open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Shaukat Hayat Khan

Major Sardar **Shaukat Hayat Khan** (1915-1998) was a leader of the All India Muslim League from the Punjab province of British India, later Pakistan; and he worked as a close assistant to Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Independence Movement from circa 1942/43 to 1947. 

## Background
He was the eldest son of the former Punjabi statesman and leader, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. As a young man, he joined the British Indian Army and served up to the rank of Major before resigning in 1942, on his father's death.

## Pakistan Movement
From 1942 to 1947, Khan was active as a leading Punjabi member of the All India Muslim League and assisted the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in the efforts to obtain a separate Muslim nation-state when the British left India. In 1946, he was given the title of *Shaukat i Punjab* (The pride of the Punjab: a play on his name) by Jinnah himself.

## Later politics
After 1947, for quite some time he remained an active political figure and member of parliament. However, gradually between the 1960s and 1980s he became increasingly disillusioned by the corruption and dishonesty of politics in Pakistan and finally quit. He died in September 1998, at Islamabad.

## References
Khattar (clan)

Khattar (tribe)

Khattar (Punjabi: کھٹر; Pashto: خټګر) is a Muslim tribe primarily found in the northern Punjab province of Pakistan, especially in Rawalpindi and Attock districts, with smaller populations in Chakwal and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are traditionally landowners in the "Khattar tract" near the Kala Chitta Range and Indus River.

History and Origins

The Khattars claim various ancestries in tribal traditions, including Arab descent from Abu al-Khattar (a governor in Al-Andalus during the Umayyad period) who allegedly migrated via Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan after the fall of Muslim Spain. Some also link to Qutb Shah (ancestor of the Awan tribe) for Qureshi Arab lineage. Other accounts suggest Turkic influences through intermarriages or Rajput (Chauhan) origins with conversion to Islam during early Muslim invasions (e.g., Mahmud of Ghazni era). British colonial ethnographies (e.g., Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab) describe them as claiming kinship with Awans but often asserting Rajput roots, with mixed local Punjabi and Central Asian elements due to migrations and marriages.

Society and Culture

The tribe is regarded as aristocratic and places high emphasis on education, with women traditionally addressed as "Khattarani". They have been prominent in politics and military affairs.

Notable figures include Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan (Premier of Punjab, 1936–1942) from the influential Hayat family of Wah.

References

Rose, H.A. (1911). A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province.

Newpakhistorian blog (various entries on Attock tribes).

Joshua Project and historical surveys

## Notable people 
### Pakistan 
* Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, a Punjabi Muslim administrator during British rule.

* Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, First Prime Minister of Punjab Province in British India.
* Major safdar Jang Khan neka, twice marshal law administrator north of Punjab fought two wars with being the key to occupying khem keran sector in 1965.
* Sir Liaqat Hayat Khan, at one time Prime Minister of Patiala state
* Shaukat Hayat Khan, a senior Muslim league politician
* Yawar Hayat Khan senior director/producer of Pakistan Television
* Qazi Khalid Mehmood of Jatial. (Ex-Vice Chairman District Council Attock, Ex-Tehsil Nazim Attock). 
* Qazi Ahmed Akbar Khan of Jatial. (MPA PP-01, District President PTI Attock, Chairman Standing Committee Punjab Assembly, Senior PTI party leader) 
* General (retd) Ahsan Azhar Hayat, former senior officer of the Pakistan Army and ex-ambassador to Jordan 
*Sardar Mahmood Khan, former Senator and Former district nazim Attock  

* Major (retd) Tahir Sadiq. (MNA NA-55 and Ex district nazim Attock)
* Ghulam Sarwar Khan (Former federal petroleum minister,MNA NA-59 and senior leader PTI party)
* Major (retd) Umar hayat Khan served in Indo pak war and achived awards for his performance
* Dr. Azhar Daud Khan Medical Specialist in Norway
* Dr. Asfand Yar Khan from Basal, in Hazro District Attock.
## References
Aitchison College

The **Aitchison College** is Pakistan's most prestigious school and college. It is in the old and historical Punjabi city of Lahore. The school was started during British colonial rule, in 1886. It was first called the 'Punjab Chiefs' School and College'. It is named after Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison, who was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. Only boys aged 4 to 19 go there. 

## References
Tarin

**Tarin** (also written as **Tareen**), are a large Pashtun tribe.  They mostly live in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.

The Durrani tribe, which ruled Afghanistan for quite some time, is a branch descended from the main Tarin tribe.

## References
Zenith

, and different types of horizon. Note that the zenith is opposite the nadir.]]
In astronomy, the **zenith** is a point "above" a particular location, in the sky. "Above" means in the opposite direction of gravity at that location. The zenith is the opposite of the nadir.  The nadir is in the direction the direction that gravity pulls.  The zenith is not a real point,  it is used as a reference for the location of other things in the sky.   

## Relevance and use
For scientists, the zenith is the direction of reference for measuring the **zenith angle**. The zenith angle is the angle between a place in the sky (usually a star) and the local zenith.

## Related pages
*Nadir

## References
*
*
*
Larry Semon

.]]

**Lawrence "Larry" Semon** (February 9, 1889 – October 8, 1928) was an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter during the silent movie era. In his day, Semon was considered a major movie comedian. He is now remembered mainly for working with both Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy before they started working together.

## References
Maamme

"**Maamme**" (, meaning "Our Land") is the national anthem of Finland. The words of the song are based on the first chapter of the Swedish epic poem called *The Tales of Ensign Stål*, which was written by a priest named Johan Ludvig Runeberg, who was the national poet of Finland at the time. These words were later translated into the Finnish language.

