Wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland

**Wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland**, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Central African Federation panji CAF, yikaŵa boma ilo likaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu vya kumwera kwa Africa: Southern Rhodesia, ilo likaŵa la Britain, na Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Boma ili likaŵapo pakati pa 1953 na 1963.

Wupu uwu ukapangika pa 1 Ogasiti 1953,na kazembe uyo ni mwimiliri wa fumukazi. Malo ghatatu agha ghakaŵa ghambura kukhwaskika, nangauli malango ghanyake ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ufumu wa Britain. Chinthu chinyake icho chikaŵa chiphya ni African Affairs Board, iyo yikakhazikiskika kuti yovwire ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ndipo yikaŵa na mazaza ghakwendeskera fundo izo zikapelekeka. Apo caru cose cikafumako ku vyaru ivyo vikalamuliranga ŵanthu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na m'ma 1960, caru ca United Kingdom cikakhwaskika na wupu wa United Nations na Organization of African Unity (OAU). Magulu agha ghakakolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga, ndipo ŵakakolerana nawo.

Wupu uwu ukamara pa Disembala 31, 1963. Mu 1964, pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo charu ichi chikamazgikira, Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland ŵakajiyimira ŵekha. Mu Novembala 1965, charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikapharazga kuti ntchakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku United Kingdom.

## Mbili

### Wupu wa Central African Council
Mu 1929, Komiti ya Hilton Young yikati "mu nyengo iyo vinthu viliri nthena, vyakusanguluska vya ku Nyasaland na Northern Rhodesia, vya vyachuma na vya ndyali, vikukolerana yayi na vyaru vya ku East Africa, kweni vikukolerana na vyaru vinyake na vyaru vya Southern Rhodesia". Mu 1938, Komiti ya Bledisloe yikati vigaŵa vyose viŵenge vyakukolerana, kweni yikaleka kupempha kuti viŵe mu wupu wa federal. M'malo mwake, wupu uwu ukayowoya kuti paŵe wupu wa pakati pa vigaŵa kuti uwovwire boma na kuwona ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu cigaŵa ici. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kukhazikiskika mu 1945, apo wupu wa Central African Council ukapangika kuti ukhozge ndondomeko na vyakucita pakati pa vigaŵa ivi. Kazembe wa ku Southern Rhodesia ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza pa ungano uwu. Wupu uwu ukaŵa waka na mazaza gha kucezga, kweni ghakakanizganga yayi.

### Madumbizgilano
Mu Novembala 1950, Jim Griffiths, Secretary of State for the Colonies, wakaphalira House of Commons kuti boma laghanaghana kuti liwoneso umo vyaru vya ku Central Africa vingaŵira pamoza, ndipo kuti ungano wa maboma na wa Central African Council uŵengeko mu Malichi 1951. Ungano uwu ukati pakukhumbikwa kukolerana comene, ndipo ukayowoya za umo vyaru vitatu ivi vikukolerana. Ŵakati vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyambura kuvikilirika ndipo vingaŵa makora usange vingaŵa na chuma chikuru. Kweniso ŵakayowoya kuti usange maofesi ghanyake gha boma ghaŵa ghamoza, ghangapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti boma likhazikiske wupu wa wupu wakulongozga, ndipo boma likwenera kuŵa na mazaza ghanyake. Ungano unyake ukachitika mu Seputembala 1951 ku Victoria Falls, ndipo Griffiths na Patrick Gordon Walker nawo ŵakiza. Maungano ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakacitikira ku London mu 1952 na 1953, ndipo pa ungano uwu, ŵakanozgekera umo boma la Britain liŵirenge.

Nangauli pa maungano agho ghakacitika pamanyuma pake pakaŵa fundo zinandi zakususkana, kweni zinandi zikaŵa zakusuzga kuzipulikiska, ndipo zinyake zikawonekanga zambura kumazga. Maungano agha ghakaŵa ghakusuzga. Southern Rhodesia na Northern Territories vikaŵa na maluso ghakupambana chomene pa nkhani ya 'Native Question' (African black) na maudindo agho ŵakeneranga kuchita mu chalo.

