open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tony Award for Best Play

*'*1948 *Mister Roberts* ** 
***1949 *Death of a Salesman* ** 
***1950 *The Cocktail Party* ** 
***1951 *The Rose Tattoo* ** 
***1952 *The Fourposter* **
***1953 *The Crucible* **
***1954 *The Teahouse of the August Moon* ** 
***1955 *The Desperate Hours* ** 
***1956 *The Diary of Anne Frank* **
***1957 *Long Day's Journey Into Night* **
***1958 *Sunrise at Campobello*  **
***1959 *J.B.* **
***1960 *The Miracle Worker* **
***1961 *Becket* **
***1962 *A Man for All Seasons* **
***1963 *Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?* **
***1964 *Luther* **
***1965 *The Subject Was Roses* **
***1966 *Marat/Sade* **
***1967 *The Homecoming* **
***1968 *Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead* **
***1969 *The Great White Hope* **
***1970 *Borstal Boy* **
***1971 *Sleuth* **
***1972 *Sticks and Bones* **
***1973 *That Championship Season* **
***1974 *The River Niger* **
***1975 *Equus* **
***1976 *Travesties* **
***1977 *The Shadow Box* **
***1978 *Da* **
***1979 *The Elephant Man* **
***1980 *Children of a Lesser God* **
***1981 *Amadeus* **
***1982 *The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby* **
***1983 *Torch Song Trilogy* **
***1984 *The Real Thing* **
***1985 *Biloxi Blues* **
***1986 *I'm Not Rappaport* **
***1987 *Fences (play)* **
***1988 *M. Butterfly* **
***1989 *The Heidi Chronicles* **
***1990 *The Grapes of Wrath* **
***1991 *Lost in Yonkers* **
***1992 *Dancing at Lughnasa* **
***1993 *Angels in America: Millennium Approaches* **
***1994 *Angels in America: Perestroika* **
***1995 *Love! Valour! Compassion!* **
***1996 *Master Class* **
***1997 *The Last Night of Ballyhoo* **
***1998 *'Art'* **
***1999 *Side Man* **
***2000 *Copenhagen* **
***2001 *Proof* **
***2002 *Edward Albee's The Goat, or, Who is Sylvia?* **
***2003 *Take Me Out* **
***2004 *I Am My Own Wife* **
***2005 *Doubt* **
***2006 *The History Boys* **
***2007 *The Coast of Utopia* *'
Irish Free State

The **Irish Free State** () was the name of Ireland from 1922 to 1937.  It replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland.

The government was called the Executive Council, and it was headed by the President of the Executive Council, instead of a Prime Minister.

Until 1927 it was ruled by a Governor General on behalf of the King of the United Kingdom.  After a row between the Governments in London and Dublin it was decided that the Governor General represented the King of Ireland, not the King of the United Kingdom, even though they were the same person.

The change meant that the King and the Governor General were advised by the Irish government about what to do in Ireland, and stopped the British government from having any control over Irish affairs.

The constitution of 1937 changed the name of the country to the Irish language , or , but the King stayed head of state until 1948.

|-
Erskine Hamilton Childers

**Erskine Hamilton Childers** (11 December 1905 – 17 November 1974), was the son of Robert Erskine Childers (author of the spy thriller *The Riddle of the Sands*. He was the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974, and a TD from 1938 until 1973.

Childers held the following posts during his political career:
* Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (1951–1954, 1959–1961, and 1966–1969),
* Minister for Lands (1957–1959),
* Minister for Transport and Power (1959–1969) and
* Minister for Health (1969–1973).

He was appointed Tánaiste in 1969.

## Biography
.]]
Childers was born in London. He moved to Ireland after the First World War and lived in County Wicklow with his father Robert Erskine Childers. His father helped bring guns to Ireland for the Easter Rising, and opposed the treaty that set up the Irish Free State. The younger Childers was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge, hence his striking British upper class accent.

In 1922, when Childers was 16, his father was executed by the Irish Free State. Before his execution the older Childers made his son promise from  to find every man who had signed his father's death warrant out and shake his hand. 

After finishing college in Britain Childers worked in a tourism board in Paris, until Éamon de Valera invited him back to Ireland to work for the Irish Press. He became a naturalised Irish citizen in 1938.

As member of Fianna Fáil, he held a number of ministerial posts in the cabinets of Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch, becoming Tánaiste Deputy head of the government) in 1969. Erskine's period as a minister was controversial. One commentator described his ministerial career as "spectacularly unsuccessful", but others praised his willingness to take tough decisions.

