Malaŵi

**Malaŵi** mwakuzomerezgeka **Charu cha [[uwuso wa ŵene-fuko]] cha Malaŵi**, mwaufupiso, **Charu Cha Malaŵi** ndipo kale chakuchemeka **[[Nyasaland]]**, ni charu icho chili ku mmwera kwa mafumiro gha dazi gha Afrika. Chalo ichi chili na mphaka na Zambia kumanjiliro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto na kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, na Mozambique kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwela, na kumwela chakumanjiliro gha dazi. Malaŵi ni malo ghakujumpha  ndipo ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 21,240,689 (kuyana na 2024).  Msumba ulala wa Malawi ndiposo msumba ukuru chomene ni Lilongwe. Msumba wake wachiŵiri ni Blantyre, wachitatu ni Mzuzu, ndipo wachinayi ni Zomba, uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wakale.

Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malaŵi chikakhazikiska ŵanthu pafupifupi mu vilimika vya m’ma mphambu ya 10 na ŵina Bantu. Ŵakapanga maufumu ghakupambanapambana nga ni ufumu wa Maravi na Ufumu wa Nkhamanga, pakati pa vinyake ivyo vikatukuka kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 16th century. Mu 1891, malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa ŵaBritish nga ni British Central African Protectorate, ndipo ghakasintha zina kuŵa Nyasaland mu 1907. Mu 1964, Nyasaland wakazgoka charu chakujiyimira pachekha nga mu dera la Commonwealth pasi pa Nduna Yikuru Hastings Banda, ndipo ŵakasinthika zina kuŵa lakuti *Malawi*. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Banda wakazgoka Mrongozgi mwa kusintha charu ichi kuŵa charu chene-Repabuliki cha chipani chimoza. Banda wakapharazgika kuŵa Mrongozgi wa myira mu 1971. Wanangwa ukamanyikwa na boma la Banda kuŵa lakuponderezga chomene. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dongosolo la vipani vinandi mu 1993, Banda wakathereskeka mu chisankho cha 1994. Mazuŵa ghano, Malawi wali na demokilase, ya wa vipani vinandi uwu mdangiri ni mrongozgi wakusoleka na ŵanthu. Kuyana na V-Dem Democracy indices ya 2024, Malawi yili pa nambala 74 pa charu chose chapasi ndipo pa nambala 11 mu Africa. Charu ichi chikusunga ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi, ndipo chikuchitako mabungwe ghanandi gha pa charu choses, kusazgapo United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), na African Union (AU).

Malawi njimoza mwa vyalo ivyo vikutukuka yayi. Kwendeska Chuma kukuthemba chomene pa ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo unandu wa ŵanthu ukusazgikira.  Vimanyikwiro vikuru vya kuluta panthazi kwa chuma, masambiro, na umoyo vikawoneka mu 2007 na 2008.

Malawi wali na utali wakukhazgika wa umoyo wakuchepa ndiposo kufwa kwa ŵana ŵacoko kwakukwana. HIV/AIDS njakuthandazgika comene, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵantu ŵaleke kugwira nchito ndiposo vikukhumbikwira kuti boma liŵe na ndalama zinandi. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana awo ŵakusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, Ŵaasia, na Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo pali vigomezgo vyakupambanapambana vya visopa. Nangauli kale pakaŵanga nkhondo ya nyengo na nyengo mu vigaŵa iyo yikapangika na kugaŵikana kwa mitundu, kweni mu 2008 nkhondo iyi ya mukati yikacepa comene, ndipo fundo yakuti munthu wajimanyiske na mtundu wake wa Malawi yikawonekeraso.

## Mbiri la Lizgo
Zina lakwamba ilo likapelekeka ku malo agho sono ghakuchemeka *Malawi* likaŵa Nyasaland, kuphatikizapo lizgu la Chiyao lakuti *nyasa* "nyanja" na lizgu la Chingelezi lakuti "charu". Zina lakusazgikana ili likapangika na David Livingstone, uyo wakafukura malo gha ku Scotland ndiposo mishonale uyo wakalongozga gulu la Zambezi ilo likajumpha mu chigaŵa ichi pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1800. Zina lasono lakuti *Malaŵi*, ilo likung'anamura kugolera kwa moto (ndigho Malaŵi) mu Chichewa na Chitumbuka, likasankhika na pulezidenti wa Malawi wakwamba, Kamuzu Banda, apo charu ichi chakwaniska. wanangwa wake kufuma ku Great Britain mu 1964.

## Mbiri

### Mbiri ya pambere Makoloni ŵandaŵeko

Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa ŵakupenja-kuwunganyas pambere mabingu gha ŵanthu ŵa Bantu ghandambe kufuma ku mpoto pafupifupi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 C.E. Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained and founded ethnic groups based on common ancestry. Kufika mu 1500, mafuko agha ghakakhazikiska maufumu ghanandi nga ni gha Maravi agho ghakafika kufuma ku mpoto kwa malo agho sono ni Nkhotakota kufika ku Mlonga wa Zambezi na kufuma ku Nyanja ya Malaŵi kufika ku [Mlonga wa Luangwa]. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka [Zambia na Nkhamanga.

Pamanyuma pa 1600, apo malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukolerana chomene pasi pa muwusi yumoza wa ŵantu ŵa ku malo agha, ŵantu ŵa mafuko gha ŵantu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kukumana, kuguliska na kupanga mgwirizano na Portugal ŵamalonda na ŵasilikari. Kweni mu 1700, ufumu uwu ukagaŵika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikalamuliranga mafuko ghanandi. Malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Indian Ocean ghakafika pa msinkhu wake pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1800, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 pa chaka ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵanga ŵazga na kunyamulika kufuma ku Nkhotakota kuluta ku Kilwa uko ŵakaŵa . guliskika.

### Kupondelezga (1859–1960)

David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale ndiposo wakufufuza malo, wakafika ku Nyanja ya Malawi (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa Nyanja ya Nyasa) mu 1859 ndipo wakawona kuti Shire Highlands kumwera kwa nyanja iyi ni malo ghakwenelera kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakhalengemo. Chifukwa cha ulendo wa Livingstone, mishoni yinandi Chi-Anglican na Presbyterian yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1860 na 1870; African Lakes Company Limited yikakhazikiskika mu 1878 kuti yikhazikiske kampani ya malonda na vyakwendekwenda, msonkho uchoko na malo ghakukhazikiska malonda vikakhazikiskika ku Blantyre mu 1876, ndipo Consul . ŵakamba kukhala kwenekura mu 1883. Boma la Portugal nalo likaŵa na chidwi na . malo agha, ntheura, kuti ŵaleke kupoka ŵa Portugal, boma la Britain likatuma Harry Johnston kuŵa kazembe wa Britain na malango ghakuti ŵapange phangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵa padera pa mazaza gha Portugal.

