open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tysaashvan

**Tysaashvan** or **Tisaashvan** (Ukrainian: *Тисаашвань*, Hungarian: *Tiszaásvány*), until 1995 **Mineralnoye** (Ukrainian: Мінєралноє) is a village in Transcarpathia, Ukraine.

## History 
The village belonged to Hungary from 1000 to 1920 and again from 1938 to 1944. Between 1920 and 1938, it was part of Czechoslovakia. And since 1945, it has been part of Zakarpattia. The lands around the village were covered with ancient forests until the 1850s, when they were gradually cleared.

## Resources
* Tisaashvan (Tiszaásvány) – karpataljaturizmus.net 
* Tisaashvan (Тисаашвань) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps
Judgment Day (2009)

**Judgment Day (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on May 17, 2009 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. It was the eleventh and last Judgment Day event held by WWE, as Judgment Day was replaced by Over the Limit in 2010.

## Results
## Related pages
*List of WWE pay-per-view events

## References
## Other websites
*The official Judgment Day website
SummerSlam (2009)

**SummerSlam (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on August 23, 2009 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 22nd annual SummerSlam event and featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were contested on the event's card.
## Results
## Other websites
Night of Champions (2009)

**Night of Champions (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on July 26, 2009 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the third Night of Champions event held by WWE. Similarly to the previous two events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company would be defended. It featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were performed on the card.

## Background 
Night of Champions featured professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers from the *Raw*, *SmackDown*, and *ECW* brands. Wrestlers played the role of a villain or a hero. All wrestlers were part of WWE's Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands, fa storyline division in which WWE employees are assigned to a television program of the same name.

The main rivalry from SmackDown for Night of Champions was between CM Punk and Jeff Hardy in their battle over the World Heavyweight Championship. One month before the show, at Extreme Rules, Punk used his guaranteed title match he earned by winning the Money in the Bank ladder match against Hardy; he beat him, and won the World Heavyweight title. The two had many confrontations about it, which led to The Bash and a match that saw Punk get disqualified for kicking the referee. Then, Hardy attacked Punk because Hardy thought Punk kicked the referee on purpose. On the July 2 episode of *Superstars* fans were told that Punk had suffered a storyline eye injury. Punk's reasoning to Hardy's accusation was that he kicked the referee on accident due to his inability to clearly see Jeff, who he was really trying to kick. To settle the dispute on the rightful champion, SmackDown general manager, Theodore Long, announced another match between the two at Night of Champions, which was accepted by both competitors.

Raw was represented by Randy Orton defending the WWE Championship. After beating Triple H at The Bash, Orton did not have a contender for the championship and so on the June 29 episode of *Raw*, special guest host of the week, as well as onscreen matchmaker, Batista, said that the title would be defended at Night of Champions against the winner of a single-elimination tournament. The first two matches of the four-person tournament happened  that night with Triple H beating Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) and John Cena beating The Miz. Triple H and Cena wrestled each other the next week on *Raw*, but Orton's allies, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, interfered in the match, attacking both Cena and Triple H. That caused it to be announced thsat Orton would defend the title against both Triple H and Cena in a triple threat match.

## Results 
## Related pages
* WWE Night of Champions
* List of WWE pay-per-view events

## References
List of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling personnel

This is a list of the current **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling roster**.

## Roster 
### Male wrestlers 
]]
]]
]]
]]

### Female wrestlers 
]]
]]

### Other on-air personnel 
]]

## Unassigned employees
## Broadcast team 
]]

## Referees 
## Backstage personnel 
## Corporate staff 
## Related pages
* List of professional wrestlers

## References
## Other websites
* Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's roster at TNAWrestling.com
Let It Rock (Kevin Rudolf song)

"**Let It Rock**" is the first single of Kevin Rudolf from his first album *In the City*. Rapper Lil Wayne is featured in the song. The track was written by Rudolf. It was used as the theme song for WWE's 2009 Royal Rumble.
Survivor Series (2009)

**Survivor Series (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on November 22, 2009 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the 23rd Survivor Series event held by WWE. 

## Matches
;Survivor Series Elimination Matches

## Related pages
*List of WWE pay-per-view events

## References
## Other websites
*Official Survivor Series 2009 website
*WWE Survivor Series 2009 Matches
Kevin Rudolf

**Kevin Winston Rudolf** (born February 17, 1983) is an American musician, director, actor, and record producer from New York City, New York.
Blabbermouth.net

**Blabbermouth.net** is a website that is dedicated to heavy metal and hard rock news, as well as album and music DVD reviews.

## Official website
*Blabbermouth.net
Colin Richardson

**Colin Richardson** (born 31 December 1936 in London) is a British record producer, mixer and recording engineer. He has worked on about 80 different albums, and is most frequently associated with hard rock and heavy metal music.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Colin Richardson myspace page
* Colin Richardson production discography
Dave Fortman

**Dave Fortman** (born July 11, 1967) is an American music producer and musician. He used to play rhythm guitar in the California-based rock band Ugly Kid Joe through the 1990s. He also co-owns a recording studio called Balance Productions which is in Louisiana. He recently worked with Slipknot on their fourth studio album called *All Hope Is Gone*.

