Maatla (selegae le sepolotiki)

Ka ditiriso tse dingwe tsa lefoko "Maatla", bona Power (go sa tlhaloganyesege)

Mo maranyaneng a sepolotiki, maatla ke bokgoni jwa go tlhotlheletsa kgotsa go laolela ditiro, ditumelo, kgotsa boitshwaro jwa badiragatsi.  Maatla ga a reye fela matshosetsi kgotsa tiriso dikgoka (patiko) ga modiragatsi mo go yo mongwe, mme a ka diragatswa ka ditsamaiso (jaaka makalana) 

Maatla o kgona go supagala ka dithulaganyo, jaaka a laolela badiragatsi ka fa ba amanang ka teng (jaaka go farologanya kamano ya morena le lelata la gagwe, mong-gae le ba masika, motlhapi le babereki, mogolo le ngwana, moemedi wa sepolotiki le batlhophi, jalo-le-jalo), le ka ditsela tse di sa itlhaloseng motlhofo, fela jaaka digongwana le puo di kgona go dira gore boitsholo le digongwa dingwe tsa batho  di amogelesege gofeta tse dingwe.

Lefoko taolo le dirisiwa thata mo maatleng a a bonwang e le a a amogelesegang kgotsa e le a a dumelelwang mo thulaganyong ya selegae.

Barutegi ba supile pharologanyo magareng ga maatla a a boleta le maatla a a thata

## Mefuta
Motho o ka kgaoganya mefuta ya maatla goya ka ditekanyo tse tharo: 

1. A boruma le a thata: Ditsela tse di boleta/motlhofo di dirisa kamano magareng ga motlhotlheletsi le ba ba tlhotlhelediwang. Ditsela tse ga di a papamala ebile ke tsa motho-le-motho (sekai, tirisanyo, tsalano ya selegae). Ntlheng e nngwe, maatla a a thata a bogale, a patika, a papametse le gore a ikaegile ka maduo a a bonalang. Le ntswa go le jwalo, ga se gore a bokete gofeta ditsela tse di boleta. Mo mabakeng a mantsi, poifo ya go kgaphelwa-ntle ga selegae e ka nna morotloetsi mogolo gona le kotlhao e e bonalang kgotsa e tshwarega.

2. Kamano le Gosa-amana: Ditsela tsa kamano mo tlhotlheletsong di dirisa mokgwa wa mabaka, tlhaloganyo le katlholo e itekanetseng, fa ditsela tsa gosa-amana tsone di ikaegile ka maikutlo kgotsa kitso e e sa tlhamalalang. Dikai tsa bobedi jo di na le go ikopela le go soka-soka, le go tila le go gogela tlase, ka tatelano.

3. Boja-nosi le Boja-mmogo: Ditsela tsa boja-mmogo jaaka tirisanyo le go-ipuelela, go raya kamogano magareng ga matlhakore ka bobedi a motho yo tlhotlheletsang le yo o tlhotlhelediwang. Boja-nosi mo letlhakoreng le lengwe, bo aga gosena karolo e e tsewang ke yo o tlgotlhelediwang. Ditselatse di na le  kgaphelontle le thomo ya yo o iphitlhelang a le foo.

Batho ga ba tshwane ka tiriso ya ditsela tsa maatla, batho ka go farologana ba ikamanya le ditsela tse di sa tshwaneng. Sekai, Motho yo ganeletseng mo kamanong ya motho le motho gantsi o dirisa maatla a boleta le ditsela tsa tlhaloganyo. Gofeta fa, batho ba ba bulegileng ba dirisa ditselana tse dintsi tse di farologaneng tsa maatla gona le batho ba ba sa bulegang. Batho gape ba tlhopha ditsela tse di farologaneng goya ka makgamu, le go ikaega ka yo ba batlang go mo tlhotlheletsa. Batho gape ba na le gotswa ka fa ditseleng tse di boleta goya kwa go tse di thata fa ba kopana le kganetso.

## Tekanyetso ya maatla
Ka gore maatala a dira ka bobedi jwa kamano le kabelano, bomankge ba-selegae ba bua ka "tekanyetso ya maatla" magareng ga batsaakarolo goya kamanongbatsaakarolo botlhe mo kamanong ba na le maatla: tshekatsheko ya selegae ka maatla e itshwentse ka go ribolola le go tlhalosa bokete jwa kamano: go lekana kgotsa gosa lekana, go itshetlela kgotsa go fetoga mo dinakong. Bomankge ba selegae gantsi ba tlhatlhoba kamano e mo go yone batsaakarolo ba naleng maatla a a lekanang  kgotsa a a ratileng go lekana, ba dirisa mokgwa wa kganelo gona le wa maatla Mo kgannyeng ye, "maatla" a utlwala e le  go ikemela ka nosi. F go ne go se jalo, kamano tsotlhe di ne di ka tlhaloswa mo mabakeng a "maatla", mme bokao jwa one bo bo bo latlhega. Jaanong ka re itse gore motho ga a tsholwe ka maatla le gore a kgona go neelwa ba bangwe, go a bona motho o tshwanetse go a bo a nale  kgotsa a laola popego nngwe ya ledi la maatla.  

## Maatla a sepolotiki mo pusong tsa kgatelelo
Mo pusong tsa kgatelelo, maatla a sepolotiki a topegetse thata mo diatleng tsa moeteledipele a le mongwe kgotsa setlhopha se sennye sa baeteledipele ba ba nang le taolo e feletseng mo mmusong le makalaneng a puso. Ka gore bontsi jwa baeteledipele ba bagateledi gase ba ba itlhophetsweng ke bontsi, bokete jwa matshosedi mo go bone ke a ka tlisiwang ke bontsi. Gantsi ba tsegetsa maatla a bone ka go laola ga sepolotiki jaaka:

1. Kgatelelo: Puso e itebaganya le baduiragatsi bape fela ba  ba gwetlhang ditumelo tsa bone. Se se ka dirwa ka tlhamalalo kgotsa go itikeditse.

* Bagateledi ba gatelela badiragatsi ba ka maitemogelo a bone e leng ba ba sekakeng ba dumalana le bone.
* K lebaka la go gogela kobo ntlheng e nngwe mo go senang boammaaruri- go kgaoganya se se siametseng motho a le mongwe le se se siametseng setšhaba- ga gongwe kgatelelo ka bonosi fela ga e a lekana.

2. Taolo ya Tlhaloganyo: Puso e laola thuto ya dikolo tsa ga goromente, e bo e dirisa tlhoko-boammaaruri go anamisa ka fa e bonang dilo ka teng le tse e di tlotlang mo setšhabeng.