Childers was elected the fourth President of Ireland on 30 May, 1973, defeating Tom O'Higgins by 635,867 votes to 578,771. Childers, though 67, was an extremely hard-working and   He died suddenly of a heart attack in November 1974, while making a public speech to the Royal College of Physicians in Dublin.

Childers' state funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, was attended by world leaders including Nelson Rockefeller, Vice-President of the United States,  Earl Mountbatten of Burma (representing Queen Elizabeth II), Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and presidents and crowned heads of state from Europe and beyond. He was buried  County Wicklow. At first it was expected that President Childers' widow, Rita, would be offered the office of president to continue his work, but it went instead to the former Chief Justice, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.

One of Childers' sons, also called Erskine was a UN civil servant and Secretary General of the World Federation of United Nations Associations. A daughter by 2nd wife Rita, Nessa Childers, is a councillor for the Green Party on Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.

## Political career
## References
## Additional reading
John N. Young, *Erskine H. Childers: President of Ireland*
Kabyles people

The **Kabyles** ('''' in Kabyle  pronounced ) are a Berber people. Their traditional homeland is highlands of Kabylie (or Kabylia) in northeastern Algeria.

Their name comes from the name of the mountainous region in the north of Algeria where they live traditionally. Perhabs It means "tribes" (from the Arabic "qaba'il" which is the plural of "qabîlah" قبيلة tribe). They speak the Kabyle a Berber. Kabyles have been very active to fight for the official recognition of the Berber language in Algeria.

## Related pages
* Kabyle language
* Berber people

## Other websites
* Project *Kabylepedia* 
* Kabyles.com  (French)
* Ethnologue.com: Kabyle language
* Algerian linguistic policy (in French) 
* imyura.com  (kabyle)literature
* *MAK*

## References
Berber languages

The **Berber languages** or **Tamazight** are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. Kabyle and Tachelhit are Berber languages.

## Other websites 
*Berber Research Center (INALCO, Paris) 
* Interview with Rachid Aadnani on the Amazigh issue 
*Imyura, Berber website about literature, mostly Kabyle 

### Websites that are in Berber language 
* Moroccan Press Agency, the Berber version
* Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
Züsedom

**Züsedom** is a small village in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Since 1 January 2012, it is part of the municipality Rollwitz.
2018 Winter Olympics

The **2018 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XXIII Olympic Winter Games,** is a sporting event that took place in between February 9 and 25, 2018. The deadline for bids was January 2009. The winning city, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was announced on July 6, 2011.

Officially, it is being called 'PyeongChang', spelled that way so people don't confuse it with Pyongyang, which is in North Korea.

## Official host city
*  **Pyeongchang, South Korea**

## Former potential bids
### Asia
*  Almaty, Kazakhstan
*  Bursa, Turkey

### Europe
On July 4, 2007, Sochi, Russia was selected to host the 2014 Winter Games, hurting European candidates' chances at a successful bid. The IOC rarely awards back-to-back games to the same continent.

*  **Munich, Germany**
*  Upper Carniola, Slovenia
*  France
** Annecy (eliminated)
** Hautes-Alpes (eliminated)
** Grenoble (eliminated)
** Nice (eliminated)
*  Sofia, Bulgaria
*  Tromsø, Norway (cancelled bid)

### North America
America was going to submit a bid, but the country changed its bid to the 2022 Winter Olympics. Here are the cities which had showed interest:
*  United States
** Denver, Colorado
** Reno/Lake Tahoe, Nevada/California
** Salt Lake City, Utah
** Detroit, Michigan

### South America
*  Santiago, Chile

## The Games 
### Sports 
## References
Tánaiste

A **Tánaiste** (plural: Tánaistí) is the deputy head of the government of the Republic of Ireland.  

The Taoiseach nominates a member of Government to be Tánaiste. Simon Harris is the current Tánaiste. 

Under the Irish Free State, the deputy leader was Deputy President of the Executive Council.  In 1937 the title was changed to Tánaiste 

In history, the tánaiste was the heir of the chief (taoiseach) or king (rí).
Southern Ireland

**Southern Ireland** was the twenty-six county Irish state created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920.  This Act divided the island of Ireland in two, Northern Ireland (covering approximately fifteen percent of the island, in the northeast) and Southern Ireland (covering the remaining territory to the south and west). Both were given bicameral (two houses) parliaments and separate governments.

The king was represented by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who also acted in Northern Ireland.

Southern Ireland never existed except on paper.  It was set up by law, but the first attempted meeting of its Parliament failed because it was short of a *quorum* (the number of members needed to hold a meeting).  The second sitting was only to confirm the decision of Dáil Éireann to confirm the Anglo-Irish Treaty, then dissolved it itself.

