open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
TWA Flight 800

**Trans World Airlines Flight 800** **(TWA 800)** was a scheduled flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport on July 17, 1996. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-100 carrying 212 passengers and 18 crew members. The plane exploded just 12&nbsp;minutes after takeoff, tore apart and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York. The cause was  to be a spark that ignited the center wing fuel tank. It remains the third-deadliest aviation accident in U.S. history. It is one of the deadliest aviation accidents in Boeing 747 in history.

## Passengers and Crew
Most of the 230 occupants on-board were from the United States, but 42 more came from France, 10 from Argentina, and 60 more from sixteen other countries.

The pilots on board TWA Flight 800 were Captain Ralph G. Kevorkian, Co-pilot Steven E. Snyder and Flight Engineer Richard G. Campbell. All had more than 30 years employment with Trans World Airlines. There was also a Flight Engineer Trainee on board Oliver Krick, who was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Crash of TWA Flight 800; YouTube
2016 Oakland warehouse fire

The **2016 Oakland warehouse fire** was a fire in Oakland, California on December 2, 2016. At around 11:30 PM Pacific Standard Time, a fire started in a warehouse. The warehouse, known as Ghost Ship, had been changed into places for people to live and into an artist collective. Those changes were done without permits.

At least 36 people died because of the fire. It was the deadliest building fire in Oakland history.

## References
Brahmanas

The **Brahmanas** are a collection of Indian books. The books give more information on the Vedas, the four holiest books of the Hindu religion.

The *Brahmanas* give instructions on the proper performance of rituals. They also explain the original symbolic meanings.

Each Vedic *shakha* (school) has its own *Brahmana*. Many *Brahmana* texts existed in ancient India. Most of these have been lost.

## References
Kishiwada Danjiri Festival

**Kishiwada Danjiri festival( 岸和田だんじり祭り）** is a festival which is held in Kishiwada, located in southern Osaka,  in Japan for abundant crops. There are some differnet Danjiri matsuri festivals in western Japan region, but Kishiwada one is the biggest. People pull Danjiri float , run, walk and play some traditional instrument.   The date which it is held is on saturday and Sunday just before the Respect-for-the Aged Day Holiday of September.

## Food 
There are some special foods for this festival. Some people invite their relative or friends and make blue crabs, Kantoudaki and Kurumimochi. People in Kishiwada eat a blue swimming crabs which is caught in the sea near Senshu which is located in south Osaka. The best time of catching crabs coincidents with the festival so people had degun to eat it. Kurumimochi is a kind of a rice cake covered with ground walnuts. This is a local sweet in Osaka, and people eat this for huge harvest.

## Organization 
the management of this festival is organized by some neighborhood associations in each town. There is an association for Danjiri in each town in parallel with women's association and child association. there are some roles in this organization. The leader is called is called Tyoukaichou( 町会長）, and the person who assumes heavy responsibility. When some incident happen or the accident has caused someone's death, Tyoukaityou is reponsible. He rides in front of Danjiri float. The leader pulling Danjiri is called Eikousekininnsha(曳行責任者. He is the highest ranking person and he is also in front of Danjiri float.

## References
Elaine Chao

**Elaine Lan Chao-McConnell** (; born March 26, 1953) is an American politician. She was the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation from January 31, 2017 to January 11, 2021 during the Donald Trump administration.

She served as the 24th United States Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2009, and Deputy Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush. She was the first Asian-American woman and the first Taiwanese American in U.S. history to be appointed to a U.S. president's cabinet.

## Early life
Chao was born in Taipei, Taiwan. Her parents were Ruth Mulan Chu Chao (1930–2007) and James S. C. Chao (born 1927). Her parents immigrated to the United States in 1961. She studied at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts and at Harvard University.

## United States Secretary of Labor (2001–2009)
Chao was the only cabinet member in the George W. Bush administration to serve for the entirety of his eight years. She was also the longest-serving Secretary of Labor since Frances Perkins, who served from 1933 to 1945, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

## United States Secretary of Transport (2017–2021) 
On November 29, 2016, it was announced that President-elect Donald Trump planned to nominate Chao for Secretary of Transportation when he takes office.

On January 31, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed Chao's nomination with a 93-6 vote. She assumed office on the same day, with Vice President Mike Pence swearing her in.

Following the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Chao announced her resignation as Secretary of Transportation on January 7, 2021. She resigned on January 11, 2021.

## Personal life
Chao is married to Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Heritage Foundation profile 
* 
* Elaine Chao history at Department of Labor 
* Elaine Chao   Video produced by *Makers: Women Who Make America*
* msb.georgetown.edu
UEFA Euro 2016 squads

These are the twenty-four national teams who played at Euro 2016 in France. Every national association must present before the UEFA a list of 23 footballers (which three of them must be goalkeepers) in ten days before the first match, that means: 31th May, 2016.

A footballer can be replaced by another one if he is injured or sick, although must be certified by the UEFA's Medical Committee and by the medical staff of his football club. 

These dispositions are applied according art. 44 of Euro 2016's regulations.