* Fa koketsego ya go tswa mo selekanyetsong se le sengwe mo thotloetsong e e seng ya nnete ya puso, se se raya phokotsego ya kgonagalo ya ngongorego/dipopelelo ka selekanyo sa lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong.

3. Phatlalatso ya Patiko: Puso e phatlalatsa dithuso le ditlamelo go re batho ba tswelela ba ikaegile ka yone kafa e neela batho ba e ka ba dirisang dipoelo.

4. Go tsenelela: Puso e neela batho marapo a go tsenelela kwa modi-motheong go gogela setšhaba mo go tseeng letlhakore le puso ya kgatelelo.

Ntswa mebuso ka bontsi e setse mokwa o wa go laola, bogateledi jwa mebuswana bo ikaegile ka ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa taolo ya sepolotiki.

## Maatla a sepolotiki
Kgaolo e ke nopolo gotswa mo Power politics.

Maatla-a-sepolotiki ke lefoko le le supang tsela e sepolotiki se tsewang ka yone e e rotoetsang maatla a badiragatsi ba ga goromente. Lefoko le le nale tiriso e ntsi mo go tsa kamano ya mafatshefatshe, gape go le gantsi e dirisiwa ka kganetso.

Lefoko la Sejeremane, Machtpolitik, le gatelela tlhoka-kutlwano magareng ga ditšhaba jaaka tsela ya go papamatsa thato ya tšhaba le go thatafatsa puso. Kakanyo e e amana le Realpolitik mme that e rurifatso tiriso ya kgatelelo mo go tlhomeng pusokgolo ya Jeremane. Gantsi e ntlafatsa mogopolo wa nonofo ya sesole le tumelo ya gore tlhoka kutlwano ga mafatshefatshe go nale tshiamo nngwe.

Mo teng ga maatla a selegae le a sepolotiki mo go atlologileng, ba tsa ditso ba gatelela gore batho ba ba mo taolong  ba tshabelelwa ke go diisa ditsela tsa kgatelelo, ba oketsa katologano magareng ga bone le ba ba nang le taolo e nnye, ga ba tshepe ba ba nang le taolo e e kwa tlase, e bile ba tsaya lolea tiro le bokgoni jwa bone.

## Maduo
Maatla a fetola ba ba mo maemong a taolo le ba ba ka fa tlase ga taolo eo.[26]

### Mokgwa/Thibelo Tiori
E tlile ka D. Kelner le badiri-mmogo ba gagwe, tiori ya mokgwa/thibelo e duemal gore go nna le maatla le go diisa maatla go fetola kelelelo ya setho sa batho ka bongwe ka bongwe. tiori e, e agetse mo tumelong ya gore ditshidi ka bontsi di amiwa ke ditiragalo mo tikologong ya tsone ka ditsela tse pedi tse di tlwaelesegileng. G amega ga mokgwa go amana le tiragalo, ithotoetso, go batla dipoelo, nonofo e e oketsegileng le go suta-suta. Fa thibelo yone ka fa kganetsong, e amana le go itshireletsa, go itala matshosetsi le kotsi, kelotlhoko, go latlhegelwa ke ikgotlhatso le go iketla thata mo gontsi.

Ka kakaretso, mokgwa/thibelo tiori e tshwere thata gore maatla a rotloetsa mekgwa, ka fa retlhakoreng le lengwe, phokotsego ya maatla e rotloetsa thibelo

### Molemo

* Maatla a rotloetsa batho go tsaya kgato
* A dira gore batho ba itebaganye le diphetogo mo segongwaneng le mo tikologong ya sone.
* Batho ba ba naleng maatla ba potakela go itebaganya  le dilo go na le nako, gantsi ke bone ba buang go itebaganya le dilo, ba tsaya kgato ya ntlha, gape ba etlelela pele dipuisano
* Batho ba ba naleng maatla ba tsepama thata mo maikaelelong a a tshanetseng seemo se se foo, gape ba baakanyetsa ditiro tse di maleba mo seemong sepe sa tiro
* Batho ba ba naleng maatla ba itemogela maikutlo a molemo, jaaka boitumelo le go kgotsofala, gape ba nyenya gantsi fa go tshwantshanngwa le ba ba naleng maatla a a kwa tlase
* Maatla a amanngwa le tsholofelo e ntsi mo bokamosong ka gore batho ba ba naleng maatla a mantsi ba tsepamisa ditlhaloganyo tsa bone mo dilong tse di molemo mo tikologong.
* Batho ba ba naleng maatla a mantsi ba tshabelelwa ke go ditshwetso tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tlhaloganyo ka bofefo ebile ka katlego, le tota tse di mo teng ga motho tse di laolang go ela tlhoko, go tsaya ditshwetso, go baakanyetsa, le gone go tlhopha maikaelelo

### Bosula

* Batho ba ba naleng maatla ba tshabelelwa ke go dira dilo mo go sa sireletsegang, mo go sa lebanang, kgotsa ditshwetso tse di sa letlelesegeng mo sethong, le gone go tlola melolwane ya setho ya bone
* Ba tshabelelwa ke go tsala ditiro tsa maikutlo a bosula mo go ba ba baokametseng, gantsi fa go nale kgotlhang mo setlhopheng seo
* Fa batho ka bongwe ka bongwe ba amogela maatla, go iteba ga bone go nna mo go molemo, mme go leba ba bangwe ga bone go nna bosula
* Maatla a nale go fokotsa kelotlhoko ya tsa selegae, se se gogele mo goreng go nne thata go tlhaloganya ntlha ya go tlhaloganya ya ba bangwe
* Batho ba ba naleng maatla ba nale go tsaya nako e nnyenyane fela go kgobokanya le go bereka mo go itseng ba ba baokametseng mme ba ba ba bone fela ka tebo ya tshoboko fela
* Batho ba ba naleng maatla ba tshabelelwa ke go dirisa ditsela tsa kgatelelo, go oketsa katologano magareng ga bone le ba ba baokametseng, ba dumela gore batho ba ba senang maatla ga ba tshepagale, le gore ba tseela kwa tlase tiro le bokgoni jwa batho ba ba naleng maatla a a kwa tlase

## Ditiori

### Metheo e metlhano ya maatla
Kgatiso kgolo: French and Raven's five bases of power

Mo ithutuntshong ya boleng ya gompieno (1959), bomankge ba tsa tlhaloganyo ba tsa selegae, John R.P. French le Bertram Raven ba agile letlole la ditlamelo tsa maatla tse ka tsone go sekwasekwang ka fa maatla a amang tiro (kgotsa a paledisang tiro) ka gone mo dikamanong tse di rileng.

