ChiBemba

**ChiBemba**, ChiBemba (Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba na Chiwemba), ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba ŵakuyowoya chomene kumpoto kwa Zambia.

## Mbiri

ChiBemba ni ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu Zambia. Pulezidenti wakwamba wa ku Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, nangauli wakaŵa wa ku Malawi, kweni wakakulira mu mbumba iyo yikayowoyanga Chibemba. Pulezidenti wachitatu, Levy Mwanawasa, wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Lenje, wakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Purezidenti wachinayi, Rupiah Bwezani Banda wakaŵa wa Chichewa wakufuma ku Eastern Province. Mu vyaka vyati vyajumphapo kufuma apo MMD yikapokera mazaza mu 1991, yikayowoyeka kanandi waka kuti yikutemwa kuyowoya chiBemba kuluska viyowoyero vinyake vya mu charu ichi. Nangauli chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu Botatwe.

## Viyowoyero vinyake vimoza

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake mwa viyowoyero ivi ni Chishinga, Lomotwa, Ngoma, Nwesi, Lala, Kabende, Luunda, Mukulu, Ngumbo, na Unga, ivyo vikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ndipo nyengo zinyake vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake (Nurse 2003). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵa ku Bangweulu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha ku Bemba.

## Kulemba na kupulika

Malembo agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito comene, agho pakwamba ghakalembeka na Edward Steere, ghakung'anamura mazgu. Malembo ghake na mazgu agho ghakuyowoya ghali pasi apa.

Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba "c" m'malo mwa "ch". Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, para ŵaŵikamo vilembo vinyake, mazgu gha vilembo ivi ghakusintha. Mwaciyelezgero, 'aa' wakusintha kuŵa 'a' utali, 'ae' na 'ai' ŵakusintha kuŵa 'e,' ndipo 'ao' na 'au' ŵakusintha kuŵa 'o' (mu vigaŵa vinyake, kanandi 'y' ŵakugwiliskira nchito kuti ŵapature mavowel ghanyake). 'N' ya mu mphuno yikuzgoka'm' pambere 'b' panji 'p' yindambe, ndipo yikuzunulika kuti ŋ pambere 'k' panji 'g'; pamanyuma pa 'n', 'l' yikuzgoka 'd'. Malango ghose agha ghakusangika mu mathebulu agho ghali pasi apa.

Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, chiyowoyero cha Bemba chili na mazgu ghaŵiri, kweni mazgu agha ghakovwira waka yayi pa ng'anamuro lake. Para mazgu ghakwamba ghasintha, ghangaŵa na ng'anamuro lapadera chomene (wonani mazgu gha vilembo).

## Kalembelo

Viyowoyero vinandi vya Chibemba vikuyana waka na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu: vikusazgapo viyowoyero vinyake, vikuthemba chomene pa vilembo vyakwamba, vili na mazina ghakupambanapambana, vigaŵa vinandi vya mazgu na nyengo, vilembo vichoko waka, ndipo nga umo vikuŵira mu Chingelezi, mazgu ghakwendera mwakuyana waka. Vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vyalembeka apa vyafuma ku ivyo vikalembeka na Schoeffer, Sheane na Cornwallis.

### Mazina
Zina la Bemba lili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Vinthu ivi vikuzunulika na vilembo vyakwambilira, ndipo kanandi vikuyana waka na vilembo vyakwambilira, kweni ni vyekha yayi. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, mazgu agha ghali kulembeka mu nthowa iyi:

Vilembo vyakwambilira mu kilasi 9 vikulongora kuti mazgu gha mu vilembo ivi ghali mu chiyowoyero cha chiyowoyero chinyake.

### Mlongosoli

Nga umo vikuŵira mu viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, vimanyikwiro vikulondezga mazgu agho vikuyowoya. Kanandi vimanyikwiro vya mazgu, vigaŵa vya mazgu, panji 'vimanyikwiro vya mazgu,' vikufiska mulimo wawo. Ŵakulemba mazgu ghakuyowoya za munthu ŵakuŵa pamanyuma pa lizgu lakuti zina, na chilembo chakuti -a, ndipo pakati pa vilembo ivi pali chilembo chakuti chintu cha nomba.

### Kupenda

Nambara za 1 mpaka 10 ni izi:

Manambala 1-5 ghakusangika na mazgu gha pa chilembo (kupatulako munthu yumoza). Nambara 6 m'paka 10 zikusintha yayi. 'Ikumi' wali na chiŵelengero cha'makumi', icho chingagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni zina pamoza na 'na' (na, with) kupanga manambara ghose mpaka 99: chiyelezgero makumi yatatu na pabula,'makumi ghatatu na ghankhondi na ghatatu'.

