open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yonge Street

.]]
**Yonge Street** (pronounced "young") is a main street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and its northern suburbs. It was once listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest street in the world and is listed as a national historic site. It was the site of Canada's first subway line.

Yonge Street is the home of or close to many places of interest in Toronto, including street and theatre acts, the Eaton Centre, the Hockey Hall of Fame and–at the very start of the road–'One Yonge Street', the offices of the *Toronto Star* newspaper. The Yonge Line of the Toronto subway under or along it from south of King Street to Finch Avenue. The Viva Blue BRT line goes along Yonge from Finch to Newmarket Bus Terminal.

## Cultural significance 
Yonge Street is thought to be Toronto's main street, because of it splits the city into east and west, and the has the Yonge subway line running under it. It is also the main place people come to celebrate events.

Parts of the street are often closed for events, such as an yearly street party. Toronto's annual Gay Pride, Orange Order, and Santa Claus parades also use Yonge Street for a large part of their routes. Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot has a song about Yonge Street, titled "On Yonge Street", on his album *A Painter Passing Through*.

## 2018 van incident
On April 23, 2018 a white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street.

## Places of interest 
, located at Yonge and College.]]
* Hockey Hall of Fame
* Eaton Centre
* *Toronto Star* Building at One Yonge Street 
* Toronto Reference Library

## Related pages
* Steeles Avenue
* 2018 Toronto van incident

## References 
* *The Yonge Street Story (1793-1860)*, by F. R. Berchem, Natural Heritage Books, Toronto, 1977

## Other websites 
* *Globe and Mail* article on Yonge Street
* A page which argues against Yonge Street's claim as the world's longest street 
* Portrait of Sir George Yonge 
* A Yahoo! page that explains why Yonge Street is the longest street in the world 
* Yonge Street 1796 Plaque 
* Blog series on the southern section of Yonge Street 
*Google Maps of Yonge Street
Mohammed Rafi

**Mohammed Rafi** (, , December 24, 1924 – July 31, 1980) was an Indian playback singer who primarily sang in Hindi for the Bollywood industry. He is considered to have been one of the greatest and most influential singers of the Indian subcontinent, having influenced several singers across South Asia. Rafi was notable for his versatility and range of voice; his songs varied from fast, peppy numbers to patriotic songs, sad numbers to highly romantic songs, qawwalis to ghazals and bhajans to classical songs. In a career of over 40 years, Rafi sang more than 26,000 songs in the national languages of India and sometimes in other languages.

## Career
In 1944, Rafi moved to Mumbai. Rafi appeared in two movies. In 1945, he appeared on the screen for the song "Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha" in the film *Laila Majnu*. He sang a number of songs as part of the chorus, including with K. L. Saigal from the movie *Shahjahan* (1946). Rafi sang in Mehboob Khan's *Anmol Ghadi* (1946). He had a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film *Jugnu*, "Yahan Badla Wafa Ka". After partition, Rafi decided to stay in India.

In 1949, Rafi was given solo songs by music directors such as Naushad, Shyam Sunder, and Husnalal Bhagatram.

In his early career, Rafi associated with many contemporary music directors, most notably Naushad Ali. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he worked with other composers of the era such as O. P. Nayyar, Shankar Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and Roshan. Throughout the 1970s he also with leading composers, such as R.D Burman, Laxmikant Pyarelal, Kalyanji Anandji, Madan Mohan, Usha Khanna, Sonik Omi and Rajesh Roshan.

## Death
On Thursday, July 31, 1980, Rafi died at 10:50 p.m., following a massive heart attack. He had  four sons (Saeed Rafi, Khalid Rafi, Hamid Rafi, Shahid Rafi), three daughters (Parveen, Nasreen, Yasmin) and 18 grandchildren.

## Other websites
*
Epiphyte

]]
]]
s and bromeliads in a garden setting in Hawaii]]
 tree frogs that live their lives inside the cloud forest's bromeliads.]]

An **epiphyte** is a plant which grows on another plant, without being a parasite. The term is also be used for bacteria, fungi, lichens and mosses which grow on plants. However, most epiphytes (89%) are flowering plants; and about a third of all ferns are epiphytes.  

An epiphyte gets its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. The ones in the temperate zone are often mosses, liverworts, lichens and algae, and in the tropics ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads.

Sometimes such plants are called **air plants**, because they do not root in soil. This is misleading though, as there are many aquatic epiphytes as well. Epiphytic organisms only take support from the host; they are usually not parasites. Parasitic and semi-parasitic plants, like the mistletoe are not true epiphytes.

Epiphytes usually use photosynthesis to get energy; often they have adapted their leaves to be able to capture rainwater (and moisture from the air) if they are not aquatic.

Epiphytes are important for other species too, certain frogs live in the water reservoir of epiphytes.

## References
EMPAC

The **Curtis R. Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center** (**EMPAC**) is a big concert hall and place for arts at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. It opened on October 3, 2008. It has a lot of high tech things in it.

