open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Microsoft Bing

**Microsoft Bing** (or just **Bing**) is a search engine. It used to be called *Windows Live Search* and *MSN Search*. Microsoft calls it a "decision engine", meaning that Bing tries to interpret search queries and give people better search results compared to a typical search engine, helping the user make better decisions. Bing concentrates on four major areas: shopping, travel, local and health. A preview version was made available for everyone to use on June 1, 2009, and the website was fully launched on June 3, 2009. The website quickly became popular after a few weeks.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.

In October 2011, Microsoft announced "Tiger", a new internal search computer program for Bing. When it was finished, Bing delivered faster and more relevant search results for users. It has been incorporated into Bing since August 2011.

On February 7, 2023, Microsoft launched a preview version of its Bing search engine, which is powered by OpenAI's artificial intelligence model. The new version of Bing is called "the new Bing" and is customized for search. It includes a chatbot called Microsoft Copilot.

## Features 
Bing includes the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered. It lists related searches (called "Explore pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008.

Every day, Bing.com displays a different picture that users can click on parts of to learn more about. These pictures can be about different places around the world, or nature, or even sometimes things in outer space.

### Media features 
* Video thumbnail Preview where, by hovering over a video thumbnail, the video automatically starts playing
* Image search with continuous scrolling images results page that has adjustable settings for size, layout, color, style and people.
* Video search with adjustable setting for length, screen size, resolution and source

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bing
* Bing for Mobile
* Discover Bing
* Decision Engine
* Bing Community
* Bing Webmaster Center
* Bing Developer Center
Paktia Province

**Paktia** ( - Paktyā) is a province under Afghanistan. Its capital (city) is Gardez.  There are about 1.3 million people who live in the Province.  Most of the people are Pashtun.

## Districts
Paktia is made up of 14 district (District Centers are given in parentheses):

## References
Sindh Valley

The **Sindh Valley**, is a valley in a mountain range which is north of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. The valley begins in Gandarbal and ends near Baltal and the start of the Zojila Pass. Sindh Valley is the main route between Kashmir and Central Asia.

## Related pages
* Zojila Pass
Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter

The **Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter** or **LGW** is a German airline. 

## Other websites
*Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter
Boeremusiek

''''* (Afrikaans for *Boer music'') is a kind of South African instrumental folk music.  Its was made to go with social dancing at parties and festivals.

## History
Boeremusiek is from Europe. It was brought to South Africa and changed into its own style. It is thought to have got to South Africa by British Empire military bands.

## Style
Every artist or band comes up with their own sound and style. They make up their own style by playing different types of concertinas and using different instruments in the band. 

A concertina is similar to an accordion and is the lead instrument in most Boeremusiek bands. There are many different types of concertinas, which is why Boeremusiek has so many sounds and styles, and the construction the concertina is what makes the different sounds in the Boeremusiek band; it depends on where the slots and holes are put makes the difference on the sound that the concertina makes. 

Other instruments that might be in a Boeremusiek band are piano accordions, button harmonicas, accordions, pianos, harmoniums and the guitar. Sometimes, a cello or bass guitar may be seen.  

Today, there are many successful Boeremusiek bands that have recorded albums. Some famous bands and individual artists today are Klipwerf Boereorkes, Danie Grey, Nico Carstens, Taffie Kikkilus, Brian Nieuwoudt, Samuel Petzer, Worsie Visser and Die Ghitaar Man.

## References
Dynamic and formal equivalence

**Dynamic and formal equivalence** are concepts from linguistics. 

When a language  is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.

There are two possible ways to solve this problem:
#The translator can look at what the text means. He or she can then try to find expressions in the target language that mean very similar things. With this approach, the translation will sound more natural, and may be easier to read. This approach towards translation is known as *dynamic* or *functional* equivalence.
#It is possible to make a literal translation. The approach towards this kind of translation is called *formal* equivalence. A literal translation may mean that the text is translated word-for-word. This will be harder to read, but it will be *closer* to what is written in the source text. However, there may even be some expressions in the source language that are absent in the target language. In that case, they are used in the translated text just the way they have been in the source text. But only the letters used in the source language for those expressions are replaced with letters from the target language. And it is done in such a way that the expressions used in the translation sound similar to those in the source text.
Foraging

**Foraging** is the act of hunting or gathering food. For example, cattle forage grass to eat. The idea of animals foraging is called *forage theory*, and was first proposed in 1966.

Humans that forage are often called hunter-gatherers, who find and eat () animals and plants without domestication of them (people who farm plants are not hunter-gatherers, as they have grown them themselves). 

