Ndyali za Zambia

Ndyali za Zambia zikuchitika mu chalo cha presidental representative democratic republic, apo president wa Zambia ni mutu wa chalo, mutu wa boma na mulongozgi wa chipani. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza. Kumanyuma kukachemekanga Northern Rhodesia, ndipo mu Okutobala 1964, Zambia yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira payekha.

Nangauli Zambia yikaŵa boma la demokilase kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa, kweni likasintha na kuŵa boma la chipani chimoza kwa vyaka 19 kwambira pa Disembala 8, 1972, m'paka apo boma la chipani chimoza likambiraso pa Disembala 4, 1990. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia ni charu icho chili na demokilase yakukhora, ndipo mwa mtende, maboma ghanayi (UNIP, MMD, PF na UPND) ghakusintha mazaza..

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) rated Zambia as a hybrid regime in 2020. The EIU has also consistently put Zambia among the top ten most democratic African countries, ranking it 8th in Africa and 99th in the world as of 2018 (167 states). This is also while Freedom House ranks Zambia as ‘Partly Free’, with a score of 52/100 (0 least free and 100 mostly free) as of 2021.

## Boma na dango
Pa Ogasiti 25, 1973, ŵakafumiska dango lakwamba ilo likaŵa mu 1964. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango na maungano gha boma agho ghakacitika mu Disembala 1973 ghakaŵa ghaumaliro kuti paŵe "democracy".
Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1973 yikalongora kuti paŵe pulezidenti wankhongono na wupu wa National Assembly. Komiti yikuru ya United National Independence Party (UNIP), ndiyo yikapanganga ndondomeko ya ndyali. Boma likalondezganga fundo za komiti yikuru.

Mwakukolerana na khumbo la UNIP lakuti liŵe na mazaza pa boma liphya, dango la boma likati munthu yekha uyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu waciŵiri mu wupu wa Zambia wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa UNIP.

Mu Disembala 1990, paumaliro wa chaka cha vivulupi ico mukaŵa vivulupi mu msumba ukuru na kuyezga kutimbanizga boma, Pulezidenti Kaunda wakalemba dango ilo likamazga mazaza gha UNIP. Pakuzgora kupempha kwa ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na vyaru vinandi, ndipo pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pakati pa boma la Kaunda na magulu ghakwimikana na boma, Zambia yikalemba dango liphya mu Ogasiti 1991. Dango ili likasazgirako wupu wa National Assembly kufuma pa ŵanthu 136 kufika pa ŵanthu 158, likakhazikiska komiti ya vyakusankha, ndipo likazomerezga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakujumpha yumoza awo ŵangaŵa ŵimiliri ŵa UNIP. Ndondomeko iyi yikasinthikaso mu 1996 kuti yikhazikiske vigaŵa viphya pa udindo wa purezidenti (mwakusazgapo vigaŵa viŵiri vyakudumura nyengo, na kukhumba kuti ŵapapi wose ŵa munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti ŵababike mu Zambia). Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na ŵanthu 150 awo ŵakusankhika, ŵanthu 10 (kanandi 8) awo ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti, kweniso muyowoyeri. Charu cha Zambia chili na vigaŵa 10, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa chigaŵa.

Kufumira mu 2010, dango liphya la boma lili kunozgeka.

## Mbiri ya ndyali
Munthu wakuzirwa comene mu ndyali za ku Zambia kwamba mu 1964 mpaka mu 1991, wakaŵa Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakalongozga nkhondo ya kujiwombora na kumazga mphindano pakati pa vigaŵa na mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Kaunda wakayezga kukhazikiska boma pa fundo ya "ŵanthu", iyo yikukanira ŵanthu kuti ŵacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndipo yikayowoyanga chomene vya kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu, kweni kuti munthu ndiyo wakeneranga yayi. Pa nyengo iyo Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghose ŵakaŵa na ŵantchito mu boma.

