open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics

**Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics** was represented by 14 events. It took place in the *Man-made Basin*, located at the *Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre* (Krylatskoye district, Moscow). The rowing schedule began on 20 July and ended on 27 July.

Due to the American-led boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. In that situation East Germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events.

## Medals
## Men's events
### Four-oars with coxswain
### Double sculls
### Coxswainless pair-oars
### Single sculls
### Pair-oars with coxswain
### Coxswainless four-oars
### Coxswainless quadruple sculls
### Eight-oars with coxswain
## Women's events
### Four-oars with coxswain
### Double sculls
### Coxswainless pair-oars
### Single sculls
### Quadruple sculls with coxswain
### Eight-oars with coxswain
Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1980.
79

*79 (number)*

**79** is a year in the 1st century.

## Events 
*Foundation of Deva Victrix, see Chester city walls
*The volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneam.
1976 Summer Olympics

The **1976 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXI Olympiad**, were held in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games in May 1970, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles. Moscow would later host the 1980 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles would later host the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## Non-participating National Olympic Committees 
Twenty-nine countries boycotted the Games due to the refusal of the IOC to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976. The boycott was led by Congolese official Jean-Claude Ganga. Some of the boycotting nations (including Morocco, Cameroon and Egypt) had already participated, however, and withdrew after the first few days. Senegal and Ivory Coast were the only African countries that competed throughout the duration of the Games. Elsewhere, Afghanistan, Albania, Burma, El Salvador, Iraq, Guyana, Sri Lanka and Syria also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott. South Africa had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 due to its apartheid policies. Other countries, such as El Salvador and Zaire, did not participate in Montreal for purely economic reasons. Canada attempted a compromise by allowing the ROC the continued use of its national flag and anthem in the Montreal Olympic activities; the ROC refused. In 1979 the IOC established in the Nagoya Resolution that the PRC agreed to participate in IOC activities if the Republic of China was referred to as "Chinese Taipei". Another boycott would occur before the ROC would accept the provisions of the 1979 Resolution although the reason that so many other countries boycotted were not all the same as the ROC.

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1976 Summer Olympics

## References
1960 Winter Olympics

The **1960 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **VIII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States (in the Lake Tahoe basin). Squaw Valley won the bid in 1955.

Alexander Cushing, the creator of the resort, campaigned vigorously to win the Games. After being awarded the Games, there was a rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and the ski jumping hill.
1984 Winter Olympics

The **1984 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XIV Olympic Winter Games**, were held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. (Sarajevo is now in Bosnia and Herzegovina.) Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan and Falun, Sweden. It was the first Winter Games and the second Olympics held in Eastern Europe (the first was the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow).

The Olympics would have a positive impact on Sarajevo. Shortly after however, the Bosnian War and siege of Sarajevo would take place and would leave tens of thousands dead. A lot of venues that were built for the Olympics were either destroyed or badly damaged in the war. Some buildings were repaired but some like the bobsleigh track had to be abandoned because of the risk of landmines.

## References
## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1984 Winter Olympics
1988 Winter Olympics

, Austrian alpine skiier. Strolz won a gold medal at the 1988 Winter Olympics]] 
The **1988 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XV Olympic Winter Games**, were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and opened by Governor General Jeanne Sauvé. The Olympics were highly successful financially as they brought in million-dollar profits. The games left a lasting impression on the host city and gave it a new identity from a cowtown to a large commercial sector of the country.

1988 was also the last year that the Paralympic Games and the Winter Olympics were held in separate cities. All Games after the 1988 Winter Olympics have been hosted by the same city or a city nearby.

The Canadian team did not win a gold medal during the 1988 Winter Olympics, similar to how the Canadian team did not win one during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. At the time, Canada and Yugoslavia were the only countries that had not won a gold medal when their country hosted the Olympics. (However, Canada would later win a gold medal when the 2010 Winter Olympics were hosted in Vancouver.)

## History 
### Background 
Calgary first tried for the Olympics in 1964, and again in 1968.

## Other websites 
* IOC page on the Calgary 1988 Olympics
Sima Qian

**Sima Qian** () was the historian of the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was born at Xia Yang (present-day Shan Xi Province, Han City) in either 145 or 135 BC. His father, Sima Tan, was also a historian.

## Life 
When Sima Qian was 10, he could read the articles which were written in Classical Chinese.

He travelled around China and visited a plenty of scenic attractions and heritages when he was 20.

In 108 BC, with the death of Sima Qian's father, he carried on the job of being a historian.

In 104 BC, Sima Qian finished editing Taichu Calendar with the imperial officials, Tang Du and Luo Xiahong.

