open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Elasticity (physics)

:*Economic elasticity is at elasticity (economics)*

Something that is **elastic** can be stretched or deformed (changed) and returned to its original form, like a rubber band. It tries to come back to its first shape. The *stress* is the force applied; the *strain* is how much the shape is changed, and the elastic modulus is the ratio between those numbers.

This idea was first suggested by Robert Hooke in 1675.

The simplest model for elasticity is Hooke's law. It says that the force to stretch something (F) is proportional to the distance it is stretched (x). This is usually written as F=k x, where k is a constant called the spring constant. If it is easy to stretch a material, that material has a lower k value. 

Elastic materials are different than plastic materials. A plastic material can be stretched or deformed, but it will not return to its original form. 

## References
Saint Helena (disambiguation)

**Saint Helena** can mean:
*Saint Helena of Constantinople, Roman empress and the mother of Emperor Constantine the Great
*Saint Helena of Skövde, Swedish 12th century saint
*The remote British-controlled island of Saint Helena
*Saint Helena, a barrier island of South Carolina (United States)
*villages and a city in the United States
**St. Helena, California
**St. Helena, Nebraska
**St. Helena, North Carolina

See also: St Helens; St. Helena Parish, Louisiana
Electron microscope

from a scanning electron microscope.]]
An **electron microscope** is a scientific instrument which uses a beam of electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. In an optical microscope, the wavelength of light limits the maximum magnification that is possible. As electrons have a smaller wavelength, they can achieve a higher magnification, and can see very small objects - typically around 1,000 times smaller than those seen in an optical microscope. The outline of objects, as revealed by the flow of electrons, is changed into a picture using visible light for people to see. Electron microscopes were invented in Germany in the 1930s.

## Types of electron microscope 
### Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 
A beam of electrons is sent towards the specimen - some electrons are reflected, while some pass through. Those that pass through are detected and used to form an image of the specimen at a magnification of about 500,000 times. This microscope is more powerful than a light microscope.

### Reflection Electron Microscope (REM) 
Similar to a Transmission Electron Microscope, but the reflected electrons are detected. By measuring the reflected electrons, some information about the surface of the specimen can be gathered.

### Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 
A narrow beam of electrons is moved across the specimen and a picture is built up piece by piece by detecting how the electrons are reflected or absorbed as it moves.

### Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) 
It combines the high magnification of TEM with the better surface detail of SEM. It can be used to perform complex analysis on the specimen, which cannot be done using TEM alone.

## Related pages
* Scanning tunneling microscope
Insomnia

**Insomnia** is when people cannot sleep for long or short periods. A person with this problem is called an *insomniac*. Insomnia can mean a problem with getting to sleep or a problem with staying asleep. Insomnia is a symptom and not a disease or illness.

## Types
There are at least three different types of insomnia:

# *Transient* Insomnia: from one night to a few weeks
# *Acute* Insomnia: from a few weeks to about six months
# *Chronic* Insomnia: years at a time

## Causes
There are many causes of insomnia, but the cause might not be known in some people. Some causes are:

### Aging
* As people get older, their sleep patterns change. They will sleep shorter periods of time, but more often. Younger people usually sleep longer. This is normal

### Substance abuse
* Some insomnia issues are caused by stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine, cocaine and nicotine. Coffee stimulates the body, and people tend to drink quite a lot of it when they are at work. If they drink too much of it, they will have problems falling asleep in the evening. The same is true for tea, colas, or any other drink with caffeine in it
* Some substances, like alcohol can have a bad effect. It can be very hard to sleep after drinking a lot of alcohol. The world may spin and there can be an urge to vomit as soon the person closes their eyes. Drugs can also have this effect, even some "sleeping" pills.

### Mental illnesses
* People with disorders of their circadian rhythms often have trouble sleeping at normal times
* Some people worry a lot. Their worries during the day will bother them at night. They might have nightmares, or they may wake up sweating
* Insomnia is a common symptom of some mental illnesses: bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dementia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

### Infectious diseases
* A very rare disease called fatal familial insomnia prevents some people from falling asleep. In this disease, a person can no longer sleep and after a while will die from being so tired. It is caused by a protein similar to the one that causes mad cow disease which is a very bad disease that comes from eating contaminated meat

## Treatments
There are drugs available that can help treat the different kinds of insomnia. In some cases, there are also certain herbs that can help. A third way that seems to help is a type of therapy that aims at changing the behaviour of those affected.

## References
Red Sea

The **Red Sea** is a sea between the Arabian Peninsula of Asia in the northeast and Africa in the southwest. It is a part of the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea is about 2200&nbsp;km long and  less than 330&nbsp;km wide.

Many ships go through the Red Sea because the Suez Channel at the north end connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Bab-el-Mandeb in the south is a gate to the Indian Ocean. Ports include Suez, Port Sudan, Massawa, Yanbu al-Bahr, Jeddah, Aqaba and Eilat. 

