Utamaduni wa Burundi

**Utamaduni wa Burundi** umejengwa juu ya mila za kienyeji na athari za pamoja na majirani zake.

## Watu 
Ingawa huitwa makundi ya kikabila, Wahutu, Watutsi, Watwa, na Waganwa wanashiriki tamaduni, lugha na ardhi moja. Kwa Kirundi, lugha ya taifa, makundi hayo huitwa miryango, inayoweza kufasiriwa kama koo au makabila.

## Jamii ya kabla ya ukoloni 
Kabla ya ukoloni, Burundi na Rwanda zilikuwa sehemu ya ufalme mmoja wa Ruanda-Urundi. Burundi ilitawaliwa na wafalme walioitwa Mwami. Hakukuwa na rekodi za ubaguzi; koo zote zilihusishwa na shughuli za kifalme kwa ushirikishwaji. Ingawa kulikuwa na tofauti za kimwili, tamaduni na imani zilifanana.

## Jamii ya kikoloni 
Ukoloni ulianza karne ya 19, ukiwa umechelewa ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingine za Afrika.Wajerumani walijigawia Rwanda na Burundi kupitia Mkutano wa Berlin 1884/1885,na baadaye Wabelgiji waliichukua baada ya Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia. Wakoloni walileta Ukristo na mfumo wa kimamlaka kwa kupiga marufuku sherehe za jadi na kuweka mpangilio wa kitabaka kati ya koo.

## Jamii ya baada ya ukoloni 
Baada ya uhuru mwaka 1962, Burundi ilikumbwa na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Sera za kikoloni ziliendelezwa, huku Wahutu wakilazimishwa kufanya kazi ngumu chini ya watawala wa Kitutsi. Hili liliendeleza umaskini na migogoro ya kikabila. Taasisi za kimapokeo bado zinafanya kazi hadi leo. Ukristo ndio dini kuu, ukiwakilishwa na makundi ya Wakatoliki na Waprotestanti, pamoja na Uislamu na aina mbalimbali za imani za jadi.

Wakazi huzungumza Kirundi, huku lugha za kikoloni—Kifaransa na Kiingereza—zikitumiwa katika taasisi binafsi na za serikali, jambo linalotatiza upatikanaji wa elimu na huduma kwa wananchi walio wengi.

## Muziki 
Burundi ina miziki mbalimbali kuanzia ngoma za jadi hadi muziki wa kisasa. Ngoma ni chombo kikuu cha muziki, hasa kutoka kwa Wapiga Ngoma wa Kifalme, ambao walikuwa wakitumbuiza familia za kifalme na kwenye sherehe maalum kama vile kutawazwa kwa mfalme au kuanza kwa msimu wa kilimo. UNESCO iliutambua utamaduni huu kama Urithi usioshikika wa kitamaduni mwaka 2014.

Ilipofika mwaka 2017, serikali ilipiga marufuku wanawake kupiga ngoma, licha ya kuwa walihusika kwa muda mrefu katika utamaduni huo.

Wanawake wa Burundi huamkiana kwa sauti ya mdundo inayoitwa akazehe.

## Vyombo vya habari 
Miaka ya 1990, mashirika binafsi ya habari yalianza kuripoti matukio ya serikali na mada zilizokuwa mwiko kama rushwa na ghasia za kisiasa. Serikali ilijibu kwa kupunguza misaada ya kifedha kutoka nje, kuweka masharti magumu ya uhuru wa kujieleza na kulazimisha usimamizi wa raia.

## Fasihi na simulizi 
Mauaji ya halaiki ya mwaka 1972 yaliwalenga wasomi, hivyo kuathiri tamaduni za uandishi. Hali hii pamoja na kiwango cha chini cha kusoma na kuandika ilihimiza utamaduni wa mdomo, ukiwemo *kivivuga amazina*—shindano la mashairi ya kujivunia baina ya wachunga ng’ombe.

## Michezo 
Mpira wa miguu unapendwa sana, kama vile michezo ya mancala. Sherehe huadhimishwa kwa ngoma na dansi, hasa Siku ya Mwaka Mpya. Timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Voliboli ilishiriki 2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship.

