Jamhuuriyaddii Labaad ee Talyaaniga

**Jamhuuriyadda labaad ee Talyaaniga** Waa nidaam siyaasadeed oo dhashay Tangentopoli ka dib iyo doorashooyinkii 1994 oo calaamad u ahaa bilawga laba-cirifoodka midig-dhexe iyo bidix-bidix.

## Asalka
Kadib dhamaadkii Sanadaha Hogaaminta iyo u-noqoshada qaybta gaarka ah, tirooyinka sida Bettino Craxi ayaa noqday mid aad muhiim u ah. Mar uu dawladda ku jiray, waxa uu afti dadweyne ku ansixiyay, dhimista mushaharka mushaharka iyo dib u habaynta uu ugu hiilinayo oligarch Silvio Berlusconi. Dhanka kale, sida magaalada Milano, waxaa ku baahay nidaamka musuq-maasuqa ee u dhexeeya xisbiyada, kaasoo markii hore dhaliyay fadeexado hor leh. Baadhitaan la bilaabay horraantii 1992-kii oo ay samaysay barkada "Clean Hands", kumanaan qof ayaa la xidhay. Muddo gaaban gudaheed, xisbiyadii xukumayay Talyaaniga 50 sano waxay noqdeen kuwo aan aad loo jeclayn, sidaas darteed waxay u ogolaatay Berlusconi inuu galo garoonka oo uu la tartamo bidix-dhexe.

## Isbeddellada ugu waaweyn
Muddadani waxa lagu sifeeyey joogitaan xor ah oo u badan xisbiyada siyaasadda iyo dhinaca dhaqaalaha, laga bilaabo horraantii 1990-aadkii iyada oo shirkado waaweyn oo dadwayne laga dhigay kuwo gaar loo leeyahay, lagana saaray wax ka beddelka mushaharka. Tani waxay ku sii socotay qaybaha sida isgaarsiinta, garoomada diyaaradaha, iskuulada, daryeelka caafimaadka, wadooyinka waaweyn, iyo magaalooyin kale oo yar yar, iyo sidoo kale khatarta shaqada iyo udub dhexaadinta hantida saafiga ah. Tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, waxaas oo dhami waxay sidoo kale horseedeen saboolnimo korodhay iyo shaqo la'aan.

## Berlusconiism oo ah jilaagii
Silvio Berlusconi waxa uu ahaa jilaagii aan la isku halayn karin xitaa ka dib markii ay dhacday dawladiisii ugu horaysay iyo imaatinka mucaaradka. Iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo qarsoodi ah, waxaa la dhisay nidaam madow iyo nimcooyin, oo loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo qaabka awoodda laba-cirifoodka ee Berlusconi ee hoggaanka. Laga soo bilaabo 1996 ilaa 2001, dakhliga Mediaset wuxuu kordhay 25-laab  ,isaga oo ka badbaadiyay kicitaan iyo u oggolaanaya Berlusconi inuu badbaadiyo shirkadihiisa.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, heshiisyo badan oo qolka danbe ah ayaa la sameeyay kuwaas oo si isdaba joog ah u badbaadiyay labada dhinac.

