Chuma cha Malaŵi

**Chuma cha Malawi c**hili na ndalama zakukwana $7.522 billion pa GDP pa chaka cha 2019, ndipo chikupangika chomene na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru ivyo vindapulikiske makora. Mu 2017, vyakurya vikapangiska pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya GDP na pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba pa ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma ku wupu wa IMF, World Bank, na vyaru vinyake. Boma lili na masuzgo ghakuru comene: kukhozga vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kunozga masukulu na maofesi gha munkhwala, kumazga masuzgo gha makuni, na HIV/AIDS mu Africa. Malaŵi ni caru cambura kukura comene kuyana na wupu wa United Nations.

## Ulimi
 

Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico Malawi wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni hona, uyo wakapangiska pafupifupi cigaŵa cacitatu (30%) ca ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake mu 2012. Mu 2000, caru ici cikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyakurya vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cikuthemba comene hona, cuma cikusuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya hona pa caru cose yikukhizga ndipo caru cose cikuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa comene. Malaŵi wakuthemba chomene hona, ndipo kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2008, hona wakwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.

Charu ichi chikuthemba chomene pa tiyi, mkaka na khofi, ndipo vyakurya ivi pamoza na hona vikupangiska kuti Malawi wapokere ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu 1878, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumwa tiyi. Viŵeto vinandi vikulimika mu Mulanje na Thyolo. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, mbuto, mbuto za mbuto, ng'ombe na mbuzi. Makampani gha hona na gha shuga ndigho ghakupanga vinthu vinandi.

Kwamba kale, charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya, ndipo mu ma 1980, chikaguliskanga vyakurya vinandi ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu ichi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 pa 100 ŵali mu vyaru ivi ŵakulima. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵakupanda vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni chimanga, nyungu, mpunga, maniyu, hona, na phere. Usambazi wa ndalama ukuŵa mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika mu Malawi vili kuzingilizga msumba wa Blantyre.

Nyanja ya Malawi na ya Chilwa ni zinandi chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakutemwa chomene somba. Somba zakomira zikupelekekaso ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuloŵa somba na mawoko. Ndipouli, Maldeco Fisheries yili na maboti ghanandi ghakuloŵeska somba ndipo yikuliska viŵeto vya somba kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi.

Somba zakomira pa cirwa ca Likoma

Malaŵi walije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa na Australia ukulima uranium mu migodi kufupi na Karonga. Ku chigaŵa cha Mzimba, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuguliska vinthu, izo zingaŵa kuti ni 30 peresenti ya ndalama izo ŵakuguliska, zikovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Malaŵi wakwenera kwiza na mafuta ghose agho wakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo vikusuzga ni ukavu wa ŵantchito ŵakumanya nchito, suzgo la kusanga vyakuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵagwirenge nchito, maburoko, vimbundi, kweniso misewu, magesi, maji, na mawupu agho ghakovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu Malawi. Ndipouli, vinthu ivyo boma lacita sonosono apa kuti liŵawovwire kunozga misewu, pamoza na cigaŵa ca ŵekha mu vyalo vya njanji na vya kwendera matelefoni, vyapangiska kuti malo gha ndalama ghaŵe ghakutowa comene.

Munthu wakuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa msewu ku Blantyre

Ivi ni vigaŵa 20 vya viŵelengero vya vyakurya vya ku Malawi mu 2009. (Maukaboni ghambura kuzomerezgeka ghafuma ku FAO) 

Key: F : FAO estimate, Im: FAO data based on imputation methodology, P : Provisional official data

## Kachimbililo ka malonda
Pa chithuzithuzi ichi pali vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikachitika mu 1980 na 2017.

## Industry
Mu 2013, viŵaro vya Malawi vikaŵa 10.7% pa GDP. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakurya, vyakuzenga, vinthu vyakugwiliskira nchito, simenti, vyakurya vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba na hona.

Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵike vinthu vinandi mu vyakurya na kwambiska malonda pa caru cose, vikutimbanizgika comene cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikucitika, ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira makora, ndiposo suzgo la malonda. Kuti viŵawovwire kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa na matekinoloje ghaphya, ndondomeko ya vyamalonda iyo yikapelekeka mu 2013, yikovwira kuti ŵagwirenge makora ntchito pa kafukufuku wa pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵamanye makora vya matekinoloje agho ghalipo. Pa nyengo yeneiyo pera, boma la Russia lakwezga ndalama izo likugwiliskira nchito pa kafukufuku na vyakupangapanga kufika pa 1% ya GDP.

### Food and beverages
Vipasi na vipasi vinandi vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kweni vyakurya vyakunozgeka vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1965, Carlsberg yikajura kampani yake yakwamba ya kupanga moŵa kuwaro kwa Denmark mu msumba wa Blantyre. Kweniso kampani iyi yikupanga mabotolo gha vyakurya vya Coca-Cola. Mu 2013, ku Salima kukajulika malo ghakupangira mango kuti ghapange vipasi. Universal Industries yikugwira nchito mu mafakitale ghanandi gha vyakurya mu Blantyre, uko yikupanga maswiti, chips, mabisiketi, mkaka, vyakurya vya soya na vyakurya vya ŵana. Khofi na tiyi vikupangika na makampani ghaŵiri mu vigaŵa vya Thyolo, Mulanje na kuzingilizga Mzuzu.

### Pharmaceutical companies
Malaŵi wali na makampani ghanayi gha vyakurya. Ŵakupanga minkhwala yinandi yayi, comenecomene iyo yikukhumbikwa comene pa msika. Makampani agha ni Pharmanova Ltd., agho ndigho ghakupanga munkhwala ukuru comene mu Malawi, ndipo ghakulondezgapo ni SADM, Malawi Pharmacies (Pharmaceuticals Limited) na Kentam Products Limited.

### Forestry

Nkhorongo zikuruzikuru izo ŵanthu ŵakuzenga zili mu mapiri gha Viphya, kuzingilizga Mulanje na Zomba. Makuni agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakuzenga na kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba ni nchito yakuzirwa comene mu vigaŵa ivi. Ndipouli, vigaŵa vinandi mu Malaŵi vikuparanyika cifukwa ca kukora makuni mwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma kuti ŵapange malasha.

### Electricity
Boma la Malawi ndilo likupeleka magesi ku charu ichi. Malire agho ghalipo ghali pafupifupi 351MW. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12 pa 100 ŵali na magesi, kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka na World Bank mu 2014.

Charu ichi chikuŵa na suzgo la kuŵavya magesi chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chapangiska kuti magesi ghachepe chomene. Mlonga uwu ukupangiska magesi ghakukwana 300MW, ndipo ukupeleka 98 peresenti ya magesi ghose gha mu Malawi. Ndipouli, kuyana na fundo za wupu wa ESCOM, chilangalanga chikapangiska kuti nkhongono iyi yichepe kufika pa 160 MW..

## Services
Vigaŵa vya mautumiki vikupangiska 51.7% ya GDP ya Malawi. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa comene ni gha vyaulendo, malonda, kwendeska vinthu, masambiro, maofesi gha munkhwala, kwendera mawoko, na mabanki. Boma la Malawi lili na masheya mu makampani ghanandi ghakuzirwa, nga ni Malawian Airlines (51%) na Press Corporation Limited. Press Corporation Ltd. ni kampani yikuru comene ya mu caru ici, ndipo yili na mabungwe ghanyake mu vyaru nga ni hona, banki, shuga, somba, kupanga ethanol, kupanga njere, malonda, kwendera mawoko na mafuta.

## International support
Kwambira mu 1981, Malawi wachita ndondomeko ya kunozga vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko iyi ni kukhwimiska nchito za boma na kucitako vinthu vinyake mwa kulekeska kwendeska mitengo na kupeleka malayisensi ku makampani, kulekeska malonda gha vyamalonda na kusinthiska ndalama, kunozga misonkho, kupanikizgira mabungwe gha boma, na kunozga uteŵeti wa boma. Malaŵi wakeneranga kupokera wovwiri wa kuchepeska ngongoli ya vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi (HIPC) ndipo pasono wakunozgaso ndondomeko yake ya kuchepeska ukavu.

