open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Recreational drug use

'', a 1636 portrait by Adriaen Brouwer, which shows recreational use of nicotine from tobacco.]]
**Recreational drug use** is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to cause a change to consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other reason. When a psychoactive drug enters a person's body, it causes (intoxication or) an intoxicating effect.

## References
Lai Khadang Pandabi

**Lai Khadang Pandabi** (), also spelled as **Lai Khadaang Paandabi,** also known as **the devil without jaws,**

## Characters 
* The Husband: A diligent and responsible man who works hard in the fields and takes care of his family.

* The Wife: A lazy and selfish woman who avoids household duties and deceives her husband.

## Summary 
### Daily life of the couple 
In a village, a man and his wife lived together. The husband was industrious, working both in his garden and traveling to earn money. Despite his efforts, he rarely had time to rest. In contrast, the wife avoided housework and was mostly concerned with eating flavorful meals.

Although the husband brought food home regularly, the wife pretended to be careful with resources. She cooked only fish heads and bones with minimal salt when her husband was present. Once he left for work, she prepared and ate rich meals using dried fish such as ngakra, ngamu, and ngafak without sharing.

### Invention of the witch 
To hide her actions, the wife made a story about a supernatural being. She claimed that a creature known as the "Witch Without Chin" was stealing the food stored in the house, particularly the dried fish.

She supported her claim by suggesting that the witch had also visited other homes, including one belonging to a woman named Leirik, and stolen their food as well. The husband pretended to believe her but began to suspect the truth.

### Husband's strategy 
The husband decided to investigate. He told his wife that he was going to another village for a land-related matter and might stay overnight. He asked her to prepare food early.
She served her husband a watery curry made only of leafy greens and fish heads. After eating a small portion, the husband pretended to leave but returned secretly to hide and observe her.
Believing herself to be alone, the wife began to prepare a meal for herself using vegetables and a variety of dried fish.

### Revelation of the truth 
From his hiding place, the husband watched the wife bring out a storage box called ngarubak and cook dried fish with peas, potatoes, and onions. She prepared a large portion of rice and curry for herself and ate it alone. Due to her unusually short chin, she dropped food while eating, making the kitchen messy with bones and chili skins.

The husband then confronted her, exposing her behavior and referring to her as the "Witch Without Chin." Embarrassed and ashamed, the wife fled to her parents' home.

## Moral 
The folktale conveys a lesson about honesty and proper behavior. It warns that greed, poor manners, and dishonesty may eventually lead to public shame and consequences. Sharing and truthfulness are presented as preferable values.

## Related pages 
* Helloi
* Hingchabi
* Lai Khutsangbi
* Yenakha Paotabi

## References
Chloe Kelly

**Chloe Maggie Kelly** (born 15 January 1998) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Women's Super League club Arsenal and the England national team. Kelly started playing as a job at Arsenal, before going on loan to Everton. She went back to Arsenal in 2018. She has won two European championships with England.

## References
Škoda Rapid (disambiguation)

**Škoda Rapid** is a name used by the Czech automotive company Škoda Auto, on several different models of car:
* Škoda Rapid (2012-2023), five door hatchback, five door liftback, and 4 door sedan
* Škoda Rapid (1935–47), saloon car made between 1935 and 1947
* Škoda Garde/Rapid, two-door coupé based on the Škoda 120/130/135, made between 1981 and 1990
* Škoda Rapid (India), Indian built version based on the 2010 Volkswagen Vento

File:Skoda Rapid 1.2 TSI Ambition – Frontansicht, 31. Dezember 2012, Düsseldorf.jpg|Škoda Rapid (2012–2023)
File:Skoda-museum-mlada-boleslav-rr-012.jpg|Škoda Rapid (1935–1947)
File:Skoda 130 Rapid.jpg|Škoda Rapid (1984–1990)
File:Skoda_Rapid.jpg|Škoda Rapid (2011–2021)
Dashed structural formula

A **dashed structural formula** uses straight lines to show chemical bonds. The connections are usually drawn in 90 degree angles or 180 degree angles due to its ease. The advantage to type of formula is it allows one to view the connections between atoms, but the downside is that it may be hard to write in this style.

## References
Primary alcohol

A **primary alcohol** is where no carbon atoms or just one carbon atom is connected to the hydroxyl-containing carbon atom. This allows a compound with a primary alcohol to have a slightly different chemical formula from a compound with a secondary alcohol or tertiary alcohol.

## References
Tertiary alcohol

A **tertiary alcohol** is when only three carbon atoms are connected to the hydroxyl-containing carbon atom. This allows a compound with a tertiary alcohol to have a slightly different chemical formula from a compound with a primary alcohol or secondary alcohol.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2025 final

The final of UEFA Women's Euro 2025 happened on 27 July 2025 at St. Jakob-Park in Basel, Switzerland. The match was between England and Spain. England won the last Euro final in 2022 and won this final in a penalty shootout (3-1). These were the first two Euros wins for England. This final was Spain's first Euro final.

This was the first time an adult England football team had won any championship outside of England. England manager Sarina Wiegman won her third UEFA Women's Championship title, second with England.

## Reference
UEFA Women's Euro 2013 final

The final of UEFA Women's Euro 2013 happened on 28 July 2013 at Nationalarenan (now known as the Friends Arena) in Solna, Sweden. The match was won by Germany with a 1–0 win over Norway. Germany won the last championship in 2009. The 41,301 people there was the highest ever number of people going to a Women's Euro final at the time.

