Uzbekistan

thumb|Flag of Uzbekistan-Kwo-ci Ocbek Konghkwo.(烏茲別克國旗)|alt=Flag of Uzbekistan|454x454像素

= Uzbekistan（烏茲別克） =
縮圖|File:Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg-Kwo-hwey.(國徽)
Gaga kska Yacow ka Uzbekistan, 41 00 N, 64 00 E ka gaga na nniqan.
Kana ka knlbangan na o 447,400 sq km（hangan na o Tg57）
(knlbanga dxgal o 425,400 sq km, knlbangan qsiya o 22,000 sq km). 
Kana ka sejiqun o niqan 29,473,614 hiyi. 
Gaga Tashkent ka pusu alang paru, jiyax 1 idas 9 ka jiyax skrayan klwaan. 
Manu ka dxgal Uzbekistan ga wada sugan 62.60%  ka dxgal qpahan, 7.70% ka dxgal bbuyu, rahuq dxgal do niqan 29.70% na.

Bukung klwaan ta sayang o kiya ka Shavkat Mirziyoyev, pnaah hngkawas2016 idas 12 jiyax 14pnrajing kmlawa klwaan.
縮圖|File:UZB orthographic.svg-Ida nkiya nniqan inglingay(自然地理位置)
cinkhulan sa knita’ sa brbiru’

= Ocbek (烏茲別克) =
**Ocbek Konghkwo** (Kari Ocbek ji Rating: O'zbekiston Respublikasi, ji Sirir: Ўзбекистон Республикаси), splawa dha Ocbek, kiya ka wa mniq Tukcka na qnlhangan kcka dxral, kngkawas 1991 snpeyyah mneyyah Suryeyn dukuricu. ** **

Tuiwil hunac Ocbek u tuhuy Turkmen mslutuc, tuhunac u tuhuy Afghan mslutuc, tunarac u tuhuy Tajik mi Kyrgyz mslutuc, tudaya mi tuiwil u msdalih Kazakh, kiya ka knkana qnlangan 2 msdha qnlhangan kcka dxral uri (taxa ka Liectensten), cbiyaw u splawa dha Nniqan Samarhan, yayung Sir mi yayung Ymu ka lmihu knkana tndxral dha, sotu u wa mniq rbuq dxral Fergana, kiya ka knkana Tukcka Asia tqapur balay nniqan. 

Ocbek ka knkana qnlangan tu6 knbeyhing bay pnyahan wata, kiya u tu7 knbeyhing bay pnyahan king knkana knlangan uri.                                

## Rikisi (歷史)
Pusu tyawmu: Rikisi Ocbek.
* Kngkawas 870 dhuq kngkawas 1212, tuhunac yayung Sir nniqan Sankaku co na tnslutuc sediq Ukus Ahucsiyabu ka pnhiyu Klahan caw (Heyhan) wangcaw qmlahang. Qmlahang tubukuy diyax cida (12 th dhuq 13 th) spuda Siryaw ka kmlawa qmlahang.
* Kngkawas 1212 dhuq kngkawas 1220, Hhwaccmosa caw (kngkawas 1194 dhuq kngkawas 1220 idas 12) mniq kngkkawas 1210 prading qmlahang Samarhan.
* Kngkawas 1220 dhuq kngkawas 1388, wada yahan knrmux ngalan Monggolia Tikwo, psnakan ngalan Kingcang Hankwo mi Cahotay Hankwo. Bukuy daw wada yahan knrmux ngalan Teymur.
* Kngkawas 16 th pnrdingan kngkawas 1506, bukung mpdudul sediq Ocbek Sipanni mquri tuhunac Samarhan nniqan qnpahan pnwalang. Pspoxun niya ka Teymur wangcaw.
* 17 th, wada ptalax mkdha sunca Puhara Hankwo mi Siwa Hankwo.
* 18 th, dukuricu ka Hawhan Hankwo.
* Kngkawas 1873, Puhara Hankwo na Mancit Wangcaw u wada yahan knrmux ngalan Russia Tikwo, wada mnsdan qnlhangan dha.
* Kngkawas 1918, wada pknglan Tucyeystan Suwiay Syakay Ciyi Konhkwo. Kngkawas 1920 heytay tanah Suryeyn u knrmux ngalan dha ka Siwa Hankwo, pspoxan ka Abud Arahan (Kngkawas 1918 dhuq kngkawas 1920 mniq qmlahang) qnlhangan niya, wada pkngatun ka Siwa Hankwo.
*Suryeyn ka mniq bukuy dmuwi tndxral dha phiyu Hwaccmo Suwiay Jnmin Konghkwo (qtayi ka Hwaccmo), kngkawas 1924, mrrhak ka Hwaccmo Suwiay Jnmin Konghkwo, tndxral niya u pspuwan Ocbek mi Turkmen ddha tumal Suryeyn konghkwo. Mntna kngkawas idas 10, ida nduma Puhara Hankwo mi nduma Siwa Hankwo ka wada msupu, phiyu Ocbek Suwiay Jnmin Konghkwo, kiya mi tumal Suryeyn.
*Kngkawas 1991 idas 8 diyax 31 pkla kari dukuricu, knpriyux hangan qnlhangan Ocbek Konghkwo, mntna kngkawas idas 12 diyax 21 tumal Dukuricu Qnlhangan Kwosyey.

