open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Magnolia (tree)

**Magnolia** is a genus of about 210 to 340 species. 

The Angiosperm taxonomical names *Magnoliophyta* (division) and *Magnoliopsida* (class) come from this genus. Charles Plumier gave a flowering tree from the island of Martinique the genus name *Magnolia*, after French botanist Pier Magnol.

*Magnolia* is an ancient genus. It appeared before bees evolved. The flowers are thought to have evolved by encouraging pollination by beetles.

To avoid damage from pollinating beetles, the carpels of *Magnolia* flowers are extremely tough. 

Many magnolias that have pretty flowers are used as street trees.

## References
S/2003 J 4

'''''' is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 2&nbsp;km in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,571,000&nbsp;km in 739.294 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3003.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000&nbsp;km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## References
Herse (moon)

**Herse** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, *et al.* in 2003  and called '''''' until 2009. 

Herse is about 2 kilometres in diameter and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,134,000&nbsp;kms in 672.716 days, at an inclination of 162° to the ecliptic (161° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2379.

It is the closest member of the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;kms, at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19

The **MiG-19 Farmer** was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan. It first flew in 1952 and was introduced in 1955. It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco. During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG 21 Fishbed.

It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombsor rockets. It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest. It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner. It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long. It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.

Eventually, it was replaced by the newer MiG-21.

## Related pages
* MiG-17 Fresco
* MiG-21 Fishbed
* F-8 Crusader
* F-4 Phantom II

## References
Santiago Rodríguez Province

**Santiago Rodríguez** is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is San Ignacio de Sabaneta.

The province was created in 1948.

## Name
*Santiago Rodríguez* was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He is one of the founder of the city of Sabaneta. He was an important military leader during the initial stages of the *Restoration War* (1863-1865).

## History
The town of San Ignacio de Sabaneta was founded in 1844 and it was made a municipality of the Santiago province in 1854 and then of the Monte Cristi Province province in 1879. In 1948, it became a province.

Monción was a municipality of Montecristi since 1907. In 1996, Villa Los Almácigos became a municipality.

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 30th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 1,015,397 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Ignacio de Sabaneta, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 15,648 inhabitants.

The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra Samba (or Sierra Zamba), a chain of low hills, runs across the northern half.

The main rivers are Guayubín and Mao, both tributaries of the Yaque del Norte river.

### Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler in the mountains.

## Municipalities
There are 3 municipalities and none municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

## Economy
The only economic activity of importance is farming.

## References
Neptune Trojan

A **Neptune Trojan** is an asteroid which is in the same orbit as the planet Neptune. 

Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet. As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans. They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L4 Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune. The six Neptune Trojans are , 385571 Otrera, , 385695 Clete,  and .

The discovery of  in a high inclination (>25°) orbit is significant because it suggests a ‘thick’ cloud of Trojans. It is believed that large (radius ≈ 100&nbsp;km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans. 

The New Horizons spacecraft passed through the L5 Neptune region in 2014. It was preparing to observe Pluto and did not observe any asteroids there.

## References
Edward Guinan

**Edward Guinan**  is currently a professor in Villanova University's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He and two colleagues discovered  Neptune's ring system.

## References
Voyager program

The **Voyager program** is a space  program of the United States' NASA agency. It consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, *Voyager 1* and *Voyager 2*. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Although they were officially used to study just Jupiter and Saturn, the two probes were able to continue their mission into the outer solar system. They have since continued out and exited the solar system. These probes were built at JPL and were funded by NASA.

Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was known before. In addition, the spacecraft paths have been used to place limits on the existence of Planet X, a planet believed by some people to be farther from the Sun than Pluto.

