open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Redback spider

The **redback spider** is a venomous spider that lives in Australia. The female is larger than the male. The female's body is about 1&nbsp;centimetre long and the male's body is about 3&nbsp;millimetres long. The adult female spider is usually black and usually has a red stripe on its back. The female likes to live in warm sheltered places and makes a web to catch insects and other small creatures.

The spider's bite can be very painful and dangerous to people, because it can inject a venom through its fangs. An antivenom injection is available, which can help to restore the health of people who have become very ill after being bitten by the spider.

## References
Pow-wow (folk magic)

A **pow-wow** is a ceremony practiced by the Pennsylvania Dutch. It is used to  animals of sickness. It is mainly made up of Christian folk religion and early European beliefs.

## Other websites
*http://braucher.webs.com/ 
*http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeIV/Powwow.htm
*http://www.sacred-texts.com/ame/pow/index.htm
Vastu shastra

**Vastu shastra** is known as the "science of buildings". It was used to build Hindu buildings (architecture), mostly Hindu places of worship (temples).

## Important ideas
People who believe in Vaastu shastra think that the universe is made of five things:

*Earth (Bhumi)
*Water (Jal)
*Air (Vayu)
*Fire (Agni)
*Space (Akasha)
## Other websites
*https://helpingcoaach.com/ 
*Vastu Tips - Planting plants according to Vastu at your home and office
*
*http://www.skepdic.com/vastu.html
*
*http://www.vastuconsultantmumbai.com
Crimea

**Crimea**, (Ukrainian: Крим) sometimes also called **The Crimea**, is a peninsula in the Black Sea. The peninsula separates the Black Sea from the Sea of Azov. Crimea has a surface of . About 2.4 million people live there.

The Ottoman Empire had the peninsula for a long time. In the 18th century the Russian Empire took control. The Crimean War was fought here. 

Crimea was part of Russia until the Soviet Union gave it to Ukraine in 1954. Ukraine gave it a limited self-rule as an *autonomous republic*. The seat of the government is Simferopol, which is also the biggest city. Other major cities are Sevastopol and Kerch.

## The Crimean crisis 
In March, 2014, after a series of protests in Ukraine the previous month, Russian troops took control of Crimea. A referendum was held, in which over 90% of voters voted to join the Russian Federation. The Crimean parliament quickly proclaimed independence from Ukraine and on March 18, became the Republic of Crimea, a federal subject of Russia. 

However, Ukraine and most other countries in the world continue to recognize that Crimea is part of Ukraine. On March 24, Russia was kicked out of the G8 (which became the G7), and on March 27, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 68/262, which says that the referendum was invalid and Crimea belongs to Ukraine. In later months, many countries including the United States and the European Union started economic sanctions to prevent Russians and their goods from entering their countries.
Branch Davidians

The **Branch Davidians**, or simply, The Branch", are a new religious group. The reform movement believed themselves to be living in the last millennium, when the bible prophecies of Christ's second coming. 

## History 
The Davidians divided from the Adventists around 1930. Most of them had been removed from membership of the Seventh-day Adventist Church because of their beliefs. Then, in 1955, the Branch Davidians split from the Davidian Seventh-day Adventists.

## Waco siege 
*See the main article: Waco siege*

The name "Branch Davidian" is widely known for the Waco Siege of 1993 on their property near Waco, Texas. The 51-day siege, by the ATF, FBI, and Texas National Guard, resulted in the deaths of the Branch Davidians' leader David Koresh, 82 other Branch Davidian men, women, and children, and four ATF agents.

## References
## Other websites
*The General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh Day Adventists
Nazi mysticism

**Nazi mysticism** is a commonly held belief that Hitler and the Nazi Party practiced the occult. This idea has been part of popular culture since 1959.

There are many documentaries made about this belief.

## Other websites
*https://web.archive.org/web/20091020031109/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/1404/hitlerengl.html
Anthroposophy

**Anthroposophy** is a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner. The philosophy teaches that through inner development a person can better know the spiritual world.

*Anthropos* is a Greek word that means "human being". *Sophos* means "wise". Steiner believed every human being had the wisdom to understand the mysteries of existence.  He left the German Theosophical Society in 1912 trading divine wisdom for human wisdom.

## Central ideas
Anthroposophy does not have a rigid set of beliefs.  It is said to be a philosophy of freedom.  Each person connects to the world through an individual path.

The path to wisdom is based on research.  The research leads to knowledge.  This is similar to teachings of Thomas Aquinas.  Anthroposophy is different in that it pursues knowledge of science, the arts and spirituality all together.

The philosophy also teaches respect of other humans.  It encourages support of others in their interest and learning of the spiritual world.  To support this, Steiner created The Anthroposophical Society in 1923.  It is now called the General Anthroposophical Society.  The society has groups and national societies in over 75 countries.

## Other websites
* Rudolf Steiner Archive
* General Anthroposophical Society
Isotopes of hydrogen

**Hydrogen** has three main **isotopes**; protium (1H), deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H). These isotopes form naturally in nature. Protium and deuterium are stable. Tritium is radioactive and has a half-life of about 12 years. Scientists have created four other hydrogen isotopes (4H to 7H), but these isotopes are very unstable and do not exist naturally.

