Tsika dzeZimbabwe

Zimbabwe ine tsika zhinji kwazvo uye tsika idzi dzine zvitendero nemhemberero, imwe yetsika idzi ichiva Shona. Shona itsika ine ruzhinji rweZimbabwe.

## Nhoroondo yeZimbabwe seNyika
Nhaka yenyika: Kupinda munhoroondo yakapfuma yeZimbabwe

Zimbabwe, zita rinobuditsa kupenya kwenzvimbo dzinenge nyika ino, mhuka dzesango dzinoshamisa, uye hunaku hwezvidimu zvemaguta epasichigare zvichiri kurarama, inyika inenhoroondo yakadzama. Kubva kumazuva ayakanga isati yotongwa nevanhu vachena nemazuva ayo ebudiriro, kusvika kumazuva ayo ekuyedzwa nevanhu vachena pavaiva voda kutora nyika kusvikira kumazuva ekuzvitonga zvichienda mberi, nhoroondo yeZimbabwe inyaya yakakosha uye yakasenga kuzvimiririra, kusvingarira uye shanduko. Munhau ino, tichaongorora zvaimbove zvakaita chimiro chenyika yeZimbabwe, maererano nezvinotaurika zvayo zvakare uye zvinooneka zvese nekubatika zvayo zvakare, zvisinadzimiki.

Midzi yebudiriro yeZimbabwe yakatanga kare-kare, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kwesanduko yetsika nezvematongerwo enyika. Nyaya iyi inotanga nevarimi vanotaura chiBantu, avo, munguva yatakatanga kuveza simbi, vakayambuka rwizi rweLimpopo, vakakwanisa vakamanikidza  dunhu iri kuti rigamuchire nzira itsva dzekurima nadzo uye dzekuratidza unyanzvi hwesimbi (Beach, 1994). Vatami ava vakavaka hwaro hweZimbabwe yekare inova iyo yakatanga, nhaka yetsika inoratidzwa nhasi nemadziro makuru ematombo eGreat Zimbabwe, chishamiso chezvivakwa chakamira senhare yenzvimbo ine simba yehukoloni, ichibudirira pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nerimwe neregumi neshanu (Fontein, 2006) .

Great Zimbabwe, guta rinova iro rakakonzera kuti nyika iyi ive nezita rainaro, yaive nesimba rezvematongerwo nehupfumi  hwenyika raitekeshera kuchamhembe kweAfrica yose. Guta iri raive chikamu che network yakakura yekutengeserana nekuchinjana zvinhu zvaisanganisira goridhe, nyanga dzenzou, mhangura, uye simbi kune zvinhu zveumbozha kubva kure kure seChina nePersian Gulf, hunova humbowo hwekutengeserana kwekare kwaiitika pasirese(Chirikure, 2018). Matongo ayo, ayo anoramba ari pakati pezvivakwa zvikurusa zvematombo muchamhembe cheAfrica, anosanganisira humbowo hwetsika nemagariro dzaiva muZimbabwe vanhu vachena vasati vauya kuzotonga..

Kunobva: Beach, DN (1994). A Zimbabwean Past: Shona Dynastic History and Oral Traditions. Mambo Press. Kunobva: Fontein, J. (2006). Kunyarara, Kuparadza, uye Kuvharwa kuGreat Zimbabwe: Nhau dzeNharaunda dzekusvibisa uye kuparadzaniswa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 32(4), 771-794. Kunobva: Chirikure, S. (2018). Metals muSociety Yakare: Maonero epasi rose paIndigenous African Metallurgy. Springer International Publishing.

Kusvika kwevaPutukezi muzana remakore rechigumi nenhanhatu kwakaratidza kutanga kwekupindira kwedzimwe nyika muZimbabwe. Vatengesi vechiPutukezi nemamishinari echiJesuit vakapinda munyika iyi, vachitsvaga goridhe uye vatendeuki zvichiteerana, asi hazvina kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore gumi nepfumbamwe apo kurwisa kweEurope kwakakanganisa nyika iyi. Kuuya kwemudzvanyiriri aibva Britain, Cecil Rhodes, nekambani yake yeBritish South Africa kwakaunza nguva itsva, sezvo gwaro rake naMambokadzi Victoria rakapa kambani iyi hutungamiri hwakakwana uye hutongi hwehupfumi pamusoro pedunhu iri - kubva pahutongi hunozivikanwa neveGreat Zimbabwe. Palmer, 1977).

