open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sapphire (color)

]]
**Sapphire** is a deep blue or bright blue color that is a representation of the color of a sapphire. Sapphire gems are most commonly found in a range of blue shades.  Other names for variations of the color *sapphire* are **blue sapphire** or **sapphire blue**, shown below.

The first written use of *sapphire* as a color name in English was in 1430.

## Meaning of sapphire
* In the Old Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel, it is stated that God sits upon a sapphire throne in Heaven. It is possible that this may be the source of the importance of the color blue in Judaism.

## Tones of sapphire color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Tobago

**Tobago** is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is in the southern Caribbean Sea, northeast of the island of Trinidad and southeast of Grenada. The island is not hit by hurricanes very often.

## Other websites 
* Tobago House of Assembly
* WorldStatesmen Trinidad and Tobago
* Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
* National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago 
* Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company
Prime Minister of France

The **Prime Minister of France** is the person who controls the government of France day-to-day. They are appointed by the President of France.

## Prime ministers since 1958 
;Political parties

## References
George Town, Cayman Islands

**George Town**, Grand Cayman, is the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. The town has a population of 20,626 (1999 estimates).
Guanahacabibes Peninsula

**Guanahacabibes Peninsula** is the westernmost point on the island of Cuba. It is in the Pinar del Río Province, in the municipality of Sandino and is sparsely populated. The waters surrounding the peninsula are important lobster and red snapper fishing grounds. It also boasts the category of Biosphere Reserve, listed by UNESCO in 1987. Its western extremity, Cape San Antonio (), is the westernmost point of Cuba.

## References
Mobile Bay

1991.]]

**Mobile Bay** is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. Its mouth is formed by the Fort Morgan Peninsula on the eastern side and Dauphin Island, a barrier island on the western side. The Mobile River and Tensaw River empty into the northern end of the bay, making it an estuary. Dog River, Deer River, and East Fowl River empty into the western side of the bay, and Fish River is across the bay on the eastern shore.
1273

## Events 
### Europe 
* September 29 – Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.
* December 6 – Thomas Aquinas quit writing *Summa Theologica* — a master work of Catholic theology — leaving it unfinished after having a mystical experience during Mass.
* King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Bratislava from Hungary.

### The Middle East 
* December – Followers of the recently deceased Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi establish the Sufi order of the Whirling Dervishes in the city of Konya (in present-day Turkey).
* The "Holy Redeemer" khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram.
* The Constantinople suburb of Beyoğlu (then known as Pera) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople.

### Asia 
* January 31 – The six-year long battle of Xiangyang ends as commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.
* In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Mongol Empire) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.

## Births 
* July 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (died 1352)
* November 24 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (died 1284)
* Abu al-Fida, Arab historian (died 1331)
* David VIII of Georgia (died 1311)

## Deaths 
* December 17 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (born 1207)
* Baldwin II of Constantinople, last Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born 1217)
1246

## Events 
* End of the reign of Emperor Go-Saga, emperor of Japan. Emperor Go-Fukakusa replaces him.
* Güyük Khan is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
* A papal mission under Giovanni da Pian del Carpine arrives at Karakorum and witnesses this event.
* The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.
* Sainte-Chapelle built.
* With the death of Duke Frederick II, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria
* Beaulieu Abbey dedicated.

## Births 
* September 14 – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (died 1272)

## Deaths 
* February 25 – Dafydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
* May 31 – Isabella of Angouleme, queen of John of England
* June 15 – Duke Frederick II of Austria (born 1219)
* September 20 – Mikhail of Chernigov, Prince of Kiev
* September 30 – Yaroslav II of Russia (born 1190)
* November 8 – Berenguela of Castile, queen of Castile and León (born 1196)

## References
1986 FIFA World Cup

The **1986 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Diego Maradona was the best player of the tournament.

## Participants 
### Africa 
* Algeria (ALG) • Squad
* Morocco (MAR) • Squad

### Asia 
* Iraq (IRQ) • Squad
* Korea Republic (KOR) • Squad

### Europe 
* Belgium (BEL) • Squad
* Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
* Denmark (DEN) • Squad
* England (ENG) • Squad
* France (FRA) • Squad
* West Germany (FRG) • Squad
* Hungary (HUN) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Northern Ireland (NIR) • Squad
* Poland (POL) • Squad
* Portugal (POR) • Squad
* Scotland (SCO) • Squad
* Soviet Union (URS) • Squad
* Spain (ESP) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* Canada (CAN) • Squad
* Mexico (MEX) • Squad

### South America 
* Argentina (ARG) • Squad
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad
* Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
* Uruguay (URU) • Squad

## Results 
### Group stage 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
----

#### Group E 
#### Group F 
----

#### Ranking of third-place teams 
Starting with the 1994 World Cup, teams were awarded three points for a win rather than two, to encourage more offensive tactics. Had those rules been in place, Hungary would have finished ahead of Bulgaria for the 15th seed, and Uruguay would have been eliminated. The top four teams qualified for the knockout stage.

### Knockout stage 
#### Round of 16 
----

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----

----

----

----

----

#### Quarterfinals 
----

----

----

#### Semifinals 
----

#### 3rd place 
#### Final 
## References 
* FIFA 

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1070

## Events 
* Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England, which later collapses.
* Lanfranc, an Italian lawyer, becomes William's formidable Archbishop of Canterbury. 
* Central Asian poet Yusuf Balasagun completes the *Kutadgu Bilig*.
* Bergen, Norway is founded by the king Olav Kyrre. This will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced by Oslo in 1314.
* Abu Bakr Ibn-Umar founds Marrakesh.
* Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085).
* The Temple of Literature is established in the capital of Vietnam.
* A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuk Turks across the Euphrates.
* Song Dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the *Ben Cao Tu Jing*, a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.

