open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Norbert Balatsch

**Norbert Balatsch** (; 10 March 1928&nbsp;– 6 May 2020) was an Austrian conductor. He was known as a choral conductor, who began as a baritone choir singer. He was the long-term choir director of both the Vienna State Opera and the Bayreuth Festival. He won two  Grammy Awards. Balatsch was born in Vienna.

Balatsch died on 6 May 2020 in Vienna, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Balatsch, Norbert OEML
MBM (file format)

**MBM** (an abbreviation of Multibitmap) is a file format that is a collection of bitmap images (which is why the file format has that name). The images are not stored the same. Instead, the images are stored with a modified bitmap header with no compression or 8-bit, 12-bit, 16-bit or 24-bit RLE compression.

MBM files are used by most Symbian GUI applications to store graphics.

## Related pages
* Symbian OS
Paulette Sarcey

**Paulette Sarcey** (11 April 1924 – 5 May 2020) was a French resistant. She was a member of the French Resistance in World War II. She was born in Paris.

She changed her name to Martine while in hiding, but was captured by police of the Vichy Regime on 23 March 1943. She was taken to a small station of the Paris Police Prefecture. Sarcey was first taken to Drancy internment camp, then to Auschwitz on 23 June 1943. Following the death marches, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp. She was freed on 2 May 1945.

Sarcey died on 5 May 2020 at the age of 96.

## References
He Li

**He Li** (Chinese: 何鲤) was a Chinese young poet and the chairman of the China Nationwide High School Students Literature Association (全国中学生文学社联合会). He is also a partner of Davis Polk & Wardwell company.

## Early life and career
He Li was born in Beijing. His father is He Jiuying who was a professor at Peking University. He was educated at the Affiliated High School of Peking University from 1984 to 1990. He was elected as the first Chairman of the China Nationwide High School Students Literature Association in 1989. 
 
He Li received his A.B. degree from Peking University in 1995 and M.A degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1999. He completed his  J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 2003.  After graduation, he worked at Davis Polk & Wardwell. He was made partner at Davis Polk in 2011. His practice is mainly focused on capital markets.

## References
Test Card F

**Test Card F** is a test card made by the BBC to be used on television in the United Kingdom. It was first shown on television on July 2, 1967. It was shown on television when no shows were being played. The test card shows Carole Hersee playing noughts and crosses (tic-tac-toe) with a clown doll with many test signals showing. The test card was made by George Hersee, Carole Hersee's father and a BBC engineer. It was shown less in the 1980s because BBC started showing Ceefax pages more. After 1999, it was only shown by BBC Two for one minute. In the 2010s, the test card was used for HTTP errors on the BBC website. Test Card F made Carole Hersee the most shown face in British television.

In the 1990s, three  of Test Card F were made,  Test Card J (which had small changes of Test Card F), Test Card W (a widescreen version), and a different widescreen version.

## References
Bu Xiaolin

**Bu Xiaolin** () is a Chinese female politician. She has served as Chairwoman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Government  (equivalent of a provincial governor) since March 2016. Bu Xiaolin is the daughter of the former chairman of Inner Mongolia, Buhe. Her grandfather Ulanhu was the founding chairman of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and a Vice President of China.

## Biography 
Bu Xiaolin was born in August 1958 in Tumed Left Banner, Inner Mongolia. She worked at sent-down youth for a short period during the end of the Cultural Revolution. Then she enlisted herself in the People's Liberation Army. Her works was a medic in No. 291 Hospital of the Inner Mongolia Military District from 1977 to 1980.

## References
Jean Parker

**Jean Parker** (born **Lois Mae Green**, August 11, 1915 – November 30, 2005) was an American actress. 

Parker's first movie was in *Divorce in the Family* (1932). She appeared in movies for MGM, RKO and Columbia. Her best known movies were *Little Women*, *Lady for a Day*, *Gabriel Over the White House*, *Limehouse Blues*, *The Ghost Goes West*, and *Rasputin and the Empress*. 

## References
James Dunn (actor)

**James Howard Dunn** (November 2, 1901 – September 1, 1967) was an American actor and comedian. Dunn was born in Manhattan, New York. His movie role was in *Bad Girl* (1931). He appeared in three Shirley Temple movies. His best known role was as Johnny Nolan in *A Tree Grows in Brooklyn* (1945). He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for this role.

Dunn died on September 1, 1967 in Santa Monica, California of problems caused by stomach surgery, aged 65. 

## References
Chrystelle Trump Bond

**Chrystelle Lee Trump Bond** (January 1, 1938 – May 6, 2020) was an American dancer, choreographer, dance historian and writer. Bond was the founding chair of the dance department at Goucher College. She was the co-founder and director of *Chorégraphie Antique*. Bond was a dance critic for *The Baltimore Sun*. Bond was born in Manchester, Maryland.

Bond died on May 6, 2020 in Towson, Maryland at the age of 82.