So the British government set up Southern Ireland but there was never any government to take power.

## Birth of The Irish Free State
After the treaty was confirmed Michael Collins, head of Dáil Éireann's government became Chairman of the Provisional Government

According to the British he met the Lord Lieutenant and was made the King's prime minister.   According to the Irish viewpoint, Collins went to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle. Arthur Griffith became President of Dáil Éireann, and then both Dáil Éireann and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland were then replaced in a  new election, for the 'Third Dáil', sometimes called the 'Provisional Parliament' or the 'Constituent Assembly'.  When Griffith died and a week later Collins was assassinated both in August 1922, W.T. Cosgrave was appointed to both offices, so the Irish nationalist and the British both systems of government joined into one temporary system, until the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force in December 1922.

## Footnotes
#*Southern Ireland* is sometimes erroneously used as a name for the Republic of Ireland or the earlier Irish Free State. However, officially the term has been wrong since 1922.

## Related pages
* Irish Home Rule
Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State

The Executive Council was the cabinet of the Irish Free State, it was headed by the "President of the Executive Council".

Constitution of The Irish Free State said that the Vice President would act for the President of the Executive Council while he was absent, or until a new President was elected

Because the Executive Council only had five, six or seven members, the Vice President was also a minister in charge of a department.

Neither the ministry of the Irish Republic nor the Provisional Government had a deputy head of government, so the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council was a new idea of the Free State.  In 1937 when the Constitution of the Irish Free State was replaced by Bunreacht na hÉireann the Vice President was replaced by the Tánaiste.

## References
Pun

A **pun** is a joke which is a "play on words." People make puns in order to make other people laugh. Many jokes are actually puns. 

A pun usually uses a word which can have more than one meaning, even if the spelling is different: 

Sometimes a pun may use a whole phrase that can be heard in more than one way, as in the following knock-knock joke:

* “Knock Knock!”
* “Who’s There?”
* “Dishwasher.”
* “Dishwasher who?”
* “Dishwasher way I ushed to shpeak before I got my falsh teesh”.
(The last sentence is supposed to mean: “This was the way I used to speak before I got my false teeth”).

There is a joke about a man who sent ten different puns to friends in the hope that at least one of the puns would make them laugh. Unfortunately, no pun in ten did.

(The joke here is on “no pun intended,” which is said when a person unintentionally says a pun by coincidence, and announces the find ).

There are many websites and books which have jokes, very often with puns.

Puns are easier to make in some languages than others. Languages with many homophones (words which sound the same but have a different meaning) such as the Chinese language are most suitable for puns.

Puns do not have to be about homonyms. They can sometimes be a double entendre using both a literal sense of the word and a metaphor (figurative use). For example, if a young man joins the Navy and someone says that he "sailed through his exams", this is a joke because: 1) the expression "to sail through something" means "to do it easily", but 2) the Navy is about sailing in ships. It is possible to say something like that without realizing that it is a pun. 

Another example is a story about two boys growing up and eating more and more food. One of the parents just began a new job and the other says, "I hope you can start bringing home the bacon!" In this example, bacon is a play on words meaning both money and the food, bacon.  

Many British people love making puns, especially bad puns (where a word has to be mispronounced to make the joke work). Lewis Carroll made many puns in his books *Alice in Wonderland* and *Alice through the Looking Glass*.

These are also a few examples of different puns:

Really *cool* songs were heard as the rock band played on the iceberg,

"You're fired!" said the boss to the man shot from a gun.

"How is your vineyard doing?" a neighbour asked. The woman replied, "It's growing grape!"  (play on words: "It's going great!")

Helium, Neon and Argon float into a bar.
The bartender says:
"Sorry, but we don't serve your kind."
They don't react.
(Helium, Neon and Argon are noble gases and they don't perform chemical reactions easily. This is why argon is used in lightbulbs.)
Airsoft

**Airsoft** is a competitive team shooting sport in which players use fake guns, usually replicas of real firearms, to eliminate opponents from play using spherical plastic projectiles, called BBs.

Airsoft is comparable to paintball, another sport that uses fake guns to battle. The main differences between the two sports are:

#Projectiles from an Airsoft gun are plastic BBs, not paint, and do not break or leave a marker upon impact. Although, the solid projectiles can sometimes leave a small bruise or wound. Players use their own judgement to call themselves out. This system is based on honor, because people can cheat by not calling themselves out without the knowledge of other players. This has led to fights between players usually resulting in one repeatedly shooting a cheater, causing pain, until they call their hit.
#Airsoft guns are more commonly replicas of real firearms, with Airsoft guns more commonly using magazines simulating the appearance of a real one (albeit functioning differently) opposed to a dropper used on paintball guns.
#Airsoft guns are commonly powered by a battery or small disposable CO2 gas tanks, opposed to reusable tanks used in paintball.
#Airsoft is arguably cheaper, Airsoft guns can cost as low as around $5, and BBs costing less than 2 cents per BB.

