open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Desert Hot Springs, California

**Desert Hot Springs**, also known as **DHS**, is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley region. The population was 32,512 at the 2020 census.
## Schools
* Julius Corsini Elementary School, opened in 1983 (formerly Hacienda Elementary School 1950s–80, replaced older site). It was founded by Palm Springs Unified School District.

## References
Lois Wille

**Lois Jean Wille** (née **Kroeber**; September 19, 1931 – July 23, 2019) was an American journalist, editor, and author. She won her first of two Pulitzer Prizes in 1963 for her reports about how the Chicago local government’s failure to have good services to low-income women. 

Her stories led to a number of important policy changes in women’s healthcare, public housing, and the juvenile court systems.

Wille died on July 23, 2019 in Chicago from a stroke at the age of 

## References
Peter Hamm

**Peter Hamm** (27 February 1937 – 22 July 2019) was a German poet, author, journalist, editor and literary critic. He wrote many documentaries about Ingeborg Bachmann and Peter Handke. He wrote for the German weekly newspapers *Der Spiegel* and *Die Zeit*. From 1964 to 2002, Hamm worked as contributing editor for culture for the broadcster Bayerischer Rundfunk. He was born in Munich.

Hamm was in a domestic partnership with actress Marianne Koch from 1970 until his death.

Hamm died on 22 July 2019 in Tutzing, Germany at the age of 82.

## References
Republic of China (1912–1949)

The **Republic of China** (**ROC**) was a country that existed between 1912 and 1949. It is now the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China or Taiwan. It was created in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The Republic's first president was Sun Yat-sen. Sun's party, the Kuomintang (KMT) won the parliamentary election in December 1912. 

But Sun soon gave the position to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. The Beiyang Army also controlled the Beiyang government (which controlled Mongolia). 

Between late 1915 and early 1916, Yuan Shikai called himself the Emperor of China. But people did not like it (National protection war). 

After Yuan died in 1916, the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty. Various groups in the Beiyang Army claimed independence and fought with each other during the Warlord Era.

In 1921, the KMT created a rival government in Canton, supported by the Communist Party of China (CPC), 

North China was overtaxed and had too many fighting warlords. So its economy died between 1927 and 1928. 

General Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) became the KMT leader after Sun's death. Jiang started the Northern Expedition in 1926 and overthrew the Beiyang government in 1928. In April 1927, Jiang created a nationalist government in Nanjing and massacred Communists in Shanghai. With the support from the USSR. The CPC into armed rebellion, starting the Chinese Civil War.

China experienced industrialization and modernization but suffered conflicts between the Nationalist government in Nanjing, the CPC, warlords, and the Empire of Japan. 

Eventually the Chinese unified to fight against their common enemy: the Japanese. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War began.

In August of 1945, Japan surrendered at the end of World War II.

In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and CPC restarted. 

In 1949, the CPC defeated the KMT and started the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Jiang Jieshi and the KMT fled to Taiwan.

## Notes
Francisco Grau

**Francisco Grau Vegara** (22 January 1947 – 21 July 2019) was a Spanish musician, composer and General in the Spanish Armed Forces. He was born in Bigastro, Alicante. In January 2008, Grau became the first General of Music in the Spanish Armed Forces, having been made a colonel some years previously. From 1988 &ndash; 2008, he was also director of the Musical Unit of the Spanish Royal Guard.

Grau died on 21 July 2019, aged 72.

## References
Marianne Koch

**Marianne Koch** (born 19 August 1931) is a German actress. She is best known for her roles in spaghetti westerns and adventure movies of the 1960s. She later worked as a television host and as a physician. She was in a relationship with Peter Hamm from 1970 until his death in 2019. Koch was born in Munich. 

Koch is known for her roles in  *Night People* alongside Gregory Peck and in Sergio Leone's 1964 movie *A Fistful of Dollars* alongside Clint Eastwood.

## References
## Other websites
*
Art Neville

**Arthur Lanon Neville** (December 17, 1937 – July 22, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Neville was a part of The Neville Brothers. He was a founding member of The Meters. He also played with the spinoff group The Funky Meters.

Neville performed with singers Labelle (on "Lady Marmalade"), Paul McCartney, Lee Dorsey, Robert Palmer, Dr. John and Professor Longhair.

Neville died at the age of 81 on July 22, 2019 from a long-illness.

## References
Hans Lagerqvist

**Hans Ture Lennart Lagerqvist** (28 April 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a Swedish pole vaulter. He won a silver medal at the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Lagerqvist placed fourth at the 1971 European Championships and seventh at the 1971 European Athletics Indoor Championships and 1972 Olympics.

Lagerqvist was born in Gothenburg. He died on 22 July 2019 in Stockholm from brain cancer, aged 79.

## References
Brigitte Kronauer

**Brigitte Kronauer** (29 December 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a German writer. She was born in Essen, Germany. In 2005, she was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her literary works.

