open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Smilodon

***Smilodon*** is an extinct genus of saber-toothed cat.  

## *Smilodon* species 
There were three *Smilodon* species.

### *S. gracilis* 
*Smilodon gracilis* (or *S. fragilis*) was the ancestral, smaller species (2.5 to 0.5 million years ago).

### *S. populator* 
*Smilodon populator* (1 mya to 10 kya) was a large, heavy species from eastern South America. It was 1.2 m high at the shoulder, and 2.1 m (83&nbsp;in) long on average. With an estimated weight of 220 to 400&nbsp;kg, it was among the heaviest known felids. Its upper canine teeth reached 28&nbsp;cm (11&nbsp;in) and protruded up to 17&nbsp;cm (6.7&nbsp;in) out of the upper jaw.

### *S. fatalis* 
*Smilodon fatalis* (or *S. californicus*; 1.6 mya to 10,000 years ago) was the famous cat known from the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The tar, a bit like asphalt, has yielded about a million bones from late Pleistocene mammals. Of these, around 162,000 bones are from *Smilodon*, representing perhaps 1200 individuals. 

The cat was about the size of a female lion, but weighed more, perhaps 200&nbsp;kg. It was about 1 metre tall at the shoulders.

## Teeth and jaws
 to show wide gape]]

*Smilodon* is most famous for its relatively long canine teeth. It had the longest teeth of all the saber-toothed cats, at about  long in the largest species, *S. populator*. 

These canine teeth were slender and had fine serrations. They were fragile and could not have bitten into bone. Therefore, the cats did not use their long teeth to take down prey. Only when their prey was subdued did they use their teeth.

## Method of attack 
The front limbs on these cats were longer and stronger than modern cats. Based on that, and its teeth, its method of attack probably differed from modern cats'. An educated guess would be: they were ambush predators, which clung on round the neck of their prey, and slashed at the underside of the throat. while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees. This makes the gape wide enough to allow *Smilodon* to slash the throats of their victims without closing their jaws in a bite.

*Smilodon*'s niche was closer to a leopard's, which is also an ambush predator. They both need cover to get close to prey. 

*Smilodon* had relatively short legs and a short, bobbed tail. Its front legs were especially powerful. Its body was adapted for springing onto prey, but it was not a very fast runner.

## Fauna and flora in ''Smilodon's* environment 
During the last ice age, there were many possible prey species from the La Brea location: mammoths, bison, horse, camel, ground sloth, pronghorn, tapir, deer, elk and others. Most of these were extinct by 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. The pressures of a major climate change and human hunting were thought to be the main causes.
 
There was more plant cover at that time. Juniper, oaks, ragweeds, cedars, redwoods, sagebrush, sycamore, thistle and walnut grew in the environs. *Smilodon'' survived so long as its prey had vegetation.

## References
The Clash (Album)

***The Clash*** is the first album-length recording made by English punk rock band the Clash.  It was released twice. Both releases are still in print: the original version in 1977 and the changed U.S. version in 1979 (with several post-1977 single sides added to the album).

## Track listing 
All tracks were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted.

### Side one 
# "Janie Jones" – 2:08
# "Remote Control " – 3:03
# "I'm So Bored with the USA" – 2:24
# "White Riot" – 1:56
# "Hate and War" – 2:06
# "What's My Name?" (Jones, Keith Levine, Strummer) – 1:41
# "Deny" – 3:06
# "London's Burning" – 2:12

Tracks 1, 3–4, 6–8 are sung by Joe Strummer. Tracks 2 and 5 are sung by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones.

### Side two 
# "Career Opportunities" – 1:54
# "Cheat" – 2:06
# "Protex Blue" – 1:47
# "Police and Thieves" (Junior Murvin, Lee "Scratch" Perry) – 6:03
# "48 Hours" – 1:36
# "Garageland" – 3:12

## References
Albert Gallatin

**Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin** (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, representative, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. He was also a founder of New York University.

## Honors 
* The Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University honors his founding.
* Gallatin's portrait was on the front of the $500 United States Note, which was issued in 1862 to 1863.
* Gallatin's portrait was on the standard 1¼¢ stamp from 1967 to 1973.
* Friendship Hill National Historic Site, a 661-acre estate that includes Gallatin's beautifully restored home, is run by the National Park Service and is located within the boundaries of the Albert Gallatin School District in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. It is open to the public.
* The United States Department of the Treasury's highest career service award is the Albert Gallatin Award, named in his honor.
* USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721), a , a high-endurance United States Coast Guard cutter whose home port is in Charleston, South Carolina, is named after him.

### Placenames
* Gallatin County, Illinois
* Gallatin County, Kentucky
* Gallatin, Missouri
* Gallatin County, Montana
* Gallatin River, Montana
* Gallatin Mountain Range, Montana
* Albert Gallatin Area School District, Pennsylvania
* Gallatin, Tennessee
* Gallatin Street in Washington, D.C.
* Gallatin Street in Pico Rivera, California
* Gallatin Street in Downey, California
* Gallatin Hall at Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts
* Gallatin Hall at Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Ritchie Neville

**Richard Neville Dobson** (born 23 August 1979) is an English singer from Solihull, Birmingham, England. He is most noted for being a member of the boy band Five.

