Hedwig Bollhagen

**Hedwig Bollhagen** (waxay ku dhalatay Hanover 10-kii Nofeembar 1907; waxayna ku dhimatay Marwitz 8-dii Juun 2001) waxay ahayd Jarmal farsamaysada dhoobada ah iyo aasaase ka mid ah HB Workshops for Ceramics. Madxaf loogu talagalay shaqadeeda ayaa laga furay meel u dhow Berlin.
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## Nolosha

Hedwig Bollhagen waxay ku kortay qoys hal waalid ah oo ku nool Hanover, halkaas oo ay dhigatay dugsi sare oo gabdhaha ah. Ka dib markii ay ka qalin jabisay dugsigaas 1924-kii, waxay isla sannadkaas tababar ku soo qaadatay goob dhoobada lagu farsameeyo oo ku taal Großalmerode. Ka dib waxbarashadii martida ee Staatliche Kunstakademie (Akademiyada Farshaxanka ee Gobolka) ee Kassel, waxay wax ka baratay Fachschule Höhr-Grenzhausen, oo ah dugsi farsamo oo dhoobada ah, iyadoo wax ka baranaysay Eduard Berdel iyo Hermann Bollenbach laga soo bilaabo guga 1925 ilaa xagaaga 1927. 1926-kii, waxay tababar u gashay Hamelner Töpferei (aqoon-is-weydaarsiga dhoobada) ee Gertrud Kraut ee ku yaal Hameln.
Laga soo bilaabo 1927 ilaa 1931, waxay u shaqaysay sidii naqshadeeye iyo madaxa qaybta rinjiyeynta ee wershadaha dhoobada Steingutfabriken Velten-Vordamm ee ku taal Velten.
​Ka dib markii la xiray wershadahaas sababo la xiriira hoos u dhac ku yimid dhoofinta oo ay keentay Niyad-jabkii Weyn, waxay bilowday socdaal: waxay markii hore ka shaqaysay Wershadda Majolica ee Gobolka ee Karlsruhe, ka dibna wershadaha Rosenthal ee Coburg, aqoon-is-weydaarsigii Wilhelm Kagel ee Garmisch-Partenkirchen (ilaa guga 1932) iyo ugu dambeyntii, sidii "gabadh dukaanka ka shaqaysa" ee goobta bandhigga iibka "Kunst und Handwerk" ("Farshaxanka iyo Farsamada") oo ay horkacayeen Tilly Prill-Schloemann iyo Bruno Paul ee Berlin ilaa Febraayo 1933. Ilaa Oktoobar 1933, waxay ka shaqaysay qaybta dhalaalinta iyo rinjiyeynta ee J. Kalscheuer Cie. Steinzeugwerke m.b.H. ee ku taal Frechen.
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Markii farsamaysada dhoobada Nora Herz, oo deggenayd Cologne, ay ogaatay fashilka ku yimid dib-u-dejinta Haël Workshops for Artistic Ceramics, oo ay aasaastay farsamaysada dhoobada Margarete Heymann iyo ninkeeda Gustav Loebenstein, Hedwig Bollhagen waxay awoodday inay aasaasto HB-Werkstätten für Keramik GmbH (HB Workshops for Ceramics) ee cusub ee ku dhex taal wershaddii hore ee dhoobada ee Velten 1934-kii iyadoo kaalmo ka helaysa siyaasiga Jarmalka Heinrich Schild iyo ka qaybgalka Margarete Heymann iyo Nora Herz. Waxay isku dhisidda goobtaas u adeegsadeen kaalmada khabiirka dhoobada Thoma Countess Grote oo ahayd caawiye dhanka ganacsiga iyo horumariyaha – waxay horumarisay dhalaalinta (glazes) loogu talagalay Charles Crodel - iyo shaqaalihii hore ee aqoon-is-weydaarsiga dhoobada ee Bauhaus oo hoos imanayay Gerhard Marcks sida Theodor Bogler iyo Werner Burri. Aqoon-is-weydaarsiga dhoobada wuxuu ka soo dhex baxay wershadaha dhoobada Steingutfabriken Velten-Vordamm GmbH oo la xiray 1931-kii.
​1935-kii, Charles Crodel wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay shirkadda qaybta dhoobada dhismaha, isla markaana, wuxuu keenay khibradiisii warshadeed ee horumarinta qurxinta taas oo uu ka soo helay wershadaha United Lusatian Glassworks markii ay wada shaqaynayeen Wilhelm Wagenfeld. 1939-kii, Hedwig Bollhagen waxay ku baastay imtixaankeedii heerka sare (master exam) weel uu rinjiyeeyay Charles Crodel. Waxay noqotay khabiir dhoobada (ceramics master) waxayna awoodday inay ganacsiga ka xorayso gacanta German Labour Front (DAF), oo ahayd ururka shaqaalaha ee Naasiga.
​1946-kii, ka dib dhamaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Heinrich Schild, oo ahaa ninkii ka soo horjeeday DAF isla markaana ahaa aasaasihii iyo maareeyihii aan lacagta qaadan jirin ee HB-Werkstätten, ayaa ka soo laabtay aagga ay haysato Soofiyeeti isagoo aaday Rhineland ee Galbeedka Jarmalka, Hedwig Bollhagen ayaana markaas la wareegtay mas'uuliyadda keliya ee maamulka HB-Werkstätten. 1972-kii, aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada waa la qarameeyay, laakiin xitaa intii lagu jiray labaatankii sano ilaa intii ugu dambeyntii dib loogu celiyay si gaar ah 1992-kii, Bollhagen waxay ahaan jirtay agaasimaha farshaxanka waxayna sii waday inay halkaas ka shaqeyso ilaa wax yar ka hor dhimashadeeda.
​Qofka beddelay ee noqday agaasimaha farshaxanka wuxuu ahaa Heidi Manthey, oo ahayd ardayad hore oo uu macallin u ahaa saaxiibkii Bollhagen ee Charles Crodel, kaas oo Hedwig Bollhagen ay wada shaqaynayeen tan iyo aasaaskii shirkadda.
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## Qabriga