## References
Boy Scouts of America

The **Boy Scouts of America** or BSA is an organization for children and teens with over 5 million members across the United States. They try to give young people life values. BSA includes Cub Scouts, which is for children ages 6–11, **Scouts BSA**, which is for youth ages 11–17, and Venturing, Sea Scouts, and Exploring for youth ages 14–20. Scouts BSA was called Boy Scouts until it started allowing girls in 2018.

## Organization
Scouts BSA are ages 11–17 and belong to troops, groups of Scouts associated with a church, school or post. Cub Scouts are scouts ages 6–11 and belong to packs.  Cub Scouts include Tigers (age 6-7), Wolfs (age 7-8), Bears (age 8-9), and Webelos (age 9-11). Older Scouts can be Venturer Scouts.

## History
The Boy Scouts of America were founded by American writer W. D. Boyce, in 1910, but were similar to Scouting groups in Great Britain and other early scout movements. James E. West helped out the BSA in its early years, but also made the BSA more religious than scouts were in Europe.  Scouting grew in the 1910s and 20s due to the rise of “boy’s books” devoted to Scouting and the First World War.  Scouting had many members during the 1960s, but has declined since the 1970s, despite an attempt to make scouting modern by changing requirements and adding more merit badges.

### Controversies
Over the years, the BSA has taken some stands that many Americans did not like. These included being against unions (organized workers) in the 1920s, requiring Scouts to believe in God, and not allowing gays to join Scouting.

## Rank
An important part of scouting is earning ranks. There are seven ranks in Scouts BSA: Scout, Tenderfoot, 2nd Class, 1st Class, Star, Life and Eagle. The first four focus on learning basic scout skills, including camping, cooking, swimming, first aid (basic medical care), citizenship,  orienteering (use of a map and compass), and pioneering (tying knots). The final three focus on earning merit badges, serving the troop and serving the community.  Eagle Scouts must plan and finish a project that benefits something other than Scouting, and earn 21 merit badges. They must also hold a position of leadership in the troop. Only about 2 or 3% of Scouts earn Eagle, but some of the ones that have include Gerald Ford and Neil Armstrong.

## Oath and law 
Scouts must learn, know and follow the Scout Oath and Scout Law:

### Scout Oath 
These are the words of the Scout Oath:
: "On my honor I will do my best, to do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight".

### Scout Law 
A scout is:
#trustworthy,
#loyal,
#helpful,
#friendly, 
#courteous,
#kind,
#obedient, 
#cheerful,
#thrifty,
#brave,
#clean, and
#reverent.

## Related pages
*Girl Scouts of the USA
*Scouting movement
*Philmont Scout Ranch

## References
Amaranth (color)

plant]]

**Amaranth** is a rose-red color that is the color of the flower of the amaranth plant.

The first written use of *amaranth* as a color name in English was in 1690.

## Meaning 
* The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization. The name is derived from the name of a flower in Greek mythology that was believed to never die and grew in the abode of the Greek gods on Mount Olympus. Something that is perceived as *everlasting* may be described by the adjective *amaranthine*. (The color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization.)

## Where the name comes from 
The name *amaranth* comes from the Greek *a* (not) + *marainean* (to waste away). A flower that never died that was believed to grow on Mount Olympus.

## Tones of amaranth color comparison chart 
Amaranth flowers come in many different colors:

## References 
## Related pages
* List of colors
Sun Microsystems

**Sun Microsystems, Inc.** (**Sun** for short) was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services. Sun contributed to many important computing technologies, such as UNIX, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, the Network File System (NFS), and the SPARC instruction set. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. Sun's headquarters were in Santa Clara, California. In January 2010, it was bought by Oracle Corporation.

## References
San Felipe de Puerto Plata

The Dominican city of **San Felipe de Puerto Plata**, usually called just **Puerto Plata** is the head municipality of the Puerto Plata province, on the north (Atlantic) coast of the country.

## Name
The name **Puerto Plata** ("Silver Port") came from the name given by Columbus to the mountain just to the south of the city: *Monte de Plata* ("Silver Mountain") because the mountain always had clouds on its top and not because there was the metal silver; that mountain now is called **Isabel de Torres** mountain (in Spanish, the complete name is *Loma Isabel de Torres*). Isabel de Torres was a lady who lived in Puerto Plata in 1605 and had a lot of land in the mountain.

The city was called first *Puerto de Plata* but later it was changed to just *Puerto Plata*, the name that is still used

## History
Columbus visited the Puerto Plata Bay on 11 January 1493. The city was founded and built by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502. Soon it became the most important port in the northern coast of the Hispaniola island and, in 1508, the king of Spain gave a coat of arms to the city.

