open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rodney King

**Rodney Glen King** (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991. When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.

## Early and personal life
King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children. His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42. King grew up in Altadena, California.

In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California. King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with. He hit the owner and stole $200. He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was released after a year.

## Beating
On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol. Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop. The officers chased him for miles. King finally stopped. One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them. King ran at one of the officers. The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.

A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on. He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating. The video later went on television.

## Trial and riots
The jury in the California state trial of four police officers involved in King's beating was deadlocked on the excessive force charge for one officer, while they found the other three officers not guilty of all charges. With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.

In a federal civil rights trial, the United States government later found two of the officers guilty.

## Death
King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California. An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.

## Related pages
*Civil Rights Movement
*1992 Los Angeles riots

## References
Pyongyang Metro

**Pyŏngyang metro system** is the rapid transit system in Pyongyang, North Korea. It has two lines with 17 station. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 people ride the system every day.

Chŏllima Line (red)
#Pulgunbyol
#Chonu
#Kaeson
#Tongil
#Sungni
#Ponghwa
#Yonggwang
#Puhung

Hyoksin Line (green)
#Kwangbok
#Konguk
#Hwaggumbol
#Konsol
#Hyoksin
#Chonsung
#Samhung
#Kwangmyong
#Rakwon

## References
Béla Guttmann

**Béla Guttmann** (27 January 1899 – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian footballer and coach of Jewish origin. His playing position was midfielder.

## Career
### Player
He started his career with the MTK Hungária FC team of the early 1920s. He won the championship in 1920 and 1921. In 1922 he went to Vienna to escape the antisemitism of the Hungarian regime. There he played for SC Hakoah Wien. In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the Austrian League. In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien team sailed to New York to play against different American teams. He stayed in the USA and played for the Brooklyn Wanderers, New York Giants, New York Hakoah, New York Soccer Club and the Hakoah All-Stars.

As player he had 6 matches with the Hungarian national football team and scored one goal there.
### Coach
Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932. He coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands and Hungary . (SC Hakoah Wien, SC Enschede) He had his first success with Újpest FC in the 1938–39 season. He won the  Hungarian League and the Mitropa Cup. How Guttman spent the war years in unclear. Guttmann himself is said to have escaped to Switzerland where he was interned. The years after the Second World War he spent as coach in Italy, South America and Portugal.(São Paulo FC, AC Milan, Benfica Lisabon and others).

Together with Márton Bukovi and Gusztáv Sebes, Guttmann formed a triumvirate of Hungarian coaches who pioneered the 4–2–4 formation. Guttman  is also credited with mentoring Eusébio. He was as player and coach always good for controversy. Some people compare his self-confidence with  José Mourinho.

## Honours
### Player
**MTK Hungária FC**

***Hungarian League: 2**
**1919–20, 1920–21

**SC Hakoah Wien**

***Austrian Champions: 1**
**1924–25

**New York Hakoah**

***U.S. Open Cup: 1**
**1929

### Manager
**Újpest FC/Újpesti TE**
***Hungarian League: 2**
**1938–39, 1946–47
***Mitropa Cup: 1**
**1939

**São Paulo**
***São Paulo State Champions: 1**
**1957

**Porto**
***Portuguese Liga: 1**
**1958–59

**Benfica**
***European Champions: 2**
**1960–61, 1961–62
***Portuguese Liga: 2**
**1959–60, 1960–61
***Portuguese Cup: 1**
**1961-62

## References
## Other websites 
*Guttmann at United States Soccer Hall of Fame
*Guttmann at www.jewsinsports.org
*Guttmann at www.jewishsports.net 
*UEFA biography 
*Biographical article on Guttmann, Bremen University
Tung Chung Line (MTR)

route map]]
The **Tung Chung Line** is one of the 10 lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong. It links Tung Chung with Hong Kong Island. A part of the Tung Chung Line was built along with the two bridges and two mountains, Kap Shui Mun Bridge and the Tsing Ma Bridge. It currently travels through eight stations in 27 minutes along its route, which is indicated in **orange**.
Wiggler (synchrotron)

]]

A **wiggler** is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections release synchrotron radiation. Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.

A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator. In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons. So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently. This makes a broad radiation spectrum. A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.

Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.
## Notes
Gold coin

depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910]]
 from the Sydney mint: the St George and the dragon image was often used on British coins]]

A **gold coin** is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.

## History
### Antiquity
People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey) then in Roman Empire (*aureus*). Gold coins were also used in China.
### Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins. Coins of the ducat ware also made.

### Modern History
Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.

## Coin collecting
Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.

## Investing
When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called *Bullion coins*. These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.
Emperor Fushimi

:*For the 124th emperor also known as Hirohito, see Hirohito*

**Emperor Fushimi** (伏見天皇 *Fushimi-tennō*) (10 May 1265 &ndash; 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 1287 and ended in 1298.

## Traditional history 
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .

## Events of Fushimi's life 
Hirohito*-shinnō* was named Crown Prince.  He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
* **1288** (*Kōan 11*): Emperor Fushimi is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).
* **1289** (*Shōō 2, 4th month*): Fushimi adopted the son of his younger brother; and this new son was named Crown Prince and heir.
* **19 April 1290** (*Shōō 3, 9th day of the 3rd month*): Assassins failed in an attempt to kill the emperor in his palace.
* **1298** (*Einin 6, 7th month*): In the 11th year of Fushimi's reign, he abdicated.  His heir became known as Emperor Go-Fushimi.
* **1301** (*Shōan 3, 1st month*): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the adopted son of Fushimi was forced to abdicate.
* **1308** (*Tokuji 3, 8th month*): In the 8th year of Emperor Go-Nijo's reign, the young ruler died at age of 24.  Fushimi's grandson was named as Go-Nijo's successor.  Go-Fushimi's son became known as Emperor Hanazono.
* **1313** (*Shōwa 2, 10th month*): Retired Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.
* **1317** (*Bunpō 1, 9th month*): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53.

### After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (*misasagi*) of Kammu is in Kyoto.

## Eras of Fushimi's reign
The years of Fushimi's  reign are marked by more than one era name.
* *Kōan* (1278–1288)
* *Shōō*         (1288–1293)
* *Einin*             (1293–1299)

## Related pages 
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

## Other websites
Matt Ryan (American football)

**Matthew Thomas** "**Matt**" **Ryan** (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "**Matty Ice**", is the former American football quarterback for the of the National Football League (NFL). He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College. He was a studio analyst for NFL Today on CBS.

## References
Adrian Peterson

**Adrian Lewis Peterson** (born March 21, 1985) is an American former professional football running back. He played fifteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, Arizona Cardinals, Washington Redskins, Detroit Lions, Tennessee Titans, and Seattle Seahawks.

He was the 7th person drafted in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

Peterson last played professional football in 2021. He said that he would officially retire from football if he did not sign to a team in 2023. He did not sign with a team but has not officially retired yet.

## References
*Adrian Peterson in his life story
Autoethnography

**Autoethnography** is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts. Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.

## Different definitions of auto-ethnography 
Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”. In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.

## Benefits and concerns regarding auto-ethnography 
The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, , and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described. Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.

However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work. Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".

## Notes 
## References 
*Chang, Heewon. (2008). Autoethnography as method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
*Hayano, D. (1979). Auto-ethnography: Paradigms, problems and prospects. Human Organization, 38(1), 99-104.
*Khosravi, Shahram. 'Illegal' Traveller: an Auto-ethnography of Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
*Maréchal, G. (2010). Autoethnography. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (Vol. 2, pp. 43-45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
*Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.
Tim Tebow

**Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow** (born August 14, 1987) is a retired American football quarterback. He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network. Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators. In 2007, he became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy. Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at The University of Florida. He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer, famous), as well as late-game heroics. During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs. On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets. He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015. He created a gesture called "Tebowing".

## References
Iceland at the Olympics

**Iceland at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1912.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE.  It is now ISL.

## History 
Iceland was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1912. Then they missed the next four Games. After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.

Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948.  They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.

Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals. The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and  by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.

## Medalists
### Medals by sport 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
* Iceland profile at London2012.com
Israel at the Olympics

**Israel** has been at the **Olympic Games** as a nation since 1952.  Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.  As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies.  Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994.  In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.

