Curiye kimiko

::*Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Curiyaha kimiko. Maqaal kale fiiri [[Curiye]]


*'Curiye kimiko** (; ) waa [[macdan]], kimiko [[adke]], [[hawo]] ama [[dareere]] ah kuwaas oo laga helo meelo kala duwan oo [[dhul]]ka ah. Sida la ogyahay, ilaa hada waxaa jira [[118 Curiye]], kuwaas oo ku xusan miiska [[Diwaanka Curiye]].
Intaas waxaa dheer, ayadoo lagu saleeynayo calaamadaha iyo dhaqanka curiye ayaa wuxuu u kala baxaa qeeybo badan oo, guud ahaan, soo hoosgala [[Bir]] (metal) 91 curiye, [[Bir la Mood]] (metalloid) 6 curiye, [[Bir Ma Ahe]] (nonmetal) 17 curiye, iyo [[Neef]]o. 

= Qeexida Curiye =

Sida caadiga ah, curiye waa walax kimiko oo ka samaysan [[atom]] taas oo lagu kala saaro [[tiro|tirada atomic]] ee bu'diisa ku jirta - tirada borotoono ee bu'da atom. 
Guud ahaan, waxaa curiyaha loo qeybiyaa sadex nooc: [[Bir]], [[Bir la Mood]] iyo [[Bir Ma Ahe]]. Tusaale fiican waxaa ah, [[Ogsajiin]]ta iyo [[Nitrojiin]]ta (Bir Ma Ahe), [[Silikoon]]ta iyo [[Aarsenik]] (Bir La Mood), iyo [[Aayron]]ta, [[Naxaas]]ta, [[Dahab]]ka iyo [[Kober]]ta oo ah bir. 

Curiyaha kimiko waxaa ugu miisaan fudud [[Haydarojiin]]ta oo leh tiro atomic 1 iyo tan ku xigta [[Hiliyaam]]ta oo leh tiro atomic 2. Sidoo kale, labadan curiye waa kuwa ugu badan [[Koon]]ka; halka [[Aayron]] iyo [[Ogsajiin]]tu ay yihiin labada ugu badan qaab-dhismeedka [[qolof dhul|qolofta dhulka]]. 
Inkastoo [[macdan]]ta iyo [[isku dhis]]yada curiyaha qaarkood [[dad]]ku aqoon u lahaayeen tan iyo [[qarni|10,000 sano]] ka hor, inta u badan curiyayaasha waxaa la helay dhamaadkii [[qarni|qarnigii 19aad]] iyo [[qarni|qarnigii 20aad]]. 

== Tirada Atomikga Curiye ==


Tirada Atomikga ee curiye waxay la mid tahay tirada borotoonis ee ku jirta bu'da curiyahaas, isla markaana waa tan qeexda astaamaha [[falgal]]ka ee curiyahaas. Tusaale ahaan, dhamaan [[atom]]yada [[Kaarboon]]tu waxay ka kooban yihiin 6 borotoonis (protons) taas oo macnaheedu yahay tirada atomikga ee Kaarboon waa 6. Dhinaca kale, atomyada Kaarboontu waxaa laga yaabaa ineey leeyihiin tiro nuyuutroono (neutron) kala duwan; marka atomka curiye isku mid ah kaas oo leh tiro nuyuutroono kala duwan waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[isotope]]ka curiye. 

Tirada borotoono ee ku jirta bu'da (nucleus) atomika curiye waxaa lagu ogaan karaa saxarada koronto (electric charge) taas oo ku xidhn tirada elektaroono ee atomkaasi. 
Sidoo kale, elektaroonadu waxay ku wareegaan bu'da atomka ayagoo sheega astaamaha iyo dhaqanka curiyahaas. 
Tirada nuyuutroono ee caloosha atomka ku dhex jirta inta badan saamayn kuma laha dhaqanka curiye. 

Calaamada astaanta u ah tirada atomika ee atom waa [[halbeeg]]a **Z**.

== Miisaanka & Cufka Atomikga Curiye ==

Tirada [[cuf]]ka ee curiye, calaamada [[halbeeg]]a u ah waa **A**, waa tirada Nukliyuusta (nukliyuustu waa tirada borotoonada iyo nuyuutroonada) ee ku dhex jirta bu'da atomik. 
Isotopeyo kala duwan oo curiye isku mid ah waxaa lagu kala saaraa ama soocaa tirada cufka ee atomka, taas oo lagu qoro bidixda astaanta curiye (e.g <sup>276</sup>C). 

Tusaale fiican waxaan u soo qaadan karnaa curiyaha [[Magniisiyaam]] tirada cufkiisu waa 24, marka waxaan u qoraynaa Magniisiyaam-24, taas oo u dhiganta 12 borotoon iyo 12 elektaroon. 