Nhaka yaRhodes yakazara nekukakavadzana, chiratidzo chenguva yemavambo ekutongwa kwenyika iyi nevanhu vachena  uye kushungurudzwa kwevana vevhu. Minda yakagovewa, hutongi hwemunharaunda hukadzikisirwa, uye varidzi venzvimbo, vanova ivo vaShona nemaNdebele vakapihwa hutongi hwejekerere nekushandiswa (Ndlovu-Gatsheni, 2009). Mitemo yekumanikidza vashandi kushanda uye kubatirwa dzimwe dzemari dzavanoshandira yakatemerwa neBritish South Africa Company yakakonzera kusagutsikana, zvikazoguma neChimurenga, kana kuti Hondo Yekutanga yeRusununguko, mhirizhonga yakakonzera budiriro yekuramba hutongi hwevapambi (Ranger, 1985).

Kunobva: Palmer, R. (1977). Kutonga kweNyika neRudzi muRhodesia. London: Heinemann. Kunobva: Ndlovu-Gatsheni, SJ (2009). Ma'Zimbabweans' Ariko Here? Trajectories yeNationalism, National Identity Formation uye Dambudziko muPostcolonial State. Peter Lang. Kunobva: Ranger, T. (1985). The Invention of Tribalism in Zimbabwe. Gweru: Mambo Press.

Nechekumberi kusvika muzana remakore rechi20, uye chido cheZimbabwe chekusununguka chakawedzera. Makore ekuma1960 nema70 aive makumi emakore ekuvhiringika, sezvo masangano eAfrican nationalist aipikisa hutongi hwemakoloni mukondinendi yese. MuRhodesia, sezvaizivikanwa neZimbabwe panguva iyoyo, masangano maviri akarwira rusununguko anoti Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) neZimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) akaronga hondo yechimurenga yakatora nguva refu ichirwisa hurumende yevachena vashoma yaitungamirirwa naIan Smith, uyo akanga asina divi rimwe chete. yakazivisa rusununguko kubva kuBritain muna 1965 mukuyedza kudzivirira hutongi hwevatema (Meredith, 2002).

Hondo yeRusununguko, kana kuti Second Chimurenga, yakarwadza uye yakatora nguva yakareba, nyika dzakavakidzana dzichipa hutsvene nerutsigiro kuzvizvarwa zveZimbabwe. Kusawirirana kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi kusvika pakanyoreranwa chibvumirano cheLancaster House Agreement muna 1979, nhaurirano iyo yakazoita kuti pave nesarudzo dzakachena uye pave neZimbabwe yakasununguka muna 1980, mutungamiri weZANU, VaRobert Mugabe, vachitora chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika (Sibanda, 2005). )

Kunobva: Meredith, M. (2002). Mavhoti Edu, Pfuti Dzedu: Robert Mugabe Nenhamo yeZimbabwe. PublicAffairs. Kunobva: Sibanda, E. (2005). The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961-87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia. Africa World Press.

Nguva yekuzvitonga kweZimbabwe yave imwe yetariro nekuoma kwezvinhu. Pakutanga, vaMugabe vakashandisa mitemo yekuyananisa, kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa, uye dzidzo, izvo zvakazoita kuti pave nekufambira mberi kukuru uye hupfumi hwenyika huri kuramba huchikwira. Zvakadaro, mumakore akatevera, hudzvanyiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakakura, kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwehupfumi kwakawedzera, uye chirongwa chakanetsana chekugadzirisa ivhu pakutanga kwemireniyamu chakakonzera zvirango zvepasi rose, hyperinflation, uye kuderera kunoshamisa kwemararamiro (Raftopoulos & Mlambo, 2009) . Zvisineyi nezvimhingamipinyi izvi, zvizvarwa zveZimbabwe zvakaratidza kushinga, kubatsira mune zvemitambo, mitambo, nedzidzo nesimba rakasimba.