## References
Five (band)

**Five** (occasionally stylised as **5ive**) are an English boy band formed in 1997 by the same team that formed the Spice Girls, Bob Herbert and his son Chris. Signed by Simon Cowell, they enjoyed success worldwide, but particularly in the UK, parts of Europe, Russia, parts of Asia, Brazil, Israel, Australia, New Zealand and USA. They broke up on 27 September 2001, after selling almost 20 million records, and having 11 top ten singles and 4 top ten albums in the UK. The five members are Scott Robinson, Ritchie Neville, Jason "J" Brown, Richard "Abs" Breen, and Sean Conlon. Four of the five original members briefly reformed the group on September 27, 2006, but only 7 months after announcing a comeback, Five made an announcement by their official website they would again disband. They reformed in 2012.

Abz left on 29 August 2014, and rejoined again on 27 February 2025.
Secret Diary of a Call Girl

***Secret Diary of a Call Girl*** (also known as ***Secret Diary***) is a British television drama broadcast on ITV2 starring Billie Piper as "Belle", a high-class London-based call girl. The story is based on the blogs of Belle de Jour.

The first 8 part series began on 27 September 2007 at 10pm. The second 8 part series began on 11 September 2008 at 10pm.

## Other websites 
*
Cloth mill Offermann

In the 18th century, the **cloth mill Offermann** was a brass factory in the German city of Stolberg. It was later changed to cloth mill and then to a restaurant and apartment building. The changes show the change of economical needs in that city.

## History of the building 
The building was founded as a brass factory. In the 18th century, it was one of many brass factories in the city.

At the end of the 18th century, the brass industry in Stolberg lost importance. The building was sold to a clothier of the nearby village of Imgenbroich. He produced cloth for more than 60 years.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the building was used as a restaurant. Some parts of the building were greatly in need of repair.

At the end of the 20th century, major repairs were done to the building. Currently, it is used as an apartment building.

## Related pages
*Factory Bauschenberg

## Other websites 
* Historians are fascinated by the cloth mill Offermann
Belle de Jour (writer)

**Belle de Jour** is the *pen name* of a former London call girl, **Brooke Magnanti** (born 5 November 1975). Under this name she maintains a successful blog, *Belle de Jour: Diary of a London Call Girl* which by 2003 had been selected by *The Guardian* as its blog of the year and has had two books published in both the UK and US.

Magnanti was born and raised in Clearwater, Florida. Her father is Italian American; her mother is Jewish American. Magnanti became a British citizen in 2013. She is married and lives in Lochaber in the Scottish Highlands. She is a former prostitute.
 
The name recalls the 1928 novel *Belle de Jour* by Joseph Kessel and the 1967 movie, *Belle de Jour*, starring Catherine Deneuve, directed by Luis Buñuel.

In French "Belle de Jour" means "beauty of [the] day," as opposed to "femme de nuit" or "belle de nuit," women of the night (common euphemisms for prostitutes).

## References
ITV2

**ITV2** is a free television channel in the United Kingdom owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a part of ITV plc. It started on 7 December 1998. For a long time, it was the most popular channel other than the main five analogue channels. Now, ITV3 is the most popular other than these.

The channel shows many American programmes such as *Family Guy*, *American Dad!*, and *The Vampire Diaries*. It also has its own programmes that have been popular, such as *Celebrity Juice* and *Love Island*.

## List of television programmes broadcast on ITV2 
### Current programmes 
* American Dad
* Celebrity Juice
* Coronation Street Omnibus
* Dinner Date
* Emmerdale Omnibus
* Family Guy
* Supermarket Sweep
* Take Me Out
* You've Been Framed!

## References
St. Anger

***St. Anger*** is the 8th studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on June 5, 2003. It was their last album released by Elektra Records. Four singles were released from the album. In 2004, the album's lead single, "St. Anger", won a Grammy Award for "Best Metal Performance". A lot of people did not like the style of this album and the way the drums sounded. It also has a free DVD that has the band playing the entire album in a studio.

## Track listing 
## References
Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!

***Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!*** is the first studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. The album was released on June 12, 1985. It was released by Combat Records. 

In early 1985, the band was given $8,000 by Combat Records. The band was given this money to record and produce their first album. Later, the band was given another $4,000. Most of the money was spent on drugs, alcohol, and food. Megadeth fired their producer, and produced the record by themselves. A new version of the album was made in 2018. It was named *Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! - The Final Kill*.

## Track Listing 
## References
Vocal cords

The **vocal cords** or **vocal folds** are two sets of tissue stretched across the larynx. They can vibrate when air passes through the larynx. This produces sounds. Humans use them to produce language.

Men and women have different vocal fold sizes.  Adult male voices are usually deeper: males have thicker cord. The male vocal folds are between 17&nbsp;mm and 25&nbsp;mm in length.''''

