ฮอลอดอมอร์

**ฮอลอดอมอร์** (, ; มาจาก ) หรือที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ **การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ด้วยทุพภิกขภัยในยูเครน** **มหาทุพภิกขภัย** หรือ **การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ชาวยูเครน ค.ศ. 1932–1933** เป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ชาวยูเครนด้วยการปล่อยให้อดอาหารในสาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโซเวียตยูเครนในระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1932 ถึง ค.ศ. 1933 โดยเหตุการณ์ครั้งนั้นคร่าชีวิตชาวยูเครนพื้นเมืองไปหลายล้านคนเนื่องจากภาวะทุพภิกขภัยที่เกิดขึ้นอย่างหนักซึ่งเป็นไปอย่างสงบโดยไม่เคยเกิดขึ้นมาก่อนในประวัติศาสตร์ยูเครน

thumb|300px|Recognition of the Holodomor as a genocide:

คำว่าฮอลอดอมอร์มีความหมายที่เน้นเกี่ยวกับภาวะทุพภิกขภัยที่เกิดขึ้นจากมนุษย์โดยตั้งใจ เช่น การปฏิเสธความช่วยเหลือจากภายนอก การริบอาหารภายในครัวเรือน และการจำกัดการเคลื่อนย้ายของประชากร ประเด็นที่ว่าฮอลอดอมอร์เป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์หรือไม่นั้นยังเป็นที่ถกเถียงกันอยู่ เนื่องจากเป็นสาเหตุให้เกิดภาวะทุพภิกขภัยและการตายโดยตั้งใจ นักวิชาการบางส่วนเชื่อว่าเหตุการณ์นี้ถูกวางแผนโดยโจเซฟ สตาลิน เพื่อป้องกันการประกาศเอกราชของยูเครน การสูญเสียในครั้งนี้ได้ถูกนำไปเปรียบเทียบกับในเหตุการณ์ฮอโลคอสต์ อย่างไรก็ตาม นักประวัติศาสตร์บางส่วนโต้แย้งว่าเหตุการณ์ในครั้งนี้ถือเป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์

## หมายเหตุ

## อ้างอิง

## บรรณานุกรม

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* Liber, George. *Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914–1954* ( U of Toronto Press, 2016).
* Luciuk, Lubomyr, editor, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine, Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008
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*  (A collection of Mace's articles and columns published in *[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]* from 1993 to 2004).
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## อ่านเพิ่ม
### คำประกาศและนิติกรรม
* U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. 19 April 1988. "Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine" (Report to Congress).
* United Nations. 2003. Joint Statement on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) 
* Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 (in Ukrainian)