The main isotopes of hydrogen are unique because they are the only isotopes that have a name. These names are still in use today. Deuterium and tritium sometimes get their own symbols, D and T. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry does not like these names much, even though they are often used. There are other isotopes that had their own names when scientists studied radioactivity. But, their names are no longer used today.
c
## Protium (hydrogen1) 
Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen. It makes up more than 99.98% of all the hydrogen in the universe. It is named *protium* because it's nucleus only has one proton. Protium has an atomic mass of 1.00782504(7)&nbsp;u. The symbol for protium is **1H**.

The proton of protium has never decayed in an observation, so scientists believe that protium is a stable isotope. New theories of particle physics predict that a proton can decay, but this decay is very slow. The proton is said to have a half-life of 1036 years. If proton decay is true, then all other nuclei that are said to be stable are actually only *observationally stable*, i.e. they look like they are stable. Recent experiments have shown that if proton decay does occur, it would have a half-life of 6.6&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;1033 years.

## Deuterium (hydrogen2)
Deuterium, or **2H** or sometimes **D**, is another stable isotope of hydrogen. The isotope has one proton and one neutron. It makes up about 0.0026 – 0.0184% of all atoms of hydrogen on Earth. Deuterium is less in hydrogen gas on Earth and is more in sea water (0.015% or 150 ppm). Deuterium is not radioactive, and it will not harm living things. Deuterium can also form water molecules. Water that has deuterium instead of protium is named heavy water.

## Tritium (hydrogen3)
Tritium (**3H**) is the most stable radioisotope of hydrogen. That is, of all radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, tritium is the least radioactive. It has a proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. Tritium decays through beta minus decay and changes to helium3. It has a half-life of 12.32 years.

Tritium is formed naturally by the interaction between the gases in the upper atmosphere and cosmic rays. It is also created during nuclear weapons tests. Tritium and deuterium is used in D-T nuclear fusion in stars to give out a lot of energy.
Venom

**Venom** is a kind of poison used by animals. It is made in an animal's body. It is injected into the body of another animal by a bite or sting. Animals that use venom include some kinds of insects, fish, reptiles, and even mammals.

Some animals use venom to kill another animal that they are going to eat. One animal that does that is the rattlesnake. Some animals use venom to protect themselves.  Some animals that do that are bees, ants and stingrays.  Some animals use venom for both of these things.
Development regions of Nepal

Nepal was divided into 5 Development Regions (), 14 Administrative Zones () and 75 Districts () before 20 September 2015. After 20 September 2015, Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 77 districts.

## References
## Related pages
*Administrative divisions of Nepal
*Zones of Nepal
*Districts of Nepal
Soliloquy

A **soliloquy** is a special kind of speech in a play. In a soliloquy, the character speaks to themselves. Other characters of the play are not aware of what is said. That way, the character can share certain thoughts or feelings with the audience. 

There are many famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's plays. Some of those are the "To be or not to be" soliloquy in *Hamlet*, the "Is this a dagger" and the "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" soliloquies in *Macbeth*, and the "Bottom's Dream" soliloquy in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. Plays changed towards realism in the 18th century. Soliloquies became less common in plays. 

## References
Aurornis

***Aurornis*** is a genus of  dinobird from later Jurassic or the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now China. *Aurornis xui* may be the most basal ("primitive") bird species known to date. Aurornis was discovered in 2013. The animal may predate the famous *Archaeopteryx lithographica*, the earliest bird, by about 10 million years. The fossil features traces of downy feathers along the animal's tail, chest, and neck. It was only partly prepared at the time of purchase; the feathers were not showing, and the fossil bore no signs of forgery.  The failure to secure rigorous provenance casts doubt on the claim that *Aurornis* is 160 million years old and predates *Archaeopteryx*. Godefroit's team will try to confirm the specimen's age by mineralogical and botanical analysis on the shale slab.      

*Aurornis* was roughly the size of a modern pheasant&nbsp;–  in length from beak to tail tip. It had claws and a long tail. Its leg bones are similar to those of *Archaeopteryx*, but overall its bone structure is more primitive.

The classification of *A. xui* as a bird is somewhat contentious, however, due to the various differing definitions of the word "bird". Recent discoveries "[emphasize] how grey the dividing line is between birds and [non-avian] dinosaurs", says Paul Barrett of the Natural History Museum, in London. "There's such a gradation in features between them that it's very difficult to tell them apart&nbsp;... [*Aurornis xui*] is certainly an older member of the bird lineage than *Archaeopteryx*, and it's fair to call it a very primitive bird. But what you call a bird comes down to what you call a bird, and a lot of definitions depend on *Archaeopteryx*."

American paleontologist Luis Chiappe said that *A. xui*'s forelimb is too short to be a true bird. It "is very birdlike, but it is not yet a bird," he concluded.

