Tɛknɔlɔgyi

**Tɛknɔlɔgyi** yɛ nimdeɛ a wɔde di dwuma de duru botaeɛ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so ho wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛtumi asane ayɛ bio so. Asɛmfua *mfididwuma* nso bɛtumi akyerɛ nnoɔma a ɛfiri mmɔdemmɔ a ɛte saa mu ba, : 117. Nkyekyɛm  a nnwinnadeɛ a wɔtumi hunu te sɛ nnwinnadeɛ anaa mfidie, ne nea wɔntumi mfa wɔn nsa nka te sɛ softwea nyinaa ka ho. Mfididwuma di dwuma titiri wɔ nyansahunu, mfididwuma, ne da biara da asetena mu.

Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ ama nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ aba ɔmanfoɔ mu . Mfididwuma a edi kan a wɔnim ne aboɔ adwinnadeɛ a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ mmere a ɛdii abakɔsɛm anim, na ɛno akyi no wɛdi ogya so a ɛboaa ma nipa amemene nyin na kasa nyaa nkɔsoɔ wɔ Nsukyenee Berɛ no mu . Ntwahonan a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ Kɔbere Mmere no mu no maa wɔtumi tuu kwan kɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ mfidie a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ. Mfididwuma mu nnoɔma a wɔayɛ nnansa yi, a nwoma tintim mfidie, telefon, ne Intanɛt ka ho no ama akwansideɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkutahodie mu no so ate na ɛde nimdeɛ sikasɛm ab.

Berɛ a mfididwuma boa ma sikasɛm nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛma nnipa yiedie tu mpɔn no, ɛbɛtumi nso anya nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne te sɛ ɛfi ne nnoɔma a wɔsɛeɛ no, na ɛbɛtumi de asetena mu ɔhaw ahodoɔ te sɛ mfididwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ a ɛfiri afidie a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu ba no aba . Ne saa nti, nyansapɛ ne amammu mu akyinnyegye kɔ so wɔ dwuma a mfididwuma di ne sɛdeɛ wɔde di dwuma, mfididwuma mu abrabɔ pa, ne akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ ne bɔne ase ho.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no, ɛsiane nyansahunu mu nkɔsoɔ ne Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Ɛto so Mmienu, nti, wogyaeɛ sɛ wobɛbu *mfididwuma* sɛ adesua mu nteɛsoɔ soronko na ɛnyaa dea ɛkyerɛ nnɛ: nimdeɛ a wɔde bɛdi dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ kwan so de ayɛ atirimpɔ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so. : 1 . 119. Nkyekyɛm 

## Etymology ho adesua
*Mfididwuma* yɛ asɛmfua a ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 17 mfitiaseɛ a na ɛkyerɛ ‘ayaresa a wɔyɛ no nhyehyɛeɛ so’ (ɛfiri Hela kasa mu Τεχνολογία , efi Greek    ne -λογία na ɛwɔ hɔ, ‘adesua, nimdeɛ’). **'  Tete Hela asɛmfua ''tékhnē'', a na ɛkyerɛ ‘sɛdea wɔyɛ nnoɔma ho nimdeɛ’, a na ɛka dwumadie ahodoɔ te sɛ adansi ho no na edii kan de dii dwuma.

Ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 19 no, Europa asasepɔn sofoɔ firii aseɛ de nsɛmfua ''Technik'' ( German ) anaa ''ɔkwan a wɔfa'' so yɛ ade ( [[France|Franse]] ) dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ ‘ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ’, a na mfididwuma ho adwinni nyinaa te sɛ asau, po so hyɛn, anaa nwoma tintim ka ho, sɛɛ ɛyɛ anaasɛ ɛnte saa nnwinnadeɛ anaa nnwinnadeɛ a wɔhwehwɛ. : 1 . 114–115 na ɛwɔ hɔ Saa berɛ no, ''Technologie'' ( [[:en:German language|German]] ne [[:en:French language|Franse]] ) kaa nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ a asua "akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma", anaasɛ amammui nteɛso a "wɔabɔ wɔn tirim sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara wɔ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma dwumadie ahodoɔ ho."  : 1 . 117. Nkyekyɛm Esiane sɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ''Technik'' ne ''Technologie'' ntam nni Borɔfo kasa mu nti, wɔkyerɛɛ mmienu no nyinaa ase sɛ ''mfididwuma'' . Kane no na asɛmfua no ntaa mma wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu na na ɛkyerɛ nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ titire, sɛdea ɛte wɔ [[:en:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Mfididwuma Sukuu mu no]] .

== **Abakɔsɛm** ==


=== Ansa na abakɔsɛm reba ===
Mfitiase no hominids na wɔyɛɛ nnwinnadeɛ denam hwɛ ne sɔhwɛ ne mfomso so . Bɛyɛ Mya 2 (mfe ɔpepem a atwam ni) no, wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔyɛ aboɔ nnwinnadeɛ a edi kan denam hama a wɔde bɔɔ abotan nketenkete bi so, na wɔyɛɛ nsa agyan a ano yɛ nnam so. Wɔyɛɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu nsakrae kya 75 (mfe apem a atwam ni) ma ɛbɛyɛɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ano yɛ mmere, na ɛmaa wɔtumi yɛɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ fɛ kɛseɛ.

Charles Darwin kaa ogya a wohuu no ho asɛm sɛ "ebia ɛyɛ dea ɛsene biara a onipa ayɛ pɛn". Fam tutu, aduane, ne asetena mu adanseɛ kyerɛ sɛ "[nnipa] ogya a wɔde di dwuma berɛ nyinaa" anyɛ yie koraa no 1.5 Mya. Ogya a wɔde nnua ne fango, na ɛmaa nnipa a wɔdi kan no noa wɔn aduane ma ɛyɛɛ yie, na ɛmaa aduannuru a ɛwɔ mu no yɛɛ yie na ɛmaa nnuane dodoɔ a wobɛtumi adi no trɛɛ. ''Adwene a ɛfa aduannoa ho'' no kyerɛ sɛ tumi a wɔtumi noa aduane no maa hominid amemene kɛse kɔɔ soro, ɛwom sɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ binom hunu sɛ adanseɛ no nyɛ nokware deɛ. Wɔkyerɛeɛ sɛ fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ogya dan ahodoɔ no yɛ 790 kya; nhwehwɛmufoɔ gye di sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ eyi maa nnipa fekubɔ mu yɛɛ den na ebia ɛno na ɛmaa [[kasa]] baeɛ.

Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ afoforɔ a wɔnyaeɛ wɔ Tete Aboɔ berɛ no mu ne ntadeɛ ne daberɛ. Adwene biara nni hɔ wɔ bɛyɛ berɛ a wɔde bɛgye mfididwuma mmienu no mu biara atom no ho, nanso fam tutufoɔ ahunu fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ntadeɛ 90-120 kya  ne daberɛ 450 kya. Berɛ a Tete Abotan berɛ no kɔɔ so no, atenaeɛ bɛyɛɛ dea ɛyɛ nwanwa na ɛyɛɛ dea wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ; kya 380 mu tɔnn no, na nnipa resi nnua asese a wɔde nnua ayɛ berɛ tiaa bi. Ntadeɛ a wɔdane firii mmoa a wɔbɔ wɔn abɔmmɔ no nwoma ne nwoma mu no boaa adasamma ma wɔtrɛɛ kɔɔ mmeaeɛ a awɔ hɔ; nnipa firii aseɛ [[:en:Early human migrations|tu]] firii Afrika bɛyɛ kya 200, na mfitiase no wɔtu kɔɔ [[:en:Eurasia|Eurasia]].


