Umoja wa Ulaya

**Umoja wa Ulaya** (kifupisho: **EU**) ni muungano wa kisiasa na wa kiuchumi wa nchi 27 za Ulaya, baada ya Ufalme wa Muungano kujitoa tarehe 31 Januari 2020, tukio la kwanza la namna hiyo. Ulianzishwa mwaka 1991 juu ya msingi wa Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya.

Shabaha kuu zilikuwa kujenga uchumi wa pamoja, kuboresha maisha ya watu wa Ulaya na kuzuia vita kati ya nchi za Ulaya.

Nchi 19 za Umoja huo hutumia pesa moja ya Euro. 

Nchi nyingi za Umoja zimepatana kufungua mipaka yao bila vizuizi kwa wakazi wote.

## Historia 
Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya ilibadilisha jina lake mwaka 1992 kufuatana na mikataba ya Maastricht kuwa Umoja wa Ulaya.

Nchi wanachama zilipatana kujenga siasa ya pamoja ya kiuchumi, kifedha, kisheria na katika mambo ya nje.

Mapatano ya Schengen ilifungua mipaka ili wakazi wa nchi hizo waweze kusafiri bila pasipoti wala vibali.

Nchi 10 tena zilijiunga na Umoja wa Ulaya mwaka 2004. Mbili zaidi ziliingia 2007 na Kroatia mwaka 2013.

Image:Quai d'Orsay.jpg|Quai d'Orsay (Paris)
Image:Eurotower in Frankfurt.jpg|Euro Tower (Frankfurt)
File:Donald Tusk - 2017 (35494428931) (cropped).jpg|Donald Tusk (2017)
File:Cecilia Malmström (cropped).jpg|Cecilia Malmström 

## Demografia
Jumla ya wakazi ni milioni 447 (mwanzoni mwa 2020), sawa na 5.8% za watu wote duniani. Kuna miji 15 yenye watu zaidi ya milioni moja kila mmojawapo, kuanzia Paris ambayo inazidi milioni 10. 
### Lugha 
Upande wa lugha, lugha rasmi ni 24, lakini lugha inayotumika zaidi ni Kiingereza, kinachoweza kuzungumzwa na 51% za wakazi wote, ingawa ni lugha ya kwanza ya 1% tu. Lugha nyingine ambazo ni za kwanza kwa wananchi wengi ni: Kijerumani (18%), Kifaransa (13%) na Kiitalia (12%). Pia kuna lugha 150 hivi za kieneo.

### Dini 
Upande wa dini, wakazi wengi ni Wakristo (71.6%), hasa Wakatoliki (45.3%), Waprotestanti 11.1% na Waorthodoksi 9.6%. Waislamu ni 1.8%. Wafuasi wa dini nyingine ni 2.6%. Wengine 24% hawana dini au ni Wakanamungu.

## Uhuru wa kuhama 
Kila mtu mwenye uraia wa nchi ya Umoja anaruhusiwa kuhamia nchi yoyote nyingine na kufanya kazi au biashara huko bila vibali vya pekee.

Vilevile bidhaa zote zinazotengenezwa kote katika Umoja wa Ulaya zinaweza kuuzwa katika kila nchi. Hii ni sababu ya kuwa na sheria za pamoja zinazotawala masharti ya bidhaa na uzalishaji.

## Utawala na Serikali 
### Halmashauri ya Ulaya 
Halmashauri hii ni mkutano wa viongozi wa serikali za nchi wanachama. Wanakutana mara mbili kwa mwaka na kutoa maazimo muhimu.

Nafasi ya uraisi hubadilika kila baada ya miezi 6. Ufini ilishika uraisi kati ya Julai 2006 hadi Desemba 2006, ikafuatiliwa na Ujerumani tangu Januari hadi Juni 2007.

### Baraza za mawaziri 
Katika baraza hizi mawaziri ya Kilimo, Sheria, Mambo ya Nje hukutana na kupanga siasa ya pamoja.

### Kamati ya Ulaya 
Hii ni kamati ya utawala inayotekeleza maazimio ya Halmashauri na bunge. Kuna makamishna 24 na mwenyekiti. Inaelekea kuwa serikali lakini haina madaraka ya serikali bado.

