Giardia lamblia

***Giardia lamblia*** (synonim me  ***Giardia intestinalis***, ***Lamblia intestinalis*** dhe ***Giardia duodenalis***) është një  parazit flagellated protozoan  që kolonizon dhe riprodhohet në  intestine të vogla, që shkakton giardiasis. Paraziti i giardia njgjitet te epithelium te një ventral adhesive disc, dhe riprodhohet  përmes binary fission. Giardiasis nuk përhapet përmes  rrugëve të gjakut, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine. Giardia trophozoites absorb their nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine, and are anaerobes.  If the organism is split and stained, it has a very characteristic pattern that resembles a familiar "smiley face" symbol. Chief pathways of human infection include ingestion of untreated sewage, a phenomenon particularly common in many developing countries; contamination of natural waters also occurs in watersheds where intensive grazing occurs.

## Ambjenti ku rritet 
*Giardia* infects humans, but is also one of the most common parasites infecting cats, dogs and birds. Mammalian hosts also include cows, beavers, deer, and sheep.

## Transmetimi 
## Cikli i jetës
right|thumb|Parasite life cycle.

" This organelle is now termed a mitosome.

## Metabolizmin intracellular dhe biokimik 
*Giardia* relies on glucose as its major energy source and breaks glucose down into ethanol, acetate and carbon dioxide. However, it can also use arginine as an energy source. Giardia possesses unique biochemical pathways that suggest that it diverged from other eukaryotes at an early stage in evolution.

## Manifestimi  i infeksionit 
thumb|Giardia lamblia seen in a cytologic preparation (cytospin of formalin from small bowel biopsy of a patient with giardia).
[thumb|**Giardiasis** on a [duodenum|duodenal biopsy.]]
Nomenclature of *Giardia* species is difficult, as humans and other animals appear to have morphologically identical parasites.

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## Menyra si të ruhemi 
Treatment of drinking water for *Giardia* is ordinarily indicated in wilderness regions in North America, although at least four researchers disagree with this statement, including Robert W. Derlet, a professor at the University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Timothy P. Welch and Thomas R. Welsh of Tulane Medical School and the Children's Hospital of Cincinnati respectively, and Robert Rockwell, a widely quoted writer who is an engineer by training.

Boiling suspect water for one minute is the surest method to make water safe to drink and kill disease-causing microorganisms like *Giardia lamblia* if in doubt about whether water is infected with the *Giardia* parasite.

## Trajtimi dhe diagnoza 
*Giardia lamblia* infection in humans is frequently misdiagnosed. Accurate diagnosis requires an antigen test or, if that is unavailable, an ova and parasite examination of stool. Multiple stool examinations are recommended, since the cysts and trophozoites are not shed consistently. Given the difficult nature of testing to find the infection, including many false negatives, some patients should be treated on the basis of empirical evidence; treating based on symptoms.

Human infection is conventionally treated with metronidazole, tinidazole or nitazoxanide. Although Metronidazole is the current first-line therapy, it is mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in mice, so should be avoided during pregnancy. Berberine compounds cause uterine stimulation, and so should be avoided in pregnancy. Continuously high dosing of berberine may lead to bradycardia and hypotension in some individuals.

Table adapted from Huang, White.

### Trajtimi te kafshët 
## Mikroskopia 
right|thumb|400px|This picture shows multiple views of a single *Giardia lamblia (intestinalis)* cyst as imaged at different instrument settings by confocal microscopy.Bar = 10 micrometers.(A) is the cyst imaged by transmission (differential interference contrast), only.(B) is the cyst wall selectively imaged through use of fluorescent-labelled (TRITC) antibody that is cyst wall specific.(C) is the cyst imaged through use of carboxy fluorescein diacetate, a viability stain.(D) is a composite image of (B) and (C).(E) is a composite image of (A), (B), and (C).

## Studime 
## Genomics
Seven genotypes have been recognised to date (A-G). Of these B is the most widespread. Only types A and B have been shown to be infectious to humans.

## Historia 
## Referime 
Kategooria:Parasiidid
Kategooria:Protistid