In 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had  left the solar system (Heliosphere) on 25 August 2012. It is the first man-made object to enter interstellar space. In 2018, NASA announced that Voyager 2 had reached the heliopause on 5 November of that year.  Both of them are now in travelling in the interstellar space. Voyager spacecraft are the farthest spacecraft from Earth. On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 passed the first spacecraft that completed the 1st mission to Jupiter, Pioneer 10 in the distance to the Sun at 70 AU (6.5 billion miles, 10.5 billion km) from it as the farthest spacecraft from the Sun. Voyager 2 overtook Pioneer 10 in the distance to the Sun at 133.92 AU (12.447 billion miles, 20.03 billion km) from it on July 18, 2023 as the 2nd farthest spacecraft from the Sun.

## References
## Other websites
* NASA Voyager website - Main source of information.
* Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime
* Space Exploration - Robotic Missions
* NASA Facts - Voyager Mission to the Outer Planets (PDF format) 
* Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System  - current positions and diagrams
* Voyager 1 and 2 atlas of six Saturnian satellites (PDF format) 1984
* Mission state
Occultation

1997 still frame captured from video, the bright star Aldebaran has just reappeared on the dark limb of the waning crescent moon in this predawn occultation.]]
An **occultation** is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer.  A planet, for example, can pass in front of a star.  Some occultations are eclipses. The word is often used in astronomy. It can also be used in a non-astronomical sense to describe when an object in the foreground *occults* (covers up) objects in the background.
Adaptive optics

**Adaptive optics** is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion. It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion.

Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the idea was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical.

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is **tip-tilt** correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes.

A significant fraction of the distortion introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the effect introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality.

Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors with only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.

## Other websites 
* Description of Active & Adaptive Optics E.S.O.
* Adaptive Optics Tutorial at CTIO  A. Tokovinin
* Research groups and companies with interests in Adaptive Optics
* NSF Center for Adaptive Optics at UC Santa Cruz
* Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics at The University of Arizona 
* Using Adaptive Optics to image photoreceptors 
* Gemini's Laser Vision Reveals Striking New Details in Orion Nebula
* Adaptive optics pinpoints on black holes 
* Uranus in 2004  (with and without AO)
Optical depth

**Optical depth** is a measure of transparency. It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path. One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog. The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero. As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.

## Other websites
* optical depth equations
Meter (poetry)

In poetry, **meter** (British English spelling: **metre**) means the rhythmic patterns in a verse.

## Fundamentals
The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions. They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called *feet* within a line. English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.
Verse (poetry)

In poetry a **verse** is technically a single line in a poem. A poem is a "metrical composition".

However, in common use, a verse is a group of lines in a poem which make up a paragraph. It consists of several lines, either in print for reading, or in a song. In the poems and theatre of Ancient Greece these units were called strophes.

## Related pages 
*Poetry
*Blank verse
*Free verse
*Verse-chorus form
*Ballad
*Rhyme
*Stanza
*Ode
English free settlers

**English free settlers** were people that chose to go to New Holland (now Australia). They were not forced to go there, as the convicts were. The English free settlers went to Australia between the late 18th century and the early 19th century. When the English free settlers got to Australia, they landed in the southern part of the continent. That was the only colony created by the free settlers. 

The English free settlers went to Australia to be free. They wanted to make money as well. They also wanted to explore Australian families who wanted a better life with their children. Some people called the English Free settlers "pilgrims".
In the early years of the colony, very few settlers came to Australia. Free settlers had to fund their own transport and were usually quite wealthy. The few who made the journey to Australia did so mostly to make their fortune. They were often given large land grants and convicts to work for them. 

## References
S/2003 J 9

'''''' is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,858,000&nbsp;km in 752.839 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.276.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Opacity

**Opacity** or **opaque** means something that is difficult to see through or perceive. It can also mean:

* Opacity (optics), the degree to which light is blocked.
* Opaque context, a linguistic context in which it is not possible to substitute co-referential terms while guaranteeing the preservation of truth values.
* Opaque data, in computer programming, data that can only be manipulated through an external interface.
* Opaque is a famous restaurant that serves customers in complete darkness.
Billionaire

A **billionaire** is a person who has a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000) units of currency. This is usually used for major currencies with large values, like Pound Sterlings £, American dollars $, or Euros €.