## References
David von Rosen

**David von Rosen-von Hoewel** (born 1976) is a German billionaire and founder of Lottoland, an online lottery company.

As of November 2024, his net worth was estimated to be $1.82 billion.

## Early life 
Von Rosen was born in 1976 and grew up in Westerwald, Germany. He attended the European Business School.

## Career 
In 2002, he co-founded CareerConcept in Munich, a company that provided student loans. Susanne Klatten was one of the company's earliest investors.

He later founded luxury fashion brand VONROSEN. In 2011, Steve Jobs wore a jumper from the brand at an Apple event. It led to a big increase in sales at the company.

In 2013, Von Rosen founded Lottoland. It was awarded a Guinness World Record for the largest online gambling win in history of £79 million in 2018. As of 2024, it employs 400 people and has 20 million customers. In 2021, Lottoland was considering an IPO with a value over $1.3 billion.

In 2024, he founded luxury property developer 25 Degrees in Dubai. Its first villa sold for £16.9 million and later set a record for selling a villa for $43.7 million. In 2025, the company paid $100 million for a plot on Palm Jumeirah. Von Rosen has also invested in real estate, defence, and renewable energy companies through his family office. business, gambling regulation, and real estate in Dubai. He is also known for his views on entrepreneurship, tech startups, and artificial intelligence.

## Personal life 
Von Rosen lives in Dubai and Verbier, Switzerland. He moved to Verbier during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2009

The '''2009 UEFA Women's Championship**, often known as the **2009 Women's Euros** or just the **2009 Euros''', happened in Finland between 23 August and 10 September 2009. Finland was chosen on 11 July 2006 as the place for the 2009 Euros, in a UEFA meeting in Berlin, Germany. Finland won, beating the Netherlands. Germany won the championship, beatin England in the final. It was the seventh time Germany won the Euros.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 1993

The '''1993 UEFA Women's Championship**, often called the **1993 Women's Euros** or just the **1993 Euros''', was an association football championship that happened between 1991 and 1993 (with the qualifying round). The finals happened in Italy between 29 June and 4 July 1993. Norway won the championship, beating Italy in the final. This was the last team who is not Germany to win the Euros until the Netherlands won it in 2017, 24 years later.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 1993 final

The '''UEFA Women's Euro 1993 final''' was an association football match on 4 July 1993 at Stadio Dino Manuzzi, Cesena, Italy. It decided the winner of UEFA Women's Euro 1993. Norway won the match, beating Italy 1-0.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 1995

The '''1995 UEFA Women's Championship**, often called the **1995 Women's Euros** or just the **1995 Euros''', was an association football championship that happened between 11 December 1994 and 26 March 1995 in England, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. Germany won the championship for a third time, beating Sweden in the final.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2025

The '''2025 UEFA Women's Championship**, commonly referred to as **UEFA Women's Euro 2025** or just **Euro 2025''', was the 14th UEFA Women's Championship. The championship happens every four years and was played from 2 to 27 July 2025 in Switzerland. England were the winners, beating Spain in a penalty shootout in the final.

## References
Final (competition)

The **final** of a competition or championship is the match or round in which the winner of the entire event is decided.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2009 final

The final of UEFA Women's Euro 2009 happened on 10 September 2009 at the Olympic Stadium in Helsinki, Finland. The match was won by Germany, who beat England 6-2. Germany had won the last four UEFA Women's Euro championships before this one.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2005 final

The final of UEFA Women's Euro 2005 happened on 19 June 2005 at Ewood Park in Blackburn, England. The match was won by Germany, who beat Norway 3-1. Germany had won the last three UEFA Women's Euro championships before this one.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2001 final

The final of UEFA Women's Euro 2001 happened on 7 July 2001 at Donaustadion in Ulm, Germany. Claudia Müller, who played for Germany, scored the only goal of the match. It was a golden goal in extra time, meaning Germany won 1–0 after winning the last championship in 1997.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 2001

The '''2001 UEFA Women's Championship**, often called the **2001 Women's Euros** or just the **2001 Euros''', was the eighth UEFA Women's Championship. It happened in Germany between 23 June and 7 July 2001. It was won by Germany for the fifth time overall. Germany had won the last two Euros championships before this one. In 2001, they won 1–0 in the final against Sweden.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 1997

The '''1997 UEFA Women's Championship**, commonly referred to as the **1997 Women's Euros** or just the **1997 Euros''', was a championship that happened in 1997 in Norway and Sweden. The competition aims to determine which national women's team is the best in Europe.Germany won the championship, beating Italy in the final. They had won the last Euros competition in 1995.

## References
UEFA Women's Euro 1997 final

The final of UEFA Women's Euro 1997 happened on 12 July 1997 at Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway. Germany won the match, beating Italy 2-0.

## References
Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

The **Saudi Arabian Grand Prix** () is a yearly Formula One auto racing event that happens at the Jeddah Corniche Circuit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The first time this Grand Prix happened in Formula One was in 2021. Since , it has happened near the end of the Formula One season.

## References
Qatar Grand Prix

The **Qatar Grand Prix** () is a Formula One auto racing event that happens yearly at the Lusail International Circuit in Qatar. It happened for the first time on 21 November in . It did not happen in the  season because the 2022 FIFA World Cup was in Qatar. It came back in , and should happen until at least 2033. The race is the fourth race fully at night in Formula One.

