Albrecht Dürer

**Albrecht Dürer** (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a Hungarian-German painter, engraver and mathematician. He painted a number of religious works in oils and made many brilliant watercolours and drawings, which through modern reproductions are now perhaps his best known works.

Dürer's prints made him famous across Europe before 30, with many people hailing him as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe.

## Early life 
 Louvre, Paris]]
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Dürer was the third child and second son of his parents, who had between fourteen and eighteen children. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary.

Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, and owned twenty-four printing presses and had many offices in Germany and abroad. His most famous publication was the *Nuremberg Chronicle,* published in 1493 in German and Latin. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut.  Dürer wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice.

## Return to Nuremberg 
'', 1514, Albrecht Dürer engraving]]

On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style.

Dürer's father died in 1502 and his mother died in 1513.

Dürer probably did not cut any of the woodblocks himself.  This was a job for experts.  But he had designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut as part of his training in Wolgemut's studio, and he had seen  many carved and painted altarpieces made in the studio.  This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. Dürer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut.

His famous series of sixteen great designs for the *Apocalypse* are dated 1498. He made the first seven scenes of the *Great Passion* in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. Around 1503–1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years. Neither these, nor the *Great Passion,* were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers.

The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life.  This is a series of drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, before he made his famous engraving of *Adam and Eve* (1504). This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name.

Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the *Praying Hands* (1508 Albertina, Vienna).  He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna).

## Second visit to Italy 
In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507.  By this time Dürer's engravings were very popular and were being copied. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo.  This was the altar-piece known as the *Adoration of the Virgin* or the *Feast of Rose Garlands*.  It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Later, the Emperor Rudolf II took it to Prague. Other paintings Dürer made in Venice include, *The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch*, *Christ disputing with the Doctors* (supposedly produced in just five days), and a number of smaller works.

## Nuremberg and the masterworks 
Dürer was admired by the Venetians, but he was back in Nuremberg by mid-1507. He stayed in Germany until 1520. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael.

The years between  and his journey to the Netherlands are divided according to the type of work he made. During the first five years, 1507–1511, after his return from Venice Dürer mostly painted. He made his four best  paintings, *Adam and Eve* (1507), *Virgin with the Iris* (1508), the altarpiece the *Assumption of the Virgin* (1509), and the *Adoration of the Trinity by all the Saints* (1511). During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the *Great Passion* and the *Life of the Virgin*.

He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. The famous works he made in this period were the thirty-seven woodcuts for the *Little Passion*, published first in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. In 1513 and 1514 he created his three most famous engravings, *The Knight, Death, and the Devil* (or simply, *The Knight*, as he called it, 1513), *Melencolia I*, and *St. Jerome in his Study* (both 1514).

'Melencolia I' has a magic square which is believed to be the first seen in European art. The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the date of the engraving, 1514.

, woodcut, 1515.]]

In 1515, he created his woodcut of the *Rhinoceros*.  The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it.  He made it from a sketch and description from another artist.  It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century.  The rhinoceros was from an  extinct Indian species.

Up to 1520 he produced a wide range of works, including portraits in tempera on linen, experiments in etching on plates of iron, and parts of the *Triumphal Arch* and the *Triumphs of Maximilian* which were huge woodcut projects ordered by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

## Journey to the Netherlands and beyond 
In the summer of 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey.

He wanted to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him. Maximilian had died in 1519, so the  city of Nuremberg stopped paying it.  Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg.

He took his wife and her maid and left Nuremberg for the Netherlands in July 1520, to be at the coronation of the new emperor, Charles V. He travelled by the Rhine to Cologne, and then to Antwerp, where he made many drawings in silverpoint, chalk, and charcoal.

Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. In Brussels he saw "the things which have been sent to the king from the golden land" — the Aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V following the fall of Mexico. Dürer wrote that this treasure trove "was much more beautiful to me than miracles.  These things are so precious that they have been valued at 100,000 florins".  Dürer appears to have been collecting for his own cabinet of curiosities, and he sent back to Nuremberg various animal horns, a piece of coral, some large fish fins, and a wooden weapon from the East Indies.

Dürer took many prints with him.  He wrote in his diary to whom he gave, exchanged, or sold them, and for how much. This is some of the few times the price of prints was recorded, so historians think it very important to show the values of prints compared to paintings at that time.  Dürer returned home in July 1521.  He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work.

## Final years in Nuremberg 
Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. There are many practice sketches and *studies* (practice paintings for a bigger painting) but no big paintings from this time.  This was partly because of his illness, but more because of the time he spent preparing to write books about geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification.

His writings show that Dürer was highly sympathetic to Martin Luther, and he may have been influential in the City Council declaring for Luther in 1525. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches.  Dürer probably thought of himself as a reform-minded Catholic.

Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56.  He left money and goods worth 6,874 florins - a considerable sum. His workshop was a part of his large house.  His widow lived there until her death in 1537.  The house is now a museum.

## Related pages
* Self portrait
*List of German painters

## References 
## Books/sources 
* Giulia Bartrum (2002), *Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy*, British Museum Press. 
* Walter L. Strauss (Editor) (1973), *The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Drypoints of Albrecht Durer*, Dover Publications.  — still in print in paperback.
* Wilhelm Kurth (Editor) (2000), *The Complete Woodcuts of Albrecht Durer*, Dover Publications.  — still in print in paperback.

## Other websites 
* Links to online museum images of all of Dürer's prints — see section B (nb: Not all Public Domain) 
* Albrecht Durer in the "History of Art" 
* http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/
* Alternative Albrecht Durer 
* Works by Albrecht Dürer  at Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
* Albrecht Dürer: *Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion* (Nuremberg, 1528). Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
* 
* *De Symmetria... and Underweysung der Messung*  1538, from Rare Book Room.
* O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson Biography at St-andrews.ac.uk