Phangano ili mphanyi likaŵa lambura kufiskika kwambura Sir Andrew Cohen, Muteŵeti Wakovwira wa Secretary for African Affairs (ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa Kazembe wa Uganda). Wakazgoka yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska na kwendeska vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Federation, ndipo kanandi wakawovwiranga yekha ŵanyawo. Cohen, uyo wakaŵa Muyuda ndipo wakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca nyifwa ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ca America, wakaŵa munthu wakususka mtundu wa ŵanthu kweniso wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Kweni wakaleka vilato vyake kuti waleke kucita ivyo wakawonanga kuti ni ngozi yikuru comene kuluska kulutilira kwa muwuso wa ŵatuŵa wa ku Southern Rhodesia. Lord Blake, wakulemba mdauko wa ku Oxford, wakalemba kuti: "Mwakuyana waka, mtundu wa Apartheid ndiwo ukapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora". Pa Malichi 24, 1953, Nyumba ya Commons yikazomerezga fundo za ungano uwu, ndipo mu Epulero yikapeleka fundo zakukolerana na vyaru vya Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Pa 9 Epulero, ku Southern Rhodesia kukacitika referendum. Pakulondezga kukosera na kukhozga mtima kwa Prime Minister wa Southern Rhodesia, Sir Godfrey Huggins, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25,000 ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakavotera boma la federal, ndipo pafupifupi 15,000 ŵakakana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vigaŵa vyose vitatu ivi ŵakasuskanga. Wupu uwu ukaŵako apo Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku United Kingdom yikapeleka dango lakuti Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation Act, 1953. Dango ili likapeleka mazaza kwa Fumukazi kuti yikhazikiske wupu wa vyaru vitatu ivi. Dango ili likapelekeka pa Ogasiti 1, 1953, ndipo likapangiska kuti malango ghanyake gha mu Dango la Wupu Wakulongozga ghayambe kugwira ntchito. Kazembe mukuru wakwamba, Lord Llewellin, wakamba uteŵeti wake pa Seputembala 4. Pa Okutobala 23, 1953, Llewellin wakalemba chikalata icho chikapeleka ulongozgi unyake wose wa mu Dango.

### Ndondomeko ya chalo
Paumaliro, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira mu vyaru vinkhondi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kukangana pakati pa maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Lord Blake wakati, caru ici cikaŵa "cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na maboma ghawemi comene".

Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe boma la ku Africa ilo lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. Pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti maboma gha boma na gha vigaŵa ghagaŵane mazaza na milimo yawo. Ndime 97 ya Dango ili yikapeleka mazaza ku wupu wa Federal Assembly kuti usinthe malango gha boma. Kazembe Mukuru ndiyo wakwimira Fumukazi mu Federation. Boma la United States likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani izo zikakhwaskanga boma. Maufumu gha boma ghakagaŵikana mu "Federal Legislative List" agho wupu wakulongozga malango ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga malango, na "Concurrent Legislative List" uwo wupu wakulongozga malango wa boma na wa vigaŵa ukaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga malango.Malango gha boma ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene kuluska malango gha chigaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose ivyo boma likapika mazaza ghakuchitira malango, kusazgapo malango agho ghakalembeka pamoza.