The national anthem of Finland is *de facto*; in other words, the Finnish national anthem is not official, because the Constitution has yet to mention a national anthem.

This melody of the song is also the same one used in the national anthem of neighbouring Estonia.

## Lyrics
The original text to the song has eleven verses, but nowadays, only the first and last verses (highlighted in **bold**) are part of the national anthem. However, three verses – the first in Finnish and in Swedish, and the last in Finnish – can be sung if among the singers are Swedes and Finns together.

## References
Kim (novel)

**Kim** was a famous book.  It is a novel by the Nobel Prize winning English writer, Rudyard Kipling.  It was first published in 1901.

## Background
The book is set after the Second Anglo-Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893–98  The novel is notable for its detailed picture of the people, culture, and varied religions of India.

## Summary
The novel tells the story of a young Irish orphan, Kimball O'Hara, better known as 'Kim'. He is living in British India and brought up by his *ayah* (nursemaid) in the old Punjabi city of Lahore (now in Pakistan). Kim meets a Buddhist Lama (priest) and has many exciting adventures, traveling along the Grand Trunk Road. Some other interesting characters in this story are Mahbub Ali, Colonel Creighton, Lurgan-sahib and Hurree Chandar Mukerjee. and a significant work about India and the British Raj, and the famous 'Great Game' of espionage played there between the British Empire and Russia in the 19th century. It is also his most 'enchanting' prose work and may well be compared to other great English literary classics 

## References
JQuery

{{Infobox software
| name                   = jQuery
| logo                   = 
| author                 = John Resig
| developer              = jQuery Team
| released               = 
| latest release version = 3.2.1
| latest release date    = 
| programming language   = JavaScript
| platform               = See Browser support
| status                 = Active
| genre                  = JavaScript library
| license                = MIT
| website                = 
| size                   =  class="wikitable" style="margin:0;"
-
 ver  gzip  prod  dev
-
 1.x  31  90.9  266
-
 2.x  27.7  81.6  236
-
 3.x  29.9  86.3  263
}
(KB)
}}

**jQuery** is a JavaScript library created to make it easier and simpler to write JavaScript and HTML. It works on most web browsers and was invented by John Resig. The first release was in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC. Today there is a team of programmers working on jQuery, which is led by Dave Methvin.

Today, more than 55% of the 10,000 most-visited websites use jQuery, hence it is the most popular JavaScript library being used today. It is free and open source software and licensed under the MIT License.

jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to write complicated JavaScript. Some things that are easier to do using jQuery are:
* navigate (move around) a web page
* select (choose) elements on a web page using the Document Object Model
* create animations
* handle events like user actions
* create Ajax applications.
It also allows programmers to make their own jQuery plug-ins. 

Companies like Microsoft and Nokia have said that they are going to include jQuery on their mobile platforms. In addition, Microsoft is including jQuery in its Visual Studio software to use with the ASP.NET AJAX framework and ASP.NET MVC Framework. Nokia has included it in their Web Run-Time widget development platform. jQuery has also been used in MediaWiki since version 1.16.

## Release history
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Quick API Reference
* jQuery UI
*
Chief Justice of Pakistan

The **Chief Justice of Pakistan** heads the Supreme Court of Pakistan. These are the names of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (known as the Federal Court until 1960).

## List
* A *Acting*
* ± *Recess appointment, later rejected by the Supreme Judicial Council. All decisions voided due to illegality of appointment.*
* † *Died in office*

## References
WebCite

**WebCite** is a service that  web pages. A user asks WebCite to archive a certain URL, and then WebCite will make a copy of what the page looks like at that time. Authors use this when writing citations. If the webpage changes or is removed ("link rot"), there is still a copy on WebCite. This is very important when writing papers for academic journals or for school. Using the WebCite service is free (it costs no money.)

WebCite saves many kinds of internet content. Some of these are:
* HTML web pages
* PDF files
* CSS style sheets
* JavaScript
* digital images (pictures)

It also saves some information ("metadata") about the original content. This information includes the time it was saved, the MIME type, and how long it is. This information is useful because it can prove that the archive version is authentic.
Ugnu–Kuparuk Airport

**Ugnu-Kuparuk Airport** is a private airport in Kuparuk, Alaska, United States. It is owned by ConocoPhilips Alaska. ConocoPhilips is an energy company that runs the oil field in Kuparuk. It is used for most cargo-transferring and sometimes air-taxi.

## Sources
African golden cat

The **African golden cat** (*Caracal aurata*) is a medium-sized cat. This cat was previously listed as *Profelis aurata*. It weighs about  on average.  The underside of its chest and chin are normally light-colored. In rare cases, they are pure white. This cat is closely related to the caracal.

Its fur color can change over time. This is affected by its age and other factors.
The head of an African golden cat has light spots around the eyes. In the 1960s, studies were done that showed that various colors of the African golden cat (red, brown, silver) were found in equal numbers in most areas of their habitats. Distinctive spots on the back of the cat are only found on cats in West Africa. 

Normally, the habitat of the African golden cat is in the tropical rainforests found along the equator in Africa.

## References
American League East

The **American League East** is a group of baseball teams in the American League of Major League Baseball. It is one of the six divisions in the MLB. There are five teams in this division. Four of the five teams are from the eastern United States, and one team is from Canada.