## Mapishi 
Mapishi ya Burundi hutegemea mahindi, ndizi na maharage mekundu. Vyakula vitamu au vitafunwa havikubaliki sana katika mlo wa kawaida. Katika sherehe, watu hunywa pombe ya ndizi au bia ya kienyeji kwa kutumia mirija kwenye chombo kikubwa cha pamoja.

Katika maeneo fulani, brochette na chipsi ni urithi wa ukoloni wa Ubelgiji. Uwepo wa Ziwa Tanganyika huongeza samaki kama *ngangara* na *mukeke*. Kiwanda cha taifa huzalisha Primus na Amstel.

## Elimu na lugha 
Katika elimu ya umma, ni mwanafunzi 1 tu kati ya 100 anayefika chuo kikuu. Shule za msingi hufundisha kwa Kirundi na Kifaransa kidogo, lakini sekondari na vyuo hufundisha kwa Kifaransa, hali inayochangia kutengwa kwa jamii za vijijini, hasa wasichana. Hivi karibuni, Kiingereza na Kiswahili vimeongezwa katika mtaala, jambo lililoleta changamoto mpya. Sekta ya umma pia inakabiliwa na uhaba wa walimu na vifaa.

## Tanbihi 
** This is an encyclopedia book that was published by an independent publisher. It should be reliable. It covers the topic of Burundian culture and music and dance, it can be used to establish notability.
* Mbonyingingo, Audace; Ntiranyibagira, Constantin (2020). *Beating Drums or Beating Women? An Analysis of the Drum Universe in Burundi. (2020). Journal of Postcolonial Writing and World Literatures, 1(1), 15–30. *
** This scholarly article was published in an academic journal. It should be reliable. The article debates about the culture of music in Burundi and how it can be discriminatory against women.
* Maguire, L. (1995). Power ethnicized: the pursuit of protection and participation in Rwanda and Burundi. Buffalo Journal of International Law, 2(1), 49–90.
** This is an article that was published by an academic law journal, so it should be reliable. This article talks about the power of concepts and words like ethnicity in Burundi, So it should help establish notability.
* Sentamba, E., & Kilonzo, Susan M. (2023). The palgrave handbook of religion, peacebuilding, and development in Africa. In *Country case studies on religion, peacebuilding and development in Africa* (pp.&nbsp;199–216). essay, Springer International Publishing.
** This is a section in a book published by a scientific publishing company, so it should be reliable. This section discusses the impact of colonization on Burundi and the population's religious systems, it should help establish notability.
* Albert, E. M. (1964). “Rhetoric,” “Logic,” and “Poetics” in Burundi: Culture Patterning of Speech Behavior. *American Anthropologist*, *66*(6), 35–54. 
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the traditional culture of Burundi culture of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Blouin, A. (2021). CULTURE AND CONTRACTS: THE HISTORICAL LEGACY OF FORCED LABOUR. *The Economic Journal.*
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the historical inequalities of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Jackson, T. (2000). Equal Access to Education: A Peace Imperative for Burundi. *International Alert*.
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the access to education of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Juan, A. D. (2017). Traditional” Resolution of Land Conflicts: The Survival of Precolonial Dispute Settlement in Burundi. *Comparative Political Studies Volume 50, Issue 13*. *Peace and Conflict Management Review*.
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the traditional resolution systems of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Oumar Kane, A.-J. B. (2016). MEDIA–STATE RELATIONS IN BURUNDI: Overview of a Post Traumatic Media Ecology. *Communication.*
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the media culture of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Rwantabagu, H. (2011). Tradition, globalisation and language dilemma in education: African options for the 21st century. *Int Rev Educ*.
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the traditional language culture of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Mabweazara, H. M. (2018). *Newsmaking Cultures in Africa.* Penryn, UK: palgarve macmillan.
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the media culture of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Ntiyanogeye, A. (2008). Burundi Media and Good Governance. *Peace and Conflict Management Review*.
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the media culture of Burundi, it should help establish notability.
* Jamar, A. (2022). Accounting for which violent past? transitional justice, epistemic violence, and colonial durabilities in Burundi. Critical African Studies.
** This article was published by a peer-reviewed journal, it should be reliable. This article takes a deep look into the colonial effects on Burundi, it should help establish notability.

## Viungo vya nje 
* Canadian Cultural Profiles Project, Burundi
* Travel Agency cultural information
* Lonely Planet: Burundi
* Small article on Burundi culture

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