## References
Urn

An **urn** is a vase, often with a cover, with a typically narrowed neck above a rounded body and a footed pedestal.  Describing a vessel as an "urn", as opposed to a vase or other terms, generally reflects its use rather than any particular shape or origin. The term is especially often used for **funerary urns**, vessels used in burials, either to hold the cremated ashes or as grave goods. The history of cremation urns dates back to ancient civilizations. Cremation as a funerary practice has been prevalent in various cultures throughout history. The use of urns for holding cremated remains can be traced to ancient Greece, where elaborate pottery urns were crafted to house the ashes of the deceased. In ancient Rome, urns made of materials such as marble or bronze became popular, showcasing intricate designs and symbols associated with the deceased. Over time, different cultures and time periods have influenced the design and materials used for cremation urns, reflecting the artistic and cultural preferences of each era. Today, cremation urns continue to serve as meaningful vessels for preserving the memory and legacy of loved ones. But it is used in many other contexts; in catering large vessels for serving tea or coffee are often called "tea-urns", even when they are metal cylinders of purely functional design.  Large sculpted vases are often called urns, whether placed outdoors, in gardens or as architectural ornaments on buildings, or kept inside.

## Other websites 
* Daily Mail article on a Roman cinerary urn
* Getty. Art & Architecture Thesaurus. Urns
People Will Talk

***People Will Talk*** is a 1951 American romantic comedy drama movie directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and is the English language version on the 1932 play by Curt Goetz. It stars Cary Grant, Jeanne Crain, Hume Cronyn, Finlay Currie, Walter Slezak and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
* 
*
I Can Get It for You Wholesale (movie)

***I Can Get It for You Wholesale*** is a 1951 American romantic drama movie directed by Michael Gordon and based on the 1937 novel of the same name by Jerome Weidman. It stars Susan Hayward, Dan Dailey, George Sanders, Sam Jaffe, Harry von Zell. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
8HevXII a

**8HevXII a** (originally marked **LXXVTS 10a**; **Rahlfs 943a**) is a Septuagint manuscript that containing the biblical books of minor prophets. This is a manuscript in scroll form dated to the 1st century. It was found in the Judean Desert in the cave number 8 of Nahal Hever. This fragment is also marked with number 943a on the list of Septuagint manuscripts according to Alfred Rahlfs classification.

This scroll contains the name of God YHWH in the following places: Jon 4:2; Mic 1:1, 3; Mic 4:4, 5, 7; Mic 5:4, 4; Hab 2:14, 16, 20; Hab 3:9; Zep 1:3, 14; Zep 2:10; Zec 1:3, 3, 4; Zec 3:5, 6, 7.

This manuscript was published in *Supplements to Vetus Testamentum*, Vol. X, in 1963. The original designation of the scroll comes from the abbreviated name of the publication in which it was published (LXX - manuscript of the Septuagint; Vetus Testamentum, Supplements; volume X).

This manuscript is kept in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (8HevXII a).

## References 
## Bibliography 
*
*
A Millionaire for Christy

***A Millionaire for Christy*** is a 1951 American comedy movie directed by George Marshall and starring Fred MacMurray, Eleanor Parker, Richard Carlson, Una Merkel, Douglass Dumbrille. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
8HevXII b

**8HevXII b** (originally marked **LXXVTS 10b**; **Rahlfs 943b**) is a manuscript of the Septuagint written on parchment in scroll form. This scroll is dated between 50 B.C.E. and 50 C.E. It is a manuscript containing a fragment of the Biblical Book of Zachariah 8,18-9,7. It was found in the Judean Desert in the cave of Nahal Heber. This fragment is also numbered 943b on the list of Septuaginta manuscripts according to Alfred Rahlfs classification.

This manuscript contains a tetragrammaton in the following places: Zec 8:20; 9:1(×2), 4.

The manuscript was published in *Supplements to Vetus Testamentum*, Vol. X, in 1963. The original designation of the scroll comes from the abbreviated name of the publication in which it was published (LXX - manuscript of the Septuaginty; Vetus Testamentum, Supplements volume X, scroll b,).

This manuscript is kept in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (8HevXII b).

## References 
## Bibliography 
*
Operations and Checkout Building

The **Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building** (**O&C**) (previously known as the **Manned Spacecraft Operations Building**) is a factory located at Kennedy Space Center.

The building was built in 1964, and made from reinforced concrete and steel.

Its purpose is to make and test out rocket parts such as the Apollo Command/Service Module, Lunar Module, Space Shuttle Spacelab modules, and truss components for the International Space Station. Once manufacturing and check-testing is complete, the spacecraft modules or space stations are checked out of the factory to the SSPF or the Vehicle Assembly Building for integration and launch.

The O&C is actually a two-part building with connected overhead walkways. The front building is where astronauts live in dormitories before launching into space. It also has a few conference rooms, several laboratories, and a restaurant. The rear building is where the spacecraft manufacturing workshop is located.

In 2014, the O&C was named in honor of the first man on the moon: Neil Armstrong.

## References
Pacific Coast League

The **Pacific Coast League** (PCL) is a Minor League Baseball league  in the Western United States. Like the International League, the PCL plays at the Triple-A (AAA) level, the most difficult level before Major League Baseball (MLB).

