open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stephen Leacock

**Stephen P. H. Butler Leacock**  (30 December 1869&nbsp;– 28 March 1944) was a Canadian teacher, political scientist, writer, and humorist. He was born in England and moved to Canada at the age of six and went to Upper Canada College in Toronto.

## Education
Leacock completed his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago and started to teach at Upper Canada College before becoming Dean of political science and economics at Mcgill University in Montreal. Leacock eventually became principal of McGill.

## Career
Leacock became a well-known writer and humourist and for a time was the world's most famous comedian. Leacock was an influence on Groucho Marx. Leacock was a social conservative. Leacock died in 1944. An Award for Canadian humour was named after him. 

## References
Zhangxun Restoration

The **Zhangxun Restoration** was an attempt to restore the Qing Dynasty in July 1917. 

In 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty died. It was the last monarchy of China after thousands of years. The last emperor of the Qing was Puyi. General Zhang Xun tried to put Puyi back on the throne in 1917. Zhang got an army and entered Beijing.

But it lasted only a few days, from July 1 to July 12. Troops from the Republic of China (1912–1949) quickly ended it.

## Citations
Terry Fallis

**Terry Fallis** is a Canadian writer and humourist. Fallis was trained as an engineer at McMaster University in Ontario. Fallis was involved in student politics and became president of the student union.  Fallis joined the Liberal Party of Canada and worked for the campaigns of Jean Chrétien, Robert Nixon and Micheal Ignatieff.  Fallis wrote and later self-published a novel called the "Best Laid Plans" about a man who wants to quit his work in politics by managing the campaign of someone he believes has absolutely no chance of winning so that no one will take him seriously enough ever to hire him again and then shockingly ends up having his political candidate win.  Fallis won the Stephen Leacock Award  for Canadian humour.  Fallis wrote a sequel to "The Best Laid Plans" called "The High Road" about an idealistic re-election campaign.  Fallis wrote "Up and Down" about a 71 year old woman from British Columbia who becomes an astronaut in NASA.  Fallis later met a man by the name of Brian Mulroney who is not related to the Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.  Fallis then wrote a novel called "No Relation" about a man who wants to become a writer but can't because his name happens to be Earnest Hemingway,even though he is not related to Ernest Hemingway and starts a support group for people who have famous names while trying to resist his father's effort to make him take over his father's underwear company.  Fallis wrote the novel "Poles Apart" about a man who starts a popular feminist website using the pseudonym Eve and who everyone assumes is a woman. Fallis also wrote a novel called "One Brother Shy"

## Other websites 
* Terry Fallis
Anderson County, Kansas

**Anderson County** (county code **AN**) is a county in East Central Kansas, in the Central United States. In 2020, 7,836 people lived there. Its county seat  is Garnett. Garnett is also the biggest city in Anderson County.

## History
In 1855, Anderson County was created. It was named after Joseph C. Anderson.

In 1887, the first photograph of a tornado was taken in Anderson county.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.7%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 59
* U.S. Route 169
* Kansas Highway 31
* Kansas Highway 52
* Kansas Highway 58

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Garnett USD 365
** Anderson County High School
* Crest USD 479
** Crest High School

## Communities
 Map of Anderson County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Colony
* Garnett
* Greeley
* Kincaid
* Lone Elm
* Westphalia

## References
## More reading
* *Plat Book of Anderson County, Kansas*; Northwest Publishing Company; 41 pages; 1901.
* *The History Of Anderson County, Kansas, From Its First Settlement To The Fourth Of July, 1876*; W.A. Johnson; Kauffman & Iler; 289 pages; 1877.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Anderson County - Directory of Public Officials
* Anderson County - Development Agency
;Historical
* Anderson County - History, Kansas State Historical Society
* Poster from Ninth Annual Anderson County Fair from September 25-28, 1891
;Maps
* Anderson County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Ruth Gotlieb

**Ruth Gotlieb**  (née **Wolman**,  – 23 July 2019) was a British-New Zealand politician. She was born in England, but was raised in Cork, Ireland. Her career was based in Wellington, New Zealand. Gotlieb was a member of the Wellington City Council from 1983 to 2001.

Gotlieb died on 23 July 2019 in Wellington at the age of 96.

## References
Liane Russell

**Liane Brauch "Lee" Russell** (August 27, 1923 – July 20, 2019) was an Austrian-born American geneticist and conservationist. She was known for her works on mammalian genetics. Her works helped create an understanding of the chromosomic basis for sex determination in mammals. She was also known for raising awareness for the harmful effects of radiation, drugs, fuels and waste on mice and pregnant women. 