Kronauer died on 22 July 2019 in Hamburg from a long-illness at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
* Brigitte Kronauer in: NRW Literatur im Netz
Maxim Dadashev

**Maxim Kaibkhanovich Dadashev** (September 30, 1990 – July 23, 2019) was a Russian boxer. He competed in the light welterweight (63.5 kg) division. Dadshev was a participant of the 2015 European Games. 

Dadashev was a Russian amateur champion. He was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Dadashev won the vacant NABF super lightweight title in June 2018.

On July 19, 2019, Dadashev lost to opponent Subriel Matías at MGM National Harbor in Oxon Hill, Maryland. When leaving the ring, Dadashev collapsed.

## References
Oxon Hill, Maryland

**Oxon Hill** is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Oxon Hill is a suburb of Washington, D.C.. As of the 2020 census Oxon Hill had a population of 18,791.

## References
Cheverly, Maryland

**Cheverly** is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It is located near Washington, D.C.. The town was founded in 1918, and it was incorporated in 1931. Cheverly had 6,170 residents as of the 2020 Census.

## References
Storm Area 51

"'''Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us'''" is a Facebook event that was planned for September 20, 2019 at Area 51, a United States Air Force (USAF) base. The purpose of the event was to raid the site in search for aliens while they "Naruto run". The event was created by Matty Roberts as a satire event. Roberts posted the event on June 27, 2019. About 3,000,000 people responded "going" or "interested" on the event's page.

Air Force officials and Nevada state officials warned the group members not to raid the area or otherwise they would use executive force.

Copycat events such as plans to storm a secret vault of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Loch Ness, and the Bermuda Triangle have also been created.

## References
Bologna massacre

The **Bologna massacre** was the bombing of Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari. It happened on 2 August 1980. It killed 85 people and injured over 200 others. It is the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

## References
Arcadia Group

**Arcadia Group plc**  is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Topshop, Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit, which sells lines from the other group chains. The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK, concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams, Selfridges, as well as several hundred franchises in other countries.

The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments, itself owned by Tina Green, the wife of Sir Philip Green, who is himself the chairman of the Arcadia Group. Philip Green has been involved in a number of controversies during his career, including the payment of generous dividends to Richard Caring, Tom Hunter, and Philip Green's family prior to the demise of BHS.

In April 2019, it was reported that the Arcadia group, controlled by Philip Green's family, had recorded a £300m deficit into its pension fund, while the Green family had cashed out £1.2bn in dividends from Arcadia in 2005.

British MP Frank Field, who previously investigated the BHS pension deficit, has publicly criticised Philip Green for paying huge dividends to his family and friend Richard Caring "when things are going well", and making his employees pay "when things are not going well".
Home Retail Group

**Home Retail Group plc** was one of the UK's leading home and general merchandise retailers. It is the parent company of Argos and Habitat. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Home Retail Group owns a number of well-known brands, including Alba, Bush, Chad Valley, Challenger, Cherokee, Cooksworks, Habitat, Heart of House,  Hygena, Schreiber, and Sovereign.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Veles (god)

from lower part of Zbruch Idol]]
**Veles** is a Slavic god of wealth, undergrounds and trade. It is very important in Pomeranian Slavs religion.
SABMiller

**SABMiller plc** was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after the Belgian-Brazilian-American Anheuser-Busch InBev) and is also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands include Fosters, Grolsch, Miller, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell. It has operations in 80 countries world-wide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages.

SABMiller's origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.

SABMiller has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £42&nbsp;billion as of 24 October 2015, the 6th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev  announced plans to acquire SABMiller for £69 billion ($104 billion).

## Other websites 
* Official website
Marzanna

.]]
.]]
**Marzanna** (in Polish), **Marena** (in Russian), **Morana** (in Czech, Bulgarian, Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian),  or **Morena** or **Kyselica** (in Slovak), **Kiszehajtás** (in Hungarian), **Morena** (in Macedonian), **Maslenitsa** (in Russia) and also **Mara** (in Belarusian and Ukrainian), Maržena, Moréna, Mora or Marmora, **Morė** (in Lithuanian) is the goddess of death and winter in Slavic paganism. In many Slavic countries, it is very popular to burn a doll, that represents Marzanna, when it's beginning of spring.
Video assistant referee

**Video assistant referee** (VAR) is a system that helps referees to decide better about players fouls, if a goal was valid, red card decisions, etc. in soccer matches.  When the referee is going to review a play on the field at the VAR box, they outline a square with their hands, as if showing the outline of a TV screen. It was used for the first time in the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup.  It was used for the first time for international matches in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.  The first time VAR was used in the FIFA World Cup was in the 2018 World Cup.

In March 2018, the VAR was permanentely written into the Laws of the Game by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).

