open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)

**South Shields** is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

## Boundaries
Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear. Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.

## Election results
## References
Golgi

**Golgi** may mean:

*Camillo Golgi (18431926), Italian anatomist and neurologist
*Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic organelle, named after Camillo Golgi
*Golgi method or Golgi stain: a way of staining nerve cells
*Golgi (crater), a crater on the moon, commemorating Camillo Golgi
Angolan African dormouse

The **Angolan African dormouse** (*Graphiurus angolensis*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) Angola. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. 

## References
* Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus angolensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
*Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Graphiurus

The **African dormouse**, ***Graphiurus***,  is a genus of dormouse that lives throughout sub-Saharan Africa in different habitats.  They are good at climbing. They have bushy tails.  They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates.

## Species
* *Graphiurus angolensis* - Angolan African dormouse
* *Graphiurus christyi* - Christy's dormouse
* *Graphiurus crassicaudatus* - Jentink's dormouse
* *Graphiurus johnstoni* - Jouhnston's African dormouse
* *Graphiurus kelleni* - Kellen's dormouse
* *Graphiurus lorraineus* - Lorrain dormouse
* *Graphiurus microtis* - Small-eared dormouse
* *Graphiurus monardi* - Monard's dormouse
* *Graphiurus murinus* - Woodland dormouse
* *Graphiurus nagtglasii* - Nagtglas's African dormouse
* *Graphiurus ocularis* - Spectacled dormouse
* *Graphiurus platyops* - Rock dormouse
* *Graphiurus rupicola* - Stone dormouse
* *Graphiurus surdus* - Silent dormouse
* *Graphiurus walterverheyeni* 

## Gallery 

Image:Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-2.jpg| *Graphiurus* sp.(probably *murinus*) - three males in a knot-hole
Image:Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-3.jpg| *Graphiurus* sp.(probably *murinus*) - male, look at the "bushy tail"
Image:Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-4.jpg| *Graphiurus* sp. (probably *murinus*) - two adults eating a nectarine (compare size!)

## References
Interval (mathematics)

In mathematics, an **interval** is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end. Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval. The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval. An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15. Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval. Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval.

To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( **[** ) or a parenthesis ( **(** ), the beginning number, a comma ( **,** ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( **]** ) or a closing parenthesis ( **)** ).  Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4).

## Different kinds of intervals 
Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends.  Intervals can be **closed**, **open**, or **mixed**.

### Closed Intervals 
An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of [a,b]. A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4. To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( **[** and **]** ).  An example of an closed interval is **[136, 450]**.

### Open Intervals 
An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of (a,b). An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5. To write an open interval, use parentheses ( **(** and **)** ). An example of an open interval is **(2, 5)**.

### Mixed Intervals 
A mixed interval is open at one end and closed at the other end, and generally takes the form of [a,b) (right-open interval) or (a,b] (left-open interval). This means that the interval may include the beginning but not the end, or it may include the end but not the beginning. For example, the interval **[9, 23)** would include 9, but it would not include 23.

## Related pages
* Affine arithmetic
* Interval arithmetic

## References
Kellen's dormouse

'''Kellen's dormouse'* (*Graphiurus kelleni*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is native to Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist and dry savanna. 

## References
*Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 *in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
* Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2008.  Graphiurus kelleni .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   accessed on 18 August 2009.

## Other websites
Christy's dormouse

'''Christy's dormouse'* (*Graphiurus christyi*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. 

## References
* Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2008.  Graphiurus christyi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 18 August 2009.
*Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 *in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Nicolas Desmarest

**Nicolas Desmarest** (16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist.

Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education. 

Buffon's *Theory of the Earth* interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. A lot of people were interested in this. He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries. In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France.

Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure. In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams. He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active. 

In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times. He then discussed the changes that the rocks had gone through because of weathering and erosion. This was the first time that anyone had talked about valleys being made because streams which flowed through them eroding the rocks.

He died in Paris in 1815. In 1823 his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest published a new and better edition of his map.

