Protoplasm

Protoplasm kana protoplasms ke  karolo e e tshelang ya sele e e dikologilweng ke plasma membrane. Ke motswako wa dimolekhule tse dinnye tse di jaaka di-ion, di-monosaccharide, di-amino acid, le di-macromolecule tse di jaaka di-protein, di-polysaccharide, di-lipid, jalo le jalo.

Mo ditlhalosong tse dingwe, ke lereo le le akaretsang cytoplasm (sekao, Mohl, 1846),mme mo go tse dingwe, gape le akaretsa nucleoplasm (sekao, Strasburger, 1882). Go ya ka Sharp (1921), "Go ya ka tsela e e neng e dirisiwa ka yone bogologolo, karolo e e kwa ntle ga nyutlease ya protoplast [sele yotlhe, go sa akarediwe le lebota la sele] e ne e bidiwa "protoplasm", mme nucleus le yone e dirilwe ka protoplasm, kgotsa selo se se tshelang ka tsela e kgolwane. Go dumelana ga jaanong ke go tila go sa utlwane gono ka go dirisa Strasburger's (1882) mafoko a cytoplasm [e e tlhamilweng ke Kölliker (1863), kwa tshimologong e le lefoko le le tshwanang le protoplasm] le nucleoplasm [lefoko le le tlhamilweng ke van Beneden (1875), kgotsa karyoplasm, le le dirisitsweng ke Flemming (1878)]". 

Tlhaloso ya cytoplasm ya Strasburger e ne e sa akaretse di-plastide (Chromatoplasm).

## Mareo
Kwantle ga "protoplasm", go ne ga dirisiwa mafoko a mangwe a le mantsi a a amanang le one le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhalosa se se mo teng ga sele fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. E ne e le tse di latelang:

* *Urschleim* (Oken, 1802, 1809),
* *Protoplasma* (Purkinje, 1840, von Mohl, 1846),
* *Primordialschlauch* (primordial utricle, von Mohl, 1846),
* *sarcode* (Dujardin, 1835, 1841),
* *Cytoplasma* (Kölliker, 1863),
* *Hautschicht/Körnerschicht* (ectoplasm/endoplasm, Pringsheim, 1854; Hofmeister, 1867),
* *Grundsubstanz* (ground substance, Cienkowski, 1863),
* metaplasm/protoplasm (Hanstein, 1868),
* deutoplasm/protoplasm (van Beneden, 1870),
* bioplasm (Beale, 1872),
* paraplasm/protoplasm (Kupffer, 1875),
* inter-filar substance theory (Velten, 1876)
* *Hyaloplasma* (Pfeffer, 1877),
* *Protoplast* (Hanstein, 1880),
* *Enchylema/Hyaloplasma* (Hanstein, 1880),
* *Kleinkörperchen* or *Mikrosomen* (small bodies or microsomes, Hanstein, 1882),
* paramitome (Flemming, 1882),
* *Idioplasma* (Nageli, 1884),
* *Zwischensubstanz* (inter-alveolar substance, Bütschli, 1892),
* *Grundplasma* (ground plasma, Schütt, 1895),
* *ergastoplasme* (Garnier, 1897),
* phaneroplasm/cryptoplasm (Seifriz, 1931),
* cytoplasmic matrix (Munson, 1899; *zytoplasmatische Matrix*, Bergmann, 1956),
* *Protoplasma- oder Zelleinschlüsse* (protoplasmic or cellular inclusions, Szymonowicz, 1901),
* kinoplasm/trophoplasm (Strasburger et at., 1912),
* cytosol (Lardy, 1965).

## Histori
Lefoko "protoplasm" le tswa mo Segerikeng protos e e rayang selo sa ntlha, le plasma e e rayang selo se se bopilweng, mme kwa tshimologong le ne le dirisiwa mo dilong tsa bodumedi. E ne ya dirisiwa ka 1839 ke J. E. Purkinje go tswa mo selong se se tswang mo mpeng ya phologolo. Moragonyana, ka 1846 Hugo von Mohl o ne a tlhalosa lefoko le gape (le gape le bidiwang Primordialschlauch, "primordial utricle") go kaya "selo se se thata, se se serolwana, se se boleta, se se metsi" mo teng ga disele tsa semela, go farologanya seno le lebota la sele le matute a sele (Zellsaft) mo teng ga vacuole. Max Schultze ka 1861 o ne a tshitshinya "Protoplasm Doctrine" e e bolelang gore disele tsotlhe tse di tshelang di dirilwe ka selo se se tshelang se se bidiwang Protoplasm. Thomas Huxley (1869) moragonyana o ne a e bitsa "the physical basis of life" mme a akanya gore botshelo bo nnile teng ka ntlha ya go tsamaisiwa ga dimolekhule mo teng ga selo seno.Protoplasm e ne ya nna "selo sa epistemic". Le fa go ntse jalo, tsela e e neng e dirilwe ka yone e ne e sa itsiwe e bile go ne go na le dikganetsano tse dintsi malebana le gore e ne e le seokobatsi sa mofuta mang. 

