Négritude

***Négritude*** ni fremu ya nadharia ya uhakiki na uandishi iliyostawishwa hasa na waandishi na wanasiasa wa Afrika waliozoea lugha ya Kifaransa na kuishi nje ya bara lao katika miaka ya 1930. 

Lengo lilikuwa kukuza kati ya Waafrika wote hali ya kujitambua kama watu wa maana kwa kupinga ukoloni na kupigania umoja wa watu wote wenye asili ya Afrika, pengine kwa kutegemea Umarksi.

## Historia
Waanzilishi walikuwa Aimé Césaire kutoka Martinika, Léopold Sédar Senghor (baadaye rais wa kwanza wa Senegal) na Léon Dumas kutoka Guyana ya Kifaransa. 

*Négritude* ilichangia uanzishaji wa matapo mbalimbali duniani yaliyotetea Waafrika na haki zao, kama vile:
* *Black Skin, White Masks*
* Black Consciousness Movement
* Black Surrealism
* Black Arts Movement
* Black Power Movement
* *Angolanidade* ("Angolan-ness")
* *Authenticité*
* Afro-pessimism
* Afro-Surrealism
* Anti Fascism
* Anti African

## Tanbihi
## Marejeo
*Christian Filostrat, "La Négritude et la 'Conscience raciale et révolution sociale' d'Aimé Césaire". *Présence Francophone*, No. 21, Automne 1980, pp.&nbsp;119–130.
*Sartre, Jean-Paul. "Orphée Noir". *Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache*. ed. Léopold Senghor. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. xiv (1948).
*.

## Bibliografia
**Maandishi asili**
* Césaire, Aimé: *Return to My Native Land*, Bloodaxe Books, 1997, ISBN|1-85224-184-5
* Césaire, Aimé: *Discourse on Colonialism*, Monthly Review Press (1950), 2000, ISBN|1-58367-025-4
* Damas, Léon-Gontran, ''Poètes d'expression française.*Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1947
* Damas, Léon-Gontan, *Mine de Rien, Poèmes inédits*.
* Diop, Birago, *Leurres et lueurs.* Paris: Présence Africaine, 1960
* Senghor, Léopold Sedar, *The Collected Poetry*, University of Virginia Press, 1998
* Senghor, Léopold Sédar, *Ce que je crois.* Paris: Grasset, 1988
* Tadjo, Véronique, *Red Earth/Latérite.* Spokane, Washington: Eastern Washington University Press, 2006

**Mengineyo**
* Cheikh Thiam, *Return to the Kingdom of Childhood: Re-envisioning the Legacy and Philosophical Relevance of Negritude*, The Ohio State University Press, 2014
* T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, *Negritude Women*, University of Minnesota Press, 2002, ISBN|0-8166-3680-X
* Christian Filostrat, *Negritude Agonistes*, Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008, ISBN|978-0-9818939-2-1
* Gary Wilder, *The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars*, University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN|0-226-89772-9
* Stovall, Tyler, "Aimé Césaire and the making of black Paris." *French Politics, Culture & Society* 27#3 (2009): 44–46
* Thompson, Peter, *Negritude and Changing Africa: An Update,* in *Research in African Literatures*, Winter 2002
* Thompson, Peter, *Négritude et nouveaux mondes—poésie noire: africaine, antillaise et malgache.* Concord, Mass: Wayside Publishing, 1994

## Filamu
**Négritude: Naissance et expansion du concept'' a documentary by Nathalie Fave and Jean-Baptiste Fave, first minutes online, with the interventions of Amadou Lamine Sall, Racine Senghor, Lylian Kesteloot, Jean-Louis Roy, Jacqueline Lemoine, Gérard Chenêt, Victor Emmanuel Cabrita, Nafissatou Dia Diouf, Amadou Ly, Youssoufa Bâ, Raphaël Ndiaye, Alioune Badara Bèye, Hamidou Dia, Georges Courrèges, Baba Diop; Maison Africaine de la Poésie Internationale. Shot in Sénégal in 2005, 56' (DVD)

## Viungo vya nje
*Noir, Journal Mensuel de l'Association des Etudiants Martiniquais en France, PREMIERE ANNEE N. 3 MAI-JUN 1935, 
*Césaire et l'introduction de la notion "négritude" 

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Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika
Jamii:Historia ya Afrika
Jamii:Utaifa