open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mndandanda wa visungunu

Visungunu 118 vyamanyikwa na kuthyika mwakuzomerezgeka na IUPAC. Chisungunu, kanandi chikuchemeka waka kuti 'chinthu', ni mtundu wa atomu iyo yili na nambala yinyake yapadera ya ma protoni mu nyukiliya yake ya atomu (ndiko kuti, nambala ya atomu, panji *Z* ). 

Kuwonekera kwakukwana kwa vinthu vyose 118 ni gome la visungunu vya nyengo na nyengo, ivyo mbiri yake pamoza na fundo za dango la nyengo na nyengo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe usungunu ya mazuŵa ghano. Ni ndondomeko ya vinthu mwakuyana na umo vikupangikira iyo kanandi yikugwiriskira ntchito vimanyikwiro vya visungunu vyakufupikizgika m’malo mwa mazina ghose gha vinthu, kweni mndandanda wa mzere uwo ukulongosoreka pano nawo ngwakovwira. Nga ni gome la nyengo, mndandanda uwo uli musi umu ukuŵika vinthu mu ndondomeko mwakuyana na unandi wa ma protoni agho ghali mu atomu ghawo; lingaŵaso lakunozgeka na vinthu vinyake, nga ni uzito wa atomu, kuthithikana, na nkhongono ya magesi yakuguza . Kuti mumanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo mazina gha vinthu ghakambira, wonani Mndandanda wa mbiri ya mazina gha visungunu .

## Mndandanda

## See also

* Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo mazina ghawo ghakugwiriskirika nchito mu mazina gha visungunu
* Mndandanda wa malo agho ghakugwiriskirika nchito mu mazina visungunu
* Mndandanda wa mbiri la mazina gha visungunu
* Maudindo gha visungunu
* gome la nyengo lakutandazgika Fundo zakukhwaskana na visungunu ivyo vindasangike

## Pobeka

## Ma link ghakuwalo
*Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared
Machila

**Machila** ni salu chakupangika na mikusa panji vingwe icho chikuŵikika pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri panji vinandi, ndipo ŵakuchigwiliskira ntchito pakuzendewera, kugona, panji kupumura. Kanandi chikuŵa na chingwe chimoza panji vinandi vya salu, panji chingwe chakuluka cha chingwe panji chingwe chakuwonda icho chikutambasuka na vingwe pakati pa vingwe viŵiri vyakukhozga nga ni makuni panji vimati. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Amerika ŵakapanga ma hammock kuti ŵagonengepo, ndiposo Ŵangerezi.  Pamanyuma, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa ngalaŵa na ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa kuti ŵasanguluske na kusazgirako malo agho ghalipo, na ŵakupenja malo panji ŵasilikari awo ŵakalutanga ku vigaŵa vya makuni ndipo paumaliro ŵapapi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1920 chifukwa chakuti ŵakaŵa na ŵana awo ŵakasambiranga waka kukhwaŵa. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakumanyikwa chomene pa charu chose kuti ŵapumule; ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito nga ni bedi lakupepuka pa maulendo ghakuzenga misasa. Machila kanandi wakuwoneka nga ni cimanyikwiro ca nyengo ya cihanya, kupumura, ndiposo umoyo wambura kukhumba vinandi..
Haidrojeni

**Haidrojeni** ni chisungunu ; lili na chimanyikwiro cha **H** na nambara ya atomu 1. Ni chinthu chakupepuka chomene ndiposo chakukwana chomene mu chilengiwa chose, ndipo chikupanga pafupifupi 75% ya vinthu vyose ivyo vikuwoneka. Nyenyezi, kusazgapo Zuŵa, chomenechomene zili na haidrojeni mu kaŵiro ka plasma, apo pa Charu chapasi, haidrojeni wakusangika mu maji na vyakupangika vyamoyo nga ni mphepo za  (dihaidrojeni), na mu mitundu yinyake ya maselo . Isotope yakumanyikwa comene ya haidrojeni (H) yili na protoni yimoza, elekitironi yimoza, ndipo palije nyutironi .
Sahabu (Golide)

**Sahabu** panji **Golide** ni chisungunu ; chimanyikwiro chake cha usungunu ni **Au** (kufuma ku Chilatini ) na nambara ya atomu 79. Mu kawonekero kake ka usuma, ni chisulo chakuŵala, cha olenji-chikasu pachoko, chakukhora, chakufewa, chakukhora, ndiposo chakukhora . Pa nkhani ya usungunu, Sahabu ni chisulo chakusintha, gulu la 11 la vinthu, ndiposo chimoza mwa visulo vyakuzirwa . Ni chimoza mwa vinthu vya usungunu vya kuzinika padoko, ndipo ni vyachiŵiri kufuma pasi pa mndandanda wa kuzinika. Ni chakukhora pa ukhaliro wake kanandi.
Fesa (Siliva)

**Fesa** panji **Siliva** ni chisungunu; lili na chimanyikwiro cha **Ag** ( from Chilatini Argentum) na nambala ya atomu 47. Ni chitsulo chipwafu, chakutuŵa mwaufipako, chakuŵala, chakusinthika, chikulongora kuti chikulongozga magesi chomene, chikulongozga uthukivu, ndiposo chakugadima kuluska chisulo chilichose.  Fesa wakusangika mu charu chapasi mu mtundu wakutowa, wa wanangwa("Fesa wakuzika"), nga ni aloyi na sahabu(golide) na vitsulo vinyake, ndiposo mu mchere nga ni argentite na chlorargyrite. Fesa munandi likupangika kufuma ku mkuŵa, sahabu, pulubumu, na zinki .
Beriliyamu

**Beriliyamu** ni chisungunu; chili na chimanyikwiro cha **Be** na nambala ya atomu 4. Ni chisulo cha mtundu wa grey, chinonono, chakukhora, chipepu ndiposo chisulo chakuyuyuka mwaupusu cha akaline wa dongo. Ni chinthu cha divalenti icho chikusangika mu chilengiwa pekha pekha para chikusazgana na vinthu vinyake kuti chipange ma minerals. Mawe ghakuzirwa agho ghali na beriliyamu ghanandi ghakusazgapo berili ( aquamarine, emerald, berili mchesamu) na khrisoberi . Ni chinthu chakusoŵa chomene mu chilengiwa chose, kanandi chikuchitika chifukwa cha kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya atomu ivyo vyatimbana na muhanya ya chilengiwa. Mukati mwa nyenyezi, beriliyamu yikumara apo yikusazgana na vinthu vinyakhe vizito kujumpha beriliyamu. Beriliyamu yikupanga pafupifupi 0.0004 peresenti ya unandi wa dongo la caru capasi. Pa charu chose chapasi ŵakupanga matani 220 gha beryllium kanandi ŵakumufumiska kufuma ku berili, nthowa yakusuzga chifukwa beriliyamu wakukolerana chomene na mphepo .
Kaboni (chisungunu)

**Kaboni** ni chisungunu; chili na chimanyikwiro cha **C** na nambara ya atomu 6. Ntchisilo yayi ndipo ntcha tetravalenti —kung’anamura kuti ma atomu ghake ghakukwaniska kupanga malutata gha covalent ghanayi chifukwa cha chikokonimbwa chake cha valence icho chikulongora ma electron 4. Iwo uli mu gulu la 14 la gome la nyengo na nyengo.  Kaboni yikupanga pafupifupi 0.025 peresenti ya dongo ilo lili pa charu chapasi.  Ma isotope ghatatu ghakuchitika mwachibadwa, 12 C na 13 C ghakukhazikika, apo 14 C ni radionuklide, yakuvunda na theka la umoyo wa 5,700.&nbsp;vyaka. [15] Kaboni nchimoza mwa vinthu vichoko waka ivyo vikumanyikwa kufuma mu nyengo yakale .
Fluorini

