Mainza Chona

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**Mainza Mathias Chona** (wakababika pa 21 Janyuwale 1930 ndipo wakafwa pa 11 Disembala 2001) wakaŵa wandale wa ku Zambia ndipo wakambiska UNIP. Wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Zambia kufuma mu 1970 mpaka 1973 ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma mu nyengo ziŵiri: kufuma pa 25 Ogasiti 1973 mpaka 27 Meyi 1975 na kufuma pa 20 Julayi 1977 mpaka 15 Juni 1978.

Wakaŵa Secretary General wa United National Independence Party (UNIP), chipani chakulongozga, kufuma mu 1978 mpaka 1981. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri mu ndyali za Zambia mu nyengo ya boma la chipani cimoza (1973-1991).

Wakateŵeteraso mu mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana gha boma, kusazgapo nduna ya vya urunji (1964-1968), nduna ya vya mukati (1968-1969), nduna ya vya malango na loya mukuru (1975-1978). Wakaŵa Secretary General wa UNIP kufuma mu 1978 mpaka 1981 ndipo wakaŵa Ambassador ku People's Republic of China kufuma mu 1984 mpaka 1989. Pamanyuma, wakaŵa kazembe wa caru ca France mpaka apo

## Umoyo na masambiro
Chona wakababika Sikaye Chingula Namukamba pa 21 Janyuwale 1930 ku Nampeyo, kufupi na Monze mu chigaŵa cha Batoka mu Northern Rhodesia. Dada wake wakaŵa Hameja Chilala (uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti Chief Chona). Amama ŵake, a Nhandu (Chinyama), ŵakaŵa yumoza wa ŵawoli ŵankhondi ŵa awiske.

Chona wakapokera masambiro ghake ghapachanya ku sukulu ya Chona ku Nampeyo (iyo yikapangika na ŵamishonale ŵa Yesu pa pempho la awiske), na Chikuni (malo ghakulongozgera ŵa Yesu). Ku Chikuni ndiko Chona wakazgokera ku Cikatolika. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake gha kusekondale ku Munali Secondary School ku Lusaka mu 1951 ndipo wakagwira nchito ya kung'anamulira mu khoti likuru ku Livingstone. Kweni wakakhumbanga kuŵa loya.

Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chake, Chona wakasanga mwaŵi wakuluta ku London mu 1955, uko wakasambiranga ku Gray's Inn. Wakacemeka kuŵa loya mu 1958. Apo wakaŵa ku England, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa, nga ni Harry Nkumbula na Kenneth Kaunda. Kweniso wakadumbiskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku London awo ŵakakolerananga na chisopa ichi, nga ni Simon Zukas na Doris Lessing. Pa nyengo iyi, wakachemekaso Mathias Mainza Chona.

## Nkhondo ya kujithemba
Chona wakawelera ku Northern Rhodesia mu Disembala 1958. Apo wakafumanga ku Northern Rhodesia, ndyali yikamba kwenda mu vigaŵa vinandi. Wupu wa Central African Federation (CAF) uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ndiwo ukapangika pa Ogasiti 1, 1953, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakasuskanga chomene ivyo vikachitika. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakapatukana apo Nkumbula wakakhwaskika comene na ŵanthu ŵacindele ndipo wakawonekanga kuti ngwakukhumbisiska kucita phangano pa nkhani ya muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Paumaliro Kaunda wakafumamo mu ANC mu Okutobala 1958 na kupanga Zambia African National Congress (ZANC), apo Nkumbula wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa ANC. Chona wakaŵa mu ANC apo wakaŵa ku London ndipo wakasankhapo yayi pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa ZANC na kukana kwake kupangana pa nkhani ya "kufwatuka sono", Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa chipani chiphya ŵakakakika na ŵamazaza ŵa CAF, ndipo ZANC yikakanizgika mu Malichi 1959. Chona wakasankha kuti wanjilirengepo pa milimo ya ANC iyo yikaŵa kuti njilamulo, kweni wakasuska muwuso wa Nkumbula.

Chona pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakafumamo mu ANC ndipo mu Okutobala 1959, Chona wakazgoka purezidenti wakwamba wa United National Independence Party (UNIP). Ndipouli, wakajiwonanga kuti ni mweneko wa chipani yayi ndipo wakafumapo apo Kaunda wakafuma mu jele mu Janyuwale 1960. Monga wachiwiri kwa Kaunda, Chona adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa UNIP, koma adayenera kuchoka ku Northern Rhodesia kuti asayimbidwe mlandu woukira boma wochokera kwa akuluakulu a CAF omwe adakhumudwa kwambiri. Wakakhala ku London nga ni mwimiliri wa UNIP kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 1. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mwimiliri wa UNIP pa ungano wa Federal Review Conference ku London mu Disembala 1960 ndipo wakawelera kukwake mu Febuluwale 1961.

Mu Juni 1961, Chona wakasankhika kuŵa Secretary National wa UNIP ndipo wakakhala pa udindo uwu vyaka vinkhondi na vitatu. Wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska wupu wa UNIP na ANC mu January 1963. Mu Janyuwale 1964, Kaunda wakapangiska nduna yakudanga ya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakuda ku Northern Rhodesia, ndipo wakapeleka kwa Chona udindo wa Minisita wa vya Malango mu boma la UNIP pambere lindambe kujiyimira pawekha.

## Pamasinda pa ufulu
Pa nyengo ya kujithemba mu Okutobala 1964, Kaunda wakapeleka udindo kwa Chona wa Minisita wa vya mukati. Pakati pa 1966 na 1969, Chona wakaŵa na mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana ghankhondi. Mu 1969, wakatumika ku United States kuŵa kazembe. Mu Novembala 1970, wakawelera ku Zambia ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa charu ichi.

