open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Long range shooting

**Long range shooting** is a  term generally meaning accurate shooting at distances ordinary shooters with ordinary rifles could not hit. For example, Daniel Boone, using a flintlock rifle could probably hit a target at up to . Today, expert marksmen are hitting s well over  away. Modern long range shooting is more than just using modern machined actions and precision gun barrels. These produce a rifle that a decent shooter can hit targets at about 250 yards, ranges that were unheard of by black powder shooters. 

## Calculations 
The ability to hit a target at  (or 10 football fields away) requires the shooter to become an expert in ballistics. First, the shooter has to know exactly how far away target is. They have to be able to compensate for windage (the effects of wind on a bullet). Next, the shooter has to compute the "elevation". This is how far *above* the target the shooter must aim to compensate for the force of gravity on the bullet at a given distance.  Shooters have to compensate also for shots uphill or downhill from their position.  As difficult as long range shooting is, it would be even harder without a spotter. Spotters are also trained snipers or long range shooters.  The spotter has a number of jobs.  He helps locate the target.  He does most of the calculations for elevation, windage, and hitting a moving target.  With several targets, the spotter decides which to hit first.  Spotters also measure the humidity, temperature, and the angle of the shot.  He then tells the sniper/shooter what adjustments to make to the rifle scope.  Finally, the spotter tells the shooter where the round hit—on target or a miss—and what adjustments to make to get back on-target.

## References 
## Other websites 
* New long range shooting record - 3720 yards: YouTube
* Shooting Fundamentals - Long Range Shooting Technique; YouTube
Shermine Shahrivar

**Shermine Shahrivar** (; born on 20 November 1982) is a German model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Europe in 2005. She was born in Tehran, Iran.

## Career 
She became Miss Germany in 2004 and then won the overall title of Miss Europe in 2005 while competing in France. She then participated in the Miss Universe 2004. Shermine currently lives in New York City where she is studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.

She was born to Iranian parents. Her family moved to Germany when she was one year old. Her mother and brothers live in Germany.  She was raised speaking German and Persian, and she is also fluent in French and English. Shahrivar has a university degree in social sciences. She was chosen to be the host of a Nowruz celebration in Oberhausen, Germany on March 19, 2005. She hosted Traumpartner TV in Germany from December 2004 to August 2005. She was also in an October edition of the German *Playboy*.

She dated German actor Thomas Kretschmann in 2008 and then Australian actor Xavier Samuel in 2010. She is now dating Lapo Elkann.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Shermine at Model Management 
* At Iranian.com
* Iran-Plus photos 
* Persian Mirror article 
* American Apparel Models
Sigriswil

**Sigriswil** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Villages
Aeschlen ob Gunten, Gunten, Meiersmaad, Merligen, Ringoldswil, Schwanden, Sigriswil, Tschingel ob Gunten, Wiler, Endorf, Reust and Justistal.

## Gallery

File:Sigriswil-BE.jpg|Sigriswil
File:2011-07-23 Lago de Thun (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 289.JPG|Gunten
File:Justistal01.JPG|Justistal
File:2011-07-23 Lago de Thun (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 164.JPG|Merligen

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Sigriswil 
*
Social investment

**Social investments** are resource inputs in any social groups or society that may bring about a social change. Special banks or cooperatives like Oikocredit make investments to help society.

## Related pages
* Investment
* Social influence
* Social interaction

## References
## Other websites
*UN Principles for Responsible Investment
*Moskowitz Prize -Quantitative Research in the field of Socially Responsible Investing 
*Socially Responsible Investing at Appropedia
*Socially Responsible Investing facts from the Social Investment Forum
* The World Bank, (2010) Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions.
*Invest with Values – The Investor's Gateway to Socially Responsible Investing resources, topics and organizations
Social structure

**Social structure** is the framework of a society founded by a distinct tradition of hierarchy by birth in the social group and by occupation or tradition of work as a distinct social class.

## Related pages 
*Institution
*Social system
*Sociology
*Structure
*Structural violence 

## References
Sonvilier

**Sonvilier** is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the Swiss canton of Bern.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Sonvilier
List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics

.]]
This is a list of **flag bearers who have represented Azerbaijan at the Olympics**.

Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.

## Related pages
*Azerbaijan at the Olympics

## References
Sonceboz-Sombeval

**Sonceboz-Sombeval** is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.  It is in the French-speaking Bernese Jura.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Sonceboz-Sombeval
Springfield Model 1795 Musket

The US **Springfield Model 1795 Musket** was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States. It was based on the French Model 1763 Charleville musket and like the French design was a .69 caliber musket. The Charleville and the Brown Bess were the two most famous muskets during the 18th century. The Charleville musket had been the primary musket used by Americans during the American Revolutionary War. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville model. There were some distinct differences in the muskets produced at the two armories. The models from the Springfield Armory have dates of manufacture on the lockplate and have an eagle stamp with the word "Springfield". After the war there were large supplies of Charleville muskets stored at Springfield. When the US decided to manufacture its own muskets, Springfield had a daunting task ahead of it. The government had to start up arms factories with no past experience in doing so. When Whitney was awarded the contract (for five years) he was paid most of the money up front. The contract paid Whitney $13.40 per musket when it was determined the Springfield armory could make them for $10 each. The reason they did this was to learn from Whitney and other contractors how the weapon was produced and assembled efficiently. When government s saw talented workers at various contractor's factories, they would often persuade them to come work at Springfield. By the 1840s the government no longer saw the need to pay contractors the higher prices and would award contracts based on the best .