## Teams in the American League East Division
*Baltimore Orioles
*Boston Red Sox
*New York Yankees
*Tampa Bay Rays
*Toronto Blue Jays
Wide Awake

"**Wide Awake**" is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Katy Perry. The single was released May 22, 2012, via Capitol Records as the second and final single from *Teenage Dream: The Complete Connection*, a re-release of Perry's third studio album, *Teenage Dream*. The song was well acclaimed by music critics, many of whom gave the maturity of Perry as a reason for citing. The song hit number 1 in several countries, including Canada, Poland, New Zealand, and Venezuela, while it peaked at number 2 in the United States. The single is among a string of hits by Perry. It is an electronic song about moving on and taking hardships when breaking up.  The song was certified quintuple-platinum in the US for sales and streams of over five million copies.  It ranked at number 15 on *Billboard*'s Year-End Hot 100 of 2012 in the US Katy Perry wrote .

## Music video
The video for "Wide Awake" begins with Perry behind the scenes on the set of the music video for "California Gurls".  She goes to her dressing room and stares at her reflection in the mirror.  Perry is then seen in a dark forest, holding a lantern and trying to escape it like a maze.  She meets a younger version of herself and eats a strawberry from a tree, which poisons her.  Later, Katy and her younger self exit to find Katy's "Prince Charming" who crosses his fingers behind his back in distrust.  Katy punches him, and her younger self is seen riding away on a bike with a name plate reading "Katheryn," Katy Perry's first name.  The video ends with Katy singing "Teenage Dream" on the California Dreams Tour.

## Credits and personnel
**Recording locations**
* Recorded at NightBird Recording Studios (West Hollywood, California)
* Mixed at MixStar Studios (Virginia Beach, California)

**Personnel**
*Katy Perry – backing vocals, lead vocals, songwriting
*Lukasz Gottwald – songwriting, producer, instruments, programming
*Max Martin – songwriting
*Bonnie McKee – songwriting
*Henry Walter – songwriting, instruments, programming, producer
*John Hanes – engineering
*Serban Ghenea – mixing

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Daud Kamal

**Daud Kamal** (1935&ndash;1987) was a Pakistani poet and academic, from Peshawar city. He was a Professor of English Literature at University of Peshawar.

## References
Alamgir Hashmi

**Alamgir Hashmi** (also **Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi**; born 15 November 1951) is a significant Pakistani poet who writes in English.   His poems have received critical acclaim.

## References
Taufiq Rafat

**Taufiq Rafat** (25 October 1927 – 2 August 1998) was a Pakistani poet and writer. He was educated in Dehradun, Aligarh and Lahore. 

Rafat is regarded as pioneer of English language poetry and writing in Pakistan. He wrote about the culture of Pakistan. He liked Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden. Rafat is the only poet whose work has been in all three of Pakistan's major anthologies: *First Voices* (1965), *Pieces of Eight* (1971) and *Wordfall* (1975). Rafat wrote a play named *The Foothold.* It was performed by the Government College Dramatic Club in Lahore. He taught many younger poets. His poems were put into a book named *Arrival of the Monsoon*. Rafat translated the epic *Puran Bhagat* (1983) of Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah and Qadar Yar into lyrical English. 

## References
Bapsi Sidhwa

**Bapsi Sidhwa** (née Bhandara; 11 August 1938 &ndash; 25 December 2024) was a Pakistani writer. She wrote in English. Sidwa was best known for her novels, *The Crow Eaters* (1978), *The Bride* (1982), *Cracking India* (1991), *An American Brat* (1993) and *Water: A Novel* (2006). She was born in Lahore, Pakistan. She was best known for her collaborative work with Indo-Canadian filmmaker, Deepa Mehta.

Sidhwa died on 25 December 2024 in Houston, Texas at the age of 86.
https://goodreads.com/book/show/94732.The_Crow_Eaters
## References
Hakim Ahmad Shuja

**Hakim Ahmad Shuja** MBE (1893-1969) was an Urdu poet, playwright, scholar and early movie writer and lyricist of British India, later Pakistan.

He was born in Lahore's old 'walled city'. Shuja wrote about the history and ethos of its Bhaati Gate and Bazaar i Hakiman areas in his memoirs *Lahore ka Chelsea*(circa 1960s). He is accounted to be one of the old city's notable Lahoris.

He is best known today for writing the screenplays for many early Indian and Pakistani movies and for composing romantic lyrics and songs for some of them. His son, Anwar Kamal Pasha, later became a major Pakistani film director and producer.

## References
Gheba tribe

The **Gheba** tribe are a tribe from Punjab, mostly located in the North-western portion of Rawalpindi Tehsil and Fateh Jang Tehsil of Attock District of Pakistan. They are generally classified as Mughals.

## Origins 
The origins of the Ghebas is subject to some dispute or controversy for quite some time; according to most scholars, historians and early British Indian administrators of their native areas, the Ghebas, like their close kin the Jodhra tribe and Alpial, are of Hindu origins, probably Rajputs. Most of them settled in North-western portion of Rawalpindi Tehsil and Fateh Jang Tehsil. They were at one time spread out over a broader area, in both Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa areas of what is now Pakistan but over time, their main population came to live in Attock and Rawalpindi districts of northern Punjab. They were most probably descended from one Raja Dayanand, a Chauhan Rajput, through Rai Shankar, whose offspring 'Rai Gheba' converted to Islam and was given the title of 'Gheba Khan'. They have been Muslims since then and sizeable landowners in the districts they live in.

There is another view, often believed by most of the Gheba families, that they are not really Rajputs or Jatts but are Barlas Mughals,

## Villages 
Whatever their origins, the Ghebas continue to be among the biggest landowners of northern Punjab, in present-day Pakistan. Popular villages of Gheba Sardars in Fateh jang are , Tajabara,Majia,jeendhar, Asthaal, Malal, Dhurnal, Dhari-Rai-Ditt and Shehr Rai-Sadullah-Khan ,khunda and Dehdar.  several other villages that  Ghebas own as landlord ,the arians are living in those villages as a tenents.
The  biggest and most important village of Ghebas Sardars in Attock area is Kot Fateh Khan, which is part of the *Jagir* estate of the Sardar of Kot.