## Billionaires (in United States dollars)
In March 2021, there were 2,755 people in the world who were considered to be billionaires (in United States dollars).

Every year, the American business magazine Forbes, and its website, releases a list of billionaires called ''The World's Billionaires''.

### The number of billionaires per million people
## Related pages 
* Millionaire

## References
Line (disambiguation)

**Line** or **lines** could mean:
* Line, a type of geometric figure that is made up of an endless number of points.
* a length of rope, cable or chain when put to use (such as a clothesline, anchor line)
* a line or queue of people waiting in a queue area
* a line of text in writing 
**Lines (punishment), punishment by forced writing of text
* relationships in genetics and genealogy, such as Lineage (evolution) and kinship and descent
* lines of cocaine
* Lines (video game)
*A one-, two- or three-line whip, a notice issued by a Chief Whip in the UK parliament

**People**:
*Dick Lines (born 1938), former Canadian baseball player
*Richard D. Lines, American amateur astronomer

In **science and technology**:
* Line (electrical engineering), a circuit or loop
** a power line for electric power transmission
** Telephone line
* Line (video), a measure of video display resolution or image resolution
* *line*, former name of the unit of magnetic flux, the Maxwell (unit)
* Line (length), an obsolete unit of length equal to one-twelfth or one-tenth of an inch

In **transport**:
* a railway line
* Shipping line, a company engaged in sea transport
*Airline
* A bus line, see List of bus operating companies

In **business**:
* Line function, a business activity
* Product lining, in marketing

In the **military**:
* Line (formation), a standard tactical formation of forces
**Line infantry, a line formation of infantrymen who were part of the "Line Regiments"
* Line of battle, in naval warfare, a line of warships, hence "ship of the line"

In **sport**:
* The point spread in spread betting
* in cricket, the direction of a delivery, see line and length 
* Offensive line or defensive line in American football
* Line (racing), in auto racing, a path taken through a corner

In the **arts**:
**Line* (play), a long-running play written by Israel Horovitz
*Lines (Emily Brontë poem), written in December 1837
*"Lines", abbreviation for "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798," a poem by William Wordsworth

The abbreviation **LINE** could mean:
* Marine Corps LINE combat system, a martial arts system
* LINEs, a type of retrotransposon in the human genome

## Related pages
*Division of Lyne, Australian electorial district
*Lyne (surname)
*Lyne, Denmark (town)
*Liner (disambiguation)
Pankow

**Pankow** [] is one of the new borough of Berlin. In 2001, the old borough of Pankow was merged (joined) with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee.

It has an area of  and about 347,100 inhabitants. Pankow's current mayor is Matthias Koehne (SPD).

Between 1945 and 1960 many members of the government of East Germany lived in the Majakowskiring district of Pankow. Western writers often called Pankow capital of East Germany, or used Pankow as shorthand for the East German government.

The Rykestrasse Synagogue Germany's largest synagogue, is located in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood of the Pankow district.

## Other websites 
* Official Homepage
Dynamic pressure

In fluid dynamics **dynamic pressure** depends on density and velocity of the fluid. 

It is defined by the following equation:

:q \ = \ \frac{1}{2} \rho v^2

where (using SI units):

:q = dynamic pressure in pascals
:\rho = fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air)
:v = fluid velocity in m/s

## Physical meaning 
Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.

## Related pages
* Pressure

## Other websites 
* Definition of dynamic pressure on ''Eric Weisstein's World of Science''
Braunwald

**Braunwald** is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites
*Official website of Braunwald 
*
Elm, Switzerland

**Elm** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

It is the municipality farthest south in the valley of the Sernf.

## History 
Russian General Alexander Suvarov and his troops stayed the night in Elm before crossing Panix Pass to Pigniu on their retreat into Austria.

On September 11, 1881, an avalanche caused by too much mining of slate killed 114 people and buried 83 structures in the municipality.

