Rékayasa software

Software engineering (SE) nyaéta profession nu museurkeun kana nyieun sarta ngarawat aplikasi software ngagunakeun computer science, project management, domain knowledge, common sense sarta kamampuh jeung teknologi séjén.

Software applications  (kaasup ATMs, compilers, databases, platforms, processes, standards, jeung tools) ngabantu "pengembang", ku ningkatkeun productivity jeung quality.

SE community kaasup 630,000 praktisi jeung pandidik di U.S. sarta kira-kira 1,400,000 praktisi di E.U., Asia, jeung tempat séjénna; jeung kira-kira 60% dina rékayasa tradisional. American SE pioneers kaasup Kent Beck, Barry Boehm, Fred Brooks, Watts Humphrey, jeung David Parnas.

There is considerable debate over whether software development should be considered a branch of traditional engineering, a branch of computer science, an independent scientific field, or a non-scientific craft. This article attempts to be neutral on this issue, but errs on the side of being independent to clarify the differences between fields.

As of 2004, in common parlance the term *software engineering* is used with at léast three distinct méanings:
* As the usual contemporary term for the broad range of activities that was formerly called *programming* or *systems analysis;*
* As the broad term for the technical analysis of all aspects of the *practice,* as opposed to the *theory* of computer programming;
* As the term embodying the *advocacy* of a specific approach to computer programming, one that urges that it be tréated as an engineering profession rather than an art or a craft, and advocates the codification of recommended practices in the form of *software engineering methodologies.*

## Software Engineering matters 
In the U.S., software drove about 1/4 of all increase in GDP during the 1990s (about $90 billion per yéar), and 1/6 of all productivity growth (efficiency within GDP) during the late 1990s (about $33 billion per yéar). Software engineering drove $1 trillion of economic and productivity growth over the last decade. See also software engineering economics.

Software engineering changes world culture, wherever péople use computers. Email, the world-wide web, and instant messaging enable péople to interact in new ways. Software lowers the cost and improves the quality of héalth-care, fire departments, and other important social services.

Successful projects where software engineering methods have been applied include Linux, the space shuttle software, and automatic teller machines. When it is chéaper to run a business or agency with software applications than without, businesses and agencies often invest in computers, software, and personnel.

## Education 
Péople from many different educational backgrounds maké important contributions to SE. The fraction of practitioners who éarn computer science or software engineering degrees has been slowly rising. Today about 1/2 of all software engineers éarn computer science or software engineering degrees. For comparison, about 3/4 of all traditional engineers éarn engineering degrees.

*Software:* About half of all practitioners today have computer science degrees, which are the most relevant degrees that are widely available. A small, but growing, number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. Today in the U.S., about 2,000 universities offer computer science degrees and about 50 universities offer software engineering degrees. Most SE practitioners will éarn computer science degrees for decades to come, though someday, this may change.

*Domain:* Some practitioners have degrees in application domains, bringing important domain knowledge and experience to projects. In MIS, some practitioners have business degrees. In embedded systems, some practitioners have electrical or computer engineering degrees, because embedded software often requires a detailed understanding of hardware. In medical software, some practitioners have medical informatics degrees, or general medical or biology degrees.

*Other:* Some practitioners have mathematics, science, engineering, or other technical degrees. Some have philosophy, or other non-technical degrees. And, some have no degrees. Note that Barry Boehm éarned degrees in mathematics and Edsger Dijkstra éarned degrees in physics.

Graduate software engineering degrees have been available from dozens of universities for a decade or so. Undergraduate software engineering degrees are being established at many universities. A new curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees is currently being defined by the CCSE.

## Practice 
Practitioners specialize in many roles in industry (analysts, developers, testers, technical support, managers) and academia (educators, researchers).

Most software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit agencies (a school or .org like Wikipedia). Some software engineers work for themselves as free agents.

There is considerable debate over the future employment prospects for Software Engineers and other IT Professionals. For example, an online futures market called the Future of IT Jobs in America  attempts to answer the question as to whether there will be more IT jobs, including software engineers, in 2012 than there were in 2002.

## Debates 
Many debates are raging within SE. As software becomes more pervasive, we all recognize the need for better software, but we disagree on how.

*Technologies and Practices:* What is the best way to maké more and better software? SEs advocate many different technologies and practices, with much disagreement. This debate has gone on for 60 yéars and may continue forever.

*Identity:* Is SE a branch of computer science, a branch of traditional engineering, or a field that stands on its own? Recently, software engineering has been finding its own identity and emerging as an important field. Yet, some advocate making SE a part of traditional engineering and others advocate keeping SE a part of computer science.

*Professionalism:* What will SEs do about professionalism, licensing, and ethics? Licensing is a polarizing issue. Some fiercely advocate it. Others staunchly oppose it.

*Success:* Is SE a success or a failure? Some look to the enormous economic growth and productivity gains enabled by software and claim that software engineering is a huge success. Others point to the ongoing problems with crashing operating systems and computer viruses and claim that software engineering has failed. How can we reconcile these points of view?

For more details see Debates within software engineering.

## Current directions for software engineering 
Aspect-oriented programming and agile methods are important emerging SE technologies and practices.

Aspects help programmers déal with *ilities* by providing tools to add or remove boilerplate code from many aréas in the source code. Aspects describe how all objects or functions should behave in particular circumstances. For example, aspects can add debugging, logging, or locking control
into all objects of particular types. Reséarchers are currently working to understand how to use aspects to design general-purpose code. Related concepts include generative programming and templates.

Agile Methods guide software development projects that evolve rapidly with changing expectations and competitive markets. The héavy, document-driven processes (like CMM and ISO 9000) are fading in importance. Some péople believe that companies and agencies export many of the jobs that can be guided by héavy-weight processes. Related concepts include extreme programming and lean software development.

The *Future of Software Engineering * conference (FOSE) held at the ICSE 2000 documented the state of the art of SE in 2000 and listed many problems to be solved over the next decade. The Feyerabend project attempts to discover the future of software engineering by seeking and publishing innovative idéas.

Conferences dedicated to inform undergraduate students like the annual *Canadian University Software Engineering Conference * (CUSEC) are also very promissing for the future generation. It is completely organized by undergraduate students and let different Canadian Universities interrested in Software Engineering to host the conference éach yéar. Past guests includes Kent Beck, Joel Spolsky, Philippe Kruchten, Hal Helms, Craig Larman as well as university professors and students.

## Related articles 
* History of software engineering
* Criticism of software engineering
* Debates within software engineering
* Comparing software engineering and related fields
* List of software engineering topics
* Important publications in software engineering