## Other websites
* Official Ugly Kid Joe MySpace page
* Balance Productions 
* Ugly Kid Joe Fan Site
Craig Jones

'''Craig '133' Jones** also known as **133** (or **133 mHz**), **The Silent One**, or by his number **#5''', (born on February 11, 1972 or 1973), is an American musician. He is best known as the sampler and keyboard player of the metal band, Slipknot.
Headbangers Ball

***Headbangers Ball*** is a television program about heavy metal and hardcore punk music airing on MTV2, and other channels.

## Other websites
* Official show sites
** United States  – Official blog
** UK 
** Denmark 
** Finland 
** Sweden 
** Australia 
* Myspace site
* Official site for albums spawned from *Headbangers Ball* 
* 
** 
* Jump The Shark – Headbangers Ball
* Headbangers Ball Tribute Site
Solar cooker

A **solar cooker** is a device that uses energy from sunlight. They use no fuel and do not cost anything to run. They also help slow deforestation and desertification. Another benefit of solar cooking is that, unlike cooking with fire, Solar cookers do not pollute the air. Solar cookers can be used for cooking outside. This is useful when using fire is risky or there is no fuel for the fire. The solar cooker is very useful. It uses the Sun which is a renewable source of energy.

Solar box cookers can be made of materials or be made in a factory and sold. There are many kinds of solar box cookers. They can be made from small cardboard boxes that can be used to cook a single meal, They can also be made of wood and glass boxes built into the sunny side of a house. 

The solar cooker was invented by Horace de Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, as early as 1767. They did not become popular until the 1970s. They are found in almost every country of the world.

## References
Phonograph

The **phonograph** is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.  It was the most common device for playing recorded music from the 1870s through the 1980s.  It was invented by Thomas Edison, after other inventors had studied the idea.  Early phonographs both recorded and played sound on cylinders.  In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player.    
## Creation
Thomas Edison made his first phonograph with the mouth piece of the early telephone and some tinfoil. He thought he could talk into the mouth piece to make a disk vibrate, as the disk vibrated a needle would put grooves in the tinfoil. When Edison adjusted the machine to play and cranked the lever, he was surprised to hear his voice play back to him. He said his ideas rarely worked the first time. These cylinders could record sound, but due to their cylindrical shape, they could not be copied cheaply with a mold.

The phonograph was soon replaced by the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell in his Volta Laboratory.  Later it was replaced with the disc phonograph, cassette tapes, compact discs, audio files and other devices.  These later inventions made stereo sound.

## Gramophone
The gramophone, invented by Emile Berliner, plays sounds from a flat disk record. The record is placed onto the **turntable**. The turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom lies between the little grooves in the disk. When the grooves make the needle vibrate, music is played. These machines do not record, but the disks could be copied quickly onto vinyl disks in a factory with a mold, called a master.
Legacy (2008 movie)

***Legacy*** is a movie starring Haylie Duff and Madeline Zima, due in theaters in 2008. It was filmed in Los Angeles and concerns a sorority house where one of the rushees is found dead and the primary suspects are three of the most popular girls of the house. The movie was released Straight to DVD on the 12 August 2008 in the United States and has had mixed reviews from critics. In some countries like Australia, the movie is also called *Pretty Little Devils* and was also released straight to video.

## Cast 
*Haylie Duff as **Lana Stevens**
*Madeline Zima as **Zoey Martin**
*Jillian Murray as **Megen Woods**
*Tom Green as **Detective Strasburg**
*Margo Harshman as **Nina**
*Monica Lo as **Mai**
*Brett Claywell as **Jeff Cook**
*Kate Albrecht as **Katarina "Katie" Whittington**
*Jane Sibbett as **Catherine Whittington**
*Laura Ashley Innes as **Emily Barton**
*Donnell Rawlings as **Det. Sams**
*Marisa Guterman as **Fanny**
*Taylor Hoover as **Taylor**
*Brian Tarbox as **Partier**
*Rachel Melvin as **Julie**
*Joseph Ferrante as **Officer Santocki**

## Other websites
*
Ezekiel Hart

**Ezekiel Hart** (; May 15, 1770 - September 16, 1843) was a Jewish Canadian businessman and politician, and the first Jew to be elected to public office in the British Empire.

He was born May 15, 1770 at Trois-Rivières, Quebec to Aaron Hart and Dorothea Judah.

Ezekiel Hart created a brewery with his brothers in Trois-Rivières and, on April 11, 1807 was elected to the *Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada*. Because he was Jewish, he swore his oath on a Hebrew Bible, instead of a Christian Bible, and while wearing a kippah. At the time, British laws did not let Jews have important positions like these, and Hart was expelled from the assembly. He was elected again in 1808 and expelled again.
    
