Kazembe

**Kazembe** ni ufumu uwo uli ku Zambia, kumwera kwa Congo. Kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 250, Kazembe wakaŵa ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kiluba-Chibemba, awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Eastern Luba-Lunda ŵa kumwera kwa Africa. Malo agha ghakaŵa pa misewu ya malonda, ndipo ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi, vyakumera vinandi, na ŵanthu ŵanandi.

Ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Mwata panji Mulopwe, ilo likung'anamura kuti 'Mulongozgi Mulara,' ndipo pa chiphikiro cha Mutomboko icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Luapula Valley na mu Nyanja ya Mweru mu Zambia.

## Mbili

### Mbiri ya Chikoloni

#### Umo Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba-Lunda-Kazembe Ŵakafuma

Around 1740 the first Mwata, Ng'anga Bilonda of the Luba-Lunda Kingdom Wakalongozgeka na Mwata Yamvo (panji 'Mwaant Yav') makilomita 300 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula mu DR Congo, wakaluta na gulu la ŵalondezgi ŵake kukaskera kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mutanda uyo wakakoma wiske Chinyanta na asibweni ŵake mwa kuŵabira mu Mlonga wa Mukelweji. 'Mwata' pakwamba wakaŵa mutu wakuyana na 'General'.

Ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska Mutanda, gulu ili likalutilira kusama kumanjiliro gha dazi pasi pa Mwata Kazembe II Kanyembo Mpemba, ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Luapula ku Matanda, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti Ŵashila mu Dambo la Luapula, ndipo ŵakimika ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Luba panji Lunda kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Nangauli Lunda na Luba ŵakiza na mitheto na mitheto yawo (nga umo ŵakacitiranga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba), kweni ŵakamba kuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Ŵemba, awo nawo ŵakafuma ku Congo.

Ufumu uwu ukafuma ku nyanja ya Mweru na Mofwe Lagoon, kweniso ku vinthu vyakuthupi, kusazgapo mkuwa ku Katanga, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakatenge Mwata Kazembe wakaŵa na ŵasilikari 20,000, ndipo malo ghake ghakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Lualaba (mphepete mwa ufumu wa Mwata Yamvo wa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luba-Lunda na maufumu ghanyake gha Luba kumpoto kwake) na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Luba-Bemba. (Wonani mapu.)

#### Maulendo gha ku Portugal

Padera pa malonda, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵapangenge nthowa yakujumphira mu charu ichi, iyo yikayaniskenge vigaŵa vyawo vya Angola kumanjiliro gha dazi na Mozambique kumafumiro gha dazi.

Maulendo agha ghakaŵa:
* 1796 Manuel Caetano Pereira, wamalonda.
* Mu 1798 Francisco José de Lacerda e Almeida uyo wakiza kwizira ku Tete wakafwa pakati pajumpha masabata ghacoko waka wati wafika ku Kazembe, uku wachali kulindilira kuti ŵambe kudumbiskana vya malonda. Wakaleka magazini yakuzirwa comene, ndipo wasembe wake, Father Pinto, ndiyo wakayegha ku Tete.
* Mu 1802 Pedro João Baptista na Amaro José, ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga.
* Mu 1831, Mulara wa chigaŵa ichi wakatuma José Monteiro na António Gamito, pamoza na ŵasilikari 20 na ŵazga 120. Kweniso wakalemba mu buku lake kuti: "Tikawonanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchita vinthu vyapadera nthena".

Kweni vyose ivi vikaŵa vyambura ntchito. Mwata Kazembe III Lukwesa Ilunga na IV Kanyembo Keleka Mayi ŵakakana ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuchita kuti ŵambiske mubungwe uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa msewu wa Atlantic na Indian Ocean. (Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Fumu ya Zanzibar na Msiri yikamba kulamulira nthowa iyi, ndipo Msiri ndiyo yikaŵa pakwamba.

#### Ulendo wa David Livingstone
Mu 1867, munthu munyake uyo wakendanga mu Africa, zina lake David Livingstone, wakaluta kukawona chigaŵa chakumwera kwa Nile. Kufuma ku 'Nyasaland' (Malawi) na kujumpha kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, wakenda mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. Wakalutilira kulazga kumwera kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja. Mwata Kazembe VII wakaphalirika kuti wafika ndipo wakamupokelera ku msumba wake wa Kanyembo kufupi na mphepete ya kumpoto kwa Mofwe Lagoon:

"Nyumba ya m'malo ya Casembe - ŵanyake ŵangayichema kuti nyumba yachifumu - ni malo ghakukwana mamita 300 na mamita 200. Yili pafupi na chivundikiro cha mathipa gha msinkhu ukuru. Mkati mwake, uko Casembe wakanipa ntchindi zikuru, muli nyumba yikuru ya Casembe, na nyumba zinandi za ŵateŵeti ŵa pa nyumba. Nyumba ya Fumukazi yili kuseri kwa nyumba ya mulara, ndipo muli nyumba zinandi. Kasembe wakakhala panthazi pa nyumba yake pa mpando wakulingana wakukhala pa makuni gha nkhalamu na nkharamu. Wakavwara salu ya buluu na yituŵa ya Manchester yakupatulika na mphonje zakuzura na maluŵa ghaswesi, ndipo wakanozgekera mu makuni ghakuru mwakuti wawoneke nga ni crinoline pa chigaŵa chakupambanapambana.