## Other websites
*Website of the touristic region of Elm
Aaron Burr

**Aaron Burr, Jr.** (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and the third vice president of the United States (1801 – 1805).

Born in Newark, New Jersey, Burr fought in the American Revolutionary War and reached the rank of colonel. After the war, Burr was a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He had served in the New York State Assembly, as New York State Attorney General, and as U.S. senator before he became vice president.

Burr killed his political opponent Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804 while Burr was still vice president.

Burr is believed to have involved in a conspiracy to form a new country in Mexico. He wanted to be present if Spain and Mexico went to war. Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked for his second term George Clinton, a different vice president, saw Burr's actions as treason. However, in 1807, Burr was found innocent of the charges because of a lack of evidence. He was often thought of by his enemies as unreliable.

Burr suffered severally strokes, was partially paralyzed, and died in 1836.
Glarus (city)

**Glarus** (German: ) is the capital of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Glarus is on the Linth River. It is at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills.

## History 
The first mention of the town is from 1178.

It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419. In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.

In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting requiring workers to work more than 12 hours a day.

Since 1 January 2011, the municipality Glarus includes the former municipalities of Ennenda, Netstal and Riedern.

## Gallery 

Image:Glarus.jpg|Town center of Glarus
Image:Glarus rathaus 2005-07-22.jpg|Glarus town hall
Image:Picswiss GL-13-05.jpg|Landsgemeindeplatz 

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Web site
Haslen

**Haslen** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Haslen, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

## Other websites
* Official website
Bilten

**Bilten** was a municipality in the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden joined together to become the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

## Other websites
*Official website of Bilten 
*
Luchsingen

**Luchsingen** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach were merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.

Oberblegisee is in the municipality.

## Other websites
* Official website
Agno

**Agno** is a municipality of the district of Lugano, canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is not far from the city of Lugano.

Lugano Airport is in this municipality.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Airolo

**Airolo** is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30 kilometres of ski slopes.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Morbio Inferiore

**Morbio Inferiore** is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Chiasso

**Chiasso** is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Sport 
* Football: FC Chiasso
* Ice hockey: HC Chiasso
* Road bicycle racing: GP Chiasso (UCI Europe Tour)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official municipality website
Caneggio

**Caneggio** was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

## References 
## Other websites
Alto Malcantone

**Alto Malcantone** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Alto Malcantone
Vacallo

**Vacallo** is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The current population is almost 3,000 people. The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes.  Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the municipality of Vacallo
* Page with some pictures 
* Primary school
* SAV Basket team
Baden District, Aargau

**Baden** is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital city is the town of Baden. The largest municipality is Wettingen. The district has 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07&nbsp;km², and a population of 121,071.

## Municipalities
Aarwangen District

**Aarwangen** is a district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The district includes the following 25 municipalities and has an area of 154 km²:

* CH-4912 Aarwangen
* CH-4944 Auswil
* CH-4913 Bannwil
* CH-3368 Bleienbach
* CH-4917 Busswil bei Melchnau
* CH-4955 Gondiswil
* CH-4932 Gutenburg
* CH-4936 Kleindietwil
* CH-4900 Langenthal
* CH-4935 Leimiswil
* CH-4932 Lotzwil
* CH-4934 Madiswil
* CH-4917 Melchnau
* CH-4924 Obersteckholz
* CH-4943 Oeschenbach
* CH-4919 Reisiswil
* CH-4914 Roggwil
* CH-4938 Rohrbach
* CH-4938 Rohrbachgraben
* CH-4933 Rütschelen
* CH-4911 Schwarzhäusern 
* CH-4922 Thunstetten
* CH-4916 Untersteckholz
* CH-4937 Ursenbach
* CH-4923 Wynau
Brugg District

**Brugg** is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district. The capital of the district is Brugg. 

It contains the following municipalities:

 of 

* Lauffohr
Kulm District

**Kulm** is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys. The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach. The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people (2005).