Because there were many pirates and other British and French ships along the northern coast of the island, a fort was built here by orders of Carlos I, king of Spain; its construction took several years and it was finished in 1577. Because at that moment the Spanish's king was Felipe II, the fort was named **Fuerte San Felipe** (in English, *Saint Phillip Fort*).

In 1606, those that were living in the towns of Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi were ordered by the Spanish king to move to the southeast of the island and to found a new town: Monte Plata. Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi were, then, destroyed. They were founded again in the 18th century with families that came from the Canary Islands.

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 128,240: 63,564 men and 64,676 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with  of rainfall, followed by November with .

The driest season is summer. The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of  and the second is June with .

Puerto Plata is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of San Felipe de Puerto Plata has two municipal districts:

## References
North Cascades

The **North Cascades** are a name used for the mountains at the north end of the Cascade Range, south of Canada. The North Cascades are entirely in the United States, in the state of Washington. At the Canadian border, the North Cascades are called the Canadian Cascades. The highest point in the North Cascades is Mount Baker (10,781&nbsp;ft/3,286m). North Cascades National Park is located at the northernmost end of the North Cascades.

Some of the primary rivers in the North Cascades are the Skagit, Nooksack, Stillaguamish, and Stehekin. Lake Chelan is the largest lake in the North Cascades. Although now termed a reservoir, it was originally a natural lake, but enlarged by a dam. The urban areas of Seattle, Tacoma and Everett are all west of the North Cascades. The Columbia River, Washington's largest river, forms the east and south boundary.
Redmond Barry

**Redmond Barry** (1813—1880), was a judge in Victoria, Australia. He is famous for being the person who started the University of Melbourne and the State Library of Victoria. As a judge he is famous for sentencing bushranger Ned Kelly to death. He was also the judge in the trials of the rebel miners from the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria.

## References
Kin selection

**Kin selection** or **kin altruism** is a form of natural selection. Some animals cooperate with relatives, even if this brings risk to themselves. The classic example of this is seen in the family life of mammals, or in colonial insects such as ants.  

Many mammals and birds raise alarms to warn others of danger. Others cooperate in tasks, such as scrub jays help each other with to build nests. In all these cases where animals cooperate, the question is whether there is any biological benefit to themselves. It is now clear that there is benefit if the animals are closely related. This is because related organisms have (to a degree) a shared genetic inheritance.

The first to write about the concept were by R.A. Fisher in 1930, and J.B.S. Haldane in 1955, but it was W.D. Hamilton who truly formalized the concept.  The actual term *kin selection* was probably coined by John Maynard Smith, when he wrote: 

:"These processes I will call kin selection and group selection respectively. Kin selection has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton... By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual.

By cooperating, relatives influence each other's fitness. Under natural selection, a gene which improves the fitness of individuals will increase in frequency. A gene which lowers the fitness of individuals will become rare. 

However, behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the actor, may nonetheless increase in frequency. Relatives do, by definition, carry many of the same genes. This is the fundamental principle behind the theory of kin selection. According to the theory, the enhanced fitness of relatives may more than compensate for the fitness loss of the helpers (individuals displaying the behaviour). 

This is a special case of a more general model, called inclusive fitness.

## Hamilton's equation 
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for helping behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if **r**x**b** is greater than **c**:
:rb > c \      
where:
* c \  is the reproductive cost to the helper,
* b \  is the reproductive benefit to the receiver, and
* r \  is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".

## References
Cobra Starship

**Cobra Starship** was an American alternative dance band. The group started in 2005 in New York City. They are most famous for their songs "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" and "Good Girls Go Bad". They are currently signed to record label Fueled by Ramen.

Cobra Starship officially dissolved on November 10, 2015.

## Band members
* Gabe Saporta - lead vocalist
* Ryland Blackinton - guitarist
* Alex Suarez - bassist
* Nate Novarro - drummer
* Victoria Asher - keytarist

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Darwinius

***Darwinius*** is a genus of primates known from only one fossil. It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit. This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago. The genus *Darwinius* was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name *masillae* honors Messel, where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur. It is the only known specimen of its species.

The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation. The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007. 

## Description 
The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts. Only the lesser part was known earlier. The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known. It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract.

## References
Buxton

**Buxton** is a  town in Derbyshire, England.  It is the highest market town in England.  Buxton is near to Cheshire and Staffordshire. Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park". The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a second  a hundred years later as the people visited to use the healing properties of the waters.

The Dukes of Devonshire have been helping Buxton since 1780, when the Duke used his money from his copper mines to develop the town as a spa like Bath.

Bess of Hardwick had taken one of her four husbands, the Earl of Shrewsbury, to "take the waters" at Buxton shortly after he became the jailer of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1569.