The appeal of Airsoft stems from real world battle tactics and gameplay styles. Some examples are short-term battles, organized scenarios, historical reenactments and Military Simulation. Game fields also have very different styles, from small indoor arenas to large fields.
North American P-51 Mustang

The **P-51 Mustang** was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II. Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan. There were 5 versions of the Mustang built, called the P-51A, P-51B, P-51C, P-51D, and the P-51H. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison. The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy, or one unobstructed by metal supports. After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s. Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.

The P-51 Mustang is an American veteran from World War II and the **Korean War**. The  P-51 Mustang was the first U.S. built fighter airplane to **control Europe after the fall of France.** Mustangs met and conquered nearly every German plane from the Junkers bombers to the Messerschmitt 262s. The P-51 was a **very successful** aircraft, capable of many ground attack and **dogfight** missions**.** 

## References
## Other websites 
* WW2DB: P-51 Mustang
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

**MiG-15 Fagot** was a jet combat airplane designed by Mikoyan, a Russian airplane company. It was intended as an interceptor but fought more often as an air superiority fighter. It first flew in 1947, and went in military service in 1949. It was one of the first to use a swept wing. It first fought in the Korean War, where it defeated the American Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. To try to beat the MiG-15, the North American Aviation F-86 Sabre was brought in. The MiG-15 was then upgraded in to the MiG-17, so the MiG-15 went out of service. Today, it is used to train new pilots and still used by North Korea's Air Force.

## Related pages
*Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
*F-86 Sabre

## Other websites 
* [MIG-15](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/MiG-15_(fighter)) -Citizendium
North American F-86 Sabre

The **F-86 Sabre** (nicknamed the "**Sabre jet**") was an American fighter plane made by North American Aviation. It first flew in 1947, and was introduced to battle the MiG-15 in the Korean War. Unlike the fighter before it, the F-86 had swept wings to be faster.

## Related pages
*MiG-15
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

Air Force]]
The **MiG-21 Fishbed** is a Soviet jet aircraft made by Mikoyan. It is a supersonic fighter aircraft and first flew in 1956. It has a delta wing and at least 30 countries used it. More than 10,000 were made, which is more than any other supersonic plane. It fought in the Vietnam War and is still being used today.
Pantyhose

**Pantyhose** is a piece of women's clothing that covers the waist down.

Miniskirt exposed the legs to well above the knee. They made pantyhose a necessity for many women. In 1970, U.S. sales of pantyhose exceeded stockings for the first time, and it has remained so ever since.  

Pantyhose fit tightly. Modern tights come in different colors. For every day wear women are usually chosen brown (tan color pantyhose) or black or nude (skin) pantyhose. There are popular patterned pantyhose: for example, polka dot, backseam, tattoo and so on). In addition to beautiful trendy patterned pantyhose, there are also functional pantyhose, such as modeling and compression pantyhose.

Compression pantyhose usually used for protective or medical reasons. For protection against varicose veins use only pantyhose with a low level of graduated compression. Compression pantyhose with a high level of exposure can be purchased with a doctor's prescription.

## References 
## Related pages
*Tights
Tights

**Tights** are a tight fitting clothing. In American English, the term includes pantyhose. They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing. Tights in the past were made of elasticized silk or other material. Modern tights are often made of spandex.

Tights were invented in 1598, by a man called William Lee. He was a reverend and made a machine that knitted together silk.

Tights come in thin and thick options. Thinner tights are called sheer, and thicker ones are called opaque. People measure this thickness using something called "denier". There are five categories that show what denier a pair of tights is: Ultra sheer, sheer, semi-opaque, opaque, and thick-opaque.

Tights are intended to keep a wearer’s legs warm, and come in many different colors, patterns, lengths, and materials. One rule of thumb to consider is that coated leggings, like the shiny metallic leggings, will usually have less stretch than faux leather leggings or even our basic nylon leggings, which are the absolute most easy to fit due to their unhindered stretch.

File:Renaissance-tights.jpg|Renaissance-era costume
File:Supporting breast cancer research (2907275545).jpg|Footless tights under a skirt

## Related pages
*Pantyhose
*Leggings

## References
Tsetse fly

**Tsetse flies** are large biting flies that live in the tropical regions of Africa. They bite vertebrates, and drink their blood. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases.

They have been studied a lot because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases.

