open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jorge Mautner

**Henrique George Mautner** (born January 17, 1941), better known by his stage name **Jorge Mautner**, is a Brazilian writer and singer of Jewish descent. He is the creator of the Moviment of Kaos.

## Albums 
* Revirão (2007) - Gege/Warner Music
* Eu não peço desculpa (2002) (with Caetano Veloso)
* Mitologia do Kaos
* O Ser da Tempestade (1999) - Dabliú Discos
* Estilhaços de Paixão (1996) - Primal Records
* Pedra Bruta (1992) - (LP) Rock Company Records
* Árvore da Vida (Jorge Mautiner and Nelson Jacobina) (1988) - LP. Geléia Geral/WEA
* Antimaldito (1985) - (LP) Nova República/Polygram
* Bomba de Estrelas (1981) - CD/Lp – WEA
* Filho Predileto de Xangô (1978) - CBS CD
* Mil e Uma Noites de Bagdá (1976) - LP Phonogram
* Jorge Mautner (1974) - LP – Polydor
* Para Iluminar a Cidade (1972) - LP Phonogram
* Radioatividade Não, não, não (1966) - RCA Victor -

## Books 
* *Mitologia do Kaos - Obras Completas*, Editora Azougue - 2002
* *Floresta Verde Esmeralda* (text included on the Mitologia do Kaos) - 2002
* *Fragmentos de Sabonete e Outros Fragmentos*, Relume-Dumará - 1995
* *Miséria Dourada*, Editora Maltese – 1993
* *Fundamentos do Kaos*, Ched Editorial – 1985
* *Sexo do Crepúsculo*, Editora Global Ground – 1982
* 'Poesias de Amor e de Morte*, Editora Global Ground – 1982
* *Panfletos da Nova Era*, Editora Global – 1978
* *Fragmentos de Sabonete*, Editora Ground Informação – 1973
* *O Vigarista Jorge*, Von Schimdt Editora – 1965
* *Narciso em Tarde Cinza*, Editora Exposição do Livro – 1965
* *Kaos*, Editora Martins – 1963
* *Deus da Chuva e da Morte*, Editora Martins – 1962

### Books about Jorge Mautner 
* *Proteu ou: A Arte das Transmutações Leituras, audições e visões da obra de Jorge Mautner* by Luís Carlos de Morais Junior, HP Comunicação – 2004
* *Jorge Mautner em movimento'', Editor César Resac – 2004

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Destruction (band)

**Destruction** is a thrash metal band from Lörrach in Germany. They have been playing since 1982. Together with Kreator and Sodom they form the "triangle of German thrash metal".
Beverly Hills Chihuahua

***Beverly Hills Chihuahua*** is a 2008 movie by Walt Disney Pictures directed by Raja Gosnell. The first preview of the movie was seen next to *The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian*, and originally the movie was scheduled for a September 26, 2008 release, but the release was moved to October 3. The story is about a chihuahua who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Dobermann. *Destino*, a 2003 short movie made by Walt Disney Pictures based on an idea started by Walt Disney and Salvador Dalí in the 1940s, was thought to be seen before *Beverly Hills Chihuahua*, but this didn't happen. Insteed, a sneak-peek of the Disney movie *Bolt* was seen.

## The story 
The movie is about a spolied chihuahua from  Beverly Hills named Chloe (voiced by Drew Barrymore). Her owner, "Aunt Viv" (Jamie Lee Curtis), has to go to Italy, so she leaves Chloe with her niece, Rachel Ashe Lynn (Piper Perabo). Rachel and her friends go on vacation to Mexico, and Chloe gets dognapped by  an evil Mexican dognapper who at first wants to use her in dog fights but sees her value and wishes to put her at ransom (have the owners have to pay money to get her back). In the meantime, Papi (voiced by George Lopez), a male chihuahua who is in love with her is on the lookout for her. Chloe makes friendship with a lonely German Shepherd named Delgado (voiced by Andy Garcia) who travels with her to protect her from the evil Dobermann (voiced by Edward James Olmos) who wants to kill her and steal her diamond collar to return it to the dognapper who owns him.

## Cast 
### Human cast 
* Manolo Cardona as Sam
* Maury Sterling as Rafferty
* Jamie Lee Curtis as Aunt Viv
* José María Yazpik as Vasquez
* Jesús Ochoa as Officer Ramirez
* Piper Perabo as Rachel Ashe Lynn

### Voice cast 
* George Lopez as Papi
* Carlos Juvera as Tomás
* Luis Guzman as Chucho
* Andy Garcia as Delgado
* Cheech Marin as Manuel
* Paul Rodriguez as Chico
* Drew Barrymore as Chloe
* Placido Domingo as Monte
* Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo as Rafa
* Edward James Olmos as El Diablo

## Visual effects 
* Cinesite in London, using their specially developed pipeline for creating digital muzzle replacements, animated the many talking dogs. The in-house visual effects supervisor is Matt Johnson.