Russell was born in Vienna, Austria. She studied at the University of Chicago. Russell died at her home in Oak Ridge, Tennessee on July 20, 2019 at the age of 95.

## References
Barney Smith (museum curator)

**Barney Smith** (May 25, 1921 – July 23, 2019) was an American plumber, artist and museum curator. He was best known for his Toilet Seat Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas, which he operated out of his garage. It had 1,000 pieces of art and drew visitors from around the globe.

Smith died on July 23, 2019 in San Antonio at the age of 98.

## References
Honing oil

**Honing oil** is a liquid solution that aids in sharpening different machinery. One of the most common type of honing oil is the one used with sharpening stones. Not only they protect the sharpening stone but they also keep the stone pores from clogging.

There are different types of honing oil and substitutes. It has been noticed that some people use water instead of honing oil to make the sharpening process smooth. Although, water is no substitute of honing oil according to many chefs and experts.

The thickness of honing oil matters a lot. For example, motor oil, which is another type of honing oil, cannot be used with sharpening stones since it is too thick and instead of protecting the sharpening stone pores, it will clog them. 

## Composition and toxicity 
The composition of honing oil is simple. There are two types of honing oil. One is the water based honing oil and the other is petroleum based. Chlorine and sulfur are the most common chemicals that are found in petroleum and mineral based honing oil.

Some honing oil could be toxic for specific materials such as petroleum based honing oil for sharpening stones. Windex, Simple Green and Lansky are some of the most common honing oil manufacturers.
Ferdinand von Bismarck

**Ferdinand Herbord Ivar, Prince of Bismarck** (German: *Ferdinand Herbord Ivar Fürst von Bismarck*; November 22, 1930 – July 23, 2019) was a German businessman and lawyer. He was the Prince of Bismarck from 1975 to 2019. He was replaced by his eldest son Carl-Eduard von Bismarck. He was born in London. He worked as an attorney in Hamburg.

Bismarck died on 23 July 2019 in Reinbek, Germany at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*"Innocence In Danger Gala" , *Life*
*"Innocence In Danger Art For Children Charity Gala" , *Wire Image*, 26 April 2008, Berlin, Germany
Cathy Inglese

**Catherine Mary Inglese** (December 16, 1958 – July 24, 2019) was an American college basketball coach. She was the head coach for women's basketball programs for a total of 27 years, at the University of Vermont, Boston College, and the University of Rhode Island from 1980 to 2007. Inglese was born in Wallingford, Connecticut.

Inglese had a traumatic brain injury after falling in a stairwell on July 17, 2019. She had surgery at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, New York.  

## References
South Deerfield, Massachusetts

**South Deerfield** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Deerfield, Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States.  It is home to the well-known Yankee Candle Company. At the 2020 census, the population of South Deerfield was 1,930.

## References
Yankee Candle

**The Yankee Candle Company** (referred to simply as **Yankee Candle**) is an American manufacturer and retailer of scented candles, candleholders, accessories, and dinnerware. It is the largest candle manufacturer in the United States. The company is headquartered in South Deerfield, Massachusetts.

The Jarden Corporation agreed to buy candle maker Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion in the fall of 2013. In 2015, Newell Rubbermaid announced that it would acquire Jarden for over $15 billion of cash and stock.

## References
Jesper Juul

**Jesper Juul** (18 April 1948 – 25 July 2019) was a Danish family therapist and author. He wrote many books on parenting to a general audience. In his book *Your Competent Child* (1995, in English 2001) he argues that families today have destructive values. The book *Has so far* (2007) been translated into 13 languages. He was born in Vordingborg, Denmark.

Juul died of pneumonia in Copenhagen on 25 July 2019 at the age of 71.

## References
## Other websites
*Jesper Juul - official website
*Kempler Institute
Pierre Péan

**Pierre Péan** (5 March 1938 – 25 July 2019) was a French investigative journalist and author. He wrote many books about political scandals in France. He was born in Maine-et-Loire, France. In 1994, he published *Une jeunesse française: François Mitterrand* (*A French Youth: François Mitterrand*). The book is a biography covering the life of François Mitterrand from 1934 to 1947. He also wrote books on Charles de Gaulle.