Hedwig Bollhagen waxaa lagu aasay qubuuraha degmada Stöcken ee Hanover.

## Aragtida loo qabo

Hedwig Bollhagen waxay magac caalami ah ku heshay weelashadeeda maalinlaha ah ee fudud oo aan xilliga dhaafayn, kuwaas oo qaabkooda iyo qurxintooda ay ku guuleysteen inay isku xiraan dhaqanka reer miyiga iyo bilicda Bauhaus. Iyadu lafteedu waxay tiri: "Farshaxan? Oh haa, waa sida dadka qaar u yaqaanaan. Waxaan sameeyaa saxanno, koobab iyo weelal." Ama si ka kooban: "Waa uun dhoobo!"
​Shaqada Bollhagen waxaa dhaleeceeyay madaxii hore ee Dawladda Bariga Jarmalka Walter Ulbricht, kaas oo naqshadeeda u arkay mid aad u qaabaysan (formal) oo caalami ah (cosmopolitan).
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## Dhaxalka

Bollhagen waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah farsamaysada dhoobada ee ugu sareeya Jarmalka inkastoo aragtideeda ay ahayd "inay yihiin uun dhoobo".
​Shirkadda dhoobada ee Bollhagen, HB-Werkstätten für Keramik, wali waa ay shaqaysaa. 2004-tii, hantidii Hedwig Bollhagen waxaa lagu daray liiska taariikhda ee Gobolka Brandenburg sidii taariikh guurguurta oo hoos timaada xafiiska Gobolka Brandenburg ee Ilaalinta Taariikhda.
​Si looga faa'iideeyo dhaxalkaas aqooneed, dhaxalkeedii waxay aasaaseen Hedwig Bollhagen Foundation oo ah muasasad ammaanad ah oo hoos timaada Muasasada Jarmalka ee Ilaalinta Taariikhda. Waxaa loo qorsheeyay in lagu soo bandhigo dhismaha madxafka "Im Güldenen Arm" ee Potsdam laga soo bilaabo xagaaga 2008. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, furitaanka madxafkii la qorsheeyay ayaa dib loo dhigay ka dib markii ay is-khilaafeen Hedwig Bollhagen Foundation iyo Hedwig Bollhagen Society dhinac iyo magaalada Potsdam dhinaca kale.
​Iyadoo ay ka dhalatay maqaal ku soo baxay majalladda rbb ee Kontraste, waxaa jiray dood ballaaran oo warbaahineed bilowgii 2008 oo ku saabsan inta ay Hedwig Bollhagen ka faa'iidaystay waxa loogu yeero "Aryanization" ee aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada Haël. Shirka Sheegashada Yuhuudda (Jewish Claims Conference) wuxuu sii wadaa u hoggaansanaanta nidaamka magdhowga ee 1981 wuxuuna xaqiijinayaa in xafiiska Gobolka ee mas'uulka ka ah dejinta arrimaha hantida ee wali furan uu dafiray in iibku xiriir la lahaa cadaadiskii xilligaas jiray.
