open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tom Arnold

**Tom Arnold** (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He became famous when he married Roseanne Barr in 1990, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, *Roseanne.* They divorced in 1994. He was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "The Best Damn Sports Show Period!" on Fox Sports. In November 2009, he married Ashley Groussman.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Hollywood.com’s Tom Arnold profile
*Tom Arnold on Officer Phil’s KUSI-TV page
Bea Arthur

**Beatrice** "**Bea**" **Arthur** (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in *Maude* and *The Golden Girls*. She was Jewish.

## Early life
Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City on May 13, 1922. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college, she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps.

## Career
### Theater
In 1946, she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator.

She was cast in the original Broadway production of "Fiddler on the Roof." 

## Personal life
In the 1940s, she was married to author and producer Robert Alan Arthur.

In 1950, she married Gene Saks.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Playbill biography
Dave Attell

**Dave Attell** (born January 18, 1965) is an American comedian and host of the TV show *Insomniac with Dave Attell*, shown on Comedy Central in the United States.
Paula Abdul

**Paula Julie Abdul** (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter Janet Jackson.  Musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "Straight Up" and "Cold Hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "Opposites Attract".  She won a Grammy Award for "Best Music Video – Short Form" for "Opposites Attract". She was a judge on the television show *American Idol* for its first eight seasons. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Abdul is Jewish.

## Discography
]]

;Studio albums 
* *Forever Your Girl* (1988)
* *Spellbound* (1991)
* *Head over Heels* (1995)

## Tours and residencies
**Headlining**
*Under My Spell Tour (1991–92)
*Straight Up Paula! (2018–19)

**Co-headlining**
*Club MTV Live (1989)
*Total Package Tour (2017)

**Residency**
*Paula Abdul: Forever Your Girl (2019–20)

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### As Choreographer
## Awards and honors
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Randy Bachman

**Randall Charles Bachman** (born September 27, 1943 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later Bachman–Turner Overdrive.

## Other websites
*Official website
J. M. Barrie

Sir **James Matthew Barrie, **1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is *Peter Pan*.

Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London.
Charon

**Charon** can mean:
*Charon, the ferryman to the Greek underworld in Greek mythology
*Charon (moon), a moon of the dwarf planet, Pluto
*Charon (band), a Finnish gothic metal band
*Charon (web browser), a web browser for the Inferno operating system
*Charon (Forever War), a fictional planet in *the Forever War*
*Charon (animal), a genus of amblypygid
*Charon (cars), a Dutch automobile manufacturer
*Charon of Lampsacus|Charon of Lampsacus, ancient Greek logographer
*CHARON, a programming language http://www.cis.upenn.edu/mobies/charon/index.html 
*Charon (Dungeons & Dragons), a lord of the yugoloths whose primary function is to provide passage across the River Styx for a steep price
*Charon (CrossGen), a comic book character from CrossGen Entertainment's Sigilverse
*Charon (The Three Worlds), a fictional human species from Ian Irvine's arc of novels, *The Three Worlds*.
Douglas Adams

**Douglas Adams** (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* series.

Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows *Monty Python* and *Doctor Who* in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called *The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy''. It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States.

## References
Lincoln, Nebraska

The city of **Lincoln** is the capital city of Nebraska, United States. Only Omaha has more people of any city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2020 Census population was 291,082.

Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster. It became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the start of the territory in 1854. Most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte became a part of Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. They made the village of Lancaster the new capital, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.
]]
People from Omaha tried to stop the move by renaming Lancaster after the recently killed President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had wanted the Confederate to win the recent Civil War. These people thought that the legislature would not approve the move if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The plan did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and also became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867.  The people either liked or disliked the new name depending on how they felt about the Civil War.

Nebraska State Capitol was designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20&nbsp;ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn, to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals showing Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge.

In March of 2023, Red Way was announced to start operating from Lincoln Airport, but, in August of 2023, because the airline was running out of money, the airline decided to shut down.

Lincoln has a humid continental climate (*Dfa* in the Köppen climate classification).

## References
Nuclear fission

being absorbed by a uranium nucleus which then becomes unstable and splits into two new atoms with release of energy and some more neutrons.]] 

**Nuclear fission,** is a kind of nuclear reaction. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, who observed a uranium nucleus splitting in two. Although they originally thought the two tiny resulting nuclei were barium isotopes, what Meitner and Frisch truly saw was a process that would revolutionize nuclear chemistry: nuclear fission.