## List of medalists
## Medal tables
### Medals by Games
### Medals by sport
## Athletes killed in the 1972 Olympics 
The eleven members of Israel's 1972 Olympic team killed during the Munich massacre:

*David Berger, 28, weightlifter
*Ze'ev Friedman, 28, weightlifter
*Yossef Gutfreund, 40, wrestling referee
*Eliezer Halfin, 24, wrestler
*Yossef Romano, 31, weightlifter
*Amitzur Shapira, 40, track coach
*Kehat Shorr, 53, shooting coach
*Mark Slavin, 18, wrestler
*Andre Spitzer, 27, fencing coach
*Yakov Springer, 51, weightlifting judge
*Moshe Weinberg, 33, wrestling coach

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Olympic Committee of Israel
* Israel at SportsReference.com 
* Israel profile at London2012.com
Ireland at the Olympics

**Ireland** has been at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. Before 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Irish athletes at earlier Games are counted as British in Olympic numbers.

## Medal tables
The following tables include medals won by athletes on Irish teams together with one poet. All medals are from the Summer Games. Ireland's best result at the Winter Games was fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton in 2002 at Salt Lake City.

### Medallists (28)
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Ireland profile at London2012.com
Homo sacer

**Homo sacer** (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is
used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing
(sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book *Homo Sacer*; ‘sovereign
power and bare life’ as a person who is living a ‘naked life’ and is an outcast of society.

## Occurrence 
Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who
illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo
Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi’s book *Illegal traveller* he talks about how someone
forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become ‘homo sacer’, which can
lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.

## Consequences 
This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection
from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
but also from everyday citizens.

## References 
*http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/homo-sacer/
*http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/000374.php 
*Giorgio Agambens’ ‘Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (April 1, 1998)
*Shahram Khosravi’s ‘illegal traveller’ first published 2010 by Palgrave Macmillan
Totemism

]]
**Totemism** is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”. It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

## Early records 
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief".  Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from indigenous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

## Totem poles 
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs.  A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

## History of totemic theory 
Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan. 

Claude Lévi-Strauss published *Totemism* in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.

## References 
*Frazer, J.G. (1910) *Totemism and Exogamy* (4 vols) London: Macmillan
*Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) *Totemism*, Harmondsworth: Penguin
*Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) *The Dictionary of Anthropology*, Blackwell
*Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) *Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology*, Routledge
Italy at the Olympics

**Italy at the Olympics** includes 50 games in 23 countries and 4,000+ athletes. Since 1896, Italy (ITA) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

## History
The Italian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1908.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1915.

Italy's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

## Medalists
### Summer Games
#### Medals by summer sport
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; **Leading in that sport**

### Winter Games
#### Medals by winter sport
## Host country
Italy has hosted the Games three times:
*1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo 
*1960 Summer Olympics in Rome 
*2006 Winter Olympics in Torino

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* *Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano* website  
* Italy at Olympic.org
* Italy profile at London2012.com
Latvia at the Olympics

**Latvia** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1924. After the nation was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, Latvian athletes were part of Soviet Union at the Olympics between 1952 and 1988.  After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of Latvia in 1991, the nation returned to the Olympic Games in 1992.  They have been at every Games since then.

The National Olympic Committee for Latvia was first formed in 1922.  The current NOC is the Latvian Olympic Committee, which was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.

## Medalists
### Summer Olympics
### Winter Olympics
## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by sport
## References
*
Neocolonialism

has a military presence around the world which some say is neocolonial]]
**Neocolonialism** is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.

The Defense Agreements between France and French-speaking African countries established close cooperation, particularly in defense and security matters. Often accompanied by secret clauses, they allowed France to intervene militarily: to rescue regimes in order to establish the legitimacy of political powers favorable to its interests, to fight jihadism, particularly in the Sahel, or to put an end to civil wars. The departure of French troops from the African continent signals the end of a world, that of interventions in Chad, Togo, Gabon, Rwanda, Djibouti, Zaire, Somalia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Libya, and Cameroon. It also marks the end of "Françafrique".

## Related pages
*Imperialism

## Sources
Liechtenstein at the Olympics

**Liechtenstein at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Liechtenstein was LIC. It is now LIE.

## History
Liechtenstein was first at the Olympic Games in 1936.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

Athletes from Liechtenstein have won a total of nine medals, all in alpine skiing.  It is the only nation to have won all of its medals at the Winter Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Liechtenstein was formed in 1935.

