July 11

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 472 &ndash; After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in Saint Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 1174 &ndash; Baldwin IV, aged 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.
* 1302 &ndash; Battle of the Golden Spurs () – the Flemish cities beat the king of France.
* 1346 &ndash; Charles IV of Luxembourg elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
* 1405 &ndash; Ming Dynasty admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.
* 1502 &ndash; The Caribbean island of Hispaniola is ravaged by a hurricane, killing 500 people.
* 1533 &ndash; King Henry VIII of England is excommunicated.
* 1576 &ndash; Martin Frobisher sights Greenland.
* 1613 &ndash; Mikhail Romanov is crowned as Tsar of Russia. The Romanov Dynasty rules Russia until Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is removed during the Russian Revolution in 1917.
* 1616 &ndash; Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
* 1735 &ndash; Dwarf planet Pluto is in Neptune's orbit for the last time until 1979.
* 1740 &ndash; Jews expelled from Little Russia.
* 1750 &ndash; Halifax, Nova Scotia almost completely destroyed by fire.
* 1776 &ndash; Captain James Cook begins third voyage.
* 1789 &ndash; Jacques Necker is dismissed as French finance minister, leading to the Storming of the Bastille three days later.
* 1796 &ndash; The U.S. takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
* 1798 &ndash; The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.
* 1801 &ndash; French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons makes his first comet discovery. He will later go on to discover another 36 comets over the following 27 years – more than any other person has discovered.
* 1804 &ndash; In a duel, Vice President Aaron Burr kills Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.
* 1810 &ndash; Frederick Hasselborough sights the Sub–Antarctic Macquarie Island, named after Lachlan Macquarie, the Scottish Governor of New South Wales. It currently belongs to Australia.
* 1811 &ndash; Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoire about molecular content of gases.
* 1848 &ndash; The Waterloo railway station in London opens.
* 1859 &ndash; *A Tale Of Two Cities* by Charles Dickens is published.
* 1864 &ndash; Confederate forces attempt an invasion of Washington, DC.
* 1889 &ndash; Tijuana, Mexico, is founded.
* 1893 &ndash; The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto.
* 1893 &ndash; A revolution led by general and politician Jose Santos Zelaya takes over state power in Nicaragua.
* 1895 &ndash; The brothers Lumière show movie for scientists.
* 1897 &ndash; Salomon August Andrée leaves Spitsbergen to try to reach the North Pole by balloon. He later crashes and dies.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1914 &ndash; Babe Ruth debuts in major league baseball.
* 1914 &ndash; The warship USS *Nevada* (BB-36) is launched.
* 1919 &ndash; Eight-hour working day and free Sunday made into law in the Netherlands.
* 1921 &ndash; Truce called in the Irish War of Independence; see Irish calendar.
* 1921 &ndash; Former US President William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever be both President and Chief Justice.
* 1921 &ndash; Mongolia becomes independent (from China).
* 1930 &ndash; Australian cricketer Donald Bradman scores a world-record 309 runs in one day, on his way to the highest individual Test innings of 334, during a test match against England.
* 1934 &ndash; Engelbert Zaschka of Germany flies his large human-powered aircraft, the Zaschka Human-Power Aircraft, about 20 meters at Berlin Tempelhof Airport with assisted take-off.
* 1936 &ndash; The Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic.
* 1940 &ndash; Vichy Regime formally established in France. (and Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France).
* 1943 &ndash; World War II: The Germans counter-attack on Sicily, following the start of the Allied invasion of the island.
* 1944 &ndash; Franklin D. Roosevelt says he will run for a fourth term as president of the United States.
* 1950 &ndash; Pakistan joins the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank.
* 1955 &ndash; The phrase *In God We Trust* is added to all US currency.
* 1957 &ndash; Prince Karim Hosseini becomes the Aga Khan IV.
* 1960 &ndash; The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is published for the first time.
* 1960 &ndash; Dahomey (now Benin), Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), and Niger all gain independence.
* 1960 &ndash; The State of Katanga breaks away from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
* 1962 &ndash; First transatlantic satellite television transmission.
* 1962 &ndash; Soviet cosmonaut Micolaev is four days in space, a record.
* 1966 &ndash; The 1966 FIFA World Cup in England begins.
* 1971 &ndash; Copper mines in Chile are nationalised by the government of Salvador Allende.
* 1972 &ndash; The first game of the 1972 World Chess Championship is played in Reykjavik, Iceland, in which Bobby Fischer ends up defeating Boris Spassky on September 1.
