Maubale gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake

Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, maubwezi gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa ghakukhwaska maboma ghanyake gha kumwera kwa Africa nga ni African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵambura kukolerana.

Zambia yili mu wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana wakukwana 44, ndipo wupu uwu ni United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations na Southern African Development Community.

Ku Zambia kuli mphindano ya mphaka pa mphaka ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Nkhondo yinyake na Democratic Republic of Congo yikukhwaskana na Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.

## Mbili

Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chomene muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakaŵa pa udindo mu 1964-1991, wakaŵa munthu wakuwoneka makora uyo wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe ku Southern Africa. Wakakhozgera gulu la UNITA pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola, SWAPO pa nyengo ya nkhondo yawo ya kujiwombora ku apartheid ku South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), na African National Congress pa nkhondo yawo yakwimikana na apartheid ku South Africa.

Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa mu Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Pa cifukwa ici, vyaru vya South Africa na Rhodesia vikaponyapo ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikakhozgera magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakwimira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu vyaru ivi. Ndipouli, masuzgo agha ghakamara chifukwa cha kuzenga Damu la Kariba na kuzenga njanji ya Tan-Zam.

Cifukwa ca cigaŵa cawo mu nkhondo za kufwatuka, Zambia yikumanyikwa comene mu vyaru ivyo ŵakawovwira ndiposo mu Africa mose. Mwaciyelezgero, pulezidenti wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela, kanandi wakazunuranga ngongoli iyo South Africa yili nayo ku Zambia.

Pambere Zambia yindaŵe na wanangwa, Kaunda wakakumana na John F. Kennedy apo wakaluta ku United States mu 1961, ndipo wakakumana na Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, na George H.W. Bush ku White House mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakasuskanaso na nduna yikuru ya Britain Margaret Thatcher kanandi waka, cifukwa wakatinkhanga fundo zake za ku South Africa.

Nga umo vikaŵira na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima. Mu 1970, mu caru ici mukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia yikaŵa ku woko lamazere kuluska ku woko lamalyero. Charu ichi chikaŵa paubwezi uwemi na China kweniso Yugoslavia. Kaunda wakumanyikwa mu Yugoslavia cifukwa ca kulira pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Josip Broz Tito.

Muwukirano wa Kaunda, Frederick Chiluba (1991~2002), nayo wakawovwira chomene pa ndyali za mu Africa. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kwendera lumoza na khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likadumura mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994.

Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001.

## Wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana

Charu cha Zambia chili mu wupu wa vyaru 45. Vinthu ivi ni:

Pakuyowoya za umo Zambia yiliri mu khoti la ICC, Zambia yili na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States ku milandu.

### United Nations

Pa Disembala 1, 1964, Zambia yikaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations, pamanyuma pa mwezi umoza kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa. Zambia wali na ofesi ya United Nations, ku 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. Mulongozgi wa gulu ili ni Tens Chisola Kapoma.

## Ndondomeko ya vyaru

Kufuma waka apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa pa Okutobala 24, 1964, charu ichi chapeleka wovwiri wa usilikari na wovwiri ku maboma ghanandi pa caru cose. Chomenechomene, Zambia yili na mbiri ya kupeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku ŵasilikari na maboma agho ghakulimbana kuti ghaŵe na wanangwa mu Africa mose. Wovwiri uwo Zambia wakapeleka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru cawo ciŵe cakutowa mu nyengo ya ufumu wa caru ici, ukaŵa wa nkhondo ndiposo wa ndyali. Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF), uwo uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army, Zambian Air Force na Zambia National Service, uli na chigaŵa chikuru mu nkhondo zinandi za ku chigaŵa na za pa caru cose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Makamaka, ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia ŵapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari pa nkhondo zikuruzikuru za mu Africa nga ni Rhodesian Bush War nangauli mba ku Zambia yayi.

