open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Boiled egg

A **boiled egg** is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs.

## Hard-boiled eggs
Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily.

## Soft-boiled eggs
Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cuisine, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper.
To make the perfect soft-boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk.

## Related pages
*Fried egg
Garhwal

'***Garhwal Land ***' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttarakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

## History 
The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are  and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that *are* known are very vague and unreliable.
**MARODA** is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only  from Devprayag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settled in Delhi and other cities for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the Uttarakhand.

## Religious Aspect 
Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Devprayag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

## People  
Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture. Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states. Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

## Culture 
The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is d a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.

## References
Spanakopita

***Spanakopita*** is a Greek  pastry, a type of spinach pie. It is filled with spinach, feta cheese, eggs, onions, and seasoning. This filling is wrapped in a pastry with olive oil. It is normally eaten as a snack.
1861 in architecture

The year **1861 in architecture** involved some significant events.

## Buildings 
* Arlington Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is completed.

## Awards 
* Royal Gold Medal - J. B. Leseur.
* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: (unknown).

## Births 
* January 6 - Victor Horta (died 1947)

## Deaths
Annisquam Bridge

**Annisquam Bridge** is a historic bridge in Annisquam, Massachusetts, a village within the city of Gloucester.

Built in 1861 to cross Lobster Cove, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a wood pile bridge.

## References
Halifax Town Hall

**Halifax Town Hall** is a grade II listed, 19th century town hall in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It is notable for its design and interiors by Charles Barry and his son, Edward Middleton Barry, and for its sculptures by John Thomas.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Halifax Town Online: Address and phone number of Town Hall.
* Hathi Trust: *Building News and Engineering Journal* vol 5, 28 January 1859, p.82, "The new town hall at Halifax"
Sleepy Hollow

***Sleepy Hollow*** is a 1999 American horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It stars Johnny Depp, Christina Ricci, Christopher Walken, Ian McDiarmid, Sir Michael Gambon, Sir Christopher Lee, Michael Gough, Richard Griffiths, Jeffrey Jones, Martin Landau and Miranda Richardson. The movie is based on a book by Washington Irving called The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The story is set in 1799. It is about the murders of Sleepy Hollow, New York which Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) has to investigate and find out who is the killer. When the movie went to box office it was a success and it made roughly $207 million worldwide.

## Awards
## References
## Other websites 
*
Osaka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  The capital city is Osaka.

## History 
Osaka prefecture was created by  the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province.

In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened.  This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan.

## Geography 
Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay. 

The  flows through the prefecture.

### Cities 
]]
Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture:

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Hiraoka jinja*, *Ōtori jina*, and *Sumiyoshi taisha* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
### Osaka based organizations
* Cerezo Osaka
* Gamba Osaka
* Kansai Ki-in (Largest Go organization in Osaka)
* Osaka University (One of the largest national university in Japan)

## References
## Other websites
* Osaka Prefecture website
Republic of Maryland

The **Republic of Maryland** (also known as the **Independent State of Maryland**) was a small nation of African Americans from 1854 to 1857. It was in Africa. After this, it joined what is now Liberia. 

The area was first settled in 1834 by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was  and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper.

## History
In  December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose.

### Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia
On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country.

Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County.

## References
*Freehling, William H., *The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854* Retrieved March 12, 2010
* Hall, Richard, ''On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857*
* Latrobe, John H. B., p.125, *Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South - West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853'' (1885). Retrieved Feb 16 2010

## Notes
Rockstar Games

**Rockstar Games** is a video game company that has created well-known games such as the Grand Theft Auto series of games and the MidnightClub Racing Game series. The company was formerly known as **BMG Interactive** in its early years.

## RAGE
Rockstar Games have developed their own game engine called the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) to facilitate game development on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, and Wii systems.

## Rockstar studios
Old Schwamb Mill

The **Old Schwamb Mill** is the oldest  operating mill site in the United States. There has been a mill operating at this site since c.1650. The current mill is a 19th-century woodworking factory. The mill was built in 1861, and purchased by brothers Charles and Frederick Schwamb in 1864 for the manufacture of picture frames. It remained within the family's ownership and continued to operate, more or less unchanged in both equipment and processes, until 1969. Two wings were added during this time, however: one by 1881, and the other between that date and 1898. The mill still contains operational equipment and four preserved power systems.