There are 3 categories of decisions that can be reviewed:

* **Goal/No Goal**: if the ball went inside or did not go inside of the goal, ball went out of play, foul, offside, or handball.
* **Penalty/No Penalty**: ball went out of play, dive, foul was in or outside the box, handball, or foul was not penalised.
* **Red/Yellow Card**: violent conduct, hitting/spitting/kicking/punching another player, coach, or referee, mistaken identity or incorrect card given, or decision to award a yellow or red card.

The referee can review the play on the field by going to the VAR box, listen to the VAR's recommendation, or completely ignore the VAR advice. The referee can only review the play on the field with recommendation of the VAR to prevent the referee from relying on it too much.

## Criticism 
The VAR system has been criticised by many people, mostly because of how much time is used up in reviews, overly relying on it, and causing confusion. Manager Mauricio Pochettino said "it made everyone confused". He also said that he felt sorry for the fans and for the referee after an FA Cup match.

## References
St. Helena, California

**St. Helena** ( ; Wappo: **Anakotanoma**, "Bull Snake Village") is a city in Napa County, California. The population was 5,430 at the 2020 census.

## References
Nir, Iran

**Nir** is a city in Iran. It is located in the north west of Iran in the Ardabil Province. it is a part of the Nir County.

## References
Slavic Native Faith

**Slavic Naitive Faith** is modern pagan religion, which is related to Slavic paganism. It is sometimes called **Rodnovery**.
## References
Tōyō Bunko

The  is Japan's largest Asian studies library. It is one of the world's five largest libraries. It is located in Tokyo. 

It contains around 950,000 documents, written in Asian, Western and Japanese languages.

It was started by Mitsubishi Motors and opened in 1924.

## References
Toyo University

is a Japanese university. It has buildings in Hakusan, Asaka, Kawagoe, and Itakura.

## Other websites 
*
Oyanagi Shigeta

**Oyanagi Shigeta** (小柳司気太, 1870 December 24 - 1940 July 18 ) is a Japanese scholar of Chinese literature and Taoism. He is from Niigata Prefecture and graduated from Tokyo Imperial University. His mom's last name is Kumakura (熊倉). 

## References
Zhangzhung

**Zhangzhung** (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང; Tibetan pinyin: Xangxang; Chinese: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom in western Tibet before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung was Bon, and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet.

We are still trying to learn more about them.

## Location 
Zhang Zhung had three different regions:

# sGob-ba, the outer; Western Tibet, from Gilgit in the west to Dangs-ra khyung-rdzong in the east, next to lake gNam-mtsho, and from Khotan, Xinjiang in the north to Chu-mig brgyad-cu rtsa-gnyis in the south.
# Phug-pa, the inner; The inner region is said to be sTag-gzig (Tazig) [often identified with Bactria, Central Asia.
# and Bar-ba, the middle, not yet identified.

It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet, Baltistan and Ladakh.

The capital was Khyunglung, the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash, with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley.

## History 
### Iron Age 
Scientists dug stuff in the Chang Tang plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron.

### Unification of Tibet 
 under the Tibetan Empire]]
The *Tang Annals* say that the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened Songzhou (China) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor to marry a princess. At first the Emperor Gaozong of Tang refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to Princess Wencheng.

## Language 
There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to Kinnauri, a Sino–Tibetan language.

The Bonpo claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from the subcontinent. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree.

## History 
Bonpo religion was founded by a Buddha-like person named Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. Tonpa's teachings are very similar to Gautama Buddha. Bonpos claim that Tonpa lived 18,000 years ago and visited Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring.

The Bonpo claim that during this time Lord Tonpa's teachings entered the Indian subcontinent and helped develop the Vedic religion (Hinduism). An example of this link between Bon and Hinduism is Mount Kailash, the center of Zhang Zhung culture and also most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that Hinduism owes its origin to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.

## References
Luo Zhenyu

**Luo Zhenyu** (August 8, 1866 &#x2013; May 14, 1940), courtesy name **Shuyun** (叔蘊), was a Chinese classical scholar, philologist, epigrapher, antiquarian. He supported the Qing dynasty, even after it fell.
Cen Chunxuan

**Cen Chunxuan** (1861 – 27 April 1933) was a Zhuang Chinese politician who lived in the late Qing dynasty and Republic of China. He wanted the Qing to become a monarchy based on a constitution (written set of laws). Empress Dowager Cixi supported him. He was a governor of Guangdong and became a warlord during the ROC but then Sun Yat-sen's government replaced his.

## References
Silesian language

(marked as *G1* and *G2*, in southern Poland and the eastern Czech Republic).]]
**Silesian** or **Upper Silesian** (Silesian:  /  ; ; , , ; ) from the West Slavic language family. Some linguists say that it is a dialect of Polish, because of big similarities in certain dialects between these languages. But other state it's a language, including Mańczak Witold, saying Silesian shares 53% lexical similarity, usually requiring over 80% to be seen as a dialect.It is mostly spoken in Poland, but also in the Czech Republic and Germany.