* 1973 &ndash; A Brazilian Boeing 707 crashes near Paris on approach to Orly Airport, resulting in the death of 122 people.
* 1975 &ndash; Chinese archeologists discover a large burial site with 6,000 clay statutes of warriors from 221 BC.
* 1977 &ndash; Martin Luther King, Jr. is posthumously rewarded the Medal of Freedom.
* 1978 &ndash; Los Alfaques Disaster: A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in Tarragona, Spain, killing 216 tourists.
* 1979 &ndash; The space station *Skylab* returns to Earth.
* 1982 &ndash; Defeating West Germany 3–1 at Santiago Bernabéu stadium, Italy wins the 1982 edition of the Football World Cup.
* 1983 &ndash; A Boeing 727 crashes into hilly terrain after a tail strike in Cuenca, Ecuador, claiming 119 lives.
* 1987 &ndash; According to the United Nations, the world population crosses the 5,000,000,000 mark.
* 1991 &ndash; A Nigerian DC-8 crashes while landing at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia killing 261
* 1991 &ndash; Total solar eclipse in Hawaii, Pacific Ocean, Mexico and parts of Central and South America.
* 1995 &ndash; Full diplomatic relations are established between the United States and Vietnam.
* 1995 &ndash; Bosnian Serbs capture the Muslim city of Srebrenica. Many inhabitants are murdered, beginning the Srebrenica Massacre, the biggest massacre in Europe since World War II.
* 1995 &ndash; A Cubana de Aviacion Antonov AN-24 crashes into the Caribbean off southeast Cuba killing 44.

### From 2001 
* 2006 &ndash; A series of bomb attacks devastates Mumbai, India, killing 207 people.
* 2010 &ndash; 2010 FIFA World Cup: Spain wins the FIFA World Cup for the first time, after a 1-0 extra time win over the Netherlands, who had also never won the World Cup before. The game was overshadowed by some violent tackling, and referee Howard Webb gave out a record number of yellow cards for a World Cup final.
* 2010 &ndash; Two suicide bombings occur in Kampala, Uganda, killing 74 people.
* 2012 &ndash; Astronomers announce the discovery of Styx, a moon of Pluto.
* 2013 &ndash; Luxembourg's government under Jean-Claude Juncker is brought down by a spy scandal.
* 2016 &ndash; Theresa May is designated as leader of the British Conservative Party and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (from July 13) after Andrea Leadsom withdraws her candidacy. She succeeds David Cameron in both positions.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 154 &ndash; Bardaisan, Syrian astrologer, scholar and philosopher (d. 222)
* 1274 &ndash; King Robert I of Scotland, also known as "Robert the Bruce" (d. 1329)
* 1366 &ndash; Anne of Bohemia, Queen Consort of England (d. 1394)
* 1376 &ndash; King Ladislaus II of Naples (d. 1414)
* 1603 &ndash; Kenelm Digby, English courtier and diplomat (d. 1665)
* 1628 &ndash; Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese daimyo (d. 1701)
* 1653 &ndash; Sarah Good, American woman accused of witchcraft (d. 1692)
* 1657 &ndash; King Frederick I of Prussia (d. 1713)
* 1662 &ndash; Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1726)
* 1667 &ndash; Anna Maria de' Medici, Italian aristocrat (d. 1743)
* 1709 &ndash; Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Swedish chemist (d. 1785)
* 1723 &ndash; Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and author (d. 1799)
* 1732 &ndash; Jerome Lalande, French astronomer and mathematician (d. 1807)
* 1751 &ndash; Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (d. 1775) 
* 1754 &ndash; Thomas Bowdler, English physician (d. 1825)
* 1767 &ndash; John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (d. 1848)
* 1774 &ndash; Robert Jameson, Scottish naturalist and mineralogist (d. 1854)
* 1826 &ndash; Alexander Afanasyev, Russian author (d. 1871)
* 1832 &ndash; Charilaos Trikoupis, 55th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1896)
* 1832 &ndash; Carlos Holguin Mallarino, 24th President of Colombia (d. 1894)
* 1834 &ndash; James Abbott McNeill Whistler, American painter (d. 1903)
