open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kwansei Gakuin University

, colloquially known as , is a non-denominational Christian private and coeducational university in Japan.  

It offers Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral degrees to around 25,000 students. The university has a central campus in the city of Nishinomiya, and also has satellite campuses in Nishinomiya, Sanda, Osaka, and Tokyo. 

Kwansei Gakuin University has been selected for part the Japanese government's Top Global University Project as a Type B (Global Traction) university. The university is often known as one of the four leading private universities in the greater Kansai region.

Kwansei Gakuin University is a prestigious institution in Japan, known for its high academic standards and comprehensive educational offerings. It consistently ranks well among Japanese universities and is recognized for its commitment to liberal arts education. The university has reputable achievements for economic , business administration, sociology, as well as global studies, which is contributing to its standing as a respected institution both nationally and internationally.

## References
Christine Tremarco

**Christine Tremarco** (born 20 September 1977) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Davina Shackleton in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2007–2009), and Linda Andrews in the BBC medical drama series *Casualty* (2010–2013). From April to August 2024, Tremarco portrayed Rose Jackson in the ITV soap opera *Emmerdale*.    

Tremarco has also had starring roles on British dramas such as *Bordertown* (1995), *Springhill* (1996–1997), *City Central* (1998), *Clocking Off* (2000), *Nice Guy Eddie* (2001–2002), *The Responder* (2021), and *Adolescence* (2025).

## Other works
Tremarco made her acting debut as Lily in the 1992 television film *The Leaving of Liverpool*, a 1950s-based drama about the forced migration of children to Australia.

In 2017, Tremarco appeared in ITV's four-part drama series *Little Boy Blue* as Marie Thompson, the mother of one of the gang members involved in assisting the cover up of Rhys Jones' murder, in 2007.

In 2019, she played Sinead Kovac in all ten episodes of the 5Star prison drama *Clink*. 

Tremarco's other television credits include minor roles in *Heartbeat* (1997), *Coronation Street* (1998), *Liverpool 1* (1999), *Coming Up* (2003), and *Silent Witness* (2011).

## Filmography
## References
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120347 Salacia

**120347 Salacia** (symbol ) is a trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt. It is approximately 920 kilometers in diameter. As of 2018, it is found about 44.8 astronomical units from the Sun.

## Discovery 
Salacia was discovered on 22 September 2004, by American astronomers Henry Roe, Michael Brown and Kristina Barkume at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was named after the Roman goddess Salacia. It has one known moon, Actaea.

## Physical characteristics 
It has an average density of 1.51 g/cm3. Salacia is estimated to be around 846 km in diameter. Salacia has the lowest albedo of any known large trans-Neptunian object.

## References
Digital distribution

**Digital distribution** (also named content delivery)**,** is the delivery (through downloading) of any digital content, including audio, e-books, games, PDFs, pictures, software, and video. Digital distribution is handled through a digital distribution platform that's designed to stream the digital content or allow the content to be downloaded in full. 

The primary behavior of online distribution is its direct nature of distribution. 

## Benefits 
To make a commercially successful work, artists usually must enter their industry's publishing chain. Publishers help artists advertise, fund and distribute their work to retail outlets. In some industries, particularly video games, artists find themselves bound to publishers, and in many cases unable to make the content they want; the publisher might not think it will profit well. This can quickly lead to the standardization of the content and to the stifling of new, potentially risky ideas.

By opting for online distribution, an artist can get their work into the public sphere of interest easily with potentially minimum business overhead. This often leads to cheaper goods for the consumer, increased profits for the artists, as well as increased artistic freedom. Online distribution platforms typically contain or act as a form of digital rights management.

Online distribution also opens the door to new business models (e.g., the Open Music Model). For instance, an artist could release one track from an album or one chapter from a book at a time instead of waiting for them all to be completed. This either gives them a cash boost to help continue their projects or indicates that their work might not be financially viable. This is hopefully done before they have spent excessive money and time on a project deemed to remain unprofitable. Video games have increased flexibility in this area, demonstrated by micropayment models. A clear result of these new models is their accessibility to smaller artists or artist teams who do not have the time, funds, or expertise to make a new product in one go.

An example of this can be found in the music industry. Indie artists may access the same distribution channels as major record labels, with potentially fewer restrictions and manufacturing costs. There is a growing collection of 'Internet labels' that offer distribution to unsigned or independent artists directly to online music stores, and in some cases marketing and promotion services. Further, many bands are able to bypass this completely, and offer their music for sale via their own independently controlled websites.

An issue is the large number of incompatible formats in which content is delivered, restricting the devices that may be used, or making data conversion necessary.
Sue Devaney

**Sue Devaney** (born **Susan Barber**; 2 July 1967) is an English actress, known for portraying the roles of Debbie Webster in the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* (1984–1985, 2019–present), Rita in the BBC children's kitchen sink realism programme *Jonny Briggs* (1985–1987), Liz Harker in the BBC medical drama series *Casualty* (1994–1997), and Jane in the BBC sitcom *Dinnerladies* (1998–2000).

