Guosa

**Guosa** ni ciyowoyero ico cikapangika na Alex Igbineweka mu 1965. Ciyowoyero ici cikapangika kuti ciŵe cakukolerana na viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu caru ca Nigeria, kweniso kuti ciŵe ciyowoyero cakupharazgikira ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.

## Vinthu Vyakukhwaskana na Chiyowoyero

### Viyowoyero Vyakwambilira

Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Guosa cikugwiliskira nchito viyowoyero vyakukwana 118 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, kweni mazgu ghake ghanandi ghali kufuma ku viyowoyero vya Hausa, Yoruba, na Igbo. Cingelezi cikuperekaso mazgu ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na luso, kwali mwakudunjika panji kwizira mu ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku Africa. Kweniso mazgu ghanyake ghakaŵanga na mazgu agho ghakung'anamulika nga ni meeh "mberere", yanmu-yanmu "mbuwu", na wuam "kurya".

Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya kayowoyero kanandi vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Viyowoyero vinandi vikufuma ku viyowoyelo vya ku Hausa, ndipo viyowoyero na mazgu ghakulembeka ghakufuma ku viyowoyelo vya ku Igbo na ku viyowoyero vya ku Yoruba. Kweniso, mazgu gha viyowoyero vyose vitatu ivi kanandi ghakusazgikana kuti ghaŵe na lizgu limoza ilo likuyanako na ghose ghatatu. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu la Ciguosa lakuti méni, ilo likung'anamura "cici", likufumira ku lizgu la Cihausa lakuti menini, la Ciigbo lakuti gini, na la Ciyoruba lakuti kini, ghose ghakung'anamura "cici".

### Kuyowoya

Tikumanya yayi umo mazgu ghakupulikikwira panji unandi wa mazgu agho ghakuyowoyeka mu Chiguosa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ici cili na vilembo vinandi, cifukwa ciyowoyero ici cikugwiliskira nchito vilembo vinandi ivyo vili mu viyowoyero vichoko waka.

#### Malembo ghakukolerana

# Mazgu gha /p/ na /v/ ghakusangika viŵi yayi mu viyowoyero vya ku India. Ghakusangika mu mazgu gha Cingelezi panji gha mu viyowoyero vinyake.
# It is unknown exactly how many pre-nasalized stops are actually phonemes, and which, if any, are considered consonant clusters. Several do appear word initially in common words such as:  "every",  "my",  "here",  "evil",  "coast", and  "time". All other stops do appear with a preceding nasal word medially, but it is unclear if these are pre-nasalized stops or clusters of a nasal and a stop.
# Sumu ya rhotic yingaŵa ya tap panji ya trill.
# Syllabic consonants can appear as separate words, such as ng (present continuous marker). These always have the mid tone.
# The plosives, nasals (/ŋ/ exempt), the fricatives (velars exempt), the approximants, and /dʒ/ can be geminated, though minimal pairs are rare.
# It is unknown if the palatal nasal is a phoneme or if it is simply the cluster /nj/.

#### Vokala

Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Guosa cikaŵa na ma vowel 7 nga ni ciyowoyero ca Yoruba, kweni ma vowel agha /ɛ/ na /ɔ/ ghasazgikana na ma vowel ghanyake, ndipo sono ciyowoyero ici cikuŵa na ma vowel ghankhondi. Vokala lingaŵa litali panji lichoko, kweni pakuyowoya za utali wa vokala, vikulongora kuti vikuthemba pa vinthu vinyake yayi, pakuti pali viyuni vichoko waka ivyo vikuŵa na viyuni vichoko. Pali vilembo vinyake ivyo vikulembeka na  ⁇ n ⁇ , nangauli ni vilembo vyose yayi ivyo vikulongora kuti ni vilembo vya mu mphuno. Vinthu ivi vikuŵavya ntchito yinandi, ndipo mazina ghanandi gha vilembo vya mu mphuno ni ghafupi. Palije mazgu ghaŵiri agho ghali na mazgu ghakupambana pa nkhani ya umo mazgu ghakwendera mu mulomo na utali wake.

Tikumanya yayi usange mu Chiguosa muli ma diphthongs. Vokala yose yingayowoyeka nga ni ma syllable ghakupambanapambana, panji ma vowel ghanandi ghangapangiska ma diphthongs. Ndipouli, mazgu gha Ciyoruba ghakulongora kuti mazgu gha mu ciyowoyero ca Guosa ghakupanga vilembo yayi, cifukwa mazgu ghose agho ghali na vilembo ivyo vikuyanako ghakufuma mu ciyowoyero ca Ciyoruba, ico mazgu ghose ghakuyowoyeka mwakupambana.

