open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joni

**Joni**, rithlela ritiviwa hi ra **Jozi,** kumbe **"Doroba ra nsuku"**, i doroba leri kulukumba etikweni ra Afrika Dzonga, naswona i rin'wana ra madoroba ya khume-nthlanu lama kulukumba e misaveni. Joni i doroba-nkulu rithlela ri va ntsindza wa xifundza xa Gauteng, kunga xifundza lexi fumeke ngopfu e Afrika-Dzonga. Joni rithlela riva vutshamo bya Huvo-nkulu ya vumbiwa, kunga huvo ya le henhla-henhla ya tiko ra Afrika Dzonga. Tikomponi to tala ta le Afrika Dzonga ku hlanganisa na tibangi ti na ti ofisi-nkulu ta tona e Joni. Doroba leri ri kumeka eka xitshabyana xa Witwatersrand lexi ngalo moo! hi swicelwa na nxaviso wa nsuku na dayimani. Doroba leri akuri rin'we ra madoroba la ma rhurheleke xidlodlo xa misava xa FIFA xa lembe ra 2010.

Doroba-nkulu leri i ri'wana ra madoroba-nkulu ya misava hi laha ri xaxametiweke ha kona hi Nhlangano ya Vulavisisi hi ta kuhangalaka ka mabindzu na Madoroba ya Misava Hinkwayo. Hi 2019, vaaki va doroba ra Joni a va ri 5,635,127, leswi endleke leswaku doroba leri ri va doroba lerikulu eAfrika Dzonga. Hi lembe rero, nhlayo ya vaaki va le madorobeni ya le Joni yi vekiwe eka 8,000,000. Vundzhawu bya doroba () byi aname ngopfu loko byi ringanisiwa ni bya madoroba man'wana lamakulu, lama endlaka nhlayo leyi ringaniseriweke ya ku tlimbana ka vaaka - tiko va 2,365 eka swikwere - khilomitara (6,120/sq mi).

Doroba leri ri simekiwe hi 1886 endzhaku ka loko ku kumiwe nsuku endzhawini leyi a yi ri purasi. Hikwalaho ka mphakelo lowukulu wa nsuku lowu kumiweke etlhelo ka Witwatersrand, ku nga si hela malembe ya khume, vaaka-tiko a va andze va fika eka 100,000.

Doroba leri hambaneke ku sukela eku heleni ka va - 1970 ku fikela hi 1994, kunga Soweto leri sweswi ri nga xiyenge xa Joni. Eku sunguleni a ku ri ni ndhawu leyi vanhu va le Afrika a va tshama eka yona, leyi eka yona a ku tshama vatirhi vo tala va le Afrika lava humaka emugodini wa nsuku. Hambileswi eku heteleleni Soweto yi hlanganisiweke e hansi ka doroba ra Joni, kambe se a ku tshama vantima, lava a va nga pfumeleriwi ku tshama le Joni. Lenaxiya ixidorobana lexi ngana  vanhu vo tala va le Afrika Dzonga lava vulavulaka Xinghezi lava humaka eIndiya. Tindhawu leti a ti tiviwa tanihi tindhawu ta vanhu vantima hi ku pfumelelana ni milawu ya xihlawuhlawu ya hulumendhe ya Afrika Dzonga.

## Mintshaho
Sung Jae-gi

**Sung Jae-gi** (Korea:성재기, china:成在基, Ndzhati 11 1967 - Mawuwani 26 2013), i khale ka Human right activists yo Civil right activists, liberalism philosophers ya Korea Dzonga. hi found wa Association of Korean Male(남성연대 男性連帶).

## Mintshaho

## Minkombo ya le handle
* MHRA Sung Jae-gi dead A-Voice of Man (English)
* ''Suicide performance and journalist ethics News Dongah'' (English)
* Body of Sung Jae-gi found in Han River Koreaherald 2013.07.29 (English)
* Activist's 'suicide' causes huge stir Koreatimes 2013.07.26 (English)
* Police continue search for missing men's rights activist yonhapnews 2013.07.27 (English)
* Seoul ‘Bridge of Life’ Attracts More Suicide Attempts korearealtime 2013.11.08 (English)
* Grabación de un suicidio en Corea del Sur abre el debate sobre la ética de los medios de comunicación (Español)
* Activista Sung Jae-ki se suicidó frente a las cámaras de televisión (Español)
*  Opinion Now Showing Suicidal Performance! WHAT?! - humanrights moniter Southkorea (English)
*  South Korean channel films suicide (English)
*  In memoriam 2013:Sung Jae-ki (France)
Matimba Elliot Miyambo

**Matimba Elliot Miyambo** (1984) i mutsari wa tibuku, vutlhokovetseri , mitlangu ya tiyetarha, mitlangu ya swiyanimoya ni ya thelevhixini. Hi lembe ra 2007 i khomile xiyimo xa ndzhangelo eka vutsari bya tlangu wa xiyanimoya(phofula express yourself competition 2007), enzhaku ka swona, uthlele a tsala tlangu wa xiyanimoya lowu wunga haxiwa emoyeni eka SAFM hi lembe ra 2011.

Miyambo i n'wana wa vumbirhi wa Hasani na Martha Miyambo, u velekiwile emugangeni wa ka Makahlule hi lembe ra 1984.  Miyambo u thwasele tidyondzo ta vu dyondzisi e Yunivhesiti ya Venda.

## Vutsari
Miyambo u tsarile "Fihlo Wa Swiyila" kunga tsalwa ra vutlhokovetseri , naswona tsalwa leri ri humelerisiwe no gandlisiwa hi va Via Afrika hi lembe ra 2019.

## Mintshaho
Loloka Block 29E ka Dzumeri , Giyani

***[[Loloka Block 29E]]*** is a small larger beautiful Village under Dzumeri Tribal Authority in Greater Giyani Municipality Mopani District in Limpopo Province

***[[Loloka Block 29E]]*** yi wela eka ward 24 laha ehansi ka vurhangeri bya Giyani naswona ku fumaka vandla ra ANC
 
were known as *[[Ka- Gidiya]]* or  
 GIJA  it changed its name to Loloka  its under the leadership of cheif Dzumeri

Loloka Block 29E is very beautiful small place to live in it has Bvuma Primary School and Health Centre

## Ti phurojeke

Loloka Block 29E has many projects. Ti phurojete to fana na 

 □ Loloka Drop in Centre
 □ Loloka Poultry farm
 □ Loloka Feeding Skeam
 □ Bvuma Old age well known as 'Avakheguleni'

na ti n'wani ti phurojete to tala to hambana hambana 

Eka ti phurojete hinkwato ti sunguriwile hi vamanana va muganga wa Loloka

 the involvement of women in these projects is making Loloka a good big village .

It has a small larger population

▪ Yi tsariwe hi Benny Makamu eLoloka Block 29E
Makamu

**Muti waka Makamu** i muti lowu vulavulaka Xitsonga, naswona iva ndyangu wa Shikweni, Ngamba, Hlomani, Twala ,Manyongotela

## Xithopo xa muti

*Makamu... * 
*N'wina vo chava ku tsongola swava nwani...* 
*N'wina vo natswa munyu mithlela...* 


Lexi hi xona xi thopo lexi tivekaka xa muti lowu. Kuni ku hambana-nyana eka swi mutana swa ka Makamu loko swiri karhi swi thopa xivongo lexi.

## Rhavi e ka swiyenge swa rixaka ra Vatsonga
Hi ku ya hi Henri Junod va ka Makamu, va hlayiwa eka rhavi ra **Va Djonga va Vahlavi** e ka rixaka ra Vatsonga.

## Minkombo
Cuma

**Muti waka Cuma** i muti lowu kumekaka eka tindzimi ta ku tala emisaveni, laha hi ta hlamusela muti wa ka Cuma lowu kumekaka eka ririmi ra Xitsonga. eka Xitsonga muti lowu wu tiveka hi swi vongo swimbirhi, kunga Cuma na Moyane.

## Xithopo xa muti
Xithopo lexi xi tirhisiwa ngopfu hi va Tsonga va ka Cuma lava tumbulukaka le ka Mabalani e Musambiki kunga vona va Cuma vo sungula eka vaTsonga.


*Cuma... * 
*Mpahleni...* 
*Nghunyulu...*
*Moyane ...* 
*Huchuza...*
*Va xwexwexwe...<BR>
*Va mpanamana...
*Va basa mahlo...<BR>
*Va le vuxeni ka misinya ya ku tswala byala na nyama...*
</blockquote>

Lexi hi xona xi thopo lexi tivekaka xa muti lowu e ka ririmi ra xiTsonga.