## Deaths 
* Baldwin VI of Flanders (b. 1030)
1235

## Events 
* The Normans invade Connacht.
* St. Elizabeth of Hungary is canonized by Pope Gregory IX. She died on November 17 1231 at age 24, either from physical fatigue or from disease, in Marburg.
* A general inquisition begins in France.
* The Byzantine emperor John III Ducas Vatatzes and the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II besiege Constantinople in an attempt to take it from its Latin rulers, John of Brienne and Baldwin II. Angelo Sanudo successfully negotiates a two-year truce.
* Sundiata Keita's victory at the Battle of Kirina marks the beginning of the Mali Empire.
* The Lancaster Royal Grammar School is founded.
* A Chinese text of this year records that Hangzhou City, the capital of the Song Dynasty, held various social clubs that included a West Lake Poetry Club, the Buddhist Tea Society, the Physical Fitness Club, the Anglers' Club, the Occult Club, the Young Girls' Chorus, the Exotic Foods Club, the Plants and Fruits Club, the Antique Collectors' Club, the Horse-Lovers' Club, and the Refined Music Society.

## Births 
* Henry of Almain, King of the Romans (died 1271)
* Pope Boniface VIII (approximate date; died 1303)
* Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales (died 1283)
* Ramon Llull, Catalan writer and philosopher (died 1315)
* Saint Rose of Viterbo (died 1252)
* Arnold of Villanova, Spanish alchemist and physician (died 1311)
* Qian Xuan, Chinese painter (d. 1305)

## Deaths 
* January 14 – Saint Sava of Serbia (born 1175)
* September 5 – Henry I, Duke of Brabant (born 1165)
* October 26 – Andrew II of Hungary (born 1175)
* Rabbi David Kimhi, Biblical commentator (born 1160)
Hurricane Beulah

**Hurricane Beulah** tracked through the Caribbean Sea, struck the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico as a major hurricane, and moved west-northwest into the Gulf of Mexico, briefly gaining Category 5 status. It was the strongest hurricane during the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone then weakened before moving into Texas as a major hurricane. It spawned 115 twisters across Texas, which established a new record for the highest amount of tornadoes produced by a tropical cyclone. Due to its slow movement over Texas, Beulah led to significant flooding, and caused over $1 billion (2005 USD) in damages. There were 58 fatalities.
1934 FIFA World Cup

The **1934 FIFA World Cup** was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Italy in 1934. Italy won the trophy after beating Czechoslovakia in the final.

## Participants 
### Africa 
* • Squad

### Europe 
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad
* • Squad

### North and Central America 
* • Squad

### South America 
* • Squad
* • Squad

## Results 
### Final 
 won the championship.

## References 
*FIFA 

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1234

## Events 
* February 9 — Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupied the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234).
* Supposedly Mali begins revolt against oppressors.
* Canonization of Saint Dominic
* Pope Gregory IX called for a Crusade against Bosnia and replaced the Bogumil Bosnian Bishop with a Catholic Dominican German *Johann*
* Pope Gregory IX released the *Nova Compilatio Decretalium*
* King Andrew II of Hungary proclaimed herzeg *Coloman* as Ban of Bosnia, who passed it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Ban Matej Ninoslav (*1234* to 1239) despite Matej being the legitimate Ban of Bosnia

## Births 
* Abaqa Khan, Mongol emperor of Persia (died 1282)

## Deaths 
* April 16 – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (dob. unknown)
* June 18 – Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (born 1218)
* August 31 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (born 1212)
* Alan, Lord of Galloway
* Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (born 1192)

## Monarchs 
* Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
* Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
* Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong King of Navarre (reigned from 1194 to 1234)
1950 FIFA World Cup

The **1950 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Brazil in 1950. 
This competition was special compared to other FIFA World Cup tournaments as the winner was decided by winning a mini-league instead of a knock-out game.  Uruguay won the trophy after finishing higher than Brazil, Sweden and Spain in the final group stage.

## Participants 
### Europe 
* England (ENG) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Spain (ESP) • Squad
* Sweden (SWE) • Squad
* Switzerland (SUI) • Squad
* Yugoslavia (YUG) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* Mexico (MEX) • Squad
* United States (USA) • Squad

### South America 
* Bolivia (BOL) • Squad
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad
* Chile (CHI) • Squad
* Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
* Uruguay (URU) • Squad

## Results 
### Round 1 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
### Round 2 
## References 
* FIFA 

|
1930 FIFA World Cup

received.]]
The **1930 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Uruguay from 13 July to 30 July 1930. Thirteen teams competed in the first World Cup. Seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America. The teams were split into four groups with the winner of each group entering the semi-finals. The final saw Uruguay winning the trophy after beating Argentina.

## Participants 
This was the only World Cup to not have qualifiers. This is because every FIFA member was invited to join the tournament. Most of the interest came from South America where seven nations entered. This was the most South American nations that had entered the World Cup throughout its history. Few European nations took part because of cost from travelling the Atlantic Ocean from Europe.

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*

## Summary
### Group Stage
Group 1 was the only group to have four teams. They were Argentina, France, Chile and Mexico. Argentina won the group. This was because they won all three of their matches in the group, including a 6-3 win against Mexico. Guillermo Stábile scored 3 goals in that game. Chile finished 2nd, while France ended in 3rd.

Yugoslavia won Group 2. They won both of the matches in their group. They were the only European team to qualify. This was after they won 2-1 against likely winners Brazil in the first game. They beat Bolivia 4-0 in the second game to win the group. Brazil beat Bolivia in the final game by the same score.

In Group 3, the host nation (Uruguay) won both of their games to qualify for the knockout stage. After a one-goal win over Peru, they beat Romania in the last game of the group without giving away a goal. During that match, they scored with four different players in their 4-0 win. The other match in the group saw the smallest crowd at a World Cup with 2,459. The actual figure though is to be around 300 people.