Péan died on 25 July 2019 at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Complaint against Péan on charges of "revisionism" following his publication of *Noires fureurs, blancs menteurs*
Rose Franco

**Rose Julia Franco** (January 22, 1934 &ndash; October 2, 2021) was a United States Marine Corps Warrant Officer. She was born in Guánica, Puerto Rico. She was the first Hispanic woman to become a chief warrant officer in the U.S. Marine Corps.

In 1965, Franco was named Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy, Paul Nitze by the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. She was promoted to the rank of Warrant Officer by the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy.

Franco died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on October 2, 2021, at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Women's Memorial
Gary Ray Bowles

**Gary Ray Bowles** (January 25, 1962 &ndash; August 22, 2019) was an American serial killer. He was sentenced to death for the murder of six men in 1994. He was born in Clifton Forge, Virginia. He was convicted of sexual assault, armed robbery and murder.

Bowles was executed by lethal injection on August 22, 2019 at Florida State Prison in Bradford County, aged 57.

## References
Wallingford, Connecticut

**Wallingford** is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 44,396 at the 2020 census. The community was named after Wallingford, in England.
In 1886 the remains of a unidentied murdered man were found in Wallingford. 

## References
Tribune East Tower

**Tribune Tower East** is a proposed  mixed use tower on the eastern edge of the Tribune Tower property in the Streeterville area of the Near North Side community areas of Chicago. If completed, the skyscraper would become the second-tallest in Chicago. 

Plans were officially announced for a  tall 200-unit hotel, 439-apartment and 125-condominium building on April 16, 2018. These plans make the building  shorter than the Willis Tower, the city's tallest.

On mid-October 2018, the Chicago Plan Commission approved the plans for the city's second tallest building. Chicago City Council approved the plans in an October 31 meeting.

## References
Conchata Ferrell

**Conchata Galen Ferrell** (March 28, 1943 &ndash; October 12, 2020) was an American actress. She was best known for playing Berta the housekeeper for all twelve seasons of the sitcom *Two and a Half Men*. For her role, she received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations (in 2005 and 2007).

Ferrell was born in Loudendale, West Virginia. She died on October 12, 2020 after a cardiac arrest at her home in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kanawha County, West Virginia

**Kanawha County** (  or  ) is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 180,745. It is West Virginia's most populous county. Its county seat is Charleston, the state capital.

## References
Óscar Enrique Sánchez

**Oscar Enrique Sánchez Rivas** (15 July 1955 – 25 July 2019) popularly known as *El Conejo* (the rabbit) was a Guatemalan football coach and inside forward. He played the for the club CSD Comunicaciones, and represented the Guatemala national football team at the Olympic Games and in three FIFA World Cup qualification processes.

## References
Kyoto Animation arson attack

The  happened at Kyoto Animation's Studio 1 building for anime in the Fushimi-ku ward of Kyoto, Japan, on the morning of 18 July 2019.

The arson killed at least 36 people, injured 34, and destroyed all materials and computers in Studio 1. It is one of the deadliest killings in Japanese history since the end of World War II and the deadliest building fire in Japan since the Myojo 56 building fire in 2001.

Many heads of state have expressed condolences, including António Guterres, General Secretary of the United Nations. And many donations and massages have send to victims of the arson attack.

On 25 January 2024, the man who has practiced the arson attack is sentence to death for the killings 

## References
One Chicago Square

**One Chicago** (formerly **One Chicago Square**) is a skyscraper in the River North neighborhood of Chicago. The building would have two towers connected by a central podium. When completed, the taller of the two towers would be the sixth-tallest structure in Chicago. 

The development has been approved by the Chicago Plan Commission for its zoning change and will have up to 869 residential units, both apartments and condominiums.

## References
John Nott

**Sir John William Frederic Nott**  (1 February 1932 &ndash; 6 November 2024) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was well known in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was Secretary of State for Defence during the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands and the Falklands War in the Margaret Thatcher cabinet. He was a supporter of Brexit.

Nott died on 6 November 2024 at the age of 92.

## References
Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater

**Thomas Jeremy King, Baron King of Bridgwater**,  (born 13 June 1933) is a British politician. He is a member of the Conservative Party. 

King was in the Cabinet from 1983–92, and was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Bridgwater in Somerset from 1970–2001. He was made a life peer in 2001.

In October 1988, there was a plot to murder King at his home in Winchester during the growing intensity of The Troubles.

## References
400 Lake Shore Drive

**400 Lake Shore Drive** is a proposed set of connected towers to be built in Chicago, Illinois. Related Midwest is developing the project, and the firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill designed the buildings. It is scheduled to be completed by 2023.