== Matimu ya muti ==
Muti wa ka Cuma wu tumbuluka e n'wa lungu wa Afrika, aku na vumbhoni lebyi kombaka tiko ro sungula kwale n'wa lungu.
Va hangalake na matiko ya Afrika hi tindzimi to hambana hambana. Vo tala va tsala xivongo lexi hi ndlela leyi yi pfumelelanaka na ririmi leri va ri vulavulaka. Kambe vo tala va ha xi hlayisa xi ri Chuma (Cuma).

Va Tsonga va ka Cuma vona va huma eka Ntshinani le Musambiki, hi lomu va Cuma vo sungula loko va huma n'wa lungu wa Afrika va nga fikela kona. Ivi va pela nambu wa Lipompo (Miminthi) va ya tshama eka Mangende, leri i tiko ra vanhu va ka Cuma ntsena,xi vongo xin'wana lexi kumekaka eka tiko leri xi lo luvela. Tiko ra Ntshinani na Mangende ma le hansi ka xi fundza xa ka Mabalani.

Hi ko kwalaho ka tinyimpi na ku famba va handza ndlala, va Cuma (Chuma) va hangalake na matiko. Van'wana hi va kuma eka Maputsu (Maputo), va n'wana eka Xokwe, Afrika Dzonga (Malamulele, Giyani,Phalaborwa, Bushbuckridge, Eylim na Joni).

Kuna va'wana va Chuma lava hi va vonaka va huma Nigeria, Malawi,Mali na matiko ma n'wana. Lava hi vona va Cuma vo rhanga eka tinxaka ta ka Cuma e misaveni.Va Tsonga va muti wa ka Cuma va vuriwa va le vuxeni ka misinya ya kutswala byala na nyama, hi kwalaho ka ku xonga ka tiko ra vona, leri nga na minala leyi humesaka vucema (palm wine),mikanyi leyi humesaka vukanyi(Marula),mimova leyi humesaka Thonthontho na makalavatla lama humesaka xikalavatlani. Kasi misinya leyi tswalaka nyama i magungu(mixanatsi) leyi tswalaka matomani(maxonje).

== Rhavi eka swiyenge swa rixaka ra Vatsonga ==

Hi ku ya hi [[Henri-Alexandre Junod|Henri Junod]] va ka Cuma, va hlayiwa eka rhavi ra *'Va Vandau ''' eka rixaka ra Vatsonga. Leri i rhavi Leri kulu eka ma rhavi ya mune lawa Junod a tsaleke ha wona.

## Swivongo leswi yelanaka

## Minkombo
Alfred Bitini Xuma

**Alfred Bitini Xuma**  (8 Nyenyankulu 1893 - †  27 Sunguti 1962) a tivekaka ngopfu hi maviti ya yena nkomiso kunga AB Xuma, naswona ari murhangeri na mulweri wa ntsuxeko naswona a thlela ava muprezidenti wa vandla ra ANC ku suka hi lembe ra 1940 ku ya eka 1949. A ari nandza wa ntlawa wa Alpha Phi Alpha wa le America.

## Ndhzaka
Endhzaku ka ku lova kakwe, nhundzu ya tibuku ta yena yi nyikeriwe layiburari yale Orland East hi nsati wakwe Madie Hall Xuma. Layiburari hi yona yo sungula ku akiwa hi xikongomelo xova layiburari e Soweto.
Vuqambhi

**Vuqambhi** i mpaluxo wa vuswikoti kumbe nyiko ya miehleketo yo tumbuluxa vu xongi. Vito **art** ritekiwa e ka Xilatini ***ars***, leri hundzuluxeriwaka hiku kongoma kuri, "kuhleleka". vuqambhi byi twisisiwa kuri ku endla mintirho leyi lavaka vuswikoti bya munhu lebyi yeke hala ka mhlamuselo. Hambi lewsi vuqambhi byi hambanisiwaka na vuswikoti(craft) na vuti-olori(recreation), ndzelakano lowu wa byiharile. Viti *vuqambhi-vuxongi(creative arts)* i nhlengeleto wa vuleteri byo yelana na leswi endleriweke ku tsakisa va hlaleri kumbe vayingiseri leswaku va anakanyisisa haswona. Hikwalaho vuqambi byi hlanganisa swilo leswi tsariwaka(Swithopo Vutsari na Vuthlokovetseri); leswi tlangiwaka (Kucina, Mintlango, na Vuyimbeleri); Leswi hlaleriwaka(mpfapfarhuto ,Vuvatli, Ku teka swinepe, Vufanisi); kuya eka vuswikoti lebyi tirhisiwaka siku na siku ku hlanganisa na Vuaki byo sasekisa na ku rhunga swi ambalo. Vuqambhi bya ha ye lana nakambe na kunyikiwa, Vuxongi na ku pfuxa switwi(emotions).
Portal:Swimilana/Nxaxamelo

File:Marula02.jpg|Nkanyi
File:Trichilia_dregeana,_blaarkruin,_Louwsburg.jpg|Nkuhlu
File:Terminalia_sericea,_a,_Seringveld.jpg|Nkonolo
File:Euclea_natalensis_subsp_natalensis,_blare,_eMakhosini.jpg|Nhlangulane
File:Mimusops_caffra_new_leaves.JPG|Ndzhole
Portal:Miroho

__NOTOC__ 




minkongomiso yo tshuka yikomba matsalwa lawa mahalavaka ku engeteriwa. Loko uni vuxoko-xoko byo karhi, unga tumbuluxa tsalwa leri yelanaka ivi u sungula ku tsala. Kumbe unga langutisa tsalwa leri yelanaka eka Nyangwa-nkulu wa ta swimilana eka wikipediya ya xinghezi.
Hlatshwayo

**Muti waka Hlachwayo** i muti lowu vulavulaka Xichangana, Xitsonga, Xiswati na Xizulu.

## Matimu ya Muti

Lexi hi xona xi thopo lexi tivekaka xa muti lowu. Kuni ku hambana-nyana eka swi mutana swa ka Hlatshwayo loko swiri karhi swi thopa xivongo.


hi va ka risenga/ Joni/Mahlekisi/Biyoko/ Mxayixa

wa mukhomazi,

wa xikhutu,

wa bingwana,

wa kaneti,

kaneti wa mhaka,

hi va ka rimani hi mimbhanyi hi tshika swikomu wi nga at helela,

swikomu hi ta lovola hi swona vavansati,

hi va ka mhandzi ya nkonono,

va ku; Hlachwayo, va ku; ntlhavani.

"Ntlhavani" hi yona nyimba ya ka hina.


xivongo lexi I xona lexi mina Wisani Moses Hlatywayo xiluke xa sirha Gezani, Jemson, Hlachwayo na Nghozi, Nyanisi Hletswayo ,loyi a velekiweke eka mtititi Lombard ndzi nga kula ndzi karhi ndzi dyondzisiwa xona, inkomu.

## Rhavi e ka swiyenge swa rixaka
muti wa ka Hlachwayo/Hlatswayo/Hlatshwayo i muti wa tihosi lowu a wu rhangele hi Hosi Zwangendaba wa rixaka ra ka ka jele(jele clan) lava a va ri hansikumbe ku tirhisana na vuhosi bya ka Ndwandwe, Hosi Zwangendaba u hlanganile na Soshangane hi malembe ya va 1825, kutani va vumba nhlangano kambe a wu yanga ekule hikuva Soshangane a lava ku va Hosinkulu, kutani va hambanile laha a ku suke dzolonga exikarhi ka Soshangane na makwavo wa yena Mhlaba laha Soshangana a nga kongoma eMocambique kutani Zwangendaba na Mhlava va ya tlhama eVenda, Limpopo (Vembe) and Livubu (Rivubye) laha vakokwani va rhwariweke hi ti G.G kusuka eBwerhani ku ya aka eka Mtititi va n'wana va rhule eka Mdavula, Gandlanani, Mavambe, Phungwani na tin'wana tindhawu.

