open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iron Man

* character.]]
**Iron Man** is a fictional superhero who wears a suit of armor. His alter ego is **Anthony Edward** ** Stark**. He was created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Larry Lieber for Marvel Comics in Tales of Suspense #39 in the year 1963 and appears in their comic books.

## Powers
In the movies and the earlier comic books, Tony Stark is a human. Outside the suit, he does not have any superpowers, however he is very intelligent. He made the suit himself. Iron Man can fly and shoot beams from his hands using special technology called "repulsors" in his boots and gloves. He is not hurt by most weapons like guns and cannons because of his armor. There are many versions of the Iron Man suit, because Stark keeps making improvements.

In the later comic books, Stark took an experimental virus called "Extremis" which allowed him to control his suit with his mind and summon it wherever he was.  Stark would eventually develop an armor that he could store in his body. This armor was known as the "Bleeding Edge Model 37".

## Origin story
Stark inherited a large American company called "Stark Industries" when his father died. He was badly injured by a bomb in an attack planned by people who did not like him running his company. Shrapnel from the explosion was moving towards his heart. This would have killed him, but a scientist called Yinsen who was with him made a magnet for his chest which would keep the shrapnel away. In the movies, he makes an "arc reactor" which is put into his chest to stop the shrapnel. 

Yinsen and Stark secretly build a heavy suit of armor which they plan to use to escape. However, during the escape, Yinsen dies so that the kidnappers will be distracted from Stark escaping. Stark escapes safely and goes back to America. He makes a better suit and uses it to fight evil.
## Personality
Tony Stark is charismatic and eccentric, he is also very proud, but also very altruist and heroic. He did not have a good childhood, and this affects how he acts. 

Stark is very smart, and a very talented inventor. His technology is always very advanced, and Iron Man is his greatest piece of work. In both the comics and the movies, he uses the arc reactor (or "repulsor technology") as a form of sustainable energy to help the world.

Stark has very few close friends. Two of them are Pepper Potts, his personal assistant who becomes his girlfriend, and James Rhodes, an American soldier who operates the War Machine armor.

## In other media 
The character has appeared in different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games. He is also one of the main protagonists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Iron Man is played by Robert Downey, Jr. in the movies *Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Iron Man 3*, *Avengers: Age of Ultron*, *Captain America: Civil War*, *Spider-Man: Homecoming*, *Avengers: Infinity War*, and *Avengers: Endgame''.

## References
## Other websites
*
Andris Piebalgs

**Andris Piebalgs** (born 17 September 1957, in Valmiera) is a Latvian politician. Since 22 November 2004, he has been the European Commissioner for Energy.

He was born in Valmiera and was educated at the University of Latvia in Riga. He worked as a teacher in Valmiera in the 1980s. After Latvia became independent from the USSR he was education minister (in charge of schools) from 1990 to 1993, and finance minister (in charge of money) from 1994 to 1995. He was Latvia's ambassador to Estonia from 1995 to 1997, and to the European Union from 1998 to 2003, when he helped Latvia join the EU. He also helped to start a political party called the Latvian Way.

He speaks Latvian, English, German, French, and Russian, and some Estonian.

Before he was made a European Commissioner Piebalgs worked for Sandra Kalniete, a member of the last Commission.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Plasma (physics)

**Plasma** is the 4th state of matter. 
, showing some of the more complex things a plasma can do. The colors come from the gas in the lamp. Each type of gas makes a different color]]
s often contain plasma. This one shows neon. The color of the tube gives a hint to the gas inside]]

Plasma is created by adding energy to a gas so that some of its electrons leave their atoms. This is ionization. It results in negatively charged electrons, and positively charged ions. Unlike the other states of matter, the charged particles in a plasma react strongly to electric and magnetic fields (i.e. electromagnetic fields). If a plasma loses heat, the ions will re-form into a gas, emitting the energy which had caused them to ionize.

Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be plasma. When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the pieces are called electrons and ions. Because they have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act differently from a gas. For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas. Plasma is a better conductor of electricity than copper.

Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, as in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low pressure, as in outer space.

On Earth, lightning makes plasma. Artificial (man-made) uses of plasma include fluorescent light bulbs, neon signs, and plasma displays used for television or computer screens. Plasma lamps and globes which are popular children's toys and room decorations. 

Scientists are experimenting with plasma to make a new kind of nuclear power, called fusion, which would be much better and safer than ordinary nuclear power, and would produce much less radioactive waste.

## Related pages 
*Gas
*Liquid
*Solid
*Bose-Einstein condensate
*Matter
*Plasma window
*Solar wind

## Other helpful websites 
* Plasma Science and Technology
* Plasma on the Internet comprehensive list of plasma related links.
* Introduction to Plasma Physics: M.I.T. Introduction by I.H.Hutchinson
* Plasma Coalition page
* How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape  | More (Video) 
* Phases of Matter
Puebla (state)

**Puebla** is a state in east Mexico. The capital of Puebla is also called Puebla. The volcanos Malinche, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are in the state of Puebla.

Puebla is known for its culture and its nature.
Dan Aykroyd

**Daniel Edward Aykroyd** (born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian actor in theater and motion pictures. He also is a script writer, director and producer.

