Henry Munyaradzi

**Henry Munyaradzi** (akaberekwa 1931) aiva muvezi weZimbabwe . Chivezwa chaakange ari chikamu chacho chinowanzonzi "Shona sculpture" (ona Shona art and Art of Zimbabwe ), kunyange zvazvo vamwe venhengo dzavo dzinozivikanwa vasiri vaShona . Akashanda pakutanga kuTengenge Sculpture Community, zana nemakumi mashanu&nbsp;km kuchamhembe kweHarare pedyo neGuruve, iyo yaakapinda mugore ra1967. MuNharaunda iyoyo, uyezve munyika dzakawanda dzevadikani veZimbabwe, aingozivikanwa nezita rekuti 'Henry'.

Henry Munyaradzi akafa muna Kukadzi 1998 uye anovigwa mumusha weva Kirisitu weMukaera uri kunze kweGuruve.

## Upenyu hwepakutanga uye dzidzo
Munyaradzi aive mwanakomana *wemhondoro*, mumwe wevakuru vezvemweya munharaunda yekwaChipuriro (Sipolilo Tribal Trust land) angangoita makore makumi matatu km kubva kuGuruve, Mashonaland kuchamhembe kweyaive, muna 1931, maodzanyemba eRhodesia . Akatora rutivi somwana mumiitiro yetsika yakadai *sebira*, rudzi rwomudungwe wamariro, uye mukuvhima. Munyaradzi aitaura Shona haana kumboenda kuchikoro, ainetsekana nemutauro wechirungu muhupenyu hwake hwose. Henry akarerwa nasekuru vake, Edward Chiwawa, uyo aiva muvezi weko; dzidzo yake yaive inoshanda uye yekutanga ruoko. Akapesvedzerwa nemumwe muparidzi wechiKristu aitenderera munharaunda imomo, Mukaera, waakapinda chechi yeVapositora akadzidza kuverenga Bhaibheri muchiShona. Pakupedzisira akazove mhizha pakupfuura simbi wemumusha, uye akashanda semuvezi uye mugiredhi wefodya .

## Kuvandudzwa kwechivezwa chematombo emuZimbabwe
Central Zimbabwe ine " Great Dyke " - kunobva matombo enyoka emhando dzakawanda kusanganisira yakaoma yakasiyana-siyana inonzi springstone . Tsika dzevaShona dzekutanga dzisati dzatanga hukoroni dzakagara nzvimbo yakakwirira makore akapoteredza 900 AD uye " Zimbabwe Huru ", iyo yakatanga kubva muna 1250-1450 AD, raiva guta rakakomberedzwa nematombo richiratidza humbowo muzvinyorwa zvaro zvekushanda kwematombo. Madziro acho akanga akagadzirwa nematombo erudzi rwegranite uye hapana dhaka rakashandiswa pakuvaka kwawo. Pazvakacherwa, shiri nhanhatu dzemasipo nendiro yerwudzi rwemasipo zvakawanikwa nechekumabvazuva kwechiyeuchidzo, saka mafomu ekugadzira sipo aive chikamu chetsika iyoyo yekare. Zvisinei, kuveza kwematombo seunyanzvi kwakanga kusina mutsara wakanangana kusvika nhasi uye yaingova muna 1954 kuti kuvandudzwa kwayo kwemazuva ano kwakatanga. Panguva iyi Frank McEwen akava chipangamazano kuRhodes National Gallery itsva ichavakwa muHarare uye kubva muna 1955 kusvika 1973 ndiye aiva mutungamiriri wayo (yakavhurwa muna 1957). Iyo Gallery yakanga yaitirwa kuunza hunyanzvi husiri hwemuAfrica kuHarare asi McEwen paakagadzira Chikoro cheWorkshop kuti chikurudzire basa idzva rekupenda nekuveza, nharaunda yenzvimbo yevanyori vakawanazve matarenda akavanzika ekuveza matombo uye "chizvarwa chekutanga" chevatsva. Vavezi vechiShona vakazvarwa. Ava vanosanganisira Joram Mariga nemuzukuru wake John Takawira, naThomas Mukarobgwa avo vakapinda muhofisi yebazi muna 1957. Musangano wefodya uchangoburwa uyu wakanonoka kukura asi wakapihwa simba guru muna 1966 naTom Blomefield, muchena wekuSouth Africa murimi wefodya uyo ane purazi rekwaTengenenge pedyo neGuruve aive nematombo akakura akakodzera kuveza. Semuvezi wematombo pachake, aida kusiyanisa kushandiswa kwenyika yake uye akagamuchira vavezi vatsva pairi kuti vaumbe nzanga yevashandi vanoshanda. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuti panguva iyi paive nezvirango zvepasi rose zvakatemerwa hurumende yevachena yeRhodesia yaitungamirwa naIan Smith, avo vakazivisa kuti Unilateral Declaration of Independence muna 1965, uye fodya yakanga isisakwanise kuwana mari yakakwana. Sezvineiwo, Tengenenge zvinoreva "Kutanga kweKutanga" - mune iyi nyaya yebhizimusi idzva ravepo kusvika nhasi.

