open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Loire-Atlantique

**Loire-Atlantique** is a department in France. It is in the Pays de la Loire region. Its capital is Nantes, which is also the region's capital. The department gets its name from the river which goes through it (*la Loire)*, and because it is next to the Atlantic Ocean.

## History 
Loire Atlantique is one of the first 83 departments of France created in 1790. It used to be called *Loire-Inférieure*. It got its new name in 1957.

The department was part of Brittany until 1941 when the Vichy Governement separated it. Many people still think it is Brittany's capital. Some want it to be part of Brittany again.

## Geography 
Loire-Atlantique is next to 4 departements:
* Vendée
* Maine-et-Loire
* Ille-et-Vilaine
* Morbihan

West of it is the Atlantic Ocean.

## References
## Other websites 
* Loire-Atlantique essential information in English from FrenchEntrée
* Prefecture website 
* General council website
Meadow

A **meadow** is a field of grass and other non-woody plants. It may be cut or grazed by livestock such as cattle, sheep or goats.

## Related pages
* Pasture
* Plain
* Plateau
* Prairie
* Savanna
* Steppe
* Tundra
* Field

## References 
* Cornell University
* The Washington Post, "Today, 32,000 seedlings; tomorrow, a meadow"

## Other websites 
* UK Wild Meadows Website 
* Irish Wild Meadows Website
* Flora locale - information on creating wildflower meadows 
* Meadow Planting 
* A Year in a Meadow (Ottawa Canada)
* Grow a Back Yard Meadow (Ottawa Canada)
Battle of Honey Springs

The **Battle of Honey Springs** was an American Civil War battle and fought on July 17, 1863. It was an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory. The battle was also unique in the fact that white soldiers were the minority in both forces.

## Background
The Confederate commander in the Indian Territory at this time was Douglas H. Cooper. He wanted to capture Fort Gibson, the main Union fort in the territory. If the Confederates captured the fort, they could control the territory. Cooper had to wait along the Elk Creek, near Honey Springs. Cooper had several regiments from Texas in his army. There were several Indian regiments with the Confederates. Cooper needed reinforcements from Arkansas before he attacked the fort.

The Union commander in the terriroty was James G. Blunt. He found out about the Confederates's plans. He decided to attack first. His army had regiments from Kansas, Wisconsin, and Colorado. There were also regiments of Indians in the Union army.

## The battle
The battle started near dawn on July 17. The two armies started fighting north of Elk Creek. The Confederates slowly retreated back to the creek. The Union and Confederate soldiers fought along the creek for several hours. The Confederates started retreating when the center of their line was attacked by the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry.

## Aftermath
Cooper had to burn many of his supplies at Honey Springs to prevent Blunt from capturing them. The Confederates lost 627 casualties. The Union army lost 75 casualties.

## Sources
* Comtois, Pierre. "Frontier Battle of Honey Springs", in ''America's Civil War*, November 1997.
* Manning, Michael J. "They Fought Like Veterans: The Civil War in Indian Territory April 1861 &ndash; September 1, 1863", in Blue & Gray Magazine, Vol. XXVIII, issue 3.
* Ryan, David M. "The All&ndash;American Battle", in *Civil War Times'', February 2004.
Bureau of Indian Affairs

The **Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)** was formed in 1824 to deal with Native Americans inside the United States. The BIA manages land and natural resources for Native Americans. It is responsible for the U.S. government's relationship with Native American tribes. Sometimes, it helps with infrastructure and law enforcement. Now, the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) provides money for schools. Some of the schools are operated by the BIE and others are operated by the tribes themselves.

## References
Cattle drives in the United States

, USA]]

A **cattle drive** is the process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another, usually moved and herded by cowboys on horses. The drives usually took a long time, perhaps six months or more. The drives went up from Texas to Kansas.
Oklahoma Senate

The **Oklahoma Senate** is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma, the lower house being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of Senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution.
Oklahoma House of Representatives

The **Oklahoma House of Representatives** is the lower house and larger body of the two houses of the Oklahoma Legislature, the other being the Oklahoma Senate. Representatives hold office for a term of two years.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Grant County, Oklahoma

**Grant County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2020, 4,169 people lived there.  Its county seat is Medford.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,004 square miles.

## References
ITS 90

The **ITS 90** is the international temperature scale, published in the year 1990. It mainly is a set of fixed temperatures and instructions how to realise a practical temperature scale, being as close to the thermodynamical temperature scale as current knowledge allows.

## History 
The first international temperature scale was established in 1927. An improved version came in 1948. In 1968 the IPTS 68 was issued. Note the letter P, which stands for practical. In 1975 the very low side of the scale (below 1 Kelvin) was added. Since 1990 the ITS 90 is in use.

## How it works 
A list of fixed temperatures is given. This list has been produced by national laboratories from all over the world. It has been approved by the B.I.P.M. (Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesure) in Paris. Temperatures between the fixed points can be measured, using a platinum resistance thermometer (up to 660 °C). This thermometer, however, has to be calibrated first. This is being done at a number of fixed temperatures, covering the desired range. Procedures and formulae for defining an interpolating thermometer are given as well.

## An example 
Say we need a calibrated thermometer in the range from room temperature to 400 °C. A triple point of water is to be realised for 0.01 °C. For 231.928 °C there is the freezing point of tin. At 419.527 °C it is the freezing point of zinc, which serves the goal.