## Music 
The music to *Beverly Hills Chihuahua* was written by composer Heitor Pereira, who recorded the score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers.

## Reception 
*Beverly Hills Chihuahua* earned $29 million USD in its opening weekend.  It was #1 in the box office for two weeks. Despite this, the movie was rather poorly received by critics.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Hans-Christian Ströbele

**Hans-Christian Ströbele** (7 June 1939 &ndash; 29 August 2022) was a German politician and lawyer.

Ströbele made his school exam abitur in Marl (Westphalia). Then he studied law in Heidelberg and Berlin (at the Free University of Berlin. He was a lawyer in Berlin (until 1990 West Berlin) from 1969. He was involved in the student revolt of 1968.  He was one of the lawyers of the Rote Armee Fraktion terrorists in the Stammheim trial.

From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Later he was one of the founders of the "Alternative List for Democracy and Environmental Protection," which later became the Berlin section of the Green Party of Germany.

He died on 29 August 2022 in Berlin, Germany from a long-illness at the age of 83.

## References
Tony Hawk

**Anthony Frank Hawk** (born May 12, 1968) is an American retired professional skateboarder and actor. He is credited with being the first recorded skater to land the 900, which consists of two-and-a-half rotations (900°) in the air before landing back on the pipe during the televised June 27, 1999 X Games, for which he received an enormous amount of attention. He is also known for his ''Tony Hawk's'' video game series.

In July 2021, Hawk briefly ended his competitive retirement to participate in the Vert Best Trick event at that year's X Games, finishing in fourth place out of nine competitors.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
*
Santa Maria, Bulacan

**Santa Maria** is a municipality (town) in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. It lies 32 kilometers northeast of Manila and is located at the eastern portion of the province. It is surrounded by the towns of Angat and Pandi in the north; by San Jose del Monte City in the south; by Norzagaray in the east; and by Marilao and Bocaue in the west.

According to the 2007 Philippine national census (a total count of the country's population), it has 205,258 people.

It is divided into 24 barangays (villages). These barangays are:
# Bagbaguin
# Balasing
# Buenavista
# Bulac 
# Camangyanan 
# Catmon 
# Caypombo
# Caysio
# Guyong
# Lalakhan
# Mag-asawang Sapa
# Mahabang Parang
# Manggahan
# Parada
# Poblacion (Santa Maria town proper)
# Pulong Buhangin
# San Gabriel
# San Jose Patag
# San Vicente
# Santa Clara
# Santa Cruz
# Silangan
# Tabing Bakod (Santo Tomas)
# Tumana

## Sources
## Other websites
* Santa Maria, My Kind of Town
* Official Website of the Municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan 
* Santa Maria Map | Philippines Google Satellite Maps
* NSCB - ActiveStats - PSGC Interactive - Municipality: SANTA MARIA 
* Philippine Census Information 
* Philippine Standard Geographic Code
Winton M. Blount

**Winton Malcolm "Red" Blount, Jr.** (February 1, 1921 – October 24, 2002) was the United States Postmaster General from 1969 to 1972. He is also known as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of construction giant Blount International.

He was the last Postmaster who led the Post Office as an Executive Department and held cabinet-member rank.
Rodney Mullen

**Rodney Mullen** (born August 17, 1966 in Gainesville, Florida) is a professional freestyle skateboarder, and considered to be one of the most influential skaters in the history of the sport. He is credited with inventing many tricks, including the flat-ground Ollie (originally called the 'ollie pop'), the kickflip (originally called "magic flips"), the Heelflip, the 360 flip, and the Ollie Impossible (more often called the Impossible).

## Tricks he invented
Mullen has invented many tricks. These are:

*Frontside & backside 180 kickflips
*50-50 saran wrap
*Varial heelflip
*50-50 sidewinders
*360 Flip
*360 pressure flip
*540 double kickflip
*540 Shove-it
*Casper 360 flip
*Casper slides
*Darkslides (Adapted from Mark Gonzales' idea)
*Double heelflips
*Flat-ground ollie
*Godzilla rail flip
*Gazelle
*Heelflip
*Helipops (360 Nollie)
*Half-cab kickflip underflip
*Half-cab impossible
*Helipop heelflips
*Handstand flip
*Kickflip underflip
*No Handed 50-50
*Ollie Kickflip
*Ollie Impossible
*Ollie nosebone
*Ollie fingerflip
*One footed ollie

## Movie appearance
Rodney Mullen did many of the skateboarding stunts for Christian Slater in the 1989 skateboarding movie *Gleaming the Cube*. He can be seen performing in order to look like Slater. At the end credits he can be seen from an overhead view riding his skateboard with the camera zooming in on his foot work.