**Fluorine** ni chisungunu ; chili na chimanyikwiro cha **F** na nambara ya atomu 9. Ni halojeni wakupepuka chomene [note 1] ndipo wakuŵapo pa nyengo zakwenelera nga ni mphepo ya diatomic ya chikasu cakufipirwa. Fluorine wakuchitapo kanthu chomene chifukwa wakuchitapo kanthu na vinthu vinyake vyose kupatulapo mphepo zakuzirwa zipepu. Ni poizoni.
Nyengo na nyengo

**Gome la nyengo na nyengo**, ilo likumanyikwaso na zina kuti **Gome la nyengo la visungunu**, ni ndondomeko yakulongozgeka ya vinthu vya kemikali mu mizere ("nyengo") na mizati ("magulu"). Ni chimanyikwiro cha chemistry ndipo chikugwiriskirika nchito chomene mu Fizikisi na sayansi yinyake. Ni chithunzithunzi cha dango la nyengo na nyengo, ilo likuyowoya kuti para vinthu vyaŵikika mu ndondomeko ya manambara ghawo gha atomu pafupifupi kuwerezgawerezga kwa katundu wawo kukuwoneka. Tebulo ili likugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi vya makona ghatatu ivyo vikuchemeka mabuloko. Visungunu ivyo vili mu gulu limoza vikutemwa kulongora mikhaliro yakuyana waka ya kemiko.
Mndandanda wa mitundu: A–F

Pa peji ili pali mazina gha mitundu, ma hex kode ghagho na umo ghakuwonekera.

## Mitundu mu ndondomeko ya malembo A–F
Neyoni

**Neyoni** ni chisungunu; chili na chimanyikwiro cha **Ne** na nambara ya atomu 10. Ni mphepo wachiŵiri wakuchindikika mu gome la nyengo. Neyoni ni mphepo yambura mtundu, yambura sungu, yambura kugwira ntchito ya monatomic mu mikhaliro yakumanyikwa, iyo yili pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mphepo.
Lantanide

**Lanthanide** panji **lanthanoid** ni mndandanda wa visungunu kusazgapo visungunu 14 vya chisulo vya manambara gha atomu 57 mpaka 70, kufuma ku lanthanum kwendera ytterbium. Mu gome la nyengo, iwo ŵakuzuzga ma obito gha 4f. Lutetium (element 71) nayo nyengo zinyake yikumanyikwa nga ni lanthanide, nangauli ni chinthu cha d-block na chisuro chakujumpha.
Akitinide

Mndandanda wa **akitinide** panji **akitinoidi** ukusazgapo pafupifupi vigaŵa 14 vya visungunu vya visulo ivyo vili mu mndandanda wa 5f, ndipo nambara za atomu zikufuma pa 89 m’paka pa 102, akitiniyamu nobeliyamu m’paka pa 102. Nambala 103, lawrencium, nayo kanandi yikusazgapo nangauli yikuŵa cigaŵa ca mndandanda wa kusintha kwa 6d. Mndandanda wa actinide ukupokera zina lake kufuma ku chinthu chakwamba mu mndandanda uwu, actinium. Chimanyikwiro cha usungunu chambura kuzomelezgeka nkhanira-nkhanira **An** chikugwiriskirika ntchito mu kudumbiskana kwakumanyikwa kwa visungunu vya akitinide kuyowoya za actinide yiliyose.
Findu (vya mkwawo wa mrangura)

Mu vya mkwawo wa mrangura, **findu** ni malo ghakugaŵiraso panji malo ghakumalizgirapo ghakudumbiskana mukati mwa maungano ghakudumbiskana kwendela nthambo za lamya.

Findu ya network yakuwoneka ni chipangizgo cha magesi icho chikukolerana na mkwawo, ndipo chikukwaniska kupanga, kupokera, panji kutumizga uthenga pa nthowa yakudumbiskana.  Mu kuyowoyeskana kwa uthenga wa data, Findu ya netiweki yakuwoneka yingaŵa chipangizo cha kuyowoyeskana kwa uthenga (nga ni modem, hub, bridge panji mzgoleli wa mkwawo) panji chipangizo cha data terminal (nga ni lamya ya minwe, printer panji mrangura wakupokelera ŵalendo).
Machisko gha mrangura gha mirimo

**Machisko gha mirimo** (panji **pulogiramu gha mirimo**) ni machisko yaliyose panji mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta agho ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita bizinesi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kuti ŵachitenge milimo yakupambanapambana ya bizinesi. Mapulogalamu agha gha mirimo ghakugwiriskira ntchito kuti ghasazgireko kagwiliro ntchito kawemi, kupima kagwiliro ntchito, na kuchita milimo yinyake ya bizinesi makora.
Vilwerovipepu

**Vilwerovipepu** ni mapulogiramu gha pa mrangura agho gha kunjirikizga Mrangura na ndondomeko yakusura.  Machisko gha mirangura ghakusazgaposo mabuku na ndondomeko za makhumbo.

Mbiri ya machisko gha mrangura yakukolerana chomene na umo Mirangura gha minwe ghakapangikira pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900. Mapulogalamu ghakwambilira ghakalembekanga mu chiyowoyero cha makina ghakukhwaskana na hardware. Kuyambiska kwa viyowoyero vyapachanya vyakupangira mapulogiramu mu 1958 kukapangiska kuti kuŵe viyowoyero vya kuŵelengeka na ŵanthu vinandi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kupanga machisko kuŵe kwambura kusuzga ndiposo ghakunyamulika pa miranguro yakupambanapambana. Mapulogalamu gha mu chiyowoyero cha chisko ghakuyendeskeka kwizira mu compiler panji mung’anamurila kuti ghasurenge pa hardware ya architecture. Pakujumpha kwa nyengo, machisko gha mrangura ghazgoka ghakusuzga, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vya Mkwawo wa mrangura, machisko ghakwendeska mrangura, na ma database .
Mapulogalamu gha lamya

**Pulogalamu** **ya lamya** ni pulogiramu ya mrangura iyo yikupangika kuti yigwirenge ntchito pa lamya, papati, panji mphara-nyengo. Mapulogalamu gha pa lamya kanandi ghakupambana na mapulogalamu gha pa mrangura agho ghapangika kuti ghagwirenge ntchito pa mirangura ya pa gome, na mapulogalamu gha webusayiti agho ghakugwira ntchito mu mawebusaiti pa lamya m’malo mwa kugwira ntchito pa lamya iyoyene.
Mapulogalamu gha ntchezgo

**Mahamba gha ntchezgo** ni tekinoloje yakudumbiskana iyo yikovwira kupanga, kugaŵana na kuwunganya vinthu (nga ni maghanoghano, vyakutemwa, na mitundu yinyake ya kuyowoya) pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa pa intaneti na ma netiweki .   Kanandi mahamba agha ghakuŵa:
Mkuŵa

**Mkuŵa** ni chisungu; chili na chimanyikwiro cha **Cu** (kufuma ku Chilatini ) na nambara ya atomu 29. Ni chisulo chipwafu, chakukhora, ndiposo chakukhora ndipo chikulongozga chomene magesi na uthukivu . Pa malo ghapachanya-pachanya agha ghasuŵika sonosono gha mkuŵa usuma pakuŵa pa mtundu wa pinki-orenji. Mkuŵa ukugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni conductor ya uthukivu na magesi, nga ni chinthu chakuzengera, ndiposo nga ni chigaŵa cha vitsulo vyakupambanapambana, nga ni fesa la sterling ilo likugwiriskirika ntchito mu mawe ghakuzirwa, cupronickel ilo likugwiriskirika nchito pakupanga vinthu vya mu nyanja na ndalama za fesa, na constantan ilo likugwiriskirika nchito mu vipimiro vya nkhongono na thermocoup vya kupima uthukivu.
Kuthya nthowa (mikwawo)

