open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Inkundla yeMbombela

I-Umbombela Stadium yindzawo yekudlala ibhola yetinyawo kanye ne-Rugby union lese-Mbombela esifundzeni sase-Mpumalanga INingizimu Afrika. Bekungulenye yetindzawo letilishumi tendzebe yemhlaba ye-FIFA yanga-2010 futsi bekungulenye yetinkhundla letisihlanu letinsha lebetakhiwe talomncintiswano. Yindzawo yekuhlala Ema-Puma. Yinkundla yetemidlalo lehlala bantfu bonkhe, lenetihlalo letingu-43,500, cishe tonkhe ngaphansi kweluphahla.

Itfolakala emakhilomitheni lasitfupha enshonalanga yeMbombela, inhlokodolobha yesifundza saseMpumalanga futsi yindzawo lenkhulu kuleso sifundza. Lesakhiwo lesitigidzi letingu-R1,050 besilungele kusetjentiswa ngaphambi kwekucala kweNdzebe yeMhlaba yangaJuni 2010 futsi besikhokhelwa ngalokuphelele ngekusekelwa ngetimali nguhulumende, kungadzingi kusekelwa ngetimali lidolobha.
Umbhidvo

Umbhidvo, lophindze watiwe ngokutsi umbhidvo wendzabuko, ibhekisela ecenjini letitsatfu letehlukene tetibhidvo letiluhlata letitfolakala eNingizimu ye-Afrika letivunwe kutsi tidliwe bantfu. Itsatfwa njengekudla kwesintfu kwase Ningizimu Afrika futsi kwakha incenye lebalulekile yekudla lokujwayelekile endzaweni yasemakhaya.

## Tinzuzo tetemphilo kanye nekuphepha
Emacembe e-Mbhidvo anemsoco lengaba ngu-36%. Lokutfwele emavithamini kuncike ebudzala besitjalo kanye nendlela yekulungiselela; letitjalo tinemavithamini A naVitamin C futsi tifaka ekhatsi emazinga laphansi e-calcium, i-magnesium kanye ne-iron kummbila.ENingizimu Afrika lenye yetinhlobo yatiwa ngekutsi yi "pigweed" ngesiNgisi, "hanekam" ngesiBhunu futsi ngekwesayensi, *Amaranthus sp.*
Sidvudvu

**Sidvudvu** (   ) ngumswakama loshelelako lowentiwe ngemmbila logayiwe lowatiwa ngekutsi yi-mealie meal.  Kudla kwasekuseni lokujwayelekile emakhaya emaXhosa nemaZulu. siphekwa nashukela nelubisi. Labanye bangatsandza viniga lomhlophe/loshunti kanye nashukela noma bhotela/emantongomane kanye nashukela nalokunye. Ngalesinye sikhatsi ummbila uyalungiswa kute unambitseke kabuhlungu.
Umcwayiba

**umcwayiba** luhlobo lwenyama leyomisiwe, lephekiwe levela emaveni aseNingizimu ye-Afrika, INamibia, I-Botswana, iLesotho, i-Eswatini, kanye neZambia. Tinhlobo letehlukene tetinyama tisetjentiswa ekwakhiweni kwawo, kusuka enyameni yenkhomo kuya enyameni yetilwane tasendle. Lokusika kungaphindze kwehluke kube yinyama lencane lejutjiwe ibe tinhlavu letilandzela tinhlavu temsipha, noma tincenye letihlelekile letijutjwe kuto tonkhe tinhlavu. Yomkhe inyama leyomisiwe imnandzi; inongiwe, iyanambitseka, kanye netinchubo tekukhicita tingahluka.

Ligama lelitsi "bil" lichamuka elwimini lesi-Dutch bil ("buttock") kanye ne-*tong* ("strip" lokusho tindvukwana noma "tongue").

Inyama ingalondvolotwa ngekuphilisa ngasawoti, noma kuviniga kanye ne i-saltpetre (potassium nitrate). I-potassium nitrate ibulala ligciwane lelibulalako lelibangela i-botulism, kantsi i-asidi ye-vinegar ivimbela kukhula kwayo. Ngekusho kwe-World Health Organization, i-*C. botulinum* angeke ikhule etimeni te-asidi (pH lengaphansi kwa 4.6); ngako-ke lobuthi angeke bukheke ekudleni kwe-asidi.

Imikhicito ye-antimicrobial yetinongo letitsite nayo beyisetjentiswa kusukela etikhatsini takadzeni. Tinongo letetfulwa kumaDutch tifaka ekhatsi pepper, i-coriander, kanye ne cloves.

Ngenyanga yaBhimbidvwane 2017, licembu lelicwaninga  e-I-Portugal lashicilela lucwaningo lolumayelana netintfo letingaphili emagciwane emafutsa e-coriander (i-coriander ngulenye yetinongo letinkhulu etinhlotjeni letisisekelo temagciwane) macondzana netinhlobo temagciwane letingu-12, futsi latfola kutsi tinhlobo temagungumence letilishumi nakubili tabulawa ngelizingaphansi kwe-coriander oil (1.6%). Kuletinhlobo letimbili letingabulawanga, i-*Bacillus cereus* ne-*I-Enterococcus faecalis*, emafutsa e-coriander anciphisa kukhula kwawo kakhulu.

* Inyama
* Black pepper
* Coriander
* Salt
* Vinegar

Ngekwesintfu, umcwayiba wentiwa kuphela ngesikhatsi sekubandza kwebusika ngesikhatsi ingoti yekukhula kweligciwane kanye nesitjalo seyincane. Letinye tindlela tekupheka tidzinga kutsi inyama ifakwe i-vinegar solution (vinegar yemagilebisi iyintfo yesintfu kepha i-balsamic kanye ne-cider nayo isebenta kahle) ema-awa lambalwa, bese le-vinegar iyatfulwa ngaphambi kwekutsi inyama inambitseke ngeluswayi netinongo. Lenhlanganisela yetinongo ifakwa kakhulu enyameni bese iyahlikihlwa. I-Saltpetre iyintfo yekutikhetsela futsi ingafakwa njengentfo lengetiwe yekulondvolota (ledzingekako kuphela kuma-biltong lanemanti langeke aboshwe). Inyama kufanele ishiywe ema-awa lambalwa (noma ifakwe esiqandisini ebusuku) bese kutsi noma nguluphi luhlobo lolusetulu lutfulwe ngaphambi kwekutsi lenyama ilengiswe kumshini wekomisa.
Libhange Lemhlaba

**I-World Bank** Sikhungo setimali semhlaba wonkhe lesiniketa bohulumende bemave lahola imali lencane naleyo lesemkhatsini ngenhloso yekuphishekela imisebenti yetimali. I-World Bank ligama lelihlanganisiwe le-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) kanye ne-International Development Association (IDA), tinhlangano letimbili kuletisihlanu temhlaba wonkhe letiphetfwe yi-World Bank Group. Yasungulwa kanye ne-I-International Monetary Fund ku-Bretton Woods Conference yango-1944. Live lekucala kubolekwa timali kwaba yi-France ngemnyaka wa 1947. Ngemnyaka wa 1970, yagcila ekubolekeni emave lasatfutfuka, yasuka kuloko lokwentiwa ngemnyaka wa 1980. Eminyakeni lengu-30 leyendlulile, kufake ema-NGO kanye nemacembu etemvelo ku-loan portfolio yayo. Lisu layo lekuboleka imali litsintfwa yi-United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, kanye nekulondvolotwa kwemvelo kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwebantfu.
Jerry Sikhosana

**Jerry Sikhosana ( 08 June 1969)** lobuye atiwe nga *Legs of Thunder* bekangudlali welibhola letinyawo waseNingizimu Afrika. Watiwa kakhlukati ngekudlalela licembu le Orlando Pirates. 

## UMlandvo
Sikhosana waba nelitsandvo lekudlala libhola letinyawo kusukela ebuncaneni. Utalelwa elokishini laseThembisa esifundzeni saseGauteng. Sikhosana uphindze wadlalela licembu lesive leBafana Bafana laseNingizimu Afrika 

## Umtfombo Welwati
Tinhlobo tekudla Kwesintfu

**Kudla kwesintfu**, bekukudla lokunelidvumela kakhulu emaSwatini, Futs’emaSwati sive lesitigcabha kakhulu ngekudla kwesintfu ngobe kukudla lokunemphilo, lokuvikela ntifo, kuwente acine emasotja emtimbeni, abe nemandla.