## Video game appearances
Mullen has appeared in many video games related to the Tony Hawk Pro Skater (THPS) console games. These include:
*THPS 2, 3 and 4
*Tony Hawk's Underground, Tony Hawk's Underground 2, Tony Hawk's Underground 2 Remix
*Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
*Tony Hawk’s American Sk8land
*Tony Hawk's Project 8

## References
Robert Smith (cabinet)

**Robert Smith** (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith.
Derrick Pierce

**Derrick Pierce** (born March 1, 1974) is an American porn actor. He began his career  in 2005. Pierce was born in Massachusetts. He moved to California at a young age. He grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.  

As of 2008, Pierce has appeared in over 100 movies, including "Chemistry 3" which is a unique reality show type of production,  and "Upload", an adult sci-fi thriller.  He has worked for just about every company that makes adult movies.

Before he started working in the adult movie industry, Pierce worked as a martial arts instructor in Southern California. 

In 2008, Pierce was  for "Best Actor", "Best BDSM Release", "Best Couples Sex Scene", "Best Supporting Actor" and "Best Threeway Sex Scene" (twice) in the AVN Awards.

## References
Topher Grace

**Christopher John "Topher" Grace** (born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the main character, Eric Forman, on the long-running Fox sitcom ''That '70s Show*. Grace also played the villain Eddie Brock, Jr. in the movie *Spider-Man 3.
Mirepoix (cuisine)

**Mirepoix** () is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter.  Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking.

These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination *mirepoix au gras*, or a *Matignon*, ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers.

They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself.

Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or *fond blanc*, parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color.

Mirepoix derives its name, like much French cuisine, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the ''Dictionnaire de l'Académie française'' with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV. 

## Notes
## Other websites
*Recipe for Mirepoix
Béchamel sauce

recipes]]
**Béchamel sauce** ( in English,  in French,  in Italian), also known as **white sauce**, is a basic mother sauce. It can be used to make other sauces, such as Mornay sauce, which is Béchamel and cheese. This basic sauce is usually made today by whisking scalded milk gradually into a white flour-butter *roux* (equal part clarified butter and flour), though it can also be made by whisking a kneaded flour-butter beurre manié into scalded milk. The thickness of the final sauce depends on the proportions of milk and flour.  Escoffier adds salt and an onion stuck with a clove.

It is named after Louis de Béchamel.

## References
Henry Dearborn

**Henry Dearborn** (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician, and statesman. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses (1793-1797). In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809.

## Legacy 
In 1803, Lewis and Clark named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn.  Dearborn County, Indiana, Dearborn, Michigan and Dearborn, Missouri were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois.  

His son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a Congressman in 1831-1833.
Mirepoix (disambiguation)

**Mirepoix** can be:

## Towns and villages
* Mirepoix (Ariège) is a town in Ariège departement in France built as a bastide
* Mirepoix (Gers) is a village in Gers departement

## Cooking
*Mirepoix (cuisine) is an ingredient of many sauces of French cuisine
Mirepoix, Gers

** Mirepoix ** is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## Geography
## Population
## References
*INSEE
American Dad!

***American Dad!*** is an American uncensored adult animated sitcom produced by Underdog Productions, Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Television.

The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of *Family Guy*, as well as two writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. It was distributed in the United States by Fox. It premiered on February 6, 2005. It was produced as part of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began on May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of *Family Guy*.

The series follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family.  Stan Smith is a CIA agent who is very patriotic, as well as being part of the Christian right.  Stan tries to be in charge of the family, but often the things he does don't work out.  Stan has a wife, Francine, and two kids, Hayley and Steve.  Hayley (Haylee) is in college and is much more liberal than her father. Steve is in high school and is always dreaming about girls.  Rounding out the family is Klaus, a talking fish with a German athlete's brain; and Roger Smith the Alien. The show moved to TBS in 2014 and will move back to FOX for the 2025-2026 season.

## Voice cast
* **Seth MacFarlane** as Stan Smith, Roger Smith, Additional Voices
* **Wendy Schaal** as Francine Smith
* **Rachael MacFarlane** as Hayley Smith, Additional Voices
* **Scott Grimes** as Steve Smith
* **Dee Bradley Baker** as Klaus, Additional Voices
* **Kevin Michael Richardson** as Principal Luis Brown, Additional Voices
* **Patrick Stewart** as Avery Bullock
* **Jeff Fischer** as Jeff Fischer
Coriander

**Coriander** (*Coriandrum sativum*) (also known as **cilantro**, **Chinese parsley**, or **dhania**) is a herb from the *Apiaceae* family. Coriander is originally from the southwestern Asia across to north Africa. 