## References
Casting (metalworking)

in a sand mold.]] 

In metalworking, **casting** is the act of pouring liquid metal in to a mold. When it hardens it is sometimes called a *cast* or *casting*.

Casting processes have been used for thousands of years. It is widely used for making sculptures, jewelry, weapons and tools.

## Process 
To cast iron, which is the most common material for casting, metal is first melted. It is then poured into a mold and let cool. After cooling, it may be grinded to become smooth, or hammered to become stronger.

## Other websites
Willie Degel

**William Jack "Willie" Degel** (born September 1, 1967) is an American entrepreneur who started and is the chief financial officer of the ''Uncle Jack's Steakhouse* chain of restaurants in New York City. He is best known as the host of *Restaurant Stakeout* on Food Network. He was born in Queens, New York.

Degel opened his first restaurant, *Hollywood and Main*, in June 1990 in Flushing, Queens. Six years later, he opened *Uncle Jack's Steakhouse*, which has three locations in New York City. In March 2012, Degel began hosting *Restaurant Stakeout'', where he goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having.

## References
## Other websites
* Food Network biography
* Uncle Jack's Steakhouse website
Restaurant Stakeout

***Restaurant Stakeout*** is an American reality television program that airs on Food Network. It began on March 12, 2012. It follows New York City restaurant owner Willie Degel, who goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having. The show has actors who go into the restaurants to be rude or difficult to the employees. The second season began on August 29, 2012. It is one of the first "reality" series to air on Food Network.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Battle of Reading (871)

The **Battle of Reading** was fought in 871 at Reading. It was one of a series of battles between invading vikings and the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex. The viking (also called Danish) army was led by Bagsecg and Halfdan Ragnarsson. This was a large combined army. The viking army was attempting to conquer Wessex. The Wessex army was led by king Athelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred. Both the battle and the campaign it was a part of are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of the town of Reading. The Vikings had established a camp at Reading. The camp had several natural defenses. It was protected by the Thames and Kennet rivers on two sides, and by a rampart on the western side. Three days after their arrival, a party of Danes rode out towards nearby Englefield. There they met a West Saxon force under the command of Ealdorman Athelwulf. In the Battle of Englefield many of the Danes were killed, and the rest driven back to Reading. Four days later, Athelwulf was joined by the main West Saxon army, led by King Athelred and his brother, Alfred. The entire Saxon force marched on Reading. In the battle that followed the Vikings defeated the Wessex army and it was driven back. Aethelwulf, the ealdorman, was killed in the fighting.

## Related pages
* Great Heathen Army

## References
DVD-Audio

**DVD-Audio** is an audio format similar to the CD. It is commonly claimed to have higher audio quality than the CD. DVD-Audio has not become popular due to the cost and rarity of the players, and because the traditional CD is considered good enough. Tests have shown that the traditional CD already has the highest possible audio quality. This has been mathematically proven by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. DVD-Audio does, however, support surround sound, and many DVD-Audio releases are available with surround sound. The traditional CD theoretically supports surround sound too, but, with the exception of DTS and Dolby Surround-encoded CDs, no surround-capable CD player has ever been made, and no surround-formatted CD has ever been released.

## Technical details 
DVD-audio supports multiple sample rates, including 44.1 (same as CD), 48 (same as DAT and DVD-Video), 88.2, 96, 176.4, and 192 kHz, with either 16, 20, or 24-bit encoding. Surround sound is supported up to the 96 kHz sample rate; higher sample rates can only be in mono or stereo. DVD-Audio also uses 56-bit encryption on the audio data (DVD-Video uses 40-bit CSS encryption and CD does not use encryption). The 56-bit encryption algorithm is a modified version of DES, and like DES it has been broken. DVD-Video content may be present on a DVD-Audio disc to enable compatibility with video-only players. Unlike Super Audio CD, there is no mechanism for compatibility with standard CD players.

## References
Zones of Nepal

Until 2015, Nepal was divided into 14 administrative zones (*anchal*) and 77 districts (*jillā*). The 14 administrative zones were grouped into five development regions.

In 1962, Nepal reorganized into 14 administrative zones but, around 1995, zones fell into disuse, so the already existing development regions effectively became the primary subdivisions.

The administrative zones, by development regions and from east to west, were the following:

## Related pages
*Administrative divisions of Nepal
*Development Regions of Nepal
*Districts of Nepal
*Provinces of Nepal

## References
Auditory hallucination

An **auditory hallucination** is a type of hallucination in which a person thinks they hear sounds, but the sounds are not actually there. In medical terms, it is called a **paracusia**. A common form involves hearing one or more voices talking. This can be a sign of some psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia or mania. It is very important sign when deciding that a patient has one of these conditions.

People may hear voices without suffering from any specific mental illness. The causes are still being researched. The main cause of auditory hallucinations in psychotic patients is schizophrenia. The underlying problems in these cases may be genetic.