## References
## Notes
Forget Me Nots (song)

"**Forget Me Nots**" is a song by American R&B singer Patrice Rushen. It was taken from her seventh album, *Straight from the Heart* (1982). It was co-written by Rushen with Freddie Washington and Jerry Knight. Rushen co-produced it with Charles Mims Jr.

The song was widely sampled, appearing in "Men in Black" by Will Smith, "Fastlove" by George Michael, "I'm the One You Need" by Jody Watley, and "Feel So Good" by Mase.

The song speaks of a woman wanting to send her lover forget-me-not flowers so he does not forget her love.

## Charts 
## References
Bond dissociation energy

The **bond dissociation energy** is used to measure the energy of a chemical bond. They are measured for a lot of different compounds and average values are brought together for the bond dissociation energy between 2 atoms. The larger the average bond dissociation, the stronger the bond may be.

## References
Condensed structual formula

A **condensed structual formula** is a mixture of the ease found in the molecular formula, and the information found in the dashed structural formula. In this style, the atoms are usually written without any sort of dashes or other signs, and the hydrogen atoms are written on the right side of the atom connection. As an example, the condensed structural formula for propane would be: CH3CH2CH3. However, dashes are sometimes utilized for more complicated formulas due to their potential ability to make the structure of the molecule easier to see.

## References
MSC Cruises

**MSC Cruises**, officially **MSC Crociere S.A.**, is a cruise line belonging to the Mediterranean Shipping Company.

It is the fourth-largest cruise operator in the world and the second-largest in Europe, surpassed only by Carnival Corporation & plc, Royal Caribbean Group, and Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. It has a worldwide market share of approximately 6.4% (in 2015). 

By April 2025, it will operate a fleet of 25 ships, including the first two vessels of its subsidiary Explora Journeys.

## History
'', one of the line's first ships]]
It was founded in 1987 and the following year began operating the Monterey (formerly the Matson Lines ocean liner Monterey). 

In 1989, it acquired the Starlauro shipping line, renaming it MSC-Starlauro. In 1995, the company was renamed again due to its loss of popularity due to several fires that sank the company's two ships. MSC Cruises was born.

## Logo
MSC Cruises' logo has changed format several times since the acquisition of Starlauro. Initially, the logo was exactly the same as that of the parent company, Mediterranean Shipping Company: a lowercase "m" on a curved line and a lowercase "s" and "c" together. 

Later, the logo changed to the format most similar to the current one, with the initial logo inserted into a Mediterranean Compass Rose, reflecting Mediterranean shapes and style. Next to the logo are the capital letters MSC, and in some versions, the word cruises is written in different languages below the letters MSC. 

The logo changed tones several times, but blue dominated in this second logo. Noteworthy are the characteristic MSC Cruises funnels, all painted in a very noble and nautical navy blue.
## Fleet 
### Current fleet 
### Future ships 
MSC is also in negotiations with Finnish, Italian and French yards for new builds.

### Former fleet 
## References
Karpinskiprion

***Karpinskiprion*** is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid holocephalan fish. Its type species is ***K. ivanovi***, a species assigned to *Campyloprion*.

## Description 
One specimen of *K. ivanovi* recently discovered in the Volgograd Region of Russia is the most complete *Karpinskiprion* specimen ever found. It unambiguously demonstrates the coiled nature of these tooth whorls and presents information on their developmental stages.

During organogeny, cutting blades of the crown became reshaped, and basal spurs progressively elongated, forming a grater. Whorl growth in this genus occurred by addition of new crowns to the earlier mineralized base followed by later spur growth.

In contrast to consistently uniform cutting blades, spurs are often malformed and bear traces of growth interruption. Both sides of the outer coil of the tooth whorl bear lifetime wear facets. The youngest (lingual) crowns are as yet unaffected by wear. The best-preserved facets show parallel radially directed scratch marks.

The upper jaw dentition is unknown. However, it is suggested that the faceted areas are from interaction with the antagonistic dental structures here. Three possible hypotheses for this interaction are suggested here: (a) two opposing whorls acted as scissor blades, moving alternately from one side to another; (b) the lower tooth whorl fitted between paired parasymphyseal tooth whorls of the opposing jaw; or (c) the lower tooth whorl fitted into a dental pavement in the maxilla.

## Related pages 
* Pshekhagnathus
* Kenyaichthys

## References
Operation Opera

**Operation Opera** (Hebrew: מִבְצָע אוֹפֵּרָה, also called **Operation Babylon** and **Operation Ofra**) was a 1981 Israeli surprise attack on Iraq's nuclear reactor which was under developing in Osirak (Iraqi: Tammuz 1).

In the late 1970s, Iraq purchased a French "Osiris-class" nuclear reactor. Israeli military intelligence believed that the reactor was intended to produce plutonium for Iraq's nuclear program. Israeli intelligence also believed that the summer of 1981 would be the last opportunity to destroy the reactor before it was loaded with nuclear fuel rods.

On 7 June 1981, an Israeli Air Force's F-16A combat aircraft, with the help of many F-15As, bombed and heavily destroyed Osirak nuclear reactor.