## References
Western Regions

to the west]]

The **Western Regions** or **Xiyu** () refers to Central Asia, specifically west of the Yumen pass. It was used in Chinese between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. 

It sometimes refers to Xinjiang or even northern parts of the Indian subcontinent (as in the novel *Journey to the West*).

Because it is located on the Silk Road, the xiyu have been important since at least the 3rd century BC.

## History 
The Han–Xiongnu War (ended 89 AD) was fought there. In the 7th century, the Tang campaign against the Western Regions led to Chinese control of the region. 

The xiyu became an important place of exchange between East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Muslim world.

This was especially true during the Mongol Empire. Buddhism spread through the region to China. 

The Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang crossed the region on his way to study in India. When he returned to Chang'an, the influential *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions* was written.

## References
Cologny

**Cologny** is a municipality in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Emperor Ming of Han

**Emperor Ming of Han** (15 June 28 AD – 5 September 75 AD) was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han Dynasty.

He was born .
Kalman filter

The **Kalman filter** is an algorithm (a step-by-step process) that helps people remove errors from numbers. It is named for Rudolf E. Kálmán, a mathematician who helped to make it.

Science can use the Kalman filter in many ways. One important use is steering airplanes and space ships. People also use the Kalman filter to make a model of how humans use nerves and muscles to move their bodies.

The Kalman filter has two steps. The first step is predicting (trying to say what you think will happen). The Kalman filter makes a first guess about what we think is true (an *estimate*) and how certain we are that it is true (*uncertainty*). Next, the Kalman filter makes a new guess by using a weighted average. More certain numbers are more important in this weighted average. After doing these two steps, we use the new guess to start these steps again.

## References
An Shigao

**An Shigao** () lived from 148-180 CE. He was a Buddhist. And he helped translate Indian Buddhist texts into Chinese. According to legend, he was a prince of Parthia (modern Iran). He gave up being a prince to become a Buddhist missionary monk in China.

## References
Fujita Toyohachi

**Fujita Toyohachi** (Kanji: 藤田豊八；Hiragana: ふじたとよはち; 19 October 1869 - 15 July 1929) is a Japanese writer and professor in East Asian History. He is from Tokushima Prefecture. His (Chinese) pen name name was Jianfeng / Kenfou (劍峰).

He founded a school in Jiangsu, China. He was a teacher at Beijing University (the Imperial University, 京師大學堂), author of Secondary Education East Asian history《中等教育東洋史》and Research on the History of East-West Interactions《東西交涉史之研究（東西交渉史の研究）》。

He collected over 1700 Chinese books. After he died, those were sent to the Toyo Bunko (東洋文庫) and put into a section called Fujita's library「藤田文庫」。

## Life 
In 1869, Fujita was born in Awa Province (Tokushima).

In 1895, he graduated from the University of Tokyo Liberal arts school with a degree in Chinese language studies.

After that he taught the history of Chinese literature at Waseda University, Toyo University, and other schools

In 1896, he cofounded the Dongya Xueyuan (東亞學院, East Asia College) with Oyanagi Shigeta and others. Fujita also founded the journal "Jiangsu Wenxue"《江湖文學》(Jiangsu Literature).

In 1897, he visited Shanghai.

In 1898, he helped create the Dongwen Xueshe (東文學社, East Asian literature society) with Luo Zhenyu.

After 1904, Cen Chunxuan (岑春煊) governor of Guangxi and Guangdong asked Fujita to help with education.

In 1905, he also helped create Suzhou high school (江苏师范学堂). He invited more than 10 teachers from Japan. The Qing dynasty then awarded him a medal. In 1909 Fujita became a professor at the prestigious Beijing University.

In 1912, Japan returned to Japan. He lived in Tokyo and researched the history of east–west interactions. In 1920 he got a PhD in literature.

In 1923, he was professor at Waseda University. He taught the history of east–west sea transportation and the history of the Western regions (China, Xiyu, modern day Xinjiang).

In 1925, he became professor at the imperial Tokyo University and first lecturer on East Asian history.

In 1928, he became a professor and Minister of culture and politics at Taibei Imperial University (臺北帝國大學). In May 1929 he returned to Tokyo to give a lecture on the history of the Xiyu again. But in July he died of kidney failure.

## Works 
* 東洋史　文学社, 1896－97
* 先秦文学 支那文学史稿 東華堂, 1897
* 東洋歴史物語 アルス (日本児童文庫), 1929
* 東西交渉史の研究 南海篇 岡書院, 1932
* 東西交渉の研究 巻上・下(南海篇,西域篇及附篇) 萩原星文館, 1943

## Citations
Thônex

**Thônex** is a municipality of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It is in the east of the canton and shares a border with the French town of Ambilly.

## History 
In 1869, the municipality was created when Chêne-Thônex split into two independent municipalities Chêne-Bourg and Thônex.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Yao Qian Shu

The **money tree** (Chinese: 搖錢樹; **yao qian shu**; literally: shake money tree) is a holy tree that can give you money if you shake it.

