Livingstone, Zambia

**Livingstone** ni msumba wa Zambia. M'paka mu 1935, msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Zambia. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi ndipo ni tawuni iyo yili ku mphaka na Zimbabwe, iyo yili ku sirya linyake la Victoria Falls. Msumba uwu ukaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain. Mu 2010, ŵanthu 134,349 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Zina la msumba uwu lili kufuma kwa David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Scotland.

## Mdauko wa Pambere Charu Chindambe
Mukuni, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 9.6 kumwera kwa Livingstone, ndiwo ukaŵa muzi ukuru comene mu cigaŵa ici pambere Livingstone wandazengeke. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Baleya, awo ŵakafuma mu fuko la Rozwi ku Zimbabwe, ŵakathereskeka na Mulara Mukuni uyo wakafuma ku Congo mu ma 1500. Gulu linyake la Ŵaleya ilo likaŵa pasi pa Mulara Sekute likakhalanga kufupi na mlonga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa Ŵabatoka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Musokotwane uyo wakakhalanga ku Senkobo, mtunda wa makilomita 30 kumpoto. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Tonga kweni ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya Ŵaleya.

Subiya wakapeleka msonkho ku ŵa Lozi ŵa ku Barotseland kweni mu 1838 Ŵakololo, fuko la Ŵasotho kufuma ku South Africa, awo ŵakasuzgika na nkhondo za Ŵazulu, ŵakaluta kumpoto na kuthereska ŵa Lozi. Ŵanthu ŵa Kololo ŵakaŵika ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵanthu ŵa Subiya ŵa ku Sesheke pa Tokaleya. Mu 1855 mishonale munyake wa ku Scotland, zina lake David Livingstone, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona maji gha Victoria Falls, agho ghakaŵa kufupi na Zambezi..

## Colonial history
Mu ma 1890, kampani ya British South Africa Company ya Cecil Rhodes yikakhazikiska boma la Britain kumpoto kwa Zambezi ndipo yikambiska ntchito ya kupenja na kupenja vinthu vyamunyengo na vinthu vinyake nga ni makuni, njovu na vikumba vya nyama mu chigaŵa chakuchemeka North-Western Rhodesia. Pakwamba ŵakendanga mu boti la visulo ilo likendeskekanga na ŵanthu 8 ŵa mtundu wa Lozi. Chigodobu cha Batoka na chigodobu chakunyang'amira na vigodobu vya pakati pa Zambezi (sono vili na maji ghanandi chifukwa cha chigodobu cha Kariba) vikang'anamuranga kuti pakaŵavya malo ghawemi ghakwambukirako pakati pa maji na chigodobu cha Kariba, 483 km (300 mi) kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Apo nthowa ya Old Drift yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kukhazikika mu malo agha. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agho nyerere zikuberekako, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwanga na maleriya, ndipo pamanyuma pa 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasamukira ku malo ghapacanya agho ghakachemekanga Constitution Hill panji Sandbelt Post Office.

Pakati pa ma 1890, Railways ya ku Rhodesia yikafika ku Bulawayo ku Southern Rhodesia ndipo yikapangiska kuti ku malo agha kuŵe vyamaseŵera, ivyo vikapangika na migodi ya malasha ku Hwange (iyo yikachemekanga Wankie) makilomita 110 kumwera kwa Mosi-oa-Tunya. Njanji iyi ŵakayizingilizga ku Hwange cifukwa ca malasha, kweni Rhodes wakakhumbanga kuti walutilire kwenda kumpoto kuti wakhozge ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1904, njanji yikafika ku Falls kumwera ndipo ŵakamba kuzenga Victoria Falls Bridge. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakalindiliranga yayi kuti ŵamalizge kuzenga, Rhodes wakazenga msewu kufuma ku Livingstone m'paka ku Kalomo, ndipo ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito njinga yimoza iyo ŵakayegha pakudumura mlatho.

Msumba uwu ukazengeka mu 1905. Mu 1907, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikasamuskira msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ku malo agha. Mu 1911, kampani iyi yikasazga chigaŵa ichi na Northern Rhodesia. Msumba wa Livingstone ukaŵa wakutowa cifukwa cakuti ukendanga pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi. Kweniso ukaŵa wakutowa cifukwa ca ulimi uwo ukacitikanga mu cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa Mlonga uwu. Ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi izo zilipo m'paka sono. Nangauli likuru la caru ici likasamukira ku Lusaka mu 1935 kuti likhalenge kufupi na msumba wa Copperbelt, kweni makuni, vikumba, hona, katoni (mwakusazgapo vyakuvwara) na vyakurya vinyake vikakura. Ŵakazenga malo ghakuzenga magesi agho ghakatoranga maji kufuma ku chiziŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu tawuni ya Victoria Falls ku Southern Rhodesia ndimo ŵanthu ŵakendanga, kweni vinthu vinandi ŵakaguranga kwa Livingstone.