## Related pages 
* musket
* Brown Bess
* Flintlock
* Muzzleloader
* Charleville musket
* Fusil de chasse

## References 
## Other websites 
* 1795 Springfield VS Brown Bess: YouTube
Combat boot

**Combat boots** are military boots designed to be worn by soldiers during combat or combat training. They are not intended for wear during parades and other ceremonial duties. 

Modern combat boots are designed to provide a combination of grip, ankle stability, and foot protection suitable for a rugged environment. They are traditionally made of hardened and sometimes waterproofed leather. Today, many combat boots incorporate technologies originating in civilian hiking boots, such as Gore-Tex nylon side panels, which improve ventilation and comfort. They are also often specialized for certain climates and conditions, such as jungle boots, desert boots, and cold weather boots as well as specific uses, such as tanker boots and jump boots.
Tonia Sotiropoulou

**Tonia Sotiropoulou** (born on 28 April 1987 in Glyfada, Athens, Greece) is a Greek actress and model. She left Greece to begin her international career when she was 21 years old. She is best known for being in the 2012 film *Skyfall*. She also played in the 2014 film Hercules with Dwayne Johnson and Ian McShane.

## Filmography
* *Cool* (2007)
* '' 'NORMAL ' (Real Stories from the sex industry)* (2012)
* *Berberian Sound Studio* (2012)
* *Skyfall* (2012)
* Paolo (short film)
* *Hercules'' (2014)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Jump boot

**Jump boots** are the combat boots worn by paratroopers. They have calf-length lacing and hard toes. During World War II, many countries came up with their own type of jump boots. The uppers are usually made of smooth black leather that is easy to shine. It is also a paratrooper tradition to lace jump boots in a ladder or cobweb style which increases ankle support during a parachute jump.

## References
Beauty of Loulan

The **Beauty of Loulan** (楼兰美女) or **Loulan Beauty** (Other aliases: *Loulan middle-aged woman(楼兰長女)*) is the preserved dead body of a woman who lived about 4000 years ago, during the Bronze Age.  She was found on April 1, 1980 near the Silk Road in the Xinjiang region of China, by Chinese archaeologists Mu Sun-ing (穆舜英) and members of the Archaeological Institute of the Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. She is one of the Tarim mummies, named after where they were found, the Tarim Basin.

Unlike Egyptian mummies, which were preserved on purpose, the Loulan Beauty was preserved almost by accident. She was buried near a salt lake in the desert, where the arid and dry conditions preserved even the finer details of her face, such as her eyelashes.

For many years, the Chinese government forebade the testing of the mummy's DNA, due to fears that it would lead to it being used by nationalist local Uighurs. In 1993, Victor H. Mair and Italian geneticist Paolo Francalacci, were able to test some tissue samples, and although the Chinese government confiscated the samples, Mair claims a Chinese scientist later 'slipped in to their hands' as they were leaving. They found that the Loulan Beauty probably came from Siberia. Later, in 2007 and 2009, scientists from China's Jilin University and Fudan University both tested the Loulan Beauty's DNA. . They found she was at least part European, but her people might have lived in Siberia before migrating to Xinjiang. But they all found that the Loulan Beauty was not an Uighur woman, which meant there was less reason for people to argue about her. In 2015, the Chinese government let the Loulan Beauty and other mummies tour foreign museums as an exhibit about the Silk Road.

The woman is estimated to have been between 40 and 48 years old at the time of her death. The body is 152–155&nbsp;cm in stature, and her blood type was O.

Scientists learned things about her life by looking at her body and clothes. Her shoes and clothing had been worn out and fixed repeatedly. Her hair was infested with lice.

## Related pages
* Beauty of Xiaohe

## References 
## Other websites 
* Xinjiang discovery provides intriguing DNA link xinhuanet, 2010-04-29.
* 楼兰美女系列二：4000年前美女长啥样
* 3800歲樓蘭美女將在新疆文物大展亮相 
* http://info.wenweipo.com/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-47541-page-3 
* 楼兰美女3800年面容之下的血缘之谜  北方新闻网2014-06-23
* 相似率可达90%以上 专家复原出古楼兰美女原貌  人民网2004年5月31日
* 木乃伊复原出“楼兰美女”
Vogue (Madonna song)

"**Vogue**" is a 1990 dance-pop and deep house song by Madonna.  It was released on April 5, 1990, through Sire and Warner Bros. It is a single from the soundtrack for the film ''I'm Breathless'' (1990). The song is about Hollywood fashion. The song's rap section talks about 16 stars from the 1920s to the 1950s, such as Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe.