Kunobva: Raftopoulos, B., & Mlambo, A. (2009). Kuva Zimbabwe. Nhoroondo kubva kuPre-colonial Period kusvika 2008. Harare: Weaver Press.

Mukupedzisa, nhoroondo yeZimbabwe ndeimwe yebudiriro huru uye matambudziko akadzama zvakaenzana. Masangano ayo ekutanga akagadzira danho rehurumende yaizotsungirira muedzo wenguva. Chiitiko chehukoloni, kunyange chichirwadza, hachina kubvisa mweya wekutsungirira wevanhu veZimbabwe. Kuzvimirira, kurwiwa zvakaomarara uye kuhwina zvakanyanya, kwave kureva kufamba mumatambudziko ekuzvitonga, kunetsana nenhaka dzekusaenzana, uye kurwisana nedzvinyiriro dzezvematongerwo enyika. Apo Zimbabwe iri kuramba ichishanduka, nhoroondo yayo inoramba iri chioni-oni umo ramangwana rayo rinoratidzwa pamwe nekuumbwa.

Zimbabwe has 16 official languages,  Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, "Koisan" (presumably Tsoa ), Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, "sign language" ( Zimbabwean sign languages ), Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, neXhosa . Ruzhinji rwevanhu vanotaura mitauro yeBantu seShona (chishona) (76%) neNdebele (18%). ChiShona chine tsika nemuromo yakawanda, iyo yakabatanidzwa mubhuku rekutanga reShona, *Feso* naSolomon Mutswairo, rakatsikiswa muna 1957. ChiRungu chinonyanya kutaurwa mumaguta, asi zvishoma mumaruwa. Dzidzo muZimbabwe inodzidziswa neChirungu, Shona neNdebele. Zvikoro zvakawanda zvekumaruwa zvepuraimari zvinodzidzisa nemutauro wechizvarwa kusvika giredhi rechitatu; ipapo, chikoro chinodzidziswa neChirungu. 

Senyika zhinji dzemuAfrica, ruzhinji rweZimbabwe rwunorarama nehusope. "Hupfu hwehupfu", kana kuti hupfu hwezviyo, sekuzivikanwa kwahunoitwa kune dzimwe nyika, hunoshandiswa kugadzira *bota*, porridge inogadzirwa nekusanganisa hupfu nemvura, kuita muto wakakora. Izvi zvinowanzorungwa nebhata kana nzungu ruomba . Bota inowanzodyiwa kwemangwanani. Cornmeal inoshandiswawo kugadzira *sadza*, rinowanzodyiwa pakudya kwemanheru, uye nevakawanda pakudya kwemasikati zvakare. Nzira yekugadzira sadza yakafanana nebhota, zvisinei mushure mokunge pfupa yave ichibika kwemaminitsi akawanda, humwe hupfu hwezviyo hunowedzerwa kuti uwedzere paste kusvikira yakasimba. Kudya uku kunowanzo kupihwa nemiriwo ( sipinachi, chou moellier, kana chitubu miriwo / collard greens ), bhinzi, uye nyama (yakabikwa, yakagochwa, yakagochwa, kana yakakangwa). Sadza rinowanzodyiwawo ne *boerewors* (soseji rinogadzirwa nenyama yemombe kana yenguruve ), huku, kana mukaka wakakora ( sour milk ), unozivikanwa se "lacto" ( *mukaka wakakora kana "amasi"* ). Mupunga nehuku ine coleslaw saladhi inowanzopihwa sechikafu chikuru. Kupedza kufunda, michato, uye kumwe kuungana kupi nokupi kwemhuri kunowanzopembererwa nokuurayiwa kwembudzi, gwai, kana kuti mombe, iyo *ichagochwa* (kana kugochwa) yemhuri yakaungana.