Dr. Erasmus Darwin recommended the waters at Buxton to Josiah Wedgwood.  The Wedgwood family often went to Buxton on holiday. Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin also settled there.

## Notable architecture
*The Crescent (1780–1784) was based on Bath's Royal Crescent. The crescent has a grand assembly room with a painted ceiling.
*Buxton Opera House was designed in 1903 and is the highest in the country.  It is attached to the Pavilion Gardens, Octagonal Hall and the smaller Paxton Theatre.  The Pavilion Gardens are 23 acres of gardens.

## Economy
Buxton is twinned with two other towns—Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.

## Famous Buxtonians
*Vera Brittain (1893–1970): author of *Testament of Youth* and mother of Shirley Williams
*Tim Brooke-Taylor: comedy actor and one of *The Goodies*
*Dave Lee Travis: former BBC DJ

## References
Penny sterling

The **penny sterling** (plural *pence*) is a subdivision of Pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom.
Montreal Wanderers

The **Montreal Wanderers** were a professional men's ice hockey team that played in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Arena, and were one of the founding franchises of the National Hockey League in the 1917–18 NHL season. The Wanderers won a total of eight Stanley Cup challenges within a span of five seasons from 1906 to 1910. Prior to the formation of the NHL, the "Redbands" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.

## Season-by-season record
* 1904–05 – Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL)
* 1906–08 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA)
* 1909 – Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA)
* 1910–17 – National Hockey Association (NHA)
* 1917–18 – National Hockey League (NHL)

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

## Honoured players
The following Hockey Hall of Fame players played for the Wanderers during some point in their careers:

## List of NHL Wanderers players
## Notes
## Other websites
* Sportsecyclopedia.com article
The Point!

***The Point!*** is a 1971 animated cartoon movie, written by singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson and Carole Beers, and directed by Fred Wolf. It first appeared on ABC television, in the United States. It starred the voices of Mike Lookinland ("Bobby" of *The Brady Bunch* fame), and actor Dustin Hoffman. (Later editions replaced Hoffman's voice with that of Alan Thicke, then musician Ringo Starr.)

## Storyline
*The Point!* tells a story about a boy named Oblio (Mike Lookinland), who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads. Banished to the Pointless Forest for not  to what is "normal", Oblio and his dog Arrow (Don Messick) (whose head was pointed, but he was still loyal to Oblio) meet many different people, and come to learn that everything and everyone indeed has a "point"; a purpose for being what they are. Oblio and Arrow return home, bringing back what they have learned to share with everyone.

Harry Nilsson said later the inspiration for *The Point!* was an LSD experience. Resting on the ground, he noticed everything (trees, buildings) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a "point", leading Nilsson to believe that "everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's a point to that". Nilsson developed this idea into a story about tolerance, and acceptance of  in others.

## Cast
* Dustin Hoffman as Narrator and Father (1st version)
* Alan Barzman as Narrator and Father (2nd version)
* Alan Thicke as Narrator and Father (3rd version)
* Ringo Starr as Narrator and Father (Direct-to-video releases)
* Paul Frees as Oblio's Father, Pointed Man's Right Head, King, Leaf Man and Villagers
* June Foray as Pointed Man's Middle Head
* Mel Blanc as Pointed Man's Left Head
* Lennie Weinrib as Count
* Bill Martin as Rock Man
* Buddy Foster as Count's Son
* Joan Gerber as Oblio's Mother
* Don Messick as Arrow
* Mike Lookinland as Oblio

## Music
Nilsson devoted a whole album to music from *The Point!*, alternating songs from the show with his own  of the story. "Me And My Arrow" became the breakout hit from the album, with a single reaching the Top 20 in the American music charts. (The song was later used in a commercial, for the Plymouth Arrow automobile.)

Nilsson later adapted *The Point!* into a musical stage play, that featured more of his own songs. A London production of the play reunited former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, who were also friends of Nilsson's.
Yossi Benayoun

**Yossi Shai Benayoun** (; born 5 May 1980) is an Israeli former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Israel and England and captained the Israel national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Israel's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Benayoun goal.''

## Honours
**Maccabi Haifa**
*Israeli Premier League: 2000–01, 2001–02
*Israel State Cup: 2015–16

**West Ham United**
*FA Cup runner-up: 2005–06

**Chelsea**
*UEFA Europa League: 2012–13

**Individual**
*Israeli Footballer of the Year: 2000–01

## References
Quebec Bulldogs

The **Quebec Bulldogs** were a men's senior-level ice hockey team officially known as the **Quebec Hockey Club**, later as the **Quebec Athletic Club.** Their recorded play goes back as far as the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) in 1889, although the Quebec Hockey Club is known to have played in tournaments prior to that date. The club continued as an amateur team through various leagues, eventually becoming professional in 1908, and eventually playing in the National Hockey League. The *Bulldog* name was given by the media and was so popular with the fans a Bulldog mascot was created but was never officially changed until the team moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1920 and became the Tigers.