The song hit #1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in May 1990. The song also hit #1 on several other charts worldwide.

The song won awards for Best Single and Best Video in the Rolling Stone Reader's Poll Awards.

The song comes in many remixes. One of them is eight minutes/twenty five seconds long.

## Legacy 
On August 6, 2022, singer Beyoncé released a remix of her song "Break My Soul" with samples of "Vogue" called the Queens Remix. Instead of naming Golden Age celebrities, Beyoncé names Black female entertainers, such as Lizzo, Rihanna, Jill Scott, Janet Jackson, and Grace Jones.

## References
Orlando Letelier

**Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar** (April 13, 1932 – September 21, 1976) was a Chilean socialist politician during the presidency of Salvador Allende.

## Death
Looking for a refuge from the military regime of General Augusto Pinochet, Letelier accepted academic positions in Washington, D.C. On September 21, 1976, he was killed in a car bomb by agents of the Pinochet regime's secret police, Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional in 1976, in collaboration with members of the "Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations". Ronni Susan Moffitt (née Karpen) was also killed while her husband, Michael Paul Moffitt (who were married four months ago before the bombing) survives in the attack.

## Related pages 
* Terrorism
* Espionage

## References 
## Other websites
*Biography at Memoria Chilena
2015 Rugby World Cup

The **2015 Rugby World Cup** was the 8th Rugby World Cup tournament. It was played in England from 18 September to 31 October. New Zealand won the tournament over Australia to win their 3rd title. 20 nations competed in the tournament.

## Host nation 
On 28 July 2009, the International Rugby Board chose England as the host for the 205 tournament, and Japan for the 2019 competition. Italy, Japan and South Africa all wanted to host the tournament.

## Venues 
The final venues and schedule were all confirmed on 2 May 2013.

## Teams 
12 of these teams qualified just from playing well in the last tournament, and the other 8 played in regional tournaments to qualify.

## Pool stage 
### Pool A 
### Pool B 
### Pool C 
### Pool D 
## Knockout stage 
## Statistics 
### Overall
* Total number of points scored: **2,439**
* Average points per match: **50.8**
* Total number of tries scored: **271** (including 6 penalty tries)
* Average tries per match: **5.65**
* Total number of braces: **26**
* Total number of hat-tricks: **8**
* Total number of conversions missed: **77**
* Total number of conversions scored: **194**
* Conversion success rate: **71.6%**
* Total number of penalty goals missed: **64**
* Total number of penalty goals scored: **227**
* Penalty goal success rate: **78.0%**
* Total number of drop goals scored: **8**
* Total number of penalty tries awarded: **6**

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Assassination of Orlando Letelier

The **Assassination of Orlando Letelier** was a car bombing which killed Orlando Letelier, a Chilean socialist political figure when Salvador Allende was president of Chile. It all starts when he was based in the United States as an activist. Letelier was killed in Washington, D.C. with  his American assistant, Ronni Karpen and her husband, Michael Moffitt (who worked for Letelier) by some Chilean DINA agents in September 21, 1976. Until 9/11, it was known as the most infamous act of international terrorism in the capital of the US.

Declassified U.S. intelligence documents show and confirm that Pinochet ordered the killing.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Dinges, John, and Landau, Saul. *Assassination on Embassy Row* (London, 1981) , (McGraw-Hill, 1981)
* Dinges, John. *The Condor Years* (The New Press: 2004) 
* Hitchens, Christopher, *The Trial of Henry Kissinger,* (Verso: 2001) 
* Taylor Branch and Eugene M Propper *Labyrinth* (Viking Press 1983, Penguin Books1983 )

## Other websites 
* Orlando Letelier Archive held by the Transnational Institute.
* MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Nine legal documents from the trials of Letelier's assassins. Includes trial transcripts.
* Institute for Policy Studies, where Letelier and Moffitt worked at the time, gives circumstances surrounding bombing.
* John Dinges John Dinges was a correspondent for the "Washington Post" in South America from 1975 to 1983, author of *The Condor Years: How Pinochet and his Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents* (The New Press 2004) and (with Saul Landau *Assassination on Embassy Row* (Pantheon 1980), (*Asesinato en Washington*, Lasser 1980, Planeta 1990)
Qarabağ FK

**Qarabağ Futbol Klubu** (usually just called **Qarabağ**) is a professional association football club from Baku, Azerbaijan. The club was originally from Agdam, but moved to Baku because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The club plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League.

Qarabağ was formed in 1951, and were the founding members of the Azerbaijan Premier League in 1992. A season later they won their first league championship, which made them the first non-Baku based club to win the Azerbaijan Premier League title.

The clubs plays at the Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium, which has a capacity of around 31,200. The Azerbaijan national football team also uses that stadium. They used to play at the Imarat Stadium, but it was destroyed by the Armenian military during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

The club won their first league title in 21 years in 2014. Qarabağ  have won the Premier league four times and Azerbaijan Cup five times. In the same year, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition after they beat Twente in the play-off round of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League.