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission. 

If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or **fissions**) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat. It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.

This reaction can  occur "spontaneously" if the original nucleus is highly unstable. The resulting products are radioactive isotopes, but do not release enough energy to generate usable power or make a bomb due to the lack of a chain reaction. It can also be induced by a neutron.

For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons. If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy. Nuclear chain-reactions occur most commonly with Uranium-235. The splitting of Uranium-235 is started when a neutron is slammed into its positively charged nucleus. This results in two lighter isotopes (such as Barium-141 and Krypton-92), whose total mass is less than that of the original Uranium isotope. The "mass defect" is converted into various forms of energy. A neutron is also released, triggering the chain reaction as each additional neutron causes further collisions with existing Uranium isotopes.

In a nuclear bomb, the chain reaction must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion. The amount of energy released in the explosion is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of trinitrotoluene.
  
In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat. The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.

## References
## Other websites 
* Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library
1903

**1903** (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Aer, music, theatre, literature 
* Edwin S. Porter's *The Great Train Robbery* is released.

## Events 
* July 1–19 &ndash; The first Tour de France is held. Maurice Garin wins it.
* December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
* Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.

## Births 
### January 
### February 
]]
* February 8 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990)

### March 
]]
* March 24 – Adolf Butenandt, German chemist (d. 1995)

### April 
### May 
]]
* May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)

### June 
]]
* June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
* June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)

### July 
* July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

### August 
### September 
### October 
### November 
### December 
## Deaths 
* May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter
Fantastic Four

The **Fantastic Four** is a team of superheroes. The team originally first appeared  in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well. 

The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of them. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing". 

They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper.

Their villains include Doctor Doom, Galactus, Ronan the Accuser, Annihilus, Namor, Silver Surfer, Kl'rt; and the Molecule Man.

## In other media 
The team has been featured into differents forms of media, including, toys, television series, movies, and video games. Live-action movies include *Fantastic Four* (2005), *Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer* (2007), *Fantastic Four* (2015), and *The Fantastic Four: First Steps* (2025).
Bob Barker

**Robert William "Bob" Barker** (December 12, 1923 – August 26, 2023) was an American television game show host and animal rights activist. He was best known for hosting CBS's  *The Price is Right* from 1972 to 2007 and for hosting *Truth or Consequences* from 1956 to 1974.

## Early life
Barker was born **Robert William Barker** on December 12, 1923 in Darrington, Washington. He was of Sioux descent.

Barker met his future wife, Dorothy Jo Gideon, at an Ella Fitzgerald concert while he was attending high school in Missouri; they began dating when he was 15. He went to Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, Missouri.

## Career
Barker started hosting *Truth or Consequences* on December 31, 1956. On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived *End of the Rainbow* for NBC. 

On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of *The Price Is Right*. On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: he stopped using hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray.

On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from *The Price Is Right* in June 2007. He taped his last episode on June 6, 2007. The show aired twice on June 15.

Barker acted as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie *Happy Gilmore*.

Barker won nineteen Daytime Emmy Awards.

Barker broke Johnny Carson's record for continuous performances on the same network television show, appearing for a total of twenty-nine years. At the time of his retirement at aged 83, Barker held the record of oldest person to host a regularly scheduled game show.

## Personal life and death
Barker married Dorothy Jo Gideon in 1945. He had no children. Despite retiring from television, Barker was an active animal rights activist. In 1993, Dian Parkinson sued Barker for sexual harassment and the lawsuit was dropped in 1995.

Barker was a skin cancer survivor. On September 17, 2010, Barker collapsed at an L.A. shooting range. He was treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for an adverse drug reaction and released.

Barker died on August 26, 2023 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 99. The cause of death was problems caused by Alzheimer's disease.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
Connect Four

**Connect Four** is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch. The yellow player usually starts, dropping a tile down one row, so that it falls to the bottom. Then the red player follows, dropping a red tile in any row. The first player to get 4 of the same color tiles to touch each other in a straight line (Up and down, left and right, or diagonally) wins and the board is cleared. Connect Four is a solved game.  