The female vocal folds are between 12.5&nbsp;mm and 17.5&nbsp;mm long.

The difference in vocal fold size between men and women means that their voices have a different pitch. Each person's voice is different and has a slightly different pitch. This is caused by genes that influence how the larynx is made.

## False vocal cords 
The vocal cords are sometimes called 'true vocal cords' to distinguish them from the **false vocal cords**.  These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane. They sit directly above the true vocal folds, to protect them. They have a very small role in normal speech , but are often used in musical screaming and the death grunt singing style.  They are also used in Tuvan throat singing.

The false cords are also called **vestibular folds** and **ventricular folds**.  They can be seen on the diagram above as *ventricular folds*.

Unlike the true vocal cords, the false ones grow back completely when they are removed by surgery.

## References
WrestleMania IV

**WrestleMania IV** was the fourth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on March 27, 1988 at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

## Results
## References
Parallel computing

s are used to exploit parallelism]]
**Parallel computing** is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously (termed "in parallel"), depending on the theory that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, and then solved concurrently ("in parallel").

There are several different forms of parallel computing: 
#Bit-level parallelism,
#Instruction-level parallelism,
#Data parallelism, 
#Task parallelism.

It has been used for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, with a great increase in its use in recent years, due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing has become the main model in computer architecture, mainly in the form of Multi-core processors. However, in recent years, power consumption by parallel computers has become a concern.

Parallel computers can be classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism—with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements inside a single machine, while clusters, blades, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task.

Parallel computer programs are more difficult to program than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions and dead locks are the most common. however many parallel programming languages have been created to simplify parallel computers programming. But still communication and synchronization between the different subtasks is difficult while achieving good parallel program performance.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Introduction to Parallel Computing
* Designing and Building Parallel Programs, by Ian Foster
*Internet Parallel Computing Archive 
*Parallel processing topic area at IEEE Distributed Computing Online 
*Parallel Computing Works Free On-line Book 
*Frontiers of Supercomputing Free On-line Book Covering topics like algorithms and industrial applications
Fable II

***Fable II*** is a fantasy role-playing video game released for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console in 2008. It is the sequel to the original Xbox game, *Fable*. In *Fable II* you begin as a poor orphan child who has a sister. You are invited into the King's palace where he kills your sister. The rest of the game you go through various quests where your ultimate goal is to gain revenge on the King.

## References
## Other websites
*Official *Fable II* site
Optimization (computer science)

In computing, **optimization** is the process of modifying a system to make some features of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources.  For instance, a computer program may be optimized so that it runs faster, or to run with less memory requirements or other resources (see Space-time tradeoff), or to consume less energy. This is a branch of software engineering.

The optimization can have sense at different levels, from the lowest (development of circuits, writing of machine code designed especially for the architecture) up to the highest levels of making of implementation, use or design of algorithms.

The optimization is generally recommended to leave until the end of the process of development, since the premature optimization can introduce new errors (generally more difficult to detect for being of algorithmic nature).

The optimized system may be a single computer program, a collection of computers or even an entire network such as the Internet. 

## Emerging Trends 
* Optimization for AI and Machine Learning
* Quantum Optimization
* Multi-objective Optimization

## References
## Other websites
* Programming Optimization
* C,C++ optimization
* C optimization tutorial 
* Software Optimization at Link-time And Run-time 
* Article "A Plea for Lean Software" by Niklaus Wirth
* Description from the Portland Pattern Repository
* Performance tuning of Computer Networks
* An article describing high-level optimization
* Some examples of optimization problems & algorithms
Pilgrimage of Grace

The **Pilgrimage of Grace** was a revolt in York, Yorkshire in 1536. People  protested against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries. There were also other specific political, social and economic issues they did not like. Technically the term *Pilgrimage of Grace* only refers to the uprising around York, but sometimes it is used in relation to the risings in general which took place around Northern England; first from Lincolnshire, twelve days before the actual *Pilgrimage of Grace*. 

The revolt was caused by Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, which caused problems with around 500,000 monks and nuns.
Real-time computing

**Real-time computing** is a field of Computer science. The idea is to design systems that have a *real-time constraint*.  Real time systems will guarantee to give a result within a specified time. There are two kinds of real-time systems:

**Hard real-time systems*: After the delay has passed the result is totally useless (and considered to be an error). No matter what happens, hard-real time systems deliver the result in the specified time. Real world examples are the controller for the airbag in a car. The reaction time of an airbag system is around 1 ms. Another example for a hard real-time system is the Anti-lock braking system in a car. If it does not react fast enough, an accident will occur. People might die because the result was not there fast enough.