## References 
*Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) MASS, 9-ARL, 4-, *Old Schwamb Mill*, Stuart Campbell (historian) and Richard K. Anderson, Jr., (photographer), Library of Congress online collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.ma1024
Sherry

**Sherry** is a fortified wine made from grapes. It is produced in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. In Spanish, it is called vino de Jerez.

## Kinds of Sherry 
There are many different kinds of Sherry:

* Fino
* Oloroso
* Amontillado
* Cream
* Pedro Ximenez
Scottish Conservative Party

The **Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party** (Scottish Gaelic: *Pàrtaidh Tòraidheach na h-Alba*), commonly known as the **Scottish Tories** is the Scottish wing of the British Conservative Party. It holds 5 of the 57 Scottish seats in the House of Commons and 28 of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament.

The party promotes conservatism, economic liberalism and strongly supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

The party is currently led by Russell Findlay, who was elected as leader in September 2024. 

In 2016, the Scottish Conservatives replaced Scottish Labour as the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament, winning 31 seats. The party maintained this in 2021. 

## Other websites
*Official website
Slumdog Millionaire

***Slumdog Millionaire*** is a 2009 British-Indian drama movie based on Vikas Swarup's novel *Q&A* and directed by Danny Boyle. The movie has a different story from the book. It follows a homeless Mumbai resident who becomes a contestant for the game show *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?*.
## Awards
*Slumdog Millionaire* was nominated for ten Academy Awards. It won the following eight:
* Best Picture, Christian Colson
* Best Director, Danny Boyle
* Best Adapted Screenplay, Simon Beaufoy
* Best Cinematography, Anthony Dod Mantle
* Best Original Score, A. R. Rahman,
* Best Original Song – "Jai Ho", Music by A. R. Rahman, Lyric by Gulzar (lyricist)
* Best Film Editing, Chris Dickens
* Best Sound Mixing, Resul Pookutty, Richard Pryke, and Ian Tapp
It was also the highest-grossing film ever of an Indian film.

## Cast 
* Dev Patel as Jamal Malik
** Ayush Mahesh Khedekar as toddler Jamal
** Tanay Chheda as teenage Jamal
* Freida Pinto as Latika
** Rubina Ali as toddler Latika
** Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar as teenage Latika
* Madhur Mittal as Salim K. Malik, Jamal's elder brother
** Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail as toddler Salim
** Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala as teenage Salim
* Anil Kapoor as Prem Kumar
* Irrfan Khan as Police Inspector
* Saurabh Shukla as Police Constable Srinivas
* Mahesh Manjrekar as Javed Khan
* Ankur Vikal as Maman
* Rajendranath Zutshi as *Millionaire* show producer
* Sanchita Choudhary as Jamal's mother
* Mia Drake Inderbitzin as Adele, an American tourist
* Siddhesh Patil as Arvind, blind beggar
* Shruti Seth as Call center instructor
* Arfi Lamba as Bardi
* Anjum Sharma as one of the Call center operators

## References
## Other websites 
*
Scottish Liberal Democrats

The **Scottish Liberal Democrats** (, ) is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal Democrats. The party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Alex Cole-Hamilton and the party is an opposition party with 5 out of 129 seats. The party has 4 seats out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Scottish Greens

The **Scottish Green Party** (also known as the **Scottish Greens**) is a political party in Scotland that has close relations to the Green Party of England and Wales. The party's policies usually promote green politics, nuclear disarmament, anti-nuclear power, proportional representation, and the creation of an independent Scotland free from the United Kingdom but within the European Union. If Scotland becomes an independent country the party wants the country to be a republic, and no longer be part of the monarchy of the United Kingdom. It also wants an independent Scotland to have its own currency.

In the Scottish Parliament the party is an opposition party with 7 out of 129 seats. It does not have any seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The co-leaders of the party are Patrick Harvie (MSP) and Lorna Slater (MSP).

## Other websites
*Official website
Phosphonium

**Phosphonium** is an ion. It is rare. Its chemical formula is PH4+. It is similar to ammonium. It is almost never found outside of an organic compound. Its molar mass is 35.01 g/mol.
Pnictogen

The **Group 15 elements**, also called the **pnictogens**, **Group V elements**, or **Group VB elements**, are a group on the periodic table. They have many different properties. Nitrogen is a colorless unreactive gas that helps us breathe. Phosphorus is a super reactive white or red solid nonmetal. Arsenic is a highly toxic semimetal. Antimony is also a semimetal. Bismuth is a radioactive metal. Moscovium is a man made element that is radioactive. They all have 5 valence electrons but most of them form +5 or -3 chemical compounds.  
 