It came from the Han Dynasty. Bronze qianshu are appear a lot in Sichuan graves.

## References
Dry county

(yellow) counties in the United States]]
A **dry county** is a county in the United States whose government does not allow the sale of any kind of alcoholic beverages. Some don't allow off-premises sales, some don't allow on-premises sale, and some don't allow both. Many dry counties exist in the United States. Most of them in the South. Some smaller jurisdictions also exist, such as cities, towns, and townships, which don't allow alcohol to be sold. These are known as **dry cities**, **dry towns**, or **dry townships**. Dry jurisdictions can be contrasted with "wet" (minimal alcohol prohibitions) and "moist" (fewer prohibitions than "dry" but more than "wet").
Suzhou High School of Jiangsu Province

**Suzhou High School of Jiangsu Province** (), is a Chinese public high school in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. It has over 1000 years of history.

It was founded In 1035 by Northern Song politician Fan Zhongyan.

## Notable people
### Scientists
* Tsung-Dao LeeNAS CAS, theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
* Chien-Shiung WuNAS CAS, experimental physicist and Wolf Prize laureate
* Chien Wei-zangCAS, physicist
* Hu NingCAS, theoretical physicist
* Feng DuanCAS, physicist
* Feng KangCAS, mathematician
* Yao ZhenCAS, biologist
* Xiaowei ZhuangNAS, biophysicist
* Tianxi Cai, biostatistician

### Engineers
* Yuan-Cheng FungNAS NAE, bioengineer
* Shi Jun, chemical engineer
* Chia-Shun YihNAE, fluid mechanics engineer
* Ju-Chin Chu, chemical engineer and father of Steven Chu

### Politicians
* Qin Bangxian, early leader of the CPC.
* Zhou Yongkang, party and state leader.
* Yuan Weimin, made contributions to Chinese sport.

### Writers
* Wu Zuoren
* Lu Wenfu

### Entrepreneurs
* President Yu Liang, of China Vanke Co.

### Principals
## Notes
## References
Kucha

province, China; Kucha is pink; Aksu in yellow]]
**Kucha** (, ) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang (East Turkestan). 

It was on the Silk Road.

## References
Jeremy Kemp

**Jeremy Kemp** (3 January 1935 – 19 July 2019) was an English actor. He was known for his roles in the miniseries *The Winds of War*, the movie *The Blue Max* and the TV series *Z-Cars*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eminem singles discography

This is the discography of the American rapper Eminem.

## As lead artist 
### 1990s
### 2000s
### 2010s
### 2020s
## As featured artist 
## Promotional singles 
## Other charted and certified songs 
## Other guest appearances 
## Notes
## References
Michael English (politician)

**Michael English** (24 December 1930 – 13 July 2019) was a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament for the British Parliament for Nottingham West from 1964 to 1983. 

English died on 13 July 2019 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Peter Fry interview at History of Parliament Online
Parliament of Finland

The **Parliament of Finland** (, ) is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland. It was founded on 9 May 1906. It works with the Constitution of Finland. The power is vested in the Parliament. The Parliament is made up of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years. In addition, there is one member from Åland.

Legislation may start by either the Government or one of the members of Parliament.

## References
Fedio

**Fedio** (also spelled **Fedyo**; ) is a Syrian village located in Latakia Governorate. Fedio had a population of 4,065 in the 2004 census.  

## References
Pinyin for other languages

Chinese Pinyin is used for other languages besides Standard Mandarin and other Varieties of Chinese. In China different pinyin systems are used for Mongolian, Uyghur, Manchu, and Tibetan. 

The former State Administration of Surveying and Mapping, Geographical Names Committee and former Script Reform Committee created these pinyin methods. 

These have been used since 1978.

## References
Ragged school

**Ragged schools** were free schools for poor children’s education in nineteenth-century Britain. The London Ragged Schools Union was established in April 1844. They gave free education, food, clothes and other services. The classes were sometimes held in stables, lofts and railway arches. Most teachers were volunteers but there were some who were paid. About 300,000 children went to London ragged schools between 1844 and 1881.

## The context 
There was no legal structure which supported primary education in England until the second half of the 19th century. There were, however, Church of England schools.

Parliament did not lay down rules for education until 1870, the year of Forster's Education Act (Elementary Education Act of 1870). The Elementary Education Act 1880 (the Mundella Act) made school boards  enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years. Attendance officers might visit the homes of absent (truant) children. Children who were employed needed a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard. Employers of these children who could not show this were penalised.

The 1891 Elementary Education Act provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per head. This made primary education free. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11. 

## References
American Indian Wars

The **American Indian Wars** (also known as the **Indian Wars** or the **First Nations Wars**; ) is the name for the various battles that were fought by European, American, and Canadian governments and colonists against various Native American and First Nation tribes.

The conflicts happened in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century to the 1920s. The various Indian Wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, including cultural differences, land disputes, and crimes committed by both sides. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted Native tribes to help them in their wars against one another's colonial settlements.

