open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1

The year **1 AD** (**I**) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar. The year started on a Monday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the 1st century and 1st millennium.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are **1 AD** (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

At the time, it was known as the *Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Paullus*. The denomination 1 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years. The year before this is 1 BC in the widely used Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
 of Tiberius.]]

* Tiberius, under orders of Augustus, stopped revolts in Germany (1 – 5).
* Rome: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus became consuls, M. Herennius Picens replaces Paullus in July .
* The poem *Metamorphoses* is written by Ovid.
* The Aqua Alsietina aqueduct is made in Rome.
* Silk appears in Rome. 

#### Asia 
* Start of the *Yuanshi* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
* Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Bao Chengxun Ni.
* Buddhism is introduced into China.
* Emperor Ping of Han China's reign begins.

#### Africa 
* Axum (Ethiopia) is founded (approximate date).

#### Americas 
* Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).

### By topic 
#### Arts and sciences 
* The poem *Metamorphoses* is written by Ovid.
* Livy writes his monumental *History of Rome* (*Ab Urbe Condita*).

#### Religion 
* Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.

## Births 
* Lucius Annaeus Gallio, Roman proconsul (d. 65)
* Quinctilius Varus, son of Publius Quinctilius Varus and Claudia Pulchra (d. 27)
* Pallas, Greek Freedman and political advisor (d. 65)

## Deaths 
* Arshak II of Iberia, king of Iberia of the Nimrodid Dynasty
* Herod the Great 14 Jan 1AD, king of Judea of the Herod Dynasty

## References
3

The year **3** (**III**) was a common year which started on a Monday. according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Wednesday. At the time, it was known as the *Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius*. The year is called 3 since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years.  It was the 3rd year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* The rule of Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period. 
* Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him. Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East. 
* Lucius Aelius Lamia is consul of Rome
* Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus is consul of Rome

### Europe 
*Menneas becomes Archon of Athens
* Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.

### China 
*Wang Mang foils a plot by his son,Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to remove him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

## Births 
]]
* Ban Biao, Chinese historian (d. 54)
* Paul of Tarsus (d. 67)

## References
4

The year **4** (**IV**) was a leap year which started on a Tuesday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. At the time, it was known as the *Year of the Consulship of Catus and Saturninus*. It was called the fourth year since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years. It was the 4th year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
* Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
* Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.
* The *Lex Aelia Sentia* regulates the manumission of slaves.
* Signature of a pact of non-aggression and friendship between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, were brought into the Roman army as the Leaders of the auxiliary troops.
* Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
* Augustus Pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
* Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed proconsul of Asia.
* Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens

#### Mid-East 
* King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia – the beginning of the interregnum

#### Asia 
* Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date)
* Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping) daughter of Wang Mang cementing his influence.

### By topic 
#### Arts and sciences 
* Nicholas of Damascus writes the 14 volume *History of the World*.

## Births 
* Columella, Roman writer (d. 70)
* Daemusin of Goguryeo, king of Goguryeo (d. 44)

## Deaths 
* Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, dies from wounds suffered during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia.
* Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, first ruler of Korea.
* Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman emperor, poet and historian (b. 65 BC).
* Terentia, first wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC).
* Ariobarzanes II, King of Media Atropatane (b. 40 BC).
* Artavasdas IV, King of Armenia (b. 20 BC).

## References
2

The year **2** (**II**) was a common year that started on Sunday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday.

At the time, it was known as the *Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Varus*. It was the 2nd year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla convinced Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen. This was after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.
* Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.
* Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.

### Europe 
* Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.
* Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia.

### Africa 
* Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.

### Asia 
* The first census is concluded in China. The census has begun the year before. Final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in a bit more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. 
* The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.

## Births 
* Apollonius of Tyana (d. 98)
* Deng Yu, Han Dynasty general and statesman (d. 58)

## Deaths 
* Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was also the heir to the throne in Gaul. (b. 17 BC)

## References
5

**5** (**V**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Thursday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Saturday. It was known as the *Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna*.  It was the 5th year of the 1st century.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), **5 AD** (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
*Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.
* Germanic Tribes Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome
* Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls
* Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
* Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus her second cousin.
* Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.
* Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.

### China 
* Emperor Ping of Han is assassinated. Grand Empress Dowager Wang appoints Wang Mang as acting-emperor of Han until a suitable successor is found to replace the childless Ping.