**Kuthya nthowa** ni mlimo wakusankhira nthowa ya uthenga mu mkwawo panji pakati panji pa mikwawo yinandi. Mwaunthunthu, kuthya nthowa zikuchitika mu mitundu yinandi yakupambanapambana ya mikwawo, kusazgapo mikwawo ghakusinthika na sekyuti, nga ni mikwawo ya lamya ya ŵanthu ŵose (PSTN), na mikwawo ya mrangura, nga ni Intaneti .
Sodiyamu

**Sodiyamu** ni chisungunu; yili na chimanyikwiro **Na** (kufuma ku Chilatini ) na nambala ya atomu. 11 Ni chisulo chapwafu, chituŵa nga ni siliva, ndipo chikutimbanizgika mwa upusu. Sodium ni chisulo cha alkali, kuŵa mu gulu 1 la gome la nyengo. Isotope yake yekha yakukhazikika ni 23Na. Chitsulo chaulere chikusangika yayi mu chilengiwa ndipo chikwenera kunozgeka kufuma ku vyakusazga. Sodiyamu ni chinthu chachisanu ndi chimoza icho chikusangika chomene pa charu chapasi ndipo chili mu vinthu vinandi nga ni feldspars, sodalite, na halite (NaCl). Michere yinandi ya sodium yikusungunuka chomene mu maji: ma ayoni gha sodium ghafumiskikapo chifukwa cha ntchito ya maji kufuma ku minerals ya pa charu chapasi kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo ntheura sodium na chlorine ndivyo vikusungunuka chomene pa kulemera kwake mu nyanja.
Maginiziyamu

**Maginiziyamu** ni chisungunu; Chimanyikwiro chake ni Mg, ndipo nambala yake ya atomu ni 12. Ni chisulo cha grey chakunyezimira. Lili na density yichoko, likusungunuka yayi, ndipo likukolerana luŵiro na makemikolo ghanyake.

Nga ni vitsulo vinyake vya alkaline (Gulu 2 mu tebulo la nyengo), magnesium wakusangika yekha yayi mu cilengiwa. Nyengo zose vikusazgana na vinthu vinyake ndipo kanandi vikuŵa na +2 charge.

Para magnesium waŵa mu mlengalenga, mwaluŵiro wakupanga magnesium oxide wakuwonda. Layer iyi yikuvikilira chisulo kuti chileke kuŵa na dzimbiri. Magnesium wakutowa wakuwotcha na ungweru utuŵa wakuwala.

Ŵanthu ŵakusanga magnesium chomene pakugwiliskira ntchito magesi kuti ŵamupature ku maji gha mchere (brine). Iwo ngwakupepuka kuluska aluminiyamu ndipo kanandi ŵakusazgako na aluminiyamu kuti ŵapange vitsulo vyakukhora ndiposo vyambura kulemera chomene..
Mlambagombe

**Mlambagombe** ni ndondomeko ya nyenyezi, vyakukhalapo vya nyenyezi, mphepo za mlengalenga, fuvu, na vinthu vyakufipirwa ivyo vikukolerana pamoza na nkhongono yakuguza vinthu. Pa chingerezi ŵakuti "Galaxy", Lizgu ili likufumira ku lizgu la Chigiriki *galaxias* (  ), likung’anamura ‘lukama’, ilo likuyowoya za Mlambagombe wa nthowa ya lukama uwo uli na Kanozgero ka Zuŵa ako pakusangikapo charo cha pasi (Tera). Mlambagombe, iyo yikuŵa na nyenyezi pafupifupi 100 miliyoni,  yikukura kufuma ku nyenyezi zichokozichoko izo zili na nyenyezi zambura kukwana chikwi,  kufikira ku milalang’amba yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa – nyenyezi zikuruzikuru izo zili na nyenyezi 100 triliyoni, ndipo nyenyezi yiliyose yikuzungulira pakati pa nyenyezi zake . Vinthu vinandi ivyo vili mu mlalang’amba wakumanyikwa vikuŵa nga ni vinthu vyakufipirwa, ndipo vigaŵa vichoko waka vya vinthu ivi vikuwoneka nga ni nyenyezi na nyenyezi zakuchemeka nebulae. Vidorozi vyakufipa vikuru chomene vikusangika chomene pakati pa Mlambagombe.
Nthowa ya Lukama

**Nthowa ya Lukama** panji **Mlambagombe wa thowa ya lukama** ni Mlambagombe  uwo ukusazgapo kanozgero ka zuŵa, ndipo zina ili likulongosora umo Mlambagombe uwu ukuwonekera kufuma pa charu chapasi: gulu la ungweru ilo likuwoneka mu mlengalenga usiku ilo likupangika kufuma ku nyenyezi izo zili mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Mlambagombe, izo zili kutali chomene mwakuti zingapatulika yayi na jiso pela.
Kanozgero ka nyenyezi

**Kanozgero ka Zuŵa**  ni kanozgero kakukoleleka pamoza na nkhongono yakuguza ya nyenyezi nthe zuŵa na vinthu ivyo vikuzingilizga nyenyezi.  Likapanga pafupifupi 4.6. vyaka biliyoni ivyo vyajumpha apo cigaŵa cikuru ca mtambo wa maselo chikawa, ndipo chikapanga nyenyezi na diski ya vibwe . Zuŵa ni nyenyezi iyo yikusunga vinthu vyakuyana waka na kuphatikizgika kwa haidrojeni na helium pakatikati pake, ndipo yikufumiska nkhongono iyi kufuma ku photosphere yake ya kuwaro. Ŵausanthuro ŵakuti nyenyezi iyi ni nyenyezi ya mtundu wa G .
Kachibwayila ka nyenyezi

**Kachibwayila ka nyenyezi** ni ka gulu ka nyenyezi izo zikukolerana pamoza na nkhongono yakuguza pa izo zekha. Mitundu yiŵiri yikuru ya magulu gha nyenyezi yingapambaniskika: magulu gha nyenyezi gha globula, magulu ghakukhozga gha nyenyezi zakale zikwi khumi mpaka mamiliyoni ghanandi izo zikukolerana na nkhongono yakuguza; na magulu ghakujulika, magulu gha nyenyezi ghambura kukhora comene, kanandi ghakuŵa na nyenyezi zambura kukwana mazana ghachoko waka.
Nebula

**Nebula**     ni chigaŵa chapadera cha kuwala cha pakati pa vya mu mlengalenga, icho chingaŵa na haidrojeni wakupangika na ayoni, wambura kunjilirapo, panji wa maselo ndiposo fuvu la chilengiwa . Kanandi Nebulae ni malo agho ghakupanga nyenyezi, nga ni mu Nsanja za Cilengiwa mu Eagle Nebula . Mu vigaŵa ivi, mphepo, fuvu, na vinthu vinyake "vikuwungana" pamoza kuti vipangiske vigaŵa vyakukhozga, ivyo vikukopa vinthu vinyake ndipo paumaliro vikuŵa vyakukhozga mwakukwana kuti vipangiske nyenyezi. Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti vibwe na vinthu vinyake vya mu mlengalenga vikapangika kufuma ku vinthu ivi.
Nyenyezi ya nyutironi

**Nyenyezi ya neutron** Ndiyo nyenyezi yikuru chomene iyo yilikuwila mkati. Ichi chikufuma mu kuphulika kwa nyenyezi yikuru chomene—pamoza na kugwa kwa nkhongono yakuguza vinthu—iyo yikufinyikizga mkati mwa nyenyezi za white dwarf kufika pa nyukliya ya atomu. Nyenyezi za neutron zikuluska waka mabowo ghafipa, ndipo ni nyenyezi zachiŵiri pa vinthu vichokovichoko ndiposo vyakukwana chomene ivyo vikumanyikwa.[1] Nyenyezi za neutron zili na mtunda wa makilomita 10 (6 mi) ndipo zili na unandi wa pafupifupi 1.4 M☉.[2] Nyenyezi izo zikuwira kuŵa nyenyezi za neutron zikuŵa na unandi wose pakati pa 10 na 25 wa solar mass (M☉), panji panji zikuŵa zinandi comene ku izo zili na vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa comene kuluska haidrojeni na helium.
Chidolozi chifipa