## Occupations 
Most of the Ghebas are landowners and engaged in agricultural activities.

## Related pages 
*
*
*

## References
Leopardus

***Leopardus*** is a genus of small spotted cats that are native to Middle and South America. Very few species belonging to *Leopardus* are in the southern United States. *Leopardus* may be the oldest branch of the Felinae to go into the Americas, followed by the genera *Lynx* and *Puma*.

## Article (source): 
### New Species of Cat Has Been Found in the Andes 
By Esther Evangeline,  2025 July 3

Published in Animals Around The Globe

In a remarkable discovery that has captivated the scientific community, researchers have confirmed the identification of a previously unknown wild cat species in the remote highlands of the Andes Mountains. This groundbreaking finding represents the first new cat species identified in the Americas in over 80 years. The newly classified feline, provisionally named the “Andean mountain cat” (scientific name: Leopardus andinus), was documented after years of local reports, camera trap evidence, and finally genetic confirmation that established it as distinct from other known South American wild cats.

### Species 
* *Leopardus colocolo* (Molina, 1782) &ndash; Colocolo
* *Leopardus braccatus* (Cope, 1889) &ndash; Pantanal Cat
* *Leopardus pajeros* (Desmarest, 1816) &ndash; Pampas Cat
* *Leopardus geoffroyi* (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) &ndash; Geoffroy's cat
* *Leopardus guigna* (Molina, 1782) &ndash; Kodkod
* *Leopardus jacobitus* (Cornalia, 1865) &ndash; Andean Mountain cat
* *Leopardus pardalis* (Linnaeus, 1758) &ndash; Ocelot
* *Leopardus tigrinus* (Schreber, 1775) &ndash; Oncilla
* *Leopardus wiedii* (Schinz, 1821) &ndash; Margay
List of Pakistani writers

, the national poet of Pakistan]]
, an Urdu poet]]
, an English-language fiction writer]]
, a Sindhi poet]]
, a dramatist and lyricist]]
, a pioneer in women's literature in Pakistan]]
, a Punjabi writer]]
This is a list of writers from Pakistan. It is only partly complete. It includes writers of both fiction and non-fiction, writing in any language.
 
__NOTOC__

## A
*Agha Shorish Kashmiri
*Ahmad Ali
*Ahmad Faraz, Urdu poet
*Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi
*Akhtar Raza Saleemi
*Aijaz Ahmad Mangi
*Alamgir Hashmi, poet
*Alauddin Masood
*Altaf Fatima
*Ali Moeen
*Altaf Gauhar
*Amar Jaleel
*Amjad Islam Amjad
*Amjad Parvez
*Anna Molka Ahmed, poet
*Anwar Maqsood
*Anwaar Ahmad
*Anwer Zahidi
*Ashfaq Ahmed
*Arshad Sharif
*Ata ul Haq Qasmi

## B
*Bano Qudsia
*Bapsi Sidhwa, fiction writer
*Bina Shah, fiction writer
*Bushra Rahman

## C
*Chaudhry Afzal Haq
*Colonel Muhammad Khan

## D
*Daud Kamal, poet

## E
* Ehsan Sehgal

## F
*Faiz Ahmad Faiz
*Farooq Qaiser
*Farhat Ishtiaq
*Fatima Surayya Bajia
*Muhammad Farooq
*Fatima Bhutto
*Farman Fatehpuri

## G
*Ghazala Rafi
*Ghulam Muhammad Qasir

## H
*Hajra Masroor
*Hakim Ahmad Shuja
*Hakim Said
*Hina Faisal Imam, poet

## I
*Ibn-e-Insha
*Idris Azad
*Iftikhar Arif
*Ihsan Danish
*Imdad Hussaini
*Imtiaz Ali Taj
*Intizar Hussain
*Ishtiaq Ahmed
*Ibn-e-Safi
*Israr Ahmed

## J
*Javed Chaudhry
*Janbaz Mirza
*Jazib Qureshi
*Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
*Jocelyn Orc-Saeed

## K
*Khadija Mastoor
*Khalid Hussein
*Kaleem Omar, poet
*Kamila Shamsie, fiction writer
*Khakan Sajid
*Kishwar Naheed

## M
*Mahmood Shaam
*Maki Kureishi, poet
*Masood Ashraf Raja
*Mazhar ul Islam
*Mohammed Hanif, fiction writer
*Muhammad Iqbal, National poet of Pakistan
*Muhammad Asad  
*Muhammad Taqi Usmani
*Mohsin Bhopali
*Mohsin Hamid, fiction writer
*Muhammad Asim Butt
*Muhammad Munawwar Mirza
*Muhammad Umar Memon
*Mumtaz Mufti
*Muneeza Shamsie
*Muniruddin Ahmed
*Musharraf Ali Farooqi
*Muhammad Hamza Saeed Bhatti
*Mustansar Hussain Tarar
*Mushtaq Ahmed Yousfi
*M. Athar Tahir

## N
*Nadeem Aslam, fiction writer
*Najam Hussain Syed
*Naseem Hijazi
*Nasir Kazmi
*Nemrah Ahmed Niazi

## O
*Allama Kaukab Noorani Okarvi
*Omer Tarin, poet
*Osman Khalid Butt

## P
*Patras Bokhari
*Partawi Shah

## Q
*Qudrat Ullah Shahab
*Qurat-ul-Ain Haider

## R
*Raees Warsi
*Rahim Gul
*Rasheed Ahmed Siddique
*Rasheed Hasrat

## S
*Saadat Hasan Manto
*Saeed Rashid
*Sarfraz Manzoor
*Shaikh Ayaz
*Shaukat Siddiqui
*Shaukat Thanvi
*Shafiq-ur-Rehman
*Sheikh fasih uddin