## Births 
* Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla (d. 43)
* Drusilla of Mauretania
* Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Emperor Xuan Han, Emperor of China (d. 25)
* Yin Lihua, Empress of China (d. 64)

## Deaths 
* Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 76 or 75 BC)
* Ping of Han, Emperor of China is assassinated, poisoned it is believed on the orders of Wang Mang (b. 14 BC).

## References
7

**7** (**VII**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Saturday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Monday. It was the 7th year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
*The Illyrians revolt against Roman rule.
*Pannonians revolt with Dalmatians and Illyrian tribes against Roman rule.
*Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.
*Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germany.
*Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germany between the Rhine and Elba rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germans.
*Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.
*Construction of the Temple of Concordia begins.

#### Asia 
*Vonones I of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
* Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong) emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
*Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.

### By Topic 
#### Arts and Sciences 
*Strabo writes *Geographia* (some claimed around AD 18).
*Livy is appointed to tutor Claudius in history. Claudius begins writing and researching a history of the Roman Civil Wars which is critical of Augustus. Livia and Antonia Minor force him to stop his work destroying any opportunity for political advancement.

## Births 
*Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 33).
*Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman General (d. 67).

## Deaths 
*Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC).

## References
6

**6** (**VI**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Friday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Sunday. It was the 6th year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Herod Archelaus, the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea is deposed and banished to vienne in Gaul.
*Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces; Syria is guarded by legions X *Fretensis*, III *Gallica*, VI *Ferrata*, and XII *Fulminata*.
*Augustus sets up a special treasury, the *aerarium militare* to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans.
*Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX *Valeria Victrix* fights with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.
*the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, only to be overcome by Tiberius after a hard-fought three year long campaign.
*The building of a Roman fort starts the current city of Wiesbaden.
* Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia.
* Publius Sulpicius Quirinius becomes Governor of Syria and nominally of Judea.
*Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas the Galilean, and supported by the Pharisee Sadoq. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard God as their only master.
*Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the corn rations distributed to the people.
*Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system is created to allow quicker response in the case of emergencies.
* Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.
* Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius become Roman consuls.
*Theophilus becomes Archon of Athens. There are no further records of Archons until after 23.

### Africa 
* Juba II of Maurentia and Numidia marries Glaphyra, a princess from Cappadocia. The marriage is brief as Glaphyra falls for Herod Archelaus and moves to Judea (This union is partially responsible for Herod's ouster from Judea).

### Asia 
*Accession of Ru Zi Ying of the Han Dynasty in China and start of *Jushe* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
*Candidates for political office in China must take civil-service examinations.
* the imperial Liu clan begins to suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong

* Following the ousting of Orodes III, Vonones I is appointed by Rome as King of Parthia. Parthian grandees refuse to accept him as king. They invite Artabanus II, another member of the Arsacid house, to the throne, precipitating civil war.

## Births 
*Jesus, usually considered the latest possible year of birth, based on the Quirinius census in that year
*Nero Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 30).
*Milonia Caesonia, Roman empress (d. 41).

## Deaths 
* February 3 – Ping, emperor of Han Dynasty (b. 9 BC)
* Cleopatra Selene (II), Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)
* Orodes III, briefly emperor of Parthia

## References
8

**8** (**VIII**) is a leap year of the Julian calendar which started on a Sunday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday. It was the 8th year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
* Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida.
* Effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina
* Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, suff. Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.
*Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanţa).
* Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year.

### Europe 
* Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

### Mid-East 
* Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.
*8 or 9 CE: Attambelos II. dies and is being replaced by Abinergaos I. who is becoming the new King of Characene.

### Asia 
* Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
*China invents paper, which is first used by the military.

## Births 
* Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of emperor Vespasian (d. 69)

## Deaths 
*Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC).

## References
10

**10** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, throughout the Roman Empire, it was known as the **year of the consulship of Dolabella and Silanus**

## Events 
* Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.
* The Greek dynasty in Bactria is ended
* Publius Cornelius Dolabella is a Roman Consul.
* Illyria is divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia.
* Ovid finishes writing Tristia (the "Sorrows") (5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea) (4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.

## Births 
* Hero of Alexandria, Greek engineer (d. c. 70)
* Saint Peter, one of Jesus' disciples and the first pope (d. c. 64).