## Ceng-c(政治)
縮圖|Quri so keyngpo pa, Ocbek ka mtrawah mincu ticu.
Binaw, snpeyyah Kari Mohu mniq kngkawas 1991 phyuwan dhuq saya pa, wada mnou prbaun ka diyax snpngan qpahun niya soto, mnniq kngkawas 1995, diyax pnrbawan niya ka kngkawas 2002, kngkawas 2007 mi kngkawas 2015 ka mnlutuc mangal soto dungan, dhuq kngkawas 2016 idas 9 ka wada mrdang.       

Kngkawas 2002 ka soto seyngkyo cida pa wada mnhdu seyngkyo tubaraw  giying mi turuma giying na gying uri, binaw u uka hatay tang ka cida muda niyi. So kiya, kmita ka kwoci kwancaweyn so niya muda seyngkyo wa uxay mndungus bay uuda mincu, mniq mincu csu u mntucay cngti uri.

Kngkawas 2016 idas 12 diyax 4, Ocbek u muda snpeyyah mnrdang ka Kari Mohu mn1 soto seyngkyo, cngri Mirceyayehu ka mangal burah soto.                       

## Sing-ceng cyu-hwa (行政區劃)
Pusu tyawmu: Ocbek sngcng cyuhwa.   

Ocbek pa knkana u psnakan 1 cusyasu, 12 ka co mi 1 cucukonghkwo. Kcka 12 co hangan dha ka spatas truma niyi:            
左|有框|Nmalan kari: Rmirih banggo 1 ka Tasekan su. 

                  

## Ti-ri (地理)
Pusu tyawmu: Lnlingay Ocbek.

#### Qtayi: [[:zh:乌兹别克斯坦城市列表|Patas bnkuwan alang mkbrnux Ocbek.]]
縮圖|Ocbek gikay.
Alaw ka mssiyaw qnlhangan niya u to bay qnlhangan kcka dxral kana, so kiya Ocbek u kiya ka knkana qnlangan 2 msdha qnlhangan kcka dxral uri (taxa ka Liectensten). Knkana knrbangan dxral u 44.74 knbkiyan pinhwang km. Knkana hniwan tndxral qnlhangan pa tunarac ka tubaraw ni tuiril ka truma. Dxral brnux u knkana knrbangan niya 80%, to bay wa mniq tuiwil na Kcrkumu bnaqi bbuyu. Tunarac mi tuhunac u mnddwiyaq Tyeynsan mi Csar-Ddwiyaq Alay na kngahu tuiwil, wa kcka niya ka bay hhangan rbuq dxral Fergana mi rbuq dxral Crahusang. Kcka tndxral qnlhangan nniqan ida nkiya cuweyn mttuku mndungus bay dxral ayu. Pusu bay yayung u niqan  yayung Amu, yayung Sir mi yayung Cerahusang. Mnkndnguwan bay tarusing kngkkarac. Pndkanan kntlxan idas 7 pa 25℃-32℃, kntlxan diyan tuhunac u knttu dhuq 40℃; pndkanan kntlxan idas 1 u －6～－33℃, knskuy karac tudaya u －38℃. Pndkanan qsiya qnyuxan ka dxral brnux u 80-200 hawmi, nniqan lmiqu u 1000 hawmi, to bay wa mniq misan mi srwasaw cida. Nniqan duma tudaya u msdalih Krmnan Ucilung. Tndxral qnlhangan u to bay wa mniq kcka Kcrkumu bnaqi bbuyu. Knbaraw bay tndxral qnlhangan u kaypa 4643 m na dudux dwiyaq Hacratsutan, kiya ka pusu dudux tudu dwiyaq Cisa. 

