no, wɔahyɛ aman no sɛ wɔnboaboa nhomasua titiriw ho nsɛm a ɛfa abusuakuw ne mmusuakuw ho ano na wɔnhwehwɛ mu. Wɔsan nso hwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɔ amanneɛ fa nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ pɔtee a ɛfa sɛdeɛ ɛnsɛ ma asuafoɔ a wɔadi dɛm ne amansin dodoɔ a ɛda mmusuakuo ne mmusuakuo ananmusifoɔ a ɛnsɛ wɔ nwomasua titire mu adi

Sɛ aman no hu nsɛsoɔ kɛseɛ a egyina abusuakuo ne mmusuakuo so a, sɛdeɛ Ɔfa 300.464 a ɛwɔ IDEA Ɔfa B mu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ:

# Fa afe afe nhwehwɛmu ne, sɛ ɛfata a, wɔbɛsan ahwɛ nhyehyɛeɛ, nneyɛeɛ, ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu anaa wɔde si hɔ wɔ nwomasua tebea pɔtee bi mu no ho nhyehyɛeɛ.
# Ɛsɛ sɛ LEA no bɔ amanneɛ wɔ nhyehyɛe, nneyɛe, ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no mu nsakrae ho.
# Ɔman no mu Ɔkyerɛwfo no bɛhwehwɛ sɛ LEA biara a wɔakyerɛ no sɛ ɔde sika dodow a ɛsen biara no sie na ama wɔde nnwuma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu a ɛkɔ akyiri, a wɔayɛ no biako ama de adi nneɛma a ɛde nea ɛnsɛ no ba no ho dwuma.
# Sɛ wɔde dwumadie a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu redi dwuma a, LEA betumi de adwumayɛfoɔ nkɔsoɔ ne nkyerɛkyerɛ ne suban nhwehwɛmu, dwumadie, ne mmoa ama.
# Ɛsɛ sɛ LEA no kyerɛ na ɛdi nneɛma a ɛde nsɛsoɔ ne sikasɛm, amammerɛ, anaa kasa mu akwansideɛ a ɛmma wontumi nhunu anaa wɔde bɛto mmeaeɛ a ɛfata ne nhyehyɛeɛ, nneyɛeɛ, anaa akwan biara a ɛboa ma nsɛsoɔ ba no ho dwuma.
# Ɛsɛ sɛ LEA no di nhyehyɛe, adeyɛ, anaa nhyehyɛe bi a ɛboa ma ɛnsɛ no ho dwuma.

Ɛnsɛ sɛ aman no kyerɛ LEA a ɛne ne ho nhyia kɛseɛ sɛ LEA no aboro asiane dodoɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ no so nanso ada nkɔsoɔ a ɛfata adi wɔ asiane dodoɔ a wɔbɛtew so ama kuw ne nhwehwɛmu no fa wɔ mfeɛ mmienu a atwam no mu biara mu a.

### Nsusuwii a wɔde susuw nneɛma
Wɔde nhwehwɛmu akwan adi dwuma de ayɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ nea ɛnsɛ wɔ nhomasua titiriw mu, a asiane dodow, akyi a wɔsan kɔ akyi, ne akyi a ɛkɔ akyi wɔ akwan horow pii so ka ho. Asiane ratio no bi ne exposure to odds, odds ratios, relative risks, ne risk indices ratios. Regression models bu akontaa sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yie sɛ wɔde obi bɛto baabi anaa nwomasua soronko som sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛfa nsakraeɛ a ɛde ne ho. Multilevel regression ma asuafoɔ yɛ nest wɔ sukuu, amansin, anaa mpɔtam hɔ ma wɔbu akontaa wɔ akontabuo a ɛwɔ akuakuo no mu ne wɔn ntam. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔahu wɔ nsɛsoɔ a ɛnsɛ wɔ nwomasua titire mu no gu ahodoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ adesua ahodoɔ mu ɛnam nneɛma a ɛka ho ne sɛ wɔde data ahodoɔ a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ gyinabea ahodoɔ mu, a asuafoɔ a wɔwɔ adesua ne mfeɛ ahodoɔ mu nhwɛsoɔ ka ho, ne nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ a ɛbɛtumi ama aba a ɛbɔ abira a wɔde bedi dwuma.

Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa su pa ho no de akwan a wɔfa so deductive ne inductive ayɛ, a nea ɛka ho ne codebooks a wɔayɛ a ɛtwe adwene si adwene nhyehyɛe ne nhoma ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw a ɛfa nhomasua nhyehyɛe ne nea ɛnsɛ ho. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa dodow ho no de nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw no mmara a egyina nhwehwɛmu a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ nhwehwɛmu biara mu so, te sɛ asiane dodow, akyi a wɔsan kɔ akyi anaa nea wɔsan kɔ akyi pii.

### Mprempren nneyɛe a etu mpɔn
Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wotu mpɔn wɔ mprempren adeyɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ nneɛma a ɛnsɛ so no mu. Nkitahodi nni IDEA nhyehyɛe ahorow no nkyerɛase ne ne di a U.S. Nhomasua Dwumadibea ne Nhomasua Nhyehyɛe Titiriw Dwumadibea (OSEP) de di dwuma no mu, na ɛde adwene mu naayɛ ba ɔman no ne mpɔtam hɔ a esiw nkɔso a aba wɔ asɛm no ho dwuma a wodi mu no kwan. Ɔman ne ɔmantam no nso di nhyehyɛe afa horow a ɛfa nhomasua titiriw a wɔkyerɛ ho no so sen sɛ wobedi nhyehyɛe mu nneɛma a ɛboa ma ɛnsɛ no ho dwuma, a ebetumi abu ɔhaw no kɛse ankasa adewa na asiw nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu ama asuafo a wohia no kwan. Ɛwom sɛ nhwehwɛmu kyerɛw asuafo a wɔn kɔla yɛ kɔkɔɔ a wɔdɔɔso dodo wɔ mmeae a anohyeto wom kɛse de, nanso OSEP no mfa nhomasua tebea nka ho wɔ gyinabea a ɛnsɛ a wɔhwɛ so na wɔhyɛ so no mu.

Federal nkyerɛase a ɛfa IDEA mmara kwan so kasa ho no ne nea wɔahu bere nyinaa wɔ nhomasua titiriw nhwehwɛmu mu no bɔ abira. Nsakraeɛ a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ IDEA mu wɔ afe 1997 ne 2004 mu no gye toom sɛ mmusuakuo ne mmusuakuo a ɛnsɛ wɔ hɔ, nanso aban nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛfa afe 2004 ahwehwɛdeɛ no ho no ama adwene atu afra wɔ Ɔman ne LEA gyinabea. Nsɛm a wɔanya kyerɛ sɛ aban nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛfa IDEA 2004 ho, mmara akwankyerɛ, ne nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ a wɔayɛ a wɔde bɛhwɛ so na wɔadi so no anyɛ adwuma yie wɔ mmusuakuo ne mmusuakuo mu nsonsonoeɛ a ɛnsɛ ho dwumadie mu.

## Nnipa a wɔda wɔn ho adi