## Teams 
### Group A 
#### Albany 
#### France 
#### Romania 
#### Switzerland 
### Group B 
#### England 
#### Russia 
#### Slovakia 
#### Wales 
### Group C 
#### Germany 
#### Ireland, Northern 
#### Poland 
#### Ukraine 
### Group D 
#### Croatia 
#### Czech Republic 
#### Spain 
#### Turkey 
### Group E 
#### Belgium 
#### Ireland (Eire) 
#### Italy 
#### Sweden 
### Group F 
#### Austria 
#### Hungary 
#### Portugal 
## References 
## Other websites
Arrondissement of Sainte-Menehould

The **arrondissement of Sainte-Menehould** was an arrondissement of France, in the Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Sainte-Menehould.

## History
When the Marne department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Sainte-Menehould was part of that original department.

In 1926, the *arrondissement* was eliminated but it became again an *arrondissement* of the Marne department in 1940. for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There is only one canton in the *arrondissement* of Sainte-Menehould: the canton of Argonne Suippe et Vesle; the *communes* of this canton are in the *arrondissements* of Châlons-en-Champagne and of Sainte-Menehould.

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Sainte-Menehould has 67 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Argers (51015)
# Auve (51027)
# Belval-en-Argonne (51047)
# Berzieux (51053)
# Binarville (51062)
# Braux-Saint-Remy (51083)
# Braux-Sainte-Cohière (51082)
# Cernay-en-Dormois (51104)
# Chaudefontaine (51139)
# Châtrices (51138)
# Contault (51166)
# Courtémont (51191)
# Dampierre-le-Château (51206)
# Dommartin-Dampierre (51211)
# Dommartin-Varimont (51214)
# Dommartin-sous-Hans (51213)
# Florent-en-Argonne (51253)
# Fontaine-en-Dormois (51255)
# Givry-en-Argonne (51272)
# Gizaucourt (51274)
# Gratreuil (51280)
# Hans (51283)
# Herpont (51292)
# La Chapelle-Felcourt (51126)
# La Croix-en-Champagne (51197)
# La Neuville-au-Pont (51399)
# La Neuville-aux-Bois (51397)
# Laval-sur-Tourbe (51317)
# Le Chemin (51143)
# Le Châtelier (51133)
# Le Vieil-Dampierre (51619)
# Les Charmontois (51132)
# Maffrécourt (51336)
# Malmy (51341)
# Massiges (51355)
# Minaucourt-le-Mesnil-lès-Hurlus (51368)
# Moiremont (51370)
# Noirlieu (51404)
# Passavant-en-Argonne (51424)
# Rapsécourt (51452)
# Remicourt (51456)
# Rouvroy-Ripont (51470)
# Saint-Jean-sur-Tourbe (51491)
# Saint-Mard-sur-Auve (51498)
# Saint-Mard-sur-le-Mont (51500)
# Saint-Remy-sur-Bussy (51515)
# Saint-Thomas-en-Argonne (51519)
# Sainte-Menehould (51507)
# Servon-Melzicourt (51533)
# Sivry-Ante (51537)
# Somme-Bionne (51543)
# Somme-Tourbe (51547)
# Somme-Yèvre (51549)
# Sommepy-Tahure (51544)
# Tilloy-et-Bellay (51572)
# Valmy (51588)
# Verrières (51610)
# Vienne-la-Ville (51620)
# Vienne-le-Château (51621)
# Ville-sur-Tourbe (51640)
# Villers-en-Argonne (51632)
# Virginy (51646)
# Voilemont (51650)
# Wargemoulin-Hurlus (51659)
# Éclaires (51222)
# Élise-Daucourt (51228)
# Épense (51229)

The *communes* in the *arrondissement* with more inhabitants are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Marne department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Vaganova Ballet Academy

The **Vaganova Ballet Academy** is a ballet school in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was founded in 1738 by Empress Anna Loannovna (1693-1740)  

The original name of the academy was the **Imperial Ballet School**. In the Soviet regime, the school was rebuilt as the **Leningrad State Choreographic Institute**. After that, in 1957, the name of the school became the **Vaganova Ballet Academy** by Agrippina Vaganova. Every year, over 3,000 children audition and only approximately 70 children are accepted. It has eight year curriculum, and 30 dancers complete the whole of the curriculum. Dancers who take the eight year course may join ballet companies all over the world.

## References
Magistrate

A **magistrate** is a law officer who administers the law in a court. The term varies in its use in different countries.

In ancient Rome, a *magistratus* was one of the highest ranking government officers. They had judicial and executive powers. A Roman consul was the highest magistrate. 
## Recent examples 
In some parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court. They usually deal with minor or preliminary matters. In England and Wales there are two types of magistrates: justices of the peace and district judges.
Bister, Switzerland

**Bister** is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
Herod the Great

**Herod I** ( 74/73 BCE – 4 BCE/1 CE), also known as **Herod the Great**, was the King of Judea from 37 to 4 BC. At the time Judea was a client state of Rome. During his 33 year reign, Herod was an excellent leader. But he is most famous for the Bible account of his  killing the boys of Bethlehem. While this massacre of innocents is not confirmed by other historical records, Herod did murder countless rivals, a mother-in-law, a wife and three of his sons. 

## Rise to power 
Herod was born about 73–75 BC. In 47 BC Antipater made his oldest son, phasael, the governor of Jerusalem. He made Herod governor of Galilee. 

