Ustaarabu wa magharibi

**Ustaarabu wa magharibi** ni utamaduni wenye taratibu za kijamii, maadili, desturi, sheria, falsafa, imani, siasa, sanaa na teknolojia maalumu ambavyo asili yake ni Ulaya hata kame vimezidi kustawi sehemu nyingine za dunia ambazo historia yake ilikuwa na uhusiano wa pekee na bara hilo.

Kwa kiasi kikubwa ni urithi wa Ugiriki wa Kale, Roma wa Kale, Uyahudi, na utamaduni wa makabila menginelakini hasa wa Ukristo na madhehebu yake ya kwanza, Kanisa Katoliki, pamoja na Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi.

Baada ya Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti, athari yake imekuwa kubwa pia, hasa Ulaya Kaskazini na makoloni yake, kama yale yaliyounda Marekani, ambayo katika karne ya 20 imeshika uongozi wa dunia na kuzidi kusambaza ustarabu huo.

Tabia yake ya msingi ni kujali na kustawisha akili badala ya kutegemea visasili na mapokeo. Ilikuwa hivyo kuanzia falsafa ya Shule ya Athene, ikaendelea baada ya uenezi wa Ukristo kupitia Teolojia ya Shule, Renaissance, Mapinduzi ya Kisayansi hadi Falsafa ya Mwangaza. Hiyo ilisaidia kutambua tunu kama haki za binadamu, usawa na demokrasia.  

## Tanbihi
## Marejeo
* 
* Barzun, Jacques *From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present* HarperCollins (2000) ISBN 0-06-017586-9.
* Daly, Jonathan. "The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization " (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). ISBN 978-1441161314.
* Daly, Jonathan. "Historians Debate the Rise of the West" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). ISBN 978-1138774810.
* Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel *A History of Pagan Europe* Barnes & Noble (1995) ISBN 0-7607-1210-7.
* Merriman, John *Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present* W. W. Norton (1996) ISBN 0-393-96885-5.
* Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I. *A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900* Dover (1960) ISBN 0-486-27472-1.
* Eduardo Duran, Bonnie Dyran *Native American Postcolonial Psychology* 1995 Albany: State University of New York Press ISBN 0-7914-2353-0
* McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold *Science and Technology in World History* Johns Hopkins University Press (1999) ISBN 0-8018-5869-0
* Stein, Ralph *The Great Inventions* Playboy Press (1976) ISBN 0-87223-444-4.
* Asimov, Isaac ''Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present* Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982) ISBN 0-385-17771-2.
* Pastor, Ludwig von, *History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources*, 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.)
* Walsh, James Joseph, *The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time*, Fordam University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3646-9 Reviews: P.462 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1407075 
* Ankerl, Guy (2000). C*oexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western*. INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244. ISBN 2-88155-004-5
* Atle Hesmyr (2013). *Civilization, Oikos, and Progress* ISBN 978-1468924190
* Hanson, Victor Davis; Heath, John (2001). *Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom*, Encounter Books
* Stearns, P.N. (2003). *Western Civilization in World History*, Routledge, New York
* Thornton, Bruce (2002). *Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization'',  Encounter Books

## Viungo vya nje
* An overview of the Western Civilization