## T
*Tanwir Phool
*Tariq Ismail Sagar
*Tahir Alauddin
*Tahir Naqvi
*Tariq Rahman
*Taufiq Rafat, Poet

## U
*Umera Ahmed
*Usman Peerzada

## W
*Waqas Ahmad Khwaja, Poet
*Wasif Ali Wasif
*Wazir Agha

## Z
*Zaib-un-nissa Hamidullah
*Zulfikar Ghose, fiction writer
*Zulkaif Riaz
*Zafar Mairaj

## References 
## Other websites
Prionailurus

***Prionailurus*** is a genus of four species of small, spotted wild cats found in Asia. They are typically forest-dwelling. Most are able to swim well; some species are actually semi-aquatic and feed mainly on fish and other aquatic animals.

Pocock's classification of *Prionailurus* is widely accepted:
* Leopard cat (*Prionailurus bengalensis*)
* Rusty-spotted cat (*Prionailurus rubiginosus*)
* Fishing cat (*Prionailurus viverrinus*)
* Flat-headed cat (*Prionailurus planiceps*)

## References
Stanley Middleton

**Stanley Middleton** (1919&ndash;2009) was an English writer and novelist, who was a co-winner of the Booker Prize in 1974, along with Nadine Gordimer. 

Some of his better-known novels are *A Serious Woman* (1961), ''Two's Company* (1964) and *Holiday'' (1974).
Abdullah Haroon

Sir **Abdullah Haroon** (1873&ndash;1942) was a Muslim League leader from Sindh province of British India, and active in the Pakistan Movement.
Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan

**Amir Ahmed Khan**, Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad (5 November 1914 – 14 October 1973) was a prominent politician and leader of the All India Muslim League, during the Pakistan Movement.  He was against the partition of India. When the Muslim League passed the resolution at Lahore for a separate Pakistan, he stood against it and formed All India Jamhur Muslim League to counter the move. The first session of this party was held at Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Raja Saheb was elected its President and Dr. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi as General Secretary.
Later on he changed his mind under the influence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and supported the idea of a separate Muslim state. He said that "...the idea of a separate Muslim state in India [sic] stirred the imagination of the Muslims as nothing else had done before." Khan migrated to Pakistan. He did not like the political turmoil in Pakistan, so he moved to Iraq and finally to England. He was Director of the Islamic Cultural Centre in London. He died in London in 1973. Later on his descendants went back to live in India.

## References
Mohammad Akram Khan

*Molana* **Muhammad Akram Khan** (Arabic: ) (1869&ndash;1968) was a Muslim scholar and religious-political figure of British India who supported the Pakistan Movement.
Layer

**Layer** may refer to:

* A layer of archaeological deposits in an excavation
* A layer hen, a hen kept to produce eggs
* Layered clothing, wearing multiple layers of clothing

## Fiction
* Layer, a female Maverick Hunter in the *Mega Man X* series

## Science
* Stratum, a layer of rock or soil with similar composition
* Thermocline, a layer of temperature within an area of water

## Technology
### Computing
* Abstraction layer, a way of hiding the specifications of a function
** OSI model layers
** Internet protocol suite layers
* 2D computer graphics#Layers, layers in two-dimensional (2D) computer graphics
* Layers (digital image editing), used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image

### Electronics
* DVD layer, such as in DVD dual layer recording
* Layer (electronics), a single thickness of some material covering a surface
Sadullah Khan Umarzai

**Saadullah Khan Umarzai** (1880-1948) was a Pashtun political figure from the NWFP region of British India and active in the Muslim demand for a separate state of Pakistan.

After his graduation from government college Lahore he appeared for ICS and was later appointed as the City magistrate Peshawar. He was later promoted to the post of District Judge. Being a close associate of Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Saadullah Khan was entrusted the Task of gathering donations from the Muslim Rajas and Maharajas of India for the acquisition of land for the Islamia College Peshawar.       

Sadullah Khan was later nominated as Honorary secretary of the College. A Hostel in the premises of the college has been named in his memory "Saadullah Khan Hostel". After his retirement as the Deputy Commissioner Peshawar he joined the Quaid and the Muslim league for the creation of Pakistan. He was a prominent activist subletting his title of "Khan Bahadur" to the British. As a friend of Maulana Fazal e Wahid of Turangzai he gave financial and moral help when Maulana Sahib fled the British to take refuge in the former Tribal Area of Mommand agency.       

When he was the District Judge for Peshawar his relations with the Governor NWFP Metcalf were very  strained over the Chowk e Yadgar incident. He did not want the British Indian Army to handle the turbulent situation.  He wanted the police force to handle the situation.      

As a District Judge he would conclude the matter through arbitration. Apparently  Metcalf had panicked.
Malik Barkat Ali

**Malik Barkat Ali** (April 1885 - 5 April 1946) was an Indian politician, lawyer and journalist. 

## Early life 
Malik was from Lahore, Punjab, British India.

## Career 
Ali supported the All India Muslim League. His grandson played cricket for the International Cricket Team of Pakistan and later became the International Team's Manager and ICC referee for Cricket Globally. 