## References 
*
Eugène Desmarest

**Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest** (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838).

## Works
Partial list:
*  In: Jean-Charles Chenu, ''*. Marescq et Compagnie, Paris. v.18, p.&nbsp;123– 181 (1860).
* . In: J–C. Chenu. v. 19, p.&nbsp;1– 360 + 1– 62 (1874)

## References
## Other websites
*BHL *Encyclopédie d'histoire naturelle'' Scanned book
Clergyman

A **clergyman** is an  minister of the Anglican Church, or of some other Protestant churches. 'Vicar' and 'pastor' are other possibilities. 'Rector' is used in some Scottish Presbyterian churches. 'The clergy' is often used as a group term. The word 'cleric', meaning a , is the root term. It comes from the fact that all clerics could read and write, at a time when this was a rare skill.

By general use and convention, Anglican ministers are not called priests. This is because the unqualified term 'priest' or 'father' is widely used as referring to the Catholic Church. Of course, in modern times an Anglican minister may be female, in which case the term 'reverend' or 'minister' may be used.

## Related pages 
* Clergy
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest

**Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest** (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest.

Desmarest published *Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers* (1805), *Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés* (1825), *Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères.* Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and *Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles* (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril). His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.
Namtap

The **namtap** or **spectacled dormouse** (*Graphiurus ocularis*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family, and one of the four Dormouse species which are endemic to South Africa.

The namtap has a bushy tale like a squirrel, a fairly short muzzle (the part of the Dormouse's head which includes the nose, mouth and jaws), small ears and soft fur.  Its face has white and grey marks, with dark rings (like spectacles) around its eyes. Its cheeks, underparts and the upper surfaces of its paws are white. Its tail is usually has a white tip.

It is only found in western South Africa. It can usually be found in rocky habitats, as well as in trees and outbuildings. It is nocturnal and it is good at climbing. It mainly eats seeds, other plant material and invertebrates.

## References
* 
* Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus ocularis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
* Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
I Married Marge

"**I Married Marge**" is the twelfth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on December 26, 1991. In this episode, Marge worries that she may yet again be pregnant and drives to "Dr. Hibbert's" office. While  waiting, Homer begins to tell Bart, Lisa, and Maggie the story of how he and Marge got married and how Bart was born.

## Other websites 
*
*
*
Woodland dormouse

The **woodland dormouse** (*Graphiurus murinus*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa.  It is also known as the *African dwarf dormouse*, the *African pygmy dormouse* or the *Micro squirrel*. They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.

## References
* Baxter, R. 2004.  Graphiurus murinus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
*Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp.&nbsp;819–841 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Arduino

**Arduino** is a small, popular microcontroller that makes it very easy for people to make electronic things. It has two parts: a circuit board and a program that lets people tell the circuit board what to do. As of 2021, more than 10 Million Arduino's had been sold.

## The machine
The machine part is open source, which means that anybody can make their own version of an Arduino machine for free. An official Arduino costs around US$30. The original Arduino is made by a company in Italy called "Smart Projects" but other types of Arduino boards have been designed by SparkFun Electronics, an American company.

## "Shields"
Sometimes, people will make other machines that go on top of an Arduino board and let the board do more things. These are called "Arduino shields". They can do different things, like let an Arduino machine connect to the internet, or add a touchscreen, or let an Arduino use GPS to figure out where it is. Shields can also combine and stack on top of each other.

## Telling the Arduino what to do
Arduino's are programmed in C or C++, using a program also called Arduino. An example program to blink a light (LED) could look like this:

```c
#define LED_PIN 13

void setup () {
  pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Enable pin 13 for digital output
}

void loop () {
  digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
  delay (1000); // Wait one second (1000 milliseconds)
  digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED
  delay (1000); // Wait one second
}
```

First, the code after `void setup() {` runs. This tells the Arduino that pin 13 is going to be sending data out. Most Arduino boards have an LED attached to pin 13. Then, the code after the `void loop () {` runs. When it reaches the bottom, the code after the `void loop` runs again, until the Arduino is turned off. This code makes the Arduino tell the LED to turn on, wait a second, then turn off and wait another second. Since it repeats, this code will turn the LED on and off again and again.

