Lancelot Hogben

**Lancelot Thomas Hogben** FRS FRSE (9 Disembala 1895 - 22 Ogasiti 1975) wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vinyama vyakuyezgayezga vya ku Britain ndiposo nkhwantha ya vyachipatala. Wakapanga chule wa ku Afilika (Xenopus laevis) kuŵa chiyelezgero cha vyamoyo vya kafukufuku wa vyamoyo apo wakamba kugwira ntchito. Wakawukiraso gulu la eugenics pakati pa ntchito yake, ndipo wakalemba mabuku ghakumanyikwa chomene pa sayansi, masamu na chiyowoyero mu ntchito yake yakumanyuma.

Wakapanga chiyowoyero cha pa charu chose, Interglossa, nga ni 'mndandanda wa wovwiri wa ndondomeko ya demokilase ya pa charu chose'.

## Mbiri ya umoyo
### Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro
Hogben wakababika na kukulira ku Southsea, pafupi na msumba wa Portsmouth ku Hampshire. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵa Methodist. Mu 1907, mbumba yake yikasamukira ku Stoke Newington ku London, uko anyina ŵakakulira. Wakasambira ku sukulu ya Tottenham County ndipo pamanyuma wakasambira vya thupi apo wakasambiranga vya udokotala ku Trinity College, ku Cambridge.

Pambere wandalute ku Cambridge, Hogben wakalembeska nga ni msambiri wakufuma kuwaro ku yunivesite ya London ndipo wakapokera digiri ya sayansi (BSc) mu 1914. Wakapokera digiri yake kufuma ku Cambridge mu 1915, ndipo wakamalizga na digiri yakwamba (yakumanyikwa) ya luso (BA). Pa nyengo iyi, wakazgoka socialist. Wakasintha zina la gulu la Fabian Society la yunivesite iyi kuŵa Socialist Society ndipo wakanjira mu chipani cha ŵantchito ŵambura kujiyimira paŵekha. Pamanyuma pa umoyo wake, wakajithya kuti "munthu wa sayansi."

### Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Hogben wakatemwanga mtende (wakususka nkhondo) ndipo wakanjira gulu la Quaker. Wakagwira ntchito kwa myezi 6 ku France na wupu wa Red Cross, ndipo wakawovwiranga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na nkhondo nga ni gulu la ŵabwezi awo ŵakapwetekeka na nkhondo na gulu la ambulansi ya ŵabwezi. Wakati wawelera ku Cambridge, ŵakamujalira mu jele mu 1916 ku Wormwood Scrubs chifukwa chakuti wakakana kurwa nkhondo (pakuŵa munthu uyo ​​wakakana kurwa nkhondo chifukwa cha njuŵi yake). Umoyo wake ukamba kunanga chomene apo wakaŵa mu jele, ntheura ŵakamufumiska mu 1917. Munung’una wake George nayo wakakana kunjira usilikari ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito na Friends’ Ambulance Unit.

### Umoyo wa munthu payekha
Mu 1918, Hogben wakatengwa na Enid Charles, uyo wakasambiranga masamu, kupenda viŵelengero, kusopa boma, ndiposo ku Denbigh. Ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵaŵiri ŵanalume na ŵana ŵaŵiri ŵanakazi pamoza. Hogben wakasambiraso kuyowoya Chiwelsh.

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950, wakasamira ku Glyn Ceiriog ku North Wales ndipo wakagura nyumba yichoko waka. Pa nyengo iyi, nthengwa yake na Enid yikamara. Ŵakapatukana mu 1953 ndipo ŵakamazga nthengwa yawo mu 1957. Pamanyuma pa chaka chenecho, wakatengwa na Jane Roberts (uyo wakababika Evans), uyo wakaŵa mulara wa sukulu ya ku malo agha ndipo wakapumura ntchito ndipo wakaŵa muchoko kwa iyo na vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri.

Jane wakafwa mu 1974, ndipo Hogben wakafwa chaka chakulondezgapo, mu 1975, ku chipatala cha chikumbusko cha nkhondo ku Wrexham. Wakaŵa na vilimika 79 ndipo ŵakamuwotcha ku Pentre Bychan iyo yikaŵa pafupi. Hogben wakagomezganga yayi kuti kuli Chiuta ndipo wakajithya kuti "munthu wa sayansi."

## Mabuku agho wakasindikizga
**A Short Life of [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] (1823-1913)*, p.&nbsp;64 (London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918)
**Exiles of the Snow, and Other Poems* (1918)
**An Introduction to Recent Advances in Comparative Physiology* (1924) with Frank R. Winton
** The Pigmentary Effector System. A review of the physiology of colour response* (1924)
**Comparative Physiology* (1926)
**Comparative Physiology of Internal Secretion* (1927)
**The Nature of Living Matter* (1930)
**Genetic Principles in Medical and Social Science* (1931)
**Nature or Nurture - The William Withering Lectures for 1933* (1933)
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.476145/page/n5 Mathematics for the Million: A Popular Self-Educator]* (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1936), illustrated by Frank Horrabin, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 1. Re-issued in the United States by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. (1937).
**The Retreat from Reason* (1936) Conway Memorial Lecture 20 May 1936, chaired by Julian Huxley.
**[https://archive.org/details/ScienceForTheCitizen-LanceoletHogben/page/n5 Science for the Citizen: A Self-Educator Based on the Social Background of Scientific Discovery]* (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1938), illustrated by Frank Horrabin, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 2.
**Political Arithmetic: A Symposium of Population Studies* (1938) editor
**Dangerous Thoughts* (1939)
**Author in Transit* (1940)
**Principles of Animal Biology* (1940)
**[[Interglossa]]: A Draft of an Auxiliary for a Democratic world order, Being an Attempt to Apply Semantic Principles to Language Design* (1943)
**The Loom of Language: A Guide To Foreign Languages For The Home Student* by Frederick Bodmer (1944), edited by Hogben, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 3.
**An Introduction to Mathematical Genetics* (1946)
**History of the Homeland: The Story of the British Background* by Henry Hamilton (1947), edited by Hogben, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 4.
**The New Authoritarianism* (1949) Conway Memorial Lecture 1949
**From Cave Painting To Comic Strip: A Kaleidoscope of Human Communication* (1949)
**Chance and Choice by Cardpack and Chessboard* (1950)
**Man Must Measure: The Wonderful World of Mathematics* (1955)
**Statistical theory. The relationship of probability, credibility and error. An examination of the contemporary crisis in statistical theory from a behaviorist viewpoint* (1957)
**The Wonderful World Of Energy* (1957)
**The Signs of Civilisation* (1959)
**The Wonderful World of Communication* (1959)
**Mathematics in the Making* (1960)
**Essential World English* (1963) with Jane Hogben and Maureen Cartwright
**Science in Authority: Essays* (1963)
**The Mother Tongue* (1964)
**Whales for the Welsh — A Tale of War and Peace with Notes for those who Teach or Preach* (1967)
**Beginnings and Blunders or Before Science Began* (1970)
**The Vocabulary Of Science* (1970) with Maureen Cartwright
**Astronomer Priest and Ancient Mariner* (1972)
** Maps, Mirrors and Mechanics* (1973)
**Columbus, the Cannon Ball and the Common Pump* (1974)
**How The World Was Explored*, editor, with Marie Neurath and Joseph Albert Lauwerys
*Hogben, Anne; Hogben, Lancelot Thomas; Hogben, Adrian. *Lancelot Hogben: scientific humanist: an unauthorised autobiography* (1998)

## Mazgu ghakulongosora