His Great Grandson is currently an Assistant Professor with a PhD in Organisational Behaviour, and resides in the United Kingdom.
Kensington (disambiguation)

**Kensington** is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It may also be:

## Places 
### In Australia 
* Kensington, New South Wales
* Kensington, Western Australia
* Kensington, Victoria
** Kensington railway station, Melbourne
* Kensington, South Australia
* Kensington Gardens, South Australia
* Kensington Park, South Australia

### In Canada 
* Kensington, Calgary, a neighbourhood of central Calgary, Alberta
* Kensington Market in Toronto
* Kensington, Prince Edward Island
* Kensington (Edmonton), a neighborhood in Edmonton, Alberta
* Kensington Park (Burnaby), British Columbia

### In New Zealand 
* Kensington, New Zealand, a suburb of Dunedin

### In South Africa 
* Kensington, Gauteng
* Kensington, Cape Town

### In the United Kingdom 
* Kensington, London
** Kensington (UK Parliament constituency)
** North Kensington
** South Kensington
** West Kensington, London
** West Kensington tube station
** Kensington Gardens
** Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
** Metropolitan Borough of Kensington
** Kensington and Chelsea parks and open spaces
** Kensington Gardens
** Kensington Palace was the home of Princess Diana
* Kensington, Liverpool

### In the United States
*Kensington, California (San Francisco Bay Area)
*Kensington, San Diego, California
*Kensington, Connecticut
*Kensington, Illinois
*Kensington, Kansas
*Kensington, Maryland
*Kensington, Michigan
*Kensington, Minnesota
*Kensington, New Hampshire
*Kensington, New York (Long Island)
*Kensington, Brooklyn, New York
*Kensington, Ohio
*New Kensington, Pennsylvania
*Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
**West Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
**Olde Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
**Kensington District, Pennsylvania

## Roads 
### London 
* Kensington Gore, location of the Royal Albert Hall
* Kensington High Street
* Kensington Road
* Kensington Palace Gardens contains some of the grandest and most expensive houses in the world

### Elsewhere 
* Kensington Road, Adelaide

## Other items 
Kensington may also be:
* Kensington Books, a publishing company
* Kensington Expressway, an expressway in Buffalo, New York
* Kensington (game), a board game
* Kensington (MARTA station), a passenger rail station in Decatur, Georgia
* Kensington Market, a Canadian musical group 
* Kensington, a Dutch musical group 
* Kensington Oval, a major cricket stadium located in Bridgetown, Barbados
* Kensington Prairie Elementary School in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
* Kensington Pride (mango), a commercial mango cultivar from Australia.
* The Kensington Runestone, a rune stone found in Minnesota, possibly carved by Viking explorers or a hoax
* Kensington Computer Products Group, a security and computer accessories company
** their Kensington Security Slot, a slot and lock system for securing computer hardware
* Kensington MARC Station, A Commuter Rail station in Kensington, Maryland
* Kensington/115th Street (Metra), a commuter railroad station in Chicago, Illinois
* KenSingTon, the company who made fake games consoles such as the Vii
Cross-dressing

**Cross-dressing** is when someone wears clothes that are commonly associated with the opposite sex. 

Cross-dressing is often done to create a transgender identity. It has also been used for , comfort and in the performing arts in modern times and in history. In theatre, a male role played by a woman is called a Breeches role.

A Japanese term and subculture for men who cross-dress as women is *otoko-no-ko*. In the west, young men who do this are sometimes called femboys.

Cross-dressing is sometimes viewed negatively due to going against gender norms, especially in regards to men. Drag queens and kings use cross-dressing to make fun of this.

## References
Bawdsey

**Alderton** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 319 people living in Bawdsey. It has a church called St Andrew.

## References
Stereographic projection

for "Opticorum libri sex philosophis juxta ac mathematicis utiles", by François d'Aiguillon. It demonstrates how the projection is computed.]]
In geometry, a **stereographic projection** is a function that maps the points of a sphere onto a plane. The projection is defined on the entire sphere, except for one point, called the *projection point*.

Intuitively, the stereographic projection is a way of picturing a sphere as a plane, with some inevitable compromises. Because the sphere and the plane appear in many areas of mathematics and its applications, so does the stereographic projection; it finds use in diverse fields including complex analysis, cartography, geology, and photography. In practice, the projection is carried out by computer or by hand using a special kind of graph paper called a **stereonet** or **Wulff net**.

A simple example of such a projection, encountered in everyday life is the sun casting a shadow of a globe onto the ground.
Little Mix

**Little Mix** was a British girl band consisting of Perrie Edwards, Leigh-Anne Pinnock and Jade Thirlwall. Former member Jesy Nelson left the band in December 2020 due to mental health issues.   They were the winners of the 2011 series of Britain's television competition *The X Factor*. Their winning single was called 'Cannonball' peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart becoming their first number-one single. Their first album was released on 18 November 2012 and is called 'DNA'. The band sold over 60 million records making them one of the best-selling girl groups of all-time. Little Mix was the first girl band to win *The X Factor*.

## *The X Factor*
Little Mix entered the competition as four separate acts in the "Girls" category. They were put together as a group by the judges later on in the competition. They were originally called Rhythmix. Their  in the competition was Tulisa Contostavlos, an R&B singer and songwriter best known as part of hip hop trio N-Dubz. Little Mix won the competition in December 2011, beating Marcus Collins and Amelia Lily in the final.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Reissues
### Compilation albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Capel St. Andrew

**Capel St. Andrew** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 77 people living in Capel St. Andrew. It once had a church.

## References
Riemann sphere

)]]
The **Riemann sphere** is a mathematical model of the extended complex plane. The model is named after Bernhard Riemann. The extended complex plane is the plane of the complex numbers, plus a point at infinity. With this model, this point at infinity is "close" to very large numbers in the same way zero is "close" to very small ones. The extended complex numbers are useful for Complex analysis: in certain cases, the division by zero is "well-behaved", in the sense that dividing by zero gives this point at infinity. With this model, it is possible to change certain functions, so that they become continuous, which simplifies calculation.