The Red Sea has that name because it sometimes looks red from the red algae. The water has more salt and is clearer than water of most other seas because almost no rivers run into it.

The climate is dry and warm the whole year. Many people, including those from Europe, like to vacation there during the winter. Some of them are divers and want to see the beautiful coral reefs and fish. Seaside resorts include Sharm el-Sheikh, Eilat or Hurghada. 

## Geography 
The countries next to the Red Sea are Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel. 

## References
List of country calling codes

The page is a **list of country calling codes**. These are area codes for telephone numbers.

## Zone 1 - North American Numbering Plan Area 
Places in the NANPA (North American Numbering Plan Area) have been given area codes as if they were all areas inside one country.

:*For more information please see nanpa.com*

## Zone 2 - Mostly Africa 
## Zone 3 - Europe 
## Zone 4 - Europe 
## Zone 5 - Mexico, Central and South America. 
## Zone 6 - South Pacific and Oceania 
## Zone 7 - Russia and its vicinity (former Soviet Union) 
* 7 - Russia; Kazakhstan; Abkhazia (disputed with Georgia)

## Zone 8 - East Asia and Special Services 
## Zone 9 - West, South and Central Asia, Middle East 
## Zone 0 - probably Antarctica 
* 0xx - unused, probably used for Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic territories in future

## Other websites 
* http://www.lincmad.com/world.html 
* http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-LT.1-2015-PDF-E.pdf
* http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2016-PDF-E.pdf
* http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164C-2011-PDF-E.pdf
* http://www.wtng.info/
Pilot

.]]A **pilot** is a person that drives a transport vehicle such as an airplane, spacecraft, or boat. All types of pilots must pass tests and obtain a license before they can operate the vehicle. 
## Overview
An aircraft pilot is usually in charge of a flying machine for the whole trip. Some larger aircraft have both a pilot and a co-pilot so one can rest while the other works or both can work at busy times such as take-off and landing. Drone pilots usually stay on the ground and operate the machine by radio control. Sometimes one pilot handles several drones at the same time. Maritime or ship pilots usually only guide the ship through an especially difficult place such as a harbor which they have carefully studied. They are usually aboard only during this passage. 

## References
## Other websites 
**How to Become a Pilot*: A guide to aviation training and career pathways.
Charles August Lindbergh

**Charles August Lindbergh, Sr.** (January 20, 1859 – May 24, 1924), was a United States Congressman for 6th District of Minnesota from 1907 to 1917. Lindbergh was a member of the Republican Party. He was the father of Charles Lindbergh.

## References
* Larson, Bruce L. *Lindbergh of Minnesota: A Political Biography*. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. .
Madison, Wisconsin

**Madison** is the capital city of Wisconsin, a state in the United States of America. As of the 2020 census, it had 269,840 people living in it, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin. It is the county seat of Dane County. Madison is also home to the University of Wisconsin.

## References
## Other websites
* Official city website
Laura Ingalls Wilder

**Laura Ingalls Wilder** (February 7, 1867 - February 10, 1957) was an American writer. She was born in Wisconsin and spent her childhood in Missouri and Kansas. She became a teacher in South Dakota at age 16.

Wilder is best known as the author of the *Little House on the Prairie* series of books. A TV series, *Little House On the Prairie*, was inspired by the story of her life as told in her books. The series starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura and Michael Landon as Charles 'Pa' Ingalls.

## Other websites 
*[Little House Wiki: Laura Ingalls Wilder](http://littlehouse.wikia.com/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder_(author))
Faroese language

**Faroese** is the Germanic language of the Faroe Islands spoken by about 70,000 people. The language came from Old Norse which was spoken in the Middle Ages. Faroese is the most similar to Icelandic. The alphabet has 29 letters that come from the Latin alphabet.

## Faroese numbers
## References
Tequila

**Tequila** is a Latin American drink from Mexico that contains alcohol. It is made from a plant called agave. It contains about 40 percent alcohol, and is often used in bars and nightclubs to make mixed drinks such as the *tequila sunrise* or the Margarita.
One Thousand and One Nights

***One Thousand and One Nights*** is an old cycle (or group) of stories that mostly come from Arabia and Persia, and a few also from India, Central Asia and China. All these stories were later collected together. There are different layers of the stories:

* Uppermost is the story of Queen Scheherazade who needs to entertain her husband, the Sultan or King Sheheryar, or she would be put to death.
* The next layer is made up of the actual stories, such as Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, etc.
* In those stories, there is often also a narrator who tells the story.

It is similar to *101 Nights*, also known as *The Book with the Story of the 101 Nights*, another Arabic story collection. The collections only have two stories in common - “The Ebony Horse” and “The King’s Son and the Seven Viziers,” popularly known as “The Book of Sinbad.”