**Soft real-time systems*: On average, these systems work *fast enough* to make it feel like real-time. A videoconferencing system has microseconds to record sound and video, to send them to the other party, and to process the incoming data. If at one time, this cannot be done, the video will be blurred, and the sound may be out of sync for a few moments. This is however not a catastrophe, and the system can continue to work.
WrestleMania VIII

## Results 
*Dark Match: The Bushwhackers (Luke Williams and Butch Miller) defeated The Beverly Brothers (Blake and Beau)
*Shawn Michaels (with Sensational Sherri) defeated El Matador
*The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) defeated Jake Roberts
*WWF Intercontinental Championship Match: Bret Hart defeated Roddy Piper to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship
*Big Boss Man, Virgil, Sgt. Slaughter, and Jim Duggan defeated The Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags), Repo Man, and The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart)
*WWF Championship Match: Randy Savage (with Miss Elizabeth) defeated Ric Flair (c) (with Mr. Perfect) to win the WWF Championship
*Tatanka defeated Rick Martel
*WWF Tag Team Championship Match: The Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon) defeated Money Inc. (Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster) (c) (with Jimmy Hart) by countout
*Owen Hart defeated Skinner.
*Hulk Hogan defeated Sid Justice (with Harvey Wippleman) by disqualification
Fuji

**Fuji** can refer to:
* Mount Fuji, a mountain in Japan
* Fuji River, a river in Japan
*Fuji, Shizuoka, a city in Japan
*Fuji Heavy Industries, a Japanese manufacturing company. (Now known as Subaru Corporation) 
*Fuji Speedway, a racetrack near Mount Fuji
*Fuji (apple), a variety of apple
Airbag

An **airbag** is a part of the safety restraint system in cars. Airbags are bags that rapidly fill with air when an accident happens. That way they can prevent injuries that occur when the driver hits a hard object.

An airbag is a useful vehicle safety device. Airbags are used in the world increasingly because in accidents, it can help passengers reduce shock.
When the sensor feels a strong shock, the gas device explodes. This gas fills the bag immediately.

## History of airbags 
An American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, invented and developed a key component for automotive use. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler. A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, brandon, developed by Eaton, Yale & Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA. The Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized air cushions.

All cars used the airbag nowadays was originally invented by a Japanese man Mr. Kobori and he took the world patents.

The first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II. In 1973, the first commercial airbags appeared in a run of 1,000 Chevrolet Impalas. Since model year 1998, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. To date, statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Today, some cars have six or even eight airbags.

## How airbags work 
First, moving objects have momentum (the product of the mass and the velocity of an object). If no outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction (because of inertia). Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers. If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is travelling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision.
Stopping an object's momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the car's momentum has changed instantly while the passengers' has not (there is not much time to work with). The goal of any supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as little damage to them as possible.
What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to their motion.

## Motorcycle airbag 
In 2006 the airbag was set up for a motorcycle. This was in the Gold Wing by Honda.

The second airbag device for motorcyclist is an inflatable airbag jacket was invented by Tamás Straub in 1976.

## References
WrestleMania VII

**WrestleMania VII** was the seventh annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event. It was produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE).
## Results 
* The Rockers (Shawn Michaels & Marty Jannetty) Def. Haku & The Barbarian w/ Bobby “The Brain” Heenan
*The Texas Tornado Def. Dino Bravo
*The British Bulldog Def. Warlord w/ Slick
*WWF Tag Team Championship Match:The Nasty Boys (Jerry Sags and Brian Knobbs) (w/Jimmy Hart) Def. The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) to win the WWF Tag Team Champions
*Jake Roberts Def. Rick Martel in a Blindfold Match
*The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) Def. Jimmy Snuka
*The Ultimate Warrior Def. Randy Savage (with Sensational Queen Sherri)
*Genichiro Tenryu and Kōji Kitao Def. Demolition (Crush and Smash) (with Mr. Fuji)
*WWF Intercontinental Title Match: The Big Boss Man (with André the Giant) Def. Mr. Perfect (c) (with Bobby Heenan) by DQ
*Earthquake (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Greg Valentine
*The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) Def. Power and Glory (Paul Roma and Hercules) (with Slick)
*Virgil (with Roddy Piper) Def. Ted DiBiase by countout
*The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Tito Santana
*WWF Title Match:Hulk Hogan Def. Sgt. Slaughter (c) (w/General Adnan) to win the WWF Championship
WrestleMania VI

**WrestleMania VI** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 1, 1990 at SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the sixth WrestleMania event held by the WWF. It was the first WrestleMania to be held outside of the United States. It was up from the last WrestleMania's attendance which was 18,946.

The event was known for "The Ultimate Challenge", a match where Hulk Hogan (WWF Champion) faced The Ultimate Warrior (WWF Intercontinental Champion), in which both championship titles were on the line.

## Results
## References
## Other websites
*Official WrestleMania VI website
Dexter in the Dark

***Dexter in the Dark*** is a 2007 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It is the third book in Lindsay's *Dexter* series.
Darkly Dreaming Dexter

***Darkly Dreaming Dexter*** is a 2004 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It won the 2005 Dilys Award and the 2007 Book to TV Award.

The television show *Dexter* was based on the book.

## References
Susan Featherly

**Susan Featherly** (February 5, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearances in Cinemax television programs and adult movies such as *Kama Sutra* and *Corporate Fantasy*. Featherly was born in Syracuse, New York. 