He did not run for public office again. He continued to live in Trois-Rivières where he was a successful businessman and well-respected member of the community. He served in the militia during the War of 1812 and became colonel in 1830.

He came from a very important and rich family. His father, Aaron Hart, was member of the British forces, and a well-known businessman in Canada. His brothers, Moses and Benjamin, were important businessmen at Trois-Rivières and Montreal. His cousin, Henry Judah, later became a member of the *Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada*.

Ezekiel Hart died on September 16, 1843 at Trois-Rivières, at the age of 76.
Mick Thomson

**Mickael Gordon Thomson** (born November 3, 1973), also known as **Mick**, is an American musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist for Slipknot, a heavy metal band. He joined the band in 1996. Thomson joined Slipknot after being in a death metal band named Body Pit. He met Donnie Steele, Paul Gray, and Anders Colsefni in Body Pit. All of them were later in Slipknot.

Thomson has worked with many different bands, such as Malevolent Creation, Necrophagia, and Lupara.

## References
Social Democratic Party (Romania)

The **Social Democratic Party** (Romanian: *Partidul Social Democrat*, **PSD**) is a social democratic political party in Romania. It is currently the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and has been in a government with the National Liberals, the USR and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians since 2024. 

The PSD originates from the left-wing Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), which was formed in 1992 as a breakaway from the centre-left National Salvation Front (FSN). In 1993, this merged into the **Party of Social Democracy in Romania**. The party's present name was adopted in 2001 following a merger with the smaller Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR).

The PSD has traditionally been one of two major parties in post-communist Romania, along with the National Liberal Party (PNL). 

## Ideology 
While the party is generally considered to be centre-left and social democratic, many commentators have described it as left-wing populist, left-wing nationalist, socially conservative and economic nationalist. 

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Shawn Crahan

**Michael Shawn Crahan** (born on September 24, 1969), is an American musician, music producer, and artist. He is better known by his stage name **"Clown"**. He is best known as one of the two custom percussionists of Slipknot. He looks like a clown when he is wearing his mask.

## References
Ulmaceae

**Ulmaceae** is a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus *Ulmus*), and the zelkovas (genus *Zelkova*). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)

***Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)*** is the third album by Slipknot. Slipknot is an American heavy metal band. Roadrunner Records (a record label) released the album on May 25, 2004. It is the band's only album produced by Rick Rubin. The album had many singles, such as "Before I Forget" and "Duality".

The band released their second album, *Iowa*, in 2001. After this album, the band did many different things. Members of Slipknot started other bands, such as Stone Sour, Murderdolls, and To My Surprise. They started recording the album in 2003. They recorded the album in The Mansion (a music studio). At first, the band did not make much music. The band's singer, Corey Taylor, was drinking alcohol. Still, the band made enough music for a new album. *Vol. 3* is different from Slipknot's first albums. It has different types of music, such as guitar solos and acoustic guitar music.

Many music critics liked the album. The RIAA gave the album a platinum certification. It went onto many national music charts. *Vol. 3* was number 2 on the US *Billboard* 200. It was also number 5 on the UK Albums Chart. The band won a Grammy Award for "Before I Forget".

## Track listing
All tracks written by Corey Taylor, Mick Thomson, Shawn Crahan, Craig Jones, Jim Root, Chris Fehn, Paul Gray, Joey Jordison and Sid Wilson.

## References
Passive solar building design

In **passive solar building design**, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve
the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

The key to designing a passive solar home is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.  Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".

## References
Palm Sunday

**Palm Sunday** is a Christian festival. It is always happens on a Sunday but the date each year changes. It is a day to celebrate the day that Jesus entered the city of Jerusalem in Israel as was written about in the Bible in Mark 11:1-11, Matthew 21:1-11, Luke 19:28-44, and in John 12:12-19. During Palm Sunday many Christians celebrate with Crosses made out of Palm leaves and by going to church.

Many Christian churches mark Palm Sunday as the beginning of Holy Week which ends on Easter Sunday. It is an event celebrated by some churches by cutting branches of palm trees and attending mass. Palm Sunday is celebrated by most Christian churches all over the world including Roman Catholics and Protestants. However, Orthodox churches observe Palm Sunday at a later date following the Julian calendar. In some countries, palm leaves that were blessed during mass are displayed on the door of their houses believing that it will also bring blessings to their household. Some churches traditionally gather the palm leaves to be burned and used during the Ash Wednesday services. 

## References 
## Related pages
* Roman Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodox

## Other websites 
* BBC - Palm Sunday
* Christian calendar for 2009
James Dewees

**James Dewees** (born March 13, 1976) is an American musician who has been involved in many musical projects including The Get Up Kids, Reggie and the Full Effect, Coalesce, New Found Glory, and My Chemical Romance.