In 99 BC, Sima Qian got involved in the Li Ling Affair. He was punished and sent to prison. Sima Qian would be sentenced to death if he could not pay a fine or accept the terrible punishment - castration. With the fact that Sima Qian did not have enough money to pay the fine and he hoped to finish writing the Records of the Grand Historian, he accepted the castration. Sima Qian finally spent 19 years to write that book.

Sima Qian died in 86 BC.
1968 Summer Olympics

The **1968 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the 62th Olympiad**, were held in Mexico City in 1968. Mexico City beat out bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games in 1963. The Games were preceded by the Tlatelolco massacre, in which hundreds of students were killed by security forces ten days before the opening day. It is the only Games ever held in Latin America, and it was the second ever outside of Western Europe, Australia, or the USA.

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1968 Summer Olympics

## References
Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics

**Gymnastics** has been contested at every **Summer Olympic Games** since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. For thirty years, only men were allowed to compete. Women's events were introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition was held in artistic gymnastics discipline until 1984, when rhythmic gymnastics discipline was added to the program of the Olympics. Since 2000, trampolining discipline has also been competed. 

## References 
*
1976 Winter Olympics

The **1976 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1976 in Innsbruck, Austria. The games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado, United States in May 1970, but a 300 percent rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to voters' rejection of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games in 1972. As a result, the IOC offered the games to Whistler, British Columbia (Canada), who had bid on the games, but they also declined due to a change of government there. (Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.) The IOC finally called on Innsbruck, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Games just twelve years earlier, to also host the 1976 games. Salt Lake City, Utah, which would eventually host in 2002, offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC declined.

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1976 Winter Olympics
Biathlon

**Biathlon** (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.
## Related pages 
Biathlon's two sports disciplines:
* Cross-Country Skiing
* Rifle shooting

Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon):
* Duathlon
* Nordic Combined
* Triathlon
* Pentathlon
* Modern pentathlon
* Heptathlon
* Decathlon

## Other websites 
* Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998  – The official IBU rule book, with annexes
* Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc.
* Russian Biathlon Union (rus)
* Russian Biathlon Union(eng)
* Biathlon Canada
* Biathlon Alberta
* U.S. Biathlon Association 
* U.S. Archery Biathlon 
* History of Biathlon 
* Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge
* Biathlon on OLN TV 
* Biathlon on DVD
* Biathlon Russia 
* Biathlon Ukraine
* BiathlonFrance.com
1972 Summer Olympics

The **1972 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XX Olympiad**, were held in Munich, West Germany (in what is now Germany), from 26 August to 11 September 1972. Munich won its Olympic bid in April 1966 over the cities of Detroit, Michigan, USA; Madrid, Spain; and Montreal, Canada. The 1972 Summer Olympics are one of 2 Olympic Games that had a significant criminal incident — the Munich massacre, in which a group of Palestinian terrorists kidnapped and killed several Israeli athletes. (The other Olympics with a significant criminal event was the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, USA — the Centennial Olympic Park bombing). A movie about the Israeli response to this was made called Munich.

## Related pages
* Munich massacre
* 1972 Summer Paralympics

## References
## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1972 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics

**Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics** had 14 events: 6 for women and 8 for men. The competition was held from August 27 to September 1 at the Sports Hall in Munich.

## Format of competition
The scoring in the team competition event and in event finals was the same, as for gymnastics events at the previous Olympics. But in the all-around the scoring system became similar to that of event finals: for the all-around a gymnast showed their skills once more on each of the apparatuses; to get the "Total" value for the all-around performance, marks in the team competition were added together, the result was divided by two ("Prelim" value) and added to the sum of marks for all-around routines ("Final" value). 

## Medals
## Men's events
"C" stands for "Compulsory exercises" and "O" stands for "Optional exercises". 

### Individual all-around
"Prelim" mark is the value from the "Score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.

### Team competition
### Floor exercise
"Prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine in the team competition on the respective apparatus, divided by two.

### Pommel horse
### Rings
### Vault
### Parallel bars
### Horizontal bar
## Women's events
"C" stands for "Compulsory exercises" and "O" stands for "Optional exercises". 

### Individual all-around
"Prelim" mark is the value from the "Score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.

### Team competition
### Vault
"Prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine on the respective apparatus in the team competition, divided by two.

### Uneven bars
### Balance beam
### Floor exercise
Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1972.

## References
*
*
Bhakti yoga

**Bhakti yoga** is a Hindu spiritual practice.  People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu.
Bhakti is a Sanskrit term. It signifies an attitude of devotion to God. The relation between man and God is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. The Bhakta worships his chosen God by any of these mentalities.