## Deaths 
* Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian. (b. c. 63 BC)
11

**11** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Taurus**.

## Events 
* Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
* Augustus ends his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe. This is to reinforce the Roman defence along the Rhine and the Danube.
* Artabanus III of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
* In India, Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (11-29)

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Marcus Antistius Labeo, Roman jurist
12

**12** is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito**.

## Events 
* Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.
* Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Roman Consuls.
* Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius
* Ovid stops writing Fasti because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome). He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman Calendar.
* October 12 – The Introduction of the so-called Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 was a continued discriminatory enactation on the 12th of October, in **British India** respectively.

## Births 
* August 31 – Caligula, Roman Emperor
13

**13** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Silius and Plancus**.

## Events 
* Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.
* Roman Senate passed a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.
* Tiberius made his triumphant procession through Rome after siege of Germany.
* Last year of *Shijianguo* era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty
* Strabo publishes his view on the shape of the Earth

## Deaths 
* Empress Wang Zhengjun (b. 71 BC)
30

**30** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Longinus**.

## Events 
* Kushan Empire is founded
* City of Tournai is founded in Belgium
* Possible year for the Sermon on the Mount 
* April 7 - possible date for crucifixion of Jesus
* Saint Peter becomes Pope
* Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables
* Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity

## Births 
*Nerva, Roman emperor
*Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian
*Praveen Ranjan

## Deaths 
*April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus
*April 7/Good Friday - Jesus (born about 4 BC) - most widely accepted date by modern scholars (traditionally 33)
*Shammai, president of the Sanhedrin and talmudic scholar, died 30 C.E.
*John the Baptist
50

**50** (Roman numerals: **L**) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Saturday. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was not in use at the time of the common year starting on Saturday and ending on Saturday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), **50 AD** (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

## Events 
* The Romans create a city called Londinium on the River Thames

## Deaths 
* Abgarus of Edessa, king of Osroene
* Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writer of *De Medicina*
* Gamliel I, the nasi of the Jewish people in Babylonia
3 (number)

The number **three** (3) is one more than two, one less than four, and two less than five. It is the first Mersenne prime. Three is an important number for many cultures (groups of people living together). It is also a prime number. It is the first odd prime. In Roman numerals, it is **III**.

## Famous threes 
* the Three Stooges
* the three Doshas (weaknesses) in Ayurvedic medicine in India
* the Trimurti (three aspects of God) in Hindu religion
* the Holy Trinity in Christian religion
* three gifts of the wise men (Magi) who visited Christ at his birth in the Gospel of Matthew.
* the three bears in the fairy tale Goldilocks
* the three Imperial Regalia of Japan
10 (number)

**10** (**Ten** ) is the number that is after **nine** and before **eleven**. Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.

Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits. Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten. This is called the decimal number system.

In Roman numerals, 10 is written as **X**.

## References
Man

, India]]
A **man** is an adult male human. He is the opposite of a woman. People use the word "man" (one *man*, two or more *men*) to talk about gender. Manhood is the period in a male's life after he changes from a boy. A boy is a male child; a female child is called a girl. After boys reach maturity, they can be called a man.

Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. What makes someone a man is not agreed on globally.

## Biology 
There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".

Men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often.

There are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences.
* Some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women; they want to fight more. But most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive.
* In modern western society, few men wear make-up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear.

Some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in male humans:
* more pubic hair
* more facial hair
* more body hair
* larger hands and feet than women
* broader shoulders and chest
* narrower hips
* larger skull and bone structure
* larger brain
* greater muscle mass
* a more visible Adam's apple and deeper voice
* a longer shinbone

Men are usually taller than women. In 1996, the average height of men around the world was 171 cm.

Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Some people were born in a female body but feel that they are men. We call these *transgender* or *transsexual* men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference. Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives.

