Tumbuka dili

**Chitumbuka** veya sadece **Tumbuka** (**Senga** (Zambiya) ve diğer adlarla da bilinir), Orta ve Güney Afrika'da konuşulan bir Bantu dilidir ve öncelikle Malavi, Zambiya, Tanzanya ve Zimbabve'de konuşulmaktadır. En az 13 Bantu halkının ana dili ve birincil dilidir; bunlar Senga, Tumbuka, Yombe, Phoka, Henga, Balowoka, Fungwe, Hewe, Kuzey Ngoni, Kamanga ve Tonga halkıdır (Malavi) ve 12 bilinen lehçesi bulunmaktadır.

## Kaynakça

## Bibliyografya

* Botne, Robert (1999). "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?". In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), *Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives*. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.&nbsp;473–515.
* Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
* Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka". Leiden University doctoral thesis.
* Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". *ZAS Papers in Linguistics* 43, 55-79.
* Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". *ZAS Papers in Linguistics* 49, 47-65.
* Downing, Laura J. (2012). "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka". *Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics*, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
* Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) *Intonation in African Tone Languages*. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.&nbsp;365–392.
* Downing, Laura J. (2019). "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress".  In: Emily Clem et al (eds). *Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics*, 75-94. Also available online at: https://books.google.com/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tumbuka+prosody%3A+Between+tone+and+stress&pg=PA75
* Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): *Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language*. Livingstonia Mission Press.
* Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi", *Nordic Journal of African Studies* 13(3): 275–288.
* Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). *Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie*, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. 
* Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018).  (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. 
* Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
* McNicholl, Duncan (2010). "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1".
* Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". *Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics* no.1, 100-120. (pp.&nbsp;112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
* Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
* Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
* Turner, W.M. (1952). *Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary* The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
* University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi".
* Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". *African studies*, v. 30, 1, p.&nbsp;35-59.
* Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

## Dış bağlantılar

* Tumbuka dili hakkında çok kısa bir rapor.
* Kuzey Malavi Dil Haritalama Araştırması . Malavi Üniversitesi Dil Çalışmaları Merkezi, 2006.
* Kuzey Malavi Dil Haritası
* Biraz daha chiTumbuka kelime bilgisi.
* Tumbuka'daki PanAfrican L10n sayfası
* Citumbuka tek dilli sözlük