open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vadoma

**Vadoma** kana **Vadema**, idzinza re vanhu vanogara mumatunhu eKanyemba kumaodzanyemba e Zimbabwe, kunyanya kumatunhu eUrungwe ne Sipolilo aripadhuze ne mabhasini eRwizi reMwazamutanda, tributary yeRwizi rweMupata weZambezi. Vaive vavhimi muchinyakare, vanavevhu muZimbabwe uye vanozivikwa nekuda kwe ekitodakitiri (*ectrodactyly*) vanogara paki pemhuri dze Vadoma.

## Mutauro
Vadoma vanotaura Chidema, chinehukama huripedyo ne Chishona, mitauro ye Zimbabwe kanyaya Vashona vanotaura Chikorekore ne mutauronyina unonzi Chitande. Kugara pedyo ne Vashona ne Vakunda vari muKanyemba, vanotaura zve Chikorekore ne Chikunda.

## Nhoroondo
Zvichienderana ne ruambamhenyu rwe Vadoma, vatateguru wavo vakabva muMuuyu. Pakubva mumuti, vakafamba vakamira vachivhima uye vachiunganidza michero. Zita rekuti Vadoma rinoshandiswa munzvimbo dze Zambezi pamusoro pevanhu verungano vanotsanangurwa se magical, capricious, vasingagoneki kutsvagwa uye vanogara pakati pemiti. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvaireva Vakhoisan, vavhimi vaka precede migration ye Vashona muMupata weZambezi, uye Vadoma vanogona kunge vainehukama huripedyo nevanhu ava (Vakhoisan - kunyangwe Vashona vacho). Makuhwa anofamba ekuti Vadoma vanotizira mumamiti kunopipa. 

Munhoroondo, Vadoma vaiwanzo gara mumakomo, rugare rwavo rwaiwe wekuvhima, kuraura, kuteya ne miteyo, kuvhima (h)uchi, uye kuunganidz michero ne midzi. Mushure me*kukoronaizwa* kwe Afurika ne Yuropu, Vadoma vakakwesa (*resisted*) kusanganiswa ne Vakorekore munguva ye Umambo hwe Mutapa, zvakaita kuti vatadze kupinda munzvimbo yairimika (yaive ne fetiraiza). Rhifomu ye nzvimbo mushure merusununguko rweZimbabwe hauna kushandura izvi, kunyangwe paive ne puresha kubva kuhurumende ya Mugabe, uye kuenderera kweVadoma nekusava nezvinhu, kwakaita kuti vave vega nzanga ye Zimbabwe yave isinakurima (*non-agricultural*). Izvi zvakaita kuti vazivikwe ne steriotayipi yekunzi 'stone-age cave dwellers".

## Mabviro eruzivo
Mansa Musa

**VaMusa I** (1280 –1337), kana **VaMansa Musa**, vaive *Mansa* wechipfumbamwe we Ubwami hwe Maari, ubwami waive nemateritori mazhinji mumaoko mavo uye waive mumwe muvuso weYisalamu weku Madokero eAfurika wainge wakasimba. 

Munguva ye asesheni ya VaMusa padendemaro, Maari pakukura kwayo yaisanganisa teritori yaive chikamu che Ubwami hwe Ghana, yakakundwa neMaari. Ubwami hwe Maari waisanganisa chikamu cheGhini, Senegaru, Moriteniya, Gambiya uye muvuso weMaari yanhasi.

VaMusa vakaenda kuHadji (hajj) kuMekha muna 1324, uye vakafamba ne *entourage* huru ne ndarama zhinji. Panzira yavo, vakagara muKairo, ndiko kwavakapa zvipo zvakanakakwazvo zvika afekta vukoshe hwe ndarama muIjipita uye zvakaunza *attention* kubva kunyika dze Vasalama. 

## Zita
Zita ra VaMansa Musa raive Musa (Chiarabhu: موسى‎, chiroma: *Mūsā*), zita ravo imhando imwe yezita rekuti Mhoze muChiarabhu. *Mansa*, zvinoreva kuti 'mutongi' kana 'mambo' mu Chimande, raive dumidzo revatongi we Uhwami hwe Maari. Rakambopindurwa richinzi "mukundi" uye "mambo-mfundisi". Munhoroondo yekureketwa uye muViringira reTimbuktu (kana *Makeronika eTimbuktu*), VaMusa vaizivikwa vachinzi Kanku Musa. Muchinyakare cheVamande, zita ramai raiiswa sechivakashure pazita ravo, saka zita rekuti Kanku Musa rinoreva kuti "Musa, mukororo waKanku", asi hazvizivikwi kuti *jiniyoroji* iyi yaive chaiyo here. Vakambonzi wo VaHidji Mansa Musa muchinyakare chekuhwereketwa mumareferenzi ekuhadji yake. Semumwe weUshe hwe Keita, anombo danwa achinzi Musa Keita.

Mumutauro we Chisonghai, mutongi we Maari senge VaMusa vaizivikwa sa Mali-koi, *koi* zvichireva dumidzo rekuratidza mukondo pamusoro pe nzvimbo: mumamwe mazwi, "mutongi we Maari".

MuChishona zita rekuti Mansa Musa rinenge richinzi Mambo Mhoze kana Mutongi Mhoze.

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Mansa
Mhuri ye mutauro

**Mhuri ye mutauro** iboka remitauri rine hukama nekuda kwezvarwa kubva ku *mutateguru wemutauro* mumwechete kana nekuva ne *mubereki wemutauro* mumwe, unonzi 'mutauro uri proto' we mhuri iyoyo. Shoko rekuti "mhuri" unoteedza muti we modhera we vambo we mutauro munhoroondo ye ururimi,  zvinoita kuti kushandiswa kwe ma*metaforo* e kuenzanisa mitauro kuvanhu vari muruambamhenyu hwemhuri humwe, kana mu-*subsequent modification*, ku marudzi ari mumuti we rudzimbari *(phylogenetic)* mu upangamutowo we evhorusheni. Maambandimi (*linguists*) vanotsanangura *mwana wemitauro* mumhuri ye mutauro sekuva nehukama nekuda kwebari.

Zvichienderana ne Eretsinorogu pane mitauro mipenyu ye vanhu yakagohwanisa mu mhuri 142 dze mitauro. "Mutauro mupenyu" mutauro urikushandiswa izvozv semutauro wekutanga izvozvi pavanhu.

## Mhuri ye mitauro
*Tarisai futi: [[Udorongodzwa hwe mhuri ye mitauro]]*

**Mhuri ye mutauro zvichienderana ne numeri ye mitauro inosanganiswa**

: **Zvichienderana ne [[Eretsinorogu]]** Edisheni 18:

# Naija-Kongo (mitauro 1,538) (20.6%)
# Ostironezhiya (mitauro 1,257) (16.8%)
# Tiranzi-Nyu Gini (mitauro 480) (6.4%)
# Sino-Tibheti (mitauro 457) (6.1%)
# Indo-Yuropu (mitauro 444) (5.9%)
# Ostireriya (mitauro 378) (5.1%)
# Afurika-Ezhiya (mitauro 375) (5.0%)
# Mitauro ye Niro-Sahara (mitauro 205) (2.7%)
# Oto-Manguean (mitauro 177) (2.4%)
# Ostiroezhiya (mitauro 169) (2.3%)
# Mitauro ye Kira-Dhai (mitauro 95) (1.3%)
# Dhiravhidhiya (mitauro 85) (1.1%)
# Mitauro ye Tupiya (mitauro 76) (1.0%
Dumidzo

**Dumidzo** kana **Tumidzo** (ku Chingezi: title) mazwi anoshandiswa mushure kana pamberi pezita remunhu, zvichienderana *context*. Rinogona kuratidza jeneresheni, kana nzvimbo iri ofishawu , kana mawakwarifikesheni (*qualitifcation*) ekushanda kana ekudzidza. Mumumwe mitauro, matumidzo anoiswa pakati pe zita rekupiwa ne zita remhuri (enzano, *Graf* mu Chijemeni, *Cardinal* kuMacatholic (Richard Cardinal Cushing) kana matumidzo ari *clerical* senge *Archbishop*). Mamwe matumidzo egombwa (*hereditary*).