## References
Stone dormouse

The **stone dormouse** (*Graphiurus rupicola*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Namibia, South Africa, and sometimes in Angola. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. 

## References
*Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819–841 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
* Schlitter, D. & Coetzee, N. 2004.  Graphiurus rupicola .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Centriole

The **centriole** is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi.

Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. A pair of centrioles, arranged  and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome.

## References
Centrosome

s: 
(1) nucleolus  
(2) nucleus  
(3) ribosomes (little dots)  
(4) vesicle  
(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)  
(6) Golgi apparatus  
(7) Cytoskeleton  
(8)  smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)
  
(9) mitochondria  
(10) vacuole  
(11) cytoplasm 
(12) lysosome  
(13) centrioles within centrosome]]

In cell biology, the **centrosome** is an organelle that is the main place that lead cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages that lead up to one cell dividing in two. 

The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri. 

The centrosome has apparently evolved only in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each other. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.

## Roles 
The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome. 

Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.

Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, they are needed for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen. 

## References
Forest dormouse

The **forest dormouse** (*Dryomys nitedula*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family found throughout much of Eurasia.

## References
Vesicle

A **vesicle** is a bubble of liquid in a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances in a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. 

A vesicle is sometimes formed when the cell is doing **endocytosis**. Endocytosis is how a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around it. Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because they're very similar to the cell membrane. 

They can be found in animal cells.
Cytoskeleton

cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are shown in red, microtubules in green, and the nuclei are in blue.]]

The **cytoskeleton** is a kind of scaffolding present in all cells. It is made of protein.

It keeps cell shape, protects the cell and enables cells to move (using structures such as flagella and cilia). It helps transport inside the cytoplasm (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example), and in cell division. The concept and the term (*cytosquelette*, in French) was introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931.

Eukaryote cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments, which are *microfilaments* (actin filaments), *intermediate filaments*, and *microtubules*. They give the cell structure and shape. Cytoskeletal elements interact closely and often with the cell membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum.

## References
Flaming Moe's

'''"Flaming Moe's"** is the tenth episode of ***The Simpsons*''' third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991. In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls the "Flaming Homer". Moe  the recipe from Homer, renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern. The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness and seeks .

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Oldfield Thomas

**Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas** (usually known as *Oldfield Thomas*) FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist.

Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens.  He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.

## References
Forest dormice

The **forest dormice**, genus ***Dryomys***, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia.  They are usually found in forests or thickets.  

The length of the head and body is , and the length of the tail is .  The animals weigh .

## Natural history 
These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs.  They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.  

They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.  

Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.

## Species 
*Woolly dormouse - *Dryomys laniger*
*Niethammer's dormouse - *Dryomys niethammeri*
*Forest dormouse - *Dryomys nitedula*

## References 
*Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
*Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Johann Andreas Wagner

**Johann Andreas Wagner** (21 March 1797 &ndash; 17 December 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist.

Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich. He was also the curator of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (the German State Zoology Collection). He was the author of *Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt* (1844-46).

## Bibliography 
* 1844-1846. *Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt*. 
* Johann Andreas Wagner 1897. *Monographie der gattung Pomatias Studer*. 

## References
*Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists:Chrono-Biographical Sketches
Eliomys

***Eliomys*** is a genus of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It contains the following species:
* Asian Garden Dormouse (*Eliomys melanurus*)
* Maghreb Garden Dormouse (*Eliomys munbyanus*)
* Garden dormouse (*Eliomys quercinus*)

## References
*Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp.&nbsp;819-841 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Myomimus

***Myomimus*** is a genus of dormouse in the Gliridae family. 
It contains the following species:
* Masked mouse-tailed dormouse (*Myomimus personatus*)
* Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (*Myomimus roachi*)
* Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse (*Myomimus setzeri*)
Asian garden dormouse

The **Asian garden dormouse** (*Eliomys melanurus*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rocky areas.

