Upatanisho wa imani na sayansi

**Upatanisho wa imani na sayansi** ni juhudi zinazofanywa na watu wa dini mbalimbali kuondoa mzozo uliotokea kati ya imani na sayansi, hasa kuhusu suala la uumbaji kuhusiana na mageuko ya spishi. Juhudi hizo zinaitwa pengine kwa Kiingereza: *theistic evolution, theistic evolutionism, evolutionary creationism, divine direction, au God-guided evolution*. 

Ieleweke mapema kwamba juhudi hizo hazilengi kutunga au kupitisha nadharia yoyote katika sayansi, ila kuonyesha uwezekano wa kukubali kweli zilizothibitishwa na utafiti wa sayansi pamoja na kweli zilizosadikiwa kwa kupokea ufunuo wa Mwenyezi Mungu. 

Juhudi zinapingwa na wanasayansi wanaoshikilia uyakinifu na vilevile na watu wenye itikadi kali katika dini.

## Asili ya suala hilo
Mzozo wa uumbaji-mageuko unahusisha mjadala unaoendelea na kuendeshwa hata katika utamaduni na siasa kuhusu asili ya Dunia, mwanadamu na wengineo. Zamani iliaminika bila shaka kuwa vyote vilivyopo viliumbwa vile vilivyo na vinavyoonekana. Katika enzi za sasa, na haswa baada ya mabadiliko ya karne ya 19, mageuko ya spishi kutokana na uteuzi maalumu unaotenda kazi kiasili katika viumbe au katika makundi ya viumbe yamethibitishwa na sayansi kuwa ndiyo msingi au chipuko na sababu ya dhati ya uhai na sifa zinazopatikana katika viumbe hivyo vya sasa au zilizopatikana katika viumbe enzi za kale. Kwa namna hiyo wapo wanasayansi wanaopinga imani na wapo wahubiri wa dini wanaopinga sayansi. 

Kumbe watetezi wa upatanisho wa imani na sayansi wanaona si lazima uwepo upinzani kati ya hizo mbili kwa sababu kila moja inakabili masuala yake kwa namna yake. Yaani sayansi inachunguza ulimwengu na vyote vilivyomo kwa vipimo na utafiti wa kitaalamu, wakati imani inataka kupokea ufunuo wa Mungu ambao hauwezi kukanusha ukweli wowote. 
## Suala linavyojitokeza kwa kawaida
*Mtu wa kwanza alitoka wapi* ni swali ambalo wengi wanajiuliza bila kupata jibu la hakika. Kwa namna ya pekee wanafunzi wa shule wanapofundishwa katika historia kuwa mtu wa kwanza alitokana na kiumbehai mwenye asili moja na sokwe. Kumbe katika dini zao wanafundishwa kwamba mtu aliumbwa na Mungu. Hivyo wanajiuliza, lipi sahihi? Wapo wengi wanaodhani ni lazima kuchagua moja katika ya hayo mawili: ama kwamba mtu ametokana na kiumbehai aliyetangulia ama kwamba Mungu alimuumba mtu wa kwanza kama tulivyo sisi leo.

### Katika sayansi
Sayansi imechunguza viumbehai waliopo duniani sasa na mabaki ya wale waliokuwepo zamani. Hasa baada ya kugundua DNA imeweza kuona uhusiano kati ya hao viumbehai mbalimbali. Hivyo imethibitisha kwamba mwili wa binadamu na ule wa sokwe imetokana na kiumbehai wa zamani (miaka milioni 5 au zaidi iliyopita) katika mlolongo wa mageuko ya spishi. 

Lakini sayansi haiwezi kusema kitu juu ya roho, kwa sababu si mata, hivyo haipimiki. Zaidi sana haiwezi kusema lolote juu ya Mungu, kwa sababu si wa ulimwengu huu. Hata hivyo wapo wanasayansi wengi ambao walisadiki na wanasadiki dini fulani bila shida yoyote.

### Katika imani na dini
Tofauti na itikadi kali katika dini, kuna mitazamo inayolenga kujumuisha au kupatanisha ujuzi kutoka maeneo haya mawili, yaani imani na sayansi. 
Ni kwamba wanaomuamini Mungu kama muumba wa vitu vyote, vinavyoonekana na visivyoonekana, si lazima wasadiki kwamba aliviumba vyote kama vilivyo sasa. La sivyo wangeshindwa kueleza kwa nini watu wa leo wametofuatiana hivi kati yao, wakati wanaaminika wote kuwa watoto wa Adamu na Eva. Mabadiliko yaliweza kutokea kadiri ya maisha na mazingira yao, na bado yanazidi kutokea: kwa mfano leo watoto wanakuwa warefu zaidi.