* **Emasi**

Lubisi lolubekwe lwate lwavutfwa lwalata kwase kukhanywa umlaza. Emasi adliwa avutjelwe ngeticaba temmbila noma temabele , kantsi ayanatfwa noma angakavutjelwa.

* **Sishwala**

sona baye basibite batsi insontfwana kumbe batsi inshwamphulutane, kantsi kuyehluka. Labanye batsi inshwamphulutane iphekwa ngemanti emashica, labatsi emavuya kuba ngemanti lamunyu, sishwala-ke kutsiwa kuphekwa tindlubu, bese kusilwa imphuphu yemmbila itselwe kuletindlubu, kubondvwe, kutsi kungavutfwa, kudliwe.

* **Libhedla**

kudla kwesiSwati lokuphekwa ngekutsi kutsatfwe umbhidvo wetintsanga nelitsanga lelisele liphekiwe bese kusilwa ummbila lomusha wentiwe inhlama, sekuyahlanganiswa, Kuyabondvwa kutsiwe libhedla. Kuye kudliwe netibhidvo, bapheke umbhidvo wetintsanga, imbuya,umsobo, likhwa, lomahlalela, ligusha kuphekwe nelilasha. Lilasha kusuke kungumbhidvo lophekwe wangabondvwa.

* **Imbasha**

Ngummbila lokhantingiwe eludzengelweni nalokunye, ubhashwa ungakasilwa, kubhashwa ngetindlubu noma emantongomane.

* **Incwancwa**

Kudla lokuphekwa ngemphuphu noma ngenhlama lelatisiwe yaba munyu. Lijingi emaSwati ayalitsandza. Lijingi nobe incwancwa kadzeni kutsiwa incwancwa beyihhaywa bese itselwa embiteni. Sekufutfunyetwa emanti, atselwa khona embiteni, kuyatsatfwa kubekwa elangeni khona kutekwelata kutsi kungalata kusengwe lamanti kuphindze kuhhaywe futsi, bese kubekwa etiko.Sewutsatsa lenhlama uyayibhuca sewuyayitsela bese kuyavutfwa njalo Sebayaphakela.

* **Liphalishi**

Ngulelinye ligama lekudla kwesintfu lokuphekwa ngemphuphu. Leligama selaba siswati kantsi imvelo yalo Singisi.

* **Inembe**

Lijingi letinswane leliphekwa lingakalatisiwa.

* **Bhatata**

Silimo lesitsela sibe tingundzangundza ngaphasi kwemhlaba.

* **Bubendze**

Kudla lokwentiwe ngemahlwili engati yesilwane lesihlatjiwe.

## Imitfombo yelwati
https://uzspace.unizulu.ac.za/handle/10530/936
JJ THWALA

## Umlandvo wa Dkt JJ Thwala

## '''Dkt JJ Thwala''' wayengumbhali wemabhuku e[[SiSwati|Siswati]]. Ubhale emabhuku lamanyenti lafaka  ekhatsi emanoveli, Tinkondlo, Imidlalo lemifishane, Imidlalo yaseshashalatini, natemdzabu. Abe ngu[[mhleli]], thishela, ufake ligalelo lelikhulu ekutfutfukiseni [[lulwimi lweSiswat]]<nowiki/>i.

### Imitfombo Yelwati
Portia Modise

**Portia Modise** (watalwa mhlaka 20 Inhlaba 1983) bekangumdlali welibhola letinyawo wase Ningizimu Afrika lowabekwa njengeMdlali weChampionship ku 2006 Women's African Football Championship. Wamelela licembu lesive lase Ningizimu Afrika kuma-Olympics aseLondon nga-2012. Waba ngumdlali wekucala wase-Afrika lowafaka imigomo lelikhulu emhlabeni wonkhe. 

## Imitfombo yelwati
Litiko Letekuvakasha (iNingizimu Afrika)

### Umlandvu weLitiko Letekuvakasha
**Litiko Letekuvakasha** lingulelinye lematiko ahulumende wase Ningizimu Afrika. Inemtfwalo wokukhulisa kanye nekutfutfukisa tekuvakasha, kusuka kulamanye emave kuya eNingizimu Afrika, kanye nakhona lapha eNingizimu Afrika.

### Mphatshi

Inhloko yetembusave yalendzawo ngundvuna yetekuvakasha, Patricia de Lille lowangena esikhundleni saLindiwe Sisulu ngo-2023. Endzaweni yakhe njengendvuna yetekuvakasha, uphetse tekuvakasha  eNingizimu Afrika, ungumkhandlu losemtsetfweni wekukhangisa wahulumende waseNingizimu Afrika, ngenhloso yekukhutsata tekuvakasha eNingizimu Africa emmangweni nasemhlabeni wonkhe jikelele.
Litiko Letobuciko Nemasiko (iNingizimu Afrika)

### 

### Litiko Letebuciko Nemasiko
**Litiko Letebuciko Nemasiko** beliltiko lahulumende wase Ningizimu Afrika kwaze kwaba ngu-2019. Belibukene wekutfutfukisa, kusekela, kanye nekuvikela buciko, emasiko kanye nemagugu aseNingizimu Afrika. Tindzawo temagugu, iminyuziyamu kanye netikhumbuto talelive nato betihlala ngaphansi kwalomsebenti. Inhloko yetembusave yalelitiko bekungundvuna yetebuciko Nemasiko. 

### Kuhlanganiswa kwalelitiko
NgaBhimbidvwane 2019 lelitiko lahlanganiswa netemidlalo kanye Nekungcebeleka eNingizimu Afrika kwentela kwakha litiko lelisha Letemidlalo, temisebenti yetebuciko nemasiko.

## '''Umtfombo welwati'''
Timbatfo tesitfu

**timbatfo** talabasikati nalabadvuna letitfolakala esiswatini. letimbatfo tisabatfwa nalamunhla ,futsi tiyimvunulo yemaswati  leyenta maswati ahluke kuletinye tive. letimbatfo tesitfu timbatfwa emicimbini lehlukile lefaka ekhatsi, emtsimbeni, emalobolweni uyatigcoka nanome kuphi kukhombisa kutichenya ngemvelaphi yakho  

**Imvunulo yabomake/ labasikati**

a)    Sidvaba – ngisona sembatfo lesikhulu sabomake lesivunulwa elukhalo sehle sikhawule entasemadvolweni

b)    Emafahlawane -atikhwanyana letinalokungematjana. Agatjwa etihlakaleni bomake labadlalisako

c)    Umhlelwane- lihiya lelembatfwa tintfombi lelatsatsa sikhundla sesiphuku

d)    Sidziya-sembatfo sabomake lesiboshwa ecebeni sembatsise sifuba nemadvolo

e)    Lihiya-selatsatsa sikhundla seluvadla lwenhlingizane etintfombini netidzandzaneni

**Imvunulo yalabadvuna** 

f)     Emajoba- tikhumba letimbili letishukiwe letembatfwa elukhalo ngemuva nangembili tiboshwa  etingculwimi.  Takhiwe ngesikhumba sebhuti noma sengobiyane

g)    Tiphandla-takhiwe ngeligogo lwembuti bese tigcicwa etihlakaleni

h)    Ingwe- kusho umdada wencwala. Lasisikhumba sengwe lesilungiswe kahle. Sivunulwa sihlanganise lukhalo njengesidvwaba

i)     Sigeja-ngemashoba etinkomo latfungwe ahlanganiswa njengesidvwaba

j)     Incincane-imvunulo yelukhalo leyakhiwa ibe lifaba ngetjani lobubitwa ngekutsi incincane

## imitfombo yelwati
https://uzspace.unizulu.ac.za/items/9701af37-96a7-4318-b60b-a318c3ec012e
Nontokozo mdhluli

## Umlandvo waNontokozo Mdhluli
**Nontokozo Mdhluli** unguthishelakati lowacala kufundzisa eSiphumelele Secondary School, esifundzeni sase Mpumalanga.

**Umtfombo Welwati**

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/
Jack White (umcondzisi wetemidlalo)

**John Joseph White** (July 31, 1913 - September 26, 1997) bekangumphatsi wetemidlalo waseMelika. Bekangumphatsi we-San Francisco 49ers ye-National Football League (NFL) kusukela nga-1967 kuya ku-1972 waphindze wasebenta ne-New York Yankees ye-All-America Football Conference (AAFC) kanye ne-Nework Yankees ye-Major League Baseball (MLB).