### Pronouns

Vizunuli vya munthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na gulu ni ivi: 'ine' (munthu wakwamba), 'iwe' (munthu wachiŵiri), 'ifwe' (munthu wakwamba), 'imwe' (munthu wachiŵiri). Vinthu ivi ni vyamahara, ndipo vingawoneka nga ni vinthu yayi. Pali mazina ghanyake gha ŵanthu, ndipo mazina gha ŵanthu ŵatatu ghakuthemba pa gulu. Paliso mazina ghanyake agho ghakulongora kuti munthu wali na nkharo yiwemi.

### Ntchito

Viyelezgelo vikuŵa vyambura kusuzga, ndipo kanandi vikumalira pa '-a' (pambere 'a' wandafike, vyose vikuŵa'muzu,muzu' panji'muzu'), ndipo vikupangika mwakuyana na munthu, chiŵerengero, na chigaŵa cha munthu na chinthu, nyengo, kaghanaghaniro, lizgu, na usange vikuyowoya makora panji yayi. Kweniso makuni agha ghakung'anamura vinthu vinyake. Malango agha ghangaŵa ghambura kusuzga kughalondezga, ndipo Bemba ni mazgu ghakukolerana.

#### Subject and object prefixes

Pa vilembo ivi pali vigaŵa viŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikupambana kuyana na umo munthu waliri, ndipo mazgu ghakwamba gha viyowoyero vinyake ghakusintha. Para vyapambana, vigaŵa vyakwambilira vya chigaŵa ivi vikulembeka mu mabokosi.

Pakwamba pakuŵa chigaŵa chakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma pakuŵa chigaŵa chakwamba. Para munthu panji cinthu ni zina lakuzirwa mu gulu limoza, ŵakuzunura lizgu lakuti concord, ndipo lizgu lakuti 'ta' likuŵa panthazi pa lizgu ili.

#### Tenses and Aspects

Kuŵika vinthu mu nthowa iyi, ni umo wakacitira Schoeffer. 

Vinyake vikukhumbikwira kuti chilembo chaumaliro cha "a" chizgoke "ile" para chilembo chakwamba cha "a", "i" panji "u", ndipo para chaumaliro cha "e" panji "o" chizgoke "ele". Mu vilembo vinandi muli viheni.

Vinyake mwa vilembo ivi vili pasi apa. Vikuŵapo pamanyuma pa chiŵiya na chinthu, kweniso pambere chiŵiya chindambe kugwira ntchito, kupaturako chiŵiya cha sonosono apa, icho chafiskika, panji icho chachitika kale mu 'na-,' icho chili pakwamba. Para munthu wakusuzgika maghanoghano wakuŵa na mazgu ghakofya ( ́).

#### Moods

Umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala vikuyana waka na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakukhala.

##### Imperative
Lizgu lakwamba ilo likuyowoyeka mu chiyowoyero chinyake likuyana waka na lizgu ili. Mazgu ghaciŵiri ghakupambanapambana ghakusintha '-a' kuŵa '-eni.' Para munthu wakuzunura lizgu lakuti 'aku' panji 'uka-,' wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakuti waŵaphalire kuti ŵambeso kuchita chinthu chinyake. Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghakukhozga, wakuŵa na chilembo cha " -inda- " icho chikulondezgapo.

##### Subjunctive

Chigaŵa ichi chikuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka, nga ntchigaŵa cha mazgu ghambura kuwoneka makora, mu mazgu ghakukhozga, kweniso mu vigaŵa vya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Cinthu ico cikumanyikwa na lizgu ili nchakuti lizgu laumaliro la lizgu ili '-a' lasintha kuŵa '-e.' Maofesi agha ghali pasi apa. Apa V ni lizgu la chiyowoyero, ndipo P ni lizgu la chiyowoyero. Malango agho ghakulondezga pa nkhani ya mazgu ghakulondezgapo.

Lizgu lakuti infinitive, ilo ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka mu mazgu ghapachoko, lili na mitundu yiŵiri. Mu chiyowoyero chambura kusuzga kuli mazgu ghakuti 'ku-' agho ghasazgikako ku chiyowoyero chambura kusuzga, nga umo vyayowoyekera pachanya apa.

#### Voices

Lizgu lakuti passive likupangika na kuŵika lizgu lakuti '-w-' panthazi pa vowel yaumaliro ya verebu. Lizgu la 'neutral' lingapangika na '-ik-' para lizgu lakwamba ni a, i panji u, ndipo '-ek-' usange lizgu lakwamba ni e panji o. Fundo iyi yikupambana na ya passive chifukwa yikulongosora umo vinthu viliri mu nyengo iyo munthu wakuchita chinthu chinyake. Mu Cingelezi, mazgu ghakuti "the pot is broken", ghakupambana na ghakuti "the ball is kicked").