## Discography
### Reggie and the Full Effect
;Studio albums
# *Greatest Hits 1984-1987* (April 20, 1999)
# *Promotional Copy* (April 25, 2000)
# *Under the Tray* (February 18, 2003)
# *Songs Not to Get Married To* (March 29, 2005)
# *Last Stop: Crappy Town* (June 17, 2008)
# *No Country for No Musicians* (November 19, 2013)
# *41* (February 23, 2018)
Resaca Confederate Cemetery

**Resaca Confederate Cemetery** in Resaca, Georgia is home to over 400 confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States. This particular cemetery is designated for the soldiers that fought in the Battle of Resaca which took place May 14 and 15, 1864. Although the battle lasted two days, there are only three graves where the death date is listed as May 15, 1864. The remaining graves are listed as May 14, 1864. There are 424 graves marked 'unknown'. 

## History 
After the battle, a family known as the Green family returned to their plantation and the sight that met them there was almost more than they could bear. The bodies of confederate soldiers were buried in crude makeshift graves all across the yard. Compelled by a since of respect to those who had fallen in action, Mary J. Green and her sister began collecting the bodies to bury properly. Though poverty was rampant the Green daughters wrote friends asking for any amount money they could give. Col. John Green gave his daughters 2.5 acres of land for use as a cemetery for these soldiers. With the money collected and the land provided, the Green daughters and their mother began work on what we now call the Resaca Confederate Cemetery.

The Resaca Confederate Cemetery was founded on October 25, 1866. This cemetery and one in Winchester, Virginia were both dedicated on the same day. Each group thought they were the first confederate cemetery.

## References
Newton's method

'''Newton's method''' provides a way for finding the real zeros of a function. This algorithm is sometimes called the Newton–Raphson method, named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.

The method uses the derivative of the function in order to find its roots. An initial "guess value" for the location of the zero must be made. From this value, a new guess is calculated by this formula:

x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}

Here xn is the initial guess and xn+1 is the next guess. The function f (whose zero is being solved for) has the derivative f'.

By repeatedly applying this formula to the generated guesses (that is by setting the value of xn to the formula's output and recomputing), the value of the guesses will approach a zero of the function.

Newton's method can be explained graphically by looking at intersections of tangent lines with the x-axis. First, a line tangent to the f at xn is calculated. Next, the intersection between this tangent line and the x-axis is found. Finally, the x-position of this intersection is recorded as the next guess, xn+1.

## Problems with Newton's Method 
Newton's method can find a solution quickly if the guess value begins sufficiently near the desired root. However, when the initial guess value is not close, and depending on the function, Newton's method may find the answer slowly or not at all.
## Further reading
* Fernández, J. A. E., & Verón, M. Á. H. (2017). Newton’s method: An updated approach of Kantorovich’s theory. Birkhäuser.
* Peter Deuflhard, Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Second printed edition. Series Computational Mathematics 35, Springer (2006)
* Yamamoto, T. (2001). "Historical Developments in Convergence Analysis for Newton's and Newton-like Methods". In Brezinski, C.; Wuytack, L. (eds.). Numerical Analysis : Historical Developments in the 20th Century. North-Holland. pp.&nbsp;241–263.

## Related pages
* Kantorovich theorem (Statement about the convergence of Newton's method, found by Leonid Kantorovich)
ASIMO

**ASIMO** is a robot that was built by Honda on 2000. The current models could walk, run, and go up and down stairs. Engineers planned to add laser capabilities. Its height was 130 centimeters (4 feet 3 inches) and weight 54 kilograms (119 pounds). ASIMO was just like an astronaut wearing a backpack and could walk or run on two feet. 

## Development 
ASIMO was created at Honda's Research & Development *Wako Fundamental Technical Research Center* in Japan. Honda will not confirm how much it costs.

## Name 
ASIMO is an acronym.  ASIMO stands for "**A**dvanced **S**tep in **I**nnovative **MO**bility". It should be pronounced "ah she moh" to match the original Japanese pronunciation.

As of February 2009, there are over 100 ASIMO units in existence.

## What We Learned From ASIMO 
Through the development of ASIMO, Honda has gained the prospect of realizing the physical capabilities needed for robots to operate in a living environment with people, with the capability to replicate some human functions through engineering.

* "Move around while sharing the same space with people," which includes moving among people and not falling over when bumped into by a person.
* "Perform tasks by using hands."
* "Interact with people," including understanding spoken words and controlling movement/behavior according to the estimated intention of nearby people.

Moreover, by showing what it can do in a living environment with people, we believe ASIMO enabled many people to envision a future where robots co-exist with people and spread the wings of people's imagination, said Honda.

## Public appearances
ASIMO has made lots of public appearances.

## References
Fahrenheit 451

***Fahrenheit 451*** is an American dystopian fiction novel. It was written by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953.