In the final group, the United States won the group with wins against Belgium and Paraguay by the same score (3-0). During the Paraguay game, Bert Patenaude was credited as the first player to score a hat-trick in a FIFA World Cup. The last match of the group saw Paraguay beat Belgium one to nil.

### Semi finals
The four winners, Argentina, United States, Uruguay and Yugoslavia met in two games to see who would make the final. In the first match, the pitch had puddles all through the pitch.

## Group Stage 
### Group 1 
### Group 2
### Group 3
### Group 4
## Knockout Stage 
 won the championship. Although there was no third place play off, the United States are recognized as coming in third place (and Yugoslavia in fourth place) as the United States had better results in the tournament overall.

## Rankings 
## References 
## Other websites 
* FIFA
1938 FIFA World Cup

The **1938 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in France in 1938. Italy won the trophy after beating Hungary in the final.

## Participants 
### Asia 
* Dutch East Indies (INH) • Squad

### Europe 
* Belgium (BEL) • Squad
* Czechoslovakia (TCH) • Squad
* France (FRA) • Squad
* Germany (GER) • Squad
* Hungary (HUN) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Netherlands (NED) • Squad
* Norway (NOR) • Squad
* Poland (POL) • Squad
* Romania (ROU) • Squad
* Sweden (SWE) • Squad
* Switzerland (SUI) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* Cuba (CUB) • Squad

### South America 
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad

## Results 
### First round 
----

----

----

----

----

----

----

#### Replays 
----

----

### Quarter-finals 
----

----

----

----

#### Replay 
### Semi-finals 
----

### Match for third place 
### Final 
Italy won the championship.

## References 
## Other websites 
* FIFA 

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1954 FIFA World Cup

The **1954 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Switzerland in 1954. West Germany won the trophy after beating Hungary in the final.

## Participants 
### Asia 
* Korea Republic (KOR)

### Europe 
* Austria (AUT)
* Belgium (BEL)
* Czechoslovakia (TCH)
* England (ENG)
* France (FRA)
* West Germany (FRG)
* Hungary (HUN)
* Italy (ITA)
* Portugal (POR)
* Switzerland (SUI)
* Turkey (TUR)
* Yugoslavia (YUG)

### North and Central America 
* Mexico (MEX)

### South America 
* Brazil (BRA)
* Uruguay (URU)

## Results 
### First round 
#### Group 1 
#### Group 2 
#### Group 3 
#### Group 4 
### Knockout stage 
## Goalscorers 
### 3 goals 
* Sándor Kocsis

### 2 goals 
* Pinga
* Péter Palotás
* Ferenc Puskás
* Ivor Broadis
* Nat Lofthouse
* Léopold Anoul

### 1 goal 
* Óscar Míguez
* Juan Alberto Schiaffino
* Erich Probst
* Baltazar
* Didi
* Julinho
* Miloš Milutinović
* Robert Ballaman
* Josef Hügi
* Giampiero Boniperti
* Suat Mamat
* Hans Schäfer
* Bernhard Klodt
* Ottmar Walter
* Max Morlock
* Mihály Lantos
* Zoltán Czibor
* Henri Coppens

### Own goal 
* Jimmy Dickinson (against Belgium)

## References 
FIFA 

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1970 FIFA World Cup

The **1970 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1970. 16 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Italy in the final. Djibouti did not participate, as it was not yet a country.

## Participants 
The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.

;AFC (1)
* &nbsp;
;CAF (1)
* &nbsp;
;OFC (0)
* *None qualified*

;CONCACAF (2)
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;(hosts) 
;CONMEBOL (3)
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;

;UEFA (9)
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;(holders)
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;
* &nbsp;

## Results 
### Round 1 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
### Round 2 
#### Quarterfinals 
* **Italy** 4-1 Mexico
* **Brazil** 4-2 Peru
* **West Germany** 3-2 England
* **Uruguay** 1-0 Soviet Union

#### Semifinals 
* **Italy** 4-3 West Germany
* **Brazil** 3-1 Uruguay

#### 3rd place 
* **West Germany** 1-0 Uruguay

#### Final 
* **Brazil** 4-1 Italy
Brazil won the championship.

## References 
* FIFA 

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1150

## Events 
* Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges
* City of Airdrie, Scotland founded
* King Sverker I of Sweden deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden
* Albrecht the Bear inhabits Brandenburg
* Peter the Lombard publishes *Sentences*
* University of Paris, now known as the Sorbonne, founded
* During Crusades, city of Ashkelon fortified with 53 towers by Fatimid rulers
* Earl of Bedford created
* Cubbie Roo's Castle built on Wyre, Orkney
* Mersey Ferry begins running between Liverpool and Birkenhead
* Neuruppin city founded in Brandenburg, Germany
* Rinteln city founded in Lower Saxony, Germany
* Middle Dutch begins to be spoken in what is now Benelux
* Joscelin II of Edessa taken prisoner during Second Crusade
* Tuam promoted to a Metropolitan Archdiocese, Ireland
* Earliest textual reference made to Gypsies working as musicians (in Constantinople)
* Castle Rising built in Norfolk, England by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel
* Garcia IV Ramirez ends reign as King of Navarre
* Bishopric of Aberdeen established
* Christian Malone writes Irish Chronology Chronicum Scotorum
* Christchurch Priory founded

## Births 
* Leo II of Armenia (d. 1229).
* William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber (approximate date; d. 1211).
* Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (approximate date; d. 1176).
* Alix of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. 1198).
* Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (d. 1220).
* Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (d. 1195).
* Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date; d. 1228).
* Beatrice, Countess of Dia.

## Deaths 
* Emperor Xizong of Jin, the third ruler of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty
* Suryavarman II, Khmer king, builder of Angkor Wat
* Barisan of Ibelin, figure in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem
* Pribislav of Brandenburg, last king of the Hevelli (b. c. 1075)
Holly Beach, Louisiana

**Holly Beach** (), is an unincorporated community in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is also known as the "Cajun Riviera" (). It is known for crabbing and a drive on the beach. Holly Beach has many beach-front cabins called "camps". Because of the threat of hurricanes, these cabins were "built-to-be-rebuilt" by its residents. Holly Beach is part of the Lake Charles metropolitan area, which had 222,402 people in the year 2020.