Mu 1889, boma lakuvikilira la Britain likapharazgika pa Shire Highlands, ilo likasazgikira mu 1891 kuti liŵe na Malaŵi yose ya mazuŵa ghano nga ni boma la Britain lakuvikilira Central Africa. Mu 1907, chigaŵa ichi chikasintha zina lakuti Nyasaland, ndipo chikasunga zina ili kwa nyengo yose iyo chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain. Mu chiyelezgero cha ivyo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka "Thin White Line" ya mazaza gha ŵakoloni mu Africa, boma la ŵakoloni la Nyasaland likapangika mu 1891. Ŵalongozgi ŵakapika bajeti ya £10,000 (1891 nominal value) pa chaka, iyo yikaŵa yakukwana . kuti ŵalembe ntchito ŵanthu ŵambura nkhondo ŵa ku Europe 10, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri, makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri Chipunjabi Ŵa Sikh na makumi ghankhondi na ŵankhondi na ŵankhondi Zanzibar ŵanyamura. Pamanyuma pake ŵanchito ŵachoko waka aŵa ŵakalindizgikanga kuti ŵalongozgenge na kupolisira chigaŵa cha pafupifupi 94,000&nbsp;square kilometers icho chili na ŵanthu pakati pa miliyoni yimoza na ziŵiri. Mu chaka chenecho, ukapolo ukamara chomene.

Mu 1944, wupu wa Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) ukapangika na ŵaAfrica ŵa ku Nyasaland kuti ŵakhozgere vyakukhumba vya malo agha ku boma la Britain. Mu 1953, Britain wakakoleska Nyasaland na Kumpoto na Kumwera kwa Rhodesia mu ivyo vikaŵa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, ivyo kanandi vikuchemeka kuti Central African Federation (CAF)., for mainly political reasons. Nangauli Federation yikaŵa yakujiyimira payokha, kweni kukolerana uku kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵasuskike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhozgera NAC. Munthu uyo ​​wakasuskanga chomene CAF wakaŵa Hastings Banda, dokotala uyo wakasambizgika ku Europe ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito ku Ghana uyo wakakhorweskeka kuti wawelere ku Nyasaland mu 1958 kuti wakawovwirepo pa mulimo wa kukhumba charu. Banda wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa NAC ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito yakuwunganya ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na maghanoghano ghakutemwa charu chawo pambere wandaŵikike mu jele na ŵalara ŵa boma la chikoloni mu 1959. Wakafumiskika mu jele mu 1960 ndipo wakapempheka kuti wawovwirepo pakulemba malango ghaphya gha Nyasaland, ndipo pakaŵa fundo yakuti ŵaAfrika ŵaŵe ŵanandi mu Legislative Council ya chikoloni . .

### Nyengo ya Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1961–1993)

Mu 1961, Chipani cha Malawi Congress (MCP) cha Banda chikapokera ŵanandi mu chisankho cha Nyumba Yamazaza, ndipo Banda wakazgoka Nduna Yikuru mu 1963. Federation yikamara mu 1963, ndipo pa 6 Julayi 2019. Mu 1964, Nyasaland wakapokera wanangwa ku boma la Britain ndipo wakajithya zina lakuti Malawi, ndipo zuŵa ili likukumbukika nga ni holide ya boma. Mu dango liphya, Malawi wakazgoka Republic ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake wakwamba. Chikalata chiphya ichi chikapangiskaso kuti Malawi yiŵe boma la chipani chimoza ndipo MCP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani chimoza pera icho chikuzomerezgeka.

Mu 1971, Banda wakapharazgika kuti ni mulongozgi wa umoyo wake wose. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 30, Banda wakalongozga boma lakukhora totalitarian, ilo likapangiska kuti Malaŵi waleke kusuzgika na nkhondo za nkhondo. Vipani vyakususka, kusazgapo Malawi Freedom Movement ya Orton Chirwa na Socialist League of Malawi, vikakhazikiska ku wuzga. Chuma cha Malaŵi, apo Banda wakaŵa pulezidenti, kanandi chikayowoyekanga nga ntchiyelezgero cha umo charu chikavu, icho chili pafupi na mtunda, ndiposo icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo chikusoŵa vinthu vyakupangika na dongo chingachitira kuti chiŵe na chitukuko mu ulimi na chitukuko cha mafakitale.

### Demokalase ya vipani vinandi (1993–lero)
Pakuchichizgika kuti ŵasazgireko wanangwa wa ndale, Banda wakazomera referendum mu 1993, apo ŵanthu ŵakasankha demokalase ya vipani vinandi. Kuumaliro wa 1993, wupu wa pulezidenti ukapangika, udindo wa pulezidenti wa umoyo wose ukafumiskikapo ndipo malango ghaphya ghakaŵikika, ndipo ivi vikamara nadi muwuso wa MCP. Mu 1994 chisankho chakwamba cha vipani vinandi chikachitika mu Malawi, ndipo Banda wakathereskeka na Bakili Muluzi (uyo kale wakaŵa mulembi mulara wa MCP ndiposo wakaŵa nduna ya kabineti ya Banda). Wakasankhikaso mu 1999, Muluzi wakakhalilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2004, apo Bingu wa Mutharika wakasankhika wakasankhika. Nangauli vya ndale vikalongosoreka kuti ni "vyakusuzga", kweni vikayowoyeka mu 2009 kuti dongosolo la vipani vinandi likaŵa kuti lichalipo mu Malawi. Multiparty visankho vya nyumba ya malango na vya murongozgi visankho vikachitika kachinayi mu Malaŵi mu Meyi 2009, ndipo murongozgi Mutharika wakasankhikaso makora, nangauli wakasuskika na uyo wakamususkanga kuti wakachita chinyengo pa chisankho.

Mulongozgi Mutharika wakawonekanga na ŵanyake kuti wakusazgirako mazaza na kukana wanangwa wa ŵanthu, and in July 2011 protests pa mtengo ukuru wa umoyo, kugaŵira ubwezi na vyaru vinyake, boma liheni na kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakuguliska vyaru vinyake vikayamba. Ŵanthu 18 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake pafupifupi 44 ŵakapwetekeka na mfuti.

Mbendera ya Malawi yikasintha mu 2010, kusintha mizere yitatu ya mitundu na zuŵa lituŵa. Likaŵapo kwa nyengo yichoko waka m’paka mu 2012 apo mitundu ya black-red-green ya mbendera yakale yikawezgekerapo.

Mu April 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima. Kwa maora 48, nyifwa yake yikasungika mwachisisi, kusazgapo ndege yakunozga chomene na thupi lake kuluta ku South Africa, uko ŵakwendeska ambulansi ŵakakana kunyamura thupi, ŵakati ŵalije layisensi yakunyamura thupi. Boma la South Africa likati lawofya kuti lizamuvumbura uthenga uwu, udindo wa pulezidenti ukatoleka na Muteŵeti wa Pulezidenti Joyce Banda. (no relation to Hastings Banda).

Mu chisankho cha Malaŵi mu 2014, Joyce Banda wakathereskeka mu visankho (wakaŵa wachitatu) ndipo mu malo ghake wakanjira Peter Mutharika, uyo wakaŵa mubali wa Mulongozgi wakale Mutharika. Mu chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019 pulezidenti Peter Mutharika wakasankhikaso mwa. Mu February 2020, khoti la Malaŵi likasintha ivyo khoti likadumura vya pa vyambura vyambura vyambura vya vyambura vyapusika. Mu May 2020, Khoti Likuru la Malaŵi likazomerezga ivyo ŵakadumura ndipo likapharazga kuti chisankho chiphya chizamuchitika pa Julayi 2. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chisankho mu charu ichi chisuskike na malango. Mulongozgi wa vipani vyakususka Lazarus Chakwera wakawina chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020 ndipo wakalapa kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Malawi.

