Bodlhela

**Bodlhela** i xibye xa nkolo wo lala lexi endliweke hi swilo leswi nga ngheniki hi mati (swo fana na nghilazi, swibye swa vumba, swibye leswi endliweke hi vumba, pulasitiki kumbe aluminiyamu) hi swivumbeko swo hambana-hambana na mimpimo leyi hlayisaka ni ku rhwala swihalaki. Nomu wa yona laha wu nghenaka kona emabodlheleni wu nga pfariwa hi xipfalo xa le ndzeni kumbe xipfalo xa bodlhela xa le handle.

## Ntivo-vutomi bya rito
Rito ra Xinghezi leri nge bottle(bodhlele) ri huma eka rito ra Xifurwa xa Khale leri nge boteille, leri hfumaka eka rito ra xintu ra Xilatini leri nge *butticula*, leri humaka ku rito ra Xilatani leri nge *buttis* ("khomo"), ku nga rito ra Xitsonga leri nge βοῦττις (khomo) ("xibye").

## Tinxaka

### Nghilazi
 

#### Vhinyo
 
Bodlhele ra nghilazi ari yimela nhluvuko wa nkoka eka matimu ya wayeni, hikuva loko rihlanganisiwa na xipfalo xa xiyimo xale henhla ari pfumelela ku dyuhala ka nkarhi woleha ka wayeni . Nghilazi yina timfanelo hinkwato leti lavekaka eka ku hlayisiwa ka nkarhi wo leha. Emahlweni ka leswi, vhinyo a yi xavisiwa hi barrel (naswona emahlweni ka sweswo, amphora ) naswona yi cheriwa emabodlheleni ntsena exitolo xa muxavisi, loko yi xavisiwa nikatsongo. Leswi swi siye minkarhi leyikulu naswona hakanyingi leyi tirhisiwaka hi ndlela yo biha ya vukanganyisi ni vuxisi, tanihi leswi vaxavi a va fanele va tshemba muxavisi malunghana ni leswi nga endzeni. Ku ehleketiwa leswaku vhinyo yo tala leyi dyiwaka ehandle ka tindhawu leti humesaka vhinyo yi onhiwile hi ndlela yo karhi. Nakambe, a hi vaxavisi hinkwavo lava a va ri ni vukheta leswaku va papalata ku va ni oxidation kumbe ku thyakisa loko va ri karhi va chela emabodlheleni, leswi endleke leswaku ku va ni ku hambana lokukulu ka mabodlhela . Ngopfu-ngopfu emhakeni ya ribuwa, ku chela ka vaxavisi vo karhi lava nga ni vuxiyaxiya emabodlheleni ya swikepe swa khale swi tisa minxavo leyi tlakukeke hambi ku ri namuntlha. Ku papalata swiphiqo leswi, wayeni yotala ya kahle yi cheriwa emabodlheleni eka ndzhawu ya vuhumelerisi (kukatsa na port hinkwayo, kusukela hi 1974).

Ku na mimpimo yo tala na swivumbeko swa mabodlhela lama tirhisiwaka ku endla wayeni. swivumbeko swinwani swi tiveka tanihi:

* "Bordeaux": Bodlhele leri ri ololokile naswona ri ni "makatla" lama gombonyokeke lama pfunaka ku khoma ndzhope naswona swa olova ku ma hlengeleta. Hi ndhavuko a yi tirhisiwa eBordeaux kambe emisaveni hinkwayo hi yona leyi tolovelekeke.
* "Burgundy": Hi ntolovelo yi tirhisiwa eBurgundy, yi ni matlhelo lama hungutekaka ku suka eka ku tlakuka ku ya eka xiphemu xo koma xa xirhendzevutana, naswona a yi na makatla. 
* "Champagne": Hi ntolovelo yi tirhisiwa eka Champagne, yi fana na bodlhele ra Burgundy, kambe yi na masungulo yo anama na xivumbeko xo tika ku tiyiselela ntshikilelo wa carbonation ya vhinyo leyi vangamaka.