## References
Punggol

**Punggol** (in , in ), which can also be spelt as **Ponggol**, is a planning area and town. It was built on the Tanjong Pungool peninsula in the North-Eastern part of Singapore. It is North of Sengkang and has a riverline border with Seletar and Pasir Ris. The Straits of Johor is North of it. Coney Island is part of Pungool.

## References
Yankee

The term "**Yankee**" (sometimes shortened to "**Yank**") has many different meanings, but all of them refer to people from the United States. Outside the country, "Yank" is used to refer to any American, including Southerners.

Within the Southern United States, "Yankee" is a name that refers, often in a mean way, to all Northerners or specifically to those from New England. The *Oxford English Dictionary* states that the term is "a nickname for a person from New England, or, more widely, of the northern States generally." During the American Civil War, it was "used by the Confederates to the soldiers of the Federal army"

Elsewhere in the United States, it often refers to people from the Northeast, especially those with New England cultural ties. That would include people, wherever they live, who have colonial New England settler ancestors.

## References
## Other websites
* Online Etymology Dictionary
* Wordorigins.org
725 West Randolph

**725 W. Randolph Street** is  proposed skyscraper in Chicago. It is designed by architectural firm Roger Ferris + Partners with architect of record Perkins Eastman . 

As proposed, the building will have residences and an Equinox-brand hotel. It is one of two buildings under development in the West Loop.  The Chicago Plan Commission approved the building in 2018, and related plans to break ground in 2019.

## References
Achille, Oklahoma

**Achille** is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2026 census, the town population was 429.

## References
Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)

**Plymouth Congregational Church of Lawrence, Kansas** is church that was created in 1854, months after the Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement. The present-day church building was built in 1870, and it is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The architect was John G. Haskell. He designed the Kansas State Capitol.
## History
The Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement by the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854. The first service of Plymouth Congregational Church was held by Lum on October 1, 1854 in a mudbrick boarding house. Settlers who had come from New England came to the service.

### The Brick Church
The present-day building, also called "The Brick Church," was designed by architect John G. Haskell. Haskell also worked on other churches, schools, and the Kansas State Courthouse. Construction started in 1868. It was finished in May 1870. it costed $45,000. The windows were made in England.

## References
## Other websites
* Plymouth Congregational Church website
* *The Lawrence Massacre* by Richard Cordley, D.D. (1865)
* *A History of Lawrence, Kansas* by Richard Cordley, D.D. (1895)
* *Pioneer Days in Kansas* by Richard Cordley, D.D. (1903)
Barber County, Kansas

**Barber County** (county code **BA**) is a county in the south-central part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 4,228 people lived there. The county seat is Medicine Lodge. Medicine Lodge is also the biggest city in Barber County.  Barber County was named after Thomas W. Barber (born 22 February 1814), an abolitionist martyr who was killed in Douglas County on 6 December 1855, during the Wakarusa War.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 160
* U.S. Route 281
* Kansas Highway 2

## Demographics 
|center]]

## Government
This county has generally voted Republican in recent elections. The last time a democratic candidate has carried this county was in 1964.

### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Barber County North USD 254
* South Barber County USD 255

## Communities
 Map of Barber County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Hardtner
* Hazelton
* Isabel
* Kiowa
* Medicine Lodge
* Sharon
* Sun City

## References
## More reading
* *Chosen Land: A History of Barber County, Kansas*; The Barber County History Committee; Taylor Printing; 1980.
* *Standard Atlas of Barber County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 76 pages; 1923.
* *Standard Atlas of Barber County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 64 pages; 1905.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* 
* Barber County - Development 
* Grave of abolitionist martyr Thomas W. Barber, for whom Barber County is named  at FindAGrave.com
;Maps
* Barber County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Graham Freudenberg

**Norman Graham Freudenberg** AM ( 12 May 1934 – 26 July 2019) was an Australian author and political speechwriter. He worked with the Australian Labor Party for over forty years. He was born in Brisbane, Queensland. 

Freudenberg wrote over a thousand speeches for several leaders of the Australian Labor Party at both the New South Wales state and federal level. Senior Labor Party leaders for whom he prepared speeches included Arthur Calwell, Gough Whitlam, Neville Wran, Bob Hawke, Barrie Unsworth, Bob Carr and Simon Crean.

On 26 July 2019, it was announced that Freudenberg had died after a long-illness, aged 85.