File:P-Phosphorus.JPG|Red phosphorus
File:Arsenic.jpg|Arsenic
File:Antimony-nac.jpg|Antimony
File:Bismuth-3.jpg|Bismuth
Phosphide

**Phosphide** is an ion made of phosphorus. This can be the  ion, where one phosphorus atom has three extra electrons, or one of several **polyphosphides** where multiple phosphorus atoms are part of a larger polyatomic ion.

Phosphide is a reducing agent. Phosphides (chemical compounds having the phosphide ion in them) react with acids to make phosphine gas.  Sodium phosphide is an example. Some phosphides are semiconductors and are not ionic with P3- ions. They are less reactive. Some metals form alloys with phosphorus to make phosphides.

## Chemistry 
In , phosphorus is in the -3 oxidation state. The oxidation states of polyphosphides are more complicated.
Sodium phosphide

**Sodium phosphide** is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and phosphide ions. Its chemical formula is Na3P.

## Properties
Sodium phosphide is a black solid. It is ionic. There are several other sodium phosphides that do not have the formula Na3P. It reacts with acids to make phosphine gas. It is a reducing agent.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting liquid sodium with phosphorus(V) chloride. It can also be made by reacting sodium with phosphorus. 

## Uses
It is used to make semiconductors. It can also be used as a catalyst. 

## Safety
Sodium phosphide is flammable, making toxic gases when burned. It also makes toxic flammable gases when reacted with acids.

## Related pages
*Sodium phosphate
*Sodium phosphite
*Sodium hypophosphite
Phosphorus chloride

**Phosphorus chloride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Phosphorus(III) chloride
*Phosphorus(V) chloride
Phosphorus(V) chloride

**Phosphorus(V) chloride**, also known as **phosphorus pentachloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PCl5. It contains phosphorus and chloride ions. The phosphorus is in the +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Phosphorus(V) chloride is a colorless solid. It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides. Sometimes it is yellowish. It reacts with hot water to make phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting a lot of chlorine with phosphorus. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with phosphorus(III) chloride.

## Uses
Phosphorus(V) chloride is used to add chloride to other chemical compounds. 

## Safety
Phosphorus(V) chloride is acidic and toxic. It puts off toxic gases when reacted with water.

## Related pages
*Phosphorus triiodide
*Phosphorus(V) oxide
*Phosphorus(III) oxide
Fly agaric

**Fly agaric** (*Amanita muscaria*) is a poisonous and psychoactive mushroom, one of many in the genus *Amanita*. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, this mushroom has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. 

The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. *Amanita muscaria* is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented. It has for instance been suggested that the fly agaric was an ingredient of Soma and that it played a role in the Eleusinian Mysteries as well as early Christianity.

## Related pages 
*Panther cap

## Other websites 
* Webpages on *Amanita species* by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang
* Amanita on erowid.org
* Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026) by IPCS INCHEM
Dilma Rousseff

**Dilma Vana Rousseff** (born 14 December 1947) is an economist and politician. She was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until 2016. 

In 2003, in the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, she was the minister of Mines and Energy. She became Lula's Chief of Staff in 2005, after her predecessor, José Dirceu, resigned because of charges of corruption. On 31 October 2010, Rousseff won 55% of the vote. Her main contender was José Serra who won 44%. Serra was the candidate of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. On 1 January 2011, she became the first woman president of the country. In August 2016, she was impeached and removed from office.

## Early career
She was against the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985.  In January 1970 she was sent to prison for being a member of a Marxist group which had carried out bank robberies and murders. She was released after three years. She joined the Workers Party in 1986.

## Presidency
Rousseff was an important ally of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a labour activist who became President of Brazil. A left wing candidate, Lula was a popular president and Rousseff became his chosen successor. She won the 2010 Presidential election.

As President, Rousseff kept with many of Lula's policies. She also became known for bringing the World Cup and the Olympics to Brazil. Many Brazilians were against this, and felt that the money spent on these events would be better spent on other things. Rousseff was on the board of Petrobras, an oil company, in the 2000s. In 2015, reports of corruption at Petrobras became known. Although not named in the investigation, many people in her government were, and there were large protests against Rousseff's government, including Lula da Silva. She has also been accused of lying about economic numbers during her campaign to be reelected. On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially approved by the Chamber of Deputies.