## Related pages 
* Violence against men
* International Men's Day

## References
9

**9** (**IX**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Tuesday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. It was the 9th year of the 1st century.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
*Illyria is turned into a province after a revolt has been defeated.
*Ovid is banished to Tomis.
* Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.
* In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the *lex Papia Poppaea* is adopted in Rome. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.
* September: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. 
** Governor of Germania Magna, Publius Quinctilius Varus, retreats with the three legions XVII Augusta, XVIII Augusta, and XIX Augusta, as well as auxiliary troops of the Cherusci, who stand under the lead of Arminius, to their winter camp at Vetera.
** Arminius and the auxiliry troops seperate from the Roman legions under the pretense of wanting to gather more allies.
** Day 1: The Roman legions bypass the northern Wiehen Hills due to reports of revolting Germanic tribes there. Remaining winter garrisons are being attacked by Germanic warriors.
** Day 2: The Romans emerge from a dense forest and are then being attacked by the allied Germanic tribes (consisting of Cherusci, Marsi, Chatto, Bructeri, Chauci and others), under the lead of Arminius. The difficult forest terrain does not allow the Roman army to take their typical battle formation and numerous soldiers fall to the Germanic forces. Romans retreating into the forest are being pursued by Germanic warriors.
** Day 3: In an attempt to shake of the Germanic tribes, the Romans under Varus march westward throughout the day and the following night.
** Day 4: The decimated Roman legions reach an area north of the *Kalkriese Berg*. Here the Germanic tribes had errected ramparts to block the Roman escape. The Romans (still unable to form their battle formation due to swamps and hills) attempt to storm the ramparts but fail. The Germanic tribes pursue the surviving soldiers into the open field. Legions XVII Augusta, XVIII Augusta, and XIX Augusta, totaling around 20,000 soldiers, were almost entirely lost. Publius Quinctilius Varus, as well as many other commanders of the Army, loses his life in the battle.
** The battle of the Teutoburg forest represents one of the greatest defeats of the Roman Empire.
* Following the defeat at the Teutoburg forest, the Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds from here on out, stopping Roman Expansion beyond it.
* Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection, and Varus' defeat in Germany. This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.
*Ovid completes Ibis.

### Asia 
*Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).

## Births 
*November 18 - Vespasian, Roman emperor

## Deaths 
*Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, said to have committed suicide

## References
Right

**Right** might mean:

*A position, the opposite of left
*Right, the opposite of *wrong* in morality
*Rights, something a person has that people think should not be taken away from them
*Right-wing, a conservative point of view
Arundel Castle

**Arundel Castle** is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.

## Other websites 
* Official site
Size

|}

The **size** of something is how much space the thing takes. It can also be described as how big or small something is.

Sizes can be measured. When a size is measured, it is given a number. for comparison.

It can be measured with different types of systems, example: the metric system.

Metric: 1 cm= 10 mm, 1 m= 100 cm, 1 km= 1000 m and so on...

## Words for sizes
;*little*
:smaller/little is very small, as in short.
:**small* means "little" 
:**very small* means "tiny"
;*big*
:bigger/large is very big, as in long or tall.
:**big* means "large" 
:**very big* means "huge"
 
*Small* and *big* are opposites. (There are more words for big and little, examples are: gigantic, microscopic, short, tall, etc)

## Examples
;Example 1
:*A yellow box is 2 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic metres. 
:*A green box is 3 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The size of the green box is 9 cubic metres.  
:The green box is larger in size than the yellow box.

;Example 2
:*A red box is 2 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic feet. 
:*A blue box is 3 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The size of the blue box is 9 cubic feet.  
:The blue box is larger in size than the red box.

## Notes
Opposite

**Opposite** may refer to:
* Antonym, a word that means the opposite of a word
* Additive inverse, in mathematics, taking the negative ("opposite") of a number

## Related pages
* Opposition (astronomy and astrology)
Direction

**Direction** follows an imaginary line connecting two points.
Something following the line is moving in that *direction*. People show directions by pointing.

The word *direction* is made from the root *direct* meaning to guide.

These are words used to talk about a **direction**:
* Up
* Down
* Backward
* Left
* Right
* Forward
* Northeast
* South
* Southeast
* East
* Northwest
* West

## Related pages
* Compass
* Navigation
Microsoft Word

**Microsoft Word** or **MS Word** (often called **Word**) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.

Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
* Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
* Speech recognition
* Inserts pictures in documents
* Choice of typefaces
* Special codes
* Web pages, graphs, etc.
* Tables
* Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text
* Prints in different ways

Microsoft Word is a part of Microsoft Office, but can also be bought separately.

## History 
The program was first released in 1981.
Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from **Bravo**, the first graphical writing program.
Microsoft bought the Bravo program, and changed its name to *Microsoft Word*.
When it first came out, it was not very popular, and did not sell as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called *WYSIWYG* (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by selecting and formatting text, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing. *WYSIWYG* is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.

### Versions 
There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows. New versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.