Boma likapangika na Kazembe Mukuru, uyo wakimiranga Fumukazi, na Wupu Wakulongozga uwo ukaŵa na Nduna Yikuru na nduna zinyake zinkhondi na zinayi izo zikaŵikika na Kazembe Mukuru. Khoti likuru likapangika na Khoti Likuru Chomene, ilo pamasinda likalembeka na Federal Supreme Court Act, 1955, ilo likapangika na Chief Justice, ŵeruzgi ŵaŵiri ŵa boma, na ŵeruzgi ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa vitatu vya Federation. Khoti ili likamba kugwira ntchito pa Julayi 1, 1955, apo Kazembe-Jenerala wakapeleka chilapo kwa mulara wa khoti na ŵeruzgi ŵanyake. Mu upharazgi uwu mukaŵaso Lord High Chancellor na Chief Justice of the Union of South Africa.:595 Ŵeruzgi ŵalara ŵakaŵa Sir Robert Tredgold, uyo wakaŵa Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia, uyo wakaŵa Chief Justice of the Federation kufuma mu 1953 mpaka 1961, na Sir John Clayden, kufuma mu 1961 mpaka 1963. Khoti Likuru Chomene likaŵa na mazaza ghakupulikizga madandawuro gha makhoti ghapachanya gha mu vigaŵa vyawo. Kweni pakwamba khoti ili likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani izi:

* Mphindano pakati pa boma na boma la vigaŵa, panji pakati pa maboma gha vigaŵa para mphindano izi zikukhwaska mafumbo (ghawemi panji ghaunenesko) agho ghakukolerana na kuŵako panji ukuru wa wanangwa;
* Nkhani izo zikukhwaska malo ghambura maofesi mu Nyumba ya Malango ya chalo na ma petition gha pa mavoti; ndipo
* Vinthu ivyo munthu wakukhumba kupeleka dango lakukanizga panji dango lakukanizga mulimo wa boma.

Mu 1958, nduna yikuru yikakhazikiska ofesi yakuwona vya mafuko iyo yikadumbiskana ndondomeko, vyakucita, na milimo iyo yikatondeskanga panji kususka ndondomeko ya boma yakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa 1 Epulero 1959, nduna yikuru yikimika Secretary of Parliamentary to the Ministry of Home Affairs, uyo wakaŵa na udindo wa nduna yakuwona vya mafuko.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti charu cha Southern Rhodesia ndicho chizamuŵa na mazaza pa charu chose. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe maungano ghatali na kusintha malango. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakasuskanga ŵanyawo pa nkhani za ndyali kweniso ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasopenge.

Vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kukhazikika vikaŵa mphambano yikuru pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa ku Europe. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakasazgikiranga chomene. Ici cikawovwira comene kuti vinthu vyende makora mu caru ici. Mu 1939, ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000 ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga ku Southern Rhodesia; pambere wupu wa Federation undaŵeko ŵakaŵa 135,000; apo wupu wa Federation ukaparanyikanga ŵakaŵa 223,000 (nangauli awo ŵiza sono ŵangavota para pajumpha vyaka vitatu). Nyasaland yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene ku Europe na ku Africa. Ntchito yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵa ku Europe ŵakagwiranga mu CAF yikulongoreka na mulongozgi wawo wakwamba, Sir Godfrey Huggins (uyo wakazgoka Viscount Malvern mu Febuluwale 1955), Prime Minister wa Federation kwa vyaka vitatu vyakwambilira ndipo pambere ivi vindachitike, Prime Minister wa Southern Rhodesia kwa vyaka 23. Huggins wakaleka udindo wa Prime Minister wa Southern Rhodesia kuti watore udindo wa Federal Prime Minister. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusamira ku vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya ndyali. Malo gha nduna yikuru ya Southern Rhodesia ghakaŵaso gha nduna yikuru, nga ni umo vikaŵira mu Britain's Ministerial Titles Act of 1933, ndipo ghakaŵa gha nduna yikuru. Garfield Todd, nduna ya vya ndyali ya ku mphepete mwa nyanja iyo yizamuzgoreka. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti udindo wa Todd na ndyali zake vikaŵa vyambura kuzirwa. Nakuti yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa chomene kuti CAF yimare, kweniso kuti Rhodesian Front yikure.