## King of Judea 
Herod was friends with Octavian and Mark Antony who in 40 BC had the Roman Senate designate Herod as the next king of Judea. Herod traveled to the Temple of Jupiter to give thanks to the gods of Rome. He became completely involved in Greco-Roman history, culture and philosophy. He continuously thought there were conspiracies and s to overthrow him as king. He may have married too often and produced too many sons. Herod worried each one was plotting to take his place. In all he had three of sons killed. He became suspicious of the brother of his favourite wife, Mariamme, and had him drowned in a game of water polo. He ordered Mariamme's grandfather killed and finally, Mariamme herself. 

As Herod realized he would die soon, he ordered all the leading men in Judea to be brought together in a large arena. As soon as the king died, they were all to be put to death. This was to keep others from celebrating his death. Herod had probably been suffering from chronic kidney disease, gangrene and possibly other diseases that left him mentally unbalanced.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Herod the Great — A legacy in Stone; YouTube
* Bible Mysteries Herod and the Bethlehem Massacre English documentary on BBC Part 1; YouTube
Linus Sebastian

**Linus Gabriel Sebastian** is a founder, editor-in-chief and Chief Vision Officer of Linus Media Group (LMG). He sometimes hosts YouTube channels Linus Tech Tips, TechLinked, Short Circuit, and others run by LMG. In 2015, Inc. Magazine ranked Sebastian 4th in a list of the "Top 30 Power Players in Tech".

## Personal life 
Linus was born on August 20, 1986. He grew up in Maple Ridge, British Columbia. He has been married to Yvonne Ho since April 2011.

## References
Super League

The **Super League** is a rugby league competition for clubs from the United Kingdom and France. The league started in 1996 and Wigan Warriors are the current champions, having won the 2016 title.

## Current teams
*Castleford Tigers
*Catalans Dragons
*Huddersfield Giants
*Hull F.C.
*Leigh Centurions
*Leeds Rhinos
*Salford Red Devils
*St Helens R.F.C.
*Wakefield Trinity
*Warrington Wolves
*Widnes Vikings
*Wigan Warriors

## Former teams
*Bradford Bulls
*Hull Kingston Rovers
*London Broncos
*Newcastle Thunder
*North Wales Crusaders
*Sheffield Eagles
*Workington Town

## Winners
*Leeds Rhinos (7): 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015
*St Helens (6): 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006 and 2014
*Bradford (4): 1997, 2001, 2003 and 2005
*Wigan (4): 1998, 2010, 2013 and 2016
Nissan Navara

**Nissan Navara** (also called **Nissan Frontier**) is a pickup truck from Nissan. The line began around 1997. It replaced the Datsun Hardbody trucks.

The Navara is named for the Navarre region in northern Spain.

The truck is available in two and four doors.

## References
Andrew Puzder

**Andrew Franklin "Andy" Puzder** (born July 11, 1950) is an American politician and businessman. He has been the 22nd United States Ambassador to the European Union since 2025. He was the chief executive of CKE Restaurants from 2000 until 2025. He received his Juris Doctor in 1978 from Washington University School of Law in St. Louis where he served as senior editor on the Law Review. 

On December 8, 2016, Puzder was named as President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of Labor. He withdrew as the nominee on February 15, 2017.

On January 22, 2025, President Trump announced his nomination of Puzder to serve as United States Ambassador to the European Union in his second administration. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 2, 2025 by a 53 to 44 vote.

## References
Joseph Mascolo

, 2008]]
**Joseph Mascolo** (March 13, 1929 &ndash; December 8, 2016) was an American musician and former dramatic actor.

Mascolo was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. He studied at the University of Miami and at the United States Military Academy. He began acting in 1957.

During his long career, he has acted in many movies such as *Jaws 2*, *Heat* and *The Trail of the Incredible Hulk*. He was best known for playing super villain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's *Days of Our Lives* until his retirement in January 2016.

Mascolo was married to Rose Maimone in 1953. She died in 1986. They had one son. Mascolo then married Patricia Schultz in 2005. He lived in Los Angeles. California. Mascolo was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2015 and suffered a crippling stroke the same year.

Mascolo died on December 8, 2016 at his home in Los Angeles from complication of the disease, aged 87. He was survived by his wife Patricia, his sister Marie, his son Peter and a step-daughter Laura.

## References
## Other websites
*His Personal Website 
*
Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

**Associação Chapecoense de Futebol** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title 
* Copa Sudamericana : 1
** 2016
Virtual reality

**Virtual reality** (often just called **VR**) is the name of reality for computer technology that makes a person feel like they are somewhere else.  It uses software to produce images, sounds, and other sensations to create a different place so that a user feels like he or she is really part of this other place.  That other place can be a real place (to take a tour in another country, for instance) or imaginary (playing a game). 

A user uses a headset which consists of a screen to project the content, and speakers to produce sounds. The technology to do this needs special display screens or projectors and other devices.  Often the picture will change when the user moves their head, they may be able to "walk" through this virtual space and to see things in that space from different directions, and maybe move things in that space.  **Haptic feedback** might also be used to help make it seem more real - haptic feedback uses special gloves that make it feel like you touched something in real life.