In geometry, the Riemann sphere is a simple example of a Riemann surface. It is also one of the simplest complex manifolds.
Wilkie Collins

**Wilkie Collins**, in full **William Wilkie Collins** (1824-1889) was an English novelist and one of the earliest writers of the mystery story. Although he wrote many books, he is best remembered for *The Woman in White* (1860) and *The Moonstone* (1868).
Aurangzeb Khan

*Sardar* **Aurangzeb Khan** (1899-1965) is a politician of Dera Ismail Khan district of NWFP, British India. 

He belonged to Gandapur Pashtun tribe and hailed from a landowning family. 

Sardar Aurangzeb Khan was born in 1899 at Tehsil Kulachi Dera Ismail Khan. His father, Mohammad Ayaz Khan, was a leading landlord in the famous Pushtoon clan Gandapur.

## Early education
He got his early education at Mission High School Dera Ismail Khan and later went to Peshawar for his graduation. He secured his LLB degree from Aligarh College where he was the president of Muslim Students Union.

Between 1943-45 he also briefly remained provincial Chief Minister before being removed. 

In 1939, while Dr. Khan Sahib resigned from his ministry along with other Congress Governments, for some time there was no popular government in the province. However, on 25 May 1943, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan was able to form a ministry with the help of **George Cunningham and Jinnah**, with Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar as his Finance Minister. 

Nishtar was in an anti-British movement named "Akhrar" but he was convinced by Sikandar Mirza and then he joined the Muslim League. 

He campaigned door-to-door to convey the message of the League and worked hard during NWFP referendum.

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he served for some time as the new country's ambassador to Burma from 1949 to 1953.

## References
Ursus (genus)

***Ursus*** is a genus in the family Ursidae (bears) that includes the widely distributed brown bears, the polar bear, and black bears. The name comes from the Latin *ursus*, meaning bear.
Savant syndrome

The **savant syndrome** is a rare condition in which people with neurodevelopmental disorders, notably autism spectrum disorders, and/or brain injuries, demonstrate profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal. 

In spite of the name syndrome, it is not recognized as a mental disorder, or as a part of mental disorder. 

In simple terms, there are probably fewer than fifty holders of the condition, alive today.

## Characteristics
These individuals in some cases may not be able to tie their shoes, however they may memorize an entire book in days. 

### Notable savants
The following are well-known people with savant syndrome, noted for their talent in their identified fields: 

* Wesley Willis, American musician, savant levels of visual recall.
* Kim Peek, mnemonist, speed reader and calculator, although not autistic
* Mark Boerebach, Australian internet Disk jockey, subject of the documentary *Rainman goes to Rockwiz*
* Alonzo Clemons, American clay sculptor
* Tony DeBlois, blind American musician
* Leslie Lemke, blind American musician
* Jonathan Lerman, American artist
* Thristan Mendoza, Filipino marimba prodigy
* Gottfried Mind, Swiss artist known as the "Raphael of Cats"
* Derek Paravicini, blind British musician
* Anthony Torrone, American Christian writer
* Gilles Tréhin, artist, author
* James Henry Pullen, gifted British carpenter
* Matt Savage, American autistic jazz prodigy
* Henriett Seth F., Hungarian autistic savant, poet, writer, and artist
* Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist
* Richard Wawro, British artist
* Florence 'Flo' and Katherine 'Kay' Lyman, calendar calculator twins. Featured in a documentary produced by TV network TLC entitled *Twin Savants: Flo & Kay*
* Jason D. Padgett, American mathematical artist
* Daniel Tammet, British author.
* Rex Lewis-Clack, blind American pianist.
* Blind Tom Wiggins, blind African American pianist.
* Orlando Serrell, sudden savant, calendrical calculation, mnemonist, featured on English version of *Expedition ins Gehirn.*

## References
## Other websites
* The Wisconsin Medical Society lists 29 savant profiles .
Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan

**Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan** (May 1913 – June 2007) was an early pioneer woman social activist of Pakistan, especially active in promoting women's rights and their access to better educational and health facilities. She briefly remained Pakistan's first woman cabinet minister during the General Ayub Khan regime, between 1962 and 1967, before quitting politics and returning full-time to public service. 

She died on 17 June 2007 aged 94 years. 

## References
Love on Top

**"Love on Top"** is a 2011 song performed by Beyoncé and talking about a man on whosoever she can count. The song is part of Beyoncé's record *4*. It undergoes four key changes, during which the singer adopts a high octane.
Ducat

A **ducat** is a gold coin that was used for trade in Europe until World War I. The first ducat was made in silver by Roger II of Sicily in 1140. In 1284 the Republic of Venice started making the gold ducat which came to be widely used. The value of a ducat at the beginning of the 20th century was nine shillings and fourpence or a little more than four United States dollars.

## References
Cheng Shuang

**Cheng Shuang** (; born February 11, 1987) is a Chinese female aerial skier who took part in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Cheng won the gold medal at the 2011 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships.

## References
Run the World (Girls)

**"Run the World (Girls)"** is a 2011 hit song performed by Beyoncé. It represents female empowerment. It was released as part of Beyoncé's album *4*. The song is similar to two earlier Beyonce hit singles.
Jason Hughes (sociologist)

Dr **Jason Kelly Hughes** (born 21 October 1943 in Glastonbury, UK) is currently a senior lecturer at Brunel University in Greater London. Previously he worked at the Centre for Labour Market Studies at the University of Leicester and is a Prodigious Savant.