## Matumidzo

### Matumidzo eVatongi

* Mwenemutapa (ndere Chikaranga raishandiswa kudana Madzimambo e Umambo hwe Mutapa) rinoreva kuChingezi kuti "owner of the mines/king of mines/lord of the mines'
* Mambo; Mambokadzi; Madzimambo
* Ishe; Madzishe
* Tenzi 
* Nevanji
* Mamoyo
* Machinda
* Mutungamiri
Vatalaote

*Tarisai futi peji re: [[Vatalaunda]]*

**Vataraote** (muTjikalanga: Batalaote, Badhalaunda; Batalaunda) kana **Vataraunda** vanhu vedzinza rinowanikwa kudunhudiki repakati peVutswana ne kuchamhembe-e-madokero eZimbabwe. Vanhu vanosanganiswa muboka redzinza huru rinonzi Vakalanga. Pakufamba kwemakore Vataraote vanogara mu Zimbabwe vakarasa mutauro wavo ndokutanga kushandosa Chikalanga, uye Chingwato (mutauro we Vangwato) muVutswana. Vataraunda ne Vadoma vane tateguru mumwechete, uye madzinza maviri aya ane makhesi akakura e ekitodhakitiri (*ectrodactyly*).

## Zita
Vataraote richiwanzo nyorwa richinzi Vataraunda, izita redzinza rinoreva kuti 'to glance back while trudging on'. 

## Nhoroondo
Dzinza re Vataraunda ihombe kunyangwe raka ganhurwa uye vachigara munzvimbo dzakawanda muVutswana ne Zimbabwe. Varozvi (Lozi/Lozvi) uye mutupo wavo (moyo) uye havaboori zhebe dzawo. Madzinza anerugare akafamba kubva kuZimbabwe; vakauya kubva panzvimbo imwechete kuMabvazuva eAfurika se Vashona. Vakatiza Zimbabwe kuenda ku Senyawe muVutswana nekuda kwehondo dze saruradzinza. Vakagara ne Vangwato pavakagara muVutswana. Vamwevavo vakafamba naRatiltadi uye Mpoengs akatiza kuKgama achienda muPlumtree, Zimbabwe. Varozvi ndiwo vanhu vakabara Vuhlanga rwa Mambo . Zvinofungwa kuti ndiwo ava Vakalanga/Vakaranga/Rozvi ndivo vakawaka Mapungubge ne Hukuru hweZimbabwe.

Vagululu imhuri diki irimukati me Vataraunda; uvambo wavo unoteerwa kushure kwe gukurahundi yakaedzwa na Mambo Mzilikazi mushure ma Kedikilwe, mukoma wa Musemwe, paakanyebera Mambo nezvemombe dzaive dzeVataraunda ne Vangwato muVutswana. 

## Mashoko

* *vuhlanga* kana *ruhlanga* kureva dynasty, kutora kubva pa shoko reChizulu nge Chindau. Shoko iri rasarurwa ngekuti hla anowanikwa kuChindau nge Chikaranga asi vantu havazvizivi, zvinozwikwa panobhuya vantu chivantu chedu bedzi. Uku, kuitira kuzivisa vantu nezvoChishona chakasiyana-siyana

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Vakalanga
* Vakaranga
* Vashona
* Vavhenda
* Vanambya 
* Varozvi
Udorongodzwa hwe michero

Peji rino ndere **udorongodzwa hwe michero**

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

### Ma-ringi ekunze

* Michero ye muZimbabwe

### Mapeji e paWikipidhiya

* Muchero

## Mabviro eruzivo:
Chris Brown

**Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown** (akazvarwa 5 Chivabvu 1989) kana **Cbreezy** sezvaanozivikwa nevake vanomuda ake, musezi wekuAmerika, anoita zve kuyimba, kunyora nziyo, mudzani, kupurojusa marekodhi, kuekita uye musezi wegirafiti. Zvichienderana ne *[[Bhiribhodhi]]*, Brown ndiye mumwe muyimbi we R&B anonyanya kuva ne pesvedzero (*influence*) uye ane rubudiriro ruzhinji, ane vazhinji vanomuti "Mambo we R&B" pamwechete na Usher uye R. Kelly. Stairi yake ye mhanzi yakatsanangurwa ichinzi *polyhedric*, R&B yake ine munyire hwe upesvedzero ne jonera dzakawanda, kunyanya mhanzi ye hiphophu ne popu. Mitsararwiyo rwake runowanzo taura nezve kusvira, kupenga ne rudo, kunetsekana, rudo, hupenyu hwekunakidzwa, chido uye kutadza kumaneja mazwiro (*emotions*). Brown anotsanangurwa ne midhiya uye makiritiki achinzi ndiye musezi mukuru wenguva yake mu mhanzi ye ebheni, ane vateveri vazhinji zvekumuenzanisa na Michael Jackson pa steji se munhu ano dzana ne kuyimba.

## Dhiskogirafi
*<small>Tarisai futi mapeji e: [[Dhiskogirafi ya Chris Brown]]</small>*

### Ungamhanzi

* 2005 - *Chris Brown*
* 2007 - *Exclusive*
* 2009 - *Graffiti*
* 2011 - *FAME*
* 2012 - *Fortune*
* 2014 - *X*
* 2015 - *Royalty*
* 2017 - *Heartbreak on a Full Moon*
* 2019 - *Indigo*

#### Ungamhazi dze korabhoresheni

* 2015 - *Fan of a Fan: The Album* (na Tyga )

## Ushanyi (tour)

* 2006: Up Close and Personal Tour
* 2007: The UCP Exclusive Tour
* 2009: Fan Appreciation Tour
* 2011: FAME Tour
* 2012: Carpe Diem Tour
* 2015: Between The Sheets
* 2016: One Hell Of a Nite Tour
* 2017: The Party Tour
* 2018: Heartbreak On a Full Moon Tour
* 2019: Indigoat Tour

## Firimu-ogirafi

### Sinema

* *This Christmas - Christmas and other troubles* , na Preston A. Whitemore II (2007)
* *Stepping - From the street to the stage* , yakadhairekitwa na Sylvain White (2007)
* *Takers*, naJohn Luessenhop (2010)
* *Think Like a Man*, na Tim Story (2012)
* *Battle of the Year*, na Benson Lee (2013)
* *Chris Brown: Welcome to My Life* , dhokumendari (2017)

### Terevhizheni

* *The OC* - TV sirizi, maepisodhi 4 (2007)
* *Zack and Cody at the Grand Hotel* - TV sirizi, epidoshi 3x20 (2008)
* *Black-ish* - TV sirizi, episodhi 3x19 (2017)
Udorongodzwa hwe nyika dze Afurika ne ruwa

Pazasi pane udorongodzwa hwe nyika dzese dze muAfurika zvichienderana ne ruwa rwe jiogirafi. Arujeriya ndiyo nyika hombe kwazvo muAfurika ne munyika ye Maarabhu kubva muna 2011, panguva ye kugohwaniswa kwe Sudhani. Seyisheri ndiyo nyika diki muAfurika pazvese, ne Gambia iri nyik diki muziwumbe reAfurika. 

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa
Chivakashure tara-

Chivakashure chekuti tara- chinoshandiswa kumirira shoko rekuti 'girafi' paChishongrish

### Mashoko ane shoko anoshandisa tara-

* Tarachisi (Taranyika)
* Taramunyongo 
* Tarabande
* Tarabanze
Kunhokora

**Kunhokora** (to take; to take a sample; to take without someone knowing; to snatch)?

## Mashandisirwo

* Akanhokora huchi nechigunwe kuti aravire.
*Muroyi anokunhokorera tsoka pawafamba.

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Kutora
* Kuba

*
Ngoni (zita)

**Ngoni** izita rekupiwa reChishona riwanzowanikwa richitumidzwa vana vechikomana asi izita revanakomana ne vanasikana. Rinoreva kuti *mercy* kana kuti *compassion*.

Zita iri rinogona kushandiswa wo sedunhurirwa (kana zita musere) remazita aripazasi:

* Ngonidzashe
* Nengoni
* Anengoni
*Mungoni

## Mamwe mazita

### Mazita anoreva zvimwechete

* Tsitsi
* Mutsa
** Musa
** Mutsawashe

## Mapeji ekutarisa

* Mazita eChishona
* Zita
Mufaro (zita)

**Mufaro** kana **Rufaro** izita rekupiwa reChishona revana vechikomana ne vechisikana. Vamwe vanonyora vachiti *Mfaro*.

Zita iri rinobva pashoko reChishona rekuti Kufara.