In the Sri Lankan Sinhalese language, it is called koththamuhlli. It is believed to have medicinal qualities, and is brewed and drunk to cure the common cold and fever.

A genetic mutation makes it taste like soap for many people.

## References
Landon Donovan

**Landon Donovan** (born  March 4, 1982) is an American former soccer player. He played for the Los Angeles Galaxy and United States national team, and was the captain for both of them.  He is the former captain of Los Angeles Galaxy and the men's national team.

Donovan has more assists than any other male player, and is the leader of assists for the United States men's national team, and also the second place for most appearances.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Coaching statistics
## International career statistics 
|-
|2000||1||1
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||20||6
|-
|2003||15||7
|-
|2004||14||5
|-
|2005||15||6
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||12||9
|-
|2008||9||3
|-
|2009||15||5
|-
|2010||8||3
|-
|2011||10||1
|-
|2012||6||3
|-
|2013||10||8
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||157||57
|}

## References
DaMarcus Beasley

**DaMarcus Beasley** (born May 24 1982 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American former soccer player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International 
:''Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Beasley goal.''

## Honors
**Chicago Fire**
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2000, 2003
* Supporters' Shield: 2003

**PSV Eindhoven**
* Eredivisie: 2004–05, 2005–06
* KNVB Cup: 2004–05

**Rangers**
* Scottish Premier League: 2008–09, 2009–10
* Scottish Cup: 2007–08,  2008–09
* Scottish League Cup: 2007–08, 2009–10

**Houston Dynamo**
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2018

**United States**
*CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2002, 2005, 2007, 2013

**Individual**
* CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2005 Golden Boot
* CONCACAF Gold Cup All-Tournament team: 2005
* CONCACAF Gold Cup All-Tournament team (Honorable Mention): 2007
*1999 U-17 World Cup: Silver Ball
*MLS All Star: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2015, 2017
*MLS Best XI: 2003
*Houston Dynamo defensive player of the year: 2015, 2018
*MLS Fair Play Award: 2017
*Dynamo Players' Player of the Year: 2019
*National Soccer Hall of Fame: 2023 

## References
Alecko Eskandarian

**Alecko Eskandarian** (born July 9, 1982) is an American former soccer player.

## Career statistics
### Club
|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|DC United||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||23||3
|-
|2004||24||10
|-
|2005||12||0
|-
|2006||22||7
|-
|2007||Toronto||Major League Soccer||6||1
|-
|2007||Real Salt Lake||Major League Soccer||17||1
|-
|2008||Chivas USA||Major League Soccer||||
104||22
104||22
|}

### International
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Honors
### Player
***Major League Soccer MLS Cup Champion (1) ** 2004
***Major League Soccer MLS Cup MVP (1) ** 2004
***Major League Soccer MLS All Star (2) ** 2004, 2006
*'''Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield (1) ** 2006

### Head coach
***National Premier Soccer League Champion (1) ** 2015**

### Assistant coach
***North American Soccer League Soccer Bowl Champion (3) ** 2013, 2015, 2016

## References
Brad Friedel

**Brad Friedel** (born May 18, 1971) is an American soccer player. He has played for the United States national team.

## Career statistics
, outside Loftus Road, following a match with Queens Park Rangers April 2001]]

### Club
### Managerial career
## Honors
**Galatasaray**
*Turkish Cup: 1995–96

**Blackburn Rovers**
*Football League Cup: 2001–02

**United States**
*FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 1999

**Individual**
*Hermann Trophy: 1992
*MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award: 1997
*U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year: 2002
*Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2002
*Most clean sheets in the Premier League: 2002–03
*PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2002–03
*Barclays Premier League Merit Award: 2008–09
*IFFHS Best Goalkeepers of the 21st Century: 30th
*Soccer America College Team of the Century

## References
Liga I

**Liga I** (previously called **Divizia A**) is the top division association football league in Romania.

## Club 2017–18 
## Results 
## Other websites 
* Romanian Professional Football League official website
* Results and statistics since 1932 

## References
Caesar A. Rodney

**Caesar Augustus Rodney** (January 4, 1772 – June 10, 1824) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as well as a U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Attorney General, and U.S. Minister to Argentina. He was the nephew of Caesar Rodney, the signer of the Declaration of Independence who is pictured on the Delaware state quarter.

## References
Data integrity

**Data integrity** is a term used in computer science and telecommunications that can mean:
* Making sure that data is "whole" or complete.
* The conditions by which data are maintained during any operation (such as transfer, storage or retrieval).
* The correct storage of data for further use.
* The rules for measuring data quality. 

Simply, data integrity is to make sure that data is "consistent" and "correct".
Cryptosystem

There are two different meanings of the word **cryptosystem**. 
* One is used by the cryptographic community.
* The other is a general meaning which is how the word **cryptosystem** is understood by the public.