**Chidolozi chifipa** ni chinthu chikuru chomene, chakuthithikana chomene mu vyakuthambo, ndipo nkhongono yake yakuguza vinthu yikutondeska chilichose kufumamo, nanga ungaŵa ungweru. Fundo ya Albert Einstein yakuti vinthu vyose vikukolerana yikuyowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakukwana vizamupanga chibowo chifipa.  Malire ghambura kutchimbira ghakuchemeka kuti nyengo ya vyakuchitika . Black hole yikukhwaska chomene ivyo vikuchitika na ivyo vikuchitika pa chinthu icho chikujumphapo, kweni yilije vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka pa malo ghake kuyana na general relativity. Mu nthowa zinandi, chidolozi chifipa chikuchita nga ni thupi lifipa lakufikapo, chifukwa chikuwoneska ungweru yayi.   Fundo la Quantum field mu malo-nyengo ya mlengalenga yakukhota yikuyowoyerathu kuti malo agho ghakuchitika vinthu ghakufumiska nkhongono za kumwaza za Hawking, ndipo ghakuŵa na mtundu umoza na thupi lifipa la kutentha ilo likuyana waka na unandi wake. Kutukuira uku kuli pafupifupi mabiliyoni gha kelvin gha vidorozi vifipa vya nyenyezi, ndipo nchakusuzga chomene kuwona mwakudunjika.
Mekyure

**Mercury** ndiyo pulaneti yakwamba kufuma ku Zuŵa, ndipo yikuzungulira pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 58 miliyoni. Pakuti Mercury ni pulaneti iyo yili pafupi chomene na Zuŵa, yikwenda mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska mapulaneti ghanyake ghose, ndipo yikwenda pa liwiro la makilomita pafupifupi 48 pa sekondi ndipo yikumalizga kuzungulira zuŵa limoza mu mazuŵa ghambura kukwana 88. Mercury ni yichoko chomene (yikuru chomene kuluska Mwezi na 40 peresenti pera) ndipo yili na malibwe. Vigaŵa vinandi vya pa charu chapasi vyapangika na vibowo vinandi chifukwa cha kukhwaskika kwa malibwe ghakuchemeka meteorites, nangauli paliso vidika vyakusalala, ivyo vili na vibowo vichoko waka ivyo vikuzura na lava. Caloris Basin ndiyo ni chibowo chikuru chomene, icho chili na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 1,300, ndipo ŵakughanaghana kuti chikapangika apo chinthu chinyake icho chikaŵa na msinkhu wa makilomita 60 chikatimba charu ichi, ndipo chikuzingilizgika na mphete za mapiri izo zikaponyeka pachanya chifukwa cha kukhuŵara kwake. Pa malo agha paliso vigongwe vinandi vyakuyana na mtunda (ivyo vikuchemeka rupes) ivyo vikuwoneka kuti vikapangika apo chigaŵa chakotcha cha charu ichi chikazizima na kucepa vyaka pafupifupi mabiliyoni ghanayi ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe chakukhora. Pulaneti iyi yikuzungulira pafupi na mzere wake pacoko comene, ndipo yikutora mazuŵa pafupifupi 59 pa caru capasi kuti yimalizge kuzungulira kamoza. Ntheura, zuŵa limoza la dazi (kufuma pa kufuma kwa dazi m’paka pa kufuma kwa dazi) pa Mercury likuŵa pafupifupi mazuŵa 176 gha pa caru capasi—ghakutali kaŵiri kuluska mazuŵa 88 gha cilimika ca Mercurian. Mercury yili na nyengo yakuzizima comene pa caru capasi, kufuma pa 800°F (430°C) ku cigaŵa ico dazi likuwonekera m’paka pa -270°F (-170°C) ku cigaŵa ca mdima. Para kwafika usiku, mphepo yikukhira mwaluŵiro comene cifukwa mlengalenga wa pa caru capasi ulipo yayi, ndipo uli na helium na haidrojeni vicokovicoko waka ivyo vikufuma ku mphepo ya zuŵa, ndiposo mphepo zinyake zicoko waka.
Uwuso wa ŵene-fuko

**Uwuso wa ŵene-fuko** panjiso kuti **Repabliki**, mazgo yakuthemba pa mazgu gha Cilatini ghakuti *res publica* (‘vya ŵose’ panji ‘makani gha ŵose’), ni boma ilo mazaza gha ndale ghakukhala na ŵanthu wose (ŵanthu), chomenechomene kwizira mu ŵimilili ŵawo—kupambana na boma la themba. Nangauli kanandi republic yikuŵa boma limoza ilo likujiyimira palekha, maboma ghachokoghachoko agho ghali na maboma agho ghali na boma la uwuso wa ŵene-fuko ghangachemeka kuti ma republic.
Glosa

**Glosa** ni chiyowoyero chakovwira cha pa charu chose chapasi chakupangika mwakuyana na Interglossa (mndandanda wakale wa chiyowoyero chakovwira icho chikasindikizgika mu 1943). Dikishonale yakwamba ya Glosa yikasindikizgika mu 1978. Zina la chiyowoyero ichi likufumira ku lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti glossa ilo likung’anamura lulimi panji chiyowoyero.

Glosa ni chiyowoyero chakujipatura, icho chikung’anamura kuti mazgu ghakusintha yayi kawonekero, ndiposo kulemba kwa Glosa nako kukuŵa kwa nyengo zose ndiposo kwakuyana na mazgu. Pakuŵa ciyowoyero cakupatulika, palije vimanyikwiro vyakusintha, mwakuti nyengo zose mazgu ghakukhala mu kawonekero kawo ka dikishonale, kwali ghali na mulimo wuli mu sentensi. Ntheura, milimo ya galamala, para yikumanyikwa makora yayi kufuma pa ivyo vikuyowoyeka, yikutoleka na mazgu ghachoko waka ghakugwira ntchito ndiposo na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya mazgu (syntax). Pakuŵa chiyowoyero cha a posteriori, Glosa yikutora mazgu ghake ghanandi kufuma ku misisi ya Chigiriki na Chilatini, iyo ŵalembi ŵakuwona kuti nja pa charu chose mu nthowa yinyake chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito kwawo mu sayansi.
Wendy Ashby

**Wendy Ashby** (1950-2015) wakasambira chiyowoyero cha ku Britain ndipo wakapanga chiyowoyero chakovwira cha pa charu chose chapasi cha Glosa, icho wakapanga pamoza na Ronald Clark. Wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha ivyo wakachita pa nthowa zakudumbiskana zambura kusuzga, zambura kukhwaskana na mitheto ndiposo chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kuti Glosa yiŵe nthowa yakusambizgira ŵanthu na ya pa charu chose.

## Ntchito pa Glosa
Ntchito ya Ashby pa Glosa yikamba mu 1970s, apo iyo na Ron Clark ŵakawuskapo na kusazgirako pa Interglossa, ndondomeko ya chiyowoyero chakupepuka iyo yikapangika pakwamba na wasayansi wa ku Britain Lancelot Hogben mu 1940s. Glosa wakapangika kuŵa chiyowoyero chakupulikikwa makora, chakuthemba pa mazgu ndipo chili na galamala yichoko waka na mazgu ghakuyowoyeka, ndipo chikatora chomene kufuma ku misisi ya Chigiriki chakale na Chilatini — chomenechomene izo zikumanyikwa chomene mu mazgu gha sayansi na gha vyaumoyo.