The novel is about a future American society in which people are hedonistic (meaning they live only for pleasure), and reading is against the law because it makes them think. The main character, Guy Montag, has a job as a "fireman" (which, in this future, means "book burner"). The number "451" refers to the temperature (in Fahrenheit) at which the books burn when the "firemen" burn them "for the good of humanity". Written in the early years of the Cold War, the novel is a critique of what Bradbury saw as an increasingly dysfunctional American society.

The idea began with Bradbury's short story "Bright Phoenix," written in 1947 but first published in the *Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction* in 1963. The original short story was reworked into the novella, *The Fireman*, and published in the February 1951 issue of *Galaxy Science Fiction*. The novel was also serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of *Playboy* magazine.

A movie version of the novel was released in 1966, and at least two BBC Radio 4 dramatizations have also been aired, both of which follow the book very closely.

## References
Myristicaceae

**Myristicaceae** is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants, mostly from Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and it is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, the nutmeg (*Myristica fragrans*). It has about 21 genera and 520 species. They are mostly trees and shrubs.

## References
Collingwood School

**Collingwood School** is a private school in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It teaches from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12.

## History
Collingwood School was opened in 1984 by West Vancouver and North Vancouver parents who wanted a private school nearby. The school was named after a ship called the HMCS Collingwood. The school used the buildings from the old Glenmore Elementary School. Now the school has buildings in two different parts of West Vancouver.

## Facilities 
The "Morven" campus is the oldest part of the school. This is where they teach the older children, from Grade 6 to Grade 12. It is in a part of West Vancouver called the British Properties. The address is 70 Morven Drive, West Vancouver. The "Wentworth" campus was built later. This is where they teach the younger children, from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 5. It is right below Cypress Provincial Park in West Vancouver.

## References
## Other websites
*Collingwood School Official Site
*Round Square Official Site
Nocturnal emission

**Nocturnal emissions**, **wet dreams**, **sex dreams**, and **sleep orgasms** all mean when person has a sexual orgasm while sleeping. It often leads to ejaculation. Wet dreams can begin after a person goes through puberty. Some young people have their first orgasm this way. According to one book, about 13% of boys had their first ejaculation through a wet dream. They might not understand what has happened to them, if they have not been taught anything about sex.

Nocturnal emissions are called wet dreams in males because of the dampness caused by ejaculation and because the orgasm and ejaculation often happen during a sexually exciting dream. Scientists are not sure what causes them. Most sexual dreams *do not* cause orgasms.

It is harder for women to tell, because vaginal lubrication is not always associated with orgasm.

Wet dreams are natural and harmless. They do not mean that anything is wrong with you. While it can feel almost magical to ejaculate during a dream, most boys don't like the mess it creates. Many people stop having wet dreams if they masturbate often, or once they begin having sexual intercourse regularly. 

Dreams can be strange and confusing. Often it is best not to over-think about what they might mean. A dream about having sex with another boy or man does not necessarily mean you are gay. A sexual dream involving a relative or teacher does not mean you truly want to have sex with that person. A dream about sex with an animal does not mean you truly want to have sex with an animal.

If you urinate while asleep, this is called wetting the bed, not a wet dream. 

Nocturnal emissions are mentioned in the Bible in **Deuteronomy 23:10** and **Leviticus 15:16.** Deuteronomy 23:10-11 says, "10: If any man among you becomes unclean because of a nocturnal emission, he must leave the camp and stay outside. 11: When evening approaches, he must wash with water, and when the sun sets he may return to the camp." (Berean Standard Bible)

## References
Stack (data structure)

The **stack** is one of the most important data structures in computer science. To understand how a stack works, think of a deck of playing cards that is face down. We can only easily  the card that is on top. When we want to look at the top card, there are two things we can do: we can peek at it, but leave it on the stack, or we can pop it off. When we pop off the top object, we are taking it off the stack. If we want to add another card to the top of the stack, we push. 

A stack is called a last-in-first-out (LIFO) collection. This means that the last thing we added (pushed) is the first thing that gets pulled (popped) off. If the last card we put on our stack of cards was an ace, then the first card we pulled from the top is that same ace.

## History 
The stack was first proposed in 1955, and then patented in 1957, by the German Friedrich L. Bauer. The same concept was developed independently, at around the same time, by the Australian Charles Leonard Hamblin.

## Other operations 
In modern computer languages, the stack is usually implemented with more operations than just "push" and "pop". Some implementations have a function which returns the current length of the stack. Another typical helper operation is "top" (also known as "peek"), which can return the current top element of the stack without removing it. Another common operation is "dup," which makes a copy of the element at the top of the stack.

## Related pages
* Stack machine
Dirac delta function

) of the sequence of zero-centered normal distributions \delta_a(x) = \frac{1}{a \sqrt{\pi}} \mathrm{e}^{-x^2/a^2} ]]
The **Dirac delta function**, often written as \delta (x), is a made-up concept by mathematician Paul Dirac. It is a really pointy and skinny function that pokes out a point along a wave. Loosely speaking, it has the value of zero everywhere except at x=0, in such a way that the area between the function and the *x*-axis adds up to 1. The delta function is often used in sampling theory, where its pointiness is useful for getting clean samples.