## Movies
## Television appearances
## Other websites
WrestleMania IX

**WrestleMania IX** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 4, 1993 at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the ninth WrestleMania event held by the WWF.

The main event saw Yokozuna defeat Bret Hart to win the WWF Championship. Yokozuna won the match by pinfall after Yokozuna's manager Mr. Fuji threw salt in Hart's eyes. After the match, Hulk Hogan came down to the ring to check on Hart. Mr. Fuji challenged Hogan to face Yokozuna in a impromptu match and Hogan accepted. Hogan won the match and the championship in 22 seconds after he hit Yokozuna with the leg drop and pinned him. 

WrestleMania IX received negative criticism and was called a poorly booked event. John Powell of SLAM! Wrestling said that other than the Intercontinental and Tag Team Championship matches and the women that accompanied Lex Luger to the ring, the rest of the pay-per-view was not good. He also did not like some of the outfits that were worn at the event, most notably Jim Ross's toga and Giant Gonzalez's spray-painted suit.

## Results
## References
## Other websites
*Official WrestleMania IX website
Ron Wilson (ice hockey, born 1955)

**Ronald Lawrence Wilson** (born May 28, 1955) is a former ice hockey player. He was the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs from 2008 to 2012. He also was the coach for the San Jose Sharks, Washington Capitals, Vancouver Canucks, and Anaheim Mighty Ducks of the NHL. Wilson was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He is a citizen of both Canada and the United States.

## Other websites
*
Earth's inner core

The **inner core** is the very center of the Earth, and the hottest part of the planet. It is a mainly a solid ball with a radius of about , according to seismological studies. It is believed to consist mostly of an iron–nickel alloy and to be about the same temperature as the surface of the Sun: about 5700&nbsp;K (5400&nbsp;°C).  

The inner core was discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1929, using seismology. Lehmann was studying a large New Zealand earthquake. An earthquake makes vibrations which move through the inside of the Earth. The vibrations Lehmann studied seemed to be moving across something solid in the center of the planet. She called this the *inner core*. She wrote about it for many years, but it was not proved to exist until 1970. 

The inner core is more than 5,000 kilometers below the earth's surface. The pressure in Earth's inner core is about 3,500,000 atmospheres. Iron can only be solid at such high temperatures because its melting temperature increases dramatically at such pressures.

## References
## Related pages 
* Earth's core
* Planetary core
Dearly Devoted Dexter

***Dearly Devoted Dexter*** is a 2005 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It is a sequel to the 2004 book *Darkly Dreaming Dexter* which the television show *Dexter* is based on.
A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld

"**A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld**" is a mix of a song by the ambient house group The Orb. The song is about being in love with a beautiful person. The song was at first a Minnie Riperton song called Lovin' You.  The Orbs version was first sold in October 1989 and was in the UK Singles Chart in 1990, at number 78. In April 1991, it was sold as part of the album ''The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld*.  The name is taken from a sound effects track from *Blake's 7* on *BBC Sound Effects No. 26 - Sci-Fi Sound Effects'' called "The Core, A Huge Evergrowing Pulsating Brain which Rules from the Centre of Ultraworld".

## History 
In 1989, The Orb, with Martin "Youth" Glover, developed the musical style of ambient house using samples.  The best of their musical work came when The Orb recorded music for John Peel on BBC Radio 1.  The song, then known as "Loving You", was made quickly with many sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You".  Before the song was sold by record company Big Life, The Orb changed the name to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld".  After the first week of sale Minnie Ripertons record company forced Big Life to remove her voice from the song. After the first week another singer sang the song. 

The Orbs version of the song was 19 minutes long and became number 78 on the UK Singles Chart.  

## Tracklisting 
### 12": WAU! Mr.Modo / MWS 17T (UK) 
# "Loving You [orbital mix]" (19:07)
# "Loving You [bucket and spade mix]" (5:50)
# "Loving You [why is six scared of seven?]" (5:30)

### 12": WAU! Mr.Modo / MWS 017R (UK) 
# "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (orbital dance mix)" (7:05)
# "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (orbital radio mix)" (3:34)
# "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (aubry mix mk 2)" (8:38)

* First sold January 1990

### CD: Big Life / BLR 27 OCD (UK) 
# "Loving You [orbital mix]" (19:07)

* Called "compactdisc"
* First sold June 1990, re-issued March 1994 [BLRDB 27]

### CD: Big Life / BLR 27CD (UK) 
# "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (orbital dance mix)" (8:20)
# "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (orbital 9am radio mix)" (3:15)
# "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (aubrey mix mk1)" (6:06)

* Labeled as "Jimmy Cauty Remixes"
* "aubrey mix mk1" is an edit of "aubrey mix mk11"
* Called "Compactdisco"
* First sold June 1990, re-issued March 1994 [BLRDA 27]

## References
Hermann Carl Vogel

**Hermann Carl Vogel** (born 3 April 1841, died 13 August 1907) was a German astronomer. He was born in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony.

Vogel was one of the first astronomers to use a spectroscope in astronomy.  He used it to read the chemicals on planets far away and to measure the time it takes the Sun to spin. He could read it by measuring the Doppler effect.

