open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Duck and Cover (movie)

]]

**Duck and Cover** is a United States civil defense movie for children from 1951. Like civil defense training movies for adults, this movie was prepared for children and was widely shown to United States school children in the 1950s. It teaches students what to do in the event of a nuclear explosion. The movie shows an animated tortoise named Bert the Turtle and schoolchildren who show how to protect oneself from a nuclear explosion by using the duck and cover position.

At the time, there was a Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, and their relations were bad. This fear, mistrust and perceived threat between the two countries, led to an arms race with more modern weapons, and especially to a nuclear arms race with nuclear weapons, which they often tested. This led to a fear of World War III, which could be a nuclear war. The United States was also fighting the Soviet Union's allies North Korea and China in the Korean War. The Cold War also led to the Second Red Scare in the United States.

The movie was funded by the United States Federal Civil Defense Administration, was filmed in 1951 and was released in January 1952. The movie was written by Raymond J. Mauer, directed by Anthony Rizzo of Archer Productions, narrated by actor Robert Middleton and made with the help of schoolchildren from New York City and Astoria, New York.

The movie is in the public domain and is widely available on the Internet, on websites such as YouTube. The movie is also available on DVD.

In 2004, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

## References
## Other websites
* 
**Duck and Cover* at the TCM Movie Database
Native Son (1986 movie)

***Native Son*** is a 1986 American drama movie directed by Jerrold Freedman and is based on the 1940 novel *Native Son* by Richard Wright. It stars Victor Love, Matt Dillon, Elizabeth McGovern, Geraldine Page, Oprah Winfrey, Carroll Baker and was distributed by Cinecom Pictures.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Ulric Browne

**Ulric Franklyn Browne** (born April 1957) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying Winston in the BBC soap opera *EastEnders*.

## Early life 
Ulric Franklyn Browne was born in England in April 1957.

Browne studied at Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts in Peckham, South London.

## Career 
Browne made his debut as an actor on 26 November 1985, with the role of market trader Winston in the BBC One soap opera *EastEnders*. His character rarely speaks. His first line was "bloody pedestrians" said to Den Watts. He is the longest-serving male extra and second longest-serving extra, behind Jane Slaughter's Tracey.

Browne has worked as a secretary at Aircraft Management Support Limited in Exeter, Devon since 2 October 1992.

Browne has appeared in four *Children in Need* television spin-offs from *EastEnders*; *Pudding Lane* on 26 November 1999, *What Not To Wear* with Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine on 19 November 2004, *Motown Tribute* on 20 November 2009, and *EastEnd Meets WestEnd* on 17 November 2017.

Browne appeared in two 1988 episodes of the BBC children's television drama series *Grange Hill*; he was credited as House DJ on 15 January and as Hip Hop DJ on 12 February. He appeared in three episodes of the ITV police procedural series *The Bill*; he was credited as Benny Hughes on 5 October 1987, Seed on 31 January 1989 and Chas Hendrie on 31 July 2003.

Browne made his film debut on 7 March 2004, as Tiko in the action thriller film *The Quiet Storm*.

Browne has performed in panto.

## Personal life 
Browne is married to Debs.

## Filmography 
### As an actor 
### As himself 
## References
Pearl River

**Pearl river** may refer to:

## In United States 
*Pearl River County, a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
*Pearl River, Louisiana, a town in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States.
*Pearl River, New York, a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Orangetown, Rockland County, New York, United States.

## In China 
*Pearl River (China), a river in Southern China.
New Social Contract

**New Social Contract**, Dutch: *Nieuw Sociaal Contract* (shortened *NSC*), is a Dutch political party.

New Social Contract was established in 2023. It focuses on governmental renewal.
Their leader and founder is Pieter Omtzigt.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 20 (/).

## References
## Other websites 
* Website of New Social Contract
Bottom-up and top-down design

]]

The terms **bottom-up design** and **top-down design** are used when organizing or classifying information. The terms are also used in different fields of engineering when talking about building more complex systems.  

In this context, a **top-down** approach means that people look at the more general case first, and later break down the information into more specialized cases. It is also known as **stepwise refinement.** When designing software, people speak about *decomposition*, or *specialization*. . A top–down approach starts with the big picture, then breaks down into smaller segments. 

**Bottom-up** works the other way around. People first design more specialized systems, and then look what these systems have in common. The subsystems then become special cases or extensions of the more general system, and their complexity is reduced, to only handle the cases where they are different from the more general system, or where they extend it.  People speak about generalizing several components. 

When talking in a more general way, there are the concepts of deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning starts with the more general case to the more specialized case. Inductive reasoning takes several of the more specialized  cases, and tries to find similarities or patterns, generalizing them. Still other words, which are more widely used in engineering are decomposition and aggregation. Decomposition is about looking at the parts, aggregation is about combining several of those parts.

