Kabhoni

**Kabhoni** (kubva kuChiratini: *carbo* kureva "marasha"; muChishona unogona kunzi **[[Chimurasha]]** inhangande re mushonga rine chiratidzo **C** uye numeri ye hatomu 6. Isinavusimbi ne hombaina (*tetravalent*) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbe bhondi rigombedzwana re mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi. Enzanhara nhatu dzinongoitika, 12C ne13C ichidzikama, ukuwo 14C irhedhiyosomo (''kureva'' radionucleotide), ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.

## Tsananguro
Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni), chimuzuva (hiliyamu), uye ufemu (okisijeni). Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzika mirongo (''polymers'') pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (*mass*) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.

Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni. Malotlopi (''kureva'' allotropes) anozivikanwa anosanganisira girafati, ngoda, amufurosi kabhoni uye *fullerenes*. Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora"), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uye girafini (''kureva'' graphene) zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (*kureva* thermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.

Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".

## Zita

### Unenaruvambo
Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratini rokuti *carbo* rinoreva kuti marasha.

### Mashoko ashandiswa

* **murasha**- kureva Kabhoni zvichienderera nechirevo chezita kumutauro warakabva.
* Sinasimbi (*non-metal*)
* Sinarusimbi/sinavusimbi (*non-metallic*); rusimbi (metallic)
* Hombaina (*tetravalent*) tarisai hukomba hweNhangande
* Amufurosi (amorphous)
* Ruguramagineti/Huguramagineti (*diamagnetic*) Guramagineti (*diamagnet*) Gura (*dia-*)
* Miriki (*property*) kubva pashoko reChiswahiri, kana reChishona rikazivikwa ngariiswe pamusoro peiri.
* Pwasoni (*Poisson*)
* ito (eneji)

## Mabviro eruzivo

* enwiki