## Related pages
* Sinbad the Sailor
* Ali Baba
* Aladdin
* Hanna Diyab

## References 
## Other websites
* *The Thousand Nights and a Night* in several classic translations, including unexpurgated version by Sir Francis Burton, and John Payne translation, with additional material.
* *Stories From One Thousand and One Nights*, (Lane and Poole translation): Project Bartleby edition
* *The Arabian Nights* (includes Lang and (expurgated) Burton translations): Electronic Literature Foundation editions 
* The Medieval Arabic Nights  - a study
* Jonathan Scott translation of Arabian Nights
* Notes on the influences and context of the *Thousand and One Nights* 
* 1001 Resources and Links for A Thousand and One Nights  University of Houston
* The Book of the Thousand and One Nights  by John Crocker
* (expurgated) Sir Burton's ~1885 translation, annotated for English study.
* Arabian Nights' Tales  Dedicated site with just the stories of 1001 nights listed in order.
Coup d'état

A '''coup d'état** (pronounced []), or just **coup''' ([]) for short, is the removal of a head of state and/or a head of government from power (overthrow). Unlike a revolution in which large numbers of people usually take over, a coup can be done by a small number of people. Even one person can cause a coup, such as Idi Amin for example, who controlled the Ugandan Army. Coups can also be organized by other countries, such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. 

One well-known failed coup was the Beer Hall Putsch in which Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria, a state in Germany. Other failed coups include the 20 July Plot against Hitler and the Gunpowder Plot against King James VI and I of Scotland and England.

The term comes from the French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state".

Informally, *coup* is sometimes used to refer to takeovers or wins, in places other than government such as in a company or corporation.
Royal Air Force

The **Royal Air Force** (acronym: **RAF**) is the air force of the United Kingdom. The RAF began in 1918 when the Royal Flying Corps (pronounced *core*) and the Royal Naval Air Service joined together. It is the oldest air force in the world. The first man to lead the RAF was Hugh Trenchard. The RAF has many bases across the world, including the United Kingdom, Falkland Islands, Cyprus and Gibraltar. Some examples of the British bases are RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland, RAF Valley in Wales, RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland and RAF Linton-on Ouse in England. The RAF has new planes including the Eurofighter Typhoon, F35 Lightning II and the BAE Systems Hawk. The Hawk is used to train fast jet pilots. At the end of 2022 the UK had 30 F35 Lightning II.

## World War II 
The RAF were very busy during World War II. Many important planes were built for the RAF. The Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane helped defend Britain during the Battle of Britain. The Avro Lancaster bomber attacked Germany with strategic bombing. The RAF lost great numbers of pilots and aircraft, fighting around the world and especially against the *Luftwaffe*, the German Air Force.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 241 Squadron RAF  1918 Great War Forum
* The RAF website
* pictures of RAF planes in action
Stroke (disambiguation)

**Stroke** can mean one of the following:
*Stroke, a cerebral accident, when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted
* A sunstroke
*Stroke (Chinese character), in graphics of Chinese characters.
*A single line without any break, see stroke order
*A different name for the typographical character known as slash
*Stroke (engine), a single action of some engines
*stroke (software), a port scanning utility
Little House (book series)

***Little House on the Prairie*** is a book written by Laura Ingalls Wilder in 1935. It is one part of series of books about Wilder's childhood in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Kansas during the late 19th century. The books have been made many times into movies and television series. Some other writers have also written books about Laura and her relatives.

The books became famous during the 20th century.  During the 21st century, scholars began to look at them closely as literature and as art.  Wilder has been criticized for the way she shows Native Americans and black Americans.

In 2015, an edited version of *Pioneer Girl* was published. It has many footnotes explaining things for twenty-first-century readers.

## Other websites
*Little House Wiki: Little House on the Prairie
*

## References
Priest

priest from the Belgian Congo.]]
A **priest** or **priestess** is a person who  is allowed to do religious rites. Their office or position is the **priesthood**, a word which can also be used for such persons collectively. In most religions and cultures in history there have been priests, although they have a lot of different names, and follow different rules. 

## In Christianity 
A **priest** is a member of a church that has been told to look after his (spiritual) community. He is the head of a parish.

*Catholic priests are ordained (put in place) by the Pope (or in his absence: a bishop).
*Orthodox priests are ordained by the Patriarch
*Anglican priests are ordained by their bishop.
*Most Protestant groups do not ordain priests.

To become a Catholic priest, you are required to study Theology. The Orthodox and Protestant Churches also have laymen as clergy. Many priests begin their vocation as deacons.

Catholic priests are not allowed to marry meaning that they have to be celibate. Orthodox priests can be married, but they must not marry after they become a priest. Anglican priests can get married before or during the time they are a priest.

The Catholic Church does not allow women to become priests. However, some Anglican Churches allow women to be priests.

The Orthodox Church has a higher priest called a Patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, like the Roman Catholic Church has a Pope, Pope Tawadras.

### Buddhism
Many Buddhist monks such as the Dalai Lama have ministers of the temple.

## Japan
In Japan there are Buddhist priests and nuns, Shinto priests and priestesses (*kannushi*) as well as clergy in the Christian traditions.