## Boma na ndyale

Malawi ni boma lakukolerana pulezidenti republic pasi pa ulongozgi wa pulezidenti Lazarus Chakwera. Malango gha boma agho ghalipo sono ghakaŵikika pa 18 May 1995. nthambi za boma zili na laŵiliri, Nkhongono za Malango, na vyakweruzga. Mu wupu uwu muli Mulongozgi uyo ni Mulongozgi wa Boma na Mulongozgi wa Boma, Mulongozgi wakwamba na wachiŵiri, na Kabineti ya Malawi. Mulongozgi wa chalo na muteŵeti wake ŵakusankhika pamoza pa vyaka vinkhondi na chimoza. Muteŵeti wachiŵiri wa President wangasankhika na President usange wasankhika nthena, nangauli ŵakwenera kufuma ku chipani chinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Kabineti ya Malawi ŵakusankhika na Mulongozgi wa chalo ndipo ŵangaŵa ŵakufuma mukati panji kuwaro kwa wupu wakupanga malango.

Nthavi ya malango yili na Ungano wa Fuko wa umoza wose (unikamero) ya 193&nbsp;ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika pa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo nangauli malango gha Malaŵi ghakupereka Senate ya mipando 80&nbsp;, kweni palije iyo yikuchitika. Usange ŵangapangika, wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma ungapereka ŵalongozgi ŵa mitheto na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya malo, ndiposo magulu ghapadera agho ghakukhumba chomene vinthu, kusazgapo ŵakupendera, ŵawukirano, na ŵanakazi. Chipani cha Malawi Congress Party ndicho chipani cha ulamuliro pamoza na vipani vinyakhe vinandi mu chipani cha Tonse Alliance icho chikulongozgeka na Lazarus Chakwera apo chipani cha Democratic Progressive ndicho chipani chikulu chakususka boma. Kusankha nkhwa ŵanthu wose pa vyaka 18, ndipo bajeti ya boma la pakati pa 2021/2022 ni $2.4&nbsp;biliyoni kufuma pa $2.8&nbsp;biliyoni ya chaka cha ndalama cha 2020/2021.

Nthavi yakujiyimira payokha ya kweruzga yikukhazikika pa English ndipo yili na Khoti Likuru la Apilu, Khoti Likuru ilo likagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (vya ŵanthu wose, vya malango gha boma, na vya malonda), Khoti la Ubwezi wa Mafakitale na Khoti la Magistrates, . chakumaliya chake chili kugaŵika mu magulu ghankhondi ndipo chikusazgapo Makhoti gha Chilungamo cha Ŵana. Nthowa ya kweruzga yasinthika kanandi waka kufuma apo Malawi wakapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Makhoti gha chikhalidwe na makhoti gha chikhalidwe ghakugwiriskirika nchito mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuchita makora mwakupambanapambana ndiposo ghakuchita vimbundi.

Chalo cha Malawi chili na vigaŵa vitatu (chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Chapakati, na Kumwera), which are divided into 28&nbsp;districts, and further into approximately 250&nbsp;traditional authorities and 110&nbsp;administrative wards. Boma la chigaŵa likulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa awo ŵali kusankhika na boma la pakati na ŵalara ŵa chigaŵa. Kwa nyengo yakwamba mu nyengo ya vipani vinandi, visankho vya mu vigaŵa vikachitika pa 21 Novembala 2000, ndipo chipani cha UDF chikapoka 70% ya mipando iyo yikaŵapo. Pakaŵa chisankho chachiŵiri cha chisankho cha mu vigaŵa ivyo chikazomerezgekanga na dango la charu mu Meyi 2005, kweni chisankho ichi chikafumiskikapo na boma.

Mu Febuluwale 2005, Mulongozgi Mutharika wakapatukana na chipani cha United Democratic Front ndipo wakamba chipani chake, Chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party, icho chikakopa ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu kufuma ku vipani vinyake ndipo chikawina pa visankho vya boma mu charu chose. chalo ichi mu 2006. Mu 2008, Pulezidenti Mutharika wakakhazikiska kusintha kwa kuthana na suzgo likuru la vimbundi ilo lili mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalara ŵa chipani cha UDF pafupifupi ŵankhondi ŵakususkana na milandu.

Mu 2012, Malaŵi wakaŵa pa nambara 7 pa vyalo vyose ivyo vili mu Africa wa kumwera kwa Sahara mu Ibrahim Index of African Governance, index iyo yikupima vinthu vinandi vyakusinthasintha. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha boma la charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku kontinenti, kweni chikaŵa chichoko kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa. Mapointi ghake ghapachanya ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na chivikiliro na kulongozgeka na malango, ndipo mapointi ghake ghachoko chomene ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na mwaŵi wa chuma wakukhalilira, ndipo wakaŵa pa nambara 47 pa kontinenti yose pa nkhani ya mwaŵi wa masambiro. Mazgu gha boma la Malaŵi ghakasintha pakati pa 2000 na 2011. Malawi wakachita chisankho mu Meyi 2019, ndipo Mulongozgi Peter Mutharika wakawina chisankho chinyake kuluska awo ŵakamususkanga Lazarus Chakwera, Atupele Muluzi, na Saulos Chilima. Mu 2020 khoti la malango la Malawi likawuskapo chisankho cha pulezidenti Peter Mutharika icho chikawina chaka chamara chifukwa chakuti pakaŵa vimbundi vinandi na vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Mulongozgi wa vipani vyakususka Lazarus Chakwera wakawina chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020 ndipo ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti muphya.

### Kugaŵikana kwa boma

Malawi wali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 28 mukati mwa vigaŵa vitatu:

### Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Pulezidenti wakale Hastings Banda wakakhazikiska kukhozgera vyaru vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake iyo yikalutilira m’paka kukwambilira kwa 2011. Yikasazgapo ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi. Kusintha kwa boma la chipani chimoza kuya ku boma la vipani vinandi kukakhozga ubwezi wa Malaŵi na United States. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Malaŵi ŵakuluta ku US kukasambira, ndipo ku US kuli nthambi zakugwira ntchito za Peace Corps, Malo ghakuvikilira na kuvikilira matenda, Dipatimenti ya Umoyo na Uteŵeti wa Ŵanthu, na Wupu wa Pachanya pa Charu Chose. Kutukuka ku Malawi.