## Other websites
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225088 Gonggong

(red circle) seen by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2010]]
**225088 Gonggong** is a dwarf planet of the Solar System. It is a member of the scattered disc. It has a highly eccentric orbit. It is from 34–101 astronomical units (5.1–15.1 billion kilometers; 3.2–9.4 billion miles) from the Sun. It is the sixth-farthest known Solar System object. Gonggong was discovered in July 2007 by American astronomers Megan Schwamb, Michael Brown, and David Rabinowitz at the Palomar Observatory, and the discovery was announced in January 2009.

Its planetary symbol is .

## Physical characteristics 
The surface of Gonggong has an albedo of 0.14. Gonggong is among the reddest trans-Neptunian objects known. Its red color is suprising because it has a lot of water ice on its surface, which are usually neutral in color. Scientists think that there might be methane on its surface which will explain its red color.

Gonggong is estimated to have a diameter of 1,230 km (760 mi). This would make Gonggong the fifth-largest trans-Neptunian object, after Pluto, Eris, Haumea and Makemake. Gonggong is approximately the size of Pluto's moon Charon. It has an orbital inclination 30.7 degrees. Its eccentricity is 0.50.

## Exploration 
It was calculated by planetary scientist Amanda Zangari that a flyby mission to Gonggong would take a minimum of over 20 years with the rocket we have today. A flyby mission would be launched on 2030 or 2031.

## Moons 
Gonggong is known to have a moon, called Xiangliu. The discovery team thought that the slow rotation of Gonggong was caused by a moon.

## References
Rachel Leskovac

**Rachel Leskovac** (born 5 June 1976) is an English actress and singer. She is best known for portraying the roles of Kelly Yorke in the BBC medical drama series *Holby City* (2003–2004), Natasha Blakeman in the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* (2008–2010, 2020–2021), and Joanne Cardsley in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* (2015–2016). In 2023, Leskovac began starring as Coral Walker in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road*. She has been nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award.

## References
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Jason Done

**Jason Done** (born 5 April 1973) is an English actor and narrator. He is best known for portraying the role of Tom Clarkson in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2006–2013); making him the second longest-serving cast member in the show's history. He also portrayed Mordred in the 1998 mini-series *Merlin* and Stephen Snow in the ITV drama series *Where the Heart Is* (1999–2001). 

As well as narrating various programmes, he has portrayed minor roles on British dramas such as *Peak Practice*, *Coronation Street*, *Casualty*, *Vera* and *Death in Paradise*.

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Blockade (1938 movie)

***Blockade*** is a 1938 American war drama movie directed by William Dieterle and starring Henry Fonda, Madeleine Carroll, Leo Carrillo, Vladimir Sokoloff, Reginald Denny. It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1939.

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Kung Fu Panda 3

***Kung Fu Panda 3*** is a 2016 computer-animated movie directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson and Alessandro Carloni. It was written by Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger. The movie stars the voices of Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Lucy Liu, Seth Rogen, David Cross, James Hong and Jackie Chan.

## Cast 
* Jack Black as Po
* Bryan Cranston as Li Shan
* Dustin Hoffman as Master Shifu
* Angelina Jolie as Master Tigress
* J. K. Simmons as Kai
* Seth Rogen as Mantis
* Lucy Liu as Master Viper
* David Cross as Master Crane
* Kate Hudson as Mei Mei
* James Hong as Mr. Ping
* Randall Duk Kim as Master Oogway
* Jackie Chan as Master Monkey
* Steele Gagnon as Bao
* Barbara Dirikson as Grandma Panda
* Jean-Claude Van Damme as Master Croc

## References 
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Andrea Torres

**Andrea Elizabeth Eugenio Torres** (born May 4, 1990) is a Filipina actress, host, and commercial model. She is part of the GMA Network talents.

## Career 
Her most notable roles include being on the shows Contessa, Victor Magtanggol, and Better Woman. 

## Personal life 
Torres was born on May 4, 1990. She graduated from University of Santo Tomas. She was previously in a relationship with her former leading man, Derek Ramsay. Their relationship ended on Nov 19, 2020. She has been linked to Latvian-born investor James Richman. 

## References
Alexander's Ragtime Band

'''''Alexander's Ragtime Band''''' is a 1938 American musical movie directed by Henry King and was based on the 1911 song of the same name by Irving Berlin. It stars Tyrone Power, Alice Faye, Don Ameche, Ethel Merman, Jack Haley, Helen Westley, John Carradine, Wally Vernon, Ruth Terry, Stanley Andrews and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 6 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1939.

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Where No Vultures Fly

***Where No Vultures Fly*** is a 1951 British adventure movie directed by Harry Watt and starring Anthony Steel, Dinah Sheridan, Harold Warrender, William Simons. It was followed up by the 1954 sequel *West of Zanzibar*.

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They Gave Him a Gun

***They Gave Him a Gun*** is a 1937 American crime drama movie directed by W.S. Van Dyke and was based on the 1936 novel of the same name by William J. Cowen. It stars Spencer Tracy, Gladys George, Franchot Tone, Edgar Dearing, Cliff Edwards and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

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Pamela Tiffin

**Pamela Tiffin Wonso** (October 13, 1942 – December 2, 2020) was an American actress and model. She was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Tiffin began acting 1960 until 1989. Tiffin was known for his roles as Scarlet in *One, Two, Three* (1961), Nellie in *Summer and Smoke* (1961) and as Miranda in *Harper* (1966).