Munyaradzi akanga aroora uye aitsvaga basa musi wa10 Gunyana 1967 akaiswa munharaunda yeTengenenge Sculpture Community neBlomefield, uyo maererano nenhoroondo yake yaHenry akati ashande ega pane kufurirwa nevamwe vavezi vakaita se. Leman Moses ainge atopinda muvanhu. Achifunga nezveruzivo rwekugadzira matanda uye kugadzira simbi, akakurumidza kudzidza unyanzvi hwomuvezi wematombo mumatombo, achiramba achizvidzidzisa pachake nokuda kwebasa rake rose. Basa rake rekutanga "The Insect God" rakatengwa naHenry McFadden uye akazoratidzwa muMusée Rodin kwemakore mazhinji. Henry akabva kuNharaunda kuti ashande ega muna 1975. Akadzidzisawo vamwe vavezi, semuenzaniso hama yake Edward Chiwawa . Munyaradzi akatanga kuratidza basa rake paRhodes National Gallery muna 1968. Panguva iyoyo, basa racho raifanira kutakurwa 150&nbsp;km kuenda kuSalisbury, kwayakaongororwa naJenny Senior, Exhibitions Officer yechitoro chekutengesa uye akabatsirawo kuronga zviratidziro zvegore negore. Maererano naBlomefield, Henry paakabvunzwa kuti akaita sei maumbirwo akakwana mumufananidzo wake, akapindura "Ndinotevera chimiro chebwe. Kana ibwe rakamira ipapo, ndinogona kuona mapoinzi akasiyana akakosha uye ndinoaita kubva munjere dzangu; pane kuwirirana pakati pangu nedombo".

1969 raive gore rinokosha rekufamba kwezvivezwa zvitsva, nekuti yaive nguva iyo McEwen akatora boka remabasa, kunyanya kubva kuTengenenge, kuenda kuMuseum of Modern Art muNew York uye kumwewo muUS, kuti apiwe mukurumbira. Rakanga ririwo gore iro mudzimai wake Mary (née McFadden) akatanga Vukutu, purazi rezvivezwa pedyo neInyanga, uko maartist akawanda akazoshanda. Mazita evavezi vaizozivikanwa pasi rose akakura achisanganisira Bernard Matemera, Sylvester Mubayi, Henry Mukarobgwa, Thomas Mukarobgwa, Joseph Ndandarika naBernard Takawira . Vese vavezi vataurwa kusvika pari zvino, kusanganisira Munyaradzi, vakapawo basa kuchiratidziro chinonzi Arte de Vukutu chakaratidzwa muna 1971 paMusée National d'Art Moderne uye muna 1972 kuMusée Rodin . Izvi zvakarongwa naMcEwen ainge ambogara nekushanda kuParis asati agadzwa kuHarare.

## Gare gare hupenyu uye zviratidzo
Munyaradzi nemukadzi wake vaive nevanasikana vanomwe nevanakomana vaviri. Mumwe mwanakomana, Mekias (Mike), akapinda kuManchester University ndokuva mutyairi wendege, anotevera tsoka dzababa vake semuvezi.

Henry akakurumidza kuzivikanwa pasi rose, aine shoo sere dzemurume mumwe panzvimbo dzakadai seLos Angeles, Berlin neHeidelberg . Zvichitevera chimwe cheizvi, chiratidziro cha1984 paCommonwealth Institute muLondon, akatenga purazi kuRuwa, Zimbabwe kwaaigara nekushanda kusvika parufu rwake.

Rimwe remabhuku aHenry, rainzi *Wing Woman*, rakaratidzwa pachitambi cheZimbabwe chakapihwa kurangarira Commonwealth Day musi wa14 Kurume 1983. Yakaumba 9c value muchikamu chakapedzwa nemabasa aJoseph Ndandarika, John Takawira naNicholas Mukomberanwa . Chitambi chine zita rekuti “Henry Mudzengerere”! Imwe, inonzi *Spirit Python* yaiva kukosha kwe30c museti yakabudiswa musi wa14 Kubvumbi 1988 kupemberera Zuva reMatatu rekuvhurwa kweNational Gallery .