After having measured the electrical resistance of this thermometer at the given temperatures, the data is being fed into a prescribed formula, giving the deviation coefficients for the range from 0 to 420 °C. So, from now on we have a thermometer with which we can perform accurate measurements according to the ITS 90.

This type of calibration is called primary calibration. With the thermometer we just calibrated we can perform a secondary calibration. Then another thermometer is to be calibrated against ours. This derived calibration, of course, is a little less accurate, but can take place at any suitable temperature within the range, since our thermometer interpolates between the fixed temperatures.

For more information see the official site of BIPM
As Cruel as School Children

***As Cruel as School Children*** is the 3rd studio album by rap group Gym Class Heroes. It was released in July of 2006. The album contains some songs from their previous album *The Papercut Chronicles*. 

## Singles 
*Clothes Off!! (featuring Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy)
*Cupid's Chokehold / Breakfast in America (featring Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy)
*New Friends Request
*The Queen and I
*Shoot Down the Stars
*Boys in Bands: Interlude

## Track listing
All songs written by Gym Class Heroes

#1st Period: "The Queen and I" – 3:15
#2nd Period: "Shoot Down the Stars" – 3:38
#3rd Period: "New Friend Request" – 4:14
#4th Period: "Clothes Off!!" (featuring Patrick Stump from Fall Out Boy) – 3:55
#Lunch: "Sloppy Love Jingle, Pt. 1" – 1:52
#6th Period: "Viva la White Girl" – 3:53
#7th Period: "7 Weeks" (featuring William Beckett) – 3:51
#8th Period: "It's OK, but Just This Once!" – 3:10
#Study Hall: "Sloppy Love Jingle, Pt. 2" – 1:01
#10th Period: "Biters Block" – 3:48
#Yearbook Club: "Boys In Bands Interlude" – 0:59
#12th Period: "Scandalous Scholastics" – 4:17
#13th Period: "On My Own Time (Write On!)" – 4:42
#Intramurals: "Cupid's Chokehold" (featuring Patrick Stump from Fall Out Boy) – 3:58
#Detention: "Sloppy Love Jingle Part 3" – 2:15

### Limited Edition Bonus Disc
#Clothes Off!! (Stress Remix)" (featuring Ghostface Killah & Tyga) – 4:32
#"Viva La White Girl (Remix)" (featuring Lil Wayne) – 4:46
#"Machine and I (The Queen and I Remix)" (featuring Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die) – 4:22
#"New Friend Request (Papoose Remix)" (featuring Papoose) – 4:15
Lincoln County, Oklahoma

**Lincoln County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  33,458 people lived there at the 2020 census. Its county seat is Chandler.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 966 square miles.

## References
Flobots

**Flobots** are an alternative rock/alternative hip hop band from Denver, Colorado. They are famous for their hit single "Handlebars". They have released three albums.
GDebi

**GDebi** is a computer program that runs on Linux and can install .deb packages. It is available with a graphical interface, but also has a command line option.

## Technology 
GDebi can install local .deb packages with automatic dependency resolution (it automatically downloads and installs the required packages with apt).
Roger Mills County, Oklahoma

**Roger Mills County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2020, the population is 3,442.  The county seat of Roger Mills County is Cheyenne.

## References
Washington County, Oklahoma

**Washington County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  It is, in area, the third smallest county in Oklahoma.  As of 2020, 52,455 people lived there.  Its county seat is Bartlesville.

## References
Football League Third Division

The **Football League Third Division** was the 3rd division in English football. Its first season was the 1920–21. It would be brought back for the 1958-59 season. It was the 3rd division until the 1991-92 season. It became the 4th division in 1992, after the FA Premier League was created. It was replaced by the Football League Two in 2004.

## Founding clubs
* Brentford 
* Brighton & Hove Albion 
* Bristol Rovers 
* Crystal Palace (inaugural champions in 1920–21)
* Exeter City 
* Gillingham 
* Grimsby Town
* Luton Town 
* Merthyr Town
* Millwall 
* Newport County 
* Northampton Town 
* Norwich City 
* Plymouth Argyle 
* Portsmouth 
* Queens Park Rangers
* Reading
* Southampton
* Southend United 
* Swansea Town 
* Swindon Town 
* Watford

### Champions
*1920/21 : Crystal Palace
*1958/59 : Plymouth Argyle
*1959/60 : Southampton
*1960/61 : Bury
*1961/62 : Portsmouth
*1962/63 : Northampton Town
*1963/64 : Coventry City
*1964/65 : Carlisle United
*1965/66 : Hull City
*1966/67 : Queens Park Rangers
*1967/68 : Oxford United
*1968/69 : Watford
*1969/70 : Orient
*1970/71 : Preston North End
*1971/72 : Aston Villa
*1972/73 : Bolton Wanderers
*1973/74 : Oldham Athletic
*1974/75 : Blackburn Rovers
*1975/76 : Hereford United
*1976/77 : Mansfield Town
*1977/78 : Wrexham
*1978/79 : Shrewsbury Town
*1979/80 : Grimsby Town
*1980/81 : Rotherham United
*1981/82 : Burnley
*1982/83 : Portsmouth
*1983/84 : Oxford United
*1984/85 : Bradford City
*1985/86 : Reading
*1986/87 : Bournemouth
*1987/88 : Sunderland
*1988/89 : Wolverhampton Wanderers
*1989/90 : Bristol Rovers
*1990/91 : Cambridge United
*1991/92 : Brentford
*1992/93 : Cardiff City
*1993/94 : Shrewsbury Town
*1994/95 : Carlisle United
*1995/96 : Preston North End
*1996/97 : Wigan Athletic
*1997/98 : Notts County
*1998/99 : Brentford
*1999/00 : Swansea City
*2000/01 : Brighton & Hove Albion
*2001/02 : Plymouth Argyle
*2002/03 : Rushden & Diamonds
*2003/04 : Doncaster Rovers

## Related pages
*Football League First Division
*Football League Second Division
*Football League Third Division North
*Football League Third Division South
Johnny Haynes

**Johnny Haynes** (17 October 1934 – 18 October 2005) is a former English football player. He was captain of Fulham, played for England national team and captained it. He was a forward, playing on the left wing as an outside left or inside left. Today he would be called an attacking midfield player. His job was to provide balls to the strikers. He played three times for England in the FIFA World Cup.