## Minkombo
Portal:Swimilana/Nxaxamelo-3

File:Oranges_-_whole-halved-segment.jpg|Lamula
File:Marula01.jpg|Makanyi
File:Hapus_Mango.jpg|Manghozi
File:Ficus_carica0.jpg|Makuwa
File:Strychnos_spinosa_fruit.jpg|Sala
Portal:Swimilana/Nxaxamelo-2

File:Collard-Greens-Bundle.jpg|Makhofu
File:Pumpkin_flower.jpg|Matsavu
File:Doperwt_rijserwt_peulen_Pisum_sativum.jpg|Timbaweni
File:ARS_red_onion.jpg|Tinyala
File:Cassava1_(3945716612).jpg|Mathapi
Benny Makamu

**[[Xivongo Xaka Makamu]]**

Makamu i xivongo xa VaTsonga maChangani va ndyangu wa Shikweni, Ngamba, Hlomani, Twala, Manyongotela

Makamu i muti lowu ku valavuriwaka Xitsonga Xichangana

*[[Xivongo Xaka Makamu]]*

• Yi Tsariwe hi **[[Benny Hlomani Makamu]]** eLoloka Block 29E

## Akani Makamu
Akani Makamu i mufana loyi a tshamaka eka Dzumeri
 mphaghane
Mpfhuka

**Mpfhuka** impimo wo hlamusela vukule exikarhi ka swilo swimbirhi. Mpfhuka wu tirhisiwa ku hlamusela vuxaka e xikarhi ka swilo swimbirhi leswaku swile kule kumbe kusuhi na kusihi. Mpfhuka wu nga pimiwa hi kutirhisa mitara.

## Swikombiso
* Bholo rosungula rile kule eka bholo ravumbirhi hi ti mitara ta nthlanu (5). Mpfhuka exikarhi ka tibholo leti i timitara ta nthlanu.
Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication

Walter Sisulu Square i ndhawu leyi kumekaka exifundzheni-nkulu xa  Gauteng, Johannesburg, a Soweto,exikarhi ka xitikwana xa Kliptown. Hi 1955 ntlawa wa vanhu lava ava lwisana na nfumo wa avanyiso[apartheid] va hlanganile eKliptown ku twa mavonelo ya vanhu hi kungu ra Papila ra Tinfanelo(Freedom Charter) leri kunguhatiweke hi Rusty Bernstein. Hi ti 26 Khotavuxika 1955. kwalomu ka magidi nharhu(3 000) wa varhangeri va maAfrika Dzonga va hlanganile eka Walter Sisulu Square ku ta tsala Papila ra Tinfanelo. Ndhawo leyi yi  vitaniwa hi vito ra nwatipolitiki loyi na yena a lwela ntshuxeko wa maAfrika Dzonga Walter Sisulu, a ri wun'wana wa varhangeri va African National Congress (ANC).

## Matimu
Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication, mavumbelo ya xona ya vile saqwadi eka vaaki va xona va stuidio MAS. Hi ti 26 Khotavuxika ku vuriwa leswaku kwalomu ka magidi-nharhu wa vanhu va Afrika Dzonga, ngopfu-ngopfu vanwatipolitiki va hlanganile eka  square xo thyaka xa ritshuri ku ta kunguhata hi goza leri va nga ta ri teka ku lwela tinfanelo ta maAfrika Dzonga. Laha hi kona la vanwatipolitiki kun'we ni vaaka tiko va Afrika Dzonga va nga tsala papila ra tinfanelo (Freedom Charter). Papila leri a ri nga lweli tinfanelo ntsena kambe ari  lwela tiko leri nga ta fumiwa hi vanhu va tihlonge to hambana-hambana. Papila ra Tinfanelo ri na nkoka swinene eka ntlawa wa ANC, naswona ndhawu leyi yi pfulrile tindlela to akiwa ka yindlu leyikulu ya Afrika Dzonga ya nawu. Ndhawu leyi a va hlangana ka yona a yi thyakile no va na ritshuri kambe namuntlha yi vitaniwa hi vito ro xiximeka swinene naswona yi hlayiwa eka ntlawa wa tindhawu ta ndhavuko. Hi ti 26 Khotavuxika 2005 khale ka murhangeri wa Afrika Dzonga Thabo Mbeki u lumekile ndzilo wo kombisa ntshuxeko, hi ndlela yo tlangela makume-ntlhanu wa malembe ya papila ra timfanelo (Freedom Charter).

## Tindhawu to koka mahlo
Walter Sisulu Square xi rhendzeriwile hi tindhawu to hambana-hambana le ti hlanganisaka, hodela ya Soweto; mavhengele; ndhawu yo oxa nyama; ndhawu yo hlayisa tibuku, naswona yi na rivala le ri nga na swifanekiso swa vo nwatipolitiki. 



File:Papila ra tinfanelo.JPG| Ribye leri nga tsariwa tinfanelo.
File:Khumbi ra timfanelo.JPG| Makhumbi ya khume ya swikoxo swatimfanelo.
File:Hodela ya Soweto.JPG| Hodela ya Soweto.



### Makhumbi ya papila ra timfanelo
Rivala ra Walter Sisulu Square ri ni makhumbi ya khume lawa ma tsariweke swikoxo swa timfanelo leswi tsariweke eka papila ra timfanelo leswi landzelaka:
# Vanhu va ta fuma
# Mintlawa ya vanhu va tiko yi ta va ni timfanelo leti ringaneke
# Vanhu va ta avelana rifumo ra tiko
# Tiko ri ta avanyisiwa exikarhi ka lava ri tirhaka
# Hinkwavo va ta ringana emahlweni ka nawu
# Hinkwavo va ta tsakela timfanelo ta vanhu
# Ku ta va ni mintirho ni vuhlayiseki
# Minyangwa ya dyondzo ni ndhavuko yi ta pfuleka
# Ku ta va ni tiyindlu, vuhlayiseki ni vutshamiseki
# Ku ta va ni kurhula ni vunghana

### Hodela ya Soweto
Hodela ya Soweto hi yona ntsena leyi kumekaka eSoweto, naswona yi hlawuriwa hi tinyeleti ta mune.

## Minkombo ya vuxokoxoko
Nkuhlu

***Nkuhlu***, (**Trichilia dregeana**, Hi kuya hi xi Griki) i nsinya lowu kumekaka e dzongeni ra Afrika, e vupela-dyambu bya Afrika, na le Madagascar. Nsinya lowu wu tirhisiwa ngopfu ku endla mafurha. Nsinya lowu wu rhandziwa ngopfu hi vanhu lava a va ake e tinzhawini ta le kusuhi ni mati.

Mbhanzu wa nkuhlu wuvuriwa Huhlu naswona wuna rikampfi ra muvala warihlaza-rozwihala naswona rabhava rithlela ripfelela mafurha. Mbhazu lowu vupfeke wuna bululu ramuvala wobhasa lerirhendeleke rikampfi, naswona rinadzika ngopfu. Bululu leri ri funengetiwe hi xikhumba xa muvala wamulamula. Mbhanzu lowu wutshoveriwa hitinhweti ta Hukuri na N'wendzamhala. 

## Matimu la ma yelanaka
Eka buku yayena Henri Junoid uhlamale leswilandzelaka hintshovelo watihuhlu eMozambhiki:

:: *Vinyi vatiko vakhaya tihuhlu exikarhi ka Hukuri na N'wendzamhala naswona vatata milomo yavona kukondza swihlaya swavona swindlandlamuka. Marhi ya olovusa bululu ra tihuhlu naswona risungula ku nyunguluka no nandzika hiswintsanana kufikela laha rihelaka ivi kusala rikampfi. Swatala kukuma kusukela eka swihlangi kuyafika eka vadyuhari, vakukumuke swihlaya hitihuhlu naswona minkolo yavona yirikarhi yipyompya bululu ratihuhlu lerinandzikaka swonghasi kufikela loko kusala rikampfi ntsena. Makampfi ma hlengeletiwa hivukheta naswona matirhiseriwa ku endla mafurha, kumbe maxaviseriwa valungu lava navona vahundziselaka eMarseilles laha kuendliwaka mafurha ya michini*

## Matirhisele ya nkuhlu

## Mulumulo wa nkuhlu

## Matirhisele ya nsinya lowu hi Xilungu

## Minkombo
Xivongo Xaka Makamu

Makamu i xivongo xa VaTsonga maChangani va ndyangu wa **Shikweni**,  **Ngamba**, **Hlomani**,  **Twala**,   **Manyongotela**
                    
Makamu i muti wa  maChangana lowu ku valavuriwaka Xitsonga Xichangana 

Xivongo Xaka Makamu xisuka ekule swinene laha vanhu vaku tala vale Muzambiki vanwani vale Afrika Dzonga

Va Makamu na va n'wa-Makamu i vanhu va rirhandzu, Ntwela vusiwana, No Hlonipha ni Xichavo hi chava ku tsongola swava n'wani hi **Nantswa munyu hi etlela**