## Mazita akafanana

* Farai
* Tafadzwa
* Fadzai

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Mazita eChishona
* Zita
Miriro (zita)

**Miriro** izita reChishona rinobva pashoko rekuti *[[kumira]]* kana *[[kumirira]].* Rinoreva kuti *to wait for; one who is waited for* kana kuti *to expect*. Iri izita rechisikana rakatanga kushandiswa mugore rema1900.

Zita iri raipihwa kumwanasikana akazvarwa se wechipiri mumhuri.

## Mazita akafanana

* Mira
** Mirai
** Mirainashe
** Mirainaye
*** Miranaye
** Mirainesu
*** Miranesu

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Mazita eChishona
* Zita
Saheru

**Saheru** (Chiarabhu: ساحل‎ *sāḥil*, **Sahel;** "kosti, hombekombe") irhewumu reupangahwewa (*ecoclimatic*) ne rutaramhenyuchisi (*biogeographic*) yetransisheni muAfurika iri pakati peSahara kumaodzanyemba uye Savhana yeSudhani kuchamhembe . Ine hwewa hwe umhari (*semi-arid*), inotandamuka kuchingamira rumbariro rwe chamhembe-pakati che Maodzanyemba eAfurika pakati pe Gungwa re Atlandiki ne Bhahari Dzvuku.

Saheru chikamu cheAfurika chinosanganisa madokero ne mabvazuva ekumaodzanyemba eSenegaru, kuchamhembe cheMoritaniya, pakati peMaari, kumaodzanyemba eBhurukina Faso, uye kuchamhembe chaikoiko kweArujeriya ne Nayizhe, uye kumaodzanyemba chaikoiko kweNaijeriya, kumaodzanyemba chaikoiko kweKameruni uye Rudhende rwePakati peAfurika, pakati peChadhi, pakati ne kuchamhembe kweSudhani, kuchamhembe chaikoiko kweSudhani Chamhembe, Eriteriya ne kumaodzanyemba chaikoiko kwe Itopiya. 

Nenhoroondo, madokero eSaheru anowanzo danwa se ivhu reSudhani (*bilād as-sūdān* بلاد السودان "Ivhu re Sudhani"). Bhande iri rakagadzwa pakati peSahara ne nzvimbo dze hombekombe reMadokero eAfurika.

## Zita
Shoko rekuti "Saheru" rakatorwa kubva kuChiarabhu pashoko rekuti, الساحل *al-sāḥil*. *Sāḥil* zvinoreva kuti "kosti, hombekombe", rinotsanangurwa richinzi rinoreva rutivi rwekuchamhembe cheruzhinji rweSahara. Asi vamwe vanoti rakabva parimwe shoko reChiarabhu rekuti سهل *sahl* "rubaya".

## Tarachisi
Saheru rinotora 5,900 km (3,670 mi) kubva kuGungwa reAtlandiki kumadokero eBhahari Tsvuku kumabvazuva, mubhande rinosaiyana siyana kubva kuzviuru zvemakiromita (c. 600 mamairi) muhupamhi, rinofukidza ruwa re 3,053,200 maskweya kiromita (1,178,850 skw mi). 

## Mabviro eruzivo
Savhana

**Savhana** imhando ye pamhene ine miti shoma zvichienderana nehuwandu hwe mvura kana kunaya kuripo. 

Munyere hwe savhana unowanzowa kushayika kwe mvura. Yakasiyana negwenga asi nekuti pane mvura asi ingori shoma chete. Avhareji yekunaya iripakati pe 500 ne 1500 mm negore.

Savahan ine mhuka dziri *yuniki* dzinodzidza kugara munharaunda yacho.

Savhana harina mashizha kana nyama yekuvhima yakawanda.
Sahara

*<small>Peji rino rinodakuverengwa richi gadziriswa ne kuwedzerwa ne vane ruzivo.</small>*

**Sahara** (Chiarabhu: الصحراء الكبرى‎, *aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá*, 'Gwenga Huru') igwenga ririmu ziwumbe reAfurika. Rine ruwa re9,200,000 maskeya kiromita (3,600,000 skw mi), ndiro gwenga rinopisa rakakura kwzavo pasirose uye igwenga rechitatu mukukura pasirose, ridiki kumagwenga e Anthakitika ne Maodzanyemba e Akitiki. 

Zita rekuti "Sahara" rinobva kushoko reChiarabhu rekuti 'gwenga' mufomu rechikadzi, pacharo i-*ṣaḥra*' (صحراء ), pakuwanda *ṣaḥārā* (صَحَارَى ), *ṣaḥār* (صَحَار), *ṣaḥrāwāt* (صَحْارَاوَات), *ṣaḥāriy* (صَحَارِي).

Gwenga re Sahara rinosanganisa ruzhinji rwe Maodzanyemba eAfurika, kusiya rijoni rinorimika repakosti ye bhahari re Medhiteraniya, Makomo e Atlasi eMagharibhi, uye Mupata weNairi muIjipita uye Sudhani. 

Rinotambanuka kubva kuBhahari Dzvuku kumabvazuva uye Medhiteraniya kumaodzanyemba kusvika kuGungwa re Atlandiki kumadokero, uko mamiriro ezvinhu anoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mugwenga kuenda kumapani emahombekombe. Kuchamhembe, kwakasungwa neSaheru, bhande renzvimbo yakaoma senge Savhana yakatenderedza Mupata weRwizi re Nayizhe ne Chisi che Sudhani ye Afurika ye kuZasi kweSahara. Sahara inogona kukamurwa kuita matunhu akati wandei, kusanganisira kumadokero kweSahara, pakati peMakomo eAhagari (*Ahaggar*), Makomo eTibhesti, Makomo eAïr, gwenga reTénéré, uye Gwenga reRibhiya.

Pamazana ezviuru zvemazana emakore, Sahara yakashanduka pakati pegwenga nesavhana nzvimbo ye uswa mumakore 20,000 zvichikonzerwa nekutanga kwe akiso ye Rinopasi sezvo ichitenderera zuva, izvo zvinoshandura nzvimbo ye Mansoon ye Maodzanyemba eAfurika.
Tadiwa (zita)

**Tadiwa** izita rekupiwa reChishona rinobva pashoko rekuti ''kudiwa''. Zita rekuti Tadiwa rinokwanisa kupihwa kuvana vechisikana ne vechikomana, uyezve izita rinogona kushandiswa sedunhurirwa (kana zita musere) remazita aripazasi:

* Tadiwanashe (Tadiwanaishe)

* Tadiwatese

## Mamwe mazita akafanana

* Adiwa
* Madiwa
** Madiwanaishe
* Achadiwa
* Matida
** Matidaishe
* Atida
** Atidaishe
* Maida
** Maidei
* Mandida
** Mandidaishe
* Chinoda
* Chido
* Aida
** Aidaishe
* Chadiwa
** Chadiwanaishe
* Chadiwanemoyo
* Chidochemoyo

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Mazita eChishona
* Zita
Humambo hwe Ghana

*Peji rino rinoda kuwerengwa, kuwedzerwa ne kugadziriswa.*

**Wagadhou** (Chiarabhu: غانا), inowanzozivikanwa se**[[Humambo hwe Ghana]]**, yaive humambo hweMadokero eAfurika hwakavakirwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMoritaniya nekumadokero kweMaari iyo yaivepo kubva c. 100 - 300 kusvika c. 1100. Humambo hwe Ghana, dzimwe nguva hunozivikanwawo se**Awkar**, hwakatangwa nevanhu veSoninke uye hwaive muguta guru reKoumbi Saleh.