Mu matawuni ghose gha ku Northern Rhodesia, tawuni ya Livingstone ndiyo yikaŵa yakumanyikwa comene ku Britain. Pakuti yikazingilizgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa, yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakupambanako comene, ndipo nangauli yikaŵa dango la apartheid yayi, kweni yikaŵa na vyakucitika vyakuyana waka. Malo gha kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi gha tawuni iyi na pakati pake ghakaŵa gha maboma gha ŵazungu na mabizinezi gha ŵazungu, ndipo malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukhalako. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na mabizinezi pakati pa msumba uwu, kumafumiro gha dazi.

Apo boma la Britain likamba kudumbiskana vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kopa kuti boma la Britain lingaŵaleka. Ntheura, ŵanandi ŵakamba kusamira kumwera ku Southern Rhodesia panji South Africa. Apo Northern Rhodesia yikapokera wanangwa kuŵa Zambia, ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kuluta. Paumaliro wa muwuso wa Britain mu 1964, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakapika caru ico mukaŵa waka ŵanthu 100 ŵa mitundu yakufipa awo ŵakamalizga masambiro gha ku koleji, ndipo pafupifupi wose ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa sayansi ya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Fort Hare mu South Africa. Mu 1968, boma la chipani cimoza likakhazikiskika ilo likapoka katundu wa ŵanthu ŵambura kuwira, comenecomene wa ŵazungu. Ntheura, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia awo ŵakakhalako ŵakafumako ku Zambia.

## Post-independence
Nyumba zinyake za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa zikabwangandulika na kuzgoka nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, nangauli msumba wa Livingstone ndiwo ukaŵa malo gha tawuni ya ku Rhodesia ya m'ma 1950 mu filimu ya mu 1981 yakuchemeka The Grass Is Singing (iyo yikukolerana na buku la Doris Lessing). Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama zinandi izo boma la Britain likapeleka ku Zambia apo likapokera wanangwa, zikagwiliskirika nchito ku Livingstone. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu tawuni ya Livingstone cifukwa cakuti mafakitale ghakaŵa mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo pamasinda boma la Zambia na la Rhodesia likamazga mphaka.

Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta kukawona malo agha. Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu makampani agha, kufuma ku mahotelo gha mazuŵa ghano nga ni Sun International, na malo ghanyake ghakugulira. Padera pa vyalo vyakukwelera ŵanthu, vinthu vinyake ivyo Livingstone wakulindizga ni vyakuti walondezge nthowa ya Walvis Bay Corridor, iyo yikovwira kuti chipata cha Katima Mulilo chijinthe na kumalizga Trans-Caprivi Highway, iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 200 kumanjiliro gha dazi.

## Nyengo
Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli nyengo yakuzizima chomene (Köppen: BSh), nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzura na vula, nyengo yakuzizima chomene na nyengo yakuzizima.

## Kayendelo

### Ndege

Msumba uwu uli na chiŵanja cha ndege cha Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport, icho chikupokelera ndege zakufuma ku Lusaka ndipo chikukolerana na misumba yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Johannesburg, Cape Town, Mbombela & Nairobi.

### Njanji
Msumba uwu uli na migelo ya Cape to Cairo Railway, iyo yikukolerana na Lusaka kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi na Bulawayo kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi. Sitima ya ku Lusaka yikucemekaso kuti Zambia Railway. Sitima ya Mulobezi yikukumaniska Livingstone na makampani gha makuni gha Mulobezi kumanjiliro gha dazi.

### Msewu
Msewu wa Lusaka-Livingstone (msewu wa T1) ukukumana na Kalomo, Choma na likuru la charu (Lusaka) kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi. Mseu womwewo umalumikizana kumwera, kudutsa ku Zimbabwe kudzera pa Victoria Falls Bridge (zoletsa kulemera zimagwira ntchito) (kukhala mseu wa A8 kumbali ya Zimbabwe ndikudutsa Victoria Falls Town musanapite ku Bulawayo).

Msewu wa M10 ukulazga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kazungula (uko Kazungula Bridge, kale Kazungula Ferry, yikukolerana na mphaka ya ku Botswana) na Sesheke (uko yikwambuka Zambezi nga ni Katima Mulilo Bridge na kufika ku Katima Mulilo Border na Namibia). Msewu uwu ukufuma ku Livingstone m'paka ku Katima Mulilo Bridge uli mu msewu wa Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road. M10 yikulutilira kukolerana na Senanga na Mongu.

## Malo ghakusoperapo
Pa malo agha pali visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu: Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone (Chisopa ca Katolika), United Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone (Pentecostal Church), Reformed Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Union of Zambia (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. Paliso nyumba za cisopa ca Cisilamu na za Cihindu. Kale, mu tawuni ya Livingstone mukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi.

## Mwambo

Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakusungiramo vinthu vyakale nga ni Livingstone Museum (iyo yikulongosora vya ŵasayansi, ŵanthu na mbiri yakale, kweniso yili na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na David Livingstone), Maramba Cultural Museum (iyo yikulongosora vya kuvina, kwimba, na vyakuvwara), Railway Museum of the Mulobezi Railway, na Victoria Falls Field Museum (iyo yikulongosora vya geology na archeology mu tawuni ya Victoria Falls).