## Preparation 
The distance between Israeli military bases and the reactor site is far—more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi), meaning that military forces would operate without easy logistical support, and would have to cross Jordanian and Saudi territory. In addition, Israeli intelligence could not guarantee the accuracy of information about the Iraqi defense situation.

After many controversies, the Israeli military concluded that a group of F-16As with plenty of fuel and weapons, with a group of F-15As providing protection and support, could carry out an attack on the reactor without refueling.

The Israeli military also decided that it was crucial to destroy the reactor before it was loaded with nuclear fuel rods, to minimize the effects of destroying it on civilians. Many European scientists were working at the reactor, and Israel decided to attack on a Sunday, when most scientists were off.

There were reports that the fuel rods were being shipped from France to Iraq, the Israeli cabinet—then led by Menachem Begin —authorized the operation.

## Related pages 
* June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran — Israel's attacks on Iranian nuclear sites
Telmatobius atacamensis

The **Salta water frog** (*Telmatobius atacamensis*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home
This frog spends most of its time in the water. It lives in bog streams high in the mountains. Scientists saw this frog 3800 meters above sea level.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in very big danger of dying out and the Argentine National Red List say this frog is in danger of dying out. Fish from other parts of the world, for example *Oncorhynchus mykiss*, can kill this species.  Bad chemicals from mines can also hurt the frog. Human beings build dams and move water, which changes the place where the frog lives. Scientists found the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on the frogs, so they think the disease chytridiomycosis could also kill this frog.

## References
Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest

Portugal has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 56 times since its debut in . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) is the Portuguese broadcaster. Portugal had missed only five contests: , , ,  and .

Portugal's one victory was achieved with the following song:
*Salvador Sobral — Amar pelos dois ()

## Participation overview 
## Hostings 
Portugal has hosted the contest one time, one time in Lisbon ().

## Notes 
## References
CBDC

**CBDC** can be

* Central bank digital currency, a digital currency
* CBDC-FM, a radio station licensed to Mayo, Yukon, Canada
* Cardiff Bay Development Corporation, a company
Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park

**Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park** () is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

## Location 
The Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park covers part of the island of Fernando de Noronha. This is a municipality of Pernambuco. It has an area of . The Fernando de Noronha Environmental Protection Area covers the urban part of the island of Fernando de Noronha. The Fernando de Noronha National Park covers the rest.

The area has a large marine extension to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, which is also in the National Park.

## Administration 
On September 14, 1988, this national park was created. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II (national park).

The idea is to save a natural ecosystem of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty. Furthermore, it supports scientific research, environmental education and interpretation, outdoors recreation and tourism.

An unofficial management plan was released on 31 December 1990. The advisory council was named on 31 December 2001. A new management plan with different studies was made public on 29 November 2010.

## Environment 
) swimming in the waters of Fernando de Noronha]]
The island was used as a prison before. Therefor, much of the original vegetation was cut. It happened to make it harder for prisoners to hide. After that, the non-native flaxseed was plant there. It spread uncontrollably. The teju lizard was introduced to reduce the rat population. Now, the lizard is also a problem. Despite the stated objective of recovery of the environment, sheep continued to be farmed on the island.

Protected birds in the park include Noronha elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana), red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus), white-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus), Sargasso shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri), Noronha vireo (Vireo gracilirostris).

Other protected species in the park include the crabs Johngarthia lagostoma and Percnon gibbesi, the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), the starfish Echinaster (Othilia) guyanensis, the slate pencil urchin (Eucidaris tribuloides), the sea ginger coral Millepora alcicornis and the coral Phyllogorgia dilatata,

## Notes 
## References 
*
*
*
*
*
José Tapia

**José Manuel Tapia Hernández** (born 19 February 1905, date of death unknown) was a Cuban football manager and referee. He was the first ever manager of Cuba, and managed them at the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

## References
Joaquín Arias (footballer)

**Joaquín Arias Blanco** (born 12 November 1914, date of death unknown) was a Cuban footballer. Nicknamed *Bolero*, Arias played for Cuba at the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France.

## References
## Other websites
*
Juan Tuñas

**Juan Tuñas Bajeneta** (17 July 1917 – 4 April 2011) was a Cuban footballer.

## Career
Tuñas played for Cuban clubs Centro Gallego and Juventud Asturiana. He joined Mexican club Real Club España in 1941, and won two Liga Mayor (Mexican First Division) titles with them.

He also played for Cuba at the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France.

## Personal life
His nickname, *Romperredes*, means "net-breaker". He was nicknamed this because of his powerful shots on goal, with him once shooting a hole in a goal net. After his retirement, he lived in Mexico City, and was the last surviving member of Cuba's squad from the 1938 World Cup. He died on 4 April 2011, at the age of 93.

## Honours
;Real Club España
* Liga Mayor: 1941–42, 1944–45.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* biographical sketch at CONCACAF
* FIFA article
Volkswagen ID. Buzz

The **Volkswagen ID. Buzz** is an electric minivan that runs on battery electric power. 
It is made by Volkswagen, a German company and replicates their earlier EuroVan models.

## References
Henri Françillon

**Henri Françillon** (born 26 May 1946) is a former Haitian international footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was played for Haiti at the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany, where he played in all three group matches. He played as a goalkeeper.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Juventud Asturiana

**Juventud Asturiana** was a Cuban football club based in Havana. They won seven Cuban league titles, before being dissolved in 1952.