## Municipalities
Bremgarten District

**Bremgarten** is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau.

It has a total of 25 municipalities, listed below:
Ennenda

**Ennenda** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality Glarus 
*
Laufenburg District

**Laufenburg** is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Laufenburg.

It contains the following municipalities:
Eupheme (moon)

**Eupheme** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It used to be called ''''''. It was named Eupheme in 2019.

Eupheme is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,622,000&nbsp;km in 561.518 days, at an inclination of 146° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2507.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
George Clinton (vice president)

**George Clinton** (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and politician. He was the first and third governor of New York. He then became vice president of the United States under Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1805–1812).

Clinton was born in New York State and fought for the British during the French and Indian War.

Clinton was a member of the Continental Congress and voted for the Declaration of Independence. He was a friend of George Washington and served with and supplied the Continental Army.

Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was vice president under two different presidents; the only other vice president to do so was John C. Calhoun. Clinton was also a candidate for president in the 1808 election and received six electoral votes.

DeWitt Clinton, his nephew, also became governor of New York. George Clinton is of no relation to the 42nd president, Bill Clinton, who took his stepfather's surname as a child. 

## References
Ignatius of Antioch

**Saint Ignatius of Antioch** (also known as **Theophorus**) (AD. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John.  En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters, including one to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who had also known John. These letters are an example of the theology of the earliest Christians.  Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

Ignatius' feast day is observed on 17 October in Western Christianity and 20 December in Eastern Christianity.

Ignatius became Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around AD 67.  
Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself **Theophorus** ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.

Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican/Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20.  Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.

## Martyrdom 
Ignatius was arrested by the authorities and transported to Rome under trying conditions:

He died as a martyr in the arena. This was during the reign of Trajan. The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading. Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote seven letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.

## References
*Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius *(Contains biography Ignatius as well. Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)* 

## Other websites 
* Early Christian writings: on-line texts of Ignatius' letters
* *Catholic Encyclopedia*: St Ignatius of Antioch; the manuscript traditions and the controversy over authenticity
* The Short Syriac Version  
*The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch by Fr. John S. Romanides
*Saint Ignatius 
* Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
Chuck Norris

**Carlos Ray** "**Chuck**" **Norris** (March 10, 1940 &ndash; March 19, 2026) was an American actor, martial artist and celebrity. He served in the United States Air Force. He became famous as a martial artist and started his own school, Chun Kuk Do. Norris was cast in several action movies, such as *Way of the Dragon*. He was The Cannon Group's star in the 1980s. He played Cordell Walker in the action television series *Walker, Texas Ranger* from 1993 to 2001.

Norris was a political conservative.

He wrote books on Christianity. In 2007 and 2008, he campaigned for former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who was running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008. In the 2012 election he endorsed former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and he supported Donald Trump in 2016. Norris also is a columnist for the conservative website *WorldNetDaily*.

.]]

Norris died at a hospital in Kauaʻi, Hawaii on March 19, 2026, at the age of 86.

## Film 
## Television 
## Commercials 
## Soundtrack appearances 
## Video games 
## References 
## Related pages
* Chuck Norris facts

## Other websites 
* Official web site 
* 
* Official Chuck Kwon Do Website 
* Chuck Norris at WorldNetDaily
Stephen

**Stephen** or **Steven** (generally pronounced ) is an English masculine first name, comes the Latin form *Stephanus* and that from the Greek *Στέφανος* (*Stephanos*), which means "crown" or "wreath." This name was ranked #341 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

Other spellings are Stephan, Stefan, Stephaen, Stevie, and Stevon. Steve is the common short form and various diminutives such as Stevie are also found. Many family names come from Stephen: the most  are Stephens/Stevens and Stephenson/Stevenson (others include Stephen, Stephan, Stefan, Stevin, and Stever).