## Gameplay
Example:

0= White Marker

o= Black Marker

An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern.

oooo

An example of a move that does not let the player win:

0oo0
Sam Neill

**Sir Nigel James Dermot "Sam" Neill** (born 14 September 1947) is a New Zealand actor. He has been in lots of movies. Neill has been in *Jurassic Park*, *Dead Calm*, *Event Horizon*, *Sirens* and lots of other very famous movies. In recent years, he appeared in *Thor: Ragnarok* (2017) and *Peter Rabbit* (2018).

Neill was born on 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to New Zealand in 1954. He studied at Christ's College, Canterbury and at University of Canterbury. Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989. Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe. He has two children. Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships.

In March 2023, Neill revealed that he had been having chemotherapy treatment after being diagnosed with stage 3 T cell lymphoma, a type of blood cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Two Paddocks official website
1928

**1928** (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
* January 31 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Kazakhstan
* February 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird sends the first television signal across the Atlantic Ocean, from London to New York
* May 7 – The United Kingdom gives equal voting rights to women by passing the Representation of the People Act.  This law allows women to vote when they are 21 years old, like men.  Before this, women could not vote until they were 30.
* June 9 – Australian flyer Charles Kingsford Smith finishes the first airplane flight across the Pacific Ocean.
* September 28 – Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
* October 2 – Josemaria Escriva starts Opus Dei.

## Births 
### January 
]]
* January 5 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan and 4th President of Pakistan (d. 1979)

### February 
* February 1 &ndash; Stuart Whitman, American actor
* February 22 &ndash; Sir Bruce Forsyth, British entertainer and television presenter
* February 26 &ndash; Fats Domino, American musician
* February 28 &ndash; Sir Stanley Baker, Welsh actor (d. 1976)
* February 29 &ndash; Joss Ackland, British actor

### March 
* March 5 &ndash; Diana Coupland, British actress
* March 6 - Glyn Owen, Welsh actor (d. 2004)
* March 20 – Fred Rogers, American television children's program host and writer (d. 2003)

### April 
]]
* April 7 &ndash; James Garner, American actor (*Maverick*, *The Rockford Files*)
* April 23 – Shirley Temple, American child actress and diplomat (d. 2014)
* April 24 &ndash; Tommy Docherty, Scottish footballer and manager of Manchester United F.C. (1973-1977)
* April 30 &ndash; Dickie Davies, British television sports presenter (*World of Sport*)

### May 
]]
* May 4 – Hosni Mubarak, 4th President of Egypt and Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2020)
* May 12 &ndash; Burt Bacharach, American composer and songwriter (d. 2023)
* May 23
** Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (d. 2002)
** Nigel Davenport, British actor (d. 2013)
* May 30 &ndash; Clint Walker, American actor (*Cheyenne*)

### June 
]]
* June 1 &ndash; Bob Monkhouse, British actor, comedian, writer and television game show host (d. 2003)
* June 14 – Che Guevara, Argentinian Marxist revolutionary (d. 1967)

### July 
* July 12
** Sir Alastair Burnett, British journalist and television newsreader (ITV)
** Kathy Staff, British actress (*Crossroads*, *Last of the Summer Wine*)
* July 26 – Stanley Kubrick, American movie director (d. 1999)

### August 
* August 10 &ndash; Eddie Fisher, American singer (d. 2010)
* August 22 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (d. 2007)

### September 
* September 19 &ndash; Adam West, American actor (*Batman*, *Family Guy*)

### October 
### November 
]]
* November 10 – Ennio Morricone, Italian composer, orchestrator and conductor (d. 2022)

### December 
]]
* December 1 - Malachi Throne, American television actor (d. 2013)
* December 12 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (d. 2008)
* December 30 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (d. 2008).

## Deaths 
* February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician
Dover

**Dover** is a town on the coast in Kent, in the United Kingdom. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover, called Dover Castle. It is the largest castle in England. The population is about 39,078. Throughout history, it has been an important port of Britain because it is the closest port to mainland Europe. The sea between Dover and the French port of Calais is called the Strait of Dover. It is the narrowest part of the English Channel at only  wide.

The ferry port in Dover has ferries to Calais, France and Ostende, Belgium. Almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. On of the largest tourist attractions around Dover are the White Cliffs of Dover.

Dover District Council is responsible for checking food for diseases when it comes through the port. 

## Dover History
The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar. They were forced back by the Celts, who  defended the coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called **DVBRIS**, became the Romans' most important naval town.