Goya ka French le Raven, maatla a tshwanetse go farologanngwa le tlhotlheletso ka tsela e e latlelang: maatla ke seemo sa dilo se se tshwareletseng mo kamanong epe fela, A-B, gore  le fa maiteko a tlhotlheletso a a dirwang ke A mo go B, se dire gore keletso ya ga A ya go fetola B e kgonagale. Fa maatla a lebelewa ka tsela e, maatla a  nale boikaego mo motheong wa one; gotswa fela mo kutlwisisong e e rileng e A le B ba dirisang mo kamanong ya bone, ebile go tsaya B go lemoga boleng mo go A jo bo rotloetsang B go fetoga jaaka A a batla. A o tshwanetse go goga mo letloleng kgotsa mo motswakong wa matlole go tsaya maatla a a lebaneng mo kamanong e gore maduo a se se batliwang a nne teng. Go tsaya mo letloleng le eseng lone la maatla go ka tlisa maduo a a neng a sa solofelwa, a a ka akaretsang phokotsego ya maatla a ga A.

Ngangisano ya ga French le Raven ke gore go na le digonwana tse tlhano tse di lemosegang tsa boleng, mme go sa kgaphelwe ntle digongwana tse di kwa tlase tse dingwe. Matlole a mangwe le one a tlhagisitswe, thata-thata a tlhagisitswe ke Gareth Morgan mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa 1986, Images of Organisation.

### Maatla a bomankge
Kgatiso kgolo: Expert Power

Maatla a bomankge ke maatla a motho a nang le one ka dikitso, kgotsa bomankge jwa motho le botlhoki jwa dikitsokitso ke mohama mongwe. A, ga a tshwane le maatla a mangwe ka gore one ke a itebaganyang le sengwe gape a ganeletse mo karolong e le nngwe  e mo go yone mankge yoo a e rutetsweng ebile a kgona. Fa ba na le kitso le bokgoni tse di ba kgontshang go tlhaloganya seemo, go fa dikarabo tsa diemo, go dirisa katlholo e e nitlameng, gape fa go le gantsi ba dira botoka thata go feta ba bangwe, batho o ithela ba ba reetsa. Fa batho ka bongwe ka bongwe ba supa bomankge, o ithela batho ba ba tshepa ebile ba tlotla se ba se buang. Jaaka bomankge ba setlhogo sengwe, maano a bone a nale boleng jo bo kwa godimo, le ba bangwe ba beile mo go bone ka ketelelopele pele mo karolong eo.

### Maatla a Katso
Kgatiso kgolo: Reward Power

Mo seemong sa ngwao ya phimolo, go kgaphelwa kwa tlhoko mo gontsi go dirisiwang go tlhodumela mo tshiamololong le tiriso botlhaswa ga maatla ke "maatla-a-seya-godimo". Ditsamaiso tsa go tsamaisa tsa maranyane kgatlhanong le ditiragatso tse e leng ditselana tsa go bopa di tsamaiso tse di lebaneng tsa go itebaganya le dikgotlhang, tiriso botlhaswa le bosula jo bo dirwang ka ditsamaiso tse di tlhomilweng tsone di itsege le le "maatla-a-seya-tlase"

### Maatla a kgatelelo
Kgatiso kgolo: Coercive Power

Bona gape: Coercive control

Maatla a kgatelelo ke tiriso ya tlhotlheletso e bosula. A akaretse bokgoni jwa go tshwarelela kgotsa go gana ka dikatso tsa ba bangwe. O ke mofuta wa maatla o o bonalang thata mo lefapheng la boruki-le-kapari ka go a kopanya le maatla a a leng ka fa tsamaisong; se se bonala mo dikwalong tse di  itebagantseng le lefapha jaaka "go kokoana ga dithulaganyo tsa laola le go dirisa batho". 

### Ditshetlana tsa kamano ya motho le motho
Goya ka Laura K. Guerrero le Peter A. Anderson mo Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships, maatla mo kamanong a tebego-dintsi. A ka akanyetswa kgotsa a tlhaloganngwa, a a amana, a ikaegile ka ditsompelo, gape a laolwa ke selekano sa kgatlhego le go itama. Jaaka maatla gantsi a tswa mo taolong e e tsewang tsia, ditsompelo tse di potana kgotsa go ikaega go se kalo mo kamanong, go bopiwa ke maitsholo, bokgoni-jwa-selegae, le ka fa ba bangwe ba ranolang ditiro tsa mongwe ka teng. Maatla a ka nonotsha fa a dirisiwa ka bopelokgale le ka bokgoni, mme a ka nyepisa mooko fa a gogela kwa tsietsong, puisanong e e sa tsamaeng sentle, kgotsa go tlhoka go kgotsofala mo kamanong.

### Puso-ka-ngwao
Mo ditsong tsa Marxist, mokwadi wa Moitali, Antonio Gramsci o tlhalositse boikarabelo jwa kgopolo e e dirisiwang fa go bopiwa puso-ka-ngwao, e e nnang tsela ya go nonotsha maatla a taolo ya bogwebi jo bo ikemetseng le a puso-ya-setšhaba. Mo go tseeng mo go Niccolò Machiavelli mo go The Prince le go ka leka go tlhaloganya gore ke eng go ise go nne le tsologo ya Sekomanise kwa Bophirima jwa Yuropa mme go buiwa fa e bolelwa e kile ya nna kwa Rašia, Gramsci o tlhoma puso e e le pope e e nang le maphato a mabedi. Phelelo e e kwa morago, phologolo, e emetse moriti wa maatla yo e leng wa ditsompelo tsa segologolo; maatla ka kgatelelo, ka tiriso dikgoka, e katswa e le mo go tshwaregang kgotsa ga itsholelo. O tswelela a nganga gore gone mme puso/taolo ya bogwebi e ikaegile thata ka phelelo e e kwa pele, e e leng sefatlhego sa motho, se se supang maatla ka "tumalano". Kwa Rašia, maatla a a ne a tlhaela, se sa gogela kwa tsogologelong-puso. Mme le gale kwa Bophirima jwa Yuropo, totatota kwa Itali, taolo ya bogwebi e ne ya atlega mo go diragatseng maatla a a kaelang, ka go sokololela babereki ba seemo se se fa gare mo go dumeleng gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di tshwana fela le tsa taolo ya bogwebi. Ka tsela e, tsogologo e ile ya tilwa. 