One of the club's most notable victories was a 4–2 win against Uruguayan club Nacional on June 16, 1929. At the time, Nacional had nine players from Uruguay's gold medal-winning teams of the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics.

Between 1927 and 1928, they were managed by Francisco Bru, who was the manager of Spain when they won a silver medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

## Honours
* **Campeonato Nacional de Cuba (7)**
****Winners**: 1927, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1941, 1944, 1948

## References
Rathaus (disambiguation)

**Rathaus** is the German word for a seat of local government, or legislative government, and/or executive government.

**Rathaus** can be

## Stations
* Rathaus (Hamburg U-Bahn station), in Altstadt, Germany
* Rathaus (KVB), an underground tram station in Cologne, Germany
* Rathaus (Nuremberg U-Bahn), on the U1 line in Fürth, Germany
* Rathaus (Vienna U-Bahn), on Line U2 in Austria

## Town halls 
* Rathaus Schöneberg, Berlin, Germany
* Rathaus Spandau, Berlin, Germany
* Rotes Rathaus, Berlin, Germany
* Rathaus (Freiburg im Breisgau), Germany, spread over 16 locations
* Hamburg Rathaus, Germany
* Rathaus (Oldenburg), a former town hall in Lower Saxony, Germany
* Technisches Rathaus, a city building in Munich, Germany
* Rathaus Rapperswil, a former town hall in St. Gallen, Switzerland
* Rathaus, Vienna, Austria
* Rathaus Zürich, Switzerland

## People
* Chris Rathaus (d. 2006), American radio producer
* Karol Rathaus (d. 1954), composer

## Other uses 
* Rathaus (Zürich), (an area or) quarter in the Altstadt district of Zürich, Switzerland
* Rathaus Bridge, a bridge in Berlin, Germany
* Theater im Rathaus, a theatre in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
* Wienbibliothek im Rathaus, a library and archive in Vienna, Austria

* Ratusz, a Polish historic city hall
* Ráðhús Reykjavíkur, Reykjavík's City Hall in Iceland
*
Benito Carvajales

**Benito Carbajales Pérez** (born 25 July 1913, date of death unknown) was a Cuban football goalkeeper. Born in Spain, he played for Cuba at the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE

The **Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE** is a chassis of a bus. It has a low-floor. It has been made from 2001 to the present day by Mercedes-Benz/EvoBus.

In Brazil, Mercedes-Benz make the following chassis:

* O 500 U - A low-entry chassis of a bus
* O 500 UA - An articulated chassis of a bus
* O 500 UDA - A 4-axle articulated chassis of a bus

## Operators
### Australia
#### Name 
 O 500 LE with Bustech bodywork]]

In Australia, It was called the O 500LE. In 2015, it was changed to OC 500 LE. In 2019, It was changed to OC 500 LE.

#### Operators 
Transperth ordered 540 OC 500 LEs with Volgren bodywork, 474 were CNG powered.

Sydney Buses ordered 255 CNGs and 20 diesel powered OC 500 LEs both with Custom Coaches bodywork.

Ventura Bus Lines ordered 72 OC 500 LEs.

Brisbane Transport ordered 40 OC 500 LEs.

Premier Illawarra ordered 38 OC 500 LEs.

Kefford Corporation ordered 19 OC 500 LEs.

Darwin Bus Service ordered 14 OC 500 LEs.

### Singapore
SMRT Buses ordered 134 OC500LEs with Gemilang Coachworks bodywork.

### United Kingdom
 OC 500 LE with MCV Evolution bodywork in December 2013]]
Carousel Buses ordered OC 500 LEs with MCV Evolution bodywork for use to and from Heathrow Airport.

### Norway
In 2004, Nettbuss ordered 9 OC 500 LEs with Center L bodywork. One was used in the Østfold region, and the other eight was used in Kristiansund. In 2014, all eight OC 500 LEs in Kristiansund were exported to other countries such as Estonia.

### Portugal 
Different operators had ordered OC500LEs with the following bodywork:
* Irmãos Mota Atomic UR2000 bodywork
* Irmãos Mota Atomic UR2005 bodywork
* Irmãos Mota Atomic UR2011 bodywork
* Irmãos Mota Atomic URB2014 bodywork
* Irmãos Mota Atomic Urbis bodywork
* Marcopolo Viale bodywork

### Serbia
Different operators had ordered OC500LEs with Ikarbus IK-112LE bodywork. It has 2 or 3 sets of doors. More than 60 have been made.

### Spain 
Different operators had ordered OC500LEs with the following bodywork:
* Unvi Urbis bodywork
* Hispano Habit bodywork
* Hispano Intea bodywork
* Burillo bodywork
* Sunsundegui Astral bodywork
* Castrosúa Magnus bodywork
* Noge Intertouring bodywork
* Noge Cittour LE bodywork

## References
## Other websites
Waipi‘o Valley

**Waipio Valley** is a valley on Hawaii Island, in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is located in Hāmākua District, in the northeast of the island. *Wai piʻo* means "bent water" in Hawaiian.

The valley floor, at sea level, is nearly  below the surrounding plateau. The valley was formed by water erosion of the weak basaltic lava from the Kohala volcano.

The valley's coast is a black (lava) sand beach popular with surfers. There are several taro farms in the valley. Several large waterfalls plunge into the valley and feed the river, which flows from the foot of the largest waterfall at the back of the valley to the sea.