The Bhagavata Purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. They are:
* *śravaṇa* ("listening" to the scriptural stories of  and his companions)
* *kīrtana* ("praising," usually refers to ecstatic group singing)
* *smaraṇa* ("remembering" or fixing the mind on Viṣṇu)
* *pāda-sevana* (giving service)
* *arcana* (worshiping an image)
* *vandana* (paying homage)
* *dāsya* (behaving like a servant)
* *sākhya* (friendship)
* *ātma-nivedana* (complete surrender of the self)
Hare Krishna

:*The religious movement can be found at International Society for Krishna Consciousness.*

**Hare Krishna** is a mantra. It is also known as **Maha Mantra**. The mantra was made well known even outside Hinduism by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. The mantra can be found in many Hinduist traditions in India. Those who believe in it think that when the mantra is heard, spoken, used for meditation or sung this can lead to a higher state of consciousness. 

According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness takes the form of pure love of God (Krishna). The mantra is contained in the texts of Hinduism known as the Upanishads, which are considered by some scholars to have roots in the Vedic past. 

## References
Puranas

In the Sanskrit language, **purana** means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe. It is basically in Sanskrit and Tamil languages.

## List of Puranas 
### Mahapuranas 
Mahapurana means Great Story of Ancient Times in Sanskrit.

# Agni (15,400 verses) 	 	
# Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
# Bhavishya (14,500 verses)
# Brahma (24,000 verses)
# Brahmanda (12,000 verses; includes Lalita Sahasranamam, a text some Hindus recite as prayer)
# Brahmavaivarta (18,000 verses)
# Devi Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
# Garuda (19,000 verses)
# Harivamsa (16,000 verses; more often considered *itihāsa*)
# Kurma (17,000 verses)
# Linga (11,000 verses)
# Markandeya (9,000 verses; includes Devi Mahatmyam, an important text for Shaktas)
# Matsya (14,000 verses)
# Narada (25,000 verses)
# Padma (55,000 verses)
# Shiva (24,000 verses)
# Skanda (81,100 verses)
# Vamana (10,000 verses)
# Varaha (10,000 verses)
# Vayu (24,000 verses)
# Vishnu (23,000 verses)
John Couch Adams

**John Couch Adams** (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892), was an English mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, Cornwall and died in Cambridge. He was famous for co-discovering the planet Neptune.

## Other websites 
* Biography on the St Andrews database
* Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS **26** (1866) 157
* AJ **11** (1892) 112
* MNRAS **53** (1892) 184
* Obs **15** (1892) 173
Patti LaBelle

**Patti LaBelle** (born **Patricia Louise Holte** on May 24, 1944) is an American R&B and Soul singer. She is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). She is known for such songs as "New Attitude" and "On My Own".

She was the lead singer of Patty La Belle and the Bluebells during the 1960s and 70s. Later the group was known as simply "Labell". In this later group the style was more laid back, singing hits like The Rolling Stones' *Wild Horses*.
Kami (disambiguation)

**Kami** (神) is a Japanese word for any of several gods, spirits, or the God of Abrahamic religions.

## Kami may also mean
*The word may also mean charisma, omniscience, miracle, or any other quality that might remind one of the holy.  For example, Kamikaze means "divine wind".
***Kami** is a HIV positive puppet in *Takalani Sesame*.
***Kami** is a character in *Dragon Ball*, a manga.
***Kami** was the drummer of the Japanese band Malice Mizer.
Football at the Summer Olympics

**Football (soccer)** has been included in every **Summer Olympic Games** except 1896 and 1932 as a men's competition sport. Women's football was added to the official program at the 1996 Atlanta edition.

## History 
Football was not in the original modern Olympic Games program as international football was not that popular in 1896. However an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition. Complete records have been lost and may not even be true but it seems that only two games may have been played. An Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire. Smyrna went on to be beaten 15-0 by a team from Denmark. Demonstration tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the "Intercalated Games" of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams, and are not considered to be official Olympic events. Neither FIFA nor the IOC recognize the Intercalated Games. The first proper tournament is said to be in the 1908 Olympics, organized by the Football Association. It had 6 teams. The next tournament was organized by the Swedish Football Association in 1912. However, the tournament was very unbalanced, with some high scoring games such as 10-0 and 12-0, and all of the players were amateurs. The tournaments of 1924 and 1928 are the two only editions officially recognised by FIFA as championships of the world.

For the 1984 Olympics, the IOC admitted professional players.