There are three main ways in which the hallucination may form: a person hearing a voice speak thoughts, a person hearing one or more voices arguing, or a person hearing a voice narrating their own actions. There can be other types of auditory hallucinations besides these three. These include hearing music playing inside the mind, usually songs that the person is familiar with. This is usually caused by damage to the brain, hearing loss or epileptic activity.

The main method of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications that affect the body's dopamine metabolism. If the hallucinations are being caused by a mood disorder, then other medications (such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers) are often used together with the antipsychotics. These treatments may stop the hallucinations, but they are not a  as they do not fix the cause of the problem. Some psychological therapies have been shown to help lower the intensity of the hallucinations and how often they occur.

## Related pages 
* Thought disorder
* Logorrhea (psychology)

## References 
## More reading
*
*
*
HMS Royal Oak

'*HMS *Royal Oak'''* was a British battleship. It was built in 1916 and fought in the Battle of Jutland the same year. On 14 October 1939, soon after the start of World War II, it was sunk in Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland by the German submarine *U-47''. 835 people on the ship died when it sank, including the ship's admiral Sir Henry Blagrove. Many of the dead were boys younger than 16. The sinking affected people from both Germany and Britain: the commander of the German submarine, Günther Prien, was given a medal by Adolf Hitler, and the British quickly built sea walls to stop such a thing happening again.

Every year, Navy divers put a flag on the ship's stern.
Boris Christoff

**Boris Christoff** (18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian singer. He sang in the bass range. Critics thought him to be one of the great acting singers of the 20th century. He sang some 40 roles. His most famous role was Boris Godunov. He also received kudos for his Philip II in Verdi's *Don Carlo*, and for his Mephistopheles in Gounod's *Faust*. He sang several Wagnerian roles. These included Hagen in *Gotterdammerung* and King Mark in *Tristan und Isolde*.

Christoff was born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He sang in the Gusla Choir. King Boris of Bulgaria gave him a private stipend to study in Rome. He studied with Riccardo Stracciari. He also studied in Salzburg, Austria. After World War II, Christoff lived in Rome. In 1950, he was hired to sing the title role in *Boris Godunov* at Covent Garden. This became the role he was known for. He sang in the United States. He never sang at the Metropolitan Opera. Problems with his visa made this impossible.

## References
*
São Paulo Cathedral

**São Paulo Cathedral** () is the main Catholic church in the archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil. It was completed in 1967. It is an example of Gothic Revival architecture.

## Other websites
*Cathedral website
Districts of Nepal

The **districts of Nepal** ( - jillā) are the second level in the administrative subdivision of the country.

There are 77 districts that are grouped in 7 provinces. Within the districts are the municipalities and the rural municipalities.

## List of districts by province
### Koshi Province
### Madhesh Province
### Bagmati Province
### Gandaki Province
### Lumbini Province
### Karnali Province
### Sudurpashchim Province
## Related pages
*Administrative divisions of Nepal
*Provinces of Nepal
*Development Regions of Nepal
*Zones of Nepal

## References
## Other websites
*Nepal Maps
Saints Row (series)

**Saints Row** is a series of video games created by Volition game studios. It features mechanics similar to the *Grand Theft Auto* series. Starting from *Saints Row* was released in 2006, Volition the game takes place in the fictional city of Stilwater, plagued by urban violence between four rival gangs. Playa, caught in the middle of the violence, is offered the chance to join the 3rd Street Saints to help fight the other gangs. In addition to several common elements with the *Grand Theft Auto* series, *Saints Row* introduces many additional features, including extensive Player Customization, a 64-vehicle garage, a GPS, an activity and respect system, and online multiplayer modes.

*Saints Row 2* was released in 2008 and veers into more outlandish territory with its gameplay than *Saints Row*, in spite of the cutscenes and story being darker.

*Saints Row: The Third* was released in 2011 and decided to experiment with dark humour and unrealistic gameplay, ranging from impossible air  to the inclusion of a dildo bat as a weapon. Afterwards, Volition decided to completely abandon realistic game physics and graphics.

*Saints Row IV* was released in 2013 and modified the gameplay, allowing the player to fly and use superpowers, rendering the use of motor vehicles impractical.

*Saints Row Gat out of Hell* was released in 2015 and was set in Hell with the use of superpowers again.

*Saints Row* was released in 2022 and the reboot takes place in the fictional city of Santo Ileso in the American southwest, and follows a new gang, simply called The Saints, as they attempt to take control of the city from the different gangs ruling it.
Flat panel display

**Flat panel display** is the name for a number of devices which are either used as computer screens, as televisions, or to display information; for example at an airport. Most of them use Liquid Crystal display technology; which is newer than cathode ray tubes. 