He has a statue outside of Craven Cottage.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Durban City**
* National Football League: 1970–71

**Individual**
* Ballon d'Or Bronze Award: 1961
* Football League 100 Legends: 1998
* Member of English Football Hall of Fame: 2002

## References
Logan County, Oklahoma

**Logan County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. At the 2020 census, 49,555 people lived there.  Its county seat is Guthrie.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 749 square miles.

## References
Javier Saviola

**Javier Saviola** (born 11 December 1981) is a former Argentine football player who played in Argentina, Spain, France, Portugal, Greece, and Italy during his career.

He made 39 appearances for the Argentina national football team, scoring 11 goals.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Saviola goal''.

## References
Chemoautotroph

A **chemoautotroph** is an organism that uses inorganic energy sources for food. Then it puts together its own organic compounds using Adenosine triphosphate. Chemoautotrophs are mostly bacteria or archaea that live in hostile environments such as deep sea vents. They are the primary producers in such ecosystems.

## Flowchart
, heterotroph, or a subtype]]

## Related pages
*Autotroph
**Phototroph
*Mixotroph
*Heterotroph
Wayne's World

'''''Wayne's World''''' is a 1992 American comedy movie from Paramount Pictures, starring Mike Myers and Dana Carvey. It is based on a segment of the same name from television's *Saturday Night Live*. It made more money than any other movie based on a SNL segment.

## References
## Other websites
*
Atoka County, Oklahoma

**Atoka County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and was formed in 1907 from Choctaw Lands.  As of 2020, 14,143 people lived there.  Its county seat is Atoka.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 990 square miles.

## Places 
### City 
* Atoka

### Towns 
* Caney
* Stringtown
* Tushka

### Other 
* Bentley
* Bethany
* Blackjack
* Boehler
* Boggy Depot
* Bruno
* Burg
* Centerpoint
* Chockie
* Cook
* Crystal
* Daisy
* Dok
* East Allison
* East Talico
* Farris
* Flora
* Forrest Hill
* Fugate
* Goss
* Grassy Lake
* Half Bank Crossing
* Harmony
* Hickory Hill
* High Hill
* Hopewell
* Iron Stob
* Lane
* Lone Pine
* Mayers Chapel
* McGee Valley
* Mt. Carmel
* Mt. Olive
* Negro Bend
* New Hope
* Nix
* Old Farris
* Patapoe
* Payton Crossing
* Pine Springs
* Plainview
* Pleasant Hill
* Redden
* Reynolds
* Rock Springs
* Standing Rock
* Star
* Taloah
* Valley View
* Voca
* Wards Chapel
* Wardville
* Webster
* Wesley
* West Allison
* West Telico
* Wilson

## References
Luis Oliveira

**Luís Airton Barroso** "**Lulù**" **de Oliveira** (born 24 March 1969) is a football manager and former player. He has played for Belgium national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Belgium's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Oliveira goal.''

## Honours
**Anderlecht**
*Belgian First Division: 1990–91
*Belgian Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90
*European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1989–90
*Bruges Matins: 1988'***

**Fiorentina**
*Supercoppa Italiana: 1996

**Como**
*Serie B: 2001–02

**Individual*'
*Man of the Season (Belgian First Division): 1990–91

## References
Kenny Dalglish

**Sir Kenneth Mathieson "Kenny" Dalglish** MBE (born 4 March 1951) is a former Scottish football player and manager. He has played for Scotland national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
### Managerial record
## Honours
### Player
**Celtic**
*Scottish Division One/Premier Division: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1976–77
*Scottish Cup: 1971–72, 1973–74, 1974–75, runner-up: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
*Glasgow Cup: 1974–75; runner-up: 1975–76

**Liverpool**
*Football League First Division: 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86
*FA Cup: 1985–86
*Football League Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84; runner-up: 1977–78
*Football League Super Cup: 1986
*FA Charity Shield: 1977 (shared), 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986 (shared); runner-up: 1983
*European Cup: 1977–78, 1980–81, 1983–84; runner-up: 1984–85
*European Super Cup: 1977; runner-up: 1978
*Intercontinental Cup runner-up: 1981, 1984

**Scotland**
*British Home Championship: 1974, 1976, 1977

**Individual**
*Scottish Premier Division Top-scorer: 1975–76 (24 goals) 
*Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1983
*PFA Team of the Year: 1978-1979, 1979-1980, 1980-1981, 1982-1983, 1983-1984
*PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1982–83
*FWA Footballer of the Year: 1978–79, 1982–83
*Football League 100 Legends
*English Football Hall of Fame (Player): 2002
*Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2004
*FIFA 100: 2004
*BBC Goal of the Season: 1982–83
*BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award: 2023
*Bleacher Report's 21st Best Footballer Of All Time: 2011
*Scotland's Greatest International Footballer: 2020
*World Soccer Greatest Players of 20th Century: 22nd

### Manager
**Liverpool**
*Football League Cup: 2011–12; runner-up: 1986–87
*Football League Super Cup: 1985–86
*FA Charity Shield: 1986 (shared), 1989, 1990 (shared)

**Blackburn Rovers**
*Premier League: 1994–95
*Football League Second Division play-offs: 1992
*Premier League Manager of the Season: 1994–95
*Knight Bachelor: 2018

## References
Walter Winterbottom

**Sir Walter Winterbottom**  (31 March 1913&nbsp;– 16 February 2002) was an English footballer and manager. He was the first manager of the England national team. He played for Manchester United for 2 years.

