Tania Bruguera

**Tania Bruguera** (wakababika mu 1968 ku Havana, Cuba)) ni nkhwantha ya vyakujambura na kujambura vinthu ndipo wakujambura vinthu na kujambura vinthu. Iye wakukhala ku Cambridge uko wakugwira nchito nga ni mutu wa vya manyuzipepara na vyakucita pa Harvard University. Bruguera wakaluta ku maungano ghakurughakuru pa caru cose. Ntchito yake yili mu nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vya pa caru cose, kusangzapo Museum of Modern Art na Bronx Museum of the Arts na Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana.

Mulimo wa Bruguera ukulongosora vya mazaza na kuwusa, ndipo milimo yake yinandi yikulongosora vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu Cuba. Chifukwa cha ivyo wakachitanga, Bruguera wakakakika kanandi waka na kujalirika mu jele.

## Mbili
Wakababika na zina lakuti Tania Brugueras, ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa Miguel Brugueras uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma, kweni wakati wakwaniska vyaka 18, wakasintha zina lake na kuŵa Bruguera.

Cifukwa cakuti adada ŵake ŵakaŵa nduna ndipo ŵakaŵa mu boma la Fidel Castro, Tania wakasama maulendo ghatatu apo wakaŵa mwana. Adada ŵake ŵakaluta ku Paris (1973-1974), Lebanon (1974-1977), na Panama (1977-1979). Mu 1979, vilimika viŵiri kufuma apo wakasamukira kacitatu, Bruguera wakasankha kuwelera ku Cuba.

Bruguera wakasambira ku Instituto Superior de Arte ku Havana ndipo pamasinda wakatora digiri ya M.F.A. ku School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Ndiwo wakambiska na kulongozga Catédra Arte de Conducta (sukulu ya maluso gha kachitiro), sukulu yakwamba ya maluso gha kachitiro ku Latin America, iyo yikupangika na Instituto Superior de Arte ku Havana. Kufuma mu 2003 kufika mu 2010, wakaŵa pulofesa mu Dipatimenti ya Visual Arts pa Yunivesite ya Chicago, ku United States ndipo ni pulofesa wakucemeka ku Yunivesite ya Iuav di Venezia ku Venice, Italy.

Mu 2021, Bruguera wakafumako ku Cuba kuti boma lizomerezge kuti ŵakwimira boma awo ŵakakakika mu chaka chenechichi ŵafumemo mu Cuba.

## Ntchito
Mu 1985-96, Ana Mendieta wati wafwa, Bruguera wakambiska viphikiro vyakuti Tribute to Ana Mendieta.

Mu 1997 Bruguera wakalemba buku lakuti The Burden of Guilt (El peso de la culpa) ilo likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cuba ŵakajiphyera mwakuti ŵaleke kukomeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain.  Bruguera wakalongosora kuti kurya fuvu kukaŵa "nkhondo ya kulimbana na boma". Pa nyengo iyi, Bruguera wakimilira kwambura kuvwara, ndipo thupi la mwana wa mberere likaŵa mu singo yake. Kwa maminiti 45, wakarya dongo lakusazgako maji na mchere, ivyo vikimiranga masozi. Nga ni umo Edward Rubin wakalongosolera, "cithuzithuzi cakucitiska citima ici cikadankha kulongoreka mu Havana, uko ŵategherezgi ŵakakumbuskika makora kuti wanangwa, wanangwa, na wanangwa wa kujisankhira vyakucita ni vintu vyambura kuwoneka, kweni ni vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti tili na wanangwa".

Mu 1998-1999 Bruguera wakapanga cinthu cakucita cithuzithuzi cakucemeka kuti "Destierro" (Kusamuka). Vinthu ivi vikuyanako na ivyo munthu munyake wankhongono zina lake - Nikis Nkonde -  wakachita ndipo vikulongora kuti boma la Cuba likaŵalayizga vinthu vyawaka ŵanthu ŵake apo likachitanga vinthu vyautesi. Na cinthu ici, Tania wakucema ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba kuti ŵacitepo kanthu na kupempha boma la ku Cuba kuti licite ivyo laŵalayizga.