## References
Decatur County, Kansas

**Decatur County** (county code **DC**) is a county in Northwest Kansas. In 2020, 2,764 people lived there. Its county seat is Oberlin. Oberlin is also the biggest city in Decatur County. The county is named after Commodore Stephen Decatur, Jr.

## History
**Decatur County** was created on March 20, 1873 and organized on December 15, 1879. It is named after the Navy war hero Commodore Stephen Decatur, Jr.. He served during the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War and the War of 1812.

Oberlin was where the last Native American (specifically the Northern Cheyenne) Raid in Kansas happened.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.07%) is water.

## People
]]

## Government
Decatur county is very Republican. The last time a democratic candidate won the county was in 1936 by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Oberlin USD 294
* Prairie Heights USD 295, dissolved as of July 1, 2006; absorbed by USD 294.

## Communities
 Map of Decatur County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Clayton
* Dresden
* Jennings
* Norcatur
* Oberlin

## References
## More reading
* *Handbook of Decatur County, Kansas*; C.S. Burch Publishing Co; 25 pages; 1885.
* *Standard Atlas of Decatur County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 80 pages; 1921.
* *Standard Atlas of Decatur County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1905.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Decatur County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Decatur County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Chêne-Bourg

**Chêne-Bourg** is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Chêne-Bourg
Robert Plutchik

**Robert Plutchik** (21 October 1927 &ndash; 20 April 2006) was an emeritus professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He was also a professor at the University of South Florida. 

Dr. Plutchik received his Ph.D. from Columbia University.  He was a psychologist. He authored or coauthored more than 260 articles, 45 chapters and eight books and edited seven books. His research interests included the study of emotions, the study of suicide and violence, and the study of the psychotherapy process.  

## References 
## Other websites
* The Nature of Emotions, a model that describes the relations among emotion concepts. Plutchik's Theory of Emotions
* The Nature of Emotions (American Scientist Vol. 89, No. 4 (JULY-AUGUST 2001), pp. 344-350)
Bourbon County, Kansas

**Bourbon County** (county code **BB**) is a county  in Southeast Kansas. In 2020, 14,360 people lived there. Its county seat is Fort Scott. Fort Scott is also the biggest city in Bourbon County.

## History
### 19th century
In 1855, **Bourbon County** was founded.

### 21st century
Bourbon virus is a new strain of thogotovirus. It was first found in Bourbon County. In spring 2014, an otherwise healthy man was bitten by a tick. The man got the virus. He died 11 days later from organ failure.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 54
* U.S. Route 69
* Kansas Highway 3
* Kansas Highway 7
* Kansas Highway 31
* Kansas Highway 39
* Kansas Highway 65

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
Bourbon County is a strongly Republican county. Only six presidential elections from 1888 to the present have resulted in Republicans failing to win the county, with the last of these being in 1964.

## Communities
 Map of Bourbon County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Bronson
* Fort Scott
* Fulton
* Mapleton
* Redfield
* Uniontown

## Notable people
* Jonathan M. Davis, 22nd Governor of Kansas; born in Bourbon County.

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Bourbon County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 67 pages; 1920.
* *History of Bourbon County, Kansas: To the Close of 1865*; Thomas F. Robley; 269 pages; 1894.
* *An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Bourbon County, Kansas*; Edwards Brothers of Missouri; 55 pages; 1878.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Bourbon County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Bourbon County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Scott County, Kansas

**Scott County** (standard abbreviation: **SC**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 5,151 people lived there. Its county seat is Scott City. Scott City is the only city in the county.

## History
In 1873, **Scott County** was created.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.02%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
Before 1940, Scott County was a swing county. They voted for the national winner in every presidential election from 1904 to 1936. After 1940, it has become one of the most Republican counties in the entire nation. Each of the last six presidential elections have resulted in the Republican candidate winning over 70 percent of the county's vote.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Scott County USD 466

### Library
The Scott County Public Library is at 110 West 8th in Scott City. The Scott County Library was the first free county public library in the state of Kansas. It was created in 1923.

## Communities
 Map of Scott County (map legend)]]

### City
*Scott City

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Scott County, Kansas*; Western Publishing Co; 34 pages; 1910.
* *Handbook of Scott County, Kansas*; C.S. Burch Publishing Co; 20 pages; 1887.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Scott County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Scott County Library
;Maps
* Scott County Maps: Current, Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Seward County, Kansas

**Seward County** (standard abbreviation: **SW**) is a county of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 21,964 people lived there. The county seat is Liberal. Liberal is also the biggest city in Seward County. The county was created on March 20, 1873. It was named after William Henry Seward.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.2%) is water. It borders Oklahoma to the south.