After the American Revolutionary War, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions. The conflicts were usually about disputes over land use; some had cycles of violent actions. The Royal Proclamation of 1763, which is now part of the Canadian Constitution, banned white settlers from taking the lands of Natives unless treaties were signed with the British Crown. The 11 Numbered Treaties limited the number of conflicts.

As settlers went westward across North America after 1780, the size, length, and intensity of conflicts increased between settlers and Native tribes. The most important came during the War of 1812, which resulted in the defeat of major Indian coalitions in the Midwestern and Southern United States that were supported by the British.

Conflict with settlers happened less often, and treaties became more common. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the US government to remove natives from east of the Mississippi River to west of it, which the government believed to be empty American frontier. (Many tribes had a territory in the area, however.) The federal policy of removal was eventually changed in the West to relocating Native tribes to specially-designated and federally-protected reservations.

## Other websites
* *Indian Wars National Association*
* *Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas* by John Henry Brown, published 1880, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
* *The Indian Wars and African American Soldiers*, US Army
* Increase Mather, *A Brief History of the War with the Indians in New-England*, (1676) Online Edition
* www.history.com; American-Indian Wars
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130111135510/http://www.warof1812rph.com/ Highlighting Native Nations in the War of 1812
Suffern, New York

**Suffern** is a village that was created in 1796 in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, Suffern's population was 11,441.

## References
Youssef Chahed

**Youssef Chahed** (; born 18 September 1975) is a Tunisian politician. He was the Head of Government of Tunisia from 2016 to 2020. He was Secretary of State for Fishing from 2015 to 2016 and Minister of Local Affairs in 2016. He was a member of the Nidaa Tounes party until he formed Long Live Tunisia.

A failed presidential candidate, Chahed came in fifth place in the 2019 election.

## References
Wanda Vázquez Garced

**Wanda Emilia Vázquez Garced** (born July 9, 1960) is a Puerto Rican politician and attorney who served as the governor of Puerto Rico from 2019 to 2021. Before becoming governor, she was the 19th secretary of Justice from 2017 to 2019. Vázquez is the second female governor after Sila María Calderón.

In August 2022, Vázquez was arrested by the FBI over a bribery case involving her 2020 gubernatorial campaign. In 2025, She pleaded guilty to a campaign finance violation. In 2026, Vázquez was pardoned by President Donald Trump.

## References
## Notes
Napoleon, Ohio

**Napoleon** is a city in and the county seat of Henry County, Ohio, United States. It is located near the Maumee River. It is 44 miles southwest of Toledo. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 8,862.

## References
Bloomfield, Connecticut

**Bloomfield** is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.  The population was 21,535 at the 2020 census.

## References
Eliel Saarinen

**Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen** (; August 20, 1873 – July 1, 1950) was a Finnish-American architect known for his work with art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century.

## Works
## More readings
*
*
*
*A&E with Richard Guy Wilson, Ph.D.,(2000). America's Castles: Newspaper Moguls, Pittock Mansion, Cranbrook House & Gardens, The American Swedish Institute. *A&E Television Network*.
*
*
Maumee River

The **Maumee River** (pronounced ) (Shawnee: *Hotaawathiipi*; Miami-Illinois: *Taawaawa siipiiwi*) is a river running from northeastern Indiana into northwestern Ohio and Lake Erie in the United States. The city of Toledo is located at the mouth of the Maumee. 

It is the largest watershed of any of the rivers feeding the Great Lakes, and supplies five percent of Lake Erie’s water.

## References
Grand Rapids, Ohio

**Grand Rapids** is a village in Grand Rapids Township, Wood County, Ohio, United States. It is located along the Maumee River. The population was 925 at the 2020 census.

## References
Blue Hills, Connecticut

**Blue Hills** is a community in Hartford County, Connecticut. It is made up by the northwest corner of the city of Hartford and the southeast corner of the town of Bloomfield. 

The Bloomfield portion is listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 2,762 at the 2020 census.

## References
Bloomberg News

**Bloomberg News** (originally **Bloomberg Business News**) is an international news agency headquartered in New York. It creates news that is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, *Bloomberg Businessweek*, *Bloomberg Markets*, Bloomberg.com and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has been the editor-in-chief.

## History
Bloomberg News was created by Michael Bloomberg and Matthew Winkler in 1990 to give financial news reporting to Bloomberg Terminal subscribers.

The agency was created in 1990 with a team of six people. Winkler was first editor-in-chief. In 2010, Bloomberg News had over 2,300 editors and reporters in 72 countries and 146 news bureaus worldwide.

## References
## Other websites
* Bloomberg News – Official website (Subscription needed to read articles)
* Bloomberg.com – Official Bloomberg L.P. website
* Bloomberg Politics - Official politics website (Subscription needed to read articles)
* Hoover's Bloomberg L.P. Company Profile
Nicodemus, Kansas

**Nicodemus** is an unincorporated community in Graham County, Kansas, United States.

The Nicodemus National Historic Site is in Nicodemus. The place commemorates the only remaining western town created by African Americans during the Reconstruction Period. During the last weekend of July, former residents and their descendants return for celebrations and parades.