The integral of the Dirac delta function is the Heaviside function. The Dirac delta function can be seen as the derivative of the Heaviside function. 

## Related pages 
* Special functions

## References
First Punic War

The **First Punic War** started in 264 BC. It lasted for 23 years, ending in 241 BC. It was the first of three wars fought between ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. They were rivals for trade and influence in the Mediterranean. For more than 20 years the two powers struggled for supremacy. Key areas were the island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also North Africa. Rome eventually won control of Sicily.

With the help of her own allies and rebels among the indigenous African allies of Carthage, Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years. In the end it became the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. To get terms for peace, the Carthaginians had to pay a large amount of money (in silver), and give up a number of islands in the Mediterranean. They kept Sardinia and Corsica.

## References
Scott Westerfeld

**Scott Westerfeld** (born May 5, 1963) is an American author of science fiction and young adult literature. One of his most famous book series was *Uglies*.

## Books 
### Adults
**Polymorph* (1997)
**Fine Prey* (1998)
*''Evolution's Darling* (2000)

#### *Succession* series 
* *The Risen Empire* (2003)
**The Killing of Worlds* (2003)
The two books were re-published in 2005 in one volume, also titled *The Risen Empire*.

### Young adults 
**So Yesterday* (2004)
**Afterworlds* (2014)
**Horizon* (2017)

#### *Midnighters* trilogy
**The Secret Hour* (2004)
**Touching Darkness* (2005)
**Blue Noon* (2006)

#### *Peeps* series 
**Peeps* (2005) (also known as *Parasite Positive* in Britain and *V-Virus* or *Peeps* in Canada)
**The Last Days* (2006)

#### *Uglies* series
**Uglies* (2005)
**Pretties* (2005)
**Specials* (2006)
**Extras* (2007)
**Impostors* (2018)
**Shatter City* (2019)
**Mirror's Edge* (2021)
**Youngbloods (2022)*

##### Related works 
**Bogus to Bubbly: An Insider's Guide to the World of Uglies'' (2008)
*Graphic novel retellings from Shay's point of view:
**''Uglies: Shay's Story* (with Devin Grayson and Steven Cummings) (2012)
***Uglies: Cutters* (with Devin Grayson and Steven Cummings) (2012)

#### *Leviathan* series (illustrated by Keith Thompson) 
**Leviathan* (October, 2009)
**Behemoth* (October, 2010)
**Goliath* (September, 2011)

##### Related works 
**The Manual of Aeronautics* (illustrated guide) (August, 2012)

#### *Spill Zone* graphic novel series (illustrated by Alex Puvilland) 
* *Spill Zone* (May, 2016)
* *Spill Zone: The Broken Vow* (July, 2019)

##### Related works 
* *Spill Night* (short story for Free Comic Book Day) (March 2017)

#### *Zeroes* trilogy (with Margo Lanagan and Deborah Biancotti)  
* *Zeroes* (2015)
* *Swarm* (2016)
* *Nexus'' (2018)

## References 
## Other websites
*
Tevatron

The **Tevatron** was a giant Particle accelerator in Illinois that was used by scientists to make protons go very fast, almost the speed of light in some cases. Scientists looked at what happens when the protons hit antiprotons to see if they are right about their ideas as to what protons are made of.

The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (also known as Fermilab), just east of Batavia, Illinois. It was the second highest energy particle collider in the world after the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Tevatron is a synchrotron that accelerates protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 miles) ring to energies of up to 1 TeV, hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million ($ today) and has been regularly upgraded since then. (The 'Energy Doubler', as it was known then, produced its first accelerated beam — 512 GeV —  on July 3, 1983.)  The *Main Injector* was the most substantial addition, built over five years from 1994 at a cost of $290 million.  The Tevatron was shut down on September 30, 2011.

The Large Hadron Collider was later built in Switzerland to look for one of those pieces, called the Higgs Boson. The LHC broke and is now being fixed. The Tevatron scientists also tried to find the Higgs Boson. They need to do this before the LHC is fixed, because the LHC is much better at finding things.

The scientists at the Tevatron had a year's headstart on the scientists at the LHC. Whoever finds the Higgs will be honored by other scientists. That is why the scientists at the Tevatron wanted to find it before the scientists at the LHC.

The Tevatron discovered three of the 17 fundamental particles including the top quark.  The main ring of the Tevatron will probably be reused in future experiments, and its components may be transferred to other particle accelerators.
## References
Trade paperback (comics)

Trade paperbacks, or "trades" as they are commonly called, are collections of comic books that are usually bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books. They are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands. 

