John Flamsteed

**John Flamsteed** FRS (19 August 1646 - 31 December 1719) wakaŵa mulembi wa vya mu mlengalenga wa ku England. Ivyo wakachita chomene ni kulemba buku la nyenyezi 3,000 (Catalogus Britannicus) na Atlas Coelestis. Kweniso ndiyo wakawona nyenyezi ya Ureni, nangauli wakalemba kuti ni nyenyezi yayi.

## Umoyo
Flamsteed wakababikira ku Denby, Derbyshire, England, mwana yekha wa Stephen Flamsteed na muwoli wake wakwamba, Mary Spadman. Wakasambira pa sukulu yakuchemeka Free School of Derby na Derby School, ku St Peter's Churchyard, Derby, kufupi na uko awiske ŵakagwiranga nchito ya malting. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa sukulu iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa cisopa ca Puritan. Flamsteed wakamanyanga makora Cilatini, ico cikaŵa cakukhumbikwa comene pakusambira mabuku gha sayansi gha nyengo yira, kweniso wakatemwanga comene mdauko.

Wakaluta ku koleji ya Jesus College, ku Cambridge, uko wakasambizgika na msambizgi wa sukulu ya Derby School. Mu vyaka ivi, Flamsteed wakawovwiranga adada ŵake pa bizinesi yawo, ndipo adada ŵake ŵakamusambizganga masamu na kugwiliskira ntchito manambara ghakupambanapambana. Mu Julayi 1662, wakazizwa na buku la De sphaera mundi, ilo Johannes de Sacrobosco wakalemba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300. Kukwambilira kwa 1663, wakaŵazga buku la Thomas Fale lakuti Horologiographia: The Art of Dialling, ilo likamovwira kuti watemwenge chomene mawoko gha dazi. Mu 1663, wakaŵazga buku la Wingate's Canon, William Oughtred's Canon, na Thomas Stirrup's Art of Dialling. Pa nyengo yeneyira, wakasanga buku la Thomas Street lakuti Astronomia Carolina, or A New Theory of the Celestial Motions (Caroline Tables). Wakaŵa na ŵantchito ŵa ku malo agha, kusazgapo William Litchford, uyo mu layibulare yake mukaŵa mabuku gha John Gadbury. Flamsteed wakakondwa chomene na mulimo wa Horrocks.

Mu Ogasiti 1665, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19, Flamsteed wakalemba nkhani yake yakwamba yakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vya mu mlengalenga, yakucemeka Mathematical Essays.

Mu Seputembala 1670, Flamsteed wakaluta ku Cambridge ndipo wakalembeska zina lake pa Yesu College. Nangauli vikulongora kuti wakakhalako yayi, kweni mu 1674 wakakhalako myezi yiŵiri ndipo wakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupulika nkhani ya Isaac Newton yakucemeka Lucasian Lectures.

Wakaŵa wakwimikika kuŵa diyakoni, ndipo wakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Derbyshire kuti wakasangirepo vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wake. Sonosono apa, Moore wakapempha wupu wa Royal Society kuti uŵape ndalama zakuzengera malo ghakuwonera nyenyezi. Ndipouli, ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikamara apo muwoli wa Charles II, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, wakamukhuŵilizga kuti wapulikire fundo yakuti munthu munyake wakuchemeka Le Sieur de St Pierre, wapeleke ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na umo mwezi uliri. Mu Disembala 1674, Charles wakasora Komiti ya Ufumu kuti yisande fundo iyi, iyo yikaŵa na Lord Brouncker, Seth Ward, Samuel Moreland, Christopher Wren, Silius Titus, John Pell na Robert Hooke. 

Wakati wafika ku London pa Febuluwale 2, 1675, ndipo wakakhalanga na Jonas Moore ku Tower of London, Flamsteed wakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kukumana na Themba. Pamanyuma pake wakazomerezgeka kuŵa movwiri wa Royal Commission ndipo wakalembapo fundo kuti wawone ivyo St. Pierre wakayowoya. Komiti iyi yikati nangauli fundo ya St. Pierre yikaŵa yakuzirwa yayi, kweni Themba likwenera kughanaghanira za kuzenga malo ghakuwonera nyenyezi na kwimika munthu wakuwona vinthu kuti walongosore makora nyenyezi na umo mwezi ukuŵira.