Halka [[cuf|tirada cufku]] ka tahay tirada nuyuutroono iyo elektaroono ee atom, cufka atomikgu waa tirada saxda ah ee cufka isotope gaar ah ee curiye. Calaamada [[halbeeg]]a u ah cufka atomik waa **u**.

== Isotopes ==

Dhinaca kale, [[isotope]] waa atomyo ka tirsan hal curiye kuwaas oo leh tiro borotoono isku mid ah, laakiin tirada nuyuutroonadu kala duwan yihiin. 
In ka badan 66 ka mid ah 96ka curiye si dabiici ah loo helo, waxay leeyihiin in ka badan hal isotope dagan. Tusaale ahaan, curiyaha Kaarboon wuxuu leeyahay 3 isotope oo kala duwan. Hadaba tirada borotoono ee Kaarboontu waa isku mid, dhamaantood waa 6, laakiin waxay kala leeyihiin 6, 7, iyo 8 nuyuutroon. 
Maadaama tirada cufka ee kaarboon tahay 12, 13 iyo 14 gebi ahaan waxaa inoo soo bixi sadex isotope oo kala ah kaarbon-12 oo loo qoro <sup>12</sup>C, kaarboon-13 <sup>13</sup>C, iyo kaarboon-14 <sup>14</sup>C. 

Kaarboonta ku jirta nolosha maalin kasta waa iskujir <sup>12</sup>C, <sup>13</sup>C, iyo <sup>14</sup>C. 

Guud ahaan, curiyeyaasha inta u badan waxay leeyihiin isotopeyo radioactive ah, kuwaas oo in badani loo helo si dabiici ah, kuwo kalena lagu diyaariyo laabka (laboratory). Isotopeyada radioactive ah waa kuwo aan fadhiyin (unstable isotopes), laakiin haddii isotopeka atom aanu ahayn radioactive waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''isotope degan'' (stable isotope). 
Dhamaan isotopeyada degani waa kuwo dabiici ah.

= Shaxda Diiwaanka Curiye =
Qaab-dhismeedka miiska [[Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa shax ka kooban 18 saf, [[Guruub]]yo, kuwaas oo kor ka imanaya ilaa hoos iyo 7 saf, [[Heerka]], kuwaas oo ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix, iyo labo saf oo ka hooseeya. Sidoo kale, miiska jadwalka diiwaanka curiye waxaa loo kala jabin karaa afar afar-gees oo kala ah: [[s-block]] oo dhinaca bidix xiga, [[p-block]] oo dhanka midig xiga, [[d-block]] oo dhexda ku jira, iyo [[f-block]] oo ka hooseeya dhamaantoodba. 

Qaybaha khaanadaha safafka midig ilaa bidix waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''heerka'' (period), sida [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], halka safafka khaanadaha kor ka imanaya loo yaqaano ''[[guruub]]'' (group) kuwaas oo qaarkood magacyo leeyihiin sida [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]s) oo ah [[guruubka 15]]aad, [[Jaalkojiin]] (chalcogen) oo ah [[guruubka 16]]aad,[[Halogen]]s [[guruubka 17]]aad iyo [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gas) [[guruubka 18]]aad. 

Dhamaan curiyaha ka soo biloow mida [[koow]]aad ee [[Haydarojiin]] oo leh tiro atomic 1 ilaa laga gaadho curiyaha 118 [[Ununoktiyaam]] waxaa la helay [[wakhti]]yo kala duwan iyo meelo kala duwan; ayadoo curiyaha 113, 115, 117 iyo 118 aan wali la xaqiijinin. 
In kastoo qaarkood la arko qadar iyo tiro aad u yar, 98ka curiye ee ugu horeeya jadwalka [[Diwaanka Curiye]] ayaa ah kuwo si dabiici ah looga helo [[qolof dhul|oogada]] [[dhul]]ka. 


= Qeybaha Diiwaanka Curiye =

Ayadoo la tix-raacayo naqshad uu sameeyay [[saynis]]yahan [[Ruush]] ahaa oo la odhan jirey **Dmitri Mendeleev** (1869), ayaa guud ahaan curiyeha waxaa loo qeeybiyaa [[toban]]-iyo-[[sideed]] (18) Juffo, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan:

== Bir (Metal) ==

[[Bir]] (Metal) waa shey [[adke]] ah ([[curiye]], [[Isku dhis]] iyo [[Jaandi]]) taas oo iftiimaysa, [[jidh]] adag leh, isla markaana aad ugu wanaagsan gudbinta [[dab]]ka iyo [[kul]]ka. 
Birtu waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo ka duwan kuwa [[Bir Ma ahe]] iyo [[Bir La Mood]]kaba. 