## Keyjay (經濟)
Pusu tyawmu: Keyjay Ocbek.   縮圖|Keyjay sucang.
Mntna ou bay dukuricu kwosyey keyjayti, keyjay Ocbek mniq knpriyux keyjay ini kpiya knkawas u wada mlih, dhuq kngkawas 1995 bukuy daw prading mtutuy da, wada so niyi mkmalu u snpeyyah dndulan knpriyux cngce prading pndungus. Keyjay ka ptura pqita knrana balay, mniq iyax kngkawas 1998 dhuq kngkawas 2003 kawas kawas mrana 4%, bukuy daw wada ini biyaw knrinah mrana dhuq 7%-8%. Spuda snpuwan pnsliyan qnlangan pila cicin, kngkawas 2008 cida GDP Ocbek u kiya bay so mk2 knrana niya kngkawas 1995 (spuda pskingal neydang smpu). Kngkawas 2003 dhuq cida tongpongryu u inu qdhuq pndkanan 10%.              

Pndkanan sntkuwan pila kngkawas sediq qnlhangan Ocbek u tikuh balay (Kngkawas 2006 spuda snpuwan pila Amirika cida u 610 pila Amirika, spuda biyax mbari mhnuk smpu u 2250 pila Amirika). So niyi u mniq kcka 209 qnlhangan u tu169 bnkuwan; mniq 12 kcka qnlhangan dukuricu kwosyey pa, wana Kyrgyz mi Tajik na jncyun kokomin nngalan knkana ka mabang kntikuh dhiya (Kngkawas 2006). Pnyahan pkrana keyjay u to bay pssli quri qqiya ddiyun kddiyax. Qnlhangan dha saya daw kiya ka knkana qnlangan tu6 knbeyhing bay pnyahan wata mi tu2 knbeyhing bay cuko wata, knkana qnlangan tu7 knbeyhing pnyahan qnlhangan king. Kiya u qnlhangan dha pa kiya ka nniqan dha hiya stmanan bay gasu ida nkiya, mey, dong, gasoring, ging mi yo pnyahan qnlhangan.                                               

Cnduray hari niyi, soto Ocbek Mirceyayehu psdhu matas pusa kari, smkaul ida na qnlhangan jeyking yingkay huku cusi Normamat Tursunoh ka Tasekan su qnlhangan keyjay congcyu cyucang; psdhuwan ida Tasekan co qnlhanga jeyking congcyu cyucang Alimujan Fayicipayehu ka qnlhangan jeyking yingkay huku cusi.       

## Snpuwan knhbrawan hiyi sediq (人口統計)
Pusu tyaw: Knhbrawan hiyi sediq Ocbek.

Qtayi: Ocbek minjoku 無|有框|Cincuta knhbrawan hiyi sediq Ocbek (Kngkawas 2016).

縮圖|Llaqi Ocbek.
縮圖|Msdungus hana mnsturung na Ocbek.
Ocbek u knhbrawan balay hiyi sediq mniq Tukcka Asia na qnlhangan, knkana knhbrawan hiyi sediq u 3200 knbkiyan hiyi, ya bay dmka knhbrawan hiyi sediq Tukcka Asia. Pnspuwan kngkawas knhbrawan hiyi sediq Ocbek u wakay balay: 34.1% hiyi sediq u ici khrinas 14 kngkawas (Snpuwan kngkawas 2008). Pusu balay minjoku Ocbek ka Ocbek minjoku (80%), duma minjoku u niqan Tajik joku (5%), Russia joku (2%), Karakarpak joku (2.2%), Korkoc joku (1%), Kazakh joku (3.9%) mi sediq Korean (0.7%). Ocbek u qulung niqan 10% ka biyax mpqpah niya ka wa qnlhangan icil qmpah (Pusu niya balay u wa mniq Russia mi Kazakh) mi duma qnlhangan icil. Hmrinas 15 kngkawas ka sediq udan Ocbek (Snpuwan kngkawas 2003) na mkla smpu patas ryu ka 99.3％, alaw mniq Suryeyn jidayi u dmudul bay quri kyoiku. Knudus dha sediq Ocbek u snaw ka 66 kngkawas, qridin ka 72 kngkawas.                       

