Ndondomeko ya uthenga ya Kulongozga

**Nthowa ya uthenga wakulongozga** (MIS) ni ndondomeko ya uthenga likugwiriskirika nchito pa kusankha, na pa kulongozga, kulaŵilira, kusanda, na kuwona vinthu ivyo vili mu wupu. Kusambira kwa ndondomeko za uthenga wa kalongozgi kukukhwaska ŵanthu, ndondomeko na luso mu chigaŵa cha bungwe. Mu mazgu ghanyake, vikugwira ntchito, nga ni milimo ya kulaŵilira, kunozga, kusankha vinthu mu msinkhu wa ŵalongozgi.

Mu malo gha kampani, chilato chikuru cha kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko ya uthenga wa ŵalongozgi nkhusazgirako mtengo na phindu la bizinesi.

## Mbiri
Nangauli vingasuskika kuti mbiri ya ndondomeko ya uthenga wa ŵalongozgi yikayamba kale comene apo makampani ghakugwiriskira ncito mabuku ghakulembera ndalama kuti ghalembeske ndalama, mbiri ya mazuŵa ghano ya MIS yingagaŵika mu *nyengo* zinkhondi izo zikamanyikwa pakwamba na Kenneth C. Laudon . na Jane Laudon mu buku lawo lakusambizga *Nthowa zakulongozgera uthenga.*

* Mbiri yakudanga – kukompyuta kwa Menifremu na minicomputer
* Mbiri yachiŵiri – kukompyuta kwa unthus
* Mbiri yachitatu – mautatavi gha mteŵetekera/mteŵeti
* Mbiri yachinayi – kukompyuta kwa Enterprise 
* Mbiri yachinayi-moza – kukompyuta kwa bingu

*Nyengo yakwamba* (makompyuta ghakuru na makompyuta ghachoko) yikalamuliranga na IBM na makompyuta ghawo ghakuru agho ŵakapelekanga vyose viŵiri hardware na software. Kanandi makompyuta agha ghakatoranga vipinda vyose ndipo ghakakhumbikwiranga magulu kuti ghaghagwiliskirenge ntchito. Apo vinthu vya tekinoloje vikalutilira kukura, makompyuta agha ghakaŵa na nkhongono zinandi ndipo ntheura ghakacepeskako ndalama izo ghakaŵa nazo. Makompyuta ghachoko, ghakudula chomene ghakapangiska kuti mabizinesi ghakuru ghaŵe na malo ghawo ghakupangira makompyuta mu nyumba / pa malo / pa malo.

*Nyengo yachiŵiri* (makompyuta gha munthu payekha) yikamba mu 1965 apo ma microprocessor ghakamba kupikisana na ma mainframe na ma minicomputer ndipo ghakapangiska kuti nkhongono za makompyuta zigaŵike mwaluŵiro kufuma ku malo ghakuru ghakusungirako data kuya ku maofesi ghachokoghachoko. Mu vilimika vya kumanyuma vya m’ma 1970, tekinoloje ya makompyuta ghachokoghachoko yikapeleka malo ku makompyuta gha munthu ndipo makompyuta ghambura kudura ghakaŵa kuti ghakuguliskika chomene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mabizinesi ghapeleke ku ŵanchito ŵawo nkhongono zakugwiriskira ntchito makompyuta agho vyaka khumi pambere vindachitike ghakaŵa kuti ghakuguliska madola masauzandi ghanandi. Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta uku kukapangiska kuti paŵe msika wakunozgeka kugwiriskira ncito makompyuta ghakukolerana ndiposo kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kugwiliskira nchito Intaneti. (Microprocessor yakwamba—chipangizo cha mabit ghanayi icho chikapangika kuti chiŵe na pulogiramu ya calculator—chikapangika mu 1971, ndipo ndondomeko zakupangika na microprocessor zikaŵa zambura kusangika luŵiro kwa vilimika vinandi. MITS Altair 8800 ndiyo yikaŵa nthowa yakwamba iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga kuti yikupangika na microprocessor, ndipo yikalondezgekanga chomene . na Apple I na II Nchakususkika kuti ndondomeko yakukhazikika pa microprocessor yikacita nthena. m’paka mu 1979, apo VisiCalc wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaguliskenge Apple II iyo yikapangika mu 1981 yikaŵa yakunozga chomene ku bizinesi, kweni ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera vikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kulimbana na makompyuta ghachokoghachoko. ndondomeko mpaka panji kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 1980 m’paka kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1990.)