## References
* Aulagnier S. 2004.  Eliomys melanurus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
*Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in *Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference*. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Masked mouse-tailed dormouse

The **masked mouse-tailed dormouse** (*Myomimus personatus*) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Iran and Turkmenistan. 

## Source 
* Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Myomimus personatus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse

'''Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse'* (*Myomimus roachi''), also known as the **ground dormouse** or **mouse-tailed dormouse**, is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. 

## Source 
* Amori G. 1996.  Myomimus roachi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
Twin paradox

The **twin paradox** in physics is a thought experiment in special relativity. It involves identical or fraternal twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more. 

The paradox depends upon the unspoken idea that the passage of time is the same in all circumstances, but this is not correct; time is relative and the speed of light through a vacuum is the only constant. And the universe is relativistic, not Newtonian. Every single test which has been made has shown this.

## Related pages 
* Special relativity

## References
Sergej Ognew

**Sergej Ivanovich Ognew** (1886–1951) was a Russian zoologist and naturalist, remembered for his work on mammalogy.  He graduated from Moscow University in 1910. In 1910 he also published his first book.  In 1928, he became a professor at the Pedagogical Institute.  He published many books for education about zoology and economy.  His most important work which was to be called *Mammals of Russia and adjacent territories* was never completed.

## Other websites
*Profile from the Moscow University Zoological Museum
Charles Spence Bate

**Charles Spence Bate**, or **Spence Bate**, FRS (March 16, 1819 – July 29, 1889) was a British zoologist and dentist, who lived in Swansea and Plymouth. He was an  on the crustacea. He often wrote to Charles Darwin, mainly about their shared interest in barnacles. He wrote "*A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea*" with J. O. Westwood.

A number of species are named after him:
**Pseudoparatanais batei* (G. O. Sars, 1882)
**Amphilochus spencebatei* (Stebbing, 1876)
**Scyllarus batei* Holthuis, 1946
**Costa batei* (Brady, 1866)
**Periclimenes batei* Holthuis, 1959
Flag of Bangladesh

The national **flag of Bangladesh** (Bengali: **বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় পতাকা**) was adopted officially on 17 January 1972.  The red disc is for the sun rising over Bengal.  It also is for the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh. It also indicates the freshness of the youths and vitality of the nation.

Civil Ensign of Bangladesh.svg| Civil ensign. Flag Ratio: 1:2
Naval Ensign of Bangladesh.svg| Naval ensign. Flag Ratio: 1:2
Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg|The first flag of an Independent Bangladesh with the country map that does not exist in the current flag.
Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse

The '''Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse'* (*Myomimus setzeri'') is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Iran. 

## Source 
* Baillie J. 1996.  Myomimus setzeri.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

## Other websites 
* EDGE of Existence page on Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse
Desert dormouse

The **desert dormouse** (*Selevinia betpakdalaensis*) is a species of rodent in the dormouse family Gliridae.
When it was first found, the species was placed in its own family, the Seleviniidae, but now it is ed to be a dormouse. It is the only species in the genus *Selevinia*.

It is endemic to Kazakhstan.

## References
*Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in *Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference*. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
* Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Selevinia betpakdalaensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
Glirinae

**Glirinae** is a subfamily of dormice (*Gliridae*).

It contains two genera, *Glirulus* and *Glis*. These genera have one species each: *Glirulus japonicus* (the Japanese dormouse) and *Glis glis* (the edible dormouse).
Japanese dormouse

The **Japanese dormouse** (*Glirulus japonicus*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is the only species in the genus ***Glirulus***. It is endemic to Japan. 
Its natural habitat is temperate forests. In Japanese it is called *Yamane* (山鼠). It has the special ability of running at great speed upside down, underneath branches. Its main food is nectar or pollen, although nursing females will eat small insects.