## Gallery

File:Dover Seafront And Castle.jpg|Beach and castle
File:Dal castello di Dover.jpg|Church of "St Mary in Castro" and the Roman Lighthouse
File:Dover Castle 05.jpg|Dover Castle
File:White cliffs of dover 09 2004.jpg|White Cliffs of Dover
File:Dover Harbour panorama.jpg|Panorama of the port

## Other websites
*A History of Dover 
*The History of Dover Castle
*Dover Castle information 

## References
Max Planck

**Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck** (April 23, 1858 in Kiel – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in physics.

## Life 
Planck came from an old fashioned, intelligent family.  His great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.

Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of *Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck*; of his given names, *Marx* (a now not used variant of *Markus* or maybe simply an error for *Max*, which is actually short for *Maximilian*) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name *Max* and used this for the rest of his life.

He was the sixth child in the family, although two of his brothers and sisters were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Reflexions a propòsit de la teoria dels quanta (Simone Weil)
Jay Leno

**James Douglas Muir** "**Jay**" **Leno** (; born April 28, 1950) is an American actor, comedian, producer, writer, television host and television presenter.

## Early life
Leno was born **James Douglas Muir Leno** in New Rochelle, New York on April 28, 1950. His mother Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993) was a homemaker. She was born in Greenock, Scotland and came to the United States at the age of 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), was an insurance salesman, who was born in New York, to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts and even though his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973. Leno's only sibling was his late older brother Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran and a lawyer.

## Career
### *The Tonight Show*
Leno worked on late night television. He became host of *The Tonight Show* in 1992 when Johnny Carson retired. In 2007, during the writer's strike, Leno sided with the writers, even though he returned to his show after two months (without the writers besides himself) so that his staff would not be out of work. Despite leading the late-night ratings, he was forced out as host of the Tonight Show in 2009 to make way for Conan O'Brien. On March 1, 2010, became *The Tonight Show* host once again, because of poor ratings with both himself and Conan O'Brien. Leno hosted his last episode of the Tonight Show on February 6, 2014.

### *The Jay Leno Show*
He was a star of a primetime comedy show, *The Jay Leno Show*, which ran from September 14, 2009 to February 9, 2010.

### Acting
He guest-starred twice on the Nickelodeon TV series *The Fairly OddParents* as the Crimson Chin. His character's name uses the fact that Leno has a large and square chin.

## Personal life
 in March 2009]]
Since 1980, Leno has been married to Mavis Leno; they have no children. Leno is dyslexic.

## References
## Other websites

* Official *Tonight Show with Jay Leno* web site
* Jay Leno's Car Collection
* Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine 
* *The New York Times* on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
* Live performance videos from the Tonight Show
*
Richard Attenborough

**Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough**,  (; 29 August 1923&nbsp;– 24 August 2014) was an English movie producer, director and actor. 

## Early life and education 
He was born in Cambridge, England. Attenborough left his home when he was 17 to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London. He earned his first West End theatre role, then went to national stardom in the play *Brighton Rock*. 

## Career 
Attenborough later became a producer and director. He produced and directed the movie *Gandhi*. Attenborough said that the movie *Gandhi* was his dream project and waited years to make it. *Gandhi* won 5 British Academy Awards and 8 American Oscars. In 1983 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In his movie roles, he is mostly known for his roles in *The Great Escape* and in *Jurassic Park*. He was the older brother of naturalist David Attenborough.

After years of poor health, Attenborough died in London of heart failure on 24 August 2014, five days before his 91st birthday.

## His movies
## References 
## Other websites
*
Similarity

**Similarity** can mean:

In mathematics:
* Similarity (geometry), when a shape looks the same as another shape, but has a different size or rotation
* Matrix similarity, a relation between matrices

In computer science:
* String metric, or string similarity
* Semantic similarity in computational linguistics

In other fields:
* In psychology, similarity (psychology)
* In music, musical similarity
* In chemistry, chemical similarity

## Related pages
* Difference
* Equality (mathematics)
* Identity (philosophy)
Bamboo

**Bamboo** is a name for over 1,400 species of giant grasses in 115 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe.

Bamboo grows in clumps (although running varieties exist). The runners can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book *The Book of Bamboo*, says that bamboo has been measured to grow  1.21 meters (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. However, most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches) a day.

Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm (a foot) in diameter. Each of the nodes has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, *shaku*.