#### Codd-neck ya xirhendzevutani
 

Hi lembe ra 1872 vaendli va swakunwa swo kufumela va le Britain Hiram Codd wa le Camberwell, eLondon, u endle bodlhela leri endleriweke ngopfu swakunwa leswi nga ni khaboni ni ku va ni mpfumelelo. **Bodlhela** ri endlleriwile kuva ri pfalela 'marble' na 'rubber' 'washer/gasket' enhan’wini. Mabodlhela lawa a ma tatiwile ma langute ehansi, naswona ntshikelelo wa gasi leyi a yi ri ebodlheleni wu sindzise 'marble' leswaku  wu pfalela khaboni. Bodlhela leri a ri pfanganisiwe ri va xivumbeko xo hlawuleka, hilaha swi nga voniwaka hakona eka xifaniso lexi nga etlhelo ra ximatsi, leswaku ku va ni kamara leri 'marble' a ri susumetiwa eka rona leswaku ri pfula bodlhela. Leswi swi endle leswaku marble yi nga pfali nhamu loko swakunwa swi ri karhi swi cheriwa.

Endzhakunyana ka loko yi sungule ku sunguriwa, bodlhela leri risungule ku tsakeriwa swinene eka ti indasitiri ta swakunwa swo kufumela naku endla byala, ngopfu ngopfu e Europe, Asia na Australasia, hambi leswi vanwi van’wana va byala ava nyenya ku tirhisiwa ka bodlhela leri. Etymology yin’wana ya rito **' yi huma eka biya leyi xavisiwaka eka mabodlhela ya Codd, hambi leswi leswi hi ntolovelo swi banisiwaka tani hi etymology ya vanhu . 

Mabodlhela lawa aya tshamela ku endliwa kuringana  malembe yo tala, kambe hakatsongotsongo ya hungutekile eka kutirhisiwa. Tanihi leswi vana va pfotloseke mabodlhela leswaku va teka mabilomu ma kayivela swinene naswona ma hundzuke swilo swa vahlengeleti ; ngopfu-ngopfu eUK. Bodlhela ra Codd ra muvala wa cobalt namuntlha ri tisa madzana ya ti pound ta Britain eka fandiselo. Dizayini ya Codd-neck ya ha tirhisiwa eka swakunwa swo kufumela [[Japani|swa le Japani]] leswi vuriwaka Ramune ni le ka swakunwa [[Indiya|swa le Indiya]] leswi vuriwaka Banta . 