## References 
*Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp.&nbsp;819–841 in *Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference*. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
*
Heinrich Rudolf Schinz

* spp. from "Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen Der Reptilien"]]

**Heinrich Rudolf Schinz** (March 30, 1777 - March 8, 1861) was a Swiss physician and naturalist.

Schinz was born at Zurich and studied medicine at Würzburg and Jena. In 1798 he returning to Zurich to work as a doctor. In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical school. In 1833 he became professor of natural history at the University of Zurich.

Schinz was also curator of the Natural History Society of Zurich. He also wrote a lot of important zoological books between 1824 and 1852. These included *Das Thierreich* (1821-4), *Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien* (1833-4), and
*Europäsche Fauna* (1840). Karl Joseph Brodtmann made the pictures for these books.

## References
*Mearns and Mearns - *Biographies for Birdwatchers'' 
*Biography
Garden dormouse

The **garden dormouse** (*Eliomys quercinus*) is a rodent in the dormouse family.

## Features 
Garden Dormice are usually  in length, with the tail adding another .  It weighs .  The coat is gray or brown and it is white . The garden dormouse has black eye marks, large ears (for a rodent), short hair, and a white tassel at the end of the tail.

## Range and habitat 
The garden dormouse's *main* habitat is the forest (and not usually gardens), though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is very common in southern Europe, but its range (the area in can be found) goes up to the north of Europe. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, in the Bavaria Forest, and in the Ore Mountains.

The species can also be found in northern Germany, but the population there is low. In the Netherlands, it is nearly extinct. In 2007 only nine animals were found in two woods in Limburg. It used to be very common in this area. Scientists
think that his is because the landscape has changed. They also think that climate change might be a reason, because it  the Dormice's hibernation.

## How the dormice live 
Garden dormice are  mostly nocturnal. They sleep in spherical nests in trees during the  day.  At night they look for food like larger insects (grasshoppers and beetle), snails, eggs, baby birds, small mice, and spiders. They also eat berries, fruit, and nuts (like acorns and beechnuts).  While omnivorous, the diet of dormice contains a bit more animal protein than vegetation.

The mating period is from April to June.  To show that she is ready for mating, the female  loudly.  The babies are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days.  The babies are blind and have no fur when they are born. They open their eyes after about eighteen days. They are nursed until they are one month old.  When they are two months old, they live on their own. They become ready to mate when they are a year old. They will normally live for about five years.

Male Garden dormice may eat a rival dormouse during the mating season. Cannibalism sometimes happens when the animal is coming out of hibernation.

## Classification 
On the islands of the Mediterranean Sea there are a few subspecies of garden dormouse. They are all very hard to find. These subspecies are:
# the Sardinian garden dormouse (*E. q. sardus*)
# the Sicilian garden dormouse (*E. q. dichrurus*)
# the Liparian garden dormouse (*E. q. liparensis*).

The Garden dormice in western Asia and north Africa have been separated into their own species *Eliomys melanurus*.

## References 
*  Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1c v2.3)
*ITIS report 

:*This article includes information from the English Wikipedia which was originally translated from the German and French Wikipedias.*
Chaetocauda

The **Chinese dormouse** or **Sichuan dormouse** (*Chaetocauda sichuanensis*) is a species of dormouse that lives in subalpine mixed forests in northern Sichuan, China. 

Only two female specimens have even been caught. These were both caught in the Wanglang Natural Reserve and was first described by Wang Youzhi in 1985. Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992) relisted it under a new genus as *Chaetocauda sichuanensis*. It is  the only member of the genus ***Chaetocauda***.

The two specimens had the following measurements:
* Specimen 1:
*: head and body length: 
*: tail length: 
*: weight: 
* Specimen 2:
*: head and body length: 
*: tail length: 
*: weight: 

Cjaetocauda is nocturnal (it is awake at night) and arboreal (lives in trees). It nests in trees about  above the ground and the two specimens were found at an altitude of more than  above sea level. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN as of the 2004 Red List due to its small isolated habitat.