## Other websites
Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano

'''Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano''' is an Italian choir of children. It was created in Bologna in 1963 by Mariele Ventre. The children had to help singing children at Zecchino d'Oro festival. In 1995, Mariele Ventre died and the choir has a new director - Sabrina Simoni - and a new name - ''Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano''.

In 2025, Sabrina Simoni exit from Piccolo Coro. New director is Margherita Gamberini.
Chain

y iron chain]]

A **chain** is similar to a rope but is made up of several elements, called links.
* A chain is also a measure of length
* A human chain can be made by humans standing next to one another and who hold hands or link arms. It is a chain that has people for its links. 
* Chain stores are retail stores that share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They may have the same owners or be franchised.
Ward Cunningham

2006]]
**Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham** (born May 26, 1949) is an American computer programmer. He started the first wiki website on March 25, 1995, and is considered the inventor of that software. He currently lives in Beaverton, Oregon.

Ward Cunningham got a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Purdue University, and then got his master's degree in computer science from there. he has worked for Tektronix Computer Research Laboratory, the Eclipse Foundation, and Microsoft, among other places. In 2009, he joined AboutUs, an editable guide to websites.

## Other websites 
* WikiWikiWeb, the first wiki hosted at c2.com
* Ward's personal pages on c2.com
The Wizard of Oz

***The Wizard of Oz*** is an American musical movie. It was produced by MGM and released by MGM in 1939. The movie is based on the children's book *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz* by L. Frank Baum. This book was first published in May 1900. The book and movie are about a little girl's adventures in the land called Oz. This is still watched from 1939 to 2025.

The song "Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The movie was first televised in 1957. It became an annual Thanksgiving television special for many years. The movie was named the most-watched motion picture in history by the Library of Congress.

In 1998, the movie was sixth on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

## Story 
Dorothy (Judy Garland) lives on a drab Kansas farm with her Auntie Em and Uncle Henry (Clara Blandick and Charlie Grapewin). A powerful storm sweeps her and her house away to the Land of Oz. Upon arriving, she arrives in a town of people called "munchkins". She soon realises that her house has crushed a witch and now the witch's magical ruby slippers belong to her. The good witch, Glinda (Billie Burke), tells her that only the Wizard of Oz (Frank Morgan) can send her back home. 

She must go to the Emerald City to see him. She sets off on the Yellow Brick Road wearing the witch's ruby slippers. She makes three friends on the road: a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, and a Cowardly Lion (Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr).

On the way to Emerald City, the friends are tormented by The Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton). She is the sister of the witch Dorothy killed. She wants the ruby slippers. Dorothy won't give the slippers to the witch. The friends arrive in Emerald City. The Wizard refuses to help them unless they defeat the Wicked Witch. The friends go to the Witch's castle and are captured. The Witch tries to torture the scarecrow with fire so Dorothy throws a bucket of water over the Witch, causing her to melt.

In the Emerald City, the four friends are welcomed as heroes. It is revealed that the Wizard is not actually magic and is instead just an ordinary scientist. The Wizard prepares his hot air balloon to take Dorothy back to Kansas. But the balloon takes off without her. The good witch called Glinda (Billie Burke) tells Dorothy she can go home by just clicking the heels of the ruby slippers together and thinking about home. She does this. She wakes up in her bed. Her adventures have been a dream.

## Main cast 
* Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
* Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
* Jack Haley as the Tin Man
* Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
* Margaret Hamilton as the Wicked Witch
* Billie Burke as Glinda, the Good Witch
* Frank Morgan as the Wizard of Oz
* Clara Blandick as Aunt Em
* Charlie Grapewin as Uncle Henry

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Greatest Films
*RaveCentral 
*The Wizard of Oz tornado  - on the set
*Moria.co.nz Review
Rope

rope]]

A **rope** is made out of several threads. The material can be organic, like flax, or it can be small threads of steel (in case of a steel rope, wire or cable). A rope can be used to , or pull things, like pulling a ship into a harbor with another ship, or fixing the ship so it does not move away. The twisting of fibers in rope is what leads to its high tensile strength (meaning it's very difficult to pull apart) and this innovation allowed the rope to become a construction staple that has been used for millennia. Ropes have been used for thousands of years, from the Egyptians using them in 4000BCE and modern-day construction that relies heavily on the strength of this tool.