=== Abodan foforo bere mu ===
[[:en:Neolithic Revolution|Aboɔ Foforo mu Ɔsesɛ]] (anaasɛ ''Kuadwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Edi Kan'' ) no de mfididwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a wɔyɛeɛ ntɛmntɛm baeɛ, na dea efirii mu baeɛ ne asetena mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den a ɛkɔɔ soro. [[:en:Hand axe|Aboɔ agyan]] a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔyɛeɛ no yɛ nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ a ɛmaa wɔtumi yii kwaeɛ akɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ kua. Aboɔ agyan a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔde dii dwuma yi kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Aboɔ Foforɔ Mmerɛ no mu nanso mfitiase no wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[:en:Mesolithic|Mesolithme]] berɛ a edii ɛno anim no mu wɔ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ [[:en:Ireland|Ireland]] . [[:en:Agriculture|Kuadwuma]] maa nnipa pii nyaa aduane, na nsakraeɛ a wɔyɛeɛ kɔɔ [[:en:Sedentism|baabi a wɔtena ase no]] maa wɔtumi tetee mmɔfra pii berɛ korɔ mu, efiri sɛ na ɛnhia sɛ [[:en:Nomad|atubrafo]] de nkokoaa di akɔneaba bio. Bio nso, na mmɔfra bɛtumi de adwumayɛfoɔ aboa ma wɔatete nnɔbaeɛ ntɛm sene sɛdea wɔbɛtumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|abɔmmɔfo ne nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano]] dwumadie ahodoɔ mu.

Berɛ a nnipa dodoɔ a ɛkɔɔ soro ne adwumayɛfoɔ a wonyaeɛ yi maa [[:en:Division of labour|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma titire]] no nyaa nkɔanim . Wɔnnim dea ɛkanyan nkɔsoɔ a ɛfiri mfitiaseɛ Aboɔ Foforɔ nkuraa so kɔɔ nkuro a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Uruk|Uruk]], ne anibue ahodoɔ a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Sumer|Sumer]], no pɔtee; nanso, wosusu sɛ asetena mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛrekɔ so [[:en:Hierarchy|wɔ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ]] ne adwumayɛfoɔ titire a ɛbaeɛ, adwadie ne ɔko a ɛbaa amammerɛ ahodoɔ a ɛbɛn hɔ mu, ne hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔbom yɛ adeɛ de di nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛnnennen te sɛ [[:en:Irrigation|nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so]], so nkunim no nyinaa dii dwuma.

Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so no maa [[:en:Metallurgical furnace|fononoo]] ne [[:en:Bellows|ahyɛnsodeɛ a ɛyɛ hu]] no baeɛ na ɛmaa, dea edi kan no, wɔtumi te [[:en:Gold|sika kɔkɔɔ]], [[:en:Copper|kɔberɛ]], [[:en:Silver|dwetɛ]], ne [[:en:Lead|kɔberɛ hua]] na wɔyɛeɛ – dadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa a wɔhunu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛho te kakra so wɔ abɔdeɛ mu. Mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ kɔberɛ nnwinnadeɛ so sene aboɔ, dompe ne nnua nnwinnadeɛ no daa adi ntɛm ara wɔ nnipa a wɔdi kan no mu, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔde kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no dii dwuma firi berɛ a ɛbɛn [[:en:Neolithic|Abodan Foforɔ]] mmerɛ no mfitiase (bɛyɛ ka 10). Kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no nni hɔ pii firi awosu mu, nanso kɔberɛ a wɔde yɛ nnoɔma abu so koraa na emu bi yɛ dadeɛ ntɛmntɛm berɛ a wɔhye wɔ nnua anaa fango ogya mu no. Awieeɛ koraa no, dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma no ma wɔhunuu nnoɔma a wɔde afra te sɛ kɔbere ne kɔbere (bɛyɛ 4,000 A.Y.B.). Dadeɛ a wɔde afra te sɛ dadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma dea edi kan no firi bɛyɛ afe 1,800 A.Y.B.


=== Tete ===
Berɛ a nnipa de ogya dii dwuma wiee no, wɔhunuu ahoɔden afoforɔ. Mframa ahoɔden a edi kan a wɔnim sɛ wɔde di dwuma ne [[:en:Sailing ship|hyɛn a ɛde po so hyɛn tu]] ; twerɛtohɔ a edi kan a ɛfa po so hyɛn bi a na ɛretu ne Nil hyɛmma bi a wɔyɛeɛ bɛyɛ afe 7,000 A.Y.B. Ɛfiri berɛ a edii abakɔsɛm anim no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Misrifoɔ de tumi a [[:en:Flooding of the Nile|Nil nsuyiri]] a ɛba afe biara no nya no dii dwuma de gugu wɔn nsase so nsuo, na nkakrankakra wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ ne fa kɛseɛ no ara denam nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ne nsukorabea ahodoɔ a "wɔkyere" so. Tete [[:en:Sumer|Sumeriafoɔ]] a na wɔwɔ [[:en:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] no de nsuten ne nsuten a ɛyɛ den dii dwuma de dan nsu fi [[:en:Tigris|Tigris]] ne [[:en:Euphrates|Eufrate]] nsubɔnten mu de gugu nnɔbaeɛ so.

Wɔn a wɔtutu fam hwehwɛ tetefoɔ nnoɔma mu bu akontaa sɛ wɔde wɔn ho na wɔyɛɛ kankra no wɔ Mesopotamia (wɔ nnɛyi [[Irak|Iraq]] ), Caucasus Atifi fam ( [[:en:Maykop culture|Maykop amammerɛ]] ), ne Europa Mfinimfini fam. Berɛ ho akontaabu frii 5,500 kɔsi 3,000 A.Y.B. Nnoɔma a akyɛ sene biara a mfonini ahodoɔ a ɛkyerɛ teaseɛnam a kankra wom no firi bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B. Nnansa yi ara, wɔhunuu nnua kankra a akyɛ sene biara wɔ wiase no wɔ [[:en:Ljubljana Marsh|Ljubljana Marsh]] a ɛwɔ [[Slovenia]] no mu.

Kankra a wɔyɛeɛ no maa adwadie ne ɔko mu nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ. Ankyɛ koraa na wohunuiɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi de teaseɛnam a kankra wɔ so asoa nnesoa a emu yɛ duru. Tete Sumeriafoɔ de [[:en:Potter's wheel|ɔnwemfo ntwahonan]] na ɛdii dwuma na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔn na wɔyɛɛ no. Abo nkuku ntwahonan bi a wɔhunuu wɔ kuro-man [[:en:Ur|Ur]] mu no yɛ bɛyɛ mfeɛ 3,429  Nkukuo ntwahonan a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm (a ɛkyinkyini) no maa wɔtumi yɛɛ nkuku pii ntɛm, nanso ɛyɛ ntwahonan no a wɔde dii dwuma sɛ ahoɔden a ɛsakra (ɛnam nsuo ntwahonan, mframa afidie, ne afidie a wɔde tu mmirika mpo so) na ɛsakraa ahoɔden a ɛnyɛ nnipa de a wɔde di dwuma no. Wɔnyaa teaseɛnam a edi kan a ɛwɔ ntwahonan mmienu no firii [[:en:Travois|travois]]  mu na wɔdii kan de dii dwuma wɔ Mesopotamia ne [[Iran]] bɛyɛ afe 3,000 A.Y.B.
Akwan a wɔasisi a akyɛ sen biara a wɔnim ne mmɔnten a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a ɛwɔ kuro-man Ur mu, a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ bɛyɛ c. 4,000 A.Y.B., ne nnua akwan a ɛfa atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ [[:en:Glastonbury, England|Glastonbury, England]], a efiri bɛyɛ berɛ korɔ no ara mu. Ɔkwan tenten a edi kan a wɔde dii dwuma bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B., no trɛ 2,400&nbsp;km firi [[:en:Persian Gulf|Persia Po no mu]] kɔsi [[:en:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranea Po no]] ho, nanso wɔansisi aboɔ na na wɔasiesie no fa bi pɛ. mu bɛyɛ Minoan kwan a ɛfiri [[:en:Gortyn|Gortyn]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no anafoɔ fam, fa mmepɔ no so, kɔ [[:en:Knossos|Knossos]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no atifi fam no. Dea ɛnte sɛ ɔkwan a edi kan no, na wɔabɔ Minoa kwan no koraa.]Na [[:en:Tap water|nsu a ɛsen]] fa tete Minoafoɔ afie mu . Wɔtuu adwaeɛ bi a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛne nnɛ deɛ no yɛ pɛ wɔ Knossos Ahemfie hɔ. Na Minofoɔ ankorankorɛ afie pii nso wɔ [[:en:Toilet|tiafi]], a na wɔbɛtumi ahohoro denam nsuo a wɔbɛhwie agu nsuo a ɛrekɔ nsuo no mu no so. Na tete Romafoɔ no wɔ tiafi pii a ɔmanfoɔ de nsuo gu mu, na na ɛho te kɔ nsuo fi a ɛtrɛ mu. Nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu titire a na ɛwɔ [[Roma|Rome]] ne [[:en:Cloaca Maxima|Cloaca Maxima]] ; wɔfirii aseɛ sii wɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so nsia A.Y.B.

