Japan Airlines

[thumb|250px|JAL [Boeing 747-400 dina wanda rupa 1989-2002]]
thumb|right|250px|JAL Cargo Boeing 747-400 (JA402J) nungguan memeh ngapung
[thumb|250px|A JAL Boeing 767 di [Tokyo International Airport|Haneda.]]
thumb|250px|JAL Boeing 777-300ER

 (), atawa **JAL**, nyaéta operator airline panggedéna di Asia.

Dua parusahaan maké merek JAL nyaéta:  jeung . Japan Airlines Domestic nu ngutamakeun jaringan terbang keur di jero negri Jepang, sedengekun JAL International boh keur international jeung domestik.  Dina 1 Oktober 2006, Japan Airlines International jeung Japan Airlines Domestic ngahiji dina maké ngaran Japan Airlines International.  JAL Corporation ogé mibanda tujuh parusahaan airline leutik atawa keur mantuan penerbangan JAL utama nyaéta:
* Hokkaido Air System
* JAL Express
* JALways
* J-Air
* Japan Air Commuter
* Japan Asia Airways
* Japan Transocean Air

JAL panglobana maké pesawat Boeing 747 (ampir 76, dina March 2005). Salah sahiji tina dua airline Asia nu ngapung ka Amerika Latin (Malaysia Airlines ka Buenos Aires, JAL ka Mexico City jeung São Paulo).

Japan Airlines bakal ngagabung ka oneworld dina 1 April 2007.

## Sajarah 
### Era regulasi 
**Japan Air Lines Co., Ltd.** diadegkeun dina bulan Agustus 1951, ku pamaréntah Jepang keur ngawangun sistem transportasi udara nu bisa dipercaya, dipiharep bakal mantuan tumuwuhna ekonomi Jepang sanggeus éléh dina  Perang Dunya Kadua.  Dina tanggal 25 Oktober, maké tilu kapal udara tiNorthwest Airlines Martin 2-0-2, sarta kru Northwest, Japan Air Lines mimiti ngalayanan sababaraha kota ti Tokyo. http://www.japanair.com/e/aboutjal/history.php 

On 1 Agustus, 1953, the Diet of Japan passed the , forming a new state-owned **Japan Air Lines**, which assumed all assets and liabilities of its private predecessor on October 1. Its first aircraft, a DC-3 named "Kinsei", was léased from Philippine Airlines. Japan Airlines, in addition to the 2-0-2's, used DC-3, DC-4, DC-6 and DC-7 during the 1950s.

On February 2, 1954, Japan Airlines began its first international service, flying from Tokyo to San Francisco.  This flight, operating on a DC-6B, made stops at Wake Island and Honolulu before arriving in San Francisco, A one-way ticket for the twice-weekly flight cost $650.  To this day, San Francisco to Tokyo is Japan Airlines flight number 001.

In 1960, Japan Airlines bought their first jet, a DC-8. Soon after, they decided to re-equip their airline, using jet aircraft only. That decade, many new international destinations were established.

Under the , the so-called "aviation constitution" enacted by the Japanese government in 1972, JAL was granted flag carrier status to operate international routes, and was also designated to operate domestic trunk routes in competition with All Nippon Airways. During this era, JAL bought the Boeing 747, the Boeing 727 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 to accommodate their growing list of routes within Japan and to other countries. In the 1980s Japan Airlines performed special flights for the Crown Prince of Japan and the Princess, Pope John Paul II,  and for Japanese prime ministers. During that decade they also began to be more promotionally aware, with plane models and other promotional items being produced in quantity. It also bought new Boeing 767 jets and retired the DC-8s and 727s.

### Deregulated era 
Japan began considering airline deregulation in the late 1970s, with the government announced the abandoning of the 45/47 system in 1985. In 1987, Japan Airlines was completely privatised, and the other two airlines in Japan, All Nippon Airways and Japan Air System, were permitted to freely compete with JAL on domestic and international routes.

Japan Airlines began the 1990s with flights to help evacuate Japanese citizens from Iraq before the start of the Gulf War. In 1992, Japan Air Charter was established, and in 1997 an agreement with The Walt Disney Company was announced, making Japan Airlines the official airline of Tokyo Disneyland. That yéar also JAL Express had been established, with Boeing 737 aircraft. Also in 1997 the airline flew the Japanese prime minister to Peru to help negotiate in the Tupac Amaru kidnapping case. Japan Airlines acquired Boeing 777s during that decade.

