Dada waku Rhodesia

**Homo rhodesiensis** ni zina ilo Arthur Smith Woodward (1921) wakalemba kuti Kabwe 1 (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), ni fosili ya mu Middle Stone Age iyo yikasangika ku Broken Hill mine ku Kabwe, Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia).Mu 2020, ŵakawona kuti chiwangwa ichi chili na vyaka vyapakati pa 324,000 na 274,000. Paliso vinyama vinyake vyakale vyakuyana waka..

*Homo rhodesiensis* s.s. appears to have diverged earlier than *H. heidelbergensis* s.s. (Mauer)*. H. rhodesiensis* s.l. is now mostly considered a synonym of *[[:en:Homo_heidelbergensis|H. heidelbergensis]]* s.l**, or perhaps then slightly larger. Other designations such as *Homo sapiens arcaicus* and *Homo sapiens rhodesiensis* have also been proposed.

## Vinthu vyakusangika

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ku East Africa (Bodo, Ndutu, Eyasi, Ileret) na North Africa (Salé, Rabat, Dar-es-Soltane, Djbel Irhoud, Sidi Aberrahaman, Tighenif) ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi ivyo vikuyana waka.

* Kabwe 1, uyo wakuchemekaso kuti chiwangwa cha Broken Hill, panji "Munthu wa ku Rhodesia", wakimikika na Arthur Smith Woodward mu 1921 nga ni mtundu wa Homo rhodesiensis. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuleka kuzunura "rhodesiensis" na kumupa Homo heidelbergensis. Chiŵaro ichi chikasangika mu mgodi wa Broken Hill mu chigaŵa cha Mutwe Wa Nsofu ku Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Kabwe, Zambia) pa Juni 17, 1921 na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi. Padera pa chiwangwa, ŵakasangaso chiwangwa cha munthu munyake, chiwangwa, chiwangwa cha msana, na viwangwa viŵiri vya chigha.
* Chisko cha munthu wa ku Bodo: Chinthu ichi chikaŵako vyaka 600,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jon Kalb ŵakachisanga mu 1976. Nangauli chiwangwa ichi chikayananga chomene na cha Kabwe, kweni Woodward wakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito mazina agha ndipo awo ŵakaghasanga ŵakaghanaghana kuti ni cha H. heidelbergensis. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti pakaŵa kusintha pakati pa Homo ergaster na Homo sapiens.
* Chisko cha ndutu, "munthu wa ku nyanja ya Ndutu" kumpoto kwa Tanzania, vyaka vyapakati pa 600,000 na 500,000 panji 400,000. Mu 1976 R. J. Wakayama Clarke wakalilemba kuti Homo erectus ndipo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ndimo liliri, nangauli likuyana na Homo sapiens. Phillip Rightmire wakawona kuti ntchakwenelera kupima kuti H. sapiens ntchisomba cha ku Africa. Kuyana na umo mutu uliri, ni mamita 1,100. Nkhongono ya chiŵaro ichi na umo vikuwonekera, vikovwira kuti chiŵaro ichi chiwonekenge nga ntcha munthu. Ndipo mu buku linyake ilo likalembeka mu 1989, Clarke wakati: "Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyengo yakale ŵakuchemeka Homo sapiens cifukwa ca umo wongo wawo uliri". Kweni Stinger (1986) wakayowoya kuti munthu uyo wali na chiwangwa ichi wakuŵa na chiwangwa chakukhoma. Mu 2016, Chris Stringer wakalemba kuti chiwangwa ichi chikaŵa cha Homo heidelbergensis/Homo rhodesiensis (chimanyikwiro icho chikuŵa pakati pa Homo erectus na Homo sapiens) m'malo mwa kwamba kwa H. sapiens, kweni wakuwona kuti chikaŵa na "viwangwa vyakuyana waka na vya Homo sapiens" kuluska viwangwa vinyake vya Homo rhodesiensis. Chiŵaro cha mutu wa Saldanha icho chikasangika mu 1953 ku South Africa, ndipo chikuŵa kuti chili na vyaka pafupifupi 500,000, chikasintha katatu kufuma mu 1955 m'paka mu 1996.

## Bodo cranium
Chisko cha Bodo ni viswaswa vya mtundu unyake wa ŵanthu. Mu 1976 ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jon Kalb ndiwo ŵakamusanga. Gulu la Rift Valley Research Mission likachita kafukufuku munyake uyo wakawovwira kuti ŵasange vinthu vya ku Acheulean na viswaswa vya vinyama. Alemayhew Asfaw na Charles Smart ndiwo ŵakamba kusanga visko vyapasi. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghaŵiri, Paul Whitehead na Craig Wood ŵakasanga chigaŵa chakunena cha chisko. Vigaŵa vya chiwangwa ivi vikasangika mu mlonga wa Awash ku Ethiopia. Vinthu ivi vikasangika pa malo ghakuru chomene gha mchenga, ndipo viŵiya vichoko waka ndivyo vikasangika pafupi na chitanda. Chiwangwa ichi chili na vyaka 600,000.