The league started in 1903 and was a popular baseball league in the region until 1958 when MLB teams moved there and MLB games began to be shown on television. It was named the Pacific Coast League because it started with only teams from the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, which are next to the Pacific Ocean. After MLB took control of Minor League Baseball in 2021, it was called the **Triple-A West** for one season before going back to the PCL name in 2022.

## Teams
### Map 
## References
## Other websites
*Minor League Baseball's official website
ICN Business School

.]]
**ICN Business School** is an European higher studies establishment. The school is in 4 places, in La Défense, Nancy, Berlin and Nuremberg. It has been established in 1905. 

ICN is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management.

## References
## Further reading 
* ICN website
Flor de Caña

**Flor de Caña** (which means 'Sugarcane flower' in Spanish) is a type of premium rum that is made by the company, Compañía Licorera de Nicaragua.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Flor De Cana's Website
Tetragonia tetragonoides

***Tetragonia tetragonoides***, commonly called **New Zealand spinach** and other local names, is a flowering plant in the fig-marigold family (Aizoaceae). It is often cultivated as a leafy vegetable.

## Gallery

File:Tetragonia flower MRD Otari.jpg|Flower
File:Tetragonia tetragonioides (Flower).jpg|*T. tetragonoides* showing erect growth

## References
Aragonese Party

The **Aragonese Party** (, PAR), is a regional political party from Aragon, a northern province of Spain. The party was founded in 1978 with the name **Aragonese Regionalist Party**. They later changed their name in 1990 to Aragonese Party. However, they kept the initials PAR.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Manchester, Maryland

**Manchester** is a small incorporated town in northeastern Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It is just south of the Pennsylvania state line and north of Baltimore. The population was 5,408 at the 2020 census.

## References
Morpheus (mythology)

**Morpheus** was the god of dreams.  Hypnos (the god of sleep) was his father. Pasithea (the goddess of relaxation and rest) was his mother.

## References
*
Dictatorship of the proletariat

In Marxism, the **dictatorship of the proletariat** is a type of state or government where the working class control the state. It is also known by names like socialist state, proletarian state, and other names. A dictatorship of the proletariat is the opposite of a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, where business owners and the wealthy control the state. 

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two very important communist thinkers, believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be a time between capitalism and communism. They thought that if the workers took power in their country and took over the means of production (like factories and farms) that communism could be made. They believed that eventually, classes, the state and money would not exist anymore, or need to exist anymore.

The dictatorship of the proletariat is called a dictatorship because under that type of society, the working class have all power over the state and other classes, like the bourgeoisie, don't have any. Many communists believe that in order to keep power in the country, the dictatorship of the proletariat has to be authoritarian, or use its authority to oppress the enemies of the working class.
## References
Rieux-Minervois

**Rieux-Minervois** is a commune of 1,987 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

## References
Sherman County, Oregon

**Sherman County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the county has a population of 1,870 people. The county seat is Moro.

## References
Dark-sky preserve

in Chile is a dark-sky preserve, which lets it have good quality astronomical use]]
A **dark-sky preserve** (**DSP**) is protected area without light pollution created by humans. These areas are used to help  astronomy. Different countries have different programs for making areas dark-sky preserves. The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) uses the word *reserve* instead of *park*, or *preserve* with their dark-sky preserves. This is so that people don't confuse International Dark Sky Reserves (IDSR) and International Dark Sky Parks (IDSP).

In Canada, there is a very strict way to make areas dark-sky preserves. This was based on the work by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. The program is based on the amount of light in an area and how much skyglow there is from cities and towns that are close to it. Canada's program is the only one in the world that makes areas dark-sky preserves. Outside Canada, when areas are called dark-sky preserves, they are not official, and might not be a real dark or protected preserve.

## List of dark-sky preserves, reserves, and parks
## References
Gold Beach, Oregon

**Gold Beach** (Tolowa: yan-shu’-chit, yan-shuu-chit’-dvn It is on the Oregon Coast. As of the 2020 census, 2,341 lived there.

## History
The community was first named Ellensburg in the 1850s. The name was changed to Gold Beach after a beach near the mouth of the Rogue River where hundreds of mines extracted gold. An Ellensburgh post office was created in 1853. It changed to Ellensburg in 1877. On 1890, it changed to Gold Beach.

## References
Grand Hotel (movie)

***Grand Hotel*** is a 1932 American drama movie directed by Edmund Goulding and based on the 1929 novel *Menschen im Hotel* by Vicki Baum and the 1930 play by William A. Drake. It stars Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, Wallace Berry, Lewis Stone, Jean Hersholt, Tully Marshall and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It won an Academy Award in 1932 and was remade as *Week-End at the Waldorf* in 1945.

## Other websites
*
Canyon City, Oregon

**Canyon City** is a city in Oregon in the United States. It is the county seat of Grant County.

## References
Taiwan Stock Exchange

**Taiwan Stock Exchange** (**TWSE**; ) is a financial institution which is located in Taipei 101, in Taipei, Taiwan. TWSE was established in 1961 and it started operating as a stock exchange on 9 February 1962. It is regulated by the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan.