## Imphilo yakhe yasebuntfwaneni
**White** watalwa ngaJuly 31, 1913, eNew Britain, eConnecticut. Wafundza e-New Britain High School kwatsi ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi waba ngumdlali e-Manhattan College eNew York, lapho adlala khona ibhola njengemdlali we-lineman.Waphotfula eManhattan nge digri I-Bachelor of Science, futsi kubikwa kutsi ngemuva kwaloko wajoyina i-Philadelphia Eagles ye-National Football League (NFL).

## Umsebenti wekucecesha
**White** wasebenta naGene Tunney eluhlelweni lwetemidlalo e-United States Naval Academy ngesikhatsi seMphi yeMhlaba yesibili. Wajoyina i-New York Yankees ye-All-America Football Conference (AAFC) nga-1946, wasebenta njengemsiti wemceceshi wabo kanye nemhloli lomkhulu.Wahlala kulelicembu kwate kwaba ngulapho i-AAFC ihlangana ne-NFL nga-1950.

Ngekushesha ngemuva kwaloko, White wajoyina licembu le-baseball le-New York Yankees; wasebenta sikhashana njengemphatsi jikelele we-league yabo lencane, i-Richmond Virginians, ngaphambi kwekutsi atfole kukhushulelwa esikhundleni sekuba ngumphatsi wemathikithi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1950 kanye nemcondzisi webhizinisi nga-1960. Ngemnyaka wa 1963, sikhundla sakhe besesibe "ngumcondzisi we-baseball scouts".Wagcina asebente nema Yankees iminyaka lengu-25.

**White** waphindze wacala kusebentela i-San Francisco 49ers ye-NFL njengemhloli wesikhashana nga-1951.Wenyuselwa esikhundleni sekuba ngumcondzisi we-scouting nga-1965, kwatsi ngemuva kweminyaka lemibili wabekwa kutsi abe ngumphatsi welicembu.Wasita lelicembu kutsi litfole umklomelo emahlandla lamatsatfu ngekulandzelana kusukela nga-1970 kuya ku-1972 njengemphatsi, ngaphambi kwekutsi emukele sikhundla sekuba liSekela laMengameli webadlali nga-1973.[Watsatsa umhlalaphansi ngemuva kwemnyaka wa 1976.

Umbhali we-San Francisco Examiner Al Corona wachaza umsebenti waWhite welibhola letinyawo: "Wakhuluma nabo bonkhe labafana. Tonkhe tinkhontileka betihamba kuJack. Badlali bebamtsandza kakhulu. Bekangumuntfu lomuhle futsi bekati kahle ibhola". Umphatsi we-49ers Louis Spadia waphawula kutsi White "ngulomunye webantfu labanalokuhlangenwe nako futsi labanemakhono emdlalweni endzaweni yekufuna nekuhlola emathalenta ebhola"

## Kuphila kanye nekufa kwakhe
**White** watfutsela e-Oregon ngemuva kwekutsatsa umhlalaphansi futsi bekakujabulela kufuya emahhashi. Bekashadile futsi anebantfwana lababili. Washona eWhite City, e-Oregon, mhlaka 26 Inyoni 1997, aneminyaka lengu-84 budzala.
Masipala Wesigodzi sase-Ehlanzeni

**Ihlanzeni** ngulenye yetigodzi letintsatfu tesifundza sase Mpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika. Indzawo yase Hlanzeni yi mbombela. Linyenti lebantfu labangu-944 665 bakhuluma SiSwati (Kubalwa kwebantfu nga-2001). Ikhodi yesigodzi yi-DC32.
I-Komatipoort

**I-Komatipoort** lidolobha lelisekuhlangeni kwemifula i-Crocodile ne-Komati esifundzeni sase Mpumalanga, I-Ningizimu Afrika. Lelidolobha lisemkhatsini wema-khilomitha lasiphohlongo kusuka eSangweni lelibhuloho Lelingwenya kuya e-Kruger Park, nemakhilomitha lasihlanu kusuka emnceleni wase-Mozambique nemakhilomitha lalishumi nesihlanu kusuka emnceleni wase-Swatini.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
David Mabuza

**David Mabuza** (watalwa mhlatingu- 25 enyangeni yengci-1960) ungusopolitiki wase Ningizimu Afrika lowasebenta njengelisekela lamengameli wase Ningizimu Africa kusukela ngenyanga yeNdlovana-2018 kuya kuNdlovana-2023. Bekalisekela lamengameli we-African National Congress (ANC) kusukela ngenyanga yeNgongoni-2017 tukwenyanga yeNgongoni-2022 futsi phambilini bekanguNdvunankhulu wase Mpumalanga kusukela nga-2009 kuya ku-2018, ngesikhatsi sekuba ngumengameli wepolitiki Jacob Zuma. Mabuza waba liLunga lePhalamende kusukela nga-2018 kwate kwaba ngulapho ashiya sikhundla sakhe nga-2023.

## UMTFOMBO WELWATI
http://41.89.227.156:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1238
Mittal Steel eNingizimu Afrika

**I-Arcelor-Mittal** yase Ningizimu Afrika iyingxenye yenkampani yensimbi i-Arcelon-Mittal. Lenkapani beyikadze yatiwa nge**Iscor Ltd.**, iyinkampani yensimbi yase INingizimu Afrika. Yasungulwa nga-1928 futsi yacala kubhalwa ku-I-JSE Securities Exchange nga-1989.
Melinda Ferguson

**Melinda Ferguson** ngumbhali wase INingizimu Afrika lowatiwa ngemisebenti yakhe yemlandvo kanye nembhali wemaphephandzaba. Watalwa waphindze wakhulela eJozi, imibhalo yaFerguson ibonakala ngekwetsembeka kwayo, kuhlola tihloko tekudzakwa, kubuyela esimeni sekugucuka.

## Tinkomba
Ingoti yemayini

**Ingoti yetiMayini** ingoti leyenteka ngesikhatsi sekumbiwa kwema-Minerals noma tinsimbi.Tinkhulungwane tebantfu labasebenta etimayini tifa ngetingoti temayini njalo ngemnyaka,ikakhulukati etiMayini teMalahle ngaphansi kwemhlaba,nanobe tingoti tiphindze tenteke etiMayini temadvwala..TiMayini teMalahle titsatfwa njengaleto letiyingoti kakhulu kunetimayini temhlabatsi ngenca yemadvwala lacijile, ematje langakafaneleki,kuba khona kwe-Methane gas,kanye nelutfuli lwemalahle. Linyenti lebantfu labafa kulamalanga kwenteka emave lasatfutfuka,nasetindzaweni tasemakhaya emave latfutfukile lapho khona tindlela tekuphepha tingentiwa ngalokuphelele. **inhlekelele yetetiMayini** yintfo lapho kufa khona bantfu labasihlanu nobe ngetulu.

## Umtfombo welwati
Simo setitjalo tekutala

I-plant reproductive morphology kufundza ngesimo semtimba, kanye nekwakheka kwaleto tincenye tetitjalo letiphatselene ngalokucondzile, nobe ngekungacondzi ngekutalwa ngekwelicansi.

Emkhatsini wato tonkhe tintfo letiphilako,timbali,letiyindlela yekutala ye-angiosperms,tiyehluka kakhulu ngekwenyama futsi tikhombisa kuhlukahlukana lokukhulu etintfweni tekutala. Titjalo letingasito titjalo letinetimbali (Ema-algae laluhlata, ema-mosses,ema-liverworts,ema-hornworts,ema-fern kanye nema-gymnosperms lafana nema-conifers) nato tinetinkinga letiyinkimbinkimbi emkhatsini wekwetayela simo kanye netintfo tendzawo ekutaleni kwato ngekwelicansi. Inchubo yekutalela, nobe indlela lesidvodza lesivela kulesinye sitjalo sihlanganisa ngayo emacandza alesinye,incike ekwakhekeni kwetitjalo,futsi ngiko lokuncuma kakhulu kwakheka kwetitjalo letingafani. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) wacwaninga ngekutalwa kwetihlahla letinetimbali futsi kwekucala kwacondvwa kutsi inchubo yekutfwala imphuphu ifaka ekhatsi kusebentisana kwe-biotiki kanye ne-biotic.Imibono yaCharles Darwin yekukhetfwa kwemvelo yasebentisa lomsebenti kwakha imfundziso yakhe yekutigucukela kwemvelo,lefaka ekhatsi kuhlatiya kutigucukela kwetimbali kanye netinambuti tato.
Ema-albino

**I-Albinism** sifo lesibangelwa kungabikhona kwe-melanin etilwaneni nobe esitjalweni lokwenta tinwele letimhlophe,tinsiba,emacembe kanye nesikhumba.Kuphindze kwente nemehlo abebovu noma luhlata. Bantfu labanalesifo babitwa ngekutsi ng**ema-Albino**.

