Odunsini

**Abibiduro** yɛ pharmacognosy adesua ne kwan a Yɛfa so de nnua a yɛde yɛ nnuro di dwuma. Yɛnni adanseɛ pii a ɛfa abɔdeɛ nyansapɛ a ɛma nnua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 21st century wie pɛyɛ.  Nnoɔma wɔde yɛ abibinnuro no bi ne fungal ne wowa bi tesɛ fagudeɛ,Abena ne mmoa binom ho akwaa. Wɔsane frɛ abibinnuro phytomedicine anaasɛ phytotherapy. Paraherbalism kyerɛ ɔkwan foforɔ ne pseudoscientific kwan bi a wɔfa so de nnua ne mmoa ho nnoɔma bi yɛ nnuro bi a wɔnnye ntom anaasɛ baabi a wɔma apomuden ho nnoɔma yi mpɔn. Paraherbalism de ne ho ka a wɔka sɛ  sɛ wokora nnoɔma a yɛde yɛ nnuro ahodoɔ pii firi baabi a wɔnyɛ saa nnuro pii a ɛyɛ kyɛn baabi a wɔyɛ nnuro pii, a adanseɛ biara nni mu.

## Abakɔsɛm
Wɔn a wɔhwɛ tete nnoɔma kyerɛ sɛ abibinnuro firi paleolithic pɛn so, bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpem aduosia ni. Adanseɛ a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ fa ahahannuro kyerɛ sɛ ɛfiri Sumerianfoɔ hɔ bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpem num, a ɛboa nnua ahodoɔ ano guu hɔ.Tete amammerɛ no bi twerɛɛ biribi faa nnua ne nea yɛde sa wɔ nwoma a wɔfrɛ no "herbals". Wɔ Egypt mu no, wɔbɔ ahahannuro din wɔ Egyptian Medical papyri, a ɛda amusieɛ bi adi anaasɛ afahyɛ bi a wɔhunu no wɔ aduro toa bi a ɛkura ahahan pii. Wɔ Egypt mmerɛ mu no, na Ebers papyrus baeɛ bɛyɛ 1550BC na ɛfaa baabi bɛyɛ ahanson a na ɛhɔ na nnua firi. Greek ahahannuro a ɛdiikan baeɛ no firi Theoprastus a ɛwɔ Erosos a wɔ 4th century BC mu no, wɔtwerɛ wɔ Greek Historia Plantarum mu, firi Diocles of Carystus a ɔtwerɛɛ wɔ 3rd century BC ne Krateuas a ɛtwerɛɛ wɔ 1st century BC mu. Saa nnwuma yi mu kakraa bi pɛ na ɛtumi gyinaeɛ, nanso nea ɔkaeɛ no, abenfoɔ a wɔtwerɛɛ biribi faa ho no maa Egyptfoɔ ahahannuro no kɔɔ n'anim. Wɔhunuu nnuaba a wɔde yɛ nnuro wɔ Bronze Age china a ɛyɛ beaeɛ a wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ nnoɔma a atwam yɛ wɔ nnwuma firi shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC).Bɛyɛ sɛ baeɛ ahanu ne aduonu nan no mu ɔha a wɔbɔɔ din wɔ Huangdi Neijing,  Chinafoɔ nnuro a wɔhwɛ no nyinaa yɛ ahaban. Na ahahan yɛ adeɛ a wɔde yɛ abibinnuro wɔ India, a na nea wɔde saa nyarewa paa yi nnuane.*De Materia Medica*,  yɛ adeɛ Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40–90 AD) a ɔwɔ Anazarbus twerɛ no wɔ Greek mu, Cicilia, aduroyɛfoɔ ne obi a ɔsua agodideɛ yɛ nhwɛsoɔ ma ahahannuro a wɔdi dii dwuma wɔ mfeɛ bi a atwam bɛpemm 1600s mu.

## Ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi abibinnuro
World Health Organization (WHO) kyerɛɛ mu sɛ nnipa a ɛwɔ Asia ne Abibiman mu no ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduowɔtwe na ɛde abibinnuro sa nyarewa a ano nyɛ den. Nnuro a wɔtwerɛ ma wɔn no bi  te sɛ artemisinin, digitalis, quinine ne taxanes yɛ ahahannuro. 

**Nhyehyɛeɛ ho mpɛnsɛmpɛnsɛmu**

Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du num mu no, Australia aban nkorabata a wɔhwɛ apomuden nsɛm so daa ayaresa ho nhwehwɛmu adi a wɔyɛ de hwɛ sɛ aponkyibaa krataa  bɛtumi afa emu biara ho a; ahahannuro ka nsɛm titire  du nson a wayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu a wanya adanseɛ biara wɔ ho sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔrefiri aseɛ anya akwankyerɛ afa ahahannuro a ano yɛ hye na ɛnni ɔhaw biara no, European Medicines Agency de kwan foforɔ baeɛ wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du nson a ɛhwehwɛ sane ma yɛhunu nhwehwɛmu a ɛdi mu a wɔde yɛ monographs fa abibinnuro ho. Wɔ United States no, National Center for complementary and Integrative Health ma National Institute of Health tua wɔ a na wɔkɔ sɔ abibinnuro ahwɛ no, ɔde nkrataa ɛfa nhwehwɛmu no ho a ɛyɛ nokware baeɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnni haw, ɛyɛ aduro papa ne nnua pii no ara ho nsunsuansoɔ, na wɔmaa nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ faa ahahannuro no kaa hɔ.Cancer Research a ɛwɔ UK kyerɛɛ mu sɛ ɛfiri mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du num mu no, "wɔnni adanseɛ biara fa wɔn adesua ho sɛ abibinnuro bɛtumi asa, anaa asi kokoram ano kwan".

**Prevalence of use**

Abibinnuro yɛ adeɛ a nnipa de sa yareɛ koankorɔ bi te sɛ kokoram, asikyire yareɛ, ntehyeewa ne sawa mu yareɛ. Aboadeɛ pii bi te sɛ mfeɛ, sɛ obi yɛ ɔbaa anaa barima, abusuakuo bi ne baabi a wɔfiri, nwomasua, ne diberɛ a obi  wɔ yɛ adeɛ a ɛma nnipa pii nom abibinnuro.

## Beaeɛa menyaa mmoa firiiɛ