In 1976, Nicodemus was named a National Historic Landmark. As of 2018, its First Baptist Church, African Methodist Episcopal Church, and other historic buildings are in bad condition that they cannot be opened to the public.

## Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the Nicodemus township has an area of 32.4 square miles. The town is along Highway 24 in the Great Plains.

### Climate
Summer is typically long and hot. Thunderstorms are common during summer. Spring and fall are usually short, while winter is cold.  The average precipitation is about 22 inches.

## More reading
* Crockett, Norman I. *The Black Towns*. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1979.
* Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin. *Black Towns and Profit: Promotion and Development in the Trans-Appalachian West, 1877–1915*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
* Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin. "The Origins and Early Promotion of Nicodemus: A Pre-Exodus, All-Black Town." *Kansas History* 5 (winter 1982): 220–242.
* *Promised Land on the Solomon: Black Settlement at Nicodemus, Kansas*. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region, n.d.
* Schwendemann, Glen. "Nicodemus: Negro Haven on the Solomon." *Kansas Historical Quarterly* 29 (spring 1963): 10–31.
* Shaw, Bill & Daniel Chu. *Going home to Nicodemus: The story of an African American frontier town and the pioneers who settled it*. Morristown: Silver Burdett Press, 1994.
* Shortridge, James R. *Peopling the plains: Who Settled Where in Frontier Kansas*. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995
* Athearn, Robert G. *In Search Of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas 1879–80*.  Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978
* Ravage, John W. *Black Frontiers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier*.  Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997.

## References
## Other websites
* Nicodemus National Historic Site
* Nicodemus Photo Tour
* Kansas State Historical Society, Portrait of Nicodemus
* A history of Nicodemus, Graham County, Kansas 
* Nicodemus: Negro haven on the Solomon - 1971
* 1877 Historic Flyer
*
Céligny

**Céligny** is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It has two small exclaves of the canton of Geneva mostly surrounded by the Canton of Vaud, near Crans-près-Céligny.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
Nemesis

]]

In ancient Greek religion, **Nemesis** (), is the goddess who eventually takes vengeance against those who show hubris (arrogance before the gods).

Divine retribution is a major theme in the Hellenic world view. It is the unifying theme of the tragedies of Sophocles and many other literary works.

She carried a measuring rod (a tally stick), a bridle, scales, a sword, and a scourge (whip), and she rides in a chariot drawn by griffins.

Nemesis often is seen with another goddess, Aidos. Aidos is the goddess of shame. She is similar to Nemesis.

The Ancient Greek made different meanings for what they called "justice":
* Nemesis (as a goddess who gives to each what they deserve)
* Dike (to be in charge of what we would call civil law today)
* Dikaiosyne ("a just state," where the word justice comes from, meaning that everything is fair in their country)
* Nomos (a law made by the government)

In works of fiction the hero's nemesis is usually the villain and the hardest antagonist for the hero to defeat.

## References
## Other websites
Battle of Black Jack

The **Battle of Black Jack** happened on June 2, 1856, when anti-slavery people, led by abolitionist John Brown, attacked the camp of Henry C. Pate near Baldwin City, Kansas. The battle is one event of "Bleeding Kansas," and it was part of the lead up to the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865.

In 2012 the National Park Service designated the battlefield a National Historic Landmark.

## References
## Other websites
* The Black Jack Battlefield and Nature Trust 
* "Santa Fe Trail Site " View From USGS Aerial Photographs.
Revenge of the Nerds

**Revenge of the Nerds** is a 1984 comedy film about a group of brainy misfits who get into university in computer science and get revenge against the people by whom they are constantly bullied. The critics didn’t like it but it made a lot of money and got three sequels. All four movies were later released on DVD as “Revenge of the Nerds: The Atomic Wedgie Collection.”  

An episode of The Simpsons called "Revenge is a dish best served three times over" included a parody of Revenge of the Nerds called "the Revenge of the Geeks" of which Milhouse Van Houten is the protagonist.
Henry County, Ohio

**Henry County** is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,662. Its county seat is Napoleon. The county was created in 1820. It is named for Patrick Henry.

## Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 420 square miles (1,100 km2), of which 416 square miles (1,080 km2) is land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) (0.9%) is water.

## References
Neoconservatism (Japan)

**Neoconservatism** in Japan refers to the new generation of Japanese conservatives.

They are nationalistic and think Japan is unique and special.

They think they are not responsible for Japan's conquests and wartime history, Japanese war crimes, the Nanjing Massacre, and the Japanese colonization of Korea.

They want to change the Japanese constitution and remove Article 9. After losing WW2, Japan wrote into its constitution that it is not allowed to wage war. This is Article 9. The USA helped write it because he wanted to prevent Japan from ever attacking the US or any other country like when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. 