Na tete Romafoɔ nso wɔ [[:en:Aqueduct (bridge)|nsu kwan]] a ɛyɛ den, a na wɔde fa nsuo fa akyirikyiri. Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Roman aqueduct|Romafoɔ nsuo kwan]] a edi kan wɔ 312 A.Y.B. Wɔsii tete Roma nsuo kwan a ɛto so du-baako ne dea ɛtwa toɔ no mfeɛ 226 Y.B. Sɛ wɔka bom a, na Roma nsuo kwan no trɛ bɛboro 450&nbsp;km, nanso ɛnnuru 70&nbsp;km wɔ eyi so wɔ asase so na na wɔde abrannaa gyina akyi.

=== Ansa na nnɛ berɛ reba ===
Nnoɔma foforɔ kɔɔ so kɔsii [[:en:Middle Ages|Mfinimfini Mmere no]] mu berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Silk|sirikyi]] a wɔyɛ (wɔ Asia ne akyiri yi Europa), [[:en:Horse collar|apɔnkɔ kɔla]], ne [[:en:Horseshoe|apɔnkɔ nan ase]] baeɛ no. Wɔkaa mfidie a ɛnyɛ den (te sɛ [[:en:Lever|lever]], [[:en:Screw|screw]], ne [[:en:Pulley|pulley]] ) bɔɔ mu yɛɛ no nnwinnadeɛ a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ te sɛ [[:en:Wheelbarrow|ntwahonan]], [[:en:Windmill|mframa afiri]], ne [[:en:Clock|wɔɔkye]] . [[Suapɔn|Sukuupɔn]] ahorow nhyehyɛe bi yɛɛ nyansahu mu nsusuwii ne nneyɛe na wɔtrɛw mu, a [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] ne [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] ka ho . 

[[:en:Renaissance technology|Ahosɛpɛ]] berɛ no maa nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ, a dea ɛka ho ne [[:en:Movable type|mfidie a wɔde tintim nwoma]] a wɔde baa Europa, na ɛmaa nimdeɛ a wɔde di nkutaho no yɛɛ mmerɛ. Nyansahunu nyaa mfididwuma so nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ, na ɛfiiri nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho mu ase.

=== Abɛɛfosɛm ===

Ɛfiri United Kingdom wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mu no, [[:en:Steam engine|anyinam ahoɔden]] a wɔhunuu no de [[:en:Industrial Revolution|Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ]], a ɛmaa wɔhunuu mfididwuma mu nnoɔma pii, titire wɔ [[:en:British Agricultural Revolution|kuayɛ]], [[:en:Manufacturing|nnoɔma a wɔyɛ]], [[:en:Mining|famgudeɛ]], [[:en:Metallurgy|dadeɛ]], ne [[:en:Transport|akwantuo mu]], ne sɛdeɛ wɔde dii dwuma kɛseɛ no baeɛ [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|adwumayɛbea nhyehyɛeɛ no]] . Eyi akyi no, [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a Ɛto so Abien]] a ɛde nyansahu mu nneɛma a wohuu ntɛmntɛm, hyehyɛɛ gyinapɛn, na wɔyɛɛ nneɛma pii bae. Wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a dea ɛka ho [[:en:Sewage treatment|ne nsuo fi]], [[Ɛlɛktrisiti|anyinam ahoɔden]], [[:en:Electric light|kanea]], [[:en:Electric motor|anyinam ahoɔden mfidie]], [[:en:Rail transport|keteke akwan]], [[Ɛhyɛn|kar]], ne [[:en:Airplane|wiemhyɛn]] . Saa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ahorow yi ma wonyaa nkɔsoɔ kɛse wɔ [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma ho]] nimdeɛ ne [[:en:Engineering|mfididwuma mu]] . Wɔde asetena mu nsakraeɛ a ɛfirii mu baeɛ kaa ho, na wɔde [[:en:Skyscraper|abansoro adan a]] ɛkorɔn baeɛ a nkuro akɛseɛ a ɛkɔɔ so ntɛmntɛm ka ho . Nkitahodie nyaa nkɔsoɔ berɛ a wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Telegraph|telegraph]], [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], [[:en:Radio|radio]] ne [[:en:Television|television no]] .

Afeha a ɛto so 20 no de nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ. Wɔ [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma mu no]], [[:en:Nuclear fission|nuklea mpaapaemu]] a wohunuu wɔ [[:en:Atomic Age|Atɔm Mmere no]] mu no ma wonyaa [[:en:Technology|nuklea akodeɛ]] ne [[:en:Nuclear power|nuklea ahoɔden]] nyinaa . Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Computers|kɔmputa]] na akyiri yi wɔdan fii [[:en:Analog computer|analog]] so kɔɔ dijitaal so wɔ [[:en:Digital Revolution|Digital Revolution]] no mu . Amanneɛbɔ mfididwuma, titire [[Optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|optical fiber]] ne [[Optical amplifier a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|optical amplifiers]] na ɛma wɔwoo [[:en:Internet|Intanɛt]] na ɛde [[Amanneɛbɔ Mmerehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information Age|Amanneɛbɔ Berɛ no]] baeɛ . [[:en:Space Age|Ahunumu Mmere no]] firii ase berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] too dwa wɔ 1957 mu, na akyiri yi wɔde [[Nnipa ahunmu wimhyɛn|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma]] wɔ bosome wɔ 1960 afe no mu no. Mmɔden a wɔahyehyɛ sɛ [[Hwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so|wɔbɛhwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so no]] de [[Radio afiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri|radio afiri a]] wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri adi dwuma de ahu mfiridwuma ho sɛnkyerɛnne, anaasɛ ''[[Mfiridwuma ho nsaano nkyerɛwee|technosignatures]]'', a ahɔho anibuei ahorow de ma. Wɔ nnuruyɛ mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ foforo a wɔde behu yare no ( [[CT scan a wɔde yɛ adwuma|CT]], [[Positron a ɛma obi nya tomography|PET]], ne [[MRI]] scanning), ayaresa (te sɛ [[Afiri a wɔde yɛ dialysis|dialysis afiri]], [[Afiri a wɔde yi fibrillator|defibrillator]], [[Koma mu ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma|pacemaker]], ne [[Aduro|nnuru foforo pii a wɔde yɛ nnuru]] ), ne nhwehwɛmu (te sɛ [[:en:Interferon|interferon]] cloning ne [[:en:DNA microarray|DNA microarrays]] ) . .

Nneɛma [[Nneɛma a wɔyɛ|a wɔyɛ]] ne [[Adesie|adansi ho]] akwan ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛyɛ den ho hia na wɔatumi ayɛ nnɛyi mfiridwuma pii na wɔakura mu, na [[Nnwuma (sikasɛm) .|nnwuma]] mũ nyinaa asɔre sɛ wɔbɛyɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ a wɔde nnwinnade a ɛreyɛ den kɛse. Nnɛyi mfiridwuma de ne ho to ntetee ne nhomasua so kɛse&nbsp;– wɔn adwumfo, adansifoɔ, wɔn a wɔhwɛ so, ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no taa hwehwɛ nteteeɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa biribiara ho ne pɔtee. Afei nso, saa mfiridwuma yi abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den araa ma wɔayɛ nnwuma mũ nyinaa a ɛbɛboa, a [[Mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ|mfiridwuma]], [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], ne [[kɔmputa ho nyansahu]] ka ho ; ne nnwuma afoforo abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den kɛse, te sɛ [[Adesie|adansi]], [[Akwantuo|akwantu]], ne [[Dan nhyehyɛeɛ|adansi]] .