Virtual reality is different than **augmented reality**, which shows the real place that a person is in, but changes or adds to it.  Pokémon Go is an example of augmented reality. Augmented reality headsets are also commercially available such as the Microsoft HoloLens.
Mörel, Switzerland

**Mörel** was a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Mörel and Filet merged into the new municipality of Mörel-Filet.
Vincent Laforet

**Vincent Laforet** (born 1975, Switzerland) is a French American director and photographer.

Laforet shared the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography. The other photographers who won were: Stephen Crowley, Chang Lee, James Hill, and Ruth Fremson. The group worked for *The New York Times*. They covered events outside of the United States after the September 11 attacks.

## References
Clube Náutico Capibaribe

**Clube Náutico Capibaribe** also known as **Náutico**, is a Brazilian sports club, including a professional football team, in Recife, Pernambuco. Náutico, as of 2021, is competing in the Série B.
Raising Hope

***Raising Hope*** is an American sitcom. It aired from September 21, 2010, to April 4, 2014, on Fox.

The show aired during prime time, a block of television viewing time in the peak evening hours. The show averaged over 6 million viewers per episode in the first season. The show was also broadcast internationally. It aired in Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. It was broadcast by I.Sat in Latin America.

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
Citropsis articulata

***Citropsis articulata*** is a type of flowering plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is native to tropical West Africa.

The plant and fruit are known by many names. Some of the names are: African cherry orange, West African cherry orange, Uganda cherry orange, Agbalumo, Udara, Otien, and Omuboro. 

## References
Mannheim Steamroller

The **Mannheim Steamroller** is a neoclassical new-age music group. It was founded by Chip Davis. The group is well-known for mixing classical music with new aged and rock music. They also do Christmas music.

Their music is done using the *Fresh Aire* series of studio albums. They have sold over 28 million albums worldwide.

The Mannheim Steamroller was founded in 1974.
Christmas music

**Christmas music** is songs that relate to Christmas and New Year's. The music is normally heard during the holiday season.

Music was an early part of Christmas and its celebrations.

During the Middle Ages, the English people combined circle dances with singing and called them carols. Christmas carols in English first appeared in a 1426 work from John Audelay. 

Traditional Christmas songs are "Silent Night", "Deck the Halls" and "God Rest You Merry Gentlemen".

Modern Christmas songs include "Jingle Bell Rock", "The Christmas Song", "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", "Sleigh Ride", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" and "I'll Be Home for Christmas".

## References
Tā moko

“Ta Moko” means tattoo art in Maori.
Often these tattoos covered the whole face and were a symbol of rank, social status, power and prestige for the Maori people. Ta Moko is a visual language which connects the person who has it to his “whakapapa”. Whakapapa is the family, it’s the genealogical tree, so there is nothing which links religion to Ta Moko. Ta Moko symbolises identification with their origins. It is considered to be beautiful but ferocious because they have to frighten their enemies. The Maori facial tattoo was used as a kind of “identification card”.

These tattoos look like animals or geometric shapes. The most popular tattoo is “the tortoise”. Making the tattoos leaves scars. Traditional tools to make Ta Moko are albatross bone chisels and black ink. A Maori tattoo takes a lot of time to do; generally the Maori people start tattooing themselves in adolescence and they finish in adulthood. They take years to be finished. But a real Ta Moko is very painful. The tattoo artist removes skin by making wide cuts with a mallet and either a turtle scale or an Albatross bone.

Boys start to be tattooed around adolescence but we don’t know when women start to be tattooed.
Men’s tattoos can be found everywhere on their bodies; whereas women can only have tattoos on their foreheads, necks, lips, chins and backs. 

The number of tattoos they have depends on their age, what the people have done in their lives and the place of the person in the tribe. For Maoris these tattoos are like a diary because they are a written record of all the important events and places a man has experienced in his life.

## References
Sekkizhar

**Sekkizhar** is a Tamil poet and scholar. He lived during the period of Kulothunga Chola II. He was considered an excellent poet. Sekkizhar wrote *Periya Puranam*. It was originally 4253 poems describing the lives of 63 Shaiva Nayanars.

## Life of Sekkizhar
Sekkizhar was born in the village of Kundrathur in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Among all Puranas in Tamil, Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam stands first. Kulothunga Chola II began to  Tamil Shaivism that was begun by his ancestors because he was a great e of Lord Nataraja (Shiva) at Chidambaram. The king called upon Sekkizhar to compose a poem on the life of Shaiva saints.

In Tamil literature, Periya Puranam, the great poem works of Sekkizhar is considered the fifth veda. It had also took place as the twelfth tirumarai or Shiva canon.

## References
Bettmeralp

**Bettmeralp** is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Before the merger, Bettmeralp was the name of a village and ski resort in Betten.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Betten and Martisberg merged into the new municipality of Bettmeralp.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Bettmeralp
Cuttack

**Cuttack** is the former capital of the state of Odisha in East India. It is the headquarters of the Cuttack district. Cuttack is nicknamed the "Millennium City" and the "Silver City". Cuttack has over 1000 years of history, and has a famous silver jewelry works. Cuttack is also called as the commercial capital of Odisha. This is due to the large number of trading and business houses in the city.