Chipani cha Kaunda, United National Independence Party (UNIP), chikakhazikiskika mu 1959 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza kufuma mu 1964 mpaka 1991. Pambere chaka cha 1972 chindafike, Zambia yikaŵa na vipani vikuruvikuru vitatu: UNIP, Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, na United Progressive Party (UPP). Gulu la ANC likasanga nkhongono kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera, apo UPP yikasanga wovwiri pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiBemba mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vyose vya caru ici ŵanthu ŵakakolerana nayo yayi, kweni UNIP pera ndiyo yikaŵa na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi pa caru cose.

### Boma la chipani cimoza
Mu Febuluwale 1972, Zambia yikazgoka boma la chipani cimoza, ndipo vipani vinyake vyose vya ndyali vikakanizgika. Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakakhumbanga kuŵa pulezidenti, wakasankhika pa maungano gha mu 1973. Pakaŵaso maungano gha chigaŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa UNIP pera ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga kwimilira, kweni malo agha ghakaŵa ghakusuzga chomene. Mu Disembala 1978 na Okutobala 1983, pulezidenti Kaunda wakimikikaso. Mu 1983, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 pa 100 awo ŵakalembeska ŵakavota, ndipo 93% ŵakazomera.

### 1991: Kusamukira ku boma la vyaru vinandi
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga umo UNIP yikugwilira ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu 1990 gulu la Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) likure. Gulu la MMD likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Zambia, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakafumako ku UNIP na ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵantchito. Mu chaka chenechicho, Pulezidenti Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum ya boma la chipani chimoza kweni, chifukwa cha kukana, wakawuskapo fundo iyi ndipo wakalembapo chikalata chakusinthira dango ilo likapangiska kuti Zambia yiŵe na vyaru vinandi. Pa 31 Okutobala, 1991, ku Zambia kukacitika mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi kufuma mu ma 1960. Wakunjilirapo wa MMD Frederick Chiluba wakaluska Kenneth Kaunda pa mavoti 76% pa mavoti gha pa presidenti. Kuonjezera pa chigonjetso cha MMD, pa chisankho cha nyumba za malamulo MMD inapeza mipando 125 pa mipando 150 yosankhidwa ndipo UNIP yotsala 25. Ndipouli, UNIP yikatonda mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo yikapokera vithuzithuzi 19.

### 1991-2001: MMD na [[Frederick Chiluba]]
Paumaliro wa nyengo yakwamba ya Chiluba pakuŵa pulezidenti (1996), chilato cha MMD cha kusintha ndyali chikaŵa kuti chachepa chifukwa cha ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵakambiska magulu ghakwimikana. Pakuthemba pa chiŵelengero chikuru cha MMD mu nyumba ya malango, Pulezidenti Chiluba mu mwezi wa Meyi 1996 wakakhwimiska kusintha kwa dango ilo likawuskapo Pulezidenti wakale Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa chipani cha opposition mu mavoti gha 1996 gha pulezidenti.

Mu Novembala 1996, Chiluba wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti na pa mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango. Chipani cha UNIP cha Kaunda chikakana mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango kuti chichitire chipani chake chipani cha UNIP chipani cha UNIP chikana mavoti gha pa nyumba ya mavoti chifukwa cha kuleka kusankha mulongozgi wawo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti. Nangauli UNIP yikakana, kweni mavoti ghakacitika mwamtende, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakalindiliranga kuŵa pulezidenti na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 awo ŵakalindiliranga kuŵa pa maparamende ŵa vipani 11 ŵakanjira. Kweni pamasinda, vyaru vinyake na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghambura urunji. Apo Pulezidenti Chiluba wakamba uteŵeti wake waciŵiri mu 1997, ŵakususka ŵakalutilira kukana ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana.

Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2001, ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Pulezidenti Chiluba ŵakambiska kampeni ya kusintha ndyali kuti Chiluba wazakaŵepo pa udindo wake kachitatu. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, magulu ghakwimikana na boma, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chipani icho chili na mazaza, ŵakakondwa chomene na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga Chiluba kuti waleke kuwina.