The genus *Glossina* has about 34 species in three groups of species. One group of species lives out on the savannah; another group lives near rivers, and the third group lives in tropical forests.

## Life cycle
Tsetse have an unusual life cycle. Female tsetse only fertilize one egg at a time and keep each egg in their uterus while the offspring develops inside during the first larval stages. During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus.

In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva finally leave the uterus and crawl into the ground. There, it forms a hard outer shell and becomes a pupa. It completes its metamorphosis into an adult fly. This takes twenty to thirty days, while the larva relies on stored resources.

Normally, insect larvae feed themselves before pupation, but tsetse development (before it emerges as a full adult) occurs without feeding. The development is based only on nutritional resources provided by the female parent, which shows how blood is a rich source of nutrition. The female must get enough energy for its needs, for the needs of its developing offspring, and to store the resources which its offspring will require until it emerges as an adult.

## Population control 
Before the 20th century, people and their cattle simply did not live in areas infested with tsetse flies. In the 20th century, using pesticides after World War II caused as many problems as it solved. Now more subtle methods are preferred. Tsetse flies can be trapped by using large blue cloths as a lure. Another good method is to release irradiated male flies, which are sterile. Since females mate only once in their lives, that much reduces the population.
North Hollywood shootout

The **North Hollywood shootout** was a gunfight that happened on February 28, 1997. Emil Matasareanu (July 19, 1966 - February 28, 1997) and Larry Eugene Phillips Jr. (September 20, 1970 - February 28, 1997) were bank robbers, and used AK-47s, an AR-15, an HK-91, and 9 MM pistols. The police could not easily kill them because of their heavy body armor, which was made out of kevlar. 20 people were wounded, and the only two killed were the robbers. 

Matasareanu was shot dead by police. Phillips shot himself in the head with a Beretta M92F as police shot him multiple times. His body was left in the street for about an hour before ambulances came to take his body away.

## Reference
The Blitz

**The Blitz** was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and came from the term , the German word for 'lightning war'.

43,000 civilians died during the blitz.

The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns, and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940.

By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had lost the Battle of Britain and the German air fleets () were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation. 

From 7 September 1940, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights. Most notable was a large daylight attack against London on 15 September.

## References
Organic matter

**Organic matter** (or **organic material**) refers to a particular type of matter. There is no single definition, and it varies based on context.

## History 
The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This theory was discredited in the 19th century.

The end of vitalism is often credited to Friedrich Wöhler, who discovered the Wöhler synthesis. This let people make organic urea from inorganic ammonium cyanate. However, chemists and historians consider this a myth: While his work was important, it came when support for vitalism was already decreasing in chemistry.

Vitalism remains a popular pseudoscientific philosophy. Many forms of alternative medicine use vitalist ideas.

## By field 
### Chemistry 
Organic chemistry is a field of chemistry that studies carbon compounds. An organic compound is normally defined as a chemical that has chemical bonds between two carbon atoms, or between carbon and hydrogen.

### Geology 
Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms. The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is one kind organic material. When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus. 

## Related pages 
*Biomass
*Biological tissue

## Footnotes
Need for Speed: Carbon

***Need For Speed: Carbon*** is an racing game by Electronic Arts that belongs to the *Need for Speed* series. It is the 12th game in the *Need For Speed* series and is available on many gaming systems such as the GameCube, Wii, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox, Xbox 360, and PC. It is the last in the series to be released for the GameCube and GBA, it was released on October 30, 2006.

## Gameplay
*Need for Speed: Carbon* is like *Need for Speed: Most Wanted*, but the biggest change is that it is night time.
MotorStorm

***MotorStorm*** is a racing video game. It is only available for the PlayStation 3. The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.
Tipton (disambiguation)

**Tipton** may refer to:

## Towns or Cities 
*Tipton, town in the West Midlands, England

*Tipton, Indiana, city in Indiana, USA
*Tipton, Iowa, city in Iowa, USA
*Tipton, Kansas, city in Kansas, USA
*Tipton, Oklahoma, city in Oklahoma, USA

## People 
*Analeigh Tipton, the American figure skater, actress, and fashion model.
*Billy Tipton, the American jazz musician and bandleader.
*Zurlon Tipton, the American football player.

## In Fiction 
*The Tipton Hotel or fictional character London Tipton from the television series, *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody*
Athletic shoe

An **athletic shoe** is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.

Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name ***trainers*** (British English), ***sandshoes*** (Australian English) ***running shoes*** or ***runners*** (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), ***sneakers*** (American English, Australian English), ***sport shoes***, ***gym shoes***, ***tennis shoes***, ***tennies***, ***sneaks***, ***kicks*** (American English), ***takkies*** (South African English).