M'malo mwa wupu wakulongozga, nduna yikuru Huggins yikakhumbanga kuti wupu uwu uŵikane pamoza, na kupanga boma limoza. Kweni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, Britain yikasuska cifukwa cakuti caru ca Southern Rhodesia cikaŵa na wanangwa wa kupoka katundu na ndalama cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵakapanga wupu wakulongozga kuti ulekeske suzgo ili. Ntheura Huggins wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba kufuma mu 1953 mpaka 1956, ndipo wakalondezgana na Sir Roy Welensky, wandale wakuzirwa wa ku Northern Rhodesia, kufuma mu 1956 mpaka apo Federation yikamara mu Disembala 1963.

Mu boma la Britain, maofesi ghaŵiri gha ufumu ghakaŵa pa mphindano yikuru ya maghanoghano, ya munthu na ya ntchito. CO ndiyo wakalamuliranga vyaru vya Nyasaland na Northern Rhodesia, apo CRO ndiyo wakalamuliranga Southern Rhodesia. Vyaru vya kumpoto vikasuskanga boma la Rhodesia la kumwera, ilo CRO yikakhozgeranga. Chakuzirwa nchakuti, CO yikakhumba kuti yikhozgere wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuluska CRO, iyo yikakhumba kukhozga vyakukhumba vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia (ndipo ku Northern Rhodesia) ŵa ku Europe. Mu 1957, Welensky wakakhumbanga kuti paŵe dipatimenti yimoza iyo yikateŵeterenge vigaŵa vyose vitatu, ndipo Macmillan nayo wakatemwanga kuti CRO ndiyo yiŵe na udindo wa vigaŵa vyose ivi. Kweni Secretary of the Cabinet wakamuphalira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵantchito ŵa ku Northern Territories ŵakususka. Mwantheura, mu 1962, milimo ya wupu uwu yikasamira ku dipatimenti yiphya, yakucemeka Central Africa Office, ndipo Rab Butler ndiyo wakaŵa nduna. Ndipouli, ici cikaŵa ca nyengo yicoko waka, cifukwa apo Alec Douglas-Home wakalondezganga Macmillan kuŵa nduna yikuru, udindo wa Federation ukawelera ku CRO na CO, ndipo Duncan Sandys ndiyo wakaŵa na udindo wa wose ŵaŵiri.

Cikaŵa cakwenelera kuti Cecil Rhodes wakhazikiske vigaŵa vyose vitatu mu caru cimoza. Kweni kwa Huggins na ŵa ku Rhodesia, cifukwa cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti CAF (panji kuti kuwungana) kuŵepo cikaŵa kuti kumpoto kwa Rhodesia kukaŵa na mkuŵa unandi. Mwakupambana na vyaru vya Rhodesia, charu cha Nyasaland chikaŵavya visulo vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Scotland. Kuŵanjizga mu wupu wa Federation kukaŵa kacitiro kakuyelezgera kuluska kukhumbikwa. Kuŵikapo mtima uku kukawovwira yayi CAF: Nyasaland na ŵanthu ŵake ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti CAF yileke kukhazikika, ndipo yikamara..[

## Kukura kwa cuma na wanangwa wa ndyali

Nangauli boma la CAF likaŵa lakusuzga, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora. Mu cilimika cakwamba ca wupu uwu, GDP yake yikaŵa yakuzizwiska ya mapaundi 350 miliyoni; pamanyuma pa vilimika viŵiri yikaŵa pafupifupi mapaundi 450 miliyoni.Kweni ndalama izo munthu wa ku Europe wakasanganga zikapambananga na izo munthu wa ku Africa wakasanganga.

Mu 1955, boma likapharazga kuti lipangenge sitima ya Kariba. Chikaŵa cinthu cakuzizwiska comene pakuzenga damu likuru comene pa caru cose pa nyengo iyo. Malo agha ghakavumbura mphindano pakati pa Southern na Northern Rhodesia, ndipo Rhodesia ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwenelera kuzenga chiziŵa.

CAF yikapeleka vyaka 10 vya wanangwa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Pakaŵa ŵaminisitala ŵacigaŵa ca Africa mu CAF iyo yikaŵa na ŵacigaŵa ca Southern Rhodesia, apo vyaka 10 kumasinda, ŵanthu ŵacigaŵa ca South Rhodesia 70 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota.