The most common display technologies are:
*Twisted Nematic (or TN) displays are cheap to produce, but usually they do not have good color rendition. Very often, the viewing angle is limited. Looking at the display from a greater angle changes the colors noticeably.
*In-Plane Switching is a technology that has a very good color rendition, and that does not suffer from the limited field of view. IPS displays are more expensive to produce, and they also show a slower reaction time than TN.
Sweet Genius

***Sweet Genius*** is a reality-themed television cooking competition series that airs on Food Network. It is hosted by pastry chef Ron Ben-Israel. It started on September 9, 2011. It is similar to *Chopped* in that four confectionery and pastry chefs compete in three rounds on the show: *Frozen*, *Baked*, and *Chocolate*. After each round, one chef is eliminated until one chef is left. The winning chef wins $10,000. In each round, there are two ingredients that the chefs must use along with an inspiration that they must base their dish on. The first ingredient that they must use and the inspiration are shown at the beginning of the round, while the second ingredient is shown in the middle of the round. Sometimes, there will be three ingredients. Each round has a limited amount of time that the chefs must make their dish in. There are 40 minutes for the first round, 50 minutes for the second round, and 60 minutes for the final round. After each round, Ben-Israel tastes and gives his thoughts on each chef's dish, and then eliminates one chef.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
Alice Liddell

**Alice Pleasance Liddell-Hargreaves** (4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was a child friend of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. She inspired his two books ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland* (1865) and *Through the Looking-Glass* (1871). Dodgson wrote the two books using the pen name, Lewis Carroll.

## Life
Alice was born in Westminster, London, one of ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina. Her father was Dean of Christ Church college in Oxford. Dodgson was a mathematics , a Fellow at the college. He was 24 years old when he met Alice on 25 April 1856. He was an expert photographer, and took a number of photographs of her.

Alice and her sisters Edith and Lorina took little trips with Dodgson. They had boating parties and other outdoor adventures. Dodgson told stories on these trips. He started the story of Alice in Wonderland during a boat trip on the Thames on 4 July 1862. In 1864, his trips with the girls were brought to an end by their mother. It is not known why.

Alice grew up a refined young woman. She married Reginald Hargreaves in Westminster Abbey in 1880. The couple lived in a country house in Hampshire. Alice was a very capable person. She managed many servants. She arranged balls and parties. She had three sons. Two were killed in World War I. Her husband never overcame this loss. He died in 1926.

Mrs. Hargreaves sold some of her *Alice'' memorabilia through Sotheby's. This sale included the original *Alice* manuscript. It had been the gift of Dodgson. It was bought by an American. It was returned to the United Kingdom during World War II. It now is in the British Museum. Alice died in 1934 in Westerham, Kent. She was cremated and buried in the Hargreaves family plot in Hampshire.

## Notes
## References
*
Octene

**Octene** is a chemical compound. It has a formula of [[C8H16|]]. Octene contains eight carbon atoms and sixteen hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it an alkene.
Pelagia noctiluca

***Pelagia noctiluca*** is a jellyfish. In Latin, *Pelagia* means "of the sea", *nocti* stands for night and *luca* means light thus *Pelagia noctiluca* can be described as a marine organism with the ability to glow in the dark.  

This species is commonly known as the **mauve stinger**. It occurs in warm and temperate waters of the world's oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It is also found in the Pacific Ocean, with sightings in warm waters off Hawaii, southern California and Mexico. 

It is an offshore species, although sometimes it is washed near the coastlines and may be stranded in great numbers on beaches. The color varies. As well as pink or mauve, it is sometimes shades of golden yellow to tan.

In an unprecedented event on November 21, 2007, a  swarm of jellyfish wiped out a 100,000-fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland, causing around £1 million worth of damage.

As its name implies *P. noctiluca* has the ability to bioluminesce, or produce light.  Light is given off in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by the turbulence of a ship’s motion or by waves.  This flashing is short, and gradually fades.

## References
Cyclooctane

**Cyclooctane** is a cycloalkane. It has the molecular formula (CH2)8. It is a simple colourless hydrocarbon.

## References
Italian Peninsula

image of the Italian Peninsula in Spring 2003]]

The **Italian Peninsula** or **Apennine Peninsula**  (, *Penisola appenninica*) is a large peninsula of Southern Europe. It extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Ionian and Adriatic Seas on the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west. It is in between two larger peninsulas: the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. Because of the peninsula's shape, it is nicknamed *Lo Stivale* ("The Boot"). Three smaller peninsulas make it look similar to this shape. They are named Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

The peninsula is about  long, starting from the Po Valley in the north. The Apennine Mountains cover most of its length. It mainly has the Mediterranean climate, though in the mountainous parts the climate is much cooler.

Since the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (end of 1st century BC), the northern border of the peninsula has been set on the Alps drainage basin. Geographically, however, its northern end runs from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Apennines in Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. This definition does not include the Po Valley or the southern slopes of the Alps.

Nearly all of the peninsula is part of the Italian Republic, apart from San Marino and the Vatican City.

## Related pages
* Italia (Roman province)
* Balkan Peninsula
* Iberian Peninsula

## References
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins

**Ryan Nugent-Hopkins** (born April 12, 1993 in Burnaby, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was selected by the Edmonton Oilers with the 1st overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

## Sources 
*
Pembrokeshire

**Pembrokeshire** is a county in Wales. Pembrokeshire County Council's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest.