Malaŵi wali na mapangano gha malonda na vyaru viŵiri vikuruvikuru, vya South Africa na Zimbabwe. Boma likukumana na masuzgo nga nkhupanga makora masukulu na maofesi gha vyaumoyo mu Malaŵi - ivyo ni vyakuzirwa comene cifukwa ca kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS - kweniso masuzgo gha cilengiwa nga nkhutema makuni, kunangika kwa dongo, na dongo ilo ndakughanda.

### Move towards economic independence
Mu 2006, cifukwa ca kucepa kwa vyakurya, Malawi, kwizira mwa pulezidenti Bingu Mutharika, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vya cuma, wakambiska pulogiramu ya kupeleka vyakurya vyakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kulima. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa caru ici, yikovwira kuti ulimi wa ku Malawi uŵe uwemi comene, ndipo yikupangiska kuti Malawi waŵe wakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi.

Ndipouli, masuzgo gha vyachuma ghakachepa chomene mu nyengo ya Mutharika. Vyakudandawura vya vyachuma ndivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Julayi 2011, ku Malawi kuŵe vivulupi vya vyachuma.

## Economic indicators
Viŵelengero ivi vyafuma mu buku la CIA World Factbook, pekha usange pali vinyake.

**GDP:** purchasing power parity = $22.37 billion (2017 est.)

**GDP - real growth rate:** 4% (2017 est.)

**GDP - per capita:** purchasing power parity - $1200 (2017 est.)

**GDP - composition by sector:** 

*agriculture:* 28.1% 

*industry:* 15.8% 

*services:* 56.1% (2016 est.)

**Population below poverty line:** 50.7% (2010 est.)

**Inflation rate (consumer prices):** 23% (2014 est.)

**Labor force:** 7 million (2013 est.)

**Labor force - by occupation:** agriculture 76.9%, industry and services 23.1% (2013 est.)

**Unemployment rate:** NA%

**Budget:** 

*revenues:* $1.346 billion (2017 est.) 

*expenditures:* $1.556 billion (2017 est.)

**Public Debt** 59.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

**Industries:** tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods, cotton, consumer goods, uranium and coal mining

**Industrial production growth rate:** 2.8% (2013 est.)

**Electricity - production:** 1.973 billion kWh (2010 est.)

**Electricity - consumption:** 1.835 billion kWh (2010 est.)

**Agriculture - products:** tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, tea, maize, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats

**Exports:** $1.427 billion (2013 est.)

**Exports - commodities:** tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products, apparel, uranium and its compounds

**Exports - partners:** Canada 10.6%, Zimbabwe 9.3%, Germany 7.3%, South Africa 6.6%, Russia 6.5%, US 6.1%, China 4.2% (2012)

**Imports:** $2.42 billion (2013 est.)

**Imports - commodities:** food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment

**Imports - partners:** South Africa 27%, China 16.6%, India 8.7%, Zambia 8.5%, Tanzania 5.1%, US 4.3% (2012)

**Current account balance** - $280.1 million (2013 est.)

**Debt - external:** $1.556 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

**Economic aid - recipient:**

$575.3 million (2005)

**Foreign direct investment - inflow** $129.5 million (2014)

**Currency:** 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala

**Exchange rates:** Malawian kwachas per US dollar -730.00 (20/June/2016), 460.00 (20/Jan/2015), 360.00 (6/Feb/2013), 165.961 (1/Sep/2011), 145.179 (2009), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002)

**Fiscal year:** 1 July - 30 June

## Wonaniso

* Transportation in Malawi
* List of companies based in Malawi
* Science and technology in Malawi
* Economy of Mozambique
* Economy of South Africa
* Economy of Botswana
* The International Monetary Fund and Malawi
* United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

## Ukaboni


## Lutizgani kufufuza

* Anthony and Doreen Young, *A Geography of Malawi*, Second edition. Evans Brothers, Limited, London (1978) 

## Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

* Official site -  Ministry of Finance of Malawi
* 
* MBendi Malawi overview
* Malawi latest trade data on ITC Trade Map