Tiffin died on December 2, 2020 in New York City at the age of 78.

## References
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Pyramid of Neferirkare

The **Pyramid of Neferirkare** was built for the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Neferirkare Kakai in the 25th century BC. 

It was the tallest structure on the highest site at the necropolis of Abusir, between Giza and Saqqara. It still towers over the necropolis. The pyramid is also significant because its evacuation led to the discovery of the Abusir Papyri.

The Fifth Dynasty marked the end of the great pyramid constructions during the Old Kingdom.

Pyramids of the era were smaller and became more standardized. There was still intricate relief decoration. Neferirkare's pyramid deviated from convention as it was originally built as a step pyramid. That design that had gone out of date after the Third Dynasty (26th or 27th century BC). 

The pharaoh's death left the work to be completed by his successors. The remaining works were completed in haste, using cheaper building material. Because of the haste, Neferirkare's monument lacked several basic elements of a pyramid complex: a valley temple, a causeway, and a cult pyramid. 

The monuments to Neferirkare's consort, Khentkaus&nbsp;II; and his sons, Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini, are in the surrounds.

## References
Bill Fitsell

**John Walter** "**Bill**" **Fitsell** (July 25, 1923December 3, 2020) was a Canadian sports journalist and historian. He was a columnist for *The Kingston Whig-Standard* from 1961 to 1993.

Fitsell was the founding president of the Society for International Hockey Research in 1991. He was involved with the International Hockey Hall of Fame from 1969 to 2005.

Fitsell died on December 3, 2020 in Kingston, Ontario at the age of 97.

## References
307261 Máni

on 9 April 2006]]
**(307261) Máni**, formerly known as **2002 MS4**, is a large classical Kuiper belt object. It is a possible dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It was discovered in 2002 by Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown.

The Spitzer Space Telescope estimated it to have a diameter of 726±123 km, while the Herschel Space Telescope estimated it to be 934±47 km.

Máni does not have any known moons orbiting it, thus an accurate mass estimate cannot be made. Based on its size, Brown lists it as nearly certain to be a dwarf planet, however, its low albedo may imply the opposite: dark, mid-sized bodies such as this, less than about 1000 km in diameter and with albedos less than about 0.2, have likely never collapsed into solid bodies, much less differentiated or relaxed into hydrostatic equilibrium, and thus are unlikely to be dwarf planets.

As of 2019, the rotation period of Máni is unknown. Observations in 2005 and 2011 showed possible periods of either 7.33 hours or its alias 10.44 hours (single-peaked), or twice those values for the double-peaked solution, with a small light curve amplitude of 0.05±0.01 mag. Light curve observations of Máni are difficult because of the dense field of background stars it is crossing. Observations made in June and July 2011 took advantage of Máni moving in front of a dark nebula.

## References
Larry Dixon (politician)

**Larry Dixon** (August 31, 1942 – December 4, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the Alabama Senate from 1983 to 2011. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1978 through 1982. Dixon was born in Nowata, Oklahoma.

Dixon died on December 4, 2020 in Montgomery, Alabama at the age of 78.

## References
Terry Everett

**Robert Terry Everett** (February 15, 1937 &ndash; March 12, 2024) was an American Republican politician, real estate developer and journalist. He was a  member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama's 2nd congressional district from 1993 to his retirement in 2009.

Everett was born on February 15, 1937, in Dothan, Alabama, the son of Bob and Thelma Everett.

Everett died at home in Rehobeth, Alabama on March 12, 2024, at the age of 87.

## References
Antonín J. Liehm

**Antonín Jaroslav Liehm** (March 2, 1924 – December 4, 2020) was a Czech-born writer, publisher, translator, and scholar. He was born in Prague. He was known for the founder of the *Lettre International*.

Liehm died on December 4, 2020 in Prague at the age of 96.

## References
Ron Mathewson

**Ron Mathewson** ( 19 February 1944 &ndash; 3 December 2020) was a Scottish jazz double bassist and bass guitarist. He was born in Lerwick, Shetland Isles, Scotland. 

Mathewson was best known for his years spent working with Ronnie Scott, but has also done recordings with Stan Getz, Joe Henderson, Joan Armatrading, Ben Webster, Philly Joe Jones, Roy Eldridge, Oscar Peterson and Bill Evans.

Mathewson died on 3 December 2020 from COVID-19 in London at the age of 76.

## References
## Other websites
* Ron Mathewson biography and discography. 
* "Ron Mathewson - Shetland's forgotten genius of the double bass", Tom Morton's Beatcroft, 11 November 2008.
Jay Brazeau

**James "Jay" Brazeau** (born December 22, 1953) is an Australian born Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Sam Fisher in *Cold Squad*, as Harlan in *Stargate SG-1* (1997-2007), for voicing Uncle Quigley in *Sabrina: The Animated Series* and as Bobby in *Double Jeopardy* (1999).

In May 2011, Brazeau suffered a minor stroke while changing costumes backstage 30 minutes into a preview performance.

## References
Julie Hagerty

**Julie Beth Hagerty** (born June 15, 1955) is an American actress and former model. She starred as Elaine in the movies *Airplane!* (1980) and *Airplane II: The Sequel* (1982). 