Since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, all teams have to be under-23 years old. Since 1996, three over-23 players are allowed.

A women's edition was added in 1996. The women's tournament has no age restrictions, unlike the men's tournament. Also, the men's tournament is not included in the FIFA International Match Calendar, which sets aside certain times of each year for matches between national teams, while the women's tournament is included. This in turn means that clubs do not have to release players for the men's tournament, but must do so for the women's event.

## Results 
### Women 
|}

## Related pages
* National teams world champions (football)
* Football at the 1936 Olympics
* Football at the 1988 Olympics
* Football at the 2012 Olympics
* Football at the 2016 Olympics
## References
Folklore

; illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith, 1911]]
**Folklore** is part of the culture of a group of people. It may include stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, and popular beliefs. This also includes the oral traditions of that culture. The academic study of folklore is sometimes called *folkloristics*. Folkloristics is often ethnographic. A **Folktale** or **folk tale** is a story from the oral literature of a people.

Little Red Riding Hood is a famous folktale in European culture. 

## References
Inari

**Inari** may mean:

* Inari, Finland, a municipality in Finland
* Lake Inari in Finland
* Inari Sami, one of the Sami languages
* Inari (mythology), a Shinto god
* Inari-zushi, a kind of sushi
Oni

**Oni** may refer to:
*Oni, Georgia, a town in the Republic of Georgia
*Oni (folklore) (鬼), the demons and ogres of Japanese folklore
*Oni (video game), a third-person shooter video game made by Bungie Studios
*Oni Sakti, professional artist, once known as Atticus Ross
*Oni (novel), a work of fiction by author Marc Olden, about a Russian/Japanese terrorist.

**ONI** may stand for:
*The Office of Naval Intelligence, the United States Navy's service intelligence center
*The National Olympiad of Informatics (*Olimpiada Naţională de Informatică*), the most important Romanian informatics competition
Kappa

**Kappa** (uppercase/lowercase **Κ κ**) is the letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "k" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 20. Letters that came from it include the Roman K and Cyrillic К.

The letter κ always stands for the sound "k" in Greek. It is customary to transliterate (re-write) κ as "c" in English, but this is somewhat problematic since c is pronounced as "s" before e, i and y (which does not happen in Greek).

In mathematics, the lowercase \kappa is used to represent the curvature of a curve, while the uppercase Κ is used to represent an ordinal number which is also a cardinal number.

## Related pages 
* Thermal conductivity, represented by \kappa

## References
Itihasa

In Sanskrit, **Itihasa** means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidence are slowly beginning to prove these Indian epics as actual history .  

The original meaning of Iithasa had a more precise connotation than the word History.It means ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’ . One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. He defines Itihaasa, in the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;

Puraana (the chronicles of the ancient), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are called Itihaasah.  History in this definition takes on the meaning  of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to include political science and History as we use them today. 

The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance: 

History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation. 

## References
Kappa (disambiguation)

**Kappa** may be:

* Kappa, a letter of the Greek alphabet
* Kappa (folklore), a Japanese river imp
* Kappa (rocket)
* Kappa Publishing Group
* Kappa, Illinois
* Kappa particle, a feature of some *Paramecium aurelia*

**Kappa** may be short for:

* Kappa Alpha Psi
* Kappa Kappa Gamma
* Kappa Kappa Kappa
* Kappa Phi Lambda
Hindu philosophy

There are mainly six branches of Hindu Philosophy. These six schools of philosophy have been the result of ancient Indian thought and usually termed as "Sad Darsana". These are:
*Samkhya
*Yoga
*Vaiseshika
*Nyaya
*Purva Mimamsa
*Vedanta

Among the above six schools of Hindu Philosophy, Vedanta is by far very popular. The Vedanta accepts the authority of the knowledge portions of the Vedas, called Upanishads.
Văn Cao

**Văn Cao** (born **Nguyễn Văn Cao**; 15 November 1923 – 10 July 1995) was a famous Vietnamese composer.  He wrote the Vietnamese national anthem, "". He, along with Pham Duy and Trinh Cong Son, is widely considered one of the three most important people in modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.
Guru

In the Sanskrit language, **guru** means teacher. Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and newer movements such as Transcendental Meditation use *guru* as a title. They give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters. 

In Western usage, any person who has followers may be called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. A person with knowledge or expertise may be called a guru if he influences by personal teaching. Modern terms which have a rather similar meaning are  and tutor.

## Satguru 
Many Hindus have a satguru as well.The word "guru" means the one who removes the darkness from our heart. Satguru means true guru or true teacher. The title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. A satguru is a great soul who has realized God and is able to lead others along the path. God shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. The satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. He has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. He can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to God.

