open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ꠛꠠꠖꠤꠘ

**ꠛꠠꠖꠤꠘ** ꠀꠞ ꠘꠣꠄ **ꠇꠤꠞꠤꠍꠝꠣꠍ** ꠄꠉꠥ ꠛꠍꠞꠤ ꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠦꠞ ꠃꠔꠡꠛ ⁕ ꠚꠞꠔꠦꠇ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ  ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠎꠤꠡꠥ ꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠞ ꠎꠘꠝꠖꠤꠘ, ꠅꠃ ꠄꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠅꠃ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠝꠣꠘꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠅꠃ ꠖꠤꠘꠅꠃ ꠎꠦ ꠎꠤꠡꠥꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠎꠘꠝꠖꠤꠘ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠉꠦꠍꠦꠘꠣ ⁕ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠇꠤꠡꠐꠣꠘꠞꠣ ꠝꠘꠧ ꠈꠞꠔꠣ, ꠅꠃ ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠇꠧꠞ ꠚꠥꠞꠣ ꠘꠄ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠝꠦꠞꠤꠞ ꠉꠞ꠆ꠜꠔ ꠓꠥꠇꠁꠘ ꠎꠤꠡꠥ ⁕ ꠝꠘꠧꠅꠄ ꠅꠃ ꠄꠞ ꠟꠣꠔꠤ  ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠇ ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠎꠤꠡꠥꠞ ꠎꠘꠝꠖꠤꠘ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠝꠔꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠅꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇ ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ ꠃꠔꠡꠛ ⁕ 

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠈꠤꠡꠐꠣꠘ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝ
ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ

**ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠄꠈꠎꠣꠔ ꠝꠤꠐꠣ ꠞꠥꠐꠤꠞꠎꠣꠔ ꠚꠤꠑꠣ⁕ ꠞꠥꠐꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠀ ꠍꠤꠘꠤꠞ ꠡꠤꠞꠣꠔ ꠎꠣꠟ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ ꠖꠦꠈꠔꠦ ꠉꠥꠟ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠈꠣꠍ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠘꠤ, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠍꠣꠠꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠧꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁꠔ ꠘꠣ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠄꠛꠟꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠅꠈꠟ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠎꠣꠅꠀꠄ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠣꠅ ꠚꠣꠅꠀ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘ ꠓꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ ꠄꠈ ꠘꠣꠄ⁕ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠄꠈ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠖꠥꠁꠅꠐꠣ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡ⁕

## ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ
ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠈꠣꠘꠤ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠁꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠀꠅꠀ ꠀꠚꠉꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ⁕
ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋ** '''ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ''' ꠃꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ-ꠙꠌ꠆ꠌꠤꠝ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠌꠟꠞ ꠉꠣꠁꠛꠣꠘ꠆ꠗꠣ, ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠅ ꠡꠤꠞꠣꠎꠉꠁꠘ꠆ꠎ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠉꠣꠋ⁕ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠁꠉꠥ ১৮৩ ꠇꠤꠟꠥꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠝꠛꠣ, ১৪৩ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠍꠦꠚꠐꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠉꠣꠋꠉ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠢꠣꠚꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠚꠦꠍꠣꠁꠟ-ꠝꠥꠞꠣꠁꠟ⁕ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠡꠤ ꠎꠣꠁꠛꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠁꠋꠇꠣ ꠔꠘꠦ ২০০৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠀꠟꠥꠍꠘꠣꠔ ꠀꠄ⁕ ꠎꠣꠞꠖꠣꠄ ꠁ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠜꠃꠉꠟꠤꠇ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠞꠖꠛꠖꠟ ꠘꠥ ꠅꠁꠎꠤꠛ⁕
## ꠃꠔ꠆ꠚꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ
ꠅꠘꠇꠥꠞ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠤꠍꠔꠣ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠉꠔꠤꠚꠕ ১৮৭৮ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠦꠛꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠀꠞ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠁ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠄ ꠘꠥ ꠢꠣꠞꠣ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠌꠟꠞ ꠉꠣꠋꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠝꠦꠚꠞ ꠛꠣꠇꠇꠣ ꠃꠟꠐ-ꠚꠣꠟꠐ ꠈꠞꠤꠟꠣꠄ⁕ ১৭৮৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠝ꠆ꠝꠚꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠝꠄꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋꠉꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ ꠖꠤ ꠜꠂꠞꠛ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠀꠁꠀ ꠝꠦꠊꠘꠣ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠡ꠆ꠔ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠅꠃ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ, ꠛ꠆ꠞꠝ꠆ꠝꠚꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠉꠔꠤ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠁꠟꠣꠄ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠚꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠔ ꠀꠁꠀ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠔ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠔꠤꠍꠔꠣ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠅ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠉꠔꠤ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠁꠟꠣꠄ⁕ ꠝꠘꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ **ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠞ** ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠅ ১৭৮৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ, ꠈꠦꠘꠦꠘꠣ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠔꠤꠍꠔꠣ ꠅ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣꠞ ꠅꠘꠇꠥꠞ ꠉꠔꠤꠚꠕ ১৭৮৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠘꠣ⁕
## ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ
ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠘꠤꠟꠚꠣꠝꠣꠞꠤ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠔꠤꠍꠔꠣ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠔꠘꠦ⁕ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠉꠣꠋꠉ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠊꠣꠊꠐ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠉꠣꠁꠛꠣꠘ꠆ꠗꠣꠔ ꠀꠁꠀ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠁꠍꠦ⁕ ꠉꠣꠁꠛꠣꠘ꠆ꠗꠣꠔ ꠀꠁꠀ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠐꠥꠝꠣꠄ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ- ꠄꠈ ꠒꠣꠟ ꠚꠍꠝꠞ ꠊꠣꠊꠐ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠎꠣꠅꠀ ꠡꠦꠞꠚꠥꠞꠞ ꠇꠞꠔꠥꠀ ꠉꠣꠋꠉ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠚꠙꠠꠍꠦ; ꠀꠞꠉꠥ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠖꠇ꠆ꠇꠤꠘꠛꠣꠄ ꠀꠉꠥꠀꠁꠀ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣꠔ ꠢꠤꠞꠛꠣꠞ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠐꠥꠝꠣꠄ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ⁕ ꠢꠃ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠒꠣꠟ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠞꠔꠥꠀꠔ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠚꠠꠍꠦ⁕

ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠞ ꠛꠣꠇꠇꠣ ꠒꠣꠟꠚꠣꠟꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ: ꠛꠦꠟꠣꠟ, ꠝꠣꠘꠡ, ꠝꠗꠥꠈꠣꠟꠤ, ꠁꠍꠣꠝꠔꠤ, ꠜꠟꠇꠣ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠈꠔꠔꠣ⁕ ꠁ ꠒꠣꠟꠚꠣꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠤꠔꠞ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝꠅ ꠢꠥꠇꠣꠁ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕

ꠁꠖꠣꠘꠤꠋꠇꠥ ꠔꠤꠍꠔꠣ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠢꠥꠔ ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠟ ꠅꠁ ꠎꠣꠅꠀꠄ, ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠛꠘꠍꠦ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣ ꠁꠘꠍ꠆ꠐꠤꠐꠤꠃꠐꠞ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠈ ꠛꠦꠛꠍꠕꠣꠚꠘꠣ ꠚꠞꠤꠍꠣꠟꠇ ꠀꠛꠖꠥꠟ ꠅꠀꠎꠦꠖ ꠝꠘꠈꠞꠂꠘ "ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤꠞ ꠚꠁꠟ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ⁕" ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤꠄ ꠔꠣꠘ ꠈꠕꠣꠞꠦ ꠡꠣꠙꠥꠐ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ⁕

## ꠁꠔꠤꠀꠡ
ꠀꠡ꠆ꠐꠖꠡ ꠡꠔꠈꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠛꠣꠄ, ꠃꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠛꠋꠉꠔ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠞꠣꠎꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠖꠦ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠥꠟꠘ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠁꠔ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠚꠇꠤꠞ-ꠡꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠤ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠢꠞ ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠔꠝ ꠚꠗꠣꠘ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠞꠋꠙꠥꠞ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠚꠣꠠꠅ⁕ ꠔꠄ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ) ꠔꠘꠦ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ ꠇꠤꠘꠣ ꠜꠣꠟꠣꠈꠞꠤ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ꠘꠣ⁕
## ꠁꠖꠣꠘꠤꠋꠇꠥꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠡ꠆ꠡꠣ
ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠞ ꠁꠖꠣꠘꠤꠋꠇꠥꠞ ꠚꠞꠤꠍꠕꠤꠔꠤ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠐꠦꠘꠡꠘꠅ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠅꠘ ꠛꠃꠒꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ, ꠉꠣꠋ-ꠜꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞꠖꠣꠄ ꠚꠞꠔꠦꠈ ꠛꠞꠍ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠉꠣꠋ, ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞꠛꠣꠄ ৮০ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠀꠉꠥꠀꠁꠀ ꠀꠞ⁕ ২০০৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ, ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ৩০০ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠚꠣꠈ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠖꠥꠁꠐꠣꠞꠦ ꠀꠟꠉꠣ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠞꠣꠈꠍꠦ⁕ ꠁꠘꠎꠤꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ ꠀꠡꠁꠋꠇꠣ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠈꠂꠍꠂꠘ, ꠎꠥꠖꠤꠘ ꠖꠥꠄꠐꠣ ꠉꠣꠋ ꠄꠈꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠡꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠔꠦ ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠤꠞꠣꠎꠉꠁꠘ꠆ꠎꠞ ১,০০,০০০ ꠢꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠔꠟꠣꠔ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠁꠎꠤꠛ⁕ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠄ ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-ꠘꠉꠞꠛꠣꠠꠤ ꠡꠠꠇ ꠜꠣꠋꠉꠤꠟꠣꠁꠟꠦ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ ꠛꠋꠉꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠥ ꠡꠦꠔꠥ ꠛꠦꠈꠣꠝꠣ ꠅꠁꠎꠤ⁕ ꠁꠉꠥꠄ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠋꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠣ ꠎꠝꠤꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠛꠍꠞꠤ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠈꠞꠣ ꠛꠣꠠꠣꠁ ꠖꠤꠛ⁕
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠉꠣꠋꠉ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ

**ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ** ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠝꠥꠈꠞ ꠛꠥꠟꠤ  ⁕ ꠡꠣꠗꠥ ꠀꠞ ꠌꠟꠤꠔ ꠅꠃ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠖꠚꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠐꠤꠀ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠉꠂꠠꠤ/ꠞꠣꠠꠤ/ꠘꠖꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠡꠞ ꠝꠥꠈꠞ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠁꠎꠣꠔ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠇꠕꠣꠞ ꠌꠟ ⁕  

## ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠇꠟ

## ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ
*ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
*ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
*ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠝꠣꠔ
*ꠀꠞꠛꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ

## ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠣ

30px ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠍꠚꠞ - Wy/syl/ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠟ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠔ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠖꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠍꠣꠞ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠍꠣꠞ** ꠀꠞ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠙꠤ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠀꠗꠣ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠐꠣꠞꠤ ꠛꠣꠁꠘꠤ ꠨ ⁕

## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠀꠁꠘꠞ ꠟꠥꠇ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠁꠘꠤ
ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠝꠥꠔ

****  (ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ - Бахмут /bɐxˈmut/) ꠟꠂꠀ ꠞꠣꠡꠤꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠅꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠝꠣꠁꠞ ꠌꠟꠦꠞ ꠨ ꠁꠈꠣꠘ ꠙꠥꠅꠞ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠝꠥꠔ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ ꠖꠘꠦꠍ꠆ꠇ ꠙꠖꠦꠡ ꠅꠞ ꠄꠇꠦꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠏꠈꠣꠘꠅ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠍꠦ ⁕⁕ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠇꠥ ꠞꠣꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠅꠀꠉꠘꠣꠞ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠙ ꠄ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠝꠥꠔꠞ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠎꠦꠉꠣ ꠖꠈꠟꠦ ꠘꠤꠍꠦꠉꠤ ⁕

## ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠔꠣꠔ
* ꠟꠉꠣꠟꠉ ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠟ 
* ꠟꠉꠣꠟꠉ ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣꠞ ꠈꠛꠞ 

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

## ꠉꠦꠟꠣꠞꠤ

Flag of Bakhmut (Donetsk Oblast).svg
Historical map of Bakhmut in Ukraine.jpg
Панорама міста Артемівськ 77.JPG
Battle of Bakhmut 1.jpg


__INDEX__
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠉꠅ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠃꠞꠥꠙ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠎꠦꠉꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ** ꠅꠁꠟꠧ **ꠙꠥꠛꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠣ** ꠘꠣꠄ **ꠙꠥꠅꠞ ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟ** ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ **ꠙꠥꠅꠞ ꠛꠋꠉ** (ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠖꠤ  ꠪ বাংলাদেশ ꠨ ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠝꠣꠔꠖꠤ  ꠪ Bengal) ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠖꠇ꠆ꠈꠤꠘ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠙꠥꠛꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠖꠦꠡ‌ ⁕ ꠁꠔꠤꠀꠡꠞ ꠉꠂꠠꠤ ꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠞ (ꠙꠥꠛ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ) ꠙꠥꠛꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ ꠀꠝꠟꠧ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ **ꠙꠥꠅꠞ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ** ꠀꠞ ꠀꠎꠣꠖꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠣꠞ ꠙꠥꠛ ꠛꠣꠎꠥꠞ ꠡꠣꠋꠛꠤꠗꠣꠘꠤꠇ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠅꠁꠟ **ꠉꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ** ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ⁕ ꠜꠥ-ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠁꠔꠤꠇ ꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙꠌ꠆ꠌꠤꠝꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠃꠔꠞꠦꠖꠤ  ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠛꠣꠄꠖꠤ ꠙꠌ꠆ꠌꠤꠝꠛꠋꠉ (ꠙꠌ꠆ꠝꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠣ) ꠨ ꠀꠡꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠦꠊꠣꠟꠄ ꠨ ꠙꠥꠛꠞ ꠛꠒꠣꠞꠦꠖꠤ ꠀꠡꠣꠝ ꠨ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠤꠎꠧꠞꠣꠝ ꠨ ꠖꠇ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ-ꠙꠥꠛ ꠛꠒꠣꠞꠦꠖꠤ ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠣ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠞꠣꠈꠣꠁꠘ ꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠇ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠖꠤ ꠛꠋꠉꠧꠙꠡꠣꠉꠞ ꠞꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠜꠥꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠃꠉꠟꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠙꠣꠡꠥꠀ ꠛ-ꠖꠤꠙꠞ ꠅꠋꠡ ⁕ ꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠞ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠙꠌ꠆ꠌꠤꠝꠛꠋꠉ ꠀꠞ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠥꠞꠣ-ꠞꠦ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠃꠉꠟꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠅ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠉꠔ "ꠛꠋꠉ" ꠅꠘꠌꠟ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ "ꠛꠋꠉ" ꠜꠥꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠞ ꠙꠥꠛ ꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠙꠥꠞꠛ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠣ  ꠡꠣꠟꠧ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠘ ꠅ ꠡꠣꠞ꠆ꠛꠜꠃꠝ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠁꠔ ꠎꠦ ꠇꠅꠐꠣ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠍꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ⁕

## ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ
thumb|left|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠔ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ
### ꠚꠅꠟꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠞ ꠎꠝꠣꠘꠣ
 ꠁꠡꠣꠁꠔ ꠚꠣꠅꠅꠣ ꠃꠅꠣꠞꠤ ꠛꠐꠦꠡ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠞ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠘꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠅꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠛꠡꠔꠤ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ  ꠢꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠘ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠅ ꠨ ꠄꠈꠎꠛꠣꠘꠣꠔ ꠁꠘ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠣꠛꠤꠠ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠤꠛ꠆ꠛꠔꠤꠅ-ꠛꠞ꠆ꠝꠤ ꠉꠧꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠛꠡꠔꠤ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ⁕

### ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠎꠝꠣꠘꠣ
 ꠡꠔꠇꠞ ꠢꠦꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠣꠅ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠔ ꠁꠃꠞꠥꠙꠤ ꠁꠛꠡꠇꠅꠤ ꠅꠈꠍ꠆ꠔꠦꠀꠡꠍ꠆ꠦ ꠀꠡ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛ ꠛꠣꠄꠤ ꠎꠣꠅ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟ ꠙꠟꠣꠡꠤꠞ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠀ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠞ ꠇꠦꠣꠡꠘ ꠈꠝꠔꠣꠇꠖꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠦ ꠀꠍ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠀꠍ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠠ ꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠖꠈꠟꠧ ꠀꠄ ⁕

## ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘꠤꠇ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ  ꠐꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠈꠞꠣ ⁕ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠪ ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠨ ꠌꠐ꠆ꠐꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ ꠨ ꠞꠣꠎꠡꠣꠢꠤ ꠨ ꠈꠥꠟꠘꠣ ꠨ ꠛꠞꠤꠡꠣꠟ ꠨ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠨ ꠞꠋꠙꠥꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠄꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋꠢ ⁕ ꠚꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠈ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠀꠍꠦ ꠈꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠎꠦꠟꠣ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠧꠐ ꠎꠤꠟꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ   ⁕ ꠎꠤꠟꠣꠞ ꠌꠦꠄ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘꠤꠇ ꠅꠘꠌꠟꠞꠦ ꠃꠙꠎꠤꠟꠣ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠅ ⁕ ꠡꠣꠞꠣꠖꠦꠡ  ꠐꠣ ꠃꠙꠎꠥꠟꠣ (ꠡꠛꠞ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠅꠛꠤꠉꠘ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠡꠣꠄꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠉꠘ꠆ꠎ ꠃꠙꠎꠤꠟꠣ) ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠝꠧꠐ  ꠐꠣ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠅꠘ ꠪  ꠐꠣ ꠝꠃꠎꠣ ꠀꠞ  ꠐꠣ ꠉꠣꠃ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠨ ꠎꠤꠟꠣ ꠅ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠁꠟꠦꠇꠡꠘ ꠚꠣꠡ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝꠇꠞ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠘꠣꠁ ꠪ ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞ ꠄ ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠇꠞ ꠖꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠅꠘꠌꠟ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠅꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ⁕ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠙꠃꠞꠡꠜꠣꠞ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠁꠔꠣꠔ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠤꠔ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠘꠤꠗꠤꠞ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠔꠤ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕  ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠅꠘ ꠅ ꠛꠦꠐꠤꠘꠔꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ  ꠀꠡꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕

## ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ  ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠞꠣꠎꠣꠖꠦꠡ . ꠄꠈꠘ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠡꠣꠡꠘ ꠈꠞꠦꠞ ꠀꠅꠣꠝꠤꠟꠤꠉ  ꠄ ⁕ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠡꠦꠈ ꠢꠣꠍꠤꠘꠣ ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠍꠤꠒꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠢꠣꠝꠤꠖ ⁕

## ꠙꠄꠡꠣꠇꠠꠤ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠎ়ꠘꠡꠤꠟ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤ ꠈꠦꠔꠉꠤꠞꠍ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞ ⁕ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠡꠋꠊꠞ ꠙꠖꠞ ꠛꠣꠐ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠖꠦꠡ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠔꠥꠠꠣ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠔ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕  ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠕꠣꠙꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠄ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ  ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠒꠟꠣꠞ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠝꠣꠕꠣꠙꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠄ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠅꠣ  ꠒꠟꠣꠞꠅ (1 ꠒꠟꠣꠞ = 84 ꠐꠦꠇꠣ) ꠀꠁꠀ ꠈꠣꠠꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠛꠤꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠐꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠞꠤꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠜ  ꠛꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠒꠟꠣꠞꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ⁕

## ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
thumb|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ

## ꠟꠇ


## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠡꠦꠈ ꠝꠥꠎꠤꠛꠥꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ
* ꠄꠝ ꠄ ꠎꠤ ꠅꠍꠝꠣꠘꠤ
* ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠦꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠡꠤꠀ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ ꠇꠣꠔꠣꠞ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ ꠇꠣꠔꠣꠞ** ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠙꠤꠡꠤꠀꠟ ꠘꠣꠝ **ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠝꠣꠡꠢꠥꠞ-ꠃꠟ-ꠢꠇ ꠝꠦꠝꠞꠤꠀꠟ ꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ** (Bangladesh B.M.H.M School & College)

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠢꠤꠇꠣ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ ꠌꠂꠖꠤꠀꠞꠛ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ ꠌꠂꠖꠤ-ꠀꠞꠛ** ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠙꠤꠡꠤꠀꠟ ꠘꠣꠝ **ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠡꠘꠣꠟ ꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ ꠖꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠝ** ( ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠪ Bangladesh International School Dammam )

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠢꠤꠇꠣ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠇꠥꠟ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠛ꠆ꠟꠦꠇ ꠢꠦꠐ ꠢꠦꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠍ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠛ꠆ꠟꠦꠇ ꠢꠦꠐ ꠢꠦꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠍ** ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ **ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠇꠣꠟꠣ ꠔꠇꠤꠞ ꠢꠦꠇ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠅꠇꠟ** ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠢꠦꠇ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠡꠋꠉꠑꠘ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠀꠟꠥꠌꠘꠣꠔ ꠀꠄ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠌꠣꠁꠛꠣꠞ ꠎꠋꠉ ꠟꠣꠉꠣꠁꠀ ⁕  ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠤ ꠛꠣꠁꠘꠤ ꠛꠤ-ꠄꠡ-ꠄꠚ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠔ ꠢꠞ ꠢꠣꠝꠦꠡꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠝꠣꠞꠤꠟꠣꠅꠀ ꠀꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠨ ꠚꠦꠟꠣꠘꠤꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ-ꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠎꠣꠁꠘ ⁕ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠐꠤꠙꠣꠁꠝꠥꠈ ꠛꠣꠘ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠞ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠡꠥ ꠁ ꠌꠣꠁꠛꠣꠞ ꠎꠋꠉꠔ ꠀꠞꠧ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠘ ꠖꠦꠄ ⁕  ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠛ꠆ꠟꠦꠇ ꠢꠦꠇ ꠢꠦꠇꠣꠞ ꠁ ꠌꠣꠁꠛꠣꠞ ꠎꠋꠉ ꠊꠥꠡꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠟꠦꠅ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠞꠦꠇ ꠢꠦꠇꠣꠞ ꠉꠥꠞꠅ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠌꠣꠁꠛꠣꠞ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠝꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠖꠦꠄ ⁕  ꠢꠤꠞꠛꠣꠞ  ꠅꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌꠞꠛꠣꠄꠖꠤ ꠨ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠤꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠛꠤꠖ ꠡꠡꠤ ꠕꠣꠞꠥꠞ ꠨ ꠁꠋꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠀꠞꠣ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠌꠤꠞꠣꠁꠀ ꠝꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠔꠣꠘ ꠅꠄꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ ꠁ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠄ ꠢꠦꠇ ꠇꠞꠦ ⁕ 

## ꠟꠇ


## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠇꠤꠙꠐꠇꠠꠤ
* ꠇꠤꠙꠐꠞ ꠇꠣꠝ
* ꠛꠟꠇꠌꠦꠁꠘ

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠢꠦꠇ ꠇꠞꠣ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠢꠦꠇ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠚꠣꠇꠤ

ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠖꠇꠘ ꠄꠡꠤꠅꠣꠞ ꠄꠈ ꠖꠦꠡ⁕  ꠉꠣꠍ ꠉꠣꠍꠣꠟꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠚꠞꠤꠍꠤꠔ ꠁ ꠖꠦꠡ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠞ ꠡꠛ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠘꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠔꠞ ꠚꠣꠇꠤ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠄꠞꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠈꠅꠅꠣꠞ ꠎꠥꠇꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ: ꠖꠥꠄꠟ, ꠛꠥꠟꠛꠥꠟꠤ, ꠇꠛꠥꠔꠞ, ꠇꠥꠠꠣ, ꠚꠦꠍꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠖꠣ, ꠒꠥꠚꠤ, ꠈꠣꠃꠅꠣ, ꠛꠉ꠆ꠟꠣ, ꠝꠣꠍꠞꠣꠋꠉꠣ⁕  

ꠍꠦꠝꠣ-ꠒꠣꠇꠣ,ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠒꠣꠇꠣ ꠀꠝꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠅ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ⁕ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡ ꠐꠣꠞꠦ ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠇꠞꠤꠅꠣ 

ꠔꠥꠟꠞ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠎꠔꠝ⁕

ꠘꠣꠘꠣ ꠞঙꠦꠞ,ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠉꠑꠘꠞ ꠅ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠉꠣꠘꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠄꠖꠦꠡꠞ   ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠤꠔꠤ

ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠅꠁꠞ⁕ꠅ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠞ ꠒꠣꠇꠦ ꠊꠥꠝ ꠜꠣঙꠦ⁕ꠄꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠛꠥꠎ 

ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠤꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠇ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕

ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ;ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠡꠛꠥꠎ ꠡ꠆ꠎꠣꠝꠟꠣ⁕ꠅ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠑꠦ ꠝꠣꠑꠦꠗꠣꠘ,

ꠉꠣꠍꠦ ꠉꠣꠍꠦ ꠚꠟ,ꠀꠞ ꠘꠖ-ꠘꠖꠤ,ꠈꠣꠟ-ꠛꠤꠟ ꠅ ꠙꠥꠇꠞꠤꠔ ꠝꠣꠍ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕

ꠄ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠞ ꠈꠣꠘꠣ ꠡꠛ-ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠙꠣꠅꠅꠣ ꠎꠣꠅ⁕ ꠅꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠅ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠞ ꠇꠧꠘ ꠅꠜꠣꠛ ꠘꠣꠁ⁕ꠅ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠝꠧꠐꠣꠝꠥꠐꠤ 

৫৫০ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠅ⁕ꠔꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ৪০০ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠅ 

ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠇꠤ ꠎꠦ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠕꠦꠇꠤ ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠛꠦꠠꠣꠘꠤꠔ ꠀꠅ⁕ꠀꠝꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠖꠦꠡꠦꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ 

ꠉꠣꠍ-ꠉꠣꠍꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠛꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠖꠤꠅꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ,ꠀꠞ ꠅꠕꠤꠔꠤ ꠙꠣꠈꠤ ꠡꠤꠔꠇꠣꠟ ꠢꠤꠝꠣꠟꠅ ꠅ ꠡꠣꠁꠛꠦꠞꠤꠅꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠤ ꠃꠠꠤꠅꠣ ꠀꠅ,ꠛꠡꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ꠀꠛꠣꠞ 

ꠎꠣꠅ ꠉꠤ⁕
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠞ ꠝꠣꠁꠞꠇꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠣ

ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠅ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠋꠉꠑꠘꠖꠤ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠟ ꠒꠞꠖꠦꠈꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠅꠜꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠙꠕꠝ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠖꠟꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ  ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠃꠖꠄ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ  ꠐꠣ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠃꠙꠖꠟꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠘꠦꠐꠅꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠙꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠞ ꠛꠍꠞꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠅ ꠛꠟꠍꠤꠟ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠙꠘ꠆ꠕꠤ ꠖꠟꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠙꠗꠣꠘ ꠟꠁꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐꠅ ꠉꠑꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠡꠣꠡꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ⁕

## ꠇꠞꠞ
Bangladesh like many other Muslim countries could not escape the 
post-Afghan war diffusion of militant Islamism ⁕ At the beginning of the 
1990s ꠨ some quarters doing politics in the name of religion in the country 
raised a slogan: *Amra sobai hobo Taliban ꠨ Bangla Hobe Afghanistan* (We 
will all become Taliban and turn Bangladesh into Afghanistan) ⁕ The makers 
of the slogan are Afghan war veterans who went to Afghanistan to fight the 
Soviet army in the 1980s and returned home with militant ideologies ⁕ 
National media investigations find more than two dozen militant Islamist 
organizations which have set up their network across the country since 
1989 with the central objective of establishing an Islamic state ⁕ A defence 
analyst of Bangladesh notes that Islamist militancy in the country began to 
breed in the late 1980s.The phenomenon reorganized in the mid 1990s and 
it got exposed in the late 1990s ⁕ For example ꠨ Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (est.1992).

In the 1990s ꠨ the training for this organisation recruits was given in the hilly areas of Chittagong and Cox's Bazar ⁕ 
Later on ꠨ members of the group made one of the first attacks: an attempt on the life of Shamsur Rahman ꠨ the liberal poet in January 1999.

## ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠏꠦꠔꠣ (ꠀꠡꠟ ꠊꠑꠘꠣꠁꠘ)
### 
* On 18 January 1999 ꠨ Harkat-ul Jihad al-Islami Bangladesh carried out at assassination attempt on Shamsur Rahman.
* On 6 March 1999 ꠨ bomb attack on Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi in Jessore (carried out by Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami) killed 10.
* 15 March 1999 bomb attack on the home of Mohibur Rahman Manik ꠨ Awami League member of parliament ꠨ killing two.

### 
* One of the biggest attacks happened on 17 August 2005 ꠨ a total of 500 bombs exploded in 300 locations covering most of the territory of Bangladesh ꠨ 2 people were killed and 50 wounded in the incident ⁕ Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh later claimed responsibility for the bombings.
* On 29 November 2005 Chittagong court house bombed.
* On 8 December 2005 suicide bomb attack on Netrokona udichi festival.
### 
* On 30 October 2009 ꠨ three people were killed in a bomb attack on Shah Jalal Dargah.
### 
* On 18 September 2014 ꠨ police arrested 7 JMB terrorists ꠨ including a top commander Abdullah Al Tasnim ꠨ in the Landing Station Port area ⁕ The militants intended to utilize 10 kilogrammes of liquid explosives ꠨ in a number of terrorist acts throughout the country ꠨ in order to establish cooperation with ISIL.

### 
* On 1 July 2016 ꠨ five attackers opened fire inside the Holey Artisan Bakery located in the posh Gulshan neighbourhood ꠨ which is also part of the diplomatic enclave of Dhaka ⁕ Around 22 civilians and 2 police officers were killed ⁕ All five attackers were neutralised by the commando units of the Bangladesh Armed Forces ꠨ who stormed the building.
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ

**ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ** ꠛꠣ **ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ** ꠛꠣ **ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ** ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ১৯৭১ꠅ ꠊꠐꠣ ꠢꠡꠝꠄꠇꠥꠞ ꠚꠁꠍꠝ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠚꠇ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠚꠥꠛ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠅꠍꠔ꠆ꠞꠡꠢ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ, ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠞ ꠈꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠔ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠘꠤꠍꠦ⁕ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ১৯৭১ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ২৫ꠄ ꠝꠣꠞꠌ ꠞꠣꠁꠔꠇꠥꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠗꠣꠞꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠐꠣꠞꠤ ꠄ, ꠚꠥꠛ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠓꠣꠈꠣꠔ, ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤꠞꠦ ꠘꠣꠟꠦꠚꠣꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠈꠞꠦ, ২৫ ꠝꠣꠞꠌꠞ ꠈꠣꠟꠣ ꠞꠣꠁꠔ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤꠄ ꠓꠣꠈꠣꠔ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ, ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠝꠣꠡ꠆ꠐꠞ, ꠡꠣꠄꠞꠣꠘ, ꠚꠥꠟꠤꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠙꠤꠀꠞ ꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠣꠞꠤꠟꠣꠄ⁕ ꠁ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠄꠈ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠉꠦꠞꠤꠟꠣ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠔ ꠟꠣꠉꠟꠦ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠄꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠐꠣꠞꠤꠄ ১৯৭০ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠁꠟꠦꠇꠡꠘꠞ ꠚꠟ ꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠤꠀ, ꠜꠧꠐꠅ ꠚꠣꠡ ꠅꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠡꠦꠈ ꠝꠥꠎꠤꠛꠥꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠗꠞꠤꠀ ꠘꠦꠉꠤ⁕ ꠍꠤꠐꠣꠉꠣꠋ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠚꠁꠍꠝ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠐꠣꠞꠤ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ ꠢꠥꠘꠤꠀ, ৮ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠚꠥꠛ ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟ ꠞꠦꠎꠤꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠃꠙ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠄ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ ꠊꠧꠡꠘꠣ ꠈꠞꠁꠘ, ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ২৬ ꠝꠣꠞꠌ ꠚꠣꠢꠣꠠꠤ ꠍꠤꠐꠣꠉꠣꠋꠉꠞ ꠇꠣꠟꠥꠞꠊꠣꠐ ꠞꠦꠒꠤꠅ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠧ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ ꠊꠧꠡꠘꠣ ꠈꠞꠁꠘ, ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ⁕ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠅꠄ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐꠞ⁕ ꠁ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠅꠄ ১৯৭১ ꠞ ১৬ ꠁ ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠚꠁꠍꠝ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠦ ꠍꠣꠞꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠈꠞꠤꠟꠣꠄ⁕ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠞ ꠡꠦꠘꠣꠙꠔꠤ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠖ ꠀꠔꠣꠃꠟ ꠉꠘꠤ ꠃꠍꠝꠣꠘꠤ⁕

## ꠚꠤꠍꠞ ꠊꠐꠘꠣ

## ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ

## ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤꠞ ꠍꠣꠞꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ

## ꠛꠤꠎꠄ

## ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍꠔꠣꠘꠤꠞ Atrocities

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠎꠋꠉ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠎꠋꠉꠘꠣꠝꠣ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ

thumb|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
**** - ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠛꠤꠡꠘꠥꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠔꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠇꠇ ꠛꠞꠇ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠌꠣꠇꠝꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠝꠤꠎꠞꠣꠝꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠈꠥꠝꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠝꠥꠞꠋ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠛꠞꠝꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠀꠞꠇꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠘꠣꠉꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠡꠔꠣꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠘꠣꠉꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠃꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ&nbsp;꠨ ꠉꠣꠞꠅ ꠝꠣꠔ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠜꠤꠍꠣꠞ ꠗꠞꠣꠛꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣ

****

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠦꠠꠣꠘꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠙꠣꠇꠣꠘꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠊꠥꠞꠣꠘꠤ
ꠛꠣꠞꠛꠤ

**** ꠚꠦꠡꠘꠇꠞꠣ ꠙꠥꠔꠥꠟꠞ ꠇꠥꠝꠙꠣꠘꠤ  ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠙꠥꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ
ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠘ ꠝꠣꠔ

**ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠘ ꠝꠣꠔ** (ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠘ ꠝꠣꠔꠖꠤ : ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠞ) ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠘ ꠅꠇꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ ॥ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ-ꠀꠡꠣꠝ ꠎꠥꠠꠤꠀ ꠀꠍ꠆ꠟꠣ ॥ ꠔꠣꠘꠔꠣꠘ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ-ꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠅ ꠖꠦꠈ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ-ꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ॥

## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
* ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
* ꠈꠣꠡꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠖꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠡꠣ

**ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠡꠣ ꠝꠣꠡ** ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝꠤ ꠛꠄꠀꠞꠤ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠌꠟ ꠅꠈꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠝꠃꠍꠥꠝ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝꠤ ꠛꠄꠀꠞꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠈꠦꠍꠣ ꠏꠠꠤ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠛꠞꠍꠞ ꠖꠥꠍꠞꠣ ꠝꠍꠝ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠀꠠ ꠅ ꠢꠣꠅꠘ ꠁ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠎꠥꠠꠤꠀ ꠍꠟꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠡꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠝꠘꠞ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ ꠅꠁꠟꠧꠉꠤ ꠔꠣꠔꠣꠚꠥꠠꠣ ꠉꠞꠝꠈꠣꠟ ⁕