### For Microsoft Windows 
* *Word for Windows 1.1*, for Windows 3.0 came out in March, 1990.
* *Word for Windows 1.1a*, for Windows 3.1 came out in June, 1990.
* *Word for Windows 2.0*, came out in 1991.
* *Word for Windows 6.0*, came out in 1993.
* *Word for Windows 95* (sometimes called Word 7), came out in 1995.
* *Word 97* (sometimes called Word 8), came out in 1997.
* *Word 2000* (sometimes called Word 9), came out in 1999.
* *Word 2002* (sometimes called Word 10 or Word XP), came out in 2001.
* Word 2007 which required Windows XP Service Pack 2.
* Word 2019 which is latest version of Microsoft Word to support Windows XP Professional 64-bit edition.

### For macOS 
* *Word 1.0 for Mac* came out on January 18, 1985.
* *Word 3.0 for Mac* came out on January 31, 1987. (There was no "2.0" version.)
* *Word 4.0 for Mac* came out on November 6, 1990.
* *Word 5.1 for Mac* came out in 1992.
* *Word 2001* was released in 2000.
* *Word 2004* was released in May 2004.
* *Word 2008* was released on January 15, 2008.
* *Word 2011* was released in October 2010.

## Popularity 
The program is very popular.

Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file format, so other programs could not open it. When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word. This gave Microsoft Word a dominant position.

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* www.office.com
Starvation

**Starvation** happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) does not eat enough food to live properly. If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.

Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger. During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.

There are other effects of starvation. These can include:
*Tiredness
*problems thinking properly
*sudden and extreme changes to emotions
*dehydration (lack of water in the body)
*vomiting
*loss of muscles
*a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor
*weakness and not being able to stand
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive. When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies. People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.

Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.

Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the human body.

In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.

In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation. The participants were all men. They ate 1800 calories a day.

## Related pages
* Hunger
* Global Hunger Index
* Malnutrition
* Anorexia nervosa

## References
Scissors

, in the kitchen, and for paper.]]
**Scissors** are a tool used for cutting thin material like:
* paper
* cardboard
* metal foil
* thin plastic
* food
* cloth
* rope
* wire
* hair
* nail

Knives are better than scissors for some uses. Unlike a knife, scissors have two sharp edges.
Some types of scissors, like children's scissors, are not very sharp. Children's scissors are often protected with plastic. These are called "Safety Scissors".

Scissors can be made for left-handed or right-handed people. Using scissors made for the wrong hand is very hard for most people. 

There are many kinds of scissors used for cutting different materials and shapes.

## Reference
Indigo

**Indigo** is a shade of blue, more specifically, purplish blue or dark blue.  

Isaac Newton named and defined indigo as a spectrum color when he divided up the spectrum into the seven colors of the rainbow.  The spectral range of indigo is between 450 and 420 nanometers.  

The name of the color indigo originally came from the indigo plant. Indigo is a dye made from the indigo plant, used to dye cloth. Indigo dye also is used to dye denim cloth, which is used to make what are called blue jeans (they should really be called *indigo jeans*). This shade of indigo is called *indigo dye*.

The indigo plant originally came from the nation of India. The Ancient Greek language word for the dye is *indikon*. The Romans used the term *indicum*, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo. 

These things are colored **indigo**:
* some grapes
* night sky in the mid-evening
* blueberries
* some small clams
* some eggplants
* Jenna Rose's jeans

## Meaning of indigo
* Indigo represents religion, spirituality, sorcery and intuition. 

* In the Hindu religion, indigo represents the sixth chakra. 

* Indigo was also the name of a character from the famous toy line, Rainbow Brite.

## Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple
## Tones of indigo color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors
*Navy blue
*Prussian blue

## References
Position

**Position** is a way to explain where something is.

The words which indicate position are called prepositions.

### Left, middle, and right
To find which is your **left** hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles. The finger and thumb of your *left* hand will form a capital letter L. 

If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your **right** hand. **Left** and **right** are called opposite sides.

**Middle** is between *up* and *down* and is between *left* and *right*. Middle means the same as *center*.

Certain topics, such as boat positions and anatomy, use particular terms of direction. 

## Far and near 
**Far** means that something is a long way away from you. **Near** means it is *close* to you. Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.

## In sports
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.

## Human position 
In various activities such as dance and yoga, the static arrangement of the body and its parts is called a position, for example in an arabesque (ballet).

## In math and physics
The position of something is where that thing is in space and time. Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position. So a scientist might say that the balloon was at *x*, *y*, *z* when it popped at a certain time. The scientist can also say the balloon’s position in other ways, like latitude, longitude, and height (spherical coordinates) or x, y, z, and t (space and time). 