## Season-by-season record
* 1888–1898 – Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
* 1899–1905 – Canadian Amateur Hockey League
* 1906–1909 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association
* Jan. 1910 – Canadian Hockey Association
* 1910–1917 – National Hockey Association
* 1919–1920 – National Hockey League

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

## Notable players
### Hall of Famers
* Rusty Crawford
* Thomas Dunderdale
* Joe Hall
* Joe Malone
* Paddy Moran
* Tommy Smith
* Bruce Stuart
* Hod Stuart

### Team captains
This list is incomplete.

* Hod Stuart (1901)
* Herb Jordan (1905)
* Joe Malone (1910–17, 1919–20)

### 1912 Stanley Cup Champions
* Paddy Moran – goal
* Goldie Prodgers – point
* Joe Hall – cover point
* Joe Malone – centre
* Eddie Oatman – right wing
* Jack McDonald – left wing
* Jack Marks – sub
* Walter Rooney – centre sub
* George Leonard – sub
* Joe Savard – sub goalie

### 1913 Stanley Cup Champions
* Paddy Moran goal
* Joe Hall – point
* Harry Mummery – cover point
* Joe Malone – centre
* Tommy Smith – right wing
* Jack Marks – left wing
* Russell Crawford – sub
* Billy Creighton – sub
* Jeff Malone – sub
* James "Rockett" Power – sub
* Walter Rooney – sub
* Joe Savard – sub goalie

## Other articles
*List of defunct NHL teams
*List of Quebec Bulldogs players
*Head Coaches of the Quebec Bulldogs
*List of NHL players
*List of Stanley Cup champions
*Hamilton Tigers
*New York Americans
*Quebec Nordiques
*List of NHL seasons
*List of pre-NHL seasons

## References
*

## Other websites
*http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/quebecnha/bulldogs.html 
*http://quebecbulldogs.com/
The Oval

**Kennington Oval**, generally known as **The Oval**, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, south London. It was opened in 1845 by the Montpelier Cricket Club on part of Kennington Common, which had itself hosted top-class cricket since 1724. Soon afterwards, it became the home ground of the Surrey team.

The Oval stages international and county cricket on a regular basis. The first-ever Test match in England was played at The Oval in September 1880. In 1882, the ground staged the famous "Ashes Match". England play at least one Test at The Oval every year, traditionally the last of the season, in addition to other international matches. The ground is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, and Surrey County Cricket Club is a long-term tenant there. Surrey use The Oval for most of their home matches in the County Championship and other domestic competitions. The ground has a seating capacity of 27,500.

## References
Trophallaxis

.]]
**Trophallaxis** in biology refers the sharing of food by members of a community. 

It is most highly developed in social insects such as ants, termites, wasps and bees. The word was introduced by the entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918. The behaviour has been used to explain theories of how social behaviour developed in insects. The French psychologist and entomologist August Forel also believed that food sharing was key to ant society. He used an illustration of it as the frontispiece for his book *The social world of the ants compared with that of man*.

Trophallaxis serves as a means of communication, at least in bees and ants. In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.

## References
Oval tube station

**Oval tube station** in Kennington is a station on the Northern line of the London Underground. It is between Stockwell and Kennington stations. It is the only station on the Morden branch of the Northern line whose name begins with a vowel (*O*). Oval station is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is named for The Oval, which it serves.

## References
## Other websites
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
**
**
Douglas Jardine

**Douglas Robert Jardine** (Bombay, Indian Empire  1900&nbsp;– Montreux, Switzerland  1958) was an English cricketer and captain of the England cricket team from 1931 to 1933–34. A right-handed batsman, he played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 matches, winning nine, losing one and drawing five.

## The 'bodyline' tour 
Jardine is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. There, his team used 'bodyline' tactics against Donald Bradman and other opposing Australian batsmen. A bodyline delivery was one where the cricket ball was pitched short so as to rise towards the body of the opposing batsman on the line of the leg stump. The plan was to get legside deflections that could be caught by one of several fielders on the leg side. This tactic was considered by many to be intimidatory and physically threatening. Jardine is widely regarded by commentators and writers as the person responsible for that strategy.

The spearhead of the England attack was the coal miner's son Harold Larwood, the fastest bowler of the day. Larwood's partner was Bill Voce, also a top-class fast bowler. Ranged against them was the great Don Bradman, then averaging over 100 in Test matches.

A controversial figure among cricketers, Jardine was well known for his dislike of Australian players and crowds. In return, he was unpopular in Australia, for his manner and the bodyline strategy. Many of his players thought him an excellent captain, though not everyone thought him as good at managing people.

