Planaryalar

**Planaryalar**, (ya da Latince **Turbellaria**) Yassısolucanlar şubesine ait genellikle küçük  (<1 – 60&nbsp;cm) ve serbest yaşayan üyeleri kapsayan bir sınıftır.

Günümüzde karışık (polifiletik) bir grup olarak Acoela ve Nemertodermata olarak ayrılmıştır.

Hareketleri sillerle sağlanan canlılardır. Çoğunluğu etçildir. Çoğu türleri denizlerde ve tatlısularda bulunurken, bazıları nemli yerlerde de yaşayabilir. Planaryalar hermafrodit oldukları için eşeyli, rejenerasyonla da eşeysiz üreyebilirler. Planaryada merkezi sinir sistemi bulunur. Serbest yaşarlar (parazit değil). Dolaşım sıvısı yoktur. Sahip olduğu kasların (sirkular kaslar, parenkimal kaslar, longitudinal kaslar, faringeal kaslar) hareketi vücut boşluğundaki maddelerin iletimini sağlar. Vücutları segmentsizdir. Hücre yenilemeleri o kadar hızlıdır ki bu canlıları kaç parçaya ayırırsanız ayırın, her biri yeni bir planarya oluşturur. Başka bir anlamda bu canlılar sonsuza dek yaşayabilirler. Bu nedenle insanlarda hücre yenilenmesi, kanserle savaş, kayıp uzuv, doku ve organların yenilenmesi ve sonsuz yaşam gibi alanlardaki araştırmalarda kullanılmaktadırlar. Michael Levin ve arkadaşlarının, Tuft Üniversitesi laboratuvarında yaptıkları çalışmalarda elde ettikleri sonuçları, bir video sunum olarak buradan izleyebilirsiniz.

### Kitaplar
* Abramson, C. I., Kirkpatrick, D. E., Bollinger, N., Odde, R., & Lambert, S. (1999). Planarians in the classroom: Habituation and instrumental conditioning. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
* Sheiman, I. M., & Tiras, K. P. (1996). Memory and morphogenesis in planaria and beetle. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