## Examples of gurus 
*Lao Zi
*Chuang Tzu
*Dalai Lama
*Gurdjieff
*Krishnamurti
*Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
*Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
*Deepak Chopra

## References
Moksha

**Moksha** is the ultimate spiritual goal in some schools of Hinduism, similar to the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism. In Sanskrit, "moksha" means freedom. It refers to a state of eternal bliss and emptiness. According to Vedanta, life is a continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Hindu scriptures describe Moksha as liberation from this cycle, reaching a state of eternal bliss and emptiness beyond the happiness, pain, and sorrow experienced in the physical world. The goal for Hindu practitioners is to achieve Moksha, or freedom from the material world, through the practice of different forms of Yoga: Jnana Yoga (knowledge), Karma Yoga (work), and Bhakti Yoga (devotion and worship).

Moksha is a concept from the Vedas. While scholars differ on the specific relationship between Moksha in Vedanta Hinduism and Nirvana in Buddhism, they agree that the concepts are historically and philosophically related. Similar ideas can be found in the Upanishads. Hindu texts explain Moksha as Saccidānanda, or true bliss, which comes from separating the soul from the physical body through Dhyan (meditation) and Yoga. The term "Moksha" comes from the Sanskrit word "Moksa."

In essence, Moksha is a state beyond ordinary understanding; it is a profound experience that can only be fully comprehended upon achieving it.

For a more comprehensive explanation of this topic read these books:
* 1. The complete works of Swami Vivekananda
* 2. Philosophia Ultima(commentaries on Mandukyopanishad) by Osho
* 3.Vedanta: Seven steps to Samadhi by Osho

Moksha is the ultimate goal for a person to attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death (reincarnation).

## Related pages 
*Bhagavad Gita
*Would recommend reading this to individuals who are keen and have an interest in the Hindu culture and mythology.
Kojiki

**Kojiki** or *Furukotofumi* (), also called in English as the *Records of Ancient Matters*, is the oldest book known in Japan. It was written 712 CE, and dedicated to Empress Gemmei. The book mixes the legends of first emperor of Japan and several others with stories about the gods. Therefore, it is difficult to know which parts of the Kojiki are real and which parts are legend. According to legend, all the emperors of Japan are descended from Amaterasu, the sun goddess.

The Kojiki is written in Chinese, but the way the Japanese wrote it is by using the pronunciation of the Chinese characters and not the meanings of them.  In other words, a person who can read Chinese will not be able to read the Kojiki unless they also know how to speak Japanese. It includes many Japanese names and some phrases.

*The *Nakatsumaki* begins with the story of Jimmu, the first Emperor, and how he conquered Japan. The volume ends with the 15th emperor, Ōjin. Not much is written about the reigns of the second through the ninth emperors; only their names and the names of their various descendants are mentioned, as well as a few other details. There is no mention of their achievements. Many of the stories in this volume are mythological, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are historically accurate. Recent studies support the opinion that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BC.

*The *Shimotsumaki* recounts the 16th to the 33rd emperors. Unlike the other two volumes, this one does not contain many references to the gods. Interactions between the human world and the gods are very prominent in the first and second volumes, but not in this volume. Information about the 24th to the 33rd emperors is largely missing as well.

## Related pages 
* *Nihon Odai Ichiran*
* Nihon Shoki

## References
## Other websites 
* The Internet Sacred Text Archive - An online version of Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation of *Kojiki* (1919).
Vaishya

**Vaishya** is a division of the caste system.  A vaishya is a trader, merchant or artisan.

In the modern time, the vaishyas are known as Baniyas in the Indian subcontinent.
## References
Kshatriya

**Kshatriya** is a division of the varna system in Hinduism. A *kshatriya* or *Rajanya* was a king, warrior, ruler, politician, or administrative worker. 

There are 3 chief Kshatriya Rajput lineages:-  
* Suryavanshi (Solar Dynasty)
* Chandravanshi (Lunar Dynasty)
* Agnivanshi (Fire Dynasty)

Some sub-lineages of these are:
* Raghuvanshi (sub-branch of Suryavanshi Rajputs) 
* Yaduvanshi (sub-branch of Chandravanshi Rajputs) 
* Nagvanshi (Snake Dynasty)
Shudra

**Shudra** is a division of the ancient Indian caste system. A shudra is considered a servant or peasant. Shudra and Ati-shudra indicates the bottom most ranks in the Indian caste system.  