Fa Gramsci a gatelela gore boleng jwa mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya maatla, Marxist-bakwadi ba emang-basadi jaaka Michele Barrett o gatelela maikarabelo a megopolo mo go godiseng  mekgwa ya botshelo jwa lelwapa. Ngangisano e e tlhalosang ntlha e ke tiriso ya bo-mme e le 'bathusi mo sesoleng ba ba ipaketsweng'. Ke nako ya ntwa, go amogelesegile gore bo mme ba dire ditiro tsa senna, mme e re fa ntwa e fela ditiro tse di bo di boelwa morago. Ka jalo, goya ka Barrett, go senyakakiwa ga kamano tsa itsholelo ya taolo ya bogwebi e a tlhokega mme e se gore e a lekana mo go gololelng bomme.

### Tarnow
Eugen Tarnow o sekaseka maatla a bathupi ba difofane ba nang le one mo bapalaming ba difofane, le go ntsha mo go one tse di tshwanang le maatla a sesole. O supa gore maatla godimo ga motho ka bongwe akgona go godiswa ke bolengteng jwa setlhopha. Fa setlhopha se ineetse ka fa tlase ga ditaelo tsa moeteledipele, maatla a moeteledipele mo mothong ka bongwe a a nonofala, mme fa setlhopha se sa ineela, maatla a moeteledipele ga ayo gotlhelele.

### Foucault
Bona gape: Biopower

Mo go Michel Foucault, maatla totatota a nna a ikaegile ka tlhokakitso ya ba ba ka fa tlase ga taolo. Gagona motho a le mongwe, setlhopha kgotsa modiragatsi ope yo a laolang ditshipi (metšhini kgotsa didirisiwa), mme maatla a ntshiwa ka tsone didirisiwa ka tsela e lekanetseng gape ka setu sotlhe se se kgonagalang, go netefatsa gore ba ba ka fa tlase ga taolo ba dira gotlhe mo go tlhokafalang. ke ka lebaka la tiro yone e go re maatla a bo a sa utlwale kgotsa asa bonagale , a bo a sala ele tshekatsheko e utlwalang e e nnang e tshepisa phitlhelelo. Foucault o nopola mokwalo o o itsegeng o kwadilwe ke moitsaanape wa sepolotiki sa itsholelo Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon, wa setlhogo sa Recherches et considérationssur la population de la france (1778), mme go fitlhetswe e le gore tota o kwadilwe ke mokwaledi wa gagwe, Jean-Baptise Moheau 91745-1794), le ka kgatelelo gotswa mo go moitsaanape wa dithuto-ka-botshelo/ditshedi, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; yo gantsi a supang dingwaga ka letlhalosi la bontsi, a bona dingwaga e le sesupo fela sa bokao jo bo sa feteng jwa dilo di tshwana metsi, phefo, le lesedi ka jalo se se rurufatsa botsipa jo bo mo dingwageng, mo eleng letso la setho, go amana le tiro ya batho le kamano ya selegae le ya sepolotiki e mo go yone go nnang le bobedi jo jwa dingwaga tse di itiretsweng le dingwaga tsa tlholego. Dingwaga tse ka bobedi (tsa maitirelo le tsa tlholego) di supagala e le tsone di lebagantsweng le go tsenelela ga maatla, goya ka Foucault, se se farologaneng thata le ditumelo tse i fetileng tsa boipuso, kgaolo, le lefelo la kgalemo e e kopantshitsweng le kamano ya selegae le sepolotiki ga modiro wa letso (letso la botshelo/ditshedi).

Foucault o simolotse a bo a aga mogopolo wa "mebele e bonolo" mo bukeng ya gagwe Discipline and Punish. O kwala, "Mmele o bonologo ka o tsenya ka fatlase ga taolo, go o dirisa, go o fetola mo go tseneletseng le go o tokafatsa.

### Clegg
Stewart Clegg o ntsha tshutiso ya mofuta o mongwe o o tlhakore-tharo wa tiori;   "ditshika tsa maatla" Mofuta o o tshwantshanya tiro le maatla a madirelo le boroto ya megala ya motakase e e tsamayang e le meraro: tsamaiso ya nako nngwe, ya tlhagiso, le e dirisiwang gape. Ditshika tse di diragatsa mo maemong a le mararo: maemo a mabedi ke a matona fa a le mangwe e le a mabotana. Tshika ya tsamaiso ya nako nngwe ke yone e e fitlhelwang kwa maemong a a mabotana mme ebile e diriletswe go diragatsa maatla nako nngwe, tshika e e itebaganya le maikutlo, puisano, tlhoka kutlwisisanyo, le maoto a a tshopa mo kamanong ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya batho. Madua a tiro ya tshika e ya tsamaiso ya nako nngwe e ka nna a molemo le a bosula. Tshika ya tlhagiso yo ne e mo maemong a matona a melawana ya tiragatso le tlhaloso tse di agilweng ke tsa selegae tse di laolang kamano ya maloko le taolo e e ka fa tsamaisong. Tshi ka e e dirisiwang gape yone e mo maemong a matona a tsa-boranyane, tsa tikologo tse e eleng tsa tshoganetso, loago lwa tiro, le ditomaganyo, tse di ka nonotshang lgotsa tsa seka tsa nonotsha mme tsa otlhaya kgotsa tsa atswa motho mo tshikeng ya tsamaiso ya nako nngwe. Ditshika tse tsotlhe ka boraro tse di ikaegileng mo bommogong jwa tsone, di kopana kwa "tseleng e e tlamang ya sepitaganyane", e e leng ditselana tsa go nonotsha kgotsa tsa ngota/go nyepisa marapo.

### Galbraith
John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006) mo The Anatomy of Power (1983) o soboka mefuta ya maatla e le "" (se ikaegile ka patiko), "tuelo" (ka tiriso ya meamuso ka go farologana) kgotsa "a a nang le ditsetlana" (a e leng maduo a go sokasokiwa), le metswedi ya maatla ebong "botho"(motho ka bongwe), "letlotlo" (maatla ditsompelo mo boagisanying), le/kgotsa "madirelo" (go nna kwa godimodimo mo thulaganyong ya maatla mo madirelong)

### Gene Sharp
Gene Sharp, motlhatlheledi wa dithuto tsa maranyane a sepolotiki kwa Amerika, o dumela gore maatla tota a ikaegile ka motheong wa one. Ke gone ka mong mokgatlho wa sepolotiki o kgona go tshwarelela maatla ka gore batho ba amogela ebile ba ikobela se o se laelang, melao le ditsamaiso tsa one. Sharp o nankola maele a ga Étienne de La Boétie.