## In various languages
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  -*Stefan*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  ("Estienne" is an obsolete spelling), Stéphane
* 
*  -*Stefanos*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  -*Stiibun, Stiibu*
*Korean: 스티븐
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Montenegrin: Стефан/Stefan, Стеван/Stevan, Шћепан/Šćepan
* Myanmar: စတီဗင်
* 
* 
* 
*  
*  -*Stepan*
*  
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  -*Stepan, Stefan* (Степан [Stepan] is a more western Ukrainian usage)
* 

## Historical figures known by the name Stephen
### Saints
* Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity (The Feast of Saint Stephen is celebrated on December 26 in the Western Church and December 27 in the Eastern Church.)
* Saint Stephen, the first king of Hungary
* St. Stephen of Surozh, see Bravlin for details.
*Stephen, one of the pair of Christian saints and martyrs Socrates and Stephen

### Royalty
* Stephen of Armenia
* Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria
* Stephen of England
* Stephen I of Hungary
* Stephen II of Hungary
* Stephen III of Hungary
* Stephen IV of Hungary
* Stephen V of Hungary
* Stephen III of Moldavia
* Stefan Uros I
* Stefan Uros II
* Stefan Uros III
* Stefan Uroš IV
* Stefan Uros V
* Stefan Vladislav I
* Stefan Vladislav II
* Stefan Nemanja
* Stefan Prvovenčani
* Stefan Radoslav
* Stefan Lazarević
* Stefano de Renniko
* Stefan I Crnojevic - ruler of Zeta
* Stjepan Držislav - King Of Croatia

### Church figures
* Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople
* Patriarch Stephen II of Constantionople
* Pope Stephen I
* Pope-elect Stephen
* Pope Stephen II
* Pope Stephen III
* Pope Stephen IV
* Pope Stephen V
* Pope Stephen VI
* Pope Stephen VII
* Pope Stephen VIII
* Pope Stephen IX
* Stephanus I, bishop of Aquileia from AD 515
* Stephanus II Patriarch of Grado from AD 670
* Stephen, bishop of Zaragoza (Spain) in 1128-1130.

### Other
* Stephanus of Byzantium
* Stephanus Med. and Stephanus, Phil, two 7th century physicians, see List of ancient doctors
* Henri Estienne (1528-1598), a printer and humanist generally now known by the Latin version of his name, Stephanus.
* Stephen, a character in the 1970s science fiction series *The Tomorrow People*
* "Steven", a long-running comic strip by cartoonist Doug Allen
* Stephen Hawking, British theoretical physicist, cosmologist and author (1942–2018)

## References
Muri District

**Muri** is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Muri.

It contains the following municipalities:
Rheinfelden District

**Rheinfelden** is a district of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is Rheinfelden. 

It contains 14 municipalities:
Zofingen District

**Zofingen** is a district in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is in the southwest corner of the canton. 

It contains the following municipalities:
Lenzburg District

**Lenzburg** is a district of the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is the town of Lenzburg. The district contains a total of 20 municipalities:
Aarau

**Aarau** is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau.  Most of the people in the municipality speak German.  To the west of Aarau is the canton of Solothurn.  It is the third-largest city in Aargau after Wettingen and Baden. 

## Geography and Geology 
The old city of Aarau lies on a rocky cliff where the Aar river valley narrows at the southern foot of the Jura mountains.  Newer parts of the city can be found farther south of the river valley. The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north, Rohr and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west. Aarau and the other municipalities have merged over the years.  The only exceptions are Unterentfelden and Eppenberg-Wöschnau to the south, which are divided from Aarau by the large forests of Gönhard and Zelgli.