## General meaning 
In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand,  or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on.

## Meaning in the cryptographic community 
In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption. 

Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms: 
# Key generation algorithm.
# Encryption algorithm.
# Decryption algorithm.  

The term *cipher* (sometimes *cypher*) is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important.  For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques.

## "Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem" 
The *Internet Security Glossary* RFC 2828 advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions.
;cryptosystem
:(D) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this term as an abbreviation for cryptographic system. (For justification, see: crypto.)
;crypto
:ISDs SHOULD NOT use this abbreviated term because it may be misunderstood. Instead, use "cryptography" or "cryptographic".

## References
Mark Hughes

**Leslie Mark Hughes** (born November 1, 1963) is a Welsh football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Queens Park Rangers. Hughes played for Manchester United, Chelsea, and Barcelona during the 1980s and 1990s.

## Career statistics
### Club
Sources:

### International
Sources:

:*Wales score listed first, score column indicates score after each Hughes goal.*

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Manchester United**
* Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94
* FA Cup: 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94
* Football League Cup: 1991–92
* FA Charity Shield: 1990 (shared), 1993, 1994
* European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91
* European Super Cup: 1991

**Chelsea**
* FA Cup: 1996–97
* Football League Cup: 1997–98
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997–98

**Blackburn Rovers**
* Football League Cup: 2001–02
* Football League First Division runner-up: 2000–01

**Individual**
* PFA Young Player of the Year: 1984–85
* PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1988–89, 1990–91
* PFA First Division Team of the Year: 1985–86, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92
* Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1990–91
*Welsh Footballer of the Year: 1993, 1994
*Chelsea Player of the Year: 1996–97
* Inducted into English Football Hall of Fame
* BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year: 2002

### Manager
**Individual**
*Premier League Manager of the Month: October 2007

## References
Pretty Good Privacy

**Pretty Good Privacy** (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.

PGP and other similar products follow the **OpenPGP** standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.

## Further reading 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
### OpenPGP implementations 
* PGP Corporation  
* GNU Privacy Guard
* cGeep Pro 
* OpenPGP::SDK 
* Authora Inc.  
* McAfee Inc. 
* Feneris Solutions Inc. Canada
* EasyByte Cryptocx - Component
* Veridis 
* Legion of The Bouncy Castle
* BSD Privacy Guard 
* Prime Factors Inc. 
* Oxford Brookes Secure Email Proxy 

### Support 
* PGP Corporation Support Forum  community support plus contributions from PGP Support staff
* Phil Zimmermann's Home Page
* MIT Public Key Directory for Registration and Search
* List of public keyservers
* IETF OpenPGP working group
* OpenPGP Alliance
Weak key

In cryptography, a **weak key** is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.   

Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem.  However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a *flat*, or *linear*,  key space.

## Examples of 128-Bits weak keys
* All zeros (0x0000000000000000)
* All ones (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
* Alternating '1' + '0' (0x0101010101010101)
* Alternating 'F' + 'E' (0xFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFE)
* Alternating 'E' + '1' (0xE1E1E1E1F0F0F0F0) or (0x1E1E1E1E0F0F0F0F)
Kingdom of Greece

The **Kingdom of Greece** (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος [vaˈsili.on tis eˈlaðos]) was a country established in 1832 by the London Conference of 1832 by many superpowers (the British Empire, the French Empire and the Russian Empire). It was recognized internationally following the Treaty of Constantinople, ensuring full independence from the Ottoman Empire. This event marked the birth of a full independent Greek state since the defeat of the Byzantine Empire against the Ottomans around mid-15th century.

The Kingdom was the successor of the Greek provisional government after the Greek War of Independence that lasted until 1924. In 1924, monarchy in Greece was abolished and the Second Hellenic Republic was established. The restoration of the Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973. The Kingdom was once again collapsed following the rise of the military dictatorship in seven years, and later the democratic Third Hellenic Republic, which is the government of Greece today.

## References 
## Sources 
* Colovas, Anthone C. *A Quick History of Modern Greece* (2007) excerpt and text search
* Gallant, Thomas W. *Modern Greece* (Brief Histories) (2001)
* Herzfeld, Michael. *Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology and the Making of Modern Greece* (1986) excerpt and text search
* Kalyvas, Stathis. *Modern Greece: What Everyone Needs to Know* (Oxford University Press, 2015)
* Keridis, Dimitris. *Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece* (2009) excerpt and text search
* Koliopoulos, John S., and Thanos M. Veremis. *Modern Greece: A History since 1821* (2009) excerpt and text search
* Woodhouse, C. M. *Modern Greece: A Short History* (2000) excerpt and text search
Sound the Alarm

***Sound the Alarm*** is the fifth studio album by the emo band Saves the Day. It was released by Vagrant Records on April 11, 2006. It was produced by Steve Evetts who also produced Saves the Day's first two albums, ''Can't Slow Down* and *Through Being Cool''. All of the album's lyrics were written by Chris Conley. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. This album was welcomed by many as something of a return to the band's classic sound, after the sonic departure of *In Reverie* in 2003.

