Tok Glosa

**Tok Glosa** em wanpela kain olsem tok-ples ikam long Interglossa. Buk bilong Tok Glosa i kamap long yia 1978. Nem blong tokples em i kamap long rup bilong Graik, "glossa", i stap tokautim "tongue" o "language".

Bilong olsem tokples konstruktem, Tok Glosa i no gat kaikai long tokples, na spelin i holim tru tru na i fonetik olsem. Olsem tokples konstruktem, i no gat infleksen, na tok i stap long diksenari for oltaim, no gat wanem olsem funksen em i stap long toksen. Olsem i no klia long konteks, gramatikal funksen em i save daunim long smolpela wod na long yusim orda bilong wod (syntax). Olsem wanpela tokples a posteriori, Tok Glosa i tekim olsem wokabulari long Tok Gris na Tok Latin rut, yumi saveim dispela olsem internesnal olsem yusim bilong olgeta long sains.

## Histori
Tok Glosa i bihainim draif bilong tokples Interglossa em saientis Lancelot Hogben i bin wokim long taim bilong Wol Woa 2 long Aberdeen. Long 1943 ol i wokim Interglossa olsem wanpela rait bilong ol buk bilong helpim ol man.

Ron Clark i bin lukim wanpela buk bilong Interglossa: em wanpela buk bilong helpim ol man long yia 1960. Bihain em i bungim Profesa Hogben na em i tingting long kamapim dispela tok ples. Ol i wok strong long stretim gut dispela tok, na bai ol man i ken mekim wok long en long olgeta kain rot bilong toktok. Wendy Ashby i kam insait long dispela wok long 1972. Taim Hogben i dai long 1975, ol i bin toktok pinis long planti senis. Hogben na Clark i wanbel olsem tokples i mas i gat wanpela pasin bilong raitim ol tok (olsem: wan wan leta i makim wanpela krai). Dispela i makim olsem long tok Grik ol i mas raitim CH, TH na PH olsem K, T na F.

Bihain Ron Clark na Wendy Ashby i kamapim sampela senis moa, na ol i givim nupela nem Tok Glosa long tokples, na long dispela rot ol i kamapim wanpela nupela tokples bilong helpim tokples.

I go inap long 1979, Ashby na Clark i traim wok bilong Tok Glosa long ol volantia long taun ol i stap long en. Long dispela taim, ol i kamapim na stretim ol tok bilong ol tok Hibru na sampela tok bilong ol sentens. Taim ol i wokim namba wan dikseneri bilong Tok Glosa, ol i go sindaun long narapela taun.

Kirap long 1987, GEO (Glosa Education Organisation) em wanpela oganaisesen bilong helpim ol man, em i bin strongim wok bilong skulim ol man long tok ples Tok Glosa olsem namba tu tok ples long ol skul long olgeta hap bilong graun.

Paul O. i bin wokim dispela websait. Bartlett long 1996, na long nau Marcel Springer i bosim. Em i kamapim Tok Glosa Intanet Dikseneri (Glosa Inter-reti Diktionaria), na tu, em i kamapim wanpela kos bilong kisim save long ol tok bilong Baibel, na ol narapela buk samting. Wanpela Wiki long Tok Glosa i bin kamap long 2021.

## Olsem dispela
Olsem wanpela tokples, Tok Glosa i save olsem yumi no ken usum nem blong tok bai yumi tokim olsem wanpela narating. Olsem wanpela tokples analitik, Tok Glosa i no gat infleksan long toktok bilong iumi, olsem namba blong yumi i no senis long taim o saed blong iumi.

Olsem wanpela tokples analitik, Tok Glosa i gat namba wan stail long saed blong toktok – subjek, verp, objek. "Adjectiv" i kaps long en blong naraotem "noun" na "verb" i kaps long taim bilong tenz na "adverb".

Manmeri i ting olsem Tok Glosa i lukluk olsem Tok Inglis na Tok Sainis long saed blong olsem wanpela tokples analitik. Liklik samting tu, olsem wanpela tokples asistensia, Lingua sistemfrater (Frater), i gat samting tupela samting em i lukluk olsem Tok Glosa. I gat planti samting wok bai i bin wokim long samting tokples ia na bai i gat wanpela wok bilong sintaksis i lain long narapela hap.