## Honours 
***Azerbaijan League**
: *Winners (10):* 1993, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23
***Azerbaijan Cup**
: *Winners (7):*  1993, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2021–22
* '*Azerbaijan Supercup
: *Winners (1)'': 1994

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Official UEFA profile
Maryam Zakaria

**Maryam Zakaria** (Persian: مریم زکریا; born on 27 September 1985 in Tehran) Swedish-Iranian actress. She has worked in Bollywood and the South Indian Cinema. She is best known for her work in the 2012 film *Agent Vinod*.

## Career 
In Sweden, Zakaria worked as model, dance teacher, choreographer and established a Bollywood Dance School called the Indisk Dans Studio. She moved to Mumbai in 2009 and began to model in ads for Set Wet, Layz and Coke. She performed an item number in the film *Nagaram* (2010), after the director saw a video of her dancing on YouTube. The film was a big breakthrough for Zakaria.

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Sornetan

**Sornetan** was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Sornetan, Châtelat, Monible and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.
Fusil de chasse

The French-made **Fusil de chasse** (*fu-zi dee chā-se*), originally meant "hunting gun”, was a light smoothbore flintlock musket designed for hunting. They were an  flintlock with a distinctive "cow's foot" shape to the buttstock that softened recoil. This *le pied de vache* stock shape is typical of long guns made at Tulle. The Fusil de Chasse was made at the Tulle (France) arms factory. The fusils were very similar to the Charleville musket, also made at Tulle. Fusils were typically lighter and shorter than the Charleville muskets. The name fusil is phonetically pronounced "fusee" in English." The French name Fusil is a ion of the Italian *fucile* meaning flint. Both the French and the British had versions of the officer's fusil. The British fucils were based on the Brown Bess musket. Also from the name fusil comes the term fusilier. A very similar but cheaper version was the **fusil de traite** (trade gun). The officer's fusil is fitted for a sling and the stock is  shorter than the barrel in order to fit a socket bayonet. The officer's fusil was much better made. But there is some confusion between the two versions. At 20 gauge (.62 caliber) the fusil was also used as a fowling gun (early predecessor of the shotgun). The first  was set up in 1669. By 1646, arms manufacturing had started up at Tulle nearby. In 1695 and 1696 contracts for muskets from the Tulle factory each called for "five hunting muskets for the Indian Chiefs". At the Battle of the Monongahela, British General Edward Braddock led his troops directly into an ambush by native american and French troops in July of 1755. Braddock was killed, no doubt, by a .62 caliber ball fired from a French fusil. So many were needed that the factory at Saint-Étienne had to handle the extra demand. In 1997 US dollars, that would be between $30 and $40.
* Fusil de fin (chief's grade) - 25 to 40 livre. In 1997 dollars, $50 to $80.
* Fusil de traite (ordinary) - 9 to 15 livre. About $18 to $30 in 1997.
* Fusil de militarie (grenidier or ordinary) - 20 to 30 livre. About $40 to $60 US dollars in 1997.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
List of programs broadcast by Discovery Kids

This is a list of programs on Discovery Kids.

## Programming
* *BBC World News on Discovery Kids* (2001–02)
* *Bindi the Jungle Girl* (2007–10)
* *Kenny the Shark* (2003–10)
* *Growing Up Creepie* (2006–10)
* *Tracey McBean* (2002–06)
* *Flight 29 Down* (2005–10)
* ''Darcy's Wild Life* (2004–09)
* *Grossology* (2007–10)
* *Polar Horse Hunters* (2003–10)
* *Endurance* (2002–10)
* *Crash, Bang, Splat!* (2004–09)
* *Dinosapien* (2007–10)
* *The Paz Show* (2003–10)
* *Wilbur* (2007–10)
* *Hip Hop Harry* (2006–10)
* *Bigfoot Presents: Meteor and the Mighty Monster Trucks* (2006–10)
* *Peep and the Big Wide World* (2004–10)
* *ToddWorld* (2004–08)
* *Hi-5* (2003–10)
* *The Save-Ums* (2003–08)
* *The Magic School Bus* (2003–09)
* *Timothy Goes to School* (2004–06)
* *Brum* (2003–06)
* *Animal Jam* (2003–06)
* *Balamory'' (2005–07)
Sorvilier

**Sorvilier** is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The municipality is in the Tavannes valley on both sides of the Birs river.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Sun Myung Moon

**Sun Myung Moon** (6 January 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, businessman and political activist. He believed he was the second coming of Jesus Christ. He founded the Unification Church. He was an ardent anti-communist and advocate for Korean reunification. He was recognized by the governments of North and South Korea. His business interests included New World Communications, an American news group that owned *The Washington Times*.

Moon was born in what is now North Korea. He moved to the United States in 1971. He became well-known after giving a series of public speeches based on his beliefs.