Konokono ya setlhogo sa ga Sharp ke gore maatla gase thaba, ga a kokoanela golo go le gongwe, ga a tswe mo seemong sa setho sa yo o laolang. Goya ka Sharp, maatla a sepolotiki, maatla a lefatshe lengwe le lengwe- go sa kgathalesege gore le rulagantswe jang- tota a tswa mo go bone ba ba busiwang. Tumelo ya gagwe ya konokono ke gore thulaganyo ya maatla epe fela e ikaegile ka goikobela ditaelo tsa mmusi/babusi. Fa ba ba busiwang ba sa ikobe, babusi ga ba na maatla.

Tiro ya gagwe e akanyetswa gore e nnile le seabe mo thankgolong ya ga Slobodan Miloševiċ, ka ngwaga wa 2011, nako ya Arab Spring, le ditsogologo tse dingwe tse di neng di sena tshololo ya madi.

### Björn Kraus
Björn Kraus ene o itebagantse le tlhaloso ya maatla ka tsa sedumedi go araba potso ka kgonagalo ya tlhotleletso ya kamano ya motho le motho, a dira se ka go aga moalo wa kutlwisiso (o o bidiwang kutlwisiso ya kamano). Boemong jwa gore a itebaganye le go tlhaloganya boleng le go abelana maatla, ene o botsa se pele; se lefoko le se rayang. Gotswa mo tlhalosong ya maatla ya ga Max Weber, o lemoga gore lefoko maatla le tshwanelwa ke go kgaoganngwa, go nna "maatla a a kaelang" le "maatla a a senyang".:105:126 Totatota, maatla a kaelang a raya kgonagalo ya go dira gore ditiro le dikakanyo tsa motho mongwe di nne ka tsela nngwe, mme mmaatla a a senyang one a raya go fokotsa ditshono tsa motho mongwe. Ka fa pharologanyong e e leng tona ka teng, go bonala thata fa go lebilwe dikgonagalo tsa go ganana le maiteko a maatla: Go ganana le maatla a a laelang go a kgonagala; go ganana le maatla a a senyang gone ga go kgonagale. Ka go dirisa pharologanyo e, ditoki tsa maatla di ka sekwasekwa ka tsela e e fa godimo, go thusa go lebelela kgang tsa maikarabelo.:139f Tsela e ya go leba dilo e letelela batho tswa mo go "mo-kana-mo kgotsa maemo" (go ka nna le maatla kgotsa go ka se nne le maatla), se se tlhwaelesegile, bogolo thata mo go tse di sa dumalaneng tsa sedumedi mabapi le ditiori tsa maatla, le go bega kgonagalo ya "maemo a le-se".:120

### Ditlhopha tse di sa tshwaiwang
Kakanyo ya ditlhopha tse di sa tshwaiwang e tholega mo moonong wa emang-basadi. Ka go nna kgathanong le go lebelela dipharologano tsa selegae ka go itebaganya le yo kgotsa se se bonwang se le pharologano, ba ditiori ba ba dirisang kakanyo e ya ditlhopha tse di sa tshwaiwang ba ganelela mo goreng motho o tshwanetse le go lebelela gore se se bonwang e le se se tlwaelesegileng se tlile jang gore se bonwe se sa kgatlhise le one manokonoko a sone mo kamanong ya tsa selegae. Go itebaganya le setlhopha se se sa tshwaiwang go dumalwa e le yone tsela ya go sekaseka tirelo ya teme le ditso mo go tliseng tebo mo goreng dipharologanotsa selegae tse di rayang le one maatla di dirilweng gape di tlhalositsweng mo botshelong jwa malatsi otlhe.

Mme wa emang-basadi Deborah Cameron o tlhalosa itshupo e e sa "tshwaiwang" e le yone mang-mang, e e sa tlhokeng temogo epe e e kkgethegileng. Ka sekai, botsalano jwa bong jo bo sa tshwaneng mo go tsa marato, ke sengwe se se sa tshwaiwang, se amogetswe fela e le tlwaelo, mo go sa tshwaneng le fa go buiwa ka botsalano jwa lerato magareng ga bong jo bo tshwanang jo bone bo "tshwailweng" gape bo tlhoka go itshupa mo gontsi ka bo sa fitlhelwe mo palong e ntsi ya batho. Mo go tshwanang gape ke senna se se tlwaelesegileng se sa tshwaiwa, fa sesadi/se-emang-basadi se tshwaiwa, se se gogetse kwa dithutontshong tse di sekasekang matshwao mo puong ya bo-mme, mme puo ya yone e tsewa e le ya legare fela, e sena letlhakore.

Ntswa ditlhopha tse di sa tshwaiwang e le sengwe se se sa lemogwang ka tlhwaafalo gape se itlhokomoloswa motlhofo, se ntse se a bonala gone.

### Kganetso-maatla
Kgatiso kgolo: Dual power

Lefoko kganetso-maatla le dirisiwa mo diemong di le mmalwa go tlhalosa tlhotlheletso e sutisang, e e ka dirisiwang ke ba ba gateletsweng go ganana kgotsa go fokotsa maatla a ba ba kwa godimo. Tlhaloso e e akaretsang e filwe ke moithuta-batho David Graeber e le 'kgobokanyo ya makalana a tsa selegae a itebagantseng le kganetso ya puso le segwebi: gotswa mo baaging ba ba itsamaisang goya kwa mekgatlhong e mašetla ya babereki le goya kwa bagakeng ba ntwa'. Graeber gape o supa gore kganetso-maatla e kgona go tlhalosega gape e le 'kganno-maatla' le gore  'makalana a kganetso-maatla a kgona go itshetlela mo pusong, seemo se se itsege ka 'bobedi-mo-maatleng' Tim Gee, mo bukeng ya gagwe ya 2011, Counterpower: Making Change Happen, o supa tiori e supang gore ba ba tseetsweng maatla ke puso le ditlhopha tsa ba ba kwa godimo ba kgona go dirisa kganetso-maatla go busetsa se kwa morago. Mo mofuteng wa ga Gee, kganetso-maatla e kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha tse tharo: kganetso-maatla a mogopolo, kganetso-maatla a itsholelo, le kganetso-maatla ka namana.

