Filsafat

**Filsafat** sacara étimologis ngandung harti 'cinta kawijakan', tina basa Yunani 'philo' (wijak) jeung 'sofia' (cinta). Kiwari, istilah ieu mibanda ambahan anu lega ngawengku pangaweruh atawa kawijakan ngeunaan zat fundaméntal ngeunaan hirup, paéh, harti, kanyataan, jeung bebeneran. Istilah ieu bisa ogé nujul kana karya koléktif para filsuf utama; bisa dihartikeun éksplorasi akademis tina rupa-rupa pananya nu diangkat ku para filsuf; atawa bisa ogé dihartikeun kritik, pola pikir anu kréatif.

Dina sajarahna, seueur élmu mandiri saperti fisika jeung psikologi, nu baheula mah masih katingali minangka bagian tina filsafat. Sanajan kitu, dina pamakéan istilah modéren, éta élmu dianggap minangka disiplin akademik anu misah. Tradisi-tradisi anu boga pangaruh dina sajarah filsafat diantarana filsafat Kulon, Arab-Persia, India, Sunda, Islam, jeung Cina. Filsafat Kulon asalna ti Yunani Kuno sarta ngawengku rupa-rupa widang filsafat. Topik utama dina filsafat Arab-Persia nyaéta hubungan antara akal jeung wahyu. Filsafat India ngahijikeun masalah spiritual ngeunaan kumaha carana ngahontal pencerahan, ngajajah hakekat kanyataan, sarta cara ngahontal élmu pangaweruh. Sedengkeun filsafat Cina museurkeun utamana kana masalah praktis ngeunaan tingkah sosial anu leres, pamaréntahan, jeung budidaya diri.

Cabang utama filsafat nyaéta épistemologi, étika, logika, jeung métafisika. Épistemologi ngulik naon ari pangaweruh sarta kumaha cara ngahontalna. Étika nalungtik prinsip-prinsip moral jeung naon nu jadi dasar tingkah nu bener. Logika téh ulikan ngeunaan cara mikir anu leres sarta nalungtik kumaha carana ngabédakeun argumén anu alus jeung anu goréng. Métafisika nalungtik sipat umum pangjerona realita, kaayaan, obyék, jeung sipat-sipatna. Subwidang séjénna di antarana nyaéta éstétika, filsafat basa, filsafat pikiran, filsafat agama, filsafat élmu, filsafat matematika, filsafat sajarah, jeung filsafat pulitik. Dina unggal cabang aya sakola filsafat anu silih tanding, ngusulkeun prinsip, téori, atawa métode béda-béda.

Para filsuf ngagunakeun rupa-rupa métode pikeun ngahontal pangaweruh filosofi. Di antarana analisis konseptual, ngandelkeun akal séhat jeung intuisi, ngagunakeun percobaan pamikiran, analisis kana basa sapopoé, déskripsi pangalaman, jeung nanya sacara kritis. Filsafat aya patalina jeung seueur widang séjén, kaasup élmu sains, matematika, bisnis, hukum, jeung jurnalistik. Filsafat méré sudut pandang interdisipliner sarta ngulik lingkup jeung konsép dasar widang-widang éta. Éta ogé nalungtik métode jeung implikasi étikana.

## Baca ogé 
* Filsafat Kulon
* Sajarah filsafat kulon 
* Filsafat Wétan 
* Filsafat Cina 
* Filsafat Buda 
* Filsafat Hindu 
* Filsafat Islam
* Filsafat Yahudi
* Filsafat Rusia
* Filsafat Jepang
* Daptar filsuf
* Filsafat analitik

## Bibliografi 
### Pamuka 
#### pakeun nu anyar 
* *Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction* karya Edward Craig
* ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Philosophy (éd. ka-2)* karya Jay Stevenson 
* *Sophie's World* karya Jostein Gaarder
* Majalah *Philosophy Now*
* *Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy* karya Robert C. Solomon
* *A Short History of Philosophy* karya Robert C. Solomon & Kathleen M. Higgins
* *The Problems of Philosophy * karya Bertrand Russell
* *Philosophy: The Basics* karya Nigel Warburton.
* Sober, E. 2001. *Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings*. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall.
* What Philosophy Is