Kusetjentiswa lokwehlukene kanye nekuhunyushwa kwalamagama kusho kutsi imibiko lebhalwe ngetilwane te-Albinistic ingaba lukhuni kucinisekisa. I-Albinism inganciphisa kusindza kwesilwane; sibonelo, kucatjangwe kutsi ema-albino Alligators anesikhatsi sekuphila lesingema-awa langu-24 kuphela ngenca yekungabi khona kwekuvikeleka emisebeni ye-UV kanye nekungakhoni kwawo kubhaca kute abalekele tilwane letiyingoti. Kuyincenye leyetayelekile yekubona kutsi tonkhe tilwane te-albino tinemehlo labovu noma (lokuvela ngekungabi khona kwe-pigment ku-Iris lokuvumela imitsambo yengati ye-Retina kutsi ibonakale), nomakunjalo loku akusiko kuletinye tinhlobo te-Albinism. Tilwane letivamile te-Albino tifaka ekhatsi tilwane letifuywako (eMagundvwana kanye naboLogwaja), kepha linani letilwane te-Albano letivela ngekwemvelo tikhona endle, sibonelo, i-Mexican cave tetra. I-Albinism yintfo leyatiwako kuma-molluscs, kokubili emagobolondvo nasetincenyeni letitsambile. Kutsiwa labanye bayasho,  kutsi i-Albinism ingenteka ngetizatfu letinyenti ngaphandle kwekutalwa, kufaka ekhatsi kugucuka kwetitfo, kudla, timo tekuphila, budzala, tifo, nobe kulimala. Nanobe kunjalo, loku kuphambene netinchazelo lapho khona lesimo sitfolwa khona.
Bunny chow

**Bunny chow**, lesiphindze satiwe ngekutsi yi-bunny, kudla lokusheshako kwase INingizimu Afrika  lokwentiwa ngesinkhwa lesimhlophe lesikhishwe nge-i-curry kanye nesidlo se-saladi eceleni. Lesinkwa sasungulwa  emaNdiya aseNingizimu Afrika ase Durban. Kuyo yonkhe imiphakatsi leyehlukahlukene yase Ningizimu Afrika, umuntfu angatfola kuvumelana nemasiko ekucala e-bunny chow, lesebentisa incenye yesine yesinkhwa futsi ngalesinye sikhatsi ibitwa ngekutsi y*i-skhambane,* *i-kota* ("incenye yesine") noma i-*shibobo*, ligama lelifanako ne-Sphatlho, kudla kwase Ningizimu Afrika lokwavela ku-bunny Chow.
Tinongo tenkhulumo

**Tinongo tenkhulumo:** 

a)    Sifaniso -lapho kufaniswa tintfo letimbili noma letengetulu letehlungene kute kutfolakale kufana kwato. Kusetjentiswa takhi tekufanisa njenga, fana-,-nganga-,kuhle,kwe-,

Tibonelo ;

·        Utibek’embili njengemvumulo

·        Munhle kuhle kwelilanga liphuma

b)    Kumuntfutisa -tintfo letite umphefumulo tentiwe tintfo letinemphefumulo

Tibonelo;

·        Licala lembula ingubo lingene

·        Emabondza sekaba netidlebe

c)    Sifanisongco-loku kusifaniso kodvwa akusetjentiswa takhi tesifaniso.

Tibonelo;

·        Yimvu ngekulungs

·        Akanyonyobi lunwabu

d)    Sihabiso- loku kusho noma kuchaza intfo ngedlela leyandzisako

Tibonelo;

·        Ngitfole inyoka igcwebe indlu

·        Wasibulala ngelihleko

e)    Inhlonipho-loku kusebentisa ligama lelitfokotisako endzaweni yeligama lelibubhungu

Tibonelo;

·        Babe umnandzi lamuhle

·        Emakhosi afihlwa eMdzimba

f)     Siphukuto-loku sisho lesiphambuke nalesikushoko

Tibonelo;

·        Uhlakaniphile ngoba await kutsi emasenti mangaki erandini

·        Uyakwanti kubhala kodvwa akatiphansi tibhalo

g)    Silutfo-loku kusho leyontfo lofuna kuyisho ngendlela lesikako noma lehlabako

Tibonelo;

·        Likhaya lakhe lempela kusesitebeleni

·        Sitawumbona ngani kutsi muhle nagayaluki

h)    Kucatsanisa-loku Kubeka emavi abukane kute kuvele umehluko phakatsi kwawo

Tibonelo;

·        Phela umfundisi akamtali umfundisi

·        Ingwe itala umuntfu

i)     Sifanisomsindvo-lapho kufaniswa umsindvo lowentiwa ngulenye nje intfo

Tibonelo;

·        Musani kuhlikihla tincwadzi tenu nine bafana

·        Bafana baseMgamule batsandza byhhomuhhomu

j)     Umbite-lapho kubittwa umuntfu longasekho noma kubitwe intfo lengaphili

Tibonelo;

·        Kufa,luphi ludvosi lwakho na?

·        Bhuza,ngivani ngeti ndlebe tami

## IMTFOMBO YELWATI

# KJ **Nkuna**, JJ Thwala - Journal of Social Sciences, 2017
Umlandvo wa thomas givon

**Thomas givon**-Thomas Givon (lowatiwa ngekutsi nguTalmy Givón (watalwa mhlaka 22 Inhlaba 1936) usati selulwimi kanye nembhali. Ungulomunye webasunguli be "West Coast Functionalism", namuhla lehlukaniswe njengemodeli yelulwimi lolusekelwe ekusebentiseni, kanye nelitiko letilwimi e-University of Oregon. Givón usekela imfundziso yekutigucukela kwemvelo yelulwimi kanye nekukhulumisana. 

**Imfundvo**

Nga-1959, Givón watfola ticu takhe te-Bachelor of Science ku-Hebrew University yaseJerusalema. Watfola ticu te-Master of Science ku-Agriculture nga-1962, C.Phil ku-Plant Biochemistry, ticu te-Master of Arts ku-Linguistics nga-1966, kanye ne-PhD ku-Linguistics nga-1969, kanye nesitifiketi se-TESL nga-1965.

**      Umsebenti**

Nga-1966, Givón wacala kusebenta ku-System Development Corporation njengemcwaningi losita nge-lexicography. Ngemnyaka lolandzelako waya eNyuvesi yaseZambia wayocwaninga ngelulwimi lwesiBantu. Nga-1969 waba nguthishela weTilwimi tase-Afrika neTilwimi Letisemtsetfweni eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eLos Angeles. Wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sekuba nguphrofesa lobambisene naye nga-1974 futsi waba nguphrofesa lophelele nga-1979. Nga-1981 watfutsela eNyuvesi yase-Oregon lapho afundzisa khona tilwimi kuze kube ngu-2002 lapho atfola khona sikhundla sekuba nguPhrofesa weTilwimi kanye neSayensi Yekufundza. Umsebenti waGivón wekugcina lowawuphatselene nelulwimi lolusebentako, kwakungu-The Genesis of Complex Syntax: Diachrony, Ontogeny, Cognition, Evolution.