Birtu waa shey marka la garaaco la qaloocin karo ayadoon kala jabayn, la dhalaalin karo, isla markaana la dhuubi karo ama wax dhuuban laga dhigi karo. 
[[Curiye|91 curiye]] oo ka mid ah [[118 Curiye|118da curiye]] ee jadwalka [[Diwaanka Curiye]] waa bir. 27ka kale ayaa u kala baxa [[neef]], [[bir ma ahe]], [[bir la mood]] iyo qeybaha kale ee Diwaanka Curiye. 

Si ka duwan [[cilmi]]ga [[Kemistari]]ga, micnaha ereyga bir waa ku kala duwan yahay qeybaha [[aqoon]]ta. Tusaale ahaan, aqoonyahana xidigaha ee [[Cilmi Falag]]u waxay ereyga bir u isticmaalaan dhamaan curiyayaasha marka laga reebo [[Haydarojiin]] ([[H]]) iyo [[Hiliyaam]]ta ([[He]]) kuwaas oo ah walxaha ugu badan [[Xidig]]aha muuqda ee [[Koon]]ka. 
Dhinaca kale, curiyeyaal badan iyo [[isku dhis]]yo badan ayaa noqda bir marka [[kul]]eyl badan lagu shido, kuwaas waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Sheyada Birta ee ka Samaysmay Bir Ma ahe''. 



=== Birta Ku Meelgaadhka (Transitional Metals) ===

Marka lagu gudo jiro [[cilmi]]ga [[Kimisteri]]ga, [[Transitional Metal]]sku (ama [[Birta Ku Meelgaadhka]] ah) waxay leeyihiin labo macno:
* Qeexida waafaqsan (IUPAC) waxay ku sheegtay in transitional metal ay yihiin [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo qolofka elektaroonadoodu aanu dhamaystirneyn ama kuwo leh atom qolofka bu'diisu leedahay elektaroono kala dhantaalan. 

* Mida labaad waa in [[saynis]]yahanadu ku sheegeen transitional metalsku yihiin [[bir]] kasta oo ku jirta guruubka [[d-block]] ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo ka bilaabma [[Guruubka 3]]aad ilaa laga gaadho [[Guruubka 12]]aad. 

Guruubka [[d-block]] tirada [[atom]]ka curiyuhu waxay u dhaxeysaa 1 ilaa 10 elektaroono ''d'' ah.



[[Guruubka 3]]aad:
[[Iskaandhiyaam]] ([[Sc]]), [[Itriyaam]] ([[Y]])
[[Lanthanum]] ([[La]]), [[Aktiiniyaam]] ([[Ac]]), [[Luteetiyaam]] ([[Lu]]), iyo [[Lawreensiyaam]] ([[Lr]]). 

[[Guruubka 4]]aad: 
[[Titaaniyaam]] ([[Ti]]), [[Sirkooniyaam]] ([[Zr]]), [[Haafniyaam]] ([[Hf]]) iyo [[Rutherfordium]] ([[Rf]]). 

[[Guruubka 5]]aad: 
[[Fanadhiyaam]] ([[V]]), [[Dubniyaam]] ([[Db]]), [[Niyobiyaam]] ([[Nb]]) iyo [[Tantalum]] ([[Ta]]). 

[[Guruubka 6]]aad: [[Koroomiyaam]] ([[Cr]]), [[Molybdenum]] ([[Mo]]), [[Tungsten]] ([[W]]) iyo [[Siiborgiyaam]] ([[Sg]]). 

[[Guruubka 7]]aad: [[Manganiis]] ([[Mn]]), [[Teknetiyaam]] ([[Tc]]), [[Reheniyaam]] ([[Re]]) iyo [[Bohriyaam]] ([[Bh]]).

[[Guruubka 8]]aad:
[[Aayron]] ([[Fe]]), [[Rutheniyaam]] ([[Ru]]), [[Osmiyaam]] ([[Os]]) iyo [[Hasiyaam]] ([[Hs]]). 

[[Guruubka 9]]aad:
[[Kobalti]] ([[Co]]), [[Roodhiyaam]] ([[Rh]]), [[Iridiyaam]] ([[Ir]]) iyo [[Meitneriyaam]] ([[Mt]]). 

[[Guruubka 10]]aad:
[[Nikel]] ([[Ni]]), [[Baladiyaam]] ([[Pd]]), [[Balatiniyaam]] ([[Pt]]) iyo [[Darmstadtiyaam]] ([[Ds]]). 

[[Guruubka 11]]aad:
[[Kober]] ([[Cu]]), [[Naxaas]] ([[Ag]]), [[Dahab]]ka ([[Au]]) iyo [[Roentgeniyaam]] ([[Rg]]). 