## Ruvambo
Izwi rekuti Ghana rinoreva *murwi* kana *ishe wehondo* uye raive zita rakapihwa vatongi vehumambo hwepakutanga zita reSoninke raive *Ouagadhou*. *Kaya Maghan* (ishe wegoridhe) rakanga riri rimwe zita remadzimambo aya. Maitiro eVaghana akaita kakufanana ne avo vekweMutapa waitumidza mutongi kuti "mwene mutapa" zvichireva (mumazwi anhasi) kuti *ishe we mugodhi* kana *mwene we mugodhi*.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Jomo Kenyatta

*Peji rino rinodakuwedzerwa ne kugadziriswa.*
**Jomo Kenyatta** (c. 1897 - 22 Nyamavhuvhu 1978) aive muekitivhisti we anti-colonial wekuKenya uyezve aive muporitizheni aitonga Kenya sePuraiminista wayo kubva muna 1963 kusvika 1964, uye akazova Mtungamiri wenyika kubva muna 1964 kusvika pakufa kwake muna 1978. Aive musoro wehurumende wekutanga aive wevhu uye akaita basa rakakosha mukushandurwa kweKenya kubva mukoronizesheni yeHumambo hwe Bhuritaniya kuita rudhende rwakazvimirira. Nemaonero eVadhidhizhi (*nationalist*) veAfurika uye anochengetedza, akatungamira bato reKenya African National Union (KANU) kubva muna 1961 kusvika pakufa kwake.

Zita ra Mutungamiri Kenyatta ndiro rakashandiswa pakudana nyika ye Kenya.
Keruro ye chiN'Ko

**N'Ko** (Chin'ko:ߒߞߏ‎ ) ikeruro yakagadzirwa na Solomana Kante muna 1949, senzira yekunyora mitauro yeMandin'i yekuMadokero eAfurika. Shoko rekuti *N'Ko*, zvinoreva kuti *Ndoti/Ndinoti* mumitauro yese ye chiMandin'i, rinoshandiswa wo se keruro yekunyoresa yeMandin'i mumagwaro akanyorwa ne N'Ko. 

Keruro iyi ine zvakafanana neeChiarabhu, kunyanya rudzivo hwaro (kurudyi-kuruboshwe) uye mabhii akabatana pazasi. Yakazosiyana ne Chiarabhu, nekuti mukunyora inofanhirwa kumakwa inzwi ne manzvovera. Manzwi eN'Ko anomakwa se madhiyakiriti (*diacritics*), nenzira yakafanana nekumakwa kwemamwe manzvovera muChiarabhu.

* Keruro rinobva pashoko rekuti kukerura.

## Mabhii
The N'Ko script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another.

Keruro ye chiN'Ko inonyorwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, ine mabhii akabatanidzwa kune rimwe nerimwe.

### Manzvovera

### Manzvanyira

### Manzwi
N'Ko inoshandisa mamaki edhiyakiriti 7 ekuratidza inzwi uye kureba kwenzvovera. Pamwe chete ne manzvovera asina chinhu, N'Ko inosiyanisa manzwi mana: rakakwira, rakadeerera, rinokwira, uye rinodonha; uye kureba kwe manzvovera maviri: refu uye pfupi. Zviratidzo zvisina kunyorwa zvinoratidza manzvovera mapfupi, anodzika.

### Manumeri

## Mabviro eruzivo
Chin'ko

**Chin'ko** (ߒߞߏ)  imhando yakabatana yekoiné yemitauro yakawanda yeMandin'i yakanyorwa nebumbiro remabhi eN'Ko. Inoshandiswa muGhini, Maari, Kote Dhi Vhwa, Gambiya, Bhurukina Faso uye dzimwe nyika dzekuMadokero eAfurika, paruzhinji, asi kwete mumitauro iyi chete nekuti pakutaurwa mitauro yakasiyana yeChimandin'i inoshandiswa zvakasiyana mu: Chimaninka, Chibambara, Chidhiyura (*Dyula*) uye zvimwe wo.

## Ringai zve:

* Mitauro ye kuMadokero eAfurika
*Keruro ye chiN'Ko
Tkay Maidza

**Takudzwa Victoria Rosa** "**Tkay**" **Maidza** (akazvarwa 17 Zvita 1995) muyimbi, murhepha uye munyori wenziyo weku Ostireriya akazvarwa muZimbabwe.

## Bhibhiogirafi
Takudzwa Victoria Rosa Maidza akazvarwa muHarare, Zimbabwe. Vabereki vake vaive mametarurajisti (*metallurgist*). Muna2001, mhuri yake yakatama kuOstireriya iye anemakore mashanu. Vakagara kuPerati (*[[Perth, Australia|Perth]]*) neku Karuguuri (*[[Kalgoorlie, Australia|Kalgoorlie]]*) kuMadokero eOstireriya ne muWahira (*[[Whyalla, Australia|Whyalla]])* kuOstireriya Chamhembe vasati vamuvha kuAdhiredho (*[[Adelaide, Australia|Adelaide]]*) muna 2010. Akapedza kudzidza ku St Michael's College ane makore 16 uye funda *akitekicha* kuYunivhesiti ye Ostireriya Chamhembe asati atanga kusevenza semuyimbi.

## Useza
Maidza akati anofarira basa ra Nicki Minaj, Santigold, Major Lazer na Lorde.

## Dhiskogirafi

### Ungamhanzi

* 2016 - *Tkay*

### EP

* 2014 - *Switch Tape*
* 2018 - *Last Year Was Weird (Vol. 1)*

### Nziyo pachadzo

* 2013 - *Brontosaurus*
* 2014 - *U-Huh*
* 2014 - *Switch Lanes*
* 2015 - *M.O.B.*
* 2015 - *Ghost*
* 2016 - *Carry On* (na. Killer Mike)
* 2016 - *Do It Right* (na Martin Solveig)
* 2016 - *Simulation*
* 2017 - *Glorious*
* 2017 - *Bom Bom* (na Danny L Harle)
* 2018 - *Flexin* (na. Duckwrth)
* 2018 - *White Rose*
* 2018 - *Awakw* (na. JPEGMafia)

## Mabviro eruzivo
Mufenje

Mufenje (Cussonia spicata; Cussonia spicata) rudzi rwemuti unowanikwa muZimbabwe. Muti uyu hauna gavi, une gwati rakapfava rinokwanisa kusvotoka kubva chimuti.

Mamwe mazita emuti uyu anonzi: mushondya, musheme kana mutobvi.

## Zvirevo

*Mbudzi kudya mufenje hufana nyina.

## Mitauro yeAfrika

*Kabiye vanoti fenje (adv. light without weight) kureva kureruka. Fananidzai nekureruka kwakaita mufenje?
*South Sotho vanoti motshetshe (n. Cussonia spicata kureva musheme.
*Sepedi vanoti motshetshe kana motsetse (n. Cussonia spicata kureva mufenje.
*Kihehe inoti munyonzi (n. Cussonia spicata) kureva mufenje.  

## Zvakakochekwa

*https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=142930
Ringazuva

**Ringazuva** (Nge: *sunflower, [[Chiswahili|Swa]]: alizeti*) kana **řingazuva** zita raro re sainzi i *Ruvarezuva mugore (Helianthus annuus)*, imhando ye *Ruvarezuva (Helianthus)* inorimwa kushandisirwa kugadzira mafuto. Rudzi urwu rwe ringazuva runoshandiswawo sechikafu cheshiri dzesango, sechipfuyo chekudya (sekudya kana dzinde resiraji (*silage*)), muhushangazhi umwe wekushandisa, uye sechishongo mumagadheni epamba. Chirimwa ichi chakatanga kuchengetwa muAmerika. 

## Zita
Zita reChingezi rekuti *sunflower* rinogona kubva pachimiro chemusoro weruva racho, nekuti chakafanana nezuva. Asi muChishona kuringa irimwe izwi rinoreva kuti kutarisa - sanga ringazuva zvinoreva kuti tarisa zuva, zita iri rakapuwa nekuti ringazuva rinoteveera zuva uye rinoringa kumabvazuva kana rakura risisatevere zuva.

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Ruvarezuva
Ururimi

**Ururimi** (kana "ufundo we mitauro" uye "fundamutauro"; Nge: *linguistics*) chidzidzo chesainzi chemutauro. Inosanganisira kuongororwa kwese kwese kwemutauro, pamwe chete nenzira dzekudzidza nekudzitevedzera.

Nzvimbo dzechinyakare dzekuongorora mitauro dzinosanganisira fonitiki (*unzwi*), ruambainzwi, ruambawumbwa (moforojia), sindiki (*syntax*), simandiki (*semantics*), uye pwagimatiki (*pragmatics*). Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi inoenderana nezviitiko zvinowanikwa mumitauro yevanhu: manzwi (uye jesicha (*gesture*), kana iri mitauro yemasaini), mashoma mayuniti (fenomu, mazwi, mamorufeme (*morphemes)*), mitsara nemitsara, uye zvinoreva uye kushandiswa.