Winterbottom died after an operation to remove cancer.

## References
Boxing Day

**Boxing Day** is a public holiday in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. It is also a holiday in many other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations. It is based on a long custom of giving gifts to poor people. It is usually celebrated on 26 December, the day after Christmas Day; In some countries the public holiday is moved to the next weekday if 26 December is a Saturday or Sunday.

In some countries, stores have sales on Boxing Day, similar to Black Friday sales in the United States. In the United Kingdom, many association football and rugby league games are played on Boxing Day. The King George VI Chase horse race in Surrey is also ran on this day. The IIHF World U20 Championship usually starts on this day.
 
## Origins
Boxing Day is an old custom going back to the Middle Ages. The main feature is the giving of gifts to workers or to poor people. The name has many different histories. The term might have started in England. There, servants would get money or gifts on the day after Christmas. These gifts were called "Christmas boxes".

## References
Dennis Bergkamp

**Dennis Nicolaas Maria Bergkamp** (; born 10 May 1969) is a Dutch professional football coach and former player who was most recently the Assistant manager of Ajax.

Bergkamp was named in FIFA 100, a list of the 125 greatest living footballers made by Brazilian retired footballer Pelé.

## Career statistics
### Club
†Includes cup competitions: the KNVB Cup, Coppa Italia, Football League Cup and FA Cup. Super Cups such as the FA Community Shield are not included.

### International
:*Scores and results list Netherlands goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bergkamp goal*.

## Honours
**Ajax**
*Eredivisie: 1989–90
*KNVB Cup: 1986–87, 1992–93
*European Cup Winners' Cup: 1986–87; runner-up: 1987–88
*UEFA Cup: 1991–92

**Inter Milan**
*UEFA Cup: 1993–94

**Arsenal**
*Premier League: 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05; runner-up: 2000–01
*FA Charity/Community Shield: 1998, 2002, 2004
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 1999–2000

**Individual**

]]

*Dutch Football Talent of the Year: 1990
*Dutch Footballer of the Year: 1991,
*UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1992
*IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer: 1992
*Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1993; third place: 1992
*FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze Award: 1993, 1997
*UEFA Cup Top Scorer: 1993–94
*Most assists in the Premier League: 1998–99 *(shared)*
*Premier League Player of the Month: August 1997, September 1997, March 2002, February 2004
*FWA Footballer of the Year: 1997–98
*PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1997–98
*BBC Goal of the Season: 1997–98, 2001–02
*FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998
*FIFA 100
*English Football Hall of Fame: 2007
*Premier League Hall of Fame: 2021

## References
Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)

***Civil Disobedience*** (*Resistance to Civil Government*) is a text by Henry David Thoreau. It was first printed in 1849. It says that people should not allow a government to order them to do wrong things.

## About "Civil Disobedience" 
In 1848, Thoreau lectured at the Concord Lyceum (a place for people to meet and learn in the town of Concord, Massachusetts). The words of the lecture were later printed with the name *Resistance to Civil Government* in 1849. Now many people call it "*Civil Disobedience"* which means: "not doing what the government orders you to do."

In the early 1840s Thoreau stopped paying his "poll tax" (a tax that is the same amount for everybody). He was angry that the government used tax money to make people slaves and to war with Mexico. Thoreau did not want to help them do these things. In 1846 the tax agent put Thoreau in prison for one night. Thoreau wrote *Civil Disobedience* to say why he would not pay.

## Summary 
Thoreau says governments are more bad than good, and society without government would be more good. Letting people vote does not make government good, because people may vote for bad things. One person with their conscience (their feeling of right and wrong) may make decisions that are more good than decisions made by governments or by most of the people who vote.

Thoreau says the United States government, because it makes people slaves, cannot be his government. People should end such a government. To end a government is difficult, but because the government is so bad, we must end it anyway.

Most of the people Thoreau was talking to also did not like slavery or the war with Mexico. But Thoreau said they must do more than to dislike these things, or to vote against these things, or to hope these things will end. They must also stop supporting these things by paying taxes. If the government puts you in prison because you do not pay taxes, then it is good to be in prison because, if the government is bad, prison is the right place for good people. If the government attempted to put all good people in prison, the government would end first, and this would be a revolution of peace.

It is easier to be brave if you have less that the government can take from you. So Thoreau suggests that people own less, and that they value what is good and not value property only.

## Famous people who liked "Civil Disobedience" 
### Mohandas Gandhi 
Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi (or Mahatma Gandhi) liked what Thoreau wrote. In 1907, when Gandhi was starting his first *satyagraha* fight in South Africa, he printed a short outline of *Civil Disobedience* that he wrote in an Indian language. He said that *Civil Disobedience* was the largest cause for the end of slavery in America, and that Indians in South Africa should learn from that example.