Mu 2002, Bruguera wakambiska Cátedra Arte de Conducta (Sukulu ya Maluso gha Nkharo) ku Havana kuti wapeleke malo ghakusambizgirako vya maluso ghanyake mu caru ca Cuba. Cátedra iyi yikaŵa na mulimo wa kusambizga ŵawukirano ŵa ku Cuba maluso ghakupambanapambana, na kulongora umo maluso ghangagwilira nchito kuti ghasinthe maghanoghano gha ŵanthu. Kweniso, Cátedra yingapulikikwa nga ni mulimo wa luso mu nthowa ya maboma kususka, social mchitidwe, panji parasitism, na Bruguera reformulating maboma frameworks wa Cuban national art sukulu, the Havana Biennial, ndipo ndalama-ndi-nkongono-fueled mayiko luso dera kuti unintended vilato. Pakugwiliskira nchito malo agho wakaŵa, Bruguera wakawovwira ŵasambiri ŵake kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi mwa kuŵalongoraso milimo yawo pa Havana Bienal".

Bruguera wakaluta ku Havana ku Havana Biennial of Tatlin's Whisper #6 2009 ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye vinandi. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakacitanga cinthu ici, Bruguera wakaŵika maikolofoni na kuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoyenge cilicose ico ŵakukhumba kwa miniti yimoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vya ŵasilikari ŵakaŵikanga tuyuni tuchokotuchoko pa viŵegha vya waliyose uyo wakayowoyanga nkhani, kulongora kuti ŵakakumbukiranga ivyo vikacitika apo nkhunda yikakhala pa viŵegha vya Fidel Castro apo wakayowoyanga nkhani yakulongosora kuti watonda pa nkhondo mu Janyuwale 1959. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵapo pa ungano uwu ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakuti "ufulu" na "demokirasi". Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa wakaŵa Yoani Sánchez, uyo ni mulembi wa mabulogu. Boma la ku Cuba likayowoya kuti likususka ivi ndipo likati "ichi ntchiyezgo chakukhozga soni na chambura kuzomerezgeka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kujambura vinthu ndipo chikukwiyiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakiza kuzakalongora kuti ŵakukolerana na boma".

IMu 2011, Bruguera adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Immigrant Movement International, ntchito yojambulidwa m'magawo ambiri yomwe ikuyembekezeka kupitilira mu 2015. Mu 2011, Bruguera wakamba kukhala mu nyumba yichoko ku Corona, Queens, na ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na ŵana ŵawo. Iyo wakakhumbanga kumanya masuzgo agho ŵanthu awo ŵali na vikalata vyambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakukumana nagho para ŵakukhumba kusanga ndalama zinandi yayi kweniso para ŵalije inshuwalansi. Mulimo uwu ukacitikanga na Queens Museum of Art na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga ndalama yayi lakucemeka Creative Time. Mulimo uwu ukaŵangaso wa kujura sitoro ku New York, uko Bruguera wakakhumbanga kuti wacitiskenge masambiro gha luso ku ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kweni wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakizanga ku sitoro iyi ŵakakhumbanga kusambira Cingelezi panji kusanga nchito.

Mu chaka cha 2012, wakalemba buku la Surplus Value, ilo likaŵa chigaŵa cha pulogiramu ya Immigrant Movement International ku Tate Modern. Kuti ŵanjire mu cipinda ca Surplus Value, ŵalendo ŵakalindiliranga pa mzere utali, ndipo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kupimika na makina ghakupimira utesi. Pa malo agha pakaŵa vimanyikwiro vinayi vyakuyana na ivyo vikaŵa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Nazi.