## Matawuni ghaŵiri

Livingstone wali na ŵadumbu:

*  Funchal, Portugal
*  Santa Fe, United States

## Wonaniso

* Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe (the adjacent Zimbabwean city)
* Annual-State-of-Cross-Border-Operations-Report-2019-20.pdf (cbrta.co.za)https://www.cbrta.co.za/uploads/files/Annual-State-of-Cross-Border-Operations-Report-2019-20.pdf

## Ukaboni


## Mabuku

# Apthorpe  R  (1960)-Rhodes  Livvingstone  Institute  Journal-Problems  of African History, the Nsenga of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 58.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia (Manchester University Press, Manchester) pages 95,103 and 129.Douglas S.D. (1961) – The Stories of the Ancient Lore of the Bene Mukuni page 19.Manchishi P.C. and Musona E.T. – The People of Zambia – The Short History of the Soli (Multimedia, Lusaka) page 2 Poole L. (1938) – The Native Tribes of the East Luangwa Province of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 45
# Muntemba, M (1970), Zambia Museums Journal, Volume 1- The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia page 29. Mwale B.B. – About the Acewa, History and customs of the Cewa people chapter V.Poole L. (1938), The Native Tribes of the East Luangwa Province of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 45.Undi Gawa Kalonga Chivunga, Paramount Chief (1970) Interview.
# Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Gwembe Valley People (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 73.Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Lenje Soli People (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 75.Colson E. (1960)-Kariba Studies (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 168.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 132.Fagan, B.M and Philipson D.W (1965), the Iron Age Sequence at Lochnivar and the Tonga, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Volume 95 part 2.Field, S. A. (1961) Visilano, History Project U.M.C.A Msoro. Chapters 41, 42, 43, 45, 46 and 47.Government  of  Zambia  –  Statutory  Instrument  number  146  of  1998 (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 521.Government of Zambia – Statutory Instrument numbers 22 and 23 of 1999 (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 43 and 45.Kaulu, M. G. (1995) District notes (ODG/SIN/102/15/2) – A Brief History of Mwemba Chieftainship pages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Langworthy, H.W. (1972), Zambia Before 1890: Aspects of Pre-Colonial History (Dai Nippon Printing Company (HG) Limited Hong Kong) page 23.Liteta Chinkuli Wilson – Senior Chief Mukuni N’gombe (1990) interview.Malala Muzamba II- Be-Dyango XV (1958) interview.Mukuni Siloka II (1957), A Short History Of the Baleya People (Government Printer, Lusaka) pages 4, 5, 6 and 7.Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume 1. The Political and Ritual Sovereighnty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia. page 29.Mwale B.B. – About the Acewa, History and customs of the Cewa people chapter V.Siampande Siamayuwa Senior Chief Mwemba (1990) interview.Sekute Kalonga Chief (1957) Interview
# Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Gwembe Valley People (Government Printer, Lusaka) pages 70 and 72.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The Lozi of Barotseland (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 19.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The Plateau Tonga (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 96 Gyenkye (1996) The African Chief, page 109.Langworthy, H.W. (1972), Zambia Before 1890: Aspects of Pre-Colonial History (Dai Nippon Printing Company (HG) Limited Hong Kong) pages 25 and 119.Malala Muzamba II- Be-Dyango XV (1958) interview.Memo 376/27/5/B (1933)Minutes – Kalomo Native Authority meeting (1936)Malahasi Lwangulamombo, Sikukwila (1958) interview.Mubila Philemon, Mwendambeli (1987) interview.Munongo Bantu Mwenda Msiri Mwami (2006) interview.Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume 1. The Political and Ritual Sovereighnty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia. pages 30, 31 and 32.Sialutaba Josephat, Mutoozi We Namunaki (1987) interview.Vogel Joseph, O. (1975) Simbusenga (Oxford University Press, Oxford) page 47.Yanina Munchindu, Inabuze (1987) Interview.
# Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume I – The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia – pages 30 and 34
# Malala Muzamba II Be-Dyango XV (1958) Interview.Mubila  Mwendambeli  (1986)  assisting  in  the  Siloka  III  Mukuni  XIX Investiture rites.Mukasimalweza Muzamba III Be-Dyango XVIII (1986)conducting coronation rites.Mukanyemba Mukalaso Siamachoka Mwanengwelele (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Siloka III Mukuni XIX (1986) coronation rites, personal experience.
# Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume I – The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia – pages 30 and 34
# Malala Muzamba II Be-Dyango XV (1958) Interview.Mubila  Mwendambeli  (1986)  assisting  in  the  Siloka  III  Mukuni  XIX Investiture rites.Mukasimalweza Muzamba III Be-Dyango XVIII (1986)conducting coronation rites.Mukanyemba Mukalaso Siamachoka Mwanengwelele (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Siloka III Mukuni XIX (1986) coronation rites, personal experience.

## Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

* Zambia National Tourist Bureau page
* https://www.zambiatourism.com/towns/livingstone/