### Martin Luther King, Jr. 
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. also liked what Thoreau wrote. In his autobiography, he wrote that Thoreau taught him that it is as important *not* to help bad people as it is to help good people. He said that Thoreau's lessons "came alive" in the civil rights movement.

## Other websites
Roberto Baggio

**Roberto Baggio** (; born 18 February 1967) is an Italian former footballer. He played for Italy national team.

Baggio is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time. He is known for being technically gifted, a creative playmaker, and for his accurate free kicks and dribbling skills. 

In 1993, he was named FIFA World Player of the Year and won the Ballon d'Or. In 2004, he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100, a list of the 125 world's greatest living players.

## Early life 
Roberto Baggio was born in Caldogno, Veneto. He is the son of Matilda and Fiorindo Baggio, the sixth of eight siblings. His younger brother, Eddy Baggio, was also a professional footballer who played in Serie B.

## Club career statistics 
### International 
### World Cup goals 
:''Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first.''

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Roberto Baggio at FIGC.it
Lachlan River

The **Lachlan River** is an important river in central New South Wales, Australia.

## Course 
The river starts in the central mountains of New South Wales, near Gunning. Other rivers that join the Lachlan River are the Boorowa River, the Belubula River and the Abercrombie River. They join the Lachlan near the town of Cowra. 

Wyangala Dam was built near Cowra to control the amount of water in the river.  The Lachlan does not get its water from melting snow like the Murrumbidgee River or the Murray River. It does not have a regular amount of water flowing down it. In 1944 the flow was less than 1,000 megalitres (810 acre-feet). Six years later (1950) there was a flow of 10,900,000 megalitres (8.8 million acre feet). In dry years, for example April 1944 to April 1945, the Lachlan may have no water flowing in it at all. The Lachlan has flooded every 7 years since 1887 at Forbes.
, New South Wales]]
The Lachlan River flows west and then south, finishes in the Great Cumbung swamp. This swamp is near Oxley between Hay and Balranald. Water from this big (500 km²) swamp finally goes into the Murrumbidgee River. Water from the Lachlan is used for farming.

## History
The Lachlan river is in the area where the aboriginal people called the Wiradjuri lived. The Wiradjuri land has been called "the land of the three rivers, the Wambool (Macquarie), the Kalare (Lachlan) and the Murrumbidjeri (Murrumbidgee) . The Murray River was the south side of Wiradjuri land. The change from forest to open grassland was the east side."

The first European to find the Lachlan River in 1815 was Acting-Surveyor George William Evans. He named the river after Lachlan Macquarie, the Governor of New South Wales. The Lachlan River was explored by John Oxley in 1817.

In the early days of New South Wales, the south part of the Lachlan was known as *Fish River*. With more exploration it was realized that two rivers were the same river and the name Fish River was dropped.

In 1870 the river flooded. The top of the flood water was measured at 15.9 metres at Cowra. Since 1887, the highest flood level at Forbes was in June 1952. The river got to 10.8m (35 feet 3 inches) at the Forbes Iron Bridge. During the flood in August 1990, 132 houses in Forbes were flooded. The water covered their floors.  Other  big floods were in: 1891, 1916, 1951, 1956, 1961, 1974, 1976, 1993, 1998.

Now indigenous and white people live on the Lachlan river.

## Economy 
More than 100,000 people live in the Lachlan area. 14% of NSW farm goods come from the area which is about 10% of NSW. 24 local governments look after the Lachlan area.

## Related pages
**Major rivers that flow into the Lachlan**

* Abercrombie River
* Boorowa River
* Belubula River
* Crookwell River

**Towns along the Lachlan**

*Breadalbane
*Bevandale
*Reids Flat
*Wyangala Dam
*Darbys Falls
*Cowra
*Gooloogong
*Paytens Bridge
*Tomanbil
*Forbes
*Jemalong
*Bedgerebong
*Waroo
*Fairholme
*Condobolin
*Gunebang
*Eubalong
*Hillston 
*Booligal
*Oxley

## References
## Other websites
*Map of the Lachlan River catchment 
*Lachlan Catchment Management Authority website
Lens

**Lens** can mean different things:

## Places
* Lens, Pas-de-Calais, a city in the north of France
* Lens (Belgium), a municipality in Belgium
* Lens, Switzerland, a municipality in Switzerland

## Other
* Lens (optics), an optical instrument
** Camera lens
* Lens (anatomy), part of the eye
* Lens (genus), a genus of plants, commonly called lentils
* R.C. Lens, an association football team
Osvaldo Ardiles

**Osvaldo Ardiles** (born 3 August 1952) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
 posing with the FA Cup trophy, May 1981]]

### International
 (left) and Mario Kempes (right) in 1981]]

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Huracán**
*Primera División runner-up: 1976

**Tottenham Hotspur**
* FA Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82
* FA Charity Shield: 1981 (shared) 
* EFL Cup runner-up: 1981-82
* UEFA Cup: 1983–84

**Argentina**
* FIFA World Cup: 1978

**Individual**
* World Soccer World 11: 1978, 1982, 1983
* Football League 100 Legends list (as the only Argentinian)
* Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year: 1979
* Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Hall of fame
* English Football Hall of Fame: 2009
* Golden Foot: 2013
* IFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team: 2021

### Manager
**Swindon Town**
* Promotion to Division One: 1990

**West Bromwich Albion**
* Promotion to Division One: 1993

**Shimizu S-Pulse**
* Nabisco Cup: 1996

**Yokohama F. Marinos**
* J-League first stage: 2000

**Tokyo Verdy**
* Emperor's Cup: 2004–05

**Individual**
* J. League Manager of the Year: 1998

## References
Philadelphia Soul

The **Philadelphia Soul** is an American football team in the Arena Football League. The team plays Trenton, New Jersey. They are not to be confused with the Philadelphia Eagles.  They were owned by Jon Bon Jovi and Ron Jaworski, a former player for the Philadelphia Eagles. They won the Arena Bowl in 2008. By 2019, however, all the teams ceased team operations and later the league folded due to bankruptcy. In 2024, the team returned, but playing in Trenton rather than Philadelphia.