—kufuma mu buku la *The Last Journals of David Livingstone* ku Central Africa kufuma 1865mpaka kufwakwake.

Livingstone wakalemba kuti muwuso wa Mwata Kazembe VII ukaŵa wankhongono comene. Cifukwa ca nkhaza izi, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti waŵe na ŵanalume 1,000. Iyo wakawona kuti ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakukondwa yayi nga umo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayowoyera. Chaka chakulondezgapo wakizaso kwa Mwata, ndipo ndiyo wakamba kumuphalira kuti Chambeshi, Lake Bangweulu, Luapula, Lake Mweru, na Luvua-Lualaba ni maji ghamoza. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Livingstone walute ku Bangweulu, kufuma apo ku Lualaba uko wakaghanaghananga kuti kunganjira mu Mlonga wa Nayelo, na ku Tanganyika, kufuma apo wakawelera ku Bangweulu na kufwa pakati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi.

#### Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili ŵakalutanga ku Mwata Kazembe kukaguliska mkuwa, njovu, na ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu misewu ya malonda nga ni iyo yikafumanga ku Zanzibar kwizira ku Ujiji pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Livingstone wakakhalanga kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika cifukwa ca nkhondo pakati pa Tippu Tip (Ahmed bin Mohamed, uyo Livingstone wakamuchemanga kuti Tipo Tipo) na mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ici. Wakati wafika ku nyumba ya Mwata Kazembe wakasanga munthu munyake zina lake Mohamad Bogharib uyo wakaŵa kuti wiza mazuŵa ghachoko waka kumasinda kuzakapenja njovu, kweniso Mohamad bin Saleh (uyo wakachemekangaso Mpamari), uyo wakaŵa kuti wakhalako vyaka 10, chifukwa Mwata wakakana kumuzomerezga kuti wafumeko. Nangauli ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, kweni Livingstone wakendanga nawo ndipo ŵakamovwiranga.

Kufuma mu ma 1860, ufumu uwu ukamba kunangika, chifukwa Msiri uyo wakaŵa mu Garanganza (Katanga) ndiyo wakambiska malonda gha mkuwa na zovu. M'paka apo wakafwira mu 1890, Msiri wakanjilirapo pa muwuso wa Mwata Kazembe.

### Mbiri ya Chikoloni

#### Division between British and Belgian territories
Msiri wakati wafwa, mu 1894 cigaŵa ca Luapula cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain. Nkhorongo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Luapula na Nyanja ya Mweru yikazgoka cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ku Belgium ŵakati ŵakoma Msiri, ŵakasoŵa cakucita. Ŵakasora ŵakaronga, awo ŵakasankhika kufuma pa ŵalongozgi ŵa Msiri yayi (awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa pasi pa Mwata Kazembe) kweni kufuma pa awo Ŵaluba-Lunda ŵakaŵachemanga kuti 'ŵenecho wa charu' awo ŵakaŵa panthazi pawo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Belgium ku Mweru-Luapula ŵakajibisa na vifukwa vya maluso. Ichi chikasazgapo kuzenga fuko kufuma ku fuko la Bena Ngoma.

Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Belgium ŵakati ŵamba kulamulira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula, Mwata Kazembe wakaŵaso na mazaza pa charu chose, kweni ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi pera.

#### Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵambe kulamulira
Nangauli Mwata Kazembe X wakasayina phangano la BSAC lakukhwaskana na migodi na phangano la Britain ilo Alfred Sharpe wakamupa mu 1890, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti Dan Crawford uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Britain wize kuzakamuwona, kweni apo Blair Watson uyo wakaŵa wakusonkheska msonkho wa BSAC wakakhalanga pa Mlonga wa Kalungwishi mu 1897, Mwata Kazembe wakakana kuzomerezga kuti ndembera ya Britain yikwambike pa caru cake panji kuti ŵanthu ŵake ŵapokere msonkho.