Pa 4 Malichi 1675 Flamsteed wakasankhika kuŵa "The King's Astronomical Observer" (The King's Astronomical Observer) - Mulembi wa nyenyezi wakwamba wa ku England. Mu kalata iyi mukalembeka kuti ntchito yake yikaŵa "kuweleramo mu malo agho nyenyezi zikwenda, kuti wasange malo agho ghangawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa nyanja". Mu Juni 1675, themba likapeleka dango lakuti paŵe Royal Greenwich Observatory.

Mu Febuluwale 1676, wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mu Wupu wa Royal Society, ndipo mu Julayi, wakasamira ku Observatory uko wakakhalanga m'paka mu 1684, apo "wakakwezgeka kuŵa wasembe ndipo wakimikika kuŵa mulongozgi" wa muzi wa Burstow, kufupi na Crawley mu Surrey. Wakaŵa na udindo uwu m'paka apo wakafwira. Ndivyo wakacita.

## Ntchito ya sayansi

Flamsteed wakamanya makora umo zuŵa likabira mu 1666 na 1668. Wakawona pulaneti la Uranus, ilo wakaliwona kuti ni nyenyezi ndipo wakalilemba kuti 34 Tauri. Cakwamba cikacitika mu Disembala 1690, ndipo ni nyengo yakwambilira comene apo Uranus wakawoneka na ŵasayansi.

Mu Okutobala 1672, apo Mars wakaŵa mu mphatukano, Flamsteed wakagwiliskira ntchito viswaswa vya maso ivyo vikaŵa na vithuzithuzi viŵiri vyambura kuwoneka makora. Kuti ivi vichitike, Flamsteed wakayaniska umo nyenyezi zinyake zikuzgokera usiku, ndipo wakayaniska umo nyenyezi zinyake zikuzgokera usiku.

Pa Ogasiti 16, 1680, Flamsteed wakalemba nyenyezi yinyake yakuchemeka 3 Cassiopeiae. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 300, William Ashworth, wakulemba mdauko wa vya mu mlengalenga wa ku America, wakayowoya kuti ivyo Flamsteed wakawona vikaŵa vya sonosono chomene mu mlengalenga. Chifukwa chakuti malo gha nyenyezi iyi ghakukolerana yayi na gha Cassiopeia A, kweniso chifukwa chakuti umo nyenyezi iyi yikapangikira vikulongora kuti yikaŵa mu 1667 m'malo mwa 1680.

Mu 1681, Flamsteed wakayowoya kuti nyenyezi ziŵiri zikuruzikuru izo zikawoneka mu Novembala na Disembala 1680 zikaŵa zakupambana yayi, kweni ni nyenyezi yimoza iyo yikendanga pakwamba kulazga ku Dazi ndipo pamanyuma yikufumako. Nangauli pakwamba Isaac Newton wakakolerana yayi na ivyo Flamsteed wakayowoya, kweni pamasinda wakazomerezgana nayo ndipo wakayowoya kuti nyenyezi zakututuka, nga ni mapulaneti, zikuzingilira Dazi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Flamsteed wakamanya kuti Newton wakasanga ivyo wakawonanga kwizira mwa Edmond Halley, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wake.

Pakuŵa wasembe wa vya nyenyezi, Flamsteed wakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 40 pakuwona na kulemba vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nyenyezi. Pakuti wakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti wali na mbiri yiwemi, wakasunga mabuku ghambura kukwana mu Greenwich. Mu 1712, Isaac Newton, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Royal Society, na Edmond Halley, ŵakapokaso ivyo Flamsteed wakalemba ndipo ŵakafumiska buku la nyenyezi. Flamsteed wakasanga mabuku 300 pa mabuku 400 agha na kughawotcha. "Usange Sir I.N. wangawona kuti nchamahara, ine na Dr. Wakalembera kalata movwiri wake Abraham Sharp. Munthu munyake wakulemba mapu wa ku London, zina lake John Senex, wakagwiliskira ntchito ivyo vikaŵa mu kabuku aka kuti wapange mapu gha nyenyezi mu 1720, pambere Flamsteed wandapange mapu ghake.

Mu 1725 buku la Flamsteed lakuti Historia Coelestis Britannica likalembeka pamanyuma pakuti wafwa. Mu buku ili mukaŵa ivyo Flamsteed wakawona, ndipo mukaŵa mabuku gha nyenyezi 2,935 agho ghakaŵa ghakugomezgeka chomene kuluska mabuku ghanyake. Chikaŵa chakuzirwa chomene pa ivyo Greenwich Observatory yikachita, ndipo viŵelengero vya nyenyezi vyakuchemeka Flamsteed, ivyo vikasazgikako mu Baibolo la Chifurenchi, vichali kugwira ntchito. Mu 1729, muwoli wake wakafumiska buku lake la Atlas Coelestis, ndipo Joseph Crosthwait na Abraham Sharp ŵakamovwiranga.