Le ntswa lefoko le, le tlile ko go tseelweng kwa godimo ka tiriso ya lone mo patsaakarolo mo go tsa bosekisi jwa lefatshe lotlhe/kganetso-bongwefela-jwa lefatshe ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990 le goya pele, lefoko le le ntse le le mo tirisong ka lebaka le le seng kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse masome a marataro; jaaka buka ya ga Martin Buber ya ngwaga wa 1949 ya 'Paths in Utopia' e tsentse molana wa 'Maatla a ithola marapo fela fa a le ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya kganetso-maatla'.:13

## Ditshibogo

### Ditselana
Ditshekatsheko di le mmalwa di supa gore maatla a ditselana tse di bogale (sekai, kotlhao- e nang le setho le e e senang setho), kgapelontle ga semolao, le dikatso tse eseng tsa setho) ga di na maduo fa go tshwantshwa le tiriso ya ditselana tse di boleta (maatla a bomankge, maatla a tlotlo, le dikatso tsa setho) Se ke ka gore ditselana tse di bogale di tsala bobaba, kgatelelo ya maikutlo, poifo, le tšhakgalo,  fa ditselana tse di boleta tsone di busetsa ka tirisanyo. Maatla a kgatelelo le katso a kgona gape go gogela maloko kwa  go latlhegelweng ke kgatlhego mo tirong ya bone, fa go tsenya maikutlo a go ikemela mo go ba ba eteletsweng pele go tshegetsa kgatlhego ya bone mo tirong le go tshegetsa bodiredi jo bo kwa godimo le fa go sena tlhodumelo epe.

Tlhotlheletso ya kgatelelo e dira tlhokakutlwisisanyo e e ka kgobera go dira ga setlhopha. Fa maloko a setlhopha a a sa ikobeng a ka otlhaiwa bosetlhogo, maloko a mangwe a setlhopha a kgona go kgobera le go go tlhoka kgatlhego mo tirong ya bone mme se se gogele kwa diragalong tse di bosula gape di se maleba di anama gotswa mo go ba ba kgoberegileng, go ama maloko a mangwe a setlhopha. Maduo a se ke se se bidiwang *Botlhole jwa tlhakatlhakano kgotsa jwa kanamo* gape e senoga thata fa leloko lengwe le le otlhailweng e le la maemo a a kwa godimo mo setlhopheng, le di kopo tsa taolo di nna lolea fela.

### Kganano le tlhotlheletso ya dikgoka
Tlhotlhelesto ya dikgoka e ka letelesega fela fa setlhopha se dira bontle, se kgona, moeteledipele o a tshepiwa, le tiriso ditselana tsa dikgoka e  dumelelwa ke mekgwa ya setlhopha. Go feta foo, metlhale ya dikgoka e dira sentle fa e dirisiwa kgapetsakgapetsa gape e tshwareletse mo go otlhaeleng ditiragalo tse di sa letlelelweng.

Fa gontse jalo, mo diemong tse dingwe, maloko a setlhopha a tlhopha go ganetsana le tlhotlheletso ya molaodi. Fa maloko a a nang le maatla a akwa tlase a nna le maikutlo a itshupo e tshwanang, kgonagalo e ntsi ya gore ba bope *Lekgamu la Tsogologo*, setlhopha se se bopilweng mo teng ga setlhopha se segolo se se ikaelelang go kgobera le go kgala thulaganyo ya taolo mo setlhopheng. Maloko a ka tshabelelwa ke go tlhama lekgamu la tsogologo  le bo le ganana le taolo fa molaodi a sena maatla a tlotlo, a dirisa metlhale ya dikgoka, gape a kopa maloko a setlhopha go dire ditiro tse thata kgotsa tse di sa jeseng monate. Diemeo tse di baka gore go nne le *[[:en:Reactance_(psychology)|ikemelo]],* batho ka bongwe ka bongwe ba leka go emela seemo sa kgololesego ka go papamatsa botlhokwa jwa boikgethelo jwa bone le manokonoko a se.

### Tiori ya ga Kelman ya tiragatsomolao-itshupo-kamogelo mo boteng
Herbert Kelman o nopotse dikgato-tsa--tiragatso tse tharo tsa motheo tse batho ba di tsayang fa go nale tlhotlheletso ya dikgoka: tiragatsomolao, itshupo le kamogelo.Tiori e e tlhalosa ka fa setlhopha se fetolang ba baša go ba dira balatedi ba ba kgotlhetseng go tsamaya le nako.

Mo maemong a *tiragatsomolao*, maloko a setlhopha a tsegetsa tse di batliwang ke bolaodi, le fa ka bongwe ka bongwe ba sa dumalane le bone. Fa bolaodi bo sa bee-leitlho maloko a, a ka seke a ikoba.

*Itshupo* e diragala fa ba ba lebagantsweng tlhotlheletso ba rata ebile ba kgona go etsa molaodi, ka kopa ditiro, mekgwa, setho, le gone go tsaya maitsholo a ga molaodi. Fa se se diragala mo nakong e telele ebile e tsweletse, itshupo e ka gogela kwa maemong a bofelo a kamogelo.

Fa kamogelo e diragala, motho ka bongwe tsaya boitshwaro jo bo tsenngwang mo go ene ka gore bo tsamaelana le tumelo ya gagwe. Mo seemong se, maloko a setlhopha ga a satlhole a tsaya ditaelo tsa molaodi mme ba dira ditiro tse di tsamaisanang le bone, ditumelo le maikutlo a bone. Kobamelo kgotsa go ikoba mo go kwa godimo go tlhoka kamogelo mo boteng jwa motho.

## Thutego ka maatla
Thutego ka maatla e raya ka fa motho a bonang maatla ka teng, ka fa a bopiwang ka teng le ka fa a kokotesegelang ka teng, le tsone dithulaganyo tse di tsegetsang  maatla le yo a leng molaodi wa one.Thuto e kgona go thusa mo go papamatseng thutego ka maatla. Mo puong ya 2014 ya TED, Eric Liu o tshwaetse gore "ga re rate go bua ka maatla" ka "re bona go tshosa" gape "go lebega go le bosula" ka a na le "tebego ya bosula go feta molemo" le gore o supile fa go ikala mo go golo ga go tlhoka thutego ka maatla go baka go ngotega ga kitso, go tlhaloganya le tlhotlheletso. Joe L. Kincheloe ene o tlhalosa "thutego-ka maranyane ya maatla" e e tshwenyegang ka dithata tse di bopang go dirwa ga dikitso le kago le phatlalatso ya bokao, e le go dirisa kitso gona fela le go e itse thata, le "thutego ya maranyane ka maatla"  e e tsepameng mo go direng kitso e e fetolang, e bile e fa mekwa e meša ya maikarabelo.

