Albert Einstein

**Albert Einstein** (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ *EYEN-styne*; German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen); 14 Malichi  1879 – 18 Epulelo 1955)  wakaŵa wakupanga vya zeru za patali chomene za sayansi uyo wakababikila ku  German, uyo njumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵalikuvwila ku nkhani ya vya sayansi nyengo zose. Einstein ŵakumanyikwa nakuyambiska sambizgo ilo pachingelezi likuchemeka kuti theoretical relativity, kweneso wakavwilaso chomene ku nkhani yakusambizga masambilo agho pa chingelezi ghakuchemeka kuti quantum mechanics. Relativity na  quantum mechanics ni vipilala viŵili vikulu vya modern physics. Samu yake ya ''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>, iyo ikafuma ku masambilo gha  relativity theory, ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kuti  "ziŵalo yakumanyikwa chomene". Ntchito  za Einstein zikumanyikwaso na kulimbikiska masambilo gha vya zeru zapatali zakuganiza na za sayansi. Wakapokela mphoto ya  1921 Nobel Prize mu masambilo gha  Physics "chifukwa chakutumila kwake mu visambizgo vya zeru za pachanya,kweneso chomene chifukwa cha kusanga lango la photoelectric effect", ngati ni nthowa yakwamba yakulutiska vya sayansi panthazi. Vyakukwaniska vyake na vyakusanga vyake vikapangiska zina lake la  "Einstein" kuŵa lakumanyikwaso kuti  "nkhwantha".

Mu 1905, chaka icho chikumanyikwaso kuti ngati ntchaka chake chakuchemeka  *annus mirabilis* ('chaka cha vyakudabwisa'), Einstein wakalemba mapepala ghanayi ghapachanya chomene. Ivi vikaŵa vyakulongosola vya *photoelectric effect*, kulongosola vya kayendelo ka Brownian, na kulongosola za ziŵalo yake. Einstein wakaganiza kuti lango la *classical mechanics*  lingakolelanako chala na lango la vya  *[[electromagnetic field]]*, icho chikapangiska kuti wayambe kupanga maganizo ghake gha vya  *relativity*. Wakatandazga ganizo lake nakulumikiza na vya nkhongono ya chalo yakukankha vinthu pasi.Wakalemba nkhani  ya ''general relativity'' mu  1916, kupelekapo maganizo ghake gha gha vya nkhongono ya charu yakukankha vinthu pasi (gravitation). Mu  1917, wakagwiliska ganizo lake la  relativity pakulongosola umo mlengalenga uli kukhalila (structure of the universe). Wkapitilizga kupanga vya masambilo gha vya *mechanics* na  *quantum theory*,ivo vikapangiska kuti walongosole vya *[[particle theory]]* na mayendelo gha tunthu tuchoko tuchoko twambula kuoneka na maso (molecules). Kweneso wakafufuza vya kayendelo na ukhalilo wa ungwelu (light) na  *[[quantum theory of radiation]]*,iyo vikaŵa ngati ni mazengo gha  ''photon theory'' ya ungwelu.

Nangauli paumalilo wakayamba kusambila vya masambilo ghanyake agho wakamalizga chala vyakulondezgapo vyake (vikatondeka). Chakwamba, nangauli wakaŵa na zeru zinandi za *[[quantum mechanics]]*, wakasuskana na maganizo gha icho chikuzgoka, kuyowoya kuti  "God does not play dice". Chachiŵili wakayezga kugaŵa na kusazga zeru zake za   field theory na kusazga vay masamu ghake mwakulongosola vya  ''electromagnetism''. Paumalilo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayamba kumusala ku masambilo gha vya modern physics.

Einstein wakababikila mu Ufumu waku German, kwene wakasamukila ku  Switzerland mu  1895, kutaya chikhalilo gha  German (kukhwaskana na vya Ufumu wa  Württemberg) mu chaka chakulondezgapo. Mu  1897, apo wakaŵa na vyaka  17,wakayamba kusambilo mu visambizgo vya masamu na vya  physics pa sukulu ya Swiss Federal polytechnic ku Zürich, ndipo wakaphasaka mu masambilo ghake pa sukulu yaumalilo mu  1900. Mu 1901, wakapempha kuti waŵe na chikhaze mu charu cha Switzerland, icho chikaŵa chikhae chakuti wakafwa nacho, ndipo mu 1903 wakateteza malo gha udindo wambula kumala pa  Swiss Patent Office ku Bern.Mu  1905, wakaokela mphoto ya  PhD na sukulu yaumalilo yapachanya ya  University ya  Zurich. Mu 1914, Einsteinwakasamukila ku  Berlin na chakulinga chakujoina  Prussian Academy of Sciences na  Humboldt University ya ku  Berlin. Mu 1917, Einstein wakaŵa mulongozgi vinthu(director) pa Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; apa wakatolaso chikhaze cha German citizen kachiŵili, nyengo iyi wakaŵa mu  Prussian.