## Impeachment
On 12 May 2016, the impeachment process began when the Senate of Brazil temporarily suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reaches a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged. Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension. Rousseff said she is innocent and that the impeachment is a coup. Rousseff was removed from office on 31 August 2016 when the Brazilian Senate voted 61-20 in favor of impeachment. She was succeeded by Vice President Michel Temer.

## References
Galba

**Servius Sulpicius Galba** (; ; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69 CE) was a Roman Emperor for seven months from 68 to 69 CE. Galba was a governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was the province near the Pyrenees. He was the first emperor of Year of the Four Emperors.

He was born near Terracina, "On the left as you travel towards Fundi" in the words of Suetonius. Galba was adopted by Livia Ocellina and took her family name until becoming emperor. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Vitellius

**Aulus Vitellius Germanicus**  {September 24, 15-December 22, AD 69} was later known as **Vitellius** was an Roman Emperor and general for eight months from 16 April to 22 December 69.
Vitellius was acclaimed emperor following quick succession of previous emperors Galba and Marcus Salvius Otho, in the year of civil war known as Year of the Four Emperors
Vitellius was the first add the honorific cognomen *Germanicus* to his name was instead of *Caesar* upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Roman Emperor Nero.

## Portrait

|Coin of Emperor Vitellius

## Invading Britain
Vitellius was an Roman military commander of Germania Inferior. In AD 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers Britannia, Aulus Plautius, governor of Britannia. Roman conquest of Britain, and Claudius defeats Caratacus
 
## Rebellion
On 16 April 69 After Marcus Salvius Otho's death in Rome, He became in Roman Emperor of Rome. he was an third emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. He ate a lot  He did a quick succession with Galba and Otho. After Otho's friend Nero's death.

## References
Vespasian

**Verstappen** (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman Invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.

In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus. 

## References 
## Further reading 
* Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
RTL Television

**RTL Television** or short **RTL** is a German television station. It belongs to the RTL Group. It started on 2 January 1984.

## Other websites
* Official website
Nerva

**Nerva** (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.

A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

## References
Jimmy McLeod

**James Bradley McLeod** (April 8, 1937 – May 18, 2019) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. McLeod started his career with the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League during the 1972. Later in his career he played in the World Hockey Association for the Chicago Cougars, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and New York Golden Blades.

## Other websites
*
Jeff McDill

'''Jeffrey Donald 'Jeff' McDill''' (born March 16, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 NHL season.

## Other websites
*
Murdo MacKay

**Murdo John MacKay** (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.

## Other websites
Bernadette Soubirous

**Bernadette Soubirous** (7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879) was a young girl who had religious visions at Lourdes, France. During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times. The Roman Catholic Church later made her a saint, and Lourdes has become one of the most visited places for pilgrims.

## References
Anton Mauve

**Anthonij (Anton) Rudolf Mauve** (18 September 1838, Zaandam, North Holland – 5 February 1888, Arnhem) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'.
He had a great influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh.

Mauve mostly painted people and animals shown outdoors. The paining *Morning Ride* shows well-dressed riders at the coast of the sea, as they ride away from the viewer. One detail which is uncommon, but shows his realism are the horse droppings shown in the foreground of the picture. His best-known paintings show peasants working in the fields, and sheep-herding scenes.

[[File:Anton Mauve - Morgenrit langs het strand.jpg|thumb|left|*Morning Ride on the Beach* (1876), oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum |alt=a group of well dressed equestrians, the lady riding sidesaddle, descend from the dunes to the beach at Scheveningen towards the bathing huts, their horses leaving droppings in the sand]]

## Other websites
Scottish Labour

, former leader of Scottish Labour, and 1st First Minister of Scotland from 1999 to 2000]]

The **Scottish Labour Party** is a political party in Scotland. It is part of the British Labour Party. The party's policies usually promote social democracy and democratic socialism. It also supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, it is the third party. It controls 22 out of 129 seats. The party also control 1 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (having previously held 41)  

Following a heavy defeat in Scotland in the United Kingdom general election, 2015, Jim Murphy announced his resignation as party leader on 16 May 2015. On 15 August 2015 Kezia Dugdale was elected leader of the party, with Alex Rowley as her deputy. In 2017 Dugdale resigned and Rowley became acting leader. Richard Leonard was elected as the party's leader on 18 November 2017.

