Mushonga wenhomba

Mushonga wenhomba mushonga unogadzirirwa kupa muviri simba rekuzvidzivirira kubva kuchirwere chinotapuriranwa chaunenge wakanangana nacho. Mushonga wenhomba kazhinji unenge une agent inofanana neutachiwana hwunokonzera chirwere. Agent iyi inogadzirwa kubva pautachiwana hwakaurawa kana kushaiswa simba, uturu hwaho, kana rimwe remapuroteni ahwo epamusoro. Agent iyi inomutsa masoja emuviri ekuzvidzivirira kuti aione agent iyi semuvengi, roiparadza, uye nekuzoramba mune ramangwana richiziva nokuparadza utachiwana hwose hwakafanana nahwo. Kupa munhu mushonga wenhomba chirwere kunonzi kudzivirira.Kupa munhu mushonga wenhomba chirwere kunonzi kudzivirira. Kubaya nhomba ndiyo nzira yepamusoro yekudzivisa zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa;. Zvirongwa zvekubaya nhomba zvirwere ndizvo zvakanyanyobatsira kupedza chirwere chechibhokisi nezvimwe zvirwere zvakafanana nemhetamakumbo, gwirikwiti, neruomesashaya. Mishonga yenhomba yakataridza kuva nesimba inosanganisira wekudzivirira influenza, wekudzivirira HPV, newekudzivirira chibhokisi. Shoko rekuti vaccine (mushonga wenhomba) nerokuti vaccination (kubaiwa jekiseni renhomba) anobva pashoko rekuti Variole vaccinae (chibhokisi chinobata mombe), iro rakavambwa na Edward Jenner kutsanangura chirwere che “cowpox”.

= Simba Razvo =
Mishonga yenhonmba inoshanda zvakachengeteka pakurwisa uye nekupedza zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa.  Asi, pane zvimwe zvinorwisa kubudirira kwayo. Kubudirira kwemushonga wenhomba kwakatsamira pazvinhu zvakawanda:

* icho chirwere pachacho (mishonga yekudzivirira inoshanda zviri nane pane zvimwe zvirwerekudarika zvainoita pane zvimwe)
* mhando yemushonga wenhomba wacho (mimwe mishonga yekudzivirira inoshanda chete kana kuti inonyatsobudirira pane dzimwe mhando dzechirwere) 
* kutevedzerwa kana kusatevedzera kwemashandisirwe akatarwa emushonga wenhomba wacho.
* kusiyana kwekudavira kwemiviri yavanhu kumushonga; vamwe vanhu miviri yavo hainyatsodavira zvakanaka kune mimwe mishonga yenhomba.
* zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita seurudzi, zera, kana ma genes.
* Kana munhu akabaiwa jekiseni rekudzivirira chirwere akabatwa nechirwere chaakabairwa mushonga wenhomba (breakthrough infection), chirwere chacho chinotarisirwa kunge chiine simba shoma pane zvachingaita pavanhu vasina kubaiwa mushonga wenhomba.

Zvinotevera zvinofanira kukosheswa kuitira kuti chirongwa chekubaya mishonga yekudzivirira chibudirire:

1. kugadzirwa zvakanaka kwehurongwa kunenge kuchitarisirwa kubudirira kwechirongwa chekubaya vanhu kudzivirira chirwere munguva  refu kana yakareba zvepakati nepakati inezenge ichitevera. 

2. kugaroongororwa kwechirwere chacho.

3. kuramba muchibaya vanhu mushonga wenhomba, kunyangwe chirwere pachinenge chotaridzika sechapera.