### หนังสือและบทความ

* , Ewald, *Human life in Russia*, (Cleveland: J.T. Zubal, 1984), Reprint, Originally published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1936.
* *The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: a white book*, S.O. Pidhainy, Editor-In-Chief, (Toronto: Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian-Communist Terror, 1953), (Vol. 1 Book of testimonies. Vol. 2. The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933).
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* Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Luciuk and Bohdan S Kordan, eds, *The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933*, foreword by Michael Marrus (Kingston: Limestone Press, 1988)
* Boriak, H. (2001). The Publication of Sources on the History of the 1932–1933 Famine-Genocide: History, Current State, and Prospects. *Harvard Ukrainian Studies*, *25*(3/4), 167–186.
* Chastushka *Journal of American folklore, Volume 89* Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1976
* Curran, Declan with L Luciuk & A G Newby, co-eds, "Famines in European Economic History: The last great European famines reconsidered," Routledge, 2015
* Davies, R.W., *The Socialist offensive: the collectivization of Soviet agriculture, 1929–1930*, (London: Macmillan, 1980).
* *Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes*, (Sonnebühl: H. Wild, 1988), By Dmytro Zlepko. [eine Dokumentation, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Dmytro Zlepko].
* Dolot, Miron, *Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine*, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1984); "Execution By Hunger, The Hidden Holocaust" (W.W. Norton & Company, 1985).
* Dushnyk, Walter, *50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine*, (New York: Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, 1983).
* Barbara Falk, *Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben* (= Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas 38), Köln: Böhlau Verlag 2005 
* Fürst, Juliane. *Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism* Oxford University Press. 2010. 
* Gregorovich, Andrew, "Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence", *Forum: A Ukrainian Review*, No. 24, (Scranton: Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, 1974).
* Kowalski, Ludwik. *Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime* Wasteland Press. 2008. 
* Luciuk, L. Y. (ed), "Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine" (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2009)
* Halii, Mykola, *Organized famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933*, (Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute, 1963).
* Hlushanytsia, Pavlo, "Tretia svitova viina Pavla Hlushanytsi == The third world war of Pavlo Hlushanytsia", translated by Vera Moroz, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1986). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
* *Holod na Ukraini, 1932–1933: vybrani statti*, uporiadkuvala Nadiia Karatnyts'ka, (New York: Suchasnist', 1985).
* *Holod 1932–33 rokiv na Ukraini: ochyma istorykiv, movoij dokumentiv*, (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo politychnoyi literatury Ukrainy, 1990).
* Hryshko, Vasyl, *The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933*, Edited and translated by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation, Suzhero, Dobrus, 1983).
* *Holodomor: The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933* (Warsaw–Kyiv, 2009)
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* *International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, Proceedings [transcript]*, 23–27 May 1988, Brussels, Belgium, Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Legal Counsel, World Congress of Free Ukrainians: John Sopinka, Alexandra Chyczij; Legal Council for the commission, Ian A. Hunter, 1988.
* *International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. Proceedings [transcript]*, 21 October – 5 November 1988, New York City, [Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Counsel for the Petitioner, William Liber; General Counsel, Ian A. Hunter], 1988.
* *International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine. Final report*, [Jacob W.F. Sundberg, President], 1990. [Proceedings of the International Commission of Inquiry and its Final report are in typescript, contained in 6 vols. Copies available from the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Toronto].
* Kalynyk, Oleksa, *Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine*, (London: The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain, 1955).
* Klady, Leonard, "Famine Film *Harvest of Despair*", *Forum: A Ukrainian Review*, No. 61, Spring 1985, (Scranton: Ukrainian Fraternal Association, 1985).
* *Kolektyvizatsia і Holod na Ukraini 1929–1933: Zbirnyk documentiv і materialiv*, Z.M. Mychailycenko, E.P. Shatalina, S.V. Kulcycky, eds., (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1992).
* Kostiuk, Hryhory, *Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939*, (Munich: Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSSR, 1960).
* Kovalenko, L.B. & Maniak, B.A., eds., *Holod 33: Narodna knyha-memorial*, (Kyiv: Radians'kyj pys'mennyk, 1991).
* Krawchenko, Bohdan, *Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine*, (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1985).
* R. Kuśnierz, *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000523/http://www.robertkusnierz.pl//wielkiglodpokazslajdow.html Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933)]*,Torun , 2005
* Leonard Leshuk, ed., *Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934* (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 1995)
* Luciuk, Lubomyr (and L Grekul), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008.)
* Lubomyr Luciuk, ed., *Not Worthy: Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times* (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2004)
* *Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33*, a cura di Andrea Graziosi, (Torino: Einaudi, 1991).
* Mace, James E., *Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933*, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., 1983).
* Makohon, P., *Svidok: Spohady pro 33-ho*, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1983).
* Martchenko, Borys, *La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933*, (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983).
* Marunchak, Mykhailo H., *Natsiia v borot'bi za svoie isnuvannia: 1932 і 1933 v Ukraini і diiaspori*, (Winnipeg: Nakl. Ukrains'koi vil'noi akademii nauk v Kanadi, 1985).
* *Memorial*, compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of "Memorial", 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine].
* Mishchenko, Oleksandr, *Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen*', (Kyiv: Molod', 1991).
* Oleksiw, Stephen, *The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933*, (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983).
* *Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934*, [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation).
* Pidnayny, Alexandra, *A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933*, (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975).
* Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, *8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini*, (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951).
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* Senyshyn, Halyna, *Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933*, (Ottawa: Montreal: Umman, 1983).
* Solovei, Dmytro, *The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine*, compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953).
* Stradnyk, Petro, *Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini*, (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972).
* Taylor, S.J., *Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times's Man in Moscow*, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
* *The Foreign Office and the famine: British documents on Ukraine and the great famine of 1932–1933*, edited by Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Bohdan Kor.
* *The man-made famine in Ukraine* (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak].
* United States, *Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine*, [Daniel E. Mica, chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 1988).
* United States, *Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine*, James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990).
* *Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33*, [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
* Verbyts'kyi, M., *Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv*, (London: Dobrus, 1952).
* Voropai, Oleksa, *V deviatim kruzi*, (London, England: Sum, 1953).
* Voropai, Oleksa, * The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933*, Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983).
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## แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

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*  Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933  at the Central State Archive of Ukraine (photos, links)
* Stanislav Kulchytsky, ''Italian Research on the Holodomor'', October 2005.
* Stanislav Kulchytsky, *"Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians"*Six-part series from *[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]*: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6; Kulchytsky on Holodomor 1–6
*  Valeriy Soldatenko, *"A starved 1933: subjective thoughts on objective processes"*, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, Kyiv, Ukraine, 28 June4 July 2003. Available online
*  Stanislav Kulchytsky's articles in Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, Kyiv, Ukraine
** *"How many of us perish in Holodomor on 1933"*, 23 November 2002&nbsp;– 29 November 2002. Available online
** *"Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. Through the pages of one almost forgotten book"* 16–22 August 2003. Available online
** *"Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine-2"*, 4 October 2003&nbsp;– 10 October 2003. Available online
** *"Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century"*, 2 October 2004&nbsp;– 8 October 2004. Available online
** *"Holodomor-33: Why and how?"* 25 November1 December. Available online
* Ukraine Famine Revelations from the Russian Archives at the Library of Congress
* Sergei Melnikoff, Photos of Holodomor *gulag.ipvnews.org*
* The General Committee decided this afternoon not to recommend the inclusion of an item on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. *www.un.org*
* Nicolas Werth Case Study: The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 / CNRSFrance
* HolodomorFamine in Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933 archived from *kiev.usembassy.gov*
* Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934collection of archive materials *rusarchives.ru*
* Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraineofficial site of the Security Service of Ukraine, *www.sbu.gov.ua*
* CBC program about the Great Hunger archived from *www.cbc.ca*
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* People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial" archived from *www.narodnaviyna.org.ua*
* Oksana Kis, Defying Death Women's Experience of the Holodomor, 1932–1933 *www.academia.edu*

หมวดหมู่:การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์
หมวดหมู่:โจเซฟ สตาลิน
หมวดหมู่:ทุพภิกขภัยในทวีปยุโรป
หมวดหมู่:ทุพภิกขภัยในสหภาพโซเวียต