**     Indzima yelulwimi**

Umsebenti wakhe uhlanganisa tindzawo letinyenti tetilwimi (emaSemite, ema-Afrika, ema-Amerindian, ema-Austronesian, emaPapua, emaSino-Tibetan, ema-Indo-European), kanye netindzawo letinyenti tetilwimi letingasho lutfo: (syntax, semantics, pragmatics, kutfolwa kwelulwimi lwesibili, pidgins kanye nema-creole, lulwimi lwekukhuluma kanye nelwetemibhalo, indlela kanye nefilosofi yesayensi, ifilosofi yelulwimi, typology kanye ne-universals yelulwimi, grammaticalization kanye ne-syntax yemlandvo, isayensi yelwati, kutfutfuka kwelulwimi).Givón ubitwa ngekutsi nguye lowasungula lesisho lesitsi "i-morphology yalamuhla i-syntax yalamuhla",ngekutfutfukisa umsebenti wa-Antoine Meillet wekuhlela luhlelo lwelulwimi.Bekangumhleli we-Typological Studies in Language, incwadzi leyabhalwa yi-John Benjamins Publishing Company.Leminye imibhalo .Givon ubhale tinoveli letinyenti kanye netindzaba temlandvo ngekusebentisa inkampani yakhe yekushicilela, i-White Cloud Publishing, futsi ungumblogi ku-google

## umtfombo lwati
G Deutscher, T **Givón** - Syntactic complexity, 2009
Umlandvo wa meinhof carl

**Carl Meinhof**-Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof (kholwani 23, 1857 - 11 indlovane 1944) bekangusosayensi wetilwimi waseJalimane futsi angulomunye wetati tekucala tekulwimilwimi letatadisha tilwimi tase-Afrika. Meinhof watalwa eBarzwitz eceleni kweRügenwalde esifundzeni sasePomerania, eMbusweni wasePrussia. Wafundza eNyuvesi yaseTübingen naseNyuvesi yaseGreifswald. Nga-1905 waba nguphrofesa eSikolweni Sekufundza ngeTindzaba taseMpumalanga eBerlin. NgaMay 5, 1933, waba lilunga lelicembu lemaNazi.

 ** Imisebenti**

Umsebenti wakhe lobaluleke kakhulu kwakutfutfukisa tifundvo tekucatsanisa ngelulwimi lwe Bantu, kwakha umsebenti wa Wilhelm Bleek. Kulomsebenti wakhe, Meinhof wabuka tilwimi letivamile te Bantu letifana nesiSwahili kanye nesiZulu kwentela kutfola kufana kanye nekwehluka.

Kulomsebenti wakhe, Meinhof wabuka emakilasi emagama lapho khona tonkhe tilwimi te Bantu tinemakilasi lokungenani lalishumi kanye nemakilasi lamashumi lamabili nakubili emagama lakhona kuto tonkhe tilwimi te Bantu, nomakunjalo inchazelo yakhe yemakilasi emagama ehluke kancane kuloko lokwemukelwako, ngekubuka lelifomu lelisebunyentini leligama njengaloko lokwehlukile eklasini kusuka kulelinani lelilodvwa (lokwenta, sibonelo, kutsi kucatjangwe lulwimi lolufana nesiFrench njengalolunemakilasi lamane esikhundleni semakilasi lamabili). Nanobe kute lulwimi lolunato tonkhe tigaba letingu-22 (muva: 23) letisebentako, iVenda inetingu-20, iLozi inetingu-18, kantsi iGanda inetingu-16 nobe 17 (kuya ngekutsi le-class 23 e- ifakiwe yini). Tonkhe tilwimi temaBantu tinemagama lasetjentiswa kubantfu (ngalesinye sikhatsi kufaka ekhatsi letinye tilwane).

Meinhof waphindze wahlola letinye tilwimi tase-Afrika, lokufaka ekhatsi emacembu labekabitwa ngekutsi yi-Kordofan, Bushman, Khoikhoi, kanye ne-Hamiti.Meinhof wasungula luhlelo loluphelele lwekuhlukanisa tilwimi tase Afrika. Luhlelo lwakhe belusebenta iminyaka leminyenti (Greenberg 1955:3). Lencwadzi ya-Joseph Greenberg yafika esikhundleni sayo nga-1955 nangemnyaka wa-1963.Nga-1902, Meinhof wabhala tingoma temculo waseMphumalanga Afrika. Lena nguleminye yemisindvo yekucala yemculo wendzabuko wase-Afrika.

**Imibono lephikisanako**

Nga-1912, Carl Meinhof washicilela incwadzi letsi Die Sprachen der Hamiten (Tilwimi temaHamites). Wasebentisa ligama lelitsi Hamitic. Luhlelo lwe Meinhof lwekuhlukanisa tilwimi te Hamitic belusekelwe ekukholweni kutsi "bakhulumi be Hamitic bafana kakhulu nebantfu labafuya tinkhomo labanemvelaphi ye Caucasian, leyehlukile futsi lencono kune 'maNegroes ase Afrika'".  Nomakunjalo, kuloko lokwatiwa ngekutsi tilwimi te Nilo-Hamitic (umcondvo lawusungula), kwakusekelwe esicini sebulili kanye "nemfundziso lengemanga yekuhlanganiswa kwetilwimi". Meinhof wakwenta loku ngisho noma umsebenti wekucala webafundzi labafana nabo Lepsius kanye na Johnston wakhombisa kutsi letilwimi latawubita kamuva ngekutsi yi "Nilo-Hamitic" bekutilwimi te Nilotic letinekufana lokuningi ngemagama naletinye tilwimi te Nilotic. 

## imtfombo lwati
Umlandvo wa j.j thwala

## UMLANDVO
**Dokotela Jozi Joseph Thwala**, lowatiwa ngekutsi nguJJ, uhlonishwa njengendvodza leyetayelekile kutemfundvo letawukhunjulwa ngendzima layidlala ekutfutfukiseni umbono weNyuvesi yaseMpumalanga (i-UMP) njengayinye yemanyuvesi lahamba embili e-Afrika. Thwala, umbhali lohlonishwako wetincwadzi tesiSwati, ushone ngeLisontfo leliphelile aneminyaka lengu-62. Ngesikhatsi akhuluma emngcwabeni wakhe, umholi weluhlelo lwe-BA e-UMP, Dokotela Nonzwakazi Maqubela, wachaza Thwala njengencola lebeyisebenta kahle leyafa ngekushesha yashiya sikhala lesikhulu. Maqubela wachaza kushona kwaThwala njengekulahlekelwa lokukhulu lokwehlela inyuvesi ngesikhatsi lebesingakalindzelwa.

Ngekusebentisana nelicembu lakhe, Dkt Thwala uphumelele ekutfutfukiseni luhlelo lwe-BA honours lolutawuniketwa nga-2022. Kulindzeleke kutsi aphindze acondzise kutfutfukiswa kwemasters kanye ne-PhD ngesiSwati nga-2023 na-2024. utsi tintfo letinhle betiseta kuye kantsi neyunivesithi bese ilahlekelwe yintfo lenkhulu kuye.

## LIGALELO
Umbhali wetincwadzi dokotela Jozi Joseph Thwala lowatiwa ngekutsi ngu JJ Thwala longasekho emhlabeni, uchazwe njengemcwaningi nome umfundzisi lobekatiniketele kakhulu ekutfutfukisweni kwelulwimi lwesiswati. Ngekusho kwa Elphas Mhlanga lobekangumbhali wetincwadzi tesizulu utsi JJ Thwala wabhala tincwadzi letinyenti tesiswati letifaka ekhatsi **“Kwasibekela emafu- Inoveli”, “Lami lingumncamulajucu-Umdlalo”, “Kwahlwa Emini-Umdlalo”, “Umtsimba-Umdlalo”, buciko bemlomo** kanye naletinye esizulwini. Emagalelo akhe abonakale kakhulu etinkondlweni, etindzabeni letimfishane naselucwaningweni. Abengumhumushi wetincwadzi nembhalo yeminyango yembuso lehlukene. Abephindza abe ngumhluti wetincwadzi, emaphephandzaba, kanye nemaphephabhuku lahlukene.

Thwala ufake ligalelo lelikhulu elwatini lweSiswati ngekushicilelwa kumaphephabhuku avelonkhe newemave ngemave. Wabhala tincwadzi letinyenti ngesiSwati, lokufaka ekhatsi tindzaba letimfishane kanye netinkhondlo letisasetjentiswa etikolweni letehlukahlukene talesigodzi

## IMITFOMBO YELWATI
Luhlolo lwetilwimi

I-forensic linguistics, legal linguistics, noma lulwimi kanye nemtsetfo, kusetjentiswa kwelwati lwetilwimi, tindlela, kanye nekucondza endzabeni yemtsetfo, lulwimi, luphenyo lwebugebengu, kuculwa kwelicala, kanye nenchubo yekwehlulela. Liligatja letilwimi letisetjentiswako.