Taiwan Stock Exchange broadcasts before-hour information from 7:40 to 8:40. Then it has normal trading sessions from 09:00 to 13:45 and a fixed price post-market sessions from 14:00 to 15:00 on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. These holidays are declared by the exchange in advance.

## References
Fita

**Fita** (Ѳ&nbsp;ѳ; italics: *Ѳ&nbsp;ѳ*) is a Cyrillic letter that comes from the Greek letter theta. In Cyrillic numerals, it is equal to the number nine.

## References
The Reincarnation of Peter Proud

***The Reincarnation of Peter Proud*** is a 1975 American psychological horror drama movie directed J. Lee Thompson and is based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Max Ehrlich. It stars Michael Sarrazin, Margot Kidder, Jennifer O'Neill, Paul Hecht. It was distributed by American International Pictures. David Fincher and Andrew Kevin Walker had announced the remake in 2009.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Johnny McCarthy

**John Joseph McCarthy** (April 25, 1934 – May 9, 2020) was an American basketball player and coach. He was born in Buffalo, New York. He played for the National Basketball Association from 1956 to 1964. He played for the Cincinnati Royals, St. Louis Hawks and the Boston Celtics. He coached the Buffalo Braves from 1971 to 1972.

McCarthy died on May 9, 2020 in Buffalo at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* BasketballReference.com: Johnny McCarthy (as player) 
* BasketballReference.com: Johnny McCarthy (as coach)
Adolfo Pajares

**Adolfo Pajares Compostizo** (26 March 1937 &ndash; 13 May 2020) was a Spanish politician and businessman. He was born in Torrelavega, Spain. He was a member of the People's Party. Pajares was President of the Parliament of Cantabria from 1990 to 1999.

Pajares died on 13 May 2020 in Santander, Spain at the age of 83.

## References
Torrelavega

**Torrelavega** (Cantabrian: *Torlavega*) is a municipality in the single province Autonomous Community of Cantabria in northern Spain.

Its highest point is 606 metres and its lowest point is 12 metres.

## References
## Other websites
*Ayuntamiento de Torrelavega
Gabriel Bacquier

**Gabriel Bacquier** (17 May 1924 – 13 May 2020) was a French operatic baritone. He was a long-term member of the Opéra-Comique and the Paris Opera. He also appeared at leading opera houses in Europe and the United States.

Bacquier made his American debut at the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 1962 as the High Priest in *Samson et Dalila* by Saint-Saëns.

Bacquier died on 13 May 2020, aged 95.

## References
Lyric Opera of Chicago

**Lyric Opera of Chicago** is one of the leading opera companies in the United States. It was founded in Chicago in 1954, under the name 'Lyric Theatre of Chicago' by Carol Fox, Nicola Rescigno and Lawrence Kelly. Maria Callas's American debut in *Norma* was held here. 

The Lyric is housed in a theater and related spaces in the Civic Opera Building. 

## Other websites
*
*Profile at Centerstage Chicago
*Chicago Landmarks: Civic Opera Building
*Ardis Krainik interview by Bruce Duffie
* May Valentine Lyric Opera Photograph Collection  at Newberry Library
*Danny Newman interview by Bruce Duffie
Schwarzschild metric

The **Schwarzschild metric** was calculated by Karl Schwarzschild as a solution to Einstein's field equations in 1916. Also known as **Schwarzschild solution**, it is an equation from general relativity in the field of astrophysics. A *metric* refers to an equation which describes spacetime; in particular, a Schwarzschild metric describes the gravitational field around a Schwarzschild black hole - a non-rotating, spherical black hole with no magnetic field, and where the cosmological constant is zero.

It is essentially an equation that describes how a particle moves through the space near a black hole.

(ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}})(dt)^{2}+{\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {2GM}{rc^{2}}})}}(dr)^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta)(d\phi)^{2}

## Derivation 
Although a more complicated way of calculating the Schwarzschild metric can be found using Christoffel Symbols, it can also be derived using the equations for escape velocity (v_{e}), time dilation (dt'), length contraction (dr'):

v_{e} = v = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{r}} (1)

v is the velocity of the particle 
G is the gravitational constant 
M is the mass of the black hole 
r is how close the particle is to the heavy object

dt'=dt \sqrt{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}} (2) 
dr'=\frac{dr}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}} (3)

dt' is the particle's true change in time 
dt is the particle's change in time  
dr' is the true distance traveled 
dr is the particle's change in distance  
v is the velocity of the particle 
c is the speed of light

Note: the true time interval and true distance traveled by the particle are different than the time and distance calculated in classical physics calculations, since it is traveling in such a heavy gravitational field!

Using the equation for flat spacetime in spherical coordinates:

(ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(dt)^{2}+(dr)^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta)(d\phi)^{2} (4)

ds is the path of the particle

\theta is the angle 
d\theta and d\phi are the change in angles

Inputting the equations for escape velocity, time dilation, and length contraction (equations 1, 2, and 3) into the equation for flat spacetime (equation 4), to get the 
Schwarzschild metric:

(ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(1-\frac{2GM}{rc^{2}})(dt)^{2}+\frac{(dr)^{2}}{(1-\frac{2GM}{rc^{2}})}+r^{2}(d\theta)^{2}+r^{2}\sin^{2}(\theta)(d\phi)^{2} (5)

From this equation we can take out the Schwarzschild radius (r_{s}), the radius of this black hole. Although this is most commonly used to describe a Schwarzschild black hole, the Schwarzschild radius can be calculated for any heavy object.