*Sound the Alarm* reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.

*Sound the Alarm* is part one of a three part concept that Conley described in an interview with Punknews.org. It is their trilogy about self discovery.

The "Head for the Hills" track is used on the soundtrack of the football video game *Madden NFL 07*.

## Track listing
#"Head for the Hills" - 2:50
#"The End" - 1:54
#"Shattered" - 3:08
#"Eulogy" - 3:22
#"Dying Day" - 2:21
#"34" - 2:22
#"Say You'll Never Leave" - 2:20
#"Diseased" - 2:12
#"Don't Know Why" - 3:22
#"Sound the Alarm" - 3:06
#"Bones" 2:23
#"Delusional" 2:07
#"Hell Is Here" 3:36

## References
Ennis

**Ennis** is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It has about 25,000 people living in it. There are people from eastern Europe, Africa and the United Kingdom living in Ennis.

## Transport
Ennis has a bus and railway station.

## History
The town was once small but has grown much because of an economic boom, which has now ended.
Trey Parker

**Randolph Severn "Trey" Parker III** (born October 19 1969) is an American animator, screenwriter, film director, voice actor, actor, musician and Academy Award nominated lyricist. He and Matt Stone worked on the animated series *South Park*.

## Other websites
*
Matt Stone

**Matthew Richard "Matt" Stone** (born May 26, 1971) is an Academy Award- nominated Emmy Award- winning American animator, screenwriter, director, producer, voice actor, musician and actor. He and Trey Parker created the animated television series, *South Park*.

## Other websites
XSL attack

In cryptography, the **XSL attack** is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk.  It was claimed that it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher faster than a brute force attack.  

AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information. Finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage. 

In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort. Unless shortened, the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES.

The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the *internal design* of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed **XSL** (**eXtended Sparse Linearization**), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key.

The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform. Previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.

## Other websites
* Courtois' page on AES
* "Quadratic Cryptanalysis",  an explanation of the XSL attack by J. J. G. Savard
* "AES is NOT broken" by T. Moh 
* Courtois and Pieprzyk paper on ePrint
* Commentary in the *Crypto-gram* newsletter: 1, 2, 3.
* An overview of AES and XSL
Waterford

**Waterford City** is a city in Ireland. The population in 2006 was nearly 50,000 people. It is the county town of County Waterford. Waterford is the fifth largest city in Ireland. It is also the oldest city in Ireland. 
 
Waterford is home to the Waterford Crystal glass factory, which exports crystal all around the world. This glass factory has made many famous pieces, including the New Years Eve glass ball used in Times Square in New York. The factory closed in 2009 leading to over 1,500 job losses. The factory reopened again in the city centre in June 2010 and is now a popular tour. Tourists also come to Waterford to visit the Waterford Viking Triangle.

## History 
The city was founded in 914 by the Vikings. The Norman King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were made royal cities and in the Middle Ages, Waterford was Ireland's second city after Dublin. As a result, King Henry VII gave the city its motto: *Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia (Waterford remains the untaken city)*.
After the Protestant Reformation, Waterford remained a Catholic city and participated in an independent Catholic government from 1642 to 1649. This was ended by Oliver Cromwell, who brought the country back under English rule; his son-in-law Henry Ireton finally took Waterford in 1650 after a battle.

The 18th century was a period of wealth for Waterford. Most of the city's best buildings came during this time. A permanent military base was established in the city with the Waterford Barracks at the end of the 18th century.

During the 19th century, great industries such as glass making and shipbuilding started in the city.

Reginald's Tower is the oldest urban civic building in Ireland, and the oldest monument to retain its Viking name. It is Waterford's most recognisable landmark. It is believed to be the first building in Ireland to use mortar. Reginald's Tower is in the Viking Triangle, a favourite visiting area for tourists which contains three museums and the Waterford Crystal factory and showroom. 

The River Suir, which flows through Waterford City, has provided a basis for the city's long maritime history. The place downriver from Waterford where the River Nore and the River Barrow join the River Suir is known in the Irish language as *Cumar na dTrí Uisce* ("The confluence of the three waters"). Waterford Port has been one of Ireland's major ports for over 1000 years. In the 19th century, shipbuilding was a major industry. The owners of the Neptune Shipyard, the Malcomson family, built and operated the largest fleet of iron steamers in the world between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s, including five trans-Atlantic passenger liners.