Malawi wakasunga ubwezi na South Africa mu nyengo yose ya Kusankhana kwa sankho, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ubwezi wa Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa uŵe wakusuzga. Pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa boma la apartheid mu 1994, ubwezi wa boma ukapangika ndipo ukakhalilira mpaka mu 2011 pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyakhe vyose vya ku Africa. Kweni mu 2010, ubwezi wa Malaŵi na Mozambique ukamba kunangika, chifukwa chakuti pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya kugwiliskira ntchito mlonga wa Zambezi na magesi gha pakati pa vyaru. Mu 2007, Malawi wakakhazikiska ubwezi na China, ndipo ndalama izo China yikuŵika mu charu ichi zikulutilira kukura kufuma nyengo iyo, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhwaskika na umo makampani gha ku China ghakuchitira na ŵanchito ndiposo kuti bizinesi ya ku China yikuchita mpikisano na makampani gha ku charu ichi. Mu chaka cha 2011, chikalata chikafumiskika apo kazembe wa chalo cha Britain ku Malaŵi wakasuska mulongozgi Mutharika. Mutharika wakachimbizga kazembe uyu mu Malaŵi, ndipo mu Julayi 2011, UK yikapharazga kuti yikuyimika wovwiri wose wa bajeti chifukwa chakuti Mutharika wakazgorapo yayi pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga pa boma lake na umo wakalongozgeranga makora yayi chuma. Pa 26 July 2011, United States nayo wakalondezgapo, ndipo wakakanizga ndalama zakukwana madola gha ku America 350&nbsp;miliyoni, ndipo wakayowoya kuti wakufipa mtima chifukwa chakuti boma likuponderezga na kofya ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita viwawa na magulu gha ŵanthu, kweniso kuti likukanizga nkhaza za ŵapharazgi na ŵapolisi.

Malawi wakuwoneka kuti ni malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu awo ŵali kuthaŵa kwawo kufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, kusazgapo Mozambique na Rwanda, kufuma mu 1985. Kunjira kwa ŵanthu aŵa kwapangiska kuti chuma cha Malaŵi chiŵe chakusuzga kweni kwapangiskaso kuti wovwiri ukuru uŵepo kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa ku Malaŵi ni United States, Canada, na Germany, kweniso mabungwe gha pa charu chose nga ni World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, [African Development] Bank](https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development%5D_Bank), na mabungwe gha UN. Malawi ni membala wa mabungwe ghanandi gha pa charu chose, kusazgapo Commonwealth, wupu wa UN na wupu wake unyake uwo ukuwona vya ŵana, IMF, World Bank, African Union, na World Bungwe la Umoyo. Charu ichi chikaŵa chakwamba kumwera kwa Africa kupokera masambiro gha kusunga mtende pasi pa Ntchito Yakuzgora Suzgo la Africa.

Malawi ni charu cha nambara 79 pa charu chose icho chili na mtende chomene (pa vyaru 163), kuyana na ndondomeko ya 2024 Global Peace Index.

### Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Nge mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa pa caru cose awo ŵakawoneleranga vinthu ŵakawona kuti pali nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵa chivikiliro ŵakawona kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zakujumphizga kwambura kulangika, nyengo zinyake ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita nkhaza, ndipo vinthu vikalutilira kuŵa vyakofya chomene mu jele ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga pangozi. Kweni boma likawoneka kuti likuyezgayezga kuti lisuske ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono mwakujumphizga. Nkhani zinyake za malango zikaŵa zakuti ŵaŵike mphaka pa wanangwa wa kuyowoya na wanangwa wa kupharazga, kusungika nyengo yitali pambere ŵandaŵeruzgike, na kukaka mwambura kukhumbas na kusungika. Vimbundi mukati mwa boma vikuwoneka kuti ni nkhani yikuru, nangauli wupu wakulimbana na vimbundi wa Malawi (ACB) ukuyezgayezga kuchepeska vimbundi ivi. Vimbundi mukati mwa ŵasilikari ŵa chivikiliro navyo ni nkhani. Malawi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha nthengwa za ŵana pa charu chose. In 2015, Malawi raised the legal age for marriage from 15 to 18.

Snkhani za ŵanthu izo zikasangika zikaŵa nkhaza za ŵanakazi, kuguliska ŵanthu, na kugwira ntchito za ŵana. Nkhani zinyake izo zayowoyeka ni za kusoŵa kwa chivikiliro chakwenelera cha ŵanakazi ku nkhaza zakugonana na kusuzgika, chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha kufwa kwa ŵamama, na nkhaza izo zikukhwaskana na milandu ya ufwiti. , homosexuality has been illegal in Malawi. In one 2010 case, a couple perceived as homosexual (a man and a trans woman) faced extensive jail time when convicted. The convicted pair, sentenced to the maximum of 14 years of hard labour each, were pardoned two weeks later following the intervention of United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. In May 2012, then-President Joyce Banda pledged to repeal laws criminalising homosexuality. It was her successor, Peter Mutharika, who imposed a moratorium in 2015 that suspended the country's anti-gay laws pending further review of the same laws. On 26 June 2021, the country's LGBT community held the first Pride parade in Lilongwe.

## Kaŵiro ka Malo

Malawi ni charu icho chili pafupi na nyanja kumwela chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, mphaka ni Zambia kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, na Mozambique kummwela, kumwela chakumanjiliro gha dazi, na kummwera chakumafumiro gha dazi. Lili pakati pa latitude 9° na 18°S, na longitude 32° na [36°E]. ]. [East African Rift|Chigwa Chikuru cha Rift chikujumpha mu charu ichi kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigwa ichi kuli Nyanja ya Malawi (iyo yikuchemekaso Nyanja Nyasa) , iyo yikupanga vigaŵa vyakujumpha vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Malaŵi. Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about  long and  wide. The Shire River flows from the south end of the lake and joins the Zambezi River  farther south in Mozambique. The surface of Lake Malawi is at  above sea level, with a maximum depth of , which means the lake bottom is over  below sea level at some points.

In the mountainous sections of Malawi surrounding the Rift Valley, plateaus rise generally  above sea level, although some rise as high as  in the north. To the south of Lake Malawi lies the Shire Highlands, gently rolling land at approximately  above sea level. In this area, the Zomba and Mulanje mountain peaks rise to respective heights of .

Msumba ukuru wa chalo cha Malaŵi ni Lilongwe, ndipo malo ghake gha malonda ni Blantyre, ndipo muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000&nbsp;wanthu. Malawi wali na malo ghaŵiri agho ghali kulembeka pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu vya Charu Chose vya UNESCO. Nyanja ya Malaŵi National Park yikalembeka kakwamba mu 1984, ndipo Malo gha Chongoni Rock Art Area yikalembeka mu 2006.

Nyengo ya Malawi yikuŵa yakutentha mu malo ghapasi kumwera kwa charu ndipo yikuŵa yakuzizima mu malo ghapachanya gha kumpoto. Utali wake ukuyana na nyengo iyo yingaŵa ya equatorial. Pakati pa Novembala na Epulero, nyengo yikuŵa yakufunda ndipo vula yikuwira ku equator na vula yachimphepo, ndipo chimphepo ichi chikufika pa msinkhu wake kuumaliro wa Malichi. Pamanyuma pa mwezi wa Malichi, vula yikucepa mwaluŵiro, ndipo kufuma mu Meyi m’paka Seputembala, ciwuvi cakunyeŵa cikuyandama kufuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali na kunjira mu vigaŵa vyakutali, ndipo pafupifupi vula yikuŵapo yayi mu myezi iyi.