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule set out the history of shudra-ati-shudra communities in his book, ‘*Gulamgiri’.* He drew the attention to the exploitation of Shudras, Ati-shudras, and women etc. At this time, most prefer not even to touch such castes.  

 of the caste system in India]] 

## References
Jnana yoga

In Hinduism, **Jnana Yoga** is the yoga or practice of knowledge. Jyâna in Sanskrit means "knowledge".

In the Bhagavad Gita Krishna says that jyâna consists of properly understanding *kshetra* (the field of activity—that is, the body) and *kshetra-jna* (the knower of the body—that is, the soul). Krishna emphasizes one must understand the difference between these two. "Those who see with eyes of knowledge the difference between the body and the knower of the body, and can also understand the process of liberation from bondage in material nature, attain to the supreme goal."
Atharvaveda

The **Atharvaveda** or **Atharva Veda** () is one of the four Vedas in Hinduism. It is known as the “knowledge storehouse of procedures for everyday life." This Veda is the fourth one and was added later to the Vedic scriptures. Some parts of it are taken from the Rigveda. There are two versions of the text -  and . A well-preserved version of the  was found in Odisha in 1957. It has rituals for daily life, such as learning, marriage, and funerals, as well as royal rituals and duties of court priests. It was compiled probably around 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, concurrently with the Samaveda and Yajurveda. It too carries philosophical texts and three vital Upanishads known as Mundaka, Mandukya, and Prashna Upanishads.

## References
Uriah Heep

**Uriah Heep** are an English hard rock band. They formed in December 1969.

## Studio albums 
* ...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble (1970)
* Salisbury (1971)
* Look at Yourself (1971)
* Demons and Wizards (1972)
* The Magician's Birthday (1972)
* Sweet Freedom (1973)
* Wonderworld (1974)
* Return to Fantasy (1975)
* High and Mighty (1976)
* Firefly (1977)
* Innocent Victim (1977)
* Fallen Angel (1978)
* Conquest (1980)
* Abominog (1982)
* Head First (1983)
* Equator (1985)
* Raging Silence (1989)
* Different World (1991)
* Sea of Light (1995)
* Sonic Origami (1998)
* Wake the Sleeper (2008)
* Into the Wild (2011)
* Outsider (2014)
* Living the Dream (2018)
* Chaos & Colour (2023)

## Other websites 
*The official Uriah Heep website
E-book

An **electronic book** (also called an **e-book**, **ebook,** or **digital book**) is a book in digital form. E-books can be read on computers or other electronic devices such as e-book readers. E-book readers, such as the Amazon Kindle, the Kobo eReader and the Barnes and Noble Nook are devices that are dedicated to showing e-books.==
# eBooks aren’t good for your eyes, and you will feel tired after you look at the screen for a long time.
# eBook readers require power.  If there is a power outage and the batteries die, the user will not be able to access the book.  
# e-readers have plastics and heavy metals, this is not good for the environment and is worse than paper.
# People can't get the special feeling that they can feel when they read a paper book.
# eBooks are often tied to a digital rights management platform that only offers a license to access the eBook and not direct ownership. Compatible e-readers or sharing of an ebook are disabled or are tightly controlled.

## References 
## Other websites
*E-books "E-books copy editing"
Church–Turing thesis

The **Church-Turing thesis** (also known as '''Church's thesis**, **Church's conjecture** and **Turing's thesis''') is a statement about computers. It says that a very simple kind of computer now named a “Turing machine” is able to compute all computable functions. The Church-Turing thesis is linked to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. 
When a programming language is able to do what a Turing machine can do, that language is called Turing complete. If a problem is solvable in one such language, then it is solvable in all of those.
London Borough of Brent

The **London Borough of Brent** is a London borough in north-west London and is part of Greater London. It is known for landmarks such as Wembley Stadium, the Neasden Temple and the Kiln Theatre. It also contains the Welsh Harp reservoir and the Park Royal commercial estate. The local authority is Brent London Borough Council.

Brent's population is estimated to be 339,800. Major areas are Kilburn, Willesden, Wembley, and Harlesden. Stonebridge, Kingsbury, Kensal Green, Neasden, and Kenton being the smaller areas.

## References
London Borough of Ealing

The **London Borough of Ealing** is a London borough in West London, it is part of Greater London. It includes Ealing, famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.
Athletics at the Summer Olympics

**Athletics**, known as Track and Field in the United States, has been contested at every **Summer Olympics** since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics.

## Events 
The events have been changed over time. From 1900 to 1920, tug of war was in the athletics programme. Today, tug of war and athletics are 2 different sports.

### Men's events 
No new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since 1952 when the short racewalk was added. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976. The long racewalk is the only event held for men but not included on the women's programme.

