William Blum

**William Henry Blum** (/blʌm/; u velekiwe hi ti 6 ta Machi, 1933 – a lova hi ti 9 ta Disemba, 2018) a a ri mutsari wa tibuku wa Amerika, n'wamatimu, na musori wa endlelo ra mfumo wa United States foreign policy. A a tshama e-Washington, DC.

## Vutomi bya yena emasungulweni
Blum u velekiwe eBrooklyn, eNew York City, a velekiwa hi Ruth (née Katz) na-Isidore Blum, lava a va ri vanhu va Majuda yo huma etikweni ra Poland (Polish Jewish immigrants). Tatana wa yena a a ri mutirhi wo tirha hi michini. U hete tidyondzo ta yena e-Erasmus Hall High School na swona a kuma digri ya accountancy hi lembe ra 1955 ku suka eka City College School of Business and Civic Administration, leyi ka ndzhaku yi nga tiviwa tani hi Baruch College of the City University of New York. U sungule ku tirha tani hi computer programmer a tirhela IBM, ka ndzhaku u ve a takiwa hi ndzawulo ya mfumo State Department ku tirhela vona. A a ri munhu wo tiyimisela swinene na swona a a lava ku va muofisara wo tirhela ndzawulo ya mfumo eka timhaka ta le handle ka tiko ku nga foreign service officer tani hi laha a nga hlamusela hi kona leswo a ta va muchiviriki wo lwa na vukomunisi hi leswi tivekaka tani hi to, "take part in the great anti-Communist crusade". Kambe Blum u ve a khunguvanyisiwa hi nyimpi ya Amerika yo lwa na tiko ra Vietnam yo tiveka tani hi Vietnam War na swona u ve a tshika ku tirhela mfumo hi lembe ra 1967.

## muviki wa mahungu
Eka nkarhi lowu a a sungule ku vika hi ta ku chivirika (tiprotesti) to phikizana na nyimbi ya Vietnam, na swona u ve musunguri na muhleri wa nyuziphepha ya *Washington Free Press*, leyi a a ku ri nyuziphepha yo  humesiwa kambirhi hi vhiki, na swona a yi tekangi nkarhi wo leha ya ha ri kona.

Hi lembe ra1969, u ve a tsala matsalwa hyo paluxa mitirho yo biha ya CIA laha a nga paluxa mavito na tiadrese ta vatirhi va CIA vo ringana nhlayo ya 200. U ve a tirha tani hi muviki wa mahungu loyi a nga tirheki hi xitalo ku nga freelance journalist eUnited States, e-Europe na le South America. Exikarhi ka malembe ya 1972–1973, Blum a a tirha tani hi muviki wa mahungu etikweni ra Chile laha a nga vika hi mfumo wa Allende wa matshalatshala ya ku sungula soxalizimu ku nga "socialist experiment". Exikarhi ka malembe ya1970s, a a tirha eLondon na loyi khale ka yena a a ri muofisara wa CIA Philip Agee na vanakulorhi va yena "eka projeke ya vona yo paluxa vatirhi va CIA na vubihi byo homboloko lebyi va byi endla". A a tiwundla hi matsalwa ya yena no famba a vulavula lomu tikhempasi ta tikholichi.

Eka tibuku ta yena na tikholomu ta online, Blum u paluxe swinene vubihi bya mitirho yo tsalanganya matiko man'wana no vanga mpfilumpfilu eka matiko man'wana leswi swi endliwaka hi CIA na swikungu swo dlayetela vanhu leswi a va swi endla eka matiko man'wana. Noam Chomsky u ri tibuku ta Blum hi maendlelo ya vubihi bya CIA i to antswa swinene ngopfu eka nhloko mhaka ya vubihi bya CIA." Blum u seketela pfhumba ra  Ralph Nader ra ku va presidente. U ve a sungula na pfhumba ro tsala matsalwa lama a ya humesa n'hweti yin'wana na yin'wana eka matsalwa lama a nga ma vitana"The Anti-Empire Report" lama a ma rhumela hi tiemeyili. Blum  u hlamusele xikongomelonkulu xa vutumi bya yena tani hi: "Loko a nga koti ku heta American Empre kambe a kota ku yi nonokisa no yi tsotsombisa eka matirhelo ya yona ya vubihi . Ku ringeta ku vavisa xihontlovila lexi xa vubihi. Xihontlovila lexi xa vubihi ku nga American Empire, xa vavisa no twisa matiko ya misava ku va va ngopfu no onhetela emisaveni hinkwayo."