Xivongo Xaka Makamu xi kurile swinene nahiku hambana kati ndhawu VaN'wa-Makamu leswi vulaku ku I N'wana  Wa Makamu va tele swinene

## Tindhawu leti xi kumekaka ngopfu

xivongo lexi xa kumeka eka tindhawu to fana na va

○ Giyani
○ Malamulele
○ Phalaborwa
○ Tzaneen
○ Nkowankowa
○ eBuxu
○ Maputo

na Tinwani to ndhawu hiku hambana ka vanhu lomu vanga kona

## Xiphatu xa muti waka Makamu
Xivongo Xaka Makamu...

Hi Tshova Rumbulu Hi Makani Mambisi

Hi va Nambyana Wa Ringelengela Waku Ku Heta Vanhu Hi Riolovela

Hi va Xi Wa Hi Mahosi A Nyangweni

Hi Chaya Mahlwelela Hi Mancela

**Hi Natswa Munyu hi Etlela**
Hi vatsonga va xiviri hi chava ku tsongola swava n'wanyani 
*...* 

 
Lexi hi xona xiphatu lexi tivekaka xa muti waka Makamu. Kuni ku hambana-nyana eka swi mutana swa ka Makamu loko swiri karhi swi phata xivongo lexi.
Giyani

**Giyani** i khale ka vutshamo bya Vatsonga eGazankulu Republic hi nkarhi wa mfumu wa xihlawulambala. Ka xifundzakulu xa Limpopo eAfrika-Dzonga. Ri wela xifundzatsongo xa Mopani naswona ri fambisiwa hi Greater Giyani Municipality.

Giyani yi na switandi swo tluka Makumekombo kumbe 70. Rifuwile hi vurimi.
Malamulele

**Malamulele** swi nga vula doroba ra ka Malamulele kumbe ndhawu ya ka Malamulele. Havumbirhi bya doroba (kwalomu ka le xivindzini xa ndhawu) na ndhawu swi le Limpopo province (xifundzakulu xa Limpopo) xa South Africa (Afrika-Dzonga) naswona ku tshama ngopfungopfu Tsonga people (Vatsonga). Doroba ra ka Malamulele ri na gondzo ra xifundzakulu rin'we na gondzo ra xifundza rin'we; R81 yo ya eGiyani na R524 yo ya eThohoyandou (na Punda Maria Gate) (na Gede ya Punda Maria) hi ku hambanahambana. Malamulele yi angarheliwile hi milambu yimbirhi, Levubu River (Rivhubye) kuya evupeladyambu na Letaba River (Ritavi) kuya evuhumadyambu, Shingwedzi River (Shingwedzi)  lowu khulukaka kusuka eMalamulele-Vupeladyambu kuya eMalamulele-Vuhumadyambu, wu ya khoma Limpopo River (Vembe) eMozambique endleleni yo ya eIndian Ocean (Lwandlekulu ra Indian). Malamulele i ntsindza wa Collins Chabane Local Municipality (Masipala wa Miganga wa Collins Chabane).

## Mintshaho
Polendi

**Poland** a tiko ra Yuropa. The capital is Warszawa. Tiko ra Poland ri le xikarhi ka Lwandle ra Baltic.
Bvuma Primary School

Bvuma i xikolo xa mfumo  xale hansi lexi seketelaka xi tlhela xi nyika no phakela  dyondzo ya le hansi ya vana ya mahala eka vana hinkwavo va tiko ra Loloka Block 29E na manwani matiko ya le kusuhi, edorobeni nkulu ra Giyani eAfrika-Dzonga

Xikolo xa Bvuma xi sungurile khale malembe ndzhaku hi va ma 1970s ka muganga wa Loloka e hansi ka vulavuri bya
Hosi Dzumeri. 
Vito ra Bvuma ri huma eka ndhuna xivongo xa Bvuma laha Vukosi byi nyikeke Xikolo vito ra Bvuma lexi namuntlha xi tivekaka hi vito ra Bvuma Primary School .

Xikolo xa Bvuma xi le hansi ka vulawuri bya nhloko ya xikolo manana **Mninsi MM** loyi a anga nyikiya ximhandzana loko tanana Mabunda Magwaza aya e pecenini. xikolo lexi xina vadyondzi vo hlaya swinene ku tlula Madzana mambiri *200* na vadyondzisi vo ringana nhungu

Xikolo xa Bvuma xi fambisiwa hi ndzawulo ya dyondzo  ya xifundzha-nkulu xa Limpopo
Maswanganyi

### Xiphato xa muti


mfumo wa mbhazima

wa Mafemano

wa Dumazi

wa Gwevani

wa Manjangi

Wa Furumele

wa Mashangu

wa Mpatse

va ka xikaka xi borile xi bolela e saveni,

xi pfumala va tsavuli

vatsavuli va ri kona

va chava ku nuha.

Wa rihlelo ra nyangwa ra bhaxa


## Rhavi e ka swiyenge swa rixaka ra Vatsonga
Hi ku ya hi Henri Junod va ka Maswanganyi, va hlayiwa eka rhavi ra **Va djonga va Vahlavi** e ka rixaka ra Vatsonga.

## Minkombo
Basa

**Muvala wo Basa** i muvala wo vonikela kutlula mihlovo yin'wana, hikwalaho ka leswi wu thleriselaka miseve hinkwayo ya rivoningo. Muvala lowu wutiyimela woxe,  naswona eka tidyondzo ta sayensi wu yimela kuhambana hi ku kongoma eka muvala wa ntima. I muvala wa switsari swale xikolweni na maphepha lowa manga hava muvala.

Hikuya hi swivutisa mani ematikweni-nkulu ya Yuropa na Amerikha wa le N'walungu, muvala wo basa lowu yalenisiwaka na kuhelela, vunene, masungulo na vunthswa. Muvala wo basa iwa nkoka eka vukhongeri hinkwabyo bya misava. Mupapa, nhloko ya vukhongeri bya Vukatolika, umbala sw'ambalo swa muvala wo basa kusukela hi lembe ra 1566, kunga mfungo wa vutengi na kutinyiketela. Eka vukhongeri bya Vusurumani, na bya Vuxinto e Japani, muvala wo basa, wu mbariwa hi va valangi va vukhongeri, na hi va Brahimi e Indiya. Eka mindzhavuko ya le Vupela dyambu nale tikweni ra Japani, muvala wo basa hi wona muvala wa rhoko ya mucato, naswona wu hlamusela vutengi na vukhomba. Kasi eka mindzhavuko ya le tikweni-nkulu ra Axiya, muvala wo basa i muvala wa vakhandli va nhlonge.

Eka mfumo ya khale ya Gibhita na Rhoma, vaprista vaxisati a va ambala tinguvu to basa tani hi mfungo wa vutengi, kasi varhoma a va ambala x'ambalo xa nguvu yo basa tani hi mfungo wa vuaka tiko. Eka malembe ya le xikarhi, hanci yo basa ayifanisa vutengi, kasi xinyempfana xo basa a xifanisa kutinyiketela na vutengi. Muvala wo basa awuri muvala lowu awu mbariwa hi tihosi ta le Furhwa, na vafumi va le tikweni ra Rhaxiya hi nkarhi wa vu Bholxevi eka nyimpi ya xin'wana manana ya le Rhaxiya(1917–1922). Titempele ta Vagriki na Varhoma ati sasekisiwa hi maribye yo basa, naswona hi kusungula ka lembe-xidzana ra vu 18, muvala wo basa wutirhisiwe eka swi akiwo swa vukhongeri, mfumo na mintsindza ya matiko yo tala, ngopfu-ngopfu e tikweni ra Amerikha. Awuthela wu tirhisiwa tani hi mfungo wa swa vuthsila bya manguva lawa kusukela hi lembe-xidzana ra vu 20.

## Minthsaho
Iceland

**Iceland** a tiko ra Yuropa. 

## 

Geysir-28-Strokkur-2018-gje.jpg|Geysir-Strokkur
Glaumbaer-46-Museum-2018-gje.jpg|Glaumbaer
Skogafoss-16-2018-gje.jpg|Skogafoss
Smyrlabjoerg-20-Hof-2018-gje.jpg|Smyrlabjoerg
Almannaskard-14-Pass-2018-gje.jpg|Almannaskard
Vik-02-Reynisdrangar-2018-gje.jpg|Vik-Reynisdrangar
Eyjafjoerdur-06-bei Sveinbjarnargerdi-2018-gje.jpg|Eyjafjoerdur
Eyjafjoerdur-24-bei Sveinbjarnargerdi-2018-gje.jpg|Eyjafjoerdur
Thingvellir-40-2018-gje.jpg|Thingvellir
Sveinbjarnargerdi-46-Nachbarhof-2018-gje.jpg|Sveinbjarnargerdi
Dyondzo-Tinhlayo

**Dyondzo-Tinhlayo (Mathematics)** (Kusuka exiGrikini μάθημα *máthēma*, “Vutivi, kuhlahluva, kudyondza”) idyondzo ya tinhloko-mhaka to fana ni Ntsengo (tinomboro), vuhleri, vundhawu, na macincele. kuni kuhambanahabana ka mavonele exikarhi kavan'wa-Tinhlayo na van'wa-Filisofi mayelana na nhlamuselo ya Dyondzo-Tinhlayo.