## References
Fabien Barthez

**Fabien Alain Barthez** (born 28 June 1971) is a French racing driver and former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Marseille
* UEFA Champions League: 1992–93
* Division 2: 1994–95

**AS Monaco**

**France'''
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998
* Ligue 1 Goalkeeper of the Year: 1998
* IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 2000
* UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2000
* PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 Premier League
* Équipe type spéciale 20 ans des trophées UNFP: 2011
* The Dream Team 110 years of OM: 2010

**Orders**
* Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998

**Records**
* Second-most caps for France as a goalkeeper: 87 (behind Hugo Lloris)
* All-time France FIFA World Cup appearances: 17
* Most FIFA World Cup clean sheets: 10 (with Peter Shilton)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Lehigh Valley IronPigs

The **Lehigh Valley IronPigs** are a Minor League Baseball team from Allentown, Pennsylvania. They play baseball at the Triple-A (AAA) level, the most difficult level before Major League Baseball, against other baseball teams in the International League (a group of 20&nbsp;baseball teams at the same level).

## References
## Other websites
* The team's website
* The team's statistics from *Baseball-Reference*
L'Huisserie

'''L'Huisserie''' is a commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France. The Jouanne river is in L'Huisserie.

The D1 and D910 roads pass through L'Huisserie.
Javron-les-Chapelles

**Javron-les-Chapelles** is a commune of 1,473 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Jack Bauer

**Jack Bauer** is the main character of the television series *24*.  Initially working at the Counter Terrorist Unit in Los Angeles (later moving to Washington, D.C, New York, and London,) Bauer works alongside the government to neutralize terrorist threats. 

## Other websites
*Jack Bauer's Official Character Profile
Christine Schürrer

**Christine Schürrer**, (born 30 June 1976 in Hannover) is a German criminal. On March 17, 2008, she murdered two Swedish children and seriously injured their mother after attacking them in their Arboga, Sweden home. The reason for the murders has been identified as jealousy as Christine had dated the children's stepfather on a holiday in 2006. 

On August 26, 2008, Christine was found guilty of the murders and the assault on the mother.

## References
Spiro Mounds

**Spiro Mounds** is an archaeological site run by the Oklahoma Historical Society and open to the public. It is in Eastern Oklahoma, near the modern town of Spiro. It is one of the most important pre-Columbian sites in the United States. 

## Other websites 
* Spiro Mounds Archaeological Park
Kampen, Netherlands

**Kampen** is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 54,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland, Kop van Overijssel and IJsselvallei regions.

It is home of football team DOS Kampen.

## The city of Kampen 
The city of Kampen lies on the western side of the IJssel river. On the other side lies IJsselmuiden, which is the second largest settlement in the municipality of Kampen.

Kampen received city rights in 1236. It joined the Hanseatic League around 1440 and used to be an important port. Kampen has one of the old town centres in best condition of the Netherlands.

## Famous people from Kampen 
* Hendrick Avercamp (27 January 1585, - 15 May 1634, nicknamed "de Stomme van Kampen" (The Mute of Kampen)), is a painter best known for his small winter landscapes. Thea Beckman showed him as a character in some books. In Kampen, a street (*Avercampstraat*) and a café are named after him.
* Dr. Willem Johan Kolff, (born: 14 February 1911, Leiden) inventor of the artificial kidney. A street in Kampen is named after him (*Dr. Kolfflaan*).
* Petra van Staveren (born: 1966, Kampen), a swimmer who won the golden medal in the 100 metres breaststroke at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.

## Sister cities 
The sister cities of Kampen are:

*  Soest
*  Meinerzhagen
*  Pápa
*  Eilat

## References 
* Plaatsengids.nl 

## Other websites 
* Kampen in Oude ansichten (Old postcards from Kampen)
* 7 Medieval Cities Website
* A Windmill in Kampen
Hughes County, Oklahoma

**Hughes County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2020, 13,367 people lived there.  Its county seat is Holdenville.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 815 square miles.

## References
1968–69 NHL season

The **1968–69 NHL season** was the 52nd season of the National Hockey League. Twelve teams each played 76 games (two more than in 1967–68). For the second time in a row, the Montreal Canadiens faced the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup finals. Montreal won for their second Stanley Cup in a row as they swept the Blues in four, which was exactly the same result of the previous season.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
*hickoksports.com
Game (hunting)

s are often hunted as game.]]
:*The article about a game played for entertainment is at game*
**Game** is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated. Small birds, ground game (such as squirrels and rabbits), and big game (such as deer and moose) are usually hunted. Game animals are also hunted for sport. In Britain, *game birds* usually means partridge, grouse, and quail. Today, most countries have game laws. In some countries hunting is a part of well preserved tradition that is kept alive as a part of national identity. 