## List of leaders since 1999 
* Donald Dewar (1999–2000), 1st First Minister of Scotland, died in office
* Henry McLeish (2000–2001), 2nd First Minister of Scotland, resigned
* Jack McConnell (2001–2007), 3rd First Minister of Scotland, lost Scottish Parliament election
* Wendy Alexander (2007–2008), resigned
* Iain Gray (2008–2011), lost Scottish Parliament election
* Johann Lamont (2011–2014), resigned
* Jim Murphy (2014–2015), resigned following the United Kingdom general election, 2015
* Kezia Dugdale (2015–2017), resigned
* Richard Leonard (2017–2021), resigned
* Anas Sarwar (2021–present)

## Representation 
* House of Commons - 37 out of 57 Scottish MPs
* Scottish Parliament - 23 out of 129 seats

## Other websites
*Official website
Amanita phalloides

***Amanita phalloides*** (also known as ***death cap***) is a deadly toxic basidiomycete fungus and mushroom, part of the genus *Amanita*. Originating in Europe, but it has appeared in other parts of the world since the late 20th century. *A. phalloides* grow in summer and autumn, and the caps are mostly greenish with white stipe and gills.

## References
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine

]]
**Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine** (**TFMPP**) is an organic chemical substance. It is a derivative of Piperazine. It is sometimes used as a part of other illegal drugs. It is sometimes used as a replacement for the drug MDMA, or as a component of Ecstasy pills. TFMPP has no known use in the chemical industry.  Its action is si milar to that of MDMDA in many ways.
Aliens (movie)

***Aliens*** is an American science fiction-action horror movie released on July 18, 1986. It is a science fiction movie because it takes place in outer space and there are alien creatures. It was directed by James Cameron and stars Sigourney Weaver, Michael Biehn and Lance Henriksen. *Aliens* is a sequel to *Alien* (1979) and was followed by two more sequels; *Alien³* (1992) and *Alien: Resurrection* (1997).

This one is different than the original movie because instead of it being just a horror movie, it has more action in it and there is more than one alien in it, as said in the title of the movie.

## Other websites
*
Evolutionary suicide

**Evolutionary suicide** is not a standard term in evolutionary biology. It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.

It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out. The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species. Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often. Evolution cannot foresee the future. This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.

A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod. Cod is caught as fish by humans. The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough. They do, however, mature earlier. Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing. Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level. This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.

## References
Green Party of England and Wales

The **Green Party of England and Wales** is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales. The party's policies promote environmentalism and progressive social reform. It wants to create a system of proportional representation for British elections. 

The party has 5 out of 573 English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, three members of the London Assembly and hundreds of elected members of local government. The party is close to the Scottish Green Party and the Green Party of Northern Ireland. The party's first leader was Caroline Lucas from 2008 until 2012. Its current leader is Zack Polanski, who was elected as leader on 2 September 2025.

The Green Party includes several regional parties. The Cornish Green Party supports autonomy for Cornwall.

## Policies
Sources: 

* Investment in the National Health Service (NHS)
* £15 an hour minimum wage
* Give rights to those renting a property
* More renewable energy
* End university tuition fees
* Bring the railways, water companies and the largest five energy companies into public ownership to lower the cost of train tickets, water bills and fuel bills
* Tax the assets of those with over ten million pounds
* Increase tax on those earning over £50,270 a year
* Make large industries - such as airlines - pay £120 for every tonne of carbon they put out
* Introduce free school meals for all children
* End government subsidies to oil and gas companies

## Current representatives
### House of Commons

File:Official portrait of Siân Berry MP crop 2.jpg|Siân Berry MP (Brighton Pavilion), 2024–present
File:Official portrait of Ellie Chowns MP crop 2.jpg|Ellie Chowns MP (North Herefordshire), 2024–present
File:Carla Denyer MP portrait cropped.jpg|Carla Denyer MP (Bristol Central), 2024–present
File:Adrian Ramsay MP portrait cropped.jpg|Adrian Ramsay MP (Waveney Valley), 2024–present
File:Official portrait of Hannah Spencer MP crop 4.jpg|Hannah Spencer MP (Gorton and Denton), 2026–present

### House of Lords

File:Official portrait of Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb crop 2, 2022.jpg|Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb 2013–present
File:Official portrait of Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle crop 2, 2023.jpg|Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle, 2019–present

## List of leaders
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Taio Cruz

**Taio Cruz** (born 23 April 1980) is an English R&B singer. He started his career by writing songs for other singers.

Cruz has released three studio albums and his single, "Break Your Heart" which was featured on his *Rokstarr* album was a number one hit in both the UK and the USA. In 2014 he released his fourth album called *#Black*.