Her other movie roles include ''A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy* (1982), *Lost in America* (1985), *What About Bob?* (1991), *Freddy Got Fingered* (2001), *A Master Builder* (2014), and *Marriage Story'' (2019).

## References
Marriage Story

***Marriage Story*** is a 2019 drama movie written and directed by Noah Baumbach. It stars Scarlett Johansson, Adam Driver, Laura Dern, Alan Alda, Ray Liotta, Julie Hagerty and Merritt Wever.

The movie follows a married couple, an actress and a stage director (Johansson and Driver), going through a coast-to-coast divorce.

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Merritt Wever

**Merritt Carmen Wever** (born August 11, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for starring in *Nurse Jackie* (2009–2015).

## References
Robert Morris University Illinois

**Robert Morris University Illinois**, formerly **Robert Morris College**, was a private university with its main campus in Chicago, Illinois.  It was founded in 1965.  It changed its name to Robert Morris University Illinois in 2009.  

In 2020, it merged into Roosevelt University, which formed under it a new Robert Morris Experimental College as one of several colleges at Roosevelt. 

## References
Amazon Prime

**Amazon Prime** is a paid subscription program from Amazon that gives users access to more services which are unavailable or available at a premium to regular Amazon customers. 

Services include same, one or two-day delivery and streaming music and video. In January 2020, Amazon reported that Prime had more than 150 million subscribers worldwide. Prime Video has the animated series Bluey and Hazbin Hotel, Cartoon Network etc.

In the United States and in the United Kingdom, Amazon Prime has a program where members of a family can share Amazon Prime delivery benefits and access to Prime Video. In 2025, the program was renamed Amazon Family from Amazon Household, with Amazon making it clear that members are supposed to live in the same household. Amazon also ended an earlier Prime Invitee program that had more easily allowed sharing outside the household. In other countries such as Germany, users can only share delivery benefits. 

## References
Angela Griffin

**Angela Mellissa Griffin** (born 19 July 1976) is an English actress and television presenter, who has been active on British television since the early 1990s. She is best known for portraying the roles of Fiona Middleton in the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* (1992–1998, 2019), Jasmine Hopkins in the BBC medical drama series *Holby City* (1999–2001), and Kim Campbell in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2006–2007, 2009–2010, 2023–2024).

## Career
Between 1992 and 1998, she appeared in the long-running ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* as hairdresser Fiona Middleton. She made a guest appearance in 2019. Subsequently, she joined the original cast of the BBC One medical drama series *Holby City* as staff nurse Jasmine Hopkins, but left at the end of the third series in 2001, as the next series would be longer. Griffin has also appeared in the BBC dramas *Cutting It* and *Down to Earth*.

Between 2006 and 2010, she appeared as Art teacher and head of pastoral care Kim Campbell, opposite former *Cutting It* co-star Jason Merrells and former *Coronation Street* co-star Denise Welch in the BBC One school-based drama series *Waterloo Road*. She took maternity leave for the third series in late 2007/early 2008, but returned to the role for the fourth series in 2009. However, she left once again at the end of the fifth series to concentrate on her new daytime show on Sky1. In January 2022, it was announced that Griffin would be reprising her role as Kim for the shows eleventh series, which began airing in January 2023.  

## Early life
Born and raised in Leeds, Griffin was born to an English mother and Caribbean father from Saint Kitts and Nevis.

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Eduardo Cesti

**Eduardo Cesti Vilchez** (8 December 1941 &ndash; 4 December 2020) was a Peruvian actor. He was born in Lima, Peru. His career lasted between 1963 and 2011. He was best known for his roles as Rafael in *Fire on the Amazon* (1993) and as Conan in the telenovela *La mujer de Lorenzo*.

Cesti died on 4 December 2020 in Lima from diabetes-related problems, just four days before his 79th birthday.

## References
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Love Me Deadly

***Love Me Deadly*** is a 1972 American horror movie directed by Jacques Lacerte and starring Mary Charlotte Wilocx, Lyle Waggoner, Christopher Stone. It was distributed by Cinema National.

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Sherbaz Khan Mazari

**Sherbaz Khan Mazari** () (6 October 1930 – 5 December 2020) was a Pakistani politician and leader of the opposition in the National Assembly.

## Early life and education 
Mazari was born in Rojhan Mazari, Punjab Province, British India on 6 October 1930. His father, Mir Murad Bakhsh Khan, was the chief of the Mazari tribe in Dera Ghazi Khan.

Orphaned early in life, Sherbaz and his siblings were placed under British guardianship. He studied at Aitchison College, Lahore and Royal Indian Military College, Dehradun. He also attended the University of Oxford.

## Political career 
Mazari began his political career by supporting Fatima Jinnah in the 1965 presidential election against Ayub Khan. He opposed the military rule of General Yahya Khan and its policies regarding East Pakistan.

In 1970, Mazari contested the National Assembly elections as an independent candidate despite many politicians competing for PPP tickets.

He attempted to resolve Balochistan’s political issues through dialogue in parliament, but when Bhutto opted for military action, Mazari joined the National Awami Party (NAP). After NAP was banned, he formed the National Democratic Party (NDP).