## Short biography 
Aykroyd was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. His parents were Peter and Lorraine Aykroyd. He studied criminology and social science at Carleton University. He dropped out to join a Toronto acting company. Later he went to the United States to pursue his acting career in movies.

Dan Aykroyd is a dedicated Blues fan. For some time he hosted a radio program. He used the alias Elwood Blues. This alias he would later use in the motion pictures The Blues Brothers and Blues Brothers 2000. The first of these movies was co-starred by John Belushi, the second one by John Goodman.

Aykroyd is married to Donna Dixon. They are parents of 3 daughters. Dan's brother Peter Aykroyd is a researcher.

Aykroyd is a Spiritualist.

## Partial filmography 
### As producer 
* Soul Man (1997) TV series (supervising producer)
* Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)

### As director 
* Nothing But Trouble (1991)

### As writer 
* Saturday Night Live (TV series)
* The Blues Brothers (1980)
* Ghostbusters (1984)
* Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army

**KNIL** is the abbreviation for a Dutch army. This army was in what is now called Indonesia. The official name is ***K**oninklijk **N**ederlandsch-**I**ndisch **L**eger* (*Royal Dutch East Indies Army*)

Indonesia was a Dutch colony from 1800 to 1949. It was then called *Nederlandsch Indië* (Dutch East Indies). The KNIL was sent there to maintain order.

When Indonesia declared itself independent in 1945, the Dutch fought a war to keep the colony. This war was won by the Indonesians. The Dutch government accepted Indonesia's independence in 1949. The KNIL ceased to exist.
John Belushi

**John Belushi** (January 24, 1949 - March 5, 1982) was an American actor in movies and television shows.

Belushi was born in Chicago, Illinois. His mother was the daughter of Albanian immigrants; his father was an immigrant from Albania. His brother is James Belushi, who is also an actor.

He appeared mainly in TV shows, and was one of the  of *Saturday Night Live*. His *Blues Brothers* act with Dan Aykroyd was famous, long before *The Blues Brothers* movie (1980).

John Belushi died in 1982 from a drug overdose injected by a woman named Cathy Smith. She was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

## Credits
* ''National Lampoon's Lemmings* (1973) (Stage)
* *The National Lampoon Radio Hour* (1973–1974) (Radio) (also Creative Director)
* *The National Lampoon Show* (1975) (Stage)
* *The Beach Boys: It's OK* (1976) (TV)
* *Saturday Night Live* (1975–1979) (TV)
* *Tarzoon: Shame of the Jungle* (1975) (voice)
* *Goin' South* (1978)
* *National Lampoon's Animal House* (1978)
* *The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash* (1978) (TV)
* *Old Boyfriends* (1979)
* *1941* (1979)
* *The Blues Brothers* (1980)
* *Continental Divide* (1981)
* *Neighbors* (1981)

## *SNL'' characters and impersonations
;Recurring characters
* Samurai Futaba
* Captain Ned, one of Miles Cowperthwaite's cronies
* Jacob Papageorge alias 'Joliet' Jake Blues, from the Blues Brothers
* Jeff Widette, from the Widettes
* Kevin (from *The Mall* sketches)
* Kuldorth (from *The Coneheads*)
* Larry Farber (one half of the Farber couple [the wife, Bobbi, was played by Gilda Radner])
* Lowell Brock, from the H&L Brock commercials
* Matt Cooper, from the Land Shark sketches
* Pete, from the Olympia Cafe
* Steve Beshekas (who was in real life a good friend of Belushi's since community college)
* Frank Leary, one of St. Mickey's Knights of Columbus

;Celebrity impersonations

* Al Hirt
* Babe Ruth
* Bert Lance
* Cesar Romero
* Dino De Laurentiis
* Ed Ames
* Edward Asner
* Elizabeth Taylor
* Elvis Presley
* Franklin D. Roosevelt
* Fred Silverman
* George Wallace
* Grigori Rasputin
* Henry Kissinger
* Hermann Göring
* Jack Kerouac
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Jerry Mathers (as The Beaver from Leave It To Beaver)
* Jimmy Hoffa
* Joe Cocker
* John Lennon
* Julia Child
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Ludwig van Beethoven
* Marlon Brando
* Menachim Begin
* Richard Daley
* Robert Blake
* Roy Orbison
* Sam Peckinpah
* Sanjay Gandhi
* Steve Rubell
* Sun Myung Moon
* Tip O'Neill
* Truman Capote
* Vasiliy Alekseyev
* William Shatner
* Woody Hayes
* Yasser Arafat

## References
## Other websites 
*
Arnhem

**Arnhem** is a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the eastern province Gelderland. Arnhem has 159,265 citizens (as of 1 January 2019), the agglomeration 722,181 (Arnhem-Nijmegen conurbation). It is in the top-15 of largest cities in the Netherlands.

## History
The history of Arnhem goes back to the Middle Ages. Arnhem got city-rights in 1233 from the Count of Zutphen. The exact text is still kept in the *Duivelshuis* (Devil's house) which is now part of Arnhem's City Hall.

In 1850 Arnhem had 9,000 citizens. The city became popular with rich people from the western part of the Netherlands.