(ds)^{2}=-c^{2}(1-{\frac {r_{s}}{r}})(dt)^{2}+{\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {r_{s}}{r}})}}(dr)^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta )^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}(\theta )(d\phi )^{2} (6)

r_s is the set radius limit of the object

## References
Vehicle Assembly Building

The **Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB)** is an industrial building at the John F. Kennedy Space Center. It is a site for the assembly of pre-made rocket stages, spacecrafts and related parts onto a mobile launch platform. Multiple spacecrafts, such as the Saturn V and Ares I were assembled in the VAB, as well as the Space Launch System.

Construction began in 1963, and was completed in 1966. It is 525&nbsp;feet (160&nbsp;m) tall, 716&nbsp;feet (218.2&nbsp;m) long and 518&nbsp;feet (157.9&nbsp; m) wide, made from approximately 100,000 tons of steel, and contains 3,665,000&nbsp;m3 of internal volume.

The VAB has four large assembly areas called high bays, with one huge central aisle where the rocket parts are loaded in.

The Launch Control Center is adjacent to the side of the building, with a walkway connecting both buildings.
Civic Opera Building

The **Civic Opera Building** is a 45-story office tower at 20 North Wacker Drive in Chicago. The building opened November 4, 1929, and has an Art Deco interior. It has a 3,563-seat opera house, the Civic Opera House, which is the second-largest opera auditorium in North America. 

Today, the opera house is the permanent home of the Lyric Opera of Chicago.

## Other websites
*"The Magic Wand of the Opera" *Popular Mechanics*, February 1930, pp 202-205 technical details of the 1929 advances Civic Opera House over other opera houses of that era - i.e. curtains, back-drops, movable stages, lighting, etc
*Chicago landmarks web site with photos of the building
*Civic Opera House website
*Lyric Opera website
Westminster, Maryland

**Westminster** is a city in northern Maryland, United States. It is a suburb of Baltimore. It is the seat of Carroll County. The city's population was 20,126 at the 2020 census.

## Famous People
Here are some famous people from Westminster:
*Bill Oakley - television writer who worked on The Simpsons and Futurama

## References
Martin Spellman

and Spellman]]
**Martin Spellman IV** (October 8, 1925 – May 6, 2020) was an American child actor and businessman. He was active during the 1930s and 1940s. Spellman was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He played Skinny in the 1938 movie *Boys Town*, starring Spencer Tracy and Mickey Rooney. In 1939, he co-starred in *Streets of New York* with Jackie Cooper. The following year he had another leading role in *Son of the Navy* with Jean Parker and James Dunn.

Spellman died in Vancouver, Washington on May 6, 2020 at the age of 94.

## References
Routier, Aude

**Routier** is a commune of 248 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

## References
Phoumi Vongvichit

**Phoumi Vongvichit** (6 April 1909 – 7 January 1994) was a Laotian politician. From 1986 to 1991, he was the acting President of Laos.

## Other websites
* Lao Cultural Profiles
* Obituary by Martin Stuart-Fox
* New York Times, January 12, 1994
Kaysone Phomvihane

**Kaysone Phomvihane** () (13 December 1920&nbsp;– 21 November 1992) was a Laotian politician. He was the first leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party from 1955 until his death in 1992. He was the first Prime Minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic from 1975 to 1991 and then as the second President from 1991 to 1992.

## References
Nouhak Phoumsavanh

**Nouhak Phoumsavanh** or **Phoumsavan** (; ; April 9, 1910 – September 9, 2008) was a Laotian politician. He was a longtime Pathet Lao revolutionary and communist party official. He was the 3rd President of Laos from 1992 to 1998.

## References
J. Lee Thompson

**John Lee Thompson** (1 August 1914 – 30 August 2002) was a British movie director active in London and Hollywood and is best remembered for his Oscar nomination for the 1961 movie *The Guns of Navarone*. His other movies include *Cape Fear*, *The Yellow Balloon*, *Ice Cold in Alex*, *Tiger Bay*, *Never So Few*, *Yield to the Night*, *What a Way to Go!*, *Country Dance*, *St. Ives*, *The Reincarnation of Peter Proud*, *Happy Birthday to Me*, *10 to Midnight*, ''Murphy's Law*, *The Evil That Men Do*, *Firewalker*, and *Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects''.

## Other websites
* 
*
Choummaly Sayasone

Lieutenant General **Choummaly Sayasone** (Lao: ຈູມມະລີ ໄຊຍະສອນ; born 6 March 1936) is a Laotian politician. He was the General Secretary (leader) of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). He was the  President of Laos from 2006 to 2016. He was the third Vice President of Laos from 2001 to 2006.

## References
Vice President of Laos

**Vice President of Laos** is the political position in Laos created in 1996. The Vice President is elected by the National Assembly of Laos.