​Duqa magaalada Potsdam Jann Jakobs ayaa amar ku bixiyay in daraasad lagu sameeyo Xarunta Taariikhda Casriga ah ee Potsdam (ZZF) si loo baadho in bandhig joogto ah oo dhoobada Hedwig Bollhagen ah lagu qaban karo dhismaha dawladda hoose ee "Haus im Güldenen Arm". Taariikhyahan Simone Ladwig-Winters, oo doctorate-keeda ku qaadatay cilmi-baaris ku saabsan "Aryanization" ee dukaamada Berlin, ayaa daabacday 14-kii Luulyo 2008. Warbixintaas waxay ku soo gunaanadday in Hedwig Bollhagen aysan ahayn taageere ama mid gacan ka gaysata Hanti-wadaagga Qaranka (National Socialism) sidii majalladda rbb ee Kontraste ay muujisay. In kasta oo ay dhanka dhaqaalaha ka faa'iiday xaaladihii ka dhashay cuqdaddii Yuhuudda ee nidaamkii Naasiga, haddana si ula kac ah ugama faa'iidaysan maslaxaddeeda. Jakobs ayaa ka dib oggolaaday bandhigga joogtada ah ee dhoobada Bollhagen, kaas oo sidoo kale lagu kabi doono doodda ku saabsan xilligii ka dambeeyay 1933.
​2002-dii, dugsi sare oo cusub oo laga dhisay magaalada Velten ee Brandenburg ayaa loogu magac daray iyada. Hanover dhexdeeda, degmada Seelhorst, waddo ayaa loogu magac daray tan iyo 2009-kii.
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## Abaalmarinnada
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Billadda Dahabka Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne Paris 1937
​1938: Billadda Maarta (Bronze Medal) Bandhigga Farsamada Caalamiga ah ee Berlin
​1957: Billadda Dahabka, Munich
​1958: Shahaado Sharafeedka Bandhigga Adduunka ee Brussels
​1962: Billadda Dahabka ee Prague
​1966: Theodor-Fontane-Preis des Bezirkes Potsdam (Abaalmarinta Theodor-Fontane ee Degmada Potsdam)
​1985: Patriotic Order of Merit oo Dahab ah
​1991: Bandhig Sharafeed ee Antiqua ee Berlin
​1992: Abaalmarinta Dhaqanka ee Degmada Oranienburg
​1994: Bandhig Sharafeedka Gobolka Berlin ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Saaxiibbada Madxaf dhoobada Berlin
​1996: Order of Merit of Berlin, Berlin
​1997: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Class 1-aad (9 Oktoobar 1997)
​==Bandhigyada==
​Berlin ehrt Hedwig Bollhagen (Berlin waxay Sharafaysaa Hedwig Bollhagen). 8 Oktoobar ilaa 13 Nofeembar 1994. Bandhig marti ah oo ka dhacay Madxaf dhoobada Berlin ee dhismaha Martin Gropius ee Berlin
​Hedwig Bollhagen – Unikate (Hedwig Bollhagen – Qaybo Gaar ah). 1 ilaa 31 May 1996. Galerie Theis Berlin.
​Hedwig Bollhagen. Ein Leben für die Keramik (Hedwig Bollhagen. Nolol loo huray Dhoobada). 22 Juun 2007 ilaa 13 Janaayo 2008. Museum of Brandenburg-Prussian History, Kutschstall am Neuer Markt, Potsdam
​Hedwig Bollhagen (1907–2001) zum 100. Geburtstag (Hedwig Bollhagen (1907–2001) dhalashadeedii 100-aad). 26 Agoosto ilaa 31 Diseembar 2007. Keramik-Museum Berlin
​Töppe, Tassen, Humpen für VEB Stadtgrün u. a. – Präsent- und Auftragskeramik aus den HB-Werkstätten Marwitz (Weelal, koobab, weelasha cabitaanka ee loogu talagalay VEB Stadtgrün iyo kuwa kale – dhoobada hadiyadda iyo dalabka ee HB-Werkstätten Marwitz) 3 Nofeembar 2007 ilaa 3 Febraayo 2008. Ofen- und Keramikmuseum Velten, Wilhelmstrasse 32, Velten (Mark)