### Flora na fauna

Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu Malawi vikusazgapo vinyama vyakuyamwisa nga ni njovu, mvubu, nkhalamu, njovu, amphaka ŵakuru, nyamudolo, nkhwantha, na mileme; mitundu yikuru ya viyuni, kusazgapo viyuni vyakukhwaŵa, viyuni vya parrot, na viyuni vya falcon; viyuni vya mu maji na viyuni vikuruvikuru vya mu maji; na vihowe na viyuni vyakwimba. Nyanja ya Malawi yalongosoreka kuti yili na *chimoza mwa vinyama vya somba za mu nyanja ivyo vikusambazga chomene pa charu chose*, ndipo muli vinyama pafupifupi 200, viyuni 650, 30+ mollusk, na mitundu 5,500+ ya vyakumera.

Vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya pa charu chapasi vili mu mphaka ya Malaŵi: Malo gha miombo gha pakati pa Zambezia, Malo gha miombo gha kumafumiro gha dazi, Malo gha miombo gha kumwera, Malo gha Zambezia na mopane, [Malo gha Zambezia] ghakusefukira, [Kumwera kwa Malaŵi nkhalango-utheka mosaic, na mosaic wa nkhalango-utheka wa ku Southern Rift montane. There are five national parks, four wildlife and game reserves and two other protected areas in Malawi. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.74/10, ranking it 96th globally out of 172 countries.

## Kendeskero ka chuma

Malawi is among the world's least developed countries. Around 85% of the population lives in rural areas. The economy is based on agriculture, and more than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues come from this. In the past, the economy has been dependent on substantial economic aid from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other countries. Malawi was ranked the 119th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings. The Malawian government faces challenges in developing a market economy, improving environmental protection, dealing with the rapidly growing HIV/AIDS problem, improving the education system, and satisfying its foreign donors to become financially independent.

Mu December 2000, IMF yikaleka kupeleka wovwiri chifukwa cha vimbundi, ndipo ŵantu ŵanandi awo ŵakapelekanga wovwiri ŵakalondezgapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti bajeti ya chitukuko cha Malawi yikhire pafupifupi na 80%. However, in 2005, Malawi was the recipient of over US$575&nbsp;million in aid. Many analysts believe that economic progress for Malawi depends on its ability to control population growth. Mu 2009 kugula ndege ya pulezidenti ya paŵekha iyo yikalondezgeka pafupifupi nyengo yeneyiyo na kusoŵa kwa mafuta mu charu chose, icho chikaŵa na mulandu wa boma chifukwa cha masuzgo gha vyakupeleka, chikaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakukhora izo zikapangika chifukwa cha kugula ndege.

Kusazgilapo apa, vinthu vinyake vyatondeska ntchito, ndipo Malawi yataya nkhongono zake zinyake zakulipira vyakuguliska vyakufuma ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chifukwa vyakuŵika ndalama vikakhira na 23% mu 2009. Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikutondeska vyakuŵika ndalama mu Malawi, ivyo boma lili navyo . ŵakatondeka kuvimazga, kusazgapo ndalama zinandi zakuchitira ntchito na vinthu viheni vya magesi, maji, na vyakuchezgera pa foni. , vikawoneka kuti Malawi yikaŵa na nkhongono yakugulira vinthu (PPP) ya $22.42&nbsp;biliyoni, na GDP ya munthu waliyose ya $1200, ndipo mitengo yikuwoneka kuti yikaŵa pa 12.2% mu 2017.

Ulimi ukupanga 35% ya GDP, mafakitale ghakupanga 19%, ndipo utumiki ukupanga 46% yakukhalira . Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world, nangauli kukura kwa chuma kukaŵa kwa 9.7% mu 2008 ndipo kukura kwakukhora kukuyowoyeka na International Monetary Fund kwa 2009. chiŵelengero cha ukavu mu Malawi chikuchepa chifukwa cha ntchito ya boma na mabungwe ghakovwira, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pasi pa mzere wa ukavu ŵakuchepa kufuma pa 54% mu 1990 kufika pa 40% mu 2006, ndipo peresenti ya "ŵakavu chomene" yikuchepa . kufuma pa 24% mu 1990 kufika pa 15% mu 2007. Mu Janyuwale 2015, kumwera kwa Malaŵi kukasefukira maji. Kusefukira kwa maji uku kukakhwaska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza mu caru cose, kusazgapo 336,000 awo ŵakacimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo, mwakuyana na UNICEF. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakakomeka, ndipo pafupifupi mahekitala 64,000 gha malo ghakulimapo ghakasambika na maji.

### Ulimi na mafakitale

Chuma cha Malaŵi chikupangika chomene na ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80% ŵakuchita ulimi wakukhalira, nangauli ulimi ukawovwira waka 27% ya GDP mu 2013. chigaŵa cha ntchito chikupanga vyakujumpha hafu ya GDP (54%), pakuyaniska na 11% ya vyakupangapanga . na 8% ku mafakitale ghanyake, kusazgapo migodi ya uranium yachilengedwe. Malawi wakuŵika ndalama zinandi mu ulimi (nga ni chigaŵa cha GDP) kuluska charu chilichose cha ku Africa: 28% ya GDP.

Kufuma mu 2006, charu ichi chikamba kusakanizga mafuta ghambura mkuŵa na 10% ethanol, agho ghakupangika mu charu ichi pa mafakitale ghaŵiri, kuti ŵaleke kuthemba mafuta ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2006, chifukwa cha vuna ya ulimi iyo yikaŵa yichoko, Malawi yikamba ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa feteleza, ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa feteleza (FISP). Vili kumanyikwa kuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa charu ichi, yikupangiska kuti Malawi yiŵe charu icho chikuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi. FISP yikamara na nyifwa ya Mulongozgi Mutharika. Mu 2020, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika na ndondomeko ya Affordable Inputs Program (AIP), iyo yikusazgapo wovwiri wa mbuto za chimanga na feteleza ku Sogamu na mbuto za mpunga.

