Kutonga kweKambani muRhodhezhiya

Hutungamiriri hweKambani ye Bhuritani Afurika Chamhembe hwakapihwa mvumo muna 1889 naMambokadzi Victoria wekuMubatanidzwa hweUmambo, ndokutanga nekufora kweColumn ye Pioneer kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kuenda kuMashonaland muna 1890. Yapihwa simba negwaro rayo rekutora, kutonga nekusimudzira nharaunda iri kumaodzanyemba kweTransvaal kuchamhembe che Afurika, Kambani, inotungamirwa naCecil Rhodes, yakasimudza mauto ayo nekugadzira nharaunda yakakura kuburikidza nezvibvumirano, zvibvumirano uye dzimwe nguva mauto, zvakanyanya kukunda mauto eMatabele muHondo yokutanga ne yoChipiri yeMatabele kuma1890.[n Pakazosvika makore zana, Kambani ya Rhode yakabata nyika yakakura, yakavharika, yakaganhurwa nerwizi Zambezi. Yakatumidza nyika iyi zviri pamutemo Rhodesia muna 1895, uye yakaifambisa kusvika kutanga kwema1920.

Nzvimbo iri kuchamhembe kweZambezi yakava Rhodhezhiya Chamhembe nepo yaive kumaodzanyemba ikave Rodhezhiya Maodzanyemba-e-Madokero uye Rhodhezhiya Maodzanyemba-e-Madokero, iyo yakabatanidzwa muna 1911 kuumba Rhodhezhiya Maodzanyemba. Mukati meRhodhezhiya Maodzanyemba, maive neUmambo hwakasiyana hwainzi Barotseland iyo yakazove *protectorate* ye Bhuritani pamwechete ne nemamwe materitori aive pazasi peBhuritani. inodzivirira yeBritish pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri pasi peBritish sphere of influence. Nharaunda imwe neimwe yaitongwa yakaparadzana, ine mutongi achitungamirira paramende yenharaunda imwe neimwe. KuRhodhezhiya Chamhembe, iyo yakakwezva vachena vakawanda vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye yakabudirira zvikuru, kanzuru yemitemo yakaumbwa muna 1898. Izvi zvaisanganisira musanganiswa wevakuru-vakuru vakasarudzwa neKambani nenhengo dzakasarudzwa, uye nhamba dzemumwe nemumwe dzichichinja-chinja nekufamba kwenguva.

Zvichikurudzirwa nehope dzaRhodes dzekuti Cape to Cairo Railway, njanji neteregirafu njanji dzakaiswa muRhodesia yaimbova mhanje nekumhanya kukuru, inobatanidza Afurika Chamhembe ne Kongo ye Bherujyani (*Belgian*) kumaodzanyemba kweKatanga mudunhu muna 1910. Mapurisa eBhuritani Afurika Chamhembe, anoona nezvekuchengetedzwa kwemutemo Rhodheziya ye Chamhembe, yakavambwa muna 1896. Mapurisa akati wandei ari kuchamhembe kwerwizi akabatana kuita mapurisa eNorthern Rhodesia muna 1911. Maodzanyemba neRhodhezhiya ye Chamhembe akarwa pamwe chete nemaBhuritani muHondo yechipiri yeBoer neHondo yePasirose yokuTanga; chikamu che40% chevachena veRhodhezhiya yekuChamhembe vakarwa kwekupedzisira, zvikuru kuMadokero eMberi muYuropu. Masoja evatema akashanda kuMabvazuva eAfurika neRhodesia Native Regiment.

Sezvo nhamba yenhengo dzeLegislative Council ichikwira, masimba muRhodhezhiya yokuChamhembe akachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pautongi hweKambani huchienda mukuzvitonga kwakasimba nekuwanda kwevachena. Mureferendamu ya1922, veMarhodhezhani vekuChamhembe vakasarudza hurumende ine mutoro mukati meUbwami hweVubhuritani (*British Empire*) pamusoro pekupinzwa mumubatanidzwa weAfurika Chamhembe. Gwaro reKambani rakakanzurwa neWhitehall muna 1923, uye Rhodhezhiya yeChamhembe yakava nyika inozvitonga yeBhuritani muna Gumiguru gore iroro. Rhodhezhiya ye Maodzanyemba yakava nyika inodzivirira ye VuBhuritani muna Kubvumbi 1924.

## Ruvambo

### Chiroto chaRhodes
Mukati meScramble for Afurika muma1880, muzvinabhizimisi aigara kuAfurika Chamhembe uye wezvematongerwo enyika Cecil Rhodes akafungidzira kutorwa kweHumambo hweBritain kwenzvimbo inobatanidza Cape of Good Hope neCairo—zvichitevedzana kumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe kweAfurika— uye kuvakwa panguva imwe chete kwenjanji inobatanidza zviviri izvi. Pamepu dzezvematongerwo enyika, nzvimbo dzeBhuritani dzaiwanzoiswa zvitsvuku kana kiwani, saka pfungwa iyi yakazozivikanwa se "Cape to Cairo red line". Munharaunda yeCape, chishuvo ichi chakapikiswa nekuvapo kwenyika dzakazvimirira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweBritain Cape Colony: kwaive neBoer Republics dzakawanda, uye kuchamhembe kweidzi kwaive Humambo hweMatabeleland, hwaitongwa naLobengula. Mushure mekuwana Rudd Concession pakodzero dzemigodhi kubva kuLobengula muna Gumiguru 1888, Rhodes neBritish South Africa Company yake vakapihwa Royal Charter naMambokadzi Victoria muna Gumiguru 1889. Kambani yakapihwa simba pasi pegwaro iri rekutengesa nevatongi venzvimbo, kugadzira mabhanga, kuve nekutonga nekugadzirisa ivhu, uye kusimudza nekufambisa mapurisa. Mukudzorera kodzero idzi, Kambani inotonga nekuvandudza chero nharaunda yayakawana, uku ichiremekedza mitemo yakadzikwa nevatongi veAfurika varipo, uye ichitsigira kutengeserana kwakasununguka mukati memiganhu yayo.

## Mabviro eruzivo