Jambo la msingi kwa imani ni kwamba vyote asili yake ni Mungu tu aliyeviumba kwa hiari yake. Hata leo Mungu anazidi kuumba watu na viumbe vingine, lakini anatumia wazazi wao, hawaumbi moja kwa moja. Ni vilevile kuhusu mtu wa kwanza: hata kama Mungu alitumia kiumbehai aliyetangulia katika kumuumba Adamu anabaki muumba wake kwa sababu hata kiumbe huyo alikuwa kazi yake kama ulimwengu wote ulivyo kadiri ya imani.

### Katika falsafa
Kuna wakati ni vigumu kulinganisha sayansi na dini. Dini inamhusu Mungu ambaye ndiye Mwanzo wa vitu vyote. Mwanafalsafa Emmanuel Kant alisema kinachoanza ni kitu kisichoonekana, na ndicho kinasababisha kitu cha wazi kutokea. Kama ni hivyo basi, sayansi na dini ni vitu viwili tofauti, ingawa vina uhusiano kama vile baba na mama ni watu wawili tofauti ingawa wanahusiana.

## Tanbihi
## Vyanzo
* Artigas, Mariano; Glick, Thomas F., Martínez, Rafael A.; *Negotiating Darwin: the Vatican confronts evolution, 1877–1902*, JHU Press, 2006, ISBN|0-8018-8389-X, 9780801883897, Google books
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* Brundell, Barry, "Catholic Church Politics and Evolution Theory, 1894-1902", *The British Journal for the History of Science*, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp.&nbsp;81–95, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science, JSTOR
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* Kung, Hans, *beginning of all things: science and religion*, trans. John Bowden, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, ISBN|0-8028-0763-1, ISBN|978-0-8028-0763-2. ]
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* Rahner, Karl, *Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi*, 1975, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN|0860120066, 9780860120063, google books
*Scott, Eugenie C., "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States", *Annual Review of Anthropology*, Vol. 26, (1997), pp.&nbsp;263–289, JSTOR

## Marejeo mengine
### Mitazamo ya kisasa
*Collins, Francis; (2006) *The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief* ISBN|0-7432-8639-1
*Michael Dowd (2009) *Thank God for Evolution: How the Marriage of Science and Religion Will Transform Your Life and Our World* ISBN|0-452-29534-3
*Falk, Darrel; (2004) *Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology* ISBN|0-8308-2742-0
*Miller, Kenneth R.; (1999) ''Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution* ISBN|0-06-093049-7
*Miller, Keith B.; (2003) *Perspectives on an Evolving Creation* ISBN|0-8028-0512-4
*Corrado Ghinamo; (2013) *The Beautiful Scientist: a Spiritual Approach to Science* ISBN|1621474623; ISBN|978-1621474623

### Historia ya suala hilo
*Appleby, R. Scott. *Between Americanism and Modernism; John Zahm and Theistic Evolution*, in *Critical Issues in American Religious History: A Reader*, Ed. by Robert R. Mathisen, 2nd revised edn., Baylor University Press, 2006, ISBN|1-932792-39-2, ISBN|978-1-932792-39-3. Google books
*Harrison, Brian W., Early Vatican Responses to Evolutionist Theology, *Living Tradition*, Organ of the Roman Theological Forum, May 2001.
*Morrison, John L., "William Seton: A Catholic Darwinist", *The Review of Politics'', Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul., 1959), pp.&nbsp;566–584, Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac, JSTOR
*O'Leary, John. *Roman Catholicism and modern science: a history*, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN|0-8264-1868-6, ISBN|978-0-8264-1868-5 Google books

## Viungo vya nje
* Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution  by Denis Lamoureux (St. Joseph's College, Edmonton)
* About: Agnosticism/Atheism on 'Theistic Evolution & Evolutionary Creationism'  by Austin Cline; overview of various viewpoints
* Creationism: What's a Catholic to Do? by Michael D. Guinan, O.F.M.; critical assessment of creationism and intelligent design from a Roman Catholic perspective.
* What is Creationism? by Mark Isaak, presents various forms of creationism
* What is Evolution? by Laurence Moran, presents a standard definition for evolution
* Answers In Creation Old Earth Creationism, with section on theistic evolution
* Evolution & Creation: A Theosophic Synthesis Surveys critical problems in Darwinist explanations and common theistic views; explores ancient and modern "excluded middle" alternatives
* The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes by Doug Linder (2004)
* Nobel Prize winner Charles Townes on evolution and "intelligent design"
* Spectrum of Creation Beliefs  From Flat Earthism to Atheistic Evolutionism, including Theistic Evolution
* Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

### Taasisi za kutetea upatanisho wa imani na sayansi
*God and Evolution at the TalkOrigins Archive
*Perspectives on Theistic Evolution  An examination of both the theological and scientific aspects of theistic evolution.
*The "Clergy Letter" Project  signed by thousands of clergy supporting evolution and faith

Jamii:Dini
Jamii:Sayansi
Jamii:Falsafa
Jamii:Historia