## Other websites
*EMPAC Main Page
Kingston, Ontario

**Kingston, Ontario** is a Canadian city at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Here the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin.

Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. According to the
2021 Canadian Census, there were 132,485 people living in Kingston.

Kingston is a very old and historic city. It has been the site of battles between Canada and the United States. It was also the Capital of Canada at one time.

## Media
CFMK 96.3

CFLY 98.3

## References
## Other websites 
* Official City of Kingston Website
* Kingston Economic Development Corporation
* The Community Foundation of Kingston & Area
* Kingston Frontenac Public Library
* Volunteer Opportunities in Kingston
* Kingston Transit routes
* The International Hockey Hall of Fame
* Kingston Genealogy, Heritage, & History links
* Kingston Electors  (local government issues)
* Kingston Taxpayer's Association
Beamish Museum

**Beamish, The North of England Open Air Museum** is an open air museum. It is at Beamish, near the town of Stanley, County Durham England.

## References
Loon

A **loon** is a bird that lives on water. It is  in the order **Gaviiformes**. This is an order of aquatic birds, the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives.

Loons are the size of a large duck or a small goose.  Loons can be hard to find because they are shy around people.  The name "loon" is from the Scandinavian word for "clumsy". Loons are the state bird of Minnesota. Loons are found in most parts of North America (there are five North American  species) and northern Eurasia.  They enjoy cool climates in the summer and migrate to ocean coasts in the winter.

Loons can dive up to 200 feet underwater for food.  Their bodies are shaped for diving.  To dive better, they have solid bones (most birds' bones are hollow) and feet placed far back for swimming under the water. They have black (or grey)-and-white heads, pale breasts, and striped back feathers. 

Loons can lay up to two eggs. The females are brownish in color which helps them blend into their surroundings.  Both the male and female parent take turns sitting on the eggs.  After hatching, they fly south when the weather gets cool.  The young loons spend three years in the south before returning to the north.

They are best known for their loud, trumpeting call. They also make melodic, wailing or laughing sounds.  Loons communicate to each other through their sounds.  They also communicate with humans and other animals through dance.  Loons warn others to stay away from their nests by dancing on the water.  Loons are protective parents and will dance to exhaustion and death to protect their eggs.  Raccoons, gulls, and skunks have been known to devour loon eggs.   

Loons eat fish like sunfish, perch, and bullheads.  Loons do not chew their food.  They have elastic throats that allow the loon to swallow their food whole.  When they swallow fish, their throat expands to the size of the fish they eat so they do not choke.    

Scientists band, or tag loons to try to understand more about them. Their life style is similar to the grebes, but they are a different group of birds.
Crossbow

The **crossbow**, or **arbalest**, is a bow which consists of a bow-like arc called *prod* and cross-wise body called *stock* and trigger mechanism.  The crossbow is an invention in which the stock, a piece of wood is mounted on two other crossing pieces.  Crossbows shoot short arrows called *bolts* which are similar to arrows.  The crossbow was introduced to China during the Warring States period.  This period lasted over three centuries where several Chinese states fought mercilessly for dominance and territory.  Throughout this time the crossbow evolved to make it easier to carry and more accurate.  This highly sought after weapon led to the success of the Han and Song empires.

The Ancient Greeks invented the crossbow separately in 4th century B.C.  The Romans called the weapon *arcuballista*.  Crossbow were much used in the Middle Ages as they were strong and accurate and could be used as a sharpshooter weapon.  The Arabs call crossbow *qaws Ferengi*, "Frankish bow", as the Crusaders used crossbow a lot. A good crossbow can shoot the bolt with such immense power that it may pierce armour. Against unarmoured light opponents, even a single bolt may be lethal.

Compared to the ordinary bow, the crossbows have good and bad sides to them. They fire much stronger and much more accurately than ordinary bows, and shooting accurately with a crossbow is easier to learn than shooting with an ordinary bow. On the other hand, because the prod is short and therefore very stiff, a crossbow will take much longer time to load, and a crossbow does not have as good accurate range than a longbow.  Many crossbows have crank or windlass mechanisms to pull the string in drawn position. Also many crossbows do have safety mechanisms to prevent an accidental shot.

Crossbow shooting is today a popular sport.

## References
Miniature sheet

A **miniature sheet** or **souvenir sheet** is a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed. They may be either regular issues that just happen to be printed in small groups, or special issues often commemorating some event, such as a national anniversary, philatelic exhibition, or government program. The number of stamps ranges from one to about 25; larger sheets of stamps are simply called "sheets" with no qualifier.

The stamps on the sheet may be perforated in the usual way, or imperforate. The margins or selvage of the sheet may have additional printing, ranging from a simple statement of the occasion being commemorated, up to a full picture of which the stamp(s) are just a small part.

## Related pages 
* Postage stamp

## Other websites 
*
Sheet

**Sheet** might mean:
* Bed sheet, a cloth used to cover a mattress.
* Ice sheet.
* Sheet of stamps (or press sheet), a unit of stamps printed on sheets of paper and sold at post offices.
* Miniature sheet, a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed.
Human-powered aircraft

A **human powered aircraft** is an aircraft that is powered entirely or partly by the pilot(s).  Several human powered aircraft have been constructed in the past 30 years for recreation or to win prizes.