### Makaleler
* Abramson, C. I. (1990). Classical conditioning. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
* Alvarado, Alejandro Sánchez, "Quick Guide – Planarians" *[[Current Biology]]* Vol. 14 (R737-8), No. 18 (Retrieved online)
* Arees, E. A. (1986). Absence of light response in eyeless planaria: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(3) 1986, 445-449.
* Ash, J. F., McClure, W. O., & Hirsch, J. (1973). Chemical studies of a factor which elicits feeding behaviour in Dugesia dorotocephala: Animal Behaviour Vol 21(4) Nov 1973, 796-800.
* Best, J. B., Abelein, M., Kreutzer, E., & Pigon, A. (1975). Cephalic mechanism for social control of fissioning in planarians: III. Central nervous system centers of facilitation and inhibition: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 89(8) Oct 1975, 923-932.
* Best, J. B., Elshtain, E., & Wilson, D. D. (1967). "Single Monophasic Square-wave Electric Pulse Excitation of the Planarian Dugesia Dorotocephala": Erratum: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 63(3) Jun 1967, 515.
* Bianki, V. L., Sheiman, I. M., & Zubina, E. V. (1990). Preference of movement direction in T-maze in planaria: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti Vol 40(1) 1990, 102-107.
* Buttarelli, F. R., Pontieri, F. E., Margotta, V., & Palladini, G. (2002). Cannabinoid-induced stimulation of motor activity in planaria through an opioid receptor-mediated mechanism: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 26(1) Jan 2002, 65-68.
* Carney, R. E., & Mitchell, G. L. (1978). Reactions of planarians after cannibalization of planarians exposed to four stimulus combinations: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 20(2) Dec 1978, 44-49.
* Cebria, F. (2008). Organization of the nervous system in the model planarian Schmidtea mediterranea: An immunocytochemical study: Neuroscience Research Vol 61(4) Aug 2008, 375-384.
* Coward, S. J., & Piedilato, J. W. (1972). The behavioral significance of the rhabdite cells in planarians: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 14(1) Jul 1972, 5-7.
* Dawson, J. H. (1972). Behavioral effects of a magnetic field on goldfish and planaria: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
* Fiore, C., Tull, J. L., Zehner, S., & Ducey, P. K. (2004). Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): Behavioural Processes Vol 67(3) Nov 2004, 327-334.
* Itoh, M. T., Shinozawa, T., & Sumi, Y. (1999). Circadian rhythms of melatonin-synthesizing enzyme activities and melatonin levels in planarians: Brain Research Vol 830(1) May 1999, 165-173.
* Kato, C., Mihashi, K., & Ishida, S. (2004). Motility recovery during the process of regeneration in freshwater planarians: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 150(1-2) Apr 2004, 9-14.
* Katz, A. N. (1978). Inexpensive animal learning exercises for huge introductory laboratory classes: Teaching of Psychology Vol 5(2) Apr 1978, 91-93.
* Kessler, C. C. (1973). The effect of magnesium pemoline on learning in the planarian: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 15(2) Dec 1973, 31-33.
* Kimmel, H. D., & Carlyon, W. D. (1990). Persistent effects of a serotonin depletor (p-chlorophenylalanine) in regenerated planaria (Dugesia dorotocephala): Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 104(1) Feb 1990, 127-134.
* Kimmel, H. D., & Garrigan, H. A. (1973). Resistance to extinction in planaria: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 101(2) Dec 1973, 343-347.
* Kimmel, H. D., Olson, S. J., Stephenson, J. M., & Ray, R. L. (1976). Percent of longitudinal body contraction and latency of response onset in planaria as a function of intensity of electric shock: Physiological Psychology Vol 4(3) Sep 1976, 389-390.
* Kimmel, H. D., Ray, R. L., & King, J. (1975). A television technique for quantifying conditioned and unconditioned responses of planarians: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 7(4) Jul 1975, 353-356.
* Krebs, E. K. (1975). Factors in conditioning and orientation of planarians: Learning in a polar field: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 17(2) Dec 1975, 21-23.
* Kusayama, T., & Watanabe, S. (2000). Reinforcing effects of methamphetamine in planarians: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 11(11) Aug 2000, 2511-2513.
* Levison, M. J., & Gavurin, E. I. (1979). Truly random control group in Pavlovian conditioning of planaria (Dugesia dorotocephala): Psychological Reports Vol 45(3) Dec 1979, 987-992.
* Loomis, L. L., & Napoli, A. M. (1975). Transfer of training through two cannibalisms of planarians: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 17(1) Jul 1975, 37-40.