* 1846 &ndash; Léon Bloy, French writer (d. 1917)
* 1851 &ndash; Millie and Christine McKoy, American conjoined twins (d. 1912)
* 1857 &ndash; David Prain, Scottish physician (d. 1944)
* 1866 &ndash; Princess Irene of Hesse and By Rhine (d. 1953)
* 1867 &ndash; John J. Cornwell, American politician, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1953)
* 1880 &ndash; Friedrich Lahrs, German architect (d. 1964)
* 1881 &ndash; Isabel Martin Lewis, American astronomer (d. 1955)
* 1882 &ndash; James Larkin White, American, discovered the Carlsbad Caverns (d. 1946)
* 1886 &ndash; Boris Grigoriev, Russian painter (d. 1939)
* 1888 &ndash; Carl Schmitt, German jurist and philosopher (d. 1985)
* 1889 &ndash; Eduard Heimann, German economic and social scientist (d. 1967)
* 1890 &ndash; John S. Battle, American politician, Governor of Virginia (d. 1972)
* 1892 &ndash; Trafford Leigh-Mallory, English Royal Air Force officer (d. 1944)
* 1892 &ndash; Thomas Mitchell, American actor (d. 1962)
* 1896 &ndash; Ludwik Fleck, Polish physician and biologist (d. 1961)
* 1897 &ndash; Gregorio Fuentes, Lanzarote–born Cuban fisherman (d. 2002)
* 1899 &ndash; E. B. White, American writer (d. 1985)
* 1899 &ndash; Wilfrid Israel, Anglo-German businessman and philanthropist (d. 1943)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1902 &ndash; Samuel Goudsmit, Dutch-American physicist (d. 1978)
* 1906 &ndash; Herbert Wehner, German politician (d. 1990)
* 1912 &ndash; Sergiu Celibidache, Romanian conductor and composer (d. 1996)
* 1916 &ndash; Mortimer Caplin, American lawyer and educator (d. 2019)
* 1916 &ndash; Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014)
* 1916 &ndash; Alexander Prokhorov, Russian physicist (d. 2002)
* 1916 &ndash; Reg Varney, English actor (d. 2008)
* 1918 &ndash; Venetia Burney, English girl who named the dwarf planet Pluto (d. 2009)
* 1920 &ndash; Yul Brynner, Russian-born actor (d. 1985)
* 1920 &ndash; Zecharia Sitchin, Russian-American author (d. 2010)
* 1921 &ndash; Ilse Werner, Dutch-born actress (d. 2005)
* 1922 &ndash; Gene Evans, American actor (d. 1998)
* 1923 &ndash; Olavo Rodrigues Barbosa, Brazilian footballer (d. 2010)
* 1923 &ndash; Richard Pipes, Polish-American historian and academic (d. 2018)
* 1923 &ndash; Tun Tun, Indian playback singer, actress and comedienne (d. 2003)
* 1924 &ndash; Charlie Tully, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1971)
* 1924 &ndash; Brett Somers, Canadian-American actress and singer (d. 2007)
* 1925 &ndash; Sid Smith, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2004)
* 1927 &ndash; Theodore Maiman, American physicist (d. 2007)
* 1928 &ndash; Greville Janner, British politician (d. 2015)
* 1929 &ndash; David Kelly, Irish actor (d. 2012)
* 1930 &ndash; Harold Bloom, American author and critic
* 1930 &ndash; Murphy J. Foster Jr., American politician, former Governor of Louisiana (d. 2020)
* 1931 &ndash; John N. Dalton, American politician, Governor of Virginia (d. 1986)
* 1931 &ndash; Dick Gray, American baseball player (d. 2013)
* 1931 &ndash; Tab Hunter, American actor (d. 2018)
* 1931 &ndash; Tullio Regge, Italian physicist (d. 2014)
* 1932 &ndash; Jean-Guy Talbot, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
* 1933 &ndash; Frank Kelso, American admiral (d. 2013)
* 1933 &ndash; A. J. Langguth, American historian and journalist (d. 2014)
* 1934 &ndash; Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer (d. 2025)
* 1935 &ndash; Oliver Napier, Irish politician (d. 2011)
* 1939 &ndash; Seth Gaaikema, Dutch comedian and writer (d. 2014)
* 1943 &ndash; Rolf Stommelen, German racing driver (d. 1983)
* 1943 &ndash; Howard Gardner, American psychologist
* 1943 &ndash; Tom Holland, American actor, director and screenwriter
* 1943 &ndash; Robert Malval, 5th Prime Minister of Haiti
* 1944 &ndash; Lou Hudson, American basketball player (d. 2014)
* 1947 &ndash; John Holt, Jamaican singer (d. 2014)
* 1950 &ndash; Bonnie Pointer, American singer (The Pointer Sisters)