## List
The history of the office holders follows.

## References
## Related pages
*President of Laos
Phankham Viphavanh

**Phankham Viphavanh** (; born 14 April 1951) is a Laotian politician. In 2021, he became the Prime Minister of Laos. He is a member of Politburo. He is the Executive Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. He was the Vice President of Laos from 2016 until 2021.

## References
President of the National Assembly of Laos

This is a list of individuals who served as President of the National Assembly of Laos.

## Presidents of the National Assembly
## Presidents of the Supreme People's Assembly
## Presidents of the National Assembly
## References
Samane Viyaket

Lieutenant General **Samane Viyaket** (3 March 1927 – 22 July 2016) was a Laotian national politician. He was the President of the National Assembly of Laos from 1993 to 2006. 

He was born in Phichit Province, Siam. He was in charge of ideological and cultural works of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP).

He died on 22 July 2016 at the age of 89.

## References
Thongsing Thammavong

**Thongsing Thammavong** (Lao: ທອງສິງ ທຳມະວົງ; born 12 April 1944) is a Laotian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Laos from 2010 to 2016. He is a member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). He has been a member of the LPRP Politburo since 1991. He was the President of the National Assembly from 2006 to 2010.

## References
Prime Minister of Laos

The '''prime minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic''' is the head of government of Laos. It is the highest office within the Central Government.

## List
## Living former prime ministers

Bounnhang Vorachit.JPG|Bounnhang Vorachith    born 1937 (age )
Bouasone.jpg|Bouasone Bouphavanh    born 1954 (age )
Thongsing Thammavong.jpg|Thongsing Thammavong    born 1944 (age )
Dr Phankham Viphavanh.jpg|Phankham Viphavanh    born 1951 (age )

## References
The Yellow Balloon (movie)

***The Yellow Balloon*** is a 1953 British drama movie directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Kathleen Ryan, Andrew Ray, Kenneth More, Bernard Lee, Sid James, Marjorie Rhodes, William Sylvester, Veronica Hurst. It was distributed by Associated British Picture Corporation.

## Other websites
*
National Assembly (Laos)

The **National Assembly** (, ) is the unicameral parliament of Laos. The National Assembly meets in Vientiane.

Laos is a one-party state, with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as the sole legal party in the country.

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Bounnhang Vorachith

**Bounnhang Vorachith** (; born 15 August 1937) is a Laotian politician. He was General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and President of Laos from 2016 to 2021. He was Prime Minister from 2001 to 2006 and Vice President of Laos from 2006 to 2016.

## References
Souphanouvong

Prince **Souphanouvong** (13 July 1909 &ndash; 9 January 1995) was a Laotian politician. He was the first President of Laos from December 1975 to August 1991. He was nicknamed "The Red Prince". He was a founding leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. 

Souphanouvong died on 9 January 1995 at the age of 86.

## References
The Money Pit

***The Money Pit*** is a 1986 American comedy movie directed by Richard Benjamin. The movie is a remake of *Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House*, a 1948 Cary Grant comedy. *The Money Pit* stars Tom Hanks and Shelley Long as a couple who try to fix a recently purchased house. 

It was filmed in New York City and Lattingtown, New York, and was co-executive produced by Steven Spielberg.

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Lattingtown, New York

The **Incorporated Village of Lattingtown** is a village located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 1,881 at the 2020 census. 

Lattingtown is located at  (40.894334, -73.595118).

## References
Big (movie)

***Big*** is a 1988 American fantasy comedy-drama movie directed by Penny Marshall. It stars Tom Hanks as Adult Josh Baskin, a young boy who makes a wish "to be big" and then becomes an adult the next day. The movie also stars Elizabeth Perkins, David Moscow as young Josh, John Heard and Robert Loggia

*Big* had two Academy Award nominations for Best Actor (Hanks) and Best Original Screenplay.

## References
Henderson, Texas

**Henderson** is a city and the county seat of Rusk County, northeast Texas, United States. The population was 13,271 at the 2020 census. Henderson is named for James Pinckney Henderson, the first governor of Texas.

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic spread to the United States in January 2020. The first confirmed case of local transmission was recorded in January in Chicago and the first known deaths happened in February.

By the end of March, cases had happened in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all U.S. territories except American Samoa.

As of ,  cases of COVID-19 have been reported, and  people have died of COVID-19.

## Deaths
As of May 13, 2020, the U.S. had the most confirmed active cases and deaths in the world, and its death rate was 206 per million people, the tenth-highest rate globally.

## Trump response
The Trump administration made a public health emergency on January 31, and on February 2nd he began to end the entry of most foreign nationals who had recently travelled to China. People have said that the country's response to the pandemic was slow regarding testing and medical response.

## Warnings
On February 25, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak.

## National emergency
A national emergency was declared on March 13. In early March, the Food and Drug Administration began allowing public health agencies and private companies to create and carry out tests. The Trump administration waited until mid-March to start purchasing large amounts of medical equipment.

On March 16, the White House announced that they were against any gatherings of more than ten people. Since March 19, 2020, the U.S. Department of State has said all U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel. 