Waipio Valley plays an important role in Hawaiian religion, as it is the gateway to *Lua-o-Milu* (the underworld), hidden by the sand. The valley was also considered a *puuhonua* (place of asylum), where those who broke kapu were protected.

Access is difficult. Only one road leads there from the south. It climbs  in , with an average gradient of 25%, sometimes considerably steeper. Some sections can reach gradients of up to 45%, making it the steepest road in the United States and possibly the steepest in the world, compared to 35% for Baldwin Street in New Zealand. The road is only accessible to 4x4 vehicles.

The valley is the setting for the final scene of the science fiction movie Waterworld (1995), in which the main characters find *Dryland*, the mainland.

## Image gallery 

Image:WaipioValley.jpg|View of the back of Waipio Valley.
Image:Waipio Valley uphill.JPG|View of the back of Waipio Valley.
Image:Waipio waterfall.jpg|Hiʻilawe Waterfall at the back of Waipio Valley.
Image:2006 Hawaii earthquake.JPG|Waipio Valley cliff falling in during the 2006 Hawaii earthquake.
Image:WaipioRoad.jpg|Waipio Valley seen from the access road, which has an average gradient of 25%.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Getty Images Waipio Pictures
Juan Babauta

**Juan Nekai Babauta** (born September 7, 1953) is a Northern Mariana Islander politician. He was the 6th governor of the Northern Mariana Islands from January 14, 2002, to January 9, 2006.

## References
Frank O. Lowden

**Frank Orren Lowden** (January 26, 1861 – March 20, 1943) was an American Republican Party politician. He was the 25th Governor of Illinois from 1917 until 1921. He was also a United States Representative from Illinois from 1906 until 1911. He was also a candidate for the Republican nominations for President of the United States in 1920 and 1928.

## References
## Other websites
Richard J. Oglesby

**Richard James Oglesby** (July 25, 1824April 24, 1899) was an American soldier and Republican politician. He was the Governor of Illinois three times from 1865 to 1869, for ten days in 1873, and from 1885 to 1889. He was a United States Senator from Illinois from 1873 to 1879. He was also a member of the Illinois Senate, elected in 1860.

## References
## Other websites
* Richard Oglesby Home in Decatur, Illinois
Sunrise Township, Chisago County, Minnesota

**Sunrise Township** is a township in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,107 at the 2020 census.

## References
Elkhart, Illinois

**Elkhart** is a village in Logan County, Illinois, United States. The population was 450 at the 2020 census.

## References
Illinois Republican Party

The **Illinois Republican Party** is part of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Illinois. It was founded on May 29, 1856. It is run by the Illinois Republican State Central Committee, which is made up of 17 members. The state Republican Party is a minority party, holding little power in the state. The current chairman is Kathy Salvi, who has served since 2024.

## References
Democratic Party of Illinois

The **Democratic Party of Illinois** is part of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the oldest state party in Illinois and one of just two recognized parties in the state, along with the Republican Party. It is the majority party in the state, controlling the majority of Illinois' U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, both houses of the state legislature, and the governorship.

## References
Don Harmon

**Don Harmon** (born November 26, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician. He has been the president of the Illinois Senate since 2020. He is a member of the Democratic party. He has represented 39th Senate District since 2003.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography, bills and committees at the Illinois General Assembly
**By session: 98th, 97th, 96th, 95th, 94th, 93rd
*Senator Harmon's Constituent Services Website
*Senator Harmon's Campaign Website
* 
*Senator Don Harmon at Illinois State Senate Democrats
Chris Welch (politician)

**Emanuel Christopher Welch** (born February 6, 1971), known as **Chris Welch**, is an American lawyer and politician. He has been the 70th Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives since 2021. He is a Democrat. He represents the 7th district in Cook County since 2013.

## References
List of speakers of the Illinois House of Representatives

The Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives is seventh (behind the Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, and President of the Senate, respectively) in the line of succession to the office of Governor of Illinois.

## List of speakers
## References
## Other websites
* Illinois General Assembly - House  official government site
* Illinois Blue Book 2009–10 official government document
Lorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero

**Lorenzo Iglecias "Larry" De Leon Guerrero** (January 25, 1935 – October 6, 2006) was a Northern Mariana Islander Republican politician who was the 3rd Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands from 1990 to 1994. He was also the 1st president of the Northern Mariana Islands Senate from 1978 to 1980. 

Guerrero died on October 6, 2006, after a long illness.

## References
Dwight H. Green

**Dwight Herbert Green** (January 9, 1897 – February 20, 1958) was an American politician. He was the 30th Governor of Illinois from 1941 to 1949. Green was a Republican. He was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for Mayor of Chicago in the 1939 election.

## References
John Henry Stelle

**John Henry Stelle** (August 10, 1891 – July 5, 1962) was an American politician. He was the 29th governor of Illinois from 1940 until 1941. He was also the 34th lieutenant governor of Illinois from 1937 until 1940 and the Treasurer of Illinois from 1935 until 1937.

## References
## Other websites
*
John Peter Altgeld

**John Peter Altgeld** (December 30, 1847 – March 12, 1902) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the 20th Governor of Illinois from 1893 until 1897.

## References
## Other websites
Joseph W. Fifer

**Joseph Wilson Fifer** (October 28, 1840 – August 6, 1938) was an American politician. He was the 19th governor of Illinois from 1889 to 1893. He also was a member of the Illinois Senate from 1881 to 1883.