Ka 1872, Beale o ne a tlhama lereo la vitalist "bioplasm", go farologana le materialism ya ga Huxley. Ka 1880, Hanstein (1880) o ne a akantsha lereo protoplast go kaya sele yotlhe, go sa akaretswe lebota la sele, mme bakwadi bangwe ba ba jaaka Julius von Sachs (1882) ba ne ba rata leina leo go na le sele.  Ka 1965, Lardy o ne a tlhagisa lefoko "cytosol", le le neng la tlhalosiwa gape go kaya seedi se se mo teng ga disele. 

Ka nako ya fa Huxley a ne a kwala, go ne go setse go na le kganetsano e e sa bolong go nna teng ka lobaka lo loleele e e malebana le gore botshelo bo simologile kae: a e ne e le sele kgotsa e ne e le protoplasm? Kwa bofelong jwa bo1860, kgang eno e ne ya rarabololwa ka go buelela protoplasm. Sele e ne e le sejana sa protoplasm, e leng selo sa konokono se se dirang gore botshelo bo nne teng. Thuso ya konokono ya ga Huxley e ne e le go tlhoma protoplasm jaaka e e sa tsamaelaneng le kgopolo ya botshelo.  Maiteko a go batlisisa tshimologo ya botshelo ka go dira "protoplasm" ya maitirelo mo laboratoring ga a ka a atlega.

Kgopolo ya gore protoplasm ya eukaryotes e ka aroganngwa fela go nna selo se se bidiwang "cytoplasm" le mmele o o bidiwang cell nucleus e bontsha kitso ya bogologolo ya popego ya sele e e neng ya nna teng pele ga go simololwa go dirisiwa maekorosekopo ya eleketeroniki, fa go ne go bonala gore cytoplasm e ne e le seedi se se tshwanang mme go nna teng ga dikarolo tse di kwa tlase ga sele, kgotsa gore disele di boloka popego ya tsone jang, go ne go sa itsiwe.  Gompieno, go itsege gore disele tse di mo teng ga disele di na le popego e e raraaneng thata e bile di na le di-organelle tse dintsi, cytoskeleton le di-biomolecular condensates. Lefoko protoplasm le kgaogantswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e leng cytoplasm le nucleus.

## Tlhaloso
**mofuta wa naga**

Protoplasm e na le mmele o o phatsimang, e na le serurubele, e le semifluid kgotsa e le viscous. Mo go yone, go na le dikarolwana tse di bopegileng ka ditsela tse di farologaneng le tse di bogolo jo bo sa tshwaneng tse di tlhatlhetsweng mo thulaganyong. E ka nna ya nna teng mo maemong a mabedi a a ka fetolwang a a tshwanang le a seedi le a a tshwanang le a jeli a a tshwanang le a jeli. Dimolekhule tse di mo go yone di kgona go tsamaya ka kgololesego fa di le mo boemong jwa sol, fa di le mo boemong jwa gel, dimolekhule tse di mo go yone di rulagantswe sentle. Protoplasm ga e bonale sentle fa e gotediwa. Gape e a omelela fa e gotediwa. E fitlhelwa gongwe le gongwe mo seleng. Mo eukaryotes, karolo ya protoplasm e e dikologang nucleus ya sele e bidiwa cytoplasm mme karolo e e mo teng ga nucleus e bidiwa nucleoplasm. Mo go di-prokaryotes dilo tse di mo teng ga plasma membrane ke cytoplasm ya bacteria, fa mo go di-Gram-negative bacteria kgaolo e e kwa ntle ga plasma membrane mme e le mo teng ga membrane e e kwa ntle ke periplasm. 

**sebopego sa dikhemikale**

Go na le dielemente tse di ka nnang 30, tse di jaaka khabone, haeterojene, okosejene, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium le tse dingwe tse dintsi tse di bonwang mo protoplasm ya disele tse di farologaneng. Di dira dikhompoune, jaaka metsi (65-80%), dikhabohaetereite, ione, poroteine, di-lipid, di-nucleic acid (DNA le RNA), di-fatty acid, glycerol, di-nucleotide, di-nucleoside le diminerale. Di a tshela fa fela di sa ntse di le karolo ya protoplasm. Ga di kgone go dira ditiro tsa botshelo ka botsone fela. Go tlhamiwa ga protoplasm ga go dumalane le diphetogo tse di tswelelang go diragala mo go yone. 

**Tiriso**

Dikarolo dingwe tsa protoplasm ke:- E tlamela ka lefelo le ditiro tsotlhe tsa botshelo di diragalang mo go lone. Disele di tsibogela dilo tse di farologaneng tse di jaaka themperetšha, lesedi, dikhemikale, maatlakgogedi, go tlhabiwa, go tshosediwa ka motlakase le tse dingwe ka ntlha ya dinonofo tsa protoplasm. Cyclosis (tsamaiso e e tsamayang ya protoplasm e bidiwa Cyclosis. E thusa gore dilo tse di farologaneng di anamisiwe sentle mo diseleng.) 

## Metswedi