## Career in WWII 
Jardine joined the British Army in August 1939. Once World War&nbsp;II began, he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment and went with the British Expeditionary Force to France. He served at Dunkirk, where he was fortunate to escape but suffered some injuries. After serving as staff captain at St. Albans, he was posted to India for the remainder of the war. He served in Quetta, and then Simla, as a major. He became fluent in the Hindustani language. He gave lectures and played some cricket while in India. He left the army in 1945.

## References
Roger Norrington

**Sir Roger Arthur Carver Norrington** (16 March 1934 – 18 July 2025) was a British conductor. He was known for conducting music from historical periods using period instruments.

## Life
Norrington studied at Clare College, Cambridge and the Royal College of Music where his teachers included  Adrian Boult.

Norrington started his career singing tenor.  In 1962, he formed the Schütz Choir (later the Schütz Choir of London). From 1969 to 1984, he was conductor (music director) of Kent Opera. In 1978, he formed the London Classical Players and he conducted them until 1997.  From 1985 to 1989, he was Principal Conductor of the Bournemouth Sinfonietta. From 1990 to 1994, he was music director of the Orchestra of St. Luke's. In 1998, he became principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra.  He became Artistic Advisor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 2006.

Norrington is best known for performances of Baroque, Classical and Romantic music using period instruments and period style.  He likes his orchestras to play with very little vibrato.

He conducted the Last Night of The Proms for the first time on 13 September 2008.

Norrington was made an OBE in 1980, a CBE in 1990 and a Knight Bachelor in 1997.

Norrington died on 18 July 2025 in Exeter, England at the age of 91.

## References
Surrey men's cricket team

The **Surrey** men's cricket team is based in Kennington, south London. It represents the traditional English county of Surrey. Teams called Surrey have been active since 1709. The team is organised by the Surrey County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1845. Surrey have first-class status, and the team has competed in the official County Championship since 1890. They have won the trophy 22 times, most recently in 2024. Their home ground is The Oval. Many great players have represented Surrey, including Lumpy Stevens, Billy Beldham, Tom Richardson, Jack Hobbs, Jim Laker, and Ken Barrington.

## References
## Bibliography
*
Liber Linteus

The **Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis** (or ***Liber Agramensis***) (Latin: *Linen Book of Zagreb* or *Book of Agram*) is the longest Etruscan text and the only existing linen book. 

Most of the text has not been translated, because the Etruscan language is only known little. According to the few words that can be understood, the text is probably a ritual calendar.

The fabric of the book was preserved when it was used to wrap a mummy from Ptolemaic Egypt.  The mummy and the manuscript are now kept in a refrigerated room at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia.

## Other websites
* *The Etruscan Liber Linteus* ; contains etexts of the book, proposed translations, and notes on haruspicy.
* Information on the Liber Linteus from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb
Gustav Leonhardt

]]
**Gustav Leonhardt** (born 's-Graveland, Netherlands, 30 May 1928, died Amsterdam, 16 January 2012) was a famous Dutch harpsichordist, organist and conductor who became well known for playing music from historical periods on period instruments. At the beginning of his career the harpsichord was not yet a popular instrument and music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods was usually played in the same way as music from later centuries. Gustav Leonhardt made his audiences aware of what music by Johann Sebastian Bach would have sounded like in Bach's day.

## Life
Gustav Leonhardt was born into a Dutch, Protestant family who lived in the countryside. His Protestantism was an important part of his life. His father was a wealthy business man. His parents were both very keen amateur musicians. When Gustav was ten they bought a harpsichord. When World War II broke out life was hard in the country and Leonhardt often had to hide under the floorboards so that he was not sent away to slave labour. When he was not hiding he spent a lot of time practising the harpsichord. 

Gustav Leonhardt studied organ and harpsichord at the Schola Cantorum in Basel. At that time this was the only place in Europe where it was possible to study how to play early music. He went to Vienna to study conducting because his parents thought that being a conductor was a good way to earn a lot of money. However, Gustav was never very keen on conducting and he spent all his time there in the library studying music scores and copying music out. Most of this music had never been published and had not been performed since the time it was composed. 

In 1952 he became professor of harpischord at the Vienna Hochschule fur Musik. He met Nikolaus Harnoncourt who had similar interests to his. He soon became professor of harpsichord at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and remained there until 1988. He was also organist at the Waalse Kerk, Amsterdam. This church has a very famous historical organ. He became well known for his harpsichord concerts and recordings. He led the Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble with the English counter-tenor Alfred Deller with whom he made one of the first recordings of some Bach cantatas. The ensemble included his wife Marie, as well as Nikolaus Harnoncourt who played the cello. Together with Harnoncourt he conducted and recorded all Bach's cantatas.