Mu chaka cha 2013, wakambiska pulogiramu ya The Museum of Arte Útil mu mgwirizano na Queens Museum of Art ku New York na Van Abbemuseum ku Eindhoven (NL). Mu Cisipanishi, lizgu lakuti Arte Útil likung'anamura luso, kweni likung'anamuraso luso panji cinthu cinyake. Arte Útil wakughanaghana, kulenga na kufiska vinthu ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu. Nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ya Arte Útil yikapangika na gulu la Asociación de Arte Útil, ilo ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Alistair Hudson, uyo ni mulara wa sukulu ya Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA) na Bruguera ndiwo ŵakulongozga gulu ili.

Mu chaka cha 2017, Bruguera wakajipharazga kuti waŵe mulembi wa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa ku Cuba mu chaka cha 2018 mu vidiyo yakuchemeka #YoMePropongo en Cuba. Mu pulogiramu iyi, wakufumba ŵanthu kuti ŵaghanaghanire ivyo ŵangacita kuti ŵazakaŵe na umoyo uwemi munthazi ku Cuba usange ŵangasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. M'paka sono, Bruguera wapokera mavidiyo 70 kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba awo ŵakukhumba kusintha boma la vimbundi ili, kuti ŵaŵape nyumba zakukwana, kweniso kuti ŵasinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya ndalama.

Mu chaka cha 2018, wakapokera ntchito ya ku Tate Modern's Turbine Hall. Pa malo agha, Bruguera wakabenekelera cigaŵa cinyake ca pasi na malangi ghafipa. Para ŵalendo ŵakhala panji kugona pa malo agha, ŵakawonanga cithuzithuzi cikuru ca munthu uyo wakacimbira ku Syria. Catherine Wood, uyo wakonkheska malo agha, wakalongosora kuti: "Mukucema ŵanthu kuti ŵacitepo kanthu, cifukwa palije ico mungacita kuti muwonenge cithuzithuzi ici kwambura kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵanandi".

Mu chaka cha 2021, nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ya Pérez Art Museum ku Miami yikagura ntchito ya Bruguera ya El peso de la culpa (The Burden of Guilt).

Bruguera wakaluta ku malo ghanandi ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Documenta 11 (2002), Documenta fifteen (2022), Bienal Iberoamericana ku Lima, Peru (2002), Istanbul Biennial (2003), Shanghai Biennale (2004), na Gwangju Biennale ku Gwangju, Korea (2008). Ntchito zake zili mu nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vya ŵanthu ŵanandi pa charu chose, kusazgapo Museum of Modern Art na Bronx Museum of the Arts ku New York na Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana.

### Activism
Bruguera wakakakika na kufumiskika katatu mu nyengo ya Disembala 2014 mpaka Janyuwale 2015 chifukwa cha kupanga chiwonetsero ku Plaza de la Revolución ku Havana. Iyo wakakakika pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Cuba, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu visinthe, awo ŵakalembanga mabulogu, na awo ŵakalembanga nkhani mu nyuzipepara, awo ŵakalondezganga kampeni ya 'Yo Tambien Exijo.' Kampeni iyi yikamba pa Disembala 17, 2014, apo Raúl Castro na Barack Obama ŵakapharazga kuti ŵaŵeso paubwezi na caru ca Cuba, ndipo ivi vingapangiska kuti nkhondo iyo yili kuŵapo kwa vyaka 50 yimare. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba kukakika pa Ciŵiri, Disembala 30, pamasinda pakuti Bruguera wapharazga kuti wacitenge maseŵero gha pa wumba na cilato cakuti waŵaleke ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba kuti ŵayowoye maghanoghano ghawo mwakufwatuka. Mulimo uwu ukacemeka kuti Tatlin's wisper #6  ⁇  Havana Version, ndipo ukacitikapo kale mu 2009 pa nyengo ya 10th Havana Biennial. Mu nyengo ya Tatlin's Whisper #5 (2008), ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa chiphikiro ichi ŵakasangana na ŵapolisi awo ŵakakweranga pa mahachi.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyapo nkhani iyi mu manyuzipepara ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 pa caru cose ŵakalemba na kusayinira kalata yakukhozgera Tania iyo yikalembekera Raúl Castro. Kalata iyi yikayowoya kuti: "Tikugomezga kuti kumukaka na kukanizga pasipoti yake ya ku Cuba, ni nthowa zambura kwenelera zakucitira vinthu na munthu uyo wakakhumbanga waka kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyepo". Pamanyuma ŵakamufumiska ndipo boma la Cuba likamuwezgera pasipoti yake pa Julayi 10, 2015, myezi 6 kufuma apo ŵakayipokelera.