Designing a successful human-powered aircraft is difficult because a very large power to weight ratio must be d.  This has been the reason why many of these aircraft use  composite materials in their construction.

There are human-powered aircraft being designed and made now.  One aircraft is being built by Virginia Tech University named the Iron Butterfly.  Another one is being built by the Pennsylvania State University named the Zephyrus.

## References
* History of man-powered flight 
* Chronology and pictures
* Blue Falkor Human Powered Aircraft project at TU Delft The Netherlands
Sonic Battle

***Sonic Battle*** is a fighting video game for the Game Boy Advance that came out on January 5, 2004. The game is made by THQ, Sonic Team and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Tails the Fox, Knuckles the Echidna, Shadow the Hedgehog, Rouge the Bat, Amy Rose, Cream the Rabbit, E-102 Gamma, Chaos 0, or a new character called Emerl.
List of ICD-9 codes

The **International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems** 9th Revision (**ICD-9**) is list of codes that classify diseases and medical problems. These codes are in the public domain. The ICD is published by the World Health Organization. There have been many revisions, or updated versions, of the ICD. The ICD-9 is the ninth version.

The ICD-9 gives a special, unique code to:
*Every medical condition (including mental health problems)
*Specific symptoms, if it is not clear what condition is causing the symptom. (For example, if a person has a cough, but his doctor does not know why, he would just use the ICD code for "Cough".)
*Changes in the body, or test results that are not normal (if it is not clear what condition is causing these changes).
*Injuries or illnesses that are caused by things outside of the body (for example, broken bones, burns, and poisonings)
*Social issues that may cause health problems (for example, if a person's job causes health risks, or if the person's health is at risk because of poverty).

* 001-139: Infectious and parasitic diseases
* 140-239: Neoplasms
* 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
* 280-289: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
* 290-319: Mental disorders
* 320-359: Diseases of the nervous system
* 360-389: Diseases of the sense organs
* 390-459: Diseases of the circulatory system
* 460-519: Diseases of the respiratory system
* 520-579: Diseases of the digestive system
* 580-629: Diseases of the genitourinary system
* 630-676: Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
* 680-709: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
* 710-739: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
* 740-759: Congenital anomalies
* 760-779: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
* 780-799: Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
* 800-999: Injury and poisoning
* E and V codes: External causes of injury and supplemental classification

## Related pages
* ICD-10

## References
Coeliac disease

**Coeliac disease** (**Celiac disease** in American English) is an autoimmune disorder in people when the indigestion of gluten leads to problems in the body. If someone with coeliac disease eats something with gluten (for example, wheat, rye, barley), cells inside the body attack the lining of the intestine. This means that they cannot digest food properly, making them unable to have enough energy, vitamins, or minerals. Children may be unable to grow taller or gain weight properly. People with coeliac disease often lose weight. They are also often tired.

## Overview 
People with coeliac disease often have bloating and pain in their stomach area, diarrhoea or steatorrhea. These symptoms can lead to flatulence. Their stomachs also start to hurt and they might suffer from joint pains, seizures, rashes, fatigue, slowness in growth and puberty, loss in weight, loss of bone density and fertility issues.

Since many people feel sick after eating wheat, coeliac disease is not the only possible disease. Three main reasons for these symptoms: celiac disease, wheat allergy, and a non-celiac (gluten) wheat sensitivity (NCGS/NCWS), a condition where people are sensitive to wheat even if they don't have celiac disease or a wheat allergy. Patients with wheat allergy have a process mediated by immune system; its many symptoms include asthma, rhinitis, and urticaria. 

To relieve the effects of coeliac disease, one must stop eating gluten. There are no medicines or cure that can stop coeliac disease. To get fully better, it usually takes about two years of not eating gluten, during which time the previously damaged intestine might recover. They must remain on a gluten-free diet for the rest of their life in order to treat this condition.

Coeliac disease is genetic and relatives (such as children, siblings, parents) with this disease have a 1 in 10 chance of developing coeliac disease. This means that the person affected by it is born with genes that cause the immune system to react poorly to gluten. However, Coeliac disease is not always present during childhood. It can be triggered as an adult by an event such as hormone shifts or illness.

To find out if a person has coeliac disease, doctors look in the blood to see if they have the cells that attack the intestine when gluten is eaten. The protein that attacks the intestine is called an antibody. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells, and they normally stop illnesses from growing in the body, but in the case of coeliac disease, one of the antibodies thinks that gluten is something that will cause illness. Doctors can also look into the patient's intestines with a camera on a tube called an endoscope. This can show if the intestines are being or have been damaged because of coeliac disease.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Celiac Disease Foundation 
* What is Celiac Disease?
George S. Patton

**George Smith Patton, Jr.** (also **George Smith Patton III**) (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a U.S. Army officer who was in the army from 1909 to his death.  He was in charge of many soldiers and worked to defeat Nazi Germany during World War II in Europe.