## Gallery

File:Tågvirke - Ystad-2016.jpg|Fishermen measure lengths of rope in Ystad 2016.
File:Rope in Dunbar Harbour.jpg|Rope that is used for holding ships in port
Gillian Anderson

**Gillian Leigh Anderson**,  (born August 9, 1968) is an American film, television and theatre actress, activist and writer. Her credits include the roles of FBI Special Agent Dana Scully in the long-running and widely popular series *The X-Files*, ill-fated socialite Lily Bart in Terence Davies' film *The House of Mirth* (2000), and DSI Stella Gibson on the BBC crime drama television series *The Fall*. Among other honours, Anderson has won a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

After beginning her career on stage, Anderson achieved international recognition for her role as FBI Special Agent Dana Scully on the American sci-fi drama series *The X-Files* for all ten seasons (1993–2002, 2016). Her film work includes the dramas *The Mighty Celt* (2005), *The Last King of Scotland* (2006), *Shadow Dancer* (2012) and two *X-Files* films: *The X-Files: Fight the Future* (1998) and *The X-Files: I Want to Believe* (2008). Her other notable television credits include: portraying Lady Dedlock in the successful BBC production of Charles Dickens' *Bleak House*, Wallis Simpson in *Any Human Heart*, portraying Miss Havisham in *Great Expectations* (2011) and Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier on *Hannibal*. In 2013, Anderson began starring as DSI Stella Gibson on the critically acclaimed BBC crime drama television series *The Fall*. She has been serving as an executive producer from its second series. She will be appearing as goddess Media in the upcoming TV series *American Gods*. Anderson is the co-writer of *The EarthEnd Saga* novel trilogy and the self-help guide book *WE: A Manifesto for Women Everywhere*.

Aside from film and TV, Anderson has taken on the stage and has received both awards and critical acclaim. Her stage work includes *Absent Friends* (1991) – for which she won a Theatre World Award for Best Newcomer, ''A Doll's House* (2009) –  that earned her a Laurence Olivier Award nomination, and a portrayal of Blanche DuBois in *A Streetcar Named Desire* (2014, 2016) – for which she won the *Evening Standard'' Theatre Award for Best Actress and received her second Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress.

Anderson has been active in supporting numerous charities and humanitarian organizations. She is an honorary spokesperson for the Neurofibromatosis (NF) Network and the co-founder of South African Youth Education for Sustainability (SAYes). Anderson was appointed an honorary Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2016 for her services to drama.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Gillian Anderson at Emmys.com
Debt

**Debt** is what someone owes to someone else. Usually, debt is in the form of money, but it can also be , services, favors, or other things. Thus if you make an agreement to give or do something for someone else, you now owe a debt. Unpaid debt can lead to problems such as the Greek government-debt crisis. Debt is used by governments, corporations and individuals to make purchases that they could not normally afford.  Common types of debt owed by households and individuals are mortgage loans, car loans, credit card debt, and income taxes. In the case of individuals, debt is a way to use an anticipated income combined with the future purchasing power at present before earning the same. 

On the other hand, corporates have a multitude of options when it comes to debt.  Companies may use debt for their working capital or day-to-day operations.

## Types of debt 
Goods, services or money borrowed with the intent of repayment (in kind or not) creates a debt. Debt can be classified as either secured debt, unsecured debt, revolving debt, or a mortgage.

A secured debt uses *collateral*, which is an asset that is promised to the debt-holder until the debt has been repaid. If the repayment is not made in full, the lender gets the collateral asset. For instance, a car loan typically creates a secured debt. If you still owe money on the car loan and do not make timely payments, the note-holder can take back (or repossess) the car and sell it to get the money still due. A home mortgage is similar. 

An unsecured debt is more risky to the debt-holder (the lender, also called creditor). In the event of non-payment of the debt, the lender cannot take assets. Credit card debt is typically unsecured. If you charge items to a credit card and do not make the monthly payments, the credit card issuer can report the non-payment to the credit-reporting agencies. That will reduce your credit score so others will not lend you money. But usually they cannot take back whatever you bought with the card.

Revolving debt is a line of credit or an amount that a borrower can continuously borrow from. In other words, the borrower may use funds up to a certain amount, pay it back, and borrow up to that amount again. Revolving credit accounts are open ended, meaning they don’t have an end date. As long as the account remains open and in good standing, borrower can continue to use it.

A mortgage is a debt issued to purchase real estate, such as a house or condo. It is a form of secured debt as the subject real estate is used as collateral against the loan.

## Related pages 
*Asset (contrary notion)
*Debt bondage
*Loan

## References
Mestizo

***Mestizo*** (meh-STEE-tzo), is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed Spanish and other ancestry. It is most often used with the other being Native American.

Mestizos have existed since men from Spain controlled much of what is now Latin America. "Mestizo" is the masculine form; "mestiza" the feminine. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in some Latin American nations. A large minority of mestizos makes up most of the population in Mexico, the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world.

During the colonial era, many Native Americans converted to Roman Catholicism and began using Spanish instead of their traditional language. That was because of the racial hierarchy that existed in the Spanish colonies, which gave Spaniards a higher social class than Native Americans and free or enslaved West Africans. That has made many Native Americans gain a better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "Indios."

## Indo-Mestizo 
*Indo-Mestizo* (also known as *Cholo*, is a Spanish term for a person who has around three-fourths Native American and one-fourth Spanish ancestry, It is a derogatory term used by the Spanish caste system for racial segregation and discrimination against original Native people.

It is a racial slur used that discriminates mostly against original Native people in eastern and southern Mexico, much of Northern Central America, the Pacific side of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Bolivia.