They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas. Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear. They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort. They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person. They are worn for many different types of sports.

## Images

File:A classic Black pair of Converse All Stars resting on the Black & White Ed. Shoebox (1998-2002).JPG|Converse All Stars
File:Football boot.jpg|Football boot
File:74892143 f94145facb.jpg|Air Jordans
File:Soccer shoes.JPG|Soccer shoes
File:ASICS GEL-Kayano 19.jpg|Running shoes

## Other websites
Supergiant

**Supergiants** are some of the largest stars in the universe. They are larger than giant stars, and less luminous than hypergiants. They vary greatly in size. They are towards the top of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, a graph showing star development. Some are only 50 million kilometers across, small enough to fit inside the orbit of Mercury. The largest and brightest supergiants, also called hypergiants, are 2,200 million km across, between the sizes of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.

Supergiants are the old forms of old main sequence stars that had a high mass. These expanded when hydrogen ran out for fusion in their core to become red and blue supergiants. Typically, when the hydrogen in the core runs out, the star becomes a blue supergiant and then a red supergiant when hydrogen fusion occurs in a layer surrounding the core. When helium fusion starts, the red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant again. When the core becomes multi-layered with heavier elements being produced by fusion, it may turn into a red supergiant again. However, supergiants may go through the red-blue supergiant cycle numerous times, and both red and blue supergiants can end their life in a supernova explosion.

Yellow supergiants are the rarest supergiant type and are not stable. However, they are still important stars and include the Cepheid variables. They are likely just a midway point when a red supergiant changes to a blue supergiant and vice versa. Larger and brighter yellow supergiants are called yellow hypergiants.

## Examples
Supergiants are rare but easy to find because they are so bright. Many stars in the night sky that the naked eye can see are rare supergiants.

### Blue
* Rigel
* Deneb
* Alnilam
* Many stars in the Jewel Box Cluster
* Rho Leonis

### Yellow
* Polaris
* Gamma Cygni
* Delta Canis Majoris
* Epsilon Aurigae
* Betelgeuse (3000-2000 years ago)
The yellow supergiants famously include the Cepheid variables.

### Red
* Antares
* Betelgeuse
* Epsilon Pegasi
* Zeta Cephei
* VV Cephei A

## References
Achtung Baby

***Achtung Baby*** is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was put in stores on 19 November 1991. The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, *Rattle and Hum* was criticized.

*Achtung Baby* shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words. The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and *Achtung Baby* is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.

## Track listing
### 20th anniversary reissue
## Notes
Tropical cyclogenesis

map showing where tropical cyclones form from 1985 to 2005.]]

**Tropical cyclogenesis** is a meteorological word used to describe tropical cyclone formation, and its strengthening over the atmosphere.  Tropical cyclogenesis happens when the development of a warm-core cyclone, is associated with a lot of convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. Usually, about 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm strength form worldwide every year, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming strong tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).

## Related pages
* Tropical cyclone
* Tropical wave

## References
## Other websites
*Current AO conditions
*Current ENSO conditions
*Current MJO conditions
*Current NAO conditions
*Current PNA conditions
*Maximum Potential Intensity
*Maximum Potential Intensity Maps Worldwide 
*Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential
Devolution

**Devolution** is when a central government  powers to a local government.  It is sometimes called *Home Rule* or decentralisation.

In the United Kingdom, devolution is implemented in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.

These bodies are called

*The Welsh Parliament and Welsh Government
*The Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government
*The Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive

England does not have its own parliament, while there have been increasing calls today for one.

Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body.  The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies.  This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland.  It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.

This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.
## Related pages
*Decentralization
*Federal republic
*Limited government

## References
Archbishop

]]
In Christianity, an **archbishop** is an important bishop. The jurisdiction or area governed by an archbishop is called a **metropolis** (or **metropolitan (arch)diocese**). In the Catholic Church, when a bishop becomes an archbishop, he does not receive any additional Holy Orders or other sacrament.

## Catholicism 
 and metropolitan)]]

In the Catholic Church, archbishops usually oversee archdioceses, which are important regions or cities. While an archbishop takes precedence over a regular bishop, his sacramental role and hierarchy remains the same, have an equal rank to the bishop, and reports to the Pope. Like regular bishops, archbishops are responsible for maintaining the unity of the church within their own jurisdiction and may also have involvement over multiple dioceses, especially those that are part of the metropolitan province and have direct connection with the archdiocese. The head of an archdiocese is often called a **metropolitan archbishop**. Although not all archbishops and regular bishops are cardinals, some archbishops, especially those in large or important cities, may be appointed as cardinals by the Pope. The title *archbishop ad personam* is an honorary title and it is granted to a bishop who is appointed as an archbishop but does not have jurisdiction over a specific archdiocese. The title **Archbishop Emeritus** is given to retired archbishops who continue to hold their title without active jurisdiction.

