Orange (mihandzu) .

Lamula , leri nakambe ri  vitaniwaka lamumula ro tsokombela ku ri hambanisa na lamula ro dzunga (*Citrus × aurantium*), i mihandzu wa nsinya wa ndyangu wa Rutaceae. Hi ku ya hi swimilana, leyi i mpfangano wa  × , exikarhi ka pomelo (*Citrus maxima*) na Mandarin orange (*Citrus reticulata*). chloroplast genome, na nxaxamelo wa manana, i wa pomelo. Ku hlanganisiwa ka muvala **wa xilamula** wo tsokombela ku vumba mixaka ya le ndzhakunyana ya mandarin na na mihandzu ya ma girepisi. Xiluva xa orange xi ni ndzandzelelano wa xitekela xa xona lexi heleleke.

Muhlovo wa orenji wu sungule eka ndhawu leyi katsaka Dzonga wa  tiko ra China, N'walungu-vuxa bya India na Myanmar ; ku boxiwa ko sungula ka orenji yo tsokombela a ku ri eka matsalwa ya Xichayina hi 314 BC. Misinya ya ma lamula ya byariwa ngopfu eka tindhawu ta tropical na subtropical hikokwalaho ka mihandzu ya yona yo tsokombela. Mihandzu ya nsinya wa lamula yinga dyiwa yintshwa kutani yi lulamisiwa kuva yi endliwa  juzi kumbe madzovo ya yona yo nun'hwela . Hi  lembe ra 2022  makume nkombo wa mamiliyoni ya tithani ta ma lamula ti byariwile emisaveni hinkwayo, laha Brazil yi humeleriseke 22% wa nhlayo hinkwayo, yi landzeriwa hi tiko ra  India na China .

Malamula, ma twisisiwa hi ti tindlela to hambana hambana, ti humelerile eka ndhavuko wa vanhu kusukela khale. Ma sungula ku humelela eka vutshila bya le Vupela-dyambu eka *Xifaniso xa Arnolfini* hi Jan van Eyck, kambe a ti kombisiwile eka vutshila bya Machayina eka malembe-xidzana lama hundzeke, tanihi le ka xifaniso xa Zhao Lingrang’s Song dynasty dynasty fan painting *Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines* . Hi lembe-xidzana ra vu-khume nwe , ndhawu yo xavisa malamula  yi hundzuke nchumu wa ndhuma e tikweni ra Yuropa, hilaha swi voniweke hakona eVersailles Orangerie . , Vatshila vo fana naVincent van Gogh, John Sloan na Henri Matisse va katse ti- orange eka swifaniso swa vona.

Murhi wa malamula i murhi lowutsongo lowu tshamaka wu ri wa rihlaza, lowu nga ni swiluva, lowu leheke hi xiringaniso ku suka eka 9 to 10 m (30 ku ya eka 33 ft), hambi leswi swikombiso swin’wana swa khale swinene swi nga fika eka 15 m (49.) ft) .  Matluka ya yona ya oval, lawa ya hlengeletiweke hi ku cincana, i  yo leha naswona yina matlhelo ya crenulate .  Ti orange to tsokombela ti mila hi vukulu byo hambana hambana, naswona swivumbeko swa hambana kusuka eka xirhendzevutani kuya eka oblong. Endzeni naku namarhela eka rind kuna ti porous white tissue, mesocarp yo basa, yo bava kumbe albedo ( *pith* ).  Orange yina nhlayo ya *ti carpels* tohambana hambana (segments kumbe tinguluve, botanically mihandzu) endzeni, hi ntolovelo kwalomu ka khume, yin’wana na yin’wana yi hambanisiwile hi membrane naswona yina ti vesicles totala leti taleke hi juzi naswona hi ntolovelo ti pips ti nga ri tingani . Loko yinga vupfangiki, mihandzu ya kona yiva ya rihlaza. Makwandzasi ya grainy irregular ya mihandzu leyi vupfeke yanga suka eka orenji yo vangama kuya eka yellow-orange, kambe yatala ku hlayisa swiphemu swa rihlaza kutani, ehansi ka maxelo yo kufumela, ya tshama ya rihlaza hinkwaro. Kufana na mihandzu yin’wana hinkwayo ya citrus, orenji yo tsokombela ayi na climacteric, ayi vupfa eka nsinya. Ntlawa wa *Citrus sinensis* wu avanyisiwile hi mintlawa ya mune leyingana swihlawulekisi swohambana: ti oranges leti tolovelekeke, ti oranges ta ngati kumbe ta muhlovo, ti navel oranges, na ti oranges letinga na acid.    Mihandzu ya kona i hesperidium, berry leyi cinciweke; yi funengetiwe hi madzovo lama vumbiweke hi ku tiya loku nga ni swirhumbana ka rirhangu ra ovary .  