The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

## Other websites
* Visit Pembrokeshire
Scott Sanders

**Scott Gerald Sanders** is a former Major League Baseball player.  He played as a right-handed pitcher.

In 1993 Sanders began playing for the San Diego Padres.  This was his first Major League team.  He also played for the  San Diego Padres, Seattle Mariners, Detroit Tigers, and Chicago Cubs.

Sanders also started one game for the Cleveland Indians in 2000.  He pitched poorly. After a few innings, rain caused the game to be cancelled. All stats from the game were removed. Sanders did not play for the Indians after that game.

In 2001, Sanders pitched in Japan for the Nippon Ham Fighters.

In his career, Sanders was in 34 winning games and 45 losing games.  He pitched 632 strikeouts and had a 4.86 ERA.

## References
## Other websites
Slug (rapper)

**Sean Daley** (born September 7, 1972) is an American rapper. He is better known by his stage names **Slug** or **Sep Seven**. He is best known for being the lead singer of the hip hop group Atmosphere.

Slug is from Minnesota. His stage name is a nickname that was given to him by his father. It was originally *Sluggo* by later shortened to *Slug*.

Slug has been involved in several projects. He formed Atmosphere in 1989. He worked with several other rap musicians in the late 1990s to form The Dynospectrum. They released an album, *The Dynospectrum*, in 1998. He formed another group, Deep Puddle Dynamics, in the same year. In 2000, Slug started Felt with Murs, another rap musician. They have released three albums.

In 2005, Slug started a record label with Murs, called Women Records.

## References
## Other websites
* Women Records
Alex Smith

**Alexander Douglas "Alex" Smith** (born May 7, 1984) is a former professional American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons. He played college football for University of Utah.

Smith was the first person taken in the 2005 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He played for the 49ers between 2005 and 2013.

During a game against the Houston Texans on November 18, 2018, Smith was sacked by Kareem Jackson and J. J. Watt. The hit caused Smith's right leg to break. When Smith was getting surgery, he developed necrotizing fasciitis and almost had to get his leg amputated. In July 2020, doctors said he was able to return to football. The team cleared him to play on August 16, 2020. On October 11, Smith made his return in a 30-10 loss to the Los Angeles Rams.

On April 19, 2021, Smith announced that he was retiring from playing professional football. He is currently a studio analyst for ESPN.

## References
Provenance

**Provenance** is the history of ownership, or the position of a historical object. It comes from the French *provenir*, meaning "to come from".

The term was originally used in relation to works of art. It is now used in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, paleontology, archives, manuscripts, printed books, and science and computing. The main reason to trace the provenance of an object is to get evidence of its original production or discovery. This has a special value to help authenticate objects, to prove what they are. Provenance is essentially a matter of documentation.

In archaeology the term **provenience** is used in related but a subtly different sense to *provenance*. Archaeological researchers use *provenience* to refer to the three-dimensional location or **find spot** of an artifact or feature within an archaeological site, whereas *provenance* covers an object's complete documented history. Ideally, in modern excavations, the provenience or find spot is recorded (even videoed) with great precision, but in older cases only the general site or approximate area may be known, especially when an artifact was found outside a professional excavation and its specific position not recorded. An object may have both a provenience (where it was found) and a provenance (where it has been since it was found). In some cases, especially where there is an inscription, the provenance may include a history that predates its burial in the ground, as well as its history after rediscovery.

## References
Branle

The **branle** is an old French dance of the 16th century. Though French in origin, it spread to most of western Europe. Spelling varies greatly:  *bransle*, *brangle*, *brawl*, *brawle*, *brall*(e), *braul*(e), or (Scot.) *brantle*.

## Dance 
There are few descriptions of the dance steps. It is a sequence dance performed with partners in lines or circles. In John Marston's *The Malcontent* (1604), act 4, scene 2, the character Guerrino describes the steps of a dance called *Beanchaes brawl* (Bianca's branle): t'is but two singles on the left, two on the right, three doubles forward, a trauerse of six round: do this twice, three singles side, galliard tricke of twentie, curranto pace; a figure of eight, three singles broken downe, come vp, meete two doubles, fall backe, and then honour.

A more detailed and more accessible account is given of the Scots branle by the dance historian Melusine Wood.

## Music 
The music for the dance was written in duple or triple meter, depedning on the type of branle. The four types are simple, duple, guy, and Burgandian, as described by Thoinot Arbeau in his *Orchesography*.

## Further reading 
*
*Heartz, Daniel 1998. *New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, 242-245. Macmillan. 
*Marston, John 1999. *The Malcontent*, edited by George K. Hunter, with a new introduction, together with a revised reading text and commentary notes. Revels Plays. Manchester University Press. .
*Semmens, Richard T. 1997. Branles, Gavottes and Contredanses in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. *Dance Research* **15**, 2, 35–62.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Branle on Cunnan website: http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Branle
Gavin Henson

**Gavin Lloyd Henson** (born 1 February 1982) is a Welsh rugby union player. He was born in Pencoed, South Wales. He plays for Bath Rugby. He has two children with singer Charlotte Church.