Ntheura, CAF yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kupoka katundu na ndalama. Nangauli ivi vikakwenyerezga ŵazungu ŵanandi, kweni ŵakalutilira kulondezga ivyo Huggins wakacita na CAF, comene cifukwa ca kukura kwa cuma. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhorwa yayi na fundo iyi, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵawo ŵakamba kukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ndiwo ŵalongozgenge.

## Kuwuka kwa kutemwa caru

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kutinkhana na CAF, ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo maboma gha ku Britain ghakatinkhanga umo yikapangikira kweniso chilato chake.

Mu Juni 1956, Kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia, Sir Arthur Benson, wakalemba kalata yakubisika chomene yakususka chomene wupu uwu (na dango liphya ilo likanozgekera) kweniso nduna yikuru ya boma, Sir Roy Welensky. Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri, Lord Malvern (uyo wakaŵa Sir Godfrey Huggins mu Febuluwale 1955) wakasanga buku ili na kumupa Welensky.

Ubwezi pakati pa Whitehall na nduna za CAF ukaŵa wakuti ungaweleramo yayi. Ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti Harold Macmillan, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma la Britain, wamanye kuti mu CAF muli suzgo, kweni wakawona kuti suzgo ili likaŵa lakuzirwa yayi.

Nkhani iyi yikamalizgika mwaluŵiro na kusintha malango ghanyake, kweni sono vikumanyikwa kuti Welensky wakaghanaghananga chomene za ndondomeko ya unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) ya federation, nangauli wakasankha yayi.

Pa nyengo iyi, kuumaliro wa vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Territories, ku Africa, ŵakasuska muwuso wa CAF. Mu Julayi 1958, Hastings Banda, mulongozgi wa Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) (pamanyuma Malawi Congress Party), wakawerako ku Great Britain kuya ku Nyasaland, apo mu Okutobala Kenneth Kaunda wakazgoka mulongozgi wa Zambia African National Congress (ZANC), chigaŵa icho chikapatuka ku Northern Rhodesian ANC. Boma la CAF likakanizga gulu la ZANC mu Malichi 1959, ndipo mu Juni likajalira Kaunda myezi 9. Apo Kaunda wakaŵa mu jele, Mainza Chona, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wake wakugomezgeka, wakagwira nchito pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵapange United National Independence Party (UNIP). Kukwambilira kwa 1959, ku Nyasaland kukawuka vivulupi, ndipo wakulemba mdauko munyake, Lord Blake, wakati: "Charu ichi chikaŵa mukavu comene pa vyaru vitatu ivi, kweniso chikaŵa na ndyali zinandi comene".

Boma la CAF likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Dr. Banda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa NAC ŵakakakika ndipo gulu lawo likakanizgika. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakatumika kuti ŵize na ndondomeko. Mbumba ya British Labour MP John Stonehouse yikachimbizgika ku Southern Rhodesia nyengo yicoko waka pambere boma la Nyasaland lindayowoyepo suzgo, ico cikakwiyiska ŵa British Labour Party.

Nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti fundo yose ya wupu uwu yiŵe yakukayikiska, ndipo nanga ni Nduna Yikuru Macmillan nayo wakamba kukayikira usange wupu uwu ungaŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani za ndyali. Komiti ya Ufumu iyo yikapelekanga ulongozgi kwa Macmillan pa ivyo vicitikenge ku CAF, yikalongozgekanga na The 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, QC, uyo kale wakaŵa Paymaster General. Secretary of the Commonwealth, The 14th Earl of Home, wakatumika kuti wakanozge nduna yikuru Welensky, uyo wakakondwa yayi na kwiza kwa komiti iyi.