[[Guruubka 12]]aad: 
[[Sinki]] ([[Zn]]), [[Kaadmiyaam]] ([[Cd]]), [[Meerkuri]] ([[Au]]) iyo [[Kobernishiyaam]] ([[Cn]]).

=== Birta Alkali ===

[[Birta Alkali]] (Alkali Metal) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. 

Guruubka [[Birta Alkali]] waa [[curiye|lix curiye]] ee [[guruubka 1]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Liithiyaam]] ([[Li]]), [[Sodhiyaam]] ([[Na]]), [[Botashiyaam]] ([[K]]), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] ([[Rd]]), [[Kaasiyaam]] ([[Cs]]) iyo [[Faransiyaam]] ([[Fr]]). 

Curiyayaasha safkan [[guruubka 1]]aad waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[s-block]] sababtoo ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin elektaroono qolof-sare u wareega ''s'' (s-orbital). 

Sidoo kale, curiyeyaasha Birta Alkali waxay leeyihiin dhaqan isku dhow: dhamaantood waa bir iftiimaysa, jilicsan, isla markaana aad u firfircoon oo leh [[falgal]] degdeg ah. Dhamaantood waxa lagu kala jari karaa [[midi]]da jileec darteed, si dhakhso badan ayayna u [[daxal]]eeystaan sababtoo ah waxay la falgalaan [[Ogsajiin]]. 
Firfircoonida falgalkooda darteed, ayaa waxa lagu dhex keeydiyaa [[saliid]]a si looga ilaaliyo [[hawo|hawada]], waxaana sida dabiiciga ah la helaa ayagoo [[isku dhis]]yo kala duwan ah sida [[cusbo|cusbada]]. 
Sidoo kale, curiyeyaasha birta alkali waa [[milme]] si fudud ugu dhex milma [[biyo|biyaha]]. 
 


=== Birta Alkalineta Dhulka ===








[[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]] (Alkaline Earth Metal) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. 

Guruubka Birta Alkalineta dhulka waa [[curiye|lix curiye]] ee [[guruubka 2]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Beriiliyaam]] ([[Be]]), [[Magniisiyaam]] ([[Mg]]), [[Kaalshiyaam]] ([[Ca]]), [[Istoroontiyaam]] ([[Sr]]), [[Baariyaam]] ([[Br]]) iyo [[Raadhiyaam]] ([[Ra]]). 

Curiyayaasha safkan [[guruubka 2]]aad waxay soo galaan [[s-block]] sababtoo ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin elektaroono qolof-sare u wareega ''s'' (s-orbital). 

Marka [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yahay, Birta Alkalineta Dhulku waa [[adke]], dhamaantoon leh midabka [[naxaas]]ta oo iftiimaya, isla markaana leh [[falgal]] firfircoon. 



== Bir La Mood (Metaloid) ==

[[Bir la Mood]] ([[Metaloid]]) waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo u dhexeeya [[bir]]ta iyo [[bir ma ahe]]ha, taas ooy aad u adag tahay in la kala saaro ineey bir tahay iyo ineey bir ma ahe tahay. 

In kastoo barashada [[Kimisteri]]ga ay ku jirto Bir la moodku, ma jiraan nimaad u gaar ah oo lagu qeexi karo curiyeyaashan. 

Lixda curiye ee loo aqoonsadey bir la moodka waa: [[Booron]] ([[B]]),[[Silikoon]] ([[Si]]), [[Jermaaniyaam]] ([[Ge]]), [[Aarsenik]] ([[As]]), [[Antimony]] ([[Sb]]), iyo [[Teluriyaam]] ([[Te]]). 
Sidoo kale waxaa jira tiro dhowr ah oo ayagana lagu daro liiska Bir la Moodka, waxaana ka mid ah:
[[Kaarboon]] ([[C]]),[[Alumiiniyaam]] ([[Al]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), [[Boloniyaam]] ([[Po]]) iyo [[Astantiin]] ([[At]]). 

Sida caadiga ah, curiyeha Bir la Moodka ahi wuxuu leeyahay muuqaalka birta oo kale, laakiin waa [[adke]] si fudud loo kala jabin karo, halka birta aanan sahal lagu kala jabin karin. Waxaa intaas dheer, curiyaha bir la moodka waa mid [[kul]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]] si daciif ah u gudbiya ama aanan gudbinin gebi ahaanba. 

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, curiyeyaashan waxaa laga samayn karaa [[isku dhis]]yo tayo fiican oo [[jaandi]] ah, quruurado ama dhalooyin, [[olol]] difaace, iyo badh-gudbiye [[dab]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]]. 