A total of 52 different events have been held in the men's competition. The current list has 24 events. 

Many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines. 

Team racing events were only run in the six early editions of the Games. 

The athletic multi-discipline *triathlon* (3 events) and *pentathlon* (5 events) have been replaced by the 10 event *decathlon*, and the medley relay replaced by relay races where each section is the same length as the others. 

Standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912.

### Women's events 
Women's competition in athletics started at the 1928 Summer Olympics

### Mixed events 
This event has teams of four athletes. 2 are men. 2 are women. They are allowed to run in any order.

## Related pages 
* Summer Olympic Games

## References
London Borough of Hounslow

The **London Borough of Hounslow** is a London borough in West London. The western District line and Piccadilly line pass through the Borough. The area was part of Middlesex, and is near to London Heathrow Airport. Through Houslow runs the A4 Great West Road.

The heart of Hounslow is the Treaty Centre, a two-floor shopping paradise with over 10 shops including a Debenhams. There is also a library. The musician M.I.A is from here, and the movie *Bend it like Beckham* is set in this part of London.

## Other websites
*Hounslow info
Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames

The **Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames** is a London borough in south-west London. It is one of three Royal boroughs in London.
London Borough of Sutton

The **London Borough of Sutton** is a London borough in south west London. It borders the London Boroughs of Croydon, Merton and Royal Kingston, and the Surrey boroughs of Epsom and Ewell and Reigate and Banstead.
Tamamo-no-Mae

.]]
**Tamamo-no-Mae** (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe.  She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan.  Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty.  Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects.  Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer.  She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy.  Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.

After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill.  He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer.  Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness.  The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in an evil plan to take the throne.  Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.

The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox.  After escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream.  Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life.  Miura-no-suke refused.

Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow.  The body of the fox became the **Sessho-seki**, or **Killing Stone**, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it.  Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became **Hoji** and haunted the stone.

Hoji is said to have haunted this stone until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji.  Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.

In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, *The Narrow Road to the Deep North* (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone.

The stone split on March 5, 2022. While some have humorously said that Tamamo-no-Mae is now free, there is a far more general belief that the split is an omen of impending tragedy.

Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama *Sesshō-seki* ("*The Killing Stone*") and the kabuki play *Tamamo-no-Mae* (or *The Beautiful Fox Witch*).

## References
*
*
*
*
*
*Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194,
Caste

The caste system is a system in India that was once mainly used by Hindus. 

The caste system has been generally accepted for about 3000 years. There are four castes in this system and one outcast group is regarded as Dalit or "untouchables". 

There are also castes in countries other than India as the system spread through South Asia about 2000 years ago.  For centuries, this system has dictated one's marriages, geographical location, and occupation. 

People must not marry someone from another caste, and they must not do things that another caste does.  The Indian government today works to decrease this discrimination with the quotas set in government jobs in 1950.

## Division
* Brahmin - priests and scholars
* Kshatriya - warriors and kings
* Vaishya - merchants and landowners 
* Shudra - peasants and labourers
* Untouchables or Dalits - came much later after the other four groups and consisted of people who did jobs considered ritually polluting. This included sweeping ashes after cremations, ridding of animal waste, or skinning animals such as cows.

A census in 2023 of the 130 million people in Bihar collected information about castes for the first time since 1931.  15.5% were upper caste.  27.1% were other backward class. 36% were extremely backward class and 21.4% were scheduled castes or scheduled tribes.  Brahmins, the highest  caste, were less than 4% of the population.

## Related pages
* Racism
* Antiziganism
* Antisemitism
* Discrimination

## References
London Borough of Tower Hamlets

The **London Borough of Tower Hamlets** is a London Borough a bit east of the City of London and north of the River Thames.

Victoria Park is one of the most important parks. It has a canal running through it and lots of people like to walk their dogs.
Brahmin

**Brahmin or Brahman** (/ˈbrɑːmɪn/; Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण, romanized: *brāhmaṇa*) is a varna within the Hindu society. The traditional occupation of Brahmins is that of priesthood (purohit, pandit, or pujari) at Hindu temples or at socio-religious ceremonies, and the performing of rite of passage such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers.

## Caste system 
The varna system classified people by jobs. People in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in Aryan society. The Brahmins arranged prayers and rituals.  Parashurama was one of the well known Brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect Dharma. Parshurama is also Creator Father of Bhumihar Brahman and Bhumihar Thakur, Bhumihar's are also known as Parashurama Brahman & Bramhkshatriya. Most Brahmins practice vegetarianism.