## Other websites
* Numerous Holly Beach posts, many including video and pictures, at "maw-maw and dem's cajun blog."
1958 FIFA World Cup

The **1958 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Sweden.

## Squads 
### Europe 
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad

### North and Central America 
*  • Squad

### South America 
*  • Squad
*  • Squad
*  • Squad

## Results 
### Group stage 
#### Group 1 
#### Group 2 
#### Group 3 
#### Group 4 
### Knockout stage 
#### Quarterfinals 
* **France** 4-0 Northern Ireland
* **Brazil** 1-0 Wales
* **West Germany** 1-0 Yugoslavia
* **Sweden** 2-0 Soviet Union

#### Semifinals 
* **Sweden** 3-1 West Germany
* **Brazil** 5-2 France

#### 3rd place 
* **France** 6-3 West Germany

#### Final 
* **Brazil** 5-2 Sweden
Brazil won the championship.

## Goalscorers 
### 13 goals 
* Just Fontaine

### 6 goals 
* Helmut Rahn
* Pelé

### 5 goals 
* Peter McParland
* Vavá

### 4 goals 
* Zdenĕk Zikán
* Lajos Tichy
* Kurt Hamrin
* Agne Simonsson

### 3 goals 
* Todor Veselinović
* Omar Oreste Corbatta
* Roger Piantoni
* Raymond Kopa
* Hans Schäfer

### 2 goals 
* Florencio Amarilla
* José Parodi
* Juan Bautista Agüero
* Jorge Lino Romero
* José Altafini
* Aleksandar Petaković
* Uwe Seeler
* Maryan Wisnieski
* Derek Kevan
* Milan Dvořák
* Václav Hovorka
* Anatoli Ilyin
* Ivor Allchurch
* Nils Liedholm

### 1 goal 
* Lennart Skoglund
* Gunnar Gren
* Nikita Simonyan
* Aleksandr Ivanov
* Valentin Ivanov
* Tom Finney
* Johnny Haynes
* József Bozsik
* Károly Sándor
* József Bencsics
* John Charles
* Terry Medwin
* Cayetano Ré
* Jean Vincent
* Yvon Douis
* Jimmy Murray
* Jackie Mudie
* Bobby Collins
* Sammy Baird
* Nílton Santos
* Didi
* Mário Zagallo
* Wilbur Cush
* Jaime Belmonte
* Norberto Menéndez
* Ludovico Avio
* Radivoje Ognjanović
* Zdravko Rajkov
* Karl Koller
* Alfred Körner
* Jiří Feureisl
* Hans Cieslarczyk

## References 
* FIFA 

|
Wayland

**Wayland** was the Germanic god of blacksmiths. In Anglo-Saxon writing, he appears in *Deor*, *Waldere* and in *Beowulf* . The legend is shown on the Franks Casket.

Wayland is connected with Wayland's Smithy, a burial mound in Oxfordshire. This was named by the Saxons, but it was there before them. The place has a superstition that says that if a horse is left there overnight with a small silver coin ("groat"), it would have new shoes by morning.

## References
1962 FIFA World Cup

The **1962 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in Chile in 1962. 16 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Czechoslovakia in the final.

## Participants 
### Europe 
* Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
* Czechoslovakia (TCH) • Squad
* England (ENG) • Squad
* West Germany (FRG) • Squad
* Hungary (HUN) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Soviet Union (URS) • Squad
* Spain (ESP) • Squad
* Switzerland (SUI) • Squad
* Yugoslavia (YUG) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* Mexico (MEX) • Squad

### South America 
* Argentina (ARG) • Squad
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad
* Chile (CHI) • Squad
* Colombia (COL) • Squad
* Uruguay (URU) • Squad

## Results 
### Round 1 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
### Round 2 
#### Quarterfinals 
* **Brazil** 3-1 England
* **Czechoslovakia** 1-0 Hungary
* **Yugoslavia** 1-0 West Germany
* **Chile** 2-1 Soviet Union

#### Semifinals 
* **Czechoslovakia** 3-1 Yugoslavia
* **Brazil** 4-2 Chile

#### 3rd place 
* **Chile** 1-0 Yugoslavia

#### Final 
* **Brazil** 3-1 Czechoslovakia
Brazil won the championship.

## References 
* FIFA 

|
Penance (disambiguation)

**Penance** could mean:

*Penance, the religious notion of repentance through voluntary punishment
*Penance (comics), a couple of comics characters:
**Robbie Baldwin
**Penance (X-Men)
*Penance (band), US doom metal band
**Penance Soiree*, a 2004 album by The Icarus Line
*Penance, a superboss in *Final Fantasy X*
*Arjuna's Penance, an Indian monolith
Repentance

In Christianity, **Repentance** means to renounce a sinful life that the person lived and turns to Jesus to receive his forgiveness. Repenting can also bring healing. (2 Chronicles 7:14) However, to those who never repented, they will all perish. (Luke 13:5)

To you repent you must- Admit to God that you are a sinner. Believe that God sent his one and only son to die for all of our sins. Commit yourself to a life of following Jesus and serving others.

## Other websites
* Theopedia: Repentance (conservative Calvinist perspective)
* Repent America - Information on Repentance
Repentance (disambiguation)

**Repentance** (in Christianity), an act of admitting all the sin that you've committed and receiving Jesus' forgiveness.

