Joseph Conrad

**Joseph Conrad** (d. adı ***Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski***; 3 Aralık 1857 - 3 Ağustos 1924), Polonya asıllı İngiliz yazardır. Çarlık Rusya'da (günümüzde Ukrayna) doğdu. Eserlerinin kimisi romantik olarak yazılmışsa da Conrad'ın romantizmi belli bir alaycılıkla ve insanın kendi kendini aldatma gücüne dair sağlam bir farkındalıkla dengelenmiştir. Birçok eleştirmence modernizmin öncülerinden kabul edilir.

## Yaşamı
Conrad, **Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski** adıyla Çarlık Rusya'nın Berdychiv (eski adı *Berdyczów*) adlı şehrinde, son derece yurtsever bir Polonyalı asil ailede (''Nałęcz'' hanedanı soyundan) doğdu.

Conrad'ın bir yazar (en çok milliyetçi tragedyalarıyla tanınır) ve Fransızca ile İngilizce çevirmeni olan babası, Çarlık Rusya'ya karşı 1863 isyanlarına destek veren eylemleri nedeniyle Varşova'da Rus yetkililerce tutuklanmış ve Sibirya'ya sürülmüştü. Annesi veremden 1865'te, babası da dört sene sonra Kraków'da öldü; böylece Conrad on bir yaşında öksüz kalmış oldu.

Ebeveynlerinin ölümünü takiben, Krakow'da yaşayan dayısı Tadeusz Bobrowski'nin himayesine verildi.

## Eserleri
### Roman ve uzun öyküleri

### Kısa öyküleri
* "The Idiots" (Conrad'ın ilk kısa hikâyesi; balayında yazdığı eseri *Savo* 'da 1896'da basıldı ve 1898'de *Tales of Unrest* koleksiyonunda hikâyeye yer verildi).
* "The Black Mate" (Conrad 1886'da yazdı ve düzenledi; 1908'de basıldı; *Tales of Hearsay* koleksiyonunda 1925'te yer aldı).
* "The Lagoon" (composed 1896; published in *Cornhill Magazine* 1897; collected in *Tales of Unrest*, 1898).
* "An Outpost of Progress" (written 1896 and named in 1906 by Conrad himself, long after the publication of *Lord Jim* and *Heart of Darkness*, as his 'best story'; published in *Cosmopolis* 1897 and collected in *Tales of Unrest* 1898; often compared to *Heart of Darkness*, with which it has numerous thematic affinities).
* "The Return" (written circa early 1897; never published in magazine form; collected in *Tales of Unrest*, 1898; Conrad, presaging the sentiments of most readers, once remarked, "I hate it").
* "Karain: A Memory" (written February–April 1897; published Nov. 1897 in *Blackwood's* and collected in *Tales of Unrest*, 1898).
* " Youth" (written in 1898; collected in *Youth, a Narrative and Two Other Stories*, 1902)
* "Falk" (novella/story, written in early 1901; collected only in *Typhoon and Other Stories*, 1903).
* "Amy Foster" (composed in 1901; published the *Illustrated London News*, Dec. 1901 and collected in *Typhoon and Other Stories*, 1903).
* "To-morrow" (written early 1902; serialized in *Pall Mall Magazine*, 1902 and collected in *Typhoon and Other Stories*, 1903).
* "The End of the Tether" (written in 1902; collected in *Youth, a Narrative and Two Other Stories*, 1902)
* "Gaspar Ruiz" (written after "Nostromo" in 1904–05; published in *Strand Magazine* in 1906 and collected in *A Set of Six*, 1908 UK/1915 US. This story was the only piece of Conrad's fiction ever adapted by the author for cinema, as *Gaspar the Strong Man*, 1920).
* "An Anarchist" (written in late 1905; serialized in *Harper's* in 1906; collected in *A Set of Six*, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
* "The Informer" (written before January 1906; published in December 1906 in *Harper's* and collected in *A Set of Six*, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
* "The Brute" (written in early 1906; published in *The Daily Chronicle* in December 1906; collected in *A Set of Six*, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
* "The Duel" (aka "The Point of Honor": serialized in the UK in *Pall Mall Magazine* in early 1908 and in the US periodical *Forum* later that year; collected in *A Set of Six* in 1908 and published by Garden City Publishing in 1924. Joseph Fouché makes a cameo appearance)
* "Il Conde" (i.e., 'Conte' [count]: appeared in *Cassell's* [UK] 1908 and *Hampton's* [US] in 1909; collected in *A Set of Six*, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
* "The Secret Sharer" (written December 1909; published in *Harper's* and collected in *Twixt Land and Sea* 1912)
* "Prince Roman" (written 1910, published in 1911 in the *Oxford and Cambridge Review*; based upon the story of Prince Roman Sanguszko of Polonya 1800–1881)
* "A Smile of Fortune" (a long story, almost a novella, written in mid-1910; published in *London Magazine* in Feb. 1911; collected in *Twixt Land and Sea* 1912)
* "Freya of the Seven Isles" (another near-novella, written late 1910–early 1911; published in *Metropolitan Magazine* and *London Magazine* in early 1912 and July 1912, respectively; collected in *Twixt Land and Sea* 1912) 
* "The Partner" (written in 1911; published in *Within the Tides*, 1915)
* "The Inn of the Two Witches" (written in 1913; published in *Within the Tides*, 1915)
* "Because of the Dollars" (written in 1914; published in *Within the Tides*, 1915)
* "The Planter of Malata" (written in 1914; published in *Within the Tides*, 1915)
* "The Warrior's Soul" (written late 1915–early 1916; published in *Land and Water*, in March 1917; collected in *Tales of Hearsay*, 1925) 
* "The Tale" (Conrad's only story about WWI; written 1916 and first published 1917 in *Strand Magazine*)

## Anı ve makaleleri

* *[[The Mirror of the Sea]]* (Otobiyografik denemeleri çeşitli dergilerde 1904-6 yılları arasında yayımlandı), 1906
* *[[A Personal Record]]* (*Some Reminiscences* adıyla da bilinmektedir), 1912
* *[[Notes on Life and Letters]]*, 1921
* *[[Last Essays]]*, 1926
## Kaynakça

* Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: a Life, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, Camden House, 2007. 
* J.H. Stape, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad, Cambridge University Press, 2006. 
* John Stape. The Several Lives of Joseph Conrad, Pantheon, 2008.

## Ayrıca bakınız
* ORP Conrad - a WWII Polish Navy cruiser named after Joseph Conrad
* T. Scovel, 1988. "A Time to Speak: A Psycholinguistic inquiry into the critical period for human speech." Cambridge MA: Newbury House.
* List of atheists.

## Dış bağlantılar
* The Joseph Conrad Society (U.K) 
* Conrad First : a digital archive of every newspaper and magazine in which the work of Joseph Conrad appeared between 1896 and 1935
* The Complete works are available from eBooks@Adelaide
* 
* Free audiobook  of *[[The Secret Agent]]* from LibriVox
* Penn State's Electronic Classics Series has 26 Works of Joseph Conrad available for free *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060220083428/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/josephconrad.htm Joseph Conrad at Penn State's Electronic Classics]*
* Joseph Conrad at kirjasto.sci.fi
* Heart of Darkness text at American Literature
* Chinua Achebe: The Lecture Heard Around The World
* Collected Letters, vol. 6 (1917-1919)  - PDF
*  Find-A-Grave profile for Joseph Conrad 
* Conrad's page at Literary Journal.com -a number of research articles on Conrad's work