## Bona gape

* Taolo e e tsayang letlhakore
* Kgotlhakgotlhano ya maatla
* Thulaganyo ya maatla
* Maatla a lefela
* Go farologanya maatla
* Go bua nnete ka maatla
* Go laola tsa selegae

## Tshupetso ya dikwalo
McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (26 February 2009). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. OUP Oxford. .

"Definition of POWER". www.merriam-webster.com. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.

Barnett, Michael; Duvall, Raymond (2005). "Power in International Politics". International Organization. 59 (1): 39–75. doi:10.1017/S0020818305050010. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 3877878. S2CID 3613655.

Finnemore, Martha; Goldstein, Judith (2013), "Puzzles about Power", Back to Basics: State Power in a Contemporary World, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.003.0001, , retrieved 9 April 2022

"Authority | Definition, Types & Uses | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 October 2024.

Wilson III, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The annals of the American academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110-124.

Gray, Colin S. Hard power and soft power: the utility of military force as an instrument of policy in the 21st century. Lulu. com, 2011.

Falbo, Toni; Peplau, Letitia A. (April 1980). "Power strategies in intimate relationships". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (4): 618–628. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618. Pdf. Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

Raven, Bertram H.; Schwarzwald, Joseph; Koslowsky, Meni (February 1998). "Conceptualizing and measuring a power/interaction model of interpersonal influence". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 28 (4): 307–332. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01708.x.

Bratko, Denis; Butkovic, Ana (February 2007). "Stability of genetic and environmental effects from adolescence to young adulthood: Results of Croatian longitudinal twin study of personality". Twin Research and Human Genetics. 10 (1): 151–157. doi:10.1375/twin.10.1.151. . S2CID 22785107.

Carson, Paula P.; Carson, Kerry D.; Roe, C. William (July 1993). "Social power bases: A meta-analytic examination of interrelationships and outcomes". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 23 (14): 1150–1169. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x.

Tepper, Bennett J.; Uhl-Bien, Mary; Kohut, Gary F.; Rogelberg, Steven G.; Lockhart, Daniel E.; Ensley, Michael D. (April 2006). "Subordinates' resistance and managers' evaluations of subordinates' performance". Journal of Management. 32 (2): 185–209. doi:10.1177/0149206305277801. S2CID 14637810. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

Weinstein, Rebecca Jane (2001). "Threats to the Mediation Process". Mediation in the Workplace: A Guide for Training, Practice, and Administration. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. . Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2020. An imbalance of power may be obvious or subtle. An imbalance may stem from the dynamics of the personal relationship ....

Compare: Tannenbaum, Frank (1969). "The Balance of Power in Society". The Balance of Power in Society: And Other Essays. Arkville Press. London: Simon and Schuster. p. 9. . Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2020. Competition, imbalance, and friction are not merely continuous phenomena in society, but in fact are evidences of vitality and 'normality.'

McCornack, Steven (15 July 2009). Reflect & Relate: An introduction to interpersonal communication. Boston/NY: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 291. .

Lehr, Fred (2020). Power Currency. Rand-Smith Publishing LLC. . Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Nadenichek, Sona (2019). Foundations of Comparative Politics (1st ed.). California: CQ Press. pp. 174–194. .

Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (2022). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science. 25: 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. S2CID 241393914.

Reny, Marie-Eve (January 2021). "Autocracies and the Control of Societal Organizations". Cambridge University Press. 56 (1): 39–58.

Kuran, Timur (October 1991). "Now out of Never". World Politics. 27: 7–48. doi:10.2307/2010422. JSTOR 2010422. S2CID 154090678. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.

Carter, Erin Baggott; Carter, Brett L. (10 December 2020). "Propaganda and Protest in Autocracies". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 65 (5): 919–949. doi:10.1177/0022002720975090. S2CID 210169503.

Frantz, Erica (12 November 2020). Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. pp. Ch. 5. .

Wight 2002, p. 10.

"Power politics Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary".

Finnemore, Martha; Goldstein, Judith (2013). "Power Politics in the Contemporary World". Back to Basics. pp. 18–27. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.003.0002. .

Forsyth, D.R. (2010). Group Dynamics (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D.H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265–284.

Keltner, D., Van Kleef, G. A., Chen, S., & Kraus, M. W. (2008). A reciprocal influence model of social power: Emerging principles and lines of inquiry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 151–192.

Magee, J. C., Galinsky, A. D., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2007). "Power, propensity to negotiate, and moving first in competitive interactions". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 200–212.

Guinote, A. (2008). Power and affordances: When the situation has more power over powerful than powerless individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95:2, 237–252.

Berdahl, J. L., & Martorana, P. (2006). Effects of power on emotion and expression during a controversial discussion. European Journal of Social Psychology: Special Issue on Social Power and Group Processes, 36, 497–509.

Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A.D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 511–536.

Smith, P.K., N.B. Jostmann, A.D. Galinsky, W.W. van Dijk. 2008. Lacking power impairs executive functions. Psychol. Sci. 19: 441–447.

Emler, N. & Cook, T. (2001). Moral integrity in leadership: Why it matters and why it may be difficult to achieve. In Roberts, B. & Hogan, R. (Eds.). Personality psychology in the workplace. Washington, DC: APA Press (pp. 277–298).

Clark, R.D., & Sechrest, L.B. (1976). The mandate phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1057–1061.

Fodor, E.M., & Riordan, J.M. (1995). Leader power motive and group conflict as influences on leader behavior and group member self-affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 418–431.

Georgesen, J. C., & Harris, M. J. (1998). Why's my boss always holding me down? A meta-analysis of power effects on performance evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 184–195.

Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science, 17, 1068–1074.

Fiske, S.T. (1993a). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48, 621–628.

Kipnis. D. (1974). The powerholders. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.). Perspectives on social power (pp. 82–122). Chicago; Aldine.

French, J.R.P., & Raven, B. (1959). 'The bases of social power,' in D. Cartwright (ed.) Studies in Social Power. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 259–269.

de Moll, Kelly E. (August 2010), Everyday Experiences of Power (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation), Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee, p. 22, archived from the original on 22 October 2021, retrieved 16 May 2014.

Schein, Larry E. Greiner, Virginia E. (1988). Power and organization development : mobilizing power to implement change (Repr. with corrections. ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. .