Xaver Frick, a founding member of the country's NOC, is the only Liechtenstein athlete to have been in both the summer and winter Olympic games.

## Medalists
## Medals by Winter Games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
*
Montenegro at the Olympics

**Montenegro** was at the **Olympic Games** for the first time as an independent nation in 2008 at the Beijing Games.  Before Montenegrin athletes were part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.

The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee.  It was formed in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.

## List of medalists
### Basketball
### Association Football
### Handball
### Volleyball
### Water polo
## References
* 
*
North Macedonia at the Olympics

The **Republic of North Macedonia** was first at the **Olympic Games** at the 1996 Summer Olympics.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Until 1988 North Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia.

## List of medalists
Several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (a constituent country of the former SFR Yugoslavia) have also won Olympic medals, competing for Yugoslavia.

## References
Lithuania at the Olympics

**Lithuania**  was first in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

## Medalists
### Summer Olympics
### Medals by sport
## Medal count
## List of gold medal winners
## References
* The European Olympic Committees 
* Olimpiada.lt 

## Other websites
San Marino at the Olympics

**San Marino at the Olympics** is a history of 21 games in 16 countries and 80+ athletes. Since 1960, San Marino has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for San Marino was SMA.  It is now SMR.

## History
A team from San Marino was first at the 1960 Summer Olympics.  They have been in 12 Summer Olympics and 7 Winter Olympics. The country has never won a medal.

Among its most successful athletes are Francesco Amici and Emanuela Felici.  Both competed in shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics and "missed out on places in the finals by the narrowest of margins".

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* San Marino profile at London2012.com
Jorge Arvizu

**Jorge Arvizu** (23 July 1932 - 18 March 2014) was a Mexican actor who was the first Spanish voice, among others, of Bugs Bunny, Fred Flintstone and Cookie Monster. His nickname is "El Tata".

## References
## Other websites
*
Poland at the Olympics

**Poland at the Olympics** is a history which includes 42 games in 22 countries and 2,000+ athletes.  Since 1918, Poland has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Poland is POL.

## History
The Polish National Olympic Committee was formed in 1918.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1919.

Poland's team first competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Poland has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1984 Games. They were a part of the Soviet led boycott of the 1984 Games. Poland has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games.

## Medalists 
### Summer Games 
#### Medals by summer sport 
### Winter Games 
#### Medals by winter sport 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
* *Polski Komitet Olimpijski* website 
* Poland profile at London2012.com
Monaco at the Olympics

**Monaco at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1920.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Monaco is MON.

## History
A team from Monaco was first at the Olympic Games in 1920.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  They were not at the 1932 Games, the 1956 Games, and the 1980 Games.  Monaco has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1984.

As of 2010, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal.  Monaco has the most appearances at the Olympics (25) without winning a medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Monaco was formed in 1907 but not recognized by the International Olympic Committee until 1953.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
*
Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics

A National Olympic Committee of the **Saarland** was created in spring of 1950 in the *Saar protectorate*, a part of Western Germany that was controlled in 1945 by France. As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The athletes of Saar joined the German team for the summer games of 1956. 36 people, 31 men and 5 women, took part in 32 events in 9 sports.  The Protectorate became the German state of Saarland after 1956.

## History 
After World War II, the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Its annexation by France was not allowed by the other Allies and the Atlantic charter's points 2 and 3.

Because local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were created. These included the Saarland football team and in 1950 a NOC, in German called *Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes*. The region did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics.

The Saarland had history of over 500 years of coal mining. They gave a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the **1952 Summer Olympics** in Helsinki could be carried safely on airplanes. At the opening ceremony, 36 athletes from the Saarland marched in front  of the team of Germany. They did not win a medal. They were  44th among a total of 69 teams Many other teams with no wins were all ranked 44th together.

The Saar treaty of October 1956 allowed the Saarland to rejoin Germany as of 1 January 1957.

Although it was possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games.  A United Team of Germany that included athletes of all three German states took part in the Olympics that year. 1952 was the only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate team. The *Olympic Committee of the Saarland*  ended in February 1957 and its members became part of the German NOC.

## Related pages 
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report olympic-museum.de 
* Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report la84foundation.org
Luxembourg at the Olympics

**Luxembourg at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1912.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Luxembourg is LUX.