Indo-Mestizos usually have more Native American traits but may have either a light pigmentation with completely Native American features or a dark pigmentation with some obvious Spanish features.

Famous Indo-Mestizos are Maya Zapata, George Lopez, and Danny Trejo. They are called so because of their appearance, not because of their known genetic background. 

## References
Uranium

**Uranium** is a chemical element (a metal) on the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 92, which means that a uranium atom has 92 protons in its center, the nucleus. 

The Uranium dug out of the ground is made from three different isotopes. The isotopes are different types of uranium with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Most of it is uranium-238; uranium-235 is less common; uranium-234 is the rarest. Pitchblende is the main ore that is mined for uranium.

Uranium-235 can be used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons by making a nuclear chain reaction. This turns the uranium-235 into uranium-236 and splits the nucleus into two smaller nuclei. This makes two completely different elements with smaller atomic numbers. The process is called nuclear fission and creates lots of heat. This heat makes it very useful for making steam in nuclear reactors, or for making explosions with nuclear weapons. Most such weapons use plutonium made from uranium-238. Uranium is slightly radioactive.

Uranium without its uranium-235 is called depleted uranium. It is less radioactive than natural uranium. It is used in anti-tank weapons. Uranium can also be used as a dye for stained glass or pottery.

Uranium is a dangerous substance. Because uranium is radioactive it is often seen with the hazard sign for radioactive elements, a group of three triangles with curved outer edges pointing in towards the middle (as you can see on the left). Uranium is a shiny white metal, but is usually seen in its oxide form which is black. Spent or partially spent uranium fuel rods are kept underwater, inside a nuclear reactor or in a spent fuel pool. Uranium can glow blue due to Cherenkov radiation. In addition to being radioactive, uranium is a heavy metal and is chemically toxic.

## Characteristics 
Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6. It is malleable, ductile and slightly paramagnetic. It is strongly electropositive. It is a poor electrical conductor. Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3.

Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements and their compounds. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid dissolve the element very slowly.

Radioactive heat production is present on Earth in quantities. It may be a widespread component of Solar System planets, and possible other planetary systems. That might help to explain the high internal temperatures of planets.

## Mining 
The world's largest producer of uranium is Kazakhstan, which in 2019 produced 43% of the world's mining output. Canada was the next largest producer with a 13% share, followed by Australia with 12%. Uranium has been mined in every continent except Antarctica.

## References
Melilla

**Melilla** is a city in North Africa, which is separated from Spain by the Mediterranean Sea. It is an exclave that belongs to Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Ceuta is another such city. Until it became a self-governing city in 1995, it belonged to the Province of Málaga.

Its surface is about 20 square kilometers, and there are almost 70,000 people living there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Google Maps entry for Melilla
Ceuta

**Ceuta** is a Spanish city in North Africa, at the Strait of Gibraltar which divides it from mainland Spain. It is an exclave of Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Melilla is another such city. The city area is about 20 square kilometers, and there are over 82,000 people living in the city. The city is surrounded by a border fence, which has been built to keep the Moroccans (and other Africans) from moving there unlawfully. Until it became a self-governing city in 1995, it belonged to the Province of Cádiz.

It was built by the Phoenicians at a strategic position.

## References 
## Other websites
Harmonica

A **harmonica** is small musical instrument that is played with the mouth by blowing into holes in its side. Harmonicas are cheap and easy to play. Harmonicas produce their musical sounds from the vibrations of reeds in the harmonica's metal case. Harmonicas are used in blues music, folk music, rock and roll music, and pop music. A special type of harmonica, the chromatic harmonica, is used in jazz and classical music. Harmonicas are made in several different keys: G, A♭, A, B♭, B, C, D♭, D, E♭, E, F, and F♯. Each key can play a different range of notes. It's a popular instrument in music genres, such as blues, folk, jazz, country and rock music.

## How they are played
Harmonicas are played by blowing or sucking air into one side. On this side, there are many holes. Each hole has a different note. Different notes are played when you blow or suck air.

## Harmonica players
*Bob Dylan is a famous harmonica player from the 1960s folk rock scene.
*Willi Burger is a famous classical harmonica player.eez
*Neil Young is a folk/grunge musician who plays the harmonica.
*Steven Tyler, from Aerosmith, plays the harmonica.
*Little Walter, one of the most well known blues harmonica players ever.
*Yvonnick Prene is a groundbreaking jazz harmonica player.
### Other Harmonica players
***Bluesharp players**

*Jazz
* Larry Adler
* Matthias Broede
* Jens Bunge
* Hermine Deurloo
* Maurício Einhorn
* Adam Glasser
* Howard Levy
* Hendrik Meurkens
* Richard Oesterreicher
* Toots Thielemans

## Types of harmonicas
Another type of harmonica is the chromatic harmonica.  More songs can be played on it than a regular harmonica, because chromatic harmonicas can play more different notes. Chromatic harmonicas have a button which moves a sliding bar. By pressing the button, the player can play a larger range of notes.  
 minister Ernst Pfister playing the smallest harmonica in the world]]
## Different names
The harmonica is called many different names, such as: mouth organ, mouth harp, Hobo Harp, French harp, Reckless Tram, harpoon, tin sandwich, blues harp, Mississippi saxophone, or simply harp.