In 1882, Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890. Vogel found that the colour of some stars changed over time, becoming red and then later becoming blue.  His idea was that the star was moving toward and then away from the Earth, and that the colour changes were the because of that movement. These stars seemed to be orbiting around a hidden star as if they were double-stars but the second star could never be seen, only known by the colour changing Doppler effect.

Volgel proved that Algol was a double star that could not be seen (spectroscopic binary star) and it was one of the first of these double stars proven to exist.

## Medals of Hermann Carl Vogel
**Awarded to Hermann Carl Vogel**
* Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1893)
* Henry Draper Medal (1893)
* Landskroener Medal of Achievement (1898)
* Richard C. White Purple Honors Medal (1899)
* Bruce Medal (1906)

## Places in space named after Hermann Carl Vogel
* Vogel crater on the Moon
* Crater on Mars

## Books to read 
* 

## Other websites
*Short biography
Algol

ed by the dimmer Algol B every 2.87 days. The pair is separated by only 0.062 astronomical units (AU) from each other, so close that Algol A is slowly stripping off Algol B's outer layers.]]

**Algol**, also known as the **Demon Star**, is a bright star in the Perseus constellation.  It is one of the best known double stars that can only be seen in spectroscopes, the first star of its type discovered, and one of the first variable stars  to be discovered before it explodes. Algol is made of three stars (Beta Persei A, B and C) and the brightest is **Persei A**. These stars partly eclipse each other every 2&nbsp;days, 20&nbsp;hours and 49&nbsp;minutes for 10 hours.
 

## References
Fugging, Upper Austria

**Fugging** ( ) is an Austrian village in the municipality of Tarsdorf, in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.

The village is 33 kilometres north of Salzburg, four kilometres east of the German border and can be travelled to in half an hour by car from the town of Petting, in Bavaria.

## History and name 
Fugging (which was Fucking at the time) has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called "Fuko".  In old Germanic, "-ing" is used to describe people as belonging to their leader; so "Fucking" means "(place of) Fuko’s people."

Although the village has a population of 104 , it has drawn attention in the English-speaking world for its name, which is spelled the same as the continuous form of the profane English-language verb "fuck".

Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, which tourists often photograph. This street sign is often stolen. Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.

In 2004, because many signs had been stolen, a vote was held to change the village name, but the villagers voted not to change. In August 2005, the road signs were welded to a very strong pole. This made it more difficult to steal them.

Fucking changed its name to Fugging, the name change came to affect on 1 January 2021.

## References 
## Other websites
Lissamphibia

The subclass **Lissamphibia** includes all living amphibians. They are classified in three orders:
*the Anura: frogs, including toads 
*the Caudata or Urodela: salamanders, including newts
*the Gymnophiona or Apoda: the limbless caecilians. 

Although the ancestry of each group is controversial, all share certain common characteristics. This indicates they evolved from a common ancestor and so form a clade.

## References
NRG Stadium

**NRG Stadium** is a football stadium in Houston, Texas. The NFL's Houston Texans play their home games here. It was called **Reliant Stadium** from 2002 until 2013. The stadium hosted WWE's WrestleMania 25 on April 5, 2009. On March 19, 2014, the stadium's name was changed to NRG Stadium, after NRG Energy, the parent company of Reliant Energy.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Shamanism

, 2005.]]

**Shamanism** is a practice where a practitioner reaches altered states of consciousness. Supposedly, the shaman perceives and interacts with a spirit world, and channels these energies into this world.

A shaman is a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and bad spirits. They usually enter into a trance state during a ritual, and do divination and healing. To become a shaman, a person has to have had a near death experience (a "*shamanic illness*").

**Shamans** play a central role in these movements, as they can be in both worlds, this one, and the world of spirits.

## Beliefs
* Spirits are real and can do things in the real world.
* There are good and evil spirits.
* Healing can be done in the spirit and real world.
* A person's spirit can leave their body and go into the world of the spirits.
* Animal shapes are used to interact with the spirits.

Shamanism is different from animism.

## Films
*Quantum Men (Carlos Serrano Azcona) Spain 2011
*Other Worlds (Jan Kounen) France 2004
*Bells From the Deep (Werner Herzog) Germany 1993
*The Mad Masters (Jean Rouch) France 1955
*Au pays des mages noirs (Jean Rouch) France 1947

## References
Jocky Scott

'''John 'Jocky' Alexander Scott''' (born January 14, 1948 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Dundee F.C.
Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?

'''''Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?''''' is the second studio album by Megadeth. Megadeth is an American thrash metal band. It was released on September 19, 1986 by Capitol Records. Combat Records was going to release the album first, but Capitol bought the rights to it. Many band members had drug abuse problems while they were making the album. Guitarist Chris Poland and drummer Gar Samuelson were fired from the band after the album came out. A song from the album, "Peace Sells", was the band's first music video. The art on the album's cover shows Vic Rattlehead in front of the United Nations Headquarters. 

''Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?'' is one of the first thrash metal albums. In 2004, the album was remixed by Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine. It was remixed again in 2011 for the album's 25th anniversary. The album's front art shows Vic Rattlehead. He is standing in front of the United Nations Headquarters. The art was made by Ed Repka. Repka made more art for the band later.

## Background 
In December 1985, Dave Mustaine said that the band was making music for a second album. He also said that two songs ("Black Friday" and "Bad Omen") were done. Mustaine said that these songs were much faster than the music from Megadeth's first album, *Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!*. Mustaine and bassist David Ellefson wanted to change how people thought about heavy metal by making music with political lyrics.

In early 1986, Megadeth had a short tour in the United States. At the tour's concerts, the band played music that was going to be on *Peace Sells*. Combat Records gave them $25,000 to record the album. Recording the album was very hard because of many problems. Mustaine and Ellefson were homeless. Chris Poland and Gar Samuelson did not show up to make music very much because they were using heroin. 

## Personnel
Information is from the album liner notes.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## References
Rage (band)

**Rage** is a heavy metal band from Germany. They have been playing since 1984. Today, only Peavy Wagner is the only member in the band who has been playing since the beginning. At first they were called *Avenger*.

## Discography
### Under the name Avenger
* *Prayers of Steel* (1985)
* *Depraved to Black* (EP, 1985)

### Albums
* Reign of Fear (1986)
* Execution Guaranteed (1987)
* Perfect Man (1988)
* Secrets in a Weird World (1989)
* Reflections of a Shadow (1990)
* Trapped (1992)
* The Missing Link (1993)
* 10 Years in Rage (1994)
* Black In Mind (1995)
* Lingua Mortis (1996)
* End of All Days (1996)
* XIII (1998)
* Ghosts (1999)
* Welcome to the Other Side (2001)
* Unity (2002)
* *Soundchaser* (2003)
* *Speak of the Dead* (2006)
* Carved in Stone (2008)
* Strings to a Web (2010)
* 21 (2012)
* The Devil Strikes Again (2016)

### EPs
* *Extended Power* (1991)
* *Beyond the Wall* (1992)
* *Refuge *(Japan) (1993)
* *Higher than the Sky* (Japan) (1996)
* *Live from the Vault* (Japan) (1997)

### Other
* *Power of Metal* (Live, 1994)
* *From the Cradle to the Stage* (Live, 2004)
* *Full Moon in St. Petersburg* (Live, 2007)

## Other websites
* Official website
* Nuclear Blast - official website
Egon Schiele

**Egon Schiele** (12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) (, or SHEE-luh) was a painter from Austria. Some people see his work as expressionist, but also in the art nouveau movement. With Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, he was among the most important artists of Wiener Moderne.  The most important collection of Schiele's work is in the Leopold Museum in Vienna.

Schiele died of influenza, at only 28 years old of the pandemic known as Spanish flu, which killed between 20 and 100 million people.

## Images 

File:Egon Schiele 020.jpg|*Woman with green stockings* (Frau mit den grünen Stümpfen), 1908
File:Egon Schiele 077.jpg|*Self-portrait clothed in black* (Selbstporträt mit dem schwarzen Gewand),1910
File:Egon Schiele 074.jpg|*Self-portrait* (Selbstportät), 1912
File:Egon Schiele 043.jpg|*Woman, lying down* (Liegende Frau), 1917
File:Egon Schiele 094.jpg|*Four trees* (Vier Bäume), 1917
File:Egon Schiele 088.jpg|*Stein an der Donau II*, 1913
File:Egon Schiele 013.jpg|*The Bridge* (Die Brücke), 1913
File:Egon Schiele 004.jpg|*Old Mill* (Alte Mühle), 1916
File:Egon Schiele - Selbstporträt mit gesenktem Kopf, 1912.jpg|*Self-portrait* (Selbstportät)
File:Egon Schiele 061.jpg|*Portrait Eduard Kosmack*, 1910
So Far, So Good... So What!

***So Far, So Good... So What!*** is the third studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth.  It was released on January 19, 1988.

## Track listing
All songs written by Dave Mustaine, except where noted.

## References
Complex instruction set computer

Processor]]

A **complex instruction set computer** (acronym **CISC** pronounced *sisk*), represents a CPU design method in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. The term is used in contrast to reduced instruction set computer (RISC).

The terms RISC and CISC have become less meaningful with the continued improvements of both CISC and RISC designs and implementations. The first highly pipelined "CISC" implementations, such as Intel 80486 series, supports every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved *high efficiency* only on a few simple x86 subset (similar to a RISC instruction set, but without the *load-store* limitations of RISC). Modern x86 processors also decode and split more complex instructions into a series of smaller internal "Micro-operations" which can thereby be executed in a pipelined (parallel) fashion, thus achieving high performance on a much larger subset of instructions.

Examples of CISC processors are the System/360 (excluding the 'scientific' Model 44), VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, and Intel x86 architecture based processors.

## Related pages
* CPU
* RISC
* ZISC
* VLIW
* microprocessor
* CPU design

## References
Debugger

A **debugger** is a computer program that is used to test and "debug" other programs, mainly to solve programming bugs.