## Orthodox Church 
 of an Orthodox archbishop and bishop]]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, archbishops often oversee large or historically important areas. The structure may vary, as in some Orthodox traditions, archbishops are ranked lower than metropolitans.

## Related pages 
* Archbishop ad personam
* Nuncio
* Titular bishop
* Auxiliary bishop

## References
Programme for International Student Assessment

The **Programme for International Student Assessment** is a test done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is done every 3 years. In the test, 15-year-old schoolchildren are tested in different subjects. Their grades can then be compared. It is used to say that a certain school (or schooling system) does better or worse than a different one, on a certain subject. 

## Other websites
*PISA website
Fahrenheit (band)

**Fahrenheit** (Traditional Chinese: 飛輪海; Pinyin: Fēi Lún Hǎi) is a Taiwanese boy band. Fahrenheit has been a great success around Asia, particularly in Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. The group has four members: Calvin Chen, Jiro Wang, Wu Zun and Aaron Yan. They record albums with HIM International Music record label.

## History
### Background and Members
The name Fahrenheit comes from each of the members representing a season or temperature matching their different personalities. Calvin Chen represents spring, warmth; Jiro Wang represents summer, hot; Wu Zun represents autumn, cool; and Aaron Yan represents winter, cold. Each of the four members also has a temperature symbolising them on the Fahrenheit scale: Calvin is at 77 degrees, Jiro is at 95 degrees, Wu is at 59 degrees and Aaron is at 41 degrees.

Wu was born and raised in Brunei for most of his life, later graduating at RMIT in Melbourne, Australia. He was entered the entertainment business while on a trip to Taiwan, when a television producer discovered him during this trip and recommended him to play the lead male role of Tokyo Juliet, which he accepted.

Aaron moved to New York, United States at a young age but later returned to Taiwan for high school and college at Chinese Culture University. Around early 2005, Comic producers had been searching for good bloggers on the Internet. They discovered him, who at that time, was popular online, and thus recommended him to go casting for a role in a TV show.

After Calvin finished high school in Taiwan, he studied in university in Canada, where he completed his master's degree in Economics at University of Victoria. He then further continued his life in Vancouver by joining the pageant-like competition Sunshine Boyz, where he won first place with a free ticket to Taiwan and a contract with a music company, as well as a role in a TV drama.

Jiro graduated in Taiwan's Fu-Shin College. He was first asked to join the entertainment industry from a singing competition. But he failed to release an album because of company difficulties, so he decided to continue his career in the industry by working backstage, mainly in fashion designing and modeling. He was approached again around 2004, when his acting career began.

Although unsure at first, Fahrenheit first gained great fame around 2005 when all of the members first starred in the series KO One on television in Taiwan. Because it felt awkward to have only three members in a boyband, Wu Zun joined the group later in late 2005. On 28 December 2005, Fahrenheit officially became a quartet boy band.

## Discography
### Studio Albums
### Soundtracks
## Other websites
### Official
* Fahrenheit @ HIM Taiwan 
* Fahrenheit: Official Japanese Site 
* Fahrenheit's Official Blog 

### Unofficial
*Lyrics.Robby.Haryan.to  (Lyrics in Pinyin)
Sleeping sickness

:*"Sleeping sickness" is also another name for Narcolepsy.*
 smear.]]

**Sleeping sickness**, or **African trypanosomiasis**, is an infectious disease.  It is caused by parasites from the species *Trypanosoma brucei*.

## Cause
People get African trypanosomiasis from the tsetse fly.  Because of this, it is most common in certain areas of Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, where the tsetse fly lives.  Researchers say that about 70 million people, in 36 countries, are at a high risk for getting sleeping sickness. 

## Epidemiology
As of 2010, sleeping sickness had caused around 9,000 deaths per year (compared to 34,000 in 1990). 

In 2013, about 30,000 people had African trypanosomiasis.  Also, about 7,000 more people were getting the disease every year.  More than 80% of these people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

Other symptoms in this stage can include:
* Mental confusion
* Tremor
* Muscle weakness
* Weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg
* Movements that the person cannot control, like a person with Parkinson syndrome
* Psychosis
* Feeling easily annoyed or being aggressive

Without treatment, a person with African sleeping sickness will go into a coma; (thus the name) all their important organs will stop working; and they will die.Damage caused in the neurological phase cannot be fixed.