## Other websites
* todoarmonica.org 
* Virtual harmonica lessons HarmoPoint 
* Harmonica's blog 
* Harmonica Riff
Equatorial Guinea

The **Republic of Equatorial Guinea** is a nation in west central Africa, and one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west. The country's territory is both on the continent and on islands. The continental part is known as Río Muni. On one island, Bioko, is the capital, Ciudad de la paz

Equatorial Guinea and the peoples living there were colonized by Spain. Spanish is an official language because of this.

## Provinces 
Equatorial Guinea is divided into eight provinces (capitals appear in parentheses):

# Annobón (San Antonio de Palé)
# Bioko Norte (Malabo)
# Bioko Sur (Luba)
# Centro Sur (Evinayong)
# Djibloho (Ciudad de la Paz)
# Kié-Ntem (Ebebiyín)
# Litoral (Bata)
# Wele-Nzas (Mongomo)

The provinces are further divided into districts.

## References
## Other websites
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo

**Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo** (born 5 June 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979. Mbasongo did the military academy in Zaragoza, Spain. He came to power in a military coup, deposing the former leader Francisco Macías Nguema. Ngema had ruled the country for the previous decade. He was known to be very cruel. Ngema was sentenced to death and executed by a firing squad. Mbasonga promised to start over and to do a better job at governing the country.

In 1982, a new constitution was made. MBasogo was given the newly created post of president. He was re-elected in 1989, 1996 and 2002. In 1989 he was the only candidate, in the 1996 and 2002, international observers said the election results were false.

Obiang's regime kept clear authoritarian characteristics even after other parties were legalized in 1991.  Most domestic and international observers consider his regime to be one of the most corrupt, ethnocentric, oppressive and undemocratic states in the world. Equatorial Guinea is now essentially a single-party state, dominated by Obiang's Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE). In 2008 American journalist Peter Maass called Obiang Africa's worst dictator, worse than Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. The constitution grants Obiang wide powers, including the power to rule by decree.  Nonetheless, Obiang has far less power than Macías. For the most part his rule has been considerably milder.  Notably, there have been none of the atrocities that characterized the Macías era.

All but one member of the 100-seat national parliament belong to the PDGE or are aligned with it. The opposition is severely hampered by the lack of a free press to express  their views. Around 90% of all opposition politicians live in exile, 550 anti-Obiang activists have been jailed unfairly, and several killed since 1979.

In July 2003, state-operated radio declared Obiang to be a god who is "in permanent contact with the Almighty" and "can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell."  He personally made similar comments in 1993.  Despite these comments, he still claims that he is a devout Catholic and was invited to the Vatican by John Paul II and again by Benedict XVI. Macías had also proclaimed himself a god.

In November 2021, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was appointed at his party's congress as a candidate for a sixth term in the 2023 election.

## References
Aquitaine

**Aquitaine** (Occitan: *Aquitània*; ; ) is a part of southwestern France. It was once an administrative region but is now part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. With over 41,000 square kilometers, it is one of the largest regions of mainland France (the largest of all French regions is French Guiana, in South America).

Its capital was Bordeaux, the largest city. The French name of the people living in the region is *Aquitain*.

The five departments in the region were Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

## Geography
The Aquitaine region was the third largest region of Metropolitan France, after Midi-Pyrénées and Rhône-Alpes. Its area was . It bordered with three French regions: Poitou-Charentes to the north, Limousin to the northeast and Midi-Pyrénées to the east. To the south is Spain (Aragon and Navarre) and to the west the Atlantic Ocean. The coast along the Atlantic Ocean, part of the Bay of Biscay, is called the '''Côte d'Argent'* (*Silver Coast'').

The Greenwich Meridian passes through Aquitaine.

Most of Aquitaine is in the Aquitanian basin, a relatively flat and geologically young landscape. High mountains are found only in the south of Aquitaine, in the Pyrenees mountain range. The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest point of Aquitaine; it is on the border with Spain.

The main rivers of the region are the Garonne, that flows through the Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne departments; the Dordogne, that flows through the Dordogne and Gironde departments; the Lot, that flows through the Lot-et-Garonne department; the Dropt, that flows through the Dordogne, Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne departments; and the Adour, that flows through the Landes department.

The climate is mild - except in the high mountains - all year round. On the Atlantic coast, the annual average temperature is above 15&nbsp;°C, in Bordeaux is about 14&nbsp;°C and on the border of Limousin is still 11&nbsp;°C. Rainfall is relatively high and is higher in the south of the region.