Mishonga yenhomba yakabudirira kupedza chirwere chechibhokisi, chinova chimwe chezvirwere zvainonyanyopararira pamwe nekuuraya vanhu. Zvimwe zvirwere zvakaita se rubella, mhetamakumbo,gwirikwiti, mahumunya, chibhokisi, typhoid zvava zvishoma kudarika zvazvaiva makore zana apfuura. Kana vanhu vakawanda vakabaiwa majekiseni enhomba, zvinoomera zvirwere kunyuka kana kupararira. Chimiro chakadai chinodaidzwa nezita rechirungu rekuti "herd immunity". Mishonga yenhomba inobatsira kumisa hutachiwana kubva kuzvisimbisa kuti husarapike nemishonga inouraya hutachiwana. Semuenzaniso, kuderedzwa kwechirwere chemabayo anokonzerwa nehutachiwana hwe Streptococcus pneumoniae, zvirongwa zvekubaya mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere zvakaderedza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinesimba rekuramba kurapwa ne penicillin nemimwe mishonga inouraya hutachiwana. Mushonga wekudzivirira gwirikwiti unofungidzirwa kuti unoponesa vanhu vanosvika miriyoni imwe chete gore negore. 

= Zviratidzo nezvirwadzo zvisina kutarisirwa pakubaiwa nemushonga. =
Kubayiwa mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere pazera diki hazvina njodzi kazhinji kacho. Kana zviripo zvainokonzera zvisina kutarisirwa, zvinenge zviri hazvo zvisina simba rakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwa kutsva kwakanyanyisa, marwadzo pakapoteredza panenge pabaiwa jekiseni pacho, nekurwadza kwemarunda. Pamusoro pazvo vamwe vanhu miviri yavo inogona kutadza kuwiririrana nezvimwe zvishandiswa zvinogadziriswa mishonga yenhomba. Kubuda zvisina kutarisirwa kwekubaiwa kwemishonga hakuwanzowanikwa zvako.

= Marudzi =
Mishonga yenhomba inogadzirwa nehutachiwana hwakaurawa kana kushaiswa simba kana kuti nezvidimbu zvakashambidzwa zvinobva pahwuri. Kune mhando dzakawanda dzinishandiswa dzemishonga yenhomba.

### Waka-shaiswa simba
Mimwe mishonga yenhomba inogadzirwa neutachiwana hwakashaiswa simba nekuuruawa ne mishonga, kupisa kana kupiswa nemirazvo ye radiation. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mishonga yenhomba inodzivirira kubva kune mhetamakumbo, hepatitis a, maria nefuruwenza.

### Yakapomhodzwa uturu
Mimwe mishonga yenhomba inogadzirwa neutachiwana upenyu hwakapomhodzwa uturu. Izvi zvinomutsa masoja emuviri anogara kwenguva yakareba, asi hazvishande zvakachengetedzeka muvanhu vasina immune system [masoja emuviri] yakasimba. 

### Uturu wakapombodzwa hunomutsa masoja emuviri se antigen
Mishonga yenhomba yakabviswa uturu inogadzirwa nemisanganiswa yakabviswa uturu hunokonzera urwere kwete utachiwana hwacho.

### Chidimbu
Mishonga wenhomba yerudzi urwu inoshandisa chidimbu chehutachiwana kugadzira simba remasoja emuviri rekudzivirira muviri. 

### Yakabatanidzwa nezvidimbu zvemimwe
Kune umwe utachiwana makanda ekunze erudzi rwe polysaccharide awo ane simba shoma rekumutsa masoja kurwisana nehutachiwana. Masoja ekudzivirira muviri anobatanidza makanda ekunze ezvivakamuviri kuti akwanise kuona polysaccharide racho sechivakamuviri chehutachiwana hunomutsa simba rekurwisa chirwere. 

### Zvichiri kutsvagurudzwa
Pane mishonga yenhomba mizhinji ichiri kugadzirwa mimwe ichitoshandiswa.

Mishonga yenhomba mizhinji inogadzirwa neutachiwana hwakashaiswa simba kana kuti hwakapomhodzwa uturu. Mishonga yenhomba yakaita zvekugadzirwa inogadzirwa nezvidimbu zvezvigadziriso kana kuti zvizere.