Ashby wakawovwira chomene pa kukhazikiska kapangikiro ka chiyowoyero na kulemba pamoza mabuku ghakwamba. Mwakumanyikwa, wakalemba pamoza kuti:
* Ashby, Wendy & Clark, Ronald: *Glosa 6000: 6000 Greek and Latin words and roots which occur in the Euro-languages and international scientific terminology.* London: 1983 (48 p.)
* Ashby, Wendy & Clark, Ronald: *Glosa 1000.* Richmond: Glosa, 1984
* Ashby, Wendy & Clark, Ronald: *Basic dictionary of the international language Glosa.* Richmond [Surrey]: Glosa, 1987 (44 p.)
* Ashby, Wendy: *18 steps to fluency in Euro-Glosa.* Glosa, 1989 (2nde edition) 
* Ashby, Wendy & Clark, Ronald: *Introducing Euro-Glosa.* Richmond: Glosa, 1990 (36 p.)

Ivyo wakapeleka vikaŵa vyakukhwaskana na kusangika na kugwiliskira nchito mwambura kusuzga, na chilato chakuti ŵapange chiyowoyero cha bulawuro icho chingazomerezgeka pa charu chose kwambura kusankhana chiyowoyero.

## Kukolerana kwa Luso: ''Qo Akti?''
Padera pa mulimo wake wa viyowoyero, Wendy Ashby wakachitako ntchito ya luso lwa vigaŵa vinandi na waluso wa ku Germany Mathilde ter Heijne, ndipo wakawovwirapo pa filimu ya *Qo Akti?*. Filimu iyi yakuyezgayezga, chigaŵa cha kufufuza kwakukwana kwa mitheto ya ŵanakazi na chiyowoyero, yikaŵa na Glosa yakung’anamura lemba lake, kusazgapo chiyowoyero mu ndondomeko ya fundo ya luso.
Kunjilirapo kwa Ashby kukapangiska waka kuti Glosa waŵe na luso lwa mazuŵa ghano yayi, kweni kukalongoraso kuti chiyowoyero ichi chikusinthasintha pa nkhani zakulongosora na zakuyelezgera. Ntchito iyi yikalongosoreka nga ni chigaŵa cha ntchito yikuru ya ter Heijne pa nkhani ya mitheto, kugonana kwa ŵanakazi, na kukolerana.

## Wonaniso
* Glosa
* Mazgu ghakupambanapambana
* Chiyowoyero chakupangika
* Lancelot Hogben
* Mathilde Ter Heijne

## Mazgu ghakulongosora
Interglossa

**Interglossa** ni chiyowoyero chipusu, icho chikapangika mu 1943 na wasayansi wa ku Britain Lancelot Hogben. Wakapanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵayowoyanenge mwambura kusuzga, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya sayansi na tekinoloje.

## Vinthu vinyake vyakuzirwa
* Palije mazgu agho ghakusintha: Mu Interglossa, mazgu ghakusintha yayi kawonekero. Ici cikung’anamura kuti lizgu limoza lingagwiliskirika nchito mu nthowa zakupambanapambana kwambura kusazgapo umaliro panji kusintha umo likulembekera.
* Galamala yipusu: Chiyowoyero ichi chikugwiriskira nchito ndondomeko ya mazgu na mazgu ghachoko waka ghakovwira kuti chilongore ng’anamuro, nga umo Chichayinizi chikugwilira ntchito.
* Mazgu ghachoko waka: Lili na mazgu ghakwamba pafupifupi 880, ghanandi ghakufuma mu Chigiriki na Chilatini, agho ghakumanyikwa chomene mu sayansi.
* Kulemba kwambura kusuzga: Chilembo chilichose chikwimira mazgu ghamoza, ndipo kulemba kukuŵa kwa nyengo zose ndiposo kwakuyana na fonetiki.

## Ntchito
Hogben wakakhumbanga kupanga chiyowoyero icho chikaŵa chipusu kusambira na kugwiliskira ntchito, ndipo chingawovwira ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuti ŵayowoyanenge, chomenechomene pa nkhani za sayansi.

## Kufuma kwa mbewu
Pamanyuma, mu vilimika vya m’ma 1970, Ron Clark na Wendy Ashby ŵakasintha zina lakuti Glosa. Ŵakasazgapo mazgu ghanyake na kusintha vinthu vinyake kuti ŵanozge.
Uthenga Uwemi wa Mateyu

**Uthenga Uwemi wa Mateyu** ndilo buku lakwamba la Testamente Lasono la Baibolo ndipo ni buku limoza mwa mabuku ghatatu gha Uthenga Uwemi wakudumura. Likuyowoya za uyo mulembi wakugomezga kuti ni mesiya wa Israyeli (Khristu), Yesu, chiwuka chake, na mulimo wake ku charu. Mateyu wakukhumba kukhozgera kuti chikhalidwe cha Ŵayuda chikwenera yayi kutayika mu mpingo uwo ukaŵa kuti ukusazgikira ku ŵamitundu. Uthenga uwemi ukulongora nkhondo na nkhondo pakati pa gulu la mupharazgi na ŵaYuda ŵanyakhe, chomenechomene na kususka kwake kwakuthwa kwa ŵalembi, ŵasofi ŵalara na ŵaFarisi na udindo wakuti Ufumu wa Kuchanya watoleka kwa iwo na kupelekeka m’malo mwake ku mpingo.

Ŵasambiri ŵakusanga masuzgo ghanandi na fundo yakuti Mpostole Mateyu wakalembeka, nangauli vingachitika kuti makani ghawemi ghakusazgapo buku ilo likalembeka na msambiri. Mazgu ghakuru gha ŵasambiri ghakuti likalembeka mu vilimika vyaumaliro vya vilimika vya m’ma 100 C.E. na Muyuda wambura kumanyikwa uyo wakamanyanga makora vigaŵa vya malango vya malemba. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti Mateyu wakagwiliskira nchito Uthenga Uwemi wa Marko na mazgu ghakughanaghana ghakuti Uthenga Uwemi Q (uwo uli na vinthu ivyo Mateyu wakugaŵana na Luka) ndipo ni chinthu icho chikafuma mu muwiro wachiŵiri wa gulu la Ŵakhristu, nangauli chikutora pa kukumbukira kwa muwiro wakwamba wa ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu. Mazgu ghanyake agho ghakuyowoya kuti Mateyu wakagwiliskira ntchito Luka panji mwakupambana kwambura Q ghakusazgikira mu kumanyikwa mu masambiro.

## Ukaboni
Daniel Craig

**Daniel Wroughton Craig**  (wakubabika pa 2 Malichi 1968) ni wakuchita maseŵero wa Chingerezi. Vyawanangwa zake ni nthe vyawanangwa viŵiri za Board of Review, kusazgapo kusolekela ku mwaŵi wakupokela mphoto ya Primetime Emmy, mphoto ya mafilimu ya British Academy, na mphoto zitatu za Golden Globe .
Chinthu cha masamu

**Chinthu cha masamu** ni fundo yambura kaŵiro iyo yikufuma mu samuzi.  Mwakuyana waka, chinthu cha masamu chingaŵa mtengo uwo ungapelekeka ku chimanyikwiro, ndipo ntheura chingaŵa mu mafomura . Vinthu vya masamu ivyo vikusangika chomene ni manambara, mazgu, mawonekero, milimo, na maseti. Vinthu vya masamu vingaŵa vinonono chomene; mwachiyelezgero, matheoremu, ukaboni, ndiposo nanga ni visambizgo vyakumanyikwa vikuzomerezgeka nga ni vinthu vya masamu mu fundo ya ukaboni .
Fundo yiŵisi

**Fundo yiŵisi** ni ghanaghano yambura kaŵiro iyo yikugwira ntchito nga ni maziko gha fundo zakukhazikika, maghanoghano, na vigomezgo vyakukhozga. Mazgu ghakugwira ntchito yikuru mu vigaŵa vyose vya kumanya.  Pakuŵa nthena, fundo zikusambizgika mukati mwa visambizgo nga ni viyowoyero, Saikoloje, na filosofe, ndipo visambizgo ivi vikutemwa chomene umo fundo zikupangikira mwakupulikikwa na mwakughanaghanira, na umo zikuŵikika pamoza kuti zipangiske maghanoghano na sentensi. Kusambira kwa fundo kwaŵa nga ni chimanyikwiro chakuzirwa cha nthowa iyo yikuwoneka yakupambanapambana, sayansi yakumanyiska.
Chambiko chakukhoma padoko (Yogati)