## References
* *Corbet, G.B. & Hill, J.E. 1991. *A world list of mammalian species*, 3rd ed. Natural History Museum Publications & Oxford University Press, London and Oxford.: v-viii, 1-243.
*Wang, Youzhi. 1985. A new genus and species of Gliridae.  *Acta Theriologica Sinica*,  **5** (1985), pp. 67-75.

## Other websites
* The Dormouse Hollow
* An illustration of The Chinese Dormouse at the Animal Diversity Web
Rufous-crested coquette

The **rufous-crested coquette** (*Lophornis delattrei*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Grand Cross

The phrase **Grand Cross** is used to describe the highest  in many types of knighthood. Sometimes the person with the highest grade are called "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses". Sometimes the actual medallion or ribbon is called "the grand cross" and not the person.

In some orders, the highest grade may be called the "grand cordon", "grand collar" or something like this. In those cases the rank of grand cross may come after another rank, but before the highest grade.

As an example:
* for the Portuguese Order of Saint James of the Sword, the Grand Cross is the 5th highest award, with the *Grand Collar* being a higher award above the Grand Cross.
Rhizobia

]]
 root nodules, each containing billions of *Bradyrhizobium* bacteria]]

**Rhizobia** are Gram-negative soil bacteria which grow inside the root nodules of legumes (the pea family: Fabaceae). 

The growth of this bacteria is beneficial to their plant host. They fix (absorb and chemically change) nitrogen from the air and convert it into the chemical ammonia (through the help of enzymes). The host plant breaks down this ammonia and uses it for growth.  

In return, the plants provide the bacteria with nutrients for growth from products of plant  photosynthesis. 

Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. As this relationship is  beneficial for both plant and bacteria involved, it is a classic example of symbiosis and mutualism which are found in all Rhizobia.

Rhizobia is very important in aiding plant growth in soils with low Nitrogen concentrations and is classed as a fertiliser for soil.

## History 
Rhizobia was discovered by Martinus Willem Beijerinck in 1888.

The word rhizobia comes from the Ancient Greek "ῥίζα" (rhiza) for root and "βίος" (bios) for life.

## References
London Bach Society

The **London Bach Society** is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.

The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the *St Matthew Passion*. They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.
  
In 1968 Steinitz got a group of players together, calling them the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who understood how to play Baroque music. Gradually he was able to add more and more historical instruments to his concerts, such as the natural/clarino trumpet, oboe da caccia, baroque flute and sackbuts. By 1985 there were enough professional players of Baroque instruments in England for the LBS choir to be able to perform the St Matthew Passion with a complete orchestra of period instruments in Wells Cathedral and later in 1987 at Westminster Abbey

After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").

## Other websites 
*http://www.bachlive.co.uk/
*http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/LBS.htm
List of colonial heads of The Gambia

This is a list of **colonial administrators in The Gambia** from when Fort James was created by the United Kingdom in 1815 until The Gambia's independence in 1965.

## Commandants of Fort James (1815–1829)
* Alexander Grant, 1815–1821

## Lieutenant Governors of The Gambia (1829–1843)
In 1821, The Gambia became a British colony.  A lieutenant governor was appointed in 1829. They reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone.
* Alexander Findlay, 1829–1830
* George Rendall, 1830–1837
* Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1837–1838, *first time*
* William Mackie, 1838–1839
* Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1839–1840, *second time*
* Sir Henry Vere Huntley, 1840–1841
* Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1841–1843, *third time*

## Governors of The Gambia (1843–1866)
Between 1843 and 1866, a governor was appointed who was independent of the Governor of Sierra Leone.
* Henry Froude Seagram, 1843
* Edmund Norcott, 1843–1844
* Charles Fitzgerald, 1844–1847
* Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, 1847–1851
* Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy, 1851–1852
* Luke Smythe O'Connor, 1852–1859
* George Abbas Kooli D'Arcy, 1859–1866