Mazari served as Leader of the Opposition from 1975 to 1977 and was a signatory to Pakistan’s 1973 Constitution as head of the independent group in the National Assembly. He joined the Pakistan National Alliance campaign against Bhutto’s government in 1977.

He later supported the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) against Zia-ul-Haq’s regime in the 1980s.

## Personal life and legacy 
Mazari was known for his principled stance and was respected as a fair tribal leader who maintained peace and justice in his region. He authored his memoir, *A Journey to Disillusionment*, in 1999.

Mazari refused an offer to become Prime Minister from General Zia in 1980 due to his commitment to democracy.

He passed away on 5 December 2020 in Karachi and was buried in Rojhan, with thousands attending his funeral.

## Books 
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## See also 
* Hyderabad tribunal

## References 
## Further reading 
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Abusir Papyri

at Abusir]]

The **Abusir Papyri** are the largest find of papiri so far. They are from the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt. 

The first papyri were discovered in 1893 at Abu Gorab near Abusir in northern Egypt. 

They were written about the 24th century BC during the Fifth dynasty of Egypt. They are just fragments, but they are some of the oldest surviving papyri we have. Later on many more fragments were found in the area.

## Their content 
The Abusir papyri tell about the running of a royal mortuary temple. There are duty rosters for priests, lists of temple equipment, lists of daily offerings to the temples at Abu Gorab, north of Abusir. Also, there are letters and permits. 

The fragments bear the remains of two different writings.
The introduction is written in hieroglyphs. It starts with a date referring to the reign of Djedkare Isesi. This dates the manuscripts near the end of the Fifth Dynasty.

*the first register lists dates and names of officials
*the second register lists names of recipients
*the third register lists the kind of meat cuts supplied; this section is largely destroyed

The text on the right summarizes allocations of grain. All writings were done in what is called the hieratic script. That is the original writing done in ink with reed pens on papyrus.

## References
Royal Panteon of San Isidoro

The **Royal Panteon of San Isidoro** is where the kings and queens of León are buried.   It is inside the Basilica of San Isidoro.  It is in the Romanesque style of architecture.  People were buried there during the Kingdom of León in the Middle Ages. The art shows scenes from Roman Catholic religion, for example angels talking to shepherds, the Crucifixion of Jesus, and the Last Supper.

## References
North Korean defectors

**North Korean defectors** are North Korean people who left North Korea to become citizens in a new country. It is against the law to leave North Korea without permission. North Koreans are also not allowed to change their own citizenship, so anyone born a North Korean must also die a North Korean. The punishment for leaving North Korea without permission is extremely harsh. People who are caught are usually sent a prison camp or put to death in public. Like many other crimes in North Korea, illegally leaving the country may not only punish the accused, but also their family up to three generations.

Although the punishments for illegally leaving North Korea are extremely harsh, the number who try to leave the country is still somewhat high. This is because North Koreans are so poor and have so little freedom that defectors believe finding a better life in a new country is worth risking their lives for it. Since the North Korean famine in the 1990s, more than 30,000 North Koreans have successfully left and have come to South Korea. Some sources say that somewhere between 10 to 30 North Koreans escaped into Russia or China since 1953. About the repatriation of North Koreans, China sent back (per year) hundreds of people to North Korea against their wishes.  Of the defectors who came to South Korea, more than 70% are women. Almost all of these were North Korean soldiers who had some knowledge of the DMZ. At least 2 defectors successfully swam to the south.

However, most defectors begin their escape through China. This is because the Tumen and Yalu Rivers (the rivers that make up the China-North Korea border) are much easier and safer to cross. However, most defectors do not stay in China because they are still in danger. Most defectors caught by the China government are either sent back to North Korea, where they would most likely be killed, or be sold as a wife or a sex slave in China. This is why most North Korean defectors try to go into second country before finally coming to South Korea. These countries include Mongolia, Russia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand.

There is also a sizeable community of North Korean defectors in the United States (mostly people who fled to South Korea during the Korean War and later emigrated to the USA). Since the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 which allowed North Korean defectors to be admitted as refugees, about 130 people have settled in the U.S. under such status.

## References
Broadway Melody of 1936

***Broadway Melody of 1936*** is a 1935 American musical movie directed by Roy Del Ruth and starring Jack Benny, Eleanor Powell, Robert Taylor, Una Merkel, Sid Silvers, Buddy Ebsen, June Knight. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1936.

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Birtamod Municipality

**Birtamode** (Nepali: बिर्तामोड नगरपालिका) is a municipality in Jhapa District of Nepal. It is the commercial, educational and transportation center of Jhapa District. The nearest local towns connected to Birtamod are Sarnamati Bazar, Shivasatakshi Bazar, Kamatoli Bazar, Chakchaki Bazar and Surunga Bazar. Birtamod is the largest city of Jhapa.

## Images 

Birtamode city of jhapa district.JPG
Birtamode city of jhapa district1.JPG
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La Galatea

**Galatea** is a novel of Miguel de Cervantes published in 1585 in Alcalá de Henares with the title of First part of ***Galatea***, divided in six books. Ascanio Colonna Is the dedicatario of *Galatea*, the one who in the decade of 1580 found  completing his studies in two Spanish colleges: the University of Alcalá and the University of Salamanca.