Munyaradzi akabva atora nyaya yake kubva kune zvakasikwa, achiisanganisa nemifananidzo yechiKristu uye achiiratidza nenzira isina kujairika, yakadzama yemunhu. Celia Winter-Irving, mubhuku rake rinonzi Stone Sculpture (ona Kuwedzera Kuverenga) akanyora "Kufanana naPaul Klee, Henry anotora mutsara wekufamba asi anoidzora mukati mushure mematanho ekutanga". Iko kushanduka kwemaitiro ake uye kubatana kwayo kune chivezwa cheEurope inokurukurwa naJonathan Zilberg. 

Zvivezwa zvaMunyaradzi zviri mumiunganidzwa yekusingaperi yeNational Gallery yeZimbabwe, Chapungu Sculpture Park, Museum fur Völkerkunde, Frankfurt, Indianapolis Museum of Art,  the McEwen collection of the British Museum,   uye vamwe vakawanda. Zvizhinji zvinosanganisira zviso zvevanhu kana mhuka umo maziso akavezwa sematenderedzwa akareruka uye tsiye nemhino zvakachekwa nemitsetse yakatwasuka muchimiro cheT. Zvimwe zvezviratidziro zvake, zvakaita *saSavior and Child* (1989), zvakatenderera pasi rose; semuenzaniso kuYorkshire Sculpture Park muna 1990,  uko mabasa airatidzwa aisanganisira mienzaniso kubva kune vese maartist vakabatsira kuratidzwa kwe1971 Musée Rodin.

Kabhuku kanonzi “Chapungu: Culture and Legend – A Culture in Stone” kuratidzwa kuKew Gardens mugore ra2000 kunoratidza zvivezwa zvaHenry *Mhondoro – Great Lion Spirit* (Springstone, 1986) pap.&nbsp;48-59 uye *The Spirit Medium and the Interpreter* (Springstone, 1995) pap.&nbsp;84-85.  Mifananidzo yebasa raMunyaradzi inowanikwa zviri nyore paWorld Wide Web, semuenzaniso kubva muunganidzwa waRichard Handelsman umo *Munamato wekunaya kwemvura* (203).&nbsp;cm kureba) zvakajairwa.

Zvimwe zvivezwa zvekutanga zvaMunyaradzi zvakasainwa naye zita rekuti "Enri", semuenzaniso pashoo yeArte de Vukutu, asi zvizhinji zvacho zvaive nezita rekuti "HENRY" rakadhinhiwa nemavara makuru uye vazhinji vakaraira mitengo yakakwira pamusika wepasi rose. Nechikonzero ichocho, manyepo anozivikanwa kuvapo. Akashandisa akati wandei marudzi enyoka (semuenzaniso springstone, girinhi uye dzvuku nyoka) uye isingawanzo hafu-yakakosha dombo verdite yezvivezwa zvake. Sezvakataurwa naOlivier Sultan “Achingozivikanwa sa ‘Henry’, muvezi anozivikanwa zvikuru wemuZimbabwe akafanana nen’anga, shasha inoziva mawaniro anokosha uye nokudaro, inokwanisa kuturikira chinangwa chechinhu chipi nechipi kana mweya kuva dombo. Nekungwarira uye nehunyoro, anosarudza dombo raanonzwa kuti rine mweya wemhuka, munhu, mwedzi kana kunyange mhepo. Anobva ashanda nesimba kuti asunungure mweya wacho, achiumisa pachiso chedombo nekutarisisa."

### Yakasarudzwa solo kana boka kuratidzwa

* 1968 New African Art: The Central African Workshop School, New York, USA
* 1971 Sculpture Contemporaine des Shonas d'Afrique, Musée Rodin, Paris, France
* 1978 MOMA, New York, USA
* 1982 Janet Fleischer Gallery, Philadelphia, USA
* 1984 Henry weTengenge, Commonwealth Institute, London
* 1985 Kustchatze aus Africa, Frankfurt, Germany
* 1985 Henry weTengenge, Feingarten Gallery, Los Angeles, USA
* 1989 Zimbabwe op de Berg, Foundation Beelden op de Berg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
* 1990 Contemporary Stone Carving from Zimbabwe, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, UK
* 1994 Henry weTengenenge, Contemporary Fine Art Gallery Eton, Berkshire, UK
* 2000 Chapungu: Tsika neNgano – Tsika muMatombo, Kew Gardens, UK

## Onawo

* Sculpture yeZimbabwe

## Kuwedzera kuverenga

* Winter-Irving C. "Stone Sculpture in Zimbabwe", Roblaw Publishers (Chikamu cheModus Publications Pvt. Ltd), 1991,  (Paperback)  (Mucheka wakasungwa)
* Winter-Irving C. “Pieces of Time: Anthology yezvinyorwa pamusoro pezvivezwa zvematombo zveZimbabwe zvakaburitswa muThe Herald and Zimbabwe Mirror 1999-2000”. Mambo Press, Zimbabwe, 2004, 

## References