## History
In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was at times a kingdom and a duchy. Various wars made it larger and smaller. Aquitane came into the control of England when Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II of England in 1152. It remained in English control until 1453 at the end of the Hundred Years' War.

## Departments
The Aquitaine region is formed by five departments:

## Demographics
The Aquitaine region had a population, in 2012, of 3,285,970, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
]]

The 10 most important cities in the department are:

## Gallery

File:Dune du Trencat.JPG|Trencat dune.
File:Montagrier Taratin vue vers l'est.JPG|Sainte-Madeleine church, Montagrier, Dordogne
File:Tournesols fin de l'été (3).JPG|Sunflowers in Dordogne
File:Vallee Ossau.jpg|The Ossau Valley in the French Pyrenees

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Regional Council of Aquitain official website  
* Visit Aquitaine 
* Regional information and tourist attractions
* Aquitaine: the cradle of humanity
Toronto Maple Leafs

The **Toronto Maple Leafs** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Origin 
They were formed in 1917 as one of the six original NHL teams. They were called the Toronto Arenas, but changed their name to St. Patricks, then to Maple Leafs, in the 1920s. The maple leaf is a symbol of Canada. The hockey team was actually named for an older team, a minor league baseball team called the Toronto Maple Leafs.

## History 
The Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup championship 13 times, more than any team except the Montreal Canadiens. However, they have not won since 1967. 

### Early years 
They won in their first year, 1918, and then again in 1922 and 1932. In their early years, they had many NHL scoring champions: "Babe" Dye in 1923 and 1925, "Ace" Bailey in 1929, Harvey "Busher" Jackson in 1932, Charlie Conacher in 1934 and 1935, and Gordie Drillon in 1938. However, no Toronto player has been scoring champion since then.

#### Victories 
They were a strong team in the 1940s. They won the Stanley Cup in 1942 against the Detroit Red Wings, four games to three, even though they were losing three games to none at one point. This was the first of six championships in ten years; they also won in 1945, then three years in a row: 1947, 1948, and 1949, and again in 1951. Some of their best players in that time included goaltender Turk Broda, forward Syl Apps, and defence "Babe" Pratt, who won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in 1944. Ted "Teeder" Kennedy won the Hart Trophy in 1955; but no other Maple Leaf has won that award.

The team won four Stanley Cups in the 1960s: three in a row - 1962, 1963, and 1964 - and again in 1967. Frank Mahovlich, a left winger, was the star player. They were also led by defenceman Tim Horton (who began the Tim Horton's doughnut shops), center Dave Keon, goaltender Johnny Bower, and winger George Armstrong. Keon won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the top player in the playoffs in 1967.

### Later years 
In the late 1970s, the Maple Leafs were a good team, with players such as centre Darryl Sittler (who scored a record 10 points in one game) and Swedish defence Borje Salming (one of the first Europeans to play in the NHL). However, there were 18 NHL teams by then, so it was hard to come first. Wendel Clark was a strong player in the 1980s; he became the team's all-time top scorer. Mats Sundin was another Swedish star in the 1990s and 2000s. They also had some good goaltenders around this time: Curtis Joseph, then Ed Belfour.

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
*Official website
Hugh Capet of France

**Hugh Capet** (French: *Hugues Capet*) (c. 941 – 24 October 996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.

## Early career
Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I.  His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois.

While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held. 

## Elected king of the Franks 
When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks. 

Capet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. His tomb effigy was destroyed during the French Revolution.

## Family 
He married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had:

* Hedwig, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut.
* Gisela, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu.
* Robert II 'the Pious', who succeeded Hugh as king.
* Adelaide.

## References
Hart Memorial Trophy

The **Hart Trophy** is given to the most valuable player of the National Hockey League every year.  It was given to the NHL by Dr. David Hart, father of NHL coach and manager Cecil Hart.  It was first awarded in 1924.

Wayne Gretzky has won the most Hart Trophies with nine, followed by Gordie Howe with six and Eddie Shore with four.  Howie Morenz, Bobby Orr, Bobby Clarke, Alex Ovechkin, and Mario Lemieux have won the award three times each.

The closest vote for the trophy was in 2002, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied; Theodore won because he had more first-place votes.  In 1999, Chris Pronger won by one point over Jaromir Jagr; and in 1990, Mark Messier won by two points over Ray Bourque.

## Winners
, two-time winner]]
, three-time winner]]
, nine-time winner]]
, three-time winner]]
, first European trained player to win it, one-time winner]]
, one-time winner]]
, three-time winner]]
, two-time winner]]
, only player to switch clubs during his winning season, one-time winner]]

## Related pages
*List of NHL players
*List of NHL statistical leaders
1706

## Events 
* September 7 – War of Spanish Succession &ndash; The armies of Austria and Savoy defeat the French army at the Battle of Turin.

## Births 
* January 17 &ndash; Benjamin Franklin, American philosopher, founding father and inventor (d. 1790)

## Deaths 
* March 3 &ndash; Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
* December 9 &ndash; King Peter II of Portugal (b. 1648)