### Simba remaantibodies [mapuroteni kana masoja emuviri] pakubata utachiwana.
Mishonga yenhomba inogona kuva monovalent kana multivalent. Kana uri monovalent zvinoreva kuti wakagadzirirwa kurwisa chidimbu chimwe chete cheutachiwana kana kuti mhando imwe chete yeutachiwana. Kana uri multivalent zvinoreva kuti wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira zvidimbu zviviri zvichikwira zvakasiyana zveutachiwana humwechete kana kuti kurwisana nemhando mbiri zvichikwira zveutachiwana.

### Heterotypic
Kune mishonga yenhomba inoshandisa utachiwana hwakabva pane zvimwe zvipuka zvisingakonzeri chirwere kana kuti zvinokonzera chirwere chisina simba muchisikwa chiri kurapwa chacho.

= Kuvaka simba rekurwisa chirwere =
Masoja emuviri anoona nekurangarira agent yemishonga yekudzivirira sezvinhu zvisakatenderwa mumuviri oiparadza nekuikirema. Kana muviri ukazosanganazve ne agent ine simba rakapamhidzirwa, unoirangarira wobva watogadzirira kurwisana nayo nenzira dzinoti:

# kuinyungudutsa isati yapinda mukatikati/mumacells emuviri;
# kuona zvikamu zvemukatikati memuviri zvapindwa neutachiwana wozviparadza utachiwana huwasi hwapararira.

### Zvinomutsa simba rekurwisa chirwere nezvinodzivirira kupera simba redziviriro
Mishonga yenhomba kazhinji inogadzirwa nechimutsasimbarekurwisa chimwe kana zviviri , izvo zvinopa masoja emuviri kushanda  nesimba uye nekukasira. Mishonga yenhomba inokwanisawo kunge yakaiswa mishonga yekuichengetedza inodzivirira kuti isakanganiswa neumwe utachiwana.

= Nhevedzano yeurongwa =
Kuitira kuti vadziviririke zvakakwana kuzvirwere, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vana vapiwe mishonga yenhomba pavanongoonekwa kuti miviri yavo yava nemasoja akasimba zvakakwana zvokuti akwanise kugamuchira mishonga yenhomba yakatarwa. Mamwe majekiseni ekusimbaradza masoja emuviri anozodiwa kuti muviri ugova nekudziviririka kwakazara. Izvi ndizvo zvakakonzera kuvambwa kwenhevedzano dzemhando yepamusoro dzekubaiwa kwemajikesi emishonga yenhomba. Mishonga mizhinji yenhomba inokurudzirwa pane mamwe mazera kana kuti kuramba munhu achingoibaiwa kweupenyu hwose. Semuenzaniso, mishonga yekudzivirira gwirikwiti, ruomesashaya, furuwenza, nemabayo. Mishonga inokurudzirwa yekudzivirira zvirwere muvanhu vabva zera inowanzonangana nechirwere chemabayo ne furuwenza.