During the World War II Arnhem was severely damaged. The Battle of Arnhem in 1944 is the sad story of UK and Polish paratroopers who fought to get control of the Rhine-bridge. According to the plan of Field Marshal Montgomery, Arnhem was the last in a series of bridges which would be taken by paratroopers. At the same time a ground-army would advance from the Belgium-Dutch border across all these bridges. This operation was called Operation Market Garden. Market for the Airborne-element and Garden to represent the Ground-forces. Arnhem would be the responsibility of the British paratroopers, and would be the last bridge to be crossed by the ground forces. General John Frost succeeded in taking the Arnhem bridge from the Germans. Due to several reasons Frost had to retreat, and the bridge was again in German control. The movie A Bridge Too Far is about this battle. After the Battle of Arnhem the Germans forced Arnhem's citizens to evacuate the city. This was because they were afraid another battle would have to be fought. When Arnhem's citizens came back, they found their city destroyed.

After the war Arnhem was rebuilt, including the Eusebiuskerk (Eusebius Church). The bridge crossing the Rhine is now called John Frost Bridge after the famous UK general, since 1978.

## Museums and other attractions
* Burgers Zoo (address: Schelmseweg 85) - One of the major Dutch zoo's, with a replica of a tropical rainforest.
* Nederlands Openluchtmuseum (address: Schelmseweg 89) - *Dutch Open Air Museum* in which are many old buildings, farms and factories.
* Eusebiuskerk (address: Kerkplein 1) - The rebuilt Eusebius Church, which tower can be visited.
* Bronbeek (address: Velperweg 147) - A home for Dutch ex-soldiers (originally KNIL-soldiers only), and also a museum about the history of the Dutch in Indonesia.
* Arnhems Oorlogsmuseum 40-45 (address: Kempenbergerweg 780) - *Arnhem Warmuseum 1940-1945*

## References
## Other websites 
* Arnhem's official website
* Webcam in the center of Arnhem
Puppet state

A **puppet state** is a country that is officially independent but is not so in practice. Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country and are strongly controlled. Puppet states are generally not internationally recognized by most countries, except by the countries which control them and by a few other countries.

It is a biased term and is used in criticizing the government of the alleged puppet state.

## Related pages
* Client state 
* Suzerainty
* Protectorate
* Satellite state
* Neocolonialism
* Banana republic
Banana republic

(William Sydney Porter, 1862–1910).]]
 shown in blue, where  United Fruit Company was based. The countries shown in red are some examples of "banana republics" (Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama) where the United Fruit Company held considerable influence.]]
A *banana republic* is a politically unstable country whose economy depends on the export of one product in limited supply, such as agricultural products like bananas or minerals. A banana republic has social classes that are divided by wealth. These include a large, poor working class and a small ruling class (elite) made up of the businessmen, politicians, and the military. The ruling class controls and exploits the country's economy. 

**Characteristics of a Banana Republic**

The way the phrase banana republic is used has evolved since it was introduced more than a century ago. It is no longer limited to countries in Central America or the tropics. Key characteristics of a banana republic in the modern world include:
* Widespread government corruption
* Tyrannical government
* Unstable government
* Civil unrest 
* Coup attempts/insurgency
* Economic dependency on exporting a limited natural resource (which may or may not be bananas)
* Infrastructure owned/supported by out-of-country interests
* Overall economic dependency on foreign investment or business entities
* Widespread poverty
* Significant stratification of social classes
* Enormous gap between the haves and have nots
* Lack of a middle class

**Examples of Banana Republics**

In the modern world, whether or not a country could accurately be described as a banana republic government is a matter of opinion. A number of countries have been described as banana republics at some point.

● The United States

* Bangladesh
* Botswana
* Costa Rica
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* Panama
* Zambia

A country that at some point might exhibit all of the characteristics of a banana republic could change, which would mean that the term would no longer apply. The fact that someone refers to a country as a banana republic does not mean that the country really is one. The phrase is a derogatory description rather than an actual type of government.

## Related pages
* Puppet state

## References
Banana Republic

**Banana Republic** is a clothing and accessories retailer. The retailer is owned by Gap Inc.. The restaurant was created by both Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The first store they opened was a two-store safari and travel themed clothing company. Banana Republic was acquired by The Gap, Inc. in 1983 and was rebranded as a mainstream luxury clothing retailer.

Since the end of Q1 2011, there are 642 stores in operation in 32 countries, shipped to 20 countries through company owned websites, and they had the ability to ship to more than 50 countries through a 3rd party.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Kingdom of Holland

The **Kingdom of Holland** was a country that existed from 1806 to 1810. It was in Central and North Netherlands and East Frisia in Germany. It was a puppet state created by France. The king of Holland was Louis Bonaparte.

## Related pages
*Holland

## Notes
## References
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

**Victor Emmanuel III** (11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was king of Italy from 29 July 1900 to 9 May 1946. He was the son and successor of King Umberto I. He was a member of the House of Savoy.

## Early life
Victor was born in Naples. His mother was Queen Margherita of Savoy. He became king in 1900, at age 31, after his father was killed by Gaetano Bresci.