## Albums 
Taio Cruz has released 3 studio albums:

## References
## Other websites
*Taio Cruz's Official website
Martin Truex Jr.

**Martin Lee Truex Jr.** (born June 29, 1980 in Mayetta, New Jersey) is an American racecar driver. Truex drives part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 56 Toyota Camry for TRICON Garage. Truex won the 2004 and 2005 Xfinity Series championships. Truex won the 2017 NASCAR Cup Series Championship in the No. 78 Furniture Row Racing Toyota. Truex's brother Ryan Truex is also a race car driver, with 3 NASCAR Xfinity Series wins to his name. 

Truex announced in June 2024 during a press conference at Iowa Speedway that he would be retiring from full-time NASCAR Cup Series racing, after 20 years of Cup racing. He was named one of NASCAR's 75 Greatest Drivers in 2023. He was eliminated from his final playoff appearance in the Round of 16 at Bristol Motor Speedway. 

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Haitian Revolution

of a battle in the Haitian Revolution]]
The **Haitian Revolution** (1791–1804) was a conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the formation of Haiti as the first modern republic ruled by Africans.  It was the biggest slave rebellion since the Zanj rebellion agains the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq, which also lasted 14 years. Its leaders were former slaves who decided to fight for freedom, like Toussaint L'ouverture, Cécile Fatiman, Dutty Boukman, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.  The Haitian Revolution led to Haiti being the second nation in the Americas (after the United States of America) formed from a European colony, and the first one to ban slavery.

## References
Janenschia

***Janenschia*** (named after Werner Janensch) was a huge, plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and tail. It was a sauropod from the late Jurassic period, about 156 million to 150 million years ago. *Janenschia* had a small head, blunt teeth, and a short, thick tail; it was about 80 feet (24 m) long. This titanosaurid back may have been covered with bony, armored plates. Fossils have been found in Tanzania, Africa. It is said that this dinosaur was a secondary prey for T-rex.
Civilization III

***Civilization III*** or ***Civ 3*** is a turn based strategy computer game by Firaxis Games from 2001. It is the third part of the successful Civilization series. The game has two  sets, *Play the World* and *Conquests*. In the game, you control a nation from the Stone Age to the modern Age. *Civilization III* has many new innovations in contrast with *Civilization II*. Strategic resources and country borders exist, and the nation, not the cities, will support the military units.

## Related pages
**Civilization* (series)
**Civilization IV*

## Other websites
*
Hadrian

**Hadrian** (Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138.

He is well known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon, Castel Sant'Angelo (originally Hadrian's Tomb) and the Temple of Venus and Roma.

In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and a lover of Greek culture in all his tastes. Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.

Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (near Seville). His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father. Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.

During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire. Hadrian sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.

During his travels, Hadrian met a common-born young man named Antinous, who became his favourite and probable lover. In 130, when travelling through Egypt and sailing on the Nile, Antinous drowned. Hadrian grieved his loss deeply, and did much to preserve his memory, including founding the city of Antinoöpolis and asking the Greeks to diefy Antinous.  

Hadrian spent much of his time with the military. He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned. After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.

In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but he died suddenly two years later. In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.

## References
Zwarte Piet

**Zwarte Piet** (, Dutch for "Black Pete"; , , ) is the friend of Saint Nicholas (, , , ) in the folklore of the Low Countries. 

The character first appeared in an 1850 book by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman. 

Zwarte Piet is black because he is a Moor from Spain. People playing Zwarte Piet usually put on blackface and colourful suits along with curly wigs and bright red lipstick.

Recently, the character has become controversial with many saying it was racist towards people of African descent. 

## References
Paul Revere

**Paul Revere** (; December 21, 1734 O.S. (January 1, 1735 N.S.)May 10, 1818) was a courier, soldier, and leader in the Sons of Liberty during the American Revolution.  He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and worked there as a silversmith. He died in Boston at the age of 83 and was buried in the Granary Burying Ground. 