Vinthu vikuru vya ulimi vya ku Malawi ni fodya, mijuwa, thonje, tiyi, chimanga, mbatata, mabele, ng’ombe, na mbuzi. Mafakitale ghakuru ni fodya, tiyi, na shuga, sawmill vyakupangika, simenti, na vinthu vyakuguliska. Kukura kwa mafakitale kwakupanga kukuwoneka kuti kuli pa 10% (2009). Charu ichi chikugwiliskira ntchito chomene yayi gasi la chilengiwa. , Malawi wakuguliska magesi ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake yayi panji kuguliska ku vyaru vinyake kweni wakuguliska mafuta ghake ghose, ndipo palije uyo wakupangika mu chalo ichi. Mu 2008, Malaŵi yikamba kuyezga magalimoto agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito ethanol pera, ndipo charu ichi chikulutilira kusazgirako kugwiliskira ntchito ethanol.
Kufuma mu 2009, Malaŵi wakutumizga katundu wakukwana US$945&nbsp;miliyoni pa chaka. Mitengo ya fodya pa charu chose yikakhira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose ŵakuchichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kupanga fodya. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa fodya, ndipo chinthu ichi chikukwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% ya ndalama izo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake pakati pa 2007 na 2008. Charu ichi chikuthembaso chomene pa tiyi, shuga, na khofi, ndipo vinthu vitatu ivi pamoza na fodya vikupanga vyakujumpha 90% vya 2008. Ndalama izo Malawi wakusanga pakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo na kukhira kwa mitengo ya kuguliska, Malawi wakuchiska ŵalimi kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa fodya na kuguliska vipambi ivyo vikuŵa na phindu likuru, kusazgapo vyakununkhira nga ni paprika. Kufumapo pa fodya kukukhozgekaso na Bungwe la Umoyo pa Charu Chose likulimbana na mtundu wa fodya uyo Malawi wakupanga, burley leaf. Ŵakuwona kuti vikunanga chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu kuluska vyakumwa vinyake vya fodya. India hemp ndiyo nthowa yinyake iyo yingaŵapo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti yizamupangiska kuti paŵe milandu yinandi mu charu ichi kwizira mu kufanana na mitundu ya cannabis iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito nga ni munkhwala wakusanguluska. ndiposo suzgo la kupambaniska pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri iyi. Kulima kwa cannabis wa ku Malaŵi, uyo wakuchemeka Malawi Gold, nga ni munkhwala kwachuluka chomene. Malawi wakumanyikwa kuti wakulima "cannabis yiwemi chomene" pa charu chose chapasi kuti kugwiriskira ntchito munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo wakusanguluska, kuyana na lipoti lasonosono apa la World Bank, ndipo kulima na kuguliska vipambi ivi kungapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi mukati mwa ŵapolisi.
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutumizgika ku vyaru vinyake ni thonje, mtedza, vyakupangika na makuni, na vyakuvwara. Malo ghakuru agho charu ichi chikuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake ni South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, United States, Russia, na Netherlands. Pasono chalo cha Malawi chikuguliska katundu wakukwana US$1.625&nbsp;biliyoni pa chaka, ndipo katundu mukuru ni vyakurya, mafuta, katundu wakugwiriskira ntchito, na vipangizo vyakwendeska galimoto. Vyalo vikuruvikuru ivyo Malawi wakutolera ku vyaru ivi ni South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, America, na China.

Mu 2016, Malaŵi wakasuzgika na chilala, ndipo mu Januwale 2017, charu ichi chikapharazga kuti pakaŵa nkhono za nkhondo kuzingilizga Zomba. Nyerere iyi yikukwaniska kuparanya minda ya chimanga yose, iyo ni tirigu wakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. Pa 14 January 2017, nduna ya vya ulimi George Chaponda yikati mahekitala 2,000 gha vipambi ghanangika, ndipo ghathandazgika mu vigaŵa 9 pa vigaŵa 28.

### Vinthu vyakuzengeka

, Malawi has 31&nbsp;airports, seven with paved runways (two international airports) and 24 with unpaved runways. , the country has  of railways, all narrow-gauge, and, as of 2003,  of roadways in various conditions,  paved and  unpaved. Malawi also has  of waterways on Lake Malawi and along the Shire River.

, mu Malawi mukaŵa mafoni ghakukwana 10.23&nbsp;miliyoni. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 4.03 miliyoni awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti mu 2022. Also, , pakaŵa wayilesi yimoza iyo yikalongozgekanga na boma (Malawi Broadcasting Corporation) ndiposo pafupifupi khumi na ziŵiri izo zikaŵa za mabizinesi gha paŵekha. Ntchito za wayilesi, TV na positi mu Malaŵi zikulaŵilirika na Bungwe Lakulaŵilira vya Kupharazga mu Malaŵi (MACRA). Charu ichi chikujilumba kuti chili na masiteshoni 20 gha televishoni mu 2016 pa netiweki ya digito ya chalo ichi ya MDBNL. Kale, nthowa zakuyowoyeskana za pa foni mu Malaŵi zikacemekanga kuti ni yimoza mwa nthowa ziheni comene mu Africa, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora, ndipo pakati pa 2000 na 2007, mafoni ghakukwana 130,000 ghakalumikizgika. mizere ya mtunda kuŵa mu mizi.

### Sayansi na umanyi

### Kafukufuku wakuchitika

Malawi wakapeleka 1.06% ya GDP ku kugwira ntchito mu 2010, kukuyana na kuyana na uyo wakwenda na Dipatimenti ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje, iyo njimoza mwa vyaŵa vyaŵa vya mu Africa. Ici cikuyana na $7.8 pa wakusanda (mu madola gha kugaŵana.

Mu 2014, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakaŵa ŵachitatu pa ivyo ŵakalemba mu Southern Africa, pa nkhani ya nkhani izo zikalembeka mu mabuku gha pa charu chose. Ŵakalemba nkhani 322 mu Thomson Reuters’ Webusayiti ya Sayansi mu chaka chira, pafupifupi katatu nambara iyo ŵakalemba mu 2005 (116). Mabuku gha ku South Africa pera (9,309) na United Republic of Tanzania (770) ndigho ghakasindikizga mabuku ghanandi kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakupharazga vinandi mu magazini ghakurughakuru – pakuyaniska na GDP – kuluska charu chilichose icho chili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana waka, ndipo mabuku 19 pera pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose ghali kulembeka mu magazini gha pa charu chose mu 2014. Pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Sahara ni mabuku 20 pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose. Malawi was ranked 107th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, up from 118th in 2019.

### Ndondomeko
Ndondomeko yakwamba ya sayansi na tekinoloje ya Malawi yikayamba mu 1991 ndipo yikasintha mu 2002. *Ndondomeko ya chalo cha sayansi na tekinoloje* ya 2002 yikaghanaghananga kuti paŵe Komiti ya Charu Chose ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje kuti yipelekenge ulongozgi ku boma na ŵanyake awo ŵakukhwaskika pa nkhani ya sayansi na tekinoloje- wakalongozga chitukuko. Nangauli dango la sayansi na tekinoloje la 2003 likapeleka ndondomeko yakupangira komiti iyi, kweni yikamba waka kugwira ntchito mu 2011, ndipo yikaŵa na ofesi ya mulembi chifukwa cha kuphatikizgika kwa Dipatimenti ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje na National Research Council. Lamulo la Sayansi na Tekinoloje la 2003 likakhazikiskaso Fund ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje kuti yiwovwirepo pa kafukufuku na masambiro kwizira mu wovwiri wa boma na ngongoli kweni, , ichi chikaŵa kuti chindambe kugwira ntchito. Mulembi wa Komiti Yakuwona vya Sayansi na Tekinoloje ya Charu Chose wakawoneseska ndondomeko ya Sayansi, Tekinoloje, na Kupanga Vinthu Viphya. (2011–2015) kweni, kufuma kukwambilira kwa 2015, ndondomeko iyo yikasintha yikaŵa kuti yindazomerezgeke na Kabineti.