## History
After World War I, Benito Mussolini started the March on Rome and Victor Emmanuel III supported him. Mussolini became the Prime Minister and dictator. Because people said Victor Emmanuel III had worked together with Mussolini too much, Italy became a republic in 1946.

## Titles and styles
* **11 November 1869 - 29 July 1900**: *His Royal Highness* The Prince of Naples
* **29 July 1900 - 9 May 1946**: *His Majesty* The King of Italy
** **9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941**: *His Imperial Majesty* The Emperor of Ethiopia
His Majesty* The King of the Albanians
* **9 May 1946 - 28 December 1947** *His Majesty'' King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

## References
## Other websites
*Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
*King Vittorio Emanuele III
The Spiders from Mars

**The Spiders from Mars** were a glam rock band from 1970 to 1973. It was a project created by David Bowie. Bowie himself was the lead singer, playing his alter ego character Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at the Hammersmith Odeon on July 3, 1973. This show was released as a movie in 1983, called Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture. A 30th anniversary edition of this movie was released in 2003.

Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars recorded two albums:

* The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars (1972)
* Aladdin Sane (1973)

## Band members
* Trevor Bolder - Bass guitar
* David Bowie - Guitar, Keyboards, Saxophone, Vocals
* Mick Ronson - Guitar, Piano, Vocals
* Mick "Woody" Woodmansey - Drums

## Related pages
*Ziggy Stardust

## Other websites 
*The Ziggy Stardust Companion
Alter ego

An **alter ego** (*other I* in Latin) means **another self** – a second personality within a person. It is also referred to as a **double life**.

## Naming
The word *alter ego* was first used in the 19th century. It was invented by psychologists when discussing dissociative identity disorder. *The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde* has an example of alter ego. Mr. Hyde is Dr. Jekyll's evil alter ego, the same person with different personalities.

## In literature
The term has seen common use in popular fiction, such as comic books, for the secret identity of a superhero, vigilante or crimefighter. The character would do this without others knowing that he or she is fighting crimes. Examples of characters with alter egos include:

* Superman: His alter ego is Clark Kent
* Bruce Wayne: His alter ego is Batman
* Peter Parker: His alter ego is Spider-Man

## In music
In songs, an artist may use an alter ego. For instance:

* Slim Shady is the alter ego of rapper Eminem
* Ziggy Stardust was an alter ego of David Bowie
* Marilyn Manson is the stage name of Brian Warner

## Related pages
* Psychoanalysis
* Id, ego, and super-ego
Osaka

is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture which faces Osaka Bay and the Seto Inland Sea. 

Osaka is in the Kansai region.  It is the economic and cultural center of the Kansai region. 

Since 1980 it had been the second largest city in Japan. 

It is a city designated by government ordinance in Japan and is separated to 24 wards.

Osaka is surrounded by Hyōgo Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture. 

## History of Ōsaka
Sometimes Osaka is called by its historical name  .　Because it is by the sea, it is good for transportation. That is why an ancient emperor made Osaka the capital city. In the early part of the 8th century Naniwa was one of capitals of Japan. In the middle of the 16th century Toyotomi Hideyoshi founded Osaka castle and governed Japan in Osaka.  The basis of development of Osaka was prepared in those times. Osaka castle was destroyed once by Tokugawa Ieyasu but Ieyasu choose Osaka as one of the political centers in the Western Japan.  He made Osaka a direct dominion of the shogun.  During the Edo period Osaka was a center of commerce, finance, pharmacy and other products.  It was a center for literature and theater.  Kabuki in Osaka is as famous as Kabuki in Edo and Kyoto.   It is also known for bunraku (a traditional puppet theater) and manzai (a kind of stand-up comedy).

]]

Traditional Osaka food dishes include *okonomiyaki* (pan-fried batter cake) and *takoyaki* (octopus dumplings).  

In this region, many people speak a dialect called Osaka-Ben (e.g. "ookini"="thank you").

After the Meiji restoration Osaka was modernized and industrialized.  It was a center of Japanese industry.  After the World War II its economical importance was relatively less because Tokyo grew as an international city and many companies moved their headquarters to Tokyo.  But Osaka is still a large, important city.

## Sightseeing spots
*Universal Studios Japan – This is the most famous theme park in Osaka. There are shows, popular characters and musicals.  
*Kaiyuukan – This is the most famous aquarium in Osaka.  They have animals including whale sharks and penguins.
*Yoshimoto shinkigenki – It is a traditional comedy in Namba Grand Kagetsu.

;Seasonal spots
*In spring, good places to see cherry blossoms are the Mint and Banpakukinen Park.
*In summer, there are displays of fireworks at the Tenzin festival, Yodo river festival and PL art of fireworks.
*In winter, there are Christmas decorations at Nakanoshima and Midosuzi.

## Sports
### Football clubs in Osaka
* Cerezo Osaka
* Gamba Osaka

### Baseball teams in Osaka
*Hanshin Tigers (It is on Hyōgo Prefecture but popular in Osaka too.)
*Orix Buffaloes

### Mind sports in Osaka
* Kansai Ki-in (Non-profit organization to promote Go in Osaka)

## References
## Related pages
*Settsu Province
*Naniwa-kyō

## Other websites
* 
*
Yokohama

is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  

Yokohama is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture in the Kantō region. Yokohama is a neighbor city of Tokyo. It has been the second largest city of Japan since the 1980s. 

Yokohama has an international trade seaport.  It is the largest port in Japan.  Many cars and machinery are exported from the port.  The downtown area is around the port. Today, the area of Yokohama city includes its former suburb areas like Hodogaya or Totsuka.

In Minato Mirai, there are a lot of places for sightseeing. For example, there are amusement parks and shopping malls.

Yokohama was an entrance for foreign cultures for a long time. Still today Yokohama has the largest Chinatown in Japan.

The airports nearest to Yokohama are Tokyo International Airport and Narita International Airport. 

Many educational institutes are located in Yokohama, including Yokohama National University and Yokohama City University.

## History
The Yokohama port was created in the middle of the 19th century for foreigners. It was five ports opened to foreign countries who demanded that Japan open its ports. And Yokohama was the nearest port to Tokyo, which was then called *Edo*.

 woodblock print by Hiroshige, circa 1832]]

In the Edo period, *Hodogaya-juku* was one of the fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations (*shuku-eki*) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.  Two other Tōkaidō rest stops are within the  of modern Yokohama—in Kanagawa ward and Totsuka ward.

## Wards of Yokohama 
* Aoba-ku, Yokohama
* Asahi-ku, Yokohama
* Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama
* Isogo-ku, Yokohama
* Izumi-ku, Yokohama
 woodblock print by Hiroshige, circa 1832]]
* Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama
* Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
* Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama
* Kounan-ku, Yokohama
* Midori-ku, Yokohama
* Minami-ku, Yokohama
* Naka-ku, Yokohama
* Nishi-ku, Yokohama
* Sakae-ku, Yokohama
* Seya-ku, Yokohama
 woodblock print by Hiroshige, circa 1832]]
* Totsuka-ku, Yokohama
* Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama
* Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama

## Related pages
* List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*
* Yokohama F. Marinos

## References
## Other websites
* City of Yokohama website 
* Kanagawa Prefecture Tourism website
*
Axis

**Axis** means several things:

* In mathematics, an axis (mathematics) is a straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated, or the axis of a graph. 
* In anatomy, an axis (anatomy) is a vertebra.
* In history, the Axis countries were a group of countries that worked together in World War II.
* The Axis of Evil
Icelandic language

**Icelandic** is the language spoken by the people of Iceland.

It is a Germanic language. It comes from the Old Norse language, the language spoken by the Vikings. Because Iceland is far away from other countries, the language has not changed much. Icelandic people can still read words from hundreds of years ago.

Icelandic uses four characters that are not used in English: þ (thorn), (like 'th' in thin), ð (edh), (like 'th' in this), æ (pronounced like I) and ö (pronounced like the French U). It can also be said that ð is a "softer" version of þ.

Some linguists say there are only two Nordic languages, Eastern-Nordic and Western-Nordic, which includes Icelandic and Faroese because of their similarity.

Icelandic is also one of the most difficult languages to learn.

## References
Axis powers

**Axis countries** and **Axis Powers** was a military coalition of countries that fought together against the Allies during World War II. Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister of the Fascist Italy, announced that an October 1936 agreement had created an Italo-German "axis" around which future European events would revolve. Nazi Germany made a separate agreement with the Empire of Japan at the same time.
The three major powers were joined by several minor countries. The war ended in 1945 with the Axis powers losing and their alliances broken.

## Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers 
The most important Axis countries organized the **Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers** which they formalized with the Pact of Steel and Tripartite Pact. They included:
* , under Adolf Hitler
* , under Hirohito
*  Fascist Italy, under Benito Mussolini
, Fascist Italy until 1943, and Empire of Japan.]]

File:Greater German Reich (1942).svg|German Reich
File:Italian empire 1940.png|Fascist Italy (before 1943)
File:Japanese Empire - 1942.svg|Empire of Japan

All three countries had authoritarian governments, which were (and still are) often referred to as fascist.

## Other Axis countries 
### Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
In addition to the main three countries, the less important Axis countries were: 
* , under Miklós Horthy
* , under Tsar Boris III (until Boris III's death in 1943 and declaring war on Germany in 1944)
* , under Ion Antonescu (until Ion Antonescu got overthrown and declaring war on Germany in 1944)
* , Under Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (until Paul got overthrown and the axis invaded)

File:Hungary map.png|Hungary
File:Romania1941.png|Romania
File:Map of Bulgaria during WWII.png|Bulgaria 
File:Yugoslavia (1939–41) location map.svg|Yugoslavia

Other countries that helped the Axis without being a part of them were:

### Co-belligerent states 
* 
* 
*  (1941)

### Client states 
* 
*  (Empire of Vietnam)
*  (Second Republic)
*  Independent State of Croatia
*  (1943–1945)
* 
*  Manchukuo (Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia)
* 
*  Government of National Salvation
* 
*  Kingdom of Kampuchea
* 
*  Kingdom of Luang Prabang

### Colonies and dependencies 
#### Italy 
*  Montenegro
* 
* 
* 

#### Japan 
*  Taiwan
*  Korea
*  South Seas Mandate
*  Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies

## Controversial cases 
*  Denmark, signed treaty of mutual non-aggression; accepted German troops.
*  Spain, was neutral, but gave non-military assistance.
*  Vichy France, agreed not to resist after Northern France was conquered. Did not resist Japanese occupation of French Indochina.
*  Soviet Union, helped Germany invade Poland.

File:Manchukuo map.png|Manchukuo
File:Slovakia1941 02.png|Slovakia
File:France map Lambert-93 with regions and departments-occupation.svg|Vichy France
File:Ndh 1941.png|Croatia
File:Italian social republic map.png|Italian Social Republic

Several new or rebel governments that were created by the Axis during the war are:
*  Burma (Ba Maw regime)
*  India (Provisional Government of Free India)

## Other websites 
* WW2DB: Tripartite Pact
* WW2DB: Axis Countries
Passu

**Passu** is a small village by the Khunjerab River in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It lies at an altitude of 2500m.  The Batura and Passu glaciers and the Karakoram Highway are close to the village. The people speak the Wakhi language and follow the Ismaili sect of Islam. 
]]

## Other websites 
*Passu village
*around Passu Hunza pakistan
*Passu mentioned on ExplorePak.com
Equator

The **equator** is a line which is not real drawn around a sphere or planet, such as the Earth. It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude. The name "equator" is Latin for "even-maker"; at equator the day and night are exactly the same length around the year.

The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the surface into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

## Climate 
Unlike the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, countries around the equator do not experience the four seasons, and the climate is usually very humid.

## Related pages
* Northern hemisphere
* Southern hemisphere
* Solstice and equinox
* Tropic of Cancer
* Tropic of Capricorn
* Arctic Circle
* Antarctic Circle
* Celestial equator
Advisor

An **advisor** (or **adviser**) is someone who gives advice. (Someone who ''''.) The job of an advisor is to give good advice that helps the person that he or she is advising. Usually, only certain , like businessmen or politicians, have advisors. This is because these kinds of people are usually very , and they do not have the time to make decisions alone.

In the United States, the President's advisors are called his "Cabinet." Some well-known cabinet members, current and former, from the Bush Administration are:

*Donald Rumsfeld
*Condoleezza Rice
*Colin Powell
Mario Jeckle

**Mario Jeckle** (25 August 1974 – 11 June 2004) was a German computer scientist.

From 1997 to 2003, Jeckle attended the University of Applied Science in Augsburg.  In 1998, he received his computer science degree for his thesis (paper) "Prozeßkettenmodellierung am Beispiel der Gießwerkzeugentwicklung und prototypische Implementierung auf Basis des EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase" (An example of process chain modelling in casting tool development and prototype implementation on basis of the EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase). At Augsburg, he taught Java, Java Threads, XML and software engineering.

In 2003, Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen. He taught about XML, databases, software engineering, and "eBusiness" (electronic business). 

Jeckle was also a W3C and OMG representative of DaimlerChrysler Research and developed technical standards for XML, UML 2.0, and others. At the beginning of 2004, he was a member of the Technical Architecture Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Jeckle was also an writer of books and a well-known speaker at conferences and seminars (information groups).

Jeckle was a member of the International Red Cross. On 11 June 2004, he died while giving aid to others who had a car accident on a German highway. While helping, another driver lost control and hit Jeckle and another man. 

## Memberships 
* Associate Editor of International Journal of Web Services Research
* Associate Editor of International Journal on Web Services
* Chairman of the mailinglist of GOOAL.net
* Editor of W3C-Dokuments Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP): Processing and Protocol Requirements 1.0
* Executive Committee Member of the IEEE Technical Community for Services Computing
* DaimlerChrysler Research member of the Advisory Committee des World Wide Web Consortiums (W3C)
* Headleader of the Masters of System Architekture in Furtwangen.
* Member of the Device Independence Working Group (W3C)
* Member of the Technical Architecture Group (W3C)
* Member of the Web Service Architecture Working Group (W3C)
* Member of the Editorial Boards des International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing
* Member of the Advisory Board des International Journal on Cases on Electronic Commerce
* Member of the Editorial Board des International Journal for Infonomics
* Member of the Editorial Board des International Journal of IT Standards & Standardization Research
* Member of the Fachbeirat the lecture "Java Spektrum"
* Member of the German Architect Board of ASQF
* Member of the IBM Developer Works Research Panel
* Member of the Java Community Process
* Member of the Technical Advisory Board der Gentleware AG

## Other websites 
* private Homepage of Mario Jeckle  (in German)
* Informatikpreis 1998  (in German)
* Tim Berners-Lee to the death of Mario Jeckle (W3C) 
* In Memoriam: Mario Jeckle (W3C)
Eighty Years' War

The '''Eighty Years' War**, also called **Dutch Revolt''', was a war between the Netherlands and Spain. The former Burgundian Netherlands wanted to be Protestant and separate from Spain and the Austrian Empire. The war lasted from 1568 to 1648 but was interrupted by a truce between 1609 and 1621. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war. The Netherlands achieved independence in the Eighty Years' War.
Rocket

to the Moon.]]

A **rocket** may be a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which is pushed by a rocket engine. Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. Saturn V). Other rockets, for example missiles, are unmanned.  ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.)

Most rockets can be launched from the ground because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle on Earth. Some are used to bring satellites into orbit, for example from a spaceport. Some rockets such as ion thrusters are too weak and heavy to lift themselves. They work after other rockets bring them to outer space.

The Chinese invented the rocket using gunpowder. The first rockets were shaped like arrows and weren't very fast. Most rockets still work by fire. The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out a nozzle, pushing the rocket forward.

Most rockets still use solid fuel to make the fire. The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful. However,  the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive. Some satellite launch vehicles use both.

Manned rockets, similar to other manned flying machines, are designed to limit their acceleration and vibration to protect the crew. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans.

Some rockets go faster than the speed of sound (). Those that go into Low Earth orbit go .

Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 12 April 1961, became the first human to fly into outer space. He was in the R-7 rocket launched from Kazakhstan.

On 16 July, 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first humans on the moon, after launching in a Saturn V rocket.

## Pioneers 
*Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
*Robert H. Goddard
*Wernher von Braun
*Hellmuth Walter

## References
Jacques Chirac

**Jacques René Chirac** (29 November 1932 &ndash; 26 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of the French Republic and '''' Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007. He was re-elected in 2002. Before that, he was Prime Minister of France twice, and Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.

## Assassination attempt
On 14 July 2002, during Bastille Day celebrations, a man tried to shoot Chirac. The gunman, Maxime Brunerie, had psychiatric testing.

## After Presidency
On 15 December 2011, Chirac was found guilty for corruption. He was allowed to serve his 2-year sentence without prison time.

As a former president, Chirac had a lifetime pension. He was a member for life of France's Constitutional Council.

## Personal life
In 1956, he married Bernadette Chodron de Courcel.  They had two daughters: Laurence (1958&ndash;2016) and Claude (born 1962). Claude is a public relations assistant and personal . Laurence, who had anorexia nervosa in her youth, did not participate in the political activities of her father.

### Health
In 2005, Chirac suffered a stroke. He had been suffering from memory loss and was in ill health. On 10 December 2015, Chirac was hospitalized in Paris for undisclosed reasons, and although his state of health did not "give any cause for concern", he would remain under the intensive care unit.

### Death
Chirac died at his home in Paris on 26 September 2019 at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Moresnet

**Moresnet** or **Neutral Moresnet** () was a very small territory that existed from 1816 to 1919. It had a size of 3.5&nbsp;km². It existed because its neighbours could not agree on who should own it, so they decided to make it a neutral territory where both neighbours would both have power. It was 7&nbsp;km Southwest of Aix-la-Chapelle (Germany), and south of the points were the borders of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands come together on the Vaalserberg. The Inhabitants was Germans, Flemish, Walloons and Dutchs.

## Rise
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 many borders and countries changed. One of the borders was the one between the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Prussia. For the most part Prussia and the Netherlands agreed on the border, because it was mostly the same as the old border. Around Moresnet there was a problem. Between the villages of Moresnet and Neu-Moresnet was the zinc mine of Vieille Montagne (in French) / Altenberg (in German). Both countries wanted to have this mine. In 1816 it was decided that the village of Moresnet itself would become part of the Netherlands, Neu-Moresnet would become part of Prussia and the mine and the village of Kelmis around it would become neutral territory where both countries shared the power.

Neutral Moresnet was shaped more or less like a triangle. The southern border was the road between Aix-la-Chapelle and Liège. The mine was just to the north of this road. The most northerly point of the country was the Vaalserberg. When Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830, the land on the Dutch side became Belgian. So from 1830 Belgium and Prussia were in power in Moresnet. At first Moresnet was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour. Later Moresnet got its own rulers: a mayor and a council of ten members were installed. The mayor was the Head of State, he was appointed by the council.

Most people in Moresnet worked in the zinc mine. Many people from the neighbouring countries also worked in the zinc mine. Because Moresnet was neutral, there were very low taxes and there were no import-tariffs (like in Andorra now). The people from Moresnet were allowed to choose in which army they wanted to serve, but they were not allowed to have their own army.

## Fall
The mine was exhausted by 1885, so people from Moresnet had to find a new way to find money. Some wanted to start a casino, or issue their own stamps. Dr. Wilhelm Molly, wanted to change Moresnet into a country where everyone would speak Esperanto. He wanted to name the country Amikejo ("place of friendship"). None of these plans succeeded. Belgium and Prussia (which became a part of Germany in 1871) both wanted to take over the territory. In 1914, in the First World War, Germany invaded Belgium and occupied Moresnet. In 1915 they officially annexed it, so Neutral Moresnet did not exist any more.

In 1919, after the war, in the Treaty of Versailles it was decided that Moresnet would become part of Belgium. From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, Moresnet was occupied by Germany again, but since 1944 it has been part of Belgium again.

## References
Northern Hemisphere

and the north end of South America (left); Eurasia and North Africa (right)]]

The **Northern Hemisphere** is the part of the planet that is north of the equator. It has about 90 percent of the world's population and most of the world's land. All of North America and Europe are in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of Asia, two-thirds of Africa and 10 percent of South America are also in this hemisphere. The three largest countries by population; India, China, and the United States, are in the Northern Hemisphere.

## Related pages 
* Southern hemisphere
* Eastern hemisphere
* Western hemisphere
* Seasons
* Solstice and equinox
* Equator
* Tropic of Cancer
* Tropic of Capricorn
* Arctic Circle
* Antarctic Circle
Yesterday

**Yesterday** might mean:

*The day before today
*"Yesterday" (Beatles song), a popular song by The Beatles from their album *Help!*
*"Yesterday", a movie named after the song about a man who becomes the only person in the world to remember The Beatles after ending up in a freak accident.
Messiah

The **Messiah** or **Anointed One** is the figure who God promised to the Jews in order to save the world, according to Judeo-Christian beliefs. 

Sometimes real or fictional people are called *messianic* if they have the qualities of a messiah, or if people think they will bring about a better world.

## Biblical views
Jews believe god inspired biblical prophets to tell people that he was coming. The idea of the messiah became very important in Jewish teaching and thought during Roman rule in the 1st century BC. According to the scriptures, the messiah would rescue people from the Romans and restore the country.

There are many views about how the messiah will come: as a judge, warrior, beggar, academic, philosopher, healer, or a common person.

### Jesus as the Messiah 
Christianity, which began in Israel with Jewish followers of Jesus (), says that the Messiah foretold by the Jewish Scriptures is Jesus. Christians believe that, fulfilling a prophecy, Jesus died for the sins of the world, rose from the dead and remains seated at God's right hand until his return. 

Most Jews do not hold these beliefs; those who do are sometimes called Messianic Jews.  According to some Messianic Jews and other Christians, most Jews' denial that Jesus was the Messiah is, itself, the fulfillment of prophecy. (see Epistle to the Romans chapter 10)

Muslims believe that Jesus was the son of Mary, a mighty prophet of God, the Messiah. (However, in Islam, the Messiah has a different role than he does in Christianity or Judaism.) Muslims believe that Jesus will someday return in his Second Coming to fight besides the Mahdi against the *Dajjal* ("false messiah").

## References
César Chávez

**Cesar Chavez** (born **César Estrada Chávez** (March 31, 1927April 23, 1993) was a Mexican-American farmworker, labor leader and civil rights activist. Chávez started the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) along with Dolores Huerta. He wanted equal rights for Native Hispanic/Latin-Americans working in the United States.  This union became the United Farm Workers. 

## Early life
Chávez was born near Yuma, Arizona and went to over 37 schools.  He graduated from the eighth grade.

## Sexual abuse accusations
On March 17, 2026, accusations of sexual abuse against Chavez led United Farm Workers to cancel their tribute to Chavez just weeks before the annual event. UFW said that Chavez was accused of sexually abusing minors. The following day, *The New York Times* published an investigation into Chavez, reporting that he had sexually abused two young girls many times between 1972 and 1977. In addition, the *Times* reported that Dolores Huerta had been raped by Chavez many times, in incidents which led to pregnancies and to Huerta having the children raised by others.

## References
## Other websites
* "The Story of Cesar Chavez" , United Farmworker's official biography of Chavez.
* César E. Chávez Chronology , County of Los Angeles Public Library.
* Five Part Series on Cesar Chavez , *Los Angeles Times*, Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000.
* "The study of history demands nuanced thinking", Miriam Pawel  from the *Austin American-Statesman*, 2009/7/17. A caution that histories of Chavez and the UFW should not be hagiography, nor be suppressed, but taught ""
* The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle , *PBS* Documentary.
* Farmworker Movement Documentation Project 
* *New York Times* obituary, April 24, 1993
* Walter P. Reuther Library – *President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994*
Ziggy Stardust

**Ziggy Stardust** is a fictional character. Ziggy was created and used by David Bowie, from 1970 to 1973.

Bowie used Ziggy Stardust as a second personality (alter ego). Ziggy appeared to be neither male nor female.

Ziggy's band was The Spiders From Mars. They recorded a couple of albums:
**The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars* (1972)
**Aladdin Sane* (1973)

Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973. This show was in 1983 released in a movie: *Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture*. A 30th anniversary edition was released in 2003.
Quechua

**Quechua**, sometimes written **Quichua** or **Ketchua**, is a language or group of languages spoken by 8 million people in the South American nations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, and Colombia. It was the language of the ancient Inca Empire. It is sometimes referred to as the Quechuan language family.

It is the most-spoken Native American language in South America and is also the most widely-spoken indigenous language. A quarter of the people in Peru speak Quechua. People who speak Quechua as their first language are called Quechua Indians by Spanish-speakers. However, the Quechua refer to themselves as *Runa* ("the people") and call their language *Runa Simi*.

## Sounds 
Quechua has only three vowel sounds: *a*, *i*, and *u*.

## Place names 
Quechua has given names to many places in Peru, including the Ancash Region. ''* is the Quechua word for *blue'', and the name is thought to refer to the region's blue skies.

## Other websites 
* A website that teaches Quechua