Debuggers offer advanced functions such as:
#Running a program step by step (**single-stepping**),
#Stopping (**breaking**) (pausing the program to examine the current state) at some kind of event by means of breakpoint (a place for stopping or pausing in a program),
#Tracking; which means following the values of some variables, 
#Some debuggers can change a program while it is running; some only watch it.

The same things that make a debugger useful for solving software bugs allow it to be used as a software cracking tool to defeat copy protection and other software protection features.

## Types of debuggers 
* Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Debuggers
* Standalone Debuggers
BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra

**BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra** (formerly known as **BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra**) is a digital radio station from the BBC. It is broadcast on digital radio services and digital TV in the UK and Republic of Ireland. It is not available on normal analogue radio. It is also streamed online, however, some events are not available online, or outside the UK.

It is used to provide an additional sports commentary service when the BBC's main sports channel, BBC Radio 5 Live, is already being used.

It has given coverage of Major League Baseball's World Series since 2004.
It is also the digital radio home for Test Match Special - the station provides full commentary without the shipping forecast given by the Radio 4 long wave coverage.

Each year during Wimbledon Sports Extra provides extra court commentary for the first week of the tournament. The station also provides live coverage of the non-final rounds of the other Grand Slam tournaments.

The station first broadcast at 2.30pm on 2 February 2002. Juliette Ferrington introduced the first programme - commentary of a Manchester United against Sunderland football match.

## Related pages
*BBC Radio 5 Live

## References
## Other websites
*
AVN Awards

The **AVN Awards** are movie awards sponsored by and presented by the adult video industry magazine AVN. They began in January 1984.

The awards are divided into over 100 categories.

## Categories
* Best Actor
* Best Actress
* Best Supporting Actor
* Best Supporting Actress
* Male Performer of the Year
* Female Performer of the Year
* Male Foreign Performer of the Year
* Female Foreign Performer of the Year
* Transgender Performer of the Year
* Director of the Year
* Best New Starlet
* Best Director
* Best Non-Sex Performance
* Best Cinematography
* Best All-Sex Video
* Best Renting Title of the Year
* Best Selling Title of the Year
* Best Film
* Best Video Feature
* Best Foreign Feature

* Best Tease Performance
* Best All-Girl Sex Scene
* Best All-Girl Feature
* Best Newcomer – Gay Video
* Best Bi-Sexual Video
* Best Gay Video
* Best Actor – Gay Video
* Best Supporting Actor – Gay Video
* Best Director – Bi-Sexual Video
* Best Director – Gay Video
* Best Screenplay – Gay Video
* Best Sex Scene – Gay Video
* Best Non-Sexual Performance – Bi, Gay, or Trans Video
* Best Gay Alternative Video
* Best Gay Solo Video
* Best Gay Specialty Release
* Best Videography – Gay Video
* Best Alternative Adult Feature Film
* Most Outrageous Sex Scene

* Best Sex Comedy
* Breakthrough Award
* Best Performer of the Year – Gay Video
* Best Male Newcomer
* Best Director – Foreign Release
* Best Classic Release
* Best DVD
* Best High Definition Production
* Unsung Starlet of the Year
* Best High-End All-Sex Release
* Best All-Sex Release
* Best MILF Release
* Best Director – Feature
* Best Director – Foreign Feature
* Best Boy/Girl Scene
* Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene
* MILF Performer of the Year

## AVN Award winners 
Listed below are the winners of the AVN Award in various major categories over the following years:

## 1984–1989 
## 1990–1994 
## 1995–1999 
* From 1999 onwards, *AVN Magazine* began hosting the GayVN Awards, an annual adult movie award event for gay adult video.

## 2000–2004 
## 2005–2009 
 The category, introduced in 2007, was first called "Underrated Starlet of the Year (Unrecognized Excellence)". It has since been renamed to "Unsung Starlet of the Year".

## 2010–2014 
## 2015–2019 
## 2020–2022 
## Hall of Fame 
### Reuben Sturman Award 
* 2000 David Sturman, General Video of America West
* 2001 Ed Powers, Ed Powers Productions
* 2001 Mark Kernes, Senior Editor, *AVN*
* 2002 Gloria Leonard, Past President, AVA and Free Speech Coalition
* 2002 Elyse Metcalf, Retailer Elyse's Passion
* 2003 Mel Kamins, General Video of America, Cleveland
* 2005 Harry Mohney, Déjà Vu Showgirls
* 2006 Robert and Janet Zicari, Extreme Associates
* 2007 Paul Cambria, Clyde DeWitt and Louis Sirkin
* 2011 John Stagliano
* 2013 Lasse Braun

## Related pages
* Transgender Erotica Awards
* Pornhub Awards 
* XBIZ Awards
* Venus Award
* Sexual Freedom Awards
* SHAFTA Awards
* F.A.M.E. Awards
* XRCO Award

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Adult Video News* Awards  at the Internet Movie Database
* "The History of the Porn Awards and Las Vegas"