## References
Polarity

In physics, **polarity** describes an attribute that can usually have two values:
* An electric charge has a polarity of either positive or negative.
* A voltage has a polarity, in that it could be positive or negative (with respect to some other voltage, such as the one at the other end of a battery or electric circuit).
* A magnet has a polarity, in that one end is the "north" and the other is the "south".
* The spin of an entity in quantum mechanics has a polarity - positive or negative.
* Polarized light has waves which all line up in the same direction.

Chemical polarity is a feature of chemical bonds, where two different atoms in the same molecule have different electronegativity.  As a result, the electrons in the bond are not shared equally by the two atoms. This causes an asymmetrical (polar) electric field.  Molecular covalent bonds can be described as polar or nonpolar. Entire molecules can also be described as polar.

## References
Tiktaalik

***Tiktaalik*** is a genus of extinct fish. This sarcopterygian (lobe-finned) fish from the later Devonian has many features similar to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals).

*Tiktaalik* lived about 375 million years ago. It is part of the transition between fish such as *Panderichthys*, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as *Acanthostega* and *Ichthyostega*, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of basal fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to call *Tiktaalik* a 'fishapod'.

This, and other species like it, prove that legs started to develop before these animals were land-based. They were shallow-water carnivorous fish, or fishapods. *Tiktaalik* was therefore a transitional fossil, and an example of mosaic evolution.

, co-discoverer of *Tiktaalik*, holding a cast of its skull]]

, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like *Eusthenopteron* – showed a sequence of adaptations:
*Panderichthys*, suited to muddy shallows;
*Tiktaalik* with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as:
  *Acanthostega* which had feet with eight digits,
  *Ichthyostega* with limbs.
Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned coelacanth species.]]

]]

## Related pages 
*Tetrapod

## References
Oklahoma State University

**Oklahoma State University** is a public university in Stillwater, Oklahoma.

## Sports
Oklahoma State's men's athletic teams are called the Cowboys. The women's athletic teams are called the Cowgirls. Oklahoma State has 16 varsity teams. They compete in the Big 12 Conference.
Loire River

The **Loire River** is the longest river in France. It is 1,006&nbsp;km long. It originates in the Massif Central. Its mouth is near Nantes by the Atlantic Ocean. The Loire gives its name to 6 French departments. For years, the Loire was very important for France's commerce. When the railway developed in the 19th century, it put an end to its importance.

## Tributaries
The Loire's tributaries include the following rivers, in order going upstream:
* Acheneau (near Le Pellerin)
* Sèvre Nantaise (in Nantes)
* Erdre (in Nantes)
* Layon (in Chalonnes-sur-Loire)
*Maine (near Angers) 
*Mayenne (near Angers)
*Sarthe (near Angers)
*Loir (near Angers)
*Ernée (in Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne)
*Braye (in Pont-de-Braye)
*Aigre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
*Yerre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
*Conie (near Châteaudun)
*Ozanne (in Bonneval)
*Huisne (in Le Mans)
*Thouet (near Saumur)
*Dive (near Saint-Just-sur-Dive)
*Losse (near Montreuil-Bellay)
*Argenton (near Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay)
*Thouaret (near Taizé)
*Cébron (near Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet)
*Palais (near Parthenay)
*Viette (near Parthenay)
*Vienne (in Candes-Saint-Martin)
*Creuse (north of Châtellerault)
*Gartempe (in La Roche-Posay)
*Clain (in Châtellerault)
*Indre (east of Montsoreau)
*Cher (in Villandry)
*Sauldre (in Selles-sur-Cher)
*Arnon (near Vierzon)
*Yèvre (in Vierzon)
*Auron (in Bourges)
*Beuvron (in Chaumont-sur-Loire)
*Loiret (in Orléans)
*Allier (near Nevers)
*Sioule (near Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule)
*Dore (near Puy-Guillaume)
*Allagnon (near Jumeaux)
*Ance (in Monistrol-d'Allier)
*Nièvre (in Nevers)
*Acolin (near Decize)
*Aron (in Decize)
*Besbre (near Dompierre-sur-Besbre)
*Arroux (in Digoin)
*Furan (in Andrézieux-Bouthéon)

Loire bei La Charite-112-2008-gje.jpg|La Charité
Pont-canal de Briare-132-2008-gje.jpg|Pont-canal de Briare
Château de Gien-112-Loire-2008-gje.jpg|Gien
Loire bei Sully-sur-Loire-112-2008-gje.jpg|Sully-sur-Loire
Loire river DSC02485.jpg|Orléans
Meung-sur-Loire-112-2008-gje.jpg|Meung-sur-Loire
Château de Menars-112-2008-gje.jpg|Menars
Blois-128-Saint-Nicolas-Saint-Lomer-2008-gje.jpg|Blois
Loire bei Chaumont-112-2008-gje.jpg|Chaumont
Loire bei Bréhémont-112-2008-gje.jpg|Bréhémont
Candes Saint-Martin-112-Loire-2008-gje.jpg|Candes Saint-Martin
Château de Saumur-116-Stadt-2008-gje.jpg|Saumur
Loire bei Chênehutte-Trèves-Cunault-110-2008-gje.jpg|Chênehutte
Loire bei Le Thoureil-112-Boote-2008-gje.jpg|Le Thoureil
Loire bei Les Ponts-de-Cé-112-2008-gje.jpg|Les Ponts-de-Cé
Saint-Nazaire le pont puis le chantier naval.JPG|Saint-Nazaire
Oregon Trail

People traveled along the **Oregon Trail** during the 19th century in order to settle new parts of the United States of America. The Trail was used from 1841 to the 1880s, but fewer people used it after the Transcontinental Railroad was opened in 1869. 