## State and local responses
State and local responses to the outbreak have included cancellation of large gatherings, stay-at-home orders, and the closing of schools and other educational institutions. 

Large numbers of outbreaks in the U.S. were seen in black American populations. 

Many numbers of infections and deaths have happened in nursing homes, long-term care facilities, prisons, and other detention centers, meatpacking plants, churches, and larger cities such as New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Seattle.
## Prisons
In July 2020, scientists from Johns Hopkins University told people that deaths from COVID-19 in United States prisons were much higher than the average for the whole country. There were about 3251 sick prisoners and 39 deaths out of every 100,000 prisoners. The national average was about 587 sick United States residents and 29 deaths for every 100,000 United States residents.

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La Gomera, Canary Islands. By 13 March, cases had been confirmed in all 50 provinces of the country.

A state of alarm and national lockdown was made on 14 March. On 29 March it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were to stay home for the next 14 days. By late March, the Community of Madrid had recorded the most cases and deaths in the country. 

On 25 March the death toll in Spain passed that of mainland China, and only Italy's was higher. 

On 2April, 950 people died of the virus in a 24-hour period—at the time, the most by any country in a single day. The next day Spain passed Italy in total cases and was then second only to the United States.

## References
Pany Yathotou

**Pany Yathotou** (born 18 February 1951) is a Laotian politician. She is a member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. In 2021, she became the Vice President of Laos.

She was the chairman and governor of the Bank of the Lao P.D.R. from 1988 until 1997. Yathotou later became a member of the National Assembly in 1998. She became the President of the National Assembly of Laos in 2010.

## References
President of Laos

The '''President of the Lao People's Democratic Republic** is the head of state of Laos

## List of heads of state of Laos 
### King (Rath) 
## Living former presidents

Choummaly Sayasone in Russia head pic.jpg|**Choummaly Sayasone**    born 1936 (age )
Bounnhang Vorachith 2016 (cropped).jpg|**Bounnhang Vorachith'''    born 1937 (age )

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Iran

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 19 February 2020 in Qom. The virus may have been brought to the country by a merchant from Qom who had travelled to China.

## Government response
In response to the coronavirus the government cancelled public events and Friday prayers. They closed schools, universities, shopping centres, bazaars, and holy shrines; and banned festival celebrations.

## Numbers
Some outside guesses of the numbers of COVID-19 deaths were much higher than those from government sources, with one saying over 40,000 deaths. The government was also accused of cover-ups, censorship, and not handling the pandemic well. However, the World Health Organization said that it had not seen problems with Iran's reported numbers.

## Cases and deaths
Many government ministers and senior officials have been diagnosed as SARS-CoV-2 positive. As of 3 March 2020, 23 members of the Parliament (around 8% of all MPs) tested positive. 

At least 12 sitting or former Iranian politicians and officials had died from the virus by 17 March. 
* Mohammad Mirmohammadi
* Hossein Sheikholeslam
* Fatemeh Rahbar
* Reza Mohammadi Langroudi 
* Mohammad-Reza Rahchamani
* Nasser Shabani
* Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani
* Hamid Kahram

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in India

The first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in India was reported on 30 January 2020, originating from China.

## Numbers
The infection rate of COVID-19 in India was reported to be 1.7, which was lower than in the worst affected countries.

The outbreak was called an epidemic in more than a dozen states and union territories.

## Response
On 22 March 2020, India made a 14-hour voluntary public curfew at the instance of the prime minister Narendra Modi. The government followed it up with lockdowns in 75 districts where COVID-19 cases had occurred as well as all major cities. On 24 March, the prime minister ordered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days, affecting the entire 1.3billion population of India. On 14 April, the prime minister extended the nationwide lockdown until 3 May.

## Lockdown effects
People worried about the economic effects caused by the lockdown, which has would have on informal workers, micro and small enterprises, farmers and the self-employed.

Observers stated that the lockdown slowed the growth rate of the pandemic by 6 April to a rate of doubling every 6 days, and, by 18 April, to a rate of doubling every 8 days.

The Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), in its report based on data from 73 countries, reports that the Indian Government responded more strictly than other countries in the pandemic.

## Notes
## References
COVID-19 pandemic in France

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached France on 24 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in both Europe and France was identified in Bordeaux.

## The beginning
The first five confirmed cases were all people who had recently arrived from China. A Chinese tourist who was admitted to hospital in Paris on 28 January died on 14 February, making it the first COVID-19 death in France. The annual assembly of the Christian Open Door Church between 17 and 24 February in Mulhouse which was attended by about 2,500 people was believed where the virus spread throughout France.

## Macron's response
On 12 March, French President Emmanuel Macron announced on public television that all schools and all universities would close from Monday 16 March until further notice. The next day, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe banned gatherings of more than 100 people, not including public transport. The following day, the prime minister ordered the closure of all non-essential public places, including restaurants, cafés, cinemas and nightclubs, effective at midnight.

On 16 March, Macron announced mandatory home order for 15 days starting at noon on 17 March. This was extended twice, until 11 May, after which the order would end only if citizens wore face masks.