Zambia yili na mbiri yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kufwatuka mu vyaru vinyake ndipo Kenneth Kaunda uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa charu ichi, wakayowoyapo kale kuti "Zambia waŵenge wambura wanangwa yayi m'paka charu chose cha Africa chiŵe na wanangwa". Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma la Zambia ŵakuwona kuti boma ili likukhumba kujisungilira. Pakuŵa caru cikuru ca pakati, muwuso wa Zambia ukujintha pa kukhazikika na ndyali za vyaru vyapafupi ivyo vikuzingilizga Zambia. Kuŵa na mtende mu vyaru ivi kwawovwira kuti pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wasungilire mazaza mu caru ici kwa vyaka vinandi.

### Kufwatuka na wovwiri wa ndyali
Zambia nayo wakafwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain. Boma liphya la Zambia ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wa chipani cha UNIP, likawovwira chomene kuti ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵafwatuke. Boma la Zambia likapeleka malo ghakubisamamo ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka, likawovwira kuti paŵe phangano, ndipo likapeleka wovwiri na vilwero. Kuŵako kwa muwuso wa vyaru vinyake ku Southern Africa kukawonekanga nga nkhukhuŵazga Zambia ndipo umoza wa vyaru vya mu Africa ukapangiska kuti charu chiphya ichi chiwovwire ŵazengezgani ŵake kulimbana na muwuso wa vyaru vinyake.

Chomenechomene, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu ŵakuwukira ŵa chipani cha Namibia liberation party, South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) na African National Congress (ANC) mu South Africa. Zambia wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma kweniso wovwiri wa ndyali.

#### SWAPO

South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) ni chipani icho kale chikaŵa na chilato cha kujikana na Namibia. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika kufuma mukati mwa Namibia, SWAPO yikasamuskira likuru lake na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵanandi ku Zambia mu ma 1970. Zambia yikazgoka malo ghakubisamamo gha gulu ili ndipo SWAPO yikakhazikiska misasa yakusambizgirako ŵasilikari na kutuma ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ku Zambia. Nkhondo ya ku Shipanga, yakucemeka na zina la Andreas Shipanga, mulongozgi wa SWAPO, yikapangiska kuti boma la Zambia limovwire kukora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakususka gulu ili. Ŵalongozgi ŵa SWAPO mu Namibia ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo SWAPO yikagwiranga na misasa ya ŵasilikari mu Zambia, ndipo ŵakapempha wovwiri kwa Pulezidenti Kaunda. Ŵakati ŵakora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbawukirano, kusazgapo Shipanga na wovwiri wa Zambia, ŵalongozgi ŵa SWAPO mu Namibia ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene.

#### African National Congress
African National Congress yikaŵa chipani cha ndyali icho chikalimbana na apartheid ku South Africa, icho chikaŵa na vilato vyakudemelera ku African National Congress ya ku Zambia. Boma la ku South Africa likati lakanizga chipani ichi, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakabisama panji ŵakachimbilira ku Zambia. Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ANC awo ŵakafumako ku caru cawo ca South Africa. Ntheura, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakusangira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndipo yikazomerezga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga kuti ŵawunganenge na kwendera lumoza. Nelson Mandela, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa South Africa, wakayowoyapo za mulimo wakuzirwa uwo Zambia wakacita pa kufwatura caru cawo mu vilimika ivyo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Ndondomeko ya Zambia yakuwombora ŵanthu kwizira mu diplomacy na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu chigaŵa ichi, yikuwoneka makora chomene mu chalo cha South Africa.

