Kusankhana mafuko mu mbiri ya ndyali ya Malaŵi

Pakati pa 1964, apo boma la Malaŵi ilo likamba waka kujiyimira paŵekha likaparanyika mu suzgo ya nduna, na 1975, apo mulembi mukuru wa Malawi Congress Party, Albert Nqumayo Muwalo, na mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa Special Branch, Focus Gwede, ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kupangana kukoma pulezidenti H. Mubali Kamuzu Banda, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Malawi. Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga pa nkhani za ndyali mu nyengo iyi, chikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vinandi vya mafuko. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti kusintha kwa mazaza kukaŵa nkhondo yakwimikana na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiyao awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa charu ichi kweniso ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto. Kuwukira uku kukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakhorwe kuti ŵali na kakhaliro kawemi. Vinthu ivi, pamoza na kuyuzgako ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani na kuchepa kwa ndalama za ŵantchito na ŵalimi ŵa ku Malawi, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na ivyo vikacitika ku Rhodesia na Nyasaland.Chifukwa wuli nkhani za ndyali zikwenera kuti zikayowoyeka mu nthowa iyi vikukhumbikwira kulongosoreka, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti fundo za Malawi zakususkana na ukoloni zikawoneka mu mabuku ghose agho ghakalembeka kuti ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa na umoza wa caru.Kufuma waka pa'mbiri ya mafuko' na'mabungwe gha mafuko' agho ghakalembeka, agho ghakawonekanga nga ni kujikuzga kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ndipo ghakaŵa 'kwakana' kuwusika na ŵakoloni.

Kweni mu nthowa zinandi, kawonekero kakwambilira ka kaghanaghaniro ka mpingo kakukhalilira. Mu Malaŵi muli mphindano chifukwa cha mtundu, nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndipo zawoneka kuti ni zaunenesko. Kuti tipulikiske cifukwa ico iwo ŵaliri na nkhongono izi, tikwenera kujumpha mu mabuku ghakale agho ghakulongosora vya mdauko wa ŵanthu, na kuŵika mtima comene pa mtundu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na ufumu wa ŵakoloni. M'malo mwake munthu wakwenera kupenjerezga umo ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na vigaŵa vyawo ŵakuwonera vinthu mu caru ici. Malaŵi ni caru cakwenelera comene kucita nthena. Kwambira mu 1921, caru ici cagaŵika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, pakati na kumwera. Kugaŵikana uku kukulongora kuti vinthu vikaŵa makora waka yayi, kweniso kukaŵa vinthu vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya vyachuma, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinjeru. Ntheura ŵakovwira chomene pakusanda umo ndyali zikupambanirana mu vigaŵa na mu nyengo.

Tikughanaghana kuti ŵamazaza ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakaŵika fundo za ndyali izo zikayowoyanga za 'fuko' nga ni gulu la ŵanthu ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵalongozgi na awo ŵakuŵawovwira ŵaŵe na mazaza pa malo ghawo. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakamba kumanyikwa para gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakumanya vya visopa ŵalipo kuti ŵalongosore makora umo 'fuko' ili liliri. Chifukwa chakuti masambiro ghakaŵa ghambura kuyana mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga mitundu yinyake na kuphalirako ŵanyawo vya mtundu wawo.

### Malo Ghakupambana-pambana gha Kumpoto
Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambana vikawoneka kakwamba kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Province, ku Malawi. Ku chigaŵa chakutali kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakendanga kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵatatu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa malo agha. Cakwamba, ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka, ŵakaŵa ŵakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa mizi. Chachiŵiri, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vikuruvikuru mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Paumaliro, mu dambo la mlonga wa Kasitu mukaŵa Ŵangoni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mbelwa, ŵanthu ŵa mitheto yakupambanapambana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka.Ŵangoni aŵa ŵakafuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbira nkhondo izo zikachitika mu 1820 apo ufumu wa Zulu ukapangika ku Natal. Mulongozgi wawo wakwamba wakaŵa Zwangendaba.https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=nsd0e3729&toc.id=endnotes&toc.depth=1&brand=eschol&anchor.id=d0e3776#XPafupifupi mu 1855, mu muwuso wa Mbelwa, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Zwangendaba, gulu ili likafika pakati pa Ŵatumbuka. Mulongozgi wakumanyikwa comene wa Ŵatumbuka, Chikulamayembe VIII, wakakomeka ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakakoleka https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=nsd0e3729&toc.id=endnotes&toc.depth=1&brand=eschol&anchor.id=d0e3779#X.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakamba kukhala mu mizi yikuruyikuru na kunanga malo agho ghakazingilizga. 8] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lake Tonga na Tumbuka awo ŵakathereskeka ŵakasangika mu mizi yiphya, ndipo Ŵangoni ŵakayezga kukanizga mitheto ya ŵanthu aŵa. Chisopa cha Chikang'ombe icho chikaŵako kale ku Tumbuka chikamara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni ŵakaswanga mphuno za makutu kuŵa 'cimanyikwiro ca ubapatizo'