## ꠍꠤꠟꠐ
ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠅ ꠄꠙꠞꠤꠟ ꠨ ꠝꠦ ꠨ ꠎꠥꠘ ꠨ ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ꠨ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠨ ꠍꠦꠙꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠜꠞ ꠐꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠦꠊ ꠖꠦꠄ ⁕

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ
*
ꠛꠣꠡ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠛꠣꠡꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠔꠢꠡꠤꠟ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠞꠣꠇꠞ ꠙꠣꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠠ ꠎꠤꠟꠣ
ꠛꠣꠡꠘ ꠗꠅꠞꠣ

ꠄꠇꠎꠘ **ꠛꠣꠡꠘ ꠗꠅꠞꠣ** ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠄꠝꠟꠣ ꠄꠇ ꠞꠦꠍ꠆ꠔꠥꠞꠣ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠇꠤꠌꠦꠘ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡꠅ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝꠤ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠁꠘ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠙꠣꠇꠇꠥꠓꠣꠞ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙꠍ꠆ꠔꠥꠔꠤꠝꠥꠟꠇ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠍꠣꠙ ꠍꠙꠣ ꠇꠣꠝꠅ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠡꠘ ꠗꠅꠞꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠈꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠙꠍ꠆ꠔꠥꠔꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠃꠙꠇꠞꠘ ꠙꠍ꠆ꠔꠥꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠨ ꠒꠤꠡ ꠗꠃꠀ ꠨ ꠙꠣꠇꠊꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠈꠣꠁꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠡꠋꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠘꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠙꠃꠎꠘꠤꠅ ꠃꠙꠇꠞꠘꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠋꠉꠑꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠁ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣ  ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠜꠣꠉꠅ ꠞꠦꠍ꠆ꠔꠥꠞꠣ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠞ ꠛꠤꠇꠣꠡꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠅꠂꠀ ꠃꠑꠦ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠡꠘ ꠗꠅꠞꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠁꠔ ꠞꠦꠍ꠆ꠔꠥꠞꠣ ꠨ ꠢꠥꠐꠦꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠞꠤꠋ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠜꠤꠍꠞ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠔꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ ꠙꠗꠣꠘ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠅꠂꠟ ꠙꠣꠇꠊꠞꠞ ꠇꠣꠝꠇꠣꠎꠞ ꠡꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠥ ꠌꠟꠣꠌꠟ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠨ ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠙꠗꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠋꠘ꠆ꠗ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠅꠂꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠔꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ ꠇꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ ꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠎꠇꠞꠇꠞꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠔꠣ ꠙꠣꠞꠂꠘ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ
ꠛꠣꠞꠉꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠋ

**** ꠀꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣꠘꠤ ꠙꠤꠎꠣꠞ ꠇꠥꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠘꠤ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠙꠣꠍꠐ ꠚꠥꠒꠞ ꠞꠦꠡꠐꠥꠞꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠤꠀꠘ

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**ꠛꠤꠀꠘ** (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Dawn) ꠅꠁꠟ ꠖꠤꠘꠞ ꠅꠃ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠀꠚꠔꠣꠛ (ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ) ꠃꠑꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ ꠅꠃ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠔꠦꠎ ꠛꠣꠠꠣꠞ ꠀꠉ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ⁕ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠍꠣꠛꠣꠟꠣ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠃꠑꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ  ꠀꠉ ꠛꠣꠠꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠝꠣꠘꠧ ꠔꠥꠠꠣ ꠔꠥꠠꠣ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠀꠟꠧ ꠚꠠꠦ⁕ ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ Dawn ꠖꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠃꠑꠣꠞ ꠀꠉꠞ ꠅꠈꠔ ꠛꠥꠎꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ, ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠀꠞ Dawn ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠚꠥꠞꠤ ꠄꠈ ꠘꠣꠄ⁕ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠈꠁꠔꠦ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠅꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠉꠣꠟꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠥꠎꠣꠄ, ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠔꠦꠎ ꠛꠣꠠꠦ ꠁ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠞꠦ ꠈꠄ ꠡꠈꠣꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠀꠚꠔꠣꠛ ꠚꠥꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠕꠣꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠃꠑꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠁ ꠡꠝꠄꠞꠦ ꠈꠄ ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠘ⁕ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠝꠣꠎꠈꠣꠘ ꠖꠤꠉꠘ꠆ꠔ(Horizon) ꠞ ১৮° ꠘꠤꠍꠦ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠢꠦꠔꠦꠇꠥ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠅꠄ⁕ 

## ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔ
ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ ꠖꠤꠘꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠀꠟꠧꠞ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠚꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠔꠛꠤꠟ ꠗꠞꠤ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠀꠟꠧꠞ ꠔꠦꠎ ꠛꠣꠠꠍꠦ ꠘꠣ ꠅꠔꠛꠤꠟ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠞꠦ ৩ ꠛꠣꠐꠦ ꠛꠣꠐꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ, ꠛꠣꠐ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞ ꠈꠞꠦ ꠀꠡꠝꠣꠘꠧ ꠀꠟꠧꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠈꠝꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ, ꠀꠟꠧꠞ ꠈꠝ ꠛꠦꠡ ꠑꠤꠇ ꠅꠄ ꠡꠈꠣꠟꠞ ꠡꠥꠞ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠝꠣꠎꠈꠣꠘꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠣꠇꠥꠘꠤ ꠖꠥꠞꠁꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦꠖꠤ⁕ 
ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠅꠞ ৩ ꠛꠣꠐꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠅꠁꠟ: astronomical, ꠚꠔꠣꠛꠣꠟꠣ (nautical) ꠀꠞ civil ꠛꠤꠀꠘ⁕

## ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ
ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠧ astronomical ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠞꠦ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠍꠥꠛꠢꠦ ꠇꠣꠎꠤꠛ (صبح کاذب) ꠀꠞ ꠚꠔꠣꠛꠣꠟꠣꠞꠦ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠡꠥꠢꠥꠞ (سحر)ꠄꠞꠛꠣꠖꠞ ꠡꠝꠄꠞꠦ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ  ꠍꠥꠛꠢꠦ ꠍꠣꠖꠤꠇ( صبح صاد) ꠛꠣ ꠢꠣꠍꠣ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ, ꠀꠞ ꠅꠃ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠃ ꠞꠥꠎꠣ ꠞꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ, ꠀꠞ ꠖꠤꠘꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠘꠝꠣꠎ ꠚꠎꠞꠞ ꠅꠈꠔ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ ꠘꠣꠝꠞ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠍꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ- ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠧ ꠀꠍꠦ ꠍꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠖ-ꠖꠥꠢꠣ ꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠛꠤꠀꠘ⁕

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ
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ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠦꠁꠟ
ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠃꠙꠎꠤꠟꠣ

**ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ** ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣ⁕ ꠁ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠈꠄꠈ ꠟꠣꠈ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠎꠥꠠꠣꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠧ, ꠎꠥꠠꠣꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐꠡꠢ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠧ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠀ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠞꠦꠝꠤꠐꠦꠘꠍ ꠚꠣꠑꠣꠁꠀ, ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤꠔ ꠎꠞꠥꠞꠤ ꠅꠛꠖꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠞꠣ⁕

## ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠘꠣ
ꠁ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠚꠥꠛꠦ ꠎꠇꠤꠉꠘꠎ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ, ꠖꠇꠘꠦ ꠝꠃꠟꠧꠜꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠛꠠꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣ, ꠚꠁꠍꠝꠦ ꠉꠥꠟꠣꠚꠉꠘꠎ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠃꠔꠞꠦ ꠈꠣꠘꠣꠁꠊꠣꠐ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣ⁕

## ꠘꠣꠝꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ
ꠄꠈꠡꠝꠄ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠙꠘꠌꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ, ꠢꠤ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠁ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠎꠋꠉꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠐꠤꠟꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠛꠦꠞꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠞꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠢꠣꠖꠥꠞ ꠢꠞꠦꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠘ ꠞꠣꠄ ꠌꠃꠗꠥꠞꠤꠞ ꠚꠥꠀ  ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠡꠞ ꠙꠣꠟ ꠌꠃꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠁꠘꠧ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠟꠣ⁕ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ꠎꠋꠟꠤ ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞ ꠒꠞꠣꠁꠀ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠦ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠦꠃ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠁꠔꠣ ꠉꠤ⁕ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠔ ꠛꠁꠔ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠅꠁꠎꠣꠄ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠅꠃ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠁ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ⁕

## ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ

## ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘꠤꠇ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ
ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣꠔ ꠄꠛꠟꠣ ১ ꠐꠣ ꠙꠃꠞꠧꠡꠜꠣ ꠀꠞ ১০ꠐꠣ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠅꠘ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘꠤꠇ ꠈꠣꠝ-ꠈꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠕꠣꠘꠣꠞ ꠀꠃꠔꠣꠄ⁕

### ꠙꠃꠞꠧꠡꠜꠣ

* ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ

### ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠅꠘ

* ꠀꠟꠤ ꠘꠉꠞ
* ꠍꠣꠞꠈꠣꠁ
* ꠖꠥꠛꠣꠉ
* ꠡꠦꠃꠟꠣ
* ꠇꠥꠠꠣꠞꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ
* ꠝꠣꠕꠤꠃꠞꠣ
* ꠔꠤꠟꠚꠣꠠꠣ
* ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠚꠥꠞ
* ꠝꠥꠠꠤꠀ
* ꠟꠣꠃꠔꠣ

ꠁ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣꠔ ১৪৪ ꠐꠣ ꠝꠃꠎꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕

## ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠋꠈꠣ

## ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ

## ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔꠡꠣ

## ꠖꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ

* ꠝꠥꠠꠤꠀꠞ ꠀꠅꠞ

## ꠘꠣꠝꠈꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ

* ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ - ꠛꠤꠞ ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠣ ꠇꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ
* ꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠢꠣꠖꠥꠞ ꠒꠣ. ꠝꠃꠟꠧꠜꠤ ꠝꠥꠞꠣꠇꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠈꠣꠘ (১৯০৪-১৯৭১) ꠝꠣꠕꠤꠃꠞꠣꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠘ ꠍꠤꠜꠤꠟ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠜꠤꠍ ꠜꠦꠐꠦꠞꠤꠘꠣꠞꠤ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ
* ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠕ ꠘꠣꠕ ꠖꠣꠡ
* ꠉꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠧ ꠌꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠦꠛ
* ꠡꠢꠤꠖ ꠝꠘꠥ ꠝꠤꠀ - ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠧꠟꠘꠞ ꠡꠢꠤꠖ
* ꠘꠥꠞꠥꠟ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ ꠘꠣꠢꠤꠖ
* ꠔꠃꠚꠤꠇ ꠁ ꠁꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠌꠃꠗꠥꠞꠤ (ꠛꠤꠞ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠝ)
* ꠇꠝꠞꠦꠒ ꠅꠎꠄ ꠜꠐ꠆ꠐꠣꠌꠣꠞ
* ꠎꠦꠘꠣꠞꠦꠟ ꠡꠣꠝꠍꠥꠟ ꠢꠇ
* ꠡꠦꠟꠤꠝ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ
ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠛꠤ

ꠛꠣꠁꠘꠦꠘ꠆ꠌ ꠢꠟ꠆ꠒꠤꠋ ꠟꠤꠝꠤꠐꠦꠒ ꠅꠞ **ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠛꠤ** ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠤꠙ꠆ꠐꠅ ꠇꠠꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠙꠄꠡꠣ ⁕ ꠁ ꠇꠥꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠘꠤ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠢꠇꠟꠕꠘꠦ ꠛꠠ ꠇꠤꠙ꠆ꠐꠇꠠꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ꠇꠤꠙ꠆ꠐꠅ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞꠅ ꠢꠇꠟꠕꠘꠦ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ⁕  ꠁꠇ꠆ꠐꠣ  ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠀꠞꠝ꠆ꠛ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠁꠘꠦꠘ꠆ꠍ (Binance) ꠙꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠍꠤꠟꠣ ꠌꠣꠋꠙꠦꠋ ꠏꠣꠀꠞꠄ ꠎꠦꠁꠘ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠒꠦꠜꠦꠟꠙꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠢꠣꠁ ꠚꠤꠞꠤꠇꠥꠄꠘ꠆ꠍꠤ ꠐꠦꠁꠒꠤꠋ ꠍꠚꠐꠅꠦꠀꠞ ꠔꠂꠀꠞ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠍꠤꠟꠣ ⁕  Binance ꠙꠄꠟꠣꠇꠥ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦꠃ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠨ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠇꠣꠘꠥꠘ  ꠇꠠꠣ ꠇꠞꠤꠟꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠀꠉꠦꠛꠣꠊꠦꠃ ꠁꠇ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ ꠡꠖꠞ ꠖꠙ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠕꠘꠦ ꠢꠞꠣꠁꠟꠣꠁꠘ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟꠅ Binance ꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤꠋ ꠀꠞ ꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠌ ꠅꠙꠞꠣꠗꠞ ꠅꠜꠤꠎꠥꠉꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠛꠤꠌꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠎꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠦꠛꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠔꠖꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠘꠦ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ⁕  ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠚꠣꠁꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠡꠤꠎꠣꠟ ꠇꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠇ꠆ꠐ ꠅꠕꠞꠤꠐꠤ  ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠥꠘ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠔ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠘꠤꠅꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠎꠇꠟꠣꠙ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ ⁕  2021 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ Binance ꠞꠣꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠑꠤꠇꠣꠘꠣ ꠡꠢ ꠡꠛ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠦꠀꠞ ꠇꠞꠤꠟꠣꠄ ⁕ 

## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ

## ꠟꠇ


ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠙꠄꠡꠣꠇꠠꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠤꠙꠐꠇꠠꠤ
ꠛꠤꠐꠇꠄꠘ

thumb|ꠛꠤꠐꠇꠄꠘ
**ꠛꠤꠐꠇꠄꠘ** ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠛꠟꠇꠌꠦꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠙꠄꠡꠣ ⁕ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ  ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠍꠣꠐꠡꠤ ꠘꠣꠇꠣꠝꠔꠅ (ꠃꠙꠞꠤ ꠘꠣꠝ) ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠇꠦꠃ ꠄꠇꠎꠘꠦ ꠀꠞꠝ꠆ꠛ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠁꠐꠣ ꠛꠦꠋꠇꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠘꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖꠞꠞ ꠘꠤꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠍꠣꠠꠣꠃ ꠛꠟꠇꠌꠦꠁꠘ ꠐꠦꠇꠘꠟꠎꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠁꠗꠗꠝꠦ ꠐꠦꠇꠣ ꠙꠄꠡꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠇꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠅꠄ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠤꠙꠐꠇꠠꠤ
ꠛꠤꠐꠤꠜꠤ

**** ꠪ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠐꠦꠟꠤꠜꠤꠡꠘ

## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠐꠤꠜꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠌꠦꠘꠦꠟ
ꠛꠤꠌꠤꠙꠤꠄꠟ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠛꠤꠞꠤꠇ ꠟꠦꠁꠘ

**** 

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠤꠖꠦꠡ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤꠘ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠂꠘ
ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠡꠥꠔꠛꠣꠞ

thumb|ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠄ
**ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠡꠥꠔꠛꠣꠞ** ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠄ ꠛꠤꠞꠡꠂꠔꠛꠣꠞ/ꠛꠤꠞꠡꠁꠔꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠤ ꠛꠤꠡꠥꠔꠛꠣꠞ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠢꠣꠚꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠎꠦꠈꠒꠣ ꠛꠥꠗꠛꠣꠞꠇꠥꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠀꠞꠡꠥꠇ꠆ꠇꠥꠞꠛꠣꠞꠇꠥꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠀꠄ · ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠍꠟ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠇꠣꠘ ꠢꠣꠚꠔꠣꠞ ꠍꠄ ꠟꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ *

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠤꠘꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ

**ꠛꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ** ꠀꠞꠛ ꠀꠝꠤꠞꠣꠔ ꠝꠘ꠆ꠒꠟꠤꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠛꠤꠡꠣꠟ ꠀꠇꠣꠡ ꠛꠞꠣꠛꠞ ꠖꠣꠟꠣꠘ ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠖꠥꠛꠣꠁ ꠅꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠍꠦ ⁕
ꠛꠥꠟꠥ ꠢꠥꠄꠟ ꠉꠦꠁꠝ

**** ꠘꠣꠄ ꠘꠤꠟ ꠔꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠈꠦꠁꠠ ꠎꠦꠘ ꠚꠣꠁꠘꠣꠟ ꠅ ꠃꠑꠤꠀ ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠃꠞꠣꠄ ꠘꠤꠎꠞꠦ ꠢꠣꠍꠣꠞꠤꠇꠥꠞ ꠝꠣꠞꠤꠟꠣꠄ ॥

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠈꠦꠁꠠ
ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ

ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠇꠂꠀ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠁꠟ ꠅꠄ

* ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ -
* ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ - 
* ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ - ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ-ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ-ꠟꠤꠙꠤ



ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠥꠖꠤꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠢꠞꠣꠘꠤ

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__DISAMBIG__
ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ

**ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ** ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ **ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ** (ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ : ꠅꠇꠝꠤꠀ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ / ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠣꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠨ ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ : ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ) ⁕

## ꠢꠞꠚꠣꠁꠘ
thumb|ꠅꠙꠤꠡꠤꠀꠟꠤ ꠎꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠁ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠅꠄ

## ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠁ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠖꠤ ꠅꠙꠤꠡꠤꠀꠟꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠨ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠛꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠔꠞꠤꠇꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠨ ꠔꠄ ꠁ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠁꠈꠣꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠔꠞꠤꠇꠣ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠛꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠘ ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤ ꠘꠣꠁ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠈꠣꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠒ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅ ꠅꠁꠍꠦꠘꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠖꠤꠘ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠘ
ꠛꠥꠗꠛꠣꠞ

thumb|ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠄ
**** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠢꠣꠚꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠎꠦꠈꠒꠣ ꠝꠋꠉꠟꠛꠣꠞꠇꠥꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠡꠥꠔꠛꠣꠞꠇꠥꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠀꠄ · ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠍꠟ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠇꠣꠘ ꠢꠣꠚꠔꠣꠞ ꠚꠣꠍ ꠟꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ *

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠤꠘꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠘ

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## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ (ꠘꠉꠞ ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠘ)

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠝ
ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠣꠟꠥꠞꠥ ꠘꠉꠞ

**** ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠐꠇꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠁ ꠡꠢꠞꠞꠦ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠍꠤꠟꠤꠇꠘ ꠜꠦꠟꠤ ꠇꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁ ꠎꠦꠉꠣꠔ ꠇꠣꠘꠣꠠꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠠꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠄ ꠝꠣꠔꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕

## ꠍꠛꠤꠘ

Sylheti speakers in Bengaluru, India.png|ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠣꠟꠥꠞꠥ ꠘꠣꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ  ꠅꠞ ꠝꠔꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠂꠘ ⁕


## ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠁꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠘ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠍꠐꠤꠐꠤꠃꠐ ꠅꠜ ꠐꠦꠇꠘꠟꠎꠤ ꠨ ꠉꠥꠀꠢꠣꠐꠤ‎
* ꠀꠎꠤꠝ ꠙꠦꠞꠦꠝꠏꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠟꠄ‎

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠘꠣꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠐꠇ
ꠛꠦꠍꠤꠇ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁ

thumb|ꠔꠞꠔꠣꠎꠣ ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠂꠀꠁꠘ
**ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁ** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠞꠝꠎꠣꠉꠣꠞ ꠚꠟꠣꠔ ꠄꠈꠎꠣꠔ ꠚꠟ⁕  ꠁꠇꠐꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠄꠞꠣꠘꠤ ꠘꠣꠝ *Elaeocarpus serratus*⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠡꠢ, ꠃꠙꠝꠢꠣꠖꠦꠡ, ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠧ-ꠌꠣꠄꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠇꠘꠧ-ꠚꠥꠛ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠔ ꠁ ꠚꠟ ꠗꠞꠦ⁕ ꠁ ꠚꠟꠞ ꠉꠣꠍ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠅꠝ ꠍꠣꠁꠎꠞ ꠅꠄ, ꠀꠞ ꠁ ꠉꠣꠍ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ ꠍ꠆ꠞꠤ-ꠟꠋꠇꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ⁕ ꠁ ꠚꠟꠞ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠅꠡꠥꠗꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠙꠥꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠘ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘꠎꠣꠔ ꠛꠦꠝꠣꠞꠞ ꠅꠡꠥꠗ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ ꠁ ꠚꠟ ꠖꠤ⁕

ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁ ꠞꠦ ꠛꠃꠔꠦ ꠎꠄꠔꠥꠘ ꠅꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠟꠣꠁꠟꠣꠁꠘ,  ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ꠁ ꠖꠥꠁꠅ ꠚꠟ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ⁕

## ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠘꠣ
ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁ ꠉꠣꠍ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠅꠝ ꠍꠣꠁꠎꠞ,  ১০ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ১২ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠍꠣ ꠅꠁꠔ ꠚꠣꠞꠦ⁕  ꠡꠤꠔꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠚꠣꠔꠣ ꠚꠠꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ,   ꠡꠤꠔ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠚꠣꠔꠣ ꠀꠅ, ꠄꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠀꠅ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠡꠣꠖꠣ ꠚꠥꠟ⁕

ꠚꠟꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠘꠣꠝꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁꠞ ꠚꠥꠟꠅ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ⁕

## ꠙꠥꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠉꠘ
ꠚꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠈ ১০০ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ ꠛꠦꠟꠚꠁꠔ ꠈꠣꠘꠤꠡꠈꠔꠤ ৭০ ꠇꠤꠟꠧꠇꠦꠟꠞꠤ, ৯ ꠖꠡꠝꠤꠇ ৭ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠇꠞꠣ, ৫৯ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ ꠇꠦꠟꠡꠤꠀꠝ, ১৩ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ ꠜꠤꠐꠣꠝꠤꠘ-ꠍꠤ⁕
ꠛꠦꠞꠣꠎꠤꠟ

ꠎꠥꠠꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠟ (ꠙꠞ꠆ꠔꠥꠉꠤꠎ: República Federativa do Brasil&nbsp;꠨ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠔꠥꠉꠤꠎ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ: [he'publikɐ fedeɾa'tʃivɐ du bɾa'ziw]) ꠛꠣ ꠢꠦꠙꠥꠛ꠆ꠟꠤꠇꠣ ꠚ়ꠦꠖꠦꠞꠣꠌꠤꠜ়ꠣ ꠖꠥ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠎ়ꠤꠃ ) ꠨ ꠎꠣ ꠙ ꠌꠟꠔꠤꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠟ (ꠙꠞ꠆ꠔꠥꠉꠤꠎ: Brasil&nbsp;꠨ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠔꠥꠉꠤꠎ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ: [bɾaˈziw] ꠛꠣ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃ) ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠚꠞꠤꠍꠤꠔ ꠨ ꠖꠇ꠆ꠘ ꠀꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠛꠠ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠎ়ꠔꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠄꠖꠤ ꠁꠇ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠚꠣꠍ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠛꠠ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕  ꠛꠞꠉꠧꠇꠤꠟꠧꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ( ꠛꠞꠉꠧꠝꠣꠁꠟ) ꠀꠎ়ꠔꠘꠞ ꠁ ꠖꠦꠡꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ  ꠇꠧꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠕꠣꠈꠁꠘ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠔꠥꠉꠤꠎ ꠝꠣꠔꠞꠣ ꠖꠦꠡ ꠨ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠛꠠ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠔꠥꠉꠤꠎ ꠝꠣꠔꠞꠣ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠦꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠦꠟꠣꠞꠥꠡ

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## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠞꠣꠡꠤꠀ
* ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ
* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠍꠇꠤ
* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠙꠥꠔꠤꠘ

## ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠔꠣꠔ
* ꠟꠉꠣꠟꠉ ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠟ 
* ꠟꠉꠣꠟꠉ ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣꠞ ꠈꠛꠞ 
* ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠉꠅ
ꠜꠁꠍꠣꠟ

thumb|300px|১৯৬৩-১৯৯৮ ꠡꠣꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠞ ꠜꠁꠍꠣꠟꠞ ꠃꠚꠇꠦꠘꠖ꠆ꠞ(epicenter)
**ꠜꠁꠍꠣꠟ** ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠀꠈꠔꠣ ꠡꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠍꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠅꠃꠀ ꠏꠣꠈꠞꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠁꠍꠔꠞ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠟꠠꠍꠠ ꠇꠤ ꠝꠢꠣꠇꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠅ (ꠁꠋꠞꠣꠎꠤ: Gravitional) ꠡꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠜꠣꠞꠡꠣꠁꠝ꠆ꠝꠢꠤꠘ ꠅꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠎꠦ ꠏꠣꠈꠞꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠅꠄ, ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠅꠉꠥꠞꠦꠃ ꠜꠂꠍꠣꠟ ꠈꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠜꠁꠍꠣꠟꠞ ꠏꠣꠈꠞꠣꠘꠤ ꠈꠔꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠢꠣꠍꠤꠝꠤꠍꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠈꠔꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠛꠦꠡꠦꠛꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠈꠔꠉꠥ ꠏꠣꠈꠞꠣꠘꠤ ꠏꠦꠏꠣꠔ ꠏꠥꠞꠦ ꠅꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠊꠞ-ꠖꠥꠀꠞ ꠜꠣꠋꠉꠤ ꠚꠞꠦ, ꠜꠥ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠔ ꠘꠤꠘ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠚꠣꠐꠣ ꠝꠦꠟꠦ, ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠎꠦꠉꠣ ꠃꠚꠞꠦꠖꠤ ꠃꠑꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠈꠣꠘ ꠘꠥ ꠔꠟꠦꠖꠤ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠁ ꠎꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠜꠁꠍꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠃ ꠅꠄ ꠝꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠔꠟꠦ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠧ ꠏꠣꠈꠞꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠃꠔꠚꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠅꠄ ꠁꠇꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠜꠁꠍꠣꠟꠞ ꠅꠜꠤꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ (Focus) ꠒꠣꠈꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠅꠜꠤꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠉꠥ ꠜꠥ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠞ ꠔꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠇꠤꠟꠧꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠘꠤꠘꠧ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ ⁕ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠑꠤꠇ ꠃꠚꠞꠞ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠥꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠃꠚꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ (ꠁꠋꠞꠣꠎꠤ: Epicentre) ꠈꠂꠘ ⁕
ꠜꠞꠣꠁꠟꠣꠅꠀ

**ꠜꠞꠣꠁꠟꠣꠅꠀ** ( ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠪ vandalism ) ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠎꠣꠍꠤꠀ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠌꠣꠁꠔꠤ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠎꠣꠞꠎꠣꠞꠤ ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡ ꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠟꠣꠅꠀ ⁕
ꠜꠣꠖꠧ ꠝꠣꠡ

**ꠜꠣꠖꠧ ꠝꠣꠡ** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠛꠣꠞꠧ ꠝꠣꠡꠧꠞ (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ) ꠚꠣꠘ꠆ꠎꠝ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠤꠅ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠇꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠡꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠝꠣꠡ ⁕ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠀꠁꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠡꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠎꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠄꠇꠣꠒꠦꠝꠤꠞ ꠡꠋꠡꠥꠗꠘ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠌ꠆ꠌꠞꠞ ꠚꠁꠟ ꠍꠄ ꠝꠣꠡꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠅꠀꠄ ꠁꠉꠥ 31 ꠖꠤꠘꠦ ꠅꠄ ⁕ 
## ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠇꠛꠤ ꠇꠣꠎꠤ ꠘꠎꠞꠥꠟ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ 1383 ꠛꠋꠉꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ 12 ꠜꠣꠖꠧ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠉꠦꠍꠟꠣ ⁕ 
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠎꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ

ꠎꠦ '''ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ''' ꠖꠤ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠄ **ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ** (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Verb) ꠒꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠎꠦꠍꠣꠎꠣꠔ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠅꠀ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- ꠈꠣꠅꠀ, ꠎꠣꠅꠀ, ꠘꠣꠅꠀ, ꠊꠥꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ⁕
## ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠀ
ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝꠞꠦ ꠈꠄꠈ ꠐꠥꠝꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠐꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ 

ꠜꠣꠛ ꠚꠇꠣꠡꠞ ꠝꠥꠇꠣꠄ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ ꠖꠥꠁꠎꠣꠔꠤ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- 
* ꠅꠁꠟꠈꠣꠝ/ꠅꠁꠍꠣꠝ  
* ꠞꠁꠟꠈꠣꠝ/ꠞꠁꠍꠣꠝ 
### ꠅꠁꠟꠈꠣꠝ
ꠅꠁꠍꠣꠝ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ *ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ*⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠚꠥꠣꠞꠣ ꠈꠞꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠅꠁꠟꠈꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠣꠝ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- 
* ꠀꠝꠤ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠔ **ꠎꠣꠁꠝꠥ**⁕
* ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠢꠣꠁꠘꠎꠣꠛꠣꠟꠣ **ꠚꠠꠣꠔ ꠛꠁꠝꠥ**⁕
### ꠞꠁꠟꠈꠣꠝ
ꠞꠁꠍꠣꠝ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ *ꠞꠁꠍꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠞꠄ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ*⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠚꠥꠣꠞꠣ ꠈꠞꠔ ꠚꠣꠞꠦ ꠘꠣ, ꠈꠅꠞꠣꠞ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠞꠁ ꠎꠣꠁ, ꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠞꠁꠟꠈꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ ꠞꠁꠍꠣꠝ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- 
* ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠔ-ꠚꠣꠅ ꠗꠂꠀ......
* ꠛꠤꠀꠘꠦ ꠞꠂꠖ ꠃꠑꠟꠦ.......
## ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ
ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝꠞꠦ ꠚꠣꠍ-ꠍꠄ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠐꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ 
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠔꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣ
ꠜꠤꠇꠤꠒꠤꠀ

**ꠜꠤꠇꠤꠒꠤꠀ** ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠢꠥꠞꠥꠔꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠄꠘꠌꠣꠁꠇꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ⁕

## ꠝꠦꠙ
thumb|center|ꠝꠦꠙ

## ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠔꠣꠔ
* [ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠄꠙꠤꠀꠞꠤꠔ ꠜꠤꠇꠤꠒꠤꠀ](https://wikiapiary.com/wiki/Vikidia_(en))
ꠜꠤꠎꠥꠀꠟ ꠚꠇꠌꠙ꠆ꠞꠅ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠜꠤꠐꠣꠟꠤꠇ ꠛꠥꠐꠦꠞꠤꠘ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠁꠕꠦꠞꠤꠀꠝ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠅꠞꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠀꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣ
ꠜꠥꠐꠣꠘ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠖꠇ꠆ꠘꠞ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠖꠦꠡ
## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠡꠤꠀ

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠦꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠜꠦꠖꠡꠣꠞ

**ꠜꠦꠖꠡꠣꠞ**  ꠅꠁꠟ ꠍꠥꠚꠤ ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠖꠤꠘꠤ ꠉꠣꠘꠞ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ⁕ ꠁ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ꠟꠦꠈꠍꠁꠘ ꠢꠎꠞꠔ ꠡꠣꠢꠣ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ ꠀꠟꠝ ꠄ ⁕ ꠍꠂꠅꠖ ꠡꠣꠢ ꠢꠥꠍꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠟꠝꠞ ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠇꠤꠀꠟ ꠅꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠁ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠁ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ১৭ ꠡꠔꠈ ꠅ ⁕  ꠇꠥꠘꠧ ꠄꠈꠡꠝꠄ ꠁ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠑꠤꠇꠑꠣꠇ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠛꠣꠞ ꠢꠣꠎꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠅꠀꠢꠤꠖ ꠄ ꠍ꠆ꠞꠤꠢꠐ꠆ꠐ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠍ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠍꠣꠚꠣ ꠈꠞꠍꠁꠘ ⁕

ꠈꠦꠃꠞꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ ꠍꠂꠅꠖ ꠡꠣꠢ ꠢꠥꠍꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠟꠝ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ১৫ ꠡꠔꠈꠧ ꠚꠄꠖꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠟꠣ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠚꠦꠍꠞ ꠀꠍꠖ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ১৫০০ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ১৬০০ ꠁꠡꠣꠁ ꠅꠃ ꠡꠝꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ ꠚꠄꠖꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠟꠣ ⁕

ꠁ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠀꠍꠖ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ꠚꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠞ ꠈꠣꠍꠦ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕

## ꠘꠝꠥꠘꠣ
1500-1650 ꠡꠘꠞ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ ꠜꠦꠖꠡꠣꠞ ꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠈꠣꠘꠧ ꠇꠝꠣ (꠨) ꠀꠞ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠒꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ (॥) ꠎꠦꠉꠣꠔ (×) ⁕



ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠙꠥꠕꠤꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠡꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ
ꠜꠦꠘꠦꠏꠥꠄꠟꠣ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠦꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠜꠦꠘꠦꠏꠥꠄꠟꠣ
ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ

ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠇꠂꠀ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠁꠟ ꠅꠄ

* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠙꠥꠔꠤꠘ - ꠞꠣꠡꠣ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠅꠞꠣ
* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠍꠇꠤ - ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠅꠞꠣ



ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠥꠖꠤꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠢꠞꠣꠘꠤ

__NOINDEX__
__DISAMBIG__
ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠍꠇꠤ

[thumb| [ꠚꠣꠁꠟ:Autograph-VolodymyrZelensky.png|frameless|100px|center]]
: *ꠁ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠀꠞꠎꠣꠔ ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠖꠦꠈꠔꠦ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ [[ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ:ꠖꠥꠖꠤꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠢꠞꠣꠘꠤ]]-ꠞ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ [[ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ]] ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ*
**ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠍꠇꠤ** (Volodymyr Zelenskyy) ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠅꠞꠣ ⁕

## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠙꠥꠔꠤꠘ
* ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠉꠅ

## ꠟꠇ


## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ
30px|link=Template:Wn/syl/ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠊ 
ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠊꠅ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠉꠅ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ
ꠝꠂꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋ ꠎꠤꠟꠣ

**ꠝꠂꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋ ꠎꠤꠟꠣ** ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠀꠐꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉꠤꠅ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠇꠟꠔꠘꠦ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠍꠤꠐꠤ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠙꠧꠞꠦꠡꠘ ⁕ ꠝꠂꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋꠢ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠌꠣꠁꠞꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠛꠠ ꠡꠢꠞ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠡꠢꠞꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠎꠦ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠘꠔꠝ ⁕ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠝꠂꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋꠢ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ꠝꠣꠎꠈꠣꠘꠧ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠢ꠆ꠝꠙꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠘꠖꠤꠞ ꠗꠣꠞꠅ ꠅꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ ⁕ ꠘꠖꠤꠞ ꠔꠤꠞ ꠎꠥꠞꠤꠀ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠛꠣꠌꠣꠅꠞꠣ ꠛꠣꠘ꠆ꠗꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ꠆ꠘꠅ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠉꠠꠤ ꠃꠑꠤꠍꠦ ꠝꠂꠝꠘꠡꠤꠋꠢ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ (ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠣꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠎꠄꠘꠥꠟ ꠀꠛꠦꠖꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠘ) ꠎꠦꠇꠐꠣ ꠡꠢꠞꠛꠣꠡꠤꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠛꠤꠘꠧꠖꠘ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠌꠤꠘꠘꠤꠔ ⁕ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠅꠘꠦꠇ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠝꠣꠘ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠎꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ
ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ

**ꠝꠂꠔꠂ** /ˈməɪtəɪ/ (ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠝꠣꠔ: ꠝꠦꠁꠔꠦꠁ ꠟꠧꠘ꠆, ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠅ ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ) ꠃꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ-ꠚꠥꠛꠞ ꠁꠘꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ ꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠚꠗꠣꠘ ꠝꠣꠔ⁕ ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞꠤ ꠖꠙ꠆ꠔꠞꠅ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠍꠟꠦ⁕ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦꠅ ꠀꠡꠣꠝ, ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠥꠞꠣ, ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠅ ꠛꠣꠞꠝꠣꠔ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠍꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕

ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ-ꠔꠤꠛ꠆ꠛꠔꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠎꠦꠉꠥꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠄꠛ ꠁꠍꠚꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠘꠣꠄ⁕ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠇꠥꠇꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠋꠈꠥꠟ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠝꠣꠔꠞꠝꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠤꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕

ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠞ ꠢꠈꠟ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠉꠥꠡꠐꠤꠄ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠈꠞꠦ, ꠒꠦ ꠝꠣꠔꠉꠥꠔꠣ ꠁ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠉꠥꠡꠐꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠄꠇꠤ ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠚꠝꠣꠘꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ⁕ 

## ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠎꠠ
ꠝꠂꠔꠂꠅꠞ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠔꠣꠘꠤꠅ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ "ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ" ꠘꠣꠝ ꠔꠘꠦ "ꠝꠂꠔꠂ" (ꠛꠣ "ꠝꠂꠔꠂꠟꠧꠘ꠆") ꠘꠣꠝꠉꠥꠔꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠈꠣꠁꠡ ꠈꠞꠁꠘ⁕ "ꠝꠂꠔꠂꠟꠧꠘ" ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠔꠣ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ "ꠟꠧꠘ꠆" ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ⁕ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠅꠄꠔ "ꠝꠤ" ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ + "ꠕꠂ" ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ; ꠀꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠖꠥꠉꠥ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ⁕ ꠚꠍꠝꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠛꠤꠖ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ "ꠝꠂꠔꠂ" ꠘꠣꠝꠉꠥ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠈꠞꠁꠘ⁕

ꠀꠞꠛꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ "ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ" ꠔꠘꠦ ꠁꠉꠥꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ "ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ" ꠈꠀꠅ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠞ ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞꠤ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞꠤ ꠚꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠅ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠉꠥꠔꠣ "ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ" ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠛꠣꠟꠣ "ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ" ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠘꠥꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠀ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠘꠥꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠀ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤꠅ ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠀꠞ "ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ" ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠖꠤ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ ꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠎꠦꠍꠣꠔꠣ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠘꠤꠔ ꠔ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠅꠄ⁕

## ꠃꠚꠜꠣꠡꠣ
ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠃꠚꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠇ ꠁꠖꠣꠘꠤꠋꠈꠣꠟ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠎꠥꠉ ꠛꠦꠛꠍꠔꠣꠞ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠄꠈꠁ ꠎꠣꠔꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠤꠀꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠃꠚꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠁꠉꠥꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠚꠣꠞꠣꠈ ꠀꠍꠦ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ꠈꠝꠤ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ⁕ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠔꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠝ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠤ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠥꠞꠣ, ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠔ ꠚꠣꠅꠀ ꠃꠚꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠚꠣꠞꠣꠈ⁕ ꠝꠂꠔꠂꠅꠞ ꠃꠚꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠡꠑꠤꠇ ꠡꠁꠋꠇꠣ ꠅꠎꠣꠘꠣ⁕

ꠁ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠃꠚꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠔ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ, ꠟꠥꠁ ꠀꠞ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠉꠣꠟ⁕ ꠝꠂꠔꠂꠅꠞ ꠃꠙꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠚꠣꠞꠣꠈ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠗ꠆ꠛꠘꠤꠞ ꠡꠥꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠐꠣꠘꠐꠥꠘꠞ ꠛꠖꠟ⁕

## ꠟꠦꠈꠣ
### ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ
১৮ꠡ ꠡꠔꠈ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠘꠤꠎꠁꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠔ, ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠇ ꠁꠔꠣꠞ ꠚꠁꠟ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠚꠣꠅꠀ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ꠘꠣ⁕ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ ꠞꠣꠎ ꠝꠦꠁꠖꠤꠘ꠆ꠉꠥ ꠙꠣꠝꠢꠦꠁꠛꠣ, ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠥꠗꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠍꠣꠟꠥ ꠈꠞ꠆ꠍꠟꠣ, ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠡꠤꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠈꠞꠤꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠍꠣꠟꠥ ꠈꠞꠂꠘ⁕ ꠁꠖꠣꠘꠋꠇꠥ ꠁꠍꠇꠥꠟ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠠꠔꠦ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕ 

১৮ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠚꠁꠟꠛꠣꠄ ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠞ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠥ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠞꠥꠚꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠞꠤꠔ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ ꠙꠣꠝꠢꠦꠁꠛꠣ, ꠛꠣꠋꠉꠣꠟꠤ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠥ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠚꠍꠣꠞꠇ ꠡꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠖꠣꠡ ꠉꠥꠡꠣꠁꠅꠞ ꠈꠕꠣꠄ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠞꠦꠇꠒ ꠘꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠈꠞꠤꠟꠣꠁꠘ⁕

১৭০৯ ꠡꠣꠟ ꠀꠞ ২০ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔꠅ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠔ⁕ ১৯৪০ ꠀꠞ ১৯৫০-ꠞ ꠖꠡꠇ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠚꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠔ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ ꠀꠉꠞꠣꠝꠟꠤ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ (ꠝꠘꠤꠚꠥꠞꠤ) ꠢꠞꠚꠞꠦ ꠚꠣꠈꠖꠤ ꠀꠘꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠚꠍꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠈꠞꠂꠘ⁕ 

## ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ ꠢꠞꠚ
ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠍꠣꠠꠣꠅ ꠅꠘꠦ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ ꠢꠞꠚ ꠛ꠆ꠎꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠅꠄ, ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠅ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘ ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ ꠢꠞꠚꠖꠤ ꠍꠣꠚꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ⁕ ꠎꠥꠖꠤꠘꠅ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠢꠞꠚꠖꠤ ꠐꠣꠘꠐꠥꠘ ꠍꠤꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠘꠣ, ꠔꠛꠥꠅ ꠁꠔꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠥꠖꠤꠟꠣꠝꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ /ə/ ꠘꠣꠄꠔꠦ /a/ ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠖꠥꠄꠉꠥ ꠖꠤꠀ a ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠀꠞꠛꠣꠞ ꠖꠥꠖꠤꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠘꠣ ꠈꠞꠔꠦ ꠄꠈꠅꠛꠣꠟꠣ /ə/-ꠞꠦ aa ꠖꠤꠀꠅ ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ 

## ꠟꠈ


## ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠣ
30px ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠍꠚꠞ - Wy/syl/ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠧꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠟ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠔ
ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ

thumb|right|270px|ꠍꠣꠁꠞꠐꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ- ꠄꠅꠔ, ꠉꠞꠝ, ꠢꠦꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠤꠔ
**ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ** ꠛꠣ ꠝꠃꠍꠥꠝ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠁꠍꠕꠤꠞ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠡꠍꠞꠣꠍꠞ ꠁꠍꠕꠣꠘꠤꠅ ꠀꠛꠢꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠅꠚꠞꠦ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠛꠍꠞꠤ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠛꠣꠐꠥꠀꠞꠣ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠖꠦꠡꠧ ꠄꠅꠔ, ꠉꠞꠝ, ꠢꠦꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠤꠔ- ꠅꠃ ꠍꠣꠁꠞꠐꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠦ ꠝꠍꠝꠞꠦ ꠀꠞꠧ ꠈꠄꠈꠜꠣꠉꠦ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠈꠞꠍꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠎꠣꠞꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ, ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ ꠅ ꠅꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠟꠤꠀ ꠡꠢ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠍꠄ ꠝꠍꠝ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠞꠤꠇ ꠉꠔꠤꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ ꠞꠖꠛꠖꠟ ꠅꠄ ⁕
## ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠚꠣꠘꠎꠤ
ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠚꠣꠘꠎꠤ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ  ꠈꠣꠘ ⁕
ꠚꠞꠔꠦꠈ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠚꠞ ꠚꠞ ꠄꠈꠦꠈ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝ ꠛꠖꠟꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠟꠣꠝꠣꠔ ꠛꠤꠛꠞꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ-
ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ

**ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ** (ꠀꠞꠛꠤ: مكة المكرمة ꠨ *ꠝꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠢ ꠀꠟ ꠝꠥꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠣꠢ*) ꠍꠧꠖꠤ ꠀꠞꠛ ꠅꠞ ꠢꠦꠎꠣꠎ ꠅꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠙꠖꠦꠡ ꠅꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ
ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠙꠖꠦꠡ

**ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠙꠖꠦꠡ** ꠅꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ  ⁕

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ
ꠝꠇꠟ4

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠝꠇꠠꠐꠤꠘ ꠉꠣꠃ

**ꠝꠇꠠꠐꠤꠘ** ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠉꠣꠃ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠟꠜꠤꠛ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠌꠟꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ ꠟꠜꠤꠛ ꠎꠤꠟꠣꠔ ꠙꠞꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠘꠤꠅ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠏꠜꠇꠤꠜ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠅꠘ ⁕ ꠁꠈꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠢꠇꠟꠔꠣꠄ  ꠎꠘ ⁕

## ꠁꠔꠤꠀꠡ
 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠅꠂꠔꠤꠀꠡꠤꠇ ꠘꠕꠤꠔ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠞꠐꠤꠘ ꠉꠣꠃꠞ ꠙꠕꠝ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ⁕ ꠉꠣꠃꠞ ꠌꠣꠁꠞꠝꠥꠈꠣ ꠜꠤꠎꠣ ꠨ ꠎꠟꠣꠜꠥꠝꠤ ꠀꠍꠦ ꠨ ꠄꠞꠖꠣꠄ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠛꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠨ ꠄꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠅꠔꠥꠕꠘꠦ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ ⁕

 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠛꠣꠄꠖꠤ ꠨ ꠞꠣꠁꠘꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠙꠦꠟꠣꠐꠤꠘꠦꠐꠞ ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ ꠃꠙꠘꠤꠛꠦꠡꠛꠣꠖꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠁꠈꠣꠘꠅ ꠛꠡꠔꠤ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ꠀꠞ "ꠒꠄꠌ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠞꠐꠤꠘ" ꠃꠙꠘꠤꠛꠦꠡ ꠙꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ⁕

ꠄꠉꠥ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠝꠄꠅꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ (ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠇꠞꠤ ꠨  ꠡꠣꠟꠅ) ꠨ ꠛꠤꠈꠈꠣꠔꠅ ꠃꠖꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠞꠛꠣꠐ ꠒꠥꠝꠍ ꠝꠣꠟꠤꠇ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠌꠣꠁꠞꠐꠣ ꠟꠤꠉꠘꠣꠁꠐ ꠀꠝꠣꠘꠔ ꠪ ꠖꠥꠐꠤ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠞꠐꠤꠘꠞ ꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠥꠁꠐꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠟꠣꠁꠘꠡ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠔ  ⁕

 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠨ ꠇꠝꠤꠃꠘꠅ  ꠎꠘ ꠛꠣꠡꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠣ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠨  ꠎꠘ ꠀꠖꠣꠟꠔꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠌꠟꠅ ꠀꠞ  ꠎꠘ ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ ꠃꠙꠘꠤꠛꠦꠡꠅ ( ꠐꠣ ꠞꠥꠝꠣꠘ ꠇꠦꠕꠟꠤꠇ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠉꠤꠞꠤꠇ ꠇꠦꠕꠟꠤꠇ ꠞꠤꠔꠤ) ⁕

 ꠅꠞ ꠖꠡꠇꠞꠛꠣꠄ ꠨ ꠙꠜꠥꠒ ꠅꠃꠘ "ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠉ" ꠧꠞ ꠜꠥꠉꠞ꠆ꠜꠡ꠆ꠕ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠘ ꠊꠞ ꠉꠣꠃꠔ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞꠅ ꠨ ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠞꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠒꠤꠛꠣꠘ꠆ꠇꠤꠋꠎꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠨ ꠁꠐꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠡ꠆ꠇ ⁕

## ꠘꠣꠝꠇꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠛꠥꠢꠖꠣꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠤꠟꠜꠤꠌ ꠎꠣꠜꠣꠖꠇꠣ ( ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠨  ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠨  ꠨ ꠟꠜꠤꠜ ꠨ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ) ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠥꠌꠇ ꠨ ꠕꠤꠄꠐꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠥꠌꠇ ꠨ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠥꠌꠇ ꠨ ꠙꠌꠣꠞꠇ ꠨ ꠡꠦꠜꠌꠦꠘ꠆ꠇꠅ ꠡꠣꠄꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠚꠤꠇ ꠌꠥꠍꠣꠁꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠖꠁꠡ꠆ꠡ ⁕

ꠞꠥꠡꠟꠣꠘ ꠖꠥꠖꠣ († ꠨ ꠙꠙꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠨ ꠁꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ) - ꠁꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠞ ꠡꠡꠡ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠘꠤꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠡꠂꠘꠤꠇ ꠨ ꠁꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠅ ꠞꠣꠡꠤꠀꠘ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠘꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠙꠥꠙꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠡꠅꠞ ꠞꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠇꠞꠣꠔ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁꠘ ⁕ 

## ꠙꠣꠇꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠎꠦꠉꠣ
* ꠌꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠥꠄꠝꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠒꠦꠝꠤꠀꠘꠞ ꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ (ꠁꠐ)
* ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠡ ꠢꠞꠤꠢꠞꠅꠜꠤꠌ ꠡꠦꠜꠌꠦꠘ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠝ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠝ꠆ꠜ ()

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ
ꠝꠋꠉꠟ ꠇꠣꠁꠛ꠆ꠛ

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## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠙꠥꠕꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠡꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠋꠉꠟ ꠇꠣꠁꠛ꠆ꠛ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠥ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠘ꠆ꠖꠥ
ꠝꠋꠉꠟꠛꠣꠞ

**** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠢꠣꠚꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠎꠦꠈꠒꠣ ꠡꠝꠛꠣꠞꠇꠥꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠥꠗꠛꠣꠞꠇꠥꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠀꠄ · ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠍꠟ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠇꠣꠘ ꠢꠣꠚꠔꠣꠞ ꠍꠣꠁꠞ ꠟꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ * 

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠤꠘꠣꠁꠘ
ꠝꠋꠉꠟꠣꠛꠣꠖ

**ꠝꠋꠉꠟꠣꠛꠣꠖ** (ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ : Settlement of Mars) ꠘꠣꠄꠔꠦ **ꠝꠋꠉꠟꠅ ꠇꠟꠘꠤ ꠊꠣꠠꠣ** (ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ : Colonization of Mars) ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠙꠠꠣꠄ ꠅꠋꠇ ꠝꠤꠟꠣꠁꠀ ꠎꠣꠅꠀ ꠎꠣꠁꠛꠧ ꠅꠟꠣꠘ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠌꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ ⁕ ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠌꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠕꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠍ꠆ꠔꠛꠦ ꠀꠁꠔꠦ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠛꠣꠇꠤ ꠔꠄ ꠅꠘꠦꠇ ꠀꠘꠣꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤ ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞꠤꠅꠇꠟ ꠀꠉꠥꠀꠁꠀ ꠀꠁꠍꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠄꠛꠔꠞꠤ ꠁ ꠇꠣꠝ *ꠍꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠍ ꠚꠤꠇ꠆ꠡꠘ* ꠀꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠟꠦꠈꠤ ꠍꠣꠠꠣꠅ ꠀꠘꠣꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠟ ꠉꠣꠠꠤꠊꠥꠠꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠙ꠆ꠌꠣ ꠙꠣꠐꠣꠁꠀ ꠙꠞꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠘꠤꠞꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠞ ⁕ ꠅꠘꠦꠇꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠝꠦꠟ ꠄꠛꠔꠞꠤ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤ ꠎꠑꠤꠟꠔꠣ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠁꠀ ꠃꠐ꠆ꠍꠂꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ⁕

## ꠟꠇ

## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
*ꠁꠟꠘ ꠝꠣꠍ꠆ꠇ
## ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠍ ꠚꠤꠇ꠆ꠡꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠤꠀꠘꠤ ꠇꠥꠀꠙ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠤꠀꠘ
ꠝꠍ꠆ꠟꠤꠘ