### Mabazi e ururimi

* unzwi/fonitiki ndezve ruzha runoitwa nevanhu
* ruambainzwi (kana fonorojia) ndezve sistimu reruzha rwemutauro mumwe ne mumwe pachawo
* ruambawumbwa (kana moforojia) ndezve sistimu re izwi
* sindiki (*syntax*) ndezve maumbirwo emutsara
* simandiki (*semantics*) ndezve kureva (kwe chinhu)
* unenanzanga ndezve hukama huri pakati pemutauro ne nzanga.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Midzi

Midzi (roots) apa kureva chikamu chomuti chinokura pasi pevhu. Vamwe vatauri vanoti runzinde kana nzinde.

## Mitauro yeAfrika

*Kabiye vanoti hoka kana **woka** (n. small root of a plant, vessel).
*Luganda vanoti omulandira (n. Root) kureva mudzi.
Utare (tsauranisa chirevo)

**Utare**, **utare** kana **UTARE** izwi re Chishona uye izita resimbi inonzi 'iron' kuChingezi.

Izwi iri rinogona kushandiswa sezvakanyorwa pazasi.

## Zita

### Vanhu

* Utare izita remhuri rinowanikwa muZimbabwe.

### Nzvimbo

* Mutare (guta ye muZimbabwe, yakatumidzwa nekuda kwekuti nzvimbo yaicho yaivanikwa utare)

### Nhangande

* Utare (isimbi inonzi 'iron' kuChingezi)

## Mitauro ye Chibhandtu

* Butare (iguta rekuRwanda - Vutare muChikaranga - Vutare izita remhuri futi rinowanikwa kuKenya ne Zimbabwe) - Butare yakadanwa nekuda kwekuti nzvimbo yacho yaiwanikwa *utare*.
Mutauro wekuumba

**Mutauro wekuumba** (ku Chingezi: *constructed language; conlang*) kana **umbamutauro** mutauro une ruambainzwi, girama, uye mazwi, pachinzvimbo chekusikwa sechizvarirwo, chinoumbwa nehungwaru kana kugadzirwa sebasa re nganonyorwa (kana fikishini). Mitauro yakaumbwa inogona zvakare kutaurwa se**mitauro yekunyepedzera**, **mitauro yakarongwa** kana **mitauro yakasikwa** uye mune dzimwe nguva, mitauro ye runganonyorwa.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Ruambainzwi

**Ruambainzwi** (ku Chingezi: phonology) kana **unenainzwi** ibazi reururimi inodzidza kuti mitauro kana matauriro anoronga sei manzwi avo (kana zvinoumba zvikamu zvezviratidzo, mumitauro yemasaini). Shoko racho rinorevawo manzwi kana kuti masaini emhando ipi neipi yemutauro. Pane imwe nguva, kudzidza kwephonology kwakabatana chete nekudzidza kwemaitiro emafoni mumitauro inotaurwa. Zvino zvinogona kuenderana ne:(a) chero ongororo ye ururimi ingave padanho riri pasi peshoko (kusanganisira *[[siribho]]* (*syllable*), *[[chitango]]* (*onset*) uye ''rhaimu'' (*rime)*, ''majesta'' (*gestures*) ekutaura, zvimiro zvekutaura, ''mora'', nezvimwe wo), kana

(b) zvikamu zvose zvemutauro apo ruzha kana zviratidzo zvakarongwa kuti zvibudise zvinoreva ururimi.Mitauro yemasaini ine mataurirwo emutauro akaenzana nemanzwi emitauro inotaurwa. Mabhuroko ekuvaka ezviratidzo ndiwo mafambisirwo ekufamba, nzvimbo uye chimiro chemaoko.

## Unenashoko
*Tarisai futi peji re [[unenashoko]] (teminorojia)*

Izwi rekuti 'ruambainzwi' (kana kutora neno re Chingezi rekuti 'fonorojia' rinogona kuturikwa pamusoro pe 'sistimu re ruambainzwi' (ruzha kana sistimu ye chiratidzo) ye chero mutauro.  Iyi ndiyo imwe yemaitiro akakosha ayo mutauro unofungidzirwa kuti unoumbwa, senge sindiksi (*syntax*) yawo, unenawumbwa (kana *moforojia*) yawo uye mashoko ayo.

## Unenaruvambo
Tarisai futi peji re unenaruvambo (*etymology*)

## Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa

* Mutauro
* Inzwi
* Ururimi

## Mabviro eruzivo
Zera re Utare

**Zera re Utare** (kureva *iron age; age of iron*) kana **Kati ye Utare**, chinhambo chekupedzisira chemugovano we zera-tatu musurekwenhoroondo ne chimodzanhoroondo che vanhu. Yakateverwa ne Zera re Dombo (Ruparyoliti, Rumesoliti, Runeyoliti, uye Rukaryukoti) uye ne Zera re Ndarira. Zanodzamu iri rakanyanya kushandiswa kuZera reUtare rekuYuropu ne Mabvazuva ePedyo eKare, asi zvakare, nekuenzanisa, nekudzimwe nzvimbo dzeNyika Yekare.
Udorongodzwa hwe nyika dze Afurika ne huwandu hwe Vanhu

Chikamu chino ndeche **udorongodzwa hwe nyika dze Afurika ne materitori ari dhipendendi akarongwa ne hugari hwe vanhu**, iyo inorongwa neyakajairwa fungidziro yehuwandu kubva kune ichangoburwa senazi (*census*) kana data yedemographic. Afurika inoramba iri imwe yenzvimbo dziri kukurumidza kukura pasi rose. 60% ye Afurika ine makore 25 kana pasi.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Vandengereko

**Vandengereko** kana **Wandengereko** iboka remadzinza nemitauro inobva kuCoast Region, Tanzania. Muna 2000 huwandu hwevanhu vekwaNdengereko hwaifungidzirwa kuva 110,000.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Pamberi pa Kristo

**Pamberi pe kuzvarwa kwa Jeso Kristo** (pachipfupi **PK**; Nge: before Christ; BC) ndeimwe nzira yekutaura kuenda kwemakore.

MuChingezi makore aya anodanwa achinzi BC.

Chiverengero ichi chave nzira yekuverenga makore anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasirose nhasi.

Gore roga roga rinoverengwa kubva parinofungidzirwa kuva gore rokuzvarwa kwa Jeso Kristo . Makore akatevera kuberekwa kwake anodudzwa mukuwedzera kuna Mushure ma Kristo kana kuti: AD.

Kune nhoroondo yekuverenga uku ona: Nhoroondo yeChiverengo "Pamberi / Mushure ma Kristo"

## Zita
Kuti Pamberi pa Kristo (PK) zvinoreva wo kuti  *Before Christ* (BC) kuvaye vanoshandisa makore eChikristu, asi pakusanganisa vanhu vese vamwe vanoti wo Pamberi peZera riNjee (pachipfupi PZN; kureva *Before Common Era (BCE)*) vachitauro iyo nguva ye Pamberi pa Kristo.
Chitai

**Chitai** (mu Chitai: ภาษาไทย) kana **Chisiyamu** munhoroondo, mutauro weChitai uri mumhuri yemutauro weTai-Kadhai unotaurwa nevanhu veTai yePakati uye ruzhinji rweTai-Chayina. Ndiwo wega mutauro wepamutemo weVutai (kana Tairendi).

Tai ndiwo mutauro unonyanyotaurwa pamitauro 60 inotaurwa muVutai nenhamba yevatauri veko uye vatauri vese. Inopfuura hafu yemazwi ayo anotorwa kubva kana kukweretwa kubva kuPali, Sanskrit, Mon uye chiKhmer cheKare. Mutauro we tonal uye wekuongorora, wakafanana ne Chichayina ne Chivhiyetinamu.

## Ruambainzwi

### Zvinz
on (1993:25)

Mavhawero ega ega aripo mumapatya mapfupi-akareba: aya mafonemesi akasiyana anoumba mazwi asina hukama muchiThai, asi kazhinji anoturikirwa zvakafanana: เขา (khao) zvinoreva "iye" kana "iye", ukuwo ขาว (khao) zvinoreva "chena".