Pa nyengo iyi Sharpe wakaŵa kazembe wa British Central Africa Protectorate (Nyasaland), mtunda wa makilomita 1000. Iyo ndiyo wakatondeka kupoka ufumu wa Msiri wa Garanganza kuŵa British Protectorate mwa kudumbiskana, ndipo pamasinda wakawona kuti ukatoleka ku British na CFS mwa nkongono. Mu 1899, pamoza na Robert Codrington, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la BSAC ku North-Eastern Rhodesia, Sharpe wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Sikh na Nyasaland awo ŵakawotcha msumba wa Mwata Kazembe, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵake ŵanandi.

Mwata Kazembe X wakaluta kumwera na kwambukira ku sirya linyake la mlonga kuti wakabisame mu nyumba ya Johnston Falls Mission iyo yikendeskeka na Mr. na Mrs. Anderson ŵa gulu la ŵamishonale la Dan Crawford. (Cakuzizika nchakuti, vyaka viŵiri kumasinda, Mwata Kazembe X wakayezga kuti waŵe na mubali wa Anderson uyo wakaŵa mubali wakwambilira pa Mambilima, H. J. Wakayama Pomeroy, wakakomeka, kweni wakatondeka.)

Dan Crawford na Alfred Sharpe ŵakaŵa mu suzgo yakuyana waka mu 1890-91 na Msiri (wonani nkhani iyi). Pa nyengo iyi, Charles Swan, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Crawford, wakaciska Msiri kuti waleke kukolerana na ivyo Sharpe wakayowoya. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, Msiri wakakomeka na ŵa ku Belgium, ndipo cigaŵa ici cikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru. Mbumba ya Anderson yikacita mwakupambana na Swan. Apo Mr. Anderson wakasunganga ŵanalume ŵa Mwata Kazembe pa Mambilima, Mrs. Anderson wakaluta na Mwata Kazembe yekha ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku msumba wake ukuru uwo ukawotcheka, wakati "mumucitire lusungu". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakakondwa comene na ivyo Mwata wakacita na kuzomera kuwusa kwawo.

Mwata Kazembe X wakazengaso msumba wake wa Mwansabombwe. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakatora vinthu vinandi vyakale na vyakuzirwa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba kufuma ku nyumba ya themba. Mu 1920, ŵahaliri ŵake ŵakaviŵika ku National Museum of Southern Rhodesia ku Bulawayo, mtunda wa makilomita 1000, uko vikalembeka kuti 'Codrington Collection'. Ŵalipo.

Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, Mwata Kazembe X na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakagwiranga lumoza nchito na BSAC na awo ŵakamulondezganga, awo ŵakaŵa British District Commissioners, ndipo mu nthowa yinyake ŵakathaska muwuso wake. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba ya Mwata Kazembes ŵakaŵa na mazaza chifukwa boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu kwizira mu ŵalongozgi.

#### The coming of missionaries
Cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Dan Crawford, Mwata Kazembe X wakazomera kufumiska ŵamishonale mu dambo ili, comenecomene ŵa Christian Missions in Many Lands na London Missionary Society (LMS) awo ŵakatuma Livingstone ku Africa. Mu 1900, LMS Mbereshi Mission yikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kufuma ku Mwansabombwe. Pa malo agha, ŵakazenga masukulu, tchalitchi, na chipatala, kweniso ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu kupanga njerwa na kuzenga. Ŵaprotesitanti na Ŵakatolika ŵanyake ŵakazenga masukulu na vipatala mu Luapula Valley na mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi.

Nangauli pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ufumu wa Mwata Kazembe ukaŵa kuti wabisika na migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) na Copperbelt, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Luba-Lunda-Kazembe ŵakamanyikwa mu misumba iyi na Lusaka.

#### Structure of the kingdom

Pakuyana na ufumu wa Luba, Mwata Kazembe ni fumu ndipo wakuŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵalara na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa. Ŵalongozgi ŵalara ni Lukwesa, Kashiba, Kambwali na Kanyembo. Mwata wakwimika ŵalongozgi aŵa kufuma mu mbumba yake ndipo para wafwa, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi aŵa wangakwezgeka. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchindika Mwata Kazembe.

Kweniso mwakuyana na kaluso ka Luba, Mwata Kazembe wakalamuliranga kwizira mu wupu uwo mu nyengo ya ukoloni ukazgoka 'Superior Native Authority' (Ulamuliro Wapachanya wa Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda). Gulu la LNA ndilo likaŵa lankhongono comene mu Luapula-Mweru. Ntchito yake yikeneranga kuphalirika ku ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakhalenge ku Kawambwa uko kukaŵa chimphepo kweniso malo ghakutowa. Pakakhumbikwanga zuŵa lose kuti ŵalute ku malo agha mwaluŵiro.