**ꠝꠍꠟꠤꠘ** ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠄꠇ ꠎꠣꠔꠞ ꠔꠥꠟꠣꠞ ꠟꠥꠝ ꠕꠘꠦ ꠔꠂꠀꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠔꠣꠖꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠤꠀꠁꠟ ꠄꠇ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠇꠥꠑꠤꠝꠥꠑꠤ ꠇꠣꠙꠞꠞ ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ⁕ ꠄꠍ × ꠌꠤ × ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠘꠦꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠦꠘꠞꠤ ꠁꠃꠟ ꠘꠣꠝꠞ ꠖꠥꠁꠎꠘ ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠝꠣꠘꠥ ꠖꠤ ꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠁꠘ *ꠢꠛꠍꠘ ꠎꠛꠍꠘ* ꠅ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ *ꠝꠍꠟꠤꠘ* ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ ꠁꠞꠣꠇꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞꠤ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠝꠍꠥꠟ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ ꠅꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ⁕

## ꠉꠦꠟꠣꠞꠤ

Muslin transparency 2015 Kolkata.jpg
Renaldis muslin woman.jpg
MA-Lebrun.jpg


ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠦꠐꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠘꠣꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠀꠞꠤꠎꠣꠅꠀ
ꠝꠔꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ

**ꠝꠔꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ** ( ꠎꠥꠘ -  ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ) ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠄꠈꠎꠘ ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞꠤ ꠅꠚꠤꠍꠣꠞ ꠨ ꠟꠦꠈꠇ ꠨ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠧꠟꠘ ꠈꠞꠞꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠈꠞꠣ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠞꠈꠞꠘꠦꠅꠟꠣ ꠨ ꠔꠣꠘ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠞ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡ ꠖꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠝꠔꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠎꠣꠖꠥꠊꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕

## ꠚꠄꠖꠣ ꠨ ꠢꠥꠞꠥꠛꠣꠟꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞ
 ꠡꠣꠟ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐꠞ ꠄꠈꠛꠣꠞꠦ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠚꠥꠛꠞ ꠕꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠇꠤꠉꠘꠎꠞ ꠀꠐꠉꠣꠝꠧ ꠉꠤꠀꠡ ꠃꠖꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠤꠍꠛꠣꠢ ꠃꠘ ꠘꠦꠍꠣꠞ ꠇꠧꠟ ꠚꠞ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠎꠘ ꠚꠄꠖꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠟꠣ ⁕ ꠚꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠧ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ  ꠢꠥꠞꠥꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠚ ⁕ ꠄꠇꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠚꠥꠀ ꠝꠘꠎꠥꠞ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠨ ꠚ꠆ꠎ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ- ꠁꠜꠣ ꠚꠞꠤꠖ ꠌꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠨ ꠡꠞꠤꠚꠣ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠌꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠛꠣ ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠨ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠘꠣꠎꠥ ꠨ ꠘꠣꠎꠘꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠨ ꠖꠤꠟꠞꠥꠛꠣ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠅ ꠖꠤꠟꠡꠣꠖ ꠢꠧꠡꠦꠘ ⁕

## ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠚꠠꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠈꠣꠝꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘ
ꠉꠣꠃꠞ ꠚꠣꠑꠡꠣꠟꠣ ꠚꠣꠞꠁꠀ ꠇꠞꠤꠝꠉꠘꠎ ꠢꠣꠁ ꠁꠍꠇꠥꠟ ꠨ ꠄꠝꠍꠤ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ ꠨ ꠇꠟꠇꠣꠔꠣ ꠞꠤꠙꠘ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ  ॥ ꠡꠛꠈꠣꠘꠃ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠔꠣꠘ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠚꠟꠣꠚꠟ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟꠧ ꠛꠤ.ꠛꠤ.ꠄ. ꠀꠞ  ꠡꠣꠟ ꠄꠟ.ꠄꠟ.ꠛꠤ. ꠚꠣꠡ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠟꠣꠉꠍꠟꠣ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠙꠦꠡꠣꠔ ⁕ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠎꠣꠁꠔꠦ ꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠅꠔꠦꠃ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠍꠣꠠꠤꠀ ꠎꠧꠉ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ ꠍꠤꠜꠤꠟ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠜꠤꠍꠧ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟꠧ ꠡꠣꠛ ꠒꠦꠙꠥꠐꠤ ꠇꠣꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠙꠖ ꠎꠄꠘ ꠅꠁꠘ ⁕ ꠜꠣꠞꠔ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠅꠅꠀꠞ ꠀꠉ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠚꠖꠧ ꠍꠣꠈꠞꠤ ꠈꠞꠍꠁꠘ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ⁕ ꠚꠥꠛ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ ꠡꠤꠜꠤꠟ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠜꠤꠍꠞ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠞꠍꠁꠘ ꠡꠣꠟ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ⁕

## ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠧꠟꠘ
ꠔꠣꠁꠘ  ꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠥꠟꠘꠅ ꠡꠞꠤꠇ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ⁕

## ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠥꠕꠤ
ꠔꠣꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠀꠍꠦ ꠝꠔꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠞꠝ꠆ꠎ ꠞꠌꠘꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠨ ꠢꠣꠡ꠆ꠎꠞꠡꠣꠔ꠆ꠝꠇ ꠅꠛ꠆ꠎꠉ-ꠉꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠞꠌꠎꠔꠣ⁕ ꠉꠟ꠆ꠙꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕ  ꠪ ‘ꠔꠤꠘ ꠌꠦꠞꠣꠉ’ () ॥ ꠞꠝ꠆ꠎ ꠞꠌꠘꠣ ‘ꠔꠤꠘꠡꠣꠝꠣꠖꠣꠘ ꠚꠣꠃ’ () ॥ ꠃꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠣꠡ  ꠪ ꠛꠥꠖ꠆ꠛꠥꠖ() ॥ ꠜ꠆ꠞꠝণ ꠇꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤ  ꠪ ‘ꠢꠖꠎꠖꠤꠎꠖꠦꠈꠣ’ ॥ ꠅꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ  ꠪ ‘ꠛꠤꠎꠘ ꠛꠘꠦꠞ ꠞূꠙꠇꠕꠣ’ () ꠨ ‘ꠅꠡꠣꠝꠔ꠆ꠝ ꠙৃꠕꠤꠛꠤ’ () ꠨ ‘ꠡꠔꠎꠤꠛꠘꠦꠞ ꠇꠕꠣ’ () ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠔꠤ ꠨ ꠝꠔ꠆ꠎꠥ  ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ꠨  ⁕

## ꠝꠔꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠎꠣꠖꠥꠊꠞ
ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠌꠥꠀꠐ꠆ꠐꠣꠔ ꠇꠦꠝꠥꠍꠣꠍꠞ ꠛꠤꠟ꠆ꠒꠤꠋꠞ ꠌꠦꠅꠣꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠣꠔ ꠝꠔꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ ꠎꠣꠖꠥꠊꠞ ⁕ ꠝꠔꠤꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠁꠌ꠆ꠍꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠎꠧꠉꠣꠠ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠘꠤꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘ ꠅ ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡꠙꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠤ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠎꠣꠖꠥꠊꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤꠞ ⁕
ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣ

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**ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣ** (ꠀꠞꠛꠤ: **المدينة**, ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞꠤ ꠘꠤꠅꠝꠦ: ا**لمدينة المنورة** ꠀꠟ-ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣ ꠀꠟ-ꠝꠥꠘꠣꠅꠀꠞꠣꠢ‎‎) ꠛꠣ ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠢ ꠅ ꠈꠅꠅꠣ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠚꠁꠍꠝ ꠍꠃꠖꠤ ꠀꠞꠛꠞ ꠢꠦꠎꠣꠎ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠟ ꠝꠣꠖꠤꠘꠣꠢ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ⁕  ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠞ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠙꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠎꠦꠘ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠘꠛꠤ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠖꠞ ꠞꠅꠎꠣ⁕  ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠅꠅꠣꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠈꠣꠞꠘ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ (ꠍꠣ:) ꠢꠤꠎꠞꠔꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔ ꠀꠁꠅꠣ ꠕꠣꠈꠍꠁꠘ⁕ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠈꠣꠍꠦ ꠁ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘꠞ⁕  ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠔꠤꠘꠐꠣ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ: ꠝꠡꠎꠤꠖꠦ ꠘꠛꠛꠤ, ꠇꠥꠛꠣ ꠝꠡꠎꠤꠖ (ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ) ꠀꠞ ꠝꠡꠎꠤꠖ ꠀꠟ ꠇꠤꠛꠟꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ (ꠎꠦ ꠝꠡꠎꠤꠖ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠇꠤꠛꠟꠣ ꠚꠣꠟ꠆ꠐꠤꠍꠤꠟ) ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔ ꠚꠠꠍꠦ⁕  ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ৬২২ ꠁꠡꠣꠁ ꠔ ꠔꠣꠘ ꠍꠣꠢꠣꠛꠤ ꠀꠛꠥ ꠛꠇꠞꠞꠦ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠁꠅꠣ ꠙꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔ ꠢꠤꠎꠞꠔ ꠈꠞꠍꠟꠣ⁕ ꠃꠝꠞꠞ ꠈꠤꠟꠣꠚꠔ ꠢꠤꠎꠞꠔ ꠞꠦ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠈꠞꠤꠅꠣ ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠛꠍꠞ  ꠌꠣꠟꠥ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠎꠦꠈꠐꠣ ꠢꠤꠎꠞꠤ ꠡꠣꠟ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠚꠞꠤꠍꠤꠔ ꠅꠄ⁕  ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠖ ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔ ꠢꠤꠎꠞꠔꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠙꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠞ ꠎꠦ ꠍꠥꠞꠣ ꠘꠣꠎꠤꠟ ꠅꠁꠍꠟ ꠅꠃ ꠍꠥꠞꠣ ꠁꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠘꠤ ꠍꠥꠞꠣ ꠈꠅꠅꠣ ꠅꠄ⁕
ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔꠥꠟ ꠃꠟꠥꠝ ꠛꠣꠉꠛꠣꠠꠤ

**ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔꠥꠟ ꠃꠟꠥꠝ ꠛꠣꠉꠛꠣꠠꠤ ꠘꠣꠎꠤꠛꠤꠀ ꠀꠟꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ** ( ꠀꠞꠛꠤ: **مدينة** **العلوم باغباري النجيبية العالية**) ꠛꠣ **ꠝꠖꠤꠘꠣꠔꠥꠟ ꠃꠟꠥꠝ ꠛꠣꠉꠛꠣꠠꠤ**, ꠅꠁꠟ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠞ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ⁕ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠍꠐꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ⁕

ꠁ ꠝꠣꠖ꠆ꠞꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ১৮৭৩ ꠡꠣꠟ, ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠁꠘ ꠝꠃꠟꠜꠤ ꠘꠣꠎꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠌꠃꠗꠞꠤ ꠄ⁕ ꠇꠤꠍꠣꠞ ꠍꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ ꠎꠦ, ꠘꠣꠎꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠌꠃꠗꠞꠤ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠝꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠔ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ,  ꠢꠦꠔꠦꠇꠥ ꠄꠈꠖꠤꠘ ꠘꠛꠤ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠞꠦ ꠈꠣꠛꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠍꠁꠘ, ꠈꠣꠛ ꠘꠛꠤ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠄ ꠘꠣꠎꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤꠞꠦ ꠈꠁꠍꠁꠘ ꠔꠣꠘ ꠉꠣꠃꠔ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ ꠅꠞ ꠁꠟꠝ ꠛꠣꠐꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ⁕ ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠘꠣꠎꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠔ, ꠛꠣꠉꠛꠣꠠꠤ ꠉꠣꠃꠔ ꠇꠞꠤꠝꠉꠘꠎ ꠅꠞ ꠈꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠔ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ꠄꠈꠡ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠖ꠆ꠞꠣꠡꠣ ꠅꠃ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠃ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ, ꠝꠣꠃꠟꠣꠘꠣ ꠀꠡꠣꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠝꠥꠢꠔꠣꠝꠤꠝ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠉꠤꠀ, ꠄꠛꠟꠣꠇꠥꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠢꠤꠇꠣ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠀꠟꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ
ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ

* ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥ / ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ
* ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ

**ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ** (ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠖꠤ : ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ ꠨ ꠝꠦꠁꠔꠦꠁ ꠟꠘ) ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ **ꠝꠥꠁꠔꠥꠁ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ** ꠛꠟ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠛꠥꠎꠣꠄ ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ "*ꠝꠂꠔꠂ ꠟꠘ*" ꠘꠣꠄ "*ꠝꠦꠁꠔꠦꠁ ꠟꠘ*" ⁕

### ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠕꠘꠦ ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠔꠚꠣꠔ

## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
*ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ
*ꠈꠣꠡꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ
*ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠅꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠘꠤꠙꠥꠞꠤ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠝꠟꠖꠜꠤꠀꠀ ꠒꠦꠝꠇꠞꠦꠐꠤꠇ ꠞꠤꠙꠣꠛꠟꠤꠇ

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## ꠍꠛꠤꠘ

Hotin issue, 1918.svg
Bessarabia Sfatul Tarii arrest.jpg
Sfatul Tarii, 10 December 1918.jpg
ꠝꠠꠦ ꠝꠣꠔ

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## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠀꠚꠞꠤꠇꠣ
ꠝꠡꠎꠤꠖ

**ꠝꠡꠎꠤꠖ**/ **ꠝꠍꠤꠖ**, (ꠀꠞꠛꠤ: مسجد‎‎ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ:ˈmæsdʒɪd) ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠄꠈꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠀ ꠘꠝꠣꠎ ꠚꠠꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠊꠞ⁕ ꠀꠞꠛꠤ ꠛꠧꠟ **السجود** ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠝꠍꠎꠤꠖ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠍꠤꠎꠖꠣꠢ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ ꠈꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠕꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠘꠤ⁕

ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠁꠝꠣꠞꠔ ꠛꠣ ꠊꠞꠧ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ ꠄꠈꠟꠉꠦ ꠚꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠈꠖꠤꠘ ꠚꠣꠍ ꠅꠈꠔ ꠘꠝꠣꠎ ꠀꠖꠣꠄ ꠈꠞꠁꠘ, ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠃ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠎꠣꠔ, ꠎꠦꠔꠣꠔ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠚꠣꠍ ꠅꠈꠔ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠎ ꠚꠠꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠁꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠚꠣꠘꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ,  ꠀꠞ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ ꠛꠠ ꠎꠥꠝꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠎ ꠀꠖꠣꠄ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠁꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠎꠣꠝꠦ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ⁕  ꠝꠍꠤꠖꠧ ꠄꠈꠎꠘ ꠁꠝꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ ꠘꠦꠔꠣ ꠕꠣꠈꠁꠘ ꠎꠦꠁꠘ ꠘꠝꠣꠎꠞ ꠁꠝꠣꠝꠔꠤ ꠈꠞꠁꠘ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠕꠣꠈꠁꠘ ꠄꠈꠎꠘ ꠝꠥꠀꠎꠤꠘ ꠎꠦꠁꠘ ꠀꠎꠣꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠇꠣꠝꠔ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ⁕ ꠄꠈ ꠝꠍꠤꠖꠅ ꠄꠈꠞ ꠛꠦꠡ ꠁꠝꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠀꠎꠤꠘ ꠕꠣꠈꠔꠣ ꠚꠣꠞꠁꠘ⁕
thumb|'''ꠀꠎꠣꠞꠛꠣꠁꠎꠣꠘꠞ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ'''

ꠝꠍꠤꠖ ꠘꠝꠣꠎ ꠚꠠꠣꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠖꠤꠘꠤ ꠝꠣꠍꠣꠟꠣ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ, ꠀꠞꠛꠤ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ, ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ, ꠁꠟꠝꠤ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠅ ꠅꠄ⁕

ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠝꠍꠤꠖ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠝꠍꠎꠤꠖꠦ ꠇꠣꠛꠣꠞꠦ⁕
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ꠝꠡꠣ

**ꠝꠡꠣ**  ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠢꠥꠞꠥꠝꠥꠞꠥ ꠝꠣꠍꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠙꠔꠋꠉ ꠎꠦꠔꠣꠄ ꠃꠠ꠆ꠔ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠨ ꠔꠣꠞꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠦꠐꠤ ꠝꠡꠣꠄꠃ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠟꠃ ꠈꠣꠄ ⁕

## ꠝꠡꠣꠞ ꠒꠤꠝ
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## ꠎꠤꠛꠘ ꠖꠡꠣ
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## ꠎꠥꠀꠘ ꠝꠡꠣ
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## ꠌꠦꠞꠣ ꠍꠥꠞꠔ
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ꠝꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠡꠥꠁꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠝꠣꠔ

**ꠝꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠡꠥꠁꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠝꠣꠔ** (ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠄ ꠪ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ) ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠔꠤꠘ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠛꠠ ꠛꠠ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠄꠇ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠝꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠔ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠡꠥꠁꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠛꠣ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠈꠣꠠꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕
ꠝꠢꠞꠝꠞ ꠢꠣꠋꠉꠣꠝꠣ

**১৭৮২ ꠞ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ** ꠛꠣ **ꠝꠢꠞꠝꠞ ꠢꠣꠋꠉꠣꠝꠣ** (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: **Sylhet uprising of 1782**), ꠅꠁꠟ ১৭৮২ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞꠧ, ꠀꠞꠛꠤ ꠝꠢꠞꠝ ꠝꠣꠡꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠖꠤꠘ, ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠅꠞ ꠛꠤꠚꠇ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠘꠦꠔꠣ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠚꠤꠞꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠜꠣꠁ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠝꠣꠢꠖꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠖ ꠢꠣꠖꠤ⁕ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠃꠙꠝꠢꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠗꠤ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠧꠟꠘ⁕ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠝꠣꠁꠞ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠡꠣꠢꠤ ꠁꠖꠉꠣꠢ ꠀꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠈꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠞ ꠐꠤꠟꠣ ꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠄ⁕

## ꠀꠉꠞ ꠊꠐꠘꠣ
১৭৭৮ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤꠔ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ ꠇꠧꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠘꠤꠄ ꠞꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠇꠣꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠦ⁕ ꠁ ꠡꠝꠄ, ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠈꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠍꠥꠘꠣ, ꠛꠦꠔ, ꠉꠥꠀ, ꠟꠥꠀ, ꠀꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠣꠎꠞ ꠈꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠖ ꠟꠥꠐ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠐꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠟꠤꠇ ꠛꠘꠤꠎꠣꠄ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ, ꠟꠉꠦ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠉꠞꠤꠛ ꠈꠦꠔ ꠈꠞꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠈꠣꠎꠘꠣꠞ ꠎꠥꠟꠥꠝ⁕ ꠄꠞꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠘꠣꠞꠣꠎ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ⁕
১৭৮১ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠧ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠡꠟ ꠘꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠃꠚꠣꠡꠤ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠖꠤꠟ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ৩ ꠛꠣꠐꠞ ১ ꠛꠣꠐ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠘꠣ ꠈꠣꠁꠀ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠉꠦꠍꠟ ꠅꠃ ꠈꠣꠞꠘꠦ⁕ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠅꠃ ꠡꠝꠄꠅ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠉꠦꠍ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠈꠣꠎꠘꠣ ꠟꠁꠍꠦ⁕
ꠏꠞꠘꠣꠞ ꠚꠣꠞꠞ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠛꠣꠠꠤ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠅꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠄꠈ ꠚꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ, ꠔꠣꠘꠔꠣꠘ ꠇꠥꠞꠍꠤ ꠡꠣꠢ ꠎꠣꠟꠣꠟꠞ ꠄꠈ ꠝꠥꠞꠤꠖꠧ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠝꠤꠟꠍꠦ⁕ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠛꠣꠠꠤꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠒꠣꠈ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠧꠅ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ⁕ 

## ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ
ꠝꠢꠞꠝꠞ ꠢꠣꠘꠎꠣꠛꠣꠟꠣ, ꠚꠤꠞꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠖꠥꠁꠅ ꠜꠣꠁꠄ ৩০০ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠔꠣꠎꠤꠀ ꠝꠤꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠁꠘ⁕ ꠝꠤꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠣꠢꠤ ꠁꠖꠉꠣꠢꠔ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠔꠣꠘꠔꠣꠘ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠖꠣ, ꠔꠞꠛꠣꠞꠤ ꠀꠍꠟ⁕

ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠡꠞꠈꠣꠞꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠄꠈ ꠍꠤꠑꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠍꠦ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠦ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠘ ꠝꠣꠘꠤꠇ ꠌꠣꠖꠞꠦ (ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡꠞ ꠡꠞꠤꠇ) ꠝꠣꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠐꠣꠃꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠀꠉꠥꠘ ꠗꠞꠣꠁꠀ ꠖꠤꠟꠣꠁꠘ⁕ 

ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠇꠣꠘꠥꠘꠉꠧ ꠝꠣꠍꠥꠖ ꠛꠈꠔ ꠞꠦ ꠢꠥꠇꠥꠝ ꠖꠦꠄ ২০ ꠡꠤꠙꠣꠁ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠡꠣꠢꠤ ꠁꠖꠉꠣꠢꠔ ꠎꠣꠅꠀꠞ, ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠢꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠦ ꠀꠞꠧꠅ ৩০ ꠎꠘ ꠡꠤꠙꠣꠁ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠡꠞꠤꠇ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢꠤ ꠅꠈꠟꠞꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠈꠞꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠈꠁꠟꠦ ꠅ, ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠈꠟ ꠞꠣꠎꠤ ꠅꠁꠘ ꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠈꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠞ ꠐꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣ ꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠄ ꠎꠣꠁꠘ ꠉꠤ⁕ ꠔꠣꠘꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠚꠤꠍꠦ ꠚꠤꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠦꠙꠣꠁ ꠅꠈꠟ⁕ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠣꠠꠣꠁ ꠅꠄ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠞ, ꠔꠞꠛꠣꠞꠤ ꠖꠤ⁕ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦꠞ ꠔꠞꠛꠣꠞꠤ ꠜꠣꠋꠉꠤꠟꠤꠟꠦ, ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦꠞ ꠎꠝꠣꠖꠣꠞꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠔ ꠙꠤꠍꠔꠟ ꠖꠤꠟꠣꠄ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠉꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠡꠢꠤꠖ ꠈꠞꠦ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠞꠦ⁕

ꠢꠣꠖꠣ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠖꠣ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠖꠥꠁꠅꠎꠘ ꠚꠤꠞꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠁ ꠢꠣꠋꠉꠣꠝꠣꠔ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁꠘ⁕ 

## ꠜꠛꠤꠡꠡꠔꠚꠟ
ꠢꠣꠋꠉꠣꠝꠣ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ, ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠒꠍꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠖꠥꠇ ꠚꠣꠅꠀ ꠡꠤꠙꠣꠁ ꠅꠈꠟ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠐꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠔ ꠎꠣꠄ, ꠎꠦꠘ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠒꠣꠈꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠎꠘ ꠢꠤꠟ꠆ꠐꠘꠦ ꠁꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠎ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠖꠦꠄ⁕
ꠢꠣꠖꠣ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠖꠣ ꠝꠤꠀꠞꠦ ꠈꠛꠞ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠡꠣꠢꠤ ꠁꠖꠉꠣꠢꠞ ꠈꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠔ ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠟꠣ ꠘꠄꠀꠡꠠꠈ ꠝꠣꠖ꠆ꠞꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠚꠥꠛꠦ⁕ 

ꠡꠣꠢꠤ ꠁꠖꠉꠣꠢꠞ ꠃꠔꠞꠞ ꠐꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠢꠣꠖꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠍꠁꠅꠖ ꠝꠣꠢꠖꠤꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ, ꠅꠃ ꠐꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠔ ꠃ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠢꠤꠖ ꠅꠁꠍꠟꠣ⁕

## ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ

* ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠤꠎꠄ
ꠝꠣꠁꠇꠍꠚ

**** ⁕

## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

## ꠉꠑꠘ
 ⁕  ⁕  ⁕  ⁕

## ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠝꠣꠁꠇꠍꠚ
* ꠝꠣꠁꠇꠍꠚ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠒ
* ꠄꠇ꠆ꠌꠦꠟ
* ꠙꠦꠁꠘ꠆ꠐ

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠝ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠄꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠘꠄꠀꠘꠄꠀꠇꠟ
ꠝꠣꠁꠇꠍꠚ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠒ

****  ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ ꠅ ꠙꠄꠟꠣꠃ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠁꠀ ꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠘꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠃ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠄꠝꠟꠣꠘ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠄꠙꠟꠤꠇꠦꠡꠘ ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠝꠣꠁꠇꠍꠚꠐ ꠅꠀꠒ ꠎꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠎꠦꠘꠤꠇ꠆ꠍ ꠍꠤꠍ꠆ꠐꠝꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠝꠣꠟ꠆ꠐꠤ×ꠐꠥꠟ ꠅꠀꠒ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞꠦ ꠍꠣꠠꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕

## ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠝꠣꠁꠇꠍꠚ
* ꠙꠦꠁꠘ꠆ꠐ
* ꠄꠇ꠆ꠌꠦꠟ

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠝ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠄꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠝꠣꠁꠝꠟ

****  ꠨ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠄ **ꠝꠣꠍꠥꠀ** ꠩ ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠎꠣꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠍ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠣꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠍ ꠝꠣꠞꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠅ ꠁꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠁꠎꠣꠔꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠎꠘ ꠅ ꠀꠍꠂꠘ ⁕

## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠣꠝ
ꠝꠣꠇꠣꠅ

**ꠝꠣꠇꠣꠅ** ꠛꠣ **ꠝꠣꠇꠣꠃ** ( ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠪ Macao ⁕ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠪ 澳門&nbsp;꠨ ꠇ꠆ꠎꠣꠘ꠆ꠐꠘꠤꠎ: [ōu.mǔːn] ) ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠇꠣꠅ
ꠝꠣꠇꠣꠟꠚꠟ

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**** ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ ꠇꠦꠟꠣ ꠇꠌꠥꠞ ꠚꠟ ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠇꠣꠃꠀꠟꠥꠟꠤ ꠉꠣꠍꠞ ꠚꠟ ⁕ ꠀꠞꠇꠘꠣꠝ ꠌꠥꠀꠟꠥꠟꠤ ⁕
ꠝꠣꠊ ꠝꠣꠡ

**ꠝꠣꠊ ꠝꠣꠡ** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠛꠣꠞꠧ ꠝꠣꠡꠧꠞ (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ) ꠖꠡꠝ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠤꠅ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠇꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠖꠡꠤ ꠝꠣꠡ ⁕ ꠁ ꠡꠝꠄꠐꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠡꠤꠔꠞ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠝꠍꠝ ⁕ ꠍꠤꠎꠣꠞꠤꠅ ꠚꠣꠘꠎꠤ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠈꠣꠘ ꠝꠣꠏ-ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠝꠣꠏ-ꠚꠦꠛꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠡꠧ ꠚꠠꠦ ⁕ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡ  ꠖꠤꠘꠦ ꠉꠘꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠧ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠝꠦꠊꠧ ꠅꠄ; ꠎꠣꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠍꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠈ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ- ꠝꠣꠊꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠦꠊꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠊ ꠝꠣꠁꠀ ꠍꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠈ ꠅꠈꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ "ꠄꠈ ꠝꠣꠊꠦ ꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠄꠘꠣ" ꠢꠈꠟ ꠔꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠧ ꠉꠣꠍꠣꠁꠘꠔ꠆ ꠀꠝꠞ ꠛꠃꠟ ꠀꠄ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠦꠋꠉꠟꠤ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠎꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠡꠣꠁꠘ
ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ

**ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ** (Part of speech) ꠅꠁꠟ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠅꠋꠡ⁕ ꠄꠞꠖꠣꠄ ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ **ꠝꠣꠔꠋꠡ** ꠅ ꠈꠀ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠉꠑꠘ, ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠍꠤꠘ, ꠈꠣꠐꠣꠈꠣꠐꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠝꠣꠔꠈꠕꠣꠞ ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡꠞꠦ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ⁕ ꠡꠥꠎꠣ ꠈꠕꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠅꠀ ꠚꠞꠔꠦꠈꠐꠣ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠞꠦ ꠄꠈꠦꠈꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠔꠅ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠀꠐꠉꠥ ꠐꠥꠝꠣꠖꠤ ꠛꠣꠐꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ, ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ, ꠉꠥꠘꠉꠣꠘ, ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ, ꠢꠣꠟꠈꠣꠝ, ꠢꠝꠘ꠆ꠖꠈ, ꠉꠉꠣꠅꠈ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ⁕ 
## ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ
ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Noun ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠟꠦꠐꠤꠘ nōmen ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ; ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠘꠣꠝ) ꠛꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ⁕ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥ, ꠎꠣꠔꠤ, ꠎꠤꠘꠤꠡ, ꠁꠍꠔꠣꠘ, ꠐꠣꠁꠝ, ꠜꠣꠛ, ꠈꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠣꠁꠍꠟꠔꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ ꠁꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ *ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠀꠞꠛꠤ-ꠚꠣꠞꠍꠤꠔ ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ 'ꠁꠍ꠆ꠝ" ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠎꠦꠍꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- ꠍꠣ, ꠈꠝꠟꠣ, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ⁕ 
== ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ ==
: ꠝꠥꠟ [[ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ]]
ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Pronoun) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ *ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣ ꠛꠄ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠣꠞꠛꠣꠞ ꠈꠀꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣ ꠎꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠣꠁꠘ ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠅꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ-  ꠝꠥꠁ, ꠝꠞ, ꠢꠦ, ꠔꠣꠁ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ⁕
## ꠉꠥꠘꠉꠣꠘ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠉꠥꠘꠉꠣꠘ
ꠉꠥꠘꠉꠣꠘ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: adjective) ꠅꠁꠟ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣꠞ (ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ, ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ) ꠖꠥꠡ, ꠉꠥꠘ, ꠅꠛꠍꠕꠣ, ꠡꠁꠋꠇꠣ, ꠚꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ⁕

## ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ
ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠄ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Verb) ꠒꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠎꠦꠍꠣꠎꠣꠔ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠣꠝ ꠅꠀ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- ꠈꠣꠅꠀ, ꠎꠣꠅꠀ, ꠘꠣꠅꠀ, ꠊꠥꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ⁕ 

## ꠢꠣꠟꠈꠣꠝ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠢꠣꠟꠈꠣꠝ
ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠜꠣꠞꠈꠣꠝ, ꠚꠞꠘꠣꠝ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠀꠘꠈꠣꠝꠞꠦ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠘꠣ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ, ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠄ ꠢꠣꠟꠈꠣꠝ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Adverb) ꠒꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠈꠣꠝꠞ ꠢꠣꠟꠞꠦ ꠛꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠤꠈꠞꠤ ꠢꠣꠟꠈꠣꠝ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠀꠈꠣꠝ (ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠀꠘꠈꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠥꠈꠣꠝꠞ ꠝꠤꠟꠣꠁꠟ ꠞꠥꠚ) ꠈꠅꠀ ꠎꠣꠄ⁕ ꠁꠉꠥꠖꠤ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠇꠤꠀꠘ, ꠇꠥꠘꠛꠣꠟꠣ, ꠇꠤꠟꠣꠘ, ꠈꠔꠈꠣꠘ ꠅꠔꠣ ꠚꠍ꠆ꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠎꠥꠀꠚ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- ꠎꠦ, ꠎꠦ ꠞꠥꠡꠦ, ꠈꠟꠦꠈꠟꠦ⁕ 

## ꠢꠝꠘ꠆ꠗꠈ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠢꠝꠘ꠆ꠗꠈ
ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠣꠁꠘ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠅꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠣꠁꠘ ꠘꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠝꠤꠟ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠄ ꠢꠝꠘ꠆ꠗꠈ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Conjunction) ꠒꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠈ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠀꠞꠈ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠞ, ꠘꠣꠄ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠀꠞꠈ ꠛꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ ꠝꠤꠟ ꠈꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠢꠝꠘ꠆ꠗꠈ ꠈꠄ⁕ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠘ- ꠀꠞ, ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠇ, ꠘꠣꠄ, ꠄꠞꠖꠣꠄꠅ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ⁕

## ꠉꠉꠣꠅꠈ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠉꠉꠣꠅꠈ
ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠇꠥꠡꠤ-ꠛꠣꠡꠤ, ꠖꠥꠇ-ꠖꠞꠖ, ꠡꠥꠁꠖ꠆ꠖꠣ ꠎꠦꠍꠣꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠀꠛꠦꠉ, ꠞꠣꠄꠎꠣꠟꠣ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠁꠉꠥꠞꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣꠄ ꠉꠉꠣꠅꠈ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Interjection) ꠒꠣꠈꠦ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠀꠈꠔꠣ ꠉꠉꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠥꠝꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠚꠥꠞꠔꠤ, ꠞꠣꠄꠎꠣꠟꠣ ꠅꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ, ꠅꠉꠥꠞꠦꠃ ꠉꠉꠣꠅꠈ ꠅꠄ⁕ 

## ꠟꠉ꠆ꠉꠤꠡꠣꠞꠣꠖꠣꠞ
: ꠝꠥꠟ ꠟꠉ꠆ꠉꠤꠡꠣꠞꠣꠖꠣꠞ
ꠟꠉ꠆ꠉꠤꠡꠣꠞꠣꠖꠣꠞ (ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ: Determiner) ꠅꠁꠟ ꠅꠔꠣ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠎꠥꠠ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠄ ꠚꠁꠟꠤ/ꠡꠦꠡꠤꠟꠤ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠘꠤꠎꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠄ ꠘꠣꠝꠎꠥꠠꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠁꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠘꠝꠣꠘ ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠢꠣꠟ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ⁕ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠟꠉ꠆ꠉꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠅꠞ ꠝꠤꠡꠣꠁꠟ ꠞꠥꠚ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠟꠉ꠆ꠉꠤꠡꠣꠞꠣꠖꠣꠞ⁕
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠔꠈꠣꠄꠖꠣ
ꠝꠣꠐꠤ

thumb|right|alt= This is a diagram and related photograph of soil layers from bedrock to soil.|A, B, ꠀꠞ C ꠖꠤ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠁꠍꠔꠞꠣꠁꠘ ꠖꠦꠈꠣꠞ
 **ꠝꠣꠐꠤ** ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠚꠤꠐꠉꠣꠟꠣꠞ ꠘꠞꠝ ꠀꠛꠞꠘ ⁕ ꠚꠣꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠈꠘꠤꠎ ꠚꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠛꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠂꠛꠎꠃꠉꠧ ꠝꠤꠡꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠐꠤ ꠛꠘꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠎꠂꠛ ꠚꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠧꠞ ꠃꠚꠍꠔꠤꠕꠦꠔꠦ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠈꠄ, ꠜꠣꠋꠉꠘ ꠅꠔꠣ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠞꠣꠡꠣꠄꠘꠤꠇ ꠛꠖꠟꠤꠞ ꠃꠍꠤꠟꠣꠄ ꠚꠣꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠜꠛ ⁕ ꠎꠦ ꠉꠔꠤꠇꠦ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠀꠉꠞꠣꠝꠟꠤ ꠝꠣꠐꠤ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠔ ꠝꠤꠟꠦ ꠘꠣ ⁕ ꠢꠥꠇꠘꠣ ꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ **ꠗꠥꠁꠟ** ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠎꠦꠎꠣꠉꠣꠔ ꠟꠦꠐꠟꠦꠐꠣ ꠘꠞꠝ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞꠦ **ꠚꠦꠈ** ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠄ **ꠚꠦꠗꠁꠟ** ꠈꠁꠘ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠅꠁꠔꠦ ꠚꠣꠍꠈꠣꠘ ꠈꠣꠞꠇ (factors) ꠞꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠎꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ- ১. parent material (ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠇꠣ ꠚꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ) ২. Climate( ꠎꠟꠛꠣꠁꠃ) ৩. Biota (ꠎꠤꠛ ꠃꠚꠣꠖꠣꠘ) ৪.Topography( ꠜꠥꠡꠋꠁꠍꠕꠣꠘ) ৫. Time (ꠡꠝꠄ) ꠁ ꠚꠣꠍꠐꠣꠞ ꠎꠦꠍꠣ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠍꠣꠠꠣ ꠝꠣꠐꠤ ꠉꠑꠘ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠘꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠔ ꠈꠘꠤꠎ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠂꠛ ꠚꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠞ ꠝꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠘ ꠞꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠄꠞ ꠃꠚꠣꠖꠣꠘꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠒꠣꠐ꠆ꠐꠣ, ꠔꠦꠟꠣꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠣꠚꠠꠣ ꠅꠛꠍꠔꠣꠕ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠔ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠈꠘꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠟꠉꠣ ꠀꠟꠉꠣ ꠟꠣꠉꠣꠁꠟ, ꠎꠦꠔꠣꠞꠖꠣꠄ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠄꠀꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠍꠟꠣꠍꠟꠞ ꠎꠕꠦꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠎꠣꠄꠉꠣ ꠞꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ꠄꠞꠖꠣꠄ ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠔꠤ-ꠖꠡꠣ ꠚꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ (Three state system) ꠈꠁꠀ ꠒꠣꠈꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠊꠘꠔ꠆ꠔ ১ ꠔꠘꠦ ২ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ/ꠊꠘ ꠍꠦ.ꠝꠤ. ⁕  ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠉꠣꠟꠣꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠝꠣꠐꠤꠃ ꠐꠣꠞꠡꠤꠀꠞꠤ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠉꠑꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠥꠈꠣꠘ ꠃ ꠙ꠆ꠟꠦꠍꠐꠧꠍꠤꠘ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠁ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀ
ꠝꠣꠔ