## Transport 
Waterford Airport is a regional airport. Waterford is also known for where of one of the biggest European airlines, Ryanair started from. The first flight was a 14-seat Bandeirante aircraft, flying between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.

## References
Dissipation

In physics, **dissipation** includes the concept of a dynamical system where *important mechanical modes*, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems. 

For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to **dissipate**. The dissipative nature depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.

## In computational physics 
In computational physics, a numerical dissipation is also known as **"artificial dissipation"** or **"artificial diffusion"** or **"numerical diffusion"**. They all mean this: when the pure advection equation--which, by definition, *is free of dissipation*--is solved by a numerical approximation method that reduces the amplitude and changes the shape of the initial wave in a way analogous (similar) to a diffusional process, the method is said to contain 'dissipation'.

## In river hydrology 
In Hydrology, dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream-beds (river-banks) to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic force.
Springfield, Massachusetts

**Springfield** is a city in Massachusetts, United States. In the year 2020, 155,929 people lived in the city and 460,000 people lived in Metropolitan Springfield. Springfield is the largest city on the Connecticut River. It is at a natural crossroad where three rivers flow into the Connecticut River.

## History
One of Springfield's nicknames is "The City of Firsts" because many famous inventions came from there, like:

* The sport of basketball was invented in Springfield in 1892. The James Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is there.
* The American car was invented there in 1893.
* The American motorcycle was invented in Springfield in 1901.
* The modern fire engine was invented there in 1905.
* The commercial radio station was invented there in 1920.
* The UHF TV station was invented in Springfield in 1950.

## Location
Springfield is near Hartford, Connecticut. The two cities are only 24 miles (38&nbsp;km) apart. Airline service to Springfield and Hartford is provided from Bradley International Airport. Bradley is 12 miles (19&nbsp;km) away from Springfield, and 12 miles (19&nbsp;km) away from Hartford. 

## People
Many famous people are from Springfield: Dr. Seuss, the author, is from there. John Brown, the abolitionist, started his abolitionism here. James MacNeill Whistler, the famous painter, lived there too. Timothy Leary, the LSD activist was born there. Milton Bradley, the game-maker made his games, like "The Game of Life," and "Chutes and Ladders" there. Charles Goodyear, the man who invented vulcanized rubber, first made it in Springfield.

## Environment
Springfield's other nicknames are "The City in a Forest," because it has a lot of trees in it, and "The City of Homes" because it has many big Victorian houses.

## Sports
Springfield has two professional sports teams, the Springfield Falcons AHL ice hockey team, and the Springfield Armor NBA D-League basketball team. Both teams play home games at the MassMutual Center on Main Street in Springfield.

## Transportation
Many trains and buses meet in Springfield, because it is close to big cities like New York City, Boston, Montreal, and Albany. It is also next to New England's largest river, the Connecticut River. Springfield has always been a city that has welcomed immigrants.

## Sightseeing
Springfield has the Basketball Hall of Fame, The Quadrangle museums - a group of art, science, and history museums around the Dr. Seuss sculptures. There is the Club Quarter, where there are many restaurants, bars, and discos. There is also Forest Park, where there is a zoo, different sports fields, and a lake.
Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet

Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty called the **Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet**  on February 2, 1913, at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar). Today, we are not sure if the treaty can be used or not.

## Legal issues 
The Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. After this, both Tibet and Mongolia were . Both had a lamaist head of state. The Republic of China did not see them as independent. In the treaty, both Mongolia and Tibet said they would see each other as independent, and help each other in war. 

The people who signed for Mongolia were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and General Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren. Those who signed for Tibet were Agvan Dorjiev, Chijamts, and Gendun-Galsan, who lived in Tibet. Dorjiev was  a Buryat, a citizen of Russia. For this reason, the treaty may not be legal. The 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had let Dorjiev sign a treaty with Mongolia. More importantly, neither the Lama nor the Tibetan government has ever signed any treaty. The Russian government said  that Dorjiev was Russian. He could therefore not act as a diplomat for the Dalai Lama. The Mongolian text of the treaty was published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982.

Most people did not see Mongolia or Tibet as independent. They said that these areas belonged to China. Western powers had made treaties with the Qing Dynasty, and China had said it would honour these treaties. If they had recognised either Tibet or Mongolia, these treaties would have become invalid. The main Western powers were the United Kingdom and Russia. Both feared that if they saw the countries as independent, they could come under the influence of the other western powers. In their opinion, that situation was worse than if China controlled both of them, because China was weak.

## Solutions 
British negotiators at the Simla Convention heard about the treaty and got very suspicious. They feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain more influence in Tibet. Instead, a very similar treaty was signed by Mongolia, China, and Russia on 25 May 1915. This treaty was called the tripartite Treaty of Kyakhta. The agreement stated that Mongolia was completely  autonomous in internal matters and that Russia had certain privileges in Mongolia. At the same time it said that Mongolia was in fact a part of China.