= Nhoroondo =
Kare kusati kwawanikwa nzira yekudzivirira kuchishandiswa zvikamu zvakatorwa pa cowpox, smallpox yaidzivirirwa nekubaiwa maune jekiseni rineutachiwana hwechibhokisi. Umbowo hwemaitiro awa hwakatanga kuonekwa kunyika yeChina mu10th Century. Mumakore ekupedzisira ekuma 1760, Edward Jenner akaona kuti vanhu vaishanda nemombe dzemukaka vaisabatwa nechirwere chesmallpox nokuti vakanga vatobatwa kare necowpox. Muna 1796, Jenner akatorwa urwa paruoko hwemukami wemukaka wemombe uyo akanga aine chirwere che cowpox, akahubayira muruoko hwemwanakomana aiva nemakore masere ekuberekwa, uyo akabva adzivirirwa kubva kuchirwere che smallpox mukati memavhiki matanhatu, akasazobatwazve nacho. Jenner akaramba achitatamura zvidzidzo zvake zvemushonga uyu kusvika mugore ra 1798 aburitsa mashoko ekuti mushonga wake waknga wakakodzera kushandiswa muvana vadiki zvese nemuvanhu vakuru zvisina njodzi. Rudzi rwakatevera remishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere rakazoburitswa mumakore ana 1880 na Louis Pasteur. Makore e20th century, akauya nekuburitswa kwemishonga mizhinji yekudzivirira zvirwere inosanganisira yekuparadza chipembwe, gwirikwiti, mahumunya ne rubella. Budiriro huru yakava yekugadzirwa kwemushonga wekupedza mhetamakumbo mumakore ana 1950 nekupedzwa kwe smallpox mumakore ekuma 1960 nema 1970. Maurice Hilleman ndiye munhu akanyanyokurumbira mukugadzira mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere mu 20th century. Kugadzirirwa kuzhinji kwemishonga yenhomba kusvika nanhasi kwaitsigirwa nemari inobva kudzihurumende, mayunivhesiti, nemasangano anobatsira asina kutarisira kuita mari nazvo. Mishonga mizhinji iyi nokudaro yakachipa zvikuru huye yakabatsira muhutano hweveruzhinji. Mumakore ane makumi akati kuti adarika, uhwandu hwemishonga yenhomba hwakakwira zvakanyanya.  Pamusoro pazvo, mishonga yekudzivirira mhuka kuzvirwere inoshandiswa kudzidzivirira kuzvirwere pamwe nekudzivirira kuti dzisazviparadzire kuvanhu.

= MaPatents =
Kubatira rupawo pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere dzimwe nguva kunopingaidza mabasa ekugadzirwa kwemishonga iyi mitsva. Nokuda kwekusasimba kwemitemo yekubatira rupawo, mvumo yerupawo nguva zhinji inochengetedzwa nekubatira rupawo rwematanho ekugadzirwa kwemishonga pamwe nekuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvemagidzirirwe acho. Vesangano reWorld Health Organisation vanoti chimhingamupini chikuru pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yenhomba munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuwanda kwemari inodiwa uye kudhura kwe zvivakwa pamwe nevashandi vane ruzivo,zvinova zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti mushonga ukwanise kuzopinda pamusika weruzhinji.

= Nzira dzekufambisa mishonga =
The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer. Kugadzirwa kwenzira dzitsva dzekufambisa mishonga kunopa tariro yekuwanikwa zviri nyore kwemishonga yenhomba isina njodzi uye iri nyore kufambisa nekuibaya vanhu. Pane mushonga wekudzivirira uchiri kuzamiwa pamhuka uyo usinei nekushandisa jekiseni. Kachidimbu kakaenzana nechitambi chetsamba kakafanana nebhandeji kanotakura zvidimbu zvidiki zvisingaonekwi zvinosvika makumi maviri ezvuru (20 000) pa square cm yoga yoga.

= Mafambiro =
Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yenhomba kwakafamba nenzira dzakawanda dzinoti:

* Kubva kare kusvika makore mashoma achangopfuura, nhomba zhinji dzaiva dzakanangana nevacheche pamwe nevana vadiki asi nekufamba kwenguva kwava kugadzirwawo yakanangana nevana vachangobva zera pamwe chete nevanhu vakuru.
* Mishonga yenhomba yakasanganiswa iri kuita ichiwanda.
* Nzira dzitsva dzekupa nadzo mishonga yenhomba dziri kuwanikwa
* Mishonga yenhomba iri kushandiswa kumutsa simba remuviri rekurwisana nezvirwere rekuzvarwa naro, pamwe chete nerekugadzirira zvichienderana nekufamba kwenguva.
* Nzira dzekugadzira mishonga yenhomba ingabatsira kurapa zvirwere zvinotora nguva refu dzichiri kutsvagwa.
* Mishonga yenhomba iri kuramba ichigadzirwa inobatsira kudzivirira kurwiswa nematororo anorwisa achishandisa mishonga inouraya.
* Mascientists ava kuzama kugadzira mishonga yenhomba yekugadzirira makanda makanda ekunze ehutachiwana patsva. Izvi zvichabatsira kutadzisa zvirwere kuumba simba rekukurira mishonga yenhomba.

= References =