## Administrators of The Gambia (1866–1901)
In 1866 the job of governor was replaced with that of an administrator who reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone.
* Charles George Edward Patey, 1866–1869
* Alexander Bravo, 1869–1871
* Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan, 1871–1873
* Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright, 1873–1875
* Sir Samuel Rowe, 1875–1877
* Valerius Skipton Gouldsbury, 1877–1884
* Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney, 1884–1886
* Sir James Shaw Hay, 1886–1888
* Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, 1888–1891
* Sir Robert Baxter Llewelyn, 1891–1900
* Sir George Chardin Denton, 1900–11 January 1901

## Governors of The Gambia (1901–1965)
In 1901, an independent governor was again created.
* Sir George Chardin Denton, 11 January 1901–21 December 1911, *continued*
* Henry Lionel Galway, 21 December 1911–11 April 1914
* Edward John Cameron, 11 April 1914–1918
* *Herbert Henniker, 1918–1919, acting, first time*
* Sir Edward John Cameron, 1919–1920, *continued*
* *Herbert Henniker, 1920–3 January 1921, acting, second time*
* Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, 3 January 1921–10 March 1927
* Sir John Middleton, 10 March 1927–29 November 1928
* Sir Edward Brandis Denham, 29 November 1928–11 September 1930
* Sir Herbert Richmond Palmer, 11 September 1930–12 April 1934
* Sir Arthur Frederick Richards, 12 April 1934–22 October 1936
* Sir Thomas Southorn, 22 October 1936–23 March 1942
* Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood, 23 March 1942–29 March 1947
* Andrew Barkworth Wright, 29 March 1947–December 1949
* Percy Wyn-Harris, December 1949–19 June 1958
* Sir Edward Henry Windley, 19 June 1958–29 March 1962
* Sir John Warburton Paul, 29 March 1962–18 February 1965

In 1965, The Gambia achieved independence from the United Kingdom.  After independence, the viceroy in The Gambia was the Governor-General of the Gambia.

## References
* Rulers: The Gambia
* *Guinness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen*, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd
* *African States and Rulers*, John Stewart, McFarland
North Pacific giant octopus

The **North Pacific giant octopus** (*Enteroctopus dofleini*) is a big cephalopod in the coastal North Pacific. 

It usually lives at depths around lseters hey have also be Seven-arm octopus (*Haliphron atlanticus*). Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an arm span of  

They mostly eat crabs, shrimp, abalone, fish, and shellfish like scallops, clams, and mussels. In aquariums, they have been seen eating spiny dogfish (*Squalus acanthias*), a type of shark 3-4 feet long. Food is grabbed with its sucy rs and then crushed using its tough beak of chitin. North Pacific giant octopuses are eaten by harbor seals, sea otters, and sperm whales. They usually live about 3-5 years in the wild.
Centromere

(2) **Centromere**(3) Short arm(4) Long arm]]

The **centromere** is a special region of a chromosome, usually near the middle. It is where the two identical sister chromatids stay in contact as the chromosome attaches to the spindle in mitosis. The region contains specific types of DNA, which are tandem repetitive sequences (satellite DNA). These sequences bind specific proteins called "cen"-proteins.

During mitosis the centromeres can be seen during the *metaphase* stage as a constriction at the chromosome. At this centromeric constriction the two halves of the chromosome, the sister chromatids, are held together until late metaphase.

## References
Chuck Palahniuk

**Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk** (born February 21, 1962) is an American satire author. He is well known for writing the award-winning book *Fight Club*. It was later made into a movie directed by David Fincher. He lives in the state of Washington.

## Biography 
Palahniuk was born in Pasco, Washington and raised in Burbank, Washington and Eastern Washington. started writing books when he was in his mid-thirties. His first book, ''Insomnia: If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Already'', was never made into a book because he didn't think the story was very good. When he tried to write his next novel, *Invisible Monsters*, publishers did not like it because they thought it was too scary. This made him work on his best known book, *Fight Club*. He wrote it to try to scare the publisher even more for not publishing his book. Palahniuk wrote this story in his spare time. After first writing it as a short story, Palahniuk made it longer into a full book, which, surprising to him, was published.