## History 
### Prehistory 
A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau.  Near the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated.  The Roman road between Salodurum (Solothurn) and Vindonissa passed through the area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse.  In 1976 divers in the Aar found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times.
### Middle Ages 
Aarau was founded around 1240 A.D. by the counts of Kyburg.
** Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner
** Urs Faes, author
** Friedrich Frey-Herosé (1801-1873), member of the Swiss Federal Council
** Hans Herzog (1819-1894), general
** Paul Hubschmid, actor
** Klaus Merz, author

## Related pages
* Lenzburg (boasts a historical museum)

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.aarau.ch
Ammerswil

**Ammerswil** is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.

## References 
## Other websites
Abtwil, Aargau

**Abtwil** is a municipality in Muri, which is in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Aristau

**Aristau** is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites
S/2003 J 10

''''* is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard *et al.'' in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,731,000&nbsp;km in 700.129 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3438.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Arni, Aargau

**Arni** is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

## References 
## Other websites
*Arni website
Religious toleration

of the war memorial and a menorah for Hanukkah coexist in Oxford. ]]

**Religious toleration** is people allowing other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs. In a country with a state religion, *toleration* means that the government allows other religions to be there. Many countries in past centuries allowed other religions but only in privacy. This has become rare. Others allow public religion but practice religious discrimination in other ways. It allow to follow and practice.

## Related pages 
* Freedom of religion
* Religious persecution
* Multiculturalism
* Ecumenism
* Islamophobia
* Toleration
* Pluralism

## More reading 
*  
* 
* 
*
*
* 
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites
*
*History of Religious Tolerance
Attelwil

**Attelwil** is a former municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.

## References
## Other websites
Aigle (district)

**Aigle** is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities: 

* Aigle
* Bex
* Chessel
* Corbeyrier
* Gryon
* Lavey-Morcles
* Leysin
* Noville
* Ollon
* Ormont-Dessous
* Ormont-Dessus
* Rennaz
* Roche
* Villeneuve
* Yvorne
Licinius

**Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius** (c. 250 - 325) was Roman emperor from 308 AD to 324 AD.

Licinius went with his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297.  After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius declared Licinius emperor honorific in the West in 308. 

On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia. The Hellespont and the Bosporus were the dividing line.

In 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan). Together with Constantine he issued the "Edict of Milan" that allowed Christianity to be  in the empire. 
On April 30,  Licinius won against Maximinus at the Battle of Tzirallum. So he became master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was master in the West.

In 314, a civil war began between Licinius and Constantine. Constantine won at Cibalae in Pannonia and again 2 years later in Thrace. Then followed a period during which they worked together. But in 324 Constantine attacked him again and Licinius had to give up. Because his wife, Constantine's sister, asked for his survival he was not killed immediately. In 325 Constantine accused him of starting a conspiracy with the barbarians and had him killed.

## References 
* 
## Other websites 
* De Imperatoribus Romanis website: Licinius
Socrates Scholasticus account of Licinius' end
Aubonne (district)

**Aubonne** was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Aubonne.

It contained the following municipalities:

* Apples
* Aubonne
* Ballens
* Berolle
* Bière
* Bougy-Villars
* Féchy
* Gimel
* Longirod
* Marchissy
* Mollens
* Montherod
* Pizy
* Saubraz
* Saint-George
* Saint-Livres
* Saint-Oyens
Grandson (district)

**Grandson** was a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was the town of Grandson. As of 2006 it is part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District.

The district had the following municipalities:

* Bonvillars
* Bullet
* Champagne
* Concise
* Corcelles-près-Concise
* Fiez
* Fontaines-sur-Grandson
* Fontanezier
* Giez
* Grandevent
* Grandson
* Mauborget
* Mutrux
* Novalles
* Onnens
* Provence
* Romairon
* Sainte-Croix
* Vaugondry
* Villars-Burquin
Edict of Milan

The **Edict of Milan** was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and removed the persecution of Christians.

With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The exact words of the edict are no longer known.

## History 
The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius. 

 (Milan). The imperial palace (mainly built by Maximianus, colleague of Diocletian) was a large complex with several buildings, gardens, courtyards, for Emperor's private and public life, for his court, family and imperial bureaucracy.]]

There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors. 

"Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."

But by the Edict of Milan the meeting places and other properties which had been taken from the Christians were to be returned: 
"...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception..."