Leonhardt lived in a big 16th century house facing one of the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. He looked very serious on the concert platform, but he had a sense of humour and occasionally played a bit of ragtime at the end of a recital.

Leonhardt died in Amsterdam on 16 January 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*
*short biography at www.bach-cantatas.com
*http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id2.html
Eel River

The **Eel River** is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California. It flows north about 200&nbsp;mi (322&nbsp;km) to the Pacific Ocean, draining 3,684 square miles (9,542 square km). Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River, followed by the South Fork, Van Duzen River, and North Fork. The river is dammed near its headwaters to divert water into the Russian River valley. The two dams form Van Arsdale Reservoir and the larger Lake Pillsbury. Most of the river is in the humid Coast Ranges of California. Much of the river is isolated, in steep and rugged terrain. 

Towns along the Eel include Ferndale, Rio Dell, and Dos Rios (at the confluence with the Middle Fork). Weott is near the South Fork confluence.

U.S. Highway 101 follows the river until the South Fork confluence, and the Great Northern Railway also follows a portion of the river. 37 bridges cross the Eel and 24 cross the South Fork. The South Fork is the longest tributary. The Middle Fork has the largest watershed.
Cultivar

'' cultivar, 'Clear Crystals Apricot']]

A **cultivar** is a variant of a plant that has been selected for planting and sale because it has certain characteristics. It keeps its traits when it is propagated because they are inherited. 

Usually, cultivars are given a name which is not related to their biological taxon. There is a system of naming run by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (the ICNCP), commonly known as the Cultivated Plant Code. 

## Related pages 
*Domestication
*Variety (botany)
Plant propagation

can benefit from special seed treatments (invented for that particular tropical fruit)]]

**Plant propagation** is when a plant is distributed. There are several ways to do this:
* Through seeds or spores (which have been grown sexually)
* Division
* Grafting (used with fruit trees, especially)
* Stolons or runners
* Micropropagation
* Storage organs such as bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes
* Striking or cuttings
* Twin-scaling
Three-body problem

motion is one solution to the three-body problem]]
The **three-body problem** is a problem in the field of physics. The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity. It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.

## Non-relativistic movement 
"Relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity. This theory must be used when things move at great speed. But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement". You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light *c,* which is the highest possible speed.

In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things. One must also know their masses. Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.

## Relativistic movement
When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement. Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'

In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves. In this case, the thing moving loses energy, and this makes calculation more difficult. Experts say that the system is "not conservative".

Experts in another field called Quantum mechanics say, in addition, at high speed the creation and annihilation of particles becomes possible, so, it is not possible to keep the number of particles constant.

There is no relativistic solution that always works for the movement of two or three things.

## In astronomy 
The three-body problem also happens in astronomy. The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation. The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in *Principia*. Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small. In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly. If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation. Many different patterns of motion can occur.

## References
Pelham Warner

**Sir Pelham Francis Warner** (2 October 1873 – 30 January 1963), often called **Plum**, was an English cricketer, team manager, magazine editor, and author who was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad. He had a very long playing career as a right-handed batter from 1894 to 1929. 

## First-class career
In domestic first-class cricket, Warner played for Oxford University from 1894 to 1896, and for Middlesex from 1894 to 1920. He was the Middlesex team captain from 1908 to 1920. He also made occasional appearances for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) from 1894 to 1929, and for various other teams including the Gentlemen and the South. Warner made 521 first-class appearances in total, scoring 29,028 runs and 60 centuries with a highest score of 244. As a fielder, he held 183 catches. He rarely bowled, but he did take fifteen wickets in his career with his right arm slow deliveries.

## Writing and publishing
Warner became a prolific writer on the subject of cricket. In 1921, when *The Cricketer* was founded, he became its Editor, and held the post until 1962, the year before his death. He wrote numerous articles for the magazine. At various times, he was the cricket correspondent for the *Westminster Gazette*, the *Morning Post*, and the *Daily Telegraph*. In addition, he wrote several books including *How We Recovered The Ashes*, ''Lord's 1787&ndash;1945*, and *Gentlemen v. Players 1806&ndash;1949''.

## Death
Pelham Warner died in West Lavington, West Sussex, aged 89.

## References
Vienna Symphony

The **Vienna Symphony** () is an orchestra in Vienna, Austria.

## History
The orchestra was formed in 1900 by the conductor Ferdinand Löwe.  It was then called the *Wiener Concertverein* (Vienna Concert Society).  In 1913 it moved into the Konzerthaus, Vienna.  In 1919 it joined with the Tonkünstler Orchestra.  In 1933 it got the name it has today: Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker).