Dyondzo-Tinhlayo iyankoka ngopfu eswiyengeni swamitirho, kuhlanganisa na ntivo-ntumbuluko, enjhiniyeringi, mirhi yavuongori, swatima kuhlanganisa na ntivo-vutomi. Kuhava ndzilakano lowuvonakalaka exikarhi ka ntivo-tinhlayo lowu tengeke na ntivo-tinhlayo lowu tirhisiwaka.

## Matimu
Matimu ya dyondzo-tinhlayo yingahavoniwa tani hi tinhlamuselo tamavonele. Mavonele yosungula mafana namavonelo yaswiharhi, kungava kuri tinomboro: kutwisisa leswaku maapula mambirhi maringana hintsengo namaswira mambirhi.

Ehenhleni kokota ku hlaya swilo leswivonakaka, vanhu vakhale avaswikota kuhlaya naleswi vangaswivoniki, kufana na nkarhi, masiku, tinguva namalembe.

Kuhava vumboni bya dyondzo-tinhlayo kufikela eka lembe ra 3000&nbsp;BC, loko va aki vaBabilona na va aki va Gibhita vasungula to tirhisa aritimatiki (Nhlayo-Vunyingi), aljebra (Nhlayo-vuringanisi) na Jiyometiri (Nhlayo-Vuaki) leswaku vahlengeleta xibhalo, kuhlaya mali, naku aka, kuhlanganisa na ntivo-tinyeleti. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns and the recording of time.


## Mintshaho
Sayensi

**Sayensi** indlela yotumbuluxa, kuaka no hlela vutivi byi andlaleka hindlela yo hlamusela no vhumba hi ta mbangu.

Sayensi yihambanisiwa hi swiphemeu leswilandzelaka, Sayensi yantumbuluko leyi nga dyondzo hi ta misava leyivonakaka, Sayensi ya mahanyele ya vanhu leyi  dyondzo ya vanhu na switshungu, naswona kuva na Sayensi yaximfumo yo fana na Dyondzo-Tinhlayo.

Alhazen hi yena loyi a simekeke ndlela ya kambisisa swilo ya sayensi ematikweni ya vuxa-vukarhi. 

## Matimu

Sayensi hikuya himongo wayona wo sungula akuri vito leri aritirhisiwa kuhlamusela vutivi byo karhi, kuhambana na dlela yokuma vutivi brokarhi. Hikukongoma imuhlovo wavutivi lebyi vaakatiko vakotaka to hlumausela no avelana hibyona. Hixikombiso, vutivi himatirhele ya swilo swantumbuluko byihlengeletiwe khale matimu yangase tsariwa etibukwini nswona byi tise tindlela to hleketa loku rharhanganeke. Leswi switikomba ekutumbuluxiweni ka tikhalendara leti rharhanganeke, tindlela to sweka swimilana leswingana vuxungu leswaku swudyeka, na ku aka miako yo leha kufana na tiphiramidi.

### Ndlela ya endla Sayensi

Ndlela yo endla sayensi iku lava ku hlamusela swiendlakalo swantumbuluko hi kuengeta engeta. kuvhumba vhumba indlela yin'wana ya sayensi yo hlanganiso switandzaku eka swivangelo.

loko vuvhumbi byi hambana naswutandzaku, bya thsikiwa ivikuvhumbiwa ndlela yinwana.<span class="mw-reflink-text"></span> Kambe loko vutivi byikota kuvhumba switandhzaku naswona vumbhoni byikhomeka, vutivi byebyo bya engeteriwa eka swiyenge swa Sayensi leyi amukeriweke.<span class="mw-reflink-text"></span>
### Dyondzo-Tinhlayo na Sayensi

Dyondzo-Tinhlayo iyankoka ngopfu eka Sayensi. Dyondzo-Tinlhayo yifana na ririmi leri kotaka kuhlamusela Sayensi. Kuxopaxopa naku hlengeleta mimpimo kuhlanganisa na ku vhumba switandzaku swa Vutivi bya Sayensi hakanyingi swilava kutirhisiwa ka dyondzo-tinhlayo.

### Vavasati eka tidyondzo ta Sayensi

Sayensi hakanyingi yitale ku dyondziwa notirhisiwa hi vaxinuna kambe ahinkarhi hinkwawo. Vavasati khale nakhaleni avatshamele ku langutana na xihlawuhlawu e mintirweni nale tidyondzweni ta Sayensi.

## Tinoti hi Sayensi

## Swikombo na mintshaho
Sicily

**Sicily** a tiko ra Yuropa.

Palermo-116-Kathedrale-1986-gje.jpg|Palermo
Ragusa-116-Daecher-1986-gje.jpg|Ragusa
Segesta-110-Tempel-von oben-1986-gje.jpg|Segesta
Selinunte-124-Tempel C-1986-gje.jpg|Selinunte
Agrigento-132-Castor und Pollux-Saeulen-1986-gje.jpg|Agrigento
Aetna-150-Kraterlandschaft-1986-gje.jpg|Aetna
Taormina-280-Strand im N-Halbinsel-1986-gje.jpg|Taormina
Vutshila

**Ta Vutshila** ti yimela kutiphofula ka matitwele, naswona hakanyingi ti hlohloteriwa hi ndhavuko ivi tithlela ti hlohlotela ku cinca ka ndhavuko. Mintlawakulu ya ta vutshila yi hlanganisa Matsalwa - lama hlanganisaka Vuthlokovetseri, tinovhele na Mitlango yo koma; Mitlango-Vutshila - exikarhi ka yona kuna vuyimbeleri, ncino, na mitlango ya le rivaleni; Vutshila bya vusweki byi hlanganisa ku bhaka, ku sweka vulombe na ku vhuvela Wayini; Vutshila bya Mahungu tani hi kuteka swinepe na ku rhekhoda filimi, ivi ku hetelela hi ntlawa wa Vutshila bya leswi voniwaka - byi hlanganisa ku pfapfarhuta na vuvatli.

## Nhlamuselo
Hikukomisa, ta vutshila ti nga hlamuseriwa tanihi tindlela to phofula matitwele na vuswikoti leswaku byivoniwa hi mani na mani. Ndlela yo phofula na yona yi nga vuriwa vutshila hiyoxe.

Xihlamusela mariti xa xinghezi lexi gandlisiweke hi Collins, xihlamusela 'vutshila' kuri "Rhavi ra vutivi leri havaka Sayensi, naswona ri tirhisaka mihleketo yo tumbuluxa swilo swintshwa. Ngopfu ngopfu loko rhavi leri ra vutivi ri dyondzeriwa kunene. Riviti 'Vutshila' rihlamuseriwa eka Insaytlilophediya ya xi Ayrishi hindlela leyi landzelaka: "Vutshila byi vumbiwa loko muvatli (kumbe n'wa-tavutshila) a vumba xilo xo saseka, kumbe a endla xiendlo lexi khumbaka vahlaleri (kumbe vayingiseri) naswona xiendlo lexi xi endliwe hi vutshila." Ku engetela kwalaho xihlamusela marito lexi xiri:

Vutshila i mugingiriko lowu khumbaka mitlawa yo tala naswona leswi swi tikomba hi marito lama hlayeke lama hlamuselaka minxakaxaka ya ta vutshila. Swikombiso swihlanganisa: *Vutshila bya vupfapfarhuti*, *vutshila bya leswi voniwaka*, *Vutshila bya swa vukhavisi*, na swin'wana leswi yelanaka.


## Matimu
Kusukela eka Griki ya khale, kuya eka Varhoma va khale, vutshila abyinga hambanisiwi hi mintlawa leyi hlayiweke ehenhla. Vutshila bya pfapfarhuta kumbe ku vatla a byi tekeriwa enhlokweni loko byi kombisa xiyimo xa xiharhi kumbe munhu hi ndlela yo saseka.