Before this railroad connected the East and West Coasts, if people wanted to cross the country, they had to migrate west along the Oregon Trail in wagons. This dangerous journey was about 2,170 miles (3,500&nbsp;km) long and usually took four to six months.

People went to Oregon for many reasons. Most wanted a new life; others wanted land or simply thought that Oregon would be a better place to live.pp.&nbsp;79–80

They could eat grass along the Trail, unlike horses, who needed grains when they were working. Oxen were easy to train, and they usually traveled at a steady pace of 2 miles per hour, even in mud and snow.

Along the Trail, travelers could fish and hunt for food.  Bison, antelope, and deer were the best animals to hunt for food.  Travelers also ate berries that grew along the Trail, partly to help prevent scurvy. Often, its symptoms would be so bad that travelers would die within 12 hours of getting sick.  After this, any traveler that drank water from the Platte River, or made food with that water, could get cholera.  

 1863.  Camping near rivers contaminated with cholera bacteria made cholera spread quickly among travelers]]
#### Other diseases
Other common diseases on the Trail included: One estimate says 16,000  Unless they were babies, they walked alongside the wagons and worked just like adults.  Their jobs included herding animals, driving wagons, washing dishes, helping with meals, watching younger children, and collecting firewood and "buffalo chips" (dry buffalo manure used to start fires).

## Computer game 
In the 1970s, three student teachers in Minnesota made an educational computer game based on the Oregon Trail. The goal of the game was to successfully travel the trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Dangers along the way included river crossings, illnesses, sick oxen, and hunger. 

The game became extremely popular. Over the next two decades, new versions of the game were made that added more options and included better graphics. The second version included zombies and oxen. The goal was to survive as long as possible before dying.

## Related pages 
* Emigration
* History of the United States

## References
Johnny Shines

**Johnny Shines** (April 26, 1915 – April 20, 1992) was an American blues singer and guitarist.

## Life 
He was called **John Ned Shines** when he was born, in Frayser, Tennessee.  He spent most of his childhood in Memphis playing slide guitar for money on the streets.  He listened to and was inspired by Blind Lemon Jefferson and Howlin’ Wolf, but he was taught to play the guitar by his mother.  Shines moved to Hughes, Arkansas in 1932 and worked on farms for three years. "First time I came to Helena was 1932, I think it was. That's the time I met Robert the first time." When he met Robert Johnson, his greatest influence, that gave him  to return to music.  In 1935, Shines began playing with Johnson around the south and heading as far north as Ontario where they appeared on a local radio program.  The two split up in 1937, one year before Johnson died.

Shines died on April 20, 1992, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He was put into the Blues Hall of Fame later the same year.

## References
## Further reading
* 
* *The Search for Robert Johnson*, John Hammond, Columbia Legacy, 1982, 

## Other websites 
* Illustrated Johnny Shines discography
* 1977 live recording of "Kind Hearted Woman" from the Florida Folklife Collection, the State Archives of Florida
* Fan biography
Red card

match.]]

A **red card** in sport is a punishment to a player of a team. It is usually given to a player who has broken the rules of the game.

## In football (soccer)
In football rules, a red card means that the player is sent off the field, and is not allowed to play in the rest of the match. A player with a red card is automatically banned from his team's next game. In some cases, the player may be banned for multiple games.
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)

The '''WWE Women's Championship''' was a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment fought for by women's wrestlers. In 2010 the title was unified with the WWE Divas Championship and retired.

A new WWE Women's Championship replaced the Divas title at WrestleMania 32 in 2016. It does not continue the histories of the old Women's Championship or the Divas Championship.

## History 
The WWF Women's Championship has descended from the National Wrestling Alliance World Women's Championship when The Fabulous Moolah became champion and held the title close to 30 years. The Title became inactive in 1990 when Rockin' Robin left the WWF. In 1993 Alundra Blayze won the title. However it became Inactive after Blayze dropped the title into a garbage can live on WCW Monday Nitro. This incident forced her to give up the title.

The WWF Women's Championship was then reactivated in September 1998 when Jacqueline won a match against Sable.

Layla, Michelle McCool, Mickie James, Melina and Beth Phoenix are the only women in the history of the WWE to hold both the WWE Women's Championship and WWE Divas Championship.

## Final champion
The final champion was Layla who defeated Beth Phoenix in a two-on-one handicap match with Michelle McCool on *SmackDown* and McCool self-proclaimed herself as the co-Women's Champion. The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship on September 19, 2010 and retired.

## Related pages
* World Wrestling Entertainment
* WWE Divas Championship
* WWE Women's Championship
* Women's World Championship (WWE)

## References 
**Notes**

## Other websites 
* Official Title History at WWE.com
Furius ISO Mount

**Furius ISO Mount** is a program to mount and burn iso files.

## Features 
*Ability to mount ISO, IMG, BIN, MDF and NRG image files
*Automatically creates a mount point in the users home directory.
*Automatically saves the history of the last 10 images mounted.
*Ability to burn ISO and IMG Files to optical disks
*Ability to generate MD5 and SHA1 checksums
*Automatically retrieves any previously unmounted images.
*Automatically generates a log file of all commands needed to mount and unmount images manually.