## Uses 
Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material and not expensive.

Bamboo is almost the only food of giant pandas. The shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter.
As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only *Phyllostachys*  known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is *Ph. heterocycla pubescens*.

## References
Cruise ship

A **cruise ship** (or **cruise liner** or **ocean liner**, though the latter mainly refers to large vessels designed for mass leisure travel which cross the ocean) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.

Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most  cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.

Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.

There's also cruise type vessels that have permanent residences. Like the World Ship and MS Utopia.

## References
Windows Media Player

**Windows Media Player** is a digital media player made by Microsoft. It is already installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and an older version is available for some Apple Macintosh operating systems. The program allows people to watch certain video files and play music files that are in a compatible file format. How the program looks can also be changed with skins, and it can be made small enough to fit on the taskbar.

## References
## Other websites 
* Windows Media Player
* A little Windows Media Player History
Listen Up

***Listen Up!*** was a 2004 CBS television series. It was a sitcom starring Jason Alexander as Tony Kleinman, a sportscaster from the fictional "*Listen Up!*" His cohost is named Bernie, and is a hall of famer. Jason has a wife, Dana, and two kids, one named Mickey. Mickey is very good at golf, but gets low grades.

The series only lasted for one season, 22 episodes.
Laura Dern

**Laura Elizabeth Dern** (born February 10, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. Born in Los Angeles, she is the daughter of Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd. 

Dern received an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance as Rose in *Rambling Rose*. For the HBO film *Afterburn*, she received an Emmy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award. She has also won Independent Spirit Awards for *Blue Velvet* and *Smooth Talk*. She is perhaps most famous for playing Dr. Ellie Sattler in *Jurassic Park*. She used to date Jeff Goldblum. In 2020, she won another Oscar for her role in *Marriage Story*.

## Movies
* *Jurassic Park 3* (2001)
* *October Sky* (1999)
* *A Perfect World* (1993)
* *Jurassic Park* (1993) - played Dr. Sattler
* *Rambling Rose* (1991)
* *Wild at Heart* (1990)
* *Haunted Summer* (1988)
* *Blue Velvet* (1986)
* *Mask* (1985)
* *Teachers* (1984)
* *Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains* (1981)
* *Foxes* (1980)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Trailer (movie)

, a 1963 movie by Joseph L. Mankiewicz.]]
A **movie trailer** (also called a **preview** or **coming attraction**) is a short showing of a future (not yet released) movie. They are shown in a theater before the current movie starts. They are often later shown in advertisements for DVD releases, and broadcasts of the movie on television.
Michael Crichton

**Michael Crichton** (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author of many books. His books were usually in the science fiction, medical fiction, and thriller genres. He was also a producer, director, and doctor.

Crichton is well known for writing novels that later became well-known Hollywood movies. His most famous work was *Jurassic Park.* Other examples of Crichton's novels that later went on to become big-budget films include Congo, The Lost World, Rising Sun, and Sphere.

Crichton has also created the *ER* television show.

Crichton was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was 69" tall. He was married five times. He had a daughter from his fourth marriage.

On November 4, 2008, he died of throat cancer and lymphoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 66. He was looked down on by some as a "climate change denier" In February 2009, his widow gave birth to his only, posthumous son, John Michael Todd Crichton.

## Further reading
*
*

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Official Crichton Archives
*YouTube video archives
*
*Micheal Crichton Speeches The Internet Archive
Jurassic Park III

***Jurassic Park III*** is a 2001 American science fiction adventure movie and the third *Jurassic Park* movie. It follows *The Lost World: Jurassic Park*. Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Coop Burtonburger and his assistant, Mister Brennigan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide. Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip. After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a *Spinosaurus*, who kills several members of their party. After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the *Spinosaurus*, along the way. The movie was released on July 18, 2001 in the United States. The movie is 92 minutes long. It is rated PG-13.

*Jurassic Park III* is followed by *Jurassic World*.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Trailer

**Trailer** has the following definitions:

* Trailer (vehicle), an unpowered vehicle pulled by one with an engine
* Trailer (movie) or *theatrical trailer*, an advertisement for an upcoming movie
Uno (card game)

***Uno*** (stylized on usual branding as **UNO**) is an American board game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special cards made just to play *Uno*. It is similar to Crazy Eights.

The cards are put into four different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called: Skip, Reverse, Draw +2, Wild, and Wild +4 cards allows players to do something they cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.