Hambi leswi vutshila lebyi amukeriweke byi tale kuva bya matiko-nkulu ya Amerika na Yuropa, Matiko-nkulu ya Afrika na Axiya na wona ma na tinxakanxaka ta vutshila lebyi hambaneke naswona lebyi sasekeke.

## Mintlawa ya ta Vuthsila
Hintolovelo, ta vutshila ti hambanisiwa hi swiyenge swa knombo leswi landzelaka: Vutshila byo aka, Vuvatli, Vupfapfarhuti, Vuyimbeleri, Vuthlokovetseri, Ncino, Tifilimi.

## Minthsaho
Malexiya

**Malaysia** a tiko ra Asia. Exikarhi ka lembe ra 2018, xa Malaysia a wuri kwalomu ka 31.8 wa timilliyoni.
Nxaxamelo wa matsalwa lawa Wikiphediya ya xi Afrika yifaneleke kuva na wona

## Matimu
* Matimu ya Afrika
* Mphika-makaneta yo fuma Afrika
* Matimu ya tamabindzu ya Afrika
* Kulwela ntshuxeko wa Afrika
* Lembe ra Afrika

## Ntivo-mbangu
* Ntivo-mbangu wa Afrika -- Geography of Africa
* Nxaxamelo wa Milambu ya Afrika -- List of rivers of Africa
* Nxaxamelo ya Swirhenge swa Afrika -- List of regions of Africa

## Politiki
* Nhlangano wa Afrika -- African Union
* Vu-Afrika -- Pan-Africanism

## Ta mabindzu na Mfuwo
* Mfuwo wa Afrika -- Economy of Africa
* Mfuwo wa nhlangano wa Afrika -- Economy of the African Union
* Va akatiko va swamabindzu ya Afrika -- African Economic Community
* Bangi ya vuhluvikisi bya Afrika -- African Development Bank

## Va aka-tiko
* Ndhzavuko wa Afrika -- Culture of Africa
* Vu aki bya Afika -- Architecture of Africa
* Vutshila bya Afrika -- African art
* Swakudya swa Afrika -- African cuisine
* Matsalwa ya Afrika -- African literature
* Vuyimbeleri bya Afrika -- Music of Africa
* Vukhongeri e Afrika -- Religion in Africa
* Swi ambalo swa Afrika -- Clothing in Africa
* Vuyimbeleri lebyi dumeke bya Afrika -- African popular music
* Ta mintlangu e Afrika -- Sport in Africa
Vutomi

**Vutomi** ixihlawurisi exikarhi ka swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka na leswi feke. kuna mihlovo yo hambana-hambana ya vutomi, yin'wana yakona i swimilana, swiharhi na tibhaktheriya. Ntivo-vutomi (Biology) isayensi ya swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka.

Kutafikela na namunthla, van'wa sayensi na van'wa tifilosofi va swikuma switika ku nyikela nhlamuselo ya riviti "vutomi". Swivumbiwa swikota kudya no gayela swakudya, swikota ku twa, swikota ku tswala, naswona swikota ku hluvuka swithlela swikota ko tolovela mbangu lowu switshamaka eka wona kuya hi kulandzelelana ka switukulwana. Kuna mixaka-xaka ya swivumbiwa laha emisaveni, naswona hinkwaswo swi yelana hi kuva na nkuma wa khaboni na mati ya miri.

Van'wa sayensi va ehleketa leswaku vutomi byingava byi sungurile kusuka eka swivumbiwa leswinga hanyiki. Vutomi byo sungula bya laha misaveni byi ngava byi sungule kwalomu ka 3.5 biliyoni wa malembe, loko misava yisungule ku vumba maribye kumbe sava leri omeke. Mihleketo yin'wana iya leswaku vutomi byingava byi sungule hikwalaho ka hlangana ka swiaki swavutomi kwalomu ka 4.1-4.4 biliyoni wa malembe lamahundzeke. 

Ndlela leyi vutomi byingavaka byi tumbulixiwe hayona ayitiveki, hambi leswi kunga tala mavonele hi mhaka leyi. Kusukela loko vutomi byi tumbulukile, vutomi byi cinca-cincile kuya  hi mihlovo yo hambana-hambana. Hmabi leswi vutomi byi kumekaka himixaka yotala, kuringanyetiwa leswaka 99 wa tiphesenti ta swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka eka 5 biliyoni, wa swivumbiwa leswi tshameke swi hanya laha misaveni, aswahari kona. kuringanyetiwa leswaku kana kwalomu ka 10 kuya  14 wa timiliyoni taswivumbiwa leswi hanyaka. Hambileswi vutomi byi vonakaka laha misaveni ntsena, vanhu votala va ehleketa leswaku kuna mihlovo ya swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka ehandle ka misa.

## Hlaya leswi engetelekeke
* Kauffman, Stuart. The Adjacent Possible: A Talk with Stuart Kauffman
* *[http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFSeedingtheUniverse2005Book.pdf Seeding the Universe With Life] * Legacy Books, Washington D. C., 2000, ISBN 0-476-00330-X
* Walker, Martin G. ''LIFE! Why We Exist&nbsp;... And What We Must Do to Survive''  Dog Ear Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-59858-243-7

## Mikobiso yale handle
* &nbsp;– a free directory of life
* Resources for life in the Solar System and in galaxy, and the potential scope of life in the cosmological future
* "The Adjacent Possible: A Talk with Stuart Kauffman"
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
* The Kingdoms of Life 

## Mintshaho
Misava

**Misava** (mfungho: ; Hixigriki: **Γαῖα** *Gaia*,<span class="mw-reflink-text"></span> kumbe hixilatini: **Terra**) i planeti ya vunharhu kusuka edyambyini, naswona hiyona leyi kulu eka tiplaneti ta mune letingana sava na maribye naswona hiyona ntsena planeti leyi tiveka yikota kuhlayisa vutomi.

Hikuya hi vulavisisi bya rhadiyo, misava yingava yitumbulukile kwalomu ka 4.54 wa tibhiliyoni ta malembe lamahundzeke. Eka ndhendzeleko wun'wa eka dyambu, misava viva yirhendzeleke hiyoxe kwalomu ka masiku ya 365.26 . 

Kwalomu ka 71 watiphesenti ta misava imati,
 kasi matiko-nkulu na swihlala swi helerisa misava.

Vuxaka exikarhi ka mpfhuka exikarhi ka misava na dyambu, naswihlawulekisi swa misava swiendla leswaku misava yikota kuhlayisa vutomi. kuna kwalomu ka 10 kuya ka 14 wa timiliyoni ta swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka laha emisaveni, naswoona kuna vanhu lava ringanaka kwalomu ka 7.3 wa tibiliyoni. Kuna matiku ya kwalomu ka madzana-mbirhi na makume nharhu (320) laha emisaveni.

## Tinoti
, where *m* is the mass of Earth, *a* is an astronomical unit, and *M* is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about \left ( \frac{1}{3 \cdot 332,946} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}} = 0.01.

}}

## Mintshaho

## Hlaya leswi engetelekeke
* *Discovering the Essential Universe* (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. Bibcode:2003deu..book.....C. ISBN&nbsp;0-7167-5804-0.&nbsp;
Thomas Howard Khosa

**Thomas Howard Khosa** (*27 [[Khotavuxika]] 1953*) i mutsari wa tibuku ta xitsonga, a thlela a tiveka ngopfu tani hi muvulavuleri wa mfumo wa xifundza xa Nw'alungu (Limpopo). Ehenhla ka kuva muvulavuleri wa mfumo loyi angana ntokoto, uthlela a tiviwa ngopfu hi tinovhele ta yena ta xitsonga to fana na *Mulunguntima*. Khosa u hoxe xandla ekutsariweni ka matsalwa ya Xitsonga evuton'wini byakwe.

## Matimu
Thomas Howard Khosa u tswariwile hi 27 eka Khotavuxika hi 1953 a Pfukani Misssion Station, etikweni ra ka Mtititi (leri namunthla ritiviwaka hi ra Vuwani) e xifundzeni xa n'walungu (Limpopo). U hetile tidyondzo ta le hansi e Pfukani Lower Primary na le Schiel Higher Primary, naswona tidyondzo tale henlha u tihetise e Douglas Laing Smit laha a thlomiweke risiva ra xitifiketi xa Matriki hi lembe ra 1972. U yisile tidyondzo ta yena e mahlweni laha kumeke Digri yakwe eka tidyondzo ta Vutshila (Batchelor of Arts) eka Dyondzo ya mihleketo na Mahanyelo (Psychology and Sociology), e Yunivhesithi ya N'walungu.