## Kulemekezgeka

* Wakaba wa Royal Society (1677)

* Bungwe la Flamsteed Astronomy Society lili na zina lake ndipo lili ku The Royal Observatory Greenwich.

* Crater ya Flamsteed pa mwezi yili na zina lake.

* Nyenyezi yakucemeka 4987 Flamsteed yikucemeka na zina lake.

* Ŵakumukumbuka mu masukulu ghanandi gha ku Derbyshire. Sukulu ya sayansi ya John Port Spencer Academy yikucemeka Flamsteed, ndipo sukulu ya John Flamsteed Community School mu Denby yikucemeka na zina lake. Nyumba ya Flamsteed ku Ecclesbourne School ku Duffield nayo yikucemeka na zina lake.

Mzinda wa Derby ukazenga chiphambano cha Blue Plaque ku Queen Street uko kukaŵa kale Clock Works ku Derby.

## Wonaniso

* Flamsteed objects
* 3 Cassiopeiae (possibly a supernova sighting or recording error)

## Vyakulemba


## Maukaboni


## Kuŵelenga kwakupitilila

* Die große Flamsteed-Edition, Himmelskartographie von 1776 bis 1805, 94 originalgetreu faksimilierte Himmelskarten, Albireo Verlag Köln, 2017, .
* *The correspondence of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal* compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, ... Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1995–2002  (v. 1);  (v. 2) ;  (v.3)
* *The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed*, edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes. London: Mansell, 1975 
* *Newton's Tyranny: The Suppressed Scientific Discoveries of [[:en:Stephen_Gray_(scientist)|Stephen Gray]] and John Flamsteed*, David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark. W. H. Freeman, 2001 

## Kuwalo

* Online catalogue of Flamsteed's working and personal papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)
* **', at archive.org, containing Flamsteed's own narrative of the conflict with Newton and numerous letters
* [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/flamsteed.html John Flamsteed Biography (SEDS)]
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/hwastro Rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy]
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Flamsteed.html Flamsteed biography]
* [http://flamsteed.info/ Flamsteed Astronomy Society]

=== Star catalogues ===

* ''[https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/22292193 Historiae coelestis libri duo]''. [[:en:E-rara.ch|e-rara.ch]]. — pirated by [[:en:Isaac_Newton|Isaac Newton]] and [[:en:Edmond_Halley|Edmond Halley]] edition of Flamsteed's British star catalogue (1712)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8q9FAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 1]'' (1725)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SUYx8Vp3UyUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 2]'' (1725)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CWFDAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 3]'' (1725) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=CWFDAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false British Catalogue] page)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pZAAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false Éphémérides des mouvemens célestes]''. — French edition of the British Catalogue with [[:en:Flamsteed_numbers|Flamsteed numbers]] (1783)
* [[:en:Caroline_Herschel|Caroline Herschel]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eq9FAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue of Stars, taken from Mr. Flamsteed's observations contained in the second volume of the Historia Cœlestis, and not inserted in the British Catalogue ... By Carolina Herschel. With introductory and explanatory remarks to each of them. By William Herschel]'' (1798)
* [[:en:Francis_Baily|Francis Baily]]. **' (1829)
* Francis Baily. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=sHkAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false An Account of the Revd. John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer-royal: Compiled from His Own Manuscripts, and Other Authentic Documents, Never Before Published. To which is Added His British Catalogue of Stars, Corrected and Enlarged]* (1835)
* Wagman, M. ** (1987)

### [[:en:Atlas_Coelestis|Atlas Coelestis]]

*  — scan of the 1st edition (1729)
* ''Atlas Coelestis'' — full digital facsimile of the 1st edition, Linda Hall Library (1729)
*  — full scan of the 2nd edition (1753)
* Atlas coelestis, Londra Edizione del 1753 da www.atlascoelestis.com
* Atlas coelestis, Londra Edizione del 1753 colorata a mano da www.atlascoelestis.com
*  — scan of the 3rd edition (1776)
* ''Atlas Céleste de Flamstéed'' — French edition reproduced by J. Fortin, full digital facsimile of the 3rd edition, Linda Hall Library (1776)