== Bir Ma Ahe (Non-Metallic) ==
[[Bir Ma Ahe]] ([[Nonmetal]]) waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo ka duwan kuwa [[bir]]ta. 
Sida caadiga ah, curiyaha bir ma ahe waxaa lagu yaqaanaa waa kuwo si fudud u [[uumi]] baxa, si fudud loo kala jabin karo, iyo in aanay gudbinin [[kul]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]].
Waxa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanaa curiyaha bir ma ahe markuu la [[falgal]]o walax kale inuu soo sii daayo [[awood]] ion aad u sareeysa, isla markaana ku daro ama la wadaago elektaroono curiyaha kale ama [[isku dhis]]ka uu la falgalaayo. 
  
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, toban-iyo-todoba (17) curiye ayaa loo aqoonsadey bir ma ahe kuwaas oo inta ugu badan tahay [[neef]]o kala ah: [[Haydarojiin]] ([[H]]),[[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]); hal curiye oo bir ma ahe ahi waa [[dareere]] [[Boromiin]] ([[Br]]); iyo xoogaa curiye [[adke]] ah sida [[Kaarboon]] ([[K]]), [[Fosforos]] ([[P]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), iyo [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]). 

Curiyayaasha [[Bir Ma Ahe]] waxay inta u badan ku kala jiraa khaanado ka mid ah [[guruubka 14]]aad, [[guruubka 15]]aad ama [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]), [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]), [[Guruubka 17]]aad ama [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad ama [[Neefta Gobta]]. 

In kastoo curiyaha [[bir]]ta shan-jeer laab ka badan yahay curiyaha bir ma ahe, labo ka mid ah bir ma ahe - [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Ogsajiin]]ta - ayaa waxay yihiin boqolkiiba sagaal-iyo-sagaashan (99%) [[Koon]]ka muuqda; iyo hal curiye bir ma ahe ah, waa Ogsajiinta, ayaa waxay tahay in ku dhow 50% samayska [[Qolof dhul|qolofka dhulka]], [[bad]]aha iyo [[cir]]ka [[dhul]]ka. 
Intaas waxaa dheer, [[jidh]]ka [[noole|noolaha]] dhamaantiis wuxuu ka samaysan yahay bir ma ahe iyo [[isku dhis]]yo ka samaysan bir ma ahe. 



== Neef (Gas) ==



[[Neef]]tu (gas) waa mid ka mid ah [[sadex]]da aasaaska u ah [[walax]]da (matter). Waxa laga yaabaa in neefta saafi ahi ka samaysan [[hal]] [[atom]], sida [[Neefta Gobka]] ama neef atomic sida [[Niyoon]], malakuyuul ka samaysan [[labo]] atom, sida [[Ogsajiin]]ta oo kale, ama [[isku dhis]] (compound) ka kooban malakuyuulo ka yimid atomyo kala duwan, sida [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C<sub>2</sub>O). 

[[Milan|Iskumilanka]] [[neef]]tu waxay ka kooban tahay neefo saafi ah oo kala duwan sida [[hawo|hawada]] oo kale. Waxa neefta ka soocay [[adke]]ha iyo [[dareere]]ha waa ayadu waxay ka samaysan tahay saxaro (particles) kala furan isla markaana kala madax-banaan, taasi oo ka dhigtey neefta mid bilaa [[ur]] ah oo [[il|isha]] [[dad]]ku arki karin. 

Marka [[cadaadis]]ka iyo [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yihiin, [[neef]]aha kali ah ee dagan ee [[curiye]]ha ka tirsan waa kuwa ka sameysan malakuyuulo labo atom iyo wixii ka badan, kuwaas oo ah:
[[Haydarojiin]] (H<sub>2</sub>), [[Nitrojiin]] (N<sub>2</sub>), [[Ogsajiin]] (O<sub>2</sub>); iyo marka lagu daro labo ka mid ah [[Halogen]]ska [[Foloriin]] (F<sub>2</sub>), iyo [[Koloriin]] (Cl<sub>2</sub>). 
Neefahaasi waxaa soo raaca kuwa ka samaysan [[hal|hal atom]] ee [[Neefta Gobta]] (Noble Gases) kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Hiliyaam]] (He), [[Niyoon]] (Ne), [[Aargon]] (Ar), [[Kiribtoon]] (Kr), [[Siinoon]] (Xe) iyo [[Raadhoon]] (Rn). 



=== Curiyeha Biniktojiinska (Pnictogens) ===

[[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]) sidoo kale loo yaqaano Guruubka Nitrojiinta waa guuto [[curiye]] kimiko ee [[Guruubka 15]]aad ee safafka [[Diwaanka Curiye]]. 
Guruubkan wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[curiye|lix curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Fosforos]] ([[F]]), [[Aarsenik]] ([[As]]), [[Antimony]] ([[Sb]]), [[Bismuth]] ([[Bi]]) iyo [[Ununbentiyaam]] ([[Uup]]).