Uthlele a dyondzela Vuvulavuri, Filosofi na Xizulu e Yunivhesithi ya Afrika Dzonga (UNISA). Kusukela hi lembe ra 1974, utirhele mfumo wa Gazankulu, a sungala a tirha tani hi Muhundzuluxeri wa ririmi kwalomu ka malembe ya mune, ivi a ta thoriwa nakambe tani hi Muvulavuleri wa mfumo ku ya fika hi lembe ra 1994. Endzhaku ka 1994, u yisiwile eka mfumo wa xifundza xa N'walungu laha a yeke mahlweni na ntirho wa yena wavuvulavuleri.

Hi nkarhi wa kutirhela mfumo wa Gazankulu, usungurile phepha-hungu ra xitsonga leri nge *"Mhalamhala"*, leri a rikongomisiwa hi mfumo wa tiko. Naswona hi yena loyi a sunguleke ku tsala Dayari na Buku ya lembe, ya Gazankulu. Naswona a thlela ava mutsalri-nkulu wa tinkulumo ta tinhloko ta mfumo hi ta Xipolotiki.

ka Mfumo wa Gazankulu. U tlhele a tirha eka “Gateway International Aiport” tanihi Mulawuri. Thomas Khosa i n’wa mabindzu eka nkarhi wa sweswi.

## Vutsari
E henhla kakuva muvulavuleri wa ntokoto naswona loyi a xiximiwaka, Khosa utlhele a tivonakarisa eka matsalwa ya Xitsonga. U tsarile tinovhele na Swithlokovetselo swo hlaya nyana ku katsa na:

# **Madyisambitsi** - (1978)
# **Manyunyu ya Xitsotso** - (1979)
# **Mulunguntima** - (1994)
# **Madaladala** - (1982)(*Swithlokovetselo*), yihleriwe hi Nkondo na Marivate.

## Mintshaho
Cornelius Tennyson Daniel Marivate

**Cornelius Tennyson Daniel Marivate** (kumbe **C.T.D Marivate**) ( *1927-2020* ), i phurofesa loyi a yeke eku wiseni wa le Yunivhesithi ya Afrika-Dzonga(UNISA). A a ri eka Ndzawulo yaTindzimi ta Vantima laha a dyondziseke machudeni ya Xitsonga lava a va dyondza ririmi leri eYunivhesithi. U kandziyisile ntlangu wo koma wa Jim Xilovekelo hi lembe ra 1965, loko a ha ri muleteri wa Xitsonga eUNISA. Marivate u hoxe xandla ekutsariweni ka matsalwa ya Xitsonga evuton'wini byakwe ku fikela loko ata huma penceni.

## Vutsari na vuhundzuluxi
Nkulukumba Marivate u tsarile tibuku to hlaya, kuhlanganisa na:

# **Jim Xilovekelo** - 1965 (*Van Schaik Publishers*)
# **Xironga Folk-Tales** - 1973 a yi hlanganela na E. J. M. Baumbach.
# **Mayana XiTsonga** - 1996 a yi hlanganela na D.I. Mathumba.
# **Mayana XiTsonga STD 8** - 1996 a yi hlanganela na D.I. Mathumba.
# **Xitsonga Xa Vagingiriki Ntangha 10** - 1997
# **Mpambulwa Wa Switlhokovetselo** - 2004 
# **Hi Timula Torha: Gr 4: Learner's Book** - 2004 a yi hlanganela na  M.B. Mpenyana na K. Mboweni.
# **Hi Timula Torha: Gr 5: Learner's Book** - 2004 a yi hlanganela na  M.B. Mpenyana na K. Mboweni.
# **Hi Timula Torha: Gr 6: Learner's Book** - 2004 a yi hlanganela na  M.B. Mpenyana na K. Mboweni.
# **Nhlengelo WA Swirungulwana** - - 2006 (*Perskor Publishers*) 
# **Mbalango WA Matsalwa Ya Xitsonga** - 2006 (*Perskor Publishers*)

## Mintshaho
Etienne Penyisi Ndhambi

**Etienne Penyisi Ndhambi** (*9 [[Hukuri]] 1912 - †  09 [[Ndzhati]] 1986*) A ari mutsari wa tibuku ta xitsonga leti hlanganisaka swiphato, swithlokovetselo na tinovele to hlaya, naswona utiveka ngopfu hi novhele ya yena leyi ayitsheke *"Mambuxu"*. U tlakusile ta ririmi ra Xitsonga hi ku va xirho xa Huvo ya ririmi ra Xitsonga ku sukela hi 1960 ku fikela 1972. U tekiwa tani hi un'wana wa vatswari va matsalwa ya xitsonga naswona u gingirikele matswalwa ya Xitsonga kuya fikela emakumu ka vutomi bya yena laha misaveni. Ndhambi u hoxe xandla ekutsariweni ka matsalwa ya Xitsonga evuton'wini byakwe ku fikela loko ata hundza emisaveni.

## Tavutomi byakwe
### Malembe yosungula
Ndhambi u velekiwile hi ti 09 ta Hukuri hi 1912 e Tlangelani, etikweni ra ka Mudabula. U dyondzile exikolweni xa Valdezia emelembeni ya va makume-nharhu, hi leswaku hi va (1930’s).

### Tidyondzo tale henhla na vudyondzisi: 1937 - 1975
Ku suka eValdezia, u yisile tidyondzo takwe ekhale ka Lemana Training Institution ku ya dyondzela ku va mudyondzisi. Xikolo lexi a xi fambisiwa hi kereke ya Swiss Mission eAfrika Dzonga. U hetile ku dyondzela vudyondzisi hi lembe ra 1937. U dyondzisile exikolweni xa Valdezia nkarhinyana. U tlakusiwile ku va nhloko ya xikolo xa Tlangelani eka Mudabula hi 1941. U yisiwile hi valawuri va swa dyondzo nkarhi wolowo ku ya va nhloko ya xikolo eka Mashamba ku sukela 1942 ku fikela 1944. Ku sukela 1945 ku fikela 1958 u vile nhloko ya xikolo xa Ribolla. Hi 1959 u tlakusiwile a va mukamberi wa swikolo (Kumbe wa dyondzo) hi 1959. U vile mukamberi ku sukela nkarhi walowo ku fikela loko a khumuka entirhweni hi 1975. 

### Vukati na Vana
Tatana Ndhambi a a tekanile na Hendrika “N’wa Abel” Makaukau, naswona Vukati bya vona byi katekisiwile hi majaha ya ntlhanu: Isaiah Penyisi Etienne Ndhambi, Oscar Mahuntsi Ndhambi, Amos Ndhambi, Shisiwana Frank Ndhambi, Shibule Raymond Ndhambi na tintombhi timbirhi: Bihamhirhi Kate Ndhambi na Mihloti Marlene Mabasa . U hundzile emisaveni hi to 09 ta Ndzati 1986.

## Vutsari
Tatana Ndhambi tlakusile ta ririmi ra Xitsonga hi ku va xirho xa Xitsonga Langauge Board ku sukela hi 1960 ku fikela 1972 a thlela a va mutsari wa tibuku
ta ririmi ra Xitsonga leti landzelaka.

:# Swiphato Swa Xitsonga hi 1950. (Buku leyi yi vile yona yo sungula ya swiphato ya ririmi ra Xitsonga)
:# Mambuxu (a novelette) hi 1953.
:# Xitsonga xo Saseka.
:# Switlhokovetselo swa Vana.