* Mason, P. R. (1973). Size and other factors determining planarian behaviour: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 15(2) Dec 1973, 8-13.
* Mason, P. R. (1975). Chemo-klino-kinesis in planarian food location: Animal Behaviour Vol 23(2) May 1975, 460-469.
* Micklin, M. P., & May, J. G. (1975). An apparent frustration effect in planarians: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 17(2) Dec 1975, 4-9.
* Nazaryan, O. A. (1973). Retention of traces of previous experience in planaria after regeneration: Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti Vol 23(1) Jan-Feb 1973, 120-125.
* Nixon, S. E. (1974). Some behavioral observations on a cave dwelling planarian: Journal of Biological Psychology Vol 16(2) Dec 1974, 32-33.
* Nogi, T., Yuan, Y. E., Sorocco, D., Perez-Tomas, R., & Levin, M. (2005). Eye regeneration assay reveals an invariant functional left-right asymmetry in the early bilaterian, Dugesia japonica: Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition Vol 10(3) May 2005, 193-205.
* Pagan, O. R., Rowlands, A. L., Azam, M., Urban, K. R., Bidja, A. H., Roy, D. M., et al. (2008). Reversal of cocaine-induced planarian behavior by parthenolide and related sesquiterpene lactones: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 89(2) Apr 2008, 160-170.
* Pescetto, G., & Dettore, D. (1981). Negative phototaxis and conditioning in the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala: Rivista di Neurobiologia Vol 10(2) Apr-Jun 1981, 287-295.
* Peters, A., Streng, A., & Michiels, N. K. (1996). Mating behaviour in a hermaphroditic flatworm with reciprocal insemination: Do they assess their mates during copulation? : Ethology Vol 102(3) Mar 1996, 236-251.
* Raffa, R. B., Dasrath, C. S., & Brown, D. R. (2003). Disruption of a drug-induced choice behavior by UV light: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 14(7) Nov 2003, 569-571.
* Raffa, R. B., & Desai, P. (2005). Description and quantification of cocaine withdrawal signs in Planaria: Brain Research Vol 1032(1-2) Jan 2005, 200-202.
* Raffa, R. B., Stagliano, G. W., Ross, G., Powell, J. A., Phillips, A. G., Ding, Z., et al. (2008). The kappa -opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI inhibits cocaine and amphetamine, but not cannabinoid (WIN 52212-2), abstinence-induced withdrawal in planarians: An instance of 'pharmacologic congruence': Brain Research Vol 1193 Feb 2008, 51-56.
* Raffa, R. B., Stagliano, G. W., & Tallarida, R. J. (2006). Subadditive withdrawal from cocaine/kappa -opioid agonist combinations in Planaria: Brain Research Vol 1114(1) Oct 2006, 31-35.
* Rawls, S. M., Baron, S., Ding, Z., Roth, C., Zaveri, N., & Raffa, R. B. (2008). Nociceptin attenuates methamphetamine abstinence-induced withdrawal-like behavior in planarians: Neuropeptides Vol 42(3) Jun 2008, 229-237.
* Rawls, S. M., Rodriguez, T., Baron, D. A., & Raffa, R. B. (2006). A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) attenuates abstinence-induced withdrawal from both cocaine and a cannabinoid agonist (WIN 55212-2) in Planaria: Brain Research Vol 1099(1) Jul 2006, 82-87.
* Rawls, S. M., Gomez, T., & Raffa, R. B. (2007). An NMDA antagonist (LY 235959) attenuates abstine H., & Gleason, K. (1975). Determinants of planarian aggregation behavior: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 3(4) Nov 1975, 343-346.
* Stasko, A. B., & Sullivan, C. M. (1971). Responses of planarians to light: An examination of klino-kinesis: Animal Behaviour Monographs Vol 4(2) 1971, 47-124.
* Umeda, S., Stagliano, G. W., & Raffa, R. B. (2004). Cocaine and kappa -opioid withdrawal in Planaria blocked by D-, but not L-, glucose: Brain Research Vol 1018(2) Aug 2004, 181-185.
* Van Deventer, J. (1974). The behavior of two species of planaria in confined spaces: Psychological Record Vol 24(3) Sum 1974, 379-384.
* Van Deventer, J. (1974). The feeding latencies of two species of planaria: Psychological Record Vol 24(3) Sum 1974, 373-377.
* Vreys, C., Schockaert, E. R., & Michiels, N. K. (1997). Unusual pre-copulatory behaviour in the hermaphroditic planarian flatworm, Dugesia gonocephala (Tricladida, paludicola): Ethology Vol 103(3) Mar 1997, 208-221.
* Wisenden, B. D., & Millard, M. C. (2001). Aquatic flatworms use chemical cues from injured conspecifics to assess predation risk and to associate risk with novel cues: Animal Behaviour Vol 62(4) Oct 2001, 761-766.

## Kaynakça

## Dış bağlantılar
* More information on freshwater planarians and their biology
* More information on the genetic screen to identify regeneration genes 
* HD video of a planarium
* ''Schmidtea mediterranea'', facts, anatomy, image at GeoChemBio.com