=== Curiyaha Jaalkojiin (Chalcogen) ===






[[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]) sidoo kale loo yaqaano Guruubka Ogsajiinta ama [[Guruubka 16]]aad waa guruub [[curiye]] kimiko ee qeybta 16aad ee safafka [[Diwaanka Curiye]]. 
Guruubkan wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[curiye|lix curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), [[Teluriyaam]] ([[Te]]), [[Boloniyaam]] ([[Po]]) iyo [[Lifermoriyaam]] ([[Lv]]).

=== Neefta Halogen ===

[[Halogen]] waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[hawo]], [[dareere]] iyo [[adke]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. 

Marka [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yahay, curiyeyaasha [[hawo]]da ah waa midab casaan ah, kuwa [[dareere|dareeraha]] ahi waa cagaar, halka kuwa [[adke|adkaha]] ahi leeyihiim midab madoow ah. 

Guruubkan [[Halogen]]ska waa [[curiye|shan curiye]] ee [[guruubka 17]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [Boromiin]] ([[Br]]), [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]), iyo [[Astatiin]] ([[At]]). 

Curiyeyaasha Halogenska waa guutada kali ah ee dhamaan [[118 Curiye|118da Curiye]] laga helo [[sadex|sadexda marxaladood]] ee [[walax]]da - [[adke]], [[dareere]] iyo [[hawo]]. 
Dhinaca kale, dhamaan xubnaha halogenska waxay noqdaan asiidh (acid) markey la [[falgal]]aan [[Haydarojiin]]ta, waxaana laga soo dhex saaraa [[macdan]]ta [[cusbo|cusbada]]. Dhamaantood waa [[sun]]. 




=== Neefta Gobta (Noble Gases) ===


[[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gas) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[neef]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. 

Marka xaalada caadiga ah dhamaantood waa [[hawo]] bilaa [[ur]], bilaa [[midab]] ah kuwaas oo leh [[falgal]] hooseeya. 

Neefaha gobta ah waa [[curiye|lixda curiye]] ee [[guruubka 18]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]). 

Hab-dhaqanka neefaha gobta ah waxaa lagu ogaan karaa dersida qaabdhismeedka atomkooda, qolofkooda sare iyo [[isku dhis]]yada ay sameeyaan. 
Barta dhalaalida iyo [[kul]]uleynta neefahan waa mid isku dhow taas oo ka hooseysa [[salsiyas|10 °C]] (18&nbsp;°F); taas micnaheedu waa farqi yar oo [[heerkul]] ah ayay [[dareere]] ku noqon karaan. 

Niyoon, Aargoon, Siinoon, iyo Kiribtoon waxaa laga soo dhex saaraa [[hawo|hawada]] [[cir]]ka, halka hiliyaamta laga dhex helo [[Shidaal|neefaha dabiiciga]] ee [[shidaal]]ka laga soo saaro. 




= Magaca & Astaanta Curiye =
Si loo kala saaro farqiga iyo kala duwanaanshaha, isla markaana si fudud loogu aqoonsado, curiyayaashu waxay leeyihiin magacyo iyo calaamado kala duwan. 
Curiye kasta waxaa loogu magac daray deegaanka laga helay ama qofka helay markii ugu horeeysay. 
Inta u badan magaca curiyaha waxaa gadaal lagaga daray -iyaam (-ium). Tusaale ahaan, magaca curiyaha [[Sirkooniyaam]] (Zirconium) waxaa laga keenay [[macdan]]ta ''Zircon'', taas oo lagu daray -iyaam (-ium). Sidoo kale, curiyaha [[Bohriyaam]] waxaa loogu magac daray [[saynis]]yahanka reer Denmark ee Niels Bohr, taas oo ereyga ''Bohr'' lagu daray ''-iyaam'' (-ium). 

Dhinaca kale, curiye kasta wuxuu leeyahay calaamad astaan u ah taas oo inta badan ah [[labo|labo xaraf]] oo laga soo dhex saaray magaca curiyaha. Intaas waxaa dheer, waxa jira curiyayaal leh calaamad [[hal|hal xaraf]] ah iyo kuwo leh calaamad [[sadex|sadex xaraf]] ah. Tusaale ahaan, curiyaha [[Haydarojiin]] calaamada astaantiisu waa [[H]], curiyaha [[Kiribtoon]] waxa astaan u ah [[Kr]], sidoo kale curiyaha [[Ununtriyaam]] astaanteedu waa [[Uut]]. 