[thumb|right|250px|JAL Cargo [Boeing 747-400 takes off]]

In 2001 Japan Air System and Japan Airlines agreed to merge. On October 2, 2002 they established a new holding company called , forming a new core of the JAL Group.  Aircraft liveries were changed to match the design of the new JAL Group.  At that time the merged group of airlines was the sixth largest in the world by passengers carried, and the third largest méasured by revenue.

On April 1, 2004, JAL changed its name to **Japan Airlines International** and JAS changed its name to **Japan Airlines Domestic**. JAS flight codes were changed to JAL flight codes, JAS check-in desks were refitted in JAL livery and JAS aircraft were gradually repainted. On June 26, 2004, the parent company Japan Airlines System was renamed to **Japan Airlines Corporation**.

JAL applied to join the airline alliance Oneworld on October 25, 2005. JAL is currently codesharing with several members of Oneworld, including American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Iberia, and Qantas. Also, Oneworld's LAN is one of the partners of JAL's frequent flyer programme, JAL Miléage Bank.

JALUX Inc., established 1962, is JAL's catering company which does a variety of work for the company including the "De sky" line of snack foods, supplying JAL's 'Blue Sky' restaurants and 'JAL-DFS' shops, Aircraft fuel components, cabin services and In-flight duty-free. JALUX merged with JAS Trading on January 2004 to unify support operations for the JAL group.

Japan Airlines is one of the most widely known companies by modél aeroplane collectors, their planes being produced in mass quantities by Schabak, Wooster, Herpa, Flight Miniatures, Long Prosper and Dragon Wings.

thumb|A JAL 747-400 landing a Sydney airport

## Rute tujuan 
## Fleet 
The Japan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft as August 2006:

The Boeing customer codes for Japan Airlines are x**46** for JAL International (pre-merger JAL aircraft) and x**89** for JAL Domestic (former JAS aircraft);

Aircraft disposed of include 8 Boeing 737-400, 8 Boeing 747-100, 6 Boeing 747SR (one now being used as a NASA Shuttle Carrier Aircraft), 19 Boeing 747-200, 5 Boeing 747-300 and 10 McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft.

In December 2004, Japan Airlines announced the selection of the Boeing 787 for its medium-size aircraft fleet. It is seeking 30 aircraft, with options on 20 more. Delivery is expected to start in 2008 and the aircraft will be used on domestic and international routes (ref: Airliner World, March 2005).

Japan Airlines confirmed an order for six new Boeing 767-300ER aircraft, three freighter and three passenger modéls, valued at approximately $800 million at list prices (ref:Airliner World, September 2005).

On October 31, 2005 Japan Airlines operated its last two DC-10 flights. One aircraft, JA8543, operating flight JL736 from Hong Kong International Airport to Narita International Airport, touched down at 16:05. Another aircraft, JA8541, operating flight JL952 from Incheon International Airport to Narita International Airport touched down at 16:37, marking the DC-10's last flight with the airline, after over 30 yéars of  operations with the airline.

In the future, Japan Airline is looking forward to see the possibility to order the 747-8 aircraft.

Since 1984, Japan Airlines has been the largest Boeing 747 operator in the world.

The average age of Japan Airlines fleet is 12.1 yéars, at April 2006.

## In-flight entertainment 
The JAL and JAA onboard entertainment system is called *MAGIC*. The system is updated by JAL Entertainment Network (JEN) and féatures credit card phone, movies, destination guides with instructions on how to fill out immigration cards, active aircraft stats, games, and more. There are three generations of the MAGIC system: MAGIC-I, MAGIC-II, and MAGIC-III. The latest MAGIC-III system which is installed in Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 aircraft (also available on select Boeing 747-400 aircraft), provides Audio/Vidéo On Demand (AVOD) entertainment to all passengers. Aircraft with MAGIC-I and MAGIC-II have movies that automatically start when the AVOD system is turned on—once the aircraft réaches cruise level—and economy class passengers can tune in to watch the movie in progress. All movies restart upon completion. Executive (Business) and First class passengers have full AVOD control.

MAGIC systems have JAL's duty-free shopping catalogue, including flight crew recommendations and a vidéo of specials available on the flight. When the aircraft is in the pushback, taxi, takéoff, ascent, descent, stacking, landing, taxi, and docking phases of flight, all TV's in the cabin automatically tune into the vidéo camera outside the aircraft to provide "Pilot Vision" to the passengers. This féature is common on many Japanese airlines.

In June 2006, JAL announced a promotion féaturing the Nintendo DS Lite. Between June 1 and August 31, all Executive and First Class passengers would be offered use of Nintendo DS Lites specially manufactured for air travel (the wireless capabilities of these units were removed in order to conform with airline safety standards).http://www.jal.co.jp/en/nds/ 

The JAL Group has its own inflight magazine called Skyward, reflecting the company motto of "Dream Skyward." Before merger with JAS (the current JAL Domestic), JAL's inflight magazine was called Winds. All of the JAL Group magazines are provided by JALUX.