## In society
The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people. It is called rank in the army.
In a factory the manager is a typical position.
Malcolm IV of Scotland

**Malcolm IV of Scotland** (20 March 1141- December 9, 1165) was the grandson of David I of Scotland. He succeeded his grandfather as King of Scotland in 1153. He never married or had children. Not much is known about him.

## References
David I of Scotland

**David I of Scotland** (1084 – 24 May 1153) was the son of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.
Saint Margaret of Scotland

**Saint Margaret of Scotland** (c. 1045 - 16 November 1093) was a Scottish queen and English princess. She was married to Malcolm III of Scotland. She was the mother of David I of Scotland, Alexander I of Scotland, Margaret Queen of England, and Edgar.  She was the daughter of Edward the Exile, and the granddaughter of Edmund Ironside.  She was probably born in Hungary.  

Margaret died four days after her husband.

## Other websites
* Margaret of Scotland  at the University of Pittsburgh
* Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Margaret of Scotland
Calvin Coolidge

**Calvin Coolidge** (born **John Calvin Coolidge Jr.**; July 4, 1872 &ndash; January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States between 1923 and 1929. He was a conservative who supported less intervention in business and lower taxes. He married Grace Coolidge, and they had two children: John Calvin Coolidge III (born September 6, 1906 - died May 31, 2000) and John Calvin IV (born April 13, 1908 - died July 7, 1924). His younger son died at 16 while he was playing tennis at the White House. He was wearing tennis shoes without socks and died from a toe infection. He was buried at the foot of Hill Cemetery. That may have caused President Coolidge to become depressed.

## Political career 
Coolidge served as the mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts. He later served as the governor of Massachusetts. As governor, he became famous because of his response during the Boston Police Strike. Coolidge fired the police who went on strike and gave the jobs to unemployed World War I veterans. He gave to the veterans the same bonuses that the striking policemen were asking for.

In 1920, he was nominated vice president under Warren G. Harding. The Harding-Coolidge team won easily. Harding died in 1923, and Coolidge became the next president. He was inaugurated at his family farm in Vermont by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Coolidge finished Harding's term and was elected in 1924 to continue to be the United States president.

Coolidge was president during a prosperous economy, and the country did not face many challenges. He believed that the federal government should be as small as possible. He supported tax cuts and wanted the federal government to avoid intervening in the economy. He was the first president to lead a public celebration of the Christmas holidays.

Coolidge was criticized for refusing to give subsidies to farmers.Also, when a giant flood happened on the Mississippi River in 1927, he did not want the federal government to be involved. That was part of his belief of federalism in which the country's problems should be solved mainly by state and local governments, rather than the federal government. 

He did not run for re-election in 1928 and published his autobiography the following year. He died of a heart attack in Massachusetts when he was 60.

Hislegacy is mixed. People who support more federal government involvement in the economy do not like him. People who support less federal government involvement in the economy like him.

## "Silent Cal" 
Coolidge was nicknamed "Silent Cal" because he did not talk much. There is a story that at a dinner party, a woman once told Coolidge that she could get more than two words out of him and that he replied, "You lose."

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Coolidge's White House biography
Matilda of Flanders

**Matilda of Flanders** (1031 - 2 November 1083) was the Queen Consort of England as the wife of William the Conqueror. She was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and Adela of France and the mother of Robert Curthose, William II and Henry I.

## Early life
Matilda was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, and Adela of France, who was the daughter of King Robert II of France. Historians think she was born about 1031. Care was given to her education and so she would become known for her learning as much as for her great beauty. Matilda, like other princesses of her day, was very skilled at fine needlework.

## Duchess of Normandy
Matilda married William the Conqueror probably between 1051 and 1052 while she was still a teenager. While William was in England and after he became King of England in 1066, Matilda stayed behind to rule Normandy while William was away.

## Queen of England
A year later, in 1067, Matilda joined her husband in England, and she was crowned Queen of England. It helped William that Matilda was related to an earlier English king, Alfred the Great. It was important to the English people to think that Matilda was herself part English. Matilda died on 3 November 1083, when she was about 52 years old.

## Family
Together, Matilda and William had ten children, including:
*William II of England
* Adela of Normandy, the mother of Stephen of England
* Henry I of England
*Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy after his father's death

## References
Robert II of France

**Robert II of France** (March 27, 972  July 20, 1031) was born in Orleans, France.  He was the son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine.  He was married to Constance of Arles. 