=== Nsunsuansoɔ ===
Mfiridwuma mu nsakrae ne ade kɛse a ɛde sikasɛm mu nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ba. Wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, na ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no ne ade titiriw a ɛmma [[sikasɛm mu nkɔso]], na mfiridwuma foforo maa nnipa tumi maa ahoɔden dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ no kɔɔ soro kɛse **.** Nea edi kan bae ogya, na ɛmaa wotumi di nnuan ahorow pii, na ɛmaa ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyam wɔ nipadua mu. Ogya nso maa wotumi yɛɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|smelting]], ne [[tin]], [[Kɔpa|kɔbere]], ne [[Dadeɛ|dade]] nnwinnade a wɔde bɔ abɔmmɔ anaa [[Oguadifo|aguadi]] . Afei kuayɛ mu nsakrae bae: na enhia sɛ nnipa [[Ɔbɔmmɔfo-aboaboa nneɛma ano|bɔ abɔmmɔ anaasɛ wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano bio]] na wɔatumi atra ase, na wofii ase kɔtraa nkurow ne nkurow akɛse mu, na wɔhyehyɛɛ aman a emu yɛ den kɛse, a [[Asraafoɔ|asraafo]] ne [[Ɔsom|nyamesom]] ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye wom .

Mfiridwuma aboa ma nnipa yiyedi aba denam yiyedi a ɛkɔ soro, ahotɔ ne asetra pa a ɛkɔ anim, ne [[Akwahosan ho mfiridwuma|aduruyɛ mu nkɔso so]], nanso ebetumi asɛe asetra mu nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no nso, de [[Efiyɛ|efi]] aba, na apira ankorankoro anaa akuw.

Nnansa yi mfe ama [[Social media sohyial media|social media]] ’s amammerɛ mu din kɛse aba, na ebetumi de nkɛntɛnso aba demokrase, ne sikasɛm ne asetra mu asetra so. Mfiase no, na wohuu intanɛt sɛ "ahofadi mfiridwuma" a ɛbɛma nimdeɛ ayɛ demokrase, ama nhomasua a wobenya no atu mpɔn, na ama demokrase anya nkɔso. Nnɛyi nhwehwɛmu adan akɔhwehwɛ intanɛt so bɔne ahorow mu, a nsɛm a ɛnteɛ, polarization, ɔtan kasa, ne nsɛmmɔnedi ka ho.

Efi 1970 mfe no mu no, [[Mfiridwuma ho ɔkasatia|wɔakasa atia]] nkɛntɛnso a mfiridwuma nya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so no, na ɛde sika a wɔde hyɛ [[Owia ahoɔden|owia]], [[Mframa ahoɔden|mframa]], ne [[Ahoɔden a ɛtra hɔ daa|ahoɔden a ɛho tew]] afoforo mu no akɔ soro .

=== Asetenam ===

==== Nnwuma ====
Efi bere a wɔyɛɛ ntwahonan no, mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ aboa ma nnipa sikasɛm mu nkɔso akɔ soro. automation a atwam no de adwumayɛfo asi adwumayɛfo ananmu na wɔaboa wɔn; mfiri besii nnipa ananmu wɔ nnwuma bi a akatua sua mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ kuayɛ mu), nanso wɔde nnwuma foforo a akatua kɛse wom a wɔyɛe no tuaa eyi so ka. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ kɔmputa amma [[Mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ|mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya]] nyɛ kɛse amma . Esiane sɛ [[Nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma|nyansa a wɔde ayɛ ade]] tumi yɛ adwuma sen kɔmputa koraa, na ɛda so ara wɔ ne mmofraase nti, wonnim sɛ ebia ebedi su koro no ara akyi anaa; wɔagye asɛmmisa no ho akyinnye tenten wɔ sikasɛm ho abenfo ne nhyehyɛeyɛfo mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2017 mu no anhu sɛ sikasɛm ho abenfoɔ adwene nhyia pefee wɔ sɛ ebia AI bɛma adwuma a wonnya nyɛ akyɛ no akɔ soro anaa. Sɛnea [[Wiase Nyinaa Sikasɛm Ho Nhyiam|World Economic Forum]] "The Future of Jobs Report 2020" kyerɛ no, wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ AI besi nnwuma ɔpepem 85 ananmu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛde nnwuma foforo ɔpepem 97 aba afe 2025. Efi 1990 kosi 2007 no, nhwehwɛmu bi a [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo [[Daron Acemoglu na ɔkyerɛwee|Daron Acemoglu]] yɛe wɔ U.S. kyerɛe sɛ sɛ wɔde robɔt biako ka ho ma adwumayɛfo 1,000 biara a, ɛma [[Adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow ntam nsonsonoe|adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow so tew]] 0.2%, anaa bɛyɛ adwumayɛfo 3.3, na ɛma akatua so tew 0.42%. Nanso mfiridwuma a ebesi nnipa adwuma ananmu ho dadwen yɛ nea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ. Sɛnea U.S. ɔmampanyin [[Lyndon B. Johnson na ɔkyerɛwee|Lyndon Johnson]] kae wɔ 1964 mu no, "Mfiridwuma rebɔ hokwan foforo ne asɛyɛde foforo nyinaa ama yɛn, hokwan a ɛbɛma yɛatumi ayɛ adwuma kɛse na yɛanya nkɔso; asɛyɛde a ɛne sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ ahu sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ odwumayɛni biara, abusua biara tua bo a ɛnteɛ wɔ nkɔso ho." bere a wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Mfiridwuma, Mfiridwuma, ne Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso ho mmara ase no.

=== Bammɔ ===
Esiane sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to mfiridwuma so kɛse nti, ahobammɔ ne kokoam nsɛm ho haw ahorow aka ho. Nnipa ɔpepepem pii de akwan horow a wɔfa so tua sika wɔ Intanɛt so di dwuma, te sɛ [[WeChat Tua Ka|WeChat Pay]], [[PayPal na ɛyɛ adwuma|PayPal]], [[Alipay na ɔyɛ|Alipay]], ne nea ɛkeka ho pii de boa ma wɔde sika kɔ baabi foforo. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow si hɔ de, nanso nsɛmmɔnedifo binom tumi twa ho hyia. Wɔ March 2022 mu no, North Korea de [[Blender.io]], [[Cryptocurrency a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ hu so|mixer]] a ɛboaa wɔn ma wɔde wɔn cryptocurrency exchanges siee, dii dwuma de hohoro bɛboro $20.5 ɔpepem wɔ cryptocurrency mu, fii [[Axie Infinity a Ɛyɛ Adwuma|Axie Infinity]], na wowiaa bɛboro $600 ɔpepem cryptocurrency fii agoru no wura hɔ. Esiane eyi nti, U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no maa Blender.io a ɛyɛ bere a edi kan a ayɛ ade atia mixer bi no sɛ ɔmmɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ North Korea hackers so. Wɔagye cryptocurrency kokoamsɛm ho akyinnye. Ɛwom sɛ adetɔfo pii ani gye cryptocurrency kokoam nsɛm ho de, nanso pii nso ka sɛ ehia sɛ wɔyɛ no pefee na ɛyɛ pintinn kɛse.

=== Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ===
Mfiridwuma anya wiase no so [[Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mfiridwuma|nkɛntɛnso bɔne ne nneɛma a atwa]] yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso pa, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nea ɛne ɔsɛe a edi kan no bɔ abira, te sɛ; [[Efiyɛ|efi]] a wɔbɔ ne mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ [[Efi a wosiw ano nhyehyɛe|wobeyi efi a wɔaka ho asɛm no afi hɔ]], [[kwae a wotutu]] ne kwae a wotutu a wɔdan no, ne [[ngo a wɔhwie gu]]i . Eyinom nyinaa anya nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ asase so so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Bere a mfiridwuma anya nkɔso no, saa ara na [[Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso bɔne no nso anya nkɔso, na mframa a ɛma wim yɛ]] hyew, te sɛ [[Methane a wɔde yɛ adwuma|methane]] ne [[Carbon dioxide a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu|carbon dioxide]], fi wim, na ɛde wim [[Nkɛntɛnso a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|tebea a ɛma wim yɛ hyew]] ba, na ɛde nkakrankakra ma asase yɛ hyew na ɛde wiase nyinaa hyew ba. Eyi nyinaa asɛe kɛse bere a mfiridwuma mu nkɔso aba no.