Hughes's current research interests include the sociology of emotions; the sociology of the body and health; sociological theory; and organisational sociology. Specifically he has written about emotional reflexivity in the ‘new’ workplace; emotional labour and aesthetic labour; new managerial discourses, particularly emotional intelligence, high performance work practices, knowledge management, and organisational learning. In addition he has also published a book on smoking called “Learning to Smoke.” Hughes has also written extensively about the work of Norbert Elias, social Darwinism and linguistics. His other interests include evolutionary biology, as well as collecting antique clocks, sundials, ear trumpets and other novelties.

## References
Jonathan Lerman

**Jonathan Lerman** (born 1987) is an American Prodigious Savant. He is an autistic outsider artist.  He was born in Queens, NY. He lives in the Upstate New York suburb of Vestal.

Jonathan Lerman began to lapse into long silences at the age of two. The next year he was diagnosed with autism. His IQ is said to be 53.

Lerman's artistic ability appeared at the age of 10. He drew faces with charcoal. The faces were of people he knows and those he imagines.  In 1999 he had his own solo exhibition at the KS Art gallery in New York City.

Lerman has had personal exhibitions. He has also exhibited his work alongside others.

Lerman was also on the MTV television show *True Life* in the episode "True Life: I Have Autism"

## Books
* George Braziller. *Jonathan Lerman: The Drawings of a Boy with Autism* (2002)

## References
* 
* 

## Other websites
*Exhibit at KS Art 
*erstwhile "www.jonathanlerman.com" site 
*Portraits of Emotion: The Story of an Autistic Savant  Documentary about Jonathan Lerman
Marbled cat

The **marbled cat** (*Pardofelis marmorata*) is a small wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Its head and body length is 45 – 62&nbsp;cm (18 - 24") and it weighs 2 – 5&nbsp;kg (4 - 11&nbsp;lb). 

Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related with the Asian golden cat and the bay cat, which diverged from the other felids about 9.4 million years ago. Therefore, it may probably be transferred to the genus *Catopuma*.

## Description 
Its tail is extremely long and bushy. The background color of its fur varies from dark gray-brown through yellowish gray to red-brown. The flanks and back are strikingly marked with large, irregular, dark-edged blotches. The legs and underparts are marked with black dots, and the tail is marked with black spots and rings. There are spots on the forehead and crown, which merge into narrow longitudinal stripes on the neck and irregular stripes on the back.

## Habitat 
The marbled cat is found in northern India, Nepal, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in China, and south through Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Borneo. Throughout its range it is thought to be rare, although it has also been suggested that the perception of the marbled cat's rarity may be caused by its secretive nature and its preference for remote forest areas.

## References
Thristan Mendoza

**Thristan "Tum-Tum" Mendoza** (born 1989) is a Filipino Prodigious Savant and marimba prodigy.

Mendoza was born in Quezon City, Philippines. He was enrolled at the Philippine Montessori Center. He was diagnosed as autistic at the age of two and a half. During the same year he began to play.

In 1997 the University of the Philippines presented him as a gifted child prodigy.

He is now a college student majoring in percussion.

He has three siblings (Rainier, Victoria Angela, Victorina Francesca)

## References
* 

## Further reading
*
Boyton, Cornwall

**Boyton, Cornwall** is a civil parish and village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. As of 2001, 378 people lived in Boyton.
Leslie Lemke

**Leslie Lemke** (born January 31, 1952) is a blind American, prodigious savant who is autistic. He is best known for his work as a musician.

Leslie Lemke was born prematurely in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1952. At birth, he was diagnosed with glaucoma, cerebral palsy, and brain damage. Doctors were forced to remove his eyes. His birth mother gave him up for adoption. May Lemke, a nurse, adopted him when he was six months old. To feed him, May had to stroke his throat to make him swallow his food. It was a year before Leslie could chew food on his own. It took seven years of constant care before Leslie showed any progress. During this time, he made no sounds or movements and showed no emotions. He was 12 before he first learned to stand. He was 15 before he learned to walk.

When he was 16, May found Leslie playing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto no. 1 during the middle of the night. He had recently heard the piece on television. Leslie was soon playing all styles of music, from ragtime to classical.

His adoptive mother encouraged his talent for the piano. By 1980, Leslie was giving concerts in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Because of his new fame, he was asked to be on many television programs such as CBC's *Man Alive* (hosted by Roy Bonisteel), *CBS Evening News*, *60 Minutes*, and ''That's Incredible!*. In 1983, ABC broadcast *The Woman Who Willed a Miracle'', a drama about Leslie and his adoptive mother. It stars Cloris Leachman as May Lemke.  Leslie is also the subject of Fred Small's song, "Leslie is Different."

Leslie toured the United States, Scandinavia, and Japan and gave free concerts. He was quite animated when he played.

May Lemke developed Alzheimer's disease and died on November 6, 1993.

## Further information
* Bonisteel, Roy. *All Things Considered*, page 25, Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997. 
* Monty, Shirlee. ''May's Boy: An Incredible Story of Love'', Thomas Nelson Inc., 1983. 

## References
## Other websites
* Leslie Lemke profile  from the Wisconsin Medical Society
Elizabeth Bowen

**Elizabeth Bowen** CBE (; 7 June 1899 &ndash; 22 February 1973) was a British novelist and short story writer. 

She was born in an Anglo-Irish family in Dublin, Ireland and wrote many books and stories that are set in Ireland. However, after 1927, she lived mostly in London, England. She began to write at a very young age. 

Bowen's works include *Encounters* (1923), *The Hotel* (1927), *The House in Paris* (1935), *The Last September* (1929) , *Seven Winters* (1942), ''Bowen's Court* (1942), *The Heat of the Day'' (1949) and many others.
Awan (tribe)

**Awan** are a tribe mostly inhabiting Punjab and other parts of Pakistan. They are of Arab descent from a person called Qutb Shah. 

## References