## History
Teams from Luxembourg have been in 28 modern Olympic Games.  Luxembourg's National Olympic Committee, the Comité Olympique et Sportif Luxembourgeois, was formed in 1912.  They sent their first team to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

## Medalists
Luxembourg has won four Olympic medals (one gold and three silver) in its 28 Olympic appearances.

## Winter Olympic Games
Luxembourg was first at the Winter Olympic Games in 1928.  They have been in seven Winter Games.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
List of airports in Azerbaijan

This is a **list of airports in Azerbaijan**, grouped by type and sorted by location.

Azerbaijan, formally the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. It is bordered by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhichevan is bordered by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and with Turkey to the northwest. The country's capital city is Baku. The majority-Armenian populated Nagorno-Karabakh region in the southwest of Azerbaijan declared itself independent from Azerbaijan in 1991, but it is not diplomatically recognized by any country and is *de jure* (in international law) part of Azerbaijan. Air transportation in Azerbaijan is organized and controlled by the Ministry of Transpotation of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

__TOC__

## Airports 
Names shown in **bold** means the airport has scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines.

## Related pages 
* List of airlines of Azerbaijan

## References 
* Survey of Russian Airfields, Edition 5 - 26 Nov 2005 
* 
*  - includes IATA codes
* World Aero Data: Azerbaijan  - ICAO codes and coordinates
* Great Circle Mapper: Azerbaijan - IATA codes, ICAO codes and coordinates

## Other websites 
* Heydar Aliyev International Airport Renovation Project  
* Baku International Airport Unofficial Website
Mediacorp Channel 5

**MediaCorp Channel 5** or **Channel 5** (Chinese: 五频道, Before 1 January 2005: 第五波道) is a 24-hour free-to-air English television channel based in Singapore.

Programmes on Channel 5 normally include English language drama (both imports and locally-made), movies, sports, reality show, variety show, news, current affairs and game show programmes. Local editions of overseas programmes like Singapore Idol, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Deal or No Deal have also been produced.

## Programs
* The Smurfs
* The Smurfs: The 2011 Series

## Related pages
*Mediacorp
*Mediacorp Channel 8

## Other websites
*
Ismaili

The **Ismaili** (or **Ismailiya**; ) are a Shia Muslim sect that are different from other Shiites by not agreeing on who was the 7th Imam, or religiousleader. The sect believes that it was Ismail ibn Jafar, rather than Musa ibn Jafar, as is believed most Shia Muslims. Ismail died while his father, Jafar ibn Muhammad, the 6th Imam was still alive. They believed that Ismail's son Muhammad was the next Imam and deserted the sixth Imam. 

They are split into several sects. The most important one is the Nizaris, who are led by the 50 Imam, the Aga Khan, another title of the Ismaili Imams. The current Aga Khan is Rahim al-Hussaini.
Netherlands at the Olympics

**Netherlands at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Netherlands was NLD. It is now NED.

## History
The Netherlands sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900.  They have taken part in almost all Games since then.  In 1956, the nation boycotted the Games in Melbourne as a protest against the Soviet invasion in Hungary just a few weeks before the Games.  They did have one person take part in the Equestrian events that were held in Stockholm a few months before the rest of the Games.

The Netherlands hosted the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The Netherlands want to host the 2028 Summer Olympics in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam, as a 100 year  of the 1928 Games.

Before to the 1992 Olympics, the country name was "Holland" with the country code of "HOL". From the 1992 onward, they have used the "Netherlands" and "NED".

Dutch athletes have won 246 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won the most of their medals in swimming and cycling.  The nation has won 86 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Eighty-two of these medals have come from speed skating.

The Netherlands Antilles, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), left the Netherlands in 2010. This caused the  Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee (NAOC) to lose its Olympic license in July, 2011. After the 2012 Olympic Games in London, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles can choose to be a member of the team for the Netherlands or Aruba, which is a semi-independent part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. At the 2012 Games, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles will be a part of the unified Olympic team under the IOC flag. Some athletes have said that they want to be a part of either the Netherlands or Aruba in London.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Netherlands at Olympic.org
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

The **Jin dynasty** (1115–1234) is also known as the **Jurchen dynasty**, and as the **Great Jin**. It was one of the last dynasties before Mongol invasion (and eventual conquest) of China.