=== Tipulasitiki ===
<gallery>
File:Botella_de_plástico_-_PET.jpg|alt=A PET bottle| Bodlhela ra PET
File:Rákóczi-Bolzano-Kissingen-1.JPG|alt=Stone ware jar for carrying water.| Xibya xa swilo swa maribye xo rhwala mati.
File:Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg|alt=A bioplastic shampoo bottle made of PLA-blend bio-flex| Bodlhela ra shampoo ra bioplastic leri endliweke hi PLA-blend bio-flex
File:Sigg_Bottle.jpg|alt=A contemporary metal bottle (Sigg)| Bodlhela ra nsimbi ra manguva lawa ( Sigg ) .
File:Bottle,_Ding_ware,_Hebei_province,_China,_Northern_Song_dynasty,_11th-early_12th_century_AD,_porcelain_with_iron_pigment_under_transparent_ivory-toned_glaze_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05557.JPG|alt=Chinese ding-ware porcelain bottle with iron-tinted pigment under a transparent colorless glaze, 11th century, Song dynasty| Bodlhela ra porcelain ra ding-ware ra le China leri nga ni muhlovo lowu nga ni muhlovo wa nsimbi ehansi ka glaze leyi nga riki na muvala leyi vonakaka, ya lembe-xidzana ra vu-11, ra ndyangu wa vuhosi wa Song
File:Normflasche-1.jpg|alt=Normflasche bottle| Bodlhela ra Normflasche
File:Crate,_milk_(AM_1999.107.120-3).jpg|alt=Reusable glass milk bottle| Bodlhela ra masi ra nghilazi leri tirhisiwaka nakambe
File:Yale_bottle.gif|alt=Excavated pontiled soda or beer "blobtop" bottle, circa 1855| Bodlhela ra "blobtop" ra soda kumbe biya leri cercariweke, kwalomu ka 1855
File:Bocksbeutel_bottle.jpg|alt=Bocksbeutel bottle| Bodlhela ra Bocksbeutel
File:Bouteilles_de_vin_Voleuses-détourées.jpg|alt=Two bottles for Maas wine, called "thieves", 18th century| Mabodlhela mambirhi ya wayeni ya Maas, lawa ya vuriwaka "vayivi", ya lembe xidzana ravu 18
File:22872c3aebc44ba42e27b5f1bb568448_(17921561302).jpg|alt=A bottle wall| Rirhangu ra bodlhela
File:Bottle_from_Shiraz,_Iran,_Qajar_period,_late_18th-19th_century,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG|alt=Blue glass bottle, 18th–19th-century Iran| Bodlhela ra nghilazi ra wasi, ra lembe-xidzana ra vu-18–19 ra le [[Iran]]
File:HD.5A.036_(10555475386).jpg|alt=1940s Chianti fiasco| Hi malembe ya va 1940 [[Chianti]] fiasco
File:My_dna_fragrance_exclusive_perfume-2.jpg|alt=Aluminium spray bottle| Bodlhela ro fafazela ra aluminiyamu
File:Beer_bottles_2018_G1.jpg|alt=Empty beer bottles of different colors| Mabodlhela ya [[Byala|biya]] lama nga riki na nchumu ya mihlovo yo hambana-hambana
File:Wärmflasche1.jpg|alt=Two modern hot water bottles shown with their stoppers| Mabodlhela mambirhi ya manguva lawa ya mati yo hisa lama kombisiweke ni swipfalo swa wona
File:Bottle_of_milk.jpg|alt=Plastic bottle of milk. One US gallon| Bodlhela ra plastiki ra masi. Galoni yin’we ya le United States
</gallery>Pulasitiki yi kongomisiwe eka ntambhu eka endlelo ro endla xivumbeko. Mabodlhela ya pulasitiki ma tala ku tirhisiwa ku hlayisa swihalaki swo fana na mati , namuneti , mafurha ya movha, mafurha yo sweka, [[Vutshunguri|mirhi]], xisibi xo hlamba misisi, masi na inki. Mpimo wa yona wu sukela eka mabodlhela lamantsongo ku ya eka mabodokisi lamakulu. Mimpfuno leyikulu ya mabodlhela ya tipulasitiki ku tlula nghilazi i ku tiya ka wona ka le henhla ka ku tshoveka, eka vuhumelerisi na vutleketli, xikan'we na ntiko wa wona wo vevuka na nxavo wa le hansi wa vuhumelerisiwi. Swiphiqo swi katsa nthyakiso lowu hangalakeke wa tipulasitiki.

=== Aluminiyamu ===
 
**Bodlhela ra aluminiyamu** i bodlhela leri endliweke hi aluminiyamu . Ematikweni yan'wana, yitlhela yivuriwa "bottlecan". Hi ntolovelo yi khoma byala, swakunwa swo kufumela kumbe wayeni.

=== Mati yo hisa ===

**Bodlhela ra mati yo hisa''' i bodlhela leri taleke hi mati yo hisa lawa ya tirhisiwaka ku kufumela. Yinga endliwa kusuka eka switirhisiwa swohambana hambana, ngopfu ngopfu rhaba kambe hi matimu yi endliwe kusuka eka swilo swo tiya swofana na nsimbi, nghilazi, swibyi swa vumba kumbe mapulanga.