The *third era* (client/server networks) arose as technological complexity increased, costs decreased, and the end-user (now the ordinary employee) required a system to share information with other employees within an enterprise. Computers on a common network shared information on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data simultaneously on networks referred to as Intranets.

*Nyengo yachinayi* (mapulogalamu gha bizinesi) iyo yikapangika na ma netiweki ghakuchimbira chomene, yikakoleska mapulogalamu ghakwamba gha dipatimenti mu mapulogalamu ghakuphatikizgika ghakuchemeka mapulogalamu gha bizinesi. Pulatifomu yiphya iyi yikakolerana vigaŵa vyose vya bizinesi pamoza na kupereka mwaŵi wa kusanga uthenga wakukwana uwo ukukhwaska ndondomeko yose ya ŵalongozgi.

## Tekinoloje
Mazgu ghakuti ndondomeko ya kulongozgera uthenga (MIS), Nthowa yakulongozgera uthenga (IMS), ndondomeko yakulongozgera uthenga (IS), kunozga vyakugwiriskira ncito vya bizinesi (ERP), sayansi ya kompyuta, injiniya wa makompyuta gha magesi, na kulongozga vya tekinoloje ya uthenga (IT) kanandi ŵakutimbanizgika. MIS ni chigaŵa chichokovichoko cha ndondomeko za uthenga. MIS ndiyo yikuŵika mtima chomene pa bungwe ndipo yikugwiriskira ntchito tekinoloje kuti yiŵe na mtengo wa bizinesi. Sayansi ya kompyuta yikuŵika chomene mtima pa mapulogalamu gha kompyuta agho ghangagwiliskirika ntchito mu MIS. Injiniya wa makompyuta gha magesi wakuŵika mtima pa vinthu ivyo vikupangika chomenechomene pa nkhani ya kupanga vinthu ivyo vili kuseri kwa makompyuta. ERP software ni chigaŵa chichoko wa MIS ndipo IT management yikung’anamura kulaŵilira kwaukadaulo kwa dipatimenti ya IT iyo yingaŵa na MIS.

Ntchito mu MIS yikuŵika mtima pa kupulikiska na kuwoneska umo ndondomeko za uthenga wakulongozga zikugwiriskikira nchito. Iwo ukusambira kukolerana, bungwe na ndondomeko pakati pa tekinoloje, ŵanthu na uthenga kuti ŵamazge masuzgo.

## Kulongozga
Nangauli ndondomeko za uthenga wa ŵalongozgi zingagwiliskirika nchito na msinkhu uliwose panji uliwose wa ŵalongozgi, chisankho cha ndondomeko izo zikwenera kugwiriskirika nchito kanandi chikuwira pa mulongozgi wa uthengas (CIO) na mulongozgi wa tekinolojes (CTO). Ŵalaraŵalara aŵa kanandi ŵakulaŵilira ndondomeko yose ya tekinoloje ya wupu kusazgapo kuwunika umo tekinoloje yiphya yingawovwilira wupu wawo. Iwo ŵakuchita nga mbakusankha pa ndondomeko ya kukhazikiska MIS yiphya.

Para ŵasankha vinthu, ŵalongozgi ŵa IT, kusazgapo ŵalongozgi ŵa MIS, ndiwo ŵakulaŵilira umo dongosolo ili likuchitikira. Iwo ŵakulaŵiliraso kukhazikiska ndondomeko izo zikukhwaska MIS (panji ndondomeko ziphya zakumanyikwa izo zikupelekeka na ŵa CIO panji ŵa CTO panji ndondomeko izo zikukolerana na ndondomeko ziphya na ndondomeko yose ya IT ya wupu). Kweniso ni mulimo wawo kuwoneseska kuti pali data na mauteŵeti gha pa intaneti ndiposo kuti data iyo yikukhwaskika yikuvikilirika mwa kulongozga milimo ya IT.