### Observation
Chiŵiya ichi chili na chiŵiya chikuru chomene icho chikuyana na msinkhu wake, ndipo chikuŵa pafupifupi 1250 cc (pakati pa ~1,200~1,325 cc). Chisko chili na chisko, chiwangwa chikuru cha kumaso, vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati pa chiwangwa, na msana wakunthazi kwa chiwangwa. Utali, usani, na msinkhu wake ni masentimita 21, 15,87 na 19.05. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bodo ŵakakomanga nyama chifukwa ŵakasanga nkhwantha za ku Acheulean na viwangwa vya nyama. Vinthu ivyo vikadumulika pa mutu wa Bodo vikulongora kuti thupi la munthu likafumiskikanga mwaluŵiro para wafwa. Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti thupi la munthu likaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana pa chiwangwa, vikulongora kuti munthu wakafumiskanga thupi lake mwadala. Vimanyikwiro vya kudumulika uku vikaŵa pakati pa chiŵegha, ndipo ŵasayansi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti cifukwa ca kudumulira thupi likaŵa kuwuskamo chiŵegha.

### Morphology
Mphepete mwa chiwangwa cha Bodo nchitali comene ndipo pali viwangwa vikuruvikuru. Chiŵaro cha thupi la munthu icho chikuŵa pa malo ghakupambanapambana na thupi la munthu chikuwoneka makora chomene. Glabella njakuzingilizgika ndipo yikuwoneka makora. Nga ni Homo erectus, wongo wake ngwapacanya ndipo ukuwoneka nga ngwambura ntchito. Viwangwa ivi navyo ni vyakukhoma nga ni viwangwa vya Homo erectus. Chifukwa cha msana wake ukuru, wali na chiŵaro chikuru chomene icho chikulongora kuti wali na viŵaro vinandi. Utali wa chiŵegha uwu ungamanya yayi chifukwa chigaŵa ichi nchambura kukwana. Nangauli chiŵaro ichi chikusoŵapo, kweni tingamanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na chamoyo ichi para tingagwiliskira ntchito viŵaro ivyo vikasangika mu 1981. Makuni gha mu mutu ghakutandazgika mwakuyana na umo munthu waliri sono. Chiŵaro cha chiŵaro ichi chili na chiŵaro chapachanya chomene icho chili mu viwangwa vya ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano..

### Evolutionary significance
Chiŵiya ichi chili na kawonekero kachilendo, ndipo pali kukwesana pa nkhani ya kaŵirikaŵiri. Chiŵaro ichi chikulongora kuti munthu wali na chisko chakuyana na cha ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Bodo na visomba vinyake vya ŵanthu vya mu nyengo ya Pleistocene vikuwoneka kuti vikukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuyana waka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Homo erectus, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti chisko cha Bodo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Homo heidelbergensis, ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasintha kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Homo erectus mu nyengo ya Middle Pleistocene. Nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyana, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na uko kukafuma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo heidelbergensis. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti visko vya ŵanthu ivyo vikusangika mu viswaswa nga ni viwangwa vya Bodo ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵambe kuŵa na thupi lakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale.

### Similarities between Bodo cranium and Kabwe cranium
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na visko vya Bodo na Kabwe ni ivi: Vinthu vyose viŵiri ivi vili na mathupi ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Viwangwa vyose viŵiri vili na chiwangwa chikuru chomene. Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikulongora kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus na Homo sapiens. Vinthu ivi vikukolerana na ivyo vikusangika mu vinyama vinyake vya mtundu wa Homo heidelbergensis. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Bodo na Kabwe vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakale comene cifukwa vili na mikhaliro yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus. Kweni vyose viŵiri vikupambana chomene na Homo erectus pa nkhani ya umo thupi liliri, nga ni umo viwangwa vyawo viliri, umo viwangwa vyawo viliri, umo chisko chawo chiliri, kweniso umo mphuno na mathupi ghawo ghaliri. Nangauli pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuyana, kweni pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana pakati pa viŵeto ivi, kusazgapo chiŵaro chose cha mutu wa Bodo, comenecomene viŵaro vya kumanyuma, ivyo ni vyakukhoma comene yayi pakuyaniska na viŵeto vya Kabwe.

## "''Homo bodoensis''"
Mu 2021, Mirjana Roksandic na ŵanyake ŵa ku Canada ŵakasachizga kuti mtundu wa H. heidelbergensis na "H. rhodesiensis" uleke kusangika, chifukwa zina lakuti rhodesiensis likuchindika Cecil Rhodes, munthu wa ku England, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵaleke kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Ŵakalemba kuti H. heidelbergensis yose ya ku Europe ni H. neanderthalensis, ndipo H. rhodesiensis ŵakayipangiska kuŵa mtundu uphya uwo ŵakawuchema kuti "H. bodoensis". "H. bodoensis" wakwimira ŵanthu awo ŵaliko sono, kweni wakusazgapo yayi ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano na ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal. Iwo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Pleistocene ŵakamba kusama chifukwa cha kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo iyi. Stringer na ŵanyake ŵakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulongosora umo fundo zawo zikovwilira..

## Wonaniso

* *[[:en:Homo_heidelbergensis|Homo heidelbergensis]]*
* List of fossil sites
* List of hominina fossils

## Ukaboni


## Mabuku

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## Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

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* Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).