Sezvo Zimbabwe yaive nyika yeBritain, vakatanga kuita tsika dzechiRungu. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vazhinji vanozonwa porridge mangwanani, zvisinei ivo vachiri kuwana 10 o'clock tii (tii yemasikati). Vachadya masikati, izvo zvinogona kusara kubva husiku hwapfuura, *sadza* richangobva kubikwa, kana masangweji (izvo zvinowanzoitika mumaguta). Mushure mekudya kwemasikati, panowanzova netii ya4 o'clock (tii yemasikati), iyo inopanwa tisati tadya. Hazvishamisi kuti tii inonwiwa mushure mekudya kwemanheru.

## Art
Mabasa echivanhu muZimbabwe anosanganisira midziyo yehari, tswanda, machira, zvishongo nekuveza . Pakati pehumwe hunhu hwacho mabhasikiti akarukwa ane symmetrically uye zvituru zvakavezwa nechidimbu chehuni . Zvivezwa zveShona munguva dzazvino uno zvave musanganiswa wengano dzemuAfrica nepesvedzero dzekuEurope. Iyo inoremekedzwa zvakanyanya pasi rose uye iyo pachayo yakave nemhedzisiro pachiitiko chepasi rose chivezwa kubvira angangoita ma1980s. Dingindira rinodzokororwa muunyanzvi hwemuZimbabwe ndere kusanduka kwemunhu kuva mhuka. Cartwark, M. ine maonero ekuti, *Nhamba dzinoverengeka dzematombo ane sipo dzakanyatsochekwa dzakawanikwa dzinosanganisira mifananidzo misere yeshiri dzakamhara pa monoliths pamusoro pemita imwe (39 inches) pakureba.* *Shiri iyi inozivikanwa nezita rekuti Zimbabwe Shiri uye haina kuita seshiri pahunhu; rinoonekwa pamureza wenyika nhasi.* *Zviumbwa zvakaita sematombo esipo zvinoratidza tsika yenzvimbo yeGreat Zimbabwe.* *Zvimwe zvivezwa zvinosanganisira mombe uye zvimiro zvechikadzi zvakashongedzwa zvine mushwi.* *Ihari yakapfava isina kupenya yemhando yakanaka kwazvo yakagadzirwa - kazhinji kazhinji yakapihwa girafu yekufukidzira yobva yakwenenzverwa.* *Mafomu anosanganisira ngarava dzakaita seguard dzine shongedzero dzakachonywa dzine mativi matatu, madhisiki madiki echinangwa chisina chokwadi, uye mhando dzematumba.*

Pakati pevachena vashoma, mitambo yemitambo ine vateveri vakawanda, nemakambani akawanda emitambo ari kutamba mumaguta eZimbabwe.

Hunyanzvi hwenyika ino hunoyemurwa nevanoziva huvepo hwahwo, uye vaimbi vemuZimbabwe vakati wandei vakwanisa kuwana vateereri pasi rose. Kudoma vamwe vevavezi veZimbabwe vane mukurumbira pasi rose, tina Nicholas, Nesbert naAnderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi, naLocardia Ndandarika . Pasi rose, vavezi vezvivezi vemuZimbabwe vakakwanisa kupesvedzera chizvarwa chitsva chevanyori, zvikuru vekuAfrica muAmerica, kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwenguva refu nevavezi vezvivezi muZimbabwe. Vaimbi vemazuva ano, kusanganisira muvezi wemifananidzo weNew York M. Scott Johnson nemuvezi wekuCalifornia Russel Albans vakadzidza kusanganisa kunaka kweAfrica neAfro-diasporic nenzira inopfuura kutevedzera kuri nyore kweAfrican Art kwakaitwa nevamwe Vatema vezvizvarwa zvakapfuura muUnited States. .

Mudhuri wetsika nemagariro eZimbabwe ndiwo durawall.

* Architecture yeZimbabwe
* Kuenzanisa Matombo
* Dzidzo muZimbabwe
* Reps Theatre and Over the Edge (Zimbabwe Theatrical Companies)
* Music of Zimbabwe (Nziyo dzeZimbabwe)
* Rhodesiana

## Marefurensi

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* Cartwright, Mark. "Great Zimbabwe." World History Encyclopedia. Yakagadziridzwa Kurume 14, 2019. https://www.worldhistory.org/Great_Zimbabwe/ .

## Kuwedzera kuverenga

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