Mu 2012, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikanjira mu vyakumangamanga (62%) na chigaŵa cha nkhongono (33%). Boma laŵikapo ndondomeko zinandi zakukhozga ndalama, kusazgapo kuchepeskako misonkho, kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵanjire mu ndalama. Mu 2013, wupu wa Malawi wa vyakuŵika ndalama na malonda ukaŵika pamoza ndondomeko ya vyakuŵika ndalama iyo yikukhwaska makampani 20. Mu chaka cha 2013, boma likazomerezga *Nthowa yakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake* kuti vinthu vyakuguliska vya charu ivi viŵe vyakupambanapambana. Malo ghakupangira vinthu ghakwenera kukhazikiska vinthu vyakupambanapambana mukati mwa magulu ghatatu agho ghasankhika: vinthu vya mafuta, vinthu vya nzimbe, na kupanga vinthu.
File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|alt=Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.|Kafukufuku wa sayansi wakufuma mu mabuku gha ku Southern Africa, wakusazgikira pamoza na munda, 2008–2014
File:Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year.svg|Ŵakufufuza (HC) ku Southern Africa pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi
File:Seychelles and South Africa have the most publications per million inhabitants.svg|alt=Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014.|Mabuku gha sayansi pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose mu vyaru vya SADC mu 2014
File:Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year.svg|Ndalama izo zikugwiriskirika nchito mu charu pa kafukufuku ku Southern Africa nga ni peresenti ya GDP, 2012 panji chaka chapafupi


## Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu

### Unandi
Malawi muli banthu bakujumpha  miliyoni, na kukura kwa chiŵelengero cha 3.32%, kuyana na  chikupimika. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikuwoneka kuti chizamukura na kufika pa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 47&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2050, pafupifupi katatu pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa 16&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2010. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi mu 2016, kuyana na ivyo ŵasayansi ŵali kusanga sonosono apa, ŵali 18,091,575.

### Misumba

### Mifuko

Mwanthu mu Malaŵi ni Bachewa, Batumbuka, BaYao, Balomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ŵangoni, na Ŵa ku Ngonde ŵa ku mtundu . gulus, pamoza na chiŵelengero cha Ŵa China na Ŵa Europe.

### Viyowoyero

Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chingelezi.

Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ni Chichewa, Chiyowoyero cha Chibantu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41%, Chitumbuka (28.2%), Chinyanja ( 12.8%), na Chiyao (16.1%). /> chiyowoyero cha ku malo agha ni Malawi Lomwe, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi; Kokola, wakuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 nawo ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi; Lambya, ŵakuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 ku mphepete ya kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi; Chindali, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000; Chinyakyusa-Ngonde, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 ku mpoto kwa Malaŵi; Chimalawi Sena, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 270,000 kumwera kwa Malawi; na Tonga, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 ku mpoto.

Ŵasambiri wose ŵa sukulu za pulayimale za boma ŵakusambizgika mu Chichewa, icho chikulongosoreka kuti ntchiyowoyero chambura kuzomerezgeka cha charu cha Malawi. Kweni ŵasambiri awo ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha pulayimale gha paŵekha ŵakusambizgika mu Chingelezi usange ŵakulondezga masambiro gha ku America panji ku Britain.

### Visopo

Malawi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakhristu, ndipo pali ŵachisilamu ŵachoko waka. Kafukufuku wa boma wakulongora kuti 87% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mba Chisilamu 11.6%. Magulu ghakuru gha Chikhristu mu Malawi ni tchalitchi la Katolika la Roma, ilo 19% ya baMalawi mbalondezgi ŵake, na Tchalitchi la Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) ilo 18% mbalondezgi ŵake. CCAP ni chisopa chikuru chomene cha chiprotesitanti mu Malaŵi ndipo chili na ŵanthu 1.3&nbsp;miliyoni. Pali visopo vichokovichoko vya Presbyterian nga ni Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Malaŵi ilo likasinthika na Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Evangelical la Malaŵi. Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa Ŵanglican, Ŵabaptist, ŵa evangelical, Ŵaadventist ŵa Zuŵa Lachinkhondi na Chiŵiri, na Ŵalutheran.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chisilamu mba Sunni, ŵa mu magulu gha Qadriya panji gha Sukkutu. Other religious groups within the country include Jehovah's Witnesses (over 100,000), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with just over 2,000 members in the country at the end of 2015, Rastafari, Hindus, and Baháʼís (0.2%). Atheists make up around 4% of the population, although this number may include people who practice traditional African religions that do not have any gods.

### Ukhondo

Malawi has central hospitals, regional and private facilities. The public sector offers free health services and medicines, while non-government organizations offers services and medicines for fees. Private doctors offer fee-based services and medicines. Health insurance schemes have been established since 2000. The country has a pharmaceutical manufacturing industry consisting of four privately owned pharmaceutical companies. Some of the major health facilities in the country are Blantyre Adventist Hospital, Mwaiwathu Private Hospital, and Kamuzu Central Hospitals.

Kufwa kwa ŵana ŵachoko viŵelengero vya ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo umoyo para ŵababika ni vyaka 50.03&nbsp;. Kufumiska nthumbo nkhwakukanizgika mu Malaŵi, except to save the mother's life. The Penal Code punishes women who seek illegal or clinical abortion with 7 years in prison, and 14 years for those perform the abortion. There is a high adult prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, with an estimated 980,000&nbsp;adults (or 9.1% of the population) living with the disease in 2015. There are approximately 27,000&nbsp;deaths each year from HIV/AIDS, and over half a million children orphaned because of the disease (2015). Approximately 250&nbsp;new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labour force dying of the disease. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.

Pali ngozi yikuru comene ya matenda ghakuthandazgika, kusazgapo mabakiteriya na vinyama vinyake nthenda ya m’mimba, hepatitis A, nthenda ya typhoid, maleriya, mulili ., nthenda ya m’makutu, na nthenda ya m’makutu. Mu vyaka ivyo vyajumpha, Malawi yachepeskako nyifwa za ŵana na matenda gha HIV/AIDS, maleriya na matenda ghanyake; Kweni charu ichi "chikuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera" pakuchepeska nyifwa za ŵamama na kukhozgera kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Kudumura viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (FGM), nangauli kukuthandazgika yayi, kukuchitika mu vigaŵa vinyake mitundu ya ŵanthu.

Mu 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), mlingo wa Malawi ni 21.9, uwo ukulongora kuti njara yikuru chomene. Chalo cha Malawi chili pa nambara 93 pa vyalo 127 ivyo vilipo.

### Masambiro

Mu 1994, masambiro gha pulayimale ghambura kulipiliska gha ŵana wose ŵa mu Malaŵi ghakakhazikiska na boma, ndipo masambiro gha pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakuchichizga kufuma apo dango la Revised Education Act likazomerezgekera mu 2012. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeska ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 1992. 75% mu 2007. Peresenti ya ŵasambiri awo ŵakumba standard one na kumalizga standard . five yasazgikira kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Kuyana na World Bank, ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba nawo ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015. Mu 1994, masambiro gha pulayimale ghambura kulipiliska gha ŵana wose ŵa mu Malaŵi ghakakhazikiska na boma, ndipo masambiro gha pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakuchichizga kufuma apo dango la Revised Education Act likazomerezgekera mu 2012. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeska ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 1992. 75% mu 2007. Peresenti ya ŵasambiri awo ŵakumba standard one na kumalizga standard . five yasazgikira kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Kuyana na World Bank, ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba nawo ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015. Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys.

Masambiro mu Malawi ghali na vyaka 8 vya masambiro gha pulayimale, vyaka vinayi vya sekondare na vyaka vinayi vya yunivesite. Mu Malawi muli mayunivesite ghanayi gha boma: Yunivesite ya Mzuzu (MZUNI), Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya Ulimi na Chilengiwa (LUANAR), Yunivesite ya Malawi (UNIMA) na Yunivesite ya Malawi ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje (ŴAKUYENERA). Paliso mayunivesite gha paŵekha nga ni Livingstonia, Malawi Lakeview, na yunivesite ya Katolika ya Malaŵi. Ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti munthu wanjilirepo ni viphalizgano 6 pa chikalata cha masambiro gha sukulu ya Malawi, ivyo vikuyana waka na O levels.