=== Efiyɛ ===
Anka efi, efi a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛde ɔhaw ahorow ba no betumi aba wɔ [[Inca Ahemman no|Inca ahemman no]] mu tɔnn . Wɔde kɔbere [[Kɔbere sulfide a wɔde yɛ aduru|sulfide]] [[Flux (dade ho nimdeɛ) .|a]] [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|ɛsensɛn]] aboɔden abo mu, ne dɔte [[Kiln a wɔde yɛ adwuma|fononoo]] a mframa bɔ, a ɛma [[Di kan|kɔbere]] kɔ [[Wim tebea|wim]] ne nsubɔnten mu [[Nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam|nsu a ɛyɛ fi]] no dii dwuma.

=== Felɔsɔfi ===
Mfiridwuma ho nyansapɛ yɛ [[Felɔsɔfi|nyansapɛ]] baa dwumadibea a ɛsua "adeyɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma na wɔyɛ", ne "nneɛma a wɔabɔ saa no su."  Ɛda adi sɛ nteɛso wɔ mfeha abien a atwam no mu, na anya nkɔanim "kɛse" fi 1970 mfe no mu. ''Nnipa ho nyansapɛ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho'' no fa "nea mfiridwuma kyerɛ ma, ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ, ɔmanfo ne amammerɛ so" ho.

Mfiase no, na wobu mfiridwuma sɛ onipa abɔde a nkwa wom no ntrɛwmu a ɛyɛ nipadua ne adwene mu tumi ahorow anaasɛ ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse. [[Karl Marx na ɔkyerɛwee|Marx]] hyehyɛɛ no sɛ adwinnade a kapitalistfo de di dwuma de hyɛ proletariat so, nanso na ogye di sɛ mfiridwuma bɛyɛ tumi a ɛma ahofadi titiriw bere a "wɔade ne ho afi ɔmanfo mu nsakrae ho" no. Akyiri yi nyansapɛfo a wɔbaa asorɔkye a ɛto so abien te sɛ Ortega danee wɔn adwene fii sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm so kɔɔ “da biara da asetra ne asetra wɔ mfiridwuma-honam fam amammerɛ mu,” na wɔkae sɛ mfiridwuma betumi ahyɛ “bourgeoisie no mufo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ne wuranom ne ne wuranom mpo so.” Nyansapɛfo a wɔwɔ ɔfa a ɛto so abiɛsa te sɛ [[Don Ihde na ɔkyerɛwee|Don Ihde]] ne [[Albert Borgmann na ɔkyerɛwee|Albert Borgmann]] gyina hɔ ma nsakrae a ɛkɔ de-generalization ne empiricism so, na wosusuw sɛnea nnipa betumi asua sɛnea wɔde mfiridwuma bɛtra ase no ho.

Wɔkyekyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a edi kan no mu wɔ akyinnyegye abien mu: [[Mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde si gyinae|mfiridwuma mu determinism]], ne [[Asetra mu adansi a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho|asetra mu adansi]] . Mfiridwuma mu determinism ne adwene a ɛne sɛ mfiridwuma de asetra mu nsakrae a wontumi nkwati ba. : 1 . 95. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no ɛka akyinnyegye bi a ɛfa ho, mfiridwuma mu ahofadi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso di abɔde mu nkɔso akyi na wontumi nsiw ano. Asetra mu nkɔso ho animdefo </link> ka sɛ mfiridwuma di abɔde mu nkɔso biara akyi, na amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow, mmara, amammuisɛm, ne sikasɛm mu nkannyan na ɛkyerɛ. Nnɛyi nhomanimfo adan akɔ [[Asetra mu mfiridwuma nhyehyɛe|sociotechnical nhyehyɛe ahorow]] mu nhwehwɛmu, "nneɛma, nnipa, nneyɛe, ne ntease ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano", a wɔhwɛ bo a ɛsom ho atemmu ahorow a ɛhyehyɛ mfiridwuma.

Amammerɛ ho ɔkasatiafo [[Neil Postman a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ|Neil Postman]] kyerɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda aman a wɔde nnwinnade di dwuma ntam ne nea ɔfrɛɛ no “mfiridwuma” mu, aman a mfiridwuma ne nyansahu mu nkɔso ho adwene bi na ɛhyɛ wɔn so a ɛsɛe amammerɛ mu nneyɛe afoforo, gyinapɛn ahorow, ne wiase adwene ahorow. [[Herbert Marcuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Herbert Marcuse]] ne [[John Zerzan na ɔkyerɛwee|John Zerzan]] kyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ mfiridwuma mu nnipa bɛma yɛagye yɛn ahofadi ne yɛn adwene mu akwahosan afi yɛn nsam.

=== Mmara ===
''Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa'' yɛ [[Mmara|abrabɔ pa]] ho adesua a ɛwɔ nnwuma ahorow ntam a ɛhwehwɛ mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu mu na ɛhwehwɛ akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a ebetumi afi mfiridwuma foforo mu aba no ase. Abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho, ɛfiri mmeaeɛ pɔtee a wɔde wɔn adwene si so a ɛka adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde mfiridwuma yɛ adwuma kɔsi asetena, abrabɔ pa, ne mmara mu nsɛm a ɛtrɛ a ɛfa dwumadie a mfiridwuma di wɔ ɔmanfoɔ ne da biara da asetena mu.

Akyinnyegye atitiriw atwa [[Abɔde a wɔayɛ no foforo wɔ awosu mu|abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔayɛ wɔn awosu mu nsakrae]], robɔt asraafo a wɔde di dwuma, [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]], ne asɛm a ɛfa [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI nneyɛe a wɔbɛma]] ne nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyia ho no ho.

Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ka nneɛma atitiriw pii ho. [[Abɔde a nkwa wom ho abrabɔ pa|Bioethics]] hwɛ abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa abɔde a nkwa wom ho mfiridwuma ne nnɛyi nnuruyɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho ne cloning, nnipa awosu mu nsakrae, ne stem cell nhwehwɛmu. [[Kɔmputa so abrabɔ pa|Kɔmputa so]] abrabɔ pa twe adwene si nsɛm a ɛfa kɔmputa ho so. [[Cyberethics a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Cyberethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa intanɛt ho te sɛ [[Adwene mu agyapade|adwene mu agyapade hokwan]], [[Intanɛt so kokoam nsɛm|kokoam nsɛm]], ne [[Intanɛt so nsɛm a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so|censorship]] . [[Nano mfiridwuma ho abrabɔ pa|Nanoethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛsakra wɔ atom ne molecule gyinabea ho wɔ nteɛso ahorow a kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ, mfiridwuma, ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua ka ho mu. Na [[mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa]] fa mfiridwumayɛfo adwumayɛ gyinapɛn ahorow ho, a [[Software ho mfiridwuma|softwea mfiridwumayɛfo]] ne wɔn abrabɔ pa ho asɛyɛde ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo anim ka ho.

Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa baa dwumadibea kɛse bi fa [[Abrabɔ pa a ɛfa nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma ho|abrabɔ pa a ɛfa]] nyansa a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ho : ɛka [[Robot abrabɔ pa ho nimdeɛ|robɔt abrabɔ pa]], a ɛfa abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa robɔt nhyehyɛe, ne si, ne di, ne ne ayaresa ho, ne [[Mfiri ho abrabɔ pa|mfiri abrabɔ pa]], a ɛyɛ a ɛhaw no sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ ma wɔayɛ abrabɔ pa wɔ [[Ɔnanmusifo a onim nyansa|nnuru a wɔde nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma mu no]] ho . Wɔ AI abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm mu no, nhwehwɛmu mu ɔhaw atitiriw a wonnya nnii ho dwuma no bi ne [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI a ɛne ne ho hyia]] (a wɔhwɛ hu sɛ AI nneyɛe ne wɔn abɔfo no botae ne wɔn anigyede ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no hyia) ne [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]] a wɔtew so . Nhwehwɛmufo binom abɔ kɔkɔ wɔ asiane a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ [[AI a wɔde gye nneɛma|AI a wɔbɛfa mu]] no ho, na wɔakamfo [[AI tumi a wɔde di dwuma|AI tumi sohwɛ a]] wɔde bedi dwuma nka akwan a wɔfa so de AI hyia no ho

=== Daakye ho adesua ===
''Daakye adesua'' yɛ nhyehyɛe ne nnwuma ahorow ntam adesua a ɛfa asetra ne mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ho. Ɛde asi n’ani so sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ daakye a ɛyɛ nokware no mu wɔ dodow ne su mu na ɛde nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyɛ mfiridwuma foforo a wɔbɛyɛ mu. : 1 . 54. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no, daakye ho nhwehwɛmufo ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛma "adesamma ahofadi ne yiyedi" atu mpɔn. : 1 . 73. Nkyekyɛm Ɛde ne ho to dodow ne su mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ a ɛfa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso a atwam ne mprempren ho so, na [[ɛbɔ]] mmɔden sɛ ɛde katee bɛka ho asɛm akɔ daakye. Wɔtaa de nyansahu mu ayɛsɛm di dwuma sɛ adwene fibea. : 1 . 173. Nkyekyɛm Daakye nhwehwɛmu akwan no bi ne [[Nhwehwɛmu (nnipa nhwehwɛmu) .|nhwehwɛmu nhwehwɛmu]], [[Nhwɛsoɔ|nhwɛsode]], [[Akontaabu mu nsusuwii|akontaabu nhwehwɛmu]], ne [[Nsusuwii a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|kɔmputa so mfoniniyɛ]] . : 1 . 187 na ɛwɔ hɔ .

== Kɔmputa ==
**Kɔmputa** yɛ [[afidie|afiri]] a wobetumi ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛyɛ akontaabu anaa ntease dwumadi ahorow ( [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] ) nnidiso nnidiso. Nnɛyi [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik]] kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ adwuma ahorow a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so dwumadi|program ahorow]] a ɛyɛ ne nyinaa . Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ma kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ nnwuma ahorow pii. **Kɔmputa nhyehyɛe*' yɛ kɔmputa a edi mũ a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|hardware]], [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe|operating system]] (main [[software]] ), ne [[Nneɛma a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri|peripheral]] equipment a wohia na wɔde di dwuma ma ɛyɛ adwuma koraa ka ho. Saa asɛmfua yi nso betumi akyerɛ kɔmputa kuw bi a ɛka bom na ɛyɛ adwuma bom, te sɛ [[Kɔmputa so nkitahodi|kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi]] anaa [[Kɔmputa so akuwakuw|kɔmputa akuw]] .

[[Logic controller a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe|Mfiridwuma]] ne [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|adetɔfo nneɛma]] ahorow pii de kɔmputa di dwuma sɛ [[Control nhyehyɛe|nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma]] . Wɔde mfiri a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde di dwuma titiriw te sɛ [[Microwave fononoo a wɔde gu mu|microwave oven]] ne [[Remote control a wɔde di dwuma|remote control]] ka ho, na saa ara na mfiri a wɔde yɛ adwumayɛbea te sɛ [[mfiridwuma mu robɔt]] ne [[Kɔmputa so adwini a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kɔmputa a wɔde boa adwini]], ne mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so te sɛ [[ankorankoro kɔmputa]] ne [[Mobile mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ telefon]] so te sɛ [[Smartphone a wɔde di dwuma|smartphone]] . Kɔmputa na ɛma [[Intanɛt so|Intanɛt]], a ɛka kɔmputa afoforo ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma ɔpepepem pii bom no nya ahoɔden.

Na wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde kɔmputa a edi kan no bɛyɛ akontaabu nkutoo. Nnwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] aboa nkurɔfo ma wɔabu akontaa fi tete. Wɔ [[Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no]] mfiase no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri ahorow bi a wɔde bɛyɛ nnwuma atenten a ɛyɛ den, te sɛ nsusuwso ahorow a wɔkyerɛ kwan ma [[Loom|ntamadan]] . Ɛlektrik mfiri a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse yɛɛ [[Analogue ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|analog]] akontaabu titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔyɛɛ [[Digitals data a wɔde di dwuma|dijitaal]] ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a edi kan a wɔde bu akontaa wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu . [[Semiconductor a ɛyɛ adwuma|Semiconductor]] [[Transistor a ɛwɔ hɔ|transistors]] a edi kan wɔ 1940 mfeɛ no awieeɛ no, [[Silicon a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|silicon]] -based [[MOSFET na ɔkyerɛwee|MOSFET]] (MOS transistor) ne [[Monolithic ɔmansin a wɔaka abom|monolithic integrated circuit]] chip mfiridwuma dii akyire wɔ 1950 mfeɛ no awieeɛ mu, na ɛde [[Microprocessor a wɔde yɛ adwuma|microprocessor]] ne [[Kɔmputa nketewa mu nsakrae|microcomputer nsakraeɛ]] baeɛ wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no mu. Kɔmputa ahoɔhare, ahoɔden ne sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae pii no akɔ soro kɛse fi saa bere no, na [[Transistor dodow a wɔde ma|transistor dodow]] akɔ soro ntɛmntɛm (sɛnea [[Moore mmara no|Moore mmara]] kyerɛe no ), na ɛde [[Digitals Ɔsesɛw a Ɛbae|Digital Revolution]] bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei kosi 21 mfiase mu hɔ.

Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnɛyi kɔmputa yɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|ade biako a wɔde yɛ adwuma]], a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Central processing unit a wɔde yɛ adwuma|central processing unit]] (CPU) a ɛte sɛ microprocessor, ne [[Kɔmputa so memory|kɔmputa memory]] bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Semiconductor a wɔde kae ade|semiconductor memory]] chips. Ade a wɔde yɛ adwuma no yɛ akontaabu ne ntease mu dwumadi ahorow, na nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma nnidiso nnidiso ne nea wɔde di dwuma no betumi asesa nhyehyɛe a wɔde yɛ adwuma no de abua [[nsɛm]] a wɔde asie . Mfiri a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no bi ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu (keyboards, mice, [[Anigyede a wɔde hyɛ mu|joystick]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), mfiri a wɔde fi mu (monitor screens, [[Printer (kɔmputa a wɔde tintim nhoma) .|printers]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu/fi mu a ɛyɛ adwuma abien no nyinaa (sɛ nhwɛso no, 2000 mfe no mu [[Touchscreen a wɔde ka ho|touchscreen]] ). Peripheral devices ma kwan ma wogye nsɛm fi abɔnten fibea na ɛma wotumi sie nea efi adwumayɛ mu ba no so na wogye.

== Etymology ho adesua ==

Sɛnea *Oxford English Dictionary* kyerɛ no, nea edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde *kɔmputa* dii dwuma ne nhoma bi a Engiresi kyerɛwfo [[Richard Brathwait na ɔkyerɛwee|Richard Brathwait]] kyerɛwee wɔ 1613 mu a wɔfrɛ no *The Yong Mans Gleanings* : “I haue.” [   kenkan Times kɔmputa a ɛyɛ nokware sen biara, ne Akontaabu ho nimdefo a oye sen biara a euer [   homee, na ɔtew wo nna so ma ɛyɛ tiaa." Na asɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma yi kyerɛ [[Nnipa kɔmputa|onipa kɔmputa]], obi a ɔyɛ akontaabu anaa akontaabu. Asɛmfua no kɔɔ so nyaa ntease koro no ara kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini. Wɔ saa bere yi fa a etwa to no mu no, na wɔtaa fa mmea sɛ kɔmputa efisɛ na wotumi tua wɔn ka a ɛba fam sen wɔn mfɛfo mmarima. [1] Eduu afe 1943 no, na nnipa kɔmputa dodow no ara yɛ mmea. [2]