​Hedwig Bollhagen – Keramik (Hedwig Bollhagen – Dhoobo). Bandhig gaar ah, 12 Abriil ilaa 21 Sebtembar 2008, Ceramics Museum Bürgel
​Hedwig Bollhagen. Baukeramik und Denkmalpflege (Hedwig Bollhagen. Dhoobada Dhismaha iyo Ilaalinta Taariikhda). 11 Febraayo ilaa 13 Agoosto 2012. Hedwig Bollhagen Gesellschaft oo marti ku ah Madxaf dhoobada Berlin
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## Suugaanta
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Gudrun Gorka-Reimus (Ed.): Hedwig Bollhagen. Ein Leben für die Keramik. Iyadoo hordhac ay u samaysay Angela Merkel. Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz. Monumente Publikationen, Bonn 2007. 
​Ein fairer Grundstückspreis. (memento ku taariikhaysan 27 Sebtembar 2007 gudaha Internet Archive) Lothar de Maiziére oo ka hadlay taariikhda aqoon-is-weydaarsiga Hedwig Bollhagen. Gudaha: Maerkische Allgemeine. Potsdam, 14 Juun 2007.
​Ursula Hudson-Wiedenmann: Ein fairer Preis? (memento ku taariikhaysan 29 Sebtembar 2007 gudaha Internet Archive) On the history of the HB workshops in Marwitz – jawaab. Gudaha: Maerkische Allgemeine. Potsdam, 16 Juun 2007.
​Andreas Heger: Keramik zum Gebrauch – Hedwig Bollhagen und die HB-Werkstätten für Keramik. VDG, Weimar 2005.  (qiyaastii. 170 bb. Commented self-portrayal Farsamaysada dhoobada Hedwig Bollhagen oo iyadu iska hadlaysa iyo liiska weelasha la soo saaray – qurxin la'aan iyo taariikh khaldan).
​Taariikh nololeed kooban oo ku saabsan: Bollhagen, Hedwig. In: Wer war wer in der DDR? daabacaadda 5-aad. Volume 1, Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, .
​Heinz-Joachim Theis: Hedwig Bollhagen (1907–2001). Zier- und Gebrauchskeramik. Selbstverlag, Berlin, 2012
​Ofen- und Keramikmuseum Velten: Vollendung des Einfachen. Hedwig Bollhagen wird neunzig. Velten 1997.
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## Tixraacyo

## Xiriirinta dibadda

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​Suugaanta Hedwig Bollhagen iyo kuwa iyada ku saabsan ee ku jira liiska German National Library
​Hedwig Bollhagen. In: FemBio. Frauen-Biographieforschung (oo leh tixraacyo suugaaneed).
​Khudbad uu Manfred Stolpes jeediyay dhimashadii Hedwig Bollhagen ka dib
​Websaydhka HB-Werkstätten für Keramik
​Bilowgii HB-Werkstätten für Keramik (Faylka PDF, 1.6 MB)
​Bandhig joogto ah oo ku saabsan nolosha iyo shaqada Hedwig Bollhagen – websaydhka Ofen- und KeramikmuseumVelten
​Cunto lagu cunayo weelal dhoobo ah oo buluug iyo cadaan ah, maqaal ku saabsan Hedwig Bollhagen oo yaal Monumente Online
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