Each player starts off with seven cards, randomly assigned. A card from the main deck is then placed in the center for everyone to see. The first player must put down a card that is either the same color or number, then the next person in turn order has to put down another card of the same color or number, and it keeps on going in order. When a skip card is played, the next player loses the turn. A reverse card reverses the order of the game. A wild card (Card with four colours) can be placed above any colour, and the player chooses what colour they want everyone to continue with until someone puts down a card with the same number but a different color or a wild card. +2 cards force the next player to draw two cards, but +4 cards force the next player to draw four cards and the current player gets to pick a new color of their choice.

## Related pages
*ONO 99
Electrical engineering

**Electrical engineering** is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.

Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.

## History
Early universities taught this as philosophy and later as science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new resources.  

When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it.  These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.

## Other websites 
*IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
*IEEE Virtual Museum
*EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources
Design

**Design** is the visual appearence or shape given to an object. Design aims to make things prettier, more comfortable, or better in some way by making them work well and look good.

Good design decisions can make a space, for example, a hospital or an airport, more accessible or an image more attractive for advertisements, adding value in the market.

Designers use knowledge and rules from geometry and art to create their designs.

Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories, including graphic design, interior design, vehicle design, furniture design, product design, type design, fashion design and web design, to name a few.

Design does not always lead to physical objects; it can involve applications, websites, prototypes, presentations, or serve as a plan for creating something else. Design is also a concept used to create an object (virtual or not). Design is picturing things using the imagination; as to using perception or memory.

## Related pages 
* Universal design
* Lierna Chair

## References
UNO

**Uno** can mean:
* The number one in the Spanish language or Italian language
* Uno (card game), a card game played with a special deck of cards. It is made by the Mattel company. The name originated from the word uno which mean the number one in Spanish which is what you say when you have one card remaining.
* Uno, a happy-go-lucky llama character from the preschool program *Neon Paradise*

**UNO** is an acronym for:
* United Nations Organization; see: United Nations
Orphanage

, Malaysia.]]

An **orphanage** is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans.  It can also mean the state of being an orphan.

Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.

## Related pages
* Child abandonment
* Foster care
* Adoption

## Notes and references
Democracy Now!

***Democracy Now!*** is a radio and TV program.  It is entirely paid for through donations from listeners, viewers, and foundations and does not accept advertisers, corporate underwriting, or government funding. It is one of the biggest independent news organizations in the United States.

## Other websites 
* Official Website
National Union of Teachers

The **National Union of Teachers** was the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.

In 2017 it joined with the Association of Teachers and Lecturers to form the National Education Union.

## Other websites 
*National Union of Teachers website 

## References
Socialist Party

**Socialist Party** is the name of several different political parties around the world with a variety of different political views. These include:

* Albania - Socialist Party of Albania
* Argentina - Socialist Party (Argentina)
* Australia - Socialist Party (Australia)
* Belgium
** Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)
** Socialistische Partij - Anders (Flemish Socialist Party)
* Bulgaria - Bulgarian Socialist Party
* Chile - Socialist Party of Chile
* European Union - Party of European Socialists
* France - Socialist Party (France)
* Georgia - Socialist Party (Georgia)
* Germany - Die Linke
* Greece - Panhellenic Socialist Movement
* India - Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
* Republic of Ireland|Ireland - Socialist Party of Ireland (CWI affiliate)
* Italy - Partito Socialista Italiano
* Latvia - Latvian Socialist Party
* Netherlands - Socialistische Partij
* Portugal - Socialist Party (Portugal)
* Puerto Rico - Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
* San Marino - Partito Socialista Sammarinese
* Senegal - Socialist Party (Senegal)
* Spain - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
* Switzerland - Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also known as the Swiss Socialist Party)
* Ukraine - Socialist Party of Ukraine
* United Kingdom
** Socialist Party (England and Wales)
** Socialist Party of Great Britain
** Scottish Socialist Party
* United States
** Socialist Party of America
** Socialist Party USA

## Related pages
* Social Democratic Party (a disambiguation page)
Nunavut

**Nunavut** is a territory in Canada. It is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was founded on April 1, 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has many native people (mainly Inuit).

The main form of transportation is the snowmobile. For the first week of being a separate unit, it was the Province of Nunavut, but after a week it was renamed Nunavut Territory.

A symbol of the territory is the Eskimo Dog (''''). Even today, some people still use these dogs.