Cuttack and Bhubaneswar are often called the Twin-Cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities has a population of 1.68 million in 2014. Cuttack is a Tier-II city as per the ranking system used by Government of India.
## Reference
Deomali (mountain)

**Deomali** is a mountain peak in the Chandragiri-Pottangi subrange of the Eastern Ghats. It is located near Koraput town in the Koraput district of southern Odisha, India.At 1672 m Deomali is the highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha. It is also one of the tallest peaks of the Eastern Ghats. The peak has a good surrounding scenery.

## Reference
Martisberg

**Martisberg** was a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Martisberg and Betten merged into the new municipality of Bettmeralp.
Danish Football Association

The **Danish Football Union** (; **DBU**) is the leading body of football in Denmark. It is the organization of the Danish football clubs and runs the professional Danish football leagues and the Denmark national football team for men and women. It is founding member of both FIFA and UEFA. It was established in 1889 and is on of the oldest associations in world football.
## DBU competitions
### Men's 
*Leagues
**Superliga
**1. Division
**2. Division 
**3. Division
**Danmarksserien (4 groups)
*Cups
**DBU Pokalen

### Women's 
*Elite Divisionen
*First Division 
*Danish Series  (3 groups)
*Danish Women's Cup
## UEFA Five years ranking 2025/26
*13th place

## Other websites 
*Official web site in Danish and English
## References
Robot lawyer

A **robot lawyer** is an artificial intelligence (AI) computer program. It is designed to ask the same questions as a real lawyer about certain legal issues.

Robot lawyers are being used in many countries around the world including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Holland.

## References
Tryptophan

of Tryptophan]]

**Tryptophan** (**Trp** or **W**) is encoded by the codon **UGG**. It is an α-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins. 

Tryptophan has an α-amino group (which is in the –NH3+ form under biological conditions), and an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions). It also has a side chain indole, which makes it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is essential to humans: the body cannot synthesize it, so it must be obtained from the diet.

Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin.

People get tryptophan by eating protein-rich foods like meat, eggs, and dairy products.

## References
Multiplication table

(1490s-1559)]]
, a calculation device similar to an abacus]]

A **multiplication table** is a tool used to learn how to multiply two numbers. The oldest known multiplication tables were written by the Babylonians about 4000 years ago. Many people think it is important to know how to multiply two numbers by heart, usually up to 12 × 12, 30 × 30, 50 × 50, or 100 × 100.

Most children are introduced to the two, five and 10 times tables by year two - at the age of six and seven. Between the age of seven and eight, children start to learn the three, four and eight times tables. The hardest multiplication is 6×8, which students got wrong 63% of the time. This was closely followed by 8×6, then 11×12, 12×8 and 8×12. The easiest multiplication, on the other hand, was 1×12, which students got wrong less than 5% of the time, followed by 1×6 and 9×1.

In a multiplication table, a number on the first column is multiplied by a number on the first row. The number they corner up to is the answer. In the table below, 12 and 9 are multiplied to get 108, using the table. The numbers in bold are squares (numbers multiplied by themselves).

In some countries, the multiplication table is halved to account for 1 being the multiplicative identity and the commutative property of multiplication, so we get a table that would look like the one below. If we multiply 3 by 6 to get 18, we can also switch the numbers around to get 18. 

## Warring States decimal multiplication table 
A group of 21 strips of bamboo from 305 BC from the Warring States period is the world's oldest known decimal multiplication table.

## Examples 
The traditional form of multiplication tables are written in columns with complete number sentences, instead of the standard modern grid. This form is also taught in the schools. Some examples of traditional form of multiplication tables are multiplication tables of 6 and 7 given below.

 of multiples of 7]]
 of multiples of 3]]

## Other operations 
Addition and Division can also have their own tables. Similarly, Subtraction can also have its own table, although it is not commonly used.

In mathematics, a **division table,** like multiplication table, is a mathematical table used to define a division operation for an algebraic system, or to obtain the solution to a certain equation. The division symbol ÷ is used in the division table, known as the obelus. It was first used to signify division in 1659. Mathematicians however, almost never use the ÷ symbol for division. Instead they use fraction notation, called the vinculum. Division tables are used for finding the Quotient in the Long division.

## References
Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society

**Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society** () is a charitable organization in Azerbaijan. It is a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It was established on March 10, 1920. Its headquarters are in Baku. Their  is "to serve vulnerable people by mobilizing the capacity of Azerbaijan Red Crescent and the power of humanity."

## References 
## Other websites
*Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society Official Website  
*International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Official Website
Australian impact structure

The **Australian impact structure** is also called the "massive Australian Precambrian/Cambrian impact structure" or **MAPCIS**.

It is thought to be the remains of a huge meteorite strike. Its centre is in the Northern Territory, about halfway between Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Mount Conner. The crater is about 600 km (370 mi) in diameter. There is a wider ring 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) in diameter which may be related to the impact. If it is confirmed, MAPCIS would be the largest impact structure on Earth. It is not confirmed at present.

The age of this hypothetical impact is about 545&nbsp;mya. This puts it just before the Cambrian period.