**Chambiko chakukhoma padoko** panji kuti **Yogati** kufuma ku Chiturkey cha Ottoman: يوغورت, Chiturkey: yogurt; Kupangika kwa shuga mu mkaka na mabakiteriya agha kukupangiska lactic acid, iyo yikugwira ntchito pa mapulotini gha mkaka kuti yogurt yiŵe na mtundu wake na kununkhira kwake kwa tart. Mkaka wa ng'ombe ndiwo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito chomene pakupanga yogurt. Mkaka wa ng’ombe za maji, mbuzi, mberere za mtundu wa mtundu, ngamila, na yaks ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito kuti ŵapange yogurt. Mkaka uwo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ungaŵa wakuyana waka panji yayi. Iwo ungaŵa wakupangika na pasteur panji wambura kuphika. Mtundu uliwose wa mkaka ukupanga vyakupambana comen**e.**
Chambiko

**Chambiko** ukung'anamura vyakurya vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikupangika na asidi wa mkaka. Kupanga asidi, iyo yikupangiska kuti mkaka uŵe wakunowa na sungu liheniko likukwaniskika panji kwizira mu kuthukira kwa mabakiteriya panji kwizira mu kusazgapo asidi nga ni maji gha ndimu panji viniga asidi uyu wakupangiska kuti mkaka uŵe wakukhora na kukhoma. kukanizga kukura kwa mabakiteriya ghaheni na kutalikiska umoyo wa katundu pagome.
Mbwani

**Mbwani** ni wungano wa maji gha mchere agho ghakubenekelera pafupifupi 70.8% ya Tera. Mbwani iyi yikugaŵika mu maji ghakurughakuru, agho ghakuchemekaso kuti *Mbwani* (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, na Mbwani wa Arctic),   ndipo iwo ŵakugaŵika chomene mu nyanja za mchere, gulfs na vigaŵa vinyakhe vya maji vyakulondezgapo. Mbwani ili na 97% ya maji gha pa Tera ndipo ndiyo yikupangiska kuti pa charu chapasi paŵe hadrosifiye, ndipo yikugwira ntchito nga ni malo ghakuru ghakusungirako kutentha kwa bajeti ya nkhongono za pa charu chapasi, ndiposo pa msinkhu wake wa carbon na msinkhu wa maji, ndipo yikupanga maziko gha nyengo na nyengo pa charu chose. Mbwani njakuzirwa chomene pa umoyo wa pa charu chapasi, ndipo yikukhalamo vinyama vinandi vya pa charu chapasi na vyamoyo vya protist,  iyo yikupangiska kuti paŵe Usanisinuru ndipo ntheura mphepo ya oxygen iyo yili mu mlengalenga wa pa charu chapasi, iyo yikuperekaso hafu yake.

**Nyanja** ni maji gha mchere agho ghakubenekelera pafupifupi 70.8% ya charu chapasi. Nyanja iyi yikugaŵika mu maji ghakurughakuru, agho ghakuchemekaso kuti *nyanja* (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, na Nyanja ya Arctic),  ndipo iwo ŵakugaŵika chomene mu nyanja, gulnt gulfs na subseque . Nyanja ili na 97% ya maji gha pa charu chapasi ndipo ndiyo yikupangiska kuti pa charu chapasi paŵe hydrosphere, ndipo yikugwira ntchito nga ni malo ghakuru ghakusungirako kutentha kwa bajeti ya nkhongono za pa charu chapasi, ndiposo pa msinkhu wake wa carbon na msinkhu wa maji, ndipo yikupanga maziko gha nyengo na nyengo pa charu chose. Nyanja njakuzirwa chomene pa umoyo wa pa charu chapasi, ndipo yikukhalamo vinyama vinandi vya pa charu chapasi na vyamoyo vya protist,  iyo yikupangiska kuti paŵe photosynthesis ndipo ntheura mphepo ya oxygen iyo yili mu mlengalenga wa pa charu chapasi, iyo yikuperekaso hafu yake.

## Ukaboni
Mano

**Mano** ni icho chiku ghanaghana, kupulika, kumanya, kurokota, kukumbuka, na kukhumba. Likukhwaska vyose ivyo vikuchitika **mu maghanoghano**, kusazgapo ndondomeko zose ziŵiri zamaso, izo munthu wakumanyira vinthu vya kuwaro na vya mukati, na ndondomeko zambura maso, izo zingakhwaska munthu kwambura chirato panji kumanya. Mano yikugwira ntchito yikuru chomene mu vigaŵa vinandi vya umoyo wa munthu, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa umo uliri nadi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulongosora umo munthu wakuwonekera ŵakuŵika mtima pa vinthu vya mukati, ŵakuti maghanoghano ghakusintha vinthu ndipo ghakusangika yayi mwaluŵiro ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera kuwaro. Ŵanyake ŵakudidimizga pa ubwezi wake na nkharo za kuwoneka kuwaro, kupulikiska vinthu vya mu maghanoghano nga ni zikhaliro ya kuchita nkharo yakuwoneka.
Ubatizo wa Yesu

**Ubatizo wa Yesu**, mwambo wa kutozga Yesu na maji na Yohane Mubatizi, chikaŵa chinthu chikuru icho chikalongosoreka mu Mauthenga Ghawemi ghatatu gha synoptic gha Testamente Lasono (Mateyu, Marko na Luka). Chikuwoneka kuti chikachitika ku Al-Maghtas (iyo yikuchemekaso kuti Betaniya Kuseri kwa Yordani), iyo sono yili kuseri kwa Yordani.

Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwona kuti ubatizo wa Yesu ni chinthu icho chikachitika mu mdauko ndipo chingapelekeka kuti chiŵe chakusimikizgika chomene. Pamoza na kupayikika kwa Yesu pa khuni, ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakuwona kuti ni chimoza mwa vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikukhozgeka mu mdauko vyakukhwaskana na iyo, ndipo kanandi ŵakuvigwiriskira nchito nga ni fundo yakuyambirapo pa kusambira Yesu wa mdauko.

Ubatizo nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu nkhani ya umoyo wa Yesu mu Mauthenga Ghawemi ghakuzomerezgeka; vinyake ni vya Kusintha, Kupayikika, Kuwuka, na Kukwera kuchanya. Mipingo yinandi ya Chikhristu yikuwona kuti ubatizo wa Yesu nchinthu chakuzirwa chomene ndiposo nchinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa mwambo wa Chikhristu wa ubatizo (wonaniso Milimo 19:1–7 ). Mu Chikhristu cha Kumafumiro gha dazi, ubatizo wa Yesu ukukumbukika pa 6 Januwale (zuŵa la kalendara la Julian ilo likuyana na 19 Januwale pa kalendara ya Gregory), chiphikiro cha Epiphany, icho chikuchemekaso mu Matchalitchi ghanyake kuti Chiphikiro cha Theophany. Mu Tchalitchi la Roma Katolika, Anglican Communion, Matchalitchi gha Lutheran na visopo vinyake vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi, vikukumbukika pa zuŵa ilo lili mukati mwa sabata yakulondezgapo, chiphikiro cha ubatizo wa Fumu. Mu Chikatolika cha ku Roma, ubatizo wa Yesu nchimoza mwa Visisi vya Kuwala ivyo nyengo zinyake vikusazgapo pa Rosari. Ni chiphikiro cha Utatu mu Matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha Kummaŵa.
Christina McKelvie

**Christina McKelvie** (4 Malichi 1968 – 27 Malichi 2025) wakaŵa wandale wa ku Scotland na movwira mu ntchito za ŵanthu, uyo wakaŵa membala wa Scottish National Party (SNP). Wakaimirira boma la Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse mu Scottish Parliament kufuma mu 2011 m'paka kufa kwake mu 2025. Kale, wakaimirira dera la Central Scotland kufuma 2007 m'paka 2011.