**Repentance** may also refer to:
* *Repentance* (album), the tenth album by acid rapper Esham
* *Repentance* (movie), Georgian movie directed by Tengiz Abuladze
* "Repentance" (*Voyager* episode), the thirteenth episode broadcast of the seventh season of the TV series *Star Trek: Voyager*
* Repentance (story), a short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy.
* Repentance (song), a song by Dream Theater.
* Repentance (EP), an EP by Paramaecium.
1974 FIFA World Cup

The **1974 FIFA World Cup** was the 10th FIFA World Cup and it was held in West Germany (including West Berlin) from 13 June to 7 July. The host nation (West Germany) defeated the Netherlands to win their second title.

## Participants 
The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.

**AFC (0)**
* *None qualified*
**CAF (1)**
* 
**OFC (1)**
* 

**CONCACAF (1)**
* 
**CONMEBOL (4)**
* 
* 
* 
* 

**UEFA (9)**
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (hosts)
* 

## Results 
### Round 1 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
### Round 2 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 

### 3rd place 
### Final 

## References 
* FIFA 

|
Asian Kung-Fu Generation

**Asian Kung-Fu Generation** (アジアン・カンフー・ジェネレーション, Ajian Kanfū Jenerēshon) is a Japanese pop-rock band signed by Ki/oon Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. They performed the second opening for the anime Naruto.They are called "AKG" or "AKFG."

## Members 
*Masahumi Gotoh: vocals and guitar
*Kensuke Kita: guitar and vocals
*Takahiro Yamada: bass and vocals
*Kiyoshi Idachi: drums

## Discography 
### Singles 
### Albums 
### Live albums 
## Other website 
*AKG Website
Agamidae

**Agamidae** is a family of iguanian lizards. They are indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia, and there are a few in southern Europe. 

The family has about 350 species in about 50 genera. Agamids usually have scaly bodies, well-developed legs, and a moderately long tail. The average body size ranges from 10 to 15&nbsp;cm (4 to 6 inches), and the tail is 20 to 30&nbsp;cm (8 to 12 inches) long, though the family varies widely.
Kanjani∞

**Kanjani Eight** (関ジャニ∞, *kanjani eito*, or **Kanjani∞**) is a Japanese boy band. The group is made of eight men. The group was made in 2002, and their first CD was released in 2004.They perform concert and release many CD now.
## Members 
This list contains the names and birth dates of group members
* Yū Yokoyama (横山 裕) May 9, 1981 (Yū is his stage name, his real name is Kimitaka Yokoyama (横山 侯隆))
* Shingo Murakami (村上 信五) January 26, 1982
* Ryūhei Maruyama (丸山 隆平) November 26, 1983
* Shota Yasuda (安田 章大) September 11, 1984
* Tadayoshi Ōkura (大倉 忠義) May 16, 1985 

## Ex-members 
*Hiroki Uchi (内 博貴) September 10, 1986
*Subaru Shibutani (渋谷 すばる) September 22, 1981
* Ryō Nishikido (錦戸 亮) November 3, 1984
1982 FIFA World Cup

The **1982 FIFA World Cup** was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Spain in 1982. Italy won the trophy after beating Germany in the final.

## Participants 
### Africa 
* Algeria (ALG) • Squad
* Cameroon (CMR) • Squad

### Asia 
* Kuwait (KUW) • Squad

### Europe 
* Austria (AUT) • Squad
* Belgium (BEL) • Squad
* Czechoslovakia (TCH) • Squad
* England (ENG) • Squad
* France (FRA) • Squad
* West Germany (FRG) • Squad
* Hungary (HUN) • Squad
* Italy (ITA) • Squad
* Northern Ireland (NIR) • Squad
* Poland (POL) • Squad
* Scotland (SCO) • Squad
* Soviet Union (URS) • Squad
* Spain (ESP) • Squad
* Yugoslavia (YUG) • Squad

### North and Central America 
* El Salvador (SLV) • Squad
* Honduras (HON) • Squad

### Oceania 
* New Zealand (NZL) • Squad

### South America 
* Argentina (ARG) • Squad
* Brazil (BRA) • Squad
* Chile (CHI) • Squad
* Peru (PER) • Squad

## Results 
### Group stage 
#### Group 1 
----

----

----

----

----

#### Group 2 
#### Group 3 
#### Group 4 
#### Group 5 
#### Group 6 
### Second round 
#### Group A 
#### Group B 
#### Group C 
#### Group D 
### Knockout stage 
#### Semifinals 
* **Italy** 2-0 Poland
* **West Germany** 3-3 (PK 5-4) France

#### Third place match 
* **Poland** 3-2 France

#### Final 
* **Italy** 3-1 West Germany
Italy won the championship.

## References 
* FIFA 

|
Exile (Japanese band)

**Exile** (written as **EXILE**, , '''') is a Japanese boy band. It has 16 members. Atsushi and Takahiro are the singers, the other members are dancers. Nesmith and Shokichi are in both the singers and dancers category.

## References
## Other websites 
* EXILE Official Website
* EXILE mobile global  
* EXILE mobile  
* EX FAMILY -EXILE TRIBE OFFICIAL FAN CLUB-
*
Sling (weapon)

A **sling** is a type of weapon which involves swinging a rock round to gain speed before throwing it. The sling is an ancient weapon which was used in the Roman Empire. A skillful slinger can hit a target 10x10 cm at 20 metres distance. A sling has operational range for some 200 metres.

The most famous user of sling was David, the future king of Israel, who killed Goliath by slinging a stone on his forehead. 

In the Middle Ages, Spanish peasants used slings against Moorish cavalry. A hit on the horse's head could kill the horse.
AnCafe

**An Cafe** (or **Antic Cafe**) is a Japanese pop/rock band formed in 2003 and signed to the independent label Loop Ash. They have been described as a visual kei band. As of 2007, the group has released two full-length albums, an EP and several singles. An Cafe recently received two new members, original guitarist Bou being replaced by Takuya and Yuuki joining on keyboard.