## References 

## Other websites 
* Medieval Sourcebook – Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313 
* The Roman Law Library, incl. *Constitutiones Principis* 

...
Bible History
Avenches (district)

**Avenches** was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Avenches. As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.

It contained the following municipalities:

* Avenches
* Bellerive
* Chabrey
* Constantine
* Cudrefin
* Donatyre
* Faoug
* Montmagny
* Mur
* Oleyres
* Vallamand
* Villars-le-Grand
Lavaux (district)

**Lavaux** was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Cully. As of 2006 it is part of the Lavaux-Oron District.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Chexbres
* Cully
* Epesses
* Forel
* Grandvaux
* Lutry
* Puidoux
* Riex
* Rivaz
* Saint-Saphorin
* Savigny
* Treytorrens
* Villette

## Other websites 
*  Pictures of Lavaux
*  Lavaux, pays aux trois soleils
Ernest Shackleton

**Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton** (15 February 1874&nbsp;– 5&nbsp;January 1922) was a polar explorer.

Shackleton led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration".  The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire, but Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland. Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban London when he was ten. 

His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds. Determined to do better, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition.  In January 1909, he and three companions made a southern march.  They went to the farthest South latitude anyone had reached, at 88°&nbsp;23'&nbsp;S, 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles, 180&nbsp;km) from the South Pole.  This was by far the closest to the pole in exploration history up to that time. For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by Edward VII upon his return home.

In 1915 he led the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Ice destroyed the ship on the way to Antarctica. With great difficulty they all got home safely.

## Expeditions 
Shackleton first went to the Antarctic on Captain Robert Scott's 1901-1904 expedition but he was sent home as he was ill. In 1907, he went back to the Antarctic and in January 1909 was part of a group who walked further south than anyone had ever been before, travelling to within 190 kilometres of the South Pole.

In 1912 the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen led the first group to reach the South Pole. Shackleton decided on a new target, he wanted to walk across Antarctica from one side to the other crossing the South Pole in the middle.

Disaster struck when his ship, *Endurance*, was trapped in the ice. They spent 281 days on board waiting for the ice to break again, but the boat was slowly crushed to pieces. Shackleton and his men dragged their lifeboats over many miles of snow and ice to reach sea. They set sail in the lifeboats and eventually reached Elephant Island. In April 1916, Shackleton and four others sailed hundreds of miles to South Georgia to get help at the whaling station there. This was a journey of 1300 kilometres and took 16 days. Unfortunately the boat he was in landed on the wrong side of the island and they had to climb over the mountainous middle section to reach the whaling station. A rescue party saved everyone from Elephant Island in August 1916.

In 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic, intending to carry out a programme of scientific activities. Before the expedition could begin this work, Shackleton died of a heart attack on 5 January 1922 while his ship, *Quest*, was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he was buried there.

## References
Morges (district)

**Morges** is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the city of Morges. The population (as of December 2015) is 80,095.

These are the municipalities in Morges:

## Geography 
The area of the district is 372.99 square kilometers (144.01 sq mi). Of this area, 205.69 km2 (79.42 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 126.4 km2 (48.8 sq mi) or 33.9% is forested.The remaining area, 38.25 km2 (14.77 sq mi) or 10.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.66 km2 (1.03 sq mi) or 0.7% is unproductive land.

## References
Aquila, Switzerland

**Aquila** is a former municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006 the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged into the new municipality of Blenio.

## References 
## Other websites
Anzonico

**Anzonico** is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Lausanne (district)

**Lausanne** is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Lausanne.

It contains the following municipalities:
* Belmont-sur-Lausanne
* Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
* Crissier
* Epalinges
* Jouxtens-Mézery
* Lausanne
* Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
* Paudex
* Prilly
* Pully
* Renens
* Romanel-sur-Lausanne
Aranno

**Aranno** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland. 

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Aranno profile on the Cantonal Administration site