In 1999, a changed version of *Invisible Monsters*, and his fourth novel, *Survivor*, were published. This made Palahniuk a cult figure. A few years later Palahniuk wrote his first New York Times bestseller, *Choke*. After that, Palahniuk's later books would mostly have the same success. This success allowed him to travel and promote his books, where he reads from new and upcoming books.

Palahniuk is openly gay and a lapsed Catholic.

## Bibliography 
### Fiction 
* *Fight Club* (1996)
* *Survivor* (1999)
* *Invisible Monsters* (1999)
* *Choke* (2001)
* *Lullaby* (2002)
* *Diary* (2003)
* *Haunted* (2005)
* *Rant* (2007)
* *Snuff* (2008)
* *Pygmy* (2009)
* *Tell All* (2010)

### Non-fiction 
* *Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon* (2003)
* *Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories* (2004)
* ''You Do Not Talk About Fight Club: I Am Jack's Completely Unauthorized Essay Collection* (2008) (introduction)

### Movies 
* *Fight Club* (1999)
* *Choke* (2008)
* *Invisible Monsters* (2010)
* *Haunted* (TBA) - optioned property
* *Survivor* (TBA) - script stage
* *Rant* (TBA) - optioned property
* *Diary* (TBA) - optioned property
* *Lullaby'' (TBA) - optioned property

## References
Blood diamond

**Blud diamonds**, also known as **conflict diamonds**, are diamonds mined in a war zone and sold illegally to pay for anti-government fighting. There have been 3.7 million deaths over diamonds. 

Blood diamonds come from areas controlled by armed groups which are fighting against the government. These armed groups force civilians (mostly children) to mine diamonds. People who refuse to do this work may be raped, abused, exploited, or even murdered. The armed groups then sell the diamonds and use the money to buy weapons. Then they use these weapons to fight against the government.  

Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have been called blood diamonds.  

The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) helps keep blood diamonds out of markets. Every KPCS-certified diamond has to be labeled with a specific government number. Eighty-one countries participate in the KPCS. 

## References
Radio Bart

"**Radio Bart**" is the thirteenth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 9, 1992. In this episode, Bart gets a microphone that transmits sound to nearby AM radios. To play a prank on the people of "Springfield", Bart places a radio deep inside a well and uses the microphone to trick the town into thinking a little boy is stuck in it. At first his trick worked, but soon  that he left a "property of Bart Simpson" label on the radio and goes to get it. Bart becomes trapped in the well and while the town decides to leave him there after finding out about the prank, his father Homer  tries to rescue him.

## Other websites 
*
*
*
Chromatin

**Chromatin** is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Chromatin is divided into **heterochromatin** (condensed) and **euchromatin** (extended) forms.
Heterochromatin is composed mostly of satellite DNA tandem repeats. The active components of chromatin are DNA and histone proteins, although other proteins also occur. The functions of chromatin are:
*to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell
*to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis
*to control DNA replication and gene expression. How this works is not yet clear.

## Chromatin definitions 
# **Simple and concise definition:** Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules (and RNA). The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions in the cell nucleus.
# '*The *DNA + histone = chromatin* definition:*' The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome.

## References
Canada Day

**Canada Day** is a national and an official holiday in Canada celebrating its anniversary of Confederation on 1 July 1867. It takes place annually on July 1st.

## Other page 
* Monarchy of Canada
**O Canada* - legally adopted on Canada Day in 1980.
Lisa the Greek

"**Lisa the Greek**" is the fourteenth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 23, 1992. In this episode, Homer begins to  with his daughter, Lisa, after learning her   to pick winning American football teams. When Lisa finds out Homer has only been using her for gambling, she doesn't speak to her father until he fully understands her. "Lisa the Greek" was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky, and directed by Rich Moore.

## Other websites 
*
*
*
Bart the Lover

**"Bart the Lover"** is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons' third season. In this episode, it takes an early look at the personal life of Mrs. Krabappel. Marcia Wallace, the voice actress of Mrs. Krabappel, won an Emmy for her  in this episode.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*