## Other websites
*WRU Player Profile 
*ESPN Scrum Profile
*Aviva Premiership Player Profile 
*Blues profile
Tishrei

**Tishrei** (), or *Tishri,* is a month of the Hebrew calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, it is called *Ethanim* (), or simply "the seventh month". (The counting starts at Nisan, the spring month containing Passover.) The name Tishrei was brought back by the Jews from their Babylonian exile.

Tishrei always has 30 days. Tishrei has more holidays than any other month of the Hebrew calendar. These :
*Rosh Hashanah (1-2 Tishrei)
*Fast of Gedaliah (3 Tishrei)
*Yom Kippur (10 Tishrei)
*Sukkot (15-21 Tishrei in Israel, 15-22 Tishrei outside Israel)
*Shemini Atzeret (22 Tishrei in Israel, 22-23 Tishrei outside Israel)

## References
Marlon Jackson

**Marlon Jackson** (born March 12, 1960) is an American singer and musician. 

He was born in Gary, Indiana , He was a member of the boy band The Jackson 5. In 1980 he appeared on his sister La Toya Jackson's first album. This was his first music outside of The Jackson 5. In 1987, he released a solo album, *Baby Tonight*. Unlike his brothers, he did not continue to work in music after this apart from the 1989 single "2300 Jackson Street" with The Jacksons.

## Early Life 
Marlon Jackson was born at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana, He is sixth child and had a twins brother, He has four sisters and six brothers of Jackson Family .

### The Jackson 5
Marlon joined The Jackson 5 as a percussionist. He was later a singer for the group. He also played the conga and tambourine. In 1968 The Jackson 5 were signed to Motown Records. They released their first single "I Want You Back" in 1969. It reached number one in the United States. Their next three singles also went to number one. The band have sold 150 million records. In 1997 the band were given a star in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

## References
Parícutin

**Paricutin** is a volcano in Mexico in the state of Michoacán. It is the youngest volcano in the western hemisphere, born in 1943. It is now 1,353 feet (424m) above the valley, and 9,186 feet (2,800m) above sea level.

## References
Call of Duty: Ghosts

***Call of Duty: Ghost*** is Infinity Ward's 5th *Call of Duty* video game.  It was first sold for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and the Xbox 360 on November 5, 2013. It was released for the PlayStation 4 on November 15, 2013 and for the Xbox One on November 22, 2013. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Eastern Development Region, Nepal

**Eastern Development Region** () was one of Nepal's five development regions. It was at the eastern end of the country. Its headquarters were at Dhankuta.

## Geography
The Eastern Development Region had Sikkim and West Bengal (India) to the east, Bihar (India) to the south, the Central Development Region to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

The Eastern Region was the third largest Development Region of Nepal with an area of . It was the second in population with 5,811,555 (21.9% of total) people living there in 2011. Its population density was 204.2 persons/km2.

The region had three ecological zones: the high mountains, the hills and the Terai.

The highest mountain in the region, and in the world, is **Mount Everest**. It is in the Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone. The lowest point of Nepal, **Kechana Kalan** is also here, in the Jhapa district. It is near the Mechi river and close to the border with India.

The most important rivers in the Eastern Development Region were the **Kosi**, tributary of the Ganges river; and the **Mechi**, tributary of the Mahananda River. Nepal's largest river system (the Kosi) and its highest waterfall (the **Hyatrung** in the Terhathum district) were found in this region. The Hyatrung waterfall () is  high.

The region is rich in biodiversity. There are 28 species of *Rhododendron* (out of the 31 species available in Nepal) in the Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area.

## Cities
The major cities of this region were Biratnagar, Dharan, Dhankuta, Itahari, Rajbiraj, Birtamod Urlabari and Damak. Other notable places are Namche Bazaar (the town near the base camp of Mt. Everest), Gaighat, Lahan, Ilam, etc.

## Administrative subdivisions
The Eastern Development Region had 3 Zones, parallel to each other, with a total of 16 Districts, 893 Village Development Committees (VDCs), 1 Sub-metropolitan city, and 13 Municipalities; the zones and districts were:

## References
5. growing dental services in kathmandu 

## Related pages
*Development regions of Nepal
*Districts of Nepal
*Zones of Nepal

## Other websites
* Administrative Division of Nepal - Geonames
* Purvāñcala
* Nepalese Army: Eastern Division
Sonkajärvi

**Sonkajärvi** is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Northern Savonia region. The municipality was founded in 1922. In August 2013, 4,596 people lived there.

## Other websites
* The official Sonkajärvi page , in Finnish
Ice sheet

is one of Earth's two ice sheets, covers 98% of the Antarctica, is the largest block of ice in the world, and has its average thickness of 2&nbsp;km.]]
, in Greenland, covers 80% of Denmark's land area and is the only permanent ice sheet in the world outside Antarctica.]]