## References
John Marshall Hamilton

**John Marshall Hamilton** (May 28, 1847&nbsp;– September 22, 1905) was an American politician. He was the 18th Governor of Illinois from 1883 to 1885. Hamilton was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1876. He served there until 1881, when he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois on a ticket with Shelby Moore Cullom. When Cullom resigned after election to the United States Senate, Hamilton became Governor of Illinois.

## References
John Boyle (congressman)

**John Boyle** (October 28, 1774 – February 28, 1834) was an American politician and judge. He was a U.S. representative from Kentucky from 1803 to 1809. He was chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (now the Kentucky Supreme Court) from 1810 to 1826. He was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky from 1826 to 1834.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* History of the Sixth Circuit
*
Nathaniel Pope

**Nathaniel Pope** (January 5, 1784 – January 23, 1850) was an American politician. He was the Secretary of the Illinois Territory, then as a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Illinois Territory.

## References
Shelby M. Cullom

**Shelby Moore Cullom** (November 22, 1829 – January 28, 1914) was an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1865 until 1871. He was am member of the United States Senate from 1883 until 1913. He was the 17th Governor of Illinois from 1877 until 1883.

## References
John Lourie Beveridge

**John Lourie Beveridge** (July 6, 1824&nbsp;– May 3, 1910) was the 16th Governor of Illinois from 1873 to 1877.

John Lourie Beveridge was born in Greenwich, New York, on July 6, 1824, the son of Ann (Hoy) and George Beveridge. 

## References
John M. Palmer

**John McAuley Palmer** (September 13, 1817September 25, 1900) was an American politician. He was the 15th governor of Illinois from 1869 until 1873. He was a presidential candidate of the National Democratic Party in the 1896 election.

## References
Physeter

***Physeter*** is a genus of giant toothed whales, that include now a only living species: Sperm whale (*Physeter macrocephalus*)*.* The genus include two possible extinct species, and with a one probably junior synonym: *Physeter antiquus* and *P. vetus*. *P. vetus* is now considered a synonym of *P. antiquus*, the *P. antiquus* is the only extinct species of the genus.

## Related pages 
* Sperm whale

## References 
## Notes 
* The fossil of Sperm whales is very rare.
* The synonym of *Physeter* include: *Catodon*, *Orthodon*, *Megistosaurus* and others names.
* See also PBDB from the synonyms.
Richard Yates Sr.

**Richard Yates Sr.** (January 18, 1815 – November 27, 1873) was an American attorney and politician. He was the 13th Governor of Illinois from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. He also represented the state in the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1855 and the United States Senate from 1865 to 1871. His son, Richard Yates Jr., was also governor.

## References
## Other websites
*Illinois Blue Book 2005–2006
*Digital collections of the Yates Family Papers  and Yates (Wabash College) Papers  at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum website
Richard Yates (politician)

**Richard Yates** can be about:
*Richard Yates Sr. (1815–1873), 13th governor of Illinois (1861–1865), U.S. Senator from Illinois (1865–1871), U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1851–1855), member of Illinois House of Representatives (1842–1845, 1848–1849)
*Richard Yates Jr. (1860–1936), son of above, 22nd governor of Illinois (1901–1905), U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1919–1933)
John Wood (governor)

**John Wood** (December 20, 1798&nbsp;– June 4, 1880) was an American politician. He was the 12th governor of Illinois, serving from March 18, 1860, to January 14, 1861.  Wood was a founder, and the first settler of Quincy, Illinois.

## References
Sempronius, New York

**Sempronius** is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 840 at the 2020 census.

## References
William Henry Bissell

**William Henry Bissell** (April 25, 1811March 18, 1860) was an American politician. He was the 11th Governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1857 until his death in 1860. He died of pneumonia at the Illinois Executive Mansion in Springfield.

## References
## Other websites
*William Henry Bissell-First Catholic Governor of Illinois
*The first big Springfield funeral
Hartwick, New York

**Hartwick** is a town located in Otsego County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town had a population of 1,952.

## References
Augustus C. French

**Augustus Chaflin French** (August 2, 1808 &ndash; September 4, 1864) was an American politician who was the ninth governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1846 until 1853.

French was born in Hill, New Hampshire, the son of Eunice (Dickerson) and Joseph French.

## References
Thomas Ford (politician)

**Thomas Ford** (December 5, 1800 – November 3, 1850) was an American lawyer, judge, author and politician. He was the eighth Governor of Illinois from 1842 until 1846. Ford County, Illinois is named for him.

## References
Prelude and Fugue in F major, BWV 880

The **Prelude and Fugue in** **F major, BWV 880**, is a piece of music for keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the 11th prelude and fugue in the second book of *The Well-Tempered Clavier*, a group of 48 preludes and fugues.

## References 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* 
*
Nick Jr. (Scandinavian TV channel)

**Nick Jr.** is a Scandinavian television channel targeting preschoolers.

Viasat announced the launch of Nick Jr. on 25 May 2010. It launched on 1 September 2010. Viasat and Tele2 TV were broadcasting the channel from the start. Canal Digital added the channel on 7 January 2013.

Nick Jr. became MTV Networks' fourth dedicated Swedish channel, after MTV, Nickelodeon and Comedy Central.