## Members
* Miku – vocals
* Takuya – guitar (since 2007)
* Kanon – bass
* Teruki – drums
* Yuuki – keyboard (since 2007)

;Former members
* Bou – guitar (2003–2007)

## Endorsements
An Cafe has been a long time supporter and endorser of popular Japanese fashion label Sex Pot Revenge, as they are frequently seen wearing clothing from that label.  They have appeared on the cover of company's free magazine, *V!nyl Syndicate*.

## International recognition
An Cafe has gained moderate success in not only Japan, but Europe, mainland Asia (Korea, China) and the United States.

## Discography
;Albums and EPs
* *Amedama Rock* (February 23, 2005)
* *Shikisai Moment* (November 9, 2005)
* *Magnya Carta* (November 29, 2006)
* *Gokutama ROCK CAFE* (April 9, 2008)
;Singles
* "Candyholic" (March 24, 2004)
* "√69" (June 6, 2004)
* "Komou Cosmos" (November 24, 2004)
* "Karakuri Hitei" (March 30, 2005)
* "Tekesuta Kousen" (July 20, 2005)
* "Escapism" (August 24, 2005)
* "Merrymaking" (September 21, 2005)
* "10’s Collection March" (March 1, 2006)
* "Bonds ~Kizuna~" (May 17, 2006)
* "Smile Ichiban Ii Onna " (September 20, 2006)
* "Snow Scene" (October 18, 2006)
* "Kakusei Heroism ~The Hero Without a Name~" (August 22, 2007)
* "Ryuusei Rocket" (November 7, 2007)
* "Cherry Saku Yuuki" (February 28, 2008)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Official blog
* Official MySpace
Arashi

**Arashi** (嵐 in Kanji, meaning *Storm*) is a five-member Japanese boy band. They made their debut on September 15, 1999 in Honolulu, Hawaii on a cruise boat. They come from the famous Johnny's Entertainment production group. Their first single was “A・RA・SHI”. In October 2008 they released the single "Beautiful Days" from a TV drama which stars one member, Kazunari Ninomiya. In November 2008 the song topped music charts in Japan. They appear in Arashi ni Shiyagare. It is very famous TV show.
Arashi have released 39 CDs. 35 of 39 CDs reached first place in Oricon chart.
The CD which sold most in the Arashi is A・RA・SHI of first single.
There is 970,000 sales number of that.  

## Members 
## Representative musics of Released CDs (singles)
*A-RA-SHI (**1999**)
*PIKA**NCHI DOUBLE (**2004**)
*Cherry tree 咲 ケ  (**2005**)
*WISH (**2005**)
*Love so sweet (**2007**)
*Happiness (**2007**)
*We can make it (**2007**)
*One Love (**2008**)
*Beautiful days (**2008**)
*truth (**2008**)
*Troublemaker (**2010**)
*Love rainbow(**2010**)
*Lotus(**2011**)
*Face Down (**2012**)
*Monster (**2010**)

## Discography (albums)
**Studio albums**
*2001: *Arashi No.1 Ichigou: Arashi wa Arashi o Yobu!*
*2002: *Here We Go!*
*2003: ''How's It Going?*
*2004: *Iza, Now!*
*2005: *One (Arashi album)|One*
*2006: *Arashic*
*2007: *Time (Arashi album)|Time*
*2008: *Dream "A" Live*
*2010: *Boku no Miteiru Fūkei*
*2011: *Beautiful World (Arashi album)|Beautiful World*
*2012: *Popcorn (album)|Popcorn*

**Compilation albums**
*2002: *Arashi Single Collection 1999–2001*
*2004: *5x5 The Best Selection of 2002–2004*
*2009: *All the Best! 1999–2009*

## TV 
**VS Arashi* (Thu 19:00~19:57)
**Himitsu no Arashichan* (Thu 22:00~22:54)
**Arashi ni shiyagare'' (Sat 22:00~22:54)

## Other websites 
* Official Arashi website
* English forum  An Arashi English forum
* Arashi-maniacVox  Regularly updated Arashi news website
* Arashi Translations Index  Links to English translations of Arashi articles, lyrics, radio shows, etc.
*
Southern All Stars

**Southern All Stars** are a popular rock music group from Kanagawa, Japan. They got their start in the 1970's, playing music related to surfing and the beach.

## Related pages
*J-Pop
Kobukuro

**Kobukuro** is a Japanese male pop band. 

## History 
### The name 
The name is a mix of the two members' family names, Kentaro Kobuchi and Shunsuke Kuroda. 

### Origins 
In 1998, the two met each other in Sakai and formed Kobukuro. 

### Albums 
Kobukuro received moderately successful ratings for their first three indie albums - *Saturday 8:PM* (July 1999), *Root of My Mind* (March 2001), and '**ANSWER**' (December 2000). Kobukuro signed with Warner Music Japan in 2001, and made their debut with the hit single, *Yell* which reached #4 on the Oricon Charts. Their newest album is called *5296* (December 2007).

Kobukuro's new single is “STAY”.
Greeeen

**Greeeen**, or **GReeeeN**, or **The Green** is a Japanese J-pop group. The group released their first album in 2007. Two of their most successful songs are "Ai uta" and "Kiseki".

GReeeeN is a group of four singers: Hide, Navi, Soh, and 92.
Ai Kawashima

**Ai Kawashima** (born February 21, 1986, in Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japan singer-songwriter. Her music was used as an opening theme of the Japanese popular television program *Ainori*. She had a dream of becoming a singer since she was a child. Now she is singing for her mother and people who listen to her song, wishing world peace. Her famous songs include "My Love" and "Asuhenotobira."
Cocco

**Cocco** (born January 19, 1977) is a Japanese J-pop singer. Her real name is **Satoko Makishi**. She was born in Naha, Okinawa.