#### Negation

Kaŵirikaŵiri, chilembo chakulongosora chikuŵa na chilembo cha 'ta-' padera pa chilembo cha munthu wakwamba uyo wakusintha kuŵa 'nshi' panji'shi.' Kanandi lizgu lakuti subjunctive likuŵa na lizgu lakuti 'i' pamanyuma pa lizgu lakuti pronoun prefixes ndipo kanandi lizgu lakuti 'e' likuzgoka 'a.' Nyengo zinyake lizgu lakuti 'te' likuŵa na mazgu ghambura kuzirwa. Ndipouli, malango ghakupulikikwa makora ghakusuzga chomene, ndipo kawonekero kake kakuthemba pa nyengo iyo munthu wakuyowoyera, umo wakuwonekera, na umo wakujipulikira. Para lizgu lakupepuka likuyowoyeka pamoza na lizgu lakwamba 'le,' kanandi likung'anamura kuti chinthu chinyake chindachitike.

#### Other forms

Pali viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikusintha lizgu lakwamba mwa kusazgako lizgu linyake pambere lizgu laumaliro la "a" lindambe. Vinthu ivi vili pasi apa.

Paliso mazgu ghanyake agho ghakung'anamulika kuti 'kuli' na 'kuba.'

### Conjunctions

Vinthu ivi vikugwiliskirika nchito pakunjira mazgu gha kuyana panji ghaciŵiri, nga umo vikuŵira mu Cingelezi.

## Mazgu ghakwamba

* ee - yes
* awe - no
* Uli shani? - how are you (informal)
* Muli shani? - how are you (formal)
* Shaleenipo - goodbye
* Ishina lyandi ni... - My name is...
* umuntu - person
* umunandi - friend
* umwana - child
* iciBemba - the Bemba language
* na - and, with
* nga - like, as
* suma (adj.) - good/beautiful
* onse (adj.) - all
* uluceelo (adj) - morning
* Natotela - Thank you
* Saana - A lot
* Natotela saana - Thanks a lot

## Mabuku
Pali mabuku ghanandi mu ciyowoyero ici. Pali nkhani, mapowemu na maseŵero. Ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu chiyowoyero ichi ni Stephen Mpashi, Chongo Kasonkomona, Chishimba, Paul Mushindo, Bwalya Chilangwa, Mwila Launshi na Kambole. 

Mabuku ghanandi gha mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba ghakalembeka pakati pa 1950 na 1980. Sonosono apa, mabuku ghachoko waka ghakusindikizgika mu Zambia chifukwa cha vifukwa viŵiri: ŵaŵazgi mbachoko chomene ndipo chachiŵiri, chifukwa cha chifukwa chakwamba, ŵalembi ŵakukayikira kufumiska mabuku ghachoko waka mu chiyowoyero cha Bemba, chomenechomene mabuku ghatali. Kweni mu mabuku gha Bemba muli nkhani zicoko na mabuku ghaciŵiri.

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵazga mabuku ghithu yayi, kweni mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu chiyowoyero ichi kanandi ghakusangika makora. Kweniso, vikuwoneka kuti pali ŵalembi ŵanandi awo ŵakukhumba kulemba mu ciyowoyero ici kweni ŵakutondeka cifukwa ca vifukwa ivyo vyazunulika pacanya apa na vinyake.

Pa nkhani ya kusanda mabuku, mabuku ghanandi gha mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba ghandasindikizgike. Ici nchifukwa cakuti pali ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Lutato na Shadreck Kondala. Mabuku gha Cemba ghakale chomene nga Uwauma Nafyala, Pano Calo na Imilimo ya bena Kale.

## Chiyelezgero cha lemba
*Abantu bonse bafyalwa abalubuka nokulingana mu mucinshi nensambu. Balikwata amano nokutontonkanya, eico bafwile ukulacita ifintu ku banabo mu mutima wa bwananyina.*

**Kung'anamura**

Ŵanthu wose ŵakubabika ŵanangwa ndiposo ŵakuyana wanangwa. Ŵali na vinjeru na njuŵi ndipo ŵakwenera kuchitirana mwaubwezi. 

*(Ndime 1 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights)*

## Wonaniso

* Bemba people
* Bantu languages

## Kuŵerenga

* 

* Posner, Daniel N. (2003). "The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia". *Comparative Politics*. **35** (2): 127–146.

## References

## Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

* Bemba Online Project, https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/
* Links to Bemba Grammatical Description, Texts, and Sound Files
* PanAfrican L10n page on Bemba
* Amalombelo Mu Cilala Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Bemba, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
* Daniel Chola Musatwe, *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622164618/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/37 Mulenga Wa Mpanga],* Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
* Edward Mwango Kasase, *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622151017/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/32 Ku Bwaice],* Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
* Kapwepwe, S.M., *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621063038/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/85 Shalapa Canicadala],* Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
* Lehmann, Dorothea, *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622153527/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/55 Folktales from Zambia: Texts in six African languages and in English],* Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
* Nyambe Sumbwa, *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150620060102/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/83 Zambian Proverbs],* Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
* OLAC resources in and about the Bemba language
* Searchable data base of Bemba proverbs