He was sent to the North African Campaign in 1942 after the United States, led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, declared war on Nazi Germany after he Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 because Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party supported Japanese Emperor Hirohito after Luftwaffe Commander Hermann Göring and Kriegsmarine Admiral Erich Raeder urged him to declare war on America.

Patton was also involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Allied invasion of Italy, and the Normandy landings in some of the most severe fighting in the war. However, he also was involved in a series of slapping incidents.

Patton was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He was married to Beatrice Banning Ayer from 1910 to his death; they had a son.  

Patton died on December 21, 1945 after a car crash in Heidelberg, Germany, aged 60. He was later buried at American Cemetery and Memorial in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. In the movie  *Patton*, he was portrayed by George C. Scott. 

## References
Foreign relations of Pakistan

Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (behind Indonesia). Pakistan is the only Muslim country known to have nuclear weapons. Pakistan is also an important member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. Pakistan had some problems with its foreign relations. Pakistan's relations with its neighbor, India is mostly not good. They have been fighting over the disputed territory of Kashmir, over which they have fought two to three wars. Pakistan has also had difficult relations with neighbors Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has had a long and good relationship with China. Pakistan has interest over the Persian Gulf and has wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries.

Pakistan distrusted the Soviet Union during much of the Cold War. Because of this Pakistan had strong relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. 

Pakistan was a member of the American-sponsored CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Pakistans' alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has had a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization  in 1985. For several years, Pakistan's relations with the Republic of India have been improving, which opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues beyond security. 

## References
White rhinoceros

The **white rhinoceros** or **square-lipped rhinoceros** (*Ceratotherium simum*) is one of the five species of rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few megafauna species left. It has a wide mouth used for grazing and is the most social of all rhino species. 

The northern subspecies has all but died out; the southern is rare.
Picture frame

]]
A **picture frame** is usually a rectangular or oval shaped object designed to hold, protect and display a painting, drawing, or photograph. Most picture frames are made of wood or metal, and may have a glass cover. Some can be attached to walls, while others can stand up on a flat surface. The frames can be works of art themselves.
Persian blue

The color **Persian blue** is named from the blue color of some Persian pottery and the color of tiles used in and on mosques and palaces in Iran and in other places in the Middle East.  *Persian blue* is a representation of the color of the mineral lapis lazuli which comes from Persia and Afghanistan. (The color azure is also named after the mineral lapis lazuli.)

The first recorded use of *Persian blue* as a color name in English was in 1669.

The interior of the Shah Mosque in the city of Isfahan in Iran is lavishly decorated with Persian blue colored tiles.

## Meaning of Persian blue
* Many beautiful mosques in Iran, such as the enormous Shah Mosque in Isfahan, have interiors that are faced with tiles that are *Persian blue* or close variations of it.  
* The Persian blue color of Persian blue tiles is a representation of the color of lapis lazuli which has been mined in Iran and Afghanistan since ancient times.  
* The color Persian blue, like azure, is suggestive of the sky or the celestial sphere.
* When the color Persian blue is used in a religious context as to surface the interior of a mosque, it represents heaven.  

## Tones of Persian blue color comparison chart
## Related pages 
* Persian green

## References
Tim Flannery

Professor **Tim Flannery** (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist and global warming activist. Flannery was Australian of the Year in 2007 and previously was a professor at Macquarie University. He left Macquarie University in mid-2013. Flannery is also the chairman of the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international climate change awareness group.He also has a wife/spouse named Alexandra Szalay who is also a scientist and Italian

## Related pages
*The Weather Makers

## References
Phuket Giant Budha

Buddha statue formal name is : *Puttamingmongkol Akenakkiri**
(**พระมิ่งมงคลเอกนาคคีรี*') It is a buddha in Phuket island of Thailand. it is 45 metres tall with a base diametre of 25 metres. It looks towards Phang Nga Bay in the east and backs towards Andaman Sea in the west. The partially completed Buddha is open to visitors and there is no charge to enter the site, although there are many opportunities to make voluntary donations. It is believed to cost no less than 30 million Thai baht.  

## References 
## Other websites 
* เว็บไซต์ทางการ
* Phuket Post  Report The construction of Giant Budha
* The history of Phuket budha and Chamlong Temple  history written by Nongpor
Stellar precession

]]

 points has changed or will change over the years. The numbers on the left side mean years AD and the numbers on the right mean years BC.]] 
**Stellar precession** is one of the ways the stars slowly move across the sky when seen from the Earth. The best-known thing this causes is making the north star's place in the sky slowly change over thousands of years. It is caused by the Sun's gravity pulling the Earth's poles toward itself. Because the Earth's poles are tilted at an angle of 23.42 degrees from straight up in relation to its orbit, this causes the North Pole to seem to point at different places in the sky. While the orientation of the Earth with respect to the stars changes, the axial tilt remains constant. 