Kunetindzawo letintsatfu tekusebenta kwetati telulwimi letisebenta kumomkhakha wekuphenywa ku-forensic linguistics:
I-boerewors

Boerewors, (  ) luhlobo lwe-sausage lolwasungulwa INingizimu Afrika.  Kuyincenye lebalulekile yekudla kwase Ningizimu Afrika, eZimbabwe, eZambia, e-Botswana nase Namibia kantsi ivame kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika. Leligama lisuselwa emagameni esi-Afrikaans boer (lelichaza, umlimi) kanye ne-wors ("sausage"). Ngekusho kwemitsetfo yahulumende wase Ningizimu Afrika, i-boerewors kumele ibe nemaphesenti langaba ngu-90 enyama yenkhomo, yengulube, yemvu noma yembuti. Lamanye lali-10% akhiwe ngetinongo kanye naletinye titsako. Akungabi ngetulu kwa-30% walenyama lengaba nemafutsa. I boerewors akukameli ibe nekwangekhatsi ngaphandle kwemabhokisi, nobe nobe nguluphi "lokubuyiselwe" kwenyama (njengalokubuyiselwe ngenchubo lapho khona inyama nematsambo kuhlukaniswa ngemshini). 

I-Boerewors yentiwe ngenyama yenkhomo, inyama yengulube, imvu kanye nembuti. Uma kutfolakala timphungutja letifana ne-Springbok noma i-Oryx, kufakwe emasoseji kumele abhalwe njengetinhlobo noma tinhlobo letihlanganisiwe temasoseji, kukhomba tinhlobo tetilwane lapho inyama ivela khona. Kanye netinongo (ngalokwetayelekile tinhlavu te-coriander letishisiwe, i-pepper lemnyama, i-nutmeg, cloves kanye ne-allspice). Njengaletinye tinhlobo temasausishi, ema-boerewors angahle abe nemafutsa lamanyenti, futsi agcinwe ngeluswayi kanye ne-vinegar, bese agcwala emabhokisini emasoseji ladlekako, lokungiwo kuphela incenye ye-sausishi lengaba yincenye lengaba yintfo lengaphili.[1] Ema-boerewors endzabuko avame kwakhiwa abe ngumjikeni lochubekako. Kuvame kudliwa ne-pap (i-porridge / iPolenta yesintfu yase Ningizimu Afrika leyentiwe nge-melie-meal). Boerewors iphindze ivame kakhulu INamibia, I-Botswana, IMozambique naseZimbabwe kanye nasemimangweni yaseNingizimu Afrika emhlabeni wonkhe.
Tincwadzi tase-Afrika

**tincwadzi tase-[[Í-Afríka|I-Afrika]]** tincwadzi letivela e-Afrika, kungaba ngemlomo ("orature") nobe letibhalwe ngetilwimi tase-Afrika kanye netase-Afrika nase-Asia. Tibonelo tetincwadzi tase-Afrika tangaphambi kwekubuswa ngemaKholoni tingahle titfolakale emuva cishe ngelikhulu lesine AD. Lokwatiwa kakhulu y*I-Kebra Negast*, noma "Incwadzi Yemakhosi" kusukela ngelikhulu lesi-14 AD. Lenye incwadzi leyatiwako yi-Garima Gospels, lenye yemaBhayibheli lamadzala laphilako emhlabeni, leyabhalwa nge-Ge'ez cishe ngemnyaka wa 500 AD.

**Ingcikitsi** leyetayelekile ngesikhatsi sekubuswa ngemaKholoni yindzaba yetigcili, levame kubhalwa ngesiNgisi noma ngesiFulentji kubantfu baseNshonalanga. Emkhatsini wetemibhalo yekucala yase-Afrika leyatfola kudvunyiswa lokukhulu emhlabeni wonkhe bekungumbhalo lotsi-Things Fall Apart, lobhalwe ngu-I-Chinua Achebe, lowashicilelwa nga-1958. Temibhalo tase-Afrika tasekupheleni kwesikhatsi sekubuswa ngemaKholoni tikhuluma kakhulu ngekukhululeka kanye nekunkhululeko.
Lulwimi kanye nemtsetfo

**Lulwimi kanye nemtsetfo** ngumkhakha losandza kusungulwa kulelive lakitsi. Lomkhakha wandze kakhulu emaveni aseNshonalanga lapho lucwaningo selwentiwe kakhulu mayelana nekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi emkhakheni wetemtsetfo. Nanobe kunjalo, lomkhakha ungumkhakha usatfutfuka kuleli langaneno kantsi yinkhulu inshisekelo kubantfu yekwati kabanti ngawo. Lena yindlela lesita kakhulu emacaleni layiswa etinkhundleni temtsetfo lapho lulwimi luba yinkhinga ekushusisweni kwemacala. Kusetjentiswa kwelulwimi etinkhundleni temacala kubalulekile kakhulu ngobe kwenta kutsi kuhanjiswa kwemacala etinkhundleni temtsetfo.

Kubaluleka kwelulwimi kanye nemtsetfo kwenta kutsi emacala laletfwa etinkhundleni temtsetfo aculwe ngaphandle kwekubukela phasi lulwimi lwalabo lokuculwa emacala abo. Kuphindze futsi kusite bashushisi, bomantji kanye nemajaji etinkhundla temtsetfo ngesikhatsi kuculwa emacala.
INkomishane yeliciniso nekubuyisana (eNingizimu Afrika)

Inkomishane yeliciniso nekubuyisana lephindze yatiwe nge (**TRC**) bekuyinkantolo  lebeyibukene netekubuyisana kwebantfu eINingizimu Afrika leyasungulwa ngo1996 ngemuva kwekuphela kwelubandlululo. Lenkomishane yasungulwa  nguMbishobhiDesmond Tutu,ngekuvumelana kanye naNelson Mandela futsi lobekangusihlalo lelikhomishane lamema bofakazi labatfolakala njengebantfu labahlukunyetiwe ngekwephulwa kwemalungelo ebantfu kutsi banikete tinkhulumo mayelana nalokuhlangenwe nako kwabo, futsi bakhetsa labanye kutsi balalelwe sive. Labo labenta budlova bangaphindze bafakaze futsi bacele Kucolelwa kubashushisi be-civil kanye ne-criminal.

Ekupheleni kwe TRC kwabese kusungulwa i-Institute for Justice and Reconciliation ngemnyaka wa-2000 kwentela kuchubeka nemsebenti we TRC.
CNN

**CNN** I-Cable News Network (CNN) isiteshi sezindaba samazwe ngamazwe kanye newebhusayithi esebenza ngaphandle kwedolobha lase-Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Yasungulwa ngo-1980

## Kúfúna
* .
New York City

**New York City** Idolobha laseNew York, idolobha elinabantu abaningi kakhulu e-United States, lisechosheni eliseningizimu yeNew York State kwelinye lamachweba amakhulu emvelo emhlabeni. Kuyisikhungo somhlaba wonke sezezimali, ezohwebo, ezamasiko kanye nobuchwepheshe.

= Kúfúna ==
* .
IShifty Records

I-Shifty Records bekunkapani yekurekhoda kanye nekucopha emarekhodi ebaculi labebalwa nembuso welibandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Kantsi lenkapani yasungulwa ngu-Lloyd Ross na-Ivan Kadey ngemnyaka wa-1982/3 kwate kwaba ngubo 2003.

## Umlandvo
Lloyd Ross na-Ivan Kadey basungula lenkapani i-Shifty ngo-1983.

Ngemnyaka wa 1986 Kadey washiya iNingizimu Afrika wase uba ngumlingani we Waterland Design Group e-Hollywood, lapho khona bekasebenta etiteshini te-Capitol Records, e-Virgin Tokyo, kanye naletinye tindzawo tekutsebula. Ngaleso sikhatsi Warrick Sony watsenga njengembhali ngekutsenga tintfo tekutsebula.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Baculi
Labanye bebaculi labarekhode kuShifty Records bafaka phakatsi bo: 

* Mzwakhe Mbuli
* Tananas
* Vusi Mahlasela

## Tinkomba
Mzwakhe Mbuli

**Mzwakhe Mbuli** lophindze atiwe ngekutsi ngu Voice of Reason, kumbe Peope's Poet (watalwa mhlaka 1 Agasti 1959) ungumculi kanye nembhali wetinkondlo wase INingizimu Afrika,. Watiwa ngekutsi. Mbuli uphindze abe ngubabe wa Mzwakhe Mbuli Junior, lowatiwa nangekutsi nguRobot_Boii.