## References
Karbala

**Karbala** (Arabic: كربلاء; Transliterated: **Al-Karbala**; also known as **Karbala al-Muqaddasah** (Holy Land) and sometimes spelled **Kerbela**) is a city in Iraq. It is about 100 km southwest of Baghdad. It is the capital of Karbala Province. For Shi'a Muslims the city is one of the holiest cities, after Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, and Najaf. As of 2024, Karbala has a population of 1 million people who identify as Shia.

## References
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?

***Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader?*** is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show *Survivor*. The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles. 

In Australia, the show is on the Ten Network. The top prize is AU$500,000.

A syndicated version of the show aired in the United States from September 2009 to March 2011. Contestants answer eight questions (ten in Season 1), and can answer a 5th grade bonus question for ten times the amount they earned from those questions. Unlike other versions of the show, the game does not end after a wrong answer. Instead, the contestant loses their earnings up to that point.

## References
Pullman, Washington

, which surrounds Pullman]]

**Pullman** is a city in Whitman County, Washington, on the eastern border of Washington. The town's population was measured in 2020 as 32,901.

The main campus of Washington State University is located in Pullman, along with primary and secondary schools.
Vought F-8 Crusader

Navy F-8.]]

The **F-8 Crusader** was an American fighter plane made by Vought. It first flew in 1955, and went into the Navy and Marine corps in 1957. It was the only fighter plane in the Vietnam War to have both guns and missiles on it. It was slowly replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and was retired in 1999. There was also a different type of it called the RF-8 Crusader, meant for spying. It also took the pictures of Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

## Related pages
* A-7 Corsair II
LTV A-7 Corsair II

The **A-7 Corsair II** was an attack plane like the F-8 Crusader. It was made by Ling-Temco-Vought. It first flew in 1965, and went into militaries in 1967. It can take off from aircraft carriers, and can carry bombs meant to destroy enemies on the ground.Later the Corsair ll was replaced by the F/A-18 Hornet.

Note that it is called the "Corsair II" because there was an airplane called the F4U Corsair.

## Related pages
*F-8 Crusader
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II

The **F-4 Phantom II** is an American fighter-bomber. It was mainly used during the Vietnam War. It was first flown in 1958 and was shown in 1960. The plane could carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and four long range AIM-7 Sparrow missiles, but it did not have a gun. Later, the E model had a cannon mounted on it. After the F-15 Eagle replaced it, it was used as a bomber and the G model was used as a Wild Weasel. It is currently used by countries such as Turkey and Iran. 

## Related pages
*F-8 Crusader
*F-15 Eagle
Oni (folklore)

of  red oni.]]
An **oni** is a creature from Japanese folklore. It is described as a large monster that looks like an ogre, a troll, or a demon. It is sometimes described as having horns and usually as wearing a jaguar skin loincloth and being very masculine.
Kappa (folklore)

The **Kappa** (also called **Kawatarou**, **Kawako**, **Kawaranbe**, **Gatarō**) is a character in Japanese folklore. It is water spirit (*yōkai*) that is responsible for mischief. The Kappa is said to be the size of a 6 to 10-year-old boy. It has the body of a tortoise and an ape-like head. The most notable thing about its body is a hole in its head that holds the kappa's strength giving water. They are said to live off of blood and to drain the life out of people. They are known for innocent pranks such as theft, but it is also said that they will rape women and eat children. The only things kappas enjoy more than children are cucumbers. To write a name on a cucumber and to throw it into a river is said to save that person from being eaten by the kappa.

Bowser (known as "Kuppa" in Japan), the main antagonist of the popular Nintendo's *Mario* videogame series, was based on the creature.

## References 
* Mark Schumacher (2004). Kappa -- River Imp or Sprite.
WikiHow

**wikiHow** is a wiki-based website with a  of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses  version 1.12.0 of MediaWiki. As of August 2017, wikiHow contains more than 190,000 free how-to articles and over 1.6 million registered users. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2011, wikiHow had 36 million unique readers.

## History 
In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Josh Hannah started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.

### Censorship 
wikiHow's censorship policy *usually* does not allow articles about things that:
*Are "**sexually charged**"
*Are **inaccurate**
*Contain **potty humor**
*Are **joke pages**, or pages that rely on **backwards logic**
*Are **spam** pages, or pages **advertising a product or service**
***Violate copyright**
*Are **not a step-by-step how-to guide**
*Are **illegal**
*Contain **drug use**; especially information about **illegal drugs**
*Or are **potentially destructive or dangerous**.

Some people complain that this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.

## References 
## Other websites 
* wikiHow.com
* wikiHow to Open Content 
* "How to do absolutely everything" , Macleans, October 16, 2006