Although it takes a very long time for the pole to make a whole circle in the sky (almost 26,000 years), even over the time period that humans have had writing, this has made a big difference in what star is seen as the north star. When the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids about 4,000 years ago, they used the stars to make the edges line up with north and south. However, they did not use the same north star that we do because Earth's North Pole pointed at a different star than it does today. 

Astronomers have known about this movement for a very long time, calling it the precession of the equinoxes. Most people think that Hipparchus discovered it in ancient Greece in about 130 BC, but some people think that even the ancient Egyptians may have known about it.
Harem

, about 1876]]

**Harem** means the women and the place where they live in a polygynous household. Most men are not allowed in there. The word *harem* comes from the Arabic word *haram*, meaning a sacred, forbidden place. Harems were meant for the royal upbringing of the future wives of noble and royal men. These women would be educated so that they were ready to appear in public as a royal wife. 

In the West people thought that harems (especially those in the Ottoman Empire) were brothels full of women who gave themselves up to please rich men. 

In modern terms the word maybe used to describe a group of admiring women attracted to one man.
Chlorpromazine

**Chlorpromazine,** also known by its trade name **Thorazine**, is an antipsychotic drug. It is typically made to treat Schizophrenia, and treat bipolar disorder in the past. It has been shown to help uncontrollable hiccups disappear. It is also used to help with nausea and vomiting. Chlorpromazine was developed in 1950, making it the oldest antipsychotic drug.

## References
K'naan

'''K'naan'* (born Kaynaane Warsame in Somalia in 1978) is a Somali-Canadian poet, rapper and musician. Warsame started writing music in 2002 when recorded songs for his first album released in 2005 called *The Dusty Foot Philosopher*. He then made a live album in 2007 called *The Dusty Foot in the Road*. In February 2009, he released his third studio album *Troubadour''. 

K'naan including a bunch of Canadian singers called "*Young Artists for Haiti*" remade the song "Wavin' Flag" for the Earthquake in Haiti.

## Albums 
* 2004 - *My Life is a Movie*
* 2005 - *The Dusty Foot Philosopher*
* 2007 - *The Dusty Foot in the Road (Live album)*
* 2009 - *Troubadour*
* 2012 - *Country, God or the Girl*

## Singles 
* 2004-2005 - *Soobax*
* 2005 - *Strugglin*
* 2005 - *In the Beginning*
* 2008 - ''ABC's*
* 2008 - *Dreamer*
* 2008 - *If Rap Gets Jealous*
* 2009 - *Wavin' Flag'*
* 2009 - *Bang Bang* - released February 24th 2009. The single was released on iTunes February 24th, 2009, as the "Single of the Week". The song features front-man Adam Levine of Maroon 5. *Bang Bang* was from the album *Troubadour*.
* 2012 - *Is Anybody Out There*
* N/A - *Take a Minute''
East Anglia Transport Museum

The **East Anglia Transport Museum** is a transport museum that is completely outside. It has lots of old public transport vehicles. Lots of them are also able to operate. It is the only place in England where visitors can ride on buses, trams trolleybuses and a narrow gauge railway in the same museum.

## Related pages
*List of transport museums
*List of trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom
*The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft
*Black Country Living Museum - also with trolleybuses and trams
*Crich Tramway Village - Large collection of Tramcars

## Other websites
* Museum website
Terry Butcher

**Terence Ian "Terry"  Butcher** (born 28 December 1958 in Singapore) is the  of the Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

He was once a professional player. He played as defender with Ipswich Town and Rangers in the 1980s. He was also a captain of England and won 77 caps in his career of ten years.

## Early life
He was born in Singapore but spent his childhood in Lowestoft, Suffolk. There he attended The Denes High School. He also met his wife Rita there. He got a chance to join Norwich City youth team, but refused it.

## Playing career
### Club career
Butcher made his debut for Ipswich against Everton in the First Division on 15 April 1978. Over the next eight seasons, he became the club's central defender. His good performance was noticed by then England coach Ron Greenwood. He gave him his debut in a friendly against Australia in 1980.

In 1981, Butcher played in the Ipswich side that won the UEFA Cup under Bobby Robson. That year the club cape close to its first League title since 1962. However Aston Villa defeated them and won the title.

In 1986, Butcher left Ipswich when they were relegated. He became one of the first 'English invasion' players to join Scottish club Rangers. This was after Graeme Souness became its manager. Souness, the former Liverpool player, paid Ipswich £725,000 for him in July 1986.
* Scottish Football League Premier Division: 1986–87, 1988–89, 1989–90 
* Scottish League Cup: 1986–87, 1988–89

**Individual**
*Ipswich Town Player of the Year: 1984–85, 1985–86
* Rangers Hall of Fame: inducted 2000
* Scottish Football Hall of Fame: inducted 2011
*English Football Hall of Fame: Inducted 2021

### Manager
**Inverness Caledonian Thistle**
* Scottish First Division (second tier): 2009–10

**Individual**
*Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month: February 2004, September 2004, November 2012, August 2013

## References
Toronto Transit Commission

The **Toronto Transit Commission** (**TTC**) runs the public transport system that has buses, streetcars, subways, and rapid transit lines in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Started in 1954, the TTC has grown to three subway lines and an elevated rapid transit line with a total of 75 stations, as well as 149 surface routes (buses and streetcars). Of these 149 routes 148 make 243 connections with a subway or rapid transit station during weekday rush hours.