Pa Disembala 27, 2001, ŵakachita maungano gha purezidenti, ghaparamende, na gha boma. Maphwando khumi na yimoza ghakapangana pa mavoti agha. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. Ŵalwani ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa maubudi ghakuru. Ndipouli, mulongozgi wa MMD, Levy Mwanawasa, wakathereskeka na mphaka yichoko waka, ndipo wakapika mazaza pa 2 Janyuwale 2002. Magulu ghatatu ghakapempha ku Khoti Likuru kuti liŵasuske pa ivyo vikachitika pa ungano wa chigaŵa. Makhoti ghakati palije viheni ivyo vikacitika, kweni vikaŵa vikuru yayi mwakuti vikhwaskenge umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nyengo iyo, ntheura vikazomerezgeka. 

### 2001–2008
Mu 2006 chisankho cha purezidenti chikapikisana kwambiri, ndipo Mwanawasa adasankhidwanso ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuposa omwe akutsutsana nawo Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front ndi Hakainde Hichilema wa United Party for National Development (UPND).

Pa mavoti gha pa parliament gha chaka chenechicho MMD yikapokera vithuzi 72, vithuzi 84 vyakukhalapo vikapelekeka ku vipani vinyake ndipo vithuzi vinandi vikaluta ku Patriotic Front.

Pulezidenti wa Levy Mwanawasa mpaka imfa yake pakati pa chaka cha 2008, adali wosiyana ndi ndalama zambiri komanso ziphuphu zowonekera kwambiri mzaka zomaliza za ulamuliro wa Frederick Chiluba. Nakuti, pulezidenti wakale uyu wakakakika na kupelekeka mulandu wa kunanga vinthu na vimbundi, ndipo ivi vikawuskapo wofi wakuti pulezidenti Mwanawasa wangaleka kupulika ivyo munthu uyo wakaŵa kumanyuma kwake wakacita.

Mwanawasa ŵakamupa mulandu na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti wakalongora nkharo ya wupu wakulamulira mu 2004 apo nduna yake ya vya mukati yikapeleka dango lakuti Roy Clarke uyo wakaŵa wa ku Britain kweniso wakukhala ku Zambia kwa nyengo yitali, wafumiskike. Ndipouli, apo Clarke wakadandawura ku Khoti Likuru, mweruzgi wakadumura kuti dango ili likaŵa lakwenelera yayi. Pulezidenti Mwanawasa, wakapulikira dango lake lakuti walongozgenge boma la malango, ndipo wakachindika ivyo khoti likadumura ndipo Clarke wakazomerezgeka kwambiraso kulemba nkhani zake za kususka. Mwamphu uwo Mwanawasa wakaŵa nawo pakwamba kuti wawuskemo vimbundi nawo ukakhira, ndipo ŵakaboni ŵakuzirwa mu mulandu wa Chiluba ŵakafumamo mu caru. Wupu wakuwona vya malango uwo Mwanawasa wakhazikiska nawo ukaŵa na masuzgo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira uko wangatumizga ivyo wasanga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakawonanga kuti Mwanawasa wakuluska Chiluba.

Mwanawasa wati wafwa mu Ogasiti 2008, wapampando wa Zambia Rupiah Banda ndiyo wakamusankhira udindo wa purezidenti, ndipo wakakhalapo nyengo yitali m'paka pa mavoti gha mwaluŵiro pa 30 Okutobala 2008. Banda wakathereska mulongozgi wa chipani chakususkana na boma Michael Sata, ndipo wakamalizga nyengo ya Mwanawasa.

### visankho vya 2011
Rupiah Banda wakatondeka kuwuskika pa chisankho cha Pulezidenti na cha Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 2011, wakataya kwa Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵabali ŵatatu ŵa MMD ŵaleke kuwusa kwa vilimika 20.

### Mu 2015 mpaka pano
Edgar Chagwa Lungu wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa Zambia pa 25 Janyuwale 2015, ndipo wakasankha Guy Scott uyo wakachitanga mlimo wa purezidenti. Pa nyengo iyo Lungu wakaŵa pulezidenti, ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga cifukwa ca kutondeka kukanizga kwacha. Pakaŵaso malipoti ghambura kukhorweska ghakuti Lungu wakumwa chomene moŵa. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti Zambia yiŵe na masuzgo gha vyachuma, comenecomene kwacha, ni ukhuluku wa malonda. Boma la Zambia likusangirapo ndalama zinandi pa vinthu ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake.