Guud ahaan, xarafka u horeeya ee magaca iyo calaamada astaanta ee curiye waxaa laga dhigaa xaraf weyn. 

= Dhismaha Diwaanka Curiye =
Qaab-dhismeedka miiska [[Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa shax ka kooban 18 saf, [[guruub]], kuwaas oo kor ka imanaya ilaa hoos; iyo 7 saf, [[heerka]], kuwaas oo ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix, iyo labo saf oo ka hooseeya. Sidoo kale, miiska jadwalka diiwaanka curiye waxaa loo kala jabin karaa afar afar-gees oo kala ah: [[s-block]] oo dhinaca bidix xiga, [[p-block]] oo dhanka midig xiga, [[d-block]] oo dhexda ku jira, iyo [[f-block]] oo ka hooseeya dhamaantoodba. 

Qaybaha khaanadaha safafka midig ilaa bidix waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[heerka]] (period), sida [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], halka safafka khaanadaha kor ka imanaya loo yaqaano [[guruub]] (group) kuwaas oo qaarkood magacyo leeyihiin sida [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]s) oo ah [[guruubka 15]]aad, [[Jaalkojiin]] (chalcogen) oo ah [[guruubka 16]]aad,[[Halogen]]s [[guruubka 17]]aad iyo [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gas) [[guruubka 18]]aad. 

Dhamaan curiyaha ka soo biloow mida [[kow]]aad ee [[Haydarojiin]] oo leh tiro atomic 1 ilaa laga gaadho curiyaha 118 [[Ununoktiyaam]] waxaa la helay [[wakhti]]yo kala duwan iyo meelo kala duwan; ayadoo curiyaha 113, 115, 117 iyo 118 aan wali la xaqiijinin. 
In kastoo qaarkood la arko qadar iyo tiro aad u yar, 98ka curiye ee ugu horeeya jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye ayaa ah kuwo si dabiici ah looga helo [[qolof dhul|oogada]] [[dhul]]ka.

== Guruubyada ==
Marka laga waramayo jadwalka miiska [[Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Guruub]]ku waa guuto [[curiye]] isku astaan, dhaqan iyo calaamad ah kuwaas oo ku jira [[hal]] saf oo khaanadaha [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diwaanka Curiye]]. 

Shaxda jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye, oo uu sameeyay [[saynis]]yahan [[Ruushka|Ruush]] ah Dmitri Mendeleev, waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Guruub|18 Guruub]] kuwaas oo ey ku dhex jiraan dhamaan [[118ka Curiye]]. 
Inkastoo guruubyadu ku magacaaban yihiin [[tiro|tirada]] guruubka oo u dhexaysa [[kow|1]] ilaa [[toban|18]] qaarkood waxay leeyihiin magacyo u gaar ah, kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Guruubka 15]]aad oo lagu magacaabo [[Biniktojiin]] ama ([[Pnictogen]]s), [[Guruubka 16]]aad oo ah [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]s), [[Guruubka 17]]aad oo lagu naaneyso [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad oo loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gases). 
Waxayna kala yihiin: [[Guruubka 1]]aad ([[Birta Alkali]]), [[Guruubka 2]]aad ([[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]]), [[Guruubka 3]]aad, [[Guruubka 4]]aad, [[Guruubka 5]]aad, [[Guruubka 6]]aad, [[Guruubka 7]]aad, [[Guruubka 8]]aad, [[Guruubka 9]]aad, [[Guruubka 10]]aad, [[Guruubka 11]]aad, [[Guruubka 12]]aad, [[Guruubka 13]]aad, [[Guruubka 14]]aad, [[Guruubka 15]]aad sidoo kale loo yaqaano [[Biniktojiin]] ama ([[Pnictogen]]s), [[Guruubka 16]]aad [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]s), [[Guruubka 17]]aad oo lagu naaneyso [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad oo loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gases). 

Tirada [[curiye]] ee ku jirta khaanadaha guruubku way kala duwan yihiin. Qaarkood waxaa ku jira 8 curiye, kuwo kale wax ku dhex jira 6 curiye, halka guruubyada qaar ay ku dhex jiraan 4 curiye oo kali ah.

== Heerarka ==


Qaabdhismeedka shaxda miiska lagu ururiyey [[curiye]]yaasha ee loo yaqaano [[Diwaanka Curiye]] wuxuu leeyahay safaf khaanado u kala socdo kor iyo hoos ([[guruub]]), midig iyo bidix ([[heerka]]). 
[[Heerka|Heerku]] (period) waa safafka khaanadaha ee ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix ee miiska jadwalka curiyayaasha, kuwaas oo ah [[todobo|todoba saf]] (7) oo qeybta sare ka kooban tahay iyo [[labo|labo saf]] oo ka hooseeya. 