## People
The Liberal, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Seward County.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Seward County has voted Republican since 1940. The last time Seward County voted for a Democratic candidate for President was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. In the Kansas Senate it is currently represented by Republican Garrett Love. In the Kansas House of Representatives it is represented by Republicans Bill Light and Carl Holmes.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Liberal USD 480
* Kismet-Plains USD 483

## Communities
 Map of Seward County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Kismet
* Liberal

## References
;Notes

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Seward County - Directory of Public Officials

;Historical railroad trestle - "Samson of the Cimarron"
* Samson of the Cimarron, kansastravel.org
* Mighty Samson Bridge nears 73rd birthday , leaderandtimes.com
* Sampson of the Cimarron history, rits.org

;Maps
* Seward County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Jewell County, Kansas

on the border of Jewell County, Kansas and Republic County, Kansas near Hardy, Nebraska and Webber, Kansas, just south of Nebraska NE-8 on Kansas 1 Rd/CR-1 bridge over the Republican River. The normal flood stage for the river is at the tree line in the foreground.]]

**Jewell County** (county code **JW**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 2,932 people lived there. Its county seat is Mankato. Mankato is also the biggest city in Jewell County.

## History
In 1887, **Jewell County** was created. It was named after Lieutenant Colonel Lewis R. Jewell of the 6th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry.

In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) to Superior, Nebraska.  This railroad connected Strong City, Neva, Rockland, Diamond Springs, Burdick, Lost Springs, Jacobs, Hope, Navarre, Enterprise, Abilene, Talmage, Manchester, Longford, Oak Hill, Miltonvale, Aurora, Huscher, Concordia, Kackley, Courtland, Webber, Superior.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.5%) is water.

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Rock Hills USD 107

## Communities
 Map of Jewell County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Burr Oak
* Esbon
* Formoso
* Jewell
* Mankato
* Randall
* Webber

## References
## More reading
* *Atlas and Plat Book of Jewell County, Kansas*; Kenyon Co; 27 pages; 1921.
* *Standard Atlas of Jewell County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 59 pages; 1908.
* *Atlas of Jewell County, Kansas*; Gillen & Davy ; 52 pages; 1884.

## Other websites
;County
* Jewell County - Directory of Public Officials
* Jewell County - Community Development Association
;Historical
* Jewell County Kansas History and Heritage Project, Genealogy
;Maps
* Jewell County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Sumner County, Kansas

**Sumner County** (standard abbreviation: **SU**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 22,382 people lived there. Its county seat is Wellington.

## History
### 19th century
On February 26, 1867, Sumner County was created from parts of Marion County and Butler County. It was named after Charles Sumner, a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1811–74), who was wanted Kansas to be a free state.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a north-south railroad from Herington to Caldwell.  This railroad connected Herington, Lost Springs, Lincolnville, Antelope, Marion, Aulne, Peabody, Elbing, Whitewater, Furley, Kechi, Wichita, Peck, Corbin, Wellington, Caldwell.  By 1893, this railroad was slowly built to Fort Worth, Texas. This line is called the "OKT".

### 21st century
In December 2011, the Kansas Star Casino opened about  west of the center of Mulvane.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.3%) is water.

## People
Sumner County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area

## Government
Sumner County often votes for the Republican Party in Presidential elections. However, in 1992 George H. W. Bush won the county by less than two percent. The last time they have voted for a Democratic candidate was in 1976 for Jimmy Carter.

### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 263, Mulvane
* USD 353, Wellington
* USD 356, Conway Springs
* USD 357, Belle Plaine
* USD 358, Oxford
* USD 359, Argonia
* USD 360, Caldwell
* USD 509, South Haven

## Communities
 Map of Sumner County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Argonia
* Belle Plaine
* Caldwell
* Conway Springs
* Geuda Springs (partly in Cowley County)
* Hunnewell
* Mayfield
* Milan
* Mulvane (partly in Sedgwick County)
* Oxford
* South Haven
* Wellington

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Sumner County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 100 pages; 1918.
* *Standard Atlas of Sumner County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 68 pages; 1902.
* ''Edwards' Historical Atlas of Sumner County, Kansas''; John P. Edwards; 59 pages; 1883.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Sumner County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* Sumner County Historical and Genealogical Society
* Sumner County Historical and Genealogical Research Center
;Maps
* Sumner County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Miami County, Kansas

**Miami County** (county code **MI**) is a county in east-central Kansas. In 2020, 34,191 people lived there. Its county seat is Paola. Paola is also the biggest city in Miami County.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (2.5%) is water.