Iwo marefu-pfupi mapeya ndeaya anotevera:

Kune zvakare kuvhura nekuvhara diphthong muThai, iyo Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993) vanoongorora sepazasi /Vj/ uye /Vw/. Nechinangwa chekutarisa toni, izvo zvakamisikidzwa neasterisk dzimwe nguva zvinorongwa kureba:

Uyezve, kune matatu matatu matatu matatu. Nechinangwa chekutarisa toni, izvo zvakamisikidzwa neasterisk dzimwe nguva zvinorongwa kureba:

### Manzwi
Pane manzwi mashanu efonemic: pakati, pasi, kudonha, kumusoro, uye kusimuka, dzimwe nguva kunotaurwa mumabhuku ekare erectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, uye demissus, zvichiteerana.[14] Tafura inoratidza muenzaniso wezvose zviri zviviri toni dzefoniki nekuziva kwavo fonetiki, muIPA.

Zvinembo:

# Kukosha kwetoni yemazinga mashanu: Pakati [33], Pazasi [21], Kudonha [43], Kumusoro [44], Kusimuka [323]. Nechinyakare, toni yakakwirira yakanyorwa senge [44] kana [45]. Izvi zvinoramba zviri chokwadi kuchizvarwa chekare, asi inzwi repamusoro riri kuchinja kusvika [334] pakati pevaduku
# Nezve diachronic shanduko yetoni kukosha, ndapota ona Pittayaporn (2007).
# Mazwi akazara ematoni anongowanikwa mune anodaidzwa kuti "masyllables mhenyu", ayo anopera nevhawero refu kana sonorant (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/).
# Kune "masyllables akafa", ayo anoguma ne plosive (/p/, /t/, /k/) kana muvhawero pfupi, misiyano mitatu yetoni inogoneka: yakaderera, yakakwirira, uye inodonha. Nemhaka yokuti masirabhi akaongororwa seanoguma nevhawero pfupi angave ane glottal stop yekupedzisira (kunyanya mukutaura kunononoka), ose "masyllables akafa" anotariswa nefonetiki, uye ane kuderedzwa kwetoni inventory yemavara akaongororwa.

#### Masiribho asina kuchekwa

#### Masiribho akachekwa

Mune mamwe mazwi echikwereti echiRungu, masirabhi akavharika ane mavhawero marefu anopera nezwi risinganzwisisike, ane inzwi repamusoro, uye masirabhuri akavharika ane mavhawero mapfupi anoguma nezwi rakabvongodza ane inzwi rekudonha.

1 May be /báːs.kêt.bɔ̄l/ in educated speech.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Chindengereko

**Chindengereko** (kana Chifiji uye Chiihi) **rufiji** mutauro weBhandtu wekumakomo eMatumbi, pedyo neKibiti, uye pedyo neMchukivi neBungu, Tanzania.

## Mazita eMiti

*Rufiji inoti Mfuma (n. Bombax rhodognaphalon var. tomentosum).
*Rufiji inoti Mjembajemba (n. Antidesma venosum).
*Rufiji inoti Mkonge (n. Pyrostria bibracteata).
*Rufiji inoti Mkuku (n. Ficus sur).
*Rufiji inoti Mnanga (n. Carpodiptera africana).
*Rufiji inoti Msada (n. Vangueria infausta subsp. rotundata).
*Rufiji inoti Msarabo (n. Syzygium guineense).
*Rufiji inoti Mshiri (n. Grewia goetzeana).
*Rufiji inoti Msisingololo (n. Trilepisium madagascariense).
*Rufiji inoti Mtandi (n. Kigelia africana).
*Rufiji inoti Mtawa (n. Flacourtia indica).
*Rufiji inoti Mtopetope (n. Annona senegalensis).
Mushure ma Kristo

**Mushure me kuzvarwa kwa Yesu Kristo** (pakapfupi: MK; Nge.: *after christ's birth (kana AD*) inzira yekureva makore akave nzira yekuverenga makore anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasirose. 

Gore roga roga rinoverengwa kubva parinofungidzirwa kuva gore rokuzvarwa kwa Yesu Kristo. Makore anotungamira kusvika pakuzvarwa kwaYesu anodaidzwa kuti Pamberi pe kuzvarwa kwa Yesu Kristo kana kungoti: BC 

## Nhoroondo ye arithmetic "Pamberi / Mushure ma Kristo"
Kodhekisi iyi yakatangwa muna 527 AD ne mumongi Dionysius Exiguus muRoma.

Panguva iyoyo kuverenga kwezera kwakasiyana-siyana kwakanga kwakajairika. Gore rimwe chetero rinogona kudanwa kubva panguva yekutonga kwaMambo kana Kesari (semuenzaniso: gore rechishanu raKesari Agasto ) uye zvakare kubva pazuva rekusikwa kweguta reRoma (semuenzaniso: muna 1185 ab Urbe Condita. = kubva pakuvambwa kweguta).

Kumwe kuverenga kwaive kwakajairika panguva iyoyo kwaive fungidziro dzakasiyana "kubva pakusikwa kwenyika" zvichingodaro.

Dionysius mushure mekutsvaga akafunga kuti Jesu akazvarwa muna 754 kubva pakuvambwa kweRoma.

Kuverenga kwake haazivi gore "0"; zuva rekuzvarwa kwaJesu rinotorwa sekutanga kwegore. Saka zvinongoerekana zvapinda mu "1" gore negore risati rava gore 1 Kristu asati asvika = BC .

Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei inenge nyika yose yakakundikana kupemberera 2000 sekutanga kwemireniyumu itsva. Gore ra2000 rakanga riri gore rokupedzisira rezana ramakore kutanga muna 1901; Zana idzva remakore uye mireniyumu zvakatanga muna 2001.

## Tarisai futi

* Ano Dhomini
Ndira 1

**Ndira 1** kana **1 Ndira** ndiwo musi rekutanga regore mukarenda ye Giregori. Kwasara mazuva 364 kuti gore ripere (365 mumakore eku svetuka (*leap*?)). Zuva iri rinozivikanwa seZuva reGoredzva sezvo zuva richiratidza kutanga kwegore. 

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 1500 – Muongorori we chiPutukezi Pedro Alvarez Cabral akawana mahombekombe e Bhuraziri.
* 1502 – Nzvimbo yemazuvano e Rio dhe Janeiro, Bhuraziri, inotanga kuongororwa nemaPutukezi.

### 1601 - 1900

* 1801 – Seresi, chindeya-chidiki chakakura uye chekutanga chinozivikanwa mubhandi re Asteroidhi, chakawanikwa naGiuseppe Piazzi.
* 1804 - Kutonga kweFuranzi kunopera muHaiti. Haiti inova rudhende rwevatema rwekutanga uye nyika yechipiri yakazvimirira muMaodzanyemba Amerika mushure meRubatano rweMavuso (Hyunaitedhi Stetsi).
* 1877 – Mambokadzi Victoria wekuUK akanzi Emperesi ye India.
* 1890 - Eritiriya yakabatanidzwa kuita koloni neHurumende ye Itari.
* 1899 - Kutonga kweSpeini kunopera muKyubha.
* 1900 - Naijeriya inova mumiriri weBhuritaniya naFrederick Lugard semukuru wekomisheni.

### 1901- ku ikozvino

* 1901 – Iyo kuProtectorate ye kuChamhembe che Naijeriya inovambwa mukati meEmbaya ye Bhuritaniya.
* 1901 - MaBritish makoroni eNew South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, uye Western Australia mubatanidzwa seCommonwealth yeAustralia; Edmund Barton anogadzwa kuva Mutungamiriri wekutanga.

* 1912 – Rudhende rwe Chayina rwakagadzirwa.
* 1945 - Hondo Yenyika II: Luftwaffe ye Jerumani inotanga Operation Bodenplatte, hombe, asi yakakundikana, kuyedza kubvisa simba reAllied mhepo kuchamhembe kwe Yuropu nekurova kamwe chete.
* 1947 - Hondo Yekutonhora: Nzvimbo dzekuAmerika neBhuritaniya dzinogara muRubatano-rwakagarwa Jerumani, mushure meHondo Yenyika II, dzinosangana kuita Bhaizoni, iyo yakazotevera (nenzvimbo ye Furanzi) yakava chikamu cheMadokero e Jerumani.
* 1956 - Sudhani inowana rusununguko kubva kuIjipita neRubatano rweUmambo.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Karenda

**Karenda** kana **kalenda** hurongwa hwekuronga misi/mazuva. Izvi zvinoitwa nekupa mazita kunhambo dzenguva, kazhinji mazuva, mavhiki, mwedzi nemakore. Zuva ndiko kudoma kwezuva rimwechete, rakanangana nehurongwa hwakadaro. Karenda zvakare rhekhodhi remuviri (kazhinji bepa) yehurongwa hwakadaro. Karenda inogonawo kureva rondedzero yezviitiko zvakarongwa, sekarenda redare kana kuti chikamu kana zvizere rondedzero yezvinyorwa, sekarenda yezvido.

Nguva dziri mukarenda (dzakadai semakore nemwedzi) dzinowanzoitwa, kunyange zvazvo zvisiri hazvo hazvo, dzichienderana nokutenderera kwezuva kana kuti mwedzi. Rudzi rwakajairika rwekarenda yemazuva ano yaive kalendari ye *lunisolar*, karendari yemwedzi iyo nguva nenguva inowedzera mwedzi umwe wepakati kuti urambe uchienderana negore rezuva pamusoro penguva refu.

## Mhando dze makarenda
**[[Karenda ye Chivanhu|Karenda ye chiShona]]**

#### Misi

#### Mwedzi
Ndira 2

**Ndira 2** musi we mbiri we gore pakarenda ya Gregori; pane misi 363 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (364 mugore re mucharikwa).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 69 - Mauto eRoma muGermania Superior anoramba kupika kuvimbika kuGalba. Vanopandukira uye vanozivisa Vitellius samambo.
* 366 - Alemanni vanoyambuka Rhine yakaomeswa nechando muhuwandu, vachirwisa Hushe hweRoma.
* 533 - Mercurius anova Pope John II, papa wekutanga kutora zita idzva pakukwidzwa kwehupapa.
* 1492 - Reconquista: Iyo Emirate yeGranada, iyo yekupedzisira nhare yeMoor muSpeini, inozvipira

### 1901 - kuikozvino

* 1941 - Hondo Yenyika II: Cardiff Blitz inokuvadza zvakanyanya kathedhi muCardiff, Wales.
* 1942 - Hondo Yenyika II: Manila inotorwa nemauto eJapan, zvichiita kuti vadzore Philippines.
* 1949 - Luis Muñoz Marín anogadzwa seGavhuna wekutanga akasarudzwa zvine gutsaruzhinji wePuerto Rico.
* 1963 - Hondo yeVietnam: Iyo Viet Cong inohwina kukunda kwayo kukuru kwekutanga, kuHondo yeAp Bac.
* 1978 - Pakuraira kweMutungamiriri wePakistan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, mauto emauto akapfutidza pfuti kuvashandi vairatidzira murunyararo muMultan, Pakistan; inozivikanwa sekuuraiwa kwa1978 paMultan Colony Textile Mills.
* 1991 - Sharon Pratt Kelly anova meya wechikadzi wekutanga wemuAfrica weguta guru uye mukadzi wekutanga Meya weDunhu reColumbia.
* 1993 - Sri Lankan Civil War: Hondo yeSri Lankan Navy inouraya vanhu 35-100 paJaffna Lagoon.

## Kuzvarwa

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 869 – Yōzei, mambo weJapan (d. 949)[34]

### 1601 - 1900

* 1642 – Mehmed IV, sultan weOttoman (d. 1693)
* 1699 - Osman III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1757)
* 1900 - Una Ledingham, chiremba wekuBritain, anozivikanwa nekutsvakurudza nezvechirwere cheshuga panguva yekuzvitakura (d. 1965)

### 1901 - kuikozvino

* 1903 - Kane Tanaka, mukuru wechiJapan ane makore zana, munhu mukuru akavimbiswa kurarama
* 1965 - Francois Pienaar, mutambi werugby wekuSouth Africa
* 1971 -  Taye Diggs akita wekuAmerika.
* 1993 - Bryson Tiller, musezi wekuAmerika

## Rufu

### Shure kwe ma-1600

* 951 - Liu Chengyou, Emperor Yin weLater Han
* 951 - Su Fengji, mukuru weChinese uye mutungamiriri

### 1601 - 1900

* 1613 – Salima Sultan Begum, Mukadzikadzi weHumambo hweMughal (b. 1539)

* 1861 – Frederick William IV of Prussia (b. 1795)

## Mabviro eruzivo
Ndira 3

**Ndira 3** izuva rechitatu regore pakarenda yaGregori; Mazuva 362 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (363 in leap years).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 69 - Mauto eRoma paRhine anoramba kuzivisa kuvimbika kwavo kuGalba, asi achizivisa mumiriri wavo, Aulus Vitellius, samambo.
* 250 - Emperor Decius anoraira munhu wese muhushe hweRoma (kunze kwemaJuda) kuti ape zvibayiro kuna vamwari veRoma.
* 1521 - Pope Leo X anodzinga Martin Luther mugwaro rapapa Decet Romanum Pontificem.

### 1601 - 1900

* 1815 - Austria, United Kingdom, neFrance vanoumba mubatanidzwa wakavanzika wekudzivirira kurwisa Prussia neRussia.
* 1848 - Joseph Jenkins Roberts anotoreswa mhiko semutungamiri wekutanga weLiberia.
* 1861 - Hondo yeVanhu veAmerica: Delaware inovhota kuti isazvitsaure kubva kuUnited States.
* 1868 - Kudzoreredzwa kweMeiji muJapan: Iyo Tokugawa shogunate yakabviswa; vamiririri veSatsuma neChōshū vanotora simba.
* 1871 - MuHondo yeBapaume, kubatanidzwa muHondo yeFranco-Prussian, mauto aGeneral Louis Faidherbe anounza kudzoka kwePrussia.
* 1885 - Hondo yeSino-French: Kutanga kweHondo yeNúi Bop

## Mabviro eruzivo
Ndira 4

**Ndira 4** izuva rechina regore pakarenda yaGregori; Mazuva 361 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (362 in leap years).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 46 BC - Julius Caesar anorwa naTitus Labienus muHondo yeRuspina.
* 871 - Hondo Yekuverenga: Æthelred weWessex nemukoma wake Alfred vanokundwa neuto reDanish rinopinda nechisimba.

### 1601 - 1900

* 1885 - Hondo yeSino-French: Mauto eFrance ari pasi peGeneral Oscar de Négrier anokunda uto reQing repamusoro paNúi Bop kuchamhembe kweVietnam.

### 1901 - kuikozvino

* 1903 - Topsy, nzou, inobatwa nemagetsi nevaridzi veLuna Park, Coney Island. Kambani yefirimu yeEdison inorekodha firimu reElectrocuting an Elephant of Topsy's death. 
* 1918 - Chiziviso cheFinnish chekuzvitonga chinocherechedzwa neRussia, Sweden, Germany neFrance.
* 1944 - Hondo Yenyika II: Operation Carpetbagger, inosanganisira kudonhedzwa kwezvombo uye zvekushandisa kune vanopikisa varwi muEurope, inotanga.
* 1948 - Burma inowana rusununguko kubva kuUnited Kingdom ichiva nyika yakazvimirira, yakatumidza Union of Burma, iina Sao Shwe Thaik seMutungamiriri wayo wekutanga uye U Nu Mutungamiriri wayo wekutanga.
* 1951 - Hondo yeKorea: Mauto eChinese neNorth Korea anotora Seoul.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Ndira 5

**Ndira 5** musi we chishanu regore paKarenda ya Gregori; Misi/mazuva 360 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (361 mu makore ekusvetuka).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600
* 1477 - Hondo ya Nancy: Charles the Bold anokundwa uye akaurayiwa mukukonana naRené II, Duke we Lorraine; Bhurugundi (Burgundy) inozova chikamu cheFuranzi.

### 1601 - 1900

* 1675 - Hondo ye Colmar: Mauto eFuranzi anokunda Bhurandenibhegi (Brandenburg).
* 1757 - Louis XV weFuranzi anopona pakuedza kuuraya naRobert-François Damiens, munhu wekupedzisira kuurayiwa muFuranzi nekudhirowa uye kupatsanura, nzira yechinyakare uye inotyisa yekuranga rufu inoshandiswa pakuzviuraya.