Curiyayaasha ku jira saf heerka isku midka ah waxay leeyihiin [[cuf|cuf atomik]], awood aayano (ions), iyo is-heysad elektaroono isku mid ah. Ka soo biloow midig ilaa bidix tirada gacan-atomik hoos ayay u dhacdaa. Tani waxaa keentay isku xigida borotoonada iyo elektaroonada curiye ayaa aad ugu sii dhowaanaya bu'da atomka. 

Si ka duwan [[guruub]]yada, [[Heerka|Heerarka]] shaxda miiska diwaanka curiye ma lahan magacyo u gaar ah, laakiin waxaa lagu kala soocaa [[tiro]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], [[Heerka 2 ee curiye|heerka 2aad]], [[Heerka 3 ee curiye|heerka 3aad]], [[Heerka 4 ee curiye|heerka 4aad]], [[Heerka 5 ee curiye|heerka 5aad]], [[Heerka 6 ee curiye|heerka 6aad]], iyo [[Heerka 7 ee curiye|heerka 7aad]]. Intaas waxaa soo raaca labo saf oo ka hooseeya kuwaas oo kala ah [[Lanthanides]] iyo [[Actinides]].

== S-Block ==
[[S-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 12|2da guruub]] ee ugu horeeya guruubyada jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye. Kuwaas oo ka bilaabmaya [[guruubka 1]]aad iyo [[guruubka 2]]aad ee loo kala yaqaano [[Birta Alkali]] iyo [[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]]. 

[[S-block]] curiyeyaasha ku jira waa kuwo intooda badan firfircoon oo leh astaamo iyo calaamado ka duwan dhamaan guruubyada kale ee Diwaanka Curiye. 

In kastoo ay ku jiraan khaanado kale, [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Hiliyaam]] waxaa lagu tiriyaa guruubkan s-block. 

Dhaqanka iyo astaamaha s-block waxay la xidhiidhaa [[tiro|tirada atomic]] ee curiyuhu leeyahay, midaas oo sii korodha marka la sii dhexgalo diwaanka curiye. 
Labada guruub ee s-block waxay leeyihiin tirooyinka atomik ee hoos ku xusan:

: Group 1:
:: [[Haydarojiin]] (Z=1), [[Liithiyaam]] (Z=3), [[Sodhiyaam]] (Z=11), [[Botashiyaam]] (Z=19), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] (Z=37), [[Kaasiyaam]] (Z=55), [[Faransiyaam]] (Z=87).
: Group 2:
::[[Beriiliyaam]] (Z=4), [[Magniisiyaam]] (Z=12), [[Kaalshiyaam]] (Z=20), [[Istoroontiyaam]] (Z=38), [[Baariyaam]] (Z=56), [[Raadhiyaam]] (Z=88).

== D-Block ==

[[D-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 3]]aad ilaa [[guruubka 12]]aad. 
Curiyeyaasha d-block waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa [[Transitional Metal]]. 

D-block curiyayaasha ku jira waxay leeyihiin [[tiro|tiro atomik]] ka bilaabanta s<sup>2</sup>d<sup>1</sup> (Guruub 3) ilaa s<sup>2</sup>d<sup>10</sup> (Guruub 12). Tusaale ahaan, Cr waa s<sup>1</sup>d<sup>5</sup> (ma ahan s<sup>2</sup>d<sup>4</sup>); sidoo kale, birta Guruubka 11waxay noqonayaan s<sup>1</sup>d<sup>10</sup> (ma ahan s<sup>2</sup>d<sup>9</sup>), taasi oo dhamaystireysa qolofka-d (d-subshell) ee Guruubka 11aad.

== P-Block ==
[[P-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 12|6da guruub]] ee ugu dambeeya guruubyada jadwalkani, marka laga reebo [[Hiliyaam]]ta oo ayadu ka mid ah [[s-block]]. Kuwaas oo ka bilaabmaya [[guruubka 12]]aa ilaa laga gaadho [[guruubka 18]]aad ee loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gases). 

[[P-block]] waxaa ku jira dhamaan [[Bir Ma Ahe]], birta daciifka ah iyo half-birta oo dhan. 

== F-Block ==
[[F-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]ha [[atom]]kiisa ama aayaniskiisu (ions) leeyihiin elektaroono hab wareeg f (f-orbital).
Curiyayaashan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa ''curiyayaasha dhexe ee transitionka''.

= Falgalka Curiye =


= Ciwaano La Mid Ah =

Sidoo kale akhri:

* **Diwaanka Curiye**

* **Falgal**

* **Isku dhis**

* **Jadwalka Curiyayaasha'''

= Xigasho =