The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens.  These were the ancestors of the Manchu, who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later. The Jin Dynasty was founded in northern Manchuria,  The founder was Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打).

The name of this dynasty is sometimes written as *Jinn* to differentiate it from an earlier Jin dynasty (265-420) of China whose name is spelt identically in the Roman alphabet.
  
The History of Jin recorded that Tangkuo Dingge (唐括定哥), Consort Gui (貴妃) was a Jurchen woman. She was first married to the Jurchen Jin royal Wanyan Wudai (完顏烏帶. She had an affair with her Han Chinese slave, Yan Qi'er (閻乞兒) and with Wanyan Liang (Prince Hailing). When Wanyan Liang became emperor of the Jin dynasty he forced Dingge to have her husband Wanyan Wudai killed by her other slaves, Ge Wen (葛溫) and Ge Lu (葛魯) and he promised that she would be named empress. Wanyan Liang broke his promise after he got bored of her when she entered the harem. Dingge then smuggled Yan Qi'er into the palace through a trunk after first smuggling a trunk full of her clothes as a dummy and then reprimanded him for looking at her clothes so he wouldn't look when Yan Qi'er was smuggled in next. Dingge and Yan Qi'er had sex until a Jurchen maid, Guige (貴哥) told on them to the emperor and Dingge was strangled and Yan Qi'er was beheaded.

## References
Bariatrics

**Bariatrics** is the part of medicine that deals with obesity. Bariatrics includes using dieting, exercise, changing people's habits, drugs, and surgery to help people lose weight.

More and more people are becoming overweight or obese. People with a high body mass index (BMI) are much more likely to have certain health problems. These include heart disease, diabetes, many types of cancer, asthma, sleep apnea, and problems with muscles and bones. Obese people are also more likely to die.

Diet, exercise, changing people's habits, and drugs are tried first to help people lose weight. People who have weight loss surgery usually lose more weight than those who try the other ways. The surgery also helps reduce diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes. With each patient, doctors might use some or all of the methods, depending on what they think would work best for that patient.

## References
## Other websites 
*VIDEO: How Bariatrics Has Changed Our Understanding of Type II Diabetes Dr. Daniel McKenna speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2008.
*MedLinePlus Portal on Weight Loss Surgery
Jurchen people

The **Jurchens** were a Tungusic people who lived in Manchuria in present-day Northeast China.   They were known as Jurchens until the 17th century when they became known as the *Manchu*. 

The Jurchens established the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchen Wanyan Yingge's paternal nephew Wanyan Wuyashu however fought against the Koreans, forcing them to submit and recognize Jurchens as overlords after "pacifying" the border between the Koreans and Jurchens.

The Joseon Dynasty of Korea placed great value on a policy of "neighborly relations" (*gyorin* or *kyorin*) with the Jurchen people.
## References
Hans Motz

**Hans Motz** (1 October 1909 &ndash; 6 August 1987) was an Austrian physicist. He worked at Stanford University on undulators. His work led to the development of the free-electron laser.

He was born in Vienna, and died in Oxford, England.

Hans Motz was a Full Professor in the Department of Engineering at Oxford University and a Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford.

He wrote books, including *The Physics of Fusion*, and a book on microwave theory. When he died, he left money to Oxford to establish a Motz Prize in Electrical Engineering to honor top students.

## References
Zaidiyyah

The **Zaidiyyah** () are a Shia Muslim sect are different from the usual Shia Islam because of the argument over the who is the fifth Imam, or religious leader. They believe the fifth Imam was Zaid ibn Ali, but most other Shia Muslims believe that it was his brother, Muhammad. Zaydi Muslims also follow a long list of other imams after Zayd Bin Ali and believe that the Imam is not appointed by God, unlike other Shia Muslims. Zaydis are different from other Shia Muslims also by prohibiting mut'ah (temporary marriage), not performing taqlid (conforming to the opinion and understanding of a teacher), and believing imams can make mistakes and then should be overthrown.

Today, they make up 40% of the population of Yemen, including the country's president. There are also Zaidis in Najran, Saudi Arabia.

## Subsects 
Zaydism has three major subsects:

### Jarudiyya 
Jarudiyya is a Zaydi sect that curses Abu Bakr and the rest of the companions for not giving the caliphate to Ali. It believes like Twelvers that Ali was the rightful caliph. Jarudiyya sect has special admiration for Amina, the Mother of the Prophet.