There are many subgroups in Brahmins based on demography. Some of the Brahman clans are Rishiswar, Sanadhya, Kanyakubj, Telang, Saryupareen, Bhumihar, Goswami, Tyagi, and Saraswati are the main streams of Brahmin. Across the subcontinent, other Brahmins are also believed to have switched from the traditional duties of Brahmins in favor of military and administrative ones. In other parts of the subcontinent, outside of Punjab and the Gandhara region, there were also groups known as Tyagi-Brahmans. These groups also claim to have descended from the Parshurama. They are mostly found in Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh; traditionally, they have a close relationship and brotherhood with the Rajputs (Thakurs) and Mohyals. 

Some Mohyal Brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of Bhumihar Brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of Hussaini Brahmins and mourn the death of Imam Hussain. Bhumihar Brahmins and Tyagi-Mohyal Brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. The  Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins.In Kerala Ezhavathy is also a Mohyal community.

## The Brahmins of Vedic Period 
The Brahmanas of the Vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. Therefore, not all Hindus worship other Gods.

### The sub-groups 
In Tamil Nadu, The Iyers and Iyengars are well known Brahmin communities. Iyers are mostly worshippers of Shiva and the Iyengars are Vaishnavites.

## References
London Borough of Havering

The **London Borough of Havering** is an east London borough. Romford is the major centre. Havering is connected to central London via the District Line, which terminates at Upminster & the Elizabeth Line which takes you to Harold Wood station in Havering. It terminates 2 stops further along at Shenfield, a major connecting station for the East and South East of England.
London Borough of Waltham Forest

The **London Borough of Waltham Forest** is a London borough in east London.

Waltham Forest has urban districts in the south with inner-city characteristics, and richer housing development in the north. The north has reservoirs, open spaces, small sections of Epping Forest, parks, and playing fields, which together cover a fifth (20%) of the borough.
London Borough of Haringey

The **London Borough of Haringey** is a London borough in north London. There are some interesting sights, for example, the stadium of the Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur and the Alexandra Palace.
London Borough of Newham

The **London Borough of Newham** is a London borough in Outer London. It is located on the River Thames in East London.
Repulse Bay

**Repulse Bay** (, literally *Shallow Water Bay*) is a famous beach  in the southern part of Hong Kong Island. 

## History 
There are many stories explaining how the bay got its name: in 1841, pirates took Repulse Bay and lived there. They frequently took things from ships. In order to protect the ships, the British Fleet repulsed (attacked) the pirates and their base. Due to this event, it was named Repulse Bay. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the name of Repulse Bay was changed to ).

It is one of the most expensive residential areas in the world.

## References
Goggles

**Goggles** and **safety glasses** are thick, plastic glasses worn over the eyes to keep objects out of them. Goggles are used to keep water out of the eyes when swimming. They are used to keep snow out of the eyes when skiing and also protect the eyes from the sun. They are also used for safety reasons when working with instruments that can be dangerous, like chemical or when things might fly into the eyes. Special goggles are used for kinds of welding to protect the eyes from bright light.

## Related pages
* Ski goggles
Kim Dae-jung

**Kim Dae-jung** (6 January 1924 &ndash; 18 August 2009) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia   Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast in 1924.

Kim died on 18 August 2009 at a hospital in Seoul from cardiac arrest caused by multiple organ failure and pneumonia, aged 85.

## Related pages 
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Nobel page for Kim 
* Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library
* BBC article on his legacy
Urashima Tarō

painting by Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 1852]]
 is a Japanese fairy tale about a fisherman who rescues a turtle and is rewarded with a visit to the Ryūgū-jō, the Dragon Palace. There are many different versions of this story.

## Story
One day, a fisherman named Urashima Taro was fishing when he noticed a turtle, which appeared to be in trouble. Taro saved the turtle and in return the turtle magically gave Taro gills and brought Taro to the Dragon Palace (Ryūgū-jō), deep underwater. The turtle turned out to be the daughter of Ryūgū-jō, a lovely princess. He stayed there with her for a few days, and received a mysterious box from her when he was leaving, which she told him never to open.  What he did not realize that time in the Dragon Palace moves an awful lot slower than on land and when he returned 700 years had passed. When he got home he found that all of his family had died long ago. In grief, he opened the box. It revealed itself in a cloud of white smoke, it was his true age, and Urashima Taro aged and died.

## Related pages
**Rip van Winkle*

## Other websites
*Urashima Taro  (in English)
Paste

**Paste** could mean:

* Glue, something that is used to make two objects stick together.
* Cut, copy and paste in computing.
* Paste (Mexican food), a type of Mexican food.