## Ebuncaneni
Mbuli watalwa eSophiatown, kantsi yena kanye nemdeni wakhe batfutselwa eSoweto ngesikhatsi hulumende wembuso welibandlululo akhipha bantfu lamnyama etindzaweni tebelumbi.

## Umsebenti wakhe
Imisebenti yakhe ifaka ekhatsi incwadzi yetinkondlo, Before Dawn (1989), kanye nema-albhamu i-Change Is Pain (1986), Unbroken Spirit (1989), Resistance Is Defence (1992), kanye ne-*I-Afrika* (1993). Tingoma takhe tivame kubhala ngesiNgisi kepha tisuselwa esiZulu sakhe kanye nasetinkondlweni tendzabuko tekudvumisa kanye ne-rap. Inkondlo yakhe leyatiwako kakhulu yi "Change Is Pain", incwadzi yekubhikisha lemayelana nekucindzetelwa kanye nekuvukela, leyavalwa ekucaleni kwate kwaba ngulapho kucindzeteleka lokukhulu kuphocelela iNingizimu Afrika kutsi ivumele inkhululeko yekukhuluma. Licembu lakhe lekucala belibitwa ngekutsi yi-Khuvhangano.
IMarket Theatre

**I-Market Theatre**, inkudla yetemidlalo yasesiteji kanye nemculo letfolakala e-Newtown eJozi, eNingizimu Afrika, yavulwa nga-1976, isebenta njengendzawo yetemidlalo lemelene nembuso welibandlululo ngesikhatsi. Leligama lisuselwa kumakethe yetitselo netibhidvo lebeyikhona lapho ngaphambilini. Beyatiwa nangekutsi yi-Old Indian Market noma i-Newtown Market, leyavalwa ngemuva kweminyaka lengu-60. Le Market Theatre yaphindze yabitwa ngekutsi yi John Kani Theatre ngemnyaka wa 2014 ngemuva kwemlingisi lodvumile wase Ningizimu Afrika John Kani.

## Umlandvo

### Indlela lakheke ngayo
Ngemnyaka wa 1974, licembu lebantfu bemidlalo yaseshashalazini lakha i-The Company. Basunguli bebafaka ekhatsi Mannie Manim kanye na Barney Simon. Bacala Kucokelela imali yekuvuselela lendzawo lebeyinganakwa lebeyinemakethe yakadzeni edolobheni laseGoli.
John Kani

**Bonisile John Kani** (watalwa mhlaka 30 Ingci 1942) ngumdlali wemafilimu kantsi uphindze abe ngumbhali, umcondzisi wemidlalo yesesiteji wase Ningizimu Afrika. Watiwa ngekudlala indzima ya-T'Chaka kumafilimu e-Marvel Cinematic Universe i-Captain America: Civil War (2016) ne-*I-Black Panther* (2018), i-Rafiki ku-The Lion King (2019) kanye ne-Colonel Ulenga kumafilimu ase-I-Netflix i-Murder Mystery (2019) ne-Murder mystery 2 (2023).

## Imphilo yakhe yasebuntfwaneni
Kani watalwa mhlaka 30 Ingci 1942 eNew Brighton, ePort Elizabeth esifundzeni sase Eastern Cape eNingizimu Afrika. Ngemnyaka wa 1975, ngemuva kwekudlala emdlalweni wa-Athol Fugard we-Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, lowaphindze wabhalwa nguye, eMelika, Kani wabuyela eNingizimu Afrika. Lapho, watfola lucingo lotsi babe wakhe ufuna kumbona. Endleleni leya khona, watungeletwa ngemaphoyisa lamshaya amshiya acabanga kutsi ufile. Liso lakhe langasencele lalahleka ngenca yalokwentekile futsi nyalo ugcoke intfo yekufakelwa leyakhiwe ngebuhlalu.

## Tinkomba
Sitebhisi se-Arechi

I-Arechi Stadium iyindzawo lenkhulu yetemidlalo yase Salerno, indzawo yemihlangano yangekhatsi ye-Union Sportiva Salernitana nga 1919. Yakhiwa emkhatsini wa 1984 na 1990 kutsi itsatse indzawo ye-Vestuti Stadium, leyadzala, yakhelwa ngemabhizinisi ase-Salernitano Vincenzo Della Monica na-Giovanni Spezzaferro.

Lesikhungo sisendleleni iSalvador Allende, endzaweni lese ningizimu yeSan Leonardo, futsi sinesebalo lesemokelekile sebantfu labangu-. Watsiwa ngu Arechi II, indvuna yeLongo-Bhardi, ngako-ke watiwa ngekutsi yi Prince of the Stadiums.
Kubusa ngemakholonisi

**Kubusa ngemakholonisi** kuyinchubo yekucosha, kusungula nekugcina kulawula nekuhlukunyetwa kwebantfu kanye nemitfombolusito ngelicembu lebantfu lababuya kulamanye emave. Loku kwentiwa ngekusungulwa kwemakholonisi kanye nemakholonisi, lokwenta kutsi bantfu labahlukunyetwa bagcine tindzawo letinemakholonisi futsi batehlukanise ngekwenhlalo nangekwetemnotfo futsi baba ngaphansi kwebakholonisi kanye nelidolobha labo. Nanobe kuvame kuchubekela embili njengembuso we-imperialist, kubusa ngemakholonisi kungaphindze kutsatse luhlobo lwe-kubusa ngemakholonisi, lapho khona takhamiti letibusa ngemakholonisi tihlasela futsi titfole indzawo kute tikhone kutsatsa sikhundla semphakatsi losekhona ngeyabo labakha emakholonisi, mhlawumbe lokuholela ekubulaweni kwebantfu bemdzabu.

Kubusa ngemakholonisi kanye nenchazelo yako kungahluka kuye ngekusetjentiswa kwaleligama kanye naloko lokwentekako,   kantsi emakholoni asungulwa kusukela etikhatsini takadzeni. Umbono wesimanje wekubuswa ngemakholonisi wacala kuchaza imibuso yaseYurophu yeSikhatsi sanyalo. Lokubuswa kwanyalo kwakhula futsi kwasakateka mhlabawonkhe kusukela ngelikhulu lesi-15 kuya emkhatsini welikhulu lesi-20, nemibuso yaseYurophu lebeyibuswa ngemakholonisi lehlanganisa 35% welive umhlaba ngemnyaka wa 1800 futsi yafinyelela ku 84% ekucaleni kweMphi yeMhlaba Yekucala. Kubusa kwanyalo kwakha kubusa lokwahlanganisa kubusa kwemasotja ngekusebentisa budlova kanye nekubandlulula, kwakha tindlela tesimanje tekutiphatsa ngekwelicansi, bulili, luhlanga, kukhubateka kanye nesigaba, phakatsi kwalokunye. Kubusa kwemave aseNshonalanga bekuvame kuvunyelwa ngetinkholelo tekutsi kube nemsebenti wekuphucukela noma kuvame kuba nemsebenti wemaKhristu wekulima umhlaba kanye nekuphila. Kulesikhatsi sanyalo, emave langasiwo emave aseNshonalanga lafana neJapan, China, kanye ne-Indonesia angenele kubusa ngemakholonisi.

Kuncishiswa kwemakholonisi, lokwacala ngelikhulu lesi-18, kancane kancane kwaholela ekutseni labahlukunyetwa batfole inkhululeko, kanye nekujikiswa kwekubusa kwemakholonisi lokwenteka ngemuva kweMphi yeMhlaba Yesibili emkhatsini wa-1945 na-1975. Kubusa ngemakholonisi kunemtselela lochubekako emiphumeleni leminyenti yesimanje, njengoba tati tikhombise kutsi kwehlukahlukana kwetikhungo temakholonisi kungabangela kwehlukahlukana ekutfutfukisweni kwemnotfo, tinhlobo temibuso, kanye nemandla embuso.
Imitimba Yemanti

**IMITIMBA YEMANTI**

Imitimba yemanti kushiwo emanti lamile kumbe lagijimako, lamancane kumbe lamanyenti, latfolakala etindzaweni letitsite temhlaba.