Mu Disembala 2015, Bruguera wakapharazga kuti wangaweleraso ku Cuba. Iyo wakati apo wakaŵa mu jele wakazomera kuti wafumenge pekha para wapika vinthu viŵiri: kuti awo ŵakakolerana nayo yayi na boma awo ŵakakakika pamasinda pakuti wawonelerapo ivyo wakacita pa Revolution Square ŵafumiskike; ndiposo kuti boma la Cuba limupeko kalata yakusachizga kuti wawelerenge ku Cuba.

Pa 3 March, 2016, iye wakambiska kampeni ya Kickstarter kuti wasange ndalama za INSTAR (Institute of Artivism Hannah Arendt). Wupu uwu ukukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe paubwezi, ŵacitenge vinthu mwamtende kweniso mwamahara para vinthu vyasuzga, kweniso kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana pa nkhani ya ndyali ŵakumanenge pamoza kuti ŵazenge caru ciwemi. Awo ŵakalemba pulogiramu iyi ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵapeleke uthenga wawo ku boma la Cuba apo Bruguera wakanizgikanga.

Mu Okutobala 2017, Tania Bruguera wakapharazga kuti wazamupharazga nga ni "Purezidenti wa ku Cuba", para Pulezidenti Raul Castro (munyamata wa Fidel Castro) wafumapo pa udindo. Bruguera wakayowoya kuti mulimo wa kuseka uwu ni mulimo wa kuvumbura kuti Cuba ni boma la chipani chimoza ilo ŵanthu ŵakulisora yayi. Iyo wakugomezga kuti wasinthenge vinthu mwa kuvumbura unenesko uwu, na kuwuskapo cikhaliro ca wofi.

Bruguera wakakakika mu Disembala 2018 pambere wandachite chipharazgo chakususkana na dango la ku Cuba (Docree 349) ilo likukhumba kuti awo ŵakucita vyakusanguluska ŵapemphe boma kuti liŵapenge malaisensi. Pa Disembala 6, 2018, Bruguera wakafumiskika mu jele pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghatatu pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake 12 awo ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, mudumbu wake wakaphalira nyuzipepara ya The Art Newspaper kuti boma la Cuba likumujalira mu nyumba ndipo likukhumba kuti wamukome. Bruguera wakadandawura ku boma la ku Cuba kuti likamuyowoyera vyauzeleza pamasinda pakusindikizga nkhani izo zikakhumbanga "kumuŵinya [mwanakazi uyu] na mbumba yake, mu maghanoghano, mu umoyo, na mu nchito yake". Nkhani izi zikaŵa mu nyuzipepara ya Gramma, Razones de Cuba, na La Jiribilla.

Mu Okutobala 2020, Bruguera wakadandawura kuti wakapulikanga vyakuŵinya vinandi chifukwa cha kupoma uko wakapulika mu nyumba yake ku Havana.Vimanyikwiro vya matenda agha vikuyana waka na ivyo vikucitika para munthu wali na nthenda ya ku Havana.

## Ukaboni

## Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
* Art21 episode featuring Tania Bruguera https://art21.org/artist/tania-bruguera/
*Dignity Does Not Rest: An Interview with Tania Bruguera, MoMA Magazine
* Tania Bruguera, Untitled (Havana 2000) at The Museum of Modern Art
* Hear Bruguera speak about her work Untitled (Havana 2000)
* Official webpage of the artist
*Interview with Paul O'neil in Bomb Magazine
*Tania Bruguera: the more the secret police torture me, the better my art gets, The Guardian
*Tania Bruguera: Yale World Follows
*Tania Bruguera: Rebel with a Cause