## References
Shoemaker crater

The **Shoemaker crater** in Western Australia (formerly known as **Teague Ring**) is an obvious impact crater, the remains of an ancient meteorite strike. Later research gave clear evidence for this, including the presence  of shatter cones and shocked quartz.

It is in dry central Western Australia, about  north-northeast of Wiluna. It is named after planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker.

It was dated to 1630 million years ago. More recent dating by K–Ar methods give ages as young as 568 ± 20&nbsp;mya. This age could date the impact event or represent tectonic activity.

## References
Capital asset pricing model

The **capital asset pricing model** (CAPM) is a tool for figuring out risk of stock profit or losses (called returns). 

It makes an assumption, which is that investors care only about two things: the average returns of stocks over, for example, ten years, and the volatility of annual returns around that average during the same period. 

The main result of the model is that the return of a stock can be broken down in the sum of two things: a risk-free rate and a risk premium. This risk premium can be seen as the product of two things: a measure of the risk of the stock (called the "beta") and the average reward for risk in the market (the "equity risk premium", which is the return of the market over and above the risk-free rate).
Cheryl

**Cheryl** [ sher-*uh*l ] is a female given name. It is very common in English-speaking countries. It is an English version of the French name Cherie. Cheryl is a moniker that has enjoyed widespread popularity for numerous decades. This name carries significant significance and history. Of French extraction, Cheryl signifies "beloved" or "darling." Although it has been bestowed upon both genders, it is more frequently bestowed upon female offspring.

The name appeared in the early 20th century. It was most popular during the Cold War period. In North America, it was popular between the 1940s and 1980s. In the United Kingdom, it was popular from the 1950s to 1990s. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Famous people with the name *Cheryl* include Cheryl Ladd and Cheryl Hines.

## People 
* Cheryl Gillan,British politician
* Cheryl Ladd,American actress, singer, and author
* Cheryl Hines,American actress
* Cheryl Studer, American dramatic soprano

## References
John Howard Northrop

**John Howard Northrop** (July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987) was an American biochemist. He shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley.

Northrop was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949. He was employed by the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961.  In 1949 he was appointed Professor of Bacteriology and later, Professor of Biophysics at the University of California, Berkeley.

## References
Wisconsin in the American Civil War

**Wisconsin in the American Civil War**, being a northern state, fought for the Union. When the Civil War started, Wisconsin raised 91,379 soldiers for the Union Army. They were organized into 53 infantry regiments, 4 cavalry regiments, a company of Berdan's sharpshooters, 13 light artillery batteries and 1 unit of heavy artillery. Most of the Wisconsin troops served in the Western Theater. However, several regiments served in Eastern armies, including three regiments within the famed Iron Brigade. A total of 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded. Another 8,022 died of disease. About 400 were killed in accidents. The total casualties were 12,216 men. This was about 13.4 percent of total Wisconsin enlistments.

## Soldiers
Approximately 1 in 9 residents (regardless of age, sex or qualification for service) served in the army. In turn, half the eligible voters served. Wisconsin was the only state to organize replacements for troops that had already been sent to war. This led northern generals to prefer having Wisconsin regiments in their command if possible.

A number of Wisconsin regiments were distinguished, including three that served in the celebrated "Iron Brigade"&mdash. These were the 2nd Wisconsin, 6th Wisconsin, and 7th Wisconsin. All were noted for their hard fighting and dashing appearance. They were among the only troops in the Army of the Potomac to wear Hardee hats and long frock coats. They suffered severely at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. The 8th Wisconsin, another hard-fighting regiment, was often accompanied into battle by its mascot, Old Abe, a bald eagle.

In a January 1863 letter to his sister, Union soldier Chauncey Herbert Cooke, a private from Company G of the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, gave his reasons for fighting for the Union in the war, stating that "I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot go free."

## Women during the war
While men were fighting, many women needed to learn how to farm and do other manual labor. Besides having to tend to the home and children while the men were away at war, women also contributed supplies. Quilts and blankets were often given to soldiers. Other items women often sent included: shirts, sheets, pillows, pillowcases, coats, vests, trousers, towels, handkerchiefs, socks, bandages, canned fruits, dried fruits, butter, cheese, wine, eggs, pickles, books, and magazines. At one point, after the Battle of Resaca in Georgia, women sent every wounded man within a certain distance a fresh orange or lemon. These fruits were to quench the strong thirst that was known to accompany a wound.

## Related pages 
* List of Wisconsin Civil War units

## References
## Other websites 
* Wisconsin in the Civil War
* Civil War changed Wisconsin 
* The Civil War Home Front
Saint-Dizier

**Saint-Dizier** is a commune of France, and a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.

## Geography
The city of Saint-Dizier is on the northern part of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France near the Meuse and the Marne departments.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The *commune* of Saint-Dizier is surrounded by the *communes* Trois-Fontaines-l'Abbaye, Chancenay, Bettancourt-la-Ferrée, Ancerville (Meuse department), Chamouilley, Eurville-Bienville, Troisfontaines-la-Ville, Humbécourt, Laneuville-au-Pont, Moëslains, Valcourt, Hallignicourt and Villiers-en-Lieu.

Two rivers flow through the city: the *Ornel* and the Marne. The city is at about  from *Lac du Der-Chantecoq*, the largest man-made lake of Western Europe.

### Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Saint-Dizier is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "**Cfb**". The average amount of precipitation for the year is  and the average temperature for the year  is .

## Population
The inhabitants of Saint-Dizier are known, in French, as *Bragards* (women: *Bragardes*) or *Bragars* (women: *Bragares*).

The city of Saint-Dizier has a population, in 2014, of 25,505; it is the *commune* of Haute-Marne with more people living in it, even more than Chaumont (22,560 inhabitants) that is the prefecture of the department. Its population density is of  inhabitants/km2. This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Saint-Diziert, formed by 43 *communes*, with a population of 53,790 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

## Administration 
Saint-Dizier is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the *arrondissement* of Saint-Dizier and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
* Saint-Dizier-1 formed by 10 *communes* and part of Saint-Dizier, with 12,406 inhabitants (2014).
* Saint-Dizier-2 formed by a part of Saint-Dizier, with 11,674 inhabitants (2014).
* Saint-Dizier-3 formed by 2 *communes* and part of Saint-Dizier, with 11,798 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality *Saint-Dizier, Der et Blaise* ().

## Gallery

File:Saint-Dizier Hôtel de ville 200908.jpg|Saint-Dizier town hall.
File:Theatre Saint Dizier.jpg|Saint-Dizier theater.
File:Saint-Dizier Sous-préfecture 200908.jpg|Saint-Dizier subprefecture.
File:Remparts Saint Dizier.jpg|Saint-Dizier castle wall.
File:Eglise Gigny Saint Dizier.jpg|*Saint-Martin* church.

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Saint-Dizier
* Communes of the Haute-Marne department

## References
## Other websites
* Site officiel de la ville de Saint-Dizier 
* Office de Tourisme Saint-Dizier, Der & Blaise
GN-z11

**GN-z11** is a galaxy. It was the oldest known galaxy and farthest-known galaxy from Earth until 2022. It is located 32 billion light years (302.74 sextillion km) away from us.

## Related pages 
* Nature timeline
Konversation

**Konversation** is an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. It is built on the KDE Platform. It is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License. It is the default IRC client in many Linux distributions, such as openSUSE, the KDE spin of Fedora, and Kubuntu.

## References
Quassel

**Quassel IRC**, or **Quassel**, is an IRC client, introduced in 2008. It is released under the GNU General Public License for GNU and Unix-like operating systems, OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Since the release of Kubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) Quassel is Kubuntu's default IRC client. Quassel uses the Qt application framework.
## References
Palisade cell

**Palisade cells** are special cells in the leaves of plants. They are the main place where photosynthesis takes place. They absorb light so photosynthesis can take place. 

They have the largest number of chloroplasts per cell of any plant tissue. They convert the light to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. The cells are just below the epidermis and cuticle.

## References
John F. Kelly

**John Francis Kelly** (born May 11, 1950) is a retired United States Marine Corps General. He was the 28th White House Chief of Staff from July 31, 2017 to January 2, 2019.

## Early life
Kelly was born on May 11, 1950 in Boston, Massachusetts, into an Irish Catholic family.

He served for one year as a United States Merchant Marine. Kelly initially enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1970, and was discharged from active duty as a sergeant in 1972.

Kelly received a Master of Science degree in National Security Studies from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service in 1984. He also studied at the University of Massachusetts, Boston.

## United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2017)
On December 7, 2016, it was reported that then-President-elect Donald Trump nominated Kelly to be the fifth United States Secretary of Homeland Security.

On January 20, 2017, Kelly was confirmed as Secretary of Homeland Security by the United States Senate with a vote of 88-11. On that evening he was sworn in by Vice-President Pence.

## White House Chief of Staff (2017&ndash;2019)
On July 28 2017, he was appointed to replace Reince Priebus as White House Chief of Staff.

Early into his tenure, media outlets such as *The New York Times*, *The Washington Post* and FiveThirtyEight speculated that Kelly would bring moderation and discipline to the White House. In August 2017, early into Kelly's tenure, the *Washington Post* wrote that Kelly had "left no discernible imprint on the White House's philosophy" and that it was unclear if he would bring calm and rigor to the White House.

On December 8, 2018, Trump announced that Kelly would be leaving the position by the end of the year. He left the office on January 2, 2019.

## Personal life
Kelly is married to Karen Hernest. They have three children.

In 2010, Kelly’s 29-year-old son, First Lieutenant Robert Kelly, was killed in action when he stepped on a landmine while leading a platoon of Marines on a patrol in Sangin, Afghanistan. Robert Kelly's death made John Kelly the highest-ranking military officer to lose a son or daughter in Iraq or Afghanistan.

## References
## Other websites
*

*
Guanacaste

**Guanacaste** (*Enterolobium cyclocarpum*) also known as **elephant-ear tree** or '''devil's ear'* is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is native to tropical regions of the Americas. It is the national tree of Costa Rica.

Common names in some other languages are:
* , *árbol de las orejas*, *parota*
* , *oreille d'éléphant*
* 

*Enterolobium cyclocarpum*, the scientific name of the guanacaste tree was given by August Grisebach to this plant in 1864.