Unlike graphic novels, the material in a trade paperback is reprinted from comic magazines that were released in the standard 32-page format. Unlike comic books, which only tell one small part of a story, trade paperbacks usually collect a complete story, story arc, or a large part of a story. They usually reprint the material from 4 to 12 comic books, depending on the size of the trade and the story being collected.

Some famous examples of trade paperbacks:
* Watchmen
* V for Vendetta
* Batman: Year One
Partial differential equation

**Partial differential equations** (abbreviated as PDEs) are a kind of mathematical equation. They are related to partial derivatives, in that obtaining an antiderivative of a partial derivative involves integration of partial differential equations.
## Numerical methods
Since PDEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of PDE. Therefore, numerical methods for PDEs (such as the finite element method) are widely studied since the appearance of computers.

## Related pages
*Differential equation
*Functional analysis
*Ordinary differential equation
*Navier–Stokes equations

## People who studied about partial differential equations
* Kyuya Masuda
* Peter Lax
* Ryogo Hirota
* Shinichi Oishi
* Sofya Kovalevskaya
* Terence Tao

## Literature
* Partial Differential Equations (Graduate Studies in Mathematics) Lawrence C. Evans, American Mathematical Society, 2010/04/.
* Egorov, Y. V., & Shubin, M. A. (2013). Foundations of the classical theory of partial differential equations. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Olver, P. J., Introduction to partial differential equations. Berlin: Springer.
* Partial Differential Equations I-III (Applied Mathematical Sciences) Michael Taylor, Springer.
## References
Wigan

**Wigan** is a town located within the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, North West England. It is home to Wigan Athletic football club and Wigan Warriors rugby league team. It is about twenty miles from Liverpool, Manchester and Preston.
Final Crisis

**Final Crisis** is was a seven issue miniseries published by DC Comics from May 2008 to January 2009 written by Grant Morrison and drawn by JG Jones, Carlos Pacheco and Doug Mahnke.

In *Final Crisis*, the bad guys win. But after some fighting, Superman deep freezes the Earth's population. After he defeats a vampire god called the Dark Monitor, he brings the world back with his imagination.
Portishead

*This article is about the town. For the band with the same name, see Portishead (band).*

**Portishead** is a town near the sea in North Somerset, England, where about 21000 people live (Local council update July 24, 2007).

Portishead has had a history since Roman times. Its name comes from the words ‘port at the head of the river’.  The town was built on the mouth of a small river; the main road in the town once met the water at the top of the river.

Lots of buildings in the town are of a Victorian style.

## Portishead's dock and railway lines
### Portishead dock
In the 1860s, in the middle of the iron and steel era, a pier and a dock were built for the big boats that could not easily get to Bristol Harbour. The ships brought in expensive items from around the world and took items made in the town to other countries. Many ships carried coal.

In the 1880s Portishead Dock was bought by Bristol Corporation, and was managed as part of the Port of Bristol until it closed.

### Portishead power stations
The Portishead power stations were coal power stations built near the dock. The first power station was built in 1926. It began making electricity in 1929 for the Bristol Corporation. The power station was made bigger in 1948.

## References
## Further reading
* Awdry, Christopher, (1990). *Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies*. London: Guild Publishing.
* Crowhurst, Ken, (2001). *Images of England: Portishead*, Stroud: Tempus Publishing. .
* Smith, Martin, (1992).  *The Railways of Bristol & Somerset*, Sherton: Ian Allan Ltd. .
* Winter, Michael T., (2005). *The Portishead Coal Boats: A History of Osborn & Wallis Ltd, Bristol*. Lydney: Black Dwarf Publications. .

## Other websites
* 
* Weston, Clevedon & Portishead Railway
* Portishead and Bristol Lifeboat 
* Photos of Portishead in 3d (Anaglyphs)
Vickie Guerrero

**Vickie Lynn Benson** (formerly **Guerrero**, née **Lara**; born April 16, 1968) is an American former professional wrestling authority figure and manager. She is best known for her time with WWE and All Elite Wrestling (AEW). She is the widow of professional wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer Eddie Guerrero. During her time in WWE, she was known for yelling the catchphrase "Excuse Me!" which received negative reactions from the fans. She was also an occasional wrestler.

On the June 23, 2014 episode of *Raw*, Guerrero was fired after she lost a pudding match against Stephanie McMahon with her job on the line. McMahon won with help from Alicia Fox, Layla, and Rosa Mendes. Guerrerogott revenge on McMahon by throwing her into mud pool. She then pointed to the sky, said "this was for you"; as a tribute to her late husband, Eddie, and did Eddie's taunt before leaving.

On December 11, 2019, Guerrero appeared as a guest commentator for the taping of *AEW Dark*, which aired on December 17 on YouTube. On July 15, 2020, at Fight for the Fallen, Guerrero was revealed as Nyla Rose's manager. On the special Friday June 4, 2021, edition of *Dynamite*, she introduced Andrade El Idolo to AEW. On April 6, 2023, Guerrero's roster page was removed from AEW's website.