Welensky wakasanga kuti Fumu Home yikukhozgera kuti CAF yilipo. Mwakupambana na ivi, munthu munyake wa ku Scotland, Iain Macleod, uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial Affairs, wakatemwanga wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na kumazga wupu uwu. Nangauli pa nyengo iyi Macmillan wakakhozgera Fumu Home, kweni vinthu vikasintha. Ku Britain, Macmillan wakati nchakuzirwa comene kuti "ŵasungiliri ŵa Tory ŵalutilire kucita vinthu mwakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri sono".

## Kulekeka

Pa nyengo iyo Macmillan wakendera caru ca Africa mu 1960, apo wakapharazganga ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Cape Town, vinthu vikamba kusintha. Kuzakafika mu 1960, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa France vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka kale. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakachimbira ku Belgian Congo chifukwa cha nkhondo ya pawenenawene.

Pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ku Congo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakawonanga kuti Prime Minister wa CAF, Sir Roy Welensky, ni munthu wakususka ndipo wovwiri wake ku Katanga ukaŵa wakusazgirapo. Welensky wakatinkhikanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku woko lamalyero na lamazere wuwo: pati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, apo wakacitanga kampeni yakwimikana na chipani ca Rhodesian Front ca Ian Smith, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakasuska Welensky uyo wakaŵa wakujiyuyura, kuti ni 'Muyuda wa ndopa,' 'Mukomyunizimu,muwukirano,' na'munthu wakucita wofi.'

Secretary wa Commonwealth, Duncan Sandys, wakadumbiskana za 'Constitution ya 1961', constitution yiphya ya CAF iyo yikakhukiska chomene mazaza gha Britain pa iyo: kweni, mu 1962, British na CAF cabinet ŵakakolerana kuti Nyasaland yikwenera kuzomerezgeka kupatuka, nangauli Prime Minister wa Southern Rhodesia Sir Edgar Whitehead wakajipeleka ku British kuti ŵasunge chisisi ichi mpaka pa mavoti gha 1962 mu chigaŵa ichi. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, charu cha Northern Rhodesia nacho chikapokera wanangwa uwu.

Mu 1963, ungano wa Victoria Falls Conference ukacitika, cifukwa cakuti ukaŵa cinthu caumaliro ca kuponoska CAF, kweniso cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa malo ghakupatulirako. Pa Juni 5, 1963, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Kenya, Tanganyika, na Uganda ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakukhumba kukolerana kuti ŵaŵe mu wupu wa East Africa. Kuumaliro wa Juni 1963, boma ili likawonekanga kuti lileke kunangika. Ndipouli, pati pajumpha myezi yicoko waka, cilindizga ca kukhazikiska wupu uwu cikamara.

Pali vifukwa vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikapangiska kuti charu ichi chileke kukolerana, kusazgapo kuti charu cha Uganda chikudandawura chifukwa chakuti ntchakulopwa mu charu ichi, kweniso chifukwa cha ivyo Kwame Nkrumah wakakhumbanga kuti charu cha East Africa chiŵe na wupu ukuru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake nga ni Joseph Nye na Thomas Franck, ŵakalemba vya kutondeka kwa wupu uwu.

Pa Disembala 31, 1963, wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland ukamara, ndipo katundu wake wakagaŵika pakati pa maboma gha vigaŵa. Charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikapokera katundu munandi wa ŵasilikari aŵa, kusazgapo katundu wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Mu Julayi 1964, charu cha Nyasaland chikajiyimira paŵekha ndipo chikachemekanga Malawi, ndipo mu Okutobala, Northern Rhodesia yikajiyimira paŵekha ndipo yikachemeka Republic of Zambia.

Pa Novembala 11, 1965, boma la Southern Rhodesia, lakulongozgeka na nduna yikuru Ian Smith, likapharazga kuti charu cha Rhodesia chili na wanangwa wakujiyimira pawekha. Ici cikapangiska kuti caru cose ciŵe na citima.

## Chitetezo
Nduna ya vya kuvikilira yikaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa kuvikilira, uwo ukaŵa na ŵasilikari na ŵanthu ŵanyake.