Critics called Moon a cult leader because he made high demands on his followers. He was criticized for his relationships with political and religious people, such as Presidents of the United States Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, was a convicted felon for tax fraud, and a confirmed bigamist. His wedding ceremonies drew criticism, especially when they involved members of other churches, such as the Roman Catholic bishop Emmanuel Milingo, and particularly because of the bizarre rituals they entailed, such as making followers drink wine mixed with his blood during the purification ceremony

Moon died on 3 September 2012 of pneumonia and its complications.

## References
The Dream Job

***The Dream Job*** (Chinese: 绝世好工) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 28 June 2016. There are 30 episodes. It stars Hugo Ng, Shaun Chen, Jeanette Aw, Rebecca Lim, Zhang Zhenhuan and Ian Fang as the main characters.

A vast fortune and inheritance is at stake when a mysterious man offers three young candidates a dream job at his horticulture estate. They are eventually discovered to be his illegitimate children from the many affairs he had during his younger days. In the beginning, revenge and family politics are at play, but when one of them gets falsely accused of committing murder, the "siblings" finally overcome differences and band together.

Some scenes of this drama were shot in Perth, Australia.

## Cast
*Hugo Ng as Zhang Qingdong
*Shaun Chen as Li Junfeng / Zhang Junfeng
*Jeanette Aw as Cheng Huishan
*Zhang Zhenhuan as Zhang Lixing
*Rebecca Lim as Jiang Xinya
*Ian Fang as Lin Zijie
*Aileen Tan as Wang Bizhi
*Pan Lingling as Lin Meilan
*Romeo Tan as Tim Goh
*Sheila Sim as Chen Yiqing
*Hong Ling as Pan Xiaoxue
*Bonnie Loo as Qiu Xinling
*Brandon Wong as Liang Yongqiang
*Chen Tianwen as Zhang Mingde
*Lawrence Wong as Qiu Zhiying (Earthworm)

## References
Oberaargau (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Oberaargau** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 50 municipalities in an area of 354 km².
Gypsy Taub

**Oxane "Gypsy" Taub** (born 1970) is one of San Francisco's most well-known activists in naturism and "body freedom" of the past decade.

## Activism career
On June 18, 2015, Taub along with activist George Davis settled a lawsuit with the city of San Francisco with a one-time payment of $20,000 to the plaintiffs, who had hoped to overturn the city's 2013 ban on unregulated public nudity.

On September 25, 2015, a federal judge ordered San Francisco to issue a parade permit to Taub’s group for another naked march after the city had previously denied their applications.

In December 2015, Taub was characterized as San Francisco's most notorious nudist.

On August 7, 2016, Taub organized a four-hour nude "Summer of Love" event with a parade from Jane Warner Plaza to the edge of Golden Gate Park and back, followed by nude dancing at the Plaza.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.mynakedtruth.tv/
Sirkazhi

**Sirkazhi** is a major town in the Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The town covers an area of . The population according to 2011 census is 34,927. This city is the part of Cauvery delta region.

Sirkazhi is the motherland of the shaiva saint Thirugnanasambandhar, world renowned actor Sivaji Ganesan and many famous people.

Padma Shri Sirkazhi Govindarajan, a renowned vocalist in Carnatic music and a celebrated playback singer for Tamil cinema and devotional songs, was born in Sirkazhi.

The literacy rate of Sirkazhi population is 81.5%.87% of the population is Hindus, 9.5% are Muslim, 2.1% are Christians and 1% are others.

Famous temples here are the Bhrammapureeshwarar temple, also known as Sattainathar Temple,Vaitheeswaran temple and Kazheesirama Vinnagaram temple.
E-flat major

**E major** is a musical major scale starting on E. Its key signature has three flats.

Its relative major is C minor and its parallel minor is E minor.

## Scales and keys
## Other websites
C-flat major

**C-flat major** (or the **key of C-flat**) is a major scale based on C, containing the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. B major, a key signature with five sharps, is the enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major. C-flat major is usually not used because it uses several flats. B major is normally used instead, because it only uses five sharps.

The C-flat major scale is:
{{blockindent|em=2|1=
  {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
  \clef treble \key ces \major \time 7/4 ces4 des es fes ges aes bes ces bes aes ges fes es des ces2
  \clef bass \key ces \major
} }

}}

## References
D-flat major

**D major** (or **D-flat major**) is a major scale based on D. Its pitches are D♭, E♭, F, G♭, A♭, B♭, C, and D♭. Its key signature has five flats.

Its relative minor is B minor, and its parallel minor is D minor. This is usually replaced by C♯ minor because D♭ minor's eight flats (including the double-flat) make it generally impractical to use. Therefore, C♯ minor is often used as the parallel key of D♭ major.

For example, Chopin's Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major ("Raindrop"), modulates from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, and in his Fantaisie-Impromptu, primarily in C-sharp minor, Chopin switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous Clair de lune. Antonín Dvořák's New World Symphony likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement.
Rafida Bonya Ahmed

**Rafida Bonya Ahmed**, better known as **Bonya Ahmed**, (Bengali: রাফিদা আহমেদ বন্যা, b. 1969), is a Bangladeshi-American author, humanist activist, and blogger.