Chinthu icho Chona wakawovwira chomene pakusintha malango gha mu Zambia chikaŵa Komiti ya Chona, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu Febuluwale 1972 kuti yivikilire boma la chipani chimoza. Chifukwa cha mazaza ghake, Commission yikazomerezgekanga yayi kudumbiskana vya uwemi na uheni wa ivyo Kaunda wakayowoya. Chipani chimoza pera icho chikapona, cha ANC, chikakanira komiti iyi ndipo chikadandawura kuti dango ili lindasinthe. Lipoti la Chona likafuma ku maungano gha ŵanthu kwa myezi yinayi ndipo likapelekeka mu Okutobala 1972. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti chikalata ichi chikaŵa cha "ŵakujiyuyura".

## The Second Republic
Nangauli boma la Republic laciŵiri likamba kuwusa mu Disembala 1972, wupu wa National Assembly ukazomera yayi dango liphya mpaka mu Ogasiti 1973. Chikaŵa chakuyana na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza iyo yikaŵa mu Soviet Union. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti chipani chimoza (UNIP) ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, kweni yikaŵavya malango ghanyake agho Commission yikayowoya, nga ni kuŵika mphaka pa kukakika kwambura kweruzgika, kukanizga pulezidenti kuti wateŵeterenge nyengo ziŵiri za vilimika vinkhondi pera, na kugaŵana mazaza gha pulezidenti na nduna yikuru. Malango gha ŵa liberal ghakeneranga kukhumba kuti paŵe mpikisano wa kusankha pulezidenti, ndipo wakeneranga yayi kuŵika veto pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kunjira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Nangauli fundo zinandi izo zikalembeka mu lipoti ili zikapulikikwa yayi, kweni zikawovwira comene.

Kufuma mu 1973 m'paka mu 1975, Chona wakapika mulimo wa kuŵa nduna yikuru, mulimo uwo ukaŵa pasi pa wa pulezidenti. Wakateŵeterapo kachiŵiri kufuma mu 1977 m'paka mu 1978, pamanyuma pa kuŵa nduna ya vya malango na loya mukuru. Kaunda wakasora Chona kuŵa Secretary General wa UNIP mu 1978 ndipo wakalutilira kukhala pa udindo uwu mpaka February 1981. Chona na Kaunda ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵabwezi mpaka paumaliro wa nyengo ya UNIP.

## "Ku malo ghakuzizima" gha ku wuzga
Chona wakati wafumiskika mu komiti yikuru ya UNIP, wakakana kuŵa kazembe wa ku China ndipo wakawelera ku nchito yake. Paumaliro, mu 1984, wakazomera kuluta ku Beijing ndipo wakakhalako vyaka vinkhondi. Iyo wakakhumbanga kuwelera ku Zambia para nyengo yake ya kukhala ku China yamara, kweni Kaunda wakamutumizga ku Paris, uko wakateŵeteraso nga ni thenga kwa vilimika vitatu, kwamba mu 1989 mpaka 1992. Apo wakazomerezgekanga kuwelera ku Zambia, wakambiraso nchito yake. Wakaŵa loya, ndipo wakawungana na gulu la Oasis Forum ilo likakana kuti Chiluba waŵe pulezidenti.

Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakamuchindikanga chomene Chona pakuŵa muwusi muwemi ndiposo movwiri wakugomezgeka wa Kaunda. Wakawovwira comene kuti paŵe wupu wa UNIP kweniso kuti Zambia yisange wanangwa. Nangauli mulimo wake wa kukhazikiska boma la chipani cimoza ku Zambia ukaŵa wakususka, kweni wakalemba nkhani yiwemi comene pa nkhani iyi. Wakawonekanga kuti walije mtima wa kukhumba maudindo ndipo wakajikusanga na vinthu vinandi yayi. Chitemwa chake pa mitheto, chiyowoyero na mbiri ya ku Tonga chikamupangiska kuti waŵikengepo mtima pa mabuku gha ku Tonga: buku lake la Chitonga, Kabuca Uleta Tunji, likapokera chawanangwa cha Margaret Wrong mu 1956. Mwana wake Elizabeth Muyovwe wakaŵa Justice wa Supreme Court of Zambia kufuma mu 2010 mpaka 2021. Munung'una wake Mark Chona nayo wakacitapo kanthu comene pa ndyali na umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Zambia.

Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pa chipatala cha Milpark ku Johannesburg, South Africa, Mainza Chona wakafwa pa 11 December 2001. Wakasungika pa 16 Disembala ku Monze, Zambia.

## Ukaboni



* Hugh Macmillan, *Chona, (Mathias) Mainza (1930–2001)*, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Jan 2005 retrieved 18 May 2006
* D. C. Mulford, *Zambia: the politics of independence*, 1957–1964 (1967)
* C. Gertzel, C. Baylies, and M. Szeftel, *The dynamics of the one-party state in Zambia* (1984)
* E. Colson, *The history of Nampeyo* (Lusaka, 1991)
* J. J. Grotpeter, B. V. Siegel, and J. R. Pletcher, *Historical dictionary of Zambia*, 2nd edn (1998)
* D. Lessing, *Walking in the shade: volume two of my autobiography*, 1949–1962 (1997)
* S. Wina, *The night without a president* (1985)
* S. Zukas, *Into exile and back* (2002)
* K. Mlenga, ed., *Who's who in Zambia*, 1967–68 [1968]