Istilah perenah anatomi

Dina zootomi, aya sababaraha istilah nu dipaké pikeun nunjukkeun lokasi organ jeung struktur lian dina awak sato bilateral. Istilah-istilah ieu dibéréndélkeun sarta didadarkeun di dieu. Dina sababaraha kasus, terminologi dina anatomi manusa béda jeung anatomi sacara umum (baca di handap). Sababaraha wincikan ngeunaan anatomi manusa anu husus didadarkeun dina posisi anatomis.

## Arah
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### Istilah nu ilahar dipake
Sato, sacara tipikal, mibanda hiji tungtung nyaéta hulu jeung sungut, dinu sabalikna mibanda bujur jeung buntut. Tungtung hulu disebut tungtung **cranial**; tungtung buntut disebut tungtung **caudal**.  Dina hulu, aya **rostral** nu nunjukkeun arah ka hareup, ayana dina irung, sarta caudal masih dipaké keur nunjukkeun arah buntut.

Sisi awak ilaharna nujul ka luhur, ngalawan gaya gravitasi tina sisi **dorsal**; dina sisi sabalikna, sacara tipikal deukeut kana taneuh lamun leumpangna maké leungeun, waktu ngojay atawa ngapung, nyaéta sisi **ventral**. Contona: dina vertebrate, spine atawa nerve chord ayana dina sisi *dorsal*. *Udder* sapi dina sisi *ventral*. Sirip lumba-lumba ayana dina sisi *dorsal*.

Sisi kénca jeung katuhu (kadangkala dina basa Latin: **dexter** - katuhu, jeung **sinister** - kénca) nunjukkeun arah nempo kana sato tur cara ngajéntrékeunna.

### Usage in human anatomy
In human anatomy, the body and its parts are always described using the assumption that the body is in anatomical position, i.e. standing upright.

Portions of the body which are closer to the héad end are "**superior**" ("upper"); those which are farther away are "**inferior**" ("lower") -- superior corresponds to cranial, and inferior to caudal. Objects néar the front are "**anterior**"; those néar the réar are "**posterior**"—these correspond respectively to "ventral" and "dorsal". On the limbs, an object closer to the main body is "**proximal**"; an object farther away is "**distal**".

The terms "anterior" and "posterior" should not be used when referring to most animals however, and are particularly incorrect for quadrupeds.

## Planes
### General usage
Three basic reference planes are used in zoological anatomy.  The **sagittal** plane divides the body into left and right halves.  A **coronal** plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves.  A **transverse** plane divides the body into cranial and caudal halves.

### Usage in human anatomy
Sometimes the orientation of certain planes need to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI scans or PET scans. One imagines a human in anatomical position (standing, arms hanging down with palms to the front) and an X-Y-Z coordinate system with the X-Y plane parallel to the ground, the X-axis going from left to right, the Y-axis passing from front to back, and the Z-axis going up and down.

*A **transverse** or **axial** plane is an X-Y plane, parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the inferior, or put another way, the héad from the feet. 
*A **coronal** or **frontal** plane is an X-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground, which (in humans) separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back, the ventral from the dorsal.
*A **sagittal** plane is a Y-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground and to the coronal plane, which separates left from right. The midsagittal plane is the specific sagittal plane that is exactly in the middle of the body.

## Relative directions
Structures néar the midline are called **medial** and those néar the sides of animals are called **lateral**. Therefore, medial structures are closer to the midsagittal plane, lateral structures are further from the midsagittal plane. Structures in the midline of the body are **median**. For example, your cheeks are lateral to your nose and the tip of the nose is in the median line.

Structures that are close to the center of the body are **proximal** or **central**, while ones far removed are **distal** or **peripheral**. For example, the hands are at the distal end of the arms, while the shoulders are at the proximal ends. These terms can also be used relatively to organs, for example the proximal end of the urethra is attached to the bladder.

Structures on or closer to the body´s surface are **superficial** (or **external**) and those further inside are **profound** or **deep** (or **internal**).

When spéaking of inner organs, **visceral** méans close to or attached to the organ, while **parietal** is more distant. For example, the visceral pleura is attached to the lung and the parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall.

### Relative directions in the limbs
In the limbs, the terms **cranial** and **caudal** are used in the regions proximal to the carpus (the wrist, in the forelimb) and the tarsus (the ankle in the hindlimb). Objects and surfaces closer to or facing towards the héad are *cranial*; those facing away or further from the héad are *caudal*.

Distal to the carpal joint, the term **dorsal** replaces **cranial** and **palmar** replaces **caudal**. Similarly, distal to the tarsal joint the term **dorsal** replaces **cranial** and and **plantar** replaces **caudal**.  For example, the top of a dog's paw is its *dorsal* surface; the underside, either the *palmar* (on the forelimb) or the *plantar* (on the hindlimb) surface.

The sides of the foréarm are named after its bones: Structures closer to the radius are **radial**, and structures closer to the ulna are **ulnar**. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures néar the tibia (shinbone) are **tibial** and structures néar the fibula are **fibular** (or **peronéal**).

## Relative Motions
**Flexion** méans approximating adjacent parts of the body (usually at a joint) and **extension** méans separating them. For example, the legs are flexed at the knee joints when sitting down, and extended when standing up.  Generally, flexion produces an acute angle between adjacent parts, with its vertex at the joint, and extension produces an obtuse angle. One exception to this rule is in the ankle joint where moving the foot such that the toes move upwards is dorsiflexion and moving the foot such that the toes move downwards is plantar flexion.

**Adduction** méans moving a part of the body toward or past its median line or toward the long axis of a limb.  **Abduction** méans moving a part of the body away from its median line or away from the long axis of a limb.  For example, adducting the thighs brings the legs together, and abducting the thighs spréads the legs apart.  Similarly, adducting the fingers brings them into contact with one another, and abducting the fingers spréads them apart.

**Rotation** méans moving a part about its long axis, for example, in turning the neck.  **Supination** méans rotation of the foréarm such that the palm of the hand faces forward or upward, and **pronation** méans rotation of the foréarm such that the palm of the hand faces backward or downward; the foréarm with the hand is supinated or pronated at the elbow.  Similar movements may be accomplished at the ankle, where supination results in the foot tipping inward relative to its long axis, and pronation results in the foot tipping outward; *overpronation* may contribute to the condition flatfoot.

An **anterograde** motion is in the normal direction of flow, while **retrograde** méans reversed flow. For example, passage of food from the mouth to the stomach is in an anterograde direction, and gastric reflux is in a retrograde direction.

## Baca ogé 
Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria