Joram Mariga

**Joram Mariga** akadanwa (uye akazvitenda kuti ndiye) "Baba veZimbabwean Sculpture" nekuda kwesimba rake munharaunda yevanyanzvi veko kutanga kuma1950 uye kuenderera kusvika pakufa kwake muna 2000. Chivezwa chaaive chikamu chayo chinowanzonzi "chivezwa cheShona", kunyangwe vamwe venhengo dzayo dzinozivikanwa vasiri vaShona .

Joram Mariga akafa muna Zvita 2000 achangosvika kuChipatara che bonda mission, zvichitevera tsaona yemotokari. 

## Upenyu hwepakutanga uye dzidzo
Akazvarwa pedyo neChinhoyi, (yaimbonzi Sinoia) muna 1927 yainzi Southern Rhodesia, Joram Mariga aiva muShona uye aitaura Zezuru, mutauro weko. Akanga ari mwanakomana wesangoma, uye vabereki vake vose vaiva nounyanzvi. Baba vake nevanin'ina vake (Mhangura naDouglas) vaive nyanzvi dzekuveza, amai vake vachigadzira hari . Vose vakatengesa basa ravo kunhengo dzenzanga.  Ane makore masere kana kuti mapfumbamwe, akatanga kuveza matanda, uye kuchikoro akakumbanira makirasi okugadzira matanda. Semufudzi, nyaya yake yekutanga yaive yemombe. Joram akapinda chikoro chesekondari kuGoromonzi akadzidza paWaddilove Institute. Akaita zvidzidzo zvekurima uye akashandirwa neAgritex .  Basa rake semuvezi mumatombo rakatanga muna 1957 apo akawana matombo esipo yegirini Inyanga (Mwedzi) aitsvagwa kwenguva refu achitungamirira vashandi vekugadzira migwagwa kumabvazuva kweRhodesia. Asingazivi kukosha kwekuwana kwake, akatanga kuishandisa kugadzira midziyo nenhamba duku.  Akatangawo kudzidzisa nhengo dzevashandi vake vanogadzira migwagwa kuveza dombo racho vachishandisa maturusi ekuveza.

## Kuvandudzwa kwechivezwa chematombo emuZimbabwe
Pakati peZimbabwe pane nzvimbo inonzi " Great Dyke " - kunobva matombo enyoka emhando dzakawanda kusanganisira yakaoma yakasiyana-siyana inonzi springstone . Chimiro chevaShona chisati chatanga ukoloni ndicho chakagara nzvimbo yakakwirira makore akapoteredza 900 AD uye " Great Zimbabwe ", iyo yakatanga kubva muna 1250-1450 AD, raiva guta rakakomberedzwa nematombo richiratidza humbowo muzvinyorwa zvaro zvekushanda kwematombo nounyanzvi. Madziro acho akanga akagadzirwa negranite yomunzvimbomo uye hapana dhaka rakashandiswa pakuvaka kwawo. Pazvakacherwa, shiri nhanhatu dzemasipo nendiro yesipo zvakawanikwa nechekumabvazuva kwechiyeuchidzo, saka mafomu ekugadzira sipo aive chikamu chetsika iyoyo yekare. Zvisinei, kuveza kwematombo seunyanzvi kwakanga kusina mutsara wakananga kusvika nhasi uye yaingova muna 1954 kuti kuvandudzwa kwayo kwemazuva ano kwakatanga. Panguva iyi Frank McEwen akava chipangamazano kuRhodes National Gallery itsva ichavakwa muguta reHarare uye kubva muna 1955 kusvika 1973 ndiye aiva mutungamiriri wayo (yakavhurwa muna 1957). The Gallery yanga ichida kuunza mifananidzo isiri yeAfrica kuHarare asi McEwen paakagadzira Workshop School kuti akurudzire basa idzva rekupenda nekuveza, nzanga yenzvimbo yevaimbi vakawanazve matarenda akavanzika ekuveza matombo. Joram akaziviswa naMcEwen uye pasina nguva vakanga vava kugara vachionana: Mariga akaratidzira paGallery zvakanyanya kubva muna 1962 asi aigara ega achishanda ega panguva yake yaaive akasununguka uye gare gare ku imbayekushandira yake yaiva  kuGreendale, Harare.

Gare gare, McEwen aizomurangarira saizvozvo:Kuwedzera kwezvivezwa kwakakura mumakore 34 chete. Kupa muenzaniso wechokwadi, pakati pevamwe vaisvika vachibva kumativi akasiyana enyika kwakauya Joram Mariga. Akanga asiri wekutanga kuuya kumusangano, asi mumwe wezvakanakisisa. . . Akandivigira chirongo chiduku chomukaka chakavezwa mudombo nyoro. Ndakaona kuti ichi chaive chigaba chemukaka chechirungu chemuRungu aida tii yake! Ndakabvunza kana aigona kugadzira musoro. Musoro wakauya, wakagadzirirwawo murungu, muchimiro chehunyanzvi hwepaairport sezvaitorwa nevashanyi. "Kana wakaita mufananidzo wemhuri yako kana madzitateguru ako?" ndakabvunza. "O, izvo zvingave zvakasiyana." Chimiro chakauya, panguva ino yepfungwa chaiyo yemuAfrica - musoro wakakurisa, chigaro chemweya, chimiro chemberi chakamira, chiso chakatarisa kukusingaperi nemaoko akaiswa zviri pamutemo uye zvibhakera. Yakanga iri pre-Columbian mune zvakasikwa, sekunge mufananidzo wemweya wakaiswa padombo waigona kugadzira mhedzisiro yakafanana zvisinei nekusiyana kwerudzi, nzvimbo uye nguva.Chirongo chemukaka uye zviviri zvezvivezwa zvematombo zvekutanga zvaJoram zvaive chikamu chezvaakapa McEwen kuBritish Museum . 

Mushure megore ra1962 Mariga akasiya kushandisa sipo yakapfava ndokutanga kushandisa matombo makuru, akaomarara enyoka aakawana paaiita basa rake. Akatangawo kushanda nematurusi matsva. Sezvo unyanzvi hwake hwakatanga, akadzidzisa vamwe vakawanda zvaakanga awana. Vamwe vaimbi ava vanosanganisira vaimbogadzira migwagwa, pamwe nevaimbi vakaita saJoseph Ndandarika avo vakatumwa kuzodzidziswa navo naMcEwen. 

Pakazosvika 1967, Joram ndiye aive mutungamiri wevavezi vemuZimbabwe, uye vekwake vakatevera kugadzira matombo matsva akaita senyoka nespringstone ayo aakatanga. Chimwe chezvivezwa zvake chakaratidzwa pachitambi cheRhodesia, chikamu chechikamu chakabudiswa musi wa12 Chikunguru 1967 kurangarira Gumi reKuvhurwa kweRhodes National Gallery. Zvimwe zvitambi museti zvine mifananidzo zvinoshanda naAuguste Rodin, Roberto Crippa naM. Tossini. Muna 1966, nzvimbo yekutanga yeTengenenge serpentine springstone yakawanikwa naCrispin Chakanyuka, aimbove mudzidzi waMariga aishandira Tom Blomefield .

1969 raive gore rakakosha kumusangano mutsva wezvivezwa, nekuti yaive nguva iyo McEwen akatora boka remabasa kuenda kuMuseum of Modern Art muNew York uye kumwewo muUSA, kuti apihwe mukurumbira. Rakanga ririwo gore iro mudzimai wake Mary (née McFadden) akatanga Vukutu, purazi rezvivezwa pedyo neInyanga, iro vaimbi vaigona kushanda. Mariga akawana nzvimbo yeMcEwens uye akavimbiswa navo kuti aizotungamira nharaunda yehunyanzvi. Mushure mekufungidzirwa kuti aigara vapanduki veZANU akaendeswa kunzvimbo iri kure, McEwen akaramba kuti Mariga ave kuVukutu ndokugadza Sylvester Mubayi semutungamiri. 

Mazita evavezi veVukutu vaizozivikanwa pasi rose akakura achisanganisira Bernard Matemera, Sylvester Mubayi, Henry Mukarobgwa, Thomas Mukarobgwa, Nicholas Mukomberanwa, Henry Munyaradzi, Joseph Ndandarika, Bernard Takawira nemukoma wake John : pamwe chete naJoram Mariga pachake vakaumba “chizvarwa chokutanga” chevavezi vatsva vechiShona. Vese vakapa basa kushoo inonzi Arte de Vukutu yakaratidzwa muna 1971 paMusée National d'Art Moderne uye muna 1972 paMusée Rodin, yakarongwa naMcEwen, aigara nekushanda muParis asati agadzwa muHarare. Mariga aive nhengo yeNational Gallery of Zimbabwe 's Board of Trustees kubva muna 1982 kusvika 1993.

Akapinda muna 1989 Pachipamwe II mutambo wakaitirwa kuMission ye Cyrene kunze kweBulawayo, Zimbabwe pamwe chete nevavezi vanosanganisira Adam Madebe, Bernard Matemera, Bill Ainslie, Voti Thebe naSokari Douglas Camp . 

Nepo vazhinji vevaimbi vakaenderera mberi nekuita mabasa akabudirira, basa raMariga rakazonetsa mushure mekuendeswa kuChipinga. Munharaunda iyi akakurumidza kupererwa nematombo, uye akawana pasina chinowanika munharaunda chekuvezera nacho. Akaora mwoyo mushure mekutengeswa kwake naMcEwens, unyanzvi hwake hwekugadzira huzhinji hunosanganisira matanda akaomeswa akagadzirirwa imba yake. Haaizotangazve kuveza matombo kusvika adzoka mukukunda mukupera kwema1980. 

## Gare gare hupenyu uye zviratidzo

Mariga akaroorwa kana. Nomudzimai wake wokutanga, Doreen, aiva nemwanasikana, Mary. Mudzimai wake wechipiri aive Philipa, amai vaOwen, Richard naRobin. Anne aive mudzimai wake wechitatu aive amai vaWalter, Daniel, Aaron naJay. Muna 1976 Joram akaroora Maud asi vakanga vasina mwana.

Sekutaura kwakaita Jonathan Zilberg, sangano rezvivezwa zvevaShona rakatanga kunonoka kuwana simba, zvimwe zvichikonzerwa nemafungiro asina kunaka muma1960 nema1970 evaEurope veko pamusoro paFrank McEwen nevavezi vaaikurudzira, mune izvo. yainge ichiri nyika yaitongwa nehurumende yevachena vashoma iyo Unilateral Declaration of Independence muna 1965 yaionekwa neUnited Nations ichinzi ine rusaruraganda. Sekureva kwa Aeneas Chigwedere, munyori wenhoroondo weZimbabwe uye wezvematongerwo enyika, panguva iyoyo pakanga paine vanhu vatema vakadzidza vashoma vemuAfrica vaiona zvakakosha pane zvaiitwa naJoram Mariga nevamwe uye havana kutenga hunyanzvi hwairatidza tsika nemagariro avo, nekuda kwekudzidziswa nevadzidzisi. kirasi yekutonga chena. Kukosha kwevanyori vega vega uye vatsigiri vavo mukukwevera sangano idzva rezvivezwa kune vateereri vepasi rose rakakurukurwa naPat Pearce (muvezi aigara kuNyanga uye akatanga kuzivisa Mariga kuna McEwen)  uye naSidney Littlefield Kasfir. . 

Mazhinji emabasa aMariga anosanganisira madingindira anobva mutsika dzevaShona, uye anosanganisira nyaya dzakatorwa kubva kune zvakasikwa. Akatenda kuti "Munhu anofanira kudzivisa chokwadi, kugadzira nzvimbo huru yehuropi uye maziso makuru, nokuti zvivezwa vanhu vanofanira kukwanisa kufunga uye kuzvionera pachavo nokusingaperi". Zvivezwa zvake zvakawanda zvakavezwa muspringstone asi Joramu akashandisawo mamwe matombo asina kujairika akadai sedombo rembada (nyoka ine green and yellow inclusions), uye lepidolite, mune lilac ruvara rwepepuru inowanikwa kwaari. Imwe yezvivezwa zve lepidolite, "Mweya weZimbabwe" (1989) wakaratidzwa paYorkshire Sculpture Park muna 1990 uye bhuku rezviratidziro  rine mifananidzo miviri  uye zvinyorwa kubva mubvunzurudzo naMariga paakashanda ipapo kubva 22–30 Chikunguru 1990. Zvinosanganisira  mufananidzo webasa rake guru "Kukurukurirana neMweya Wepasi" (1990). Muna 1989, maviri emabhuku aMariga akarumbidzwa zvikuru mumutambo weMutambo we Zimbabwe Heritage paNational Gallery, uko kwakanga kwaitikira shoo yake ega "Whispering the Gospel of Stone". Imwe yeiyi, inonzi "Calabash Man", inoratidzwa mubhuku raCelia Winter-Irving 's Stone Sculpture (ona Kuwedzera Kuverenga) iro rinewo zvimwe zvakawanda zvekuwedzera paJoramu mune yake yehunyanzvi mamiriro.

Kabhuku kanonzi “Chapungu: Culture and Legend – A Culture in Stone” kuratidzwa kuKew Gardens muna 2000 kunoratidza chivezwa chaJoram “Chief Chirodziwa” (Lepidolite, 1991) 

Kunze kwekuve muvezi, Mariga aive mudzidzisi, achiverenga pakati pevadzidzi vake John naBernard Takawira naCrispen Chakanyuka, (vazukuru vake vese), Bernard Manyadure, Kingsley Sambo, naMoses Masaya . Aizotorawo vadzidzi kubva kure kure, kazhinji pakufamba. 

Muna 2000, Mariga akapa hurukuro yakadhindwa naJonathan Zilberg, maakapa nhoroondo yehupenyu hwake nebasa. 

### Mitambo yaakaita ega huye neamwe aakaita nevamwe

* 1962 New African Talent, National Gallery of Zimbabwe
* 1963 New Art kubva kuRhodesia, Commonwealth Arts Festival, Royal Festival Hall, London
* 1972 Shona sculptures of Rhodesia, ICA Gallery, London
* 1989 Kuzevezera Vhangeri reZvivezwa, National Gallery of Zimbabwe
* 1989 Zimbabwe op de Berg, Foundation Beelden op de Berg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
* 1990 Zimbabwe Heritage (National Gallery of Zimbabwe), Auckland, New Zealand
* 1990 Contemporary Stone Carving from Zimbabwe, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, UK
* 1991 Makore Makumi Matatu Nemashanu, Chapungu Sculpture Park, Zimbabwe
* 1993 Talking Stones II, The Contemporary Fine Art Gallery Eton, Berkshire, UK
* 1994 Joram Mariga: Chiratidziro cheZvivezwa Zvichangoburwa, Bindu rematombo rinonzi Chapungu, Zimbabwe 
* 2000 Chapungu: Tsika neNgano – Tsika muMatombo, muBindu re Kew, UK
* 2001 Tengenge Art, Celia Winter-Irving, World Art Foundation, The Netherlands

## Kuwedzera kuverenga

* Winter-Irving C. "zvivezwa zvematombo muZimbabwe", Roblaw Publishers (Chikamu cheModus Publications Pvt. Ltd), 1991,  (Paperback)  (Mucheka wakasungwa)
* Winter-Irving C. “Pieces of Time: Anthology yezvinyorwa pamusoro pezvivezwa zvematombo zveZimbabwe zvakaburitswa muThe Herald and Zimbabwe Mirror 1999-2000”. Mambo Press, Zimbabwe, 2004,