However Japanese neoconservatives want to restore the military in that they want to use the Japanese "Self-Defense" Forces to for more than just "self-defense". But this is against Article 9.

Some like Shinzō Abe have visited the Yasukuni Shrine to honor Japanese soldiers who murdered and raped Koreans, Chinese, and other Asians. 

They do not like China and refuse to apologize for Imperial Japan's war crimes. 

They do not like Korea either, North or South. They do not think their relationship with Korea is special. 

Some like Shintaro Ishihara want fewer immigrants. Some want to ban foreigners from voting, and only "Japanese nationals" should have the right. 

## References
Black Jack, Kansas

**Black Jack** is an unincorporated community in Douglas County, in the U.S. state of Kansas.

## History
The Battle of Black Jack was fought near Black Jack Creek in 1856. 

Black Jack was created in 1857. It was named after nearby Black Jack Creek. The creek was named for the Blackjack Oak trees along it. A post office was created at Black Jack in 1858. It continued to be used until 1895.

## References
Lawrence County, Mississippi

**Lawrence County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 12,016 people lived there. Its county seat is Monticello.

## References
Brown County, Kansas

**Brown County** (county code **BR**) is a county in the northeast part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 9,508 people lived there. Its county seat is Hiawatha. Hiawatha is the second-biggest city in Brown County. Brown County is where the Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas is. It also has most of the Sac and Fox Reservation and most of the Iowa Reservation of Kansas and Nebraska.

## History
Brown County was created in 1855.  It was named after Albert G. Brown.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.2%) is water. The Wolf River has starts in the county. Brown State Fishing Lake is in the county, 8&nbsp;miles&nbsp;(13&nbsp;km) east of Hiawatha.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 36
* U.S. Route 73
* U.S. Route 75
* U.S. Route 159
* Kansas Highway 20
* Kansas Highway 246

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
Brown County very Republican. Brown was Alf Landon’s strongest county in his home state during his 1936 presidential campaign. Noo Democratic presidential candidate has ever won a most of the votes Brown County.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Hiawatha USD 415
* Brown County USD 430

## Communities
 Map of Brown County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Everest
*Fairview
*Hamlin
*Hiawatha
*Horton
*Morrill
*Powhattan
*Reserve
*Robinson
*Sabetha (partly in Nemaha County)
*Willis

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Brown County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 70 pages; 1919.
* *Plat Book of Brown County, Kansas*; Northwest Publishing Company; 44 pages; 1904.
* ''Meacham's Illustrated Atlas of Brown and Nemaha Counties, Kansas''; J.H. Meacham & Company; 127 pages; 1887.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Brown County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Brown County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Mohamed Ennaceur

**Mohamed Ennaceur** (; born 21 March 1934) is a Tunisian politician. He was the acting President of Tunisia from 25 July 2019 after the death of President Beji Caid Essebsi until 23 October 2019. 

From 2014 until 2021, he was the Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and leader of the governing Nidaa Tounes party. He was Minister of Social Affairs in the 1970s and 1980s under President Habib Bourguiba, and again in 2011 in the transitional Ghannouchi and Essebsi governments.

## References
Dikembe Mutombo

**Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo** (June 25, 1966 &ndash; September 30, 2024) was a Congolese-American professional basketball player and humanitarian. Mutombo played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Denver Nuggets, Atlanta Hawks, Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, New York Knicks and the Houston Rockets.

In October 2022, Mutombo announced that he was undergoing treatment for a brain tumor. He died from brain cancer in Atlanta, Georgia on September 30, 2024 at the age of 58.

## References
Mohamed Ghannouchi

**Mohamed Ghannouchi** ( *Muhammad Al-Ghannushi*; born 18 August 1941) is a Tunisian politician. He was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1999 to 2011. Ghannouchi was an important political figure in the Tunisian government under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.

Ghannouchi resigned as Prime Minister on 27 February 2011 after multiple protests during the Tunisian Revolution called for him and President Ben Ali to resign.

## References
Khakassia

**Khakassia** (; Khakas: ) is a federal subject of Russia. Its capital is Abakan. As of 2022 the population was&nbsp;544,107.

## References
Progressive Party (United States, 1912)

at the Chicago Coliseum]]
The **Progressive Party** was a liberal third party in the United States. It was created in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt  after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to incumbent President William Howard Taft. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive and populist reforms. It also attracted famous national reformers. After the party's defeat in  1912 , it went into rapid decline in elections until 1918, disappearing by 1920. The Progressive Party was often called the "**Bull Moose Party**" since Roosevelt often said that he felt "strong as a bull moose".

## Politicians 
* Theodore Roosevelt
* Hiram Johnson
* John M. Parker

## References
## Other websites 
* editorial cartoons 
* TeddyRoosevelt.com: Bull Moose Information 
* 1912 platform of the Progressive Party