## Synonyms 
* *Albizia longipes* Britton & Killip
* *Enterolobium cyclocarpa* (Jacq.) Griseb.
* *Feuilleea cyclocarpa* (Jacq.) Kuntze
* *Inga cyclocarpa' (Jacq.) Willd.
* *Mimosa cyclocarpa* Jacq.
* *Mimosa parota* Sesse & Moc.
* *Pithecellobium cyclocarpum* (Jacq.) Mart.
* *Prosopis dubia* Kunth
* *Prosopis dubia* Guill. & Perr.

## Description
The guanacaste is a large tree, growing to  tall, with a trunk up to  in diameter. The bark is light gray. The crown (the upper part of tree) is broad and widely spreading. Leaves are  long, alternate and compound.

The guanacaste is evergreen, or briefly deciduous for 1–2 months during the dry season (without rains). Most leaves fall in December, at the start of the dry season. In late February, leaves start to appear and produce a fresh, thick crown by April.

Flowers are hermaphrodite; the pollination is by insects like bees.

The fruit is a legume (also known as a pod) with the shape of a human ear.

### Where it grows
The guanacaste tree is native to tropical America. It grows from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America. It is found also in the West Indies. It has been introduced in other tropical regions.

It grows normally at an elevation from sea level to , usually along the coast and rivers.

## Uses
The wood is reddish-brown, lightweight and water-resistant; it is used to make objects like doors, windows, furniture, cabinets, and for shipbuilding. It is used also as firewood.

## Gallery

File:Enterolobium.JPG|Branches and foliage of a young *Enterolobium cyclocarpum*
File:Enterolobium cyclocarpum, flower of the Guanacaste tree (10149981994).jpg|Flowers of guanacaste
File:Enterolobium cyclocarpum, pods of the Elephant Ear tree or Orejon. (10150160866).jpg|Fruits of guanacaste
File:Guanacaste.jpg|Guanacaste tree in Liberia, Costa Rica
File:Escudo de la Provincia de Guanacaste.svg|Coat of arms of Guanacaste Province

## References 
## Other websites
* *Enterolobium cyclocarpum* in Encyclopedia of Life
*
Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra

The **Hajibeyov Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra** (Azeri: *Hacıbəyov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Simfonik Orkestri*) was formed in 1920, at the request of composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov after whom it was later named. It was one of the first orchestras in the Soviet Union. It is part of the Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society.

Composers such as Rhené-Baton and Otto Klemperer were invited from abroad to help in establishing and training the orchestra. From 1938 to 1984, Hajibeyov's nephew Niyazi was conducting the orchestra. After his death, the conducting has been performed by "People's Artist" of Azerbaijan, Professor Rauf Abdullayev. The orchestra has toured a number of countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, and Egypt.

## Main conductors 
* Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1920–1938)
* Niyazi Hajibeyov (1938–1984)
* Rauf Abdullayev (1984– )

## References
Diana Lynn

**Diana Lynn**  (July 5, 1926 – December 18, 1971) was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television. 

## Early years 
Lynn was born **Dolores Marie Loehr** on July 5, 1926, in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Louis Loehr, was an oil supply executive. Her mother, Martha Loehr, was a concert pianist. She was considered a child prodigy. She began taking piano lessons when she was 4 years old, and by the age of 12, she played with the *Los Angeles Junior Symphony Orchestra*.

## Career 
In 1939, she made her movie debut playing the piano in *They Shall Have Music*. She played again, with Susanna Foster, in ''There's Magic in Music*, when it was decided that she had more potential than she had been allowed to show. Later, Paramount Pictures changed her name to "Diana Lynn". They began casting her in movies that allowed her to show her personality and developed her skills as an actress.

As a solo pianist, she released at least one single on Capitol Records, accompanied by the Paul Weston orchestra.

In 1964, Lynn had a six-month stint on Broadway, replacing Barbara Bel Geddes in *Mary, Mary*.

## Death 
Before filming started on *Play It as It Lays*, Lynn suffered a stroke and died on December 18, 1971. She was 45.

## Filmography 
**They Shall Have Music* (1939)
**The Hard-Boiled Canary* (1941)
**The Major and the Minor* (1942)
**Henry Aldrich Gets Glamour* (1942)
**Henry Aldrich Plays Cupid* (1944)
**The Miracle of Morgan's Creek* (1944)
**Our Hearts Were Young and Gay* (1944)
**And the Angels Sing* (1944)
**Out of This World* (1945)
**The Bride Wore Boots* (1946)
**Our Hearts Were Growing Up* (1946)
**Easy Come, Easy Go* (1947)
**Ruthless* (1948)
**Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven* (1948)
**Every Girl Should Be Married* (1948)
**My Friend Irma* (1949)
**Paid in Full* (1950)
**Peggy* (1950)
**My Friend Irma Goes West* (1950)
**Rogues of Sherwood Forest* (1950)
**The People Against O'Hara* (1951)
**Bedtime for Bonzo* (1951)
**Meet Me at the Fair* (1952)
**Plunder of the Sun* (1953)
**Track of the Cat* (1954)
**The Kentuckian* (1955)
**The Blue and Gold|An Annapolis Story* (1955)
**You're Never Too Young* (1955)
**Company of Killers'' (1970)

## Radio appearances
## References