## Isbeddellada dhaqan-dhaqaale

Laga soo bilaabo 1995 ilaa 2016, saamiga ay haystaan ​​dadka ugu qanisan 1% ayaa kordhay 16% ilaa 22%, 0.1% ee ugu sarreeya waxay arkeen koror celcelis ahaan hantida saafiga ah ee € 7.6 milyan ilaa € 15.8 milyan ee 2016, oo ka socday 5.5% ilaa 9.3%, kan ugu qanisan 0.01% wuxuu ka kacay 5%, safarka ugu qanisan wuxuu ka kacay 5%. 10% oo ka soo kacay 44% ilaa 56%, halka 40% dhexe ay arkeen hoos u dhac boqolkiiba 5 ah iyo 50% saboolka ah 50% (kala badh dadweynaha) waxay ka tageen xakamaynta 11.7% kaliya 3.5% hantida, taas oo u dhiganta 80% hoos u dhaca celceliska hantida saafiga ah (laga bilaabo € 27,000 ilaa € 7,000)https://www.finanze.gov.it/export/sites/finanze/.galleries/Documenti/Varie/Wealth_inequality_Italy-04-May-2021.pdf .
Qoysaska saboolka ah iyo muwaadiniinta guud ahaan waxay ka tageen 10.2% iyo 11.5% 1994, 2011 ka dib 17 sano ee Berlusconi xukunkii 11.1% qoysaska ayaa ku noolaa faqri https://www.lavoro.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio-doc-pregressi/Documents/Resources/Lavoro/CIES/LapovertainItalia1995.pdf.https://www.istat.it/comunicato-stampa/la-poverta-in-italia-anno-2011/
Sida laga soo xigtay Gasparotti iyo Kullas, soo bandhigida lacagta euro-da waxay keentay lumitaanka € 73,605 qof kasta oo deggan 1999 ilaa 2017. Dhammaadkii Jamhuuriyadda Labaad, isticmaalka wadajirka ah iyo maalgashiga dadweynaha waxay la mid yihiin dhammaadkii Jamhuuriyaddii Koowaad. Shakhsiyaadka dakhligoodu hooseeyo (oo ka hooseeya 50% dhexdhexaadka) waxay ka tageen 9% 1991 ilaa 16% wadarta guud ee 2016. Mushaharka guud ee sanadlaha ah ee shaqaaluhu wuxuu kordhay 27% dadka ugu qanisan 10% waxaana hoos u dhacay 29% kuwa ugu liita 10% laga bilaabo 1985 ilaa 2014 https://eticaeconomia.it/landamento-di-lungo-periodo-della-distribuzione-salariale-in-italia/.
Suurtagalnimada in ubadka uu dhalay waalidka shaqaysta ahi uu sii ahaan doono heer waalid oo shaqeeya ayaa kor u kacday min 50.5% 1993 ilaa 61.7% 2012 https://www.rainews.it/ran24/speciali/2018/5-milioni-di-poveri-in-italia-fermo-ascensore-sociale/. Laga soo bilaabo 1988 ilaa 2018, heerka caalamiga ah ee 10% ee ugu saboolsan Talyaaniga ayaa hoos uga dhacay 27% ee ugu sarreeya ilaa 44%. Barnaamijyada shaqo-barashada waa shuruudo qasab ah oo lagu gelayo shahaadada dugsiga sare.
Waxaa ansixiyay xukuumadda Renzi, marka loo eego xogtii dhawaa:
38% waxay bixiyaan ilaa €400 si loo dhamaystiro barnaamijka qasabka ah. 57% waxa ay aadeen koorasyo ​​aan xiriir la lahayn waxbarashadooda. 40% waxay sheeganayaan in la duudsiyay xuquuqdoodii.
(Sahaminta qaranka ee Ururka Ardayda oo lagu sameeyay 15,000 arday)
Intaa waxaa dheer, muddadan, 40% awoodda wax iibsiga ayaa luntay, 1% ugu taajirsan ee Talyaanigu waxay bixiyaan canshuur ka yar inta kale. Dhanka kale, 1992, sida laga soo xigtay Xarunta Einaudi, musuqmaasuqa wuxuu Talyaanigu ku kacay 10 bilyan oo Yuuro maanta, halka 25 sano ka dib uu ahaa qiyaastii 75! (Xisaabinta ugu badan ee muxaafidka ah, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay korodhka 650%), marka la eego tusaha aragtida musuqmaasuqa, Talyaanigu wuxuu hoos uga dhacay 1995 ilaa 2011 laga bilaabo 33rd (4.25/10) ilaa 69th (3.9/10) muujinaya xumaan. Laga soo bilaabo bartamihii 1980-meeyadii ilaa bartamihii 2010-meeyadii, dadka da'da yar ee da'da shaqada waxay kordheen 5.8%, halka tirada shaqo la'aanta ay korodhay 24.4% https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/la-classe-media-italiana-paga-conto-crisi-perso-10percento-reddito-ABaOYwtB. Soo bandhigida shaqada waqti-dhiman shaki la'aan waxay ka dhigan tahay mid ka mid ah isbeddellada waaweyn ee suuqa shaqada ee Talyaaniga intii u dhaxaysay 1984 iyo 2017, taasoo ka soo kacday 1.4% 1985 ilaa 12.2% 2000 iyo 30.8% 2017. Haweenka, dhacdooyinka sanadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay gaadheen 48.6%.https://www.inps.it/content/dam/inps-site/pdf/dati-analisi-bilanci/rapporti-annuali/3459KEY-inps_ra_xviii_2019.pdf