## Other websites
* Cocco official site
V6 (band)

**V6** is a six people band from Japan. The members are Sakamoto, Morita, Inohara, Miyake, Okada and Nagano. The group is well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.
Metis (reggae artist)

**Metis** (born March 28, 1984) is a Japanese reggae singer. She is from Hiroshima. She has released one album, *ONE LOVE*. Her most famous song is "Umehasaitaka Sakurahamadakaina". 

## Albums
**Answer* (2005)
**Music* (2006)
**WOMAN* (2006)
**ONE LOVE* (2007)

## Singles
**Umehasaitaka Sakurahamadakaina* (2007)
**Respect!* (2007)
**Katyouhuugetu* (2007)
Kagrra,

is a Japanese rock band and part of the country's visual kei movement. It was originally signed to the now defunct Key Party Records under the name "Crow". The group changed its name when it signed to Free-Will's PS Company division. They have since released several albums, EPs and singles, along with multiple video releases.

## Members
* Isshi (一志) – vocals
* Akiya (楓弥) – guitar
* Shin (真) – guitar, koto
* Nao (女雅) – bass
* Izumi (白水) – drums

## Discography
### Albums and EPs
### Singles
* #21 Oricon Weekly Charts, December 4, 2006

### Videography
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official MySpace
* Kagrra at Columbia Music Entertainment
* Kagrra, at King Records 
* CDjapan's Interview with Kagrra on their Second Album "San"
Aya Matsuura

**Aya Matsuura** (松浦亜弥 *Matsuura Aya*, born June 25, 1986) is a Japanese actress, former idol singer and television performer. She is a member of *Hello! Project* of UP-FRONT AGENCY Co. Her nickname is "Ayaya".

She was born and raised in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture. In 2000, she passed an audition (*Morning Musume* and *Michiyo Heike Jr.* Audition), and debuted as an actress in a short TV play.  In 2001, she debuted as a solo singer.  She did not joined in *Morning Musume*, but became one of the most famous members of *Hello! Project*.

## Discography 
### Original albums 
* *First KISS* (2002-1-1)
* *T.W.O* (2003-1-29)
* *×3* (2004-1-1)
* *Double Rainbow* (2007-10-10)

### Best albums 
* *Matsuura Aya Best1* (2005-3-24)
* *Naked Songs* (2006-11-29)

### Singles 
* "Dokki Doki! Love Mail" (ドッキドキ! Loveメール) (2001-4-11)
* "Tropical Koishiteru" (トロピカ～ル恋して～る) (2001-6-13)
* "Love Namidairo" (Love涙色) (2001-9-5)
* "100Kai no Kiss" (100回のKiss) (2001-11-28)
* "Momoiro Kataomoi" (♥ 桃色片思い ♥) (2002-2-6)
* "Yeah! Meccha Holiday" (Yeah! めっちゃホリディ) (2002-5-29)
* "The Bigaku" (The 美学) (2002-9-19)
* "Sōgen no Hito" (草原の人) (2002-12-11)
* "Ne~e?" (ね～え?)* (2003-3-12)
* "Good Bye Natsuo" (Good Bye 夏男) (2003-6-4)
* "The Last Night" (2003-9-26)
* "Kiseki no Kaori Dance" (奇跡の香りダンス) (2004-1-28)
* "Hyacinth" (風信子 (ヒヤシンス)) (2004-3-10)
* "Your Song ~Seishun Sensei~" (Your Song ~青春宣誓~)* (2004-7-14)
* "Watarasebashi" (渡良瀬橋) (2004-10-20)
* "Tensai! Let's Go Ayayamu" (天才! Let's Go あややム)
Theme song of "Hamtaro the Movie 4" (2004-11-26)
* "Zutto Suki de Ii desu ka" (ずっと 好きでいいですか) (2005-2-23)
* "Ki ga Tsukeba Anata" (気がつけば あなた) (2005-9-21)
* "Suna wo Kamu you ni... Namida" (砂を噛むように・・・Namida) (2006-2-1)
* "Egao" (笑顔)'' (2007-8-29)

## References
Home Made Kazoku

**Home Made Kazoku** is a Japanese hip-hop trio band, formed in 1996. The members of the band are Micro, Kuro and founding member, DJ U-Ichi. They were very famous, and some of their famous songs include "Thank You" Bleach's 2nd Ending theme "Nagareboshi Shooting Star" 1st Naruto Shippuden ending theme and "No Rain No Rainbow".

## References
WaT

is a Japanese pop duo. The members of the group are Wentz Eiji (ウエンツ瑛士) and Koike Teppei (小池徹平). 

2016 Dissolution.
## Other websites 
*WaT Official Website
Radwimps

is a Japanese rock music group that started in 2001. The name RADWIMPS is based on the english words "rad" and "wimp", as such the name can for example mean "excellent coward".

## Members
*Yojiro Noda (July 5, 1985) vocals, guitar.
*Akira Kuwahara (April 4, 1985) guitar, the leader.
*Yusuke Takeda (May 24, 1985) bass.
*Satoshi Yamaguti (March 20, 1985) drum.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Radwimps* (2003)
* *Radwimps 2: Hatten Tojō* (2005)
* *Radwimps 3: Mujintō ni Motte Ikiwasureta Ichimai* (2006)
* *Radwimps 4: Okazu no Gohan* (2006)
* *Altocolony no Teiri* (2009)
* *Zettai Zetsumei* (2011)
* *Batsu to Maru to Tsumi to* (2013)
* *Your Name.* (2016)
* *Human Bloom* (2016)
* *Anti Anti Generation* (2018)
* *Weathering with You* (2019)

## References
## Other websites
* Official site (Japanese)
* RADWIMPS - MySpace
Aqua Timez

**Aqua Timez** is a Japanese Pop band signed to Sony Music of Japan. This group is made up of 5 members. This group was formed in 2003. Members are Futoshi, OKP-STAR, Daisuke, mayuko and TASSHI.They made their indies debut with the mini-album "Soraippainikanaderuinori" on August 24, 2005. Later,They made their major debut with the mini-album "Nanaironorakugaki" on April 5, 2006.