Mu 1933, apo  Einstein wakaonanga charu cha United States, Adolf Hitler wakatola nkhongono za charu cha  Germany. Einstein, mgati ni mu Jewish, wakachimbila malango gha boma la  Nazi ndipo wakakhala ku  United States nakutola chikhaze cha u Amelika mu  1940. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵili Yacharu Chose, wakalemba kalata kwa mlongozgi charu Franklin D. Roosevelt kumuchenjezga za zeru za German zakupanga vilwelo vya nkhondo ndipo wakaphalilaso charu cha US kuti nacho chiyambeso kupanga vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo. Einstein wakhozgela  Allies kwene wakasuskana na vya mabomba ghakofya.

## Umoyo na Masambilo

### Umoyo na Msambilo ghake

Albert Einstein wakababikila ku Ulm, mu Ufumu wa  Württemberg ku Ufumu Ukulu waku German pa 14 Malichi  1879 imu banja la chi Ashkenazi Jews. Awiske ŵakawa a Hermann Einstein,awo ŵakaŵa wakuguliska mu sitolo kweneso wakunozga nozga vinthu ngati ni magalimoto na Pauline Koch. Mu 1880, banja ili likasamukila ku Munich, uko awiske ŵa  Einsteinna asibweni ŵake a  Jakob ŵakasanga *Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie*, kamupani iyo ikapanganga vinthu vya magesi mwakukolelanako na vya *[[Direct current|*'direct current*']]*.

Albert wakasambila sukulu yakwamba yachi Katolika ku  Munich, kufuma apo wakaŵa na vyaka 5, kwa vyaka vitatu. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 8, wakasintha sukulu nakuluta ku  Luitpold-Gymnasium (iyo sono ikuchemeka Albert-Einstein-Gymnasium), uko wakasambila masambilo ghapachanya gha sukulu yakwamba yachilalako na sukulu yachiŵili mpaka apo wakaukilako ku German Empire pati pajumpha vyaka 7.

Mu  1894, Hermann na  Jakob kamupani yawo ikasoŵa wovwili wa ndalama kuti ŵagule visulo viphya chifukwa iwo ŵakagwiliskanga vyawo vya *[[direct current (DC) standard]]* apo ivo vikakhumbikanga ni *[[alternating current (AC) standard]],*  icho chikapangiska kuti msumba wa Munich uŵe na suzgo la magesi.Mukupenja malo gha va malonda, banja la Einstein likasamukila ku  Italy, kuyambila ku  Milanndipo pati pajumpha miyezi ichoko ukasamukila ku  Pavia. Banja lati lasamukila ku Pavia, Einstein, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 15, wakakhala ku Munich kuti wamalizge masambilo ghake pa  Luitpold Gymnasium. Awiske ŵakakhumba kuti iye wakwele makola masambilo gha vya kunozga vya magesi (electrical engineering), kwene  Einstein wakayambana na ŵalala ŵa sukulu icho chikapangiska kuti masambigzilo ghasinthe. Paumalilo wakalemba kuti mtima wakusambila ukaukamo mu vyakusambila. Kuumalilo wa Disembala 1894,wakaluta ku  Italy kuyakhala na banja lake ilo likaŵa kale kwenekuko ku Pavia, ulendo wakuti wanyenga sukulu wakuilembela kalata ngati yalembeka na dokotala. Mukukhala kwake ku  Italy wakalemba kalata idoko mutu wake mu chingelezi "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".

Einstein wakakwela makola pa vya masamu na vya physics kufuma apo wakaŵa na vyaka vyakuchepa,kuphaska masamu mu vyaka vidoko kujumpha ŵanyake wose. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 12, Einstein wakajisambizga yekha masamu gha ''algebra'' na  ''Euclidean geometry'' mu nyengo imoza ya chihanya. Einstein wakasangaso umboni wake wakukhozgela samu ya Pythagorean theorem apo wakaŵa waka na vyaka  12. Wamubanja Max Talmud wakuyowoya kuti wati wapasika buku  la  Einstein la geometry, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa na vyaka 12 , panyengo ichoko "[Einstein] waka uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa na a kuti wamalizga kugwila pa buku lose. Paumalilo wakajipeleka ku wapangenge vya masamu gha pachanya... Pa umalilo umanyi wake wa masamu ukuŵa upusu chala wakuti nkutondeka kulondezga." Chitemwa chake cha masamu gha geometry na  algebravikapangiska kuti mwana wa vyaka 12 (Einstein) kugomezga kuti chilengiwa chingapulikiskika na "kakhalilo ka masamu". Einstein wakayamba kujisambizga yekha vya ''calculus'' na vyaka 12, ndipo apo wati wafika vyaka 14 wakati  "namanya chomene vya  *[[integral na differential calculus]]*".