The Army, in 1960, consisted of three training formations:

* Sukulu ya ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pasi iyo yikaŵa ku Gwelo, ndiyo yikacitiskanga masambiro ghanyake. Gulu ili likaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri, vya nkhondo na vya ŵasilikari..
* Ku malo ghakusungirako ŵasilikari, ku Salisbury, ndiko ŵakasambizgiranga ŵasilikari wose ŵa mitundu yinyake.
* Ku Depot, ku Royal Rhodesia Regiment, ŵakasambizganga ŵasilikari ŵa Territorial Force.

Gulu ili likasambizgikanga na mawupu gha Rhodesia na Nyasaland Corps of Engineers, Corps of Signals, na Army Service Corps.

Mu Meyi 1958, malo ghatatu ghakacemeka na mazina gha "ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵa ku Central Africa". Msasa wa RAR ku Llewellin ukacemekanga Methuen Camp cifukwa ca zina la Colonel J.A. Methuen. Malo agha ghakacemekanga Cobbe Barracks cifukwa ca zina la Mulara Alexander Cobbe. Malo agha ghakachemeka Stephenson Barracks, pamanyuma pa Mubali A. Stephenson. - Kasi ndiwe?

Pa malo ghakucemeka Llewellin Barracks ku Bulawayo pakaŵa cikumbusko ca kazembe mukuru wakwamba wa wupu wa Federation. Nkhondo ya Tug Argan yikakumbukirika mu zina la Tug Argan Barracks mu Ndola.

Gulu la ŵasilikari ili likaŵa na mabataliyoni ghanayi gha ku Africa: 1st na 2nd Battalion, King's African Rifles; the Northern Rhodesia Regiment; and the Rhodesian African Rifles.:6681961, the all-White 1st Battalion of the Rhodesian Light Infantry regiment was added.

Gulu la ŵanakazi la Rhodesia and Nyasaland Women's Military Air Service (lakucemeka kuti "WAMS") likaŵa gulu la ŵanakazi la Federation. Mu 1957, ŵasilikari ŵakasintha ndondomeko yawo ndipo ŵakamba kuchepeska unandi wa ŵasilikari.

## Chiharo
Nangauli wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland ukakhala waka vyaka 10, kweni ukakhwaska comene caru ca Central Africa.

Boma la ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵatuŵa, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakukwana 200,000, comenecomene ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia, ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa, ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu.

Wupu wa Britain uwo ukaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain, ukaŵa wakupambana na wupu unyake wa ku South Africa. Kuwuskika kwa CAF kukavumbura mphambano pakati pa vyaru vyakujiyimira vyene ivyo vikalongozgekanga na Africa nga ni Zambia na Malawi, na Southern Rhodesia (iyo yikalutilira kulamulirika na boma la ŵanthu ŵachoko waka Ŵachizungu mpaka apo vinthu vikasinthira mu 1978). Ku Southern Rhodesia kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa boma na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa, apo Malawi na Zambia vikazgoka vyaru vya chipani chimoza.

Pamanyuma pa Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), nkhondo yikuru yikamba pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri vya CAF - Zambia (iyo yikukhozgera ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa) na Southern Rhodesia (iyo yikukhozgeka na South Africa) - pamoza na mazgu ghakututuzga gha vyaru vinyake, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukaŵa nkhondo.

## Mathebulu ghakutumizga makalata

Mu 1954, boma la Britain likafumiska mathamalindi ghakwamba agho ghakaŵa na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II. Wonani nkhani yikuru pa Sitampu za ku Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Kweniso ŵakafumiskanga vithuzithuzi vya msonkho.

## Wonaniso

* Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
* Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
* Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1953
* Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1958
* Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election, 1962
* Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
* Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
* Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence

## Vyakulemba


## Ukaboni

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* 

## Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

* Rhodesia and Nyasaland Army http://www.rhodesia.nl/ceremonialparade.pdf
* Window on Rhodesia, an archive of the history and life of Rhodesia
*