## Alang mkbrnux (城市)

## Snlhayan snhiyan (宗教)
Pusu tyawmu: Snlhayan snhiyan Ocbek. 
縮圖|Habung wa Sarhan na Sahocingtaring (Shah-i-Zinda).
縮圖|Puhara na cingcnsu
Islam kyo ka pusu balay slhayan snhiyan Ocbek, mniq jidayi Suryeyn (kngkawas 1921-kngkawas 1991) hmtur kana uuda snlhayan. Piyo keyngkyo congsin mniq kngkawas 2009 cida pkla kingal patas, snluhay muslim ka Ocbek u niqan 93.3%. Kngkawas 2014, Russia Cng pnrhulan na kuriscyang u 7% hiyi knhbrawan. Kngkawas 1990 snpuwan brah u niqan 93,000 hiyi sediq Yodaya mnniq qnlhangan Ocbek.

## Kari (語言)
Pusu tyawmu: Kari Ocbek.
縮圖|Persiati kari Ocbek.
Kari sduwi seyhu u kari Ocbek mnkcka Tucyey joku na cida kari Kroru, kiya mi tuhuy kari Uighur u niqan mtndadal pnluban dha. Kndadax kngkawas 1992 dhuq cida skari Ocbek ji u dmuwi bntasan kari Latin ji. Mniq 1920 cida brah, kari Ocbek u spatas patas daw splawa dha Turki (tuiwil sediq tmkarac u splawa dha kari Cahotay), dmuwi Persiati matas. Kngkawas 1926, bnkuwan ji Latin u wada ddulun Ocbek, kiya mi mniq kngkawas 1930 jiday muda mnou snbrahan. Mniq kngkawas 1940, ji Sirir u spuda dndulan seyhu Suryeyn, ida ddiyun dhuq mkrhak ka Suryeyn. Kngkawas 1993, Ocbek u tnbrinah knpriyux dmuwi ji Latin (Ji kari Ocbek). Ji niyi u mniq kngkawas 1996 wada sbrahan, kndadax kngkawas 2000 cida ida stusa mniq sapah pyasan. Sapah pyasan u wana tmasa ji Latin kari Ocbek, ana so kari Ocbek ji Sirir saya u wada plaxan mniq ddiyun ppatas bntasan seyhu, binaw ida sduwi bay knou bay sinbung mi wangcan.

Pusu bay nniqan dmuwi kari Tajik u mniq dxral 2 hbaraw nniqan Tajik joku: Phara mi Samarhan.
縮圖|Juga pnsnakan Ocbek kari Persiati.
Ocbek u niqan hmrinas 80 knbkiyan hiyi sediq u dmuwi kari Kazakh uri.

## Bungka (文化)
Pusu tyawmu:Bungka Ocbek.

Qtayi: Krasu mi Ocbek Islam kyo.
縮圖|Tawci pnsltudan Ocbek.
縮圖|Tasekan na Nawayi cyuweyn.
Ocbek u niqan knlbangan bay minjoku mi bungka, pusu minjoku ka Ocbek joku. Kngkawas 1995, ya bay niqan 71% sediq Ocbek pa Ocbek joku kiya. Pusu minjoku u niqan sediq Russia (8%), sediq Tajik (3-4.7%), sediq Kazakh (4%), sediq Tatan (2.5%), kiya mi sediq Karakarpak (2%). Knhbrawan hiyi uxay Ocbek joku na sediq u wisu kndudul mlih, alaw sediq Ocbek snpeyyah cuxan Suryeyn duma nniqan dxral tbrinah miyah, sediq Russia mi minjoku ini khbaraw sediq pa wisu kndudul mlatac icil. Mniq kngkawas 1991 cida dukuricu ka Ocbek, dsediq u slhbun Islam Weyncyawcu Cuyi ka mpkrana knkana Ocbek. Dhuq kngkawas 1994 cida, niqan dmka knhbrawan hiyi Muslim ka Ocbek, mniq kcka snpuwan seyhu pa, Muslim mniq Ocbek u ini khbaraw sediq ka balay bay mkla pnsltudan snlhayan snhiyan. Binaw, jinjya Islan kyo (Muslim) mniq dxral nniqan hiya u muru snlhayan pnsltudan u wisu kndudul mrana.