## Masagwati lawa amakumeke

## Mintshaho
HMS Birkenhead

**HMS ''Birkenhead**'' akuri xikepe xa manghezi lexi rhwalaka masocha, naswona xin'werile hi 25 Nyenyenyani hi lembe ra 1852, ekusuhi na ribuwa ra Kapa (Cape Town) eAfrika-Dzonga. Kupone ntsena vanhu vo ringana 193 eka vanhu va 643 lava avari endzeni ka Xikepe lexi.
Dyondzo-Afrika

**Dyondzo-Afrika** i tidyondzo mayelana na tiko-nkulu ra Afrika, ngopfu ngopfu mindhzavuko ya rona kuhlanganisa na vanhu va rona (Kuhambana na ntivo-misava, ntivo-mbangu naswin'wana). Tidyondzo leti ti hlanganisa na matimu ya Afrika (Kunga si fika vukolonyi, nkarhi wa vukolonyi, endzhaku ka nkarhi wa vukolonyi), mfumo wa mani na mani (Demokhrasi), mindzhavuko, Politiki, Tamabindzu, tindzimi na vukhongeri (Vu Islamu, Vukreste, na vukhongeri bya xintima). Munhu loyi a tivaka ngopfu hi tidyondzo leti, u vuriwa "Mu-Afrikanisi". Mboyamelo wa tidyondzo leti we le ka ku lavisisa matumbuluxele, na maendlele ya dzhavuko hi ku tirhisa mavonele ya swilo ya xi Afrika.
Matimu ya Afrika

**Matimu ya Afrika** masungula hi ku tumbuluka ka swimun'wana swa khale (Homo Sapiens) e Vuxa bya Afrika, naswona maya emahlweni kufikela namunthla, tani hi swirhundzu swa matiko lama hluvukaka. Matimu lama tsariweke ya minhluvuko ya khale ma sungula eGibita (Leyi sunguleke tani hi xiphemu xa mfumo wa Khushi lowu nga wa khlale ngopfu ku nagsi tsarima matimmu), enzhaku ka wona ku vile na mfumo wa Nubiya, Saheli na Maghreb e rimhondzeni ra Afrika. Hi malembe ya le xikarhi, vukhongeri bya Vusurumani byi sungule ku ndlandlamuka kuya e vupela dyambu bya Arabhiya kuya e Gibhita naswona byi tsemakanya Mahgreb na Sahel. Swun'wana swa switikwana na mifumo ya nkarhi wa khale ku ngasi fika vukolonyi, swi hlanganisa na ndhzavuko wa va Nok, mfumo wa Mali, mfumo wa Songhai, mfumo wa Ashanti, mfumo wa Mossi, mfumo wa Mutapa, mfumo wa Mapungubye, mfumo wa Sine, mfumo wa Sennar, mfumo wa Saloum, mfumo wa Baoli, mfumo wa Khayori, mfumo wa Zimbabwe, mfumo wa Khongo, mfumo wa Kaabu, mfumo wa khale ka Khathage, mfumo wa Numidiya, Muritaniya, mfumo wa Aksumita, mfumo wa Ajurani na mfumo wa Adali.
Mukhuhlwana wa Zika

** Mukhuhlwana wa Zika** (lowu tivekaka kambe tanihi ** vuvabyi bya xitsongwatsongwana xa Zika** i vuvabyi lebyi vangiwaka hixitsongwatsongwana xa Zika. Timhangu to tala a ti na swikombiso, kambe loko byi ri kona hi xitalo byi ringana na ku fana na   mukhuhlwana wa  dengue.Swikombiso swi nga katsa mukhuhlwana, mahlo yo tshuka, swivavi swa mahlangano, ku pandza hi nhloko, na  swirhumbarhumbana swa makhulophaphula. Swikombiso swi nga va kona ehansi ka kombo wa masiku. A ku vikiwangi mafu lawa ya vangiweke  hi nkarhi wo sungula wa ntlulelo. Ntluleto wu hlanganisiwa na Sidirome ya Guillain–Barré (GBS).

 Mukkhuhlwana wa Zika  wu hangalasiwa ngopfungopfu hi ku lumiwa hi tinsuna ta *[[muxaka wa]]* Ayedesi. nakambe byi nga hangalasiwa hi timhaka ta masungu kusuka eka wanuna ku ya eka murhandziwa wa yena na ku va na vuswikoti byo hangalasiwa hi ku hundzisela tingati eka vanhu van'wana. Ntluleto eka vamanana lava yimeke nakambe ku nga tluleta na ricece na ku hlanganela na ku onhakeriwa hi vuyimani na xihlokwana.  Mfembo wo kambela ngati, mitsakamiso, kumbe marhi ku kambela vukona bya xitsongwatsongwana xa Zika RNa loko munhu a vabya.

Ku sivela ku katsa ku hunguta ku lumiwa hi vusuna eka tindhawu leti vuvabyi byi nga kona na ku tirhisa hi fanelo tikhondomu.  Matshalatshala yo sivela ku lumiwa ya katsa ku tirhisa swilwisani na switsongwatsongwani, ku pfala miri wa wena hi swiambalo, tinete ta tinsuna, na ku susa mati lawa ya yimeke laha tinsuna titswalaka kona.  A ku na ntlhavelo lowu tirhisiwaka. Vatirhi va swa rihanyu va bumabumela leswaku vamanana eka tindhawu leti khumbekaka hi 2015–16 Ntungu wa Zika va fanele ku anakanya ku herisa vuyimani bya vona na ku nga yi eka tindhawu teleto. Hambi leswi ku nga riki na vutshunguri lebyi kongomeke , pharasetamoli (acetaminophen) yi nga pfuna hi swikombiso. Ku amukeriwa exibendhele a swi na nkoka.

Xitsongwatsongwana lexi vangeke vuvabyi xi kumiwe rosungula hi 1947.  Matsalwa yo sungula ya ntungu exikarhi ka vanhu ya vile kona hi 2007 e Federated States of Micronesia. , vuvabyi a byi ri kona eka makumemambirhi ya swifundza swa Amerika. Byi tiveka na ku va kona eAfrika, Asia, na le Pacific. Hikokwalaho ka ntungu lowu sunguleke eBrazil hi 2015, Nhlangano wa Rihanyu wa Misava wu tivise ximfumo leswakukhombo ra Rihanyu ra swa Vaaki ra vilerisa misava hinkwayo hi Nyenyanyani 2016.

## Ku yelanisa
Mukhuhlwana wa tihumba

**Schistosomiyasisi**, lebyi tivekaka kambe tanihi ** mukhuhlwana wa tihumba **, ivuvabyi lebyi vangiwaka hixitsongwatsongwana swa fuletiwemeleswi  vuriwaka tischistosome. ndlela ya mitsakamiso kumbe marhumbu ya nga tlulewiwa. Swikombiso swi nga katsa ku vava ka xifuva,nchuluko,mahambuka ya ngati, kumbe ngati eka mitsakamiso. Lava khomiweke hixiyimo Eka vana, swi nga va nga ku nga kuli kahlena ku tikeriwa ku dyondza.

Vuvabyi byi hangalasiwa hi ku hlangana na mati yo tenga lawa ya nga na switsongwatsongwana. Switsongwatsongana leswi swi huma eka mati lawa ya tluletiwekehi tihumba ta mati yo tenga Vuvabyi byi kumeka ngopfu eka vana va le ka matiko lawa ya ha hluvukaka tanihi loko va ri ku tlangela ematini lawa ya tshakisiweke. Yin'wana mixungeto ya le henhla yi katsa varimi, vaphasi va tinhlampfi, na vanhu lava tirhisaka mati yo ka ya nga tengangi esikwini. I ya ntlawa wa  ku khomiwa hi helimithi. Ku kuma leswi u twaka swona i ku kuma mandza ya xitsongwatsongwana eka mitsakamiso kumbe mahambuka ya munhu. Swi nga tiyisisiwa kambe hi ku kuma tiantibodi ta ku lwisana na vuvabyi engatini.

Tindlela to sivela vuvabyi ti katsa ku antshwisa mfikelelo wa mati yo tenga na ku hunguta nhlayo ya ti humba. Eka tindhawu leti vuvabyi byi kumekaka eka kona, vutshunguri Praziquantel byi nga nyikiwa kan'we hi lembe eka ntlawa hinkwawo. Leswi swi endleriwa ku hunguta nhlayo ya vanhu lava tluletiweke naswona, na ku hangalasa vuvabyi. Praziquantel i vutshunguri lebyi bumabumeriwaka hi Nhlangano wa Rihanyu wa Misava (WHO) eka lava tiviwaka ku va va tluletiwile.

Schistosomiyasisi yi khoma kwalomu ka 210 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu misava hinkwayo kusukela va 2012. Kwalomu ka 12,000 ku ya eka 200, 000 wa vanhu va fa hi byona lembe na lembe. Vuvabyi byi kumeka hi xitalo eAfrika, tanihi le Asia na Afrika-Dzonga. Kwalomu ka 700 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu, eka ku tlula 70 wa matiko, va tshama laha vuvabyi byi kumekaka. Eka matiko lawa byi kumekaka eka wona, Schistosomiyasisi i bya vumbirhi ekaMalaria exikarhi ka vuvabyi bya switsongwatsongwana lebyi khumbaka swinene ikhonomi. Schistosomiyasisi wu longoloxiwile tanihi vuvabyi byo kumeka ko karhi
## Ku yelanisa