**ꠝꠣꠔ** ꠅꠁꠟ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠖꠤꠟꠞ ꠜꠣꠛ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠝꠥꠈ ꠛꠣꠄꠖꠤ ꠛꠣꠞꠘꠤ ꠎꠛꠣꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠎꠦꠈꠐꠣ ꠖꠤ ꠄꠈꠦ ꠀꠞꠈꠦꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠎꠥꠉ ꠇꠞꠦ ⁕ ꠀꠞꠦꠇ ꠈꠟꠦ ꠈꠁꠟꠦ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠘꠤꠅꠝꠝꠣꠚꠤꠇ ꠍꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠝ ⁕ 

ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠔ ꠄꠛꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠘꠥꠝꠣꠘꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ৫০০০ ꠔꠘꠦ ৭০০০ ⁕ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ꠁ ꠗꠞꠘꠞ ꠅꠘꠥꠝꠣꠘ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞ ꠈꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠝꠣꠔ (Language) ꠀꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠣꠝꠣꠔ (Dialect) ꠞꠦ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠗꠞꠣ ⁕ ꠁ ꠗꠞꠘꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠈꠝ ꠅꠄ ꠈꠣꠞꠘ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠒꠣꠀꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠛꠦꠡꠈꠝ ꠗꠞꠣꠞ ꠡꠛꠦꠄꠈ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠝꠣꠘꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠧ ꠡꠋꠉꠣ ꠘꠣꠁ ⁕ 

ꠡꠣꠜꠣꠛꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠢꠄ ꠈꠁꠀ ꠛꠣ ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣꠄ ꠝꠣꠔꠣ ꠅꠄ, ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ꠎꠦꠍꠣ ꠝꠣꠔꠃ ꠀꠞꠈ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠎꠝꠅ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ, ꠅꠒꠤꠅ, ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅ ꠛꠣ ꠞꠣꠡꠣꠄꠅꠘꠤꠇ ꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠝꠥꠟꠤ, ꠘꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠟꠦꠇꠤꠀ, ꠡꠤꠡ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠍꠤꠘ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠛꠣ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠦꠁꠟ ꠖꠤꠀ ⁕

ꠝꠣꠔ ꠢꠈꠟꠡꠝꠄ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠄ, ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ ꠘꠄꠀꠈꠞꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ, ꠄꠛꠟꠣꠇꠥꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠅꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠔꠥꠟꠘꠣ ꠈꠞꠤꠀ ꠛꠣꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠇꠥꠘ ꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠥꠘ ꠍꠥꠞꠔ ꠇꠥꠘ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠇꠤꠟꠣ ꠛꠖꠟꠤꠍꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠤꠟꠣ ꠄꠛꠟꠣꠇꠥꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠀꠁꠀ ꠛꠖꠟꠤꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠈꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠁꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠄꠈꠟꠉꠦ ꠈꠀ ꠅꠄ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠚꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞ ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠦ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠧ ꠎꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠝꠞꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠧ ꠝꠣꠔꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠘꠣꠁ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠔꠞꠦ ꠈꠄ, ꠄꠈꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠔ (language isolate).  ꠝꠣꠔꠞꠡꠣꠄꠞꠣꠘ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ ২১ꠡ ꠡꠔꠈꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠞ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ ꠝꠣꠔꠣ ৫০% ꠔꠘꠦ ৯০% ꠝꠣꠔ ২১০০ ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠀꠞꠤ ꠎꠤꠛ, ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠔꠔꠣ ꠘꠣꠄ ⁕
ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠉꠣꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ

**ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠉꠣꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ**( ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠪ Madagascar ) ꠅꠁꠟꠉꠤ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠉꠣꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ
ꠝꠣꠗꠛꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠘꠤꠎꠞꠣ

**ꠝꠣꠗꠛꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠘꠤꠎꠞꠣ** ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠧꠞ ꠢꠈꠟ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠛꠠ ꠘꠤꠎꠞꠣ ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉꠞ ꠝꠥꠟꠤꠛꠣꠎꠣꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠔ ꠙꠞꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠙꠣꠕꠣꠞꠤꠀ ꠙꠣꠢꠣꠠ (ꠀꠉꠧꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ: ꠀꠖꠝ ꠀꠁꠟ ꠙꠣꠢꠣꠠ) ꠡꠇꠔ ꠇꠤꠐꠇꠤꠐꠣ ꠙꠣꠔꠔꠞꠖꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ; ꠁ ꠙꠣꠢꠣꠠ ꠛꠣꠄ ꠉꠋꠉꠣꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠍꠠꠣ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠁ ꠍꠠꠣ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠗꠛꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠏꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠘꠤꠌꠦꠖꠤ ꠙꠠꠤꠀ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠝꠣꠗꠛ ꠍꠠꠣ ⁕ ꠅꠞꠕꠣꠔ ꠉꠋꠉꠣꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠍꠠꠣ ꠛꠣꠄ ꠀꠃꠀ  ꠅꠇꠐꠥꠛꠞ  ꠅꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ  ꠚꠥꠐ ꠃꠌꠣ ꠔꠘꠦ ꠘꠤꠌꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠗꠛꠍꠠꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠙꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠗꠣꠞꠣ ꠢꠣꠞꠤ ꠛꠂꠟ ꠙꠞꠔꠦ ꠀꠍꠦ&nbsp;꠨ ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠡꠣ ꠝꠣꠡꠧ ꠁꠉꠥꠞ ꠇꠣꠘꠖꠣꠔ ꠀꠞꠦꠉꠥ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠗꠣꠞꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠀꠞ ꠜꠞꠣ ꠝꠃꠡꠥꠝꠧ ꠖꠄꠅꠐꠣ ꠝꠤꠟꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠙꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠔꠥꠞꠦ ⁕ ꠙꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠁ ꠗꠣꠞꠣ ꠙꠞꠔꠦ ꠙꠞꠔꠦ ꠘꠤꠌꠦ ꠉꠣꠔ ꠅꠁꠉꠦꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠗꠛꠍꠠꠣꠞ ꠁ ꠙꠣꠘꠤ ꠙꠌꠌꠤꠝ ꠛꠣꠄ ꠎꠣꠁꠔꠦ ꠎꠣꠁꠔꠦ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠝꠤꠡꠍꠦ ꠀꠇꠣꠟꠥꠇꠤ ꠀꠅꠞꠧ ⁕

ꠉꠣꠔꠧꠞ ꠒꠣꠁꠘꠦ ꠖꠤ ꠙꠣꠕꠕꠞꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠉꠥꠢꠣ ꠅꠁꠉꠦꠍꠦ&nbsp;꠨ ꠎꠦꠉꠥꠞ ꠟꠇꠣꠟ ꠘꠣꠝ *ꠇꠣꠛ ⁕* ꠁ ꠇꠣꠛꠞꠦ ꠖꠦꠈꠔꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠧꠞ ꠊꠞꠧꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠟꠣꠉꠦ ⁕ 

## ꠍꠛꠤꠍꠣꠛꠤ

Madhabkunda Falls.jpg|
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ꠝꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤ

**** ꠅꠁꠟꠅ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ⁕

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠐꠣꠞ
ꠝꠣꠟ꠆ꠘꠤꠌꠦꠞꠣ ꠌꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ

ꠝꠣꠟ꠆ꠘꠤꠌꠦꠞꠣ ꠌꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ (ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎ : Malnicherra Tea Estate) ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠅꠞ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠎꠤꠟꠣ-ꠞ ꠝꠣꠎꠦ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ ꠃꠙꠝꠀꠖꠦꠡ ꠅꠞ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠌꠦ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘ ꠌꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ⁕ 1650 ꠡꠘꠅ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠅ ꠌꠣ ꠌꠣꠡ ꠀꠞꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ 1849 ꠡꠘꠅ ꠟꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠢꠣꠞ꠆ꠒꠍꠘ  1500 ꠄꠇꠞ ꠎꠦꠉꠣꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠛꠘꠣꠁꠍꠂꠘ ⁕

## ꠟꠇ


## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
*ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠘꠉꠞ
*ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠈꠦꠠꠤꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠑ
*ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠣꠍ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠐꠦꠡꠘ

## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ
 

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠘꠉꠞ
ꠝꠣꠟꠘꠤꠍꠠꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ

**ꠝꠣꠟꠘꠤꠍꠠꠣ ꠍꠣ** ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ⁕ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠃꠙꠝꠢꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠟꠘꠤꠍꠠꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠡꠢ ꠀꠍꠔꠣ ꠃꠙꠝꠢꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠣꠁꠔꠦ ꠛꠠ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠈꠟꠞ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ⁕  ꠡꠣꠟꠧ ꠟꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠢꠣꠞ꠆ꠒꠍꠘ  ꠄꠇꠞ ꠎꠣꠄꠉꠣꠞ ꠃꠚꠞꠦ ꠁ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠁꠘ ⁕ ꠁ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐ  ꠈꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠔ ꠁꠀꠞꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠞꠧꠒꠦ ꠍꠃꠇꠤꠖꠦꠈꠤꠞ ꠔꠥꠠꠣ ꠡꠣꠝꠘꠦ ⁕ ꠄꠛꠟꠣ ꠁ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣꠘꠣ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁ ꠞꠣꠉꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ⁕

## ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ
 ꠡꠣꠟ ꠌꠤꠘꠧ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠚꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠚꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠔ ꠅꠈꠟꠞ ꠞꠥꠎꠇꠥꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠞ  ꠐꠣ ꠈꠣꠎꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠍꠣ ꠈꠣꠅꠀ ⁕ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ  ꠛꠍꠞ ꠚꠞꠦ  ꠡꠣꠟꠧ ꠙꠣꠇ-ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠤ ꠃꠙꠝꠢꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐꠃ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠚꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠍꠣ ꠈꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠅꠜꠜꠣꠡ ꠅꠁ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐꠞ ꠝꠣꠟꠘꠤꠍꠠꠣ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠃ ꠃꠙꠝꠢꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠍꠣ ꠚꠟꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ⁕ ꠄꠞꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠖꠦꠠ ꠡꠔ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠚꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠝꠣꠟꠘꠤꠍꠠꠣ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠨ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠘꠤ ꠀꠞ  ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠝꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣꠘꠣꠞ ꠀꠔ ꠊꠥꠞꠤꠀ  ꠡꠣꠟ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠀꠛ ꠞꠣꠉꠤꠛ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠎꠡꠡꠧ ꠝꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣꠘꠣꠔ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠍ꠆ꠞꠤꠝꠋꠉꠟꠞꠦ ꠍꠣꠞ ꠖꠦꠡ  ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠐꠞ ꠁ ꠍꠣ ꠛꠣꠉꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠃ ꠍꠣ ꠚꠟꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠁ ꠖꠦꠡ ⁕ ꠎꠣ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠅꠋꠡ ⁕
ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠍꠤꠍ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠝ (ꠏꠣꠛꠦꠟꠤꠘ)

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## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠞꠣꠡꠤꠀ
* ꠛꠦꠟꠣꠞꠥꠡ
* ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ
* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠍꠇꠤ
* ꠜꠦꠟꠣꠖꠤꠝꠤꠞ ꠙꠥꠔꠤꠘ

## ꠟꠇ


## ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ
30px|link=Template:Wn/syl/ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠊ 
ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠊꠅ

## ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠔꠣꠔ
* ꠟꠉꠣꠟꠉ ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠁꠡꠣꠞꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠟ 
* ꠟꠉꠣꠟꠉ ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣꠞ ꠈꠛꠞ 
* ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ

ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠎꠋꠉꠘꠣꠝꠣ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠞꠥꠡ ꠃꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠋꠉꠅ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠤꠍꠣꠁꠟ ꠍꠤꠍ꠆ꠐꠝ
ꠝꠤꠑꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ

thumb|ꠚꠥꠇꠞꠤ, ꠝꠤꠑꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠃꠔꠡ
**ꠝꠤꠑꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ**, **ꠡꠣꠖꠥ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ** ꠛꠣ **ꠈꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ** ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠄꠈ ꠎꠣꠔꠤ **[[ꠚꠣꠘꠤ]]** ꠎꠦꠔꠣꠔ ꠘꠥꠘ ꠘꠣꠁ ꠛꠣ ꠕꠣꠈꠟꠦꠅ ꠘꠥꠘꠞ ꠚꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠈꠦꠞꠦ ꠔꠥꠞꠣ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠘꠣ ꠚꠣꠔ꠆ꠔꠞꠤ-ꠛꠦꠞꠣ, ꠏꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ, ꠟꠦꠇ, ꠉꠣꠋ, ꠛꠞꠣꠚꠏꠠꠤ, ꠛꠞꠚ ꠅꠔꠣ ꠡꠣꠖꠥ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠇꠥꠐꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠃꠔꠡꠧ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠔꠤꠞꠣꠡ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠚꠤꠀꠁꠀ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ, ꠅꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠝꠤꠑꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠣꠖꠥ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠒꠣꠈꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠡꠣꠉꠞ, ꠝꠢꠣꠡꠣꠉꠞꠞ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠔ ꠎꠔꠧꠔꠣ ꠘꠥꠘꠔꠣ ꠞꠁꠍꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠚꠤꠀ ꠃꠚꠎꠥꠉꠤ ꠘꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠔꠛꠦ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠚꠤꠀ ꠈꠣꠄ, ꠔꠣꠞ ꠢꠇ꠆ꠇꠟꠐꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠝꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠘꠣꠄ ⁕ ꠈꠣꠞꠘ ꠁ ꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠝꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠚꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠞꠣꠚꠖ ꠘꠣꠄ; ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠉꠦ ꠈꠔꠤꠇꠞ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠦꠞꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠔꠘ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠤꠛ ꠊꠣꠚꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠞꠤ ꠕꠣꠈꠔꠧ ꠚꠣꠞꠦ ⁕ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠚꠤꠀꠍ ꠝꠤꠐꠟꠦꠅ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠘꠥ ꠝꠣꠞꠣꠔ꠆ꠔꠇ ꠛꠦꠝꠣꠞꠞ ꠈꠣꠞꠘ ꠅꠁꠎꠤꠔꠧ ꠚꠣꠞꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠈꠣꠄ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠘꠤꠞꠣꠚꠖ ꠅ ꠞꠥꠉ-ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠘꠥꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠥꠔꠟꠎꠣꠔ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠕꠣꠈꠦ ⁕ ꠝꠤꠑꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠟꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠖꠥ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞꠦ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠄ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠘꠥꠘꠔꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠐꠣ ⁕
ꠝꠤꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠥ

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## ꠀꠞꠧ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ
* ꠀꠟꠤꠚ ꠟꠣꠄꠟꠣ
* ꠁꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠖꠤ
* ꠌꠣꠌꠣ ꠌꠗ꠆ꠞꠤ
* ꠝꠤꠘꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠥ
* ꠐꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠦꠞꠤ
* ꠍꠤꠝꠍꠘ
## ꠟꠇ


ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠟꠣꠉꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠥꠘ
ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠟꠣꠉꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠐꠤꠜꠤ ꠅꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠘ
ꠝꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠘ

**** ꠄꠉꠥ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘꠤ ꠐꠤꠜꠤ ꠍꠤꠞꠤꠎ ꠎꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠟ ꠌꠞꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠔ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠍꠂꠘ ꠞꠅꠀꠘ ꠀꠐ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠍꠘ

## ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