The TTC operates the third most used urban public transport  in North America (after the New York City Transit Authority and the Mexico City Metro).

 9777 on a scheduled stop at Dufferin Mall in Toronto, Ontario.]]
The TTC also runs a door-to-door *(they pick people up at home, the shops or work, and take them anywhere they wish to go)* system for people with physical disabilities known as Wheel-Trans; about 5,500 trips are made by this service daily. This service costs the same as any other trip on the TTC even though it is door-to-door. The TTC had 11,235 people working for it in 2007.

## Related pages
* Toronto subway and RT
* Toronto buses and trolley buses
* Toronto streetcar system
* Signals on the TTC
* Russell Hill subway accident
* List of Toronto subway and RT stations

## References
## Other websites
* 

### Route information
* 
* 
* TTC schedules by route name 
* The TTC Ride Guide as searchable Google map

### Multimedia
* CBC Archives - audio and video about the TTC.
* 69: TTC station photos
* Transit Toronto's YouTube channel
Viscosity

**Viscosity** is a physical property of fluids. It shows resistance to flow. In a simple example, water has a low viscosity, as it is "thin". Syrup and tar, on the other hand, have a high viscosity, as they are "thick". A way to test for viscosity is the speed at which the substance runs down a slope. Syrup would reach the bottom very slowly, and water would be much quicker.

There are two types of viscosity: *dynamic viscosity*, measured in pascal seconds, and *kinematic viscosity*, measured in metres squared per second .

Viscosity is used as a way to predict when volcanoes erupt. When the lava comes out very thickly (viscous), there is more chance that it will erupt violently. This is because the lava has a hard time getting out and may burst out when it can. If the lava is thin (low viscosity), then it just flows out like water.

The word *viscous* comes from the Latin root *viscum*, meaning sticky.

## References
Passenger

.]]
A **passenger** is a term that is used for a person who travels in a vehicle, but not the driver or a person working in the vehicle. 

There are two common ways in which the term is used:

* The first is for persons who ride in cars or vans. The term is used for these type of passengers if they have or have not paid for the ride.
* The second is for persons who pay to ride in public transport vehicles such as buses, trains, aircraft, and ships. People who work on the vehicle are crew, not passengers. 

In most places the company who owns the vehicles and the people who work on them have legal  to the passengers riding with them. 

Abra Ride on 9 May 2007 Pict 1.jpg|Passengers on a boat
Romford Station.jpg|Passengers in a train station
Additions to Daniel

The **Additions to Daniel** are three chapters that have been held by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox churches since the council of Rome (380). These books were removed in most Christian Bibles since Martin Luther's decision to include them in his bible as "Apocrypha" due to the supposed contradiction of the Hebrew Old Testament (the Apostles and Early Church onward using the Septuagint). The chapters are listed in *Article VI* of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England as good but not sacred reading. Most Protestant Bibles do not have these chapters because most Protestant churches believe these chapters are apocryphal.

The Additions to Daniel are not found in the Hebrew or Aramaic text of Daniel. These stories are in the Greek Septuagint and a translation by the writer Theodotion. However, most Protestant Bibles use only the text in the Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, so they do not have these chapters.

The additions are:
* The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children : Azariah prays for God's protection. Later on, he and his friends sing a prayer of thanks. These prayers make up Daniel 3:24-90, put between verses 23 and 24 (v. 24 becomes v. 91).
* Susanna and the Elders : Two men want to have sex with Susanna but she does not want to. The men lie to other people and make them want to kill her. A boy named Daniel shows that the men lied, and they are killed instead. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.
* Bel and the Dragon : This chapter has three stories about how Daniel fights against the worship of idols, and how he escapes from lions. These stories come after Daniel 12:13 in the Greek texts, and they make up chapter 14 in the Vulgate.

## References
## Other websites
* NRSV: Prayer of Azariah
* NRSV: Susanna
* NRSV: Bel and the Dragon
* Old Greek and Septuagint translations and text notes from NETS 
* 
* 
* 
* The Unity of the Old English Daniel
* 
* 
* 
*
19521 Chaos

**19521 Chaos** is a Kuiper belt object. Chaos was found in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey, with Kitt Peak's 4&nbsp;m telescope. It is big at about 560&nbsp;km, and bright at H=4.755. It is named after the primeval state of existence in Greek mythology, from which the first gods appeared.

## Trivia 
A jazz-fusion/progressive-rock band from Connecticut got their name from this minor planet.

## References 
* original MPEC circular 1998-X08 and the revision, 1999-V03
* AstDys 
* 

 and other big TNOs]]
Heel (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a **heel** is a "bad guy". It is the opposite of a face, which is the word for a "good guy".