Tok Glosa i ritim olsem wanpela tokples Inglis, wetem Laen alfabet, i no gat litim tupela leta o kainkain lekta. Sapos yumi save tokim Inglis, yumi save tokim Tok Glosa tu.

Nogat planti tok bilong olsem, Tok Glosa i yusim samting bikpela nem bilong Latin na Greek. Em i tokbok long yumi olsem wanpela tokples a posteriori.

Interglossa bilong Hogben i bin mekim sampela lain bilong Basic English, na tu Tok Glosa em i stap wokim olsem Tok Inglis. Interglossa i wokim long olsem wanpela tokples bilong "verboids" o "verbal operators", liklikpela namba blong 18, na tu Tok Glosa i gat olsem wanpela kain bilong tokples long tokim sampela wok olsem sampela namba em i nogat.

## Grama
### Spelin na pronansesyon
Tok Glosa spelin emi kamap yet i stap long olsem regula na fonetik: wan spelin emi stap representim wan samting bilong toktok, na wan samting bilong toktok emi stap representim wan spelin. Olsem wan 'solo' eksepsen, SC emi stap representim saund ʃ (olsem "sh" long "short"), evri leta stap representim wan saund, na long bekaut long saund, emi stap representim wan leta. Tok Glosa i ritim long Latin letas. Alphabet emi i inkludim ol dispela letas (na digraf), na tu em olsem kapitel leta:

Tok Glosa i no save mekim yusim olsem narapela tokples blong helpim, Q na X leta emi i usim. C i mekim saund blong 'ch' long 'church'. Letas SC emi i stap representim 'sh' saund long 'short' - hemi i wanigat digraf nomo. Olsem long planti tokples, J i mekim 'y' saund yu save faindim long wokabaut olsem 'yell' o 'yak'. G na S i stap "hard" olsem (olsem long wod blong 'goat' o 'hiss/snake'). R i mas stap trilled o "tapped" (toktokman i liklik tasol i tupim toktokman long tupela lupela i stap long raitim mous), i no ken stap mekim olsem uvularized.

Wanpraktis blong toktokim N bifo wan velar saund (g o k) olsem ŋ emi i no wanpela prefarem, tasol, i usim planti taim blong mekim tingting blong tokples i simplifai. X emi save mekim saund 'z' long stat blong wod, tasol hemi i no prefarem.

Sapos wan nem blong foren i no save usim olsem letas blong Tok Glosa blong mekim olsem spelin blong nem i stap bifo."

### Ol klas bilong tok
Tok Glosa i inkludim tupla bikpela grup blong wod:

#### ''Primitives''
*Primitives* em i liklik nambar blong wod we i stap long olsem dispela bikpela tokples - em i laikim olsem preposisen na conjunctions, olsem: de [bilong], e [na], pre [bifo], supra [aninit long; antap long], sub [anit long; antap long; loa; daon; samting liklik].

#### Substantives (naem wod)
Substantives i grup blong wod we i mas representim sampla bikpla samting, heve, na despela (tasol em i mas kisim tumas nupela wok) we i stap long wanpela tokples, olsem: via [rot], kurso [rani], hedo [hap], vide [lukim], celera [wokim gutpela], tako [wik, kwik, gutpela, sik, antapim rait, spinim wok, bisi, rapim, raipiditi, raipid, hap; gat hap; sanap hap; spas]; oku [ai]. Tingting long dispela em i mas save olsem olgeta samting i gat bikpela namba blong mekim dispela wod i gat planti kainkain sain blong yusim, depend long em i stap long wanem kain kalabus (verb, adjektiv, na tokpisin). Exempli gratia: "oku" ino save tok we i nambawan tasol em i save tokim olsem "ai", "optikal", "lukim wantaim ai", "lukim", "pikim wanem samting wantaim ai", o "kamap long narapela manmeri."

### Fres
Fres i bikpela unit blong tokples, we i save mekim sain blong tingting long Tok Glosa. Ol fres i folem Subjek–Verp–(Obyek) orda na noun fres i "substantive final," we i mekim em i stat wantaim wod we i liklik important, na em i save gat olsem wanem moa wod stap long olsem wok bung wantaim em, na em i kisim namba wantaim em long las.