In glaciology, an **ice sheet** (Danish: *Indlandsis*, meaning "inland ice"), usually called **continental glacier** and sometimes **ice shell** or **ice layer**, is a large mass of glacier ice that has an average thickness of over 2&nbsp;km and covers a large continental area in the polar regions of the Earth. It is located at extreme latitudes and has a conventional area of more than . In other geologic time spans, there were many of them, which covered an larger area, but they now cover only Antarctica and Greenland.

Theyy are sometimes confused with the sea ice (the floating layer of ice of variant extension that forms in the polar seas), the ice shelf (barrier of ice of glacier origin that spans from the coast to the inner of the ocean), or the polar cap.

Ice sheets are larger than ice shelves or alpine icefields. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000&nbsp;km2 are called ice caps, which usually feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.

Although the surface of an ice shhet is cold, its base is generally warmer because of geothermal heat. In some places, melting occurs, which lubricates the ice sheet so that it flows it rapidly. The process produces fast flowing-channels inside the ice sheet, which are called ice streams.

The two current ice sheets are relatively young in geological terms. The Antarctic ice sheet first formed in the early Oligocene. It retreated and advanced many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica. The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, when it apparently developed very quickly. That had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly-forming Antarctic ice sheet.

## Earth's current two ice sheets
### Antarctic ice sheet
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14&nbsp;million&nbsp;km2 and contains 30&nbsp;million&nbsp;km3 of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the Earth's surface is held in the ice sheet. If all of it were to melt, sea levels would rise by 58&nbsp;m. If all of it melted, isea levels would rise by 7.2&nbsp;m.

The ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, when it apparently developed very quickly. That had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet.

## Related pages
* Ice cap
* Icefield

## References
John Davis (sealer)

**John Davis** (born in 1784 in Surrey) was an American ship captain from New Haven, Connecticut. He is thought to have been the first to land on mainland Antarctica. He is one of four explorers who share this claim. In February 1821 he may have landed a boat at Hughes Bay. The Davis Strait which separates Baffin Bay from the Labrador Sea was named by William Baffin in 1916. He probably named it after John Davis. 

On March 20, 1820, Davis left New Haven, Connecticut for a trip to the Pacific Ocean. He had received news of the discovery of the South Shetland Islands while he was anchored at the Falkland Islands. It remains impossible, however, to prove he was the first to reach Antarctica.

## References
Superman suit

in the 1978-1987 *Superman* movies.]]
The **Superman suit** is the costume of the fictional comic-book character Superman, a superhero appearing in DC Comics created by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel.

The suit is primarily blue in color with a red cape. The chest features the distinct "S" symbol, which is typically yellow and outlined in red. The blue and red color scheme has become synonymous with the character.

While the comics do not usually explain the material of the suit in detail, it is often depicted as being durable and resistant to various forms of damage due to Superman's powers. In some adaptations, it is suggested that the suit is made from a special Kryptonian fabric.

The red cape is one of Superman's most recognizable features. It trails behind him when he flies and adds a dramatic flair to his character.

The suit includes a yellow belt and red boots, which complement the overall look. In earlier depictions, the boots were sometimes depicted as being more similar to traditional superhero attire.

The "S" symbol on Superman's chest has become an emblem of hope and strength. In various storylines, it has been interpreted as standing for "hope" in Kryptonian culture.

Over the years, there have been numerous variations of Superman's suit, reflecting different artistic styles and interpretations. Some adaptations have included armor-like features or alternate color schemes, while others may focus on more modern and tactical designs.

Superman's costume has evolved through the decades, but its core elements have remained a significant part of his identity as a character and cultural icon.
Jackie Jackson

**Sigmund Esco** "**Jackie**" **Jackson** (born May 4, 1951) is an American singer. 

He was born at St. Catherine's Hospital in East Chicago, Indiana. He is the second child of Katherine and Joe Jackson. He was a member of The Jackson 5. The band has sold 150 million records around the world. They had four number one singles in the United States. The group released their first album *Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5* in 1969. The group released nine more studio albums on Motown. In 1976 they left the label. They were signed to Epic Records. The Jackson 5's name changed to The Jacksons. They released six albums.
He released two solo albums, *Jackie Jackson *(1973) and *Be the One *(1989). He lives in Las Vegas. He runs two record companies, Jesco Records and Futurist Entertainment there. 

## Personal life 
He has two children with his first wife Enid Adren Spann. She divorced him after catching him cheating with Paula Abdul. In 2001 Jackson married his second wife Victoria Triggs.
Governor of Virginia

The **governor of Virginia** is the head of government of the U.S. state of Virginia. The governor is head of the executive branch of the state government. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the Virginia National Guard and Virginia Defense Force.

Abigail Spanberger is the 75th and current governor of Virginia, in office since January 2026.

## Eligibility & requirements 
Section 3 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:

* be at least thirty years old.
* be a United States citizen.
* be a registered voter and resident of Virginia for at least five years.

## Election process and terms 
The governor is elected to a four-year term on a separate ticket. The candidate must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

Under the state's constitution, the governor is prevented from elected consecutive terms.

## Power and duties 
The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the General Assembly, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

## List of governors 
## List of living former governors 
## References 
## Other websites
*Official site for the Governor of Virginia