Kunyora

**Kunyora** (Chingezi: *to write; writing*) kana **[[kugwara]]** uye **kubhara** chiito chekurhekodha mutauro pachiratidziro uchishandisa seti bumbiro re mabhii. Mabhii anofanhira kunge achizivikanwa nevamwe kuti akwanise kuverengwa.

Chinyorwa (*text*) runogonawo kushandisa mamwe masistimu ekuona, senge *mailustresheni* ne mashongedzo. Izvi hazvidanwi kunzi kunyora, asi zvinogona kubatsira kushanda kwe meseji. Kazhinji, vanhu vose vakadzidza munyika vanoshandisa nzira imwe cheteyo yokunyora kunyora mutauro wakafanana. Kugona kuverenga nekunyora kunonzi *literate*.

Kunyora kunosiyana nekutaura nekuti *vaverengi havafanire kunge varipo panguva iyoyo*. Tinogona kuverenga zvinyorwa zvekare, uye zvinyorwa zvinobva kumativi akasiyana pasirose. Zvichengetedzwa zvezvinyorwa ne zvikurukurwo zveruzivo. Kunyora ndechimwe chezvigadzirwa zvikuru zverudzi rwevanhu. Yakagadzirwa mushure mekunge vanhu vagara mumataundi, uye mushure mekutanga kurima. Mazuva ekunyora kubva kumakore angangoita 3,300BC, makore anopfuura 5000 apfuura, kuMabvazuva ePakati.

Kunyora nhasi kunowanzo kuve pabepa, kunyangwe paine nzira dzekudhinda pane chero nzvimbo. Terevhizheni ne zvikirini zvemafirimu zvinokwanisawo kuratidza kunyora, uye ndizvo zvinogona kuita zvemakombiyuta. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvokunyora zvakagadzirwa kare kare mapepa asati avapo. Rondo, nhokwe *(papyrus)*, rukuni, *slate* ne dehwe (matehwe emhuka akagadzirwa) zvese zvakashandiswa. Varoma vainyora pamahwendefa ane wakisi nechinyoreso chakapinza; izvi zvakakurumbira kune zvinyorwa zvenguva pfupi uye mameseji. Kugadzirwa kwebepa kwakazoitwa nemaChichayina raive danho rakakura kumberi. 

Kunyora kunogaroitwa pachishandiswa chishandiso chemaoko sepenzura, karamu, kana bhurasho. Zvizhinji uye zvakanyanya, zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa nekupinza pakhibhodhi yekombiyuta.

## Mhando ye kunyora

* Kucherenga kana kuparanga (scratch) - Ndiani akacherenga motokari: who has scratched the motor-car?

*Kunemba (writing; noting; taking notes) nembo - apa kureva kunyora kwakare. MaKereke ndiwo akavamba zvekunemba dzidziso dzeChitendero mururimi rweChiShona.
*Kutara mutaro kana rutsara (drawing)
*Kukerura (scripting; writing)
*Kutaratadza (scribbling; draw lines)
*Kugwara (to write) izwi rinobva kuChiTonga rinoreva kunyora. Apa ndipo panobva mazwi anoti rugwaro kana kuti  gwaro.
*Kunwara (to write, to scratch; to type) zvichireva kunyora. Iri izwi rine dzitsi rimwero nerinoti chinwaro.
*Kubhara apa,kureva kunyora. Kubhara four kureva kugara wakaturikidza makumbo.
*Kudhinda (to stamp; sign; mark) muenzaniso 'dhinza siginecha apa', uye rinonzi futi kusaina kuba shoko reChirungu rekuti *<nowiki/>'sign*'. Chidhindo (a stamp; a signature)
*Mutaro, rutaro, mutsetse, munhanzi kana murara (a line drawn or marked).
*Gwaro kana rugwaro (document, something written, portion of writing) Kureva bepa rine zviro zvakanyorwapo.
*Chinembo (something written; notes)

*Izwi rokuti kugwara (write) rinotaurwa kuTonga richireva kunyora. KuKalanga vanoti kwala (write).

## Mhando yeZvinyorwa

### N'wadhi (Nwadhi)
N'wadhi kana Nwadhi (*Book*), kana **Bhuku** shoko rinobva kuChingezi.

Munhu anonyora kana kunwara (shoko rekare) zvinwadhi anonzi munyori kana munwari (*writer*). 