The novel began probably to draft  when Cervantes went back of his captivity in Algiers (December of 1580). Had little success in the bookshops, especially, if it compares  with the great of the Target of Montemayor and the grandísimo of the *enamoured Target* of Gil Polo. Cervantes had during all his life a very high concept of his novel and the intention to publish the second part, but died without having it done.
55565 Aya

image of Aya taken in 2006]]
**(55565) Aya**, temporary name **2002 AW197**, is a classical trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt. It has a diameter of at least 700 kilometers ( i. e 430 miles). It is the largest planetoid without a moon. It was discovered at Palomar Observatory in 2002. It has a rotation period of 8.8 hours.

## Discovery 
(55565) Aya was discovered on 10 January 2002, by astronomers at the Palomar Observatory in California. Astronomers involved in the discovery were Michael Brown, Chad Trujillo, Eleanor Helin, Michael Hicks, Kenneth Lawrence and Steven H. Pravdo.

## Physical characteristics 
Aya has a diameter of at least 700 kilometers (430 miles).

## References
Noelle (2019 movie)

***Noelle*** is a 2019 American Christmas movie written and directed by Marc Lawrence and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie stars Anna Kendrick as Noelle Kringle, the daughter of Kris Kringle. It also stars Bill Hader, Kingsley Ben-Adir, Billy Eichner, Julie Hagerty, and Shirley MacLaine.

It was released on November 12, 2019 through Disney+. It had mixed reviews from critics.

## References
Jill Halfpenny

**Jill Halfpenny** (born 15 July 1975) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Rebecca Hopkins in the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* (1999–2000), Kate Mitchell in the BBC soap opera *EastEnders* (2002–2005), Izzie Redpath in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2006–2007), and Diane Manning in the BBC drama series *In the Club* (2014–2016). In 2004, she won the second series of the television dance contest *Strictly Come Dancing*.

## Other websites
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Send in Stewie, Please

"**Send in Stewie, Please**" is the 12th episode of the 16th season of *Family Guy*. It was first shown on the Fox network on March 18, 2018. It did not have as many advertisements when it was shown because it is longer than most episodes of *Family Guy*. The episode is about Stewie Griffin going to a psychologist to talk about secrets about himself. Brian shows up in the end of the episode, but none of the other characters in Griffin family are in the episode. The episode got Ian McKellen to be the voice actor for the character Dr. Cecil Pritchfield. Gary Janetti got a  for an award at the 71st Writers Guild of America Awards for writing the episode.

## References 
## Other websites 
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Lost Horizon (1937 movie)

***Lost Horizon*** is a 1937 American fantasy adventure drama movie.  Frank Capra directed the movie. It follows the story of the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by James Hilton. Ronald Coleman, Jane Wyatt, Edward Everett Horton, Isabel Jewell, John Howard, and Margo acted in the movie.  Columbia Pictures. distributed it. It was nominated for 7 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1938 and was remade in 1973.

## References
## Other websites
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Video games in India

**Video gaming in India** is an emerging market. As investments continue to rise, the video game market is expected to grow rapidly in India.

India is one of the top five mobile gaming markets in the world in terms of number of users. In FY 2019, online gaming in India was estimated at ₹6,200 crore (US$870 million) market with an estimated 300 million gamers.

As of 2019, India is one of the top five mobile gaming markets in the world in terms of number of users. In FY 2019, online gaming in India was estimated at ₹6,200 crore market with an estimated 300 million gamers.

*PUBG Mobile* became the most popular online game in India in 2018, as of January 2020, India became *PUBG Mobile*'s largest market in the world with 116 million downloads, which is 21% of 555 million *PUBG Mobile* players worldwide.

Estimates suggest that India's mobile games market will be worth $1.1 billion by 2020, and number of users projected to become 628 million by then.

Video gaming is growing very quickly especially in the mobile space with the advent of cheap and affordable smartphones. A recent survey has found that women mobile gamers are actually more active than men in India.

As of August 2024; and since August 2017; DIGICODES®, with a catalogue of 15,000+ digital items, is the largest gaming store in India.

## References
Jamie Glover

**Jamie Blair Glover** (born 10 July 1969) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Andrew Treneman in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2006–2007, 2009, 2023–present). In 2017, Glover appeared as Harry Potter in the second cast of the West-End production of *Harry Potter and the Cursed Child*.

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Chelsee Healey

**Chelsea "Chelsee" Jade Healey** (born 6 August 1988) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Janeece Bryant in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2006–2012, 2023), Honey Wright in the BBC medical drama series *Casualty* (2014–2015), and Goldie McQueen in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* (2016–present).

## Early life
Healey was born in Salford, Greater Manchester. Her father was mixed-race, and her mother is white British.

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Stage Door

***Stage Door*** is a 1937 American drama movie directed by Gregory La Cava and was based on the 1936 play of the same name. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers, Adolphe Menjou, Gail Patrick, Andrea Leeds, Lucille Ball, Eve Arden and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1938.

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A Star Is Born (1937 movie)

***A Star Is Born*** is a 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and Jack Conway. It stars Janet Gaynor, Fredric March, Adolphe Menjou, May Robson, Andy Devine, Lionel Stander, Owen Moore, Peggy Wood and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was nominated for 8 Oscars and 2 Academy Awards in 1938 and was remade three times in 1954, 1976 and 2018.