### Masungulo ya mixaka ya mixaka
Mirhi *ya citrus* i ti angiosperms, naswona tinxaka to tala ti tala ku va  tinga bebuli mihandzu hi ku helela . Leswi swi katsa  mihandzu yo fana na magirepisi , swikwavava, malamula ni ti- citrus to tala leti hlanganisiweke . Tani hileswi ku nghenelela ka ti oranges nati citrus tin’wana swihumeleleke ti hybrids totala na ti cultivars, naswona ku cinca ka bud na kona ku hlawuriwile, citrus taxonomy yitikombise yitika. 

Ma lamula  yo tsokombela, *Citrus x sinensis*,  ahi muhandzu wa nhova, kambe wu humelerile eka ku fuyeriwa e tikweni ra  East Asia. Yi sungule eka xifundzha lexi katsaka Dzonga wa China, N'walungu-vuxa bya India,  na Myanmar .  Mihandzu leyi yi endliwile tani hi xihambano exikarhi ka mandarin orange leyinga basa na pomelo ya hybrid leyi ayi ri na xiphemu lexikulu xa mandarin.   Tanihi leswi  vulavisisi bya yona ya chloroplast ku nga ya pomelo, swi nga endleka leswaku a ku ri pomelo ya xihlanganisi, kumbexana pomelo BC1 backcross, leyi a yi ri mutswari wa manana wa la mula ro sungula.   Hiku ya hi nxopaxopo wa genomic, swiphemu leswi yelanaka swa tinxaka ta vakokwa wa swiharhi eka lamula ro tsokombela i kwalomu ka makumembirhi wa tu phesente wa pomelo na 58% wa mandarin.  Tinxaka hinkwato malamula yo tsokombela ti huma eka xihambano lexi xa prototype, ti hambana ntsena hi ku cinca loku hlawuriweke hi nkarhi wa ku hangalaka ka vurimi.  Ti orange to tsokombela tina masungulo yohambana kusuka eka orange yo bava, leyi humeleleke hiku tiyimela, kumbexana e nhoveni, kusuka eka xihambano exikarhi ka vatswari va mandarin yo basa na pomelo. 

Ma lamula yo tsokombela hiku famba ka nkarhi ma nyikile ti hybrids totala tin’wana kukatsa na mihandzu yo fana na ti girepisi, leyi humeleleke kusuka eka lamula ro tsokombela x pomelo backcross. Ku hlangana ka le ndzhaku loku tiendlekelaka ni loku endliweke hi vunjhiniyara exikarhi ka ti- orange to nandziha ni ta mandarin kumbe ti- tangerine swi endle leswaku ku va ni clementine na murcott . Ambersweet i muxaka wo rharhangana wa sweet orange x (Orlando tangelo x clementine) hybrid.   Ti citranges i ntlawa wa swihlangi swa orenji yo tsokombela x trifoliate orange ( *Citrus trifoliata* ). 

Mutshila wa Dutch Post-Impressionist Vincent van Gogh u kombisile ma lamula eka swifaniso swofana na 1889 *Still Life of Oranges and na swikwavava  with Blue Gloves* ya yena na 1890 *A Child with Orange*, hinkwaswo switirha endzhaku ka vutomi bya yena. Mutshila wa le Amerika wa Xikolo xa Ashcan, John Sloan, u endle xifaniso hi lembe ra 1935 *xa Blond Nude with Orange, Blue Couch*, kasi xifaniso xo hetelela xa Henri Matisse a ku ri xifaniso xa yena xa lembe ra 1951 *xa Nude with Oranges* ; endzhaku ka sweswo u endle ntsena ku tsemiwa. 

## Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke