open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Judge (2014 movie)

***The Judge*** is a 2014 American legal drama movie directed by David Dobkin, and starring Robert Downey Jr., Robert Duvall, Vera Farmiga, Vincent D'Onofrio, Jeremy Strong, Dax Shepard, Leighton Meester, and Billy Bob Thornton.

## Plot
It is about a Chicago lawyer, Hank Palmer, coming home to Indiana after his mother dies. Soon afterwards, his father, Joseph Palmer, a judge, is accused of killing someone in a hit and run accident with the son quickly defending his father even though they have relationship issues.

## Cast
* Robert Downey Jr. as Henry "Hank" Palmer, a Chicago lawyer
* Robert Duvall as Judge Joseph Palmer, Hank's father
* Vera Farmiga as Samantha Powell, Hank's ex-girlfriend and owner of the local diner
* Vincent D'Onofrio as Glen Palmer, Hank's older brother and the proprietor of the local tire shop
* Jeremy Strong as Dale Palmer, Hank's mentally challenged younger brother
* Dax Shepard as Attorney C.P. Kennedy
* Leighton Meester as Carla Powell, Samantha's daughter 
* Billy Bob Thornton as Dwight Dickham, the Prosecutor 
* Ken Howard as Judge Warren 
* Emma Tremblay as Lauren Palmer, Hank's daughter 
* Balthazar Getty as Deputy Hanson
* David Krumholtz as Mike Kattan 
* Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Blackwell
* Denis O'Hare as Doc Morris 
* Sarah Lancaster as Lisa Palmer, Hank's wife 
* Daryl Edwards as Judge Carter

## Reception
The movie received mixed reviews. It got a 47% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics liked Duvall's performance as Palmer. Duvall was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his role.

## References
## Other websites
*
Trey Gowdy

**Trey Gowdy** (born August 22, 1964) is an American politician. In 2011, he became the U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 4th congressional district. He chaired the House Benghazi Committee. Gowdy is a member of the Republican Party.

Gowdy was born on August 22, 1964 in Greenville, South Carolina. In 1982 he graduated from Spartanburg High School, Spartanburg, South Carolina. In 1986 he graduated from Baylor University with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He was an assistant U.S. attorney from 1994 to 2000. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2010. On May 4, 2015 he was named to head the special House panel to investigate the 2012 Benghazi attack. He is married to Terri Gowdy. They have two children.

On January 31, 2018, Gowdy announced he would not seek re-election in 2018 and that he intends to pursue a legal career instead of politics.

## References
## Other websites
* Trey Gowdy, U.S. Representative, Home Page
Six Flags America

**Six Flags America** is a theme park in Upper Marlboro, Maryland.

Six Flags announces it will invest $1 billion in its amusement parks

## References
## Other websites
*Six Flags America official website
*
Pink elephant

in England]]
**Seeing pink elephants** is a figure of speech, that is used to describe a hallucination which is caused by alcohol, or delirium tremens. Jack London was among the first to use the term, in 1913. In the autobiographical novel John Barleycorn, he describes one kind of alcoholic,  as "the man whom we all know, stupid, unimaginative, whose brain is bitten numbly by numb maggots; who walks generously with wide-spread, tentative legs, falls frequently in the gutter, and who sees, in the extremity of his ecstasy, blue mice and *pink elephants*. He is the type that gives rise to the jokes in the funny papers."  A reference to pink elephants occurs in the 1941 Disney animated film *Dumbo*. Dumbo takes a drink of water from a bucket spiked with champagne and  begins to hallucinate singing and dancing elephants in a segment known as "Pink Elephants on Parade".

Pink elephants do exist in nature, as it is possible for albino elephants to be pink, as well as white.

## References
Karim Findi

**Karim Findi** (1946 Dahuk - Kurdistan Region - Iraq) author and Kurdishwriter. 

In 1974 graduated at University of Mosul– English Department. 

He has a lot of books in many subject such as politics, geography, language, literature, history in different language English, Kurdish, Arabic.

It was one of the founders of the Kurdistan Journalists Syndicate.

Was a chief Editor of Karwan Magazine, a secretary of Karwan Academic magazine and a chief Editor of Dijla magazine the first Latin Lettered Magazine,issued by Ministry of culture, Kurdistan Region. 

## References
Henry Fairfield Osborn

**Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sr.** FRS (August 8, 1857 – November 6, 1935) was an American  paleontologist, and geologist. He was the president of the American Museum of Natural History for 25 years.

Osborn was one of the great dinosaur fossil hunters of the late 19th century, and a eugenist. 

Osborn got a Sc.D. in paleontology from Princeton, and was Professor of Comparative Anatomy there from 1883–1890. In 1891, Osborn was hired by Columbia University as a professor of zoology. At the same time, he got a position at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. He served there as the curator of the newly formed Department of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Osborn led the American Museum expedition to Mongolia in 1922–25. 

Osborn named and wrote the first descriptions of *Tyrannosaurus rex* and *Velociraptor*, and many other dinosaurs. The historian Edward J. Larson described Osborn as "a first-rate science administrator and a third-rate scientist." This seems rather an extreme view: some of the problems he faced are still problems today. For example, he studied *Struthiomimus*, which is a lightweight running dinosaur. Its lifestyle is still not very clear today.

Under his leadership, staff of the American Museum of Natural History worked on displays. The museum became one of the top exhibitions in the early twentieth century. As a result, the murals, habitat dioramas, and dinosaur mounts attracted millions of visitors, and inspired other museums to imitate. His decision to invest heavily in exhibitions angered curators who hoped to spend more time on their own research. 

## References
Alan Cheuse

**Alan Stuart Cheuse** (January 23, 1940 – July 31, 2015) was an American writer and critic. He worked for the New Yorker and appeared on several segments on radio. Cheuse was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.

Cheuse was involved in a car accident on July 14, 2015 on California State Route 17 while driving from Nevada City to Santa Cruz, California. He was reported to be in a coma on July 20, 2015 with injuries including fractured ribs, cervical vertebrae, and an acute subdural hematoma. He died on July 31, 2015 from his injuries at the age of 75 in San Jose, California.

## References
## Other websites
*Alan Cheuse's official website
*George Mason profile 
**Littoral*  interview with Alan Cheuse about his novel *To Catch the Lightning,* (2008) 
*Public radio interview with Alan Cheuse about historical fiction and his novel *To Catch the Lightning,* (2008)
*Tennessee Writers Project biography 
*Alan Cheuse bio at NPR
*Santa Fe Writers Project
*Alan Cheuse on 'Song of Slaves in the Desert'
Canada's Wonderland

'''Canada's Wonderland''' is a theme park in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1981. It is the largest theme park in Canada.

## References
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom

**Six Flags Discovery Kingdom** is a 135-acre (55&nbsp;ha) animal theme park located in Vallejo, California. The park includes a variety of roller coasters and other amusement rides. It has a collection of animal exhibits and shows. Discovery Kingdom has been part of the Six Flags chain of amusement parks since 1999.

## References
Keller

**Keller** is a German family name. It means "cellar" or "basement". It is also a version of the Old Gaelic ''O'Ceileachair'', which means 'companionable' or 'uxurious'.

People with the name Keller include Helen Keller and Marthe Keller.
Suspect

A **suspect** is a person believed to have done something wrong, committed a crime or caused something bad to happen. In criminal law a person who is under suspicion or under investigation by law enforcement is considered a suspect. A **prime suspect** is believed by police to be the suspect who most probably committed a crime. A formal suspect may be arrested when the facts and circumstances would lead a reasonable person to believe a suspect may have committed a crime or is about to. The attorney may advise his or her client (the suspect) how to answer questions.

## Questioning a suspect 
### Common law countries 
In the past in common law countries, a suspect could not be questioned against their will. In the United Kingdom, under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, police can require suspects to be questioned. Suspects are now required to listen to all questions, but may legally refuse to answer a question. There are three phases to the investigation. The first phase is a suspect is questioned by police. In the second phase the suspect is questioned by a magistrate (called a ''juge d'instruction* in France). Police may be suspicious of someone, but do not have enough evidence to justify calling them a suspect. Another use of the term is by writers meaning simply an interesting person.
   

### Perpetrator 
Police and reporters sometimes misuse the term suspect to mean the perpetrator. A suspect is someone *suspected* of committing a crime. A perpetrator (slang *perp'') is a person who actually committed a crime. 

In the US and England, police have broad powers to arrest and detain suspects. In Canada police supposedly do not have that power. This process encourages the public to think of suspects as guilty, trusting the police would not arrest innocent people. This is sometimes called "rounding up the usual suspects". This is a  since in the US police are required to give a Miranda warning if arresting a suspect. If after arresting and then questioning a suspect, police may decide they have the perpetrator. Then they will hand the case over to the district attorney.

## References 
## Other websites 
* How the World Treats Terrorist Suspects, National Geographic
* Is torture ever justified?
Stephan Beckenbauer

**Stephan Beckenbauer** (1 December 1968 – 1 August 2015) was a German footballer, born in Munich. He was a son of Franz Beckenbauer. He played with FC Bayern Munich. He also played for 1. FC Saarbrücken. Beckenbauer was latterly a scout and coach with Bayern Munich.

Beckenbauer died in Munich on 1 August 2015, after a long illness, aged 46.

## References
2012 Benghazi attack

The **2012 Benghazi attack** took place on the evening of September 11, 2012. Islamic militants attacked the United States consulate in Benghazi, Libya. Killed in the attack were US Ambassador Christopher Stevens and Sean Smith a US diplomat. Stevens was the first U.S. Ambassador killed in the line of duty since 1979. Two other US diplomats were killed in the attack. At first the attack was thought to be an angry mob. But later it was learned it was a planned terrorist attack.

Late in the evening of September 11, 2012, about 150 gunmen with beards blocked off the streets leading to the US Consulate buildings. The roadblocks were set up using pickup trucks with the logo of Ansar al-Sharia. Five were armed security officers. He arrived on April 5. In August Gaddafi was driven out of the capital, Tripoli. On October 20, 2011 Gaddafi was killed. Chris Stevens was named as Ambassador to Libya in May 2012. Later, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said she was not aware of what was happening at the time. But the ambassador was dead before the team was ready to leave Italy. They heard the attack starting and got ready to go  the ambassador. He is the suspected ringleader of the group who carried out the attack.

On May 8, 2014, the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi was formed to investigate the attack. The chairman of the committee is Representative Trey Gowdy from South Carolina.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Libyan accused in Benghazi attacks seeks dismissal of case 
* U.S. compound attack in Benghazi, CBS News
* Benghazi Timeline
Billy Pierce

in 2005.]]
**Walter William Pierce** (April 2, 1927 – July 31, 2015) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) starting pitcher. He played 18 years for the Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox, and San Francisco Giants, from 1945 through 1964. 

He was selected to the Chicago White Sox All-Century Team in 2000. Pierce was an All-Star for seven seasons.

Pierce was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Highland Park, Michigan. Pierce died in Chicago, Illinois from gallbladder cancer, aged 88.

## Other websites
*BaseballLibrary  – profile, career highlights and SABR bibliography 
*White Sox Interactive interview (c. 2002) 
**Baseball Digest*: Former pitcher Billy Pierce: He ranked among the best of his era – June 2002 interview
*Vintage Cards 
*Gallery of April 2008 photos at book signing
Koch Industries

**Koch Industries, Inc.**  is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It involves manufacturing, trading, and investments. It was founded as **Wood River Oil and Refining Company** in 1940, and later as **Rock Island Oil & Refining Company**. 

Charles Koch is the chairman and David H. Koch was the vice chairman until his death in 2019.

## Other websites
* Koch Industries
David H. Koch

**David Hamilton Koch** (; May 3, 1940 &ndash; August 23, 2019) was an American businessman, philanthropist, political activist, and chemical engineer. He joined the family business Koch Industries. He became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979. He became a co-owner  of Koch Industries, with older brother Charles, in 1983.  He was an executive vice president.

On June 5, 2018, the company announced his retirement from the company due to declining health issues.

Koch died at his Southampton, New York home from prostate cancer on August 23, 2019 at the age of 79.

## References
Dachau concentration camp

at Dachau]]

**Dachau concentration camp** (, ) was the first concentration camp the Nazis opened during World War II. It was built in 1933 by Heinrich Himmler and was open longer than any other Nazi concentration camp.

The camp was located on the grounds of an old munitions factory. It was southeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about  northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.

The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps. These were mostly work camps (*Arbeitskommandos),* and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.

Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazis imprisoned over 200,000 people at Dachau and killed at least 40,000. Tens of thousands of Jews were executed there or died of starvation, disease, or overwork. 

The camps were liberated (freed) by the United States Army in the spring of 1945.

## Deaths
It is not clear how many people died at Dachau, because complete records do not exist. The Nazis removed or burned their important records three weeks before the United States Army reached the camp. Estimates of the number of people who died here vary widely. 

A few days before the Americans arrived, Germans began evacuating prisoners. But the Germans were badly organized and did not remove all of the prisoners. 

In its official report in 1945, the United States Seventh Army said that 229,000 people were imprisoned at Dachau between 1933 and 1945.

## References
My Kind of Town

*"My Kind of Town"** or **"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)"*' is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. It was originally part of the musical score for *Robin and the 7 Hoods*, a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack. It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to "Chim Chim Cher-ee" from *Mary Poppins*. Frank Sinatra recorded several versions which have appeared on many of his albums.

## References
Sammy Cahn

**Samuel Cohen** (June 18, 1913 – January 15, 1993), known professionally as **Sammy Cahn**, was an American lyricist, songwriter and musician. He is best known for his romantic lyrics to movies and Broadway songs. His most famous song is "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!". He was born in New York City.

Cahn won the Academy Award for Best Original Song four times, for the following songs:
* 1954 – "Three Coins in the Fountain" (music by Jule Styne) introduced by Frank Sinatra in the movie *Three Coins in the Fountain*.
* 1957 – "All the Way" (music by Jimmy Van Heusen) introduced by Frank Sinatra in the movie *The Joker Is Wild*.
* 1959 – "High Hopes" (music by Van Heusen) introduced by Frank Sinatra and Eddie Hodges in the movie *A Hole in the Head*.
* 1963 – "Call Me Irresponsible" (music by Van Heusen) introduced by Jackie Gleason in the movie ''Papa's Delicate Condition''.

Cahn died in Los Angeles, California from heart failure, aged 79.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Sammy Cahn Centennial Tribute
* The Sammy Film Music Awards
* Sammy Cahn papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Piet Fransen

**Piet Fransen** (5 July 1936 – 2 August 2015) was a Dutch footballer who played as a midfielder.

He made his debut for the Netherlands in an October 1964 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Albania and has earned a total of 6 caps, scoring 1 goal. He represented his country in 3 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

Fransen died on 2 August 2015 in Groningen, aged 79.

## References
Curt Simmons

**Curtis Thomas "Curt" Simmons**  (May 19, 1929 – December 13, 2022) is a former left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1947 to 1950 and 1952 to 1967. He was born in Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania.

He played for the Philadelphia Phillies from 1947 through 1960. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1960 through 1966. Then he played for the Chicago Cubs from 1966 through 1967. And then he played for the California Angels in 1967 until his retirement later that year.

## Other websites
*
John H. Gibbons (scientist)

**John Howard "Jack" Gibbons** (January 15, 1929 – July 17, 2015) was an American scientist, nuclear physicist, and internationally recognized expert in technologies for energy efficiency and energy resource conservation. He served as the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy under President Bill Clinton from 1993-1998.

## References
## Other websites
*Dr. John H. Gibbons Home Page 
*Dr. John H. Gibbons Curriculum Vita 
*Dr. John H. Gibbons Biography - Short 
*White House Biography
David A. Patterson

**David Andrew Patterson** (born November 16, 1947) is an American computer pioneer and academic. He has held the position of Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley since 1976.

## References
Howard W. Jones

**Howard Wilbur Jones, Jr.** (December 30, 1910 – July 31, 2015) was an American gynecological surgeon and in vitro fertilization (IVF) specialist. Jones and his wife, Georgeanna Seegar Jones, were two of the earliest reproductive medicine specialists in the United States.

They established the reproductive medicine center that was responsible for the birth of the first IVF baby in the U.S. He wrote articles on the beginning of human personhood and testified before legislators on the same subject. He was one of the early physicians to perform sex reassignment surgeries. 

Jones was on the faculty at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine from the 1940s until his mandatory retirement from the institution in 1978. 

Jones was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Amherst College. Jones died in Norfolk, Virginia from respiratory failure, aged 104.

## References
Jerome Kohlberg Jr.

**Jerome Kohlberg, Jr.** (July 10, 1925 – July 30, 2015) was an American businessman and early pioneer in the private equity and leveraged buyout industries founding private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. and later Kohlberg & Company.

Kohlberg, Jr. died in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts from cancer at the age of 90.

## Other websites
*Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People  (2004)
*Kohlberg's entry on Forbes 2006 list
George Stigler

**George Joseph Stigler** (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was an American economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1982. He was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with Milton Friedman. He was born in Seattle, Washington.

Stigler died in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
* Biographical Memoir: George Joseph Stigler  by his friend and colleague Milton Friedman
* 
* George Stigler's seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation.
Fred C. Koch

**Fred Chase Koch** (; September 23, 1900 – November 17, 1967) was an American chemical engineer and entrepreneur who founded the oil refinery firm that later became Koch Industries, the second-largest privately held company in the United States.

Koch was born in Quanah, Texas. He died in Bear River City, Utah.

## References
Sensory overload

**Sensory overload** is when one or more of the body's senses experiences  from the environment. There are many things that impact an individual. Examples of these elements are urbanization, crowding, noise, mass media, technology, and the explosive growth of information. Sensory overload is commonly associated with sensory processing disorder. Like its opposite sensory deprivation, it has been used as a means of torture.

## Symptoms
There are a variety of symptoms that have may cause sensory overload. These symptoms can occur in both children and adults. Some of these symptoms are:
*Irritability
*"Shuts down", or refuses to participate in activities and/or interact with others
*Avoids touching or being touched
*Gets overexcited
*Covers eyes around bright lights
*Makes poor eye contact
*Covers ears to close out sounds or voices
*Complains about noises that do not affect others
*Having difficulty focusing on an activity
*Constantly changing activities, never completing a task
*Irritation caused by shoes, socks, tags, or different textures
*Over-sensitivity to touch, movement, sights, and/or sounds
*Has trouble with social interactions
*Extremely high or extremely low activity levels

## References
Forrest Bird

, 2005]]
**Forrest M. Bird** (June 9, 1921 &ndash; August 2, 2015) is an American aviator, inventor and biomedical engineer. He was best known for having created some of the first reliable mass-produced mechanical ventilators for acute and chronic heart and lung care.

## References
## Other websites
* MIT Inventor of the Week: Forrest Bird
* American Respiratory Care Foundation: Forrest M. Bird Achievement Award
* National Inventors Hall of Fame: Forrest Bird 
* About.com: Forrest Bird
* Forrest Bird on 60 Minutes 
* Percussionaire 
* Bird Aviation Museum
Giovanni Conso

**Giovanni Battista Conso** (23 March 1922 – 2 August 2015) was an Italian jurist who served on the Constitutional Court of Italy for nine years beginning in 1982, and has served as President of the Accademia dei Lincei from 1989 until his death in 2015.

Conso was the Minister of Justice between 1993 and 1994.

## References
## Other websites
Alfredo Biondi

**Alfredo Biondi** (June 29, 1928 &ndash; June 24, 2020) was an Italian politician and lawyer. In 1994 he served as Minister of Justice of the Italian Republic during the first cabinet chaired by Silvio Berlusconi. He was also Minister of the Environment in the Bettino Craxi cabinet from 1983 to 1984. 

Until 1994, he was a member of the Liberal Party. Afterwards, he became a member of Forza Italia. Biondi was born in Pisa, Italy.

He was a Deputy from 1968 to 1972 and again from 1979 to 2006. Biondi was a Senator from 2006 to 2008.

Biondi died on June 24, 2020 in Genoa, Italy at the age of 91.

## References
Jim Rivera

**Manuel Joseph "Jim" Rivera** (July 22, 1921 &ndash; November 13, 2017) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He played for three teams over ten seasons: St. Louis Browns (1952), Chicago White Sox (1952–1961) and Kansas City Athletics (1961).

Rivera died on November 13, 2017 in Fort Wayne, Indiana at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Baseball Library 
* Smiley, Richard, *Jim Rivera,* SABR Baseball Biography Project]
Amartya Sen

**Amartya Kumar Sen** (born November 3, 1933) is an Indian economist. Since 1956, he has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. He worked in welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, and indexes of the measure of well-being of citizens of developing countries.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998 and Bharat Ratna in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. He was also awarded the inaugural Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Prize in recognition of his work on welfare economics in February 2015 during a reception at the Royal Academy in the UK.

## References
## Further reading
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Amartya Sen  at Harvard University
* The Possibility of Social Choice 1998 lecture at NobelPrize.org
* Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
*
Traunstein (mountain)

**Traunstein**  is the highest mountain on the east side of Lake Traunsee. It is in the district of Gmunden, Austria. The Traunstein is 1691 metres (5548&nbsp;ft) high. The height is the reason why it can be seen from very far away.

On the top are two cabins, the Naturfreundehütte and the Gmundnerhütte.

File:Gmunden - Traunstein, Naturfreundehütte.JPG|Traunsteinhütte (Naturfreundehütte)
File:Gmundnerhaus.JPG|Gmundnerhütte

## References
Bełżec extermination camp

says: "Attention! All belongings must be handed in at the counter except for money, documents and other valuables, which you must keep with you. Shoes should be tied together in pairs and placed in the area marked for shoes. Afterward, one must go completely naked to the showers."]]

**Bełżec** (, in ), was a Nazi extermination camp (a death camp) during the Holocaust. It operated during World War II, from  to the end of . 

In those eight months, around 450,000 Jews were murdered at the camp by the Schutzstaffel (SS), the Nazis' paramilitary organization. The SS also killed an unknown number of Christian Poles and Roma people at Bełżec. 

Bełżec was the first Nazi camp that used permanent gas chambers to kill prisoners.

## History 
As part of Adolf Hitler's "Final Solution", the Nazis made plans to kill every one of Europe's 11 million Jews. In 1941 they created the first death camp at Chelmno in Poland. It was a killing center designed to mass-murder Jews.

## Location 
The camp was located in the village of Bełżec in German-occupied Poland. It was about  south of the local railroad station, which made it easy to transport large numbers of deported Jews there.

## Legacy 
Only seven Jews who worked as slave laborers in Bełżec's *Sonderkommando* survived World War II. Just one of them submitted postwar testimony officially.

## Notable people
* Elsa Binder ( 1920  1942), a Polish-born Jewish diarist, may have lived and died at Bełżec

## Related pages 
* Extermination camps
* Nazi concentration camps
* Nazi Germany
* The Final Solution
* The Holocaust
* Antisemitism

## References
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup

The **2017 FIFA Confederations Cup** (Russian: Кубок конфедераций 2017 / Kubok konfederacij 2017) was the 10th and final FIFA Confederations Cup tournament. It took place from 17 June to 2 July. It was hosted in Russia.

The tournament featured the following teams: Russia (hosts), Germany, Australia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and Cameroon. Besides the hosts, all of the other teams qualified because they either won the FIFA World Cup or their regional championship.

## Venues 
Four cities were chosen for the tournament, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sochi and Kazan.

## Qualification 
## Group stage 
The dates for the tournament were chosen on 24 July 2015.

### Group A 
### Group B 
## Knockout stage 
### Bracket 
### Semi-finals 
### Third place match 
### Final 
## Statistics 
### Goal scorers 
;3 goals

;2 goals

* Cristiano Ronaldo

;1 goal

;1 own goal

* Michael Boxall (against Russia)
* Luís Neto (against Mexico)

### Tournament rankings 
* Rankings are based on performance, not team skill. Also, these rankings are unofficial and are not based on head-to-head record.

## References
Wrestling singlet

A **wrestling singlet** (or simply **singlet**) is a colored uniform worn in amateur wrestling. It is a one-piece, tight-fitting garment. It is usually made of spandex/lycra or nylon.

## Other websites
Saint Petersburg Stadium

The **Saint Petersburg Stadium** (Russian: Стадион Санкт-Петербург; also called the **Krestovsky Stadium** or **Zenit Arena**) is an association football stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia. During the  2018 FIFA World Cup, the stadium had a capacity of 64,468 people. The stadium cost $1.1 billion to $1.4 billion to build.

The stadium is now the home of FC Zenit St. Petersburg. It was used for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup, and will be used for the UEFA Euro 2020.

## Matches 
The stadium hosted these matches.

### 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 
### 2018 FIFA World Cup 
## Gallery 

New football stadium construction site in SPB 01.jpg|Construction as of August 2012
Zenit stadium (December 2014).jpg|Construction as of December 2014
RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Krestovsky Stadium 01.jpg|Construction as of July 2016
File:Krestovsky Stadium Helipad.jpg|View from the stadium on the presidential helipad
File:Kirov's monument in the front of Krestovsky Stadium.jpg|The monument to Sergey Kirov in front of the Krestovsky Stadium

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Live webcam of stadium construction at http://ingtransstroy.ru(https://web.archive.org/web/20090413021809/http://ingtransstroy.ru/company/webcam)
Joan Copeland

**Joan Copeland** (June 1, 1922 &ndash; January 4, 2022) was an American actress and the younger sister of celebrated playwright Arthur Miller. She began her career during the mid-1940s. 

She was known for her Broadway shows such as *Detective Story* (1949), *Not for Children* (1951), *Handful of Fire* (1958), *Tovarich* (1963), *Something More!* (1964), *The Price* (1968), *Coco* (1969), *Two By Two* (1970), *Checking Out* (1976), *45 Seconds from Broadway* (2002), and *Wit & Wisdom* (2003).

Copeland died on January 4, 2022 in New York City at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Joan Copeland at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
*Times Square Online - Joan Copeland, talented sister of Arthur Miller has a lot to say at age 89 - interview by Sandi Durell, video by Magda Katz, posted August 20, 2011
Georg Ratzinger

**Georg Ratzinger** PA (15 January 1924 &ndash; 1 July 2020) was a German Catholic priest and musician. He was known for his work as the conductor of the Regensburger Domspatzen, the cathedral choir of Regensburg, Germany. He was the elder brother of Benedict XVI, Pope Emeritus. He was born in Bavaria, Germany.

Ratzinger died on 1 July 2020 in Regensburg, Germany, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Ratzinger, Georg, *My brother the pope* (Ignatius Press 2012)
Ciriaco De Mita

**Ciriaco Luigi De Mita** (; 2 February 1928 – 26 May 2022) was an Italian politician. He served as the 47th Prime Minister of Italy from 1988 to 1989. He was as Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2013.

De Mita died on 26 May 2022, at the age of 94, while recovering from surgery for a broken a femur after having a fall at his Avellino home.

## References
Chiara Pierobon

**Chiara Pierobon** (21 January 1993 &ndash; 1 August 2015) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. 

Pierobon was born in Mirano, Veneto. She died in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, from a suspected pulmonary embolism. Pierobon was travelling with her team Top Girls Fassa Bortolo to the Sparkassen Giro in Germany when she fell ill.

## References
Football Association of Iceland

The **Football Association of Iceland** (Icelandic: *Knattspyrnusamband Íslands*; or the **KSÍ**) is the main association football body in Iceland. It was founded on 26 March 1947, and joined FIFA on the same year. It also joined UEFA in 1954. The Football Association of Iceland organizes and controls the Úrvalsdeild, Iceland national football team and Iceland women's national football team. Their headquarters are in Reykjavík.

## Other websites 
* Official website
2014 Canadian Championship

The **2014 Canadian Championship** was the 7th Canadian Championship tournament. Montreal Impact, Toronto FC, FC Edmonton, Vancouver Whitecaps and Ottawa Fury participated in the competition.

## Result 
### Qualifying round 

&#160;
Qualifying round

&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;

&#160;
&#160;Ottawa Fury
0
1
**1**

&#160;
&#160;**Edmonton**
0
3
**3**

### Semi-finals 

&#160;
Semifinals

Final

&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;
&#160;

1
&#160;**Montreal Impact**
1
4
**5**
&#160;

4
&#160;Edmonton
2
2
**4**
&#160;

&#160;
&#160;
1
&#160;**Montreal Impact**
1
1
**2**

&#160;
3
&#160;Toronto
1
0
**1**

2
&#160;Vancouver Whitecaps
1
2
**3 (3)**

3
&#160;**Toronto** (pen)
2
1
**3 (5)**
&#160;

## Statistics 
### Top scorers 
## References
Universal Parks & Resorts

**Universal Destinations & Experiences** is the theme park division of NBCUniversal (a subsidiary of Comcast). The division is responsible for the operation and maintenance of Universal theme parks and resort properties around the world. It is best known for attractions that are based on famous pop culture properties (movies, television, literature, cartoons, comics, video games, music, etc.) from Universal Studios and NBC, as well as from other companies.

## Theme parks and resorts
### Current
***Universal Studios Hollywood** (Universal City, United States; wholly owned)
**Universal CityWalk
***Universal Orlando Resort** (Orlando, Florida, United States; wholly owned)
**Universal Studios Florida
**Islands of Adventure
**Universal CityWalk
**Wet 'n Wild

***Universal Studios Japan** (Osaka, Japan licensed to USJ Co., Ltd.)
**Universal CityWalk

***Universal Studios Singapore** (Resorts World Sentosa, Singapore; run by Genting Group)

### Former
*Universal PortAventura, Salou, Spain (1997–2004)
**Costa Caribe Aquatic Park, Salou, Spain (2002–2004)

### Future
These projects have been announced or are currently under construction. This information may change as the projects move forward.
*Universal Studios America, Darien, New York (Opens 2024)
*Universal Studios Idaho, Boise, Idaho, United States (Opens 2023)
*Universal Studios South Korea, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea (Put on-hold)
*Universal Studios Dubailand, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Put on-hold) (Broke ground on 2008/No construction since 2009)
*Universal Studios Moscow, Moscow, Russia (Put-on-hold, due to economic sanctions against Russia by the U.S.)
*Universal Studios Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China (Opens 2019) 
*Universal Studios Michigan, Traverse City, Michigan, United States (Opens 2016)
*Universal Studios St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States (Opens 2020)
*Universal Studios Texas, Dallas Texas, United States (Opens 2021)
*Universal Studios Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Opens 2019)
*Universal Studios New England, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Opens 2018)
*Universal Studios New Jersey, Marlboro Township, New Jersey, United States (Opens 2019)
*Universal Studios Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States (Opens 2019)
*Volcano Bay, Orlando, Florida, United States (Opens 2017)

## References
Lamberto Dini

**Lamberto Dini** (born 1 March 1931) is an Italian politician and economist. He was the 51st Prime Minister of Italy from 1995 to 1996 and Foreign Minister from 1996 to 2001.

## References
Margot Loyola

**Margot Loyola Palacios** (September 15, 1918 &ndash; August 3, 2015) was a Chilean musician, folk singer and researcher of the folklore of Chile and Latin America in general.  Loyola was active as a musician and musical ethnographer/anthropologist for many decades. Loyola was born in Linares, Chile.

Loyola died in Santiago, Chile at the age of 96.

## Other websites
2014 Úrvalsdeild

The **2014 Úrvalsdeild** was the 103rd Úrvalsdeild. Stjarnan won the tournament undefeated.

## Teams 
## Table 
## Other websites 
*Pepsi-deild karla at KSÍ
Stjarnan

**Stjarnan F.C.** (**Stjarnan Knattspyrnudeild**; English: Star F.C.) is an Icelandic sports club from Garðabær. It was founded in 1960. It is best known for their association football team. The men's football team has won the Úrvalsdeild once. The women's team has won it three times. The volleyball team has also won the Icelandic Championship five times.

## Other websites 
*   
* Official football club website
Mel Farr

**Melvin Farr** (November 3, 1944 - August 3, 2015) was a former American football player. He played for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for UCLA.

Farr was born in Beaumont, Texas. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. Farr died from complications of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, aged 70.

## Other websites
* Ford and Mel Farr
Flory Jagoda

**Flory Jagoda** (born **Flora Papo**; December 21, 1923 – January 29, 2021) was a Bosnian Jewish-American guitarist, composer and singer-songwriter. She was known for her interpretation of Ladino songs and the Bosnian folk ballads, sevdalinka.

Jagoda died on 29 January 2021 from problems caused by dementia, aged 97.

## References
Gary Martin (footballer)

**Gary John Martin** (born 10 October 1990) is an English born association football player who currently plays for the Icelandic club of Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur.

## Career 
Martin started his career in Middlesbrough, where he advanced through the youth system and was given a scholarship. He was a very good striker in his youth. In his senior career, he played in a few pre-season matches with Middlesbrough, but he was eventually loaned to the Hungarian team of Újpest.

After leaving Middlesbrough, he was bought be the Icelandic Íþróttabandalag Akraness that was playing in the 1. deild karla. Although he was only supposed to stay for one season, he eventually stayed for two, and made his first goal against Þór Akureyri.

After a successful season, Martin was bought by the Icelandic champions Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur for a small fee. Martin was the co-top scorer in 2013, and the top scorer in 2014. He was given the award of best foreign player in the league and was selected in the "Team of the year".

## Career statistics
## Honours
**ÍA**
*1. deild karla: 2011

**KR**
*Úrvalsdeild: 2013
*Icelandic Cup: 2012, 2014
*Icelandic Super Cup: 2014

## References
Away goals rule

The **Away goals rule** is a way of breaking ties in association football when two teams played two legs and once at each team's homeground. The rule says that the team that scored the most "away from home" is awarded the win. This rule is used in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, FIFA World Cup qualification, CONCACAF Champions League, MLS Cup playoffs, AFC Champions League, AFC Cup, Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, CAF Champions League, CAF Confederation Cup, Liga MX playoffs, Football League Cup semifinals and Football League play-offs semifinals.

## Example 
A real life example would be in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, where Marseille and Inter Milan were playing in the Round of 16. Marseille won the first leg 1–0 at home, and lost the second leg 1–2. Because they were away from home, and they scored one goal (unlike Inter Milan, as they didn't score a goal when they were away from home), they won the match on away goals.

* Marseille 1–0 Inter Milan
* Inter Milan 2–**1** Marseille
Jurassic Park: The Ride

]]
**Jurassic Park: The Ride** is a water-based amusement ride. It is based on the Steven Spielberg movie *Jurassic Park* and Michael Crichton's novel. It is at Universal Studios Hollywood. The ride was researched and built while the movie was in its production phase.

The ride opened on June 21, 1996. Duplicates of the ride have since been built at Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan. A river rapids ride version of the attraction, Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure, opened in Universal Studios Singapore in 2010.
Roots rock

**Roots rock** is a type of rock music that has folk, blues and country music in it. It was created in the United States during the 1960s. The genre later spread into country rock and southern rock. Some popular artists that played roots rock include Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bonnie Raitt and The Rolling Stones.

## References
Campeonato Nacional (Chile)

The **Campeonato Nacional** (English: **National Championship**; also known as the **Chilean Primera División**) is the top Chilean association football league. It was founded in 1933. The league is ranked 25th in the IFFHS's Best Leagues of the World ranking as of 2014.

## References
Stanley Donen

**Stanley Donen** (April 13, 1924 &ndash; February 21, 2019) was an American movie director and choreographer. His most famous movies were ''Singin' in the Rain* and *On the Town''.

Donen was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He was married to Marion Marshall from 1952 to 1959 until they divorced. He was partners with comedian Elaine May from 1999 until 2019. Donen died of heart failure in New York City on February 21, 2019 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Extracts from Silverman's biography of Donen
Elaine May

**Elaine Iva May** (née **Berlin**; born April 21, 1932) is an American screenwriter, movie director, actress and comedian. She was known for being in an improvisational comedy with Mike Nichols called *Nichols and May*. She has been nominated twice for an Academy Award, for *Heaven Can Wait* (1978) and *Primary Colors* (1998).

In 1971, May directed, wrote and starred in *A New Leaf*, becoming the first woman to do all three in a Hollywood movie. She would later become known for directing the comedy *The Heartbreak Kid* (1972).

In 2013, May was honored with the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama. In 2018, May returned to the Broadway stage in Lila Neugebauer's version of Kenneth Lonergan's play *The Waverly Gallery*. She won the 2019 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, becoming the second oldest performer to win a Tony Award for acting. 

In 2022, May was honored with the Honorary Academy Award.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Marlboro Township, New Jersey

**Marlboro Township, New Jersey** is a township of Monmouth County, New Jersey.
## Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Marlboro Township include:
* Chris Carrino, sports play-by-play announcer.
* Frank Dicopoulos (born 1957), actor (*Guiding Light*).
* Max Ehrich (born 1991), actor from *High School Musical 3: Senior Year*.
* Jeff Feuerzeig (born 1964), film screenwriter and director.
* Josh Flitter (born 1994), actor most noted for starring in the movies *The Greatest Game Ever Played* and *Nancy Drew*.
* Ronald "Monkey Man" Filocomo, Bonanno crime family associate, convicted murderer of Bonanno capo Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano.
* Garret Hobart (1844–1899), 24th Vice President of the United States.
* Mike Kamerman, guitar player for the indie pop band Smallpools.
* Ellen Karcher (born 1964), New Jersey state senator from 2004 to 2008.
* Dan Klecko (born 1981), NFL Fullback for the Philadelphia Eagles.
* Jeff Kwatinetz (born 1965), Hollywood talent manager.
* Craig Mazin (born 1971), screenwriter of *Scary Movie 3* and *Scary Movie 4*.
* Idina Menzel (born 1971 as Idina Kim Mentzel), lived in Marlboro from kindergarten to third grade.
* Adam Mesh (born 1975), television reality show contestant on NBC's *Average Joe* and *Average Joe: Adam Returns*.
* Jim Nantz (born 1959), sportscaster.
* Kal Penn (born 1977), actor (*Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle*, *House*).
* Melissa Rauch (born 1980), actress (*The Big Bang Theory*, *Best Week Ever*).
* Tony Reali (born 1978), television personality and host (*Around the Horn*).
* Howie Roseman (born 1975), General Manager of the Philadelphia Eagles.
* David Stone (born 1966), Broadway producer (*Wicked* and *The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee*).
* Felicia Stoler, host of TLC's ''Honey, We're Killing the Kids*.
* Paul Wesley, actor (*The Vampire Diaries'').

## References
## Other websitess
* Marlboro Township official website
SN 1994D

**SN 1994D** was a Type IA supernova near the NGC 4526 galaxy. It was discovered in 1994 by Treffers, Filippenko, Van Dyk, and Richmond using an observatory at San Francisco State University.

## References
Satellite flare

A **Satellite flare** (also called a **Iridium flares** or **satellite glint**) is a phenomenon caused by man-made satellite where the  sunlight is reflected back to Earth. This results in a quick and bright "." Some flares can be up to 20 times brighter than Venus.

Iridium satellites are satellites that are used for telephones and other purposes such as navigation. Most of them are in a controlled orbit, so the flares from these satellites can be predicted. Computer programs can be fed the satellite's information and can predict a flare to an observer's location. The iridium satellite is known for having a weird shape. It has three door-sized antennas that occasionally reflects sunlight back to Earth. These can be very bright. So much so, that it can even be seen during the day. This annoys astronomers because it disrupts their observations.

## References
Wind chill

when outside in such temperatures.]]

**Wind chill** is the decrease in air temperature felt when wind touches the body.

Wind chill numbers are always lower than the actual outside temperature. When the temperature felt outside is higher than the real temperature, the heat index is used.

## Related pages 
* Heat index
* Cold wave
* Humidex

## References
El Cerrito, California

**El Cerrito** is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States and it also lies in the San Francisco Bay Area. It was founded by refugees after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. El Cerrito was incorporated on August 23, 1917.

## Climate 
El Cerrito has a cool Mediterranean climate. This means that El Cerrito has generally mild weather, with warm summers and cool winters. It rains an average of 23 inches. It snowed in El Cerrito in 1976, and snow is sometimes on the forecast as well.

## Demographics 
### 2020 
The 2020 United States Census said that El Cerrito had a population of 25,962. The racial makeup was:

* 11,982 (46.2%) White, 
*  7,738 (29.8%) Asian, 
*  3,075 (11.8%) Hispanic or Latino,
*  1,426 (5.5%) African American, 
*    118 (0.5%) Native American, 
*     37 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 
*  1,416 (5.5%) from other races, and 3,226 (12.4%) from two or more races.

Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,075 people (11.8% of the population).

## References
Les Munro

Squadron Leader **John Leslie (Les) Munro** CNZM, DSO, QSO, DFC, JP (born 5 April 1919 &ndash; 4 August 2015) was the last surviving pilot of the Dambusters Raid of May 1943.

Munro was born in Gisborne, New Zealand. He died on 4 August 2015 in Tauranga, New Zealand at the age of 96.

## References
The Trump Organization

**The Trump Organization** is an American limited liability conglomerate founded in  1971. It is based in Trump Tower in Manhattan, New York City. The current trustees are Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump, and Allen Weisselberg. The company is owned by Donald Trump.

## References
NGC 4526

**NGC 4526** is a lenticular galaxy in the Virgo constellation. In a telescope, it looks like a lentil-shaped structure with spiral arms. It is one of the brightest lenticular galaxies. It is thought that a supermassive black hole is in the center of the galaxy. Astronomers say that the supermassive black hole is 450 million times the mass of the Sun.

Since astronomers found this galaxy, two supernovas have occurred around it. The most recent was SN 1994D, which was the supernova of a white dwarf that was made of carbon and oxygen. NGC 4526 spins at a speed of 250 kilometers per second (about 559 000 miles per hour or 900 000 Kilometres per hour).

## References