The job of the heel is to be booed by the audience (this is called getting heat), which helps to gain sympathy for the face. This can be done in many ways. One common way is to break the rules when the referee is not looking. Another way is to act in a nasty way towards the audience. 

Sometimes in American professional wrestling, a person from a foreign country will play the role of a heel who hates America. The Iron Sheik, who is Iranian, is one example. He had a rivalry with Hulk Hogan, who is American and acted as a patriot as one part of his character. It is not necessary for the foreign heel to really be from a foreign country. For example, Fritz Von Erich played the role of an evil German, despite really being from Texas.

WWE has said that it has stopped making it clear whether a wrestler is a face or a heel. This is partly because audiences know professional wrestling is scripted. Because of this, they might cheer a heel who puts on good matches. Also, they may boo a face who they think is being featured (*pushed*) too much and is not skilled enough for it, and so any heel facing them in a match would be cheered.

In lucha libre (Mexican professional wrestling), heels are called *rudos*. *Rudos* tend to use moves that show off their strength and power. This contrasts with *técnicos* (faces or good guys), who use a fast-paced style and high-flying moves.

## References
Line 1 Yonge–University

The **Yonge-University-Spadina Line** is the oldest and most used subway line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission, has 32 stations and is 30.2&nbsp;km in length. It opened in 1954, and had new stations added in 1963, 1973, 1974, 1978, and 1996. 

The line runs from about 6:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. Monday to Saturday and 9:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. on Sunday. The subway runs every 4–5 minutes, with extra services (2–3 minutes) during rush hour times. 

The **320 Yonge** bus runs late at night when the subway is closed. 

This Line starts from Finch in North York to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre in the York Region.

This line is a U-Shaped Line .

## References 
## Other websites 
* TTC website
* TTC Transit City LRT proposal 
* Spadina line extension
* Transit Toronto (not affiliated with the Toronto Transit Commission)
Tenrikyo

is a Japanese new religion that believes in one God (monotheism). It was founded in Japan in the 19th century by Miki Nakayama, a Japanese woman who said she heard from God. Believers of Tenrikyo call her "Oyasama", which means the "Great Parent", because she acts as a parent to all people. In Tenrikyo, God is called "Oyagami", which means "God the Parent".

The goal of Tenrikyo is for all people to live a joyous life. Oyasama stated that the way to save yourself is by saving others. In other words, to be truly happy you must make other people happy.

Today, Tenrikyo is centered in the city of Tenri in central Japan. There is a general hospital, a college, three schools, and a central temple there. Once a month, there is a big ritual in this central city and many people come from all over the country to pray. There are two million believers of Tenrikyo in Japan and around the world.

## References
Steeles Avenue

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**Steeles Avenue** is an east-west street that forms the northern city border of Toronto and the southern border of York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is 38.75&nbsp;km within Toronto, between Albion Road and the Scarborough-Pickering border.

West of Albion Road, Steeles continues into Peel Region, where it is also known as Peel Regional Road 15. It runs through Brampton and into the Halton Region town of Milton. It stops at Appleby Line on top of the Niagara Escarpment due to the Crawford Lake Conservation Area being there, and then the road starts again just east of Guelph Line and goes until the Milborough Townline on the border of Milton and Hamilton. East of the Toronto-Pickering border, it becomes Taunton Road.

## Name
Steeles is named after J. C. Steele, who owned a tavern on the street where it joins with Yonge Street.

## Ontario's Worst Road
Steeles Avenue was listed as the worst road by the CAA in October 2006, and as the fifth worst road in October 2007. In October 2008, it was re-listed as worst road in Ontario. Reasons are potholes and the quality of the road. Soon after the CAA's listing, some parts of the road between Dufferin Street and Bayview Avenue were resurfaced.

## References
Nicole Anderson

**Nicole Gale Anderson** (born August 29, 1990 in Rochester, Indiana) is an American actress.

## Biography 
Nicole has been performing and acting since she was younger. She had enrolled in gymnastics at 3-years-old, after 10 years of gymnastics, she took state championships and one national championship.

Nicole had won a scholarship to the Barbizon modeling school in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 13. She had several printing ads and commercials such as: "Mary Kate and Ashley Online Clothing", "Every Girl", "Stand Up", and "Bratz-Pretty 'n' Punk & Treasures".

Later on, Nicole had a few roles in TV shows as: *Unfabulous*, *Zoey 101*, *Nobody*, *Hannah Montana*, *iCarly*, *Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!*, the ABC Family "Make It Or Break It", and the ABC Family movie *Princess*. She did co-star in the Jonas Brothers' Disney Channel Original Series *JONAS* playing "Macy Misa", the brothers' #1 fan.

## Trivia 
* Her ethnicity is Spanish and Filipino
* She has two siblings, a brother name Kenn and a sister name Nadine.
* She's a psychology major in college.