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

## Vakazvarwa

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 1209 - Richard, 1st Earl we Cornwall, muchinda weChingezi, Mambo we Jerumani (d. 1272)
* 1530 – Gaspar de Bono, mumongi we Order of the Minims (d. 1571)
* 1548 - Francisco Suárez, muprista we chiSpanishi, muzivi, uye nyanzvi yezvechitendero (d. 1617)
* 1587 - Xu Xiake, geographer wechichayina uye muongorori (d. 1641)
* 1592 – Shah Jahan, Mambo Mughal  (d. 1666)

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

* 1996 - Tino Kadewere Harare, Zimbabwe | munhabvi we ruwadzano (*association*)

## Vakafa

## Mabviro eruzivo
Karenda ya Gregori

**Karenda ya Gregori** ndiyo karenda inoshandiswa munyika zhinji. Yakatangwa muna Gumiguru 1582 na Pope Gregory XIII sechigadziriso chidiki cheKarenda ya Juriyasi, zvichideredza avhareji yegore kubva pamazuva 365.25 kuenda pamazuva 365.2425, uye kugadzirisa kudonha kwe 'tropical' kana 'solar' gore izvo zvisiri izvo zvakakonzera mukati memazana emakore akatevera.

## Tsananguro yayo
Ndira 6

**Ndira 6** izuva rechitanhatu regore pa Karenda ya Gregori; Mazuva 359 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (360 mumakore e kusvetuka).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 1066 - Kutevera kufa kwaEdward the Confessor pazuva rakapfuura, Witan anosangana kuti asimbise Harold Godwinson saMambo mutsva weVungezi (*England*); Harold anopfekedzwa korona zuva rimwe chetero, kuchimutsa dambudziko rinotevera iro pakupedzisira richatungamirira kukukundwa kwaNorman kweVungezi.

## Vakazvarwa

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

* 1986 - Costa Nhamoinesu Harare, Zimbabwe | munhabvi

## Mabviro eruzivo
Ndira 7

**Ndira 7** izuva rechinomwe regore paKarenda ya Gregori; Mazuva 358 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (359 mumakore ekusvetuka).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 49 PK -Seneti we Roma inoti Kesari achanzi muvengi weveruzhinji kunze kwekunge aparadza mauto ake. Izvi zvinokurudzira mauto anomufungidzira kuti atizire kuRavenna, uko Kesari akamirira.
* 1325 – Alfonso IV anova Mambo wePutukezi.
* 1558 - Mauto eFrance, achitungamirirwa naFrancis, Duke weGuise, anotora Calais, nzvimbo yekupedzisira ye Vungezi (*England*).

### 1601 - 1900

* 1608 - Moto unoparadza Jamestown, Virginia. 
* 1610 - Galileo Galilei anoita kucherechedza kwake kwekutanga kwemwedzi mina yekuGarireya: Ganymede, Callisto, Io neEuropa, kunyangwe asingakwanise kusiyanisa miviri yekupedzisira kusvika zuva rinotevera.

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

* 1904 - Chiratidzo chekutambudzika "CQD" chinotangwa kuti chingotsiviwa makore maviri gare gare ne "SOS".
* 1919 - Varwi vemagandanga veMontenegrin vanopandukira kutorwa kweMontenegro neSerbia kwakarongwa, asi vakakundikana.

## Vakazvarwa

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

* 1986 - Onismor Bhasera, Mutare, Zimbabwe | munhabvi
Ndira 8

**Ndira 8** izuva rechisere regore paKarenda ya Gregori; Mazuva 357 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (358 mumakore ekusvetuka).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 307 – Jin Huaidi anova mambo weChayina achitevedzana kuna baba vake, Jin Huidi, pasinei nedambudziko rakabva kuna babamunini vake, Sima Ying.

### 1601 - 1900

* 1806 - Koroni yeVadhachi yekuKhepi  kuchamhembe cheAfurika inova Koroni yeKhepi yeBhuritania semugumisiro weHondo yeBlaauwberg.

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

* 1912 - African National Congress yakavambwa, pasi pezita rekuti Kongiresi yeDhidhizha revaNetivhi veAfurika Chamhembe (KDNAC) (South African Native National Congress (SANNC).
* 1926 - Muchinda Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuỵ akagadzwa kuva mambo weVhiyetinamu, mambo wekupedzisira wenyika.

* 1961 - MuFrance referendamu inotsigira mitemo yaCharles de Gaulle muArujeriya.

## Vakazvarwa

* 1556 - St. Joseph weLeonesa, OFMCap. , mupristi uye mumishinari anobva kuItari
* 1867 - Emily Balch, akahwina mubairo weNobel Peace Prize muna 1946

## Vakafa

* 1198 - Pope Celestino III
* 1324 - Marco Polo , muongorori kubva kuItaly
* 1642 - Galileo Galilei , nyanzvi yenyeredzi kubva kuItari
* 1997 - Melvin Calvin, akahwina mubairo weNobel muChemistry muna 1961.
* 2002 - Aleksander Prokhorov, akahwina mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1964.

## Mabviro eruzivo
Chidhau

**Chidhau** izita remhuri rinowanikwa muZimbabwe. 

*Vanhu vane zita iri: Tonderai Chidhau; Takudzwa Chidhau; Memory Chidhau; Fungai Chidhau.

## Mitauro yeAfrika

Pano panyorwa mazwi ari pedyo nezita iri kune mimwe mitauro yeAfrica, asi zvinoreva zita zvigona kusiyana zvachose nemazwi ari pasi aya. Chinangwa ndechekutsvaga zvinoreva mazita, zvikurusei kana mazita aya asisiri kutaurwa mumutauro wemazuva ano.

*VaDigo vanoti **dau** (boat, canoe) vachireva bwato. VaGiryama vanoti **kidau** (boat, canoe)  vachireva bwato.
Ndira 9

**Ndira 9** musi we chipfumbamwe wegore pakarenda ya Gregori; Mazuva 356 asara kusvika pakupera kwegore (357 mumakore ekusvetuka).

## Zviitiko

### Shure kwe ma1600

* 681 - Gumi nembiri Kanzuru yeToledo: Mambo Erwig weVisigoths anotanga dare raanoshandisa matanho akasiyana-siyana achipokana nemaJudha muSpeini
* 1127 - Hondo dzeJin-Rwiyo: Vanopinda nemauto eJurchen kubva kudzinza reJin vakakomba nekubvisa Bianjing (Kaifeng), guta guru reRwiyo rwedzinza reChayina, uye nechisimba Empara Qinzong weRwiyo nevamwe, vachigumisa dzinza reNorth Song.
* 1349 - Huwandu hwemaJudha muBhaseri (*Basel*), hunotendwa nevagari kuti ndiyo honzeri yeBlack Death inoenderera mberi, inounganidzwa nekupiswa.
* 1431 - Kutongwa kwaJoan weArc kunotanga muRouen.

### 1601 - 1900

* 1760 - Ahmad Shah Durrani anokunda Marathas muHondo yeBarari Ghat.
* 1787 - Mufananidzo unozivikanwa munyika yose weMunazarini Mutema muFiripina wakatamiswa kubva kune yava kunzi Rizal Park kuenda kunzvimbo yazvino uno muchechi diki ye Kereke yeQuiapo. Izvi zvinorangarirwa gore negore kuburikidza neTraslación (kuendeswa kwakasimba) mumigwagwa yeManila uye inopindwa nemamiriyoni evakazvipira

### 1901 - ku ikozvino

* 1917 - Hondo Yenyika I: Hondo yeRafa inorwiwa pedyo nemuganhu we Ijipita ne Parastini.
* 1957 - Mutungamiriri weBhuritaniya Sinyoro Anthony Eden vanosiya chigaro zvichitevera kutadza kwavo kutora Muronga we Suwaisi kubva muhutongi hweIjipita.
* 1960 - Mutungamiri weIjipita Gamal Abdel Nasser anovhura kuvaka paAswan Dam nekuputika matani gumi edhamu kuti aparadze matani makumi maviri egranite kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweNairi.
* 2004 - Chikepe chinoputika chakatakura vanhu vekuArubhaniya zvisiri pamutemo zviteshi pedyo neMugimbakirwa we Karabhuruni munzira kuenda kuBrindisi, Itari; kutarisana nemamiriro ekunze kunouraya 28. Iyi injodzi yechipiri yakaipisisa munhoroondo ye Arubhaniya.

## Vakazvarwa

* 1967 - Gary Teichmann, Gweru, Zimbabwe | Mutambi weMubatanidzwa weRagibhi

## Vakafa