## Gallery 
File:Arctic Char Nedlukseak Fiord 2000-08-13..jpg|A fishing man in Nunavut
File:Auyuittuq NP 1 2001-07-25.jpg|Auyuittuq National Park: Normal rock formations and glaciers of Nunavut.
File:ARVIAT (NUNAVUT).jpg| Inuit, Arviat (Photo: Patrick André Perron) Nunavut
File:carte-nu.png|Nunavut map

## References
Dave Grohl

**David Eric** "**Dave**" **Grohl** (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer, occasionally drummer, and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994. He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream.  Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D.

## Biography 
### Early life 
Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. Grohl joined shortly before the release of *Nevermind*. *Nevermind* proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big  on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.

### Foo Fighters 
The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour.

## References
1740

**1740** (MDCCXL) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* God Save the Queen first performed.
* Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve writes and publishes the folk story *Beauty and the Beast*.
Embryo

]]
'' seed is an embryo, with the beginnings of leaves and a stem.]]
An **embryo** is the earliest stage in the development of a fertilised egg (the zygote). It is the term used for any animal or plant, from the first cell division until birth, or hatching, or germination in plants.

In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization, and from then until birth it is called a foetus (US: fetus).

The development of the embryo is called **embryogenesis**, and the study of embryos is called embryology. The development of an embryo passes through various stages: the blastula, a hollow ball of cells; the gastrula, migration of cells; morphogenesis; tissue differentiation, and so on.

In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which has DNA from each of the two parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote divides by mitosis to produce an  **embryo**.

## Related pages 
*Developmental biology

## References
Microsoft Paint

**Microsoft Paint**, also called **MS Paint** or simply **Paint** is a computer program made by Microsoft. It allows people to create picture files as well as edit picture files saved on their computer. Microsoft Paint is also a program for adding texts to images saved on a computer. There are various tools to help people edit photos, including:
* the paint bucket 
* pencils
* spray can
* eraser
* line and curved line tools
* multiple shape tools
* text tool
* cut out tool 

The program has a color palette displayed on the bottom left of the screen, as well as an "Edit Colors..." menu, allowing users to create all the shades they need.

Using the selection tools (the 2 tools at the top if the tools bar), users can select all or part of an image and then cut, copy, delete and paste it.

Many digital artists or editors prefer programs like Photoshop, but many on a tighter budget or with less time on their hands use Paint. Because of this, there are many Internet tutorials to help enhance the creative skill of every Microsoft Painter.

## Paintings 
 Government.]]

## References
Trilogy

A **trilogy** (**threelogy**)is a set of three dramatic or literary works.. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: *The Godfather*, *The Godfather Part II*, and *The Godfather Part III*.

The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played.
Series

A **series** is a group of similar things that are all related to the same topic.

In mathematics, a **series** is the adding of a sequence, a list of (usually never-ending) mathematical objects (such as numbers). It is sometimes written as \textstyle \sum_{n=i}^k a_n, which is another way of writing a_i + \cdots + a_k.

For example, the series \textstyle \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2^n} corresponds to the following sum:

:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 + \frac18 + \frac1{16} + \frac1{32} + \frac1{64} + \frac1{128} + \ldots 

Here, the dots mean that the adding does not have a last term, but goes on to infinity. 

If the result of the addition gets closer and closer to a certain limit value, then this is the sum of the series. For example, the first few terms of the above series are: 
:1 + \frac12 = 1 \frac12 
:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 = 1 \frac34
:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 + \frac18 = 1 \frac78
:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 + \frac18 + \frac1{16} = 1 \frac{15}{16}
:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 + \frac18 + \frac1{16} + \frac1{32} = 1 \frac{31}{32}
:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 + \frac18 + \frac1{16} + \frac1{32} + \frac1{64} = 1 \frac{63}{64}
:1 + \frac12 + \frac14 + \frac18 + \frac1{16} + \frac1{32} + \frac1{64} + \frac1{128} = 1 \frac{127}{128}

From these, we can see that this series will have 2 as its sum.  

However, not all series have a sum. For example. a series can go to positive or negative infinity, or just go up and down without settling on any particular value. In which case, the series is said to diverge. The harmonic series is an example of a series which diverges.

## Related pages 
* List of mathematical series
* Sequence
* Series acceleration
* Taylor series

## References