## Emergency
On 2 May, Olivier Véran announced that the government would seek to extend the health emergency until 24 July. Many mayors were against the 11 May lifting of the lockdown, which had been announced by the President a few weeks earlier in a televised address to the nation, and said it was too soon. Veran's bill was discussed in Senate on 4 May.

## Cases
, France has reported over 140,734 confirmed cases, 27,074 deaths, and 58,673 recoveries, ranking sixth in number of confirmed cases, passing China where the outbreak began.

## References
Vicki (movie)

***Vicki*** is a 1953 American crime drama movie directed by Harry Horner and is based on *I Wake Up Screaming* by Steve Fisher is a remake of the 1941 movie. It stars Jeanne Crain, Jean Peters, Elliott Reid, Richard Boone, Aaron Spelling, Carl Betz. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

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COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic spread to Germany on 27 January 2020, when the first case was confirmed near Munich, Bavaria.

## Background
The majority of cases in January and early February came from the same automobile-parts business place as the first case. On 25 and 26 February, multiple cases related to the Italian outbreak were found in Baden-Württemberg. A large number linked to a carnival event was formed in Heinsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, with the first death reported on 9March 2020. New larger groups were found in other regions via Heinsberg as well as by people arriving from China, Iran and Italy, from where non-Germans could arrive by plane until 17–18 March.

## Stages
The outbreaks were first managed in a *containment stage*, which tried to lower the increase of larger infected areas. The German government and several health officials stated the country was ready and did not create special measures to increase medical supplies or limit public freedom. Since 13 March, the pandemic has been managed in the *protection stage*. Two days later, borders to five neighboring countries were closed.

## Actions
By 22 March, all regional governments had announced curfews or restrictions in public spaces. Throughout Germany, travelling was only allowed in groups of two people unless they are from the same household.

Some German states added more restrictions allowing people to leave their homes only for specified activities including commuting to work, exercising or purchasing food.

## Numbers
 173,699 cases had been reported with 7,791 deaths and about 147,200 recoveries. The low fatality rate in Germany, compared to Italy and Spain, resulted in a debate and explanations that say the country's higher number of tests performed, higher number of available intensive care beds with respiratory support, absence of COVID-19 analyses in autopsies and higher proportion of positive cases among younger people.

## Notes
## References
Ryan Russell

**Ryan Russell** is an British actor, best known for being a presenter on CBeebies from 2017 to 2019 and for playing the role of Michael Bailey in the long-running ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* since 2019. He studied Performance at the University of Salford and has appeared onstage in ''It's a Wonderful Life* and *Cassio'' and in commercials for Superdrug and WeBuyAnyCar.com. Russell was also one of the kids on World of Colours.

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COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

The **COVID-19 pandemic in Canada** is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2 (). 

## The beginning
The disease was confirmed to have reached Canada on January 27, 2020, after a man who had returned to Toronto from Wuhan, Hubei, China, tested positive. , there have been over 134,000 confirmed cases, 118,000 recoveries and 9,000 deaths in the country.

## Cases
Most of those cases are in Canada's most populous provinces, Ontario (19,598 cases, 1,540 deaths) and Quebec (36,150 cases, 2,725 deaths). 

Confirmed cases have been reported in all of Canada's provinces and territories. An additional 13 cases involve citizens from the *Grand Princess* cruise ship. 

Among the Canadians who contracted the virus was Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, wife of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who tested positive for the virus on March 12 after which the family went into self-isolation. By March 28, she had recovered. 

## Spread
Until March 2020, all cases were linked to recent travel to a country with a large number of cases. The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5,  and Toronto's chief health officer announced on March 16 that there is "some evidence of community transmission" (that the disease was spreading within the country).

## Closures
In mid March, as cases of community transmission were confirmed, all of Canada's provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories made school and daycare shutdown, ended on gatherings, closed non-essential businesses, restrictions on entry, and mandatory self-isolation for travellers. 

Canada severely restricted its border access.

## Related pages 
*COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Russia

The COVID-19 pandemic spread to Russia on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists in Tyumen, Siberia and Chita, Russian Far East tested positive for the virus, with both cases being contained.

## Measures
Early prevention measures happened within the first cases. They included restricting the border with China and large testing. The infection spread from Italy on 2 March, leading to more measures such as cancelling events, closing schools, theatres and museums, shutting the border, and declaring a non-working period which lasted up to 11 May, having been extended twice.

## Cases
By the end of March, lockdowns were added in the large majority of federal subjects, including Moscow. By 17 April, cases were confirmed in all federal areas. On 27 April, the number of confirmed cases passed those in China and on 30 April, it passed 100,000.

As of 14 May, Russia has 252,245 confirmed cases, 53,530 recoveries, 2,305 deaths, and over 6.1 million tests performed, ranking second in number of confirmed cases. The city of Moscow is currently the most affected, having the majority of confirmed cases.

## References
Tokyo Story

is a 1953 Japanese drama movie directed by Yasujirō Ozu and starring Chishū Ryū, Chieko Higashiyama, Setsuko Hara, Haruko Sugimura, So Yamamura, Kuniko Miyake. It was distributed by Shochiku.

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