### Sulaymaniyya 
Sulaymaniyya is a Zaydi sect that believes that the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar were mistakes and that Ali was the rightful caliph. Its beliefs are rooted in both Twelvers and Sunnis.

### Salihiyya 
Salihiyya is a Zaydi sect that believes, similarly to Sulaymaniyya, that the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar were mistakes but also accepts the caliphates of the other companions of Muhammad. It has the closest beliefs to those of Sunnis.

## References
Norway at the Olympics

**Norway at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Norway is NOR.

## History
A team from Norway took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900. It has sent athletes to almost every Games since then. It did not take part in the 1904 Games. It was part of the American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Norway has hosted the Games twice:
*1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo
*1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer

Norwegian athletes have won a total of 144 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. It has won its highest amount of medals in the Summer Games in sailing and shooting sports.  At the Winter Olympic Games, Norway has won 303 medals. 107 of these medals were gold. This is more than any other nation. cross-country skiing and speed skating are its the top sports.  Norway is one of only three nations (along with Austria and Liechtenstein) to have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Norway was created 1900.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by summer sport
### Medals by winter sport
Total medal counts include three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.  These medals are included in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals.  This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Norway at Olympic.org
Portugal at the Olympics

**Portugal at the Olympics** is a history which includes 30 games in 20 countries and 600+ athletes.  Since 1912, the Portugal has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Portugal is POR.

## History
The Portugal National Olympic Committee was formed in 1909.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1909.

Portugal's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Portugal has been a part of every Summer Games since 1912.  Portugal's first Winter Games was in 1952 in Oslo, Norway. It was 36 years later when they sent another team to the 1988 Winter Olympics of Calgary, Canada. Since then, Portugal has only missed two Winter Games (1992 and 2002).

## Medal tables
### Medals per Olympic Games
### Medals by sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* *Comité Olímpico de Portugal* website  
* Portugal profile at London2012.com
London Buses

**London Buses** is a company owned by Transport for London (TfL). It manages bus services in Greater London, UK. Buses need to be red and charge the same fares. All services are given by private sector workers.

## References
## Other websites
*London Buses
Adrian Lowe

**Adrian Lowe** is an Australian athlete with a disability.  He competes in a wheelchair.  At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, He won two gold medals in the Men's 4 × 100 m Relay A2A4-7 and the Men's 4 × 400 m Relay A2A4-7 races, and three silver medals in the Men's 100 m A4A9, Men's 200 m A4A9, and the Men's 400 m A4A9 races.

## References
Louise Ellery

**Louise Ellery** (born 4 January 1977) is an athlete from Australia who has a disability.  She competes in a wheelchair. She competes in the shot put. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won a gold medal in F32–34/52/53 Shot put. She went to the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She did not win a medal. She is getting ready for the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## References
Emperor Yōzei

was the 57th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 876 and ended in 884.

## Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (*imina*) was .  She was the sister of Fujiwara no Mototsune.

## Events of Yōzei's life
Yōzei was made emperor when he was a young boy.
* **869** (*Jōgan 10*): Prince Sadaakira was born.
* **869** (*Jōgan 11*): Sadaakira is named Crown Prince and Seiwa's heir apparent.
* **883** (*Gangyō 7*): Yōzei showed signs of mental illness and violent incidents which could not be ignored.  For example, he killed people randomly in the court.
* **4 March 884** (*Gangyō 8, 4th day of the 2nd month*): Fujiwara no Mototsune removed Yōzei from the palace; and Yōzei was deposed as emperor.

Yōzei was succeeded by his father's uncle, who became known as Emperor Koko. During the reign of Kōkō's son, Emperor Uda, the former emperor became dangerous again.
* **889** (*Kanpyō 1, 10th month*):  Former- Emperor Yōzei again began killing people randomly.  Sometimes he disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and Sika Deer,

Yōzei lived in retirement until the age of 81.

### After his death
The actual site of Yōzei's grave is known.

## Eras of Yōzei's reign
The years of Yōzei's reign are more identified by more than one Japanese era.

## Related pages 
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Emperor Go-Yōzei

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]

## Other websites