## References
Charles S. Deneen

**Charles Samuel Deneen** (May 4, 1863 – February 5, 1940) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He was the 23rd Governor of Illinois from 1905 to 1913. He was a U.S. Senator from 1925 to 1931. Deneen was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1892 to 1894. 

Deneen was born in Edwardsville, Illinois, to Samuel H. Deneen and Mary Frances Ashley. 

## References
Joseph Duncan (politician)

**Joseph Duncan** (February 22, 1794January 15, 1844) was an American politician. He was the sixth Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838. He is the only Whig to ever govern the state. 

Duncan died at his home in Jacksonville, Illinois on January 15, 1844, at the age of 49.

## References
William Lee D. Ewing

**William Lee Davidson Ewing** (August 31, 1795&nbsp;– March 25, 1846) was an American politician. He was the 5th Governor of Illinois for one month in 1834. He was the 5th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois from 1833 until 1834. From 1835 until 1837, he was the United States Senator from Illinois.

He died at his home in Springfield, Illinois on March 25, 1846.

## References
John Reynolds (Illinois politician)

**John M. Reynolds** (February 26, 1788May 8, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a justice of the Illinois Supreme Court from 1818 to 1825. Reynolds won several elections to the Illinois House of Representatives. He was also a member of the United States House of Representatives and was the fourth Governor of Illinois from 1830 to 1834.

Reynolds published *Pioneer History of Illinois* and a large autobiography titled *My Own Times*.

## References
Supreme Court of Illinois

The **Supreme Court of Illinois** is the state supreme court, the highest court, in Illinois. 

## Powers
The court's powers are given in Article VI of the current Illinois Constitution, which gives seven justices to the court who are elected from the five appellate judicial districts of the state: three justices from the First District (Cook County) and one from each of the other four districts. Each justice is elected for a term of ten years and can run for re-election. 

The chief justice is elected by the court from its members for a three-year term.

## Current justices
## References
Mary Jane Theis

**Mary Jane Theis** (born February 27, 1949) is an American judge. In 2022, she became chief justice of the Illinois Supreme Court after the retirement of then-chief justice Anne M. Burke.

She was born Mary Jane Wendt in Chicago. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

## References
Constitution of Illinois

The **Constitution of the State of Illinois** is the constitution of the state of Illinois. There have been four Illinois Constitutions, with the fourth version becoming official in 1970. Before, the constitution was changed in 1848 and 1870. 

## Preamble
The 1970 Constitution has a preamble and 14 articles. The current preamble says:

## References
TDI (engine)

**Turbocharged Direct Injection**, or **TDI**, is a name Volkswagen and its partner companies use for a certain type of diesel engine. These engines use a highly-pressurized fuel rail (over 2,000 bar/29,000 PSI) and intercooler to enhance the power gained from turbocharging an engine. These engines could be found in inline three, four, and five configurations, as well as V6, V8, and V10 configurations.

TDI engines have become controversial recently. This is because some TDI engines used a system to under-report their emissions of harmful gases during testing (at the cost of some performance and fuel economy), but were not sold in the emissions-defeating mode, which was a more powerful and efficient fine-tuning of the engine at the cost of more harmful emissions. This meant that the engine could put out up to forty times more nitrogen oxides than was legally allowed.

## References
Jacinto Barquín

**Jacinto Barquín Rivero** (3 September 1915 – date of death unknown) was a Cuban footballer who played as a defender.

## International career
Barquín made his debut for Cuba at the 1935 Central American and Caribbean Games, where he would score 2 goals. In 1938, Barquín was called up to Cuba's squad for the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France. He played in all three matches at the tournament.

He would also play for Cuba at the 1947 and 1949 NAFC Championships, the second tournament being a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.

## References
## Other websites
*
Arturo Galceran

**Arturo Galcerán Nogués** (date of birth and death unknown) was a Cuban football midfielder. He played for Cuba at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. 

## References
Telmatobius ceiorum

The **Catamarca water frog** (*Telmatobius ceiorum*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home
This frog spends most of its time in the water. It lives in streams in cloud forests high in the mountains. Scientists saw it on the east side of Cumbres Calchaquíes and Nevados del Aconquija. Scientists saw this frog between 1500 and 2200 meters above sea level.

Scientists found some of these frogs in a protected place, Parque Nacional Los Alisos.

## Young
The tadpoles swim in streams.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in very big danger of dying out. Fish from other parts of the world, for example trout, can kill this species. Human beings change the palces where the frog lives by cutting down trees to get wood to build with and changing the streams and water. Bad chemicals from mines and humans' animals can also hurt the frog. Scientists think the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* and the disease chytridiomycosis could also kill this frog.

## References
Quah Jing Wen

**Quah Jing Wen** (; born 20 December 2000) is a Singaporean swimmer.

## Career
In 2017, Quah won five gold medals and a silver medal at the Commonwealth Youth Games in Nassau. She also won five more gold medals in the 2017 SEA Games.

## Personal life
Wen has an older sister and an older brother. They are also swimmers. 

In 2021, Wen graduated from university with a bachelor's degree in .

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Thomas Carlin

**Thomas Carlin** (July 18, 1789 – February 14, 1852) an American farmer, soldier and politician who was the seventh Governor of Illinois from 1838 to 1842. He became the first Democrat nominated at an Illinois state convention.

## References