### Xitatimende hi Osama bin Laden
Ekusunguleni ka 2006, Blum ku ve ku tsariwa hi yena ngopfu eka vamahungu loko Osama bin Laden a humesile xitatimende lexi a nga xi hangalasela hinkwavo eka public statement laha a nga tshaha eka matsalwa ya Blum no byeletela vanhu leswo vanhu va Amerika hinkwavo va fanele ku hlaya buku ya Blum ya nhlokomhaka leyi nge: *Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower*. Hikokwalaho ka xitatimende lexi xa Osam bin Laden, nxavo wa buku leyi wu ve wu tlakuka swinene . "Ndzi ve hlamala ngopfu no tshuka ku twa leswi Osama bin Laden a nga swi vula," Blum a nyiketa miehleketo. "A ndzi tsakile. Ndzi swi tivile leswaku leswi swi ta pfuneta nxaviso wa buku, na swona a ndzi nga karhatekangi hi leswo xana i mani loyi a a vule marito lawa." Loko a ri na miehleketo  yo fana na ya mina yo venga mafambiselo yo biha ya pholisi ya US eka matiko man'wana, a ndzi nga ta holova na yena hi ku va a byerile vanhu ku hlaya buku ya mina. Ndzi ehleketa leswo i mhaka leyinene leswo u na miehleketo yo fana na ya mina eka mhaka leyi ya vubihi bya pholisi ya Amerika eka matiko man'wana " Eka ku amukeriwa ka buku ya mina hi Bin, leswi swi fana na ku amukeriwa ka buku ya mina hi munhu wo tiveka wo fana na Oprah book." ku angula Blum eka mhaka leyi. Eka inthavhyu leyi a nga va na yona eka MSNBC *Countdown*, u vule leswo: "Hi ntiyiso wa mhaka, leswi vangelaka rivengo ra matheroristi eka Amerika, i pholisi ya tihanyi eka matiko man'wana. I swilo swa tihanyi leswi hi swi endleka eka matiko man'wana leswi endlaka leswo matiko ya misava ya venga mafambiselo ya hina eka vona. Leswi swi vuriwaka hi va ntsindza wa White House na leswi va hi byelaka swona leswo vanhu va venga nchunxeko na xidimokrasi xa hina, leswi va swi vulaka va ntsindza, i propaganda ya mavunwa ntsena."

Hi ti  ta Meyi 22, 2006 eka tsalwa ra nhlokomhaka leyi nge, "Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up", Blum u tsale leswo, "Ku sukela loko bin Laden a bumabumele leswo vanhu va Amerika va fanele ku hlaya buku ya mina hi ti 19 ta Januwari (Sunguti), a ndzi si tshama ndzi rhambia na kan'we lomu tikholichi ku ta nyiketa mimbulavulo. . . . Hambiloko hakanyingi, nkarhi lowu wa Januwari-Meyi wu va ka nkarhi lowu ndzi tshamaka ndzi ri bhizi ngopfu hi wona ku nyiketa mimbulavulo eka tikhempasi ta tikholichi."

## Ku lova
Blum u love hi ti 9 ta Disemba (N'wendzamhala), 2018 a a ri eArlington, Virginia u love hi ku tsandzeka ka tinso kidney failure ku tirha kahle, a a ri na malembe ya 85 na swona a a vavisekile endzhaku ka ku wa eka apartment eka tin'hweti timbirhi ta ku hundza.

## Tibuku leti a nga titsala
* 1986: *The CIA: A Forgotten History* (Zed Books) ISBN0-86232-480-7
* 2000: *Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower* (Common Courage Press) ISBN1-56751-194-5
* 2002: *West-Bloc Dissident: A Cold War Memoir* (Soft Skull Press) ISBN1-56751-306-9
* 2003: *Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II*, revised edition (Common Courage Press) ISBN1-56751-252-6
* 2004: *Freeing the World to Death: Essays on the American Empire* (Common Courage Press)
* 2013: *America's Deadliest Export: Democracy - The Truth About US Foreign Policy and Everything Else* (Zed Books) , 1-78032-445-6

## Minkhwekelo ya le handle ka Wikipediya
* William Blum
* American Exceptionalism: The Naked Truth by William Blum at CovertAction Magazine
* William Blum's articles at CounterPunch
* William Blum's articles at Foreign Policy Journal
* William Blum's articles at Z Communications (archive.org)
* William Blum's articles at the Centre for Research on Globalization
* ''America's most feared man''  Interview with Nerve Magazine, Issue 2, Summer 2003
* ''Myth and Denial in the War on Terrorism'' Article on CounterPunch, August 12, 2003
* ''William Blum in the Media Whirlwind'' Appearance on C-SPAN's call-in show *Washington Journal, * Jan. 28, 2006

## Mintshaho