Pakukhazikiska, awo ŵali kugaŵirika ŵazamuŵa na mwaŵi wakukwana wa kusanga uthenga wakukhumbikwa. Nchakuzirwa kumanya kuti ni waliyose yayi uyo wakunjizga data mu MIS wakukhumbikwira kuŵa pa msinkhu wa ŵalongozgi. Nchakumanyikwa kuti ivyo vikulembeka mu MIS viŵikikenge na ŵanchito awo mbalongozgi yayi nangauli ŵakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kusanga malipoti na malo ghakovwira pa kusankha vinthu agho ghakupelekeka na ndondomeko izi.

## Mitundu
Ivyo vikulondezgapo ni mitundu ya ndondomeko za uthenga izo zikugwiriskirika nchito pakupanga malipoti, kutora data, na kovwira pa ndondomeko ya kusankha vyakuchita vya ŵalongozgi ŵa pakati na ŵa pa msinkhu wa ntchito.

* Decision support systems (DSSs) ni mapulogalamu gha pa kompyuta agho ghakugwiriskirika nchito na ŵalara ŵa pakati na ŵapachanya kuti ŵawunjike uthenga kufuma ku malo ghakupambanapambana kuti ŵawovwirepo pa kumazga masuzgo na kusankha vinthu. DSS yikugwiriskirika nchito comene pa masuzgo ghakusankha vinthu ghambura kupangika na ghambura kupangika.
* Executive information system (EIS) ni chipangizo chakupelekera malipoti icho chikupereka mwaŵi wakusanga mwaluŵiro malipoti ghakudumura agho ghakufuma ku vigaŵa vyose vya kampani na madipatimenti nga ni akaunti, ŵanchito na ntchito.
* Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vya malondas ni Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vyakulongozga izo zili kupangika mwakupambanapambana kuti zilongozge malonda vigaŵa vya bizinesi.
*Nthowa ya uthenga wa akauntis yikuŵika mtima pa akaunti ntchito.
*Nthowa yakulongozgera ŵanthus yikugwiriskirika nchito pa vigaŵa vya ŵanchito.
* Nthowa zakujiyimira paŵekha za mu ofesi (OAS) zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyanenge na kupanga vinthu mu bizinesi mwa kujiyimira paŵekha ntchito na kuwuskapo vipingo. OAS yingachitika pa vigaŵa vyose vyakulongozga.
* Nthowa Yakulongozgera Uthenga wa Sukulus (SIMS) yikukhwaska umo sukulu yikulongozgera, kanandi yikusazgapo vinthu vyakusambizgira na kusambira.
* Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software yikovwira kuti uthenga uŵe wakunozga pakati pa milimo yose ya bizinesi mukati mwa mphaka ya wupu na kulongozga umo ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na awo ŵakuchitako bizinesi kuwaro.
* Kulaŵilira ubwezi wa makasitomala (CRM) kulongozga na kusanda umo ŵamakasitomala ŵakuchitira na data kuti ŵatuŵiske ubwezi wa makasitomala na kukhozga kukhorwa.
* Ma database gha mu chigaŵa, ghangaŵa ghachoko, vipangizo vyambura kusuzga vya ŵalongozgi ndipo vikuwoneka kuti ni mtundu wakwamba panji wakwamba wa MIS.
* Nthowa zakulongozgera ŵamalonda (DMS) panji ndondomeko zakulongozgera ŵamalonda ŵa magalimoto zikupangika mwakupambanapambana za mafakitale gha magalimoto, mafakitale ghakuguliska magalimotos panji ŵakupanga vipangizo vikuruvikuru,. These systems contain software that meets the needs of the finance, sales, service, parts, inventory, and administration components of running the dealership. What distinguishes it from other management systems is that it has three distinct inventory systems and interfaces with the factory. For example, when a customer comes in to have their vehicle serviced, the DMS connects to the vehicle's manufacturer and provides the service history and any open recalls for that vehicle.