#### Zimbabwe
Kweniso Zambia yikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵafwatuke ku ŵazga ŵawo mu m'ma 1960 na 1970. Mwaciyerezgero, Zambia yikapeleka wovwiri wa futi na wa ndyali ku Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) na Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) pa nyengo ya kulimbana kwawo na boma la Rhodesia mu Nkhondo ya Rhodesian Bush. Zambia yikapeleka vilwero na masambiro ghachoko waka ku gulu la Zimbabwe la African Nationalist Movements, kweni yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za diplomacy kuti yikanizge wanangwa wa Zimbabwe. Ivi vikasazgapo maulendo ghanandi na kudumbiskana pakati pa boma la Rhodesia na ŵalongozgi ŵa Zambia kuti ŵadumbiskane umo ŵangamazgira nkhondo ya mukati mu caru. Paumaliro, mu 1979, boma la Rhodesia likathera ku mphindano za ŵamitundu yose ndipo likachita mavoti agho ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kuwusa charu ichi.

#### UNITA
Chipani cha National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) chikaŵa chipani cha ku Angola icho chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vikuru ivyo vikarwa nkhondo ya ku Angola mu 1975. Zambia, pasi pa Kenneth Kaunda wakasambizga na kupeleka ndalama ku UNITA kwimikana na MPLA mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya cikaya. Lusaka wakalutilira kukhozgera comene ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA ŵa ku Africa na ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA awo ŵakasambizgika mu Zambia. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia yaleka kukhozgera UNITA ndipo yaphepiska ku boma la Angola cifukwa ca kukhozgera UNITA.

### Milimo mu mphindano za vigaŵa

#### Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku Angola
Zambia ndiyo yikawovwira chomene pakovwira kuti paŵe kukolerana pakati pa MPLA na UNITA. Nkhondo ya ku Angola yikalutilira kwambira mu 1975 m'paka sono, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo ya pa mtima. Phangano la Lusaka likafuma ku Zambia ndipo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Phangano ili likasazgika mu Lusaka pa Novembala 20, 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakakolerana nalo. Paumaliro nkhondo yikambaso, ndipo mu 1998, mtende ukamara.

#### Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo
Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ku Africa iyo yikayamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu 1998, ndipo yikakhwaska vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa. Zambia yikaŵapo yayi pa nkhondo iyi, kweni yikakhumbanga kuti paŵe mtende na kumazga nkhondo. Ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha pa caru cose nga ni United Nations, ŵakawungana pa June 21-27, 1999, ku Lusaka kuti ŵanozge fundo zakumazgira nkhondo iyi. Phangano la kuleka nkhondo likati nkhondo yimare, ŵasilikari ŵa mtende ŵatumizgike na kufwatura ŵakayidi wose ŵa nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, na Zimbabwe ŵakawungana mu Lusaka, Zambia pa Julayi 10, 1999, kuti ŵasayine phangano la kuleka kuwukira. Paumaliro nkhondo zikalutilira nangauli pakaŵa phangano la mtende, ndipo nkhondo yikaleka m'paka mu 2003.

### African cooperation

Zambia njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili mu wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU), uwo sono ukucemeka African Union. Zambia nayo wali mu wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC). Pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya AEC, Zambia yikukolerana na vigaŵa viŵiri: Southern African Development Community (SADC) na Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Wupu wa SADC ukakhazikiskika mu msumba wa Lusaka, mu Zambia, pa Epulero 1, 1980, ndipo COMESA nayo wali na ofesi yake yikuru kwenekura.

## Mphindano za pa caru cose

Ku Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, na Zimbabwe uko mphaka zikukumana, ndipo na DRC ku Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave kumpoto kwa Chienge, pakukhalira kukwesana pa chiphangano cha Zambia-Congo icho chikavumbukwa na pulezidenti Laurent Kabila. Kuŵavya vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vigaŵa ivi, kweniso wanangwa wawo wa kuŵa ŵenekaya, ni nkhani yakusuzga chomene ku Luapula.

## Zambia na Commonwealth of Nations

Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu Commonwealth of Nations kwambira pa 24 Okutobala 1964, apo Northern Rhodesia yikamba kujiyimira payekha.

## Bilateral relations

## Wonaniso

* History of Zambia
* Politics of Zambia
* Kenneth Kaunda
* African Union
* List of diplomatic missions in Zambia
* List of diplomatic missions of Zambia

## Ukaboni

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