Maamulka Waqooyi iyo Bari ee Suuriya

**Maamulka Ismaamulka Waqooyiga iyo Bariga Suuriya** ( **AANES, ama MIWBS af Soomaali** ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano **Rojaava** ama **Kurdiyiinta**,  waa maamul madaxbanaan oo ku yaal waqooyi bari Suuriya . [12] [13] Waxay ka kooban tahay ismaamul -goboleedyo hoos yimaada Afrin, Jaziira, Furaat, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, iyo Deir Ez-Zor . [14]   Gobolku wuxuu helay madax-bannaanidiisa dhabta ah ee 2012 marka loo eego colaadda Rojava ee socota iyo dagaalka sokeeye ee Suuriya, kaas oo ay ka qaybqaateen ciidankeeda rasmiga ah, Ciidamada Dimuqraadiga Suuriya (SDF).  

Woqooyi bari Suuriya waa dad badan oo ay ku nool yihiin dadyow Carab, Kurdi iyo Ashuur ah oo la qiyaasi karo, oo leh bulshooyin yar yar oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians iyo Yazidis . [26] [27] 

Tan iyo sanadkii 2016-kii, xoogaga fallaagada Suuriya ee Turkiga iyo Turkiga ay taageeraan ayaa qabsaday qeybo ka mid ah waqooyiga Suuriya iyaga oo adeegsanaya howlgallo militari oo xiriir ah oo ka dhan ah SDF. AANES iyo SDF ayaa sheegay in ay ka difaaci doonaan dhamaan gobolada ismaamulka ah ee ka jira duulaan kasta.  

## Magacyada siyaasadda iyo tarjumaada

Qaybo ka mid ah waqooyiga Suuriya waxaa loo yaqaana **Kurdistan-galbeed** ( Kurdish   ) ama si fudud **Rojava** (  ROH -zhə- VAH ;  "galbeedka") oo ka mid ah Kurdiyiinta,  [9]  mid ka mid ah afarta qaybood ee Kurdistan weyn .  Magaca "Rojava" ayaa sidaas darteed lala xiriiriyay aqoonsiga Kurdiyiinta ee maamulka. Markii uu gobolku sii balaadhay oo ay ku soo biireen meelaha ay ku badan yihiin kooxaha aan Kurdishka ahayn, oo u badan Carab, "Rojava" waxaa aad u isticmaali jiray maamulku marba marka ka danbaysa isaga oo rajaynaya in uu muuqaalkiisa hoos u dhigo oo uu noqdo mid ay aqbalaan qowmiyadaha kale. [60] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, siyaasadda ayaa sii waday in loogu yeero "Rojava" dadka maxalliga ah iyo goobjoogayaasha caalamiga ah,    iyada oo wariye Metin Gurcan uu xusay in "fikirka Rojava [ay noqotey] astaan aqoonsi caalami ah" 2019. 

Sannadkii 2011-kii, kacdoon shacab ayaa ka qarxay dalka Suuriya, taasoo keentay in dowladdu ay degdeg wax uga beddesho. Mid ka mid ah arrimaha laga hadlay muddadan ayaa ah xaaladda Kurdiyiinta Suuriya oo aan dawlad lahayn, maadaama madaxweyne Bashaar Al-Asad uu siiyay dhalasho ku dhawaad 220,000 Kurdiyiin ah. [116] Bilaha soo socda, dhibaatada Suuriya waxay isu rogtay dagaal sokeeye . Mucaaradka Suuriya ee hubeysan ayaa la wareegay gacan ku heynta gobollo dhowr ah, iyadoo ciidamada ammaanka la adkeeyay. Bartamihii 2012 dawladdu waxa ay ka jawaabtay horumarkan iyada oo kala baxday ciidamadeeda saddex goobood oo ay u badan yihiin Kurdiyiinta  [119] oo ay gacanta ku haysay maleeshiyooyin deegaanka ah. Arrintan ayaa lagu tilmaamay isku day xukuumadda Bashaar Al-asad uu ku doonayo in dadka Kurdiyiinta ah looga saaro kacdoonka sokeeye ee billowga ah iyo dagaalka sokeeye. 
 

Liiskaan waxaa ku jira dhammaan magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka gobolka oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 10,000 oo qof. Tirakoobyada dadka waxaa la bixiyaa iyadoo loo eegayo tirakoobkii Suuriya ee 2004tii. Magaalooyinka lagu iftiimiyay midabka cawlan waxay qayb ahaan hoos yimaadaan xukunka madaniga ah ee dawladda Suuriya.    

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* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 11, 95.
* **^** Zabad (2017), pp. 219, 228.
* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 97–98.
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* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. xviii, 112.
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* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 156–163.
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* **^** Lister 2015, p. 154: "On 19 July the PYD formally announced that it had written a constitution for an autonomous Syrian Kurdish region to be known as West Kurdistan."
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* **^** *Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland*, (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press, p. 2
* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 89, 151–152.
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* **^** Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki, 7–11 September 1995.
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* **^** Meri (2006), p. 59.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Retso (2003), pp. 315–317.
* **^** Vanly (1992), pp. 116–117.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** Meri (2006), p. 445.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Retso (2003), p. 480.
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* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** Morton (2020), p. 167.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Travis, Hannibal. *Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan*. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294.
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* **^** Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies Archived 15 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 11 November 2014.
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* **^** Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic Archived 13 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View Archived 13 November 2014 at archive.today
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* **^** Ross Burns (2013), p.138
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* **^** Lister (2015), p. 14.
* **^** Lister (2015), pp. 13–14.
* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), p. 53.
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* **^** Tejel (2009), p. 67.
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* **^** Lister (2015), pp. 95–96, 153–154, 175.
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* **^** Lister (2015), p. 319.
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* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), p. 99.
* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), p. 114.
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* **^** Michael Knapp, 'Rojava – the formation of an economic alternative: Private property in the service of all' Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
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* **^** Zabad (2017), pp. 156–163.
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* **^** Vanly (1992), p. 116: "To the east of Kurd-Dagh and separated from it by the Afrin valley lies the western and mountainous part of the Syrian district of Azaz which is also inhabited by Kurds, and a Kurdish minority lives in the northern counties of Idlib and Jerablos. There is reason to believe that the establishment of Kurds in these areas, a defensive site commanding the path to Antioch, goes back to the Seleucid era."
* **^** Morton (2020), pp. 122–123, 167.
* **^** Tejel (2009), p. 123.
* **^** Meri (2006), p. 713.
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* **^** McDowall, David. Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2004. pp. 473–474.
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* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 7–16.
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* **^** Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide' Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, *BBC*, "The Dutch court said it considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets requirement under Genocide Conventions as an ethnic group"."
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* **^** For Assyrians as indigenous to the Middle East, see
* **^** For Assyrians speaking a Neo-Aramaic language, see
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* **^** EU condemns Turkey again while sticking to its position on the Kurdish administration in north-east Syria, Brusselstimes.com, 17 December 2019.
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* **^** Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 99, 114.