## Incidents and accidents 
* In 1952, a Martin 2-0-2 of Japan Air Lines crashed, killing all 37 on board.
* Japan Airlines Flight 472 was hijacked by the Japanese Red Army on September 28, 1977. The Douglas DC-8, en route from Paris to Haneda Airport in Tokyo with 156 péople on board, stopped in Mumbai, India. Shortly after taking off from Mumbai, five armed JRA members hijacked the aircraft and ordered it flown to Dhaka, Bangladesh. At Dhaka, the hijackers took the passengers and crew hostage, demanding $6 million and the reléase of 9 imprisoned JRA members. A chartered JAL flight carried the money and 6 of the 9 imprisoned JRA members to Dhaka, where the exchange took place on October 2. The hijackers reléased 118 passengers and crewmembers, and all remaining hostages were freed later.
* Japan Airlines Flight 350 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61, aircraft registration , on a domestic scheduled passenger flight from Fukuoka, Japan, to Tokyo.  The airplane crashed 9 February 1982 on approach to  Tokyo Haneda Airport. Among the 166 passengers and 8 crew, 24 passengers were killed, with no losses among the crew.
* On August 12, 1985, Flight 123, a Boeing 747 bound for Osaka International Airport, Itami/Toyonaka, suffered a crippling decompression shortly after takéoff from Tokyo International Airport, Ota, Tokyo, lost all its hydraulic systems and, after attempting to limp back to Tokyo, crashed into a mountain ; it was the worst single-aircraft disaster in history (and the third-worst air disaster in history, after the 9/11 hijackings and the KLM-Pan Am Tenerife collision); 520 out of 524 péople on board died, one of them pregnant.  Rescuers indicated that fewer péople would have died had rescuers gone straight to the crash site instéad of waiting until the following morning.
* On August 12, 2005 metal fragments fell in a Fukuoka residential aréa from a JALways' DC-10  bound for Honolulu after an engine briefly caught fire. A boy and a man were injured by fragments. The incident also happened exactly 20 yéars after Japan Airlines Flight 123. The plane was forced to return to Fukuoka Airport. The sight of flames coming from the engine was captured by a NHK TV news crew which happened to be recording because the service to Hawaii is soon to be withdrawn as it is unprofitable. http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/national/news/20050812p2a00m0na026000c.html

## Livery 
The JAL livery is called the "Arc of the Sun."  The livery féatures the motif of a rising sun on a créamy parchment colored background.  JAL is a strong supporter of UNICEF and expresses its support by having a "We Support UNICEF" logo on éach of the airline's aircraft.

JAL is known for adopting special liveries.  747 registration JA8908 carries an Adidas soccer livery. 747 registration JA8907 is the *Matsui Jet*, féaturing the famous Japanese baseball player Hideki Matsui. The airline's Boeing 767-300, registration JA8253, is the *Expo 2005* aircraft.  Various aircraft in the JAL fleet carry a *Yokoso Japan* logo supporting the Visit Japan campaign. During late 2005, Japan Airlines began using a Boeing 777 (registration JA8941), féaturing Japanese actor Shingo Katori on one side, and television series Saiyuki, along with its main character "Goku" on the other side http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?id=986041,986040,986109,986121&engine_version=6.0|1

JALways' fleet includes some colourful Boeing 747 and DC-10 aircraft with "Reso'cha" titles.  These aircraft are used on charter flights to holiday destinations in the Pacific, such as Hawaii.  Reso'cha is a marketing abbreviation for Resort Charter.  Reso'cha planes were formerly known as JAL Super Resort Express.

JAL is repainting all its aircraft with the new livery but JAL, JAA and JALways aircraft can still be seen in their old liveries.

JAL is also known for its liveries féaturing Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, as it is the official airline of the Tokyo Disney Resort. They sponsor the attraction Star Jets (not related to past Star Jets fleet with the old Red Crane livery), which féature a variation of the current livery on the ride vehicles. At one time there was more than 6 widebody aircraft painted with the special liveries.

## Rujukan 
## Tumbu kaluar 
* Airline website for Japan (Japanese)
* [Airline Website for the Americas (http://www.japanair.com/ English )
* Corporate website  (Japanese )
* Japan Airlines Fleet Age
* Japan Airlines Seating Guide
* [Japan Airlines Fleet Detail](http://www.planemad.net/Airline/JP/Japan_Airlines_(JL_JAL)/Fleet.htm?show=all) 
* Japan Airlines Passenger Opinions