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Genie (Disney)

The **Genie** is a character in Disney's *Aladdin* movies. 

## His life 
The Genie of the Lamp has been stuck in a magic lamp for 10,000 years. He was freed by Aladdin and he offered Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin asked him what he would wish for. Genie wished for his freedom from the lamp.

## Development
Robin Williams voiced the Genie in the 1992 movie and *Aladdin and the King of Thieves*. He wasn't able to return for the animated show and *The Return of Jafar* due to disagreements with Disney and with Dan Castellaneta voicing him in the meantime. Williams improvised a lot of dialogue for the Genie, which made the 1992 movie ineligible for Best Adapted Screenplay. Will Smith plays the Genie in the 2019 live-action remake.

## Reception
Robin Williams has received a lot of acclaim for voicing the Genie. Same goes to Will Smith for the remake, which otherwise had mixed reviews.
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty

***Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty*** is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the eighth game in the *Ratchet & Clank* series of video games. It was released on 2008 exclusively for the PlayStation 3. The game became a bonus game for 2013's *Ratchet & Clank: Into the Nexus*.

## Gameplay
The game plays as just Ratchet and upgrades can be found in the environment.

## Plot
Ratchet misses seeing his friend Clank and he and Talwyn Apogee set course to Merdegraw, the home of the Space Pirates.

## Reception
Some people liked the game but felt it was too short.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time

***Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time*** is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the ninth game in the *Ratchet & Clank* series of video games. It was released in Fall of 2009, exclusively for the PlayStation 3.

## Gameplay
The game plays as Ratchet and Clank. Clank's levels has him solve puzzles and do time recording. Ratchet gets to explore various parts of the Polaris Galaxy. He can find and collect up to 40 Zoni to gain extra health. When he gets all of them, he gets to defeat Lord Vorselon a third and final time.

## Plot
Ratchet and Qwark are going to a sector of the Polaris Galaxy to follow Dr. Nefarious, who has captured Clank at the Great Clock.

## Reception
Many say it is one of the better Ratchet & Clank games.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Whipsaw

***Whipsaw*** is a 1935 American romantic crime drama movie directed by Sam Wood and starring Myrna Loy, Spencer Tracy, Harvey Stephens, William Harrigan, Robert Warwick, Clay Clement, Wade Boteler. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Other websites
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List of Family Guy episodes

***Family Guy*** is an American animated sitcom. Produced during 23 seasons, it was created by Seth MacFarlane to be shown on television by the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is on its 23th season with over 425 episodes. It is behind *The Simpsons* on being the oldest show on Fox. On September 23, 2020, Fox said that the show will have 21 seasons. On January 26, 2023, Fox said that the series would have a season 22 and 23, taking the show through the 2024-25 television season. Season 22 premiered on 1 October 2023 while season 23 premiered in 2024. On April 2, 2025, Fox announced that the show was renewed for four more seasons, and would take the show through 2028-29 television season. Season 24 will premiere in 2026.

## Series overview 

## Episodes 
### Season 1 (1999) 
### Season 2 (1999-2000) 
### Season 3 (2001-03) 
### Season 4 (2005-06) 
### Season 5 (2006-07) 
### Season 6 (2007-08) 
### Season 7 (2008-09) 
### Season 8 (2009-10) 
### Season 9 (2010-11) 
### Season 10 (2011-12) 
### Season 11 (2012-13) 
### Season 12 (2013-14) 
### Season 13 (2014-15) 
### Season 14 (2015-16) 
### Season 15 (2016-17) 
### Season 16 (2017-18) 
### Season 17 (2018-19) 
### Season 18 (2019-20) 
### Season 19 (2020-21) 
### Season 20 (2021-22) 
### Season 21 (2022-23) 
### Season 22 (2023–24)
### Season 23 (2024–25)
## Unscheduled episodes
## Specials
## Related pages
* Family Guy

## Notes
## References
Gwen Stacy

**Gwendolyne Maxine Stacy**, also known as **Weapon X-31**, is a Marvel Comics character created by Steve Ditko. She is Peter Parker's first girlfriend in the comics. In the Ultimate Marvel (Earth-1610) continuity, she becomes **Carnage**, while in the Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160) continuity, she becomes **Mysterio**.

## In other media 
Bryce Dallas Howard played Stacy in *Spider-Man 3*, with Emma Stone playing her in both *The Amazing Spider-Man* and *The Amazing Spider-Man 2*. Hailee Steinfeld would later voice her in *Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse*.
Yalu River

The **Yalu River** one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into Korea Bay. The origin of the name is unknown. Linguists believe *yalu* either comes from Manchu meaning "between two places" or from Mandarin meaning "duck green".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.
Air Force (movie)

***Air Force*** is a 1943 American World War II action movie directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Garfield, John Ridgely, Gig Young, Arthur Kennedy, Harry Carey, George Tobias, Ward Wood. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1944.

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Middle East tree frog

The **Middle East tree frog** (*Hyla savignyi*), also known as the **Lemon yellow tree frog**, '''Savigny's tree frog''', is a frog from the Middle East.  It can be found in Egypt, Israel, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

This frog can live in places that are very hot and dry.  Unless it is the breeding season, this frog hides during the day and moves around at night.  Adult frogs eat arthropods, for example insects, and tadpoles eat plants and animals.  The tadpoles turn into frogs at different times of year depending on how high up a mountain they are.