*Online Etymology Dictionary* de *kɔmputa* a edi kan a wɔadi ho adanse sɛ wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 1640 mfe no mu ma, a ɛkyerɛ ‘obi a obu akontaa’; eyi yɛ "agent noun a efi compute (v. )". *Online Etymology Dictionary* ka sɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde dii dwuma de kyerɛ "  akontaabu afiri' (a ɛyɛ ɔkwan biara so) no fi 1897." *Online Etymology Dictionary* kyerɛ sɛ "nnɛyi dwumadie" a wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma, sɛ ɛkyerɛ 'digyital ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa a wɔtumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ' no firi "1945 wɔ saa din yi ase; [wɔ] nsusuiɛ [nteaseɛ mu] firi 1937, sɛ *Turing afiri* 

=== Ansa na afeha a ɛto so 20 reba ===

Wɔde mfiri adi dwuma de aboa akontaabu mfe mpempem pii, na ne fa kɛse no ara de [[Nsateaa a wɔde kan|nsateaa]] [[Nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw mmiako mmiako|a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm a ɛyɛ biako ne biako]] na edi dwuma . Ɛda adi kɛse sɛ na mfiri a edi kan a wɔde kan akontaa no yɛ [[Tally dua no|tally stick]] bi . Akyiri yi mmoa a wɔde sie kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ [[Ɔsram a Ɛsow Aba|Fertile Crescent]] no nyinaa mu no bi ne calculi (dɔte kurukuruwa, cone, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a egyina hɔ ma nneɛma dodow, a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mmoa anaa aburow, a wɔatoto mu wɔ dɔte nkuku a tokuru a wɔantow mu. [lower-alpha 1]  [[Nnua a wɔde bu akontaa|Nkontaabu]] a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ nhwɛso biako.

Mfiase no na wɔde [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] no yɛ akontaabu ho nnwuma. Wɔde [[Romafo abacus|mfiri]] a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[Babilon]] wɔ afe 2400 A.Y.B. Efi saa bere no, wɔayɛ akontaabu kyerɛwpon anaa apon afoforo pii. Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu Europafo [[Fie a wɔkan nneɛma|akontaabu dan]] bi mu no, na wɔde ntama a wɔakyerɛw so sisi pon so, na wɔde agyiraehyɛde ahorow di akɔneaba wɔ so sɛnea mmara ahorow bi kyerɛ, sɛ mmoa a wɔde bu sika dodow ho akontaa.


Sɛnea [[Derek J. de Solla Boɔ a Wɔde Ma|Derek J. de Solla Price]] kyerɛ no wogye di sɛ [[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri no]] ne [[Analog kɔmputa so|kɔmputa a wɔde yɛ mfiri]] a edi kan a wonim no . Wɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu nsoromma mu hwɛbea ahorow ho akontaa. Wohuu no wɔ 1901 mu wɔ [[Antikythera hyɛn a asɛe|Antikythera po so hyɛn a asɛe]] wɔ Hela supɔw [[Antikythera a wɔde yɛ nnuru|Antikythera]] so a ɛda [[Kythera na ɔkyerɛwee|Kythera]] ne [[Kreta|Crete]] ntam no mu, na wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bɛyɛ c. 100 A.Y.B. Na mfiri a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde toto Antikythera adwinnade no ho no rensan mma bio kosi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu.

Wɔyɛɛ mfiri pii a wɔde boa akontaabu ne susuw de dii dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne po so hyɛn mu. Na [[Planisphere a ɛwɔ asase so|planisphere]] yɛ [[Nsoromma nhyehyɛe|nsoromma ho mfonini]] a [[Al-Biruni na ɔkyerɛwee|Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] yɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 11 mfiase. Wɔyɛɛ [[nsoromma mu hwɛ]]bea no wɔ [[Helafo anibuei|Helafo wiase no]] mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 1 anaa 2 [[Hipparchus na ɔkyerɛwee|A.Y.B.]] Na nsoromma mu hwɛbea no yɛ planisphere ne [[Dioptra na ɔkyerɛwee|dioptra]] a wɔaka abom no yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so a etumi di ɔhaw ahorow pii ho dwuma wɔ [[Nsoromma ho adesua a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa|nsoromma mu hwɛ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa]] mu . Abi Bakr a  [[Isfahan na ɔkyerɛwee|Isfahan]], [[Iran|Persia]] na ɔyɛɛ nsoromma mu hwɛbea bi a mfiri [[Kalenda a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kalenda]] kɔmputa  ne [[Afadeɛ|gear]] -wheels ka ho wɔ afe 1235 mu. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī na ɔyɛɛ [[Lunisolar kalenda a wɔde di dwuma|lunisolar kalenda]] astrolabe a edi kan a wɔde mfiri ayɛ geared, mfitiase [[afidie|afiri a]] wɔde di dwuma wɔ nimdeɛ [[Wɔya|a]] wɔde nhama a ɛyɛ pintinn ayɛ  a ɛwɔ [[Gear keteke|gya keteke]] ne gya-ntwahonan, c. 1000 Y.B.

Wɔyɛɛ [[Sector (adwinnade) .|sector]], adwinnade a wɔde bu akontaa a wɔde di ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma wɔ nsusuwii, trigonometry, dodow ne mpaapaemu mu, ne dwumadi ahorow te sɛ ahinanan ne kuruwa ntini, wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 awiei mu hɔ na wɔde dii dwuma wɔ atuo a wɔde di dwuma, nhwehwɛmu ne po so hyɛn mu.

Na [[Planimeter a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma te|planimeter]] no yɛ adwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a wɔde bu akontaa fa mfonini a wɔato mu no kɛse ho denam mfiri a wɔde di nkitaho a wɔde hwehwɛ so.

Wɔ 1770 mfe no mu no, [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz na ɔkyerɛwee|Pierre Jaquet-Droz]], Switzerlandni [[Ɔwɛn-dwumayɛfo|dɔn yɛfo]] bi yɛɛ mfiri doll ( [[Automata na ɛyɛ adwuma|automaton]] ) a otumi kyerɛw a okura quill pen. Ɛdenam ne mu ntwahonan dodow ne nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛsesa so no, na wobetumi ayɛ nkyerɛwde ahorow, na ɛno nti nkrasɛm ahorow. Sɛ yɛbɛka a, na wobetumi de mfiri "ayɛ nhyehyɛe" de akenkan akwankyerɛ. Abofraa no ne mfiri afoforo abien a ɛyɛ den no wɔ Musée d’Art et d’Histoire a ɛwɔ [[Neuchâtel na ɔkyerɛwee|Neuchâtel]], [[Switzerland]], na ɛda so ara yɛ adwuma.

Wɔ 1831–1835 mu no, akontaabufo ne mfiridwumayɛfo [[Giovanni Plana na ɔkyerɛwee|Giovanni Plana]] yɛɛ [[Cappella dei Mercanti (Turin) na ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ.|Perpetual Calendar afiri]] bi, a ɛnam nhyehyɛe bi a ɛyɛ pulleys ne cylinders ne nea ɛboro saa so tumi kyerɛ [[Kalenda a ɛkɔ so daa|daa kalenda]] a ɛbɛba afe biara fi 0 Y.B.(kyerɛ sɛ, 1 A.Y.B.) kosi 4000 Y.B. mfe a ɛboro so ne da tenten a ɛsonosonoe a wɔbɛhwɛ so. [[Afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba|Afiri a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye]] a Scotlandni nyansahufo [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] yɛe wɔ 1872 mu no ho wɔ mfaso kɛse ma po so hyɛn a wɔde fa nsu a emu nnɔ mu. Ɛde nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde twe ne nhama dii dwuma de buu asorɔkye dodow a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ bere pɔtee bi mu wɔ beae pɔtee bi no ho akontaa ankasa.

[[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|Differential analyser]], kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi [[Nsonsonoe mu nsɛso|differential equations]] ho dwuma denam [[Nneɛma a ɛho hia|nkabom so]], de ntwahonan ne diski mfiri dii dwuma de yɛɛ nkabom no. Wɔ 1876 mu no, na Owura William Thomson aka sɛnea wobetumi ayɛ akontaabu mfiri a ɛtete saa ho asɛm dedaw, nanso na [[Ball-ne-disk a wɔde bom yɛ adwuma|bɔɔl ne disk a wɔde bom no]] ahoɔden kakraa bi a ɛde ba no asiw no kwan . Wɔ differential analyzer mu no, integrator biako output na ɛma integrator a edi hɔ no input, anaasɛ graphing output. [[Torque a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|Torque amplifier]] no ne nkɔso a ɛmaa saa mfiri yi tumi yɛɛ adwuma. Efi 1920 mfe no mu no, [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] ne afoforo yɛɛ mfiri a wɔde hwehwɛ nsonsonoe mu.