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1951 &ndash; Vyacheslav Anisin, Russian ice hockey player
* 1952 &ndash; Stephen Lang, American actor
* 1952 &ndash; Bill Barber, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1953 &ndash; Leon Spinks, American boxer
* 1956 &ndash; Robin Renucci, French actor and director
* 1957 &ndash; Johann Lamont, Scottish politician, leader of the Scottish Labour Party
* 1957 &ndash; Peter Oborne, English journalist
* 1958 &ndash; Hugo Sánchez, Mexican footballer
* 1959 &ndash; Richie Sambora, American singer (Bon Jovi)
* 1959 &ndash; Suzanne Vega, American singer
* 1961 &ndash; Antony Jenkins, English businessman
* 1962 &ndash; Pauline McLynn, Irish actress
* 1963 &ndash; Lisa Rinna, American actress
* 1964 &ndash; Kyril, Prince of Preslav
* 1966 &ndash; Greg Grunberg, American actor
* 1966 &ndash; Rod Strickland, American basketball player
* 1966 &ndash; Mick Molloy, Australian actor, screenwriter and producer
* 1970 &ndash; Justin Chambers, American actor
* 1970 &ndash; Sajjad Karim, English politician
* 1971 &ndash; Leisha Hailey, Japanese-American singer-songwriter and actress
* 1972 &ndash; Jussi 69, Finnish musician
* 1972 &ndash; Michael Rosenbaum, American actor, director and producer
* 1973 &ndash; Andrew Bird, American singer-songwriter and violinist
* 1973 &ndash; Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek athlete
* 1974 &ndash; Hermann Hreidarsson, Icelandic footballer
* 1974 &ndash; André Ooijer, Dutch footballer
* 1975 &ndash; Samer El Nahal, Finnish musician (Lordi)
* 1975 &ndash; Lil' Kim, American rapper, singer and actress
* 1975 &ndash; Choi Ji-woo, South Korean actress
* 1975 &ndash; Nadya Suleman, American, famous mother of octuplets

### From 1976 
* 1979 &ndash; Eric Abidal, French footballer
* 1979 &ndash; Im Soo-jung, South Korean actress
* 1980 &ndash; Tyson Kidd, Canadian wrestler
* 1983 &ndash; Marie Serneholt, Swedish singer
* 1984 &ndash; Rachael Taylor, Australian actress
* 1984 &ndash; Morné Steyn, South African rugby player
* 1985 &ndash; Robert Adamson, American actor
* 1985 &ndash; Aki Maeda, Japanese actress and singer
* 1986 &ndash; Ian Cathro, Scottish football manager
* 1986 &ndash; Yoann Gourcuff, French footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Jonathan Sexton, Irish rugby player
* 1989 &ndash; David Henrie, American actor
* 1990 &ndash; Caroline Wozniacki, Danish tennis player
* 1990 &ndash; Mona Barthel, German tennis player
* 1990 &ndash; Kelsey Sanders, American actress and singer
* 1994 &ndash; Lucas Ocampos, Argentine footballer
* 1994 &ndash; Nina Nesbitt, Scottish singer
* 1996 &ndash; Alessia Cara, Canadian singer
* 1996 &ndash; Tyler Medeiros, Canadian singer-songwriter and dancer

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* ca. 155 &ndash; Pope Pius I
* 472 &ndash; Anthemius, Emperor of the Western Empire (legal murder)
* 937 &ndash; Rudolph II of Burgundy (b. 880)
* 969 &ndash; Olga of Kiev (b. 890)
* 1174 &ndash; Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. 1136)
* 1183 &ndash; Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1117)
* 1302 &ndash; Robert II, Count of Artois (b. 1250)
* 1535 &ndash; Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484)
* 1553 &ndash; Maurice, Elector of Saxony (b. 1521)
* 1688 &ndash; King Narai of Siam (b. 1629)
* 1804 &ndash; Alexander Hamilton, United States Secretary of the Treasury (duel) (b. 1757)
* 1825 &ndash; Thomas P. Grosvenor, American soldier and politician (b. 1744)
* 1844 &ndash; Yevgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet (b. 1800)
* 1879 &ndash; William Allen, 31st Governor of Ohio (b. 1803)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1908 &ndash; Friedrich Traun, German tennis player (b. 1876)
* 1909 &ndash; Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American astronomer and mathematician (b. 1835)
* 1916 &ndash; Jon Olafsson, Icelandic editor, journalist and poet (b. 1850)
* 1920 &ndash; Eugénie de Montijo, Spanish wife of Napoleon III of France (b. 1826)