Pa 5 January 2016, Lungu wakamalizga makora nkhani zakukhozga malango apo wakazomerezga ndondomeko ya kusintha malango ya 2015. Ndondomeko iyi yikwiza chifukwa cha ntchito yikuru iyo yikamba mu nyengo ya Mwanawasa (The Mwanakatwe Commission) ndipo yikulutilira na komiti ya Michael Chilufya Sata. Pakuŵa nduna ya vya malango, Lungu wakaŵa kuti wapeleka kale ndondomeko ya dango ku pharalamende, apo pamanyuma pake ŵakadumura kuti nkhani izo zilije mphindano zizadumbiskanenge mu pharalamende ndipo nkhani izo zili na mphindano zizamuzgoreka pa referendum. Mu mavoti gha mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani cha chipani cha opposition cha Patriotic Front (PF) chakana ivyo chipani cha opposition cha UPND chikayowoya.Kweni mu 2020, Nyumba ya Malamulo mwa ofesi ya nduna ya vya malango (Given Lubinda) yikapeleka fundo yakuchemeka Bill 10, iyo yikakanika mu Nyumba ya Malamulo pa maŵazgo ghachitatu.

Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapa kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia.

## Wupu Wakulongozga
Boma la Zambia lili mu mawoko gha pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi ndipo nyengo yawo yikuŵa yiŵiri.

Pambere kusintha kwa malango gha chalo cha Zambia kwa chaka cha 2016 kwamanyikwa na pulezidenti, kweni kusintha kwa sono kwa chaka cha 2016 kukuŵika mulara wa pulezidenti pa thikiti limoza na pulezidenti (running mate) (Article 110 Sec 2, 3 and 4) ndipo para pali malo gha pulezidenti wakusankhika mulara wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakulondezga pulezidenti ndipo wakulutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka pa chisankho chakulondezgapo (Article 106 Sec 5 ((a) na Sec 6).Ivi vikupambana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 1996 apo chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe mavoti ghachokoghachoko mu mazuŵa 90 kufuma apo pulezidenti wasankhika ndipo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakuchitapo kanthu (nga umo vikaŵira na pulezidenti wakale Guy Scott mu Okutobala 2014 m'paka Janyuwale 2015 na pulezidenti wakale Rupiah Banda mu 2008 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Sata na Mwanawasa).

Hakainde Hichilema ndiyo ni pulezidenti ndipo Mutale Nalumango ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.

## Wupu wamalango
Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Zambia ndiyo yikupanga malango. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya sono, yikapangika pamanyuma pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pa 12 August 2021, yili na mamembala 167. Mamembala 156 ghakusankhika mwakudunjika mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya unandi wa ŵanthu. Ŵabali wose ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi.

## Vipani vya ndyali na mavoti

### Chisankho cha Pulezidenti

### Masankhiro gha Nyumba za Malamulo

## Wupu Wa waweruzgi

Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo ni khoti likuru chomene kweniso lakwamba; ndipo kusi kwa khoti ili kuli khoti likuru, khoti la milandu, na makhoti gha mu vigaŵa. Khoti la Malango likakhazikiskika mu 2016.

## Wankhondo

Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo, na wupu wa Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yikapangika kuti yivikilire ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵa boma yayi, kweni ŵali kupangika kuti ŵachitenge milimo ya kuvikilira ŵanthu.

## Ubali na vyaru vinyake
Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Commonwealth, African Union (ndipo gulu la African Unity panji OAU), Southern African Development Community (SADC), na Common Market for Africa (COMA), ilo lili na likuru lake ku Lusaka.

Pulezidenti Kaunda wakaŵa wakulimbikira ndipo wakawoneseskanga kuti vinthu visinthe mu Southern Africa, wakakhozgera magulu gha wanangwa mu Mozambique, Namibia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), na South Africa. Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa ku Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980.

Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, pulezidenti Chiluba wakamba kumanyikwa pa caru cose. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kukolerana na khoti la ku Rwanda pa mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994.

Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001.

Zambia nayo ni munyawo wa International Criminal Court (ICC) uyo wali na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States (kulingana na ndime 98).

### Kucitako milimo ya mawupu gha vyaru
Zambia is a member of ACP, AfDB, COMESA, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO na WTO.

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