## Television 
* *JONAS* (2009) - Macy Misa
* *Make It or Break It* (2009) -Kelly Parker

### Guest appearances 
* *Unfabulous* (2005) - Cheerleader #3.
* *Hannah Montana* (2007) - Marrissa Hughes.
* *Zoey 101* (2007) - Maria.
* *iCarly* (2007) - Tasha (2 episodes).
* *Beauty & the Beast* (2012) - Heather Chandler (3 episodes)

## Filmography 
* *Nobody* (2007) - Leila.
* *Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!* (2008) - Dana.
* *Princess* (2008) - Jitterbug/Calliope.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tar

.]]
. Date made: 1830 Maker: Pendleton's Lithography; Johnston, David Claypoole Place: Boston, Massachusetts Description: Black and white print; outdoor scene of three men standing in front of a gallows with a broken rope hanging from the gallows. One man is tarred and feathered from the neck down and has the other half of the broken rope around his neck.]]

**Tar** is a sticky black liquid made of thick oil. It is a natural substance, oozing out of the ground in places like the La Brea tar pits. Usually it is made by heating coal inside a chemical apparatus.

Most tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but it can also be produced from petroleum, peat or wood. The "destructive distillation" of a ton of coal can produce 700&nbsp;kg of coke, 100 litres of liquor ammonia, 50 litres of coal tar and 400 m3 of coal gas.

It used to be one of the products of gasworks. Tar made from coal or petroleum is considered toxic. It causes cancer because of its high benzene content. In low concentrations, however, tar is used as a medicine on the skin.

**Tar kilns** are dry distillation ovens, used in Scandinavia for producing tar from wood. They were built close to the forest, from limestone or from more primitive holes in the ground. The bottom is sloped into an outlet hole, to allow the tar to come out. The wood is split to dimensions of a finger and stacked densely, and finally covered tight with dirt and moss to stop air entering. On top of this, a fire is stacked and lit. After a few hours, the tar starts to pour out, and continues to do so for a few days.

## Uses 
Tar is used in treatment of the skin disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most effective. Tar is a general disinfectant. Petroleum tar was also used in ancient Egyptian mummification circa 1000 BC.

Tar was a vital component of the first sealed, or "tarmac", roads. The streets of Baghdad were the first to be paved with tar from the 8th century AD. It was also used as seal for roofing shingles and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have negated the need for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of historical shingle-roofed churches, as well painting exterior walls of log buildings.

Mixing tar with linseed oil varnish produces tar paint. Tar paint can be used to protect wood from weather. Tar paint can also be toned with various pigments, producing translucent colours and preserving the wood texture.

## Related pages 
*Asphalt

## References
* 
*Details history and uses of "Rangoon Tar"
Aconitum

**Aconitum**, known as **aconite**, **monkshood**, **wolfsbane**, '''leopard's bane**, **women's bane**, **Devil's helmet** or **blue rocket'*, is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). There are over 250 species of *Aconitum''.
Ecstasy (emotion)

**Ecstasy** is an emotion, and an altered state of consciousness. The word comes from Greek  *έκστασις*, *ékstasis*, which means to *step outside oneself*. People who have this emotion feel very happy.

## Related pages 
*Enthusiasm
*Religious experience
Alveolate

The **Alveolata** is a grouping of protists. One view is that it is a superphylum with at least four phyla.

## Phyla 
* Ciliates, very common protozoa, with many short cilia arranged in rows
* Chromerida – a marine phylum of photosynthetic protozoa
* Apicomplexa, parasitic protozoa that lack locomotive structures except in gametes
* Dinoflagellate, mostly marine flagellates, many of which have chloroplasts
Ice cube

**Ice cubes** are small pieces of ice that are often cubes. These pieces are sometimes used to cool drinks. Ice cubes are used in mixed drinks, when the drink has the words "on the rocks."

Ice cubes are made by filling a tray with water and putting it in a freezer. Many freezers also have an icemaker. Icemakers make ice cubes and put them in a bin. After that, they can be put in a glass.

Ice cubes are also made commercially and sold in large amounts. These ice cubes are usually cylindrical, and might have holes through the center. Commercially made ice cubes are very clear, as the water doesn't have much air dissolved in it.

Ice cubes can also be crushed into different-shaped flakes, which some people think makes some kinds of cocktails look better. Crushed ice is also used to cool a drink or other liquid quickly because the speed of cooling depends on the amount and average radius of the ice particles.

## First artificial ice cubes
American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 to be able to cool air. His refrigerator made ice, which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie is the creator of ice cubes, even though he was not trying to cool drinks. Instead, he used the ice to cool the room's temperature. During that time, people thought that bad air quality made people sick. So, to help treat sickness, he advocated for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

## Ice cube tray 
Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then put in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, thus creating ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the ice cubes can be removed easily by flexing the tray. Another design is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes up, releasing them from the tray. A motorized kind of this is in most automatic ice-making freezers.

Even though ice cubes are usually shaped like cubes, there are trays that make spherical or cylindrical shapes. These are sometimes called **ice tubes**. Some novelty trays make blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes.

The first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was made by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was made by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup, Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them.  After talking about it with his patent attorney at lunch, he did experiments using rubber cups. Later, he made and patented several kinds of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made of only rubber.

## References