## Menbers
*Futoshi (Vocal)
*OKP-STAR (Base)
*mayuko (Keybord)
*Daisuke (Guitar)
*TASSHI (Drums)

## Singles
**Ketsuinoasani*(2006)
**Sennoyoruwokoete*(2006)
**Shiori*(2007)
**ALONES*(2007)
**Chiisanatenohira*(2007)
**Niji*(2008)
**Natsunokakera*(2008)
**Velonica*(2009)
**STAY GOLD*(2009)
**Purumeria~hanauta~*(2009)
**Ehagakinoharu*(2010)
**GRAVITY Ø*(2010)
**Mayonakanookesutora*(2011)
**MASK*(2012)
**tsubomi*(2012)

## References
## Related pages
*J-Pop
Lollipop

**Lollipops**, **pops**, or **lollies** are sweet candies a person can lick or suck on. There are many flavours of lollipops, including fruits to soft drinks. In Europe, especially the Nordic countries, Germany and the Netherlands, salty-liquorice or salmiak () flavoured lollipops are also available, but these are largely unknown in other parts of the world. With a lot of companies making lollipops, the candy now comes in dozens of flavors and many different shapes. They range from small ones which can be bought by the hundred and are often given away for free at banks, barbershops, etc., to very large ones made out of candy canes twisted into a circle.

Some lollipops contain fillings, such as bubble gum, or soft candy. 

Some lollipops have been marketed for use as diet aids, although their effectiveness is untested, and anecdotal cases of weight loss may be due to the power of suggestion.
14 Irene

**14 Irene** is a very big Main belt asteroid.

14 Irene was found by J. R. Hind on May 19, 1851, and named after Eirene, a personification of peace in Greek mythology. She was one of the Horae, daughter of Zeus and Themis. The name was suggested by Sir John Herschel. Hind wrote,
:"You will readily discover that this name [...] has some relation to this event (the Great Industrial Exhibition) which is now filling our metropolis [London] with the talent of all civilised nations, with those of Peace, the productions of Art and Science, in which all mankind must feel an interest."
The *Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations* in the Crystal Palace of Hyde Park, London ran from May 1 until October 18, 1851.

Hind suggested that the symbol for the asteroid should be "A dove carrying an olive-branch, with a star on its head", but an actual drawing of the symbol was never made before the use of graphical symbols to represent asteroids was no longer used.

There have been four reported stellar occultations by Irene.

## References 
* Gould, B.A., *New planet*, Astronomical Journal, Vol. 2, iss. 27, p.&nbsp;22, June 1851

## Other websites 
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Penance

**Penance** is repentance of sins, as well as the name of the Catholic Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession.  The word *penance* comes from the Latin *poenitentia*, the same root as penitence, which in English means repentance, the desire to be forgiven, or contrition: in many languages there is only one single word for it.  Penance and repentance were similar in their original sense. After the controversy about the merits of "faith" and "good works" they are seen as conflicting views.

The sacrament of reconciliation, also called penance or confession, is a sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church. It is a way for people to be forgiven of their sins, or things they do wrong. They are reconciled, or brought closer to God. This sacrament heals their soul because all of their sins are taken away. It brings many graces, or blessings and good things, to the person who receives it.

The person who comes to this sacrament must confess, or tell, their sins to a Catholic priest or bishop. It is private, so no one else hears what the person tells the priest. After that, the person says a prayer that shows they are sorry for their sins. Then, the priest says a prayer to forgive them.

Catholic people can come to this sacrament as much as they want. Every Catholic must come to this sacrament at least once a year.

Priests who hear confessions are not allowed to tell anyone what they hear, no matter what. In case of mass penance, anyone who heard what the person told the priest also must not tell anyone what he or she had heard.

## References
* 

## Other websites 
* The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation (From the Catechism of the Catholic Church)
* IMDB
* John Calvin, Of JustificationFaith
Saharan Air Layer

.]]
The **Saharan Air Layer** (SAL) is an intensely dry, warm and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere which often overlays the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa, where it originates, it is the prevalent atmosphere, extending from the surface upwards several kilometers. As it drives, or is driven, out over the ocean, it is lifted above the denser marine air. This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height. The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or "caps" any convection originating in the marine layer. Since it is dry air, the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep, that is, the temperature falls rapidly with height.

## Other websites
* NOAA FAQ: Saharan Air Layer
* Real Time SAL data
* HA! Look at 2006! Where are the Hurricanes? 
* Research: Aerosols Slow Wind
Steve Allen

**Stephen Valentine Patrick William Allen** (December 26, 1921 - October 30, 2000) mostly known as **Steve Allen** was an American actor, television personality, musician, writer, and comedian best known for his show *The Steve Allen Show*.

Allen introduced many new celebrities and performers on his shows, including Jerry Lee Lewis and Jack Kerouac. He also recorded an album with Kerouac, with Kerouac reading poetry and Allen playing piano with a jazz combo.

He was the first host of *The Tonight Show*, who was replaced by Jack Parr and then later Johnny Carson. Allen played himself in an all-star comedy movie, *Amazon Women on the Moon*.

Allen was born in New York City on December 26, 1921 and was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was educated at the Arizona State Teachers University. He served in World War II.

Allen was married to Dorothy Goodman from 1943 until they divorced in 1952. Lastly he married Jayne Meadows from 1954 until his death in 2000. He had four children.

He was a Democrat and his wife was a Republican.

Allen died on October 30, 2000 after suffering a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites

* Entertainer Steve Allen dead at 78 
* Steve Allen at Find A Grave.com
*
2002 Formula One World Championship

The **2002 Formula One season** was the 53rd edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher after he dominated all season. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.

## World Drivers' Championship standings
|

|}
 Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.