### Bunge la Ulaya 
Bunge la Ulaya lina wabunge 751 wanaochaguliwa na wananchi kila baada ya miaka mitano.

## Wanachama 
File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|upright=2.5|thumb|Map showing the member states of the European Union (clickable)
poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 Croatia
poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 Finland
poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 Sweden
poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 Estonia
poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 Latvia
poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 Lithuania
poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 Polandi
poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 Slovakia
poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 Hungary
poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 Romania
poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 Bulgaria
poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 Greece
poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 Cyprus
poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 Czech Republic
poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 Austria
poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 Slovenia
poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 Italy
rect 224 394 251 405 Malta
poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 Portugal
poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 Spain
poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 France
poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 Germany
poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 Luxembourg
poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 Belgium
poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 Netherlands
poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 Denmark
poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 Ireland
desc bottom-left

#### Wanachama tangu 1958 (waanzilishi) 
* Ubelgiji
* Ufaransa
* Ujerumani
* Italia
* Luxemburg
* Uholanzi

#### Wanachama tangu 1973 
* Denmark
* Ueire
* Ufalme wa Muungano (hadi 2020 [[[Brexit|]])

#### Mwanachama tangu 1981 
* Ugiriki

#### Wanachama tangu 1986 
* Ureno
* Hispania

#### Wanachama tangu 1995 
* Austria
* Ufini
* Uswidi

#### Wanachama tangu 2004 
* Kupro
* Ucheki
* Estonia
* Hungaria
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Malta
* Polandi
* Slovakia
* Slovenia

#### Wanachama tangu 2007 
* Bulgaria
* Romania

#### Wanachama tangu 2013 
* Kroatia

#### Nchi zinazoomba uanachama 
* Uturuki
* Masedonia Kaskazini
* Montenegro
* Albania
* Serbia

## Jeshi la Uropa/Ulaya
## Tazama pia
* Mkataba wa Schengen
* Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya

## Marejeo
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*  The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours.
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* McAuley, James, "A More Perfect Union?" (review of Luuk van Middelaar, *Alarums and Excursions: Improving Politics on the European Stage*, translated from the Dutch by Liz Waters, Agenda, 2019, 301 pp.; and Stéphanie Hennette, Thomas Piketty, Guillaume Sacriste, and Antoine Vauchez, *How to Democratize Europe*, translated from the French by Paul Dermine, Marc LePain, and Patrick Camiller, Harvard University Press, 2019, 209 pp.), *The New York Review of Books*, vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp.&nbsp;46–48. James McAuley writes: "There was never a single moment that marked the definitive establishment of the European Union, which... has continued to define itself since World War II. The major turning points have all been quiet steps on the way to further economic integration while preserving national sovereignty. Today there is only an incomplete monetary union without a real political contract to manage it... [Nevertheless, the Union's] various peoples have grown remarkably closer... The European Union now has open borders, a single market from Portugal to the Baltics, and more or less monthly meetings of member state leaders [the European Council]. What's more, those member states are now closer to each other than they are to the United States... [T]his transformation has occurred informally and organically... Robust supranational politics are taking root in Europe... Luuk van Middelaar writes: 'What unites us as Europeans on this continent is bigger and stronger than anything that divides us.'" (pp.&nbsp;47–48.)
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* Mount, Ferdinand, "Why We Go to War", *London Review of Books*, vol. 41, no. 11 (6 June 2019), pp.&nbsp;11–14. "Historians have tended to weave their narratives around [...] high-flown themes: the struggle to maintain the balance of power, the struggles against fascism and communism, against the French Revolution or German militarism. In reality, most large wars have contained within them a violent and persistent economic conflict. [p. 12.] Not for one second do [the U.K.'s Brexiteers] pause to think how hard-won [Europe's economic integration and peace, within the European Union, have] been. They are the feckless children of seventy years of peace." [p.&nbsp;14.]
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## Viungo vya nje 
**Tovuti rasmi:**
* EUROPA – official web portal
* Institutions
* European Council
* European Commission
* Council
* European Parliament 
* European Central Bank
* Court of Justice of the European Union
* Court of Auditors
* Agencies
* EUR-Lex – Sheria
* Historical Archives of the European Union

**Mandhari na data:**
* Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained
* Datasets related to the EU on CKAN
* 
* British Pathé – Online newsreel archive of the 20th century 
* Search EU Financial Sanctions List
* The European Union: Questions and Answers Congressional Research Service
* 

**Taarifa:**
* *Der Spiegel* interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing

**Misaada ya kufundishia:**
* European Studies Hub – interactive learning tools and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the European Union and its politics. 

## Viungo vya nje 
* European Union online portal
* Finland's EU Council Presidency 
* Your Europe - information website
* Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation

Jamii:Siasa

Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa
Jamii:Brussels