* 1937 &ndash; George Gershwin, American composer (b. 1898)
* 1941 &ndash; Arthur Evans, English archaeologist (b. 1851)
* 1957 &ndash; Aga Khan III (b. 1877)
* 1959 &ndash; Charlie Parker, cricketer (b. 1882)
* 1962 &ndash; Owen D. Young, American lawyer, diplomat, industrialist and businessman (b. 1874)
* 1966 &ndash; Delmore Schwartz, American poet and author (b. 1913)
* 1967 &ndash; Guy Favreau, Canadian lawyer, judge and politician (b. 1917)
* 1971 &ndash; John W. Campbell, science fiction writer and editor (b. 1910)
* 1974 &ndash; Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
* 1987 &ndash; Avi Ran, Israeli footballer (b. 1963)
* 1989 &ndash; Sir Laurence Olivier, English actor (b. 1907)
* 1991 &ndash; Hitoshi Igarashi, English-Japanese translator, of The Satanic Verses (b. 1947)
* 1991 &ndash; Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer (b. 1953)
* 1994 &ndash; Gary Kildall, computer programmer (b. 1942)
* 1995 &ndash; Don Starr, American actor (b. 1917)
* 1999 &ndash; Helen Forrest, American jazz singer (b. 1917)
* 2000 &ndash; Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1921)

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Herman Brood, singer and artist (suicide) (b. 1946)
* 2003 &ndash; Zahra Kazemi, Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer (b. 1949)
* 2004 &ndash; Laurance Rockefeller, American conservationist and philanthropist (b. 1910)
* 2005 &ndash; Gretchen Franklin, English actress (b. 1911)
* 2007 &ndash; Lady Bird Johnson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
* 2007 &ndash; Alfonso Lopez Michelsen, 32nd President of Colombia (b. 1913)
* 2008 &ndash; Michael DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908)
* 2009 &ndash; Arturo Gatti, Canadian boxer (b. 1972)
* 2010 &ndash; Bob Sheppard, American announcer (b. 1910)
* 2011 &ndash; Tom Gehrels, Dutch-American astronomer (b. 1925)
* 2013 &ndash; Zeb Alley, American politician (b. 1928)
* 2013 &ndash; Egbert Brieskorn, German mathematician (b. 1936)
* 2014 &ndash; Charlie Haden, American jazz musician (b. 1937)
* 2014 &ndash; Tommy Ramone, Hungarian-American musician (b. 1952)
* 2014 &ndash; Howard Cooke, Governor-General of Jamaica (b. 1915)
* 2014 &ndash; John Seigenthaler, American journalist and writer (b. 1927)
* 2014 &ndash; Carin Mannheimer, Swedish writer (b. 1934)
* 2014 &ndash; Ray Lonnen, British actor (b. 1940)
* 2014 &ndash; Randall Stout, American architect (b. 1958)
* 2015 &ndash; Giacomo Biffi, Italian cardinal (b. 1928)
* 2015 &ndash; Satoru Iwata, Japanese President and CEO of Nintendo (b. 1959)
* 2015 &ndash; James U. Cross, American military pilot and author (b. 1920)
* 2015 &ndash; Hussein Fatal, American rapper (b. 1977)
* 2016 &ndash; John Brademas, American politician and educator (b. 1927)
* 2016 &ndash; Emma Cohen, Spanish actress (b. 1946)
* 2016 &ndash; Elaine Fantham, English classicist (b. 1933)
* 2016 &ndash; Corrado Farina, Italian movie director, screenwriter and novelist (b. 1939)
* 2016 &ndash; Jim Metzen, American politician (b. 1943)
* 2017 &ndash; Fikret Hakan, Turkish actor (b. 1934)
* 2017 &ndash; Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini, Italian musicologist and composer (b. 1929)
* 2017 &ndash; Denis Mack Smith, British historian (b. 1920)
* 2017 &ndash; Buddy Wolfe, American professional wrestler (b. 1941)
* 2018 &ndash; Richard John Garcia, American Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1947)
* 2018 &ndash; Liu Zhenhua, Chinese general and politician (b. 1921)
* 2018 &ndash; Pat Swindall, American politician (b. 1950)
* 2018 &ndash; Abdelkhader Houamel, Algerian painter (b. 1936)
* 2018 &ndash; Mai Tai Sing, American actress and businesswoman (b. 1923)
* 2019 &ndash; Brendan Grace, Irish actor, comedian and singer (b. 1951)

## Observances 
* Feast Day of Saint Benedict of Nursia
* Day of the Flemish Community in Belgium
* First Day of Naadam (Mongolia)
* National Day of Commemoration (Republic of Ireland)
* Eleventh Night (Northern Ireland)
* World Population Day