#### Nyayatsva (novheri)
Nyayatsva ishoko ririkushandiswa kumirira shoko rinogona kunzi Novheri (novel), vambo (*etymology*) rezita iri rinosanganisa mashoko maviri: nyaya (story), tsva (new) kubva kushoko reChiratini *novella* (new story; new news)

#### Bepa nePeji
Bepa ishoko rinobva kuChirungu zvekare, uye rinomirira shoko rekuti *paper* muChirungu. 

Uye shoko rekuti peji rinomiria rinonzi *page* muChirungu, uye rinobva futi kuchirungu chacho.

Mwamwe mashoko 

* Zanhi (sheet)
* Hwani (leaflet)

### Tsamba
Tsamba kana mwadhi ishoko rinoshandiswa muSitandadhi Shona kumirira chinonzi *<nowiki/>'letter'<nowiki/>* muChirungu. Muchinyakare cheVashona vakange vasina shoko reku siyanisa nwadhi ne tsamba (*that is a letter and a book or page*), zvese zvainzi nwadhi kana tsamba. Shoko reChirungu ndiro rinowanzo shandiswa kuti *<nowiki/>'book*', kwete N'wadhi asi vamwe vanorishandisa. 

### Skiriputi (Keruro; Chinyorwa)
Keruro kana skiriputi kubva kuChirungu, ishoko rinomirira shoko rekuti *script* muChirungu. Nzira yeku sika keruro inonzi kukerura (scripting; writing) uye kunyora.

### Chinembo
Nembo kana Chinembo ishoko rinomirira shoko reChirungu rekuti *<nowiki/>'notes',* uye nzira yekunyora chinembo inogona kunzi kunemba (*noting; note taking*) kana kunyora.

### Gwaro
Iri shoko rinomirira chinonzi muChingezi *<nowiki/>'document*', uye nzira yekunyorwa Gwaro rinonzi **kugwara** (*documenting*; *scribing)* rimwe shoko rekuti kunyora. Mugwari munhu ndiye munhu anonyorwa rugwaro, muChirungu anonzi *documenter* (kana achinyora ma-*documents* uye *scribe* (munhu anoita zveku-*scriber*).

### Nhetembo
Nhetembo ishoko rinomira chinonzi **poems; poems** muChirungu, shoko rekuti nemba rinogona kunge rakasikwa richienderana nekunyora nhetembo. Munhu anoita zvenhetembo anonzi nyanduri (*poet*)

#### Tsaranziyo
Tsaranziyo (*lyrics*) uye tsararwiyo (lyric) mashoko anotsangura mashoko kana nhetembo kana nyaya inoyimbwa munziyo, mumimhanzi.

### Chitarwa
Chitarwa kana Zvitarwa mashoko anomirira chinzo *<nowiki/>'drawing; drawings*'. **Kutara** (to draw; drawing).

#### Mutsetse
*Lines*

#### Bharabhara (taratadza)
*Scribbling; scribbles*

## Mitauro yeAfrika

*Xhosa vanoti **bhala** kureva kunyora. Fwe vanoti **kun'ora** (to write) kureva kunyora. Luwanga vanoti **okhung'ola** (v. to draw especially designs on a wall).
*Nyungwe vanoti **kunemba** (n. write) kureva **kunyora**. VaKongo vanoti **sona** kana **kusoneka** (write).
*VaWabo vanoti **oleba** (write) kureva kunyora. Vanobva vati **mulebi** (writer) kureva munyori.
*Chewa, Yao neLenje vanoti **kulemba** (1. to write, to draw pictures; 2. make signs on a path to give directions). VaChewa vanoti **malembo** (writings).
*VaGwere vanoti **kuwandiika** (write, scribble, record, document). **Kuwandiikira** (write to, write with). **Muwandiiki** (secretary, writer, clerk, publisher).
*Giryama vanoti **ku-ora** (write) vachireva kunyora. Mamwe mazwi: **maoro** (n. writing). Zigula vanoti **chidole** (handwriting). 
*Digo vanoti **andika** kana **kuandika** (write, draw a picture, describe) vachireva kunyora kana kudhirowa. 
*VaGanda vanoti **okuwandiika**. Baatonum vanoti yora (n. writing) kureva kunyora.