## References
Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff

The Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (formerly Second Sea Lord) is one of the most senior admirals of the Royal Navy. Previously, titled Second Naval Lord in 1830, the post was restyled Second Sea Lord in 1904. Currently, the Second Sea Lord is based at Navy Command. His counterpart is the Fleet Commander.

## Departments under the office
*As of September 2020:*
### Current
* Office of the Assistant Chief (Policy)

## References
One Hundred Men and a Girl

***One Hundred Men and a Girl*** is a 1937 American musical comedy movie directed by Henry Koster. Deanna Durbin, Adolphe Menjou, Leopold Stokowski, Eugene Pallette, Alice Brady, and Alma Kruger were in it. It was distributed (spread around) by Universal Pictures. The movie was nominated for 5 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1938.

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Norman Abramson

**Norman Manuel Abramson** (April 1, 1932 – December 1, 2020) was an American engineer and computer scientist. He was most known for creating the ALOHAnet system for wireless computer communication.

## References
## Other websites
* Engineering and Technology History Wiki
*Biography from IEEE
* Oral history interview with Severo Ornstein, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Ornstein discusses the computing contributions of Wesley Clark and Norman Abramson.
*
* Author profile in the database zbMATH
T. B. Ekanayake

**Thilakarathne Bandara Ekanayake** (28 August 1954 &ndash; 6 December 2020) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a member of the Freedom Party. He was a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from 1994 until his death.

Ekanayake died on 6 December 2020 in Colombo at the age of 66.

## References
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David Lander

**David Lander** (June 22, 1947 – December 4, 2020) was an American actor, comedian, musician and activist. He was known for his role as Squiggy in the sitcom *Laverne & Shirley*.

Lander was born in New York City. In 1984, he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. He died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from the disease on December 4, 2020 at the age of 73.

## References
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François Leterrier

**François Leterrier** (26 May 1929 – 4 December 2020) was a French director and actor. He was cast in Robert Bresson's movie *A Man Escaped*. He was born in Oise, France. He directed the 1961 movie *Les Mauvais Coups*. 

Leterrier died on 4 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 91.

## References
Bromont-Lamothe

**Bromont-Lamothe** is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

## References
Robert Bresson

**Robert Bresson** (; 25 September 1901 &ndash; 18 December 1999) was a French movie director. 

His works *A Man Escaped* (1956), *Pickpocket* (1959) and *Au hasard Balthazar* (1966) were ranked among the 100 greatest movies ever made.

## References
James Odongo

**James Odongo** (27 March 1931 – 4 December 2020), was a Ugandan Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tororo in Uganda, from 5 January 1985, until his retirement on 27 June 2007. Odongo was born in Tororo District, Uganda.

Odongo died on the morning of 4 December 2020, at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile of Military Ordinariate of Uganda 
*Profile of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tororo
Sol Tolchinsky

**Sol Tolchinsky** (January 2, 1929 – December 1, 2020) was a Canadian basketball player. He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Tolchinsky was part of the Canadian basketball team, which finished ninth in the Olympic tournament. 

Tochinsky died of COVID-19 in Montreal on December 1, 2020 at the age of 91.

## References
Robert Castel

**Robert Moyal** (21 May 1933 &ndash; 5 December 2020), better known as **Robert Castel**, was an Algerian-born French actor and comedian. He was born in Algiers, Algeria. Castel was known for his roles in Georghiu in *The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe* (1972), Andre in *Two Men in Town* (1973) and as Trinita in *Je suis timide mais je me soigne* (1978). His career lasted from 1955 until 2016.

Castel died of a long-illness on 5 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 87.

## References
Belinda Bozzoli

**Belinda Bozzoli**  (17 December 1945 – 5 December 2020) was a South African author, academic, sociologist, and politician. She was Shadow Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology from 2019 to 2020. She also was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Democratic Alliance from 2014 to 2020. 

Bozzoli died from cancer on 5 December 2020.

## References
Henryk Kukier

**Henryk Jerzy Kukier** (1 January 1930 – 5 December 2020) was a Polish boxer. He was born in Lublin. He won the gold medal in the Flyweight class at the 1953 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Warsaw, and the bronze medal at the 1955 European Amateur Boxing Championships in West Berlin. He competed three times in the Summer Olympics (1952, 1956, 1960).

Kukier died on 5 December 2020, at the age of 90.

## References
Ferenc Tóth (politician)

**Ferenc Tóth** (30 December 1950 – 4 December 2020) was a Hungarian engineer and Fidesz politician. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) for Paks (Tolna County Constituency II) between 1998 and 2014.

Tóth died on 4 December 2020 from COVID-19, aged 70.

## References
Trader Horn

***Trader Horn*** is a 1931 American romantic adventure movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and was based on the novel of the same name by Alfred Aloysius Horn. It stars Harry Carey, Edwina Booth, Duncan Renaldo, C. Aubrey Smith and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Booth would sue Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after she contracted an illness while shooting the movie and it ended her career as an actress. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1931 and was remade in 1973.

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