Tinyenti tinhlobo temitimba yemanti:

* Siyalu (Spring)
* Umsinga (Stream)
* Umfula (River)
* Lutsantsanana (Wide River)
* Libuya (Estuary)
* Likhafulelo (Delta)
* Libhudlo (Waterfal)

* Lihhumane (Cataract)

* Lichaphoti (Pond)
* Sitiba (Lake)
* Lichibi (Water Pan)
* Lubhuku (Bog)
* Lwandle (Ocean)
* Intsabachwa (Glacier)
* Litete (Wetland)
* Sihlambo (Marsh)
* Sihlambohlatsi (Swamp) 
* Sichibi (Puddle)
Siyabonga Nomvethe

**Siyabonga Eugene Nomvethe** (watalwa mhlaka 2 Ingongoni 1977) ungumdlali webhola welibhola letinyawo welibhayisikobho wase Ningizimu Afrika lowadlala njengemdlali longumphatsi.
Panyaza Lesufi

**Andrek "Panyaza" Lesufi** (watalwa mhlaka 4 Inyoni 1968) ungusopolitiki wase Ningizimu Afrika nguNdvunankhulu wesifundza saseGauteng  kantsi wakhetfwa kutsi abe ngundvunankulu kwekucala ngenyanga yeMphala 2022. Ngaphambilini abelilunga le-Executive Council (MEC) yeMfundvo kuHulumende wesifundza saseGauteng emkhatsini waMeyi 2014 kuya ku-Okthoba 2022, ngaphandle kwemalanga lamabili njenge-MEC yeTimali ngaMeyi 2019  

Lesufi, bekangumlweli welubandlululo kantsi uke waba ngundvunankulu wetemfundvo, wacala umsebenti wakhe wetembusave ekuphatfweni kwemphakatsi kanye nasekuchumaneni kuhulumende wase-Ekurhuleni, eGauteng kanye nakuHulumende wavelonkhe, lapho asebenta khona kuLitiko Letemfundvo Lesisekelo kusukela nga-2009 kuya ku-2014. Wakhetfwa kwekucala kutsi abe lilunga leSishayamtsetfo Sesifundza saseGauteng nga-2014. Ulilunga le-I-African National Congress (ANC) futsi usebente ku-Gauteng Provincial Executive Committee kusukela nga-2007; wakhetfwa kutsi abe ngusihlalo welicembu ngenyanga yeNhlaba nga 2022. Uphindze abe lilunga leLicembu lemaKhomanisi laseNingizimu Afrika futsi abe lilunga laKomidi Yekwengamela ye-ANC.
Marcus Wyatt (umculi)

**Marcus Wyatt** (watalwa ngo-1971, ePort Elizabeth, INingizimu Afrika), ungumdlali welicilongo wase Ningizimu Afrika, umbhali wetingoma kanye nemkhiciti wetingoma.

Wyatt wafundziswa umculo, ikakhulu umculo we-folk ne-blues, asesemncane njengoba babe wakhe abengusihlalo we-folk club. Wacala kushaya licilongo aneminyaka lelishumi nakunye futsi wacala kudlala ebhandeni lasesikolweni lapho afundza khona kufundza nekudlala. Wafundza Umculo we-classic waphindze wadlala nema-orchestra endzaweni yase-Port Elizabeth. Wabitwa kutsi aye eNingizimu Afrika Defence Force's Naval Band for National Service futsi ngaleso sikhatsi wakhulisa lutsandvo lwakhe nge-i-jazz. Wachubeka netifundvo takhe temculo e-University of Cape Town's College of Music. Waphotfula timfundvo takhe kumculo nge degree yeJazz. Ngemnyaka wa-2001, Wyatt wacitsa umnyaka ahlala e-Amsterdam, ngaleso sikhatsi wahlangana waphindze wadlala na-Clarence Beckton, Eric Calmes, Fra Fra Sound, Monica Akihary, Paul Stocker and Bug Band, Sean Bergin, I-Tzetzepi Band and I-Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Siyalu

**SIYALU (Spring)**

Siyalu yindzawo lapho kucubuka khona emantimhlaba (groundwater) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater lasuka engungumanti (Aquifer) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer  acubukele ngetulu kwemhlaba. Imvama siyalu sibangelwa kuphakama kwelivutelo (Water table) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table libe ngetulu kwemhlaba, lokubangela kuvuta kwemanti asuka engungumanti enyukele ngetulu kwemhlaba. Kungako indzawo levamise kuba nesiyalu kuyindzawo lesigodzi (Valley).

**TINHLOBO TETIYALU** 

* Tiyalu Letingashi (Perennial Springs) : Leti tiyalu letigijima sonkhe sikhatsi, busika nelihlobo.
* Tiyalu Letishako (Intermittent Springs): Leti tiyalu letigijima emva kwemvula noma ehlobo nalilinyenti litulu.

**KUBALULEKA KWETIYALU**

***[[Emanti]] Ekunatsa***

Tiyalu tibaluleke ngekutsi ngutona lapho bantfu netilwane batfola khona emanti ekunatsa. Etindzaweni letinyenti tasemakhaya tiyalu takhelwa kahle kute bantfu batowukhona kutfola emanti ekunatsa. 

***[[Kunisela]]*** 

Etindzaweni lapho kulinywe khona tiyalu tibaluleke kakhulu nakhona, ngoba kudvonswa emanti advonselwe emasimini nasetivandzeni. Lokusho kwekutsi ekondleni bantfu netilwane tiyalu tibaluleke kakhulu. 

***[[Kwelapha]]*** 

Emanti esiyalu abaluleke kakhulu ekwelapheni. Tive letinyenti e-Afrikha tikholelwa ekutsini emanti esiyalu ahlobile, ate kungcola, ngako-ke ayakhona kumelapha lowo lowanatsako, kumbe ageze ngawo. Loku kuliciniso kakhulu eluhlobeni lwesiyalu lokutsiwa ngumanzana (Hot spring) lokusiyalu lesicubuka emanti lafudvumele, lokukholelwa kwekutsi kugeza kuso kuyamelapha umuntfu.
Emantimhlaba

**EMANTIMHLABA (Groundwater)**

Emantimhlaba ngemanti latfolakala ngephasi kwemhlaba, lapho akha khona ingungumanti (Aquifer).
Ingungumanti

**INGUNGUMANTI (Aquifer)**

Ingungumanti yindzawo lengephasi kwemhlaba lebamba emanti, lengaba ngematje, sihlabatsi, libumba, noma umhlabatsi. Lamanti latfolakala kungungumanti kutsiwa ngemantimhlaba. Ingungumanti lenkhulu leyatiwako iseveni lase-Australia. E-Afrikha ingungumanti lenkhulu itfolakala enyakatfo livekati, ibamba emave lafaka ekhatsi  i-Libya, Sudan, Egypt, kanye ne-Chad. ENingizimu Afrikha ingungumanti lenkhulu isuka EKapa (Cape Town) ize iyofika eGqeberha (lokwakuyi-Port Elizabeth). 

***Tinhlobo Tetingungumanti***

* **Ingungumanti Levulekile (Unconfined Aquifer):** Lena yingungumanti lesondzele ngetulu kwemhlaba, lingetulu layo liba livutelo. 
* **Ingungumanti Levalekile (Confined Aquifer):** Lena yingungumanti levamise kuvaleleka endzaweni lenjengelibumba. Akusilula kwekutsi emanti lakuyo aphume.

**IMITFOMBO**

# https://theconversation.com/africas-aquifers-hold-more-than-20-times-the-water-stored-in-the-continents-lakes-but-they-arent-the-answer-to-water-scarcity-201704#:~:text=South%20Africa%20has%20two%20massive,is%20the%20Cape%20Flats%20aquifer.
Livutelo

**LIVUTELO**

Livutelo yindzawo lengetulu yengungumanti, lapho khona emanti avamise kuvutela ngetulu kwemhlaba akhe siyalu.

Livutelo livamise kuhambelana nesikhatsi. Uma kunemvula lenyenti, liyaphakama, lokwenta siyalu sigijime emanti lamanyenti. Kanti uma imvula ingekho livutelo liyehla, lokunciphisa kugijima kwesiyalu, kulesinye sikhatsi sishe singagijimi.