Falsafa

[thumbnail|Wanafalsafa [Plato na Aristoteli; uchongaji wa karne ya 15 kwenye mnara wa kanisa huko Firenze, Italia.]]
**Falsafa** (kutoka Kigiriki *φιλοσοφία* *filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima*) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.

Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote. 

Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.

Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.

## Matawi ya falsafa 
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
* mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana
* maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema
* metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa 
* epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua

## Aina za falsafa 
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.

Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.

Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.

Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.

## Wanafalsafa 
### Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale 
* Pythagoras
* Sokrates
* Plato
* Aristoteles
* Epikur
* Galenos

### Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi 
* Agostino wa Hippo
* Severini Boesyo
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio
* Niccolo Machiavelli
* Thomas Hobbes
* René Descartes
* John Locke
* Baruch Spinoza
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* George Berkeley
* David Hume
* Immanuel Kant
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Auguste Comte
* Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Mary Wollstonecraft
* Friedrich Engels
* John Stuart Mill
* Søren Kierkegaard
* Karl Marx
* Friedrich Nietzsche
* Jacques Maritain

### Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani 
* Bertrand Russell
* Ludwig Wittgenstein
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Simone de Beauvoir
* Ayn Rand
* Karl Popper
* Willard Van Orman Quine
* Eugene T. Gendlin
* Noam Chomsky
* Rudy Garns

### Wanafalsafa wa Afrika 
* Plotinus
* Zera Yakobu

### Wanafalsafa wa Asia 
* Konfutse (Confucius)
* Lao Tze
* Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)
* Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
* Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
* Al-Ghazali
* Zhu Xi

## Tazama pia
*Jamii:Wanafalsafa nchi kwa nchi

## Marejeo
*A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro 
*A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro

## Marejeo mengine
;Vyanzo (google books)
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;Utangulizi

* Blumenau, Ralph. *Philosophy and Living*. 
* Craig, Edward. *Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction*. 
* Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, *Mastering Philosophy*. 
* Russell, Bertrand. *The Problems of Philosophy*. 
* Sinclair, Alistair J. *What is Philosophy? An Introduction*, 2008, 
* Sober, Elliott. (2001). *Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings*. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. 
* Solomon, Robert C. *Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy*. 
* Warburton, Nigel. *Philosophy: The Basics*. 
* Nagel, Thomas. *What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy*. 
* *Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3)* by Louis P. Pojman
* *The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill* by Edwin Arthur
* *European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche* by Monroe Beardsley
* Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
* Tarnas, Richard. *The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View*. 

;Kwa eneo

:;Mashariki
* *A Source Book in Indian Philosophy* by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
* Hamilton, Sue. *Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction*. 
* Kupperman, Joel J. *Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts*. 
* Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. *Eastern Philosophy For Beginners*. 
* Smart, Ninian. *World Philosophies*. 
* Copleston, Frederick. *Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev*. 

:;Afrika
* Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. '3'An Introduction to African Philosophy*. 

:;Uislamu
* *Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings* edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
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;Historia

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* Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. *A Short History of Philosophy*. 
* Durant, Will, *Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers*, Pocket, 1991, 
* 

:;Ya kale
* Knight, Kelvin. *Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre*. 

:;Karne za kati
* *The Phenomenology Reader* by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
* Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). *Metaphysics: An Anthology*. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
* 

:;Karne za mwishomwisho
* *Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition)* by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
* Curley, Edwin, *A Spinoza Reader*, Princeton, 1994, 
* Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, and John Cumming, *eds*. *The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers*, in series, *Fontana Original[s]*. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992, cop. 1983. xxv, 867 p. 
* Scruton, Roger. *A Short History of Modern Philosophy*. 

:;Ya sasa
* *Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings* by James Baillie
* Appiah, Kwame Anthony. *Thinking it Through&nbsp;&nbsp;– An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy*, 2003, 
* Critchley, Simon. *Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction*. 

;Makala muhimu

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* *The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy* by Robert Audi
* *The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (10 vols.) edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi (available online by subscription); or
* *The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
* ; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
* *International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers*. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
* *Directory of American Philosophers*. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
* *Routledge History of Philosophy* (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
* *History of Philosophy* (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
* *A History of Western Philosophy* (5 vols.) by W. T. Jones
* *History of Italian Philosophy* (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
* *Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies* (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
* *Indian Philosophy* (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
* *A History of Indian Philosophy* (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
* *History of Chinese Philosophy* (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
* *Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming* by Chan, Wing-tsit
* *Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy* edited by Antonio S. Cua
* *Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion* by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
* *Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy* by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
* *A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English* by John A. Grimes
* *History of Islamic Philosophy* edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
* *History of Jewish Philosophy* edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
* *A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries* by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
* Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) *A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations*. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
* Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)*The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy*. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
* Mauter, T., Ed. *The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy*. London, Penguin Books.
* Runes, D., Ed. (1942). *The Dictionary of Philosophy*. New York, The Philosophical Library, Inc.
* Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). *The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy*. New York, Harper Perennial.
* 
* Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) *Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy*. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
* Popkin, R.H. (1999). *The Columbia History of Western Philosophy*. New York, Columbia University Press.
* Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, *jt. eds*. *The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought*. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. *N.B*.: "First published in England under the title, *The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought*." 
* Reese, W. L. *Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought*. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. 
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## Viungo vya nje 
* *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*
* The *Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
* Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 
* PhilPapers – a comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books by academic philosophers
* Philosophy Timeline 
* Map of Western Philosophers
* Philosophy Magazines and Journals
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* Philosophy (review) 
* Philosophy Documentation Center
* Popular Philosophy
* An introduction to philosophy (in unsimple english)

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