Robert was succeeded by his son Henry I of France.  Robert is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica where his tomb effigy survives.
William III of Aquitaine

**William III of Aquitaine** (c. 915 – 3 April 963) became the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers in 935. He was the son of Ebalus of Aquitaine.

William's nickname was *Towhead*.

William was married to Adela of Normandy. He was the father of Adelaide of Aquitaine, who became Queen of France when she married Hugh Capet. He was succeeded by his son, William IV of Aquitaine.
Basilica of Saint-Denis

The **Basilica of Saint-Denis** is a basilica near Paris, France. It is famous for its architecture and as the burial place for many Kings of France. It is in the suburb of Saint Denis, which is in the north of Paris. Since 1966, it is the cathedral of the diocese of Saint-Denis. It is located in the Greater Paris area, about  from Paris.

The Basilica is named after Saint Denis. Saint Denis is the patron saint of France. He was also the first Bishop of Paris.

The Basilica was an Early Gothic building. In 1136 the Abbot Suger (1081 - 1155) began replacing the building, bit by bit, beginning with the west front and then with a new east end. The east end is said to be the first building in the Gothic style. It was not completed until the 13th century.

The current organ of the basilica is the first organ built by Aristide Cavaille-Coll. With 4200 pipes, it contains a lot of innovations, opening the romantic area. The French organist Pierre Pincemaille, titular between 1987 and 2018, set up lots of recitals and recorded 8 CDs with this instrument.

## People who are buried in Saint Denis Basilica 
## Other websites 
* L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama
Saint David

**Saint David** (c. 512 - 587) is the patron saint of Wales. He was a Welsh bishop in the 6th century. He is usually represented standing on a little hill, with a dove on his shoulder.  He is commemorated on 1 March. The earliest mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript of the "Annales Cambriae", which assigns his death to A.D. 601.

## Related pages
*Saint David's Day

## References
* Catholic Online
Henry I of England

**Henry I** (21 September 1068 — 1 December 1135), also called **Henry Beauclerc** (meaning good scholar), was the King of England from his older brother, William II's possible assassination in 1100 until his death in 1135. He was also the Duke of Normandy from 1106 where he defeated his older brother Robert Curthose until his death in 1135. 

He was the last English King to rule the House of Normandy because after his death and when Stephen took the throne, the House was replaced by the House of Blois, which was only the house of England during Stephen's reign because when Stephen died, Henry's grandson Henry II who succeeded Stephen, replaced the House of Blois with the House of Plantagenet, which was the longest house of England in English history. 

Henry was born in Selby, a country in Yorkshire. He was the third son of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. He was the only son of the couple who was born in England.

Henry was educated in English, Latin and liberal arts. His parents probably raised him to go into the Church when he was old enough. On William's death in 1087, Henry's two older brothers were each left half of their father's kingdom. Robert Curthose became Duke of Normandy. William Rufus became king of England. But Henry, still a minor, was left with no inheritance. Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert. But Robert and William Rufus forced him out in 1091.  Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin. He then allied himself with William against Robert. Henry was present when William II was assassinated in 1100. Since Robert was away on Crusade trying to invade Palestine, Henry, who was present when William was assassinated, rushed to England to seize the throne for himself.

As King, Henry tried to make social reforms. He issued the Charter of Liberties which is considered a predecessor to Magna Carta. He put back in place some of the laws of Edward the Confessor. Henry was also the first king to speak English since his father conquered England even though it wasn't Henry's first language despite being born in England.

Henry and his wife had two children, Matilda and William Adelin. William died in the White Ship sinking on November 25, 1120. Henry also fathered more illegitimate children than any other English King. Estimates by various historians place the number between 20 and 25.

Henry died in 1135.  He was visiting his daughter and grandchildren in Normandy. After his death, his daughter, Matilda and his nephew, Stephen, argued over who would become the ruler of England, and started a civil war called The Anarchy which lasted for the next 18 years.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Children of Henry I
Saint Andrew

]]

**Saint Andrew** is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the patron saint of Scotland, Romania, Ukraine and several other countries. He was crucified on a cross that was turned sideways to look like an "X". The Saint Andrew's flag is the official flag of Scotland.
On St Andrew's Day, many people in Scotland wear a thistle.

## Related pages
*Twelve Apostles
*The Cross of St. Andrew

## References
491

## Deaths 
* March 17 – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (*possibly* died this year, could also have died in the year 493)