Revere is well known for his engraving of the Boston Massacre. It was distributed widely within the American colonies and made Americans even more angry with the British. However, he is most famous for alerting the colonial militia that British soldiers were coming before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. In 1860, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem about this called "Paul Revere's Ride."

After the Revolutionary War ended in 1801, he opened a metal foundry in Boston called the Revere Copper Company,  which was the first copper rolling mill in North America. It is still in operation today.     

## Midnight Ride 
Revere is most famous for his "Midnight Ride" on the night of April 1819, 1775.  British officials had learned that American Patriots (the leaders of the American Revolution) were storing guns in Concord, Massachusetts.  They wanted to destroy the guns. The Patriots thought the British also wanted to capture Patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams, who were staying in Lexington, Massachusetts.  Revere and a man named William Dawes rode on horseback from Boston to Lexington to warn Adams and Hancock that British soldiers were approaching. He also warned other Patriots along his route. 

People commonly believe that Paul Revere arrived in Lexington and shouted his famous quote ("The British are coming!"), but this is false. When Revere arrived in Lexington, he quietly woke up the people and told them about the British to avoid drawing attention to himself. Revere was soon joined by Dawes, who also told the people that the British soldiers were coming.  

In Concord, Samuel Prescott joined Revere and Dawes.  All three were stopped by British soldiers in a field in the city of Lincoln, Massachusetts. Prescott and Dawes escaped quickly.  However, the British soldiers held Revere for about an hour before letting him go. Because his horse was gone, Revere ran back to Lexington, where the fighting had already begun. 

Almost a hundred years later, Paul Revere's Ride revived his fame.

## Notes
## References
### Further reading
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*  This work is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of the Revere's ride and the battles at Lexington and Concord.
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## Other websites
* 
* Paul Revere Heritage Project
* The Paul Revere House
** An interactive map showing the routes taken by Revere, Dawes, and Prescott
* Original copper engravings and other documents in collections of the Massachusetts State Archives
* Revere Rolling Mill – about the endangered original Revere copper works site in Canton, MA
* *Booknotes* interview with David Hackett Fischer on ''Paul Revere's Ride'', July 17, 1994.
* 
*
Gabbi Tuft

**Gabbi Alon Tuft** (born November 1, 1978) is an American TikToker and former professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE where she competed under the ring name **Tyler Reks**. She wrestled on their Raw, SmackDown and ECW brands. During her time in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), Tuft was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and a one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion with Johnny Curtis.

Reksdebuted on ECW and was also in a pre-show battle royal at WrestleMania XXVI which was won by Yoshi Tatsu. Reks also was on Team SmackDown at the 2010 version of Bragging Rights. Her brand won the trophy for the second time in a row. She asked to be released from her WWE contract on August 21, 2012 because she wanted to retire from professional wrestling and spend more time with her family.

Born male, Gabbi Tuft publicly came out as a trans woman in February 2021.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Florida Championship Wrestling**
** FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Johnny Curtis (1) and Joe Hennig (1)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 156 of the top 500 wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2009
* **World Wrestling Entertainment**
** Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) – with Team SmackDown (Big Show, Rey Mysterio, Jack Swagger, Alberto Del Rio, Edge and Kofi Kingston)
** Slammy Award for Most Menacing Haircut (2010)

## References
## Other websites
*
Blake Griffin

**Blake Austin Griffin** (born March 16, 1989) is an American former professional basketball player. He played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).  He played for the Los Angeles Clippers, Detroit Pistons, Brooklyn Nets, and Boston Celtics.

Griffin played college basketball for two years at the University of Oklahoma, then decided to enter the NBA Draft.

During his NBA career, Griffin was a 6× NBA All-Star, the 2011 Rookie of the Year, and the winner of the 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion.

## NBA career
In the 2009 NBA Draft, the Clippers chose him with the first pick. However, Griffin broke a kneecap during the preseason and missed the entire 2009-2010 season. He finally played his first regular season NBA game on October 27, 2010. Griffin scored 20 points and had 14 rebounds, although the Clippers lost to the Portland Trail Blazers, 98-88. 

Griffin quickly became known as a hard working player and a good dunker. He was chosen to be in the slam dunk contest during the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, and was also chosen to play in the 2011 NBA All-Star Game.

On April 16, 2024, Griffin announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball.

## References
## Other websites
*Blake Griffin's Official website 
*Blake Griffin at NBA.com