## Uwemi na kunanga kwake
Ivi ni vinyake mwa vitumbiko ivyo vingasangika para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito MIS:
* Kunozga umo wupu ukugwilira ntchito, kusazgirako mtengo ku vinthu ivyo vikupangika kale, kupanga vinthu viphya na kupanga vinthu viphya, na kovwira ŵalongozgi kuti ŵasankhe vinthu viwemi.
* Makampani ghakukwaniska kumanya ivyo ghakuchita makora na ivyo ghakuchita makora yayi chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa malipoti gha ndalama izo ghakusanga, ma rekodi gha umo ŵanchito ŵakuchitira na vinyake Kumanya vinthu ivi kungaŵawovwira kampani kuti yiŵe na ndondomeko yiwemi ya bizinesi na umo yikuchitira.
* Kuŵapo kwa data ya ŵamakasitomala na ivyo ŵakuyowoya kungawovwira kampani kuti yiŵe yakuyana na bizinesi yake kuyana na ivyo ŵamakasitomala ŵake ŵakukhumba. Kulaŵilira makora data ya makasitomala kungawovwira kampani kuti yichitenge malonda mwaluŵiro na kuguliska.
*MIS yingawovwira kampani kuti yiŵe na uwemi wakupikisana.
*Malipoti gha MIS ghangawovwira pakusankha vinthu kweniso kuchepeska nyengo yakuleka ntchito pa vinthu ivyo vingachitika.

Vinyake mwa vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya MIS:

* Kusanga na kuthandazga vikuthemba pa vipangizo vya tekinoloje na mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta.
* Kungaŵa na uthenga wakubudika.

## Mapulogalamu gha bizinesi
* *Nthowa za bizinesi*—izo zikuchemekaso kuti *[[kupanga ndondomeko ya vyakugwiriskira ntchito vya bizinesi]] (ERP)*—zikupereka mapulogiramu ghakukolerana na database yakukolerana iyo ŵanchito ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakunozga, kulongozga, na kulaŵilira ndondomeko za bizinesi zikuru mu vigaŵa vinandi . malo. Ma module gha ERP systems ghangaŵa ndalama, kupenda ndalama, malonda, ŵanthu, kupanga vinthu, kulongozga katundu, na kugaŵira.
* *[[Kulaŵilira vyakupereka]] (SCM)* ndondomeko zikovwira kuti vyakupereka vilongozgeke makora mwa kuphatikizga vingwe ivyo vili mu vyakupereka. Ivi vingaŵa awo ŵakupeleka vinthu, awo ŵakupanga vinthu, awo ŵakuguliska vinthu vinandi, awo ŵakuguliska vinthu vichokovichoko, na awo ŵakugula vinthu paumaliro.
* *[[Kulaŵilira ubwezi wa makasitomala]] (CRM)* ndondomeko zikovwira mabizinesi kulongozga ubwezi na awo ŵangaŵa ŵamakasitomala na awo ŵalipo sonosono apa na ŵanyawo ŵa bizinesi mu malonda ghose, kuguliska, na uteŵeti.
* *[[Kulongozga chimanyisko]] system (KMS)* yikovwira mabungwe kuti ghaŵe na mwaŵi wa kusonkheska, kulemba, kuŵika vinthu pa malo ghakwenelera, kusanga, na kuthandazga chimanyisko. Ivi vingaŵa mabuku, mabuku ghakukhwaskana na ndalama, ndondomeko zambura kulembeka, mikhaliro, na maluso. Kulaŵilira chimanyisko (KM) nga ni ndondomeko kukukhwaska ndondomeko ya kupanga na kusanga chimanyisko kufuma ku ndondomeko za mukati na charu cha kuwaro. Chimanyisko icho chasangika chikuŵikika mu ndondomeko na ndondomeko za bungwe, ndipo pamanyuma chikuthandazgika ku awo ŵakukhwaskika.

## Wonaniso

* Bachelor wa Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu pa kompyuta
* Bachelor wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Bizinesi
* Mahara gha bizinesi
* Vipangizo vyakulongozgera bizinesi
* Kulongozga umo bizinesi yikuchitira
* Dango la bizinesi
* Kulaŵilira kwa kampani ya tekinoloje ya vimanyikwiro
* Kuŵikamo data
* Kupanga data
** Kusanda kwakumanyiska
** Pempho lakuti mugule
* Kampani ya digito
* Kupanga mapulani a bizinesi
* Nthowa yakumanyiskira vya bizinesi
* Nthowa yakunozgera bizinesi
* Uthenga wakusungika
* Kulongozga na vilato
* Kusanda pa intaneti
* Ofesi ya pa intaneti
* Uteŵeti wa data ya munthu payekha
* Munthu uyo ​​wakupeleka uthenga wa munthu
* Kupanga kompyuta mu nyengo yeneco
* Data ya nyengo yeneco
* Kuguliska mu nyengo yeneco

## Pobekela

## Malinki gha kuwaro

* MIS Links (University of York)
* Executive Information Systems: Minimising the risk of development