== Kɔmputa a edi kan ==

[[Charles Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Charles Babbage]], Engiresini mfiridwuma ho nimdefo ne [[Polymath a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm pii|polymath]], na ɔde kɔmputa a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe ho adwene no bae. Wobu no sɛ " [[Kɔmputa ho ɔkwampaefo|kɔmputa agya]] ", ɔno na ɔyɛɛ adwene na ɔyɛɛ [[Kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ|mfiri kɔmputa]] a edi kan wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase.

Bere a ɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ ne [[Nsonsonoe engine|nsonsonoe engine no]] akyi no ɔde nea ɔyɛe no too gua wɔ afe 1822 mu, wɔ krataa bi a ɔkyerɛw kɔmaa [[Royal Nsoromma Ho Adesua Kuw|Royal Astronomical Society]], a wɔtoo din "Hyɛ no nsow wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne akontaabu pon ahorow ho akontaabu mu", ɔsan nso yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔ akwantu mu akontaabu mu no, wɔ 1833 mu no ohui sɛ wobetumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛkɔ akyiri koraa, [[engine a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu]] ,. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe ne data a wɔde bɛhyɛ afiri no mu no ma denam kaad a wɔabɔ [[Kaad a wɔabɔ no akuturuku|no akuturuku so]], na na ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so kyerɛ mfiri a wɔde ntama [[Loom|nneɛma]] te sɛ [[Jacquard afiri a wɔde yɛ ntama|Jacquard ntamadan kwan]] saa bere no . Sɛ wɔde output a, anka afiri no benya printa, curve plotter ne dɔn. Na afiri no nso betumi abɔ nɔma ahorow agu nkrataa so akenkan akyiri yi. Engine no de [[Nkontaabu mu ntease unit|akontaabu mu ntease unit]], [[Di nsu a ɛsen no so|control flow]] wɔ [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|conditional branching]] ne [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe no loop|loops]] kwan so, ne integrated [[Kɔmputa so memory|memory]] kaa ho, na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛe a edi kan a wɔde yɛɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so a wobetumi aka ho asɛm wɔ nnɛyi nsɛm mu sɛ [[Turing-a ɛyɛ nea edi mũ|Turing-complete]] 

Na afiri no adi ne bere so bɛyɛ mfe ɔha. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nsa na ɛyɛ n’afiri no afa horow nyinaa – na eyi yɛ ɔhaw kɛse ma afiri a ɛwɔ afa mpempem pii. Awiei koraa no, wogyaee adwuma no bere a [[Britania Aban]] sii gyinae sɛ wobegyae sika a wɔde ma no. Wobetumi aka sɛ Babbage antumi anwie nhwehwɛmu engine no titiriw ne amammui ne sikasɛm mu nsɛnnennen ne ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ kɔmputa a ɛrenya nkɔanim na wakɔ n’anim ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea obi foforo biara betumi adi akyi no. Ne nyinaa mu no, ne babarima, [[Henry Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Henry Babbage]], wiee nhwehwɛmu engine no kɔmputa dwumadibea (afiri *a wɔde yɛ nneɛma* ) a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw no wɔ 1888 mu. Ɔyɛɛ sɛnea wɔde di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so pon so ho ɔyɛkyerɛ a edii yiye wɔ 1906 mu.

Wɔ n’adwuma *Essays on Automatics'' a wotintimii wɔ 1914 mu no, Spain mfiridwumayɛfo Leonardo Torres Quevedo kyerɛw abakɔsɛm tiawa bi a ɛfa mmɔden a Babbage bɔe sɛ ɔbɛyɛ mfiri a wɔde yɛ Difference Engine ne Analytical Engine ho. Ɔkaa Analytical Engine ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa tumi a mfiri betumi anya ho nhwɛso, na ɔfa ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ engine a ɛte saa no sɛ ɛyɛ asɛnnennen ma n’ahokokwaw sɛ obi a ɔyɛɛ mfiri a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ adwuma. Krataa no kura afiri bi a etumi bu bo a ɛsom wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no so koraa, ma nsakrae ahorow a ɛka ho no botae ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe bi a wɔkenkan nkutoo na ɛhwɛ afiri no nyinaa so, a na nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛfa nkorabata a wɔde tebea bi ahyɛ mu ho awie . Ɔde akontaabu a ɛsensɛn nsu so ho adwene nso bae . Wɔ 1920 mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na Torres redi akontaabu kyerɛwtohɔ a wɔyɛe no mfe 100 afahyɛ no, ɔde Electromechanical Arithmometer, nhwɛsode bi a wɔde relay ahorow dii dwuma de dii akontaabu afiri bi a wɔde abɔ afiri a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm (ebia ɛwɔ akyirikyiri) a na ahyɛde ahorow wɔ so no dwumadi ahorow ho dwuma no mae wɔ Paris typed na nea efii mu bae no tintim automatic. [23]  [25]

### Analog kɔmputa ahorow

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no fa a edi kan no mu no, wɔde kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ nwonwa so a ɛrenya nkɔanim kɛse na edii nyansahu mu kɔmputa ho ahiade pii ho dwuma, na ɛde ɔhaw no ho mfonini a wɔde mfiri anaa anyinam ahoɔden yɛ tẽẽ dii dwuma sɛ nea wogyina so yɛ akontaabu . Nanso, na eyinom nyɛ nea wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe na mpɛn pii no na enni nnɛyi dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a wotumi de di dwuma wɔ mmeae pii na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no. Nnɛyi kɔmputa a edi kan a wɔde yɛ analog ne afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba, a Owura William Thomson (akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Lord Kelvin) na ɔyɛe wɔ 1872 mu. James Thomson, Owura William Thomson a wagye din kɛse no nuabarima panyin na ɔyɛɛ differential analyzer, kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi differential equations ho dwuma denam ntwahonan ne diski mfiri a wɔde ka bom so no ho adwene wɔ 1876 mu.

Adwinni a ɛfa mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog kɔmputa ho no duu ne sorosoro denam differential analyser, a H. L. Hazen ne Vannevar Bush yɛe wɔ MIT fi 1927 mu no so. Eyi de James Thomson mfiri a ɛka bom ne torque amplifiers a H. W. Nieman yɛe no sii so. Wɔyɛɛ saa mfiri yi dumien ansa na wɔn dedaw reda adi. Eduu 1950 mfe no mu no, na dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa ahorow a edii yiye no akyerɛ sɛ analog kɔmputa mfiri dodow no ara baa awiei, nanso wɔkɔɔ so de analog kɔmputa dii dwuma wɔ 1950 mfe no mu wɔ nneɛma titiriw bi te sɛ nhomasua ( slide rule ) ne wimhyɛn ( control systems ) mu.

### Digitals kɔmputa ahorow
Eduu 1938 no, na United States Po so Asraafo ayɛ kɔmputa bi a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi a wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ po ase akohyɛn mu . Na eyi ne Torpedo Data Computer, a ɛde trigonometry dii dwuma de dii ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtow torpedo agu baabi a ɛrekɔ so no ho dwuma. Wɔ Wiase Ko II mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri a ɛte saa ara wɔ aman afoforo so nso.

Na dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a edi kan no yɛ anyinam ahoɔden mfiri ; anyinam ahoɔden switch ahorow na ɛmaa mfiri relay ahorow yɛɛ akontaabu no. Na saa mfiri yi ntumi nyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm na awiei koraa no, wɔde kɔmputa a ɛyɛ ntɛm kɛse a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa na ɛyɛ adwuma, a mfiase no na wɔde vacuum tubes na esii ananmu . Z2, a Germanni mfiridwumayɛfo Konrad Zuse yɛe wɔ 1939 mu wɔ Berlin, yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden mfiri a wɔde fa nneɛma kɔ baabi foforo ho nhwɛso a edi kan no mu biako.

## Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