## Awards and accomplishments 
* ***The Baltimore Sun***
** Non-Wrestler of the Year (2008)
* **World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE**
** Miss WrestleMania (1 time)
** Slammy Award for Couple of the Year (2008) – with Edge
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Best Non-Wrestler (2009, 2010)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Polypeptide

A **polypeptide** is a string or linear chain of amino acids linked together. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.  A single polypeptide chain might make up the entire primary structure of a simple protein; more complex proteins are formed when two or more polypeptides link together. Each protein is a polymer of amino acids.

Polypeptides are made when mRNA is translated, a process involving ribosomes, tRNA and amino acids.

## References
Solipsism

**Solipsism** ( ) is the view that a person has no reason to believe anything s except their own mind. It is a theory that first appeared in ancient philosophy. It mainly means to  or  that other people exist. "" and "" are the Latin words for "alone" and "self", which is where the word "solipsism" comes from. Some kinds of solipsism say that everything outside a person's own mind (including other people) is only . Other kinds of solipsism instead say that nothing outside a person's own mind is .

Denial of material existence, in itself, is not solipsism. Solipsism also rejects or doubts that other people exist. As an epistemological view, it is the concept that nothing but one's own mind can be *certain* to exist. The existence of other minds, in this view, is considered a possibility, but not certainty. And even time does not stop just because there would be nobody to experience it (which is probably going to happen in the end of the universe when there would be simply nothing)

## Related pages 
* Egoism
* Idealism
* Nihilism

## References
Renewable energy in developing countries

Most developing countries have good renewable energy resources, including solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These can help developing countries reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas. Investments in renewables can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems.

## Importance of renewables
Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.

Interest in renewable energies has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution, reduced costs of renewable energy technologies, and improved efficiency and reliability. In addition, the displacement of traditional fuels reduces the health problems from indoor air pollution produced by burning those fuels. It can also provide power for supplying the fresh water and sewerage services needed to reduce infectious disease.

## Related pages
*Indian Solar Loan Programme
*Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy
*Solar powered refrigerator

## References
## Other websites
*Solar Offers A Future for Kenya’s Youth 
*Clean Energy Investment 
*The Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Tackles Energy Poverty 
*Milk Cooler Powered by Renewable Energy Could Help Ugandan Dairy Farmers
Dipstick

A **dipstick** is a tool which can be dipped into liquid to measure how much of it there is, or to test it for things.

## Testing dipstick 
A testing dipstick is usually made of paper or cardboard. It contains substances which change colour when something is found in a liquid.

## Measuring dipstick 
 remaining in a tank]]
 inside a car engine.]] 
Measuring dipsticks show the amount of liquid in a container. These containers are usually hard to access. Measuring dipsticks are used by inserting and removing the stick and then checking how much of the stick is covered by the liquid. The oil level dipstick is an example of a measuring dipstick found on most internal combustion engines.
Elliptic curve

An **elliptic curve** is a curve of degree 3 that can be described using the following formula:

y^2=x^3+ax+b,

where a and b are integers.
Polymerization

**Polymerization** or **polymerisation** is the process in which small molecules, called monomers, join chemically to produce a very large chain-like or network molecules, called polymers. The monomer molecules may all be alike, or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a product that has certain unique physical properties—such as elasticity, high tensile strength, or the ability to form fibres—that differentiate polymers from substances composed of smaller and simpler molecules. Often, many thousands of monomer units are incorporated in a single molecule of a polymer. The formation of stable covalent chemical bonds between the monomers sets polymerization apart from other processes, such as crystallization, in which large numbers of molecules aggregate under the influence of weak intermolecular forces. Alkene molecules can react with themselves, by adding polymerization to form 'plastic' or polymeric materials. When a catalyst (a substance that speeds up chemical processes) is added to the reaction, or it is heated under pressure, unsaturated alkenes link together, when the double bond partially breaks.

Polyethene is a cheap and useful plastic used for plastic bags and bottles, it is also very flexible and quite strong.

## Types of polymerization 
### Condensation Polymerization 
In condensation polymerization, the monomers are connected by a dehydration reaction.

### Addition Polymerization 
Monomers that are unsaturated may become polymerized using addition reactions with each other. This process is called addition polymerization, and the double and triple bonds become single or double bonds.

## References
Diapause

lives in water but can survive 20 dry years in diapause]]
**Diapause** is a delay in development which has evolved in response to regular periods of adverse environmental conditions.

It is a physiological state with very specific conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavourable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought or reduced food availability. It is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes.

Not only is diapause started by specific stimuli or conditions, but once it is started, only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause. This distinguishes diapause from other forms of dormancy such as hibernation.

Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrations, such as the adult Monarch butterfly, *Danaus plexippus*. In cases where the insect remains active, feeding is reduced and reproductive development is slowed or halted.

## References