On February 26, 2015, Bonya and her husband Avijit Roy were attacked by machete wielding Islamic extremists while they were visiting Dhaka, Bangladesh, on a book signing trip. They were attacked in the middle of the street at a very crowded book fair. Avijit died after he was taken to the hospital, and Bonya was seriously injured.

## Life and work
Bonya was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She completed her undergraduate degree in Computer Information Science at Minnesota State University in Mankato.

Bonya met Avijit through their writing on Mukto-Mona, the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers founded by Avijit. This group started the first celebration of Darwin Day in Bangladesh.
Bonya wrote one of the first popular science books in Bangladesh about biological evolution, named *Bibortoner Path Dhore* ("Along the Evolutionary Path", 2007). She is one of the moderators of Mukto-Mona.

Bonya has a daughter, Trisha Ahmed, from her first marriage. Trisha wrote an article with her stepfather Avijit for the *Free Inquiry* magazine about imprisoned secularist bloggers. Ahmed has been diagnosed with thyroid cancer.

Bonya decided to take a leave of absence from her job as a Senior Director at a credit bureau in the US after the attack on her and Avijit. She started working with the humanist associations in Europe and the US to raise awareness about the attacks on the secular intellectuals in Bangladesh by Islamic fundamentalists.

In 2016, Bonya received the Freedom From Religion Foundation's "Forward" award. She is on the jury of Deutsche Welle's The BOBS Best of Online Activism Award.

## Works and activism
* *Bibortoner Path Dhore* ("Along the Evolutionary Path"), 2007, Abosor Prakashani, Dhaka.
* "Fighting Machetes with Pens", Voltaire Lecture 2015.
* Rafida Ahmed Bonya on the UN panel "Ending Impunity for Crimes against Journalists".
* Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission Briefing on Human Rights in Bangladesh .
* Talk at Harvard Humanist Hub .
* Keynote address at Reason Rally 2016 .
* Talk at American Humanist Association Annual Conference 2016.
* Lecture in the 4th Women in Secularism Conference 2016 .

## References
## Other websites
* Profile on Mukto-Mona 
* Rafida Bonya Ahmed's blog
* Rafida Bonya Ahmed on Facebook
Hayes School

**Hayes School** is a mixed secondary school in Hayes, Bromley. This school is an academy. The head teacher is Mr. Whittle, as of July 2016. This school has an Ofsted rating of "Outstanding". This school has some of the highest GCSE and A-Level results in the country. In 2016, the school was announced as one of the top 100 schools in England for its GCSE results. Hayes School has a long waiting list and is very popular.

## History 
The school became independent from the local Parish school in 1956. In 1956, the only building in the school was a Victorian-style mansion named Gadsden.  Today, the Gadsden holds the main reception, the student reception, a few offices, and other things. As soon as it became independent from the Parish school, it started accepting both genders. By then, most of the school was relocated to A Block, which had 3 floors.

## References
Petit-Val

**Petit-Val** is a new municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Petit-Val
Spiez

**Spiez** is a municipality in Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

It is on the Lake Thun.

## Gallery

File:Spiez.JPG|Spiez
File:Spiez Luftaufnahme 2.jpg|Spiez from the air, with the lake in the background and the Kander bottom left
File:Schloss Spiez.jpg|Spiez Castle
File:Spiez railway station.jpg|Spiez train station

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website of the city of Spiez 
*
Recoil

**Recoil** or **kick** (sometimes incorrectly called kickback) is the tendency of a firearm to move backwards and at the same time the  of the gun to rise when fired. This is a  to the explosive force of a bullet leaving the barrel of a firearm. A handgun shooter feels the recoil in the hands and arms. A rifle or shotgun shooter feels most of the recoil in his or her shoulder.

## Physics of recoil 
Recoil is explained by Newton’s third law of motion. It is usually d as: "to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction". In simpler terms, when a projectile and the hot gasses go forward, the firearm goes backwards. For this reason it is a caliber recommended for beginning shooters and, because the rounds are cheap, it is good practice ammunition for more experienced shooters. New shooters learn to hold the gun firmly to reduce and control recoil. If firing a handgun, use both hands. In other words, no matter how well you hold the weapon, recoil anticipation can ruin every shot.

Recoil anticipation, or more commonly known as "ing", is the unintended (not ed or ned mental and physical response to firing a gun. The shooter knows the loud noise and shock of firing the weapon is coming and at the last moment flinches. This often causes an inexperienced shooter to hit low of the intended target. Another form of recoil anticipation is when new shooters unconsciously move the gun forward while pressing the trigger. If shooters are consistently hitting low and to the left (right handed shooters) they are usually jerking the trigger.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Handguns 101 - Managing Recoil; YouTube
* Fixing Trigger Jerk: YouTube
Ceratonia

***Ceratonia*** is small genus of flowering trees in the pea family, Fabaceae, endemic to the Mediterranean region and the Middle East.  Its best known member, the carob tree, is cultivated for its fruits (called pods) and has been widely introduced to regions with similar climates.