## Inggaku (音樂)
Pusu tyawmu: Inggaku Ocbek
縮圖|Smsung diyax malu sknxan mi waliq sdhriq Puhara.
Tukcka Asia kutyeyn inggaku u splawa dha Sasemukamu, kiya u mniq 16 th thiti mniq Puhara mtqita, cida u alang mkbrnux niyi ka sohu dxral nniqan dha hiya. Sasemukamu mi Yasaypayjanmukamu mi Uighuymukamu u malu balay pnluban dha. Sasemukamu knkana u 6 ini pntna inggaku tyawsu, mntna bay Persia pnsltudan inggaku.

## Smsung diyax sngayan (節假日)
Pusu tyawmu: Smsung diyax sngayan Ocbek.

### '''Bnkuwan diyax ddaun (公曆)'''

* Idas 1 diyax 1: Bnkuwan Qiyax Ddaun Smsung Burah Kngkawas (Yangi Yil Bayrami).
* Idas 1 diyax 14: Diyax Qmlahang Cukwo (Vatan Himoyachilari kuni).
* Idas 3 diyax 8: Smsung diyax Qnlangan Qqridin. (Xalqaro Xotin-Qizlar kuni).
* Idas 1 diyax 21: Smsung Diyax Navroc (Navro'z Bayrami)
* Idas 5 diyax 9: Diyax Mbiyax (Xotira va Qadirlash kuni).
* Idas 9 diyax 1: Diyax Dukuricu (Mustaqillik kuni).
* Idas 10 diyax 1: Smsung Diyax Mptusa (O'qituvchi va Murabbiylar).
* Idas 12 diyax 8: Diyax Keyngpo (Konstitutsiya kuni).

### '''Bnkuwan diyax ddaun Islam (伊斯蘭曆)'''

* Tu1 diyax Idas Sanwaru (Idas 10 diyax 1): Smsung Diyax Kaycay (Roʻza hayiti).
* Tu10 diyax Idas Turheyco (Idas 12 diyax 10): Smsung diyax Kurpang (Qurbon hayiti).

## Mmahan mi uuqan (飲食)
Pusu tyawmu: Mmahan mi uuqan Ocbek.

Mntna knou bay qnlhangan, wada dndulan dxral nniqan nongyey ka mmahan mi uuqan Ocbek. Ocbek pa niqan knou bay pnhuma pnwalang, niqan pnyahan knou bay pang mi bicun, tukubeycu niya mmahan mi uuqan Ocbek pa ‘Mttuku balay bicun’. Kiya Dungan u, hiyi miric ka uqun balay Ocbek uri. Mako uqun Ocbek ka idaw qrapun, ida so idaw balay, pnrmaxan smmalu wawa mi ningjing tnlmuwan mi tama pixil, uqan balay knbeyhing sqrasan pnsliyan. Niqan Dungan ka kingal uqun mdungus bay rmirih Ocbek ka shurpa, spuda hiyi miric mi sama pnspuwan smmalu. Ratyawc ka kingal kluwanan uuqun bicun, malu ngalan pusu uqan; lnhuwan nuduh uri ka qtan bay uuqan Ocbek.
Plov.jpg|Idaw qrapan.
Uzbek Manti (bright).jpg|Ocbek uqan birac
Лагман.jpg|Ratyawc


## Waycyaw (外交)
Pusu tyawmu: Waycyaw Ocbek.  

### '''Pnluban dha tuhuy Cyoka Jnmin Konghkwo (與中華人民共和國的關係)'''
Pusu tyawmu: Pn.

Tna mniq 2000 kngkawas brah cida, spuda elu rudan cbiyaw, Cyokoku mi Ocbek u tna niqan pluban dha da. Kngkawas 1992 idas 1, ddha qnlhangan umuda pwaluk cyeyncyaw, babaw niya daw ida malu bay pnluban dha mi mdhu bay mrana, bukung baraw u kndudul malu pnluban. Kngkawas 2010 u Hucintaw ka mn1 musa qmita Ocbek , kngkawas 2011, kngkawas 2012 Karimohu soto u mn2 musa mita Cyokoku daw, kngkawas 2013 idas 9 Sicinping ka splawa dha miyah Ocbek muda kwosu homung. Ddha dha u wada mrana bay psnhiyi ka quri seyji dha, seyhu dha u mbiyax balay sndhu pddkuh qmlahang pskingal mi mndungus dxral qnlhangan dha; anjeyn msupu qmpah u niqan bay pndungus niya uri, Cyokoku mi Ocbek mniq knbeyhing ddaun seyhu u wada knmalu bay psbalay uuda dha mi pddayaw.