## People
]]
Miami County is included in the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Osawatomie USD 367
* Paola USD 368
* Louisburg USD 416
* Spring Hill USD 230
* Wellsville USD 289

## Communities
 Map of Miami County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Fontana
*Louisburg
*Osawatomie
*Paola
*Spring Hill (partly in Johnson County)

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Miami County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 47 pages; 1901.
* *An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Miami County, Kansas*; Edwards Brothers; 48 pages; 1878.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Miami County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Miami County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Rice County, Kansas

**Rice County** (standard abbreviation: **RC**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 9,427 people lived there. The county seat is Lyons. Lyons is also the biggest city in Rice County. The county was named after Samuel Allen Rice, Brigadier-General, United States volunteers, killed April 30, 1864, at Jenkins Ferry, Arkansas.

## History
In 1867, **Rice County** was created.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* USD 328, Lorraine, serves Bushton and northwestern areas of the county
* USD 376, Sterling
* USD 401, Chase
* USD 405, Lyons
* USD 444, Little River

### Colleges and Universities
* Sterling College, a private four year Christian college, is in Sterling.

## Communities
 Map of Rice County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Alden
* Bushton
* Chase
* Frederick
* Geneseo
* Little River
* Lyons
* Raymond
* Sterling

## References
;Notes

## More reading
;County
* *Standard Atlas of Rice County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 75 pages; 1919.
* *Plat Book of Rice County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 44 pages; 1902.
* *Handbook of Rick County, Kansas*; C.S. Burch Publishing Co; 38 pages; 1888.
;Trails
* *The Story of the Marking of the Santa Fe Trail by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Kansas and the State of Kansas*; Almira Cordry; Crane Co; 164 pages; 1915.
* *The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC)*; Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Rice County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Rice County Maps: Current, Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Rawlins County, Kansas

**Rawlins County** (standard abbreviation: **RA**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 2,561 people lived there. The county seat is Atwood. Atwood is also the biggest city in Rawlins County. It was named after Union Civil War General John Aaron Rawlins.

## History
In 1873, **Rawlins County** was created.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.1%) is water.

### Major highways
* U.S. Highway 36
* Kansas Highway 25
* Kansas Highway 117

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
The county is part of the very Republican Kansas's 1st congressional district. It has voted for the Republican candidate for President in each of the last eighteen elections. The last Democrat to win the county was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. In the last five Presidential elections the Democratic candidate has never won more than 21% of the county's vote.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Rawlins County USD 105

## Communities
 Map of Rawlins County (map legend)]]

### Incorporated cities
* Atwood
* Herndon
* McDonald

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Rawlins County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 64 pages; 1906.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Rawlins County - Directory of Public Officials
* Rawlins County - Community Development
;Other
* Rawlins County Square Deal News, newspaper
;Maps
* Rawlins County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Meade County, Kansas

**Meade County** (standard abbreviation: **ME**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 4,055 people lived there. The county seat is Meade. Meade is also the biggest city in Meade County. The county was created in 1873. It was named after General George G. Meade.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.1%) is water.

## People
## Government
Meade County is often won by Republican Candidates. The last time a democratic candidate has won this county was in 1936 by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Fowler USD 225
* Meade USD 226

## Communities
 Map of Meade County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Fowler
* Meade
* Plains

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Plat Book of Meade County, Kansas*; R. P. Ice Co; 43 pages; 1909.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Meade County - Directory of Public Officials
;General county information
* Meade County Economic Development
* Meade Chamber of Commerce 
* Meade County History 
;Maps
* Meade County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Mitchell County, Kansas

**Mitchell County** (standard abbreviation: **MC**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 5,796 people lived there. The county seat is Beloit. Beloit is also the biggest city in Mitchell County.