It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

The genus was created by Carl Linnaeus and published in *Species Plantarum* 2: 1026 en 1753. The type specimen is *Ceratonia siliqua*.

The genus was long considered monotypic (with only one species), but a second species, *Ceratonia  oreothauma*, was identified in 1979 from Oman and Somalia.

## Images
Some photos of *Ceratonia siliqua* (the carob tree):

Ceratonia siliqua, total.jpg|Tree
Johannisbrotbaum_bluete.jpg|Flowers
Carruba.jpg|Fruit

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Ceratonia* in Encyclopedia of Life
* *Ceratonia* L. in Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Lego Ninjago

**Lego Ninjago** is a line of sets (video games, television series, and toys) produced by Lego. It is based on the sets of six Ninja: Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Nya, Zane, and Cole, and many other characters from the television series.  

## Television series 
The television series is about all characters in the land of Ninjago. The television series first aired in 2011. It was a major success and airs on Cartoon Network

The animated television series is based on The Ninja (Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Zane, Nya and Cole) fighting with a number of villains with various motivations.

## Toys 
There are many toys of Lego Ninjago which all are based on the characters. The toys are Lego Ninjago's first success, and have been successful since when the show first aired to when it ended in  October 2022.

## Video games 
Lego Ninjago video games are usually based on the television series. Lego Ninjago games are produced by Lego System A/S. Most Lego Ninjago video games are placed in Google Play. 

## Related pages 
*Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
*Lego
*Video game
2016 Turkish purges

The **2014–2016 Turkish judicial purges** were purges of the judicial system of Turkey that took place in January 2014 and July 2016 during the presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In January 2014, 120 judges and prosecutors were reassigned during a major corruption enquiry and on 16 July 2016, 2,745 judges were dismissed immediately following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.

## Purges by numbers
 shaking hands with General Erdal Öztürk but Öztürk was arrested in connection with the failed coup]]

## Related pages 
* 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt

## References
Araucanía Region

The **IX Araucanía Region** () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. Its capital and largest city is Temuco.

The *Auracanía* means "place where the *Araucanians* live". Araucanian () was the name given by the Spanish to the Mapuche people that live in the region.

## Geography
The Araucanía region has an area of .

It borders the Bío Bío region (Bío Bío and Arauco provinces), to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Ríos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

## Population
The Auracanía had a population of 869,535 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .

The largest city in the region is its capital, Temuco, with 227,086 inhabitants (2002 census). The other provincial capital, Angol had 43,801 inhabitants.

## Administration
The Auracanía region is further subdivided into two provinces: Cautín and Malleco.

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Territorial division of Chile 
*Gobierno Regional de la Araucanía  Official website
Los Ríos Region

The **XIV Los Ríos Region** (, *Region of the Rivers*) is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. Its capital and largest city is Valdivia.

It began to operate as a region on 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the new El Ranco province, that was part of the Valdivia province.

## Geography
The Los Ríos region has an area of .

It borders the La Araucanía region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Lagos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

## Population
The Los Ríos had a population of 356,396 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .

The largest city in the region is its capital, Valdivia, with 127,750 inhabitants (2002 census). The other provincial capital, La Unión had 25,615 inhabitants.

## Administration
The Los Ríos region is further subdivided into two provinces: Valdivia and El Ranco.

## Gallery 

File:Catedral de Valdivia, Chile.jpg|Valdivia cathedral.
File:Plaza de la Concordia, La Unión.jpg|*Plaza de la Concordia*, La Unión.
File:Lago Huishue. 2.jpg|Huishue lake.
File:Lago Villarrica mit Vulkan Villarrica.jpg|Villarrica lake and volcano.

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Gobierno Regional de Los Ríos  Official website
Maule Region

The **VII Maule Region** () is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca.

The region is named after its main river: the Maule river.

## History
The city of Talca was founded in 1692 by General Governor Tomás Marín de Poveda. On 17 February 1742 it got the name of *Villa San Agustín de Talca* by Governor José Antonio Manso de Velasco. Curicó followed in 1743, Linares and Parral in 1794.

In Talca is the house where Bernardo O'Higgins signed the proclamation of the independence of Chile on 12 February 1818. It is now a museum.

## Geography
The Maule region borders the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Ñuble region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The two main rivers in the region are the Maule and the Mataquito rivers.

## Population
, there were (estimated) 1,042,989 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

People from this region are known as *Maulinos* (women: *Maulinas*).

The largest city in the region is Talca, with 189,505 inhabitants (2002 census).

## Administration
The Maule region is further subdivided into four provinces: Talca, Curicó, Linares and Cauquenes.

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
*Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website
Los Lagos Region

The **X Los Lagos Region** () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.

The capital city of the region is Puerto Montt. Other towns are Puerto Varas, Ancud and Frutillar.

## Provinces of the region 
* Province of Llanquihue: capital Puerto Montt.
* Province of Chiloé: capital Castro.
* Province of Osorno: capital Osorno.
* Province of Palena: capital Chaitén

## Related pages 
* Chiloé Island
Carob

The **carob** is a species of flowering evergreen tree  in the pea family, Fabaceae. Its  scientific name is *Ceratonia siliqua* L.