Kngkawas 2011, Karimohu homung Cyokoku cida tuhuy Cyoka Jnmin Konghkwo psdhu matas quri knou bay knbarux hbangan mi tocu patas pnsdhuwan, Cyoka Jnmin Konghkwo u snpeyyah niyi tumal Ocbek qqpahun quri gasoring. Muda tndxral Ocbek ka ‘Cyokoku-Tukcka Asia’ gasu ida nkiya kwantaw u mndungus bay pnspuwan dha smnalu, kngkawas nduray niyi u wada kawas kawas mrana ka nngalan dha uri.

Kngkawas 2012 wada phyuwan ka mphaqun skori snpeyyah Nawoi (Ocbek) dhuq Tyeyncin (Cyokoku) quri ppanan skoki mapa qqiya, nxan daw muda keykaku ka dhiya u malun dha pdhuq Sanghay mi Kwangco ka ppanan qqiya skoki niyi Dungan. Kiya mi Tasekan (Ocbek) dhuq Orumuci (Cyokoku) na ppanan sediq skoki u wada tnbarah pstalang dungan. Kiya u saya pa, muda bsiyaq kngkawas smatang mpsalu phiyu Cyokoku-Circis-Ocbek Stan ppanan kisya ka keykaku u, alaw quri qnlhangan Circis mniq kngkawas 2012 ka ini sruwa kiya ka wada thtur da.

Knghkawas 2012, Cyokoku mi Ocbek ddha dha mawyio dhuq 28.75 oku pila Amirika, wada smmalu rikisi knou bay na.

Jnwen cyawryo u kndudul mnddungus, kngkawas 2005 phiyu Tasekan Kongcu sweyweyn. Tu2 ‘Kongc sweyweyn’ u mphiyun dungan. Qnlhangan Ocbek keyngkyo sweyco mnquri sediq Cyokoku tmiyu rmngaw, tndxral Ocbek u mnkari knou bay tura so qqiya tukubeycu Cyokoku na suru wenwu. Cyokoku mi Ocbek na pysan tubaraw kyoiku ryosweysng knhbaraw u wada kawas kawas kndudul mrana uri. Mniq Sincyang Uighur Cucucyu u ya bay niqan 3 knbkiyan sediq na Ocbek joku kndusan.

## Snadu Tiyu (體育成績)
Rbawan Orimpiko undokay: 9 King 7 Ging 17 dong 26 snadu (Asia tu10, Knlangan tu bukuy 20).

Misan Orimpiko undokay: 1 King (Asia tu5, Qnlangan tubrah 25).

Asia undokay: 53 King 81Ging 78 Dong  212 snadu (Tu12).

Rbawas Orimpiko undokay: 4 King 4 Ging 4 Dong 12 Snadu (Asia tu10, Qnlangan tu 50 sngari)

Asia Kcka Sapah Undokay: 13 King Asia Kcka Sapah Undokay: 13 King  18 Ging 

21Dong  tu52 snadu  (Tu10).

Asia Misan Undokay: 1 King  2 Ging  5 Dong  (Tu6).

Rbawan Mbbiyax Olimpiko undokay: 2Ging  5 Dong (Asia Tu13, Qnlangan tu61）

Qnlangan undokay: 1 King  1 Ging 1 Dong (Asia tu11, qnlangan tu60).

Asia Mbbiyax Undokay: 3 Dong (Tu20).                    

Asia Uyi Undokay: 4 King  5 Ging  12 Dong 21 snadu  (Tu8).

## Pnyahan pnatas(參考資料)

* Tnhjil kari seejiq Watan Diro(瓦旦 吉洛) mtabug.
*CIA
* 外交部
* List of current heads of state and government