## Ŵanakazi mu Malaŵi
Chiŵelengero cha ŵasambiri ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa misinkhu yinandi ndiposo ŵasambiri wose pamoza na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi chikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ŵakusambira sukulu ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusambira. Female students in Malawi, though, see consistent declines as the age increases. The life expectancy of women in 2010 was approximately 58 years old, while data from 2017 grew to 66 years old. Chiŵelengero cha ŵamama awo ŵakufwa pa kubabika mu Malaŵi nchakuchepa chomene nanga tingayaniska na maboma agho ghali mu nyengo zakuyana waka pa chitukuko.

Ufulu wa chiharo uwo ulipo sono mu Malaŵi ukusangika kuti ngwakuyana waka pakugaŵikana kwawo pakati pa ŵana ŵanalume/ŵanakazi na ŵafumu na ŵawoli ŵanalume/ŵanakazi awo ŵali kufwa. The current state of female labour participation details how a higher percentage of the male population is currently employed despite the female population having a higher total employed population and a very similar unemployment rate. This gap continues with wages in Malawi. As the highest-ranked sub-Saharan state, Rwanda, scored a 0.791 on a 0–1 scale while Malawi scored 0.664.

Kunjilirapo kwa ŵanakazi mu ndondomeko ya ndale za chalo kwawoneka kuti nkhwakupeleŵera chomene kuluska ŵanyawo ŵanalume chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakuŵawona kuti mbambura kwenelera. Female participation in politics is further restricted from national political structures due to the presence of gatekeepers, who provide access to the resources needed to win elections and maintain seats in parliament. This limited participation is directly correlated to the limited positions that are occupied by women in the national setup. Though the national parliament has appointed female members to seats within the body, over 20% of the seats in parliament are held by women.

## Military

Malawi wali na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka pafupifupi 25,000, awo ŵakuchemeka Nkhongono zakuvikilira Malawi. Lili na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga. Ŵasilikari ŵa Malawi ŵakafuma ku British colonial units awo ŵakapangika pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa, ndipo sono ŵali na magulu ghaŵiri gha mfuti na gulu limoza la parachute. Nkhondo ya Malawi Air Force yikakhazikiska na wovwiri wa Germany mu 1976, ndipo yikugwiliskira ntchito ndege zichoko waka zakunyamulira ŵanthu na ndege za helikopita zakugwira ntchito zinandi. Nkhondo ya Malawi ya pa nyanja yikakhazikiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1970 na wovwiri wa Portugal, sono yili na ngalaŵa zitatu izo zikugwira ntchito pa Nyanja ya Malawi, izo zili ku Monkey Bay. In 2017, Malawi signed the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

## Culture

Zina lakuti "Malawi" likufumira ku Maravi, gulu la Bantu ilo likasamira ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Congo pafupifupi 1400&nbsp;AD. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, kugaŵikana kwa mitundu kwacepa mwakuti palije mphindano yikuru pakati pa mitundu, nangauli kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa kukucalipo. Fundo yakuti munthu ni mtundu wa Malawi yayamba kupangika kuzingilizga ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi awo kanandi ŵakulondezga fundo zakale ndipo ŵakuchitako yayi nkhaza. Zina lakuti "Warm Heart of Africa" ​​likapelekeka ku charu ichi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakawona kuti mbachitemwa.

Kufuma mu 1964 m’paka 2010, ndiposo kufuma mu 2012, mbendera ya Malawi yili na mizere yitatu yakuyana waka yakukhora ya mtundu wakufipa, wakufipa, na wakubiriŵira ndipo pakati pa mzere wakufipa pali zuŵa lakufumira kufipa. Mzere wakufipa ukayimiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, wakufipa ukayimiliranga ndopa za awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha wanangwa wa Africa, wakubiriŵira ukayimiliranga chilengiwa cha Malawi icho chikukhala nyengo zose ndipo zuŵa ilo likafumanga likayimiliranga mdima wa wanangwa na chigomezgo cha Africa. In 2010, the flag was changed, removing the red rising sun and adding a full white sun in the centre as a symbol of Malawi's economic progress. The change was reverted in 2012.

Gulu la Kuvina la Charu Chose (kale likaŵa Gulu la Kwacha Cultural Troupe) likapangika mu Novembala 1987 na boma. Nyimbo na kuvina kwa chikhalidwe vingawoneka pa miyambo yakwamba, miyambos, viphikiro vya nthengwa na vikondwelero. Mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ghali na chikhalidwe cha kupanga viŵiya na chisoti kuseŵa. Kuseŵa makuni na kupenta mafuta vikumanyikwaso mu misumba yinandi, ndipo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika vikuguliskika ku ŵalendo. Pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kufuma ku Malaŵi, kusazgapo ndakatulo Jack Mapanje, mulembi wa mdauko na ntharika Paul Zeleza na ŵalembi Legson Kayira.

### Upharazgi
Televishoni ya Malawi, iyo yikulongozgeka na wupu wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), ndiyo yikupharazgira ŵanthu wose mu chalo cha Malaŵi. MBC yikakhazikiskika pasi pa dango la Nyumba ya Malango mu 1964, ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa wayilesi na pa televishoni.

### Maseŵero

Mpira ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Malaŵi, ghakayambika mu nyengo ya ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni ŵa Britain. timu ya chalo yatondeka kufika pa World Cup mpaka sono kweni yawonekera katatu mu Africa Cup of Nations. Magulu gha mpira ghakusazgapo Mighty Wanderers, Civo Maseŵera, Nyumba ya Ŵasilikari ya Moyale, na Nkhalamu Zankhongono. Basketball nayo yikukura chomene, kweni timu ya chalo cha Malawi yake yindachiteko mpikisano uliwose wa pa charu chose. Kupambana kwakukwana kwasangika mu netball, na timu ya chalo cha Malawi ya netball. ranked 6th in the world (as of March 2021).

### Vyakurya

Vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo tiyi na somba ndivyo vikumanyikwa chomene pa vyakurya vya charu ichi. Shuga, khofi, chimanga, mbatata, mabele, ng'ombe, na mbuzi navyo ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa vyakurya na chuma. Nyanja ya Malawi ni malo agho ghakusangikamo somba, nga ni chambo (yakuyana waka na bream), usipa (yakuyana waka na sardines), na mpasa (kuyana waka na somba na kampango). Nsima ni chakurya icho chikupangika na chimanga chakugaya ndipo kanandi ŵakuchipereka pamoza na nyama na mphangwe. Kanandi ŵakurya pa chakurya cha muhanya na cha mise.

## Wonaniso

* Outline of Malawi
* Telephone numbers in Malawi

## Vilembo vifupi

## Pobekera

* 
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* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*Willie Molesi, *Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide*,  
*Willie Molesi, *Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities*,
* Willie Molesi, *Africans and Indians: The Gulf Between*, 

## Milumikizgo Yakuwalo

* Government of the Republic of Malawi Official website
*