It is widely grown for its edible pods, and as an ornamental tree in gardens. The ripe, dried pod is often ground to carob powder, which is used to replace cocoa powder. Carob bars, an alternative to chocolate bars, are often available in health-food stores.

## Names
The tree is known in English as **carob tree**, '''St John's-bread** or **locust bean** (not to be confused with the African locust bean).

The word **carob'*, used commonly for the fruit, comes from Middle French *carobe* (modern ), which borrowed it from Arabic  (*kharrūb*, "locust bean pod").

Common names in some other languages are:
* , *caroubier*
* 
* 
* , *caroba*

*Ceratonia siliqua*, the scientific name of the carob tree given by Carolus Linnaeus to this plant, comes from the Greek *kerátiοn'' κεράτιον 'fruit of the carob (from *keras* κέρας 'horn'), and Latin *siliqua* "pod, carob".

The **carat**, a unit of mass for gemstones, and of purity for gold, takes its name, indirectly, from the Greek word for a carob seed, *kerátion*.

It is generally found within 30-45°N and 30-40°S and from sea level to an altitude of .

It has been introduced into regions with a similar Mediterranean climate.

## Uses
### Food
Carob eaten by humans is the dried (and sometimes roasted) pod. The pod have 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) within a sweet thick  substance.

Carob juice drinks are traditionally drunk during the Islamic month of Ramadan. Crushed pods may be used to make a beverage; compote, liqueur, and syrup are made from carob in Turkey, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. Several studies suggest that carob may aid in treating diarrhea in infants.

### Ornamental
*C. siliqua* is widely planted in the horticultural as an ornamental plant for planting in Mediterranean climate and other temperate regions around the world, as in California and Hawaii. The plant can be used as a dense and large hedge.
# 40,000 (F)
# 30,841
# 23,000 (F)
# 22,000 (F)
# 20,500 (F)
# 14,218
# 5,186
# 3,136
# 2,300 (F)

(F) = FAO estimate

## Gallery

Ceratonia siliqua 02 ies.jpg|*C. siliqua*, close-up of leaves
Ceratonia siliqua green pods.jpg|*C. siliqua*, green fruit pods on tree
Carobs.JPG|*C. siliqua*, green and ripe pods
Ceratonia siliqua MHNT.BOT.2011.3.89.jpg|*C.  siliqua*, seeds and dry pods
Carrube italia.JPG|Carobs at the market
Ceratonia siliqua female flowers a-RJP.jpg|*C. siliqua*, female flowers
Blooming carob tree.jpg|*C. siliqua*, male flowers

## References 
## Other websites
* *Ceratonia* in Encyclopedia of Life
* *Ceratonia* L. in Global Biodiversity Information Facility
* 
* 
* Carob recipes, Cooks.com.
* Purdue Univ: Fruits of Warm Climates: Carob treatment - horticulture and cultivars, species and native habitat treatment.
Gwangju

**Gwangju** is the sixth largest city in South Korea. It is in the southwest of Korea and is the center of Honam's economy, culture, education and government.
Kerckhoffs's principle

'''Kerckhoffs's principle''' (axiom, or law) is an idea in cryptography. It was stated by Dutch cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century. It is:
:"A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge".

Kerckhoffs's principle was more briefly stated by American mathematician Claude Shannon as "the enemy knows the system", that is, "one ought to design systems under the assumption that the enemy will immediately gain full familiarity with them". In that form, it is called Shannon's maxim. It is opposite to the idea of "security through obscurity".

## More details 
# The system must be practically, if not mathematically, indecipherable;
# It should not require secrecy, and it should not be a problem if it falls into enemy hands;
# It must be possible to communicate and remember the key without using written notes, and correspondents must be able to change or modify it at will;
# It must be applicable to telegraph communications;
# It must be portable, and should not require several persons to handle or operate;
# Lastly, given the circumstances in which it is to be used, the system must be easy to use and should not be stressful to use or require its users to know and comply with a long list of rules.

Some are no longer relevant given the ability of computers to perform complex encryption. The second axiom, Kerckhoffs's principle, is still vitally important.

## References
Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department

There are 5 **arrondissements in the Charente-Maritime department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 5 arrondissements of Charente-Maritime are:

## History
Since its creation, the Charente-Maritime department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department, with the name *Charente-Inférieure* (changed in 1941 to the present *Charente-Maritime*), with seven districts: Marennes, Montlieu, Pons, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Saintes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély. The capital of the department Saintes alternating with La Rochelle and Saint-Jean-d'Angély but soon was changed and Saintes was kept as the only capital.
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Jonzac, Marennes, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Saintes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély. Montlieu and Pons were left out but Jonzac was created.
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Marennes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély were eliminated.
* 1943 : the Saint-Jean-d'Angély was made again an arrondissement.

## Related pages
*List of arrondissements of France

## References