## References
New York City Fire Department

The **New York City Fire Department**, also known as the **Fire Department of the City of New York** (**FDNY**), is the complete fire department for New York City. It helps in fire prevention. It also provides EMS across all five parts of the city. In addition to dealing with fires and medical emergencies, the FDNY does many other things, such as rescuing people in challenging situations, defending against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats (CBRN), and responding to and analyzing situations where buildings may collapse. The FDNY uses a wide range of general and specialized vehicles, tools, and equipment to carry out its different tasks.

The FDNY headquarters is at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, while the FDNY Fire Academy is on Randalls Island. The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) locals are 94, 854, and 4959. EMS is represented by DC 37 Locals 2507 for EMTs and paramedics, and Local 3621 for officers.

## History
The New York City Fire Department traces its roots to 1648 when the first fire ordinance was adopted in the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (now part of the Dutch Empire). Upon arriving, Peter Stuyvesant appointed four fire wardens to oversee the chimneys of wooden houses. Owners faced penalties for improperly maintained chimneys. The initial fire wardens were Martin Krieger, Thomas Hall, Adrian Wyser, and George Woolsey.

## References
Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl

**Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl** is a town in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 6,000 people live there. It is the largest wine producing town in Germany.

## Localities 
Vogtsburg has 9 districts:
* Achkarren
* Alt-Vogtsburg
* Bickensohl
* Bischoffingen
* Burkheim
* Niederrotweil
* Oberbergen
* Oberrotweil
* Schelingen

## References
Dugout canoe

]]
A **dugout canoe**, or dugout is a boat that is made by hollowing out a tree. The name is sometimes shortened to dugout.  Other names for this kind of boat are  **logboat** and **monoxylon**. *Monoxylon* (*μονόξυλον*) (pl: *monoxyla*) is Greek –  *mono-* (single) + * xylon* (tree) – and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In German, they are called **Einbaum** ("one tree" in English). Some, but not all, pirogues are also made in this manner.

Dugouts are the oldest boat type archaeologists have found.  The items found date back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than others, such as bark canoes.

## Images 
 is the world's oldest known dugout]]

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fundamental origins of ship types
* Ship replicas in the world
* For more information on Tocher's voyage
Technological change

**Technological change** is when the use of technology in a society or culture changes over time. This process is also known as **technological development**.  Speaking from the point of view of economics, technological change makes it possible to get more output with the same input, or to get the same output, with less input. Technological change also affects the quality of the product, which often improves over time. As an example, the development of the steam engine was linked to the industrial revolution. Technological changes also affect society, society often n changes as a result of technological change. To stay with the example of the industrial revolution: In the industrial revolution, many factories were built, and people were needed to work in those factories. The work of the factory worker was very different from the work people did before. A whole social class of factory workers developed. As technological change improves efficiency, it is also very often linked to unemployment: Fewer people are needed to produce the same output, so some are laid off. 

According to Joseph Schumpeter, there are five different types of technological development:

# The launch of a new product
# The introduction of a new production method
# A new market becomes accessible, or is created
# A new source is made available for the components or parts of a product
# A new form of organizing a company is introduced

Studies have been done on people living in close contact with nature (sometimes called indigenous societies): Very often these people developed complex systems to keep traditions alive, and to avoid technological change if it isn't necessary. Claude Lévi-Strauss used the term "cold cultures" to describe this phenomenon. 

## Criticism 
People have also criticized technological change: Jean-Jacques Rousseau published a work called *Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men*  in 1755. In it, he writes that before the Industrial Revolution, people were able to live happily, in a state of nature. In it, he also says that private property leads to inequality among humans. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Luddites were opposed to certain technological changes introduced by the Industrial Revolution. In 1968, philosophers of the Frankfurt School became critical of technological change. In his encyclical ''Laudato si''' Pope Francis has an ambivalent position as to technology: He sees technology as  a key contributor to the environmental crisis and human suffering. 

Pope Francis points out, that technology is viewed as "principal key to the meaning of existence" and asks the world to "resist" the "assault" of the technocratic paradigm.

## References
Elzach

**Elzach** (Low Alemannic: *Elze*) is a town in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is on the river Elz and is 26&nbsp;km northeast of Freiburg.