During World War II the Nazis forced them to be part of the German Culture Orchestras and they were used for propaganda.  They stopped playing in 1944.

Their first concert after the war was on 16 September 1945, when they performed Gustav Mahler's *Symphony No. 3*. Their conductor Josef Krips quickly helped them to become a great orchestra.  From 1946 they were often conducted by Herbert von Karajan who toured with them throughout Europe and North America. In 1959 the VSO performed for Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.

When Wolfgang Sawallisch became their conductor he toured with them to the United States and Japan.

Today Fabio Luisi is their chief conductor.

## Chief conductors
*1900-1925 Ferdinand Löwe
*1920s-1930s Wilhelm Furtwängler *(as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)*
*1933-1940s Oswald Kabasta
*1946-1948 Hans Swarowsky
*1948-1960 Herbert von Karajan *(as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)* 
*1960-1970 Wolfgang Sawallisch
*1970-1973 Josef Krips (artistic advisor)
*1973-1976 Carlo Maria Giulini
*1980-1982 Gennady Rozhdestvensky
*1986-1991 Georges Prêtre (principal guest conductor)
*1991-1996 Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos
*1997-2005 Vladimir Fedoseyev
*2005-*present* Fabio Luisi

## Related pages
* Vienna Philharmonic

## Other websites
* History of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra
Sergio Escudero (footballer, born 1988)

is an Argentine-Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2006||1||0||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||4||1
|-
|2007||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2008||13||0||2||1||1||0||1||0||17||1
|-
|2009||23||3||0||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||30||4
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
43||3||2||1||13||2||1||0||59||6
43||3||2||1||13||2||1||0||59||6
|}
Jonathan Zebina

**Jonathan Zebina** (born 19 July 1978) is a French retired professional footballer. Having started his career as a striker, he played right-back for much of his career before being increasingly used as a centre-back.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Roma**
*Serie A: 2000–01
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

**Juventus**
*Serie B: 2006–07

## References
## Other websites
* 

## References
Alessio Tacchinardi

**Alessio Tacchinardi** (born 23 July 1975) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Atalanta||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1993/94||8||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="11"|Juventus||rowspan="11"|Serie A||24||0
|-
|1995/96||16||0
|-
|1996/97||19||1
|-
|1997/98||23||1
|-
|1998/99||23||1
|-
|1999/00||30||0
|-
|2000/01||31||2
|-
|2001/02||28||2
|-
|2002/03||27||2
|-
|2003/04||24||0
|-
|2004/05||16||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Villarreal||rowspan="2"|La Liga||23||2
|-
|2006/07||22||1

|-
|2007/08||Brescia||Serie B||34||9
304||18
45||3
349||21
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
!Total||13||0
|}

## References
Sergio Escudero (footballer, born 1964)

is a former Argentine-Japanese football player.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
* 
* Profile at BDFA.com.ar
Hayden Foxe

**Hayden Foxe** (born 23 June 1977) is an Australian soccer player. He has played for Australia national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
**Portsmouth**
* Football League First Division: 2002–03

**Sydney FC**
* A-League Premiership: 2009–10
* A-League Championship: 2009–10

## References
Osvaldo Escudero

**Osvaldo Escudero** (born October 15, 1960) is a former Argentine football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1991–92||Mitsubishi Motors||JSL Division 1||18||4||||||1||0||19||4
|-
|1992||Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||4||0||7||0||11||0
18||4||4||0||8||0||30||4
18||4||4||0||8||0||30||4
|}

## References
Dininho

**Irondino Ferreira Neto** (born 23 July 1975) is a Brazilian football player. 

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||30||1||1||0||5||0||36||1
|-
|2006||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
35||1||1||0||6||0||42||1
35||1||1||0||6||0||42||1

## References
Dido Havenaar

**Dido Havenaar** (born 26 September 1957) is a former Dutch-Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Mazda||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||22||0||||||||||22||0
|-
|1987/88||22||0||||||||||22||0
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Yomiuri||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|1990/91||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||10||0||10||0
|-
|1993||19||0||0||0||0||0||19||0
|-
|1994||27||0||0||0||0||0||27||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||52||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||54||0
|-
|1996||16||0||1||0||14||0||31||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||Football League||26||0||3||0||8||0||37||0
|-
|1998||J. League 1||34||0||0||0||3||0||37||0
222||0||6||0||35||0||263||0
222||0||6||0||35||0||263||0
Miguel Ángel Angulo

**Miguel Ángel Angulo Valderrey** (; born 23 June 1977) is a Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Source:

### International
:Source:

## References
## Other websites
*
*CiberChe biography and stats 
*