#### Pamuka jejer 
* *A Short History of Modern Philosophy* karya Roger Scruton
* *World Philosophies* karya Ninian Smart
* *Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction* karya Sue Hamilton
* *A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy* karya Oliver Léaman
* *Eastern Philosophy For Beginners* karya Jim Powell & Joe Lee
* *An Introduction to African Philosophy* karya Samuel Oluoch Imbo
* *Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev* karya Frederick Copleston
* *Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction* karya Simon Critchley
* *Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy* karya Jay Stevenson
* *Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts* karya Joel J. Kupperman

#### Antologi 
* *Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida (4th Edition)* karya Forrest E. Baird
* *Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1 & 2, 2nd edition)* karya Louis P. Pojman
* *Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century (Vol. 3)* karya Louis P. Pojman 
* *The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill* karya Edwin Arthur Burtt
* *European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche* karya Monroe Béardsley
* *Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings* karya James Baillie 
* *Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition)* karya Charles Guignon & Derk Pereboom 
* *The Phenomenology Reader* karya Dermot Moran & Timothy Mooney 
* *Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings* diédit ku Muhammad Ali Khalidi 
* *A Source Book in Indian Philosophy* karya Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan & Charles A. Moore 
* *A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy* karya Wing-Tsit Chan
* Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. 1999. *Metaphysics: An Anthology*. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

### Karya rujukan 
* *The Oxford Companion to Philosophy* diédit ku Ted Honderich
* *The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy* karya Robert Audi
* *The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (10 vol.) diédit ku Edward Craig & Luciano Floridi
* *The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* diédit ku Edward Craig
* *Routledge History of Philosophy* (10 vols.) diédit ku John Marenbon
* *History of Philosophy* (9 vols.) karya Frederick Copleston
* *A History of Western Philosophy* (5 vol.) karya W. T. Jones
* *Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies* (8 vols.), diédit ku Karl H. Potter *et al.*
* *Indian Philosophy* (2 vol.) karya Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
* *A History of Indian Philosophy* (5 vol.) karya Surendranath Dasgupta
* *History of Chinese Philosophy* (2 vol.) karya Fung Yu-lan & Derk Bodde
* *Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy* diédit ku Antonio S. Cua 
* *Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion* karya Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard & Kurt Friedrichs
* *Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy* karya Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam
* *A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English* karya John A. Grimes
* *History of Islamic Philosophy* diédit ku Seyyed Hossein Nasr & Oliver Léaman 
* *History of Jewish Philosophy* diédit ku Daniel H. Frank & Oliver Léaman
* *A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries* karya Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
* Ayer, A. J. *et al*. Éd. 1994. *A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations*. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
* Blackburn, S., Éd. 1996. *The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy*. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 
* Mauter, T., Éd. *The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy*. London, Penguin Books.
* Runes, D., Éd. 1942. *The Dictionary of Philosophy*. New York, The Philosophical Library, Inc.
* Angeles, P. A., Éd. 1992. *The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy*. New York, Harper Perennial.
* Bunnin, N. *et al*., Éd. 1996. *The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy*. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
* Popkin, R. H. 1999. *The Columbia History of Western Philosophy*. New York, Columbia University Press.

## Tumbu kaluar 
Sababaraha ramatloka di handap ieu ngandung tumbu ka téks-téks filsafat *online*.

### Sumberdaya 
* EpistemeLinks.com : philosophy resources on the internet
* Erratic Impact: The Philosophy Research Base 
* Guide to Philosophy on the Internet 
* Introducing Philosophy Series  by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
* Introduction to Philosophy (abridgement of other sources) 
* Melbourne Philosophy: Philosophy in Melbourne, Australia (noncommercial, variety of resources, wiki) 
* Philosophy @ large, A webguide for the philosophy community provided by Liverpool University 
* Philosophy in Cyberspace 
* Philosophical Society.com
* Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy - *Signpost articles free, others require subscription'' 
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

### Forum 
* Philosophy Forums —a place to discuss Philosophy with a discursive library on Philosophical topics.
* Talk Philosophy—A place to discuss topics in all aréas of philosophy from ethics to aesthetics.
* The Galilean Library—a place to discuss philosophy from basic to advanced levels, with a library of introductory essays for beginners.
* PhiliWiki —the Internet's first online Wiki for the development of multiple points of view on a range of philosophical topics.

### Organisasi, Ramatloka jeung Asosiasi 
* Columbus Philosophers 
* Philosophy Meetup 
* Philosophical Society.com
* The Society for Philosophic Inquiry (Socrates Cafe)
* Triangle Philosophy