#### Functions of the kingdom
Mu vyaru vinandi, mauteŵeti gha ufumu uwu ghali mu mawupu gha boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kazembe ŵakukhala kulikose uko ŵakukhala. Mwata na wupu wake ŵakuŵika malango mu vigaŵa ivyo vikukolerana yayi na malango gha boma panji gha vigaŵa, nga ni malo na vinthu vinyake, vyakuzenga, ntchito, malonda, utozi, umoyo uwemi, na mitheto. Mwata wali na mathenga na ŵalinda awo ŵakulondezga malango, ndipo wakuŵa na khoti lakweruzgira awo ŵakuswa malango.

#### Kusintha ufumu

Msumba wa Elisabethville, uwo ukaŵa ku Belgian Congo, uwo ukaŵa na migodi ya mkuwa, ukakura luŵiro chomene kuluska msumba wa Copperbelt ku Northern Rhodesia. Chigaŵa cha Luapula chikaŵa kutali na Mlonga wa Congo, ndipo boma la Northern Rhodesia likachiwonanga nga ntchigaŵa icho chikaŵa kutali chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ntheura pakwamba, msumba wa Elisabethville ndiwo ukaŵa wakufikako chomene ku Kazembe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku caru ca Belgium kufuma ku caru ca Britain. Kuti mumanye vinandi, wonani nkhani ya Congo Pedicle na Congo Pedicle road.

Mwata Kazembe XIV Shadreck Chinyanta Nankula mu ma 1940 wakacita vinandi kuti wasinthe vinthu. Wakazenga ufumu na chigaŵa, ndipo wakucemeka Mwata wakwamba "wakunozga". Wakasambira na kugwira nchito ku Elizabethville ndipo wakayowoyanga makora Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Wakakhozga LNA, wakasintha zina lake kuŵa Lunda National Association, ndipo wakasankha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkhongono za kusintha na kukura nga ndiyo. Mulara wa chigaŵa wakafipanga mtima kuti ŵanji mwa ŵanthu aŵa, nga ni Dauti Yamba, ŵakaŵa ŵakutemwa caru ndipo ŵangambiska masuzgo ku boma la ŵakoloni. Mwata Kazembe XIV wakaciska kuti ku Mwansabombwe kuŵe masukulu na macipatala kweniso kuti kuŵe maofesi ghanyake nga ni Mbereshi. Wakalemba nkhani yakulongosora vya ŵalongozgi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Edouard Labreque, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku White Father, ndipo paumaliro wakalemba mu Chibemba kuti Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi.

Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1950, masuzgo ghakaŵako mu Luapula apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba-Lunda ŵakawona kuti makhoti gha Mwata Kazembe ghakapelekanga urunji mwakuyana na umo iwo ŵakukhumbira kuluska ŵa ku Belgium na ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Kweni wakakana.

Ufumu ukaŵa wakukondwa comene cifukwa ca msewu wa Pedicle uwo ukakolerananga cigaŵa ca Luapula na Copperbelt.

### Kujiyimira pawekha mpaka lero

Mu 1964, Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Zambia. Kwa nyengo yicoko waka, ŵalongozgi ŵakawona kuti mazaza ghawo ghakumara cifukwa ca ndyali za vipani na maboma, nangauli mu 1985 Mwata Kazembe XVIII wakasankhika kuŵa Commissioner wa District mu Kawambwa ndipo pamanyuma, Secretary wa Political Secretary.

Vinthu vikamba kunangika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1940, 1950, na 1960, ndipo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika. Ndipouli, mu ma 1960, ŵakazenga msewu wakuchemeka 'Zambia Way,' uwo ukakolerananga Mansa na Nchelenge-Kashikishi kwizira mu Mwansabombwe.

Ŵalongozgi ŵa Mwata Kazembe ŵalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo nangauli ŵakamba nkhondo ndipo ŵali kuzingilizgika na vyaru ivyo vyakumanapo na nkhondo zinandi, kweni ŵalutilira kuŵa na mtende mumphepete mwa Luapula na Nyanja ya Mweru kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 100.

## Mutomboko Festival

In the last two decades the Mwata Kazembe chieftainship has experienced something of a cultural if not an administrative or economic resurgence, through the Mutomboko Festival, now the second largest of its kind in Zambia and a model for the strengthening of indigenous culture.

It is held at the end of July and may attract 20,000 visitors, including the president of Zambia. Drawing on previous ceremonies and traditions, it was started in its present form in 1971 to mark the tenth anniversary of the instalment of Mwata Kazembe XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba (whose photograph appears at the top of the page). It includes dances symbolising the migration of the Luba-Lunda and the conquest of the Luapula valley by the first chiefs.

## Wonaniso
*Luapula River
*Alfred Sharpe
*David Livingstone
*Mwansabombwe
*Lunda Kingdom
*Luba Kingdom
*Bemba people

## Ukaboni