### Pasin bilong toktok
Tok Glosa wod i save kamap olsem bikpela namba bilong peim part long toktok. Olsem namba bilong peim part, em i wanpela rol em i plei long wan toktok, na em ino wanpela wok bungim propati bilong wan wod.

#### Pronoun bilong yugeta

#### Wabag bilong mekim
Olsem wanpela tok inap long wokim ol wabag, depend long we i stap long tokples (long hap bilong manmeri).

Long ples ya "prior word" i wokim olsem wanpela wod i stap wantaimim long fes bilong wabag o klous long mekim wabag i soim wanpela tens. Sampela eg i em:

Bilong so mitim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long pem past tense, yu ken addim "pa" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.

Bilong so soim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long futur tense, yu ken addim "fu" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.

Bilong so mekim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long kandesnel, yu ken addim "sio" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.

#### Adjektiv
Adjektiv, olsem olgeta tok ples, ino ken senis long fitim tense, nemba, jenis, formeliti, o sapos. Em i stap bifoa long wonem em i senisim. Tasol, long taim tasol adjektiv i stap long wanpela ples long senisim em, em i gat natingap long meaning em i gat.
* Mi fu lekto mo bibli – Mi bai ridim wan buk.
* Mi fu lekto bibli mo – Mi bai ridim buk nambawan.

Long Tok Pisin, sapos man i laik mekim wanpela wod i gat 'oposait', em i ken yusim 'no-' olsem wanpela prefiks wantaimim long adjektiv. Displa wokabaut i semak wantaim wanpela prefiks 'mal-' long Esperanto em i senisim olsem wod i gat samting taem, na disla i mekim wod i gat toktok long 'not beautiful'. Em i semak long samting olsem 'in-' o 'un-' long tok Inglis.

* kali – liklik wara, naispela, naispela wara
* no-kali – nogut, nogud
* termo – het, hat
* meso-termo – wara, liklik wara
* no-termo – kol

#### Konjunksen
* akorda-co – stretim olsem
* alo – o
* alo...alo – o...o
* alora – olsem na...
* anti-co – tasol
* e – na
* fini-co – laspela taim
* hetero-co – otaim
* jam – pinis
* kaso – stori.../tasol...
* ko-co – tu
* klu – bikos...
* ni....ni – no...no
* pene – sapos em inap
* po-co – bihainim olsem
* posi – posibil
* plus-co – na tu
* qasi – olsem...
* sed – nogat
* si ne... – sapos no...
* vice – long ples bilong

### Wanpela samting bilong toktok
#### Toktok bilong kamapim namba tu
Fo kamapim wanpela samting wod bilong kamapim namba tu long Tok Glosa, yu onli mas kombainim olgeta wod we i bin stap. Olsem wanem eg., yu no mas gat nating spesol o afe blong kamapim wanpela samting wod, na olgeta wod i stap olsem oli bin.
* "pe" - person (tok ples bilong *persona*)
* "an" - man (tok ples bilong *andros*)
* "fe" - meri (tok ples bilong *femina*)
* "do" - haus (tok ples bilong *domo*, i.e. "haus" or "hausman")
* "lo" - ples, hap (tok ples bilong *loko*, i.e. "ples" or "hap bilong")

Olsem na, wanpela *student* i *stude-pe* (wanem i save studi), wanpela man student i *stude-an*, wanpela meri student i *stude-fe* na wanpela haus o building we ol studen i save studi (skul, kolij, na olsem) i *stude-do*. Sapos tu, wanpela ospital i *pato-do* (husat i kam long wokim bilong sik), literalmaning em i wanpela haus/building long ol sik.

Mius i save kamapim kaikai long noun-compounding tu:
* *Evening* - vespera
* *Kaikai* - vora
* *Dina*, *supa* - vespera-vora.

#### Wod deraivisen
Genarali, ol kirapim rulis em i aplikim long bikpla wok long mekim nupla toksave long Tok Glosa. Olgeta bikpla wod i stap strongpela (tasol ol i save kukim olsem spesifikasion prefiks) i stap karamapim (olsem "an", "fe", o "pe").

Indefinit wod bai stap olsem oli bin (ad, de, si, kata).

## Refrens

## Lukim tu
* Official website
* Wiki