## Swifaniso

File:Botella_de_plástico_-_PET.jpg|alt=A PET bottle| Bodlhela ra PET
File:Rákóczi-Bolzano-Kissingen-1.JPG|alt=Stone ware jar for carrying water.| Xibye xa swilo swa maribye xo rhwala mati.
File:Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg|alt=A bioplastic shampoo bottle made of PLA-blend bio-flex| Bodlhela ra shampoo ra 'bioplastic' leri endliweke hi 'PLA-blend bio-flex'
File:Sigg_Bottle.jpg|alt=A contemporary metal bottle (Sigg)| Bodlhela ra nsimbi ra manguva lawa ( Sigg ) .
File:Bottle,_Ding_ware,_Hebei_province,_China,_Northern_Song_dynasty,_11th-early_12th_century_AD,_porcelain_with_iron_pigment_under_transparent_ivory-toned_glaze_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05557.JPG|alt=Chinese ding-ware porcelain bottle with iron-tinted pigment under a transparent colorless glaze, 11th century, Song dynasty| Bodlhela ra porcelain ra ding-ware ra le China leri nga ni muhlovo lowu nga ni muhlovo wa nsimbi ehansi ka glaze leyi nga riki na muvala leyi vonakaka, ya lembe-xidzana ra vu-11, ra ndyangu wa vuhosi wa Song
File:Normflasche-1.jpg|alt=Normflasche bottle| Bodlhela ra 'Normflasche'
File:Crate,_milk_(AM_1999.107.120-3).jpg|alt=Reusable glass milk bottle| Bodlhela ra masi ra nghilazi leri tirhisiwaka nakambe
File:Yale_bottle.gif|alt=Excavated pontiled soda or beer "blobtop" bottle, circa 1855| Bodlhela ra "blobtop" ra soda kumbe biya leri cercariweke, kwalomu ka 1855
File:Bocksbeutel_bottle.jpg|alt=Bocksbeutel bottle| Bodlhela ra 'Bocksbeutel'
File:Bouteilles_de_vin_Voleuses-détourées.jpg|alt=Two bottles for Maas wine, called "thieves", 18th century| Mabodlhela mambirhi ya wayeni ya Maas, lawa ya vuriwaka "vayivi", ya lembe xidzana ravu 18
File:22872c3aebc44ba42e27b5f1bb568448_(17921561302).jpg|alt=A bottle wall| Rirhangu ra bodlhela
File:Bottle_from_Shiraz,_Iran,_Qajar_period,_late_18th-19th_century,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG|alt=Blue glass bottle, 18th–19th-century Iran| Bodlhela ra nghilazi ra wasi, ra lembe-xidzana ra vu-18–19 ra le Iran
File:HD.5A.036_(10555475386).jpg|alt=1940s Chianti fiasco| Hi malembe ya va 1940 Chianti fiasco
File:My_dna_fragrance_exclusive_perfume-2.jpg|alt=Aluminium spray bottle| Bodlhela ro fafazela ra aluminiyamu
File:Beer_bottles_2018_G1.jpg|alt=Empty beer bottles of different colors| Mabodlhela ya byalalama nga riki na nchumu ya mihlovo yo hambana-hambana
File:Wärmflasche1.jpg|alt=Two modern hot water bottles shown with their stoppers| Mabodlhela mambirhi ya manguva lawa ya mati yo hisa lama kombisiweke ni swipfalo swa wona
File:Bottle_of_milk.jpg|alt=Plastic bottle of milk. One US gallon| Bodlhela ra plastiki ra masi. Galoni yin’we ya le United States


## Swilo swo hambana-hambana
Mabodlhela yatala ku vuyiseriwa kuya hi SPI 'recycling code' ya switirhisiwa.
 

## Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke

* Soroka, W, "Masungulo ya Thekinoloji yo paka", IoPP, 2002, 2002. 
* Yam, KL, "Encyclopedia ya Thekinoloji yo paka", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 2009.