McKelvie wakateŵeteranga nga ni Minister for Equalities and Older People kufuma 2018 m'paka 2023. Mu 2023 wakapokelera udindo wa Minister for Culture, Europe and International Development. Mu Febuluwale 2024, wakasangika nga ni Minister for Drugs and Alcohol Policy m'paka kufa kwake.

## Umoyo wake wakwamba
McKelvie wakababika ku Glasgow pa 4 Malichi 1968. Wakakulira ku Easterhouse, East End ya Glasgow. Wakasambira ku St Leonard's Secondary School. Wakaphalirako masambilo ku Anniesland College, Cardonald College, na University of St Andrews. Wakaŵa Learning and Development Officer mu dipatimenti ya ntchito za ŵanthu ku Glasgow City Council. Wakaŵa membala wachigomezgo wa Unison.

## Ntchito ya ndale
Mu 2007, McKelvie wakayesesa pa chisankho cha Hamilton South kweni wakatondeka. Kweni wakasankhika pa mndandanda wa dera la Central Scotland. Mu 2011, wakawina pa chisankho cha Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse. Wakaŵa Convener wa European and External Relations Committee kufuma 2011 m'paka 2016.

Mu 2016, wakawovwira nga ni Convener wa Equal Opportunities Committee na Equalities and Human Rights Committee. Pa 28 Juni 2018, wakasankhika kuŵa Minister for Equalities and Older People. Mu Febuluwale 2021, wakatola "medical leave", ndipo Shirley-Anne Somerville wakamuzgilirako pa udindo uwo.

Mu 2021, udindo wake wakasintha zina kuŵa Minister for Equalities and Older People. Wakasangika na kansa ya mabele na wamalizga chithandizo chake mu 2021. Wakachita nawo chochitika cha MoonWalk ku Edinburgh mu Juni 2022.

Mu 2023, wakasankhika kuŵa Minister for Culture, Europe and International Development mu boma la Humza Yousaf. Wakati wakawelera ku Malawi ndipo wakalutilira kovwira ntchito za Scotland Malawi Partnership, kususka nkhaza pa ŵanakazi (SDG 5).

Mu Febuluwale 2024, wakapokelera udindo wa Minister for Drugs and Alcohol Policy.

## Matenda na kufa
Mu Disembala 2020, wakachizgika na kansa ya mabele, kweni wakachita chithandizo na wakawelera mu ndale. Mu Juni 2024, wakasanthulika kuti wali na metastatic cancer ndipo mu Ogasiti wakatola "medical leave".

Pa 12 Malichi 2025, wakalengezga kuti walekelerenge pa chisankho chakuluta. Kweni wakafwa pa 27 Malichi 2025 ku Glasgow Royal Infirmary, ali na vyaka 57. Misa ya kufumiskira wakachitikira ku Daldowie Crematorium pa 11 Epulilo 2025.

## Ukaboni

## Intaneti
* Webusayiti yake
Agnes Patemba

**Thokozani Agnes Patemba** ni weruzgi wa khoti likulu la Malawi na kazembe. Wakhala weruzgi wa khoti likulu mu 2020 na mu 2021 wakhazikika ku United Kingdom nga ni kazembe wachiwiri wa Malawi.

## Umoyo
Patemba wakababika pa 13 Janwali 1975 ndipo wakakulira ku tawuni ya Kawale mu Lilongwe. Wakaŵa mwana wachiwiri pa ana 8 ndipo wali na ŵanyina ŵatatu na ŵadumbu wane. Wambanga kuguliska parafini, mbatata na mphanje kuti wapangemo ndalama. Wakapanga sukulu ku Likuni Girls' Secondary School, ndipo pamanyuma wakasambira Humanities ku Chancellor College ku Zomba. Mu 2004 wakamalizga masambilo gha malango.

Mulimo wake wa malango udayamba pa 29 Disembala 2004 apo wakasankhika kukhala Senior Resident Magistrate. Wakaŵa ku makhoti gha ku Lilongwe, ndipo mu 2005 wakasamukira ku Khoti Likulu ku Mzuzu. Mu 2009 wakatoleka ku khoti la ntchito (Industrial Relations Court), ndipo mu 2014 wakapokera degree ya Masters ku University of Zimbabwe. Mu 2015 wakafuma ku magistrate na mu 2017 wakasankhika Deputy Registrar wa Khoti Likulu na Supreme Court of Appeal, ndiposo Registrar wa Malawi Judiciary.

Mu 2019, ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi ŵakasintha chigamulo cha 2019 Malawian general election, ndipo ŵakati paŵe mavoti ghaso. Ŵakiza na vikwama vya bulletproof ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku British Parliament ŵakaŵatumbika chifukwa ichi chikaŵa chakwamba ku Africa kuti mavoti gha pulezidenti gasinthike. Patemba wakaŵa na mulimo wa kuyang’anira makhoti pa nyengo ya COVID-19 apo kachikoti kakakanika mu May 2020.

Mu mavoti ghaphya, Lazarus Chakwera na Saulos Chilima ŵakatorapo vinthu, ndipo ŵakapempha ndalama zakovwira pa milandu kufika $12m. Patemba wakapemphika kuŵa muweruzgi pa nkhani iyi. Ndipo ndalama izo khoti likazomerezga zikaŵa $9m.

Mu 2020, Pulezidenti Chakwera wakakwimira ŵeruzgi ŵanandi kuphatikizapo Ivy Kamanga na Healey Potani, awo ŵakenerapo pa milandu iyo yamovwira kuti iyo watorapo boma. Patemba nayo wakakwimirika kuŵa weruzgi wa khoti likulu.

Patemba wakachemekwa nga ni "wakukondwa" na Chakwera apo wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wachiwiri ku UK mu 2021 kulowa malo gha Quent Kalichero. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti ichi ntchinthu chakusuzga chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ŵeruzgi mu Malawi na chifukwa chakuti vyaru vya boma na vyamalango vikwenera kuŵa vyapadera.

Mu 2022, wakayowoya pa nkhani ya nkhanza zakuchita pa ŵanakazi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuwonga. Pa nyengo yimoza wakaranga ŵanalume ŵankhondi na vyaka 67 vya kalikiliki chifukwa cha milandu yiheni. Iyo wakati malango gha parliament ghakuzomerezga fundo iyi kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵawopenge.

## Umoyo wa pamozi
Wali na wana ŵaŵiri na mfumu Joseph Patemba.

## Intaneti
Ana Karla Garza

**Ana Karla Garza** (wakababika pa 27 Ogasiti 1988) ni wamalonda wa ku Mexico uyo wakukhala ku Mexico City.

## Masambiro
Garza ali ndi digiri ya MBA kuchokera ku IPADE Business School, yomwe ili ku Mexico City.

## Umoyo wa Munthu
Wakababikira ku Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. Vinthu ivyo wakuzirwiska mu mbumba na kukhumba kuŵa paubwezi na ŵanji vikamovwira kuti wakure makora.