## Notes and references 
## Other websites 
* English translation of the Treaty from Tibetan
Galway

**Galway** is a port city in the western part of Ireland. It is in the historic province of Connacht. Over 70,000 people live there as of 2011. It is located on the Galway Bay.

Galway-20-Turm-2017-gje.jpg|City gate
Galway-18-Claddagh Rings-2017-gje.jpg|Claddagh Rings
Galway-Kathedrale-12-Transept-gje.jpg|Cathedral
Galway-St Nicholas-28-aus dem Chor-gje.jpg|St. Nicholas
Galway-Pub-10-Seagon ua Neactain-gje.jpg|Pub
Galway-16-Stehgeiger-2017-gje.jpg|Street musician

## References
Serpent (cipher)

**Serpent** is a  symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen.

Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words.  Each round applies one of eight 4-bit by 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices.  This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES.

Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future  in cryptanalysis.

The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

## Rijndael vs. Serpent
#Rijndael is a substitution-linear transformation network with 10, 12, or 14 rounds, depending on the key size, and with block sizes of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits, independently specified.**Serpent** is a substitution-linear transformation network which has 32 rounds, plus an initial and a final permutation to simplify an optimized implementation. 
#The round function in **Rijndael** consists of: a nonlinear layer, a linear mixing layer, and a key-mixing XOR layer.The round function in **Serpent** consists of: key-mixing XOR, thirty-two parallel process of the same 4x4 S-box, and a linear transformation, except in the last round, in which another key-mixing XOR replaces the linear transformation. 
#The nonlinear layer in **Rijndael** uses an 8x8 S-box.The nonlinear layer in **Serpent** uses 8 different 4x4 S-boxes.

The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.

## Security
The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.

## Other websites
* Serpent homepage
* SCAN's entry for Serpent
* In Pellicano Case, Lessons in Wiretapping Skills NYTimes May 5 2008
Global apartheid

**Global apartheid** is a term used to mean the worldwide control of resources, the economy, and government by an ethnic minority. The term comes from apartheid, a governmental system that ruled South Africa in which the Afrikaners, or "whites", controlled most of the resources and where non-whites were denied access to these resources. Apartheid or 'separate development' was introduced by the National Party after the 1948 election to protect European interests and identity by enforcing separation between the 'races'. The term is often used to describe the gap between whites and nonwhites, and global socioeconomic inequality, the existence of which has been proven by statistics. As in South Africa, there is a hierarchy of group rights in the world:

# citizens of the US, UK and France, with veto powers in the Security Council, NATO and IMF, World Bank and global economic regimes;
# OECD and Western Alliance, who have the vote, access to courts and Western solidarity;
# other independent states represented on a regional basis and party to human rights conventions
# independent states which do not adhere to human rights conventions;
# occupied territories and peoples without states;
# refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless person.

Although not explicitly classified by race, this hierarchy is banded by colour. Nationality laws of most countries, and the European Union, explicitly enshrine this ‘classification'.

European countries control most of the world's technology and weapons, and 20% of the global population, the richest percentage, take in 71.3% of income. Although most people of the world are not white, thereby making whites a minority, this minority often holds power in society. Most Western countries have laws against racial discrimination and active anti-racist movements, however much Western thought, law and action are exclusive, operating through institutional and indirect discrimination rather than overt racism. Their system of exclusion are more sophisticated, this prevents the West from exercising unconditional power in international affairs.

The term apartheid was famously used by Thabo Mbeki, the then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons the modern-day status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era. Mbeki got the term from the book Unravelling Global Apartheid (1996) by Titus Alexander, initiator of Charter 99, a campaign for global democracy, who was present at the UN Millennium Summit.

## References
Give 'Em Enough Rope

'''''Give 'Em Enough Rope'''* is the second album by English punk rock band the Clash. It was released in 1978. In the United States, this was their first official album because it was released before the U.S. version of *The Clash''.  The album was well liked and got to number 2 in the UK chart, and number 128 in the U.S.

## Track listing 
All songs were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. All songs were arranged by The Clash. All lead vocals were by Strummer, except "Stay Free" by Jones.

### Side one 
# "Safe European Home" – 3:50
# "English Civil War" – 2:35
# "Tommy Gun" – 3:17
# "Julie's Been Working for the Drug Squad" – 3:03
# "Last Gang in Town" – 5:14

### Side two 
# "Guns on the Roof" (Strummer, Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon) – 3:15
# "Drug-Stabbing Time" – 3:43
# "Stay Free" – 3:40
# "Cheapskates" – 3:25
# "All the Young Punks (New Boots and Contracts)" – 4:55

## References