#### Mtundu

Ku Guosa kuli mazgu ghatatu ghakupambanapambana: mazgu ghapachanya, ghapakati, na ghapasi. Mzere wapakati ulije mazina ndipo ukuwoneka kuti ndiwo wakupangika waka, apo mzere wapachanya ukulembeka na lizgu lakuti  ⟨◌́⟩, ndipo mzere wapasi ukulembeka na lizgu lakuti  ⟨◌̀⟩. Pa vilembo vifupi vya vowel, vilembo vya low-rising vikulembeka na caron  ⟨◌̌⟩  ndipo vya high-falling vikulembeka na circumflex  ⟨◌̂⟩. Para mazgu ghatali ghalembeka, mazgu agho ghalembeka ghakudumura mazgu ghaŵiri. Para mazgu ghatali ghalembeka nga ni mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, mazgu agha ghakulembeka nga ni mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambana.

#### Kusintha

Para mazgu ghaŵiri ghakuyana ghakupambana, panji para mazgu ghanyake ghakupambana ghakupambana. Mwaciyelezgero, para mazgu agho ghakwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel ghakuŵa na lizgu lakuti é, lizgu ili likwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel: é ómóntàkélé → émóntàkélé "ŵana ŵachoko". Mazgu agha ghangalembeka na apostrophe para mazgu ghaŵiri ghakuyana: ji inang → ji'nang "makumi ghaŵiri na ghanayi". Lizgu ili likulembeka kuti apostrofe para lizgu ili likusazga mazgu ghaŵiri agho ni vigaŵa viŵi yayi.

#### Kugwiliskira Ntchito Vyakupharazga
Lizgu la Chiguosa kanandi likuŵa nga ni (C)(A)V(C), kweni mazgu ghanyake ghakuŵa nga ni (C)(C)(C)V(C).

### Kulemba Malemba

Alifabeti ya Guosa yili na vilembo 23, na ma digrafu ghanandi. Makalata gha  ⟨q⟩  na  ⟨x⟩  ghakusangika yayi, ndipo kalata ya  ⟨c⟩  yikuwoneka waka mu digraph  ⟨ch⟩. Pakwamba pakaŵanga vilembo viŵiri ivyo vikuwoneka nga vyaleka kulembeka mu ciyowoyero ici:  ⟨ẹ⟩ na  ⟨ọ⟩. Padera pa vilembo ivi, vilembo vinyake vikulembeka kuti viyowoye umo mazgu ghakupulikikwira. Chilembo ichi chikuyimira /ŋg/ pakwamba na pakatikati pa lizgu, kweni paumaliro chikuyimira /ŋ/

Ma digraph agho ghali kukhorwa ni agha:

### Kusambira Ciyowoyero
Chiyowoyero cha Guosa chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Mazgu ghanandi ghakung'anamulika na vilembo, nga ni é (plural), ng (present progressive), lá (perfective aspect), na kà (volitive). Palije nkhani. Zina likufuma pa zina. Palije ndondomeko ya kalembero iyo yikulongora kuti munthu ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi. Kanandi mazgu gha Guosa ghakulembeka na mazgu ghanyake.

#### Mazina
Vimanyikwiro vinyake vya Ciguosa vikupambana na mazgu ghanyake mu ciyowoyero ici, pakuti vikusintha kuyana na umo munthu wakuyowoyera. Kweni viŵaro vya munthu vikupambana yayi, ndipo munthu wangapambaniska pakati pa viŵaro vya mwanakazi na vya mwanalume. Mazgu ghakulondezgapo agha, ni mazina gha mazina gha ŵanthu. Zina mwa mazina agha ghakumanyikwa makora yayi, ntheura tikumanya yayi mazina agho ghakuzunurika.

Lizgu lakuti us likapangika na mazgu ghakuti -wan. Nangauli lizgu lakuti posessive kanandi likulongosoreka na lizgu lakuti pronoun, kweni mazgu ghakuti nke "of" ghangang'anamuraso kuti posession.

#### Vinthu ivyo vikulongosora
Vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu ciyowoyero ca Guosa ni vigaŵa vyakupambana yayi, ndipo vyose pamoza vikucemeka kuti ni mazgu agho ghakulongosora vinthu. Kweni mazgu ghanyake ghakulongosora waka ivyo vikuchitika.

Ku Guosa kuli madigiri ghanayi gha kupambaniska. Lizgu lakuti jù "vinandi" likusangika pakuyaniska lizgu ili na lizgu linyake: rámá "chiwemi" → rámá jù "chiwemi". Lizgu ili likusazga waka mazgu ghakuti khà "very" na jù: rámá jù khà "best" (lit. Paumaliro, pali cigaŵa cacinayi ca kupambaniska vinthu. Nangauli lizgu lakuti superlative likulongora kuti munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi ni muwemi comene mu gulu linyake, kweni lizgu lakuti category ilo likulongora kuti munthu wali na nkharo yiwemi kuluska superlative likulongora kuti munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi ni muwemi comene mu gulu lose.

#### Vilembo
Ku Guosa, vilembo vyose vili na nthowa yimoza; palije kukolerana. Pali lizgu la ciyowoyero ici, wù, kweni likugwiriskirika nchito para pali lizgu la munthu. Kweni para mazgu ghakuyowoya za chinthu chinyake, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti wù yayi, ndipo lizgu ili likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti verb. Yaniskani mazgu ghakuti mò wù mámbézè "Ndine themba" na mò rámá "Nili makora".

Pali vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikusintha umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera, umo ghakuyowoyekera, na umo ghakupulikikwira. Kanandi vilembo ivi vikuŵa kunthazi kwa mazgu agho vikusintha, kweni vilembo vya lá vikulondezga waka mazgu.

* *ng* (present continual): *mó sòngí 'sóngà* "Nkhuyimba sumu" → *mó ng sòngí 'sóngà* "Nkhuyimba sumu"
* *tí* (perfect): *mò jòndú* "I sit" → *mò tí jòndú* "I have sat"

Lizgu lakuti lá likulembeka mu nthowa yakupambana, ndipo likupangiska kuti lizgu ili liŵe nga ni lizgu lakulembeka kale. Vinthu ivi vingaŵaso vyakuwoneka.

* *mó kùndé* "I wake up"  → *mó kùndé lá* "I am awake"

#### Vyakusazgirapo

#### Manambara
Guosa wali na nambala ya khumi. Manambara ghakulondezgapo agha:

# *dáyá* "one"
# *ejì* "two"
# *ètá* "three"
# *ìnàng* "four"
# *ìsén* "five"
# *ìsíì* "six"
# *asáà* "seven"
# *asáto* "eight"
# *essé* "nine"
# *góma* "ten"

Vinthu ivyo vikuyana na nambara 10 vikusangika para nambala 10 yakwamba ya nambara yiliyose yikhwaskika.

# *gó "*ten, -teen" (used in the numbers 11–19)
# *jì* "twenty"
# *tá* "thirty"
# *nà* "forty"
# *sén* "fifty"
# *síì* "sixty"
# *sá* "seventy"
# *sát* "eighty"
# *ssé* "ninety"

The number multiples of one hundred are created by using the reduplicated *gogo* root. These numbers are not treated as compounds, unlike the number 11–99.

* *ejì gógó* "two hundred"
* *asáà gógó* "seven hundred"

The ordinal numbers are formed by using the preposition *nke*.

* *nke dáyá* "first"
* *nke sáètá* "seventy third"
* *nke* *asáà gógó* "seven hundredth"

#### Kulemba Mazgu

Guosa wakugwiliskira nchito vigaŵa viŵiri kuti wamanye mazgu kufuma ku vinyake. Mwaciyelezgero:

ò - munthu, munthu uyo wakuzunulika na lizgu ili. Mu vilembo vinandi, ici ni è.

* *kózí* "to teach" → *ò kózí* "teacher", *è kózí* "teachers"
* *gwùebí* "hungry" → *ò gwùebí* "hungry person", *è gwùebí* "hungry people"
* *mákárántá* "school" → *ò mákárántá* "student", *è mákárántá* "students"

ì - ni lizgu na lizgu la munthu kufuma ku lizgu panji lizgu linyake:

* *bísí* "to succeed" → *ìbísí* "success, successful"
* *kózí* "to teach" → *ìkózí* "lesson"
* *rùshé* "to work" → *ìrùshé* "work, labor"
* *máchè* "woman" → *ìmáchè* "womanhood, womanly"

Mu Chiguosa, mazgu ghanandi ghakufuma mu vilembo viŵiri ivi pera.

### Viyelezgero

## Kugwiliskira Ntchito
Ŵasambizgi ŵa Guosa ŵakasambizganga pa Yunivesite ya Abuja. Nthowa ya AI yakung'anamulira malemba kufuma ku Chingelezi kuya ku Chiguosa nayo yilipo pa intaneti.

## Kuyowoyapo