Marsh, Stefanie (2 September 2018). "Chanel shoes, but no salary: How one woman exposed the scandal of the French fashion industry". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

Guerrero, Laura K., and Peter A. Andersen. Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2011. Print. pp. 267–261

Pip Jones, Introducing Social Theory, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008, p. 93.

Political Theory (PDF) (Course pack), Sikkim: Eiilm University, p. 27, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2014.

Michel Foucault, Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78: Security, Territory, Population, 2007, pp. 1–17.

Foucault, Michel (1995). Discipline and punish : the birth of the prison (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. .

Deji 2011, p. 267

Galbraith, John Kenneth (1983). The Anatomy of Power.

Galbraith, John Kenneth (1983) [1983]. The Anatomy of Power (reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 7. . Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023. [...] there are also numerous combinations of the sources of power and the related instruments. Personality, property, and organization are combined in various strengths.

Sharp, Gene (2010). From dictatorship to democracy: A conceptual framework for liberation (PDF) (4th U.S. ed.). East Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution. . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2014. (See book article.)

Arrow, Ruaridh (21 February 2011). "Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

Heiko Kleve: Vom Erweitern der Möglichkeiten. In: Bernhard Pörksen (ed.): Schlüsselwerke des Konstruktivismus. VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden/Germany 2011. pp. 506–519 [509].

Kraus, Björn (2014). "Introducing a Model for Analyzing the Possibilities of Power, Help and Control". Social Work & Society. 12 (1). Retrieved 12 August 2014.

Max Weber: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. Mohr, Tübingen/Germany 1972. S.28

Kraus, Björn (2011). "Soziale Arbeit – Macht – Hilfe und Kontrolle. Die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines systemisch-konstruktivistischen Machtmodells" (PDF). In Kraus, Björn; Krieger, Wolfgang (eds.). Macht in der Sozialen Arbeit – Interaktionsverhältnisse zwischen Kontrolle, Partizipation und Freisetzung. Lage, Germany: Jacobs. pp. 95–118. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.

See Björn Kraus: Erkennen und Entscheiden. Grundlagen und Konsequenzen eines erkenntnistheoretischen Konstruktivismus für die Soziale Arbeit. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim/Basel 2013.

Reimund Böse, Günter Schiepek: Systemische Theorie und Therapie: ein Handwörterbuch. Asanger, Heidelberg/Germany 1994.

Gregory Bateson: Ökologie des Geistes: anthropologische, psychologische, biologische und epistemologische Perspektiven. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main/Germany 1996.

Heinz von Foerster: Wissen und Gewissen. Versuch einer Brücke. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main/Germany 1996.

"Unmarked Categories". Ebrary. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.

Cameron, Deborah (2014). "Straight talking: the sociolinguistics of heterosexuality". Langage et société. 148 (2): 75–93. doi:10.3917/ls.148.0075. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

Kitzinger, Celia (July 2005). ""Speaking as a Heterosexual": (How) Does Sexuality Matter for Talk-in-Interaction?". Research on Language and Social Interaction. 38 (3): 221–265. doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi3803_2. S2CID 144035258. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

Graeber, David (2004). Fragments of an anarchist anthropology (2nd pr. ed.). Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. p. 24. . The examples given (self-governing communities, radical labour unions, popular militias) reflect the Idea/Economics/Physical taxonomy

Gee, Tim (2011). Counter power : making change happen. Oxford: World Changing. .

Newton, Mark (17 November 2011). "Counterpower: Making Change Happen (book review)". The Ecologist. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

Chesters, Graeme (September 2003). "Ideas about power: Representation and counterpower". New Internationalist (360). Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2014. Counterpower is the shadow realm of alternatives, a hall of mirrors held up to the dominant logic of capitalism – and it is growing.

Buber, Martin (1996) [1949]. Paths in Utopia (Reprint ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 104. .

Gee, Tim (2011). "Introduction" (PDF). Counter Power Making Change Happen. Oxford: New Internationalist. . Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.

Fiske, S. T., & Berdahl, J. L. (2007). Social power. In A. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

Pierro, A., Cicero, L., & Raven, B. H. (2008). Motivated compliance with bases of social power. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 1921–1944.

Krause D. E. (2006) Power and influence in the context of organizational innovation. In Schriesheim C. A., Neider L. L. (Eds.), Power and influence in organizations: new empirical and theoretical perspectives (A volume in research in management). Hartford, CT: Information Age. Pp. 21–58.

Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Supervisors' beliefs and subordinates' intrinsic motivation: A behavioral confirmation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 331–340.

Kounin, J., & Gump, P. (1958). The ripple effect in discipline. Elementary School Journal, 59, 158–162.

Michener, H. A., & Lawler, E. J. (1975). Endorsement of formal leaders: An integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 216–223.

Michener, H. A., & Burt, M.R. (1975) Components of authority as determinants of compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 606–614.

Molm, L. D. (1994) Is Punishment Effective? Coercive Strategies in Social Exchange. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 75–94.

Lawler, E. J. (1975a). An experimental study of factors affecting the mobilization of revolutionary coalitions. Sociometry, 38, 163–179.

[null Kelman, H. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1, 51–60].

Kelman, H.C. Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57–78.

Powell, Rebecca; Rightmyer, Elizabeth (27 April 2012). Literacy for All Students: An Instructional Framework for Closing the Gap. Taylor & Francis. . Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

Kincheloe, Joe; Steinberg, Shirley (4 January 2002). Students as Researchers: Creating Classrooms that Matter. Routledge. . Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

Liu, Eric (14 August 2014). "Transcript of "Why ordinary people need to understand power"". Retrieved 12 February 2017.

Kincheloe, Joe L. (19 June 2008). Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy: An Introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. . Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

Further reading

Osnos, Evan, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", The New Yorker, 29 January 2024, pp. 18–23. "In the nineteen-twenties... American elites, some of whom feared a Bolshevik revolution, consented to reform... Under Franklin D. Roosevelt... the U.S. raised taxes, took steps to protect unions, and established a minimum wage. The costs, [Peter] Turchin writes, 'were borne by the American ruling class.'... Between the nineteen-thirties and the nineteen-seventies, a period that scholars call the Great Compression, economic equality narrowed, except among Black Americans... But by the nineteen-eighties the Great Compression was over. As the rich grew richer than ever, they sought to turn their money into political power; spending on politics soared." (p. 22.) "[N]o democracy can function well if people are unwilling to lose power – if a generation of leaders... becomes so entrenched that it ages into gerontocracy; if one of two major parties denies the arithmetic of elections; if a cohort of the ruling class loses status that it once enjoyed and sets out to salvage it." (p. 23.)