## History
In 1867, **Mitchell County** was created.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (2.4%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
Before 1940, Mitchell County was a swing county. They voted for the national winner in every presidential election from 1900 to 1936. Since 1940, it has become very Republican. Only George H. W. Bush in 1992 failed win a majority in the county due to Ross Perot's strong showing in Kansas.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Waconda USD 272
**Glen Elder and Cawker City
* Beloit USD 273
**most of county, except those zoned to Waconda and Hunter and Tipton, which are zoned to Sylvan Unified USD 299

### Private schools
* St. John's Catholic High School
* Tipton Catholic High School

### Colleges and universities
* North Central Kansas Technical College (Beloit)

## Communities
 Map of Mitchell County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Beloit
* Cawker City
* Glen Elder
* Hunter
* Tipton
* Scottsville
* Simpson (partly in Cloud County)

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Mitchell County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 73 pages; 1917.
* *Standard Atlas of Mitchell County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 56 pages; 1902.
* *Atlas of Mitchell County, Kansas*; Gillen & Davy; 45 pages; 1884.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Mitchell County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Mitchell County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Ruanruan language

**Ruanruan** (; also called **Rouran**) is an extinct language of Mongolia and northern China. It was spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries CE.

Most linguists argue it is likely a Mongolic or Turkic language but some say Ruanruan may be a Yeniseian language. 

In 2018, *Brāhmī Bugut* and *Khüis Tolgoi* inscriptions suggest that the Ruanruan language was a Mongolic language, close to Middle Mongolian.

## References
Russell County, Kansas

**Russell County** (standard abbreviation: **RS**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 6,691 people lived there. The county seat is Russell. Russell is also the biggest city in Russell County.

## History
In 1867, **Russell County** was established.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.5%) is water.

## People
## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Central Plains USD 112 (serves Dorrance and southeastern part of county south of I-70; extends into Barton, Ellsworth and Rice Counties)
* Sylvan-Lucas Unified USD 299 (serves Lucas, Luray and northeast part of county along K-18; extends into Lincoln County)
* Natoma/Paradise/Waldo USD 399 (serves Paradise, Waldo and northwest part of county along K-18; extends into Osborne and Rooks Counties)
* Russell USD 407 (serves cities of Russell, Gorham, Bunker Hill and rural south central and southwest parts of county; does not extend into any other counties)

## Communities
 Map of Russell County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Bunker Hill
* Dorrance
* Gorham
* Lucas
* Luray
* Paradise
* Russell
* Waldo

## References
;Notes

## More reading
;County
* *Russell County in the War : Being a Record of the War Activities of the County and the Part that it Played in the Great Struggle*; John E. Wilson; Capper Printing; 190 pages; 1921.
* *Plat Book of Russell County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 47 pages; 1901.
;Trails
* *Guide Map of the Best and Shortest Cattle Trail to the Kansas Pacific Railway*; Kansas Pacific Railway Company; 1875. (Read Online)(Map)

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Russell County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Russell County Fair, held the first week of August
;Maps
* Russell County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Reno County, Kansas

**Reno County** (standard abbreviation: **RN**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 61,898 people lived there. The county seat is Hutchinson. Hutchinson is also the biggest city in Reno County.

## History
In 1867, **Reno County** was created.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington to Pratt.  This railroad connected Herington, Ramona, Tampa, Durham, Waldeck, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Groveland, Inman, Medora, Hutchinson, Whiteside, Partridge, Arlington,  Langdon, Turon, Preston, Natrona, Pratt.  In 1888, this main line was extended to Liberal.  Later, this railroad was extended to Tucumcari, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas.  This railroad is called the "Golden State Limited".

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.3%) is water. It is the third-biggest county by area in Kansas.

## People
The Hutchinson Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Reno County.

## Government
Russell county is almost always Republican. The last time a democratic candidate won the county was in 1976 by Jimmy Carter.

### Presidential elections
## Education 
### Unified school districts 
* USD 308 Hutchinson
* USD 309 Nickerson - South Hutchinson
* USD 310 Fairfield
* USD 311 Pretty Prairie
* USD 312 Haven
* USD 313 Buhler 
* USD 369 Burrton

## Communities
 Map of Reno County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Abbyville
* Arlington
* Buhler
* Haven
* Hutchinson
* Langdon
* Nickerson
* Partridge
* Plevna
* Pretty Prairie
* South Hutchinson
* Sylvia
* Turon
* Willowbrook

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *History of Reno County, Kansas : Its People, Industries, and Institutions*; 2 Volumes; Sheridan Ploughe; Bowen and Company; 445 / 959 pages; 1917. (Volume1 - Download 19MB PDF eBook), (Volume2 - Download 32MB PDF eBook)
* *Standard Atlas of Reno County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 110 pages; 1918.
* *Plat Book of Reno County, Kansas*; Hutchinson Blue Print Co; 61 pages; 1912.
* *Plat Book of Reno County, Kansas*; North West Publishing Co; 77 pages; 1902.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Reno County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Reno County Museum
;Maps
* Reno County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society