## Ntchito
Garza wakamba nchito yake mu makampani gha vya katundu, uko wakamanyikwanga kuti wakucita malonda pa caru cose.
Vinasi

**Venus** ni chibwe chachiŵiri kufuma pa Zuŵa. Venus yikuzingulira payekha pachokopachoko zamnyuma aposo wakuzingilizga Zuŵa, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti nyengo yake yakuzungulira yiŵe yitali chomene mu dongosolo la zuŵa, pafupifupi mazuŵa 243 gha pa charu chapasi. Lichoko chomene kuluska charu chapasi ndipo likwenera kuti lili na chigaŵa cha mukati chakuyana waka, ndipo lili na chisulo cha semisolid icho chikuzingilizgika na chakuvwara cha malibwe na chigaŵa chapasi. Venus ndiyo yikuŵala chomene mu mlengalenga pamanyuma pa Zuŵa na Mwezi chifukwa mitambo yake yikuwoneska chomene ungweru wa dazi. Chinthu chikuru icho chili mu mlengalenga ni carbon dioxide, iyo yikukolera kutentha mu greenhouse effect iyo njakukhora chomene kuluska iyo yili pa charu chapasi, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti Venus yiŵe pulaneti yakutentha chomene, ndipo kutentha kwake kukufika pafupifupi 900°F (480°C). Mu mitambo yakukhora iyi muli madontho gha sulfuric acid ndipo ghakuzungulira charu na mphepo iyo yikuchimbira pa liwiro la makilomita 360 pa ora. Nangauli charu ichi chikutora mazuŵa 243 kuti chizingilire kamoza, kweni mphepo iyo yikuchimbira chomene yikupangiska kuti mitambo yizingilire charu ichi mu mazuŵa ghanayi pera gha charu chapasi. Kutentha kwakukwana, mitambo ya asidi, na mphepo yikuru comene (iyo yikukura pafupifupi ka 90 pa caru capasi kuluska iyo yili pa caru capasi) vikupangiska kuti malo ghaŵe ghaheni comene. Ndipouli, vipangizo vyakufufuza vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vyakwaniska kufika pa Venus na kujambura malo ghake ghakuwomira ndiposo gha fuvu. Malo gha Venus ghapangikaso mapu na vyakufufuza ivyo vili na vipangizo vya radar ivyo vinga "wona" kwizira mu vigaŵa vya mitambo, kuvumbura malo agho ghali na vibowo, mapiri, mapiri ghakuphulika, na malo agho vibowo vyabenekelereka na vidika vya lava wakukhora wa mapiri ghakuphulika, kusazgapo vigaŵa viŵiri vikuru vya pachanya vyakuchemeka Terratarsh Terra na Aphrodite.
Vera Kamtukule

**Dr. Vera Kamtukule** ni mulembi, wakulimbikira na nduna ya boma la Malawi. Iyo wakasankhika kuŵa Nduna ya Vya Ulendo (Minister of Tourism) pa 31 Januari 2023. Pambere wandasankhike pa udindo uwu, Vera wakaŵa Nduna ya Ntchito (Minister of Labour) kufuma pa 26 Janyuwari 2022 na kwa uDeputy Minister kufuma pa 2020 kufuma apo masankho gha pulezidenti ghakachitika. Mu 2021 Vera Kamtukule wakaŵa na udindo wa Chair wa SADC pa nkhani za ntchito na vichoko vya ntchito.

## Umoyo wakwambilira na masambilo
Kamtukule wakababika pa 31 Disembala 1981 mu tawuni ya Zingwangwa, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya sekondare ya Zingwangwa, ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku University of Malawi, Chancellor College uko wakasambira digiri ya bachelor's.

Wakamalizga Masters of Science mu Strategic Management ku University of Derby, ku United Kingdom. Kamtukule wali na diploma mu marketing na postgraduate diploma mu land management. Iyo wakasambira PhD mu Transformative Community Development ku Mzuzu University.

Wakaŵa CEO wa Malawi Scotland Partnership pambere wandasankhike kuŵa nduna.

Mu Epulilo 2025, Kamtukule wakalengezga malango ghaphya gha vya Ulendo mu Malawi, nga ni Tourism Act 2025. Malango agha ghakapanga Malawi Tourism Authority na Malawi College of Tourism ndipo ghakayowoyeka nga ni kusintha kukuru comene kufuma mu 1968.

## Mabulogu na mabuku
Mu 2013 Kamtukule wakalemba buku lakuti "The Supply and Demand of Housing in Malawi" ilo likasindikizgika na Lambert Academic Publishing.

Mu 2020 buku lake *Made to Bloom* likawina mphotho ya African Authors Award.

Walembo mabuku ghanyake 5: *More Than A Pastor's Wife*, *The Professional Woman*, *The Absalomic Loss*, *41 Things That Destroy Good Women* na *29 Things that Destroy Good Men*.

## Umoyo wake wa pa nyumba
Vera Kamtukule wali pa nthengwa na Edson Kamtukule, ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵakwanika ŵaŵiri.

## Maumboni

## Intaneti
*
Tink Oana

**Tink Oana** ni mwanakazi wakuyimba Afro-pop na Afrobeat. Oana wakatchuka na nyimbo yake yakuti **"Kopa"**, iyo yikafuma pa 6 Meyi 2025 pasi pa Porch Time Records. Wakayimbaso sumo yakuti **"Munyane"** pamoza na Warner Chandie Afrika, iyo yikafuma mu album ya *Mzuzu Coffee* pa 3 Epulelo 2025, na tempo ya BPM 125.

## Umoyo wake na ntchito ya kwimba
Oana wakababikila ku Mzuzu mu malo gha Zolozolo.

## Nyimbo
* **"Kopa"** – 6 Meyi 2025 (Porch Time Records). Ichi ndicho chikaŵa chiyambi chake chikulu cha Tink Oana.
* **"Munyane"** – Warner Chandie Afrika (feat. Tink Oana), mu album *Mzuzu Coffee* – 3 April 2025; tempo 125 BPM.

## Intaneti
* Tink Oana pa Apple Music
* Kwacha Tivine – New releases
* SongData.io – Munyane analysis

## Ukaboni
Msewu wa Lundazi–Chama

Msewu wa **D103**, panji Msewu wa **Lundazi–Chama**, ni msewu wa Chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi, kwa Zambia.

## Nthowa
Msewu ukujumpha mu misumba ya Lundazi, Pikamalazo, Magodi, Kamangadazi, ndipo Chama.

## Mphambano
Mphambano ku Kummwela–Kumpoto:
*   M12 / D104 mu Lundazi, Lundazi (yamba)
*  D109 mu Lundazi, Lundazi
*  RD107 mu Magodi, Chasefu
*  RD106 mu Chasefu
*  Msewu wa Mphaka mu Boma la Mzimba, Malaŵi
* Msewu Matumbo–Chama mu Chama
*  RD105 mu Chama, Chama (umalilo)

## Ukaboni
Msewu wa Chipata–Lundazi

Msewu wa **M12**, panji Msewu wa **Chipata–Lundazi** ndiwo msewu uwo ukukoleska Chipata na Lundazi. Pamoza na Msewu wa Kumafumiro gha dazi Yikuru (T4) yakuluta ku Lusaka, ndiyo nthowa yikuru iyo yikukoleska Chama (kwizira mu D103) na Lundazi na charu chose. M12 ni msewu uwo uli mu mkhalidwe uheni.

Utali wake ni makilomita 180.

## Mphambano
Mphambano ku Kummwela–Kumpoto:

*  T4 mu Chipata, Chipata
*  D104 mu Nyakutwa, Chipata
*  RD120 (Msewu wa Kapatamoyo) mu Chipata
*  RD116 mu Chipangali
*  RD118 mu Chipangali
*  RD692 mu Chikomeni Turnoff, Lumezi
*  RD110 mu Lundazi, Lundazi
*   D103 / D104 mu Lundazi, Lundazi

## Ukaboni
Msewu wa D109 (Zambia)

Msewu wa **D109**, panji Msewu wa **Lundazi–Malaŵi**, ni msewu wa Boma la Lundazi, Chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi, kwa Zambia. Msewu uwu ukukoleska msumba wa Lundazi, D103, na M12 ku Malaŵi.

## Mphambano
Mphambano ku kumanjiliro gha dazi–kumafumiro gha dazi:

*  D103 mu Lundazi
*  RD110
*   M20 mu Mzimba, Malaŵi

## Ukaboni