## References
Forchheim am Kaiserstuhl

**Forchheim am Kaiserstuhl** is a municipality in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## References
Gutach im Breisgau

**Gutach im Breisgau** is a municipality in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Localities 
Gutach has six villages:
* Gutach
* Bleibach
* Kregelbach
* Oberspitzenbach
* Siegelau
* Stollen

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the municipality
Alfred Grosser

**Alfred Grosser** (1 February 1925 – 7 February 2024) was a German-born French writer, sociologist and political scientist. Although his Jewish family had to move from Frankfurt to France in 1933, he focused on Franco-German cooperation after World War II, was instrumental in the Élysée Treaty in 1963, and writing books towards better understanding between the Germans and the French. He was professor at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris from 1955 to 1995 before contributing to newspapers and broadcasts including *La Croix* and *Ouest-France*. He was critical of Israeli politics which caused controversies. His work was honoured with notable awards. He died in Paris on 7 February 2024, six days after his 99th birthday.
Reute (Breisgau)

**Reute** is a municipality in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Twin towns 
Reute is twinned with:
*  Walthersdorf, Germany

## References
Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl

**Sasbach** is a municipality in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Sasbach is adjacent to the river Rhine and the Kaiserstuhl. The municipality has three villages: Jechtingen, Leiselheim and Sasbach. It has two medieval castle called **Limburg** and **Sponeck**.

## References
L'Étrat

'''L'Étrat''' is a commune in the Loire department in central France. In 1884, L'Étrat was split from the commune of 
La Tour-en-Jarez.

## Twin towns 
L'Étrat is twinned with:
*  Vörstetten, Germany

## References
Waldkirch

**Waldkirch** is a town in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 15&nbsp;km northeast of Freiburg im Breisgau. About 21,000 people live there. The town is on the river Elz, in the southwestern part of the Black Forest.

The sensor manufacturer SICK AG and amusement ride manufacturer Mack Rides are headquartered in Waldkirch. The Catholic church of St. Margarethen (former collegiate church of the same name) was built in 1732–1734 by the Austrian architect Peter Thumb.

## Twin towns 
Waldkirch is twinned with:
*  Charleroi, Belgium
*  Chavanay, France
*  Liestal, Switzerland
*  Sélestat, France
*  Worthing, England, United Kingdom

## References
Wyhl

**Wyhl** is a municipality in Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History 
It is known in the 1970s for its opposition to the anti-nuclear movement. Wyhl was first mentioned in 1971 as a site for a nuclear power plant. The construction of a nuclear power plant in Breisach had been planned since 1969, was abandoned because of protests. In July 1973, Wyhl was named as the location for a power plant at the Kaiserstuhl.

## References
Social stratification

Sociologists have put people into different categories, based on socioeconomic factors, such as wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political). They called this classification **social stratification.** Stratification is the relative social position of people within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit.

In modern Western societies, social stratification is defined in terms of three social classes: an upper class, a middle class, and a lower class. Each class is divided in three again: an upper, a middle, and a lower layer, or statum. Moreover, a social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship, clan, tribe, or caste, or all four.

Socieieties that are based on states, that have more than one center, or that have a feudal hierachy use social stratification. In feudal society, there is nobility, and there are the common people, or peasants. Social scientists still argue about when social stratification first appeared: Either it started in the hunter-gatherer, tribal, and band societies or with agriculture and large-scale means of social exchange. Determining the structures of social stratification comes from inequalities of status among people.The degree of social inequality determines a person's social stratum. Generally, the greater the social complexity of a society, the more social stratification exists, by way of social differentiation.

Stratification can yield various consequences. For instance, the stratification of neighborhoods based on spatial and racial factors can influence disparate access to mortgage credit.

## Social mobility 
People and groups or categories of people also move between the layers of the system. This movement can occur within one generation, or from one generation to the next one.

Mobility is sometimes used to classify different systems of social stratification. Systems that allow such mobility, or that make it easier are called open.  Uually, they make movement possible by placing value on the achieved status characteristics of people. The societies with the highest levels of intragenerational mobility are considered to be the most open and malleable systems of stratification.

## References
Lauchringen

**Lauchringen** is a municipality in Waldshut in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It has two districts: Oberlauchringen and Unterlauchringen.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Le Grand-Lemps

**Le Grand-Lemps** is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

It is part of the arrondissement of La Tour-du-Pin and belongs to the intercommunal structure of Bièvre Isère Communauté.

## Twin towns 
Le Grand-Lemps is twinned with:
*  Dogern, Germany

## References
Mount ad-Dahi

Mount ad-Dahi () is a historic mountain in Palestine, located south of Nazareth, three kilometers east of Afula .

It was named after the village of Ad-Dah, which contains the tomb of the companion Dahiya Al-Kulayni.

mountains of historic Palestine and is located south of Nazareth, three kilometers east of Afula . It was named after the village of Ad-Dah, which contains the tomb of the companion Dahiya Al-Kulayni . 

The hill of Dahi is 550 metres high. 

T

The mountain mass forms a watershed between the Galood River / Jalud River in the south and The Tabor Valley in the north.

The mountain mass forms a watershed between the Galood River in the south and the Taboor valley in the north. 

The Jabal Ad-Dhi massif forms a water dividing line between the Jalud River in the south and The Tabor Valley in the north.

**Mount Ad-Dhi** is one of the mountains of historic Palestine and is located south of Nazareth, three kilometers east of Afula . It was named after the village of Ad-Dah, which contains the tomb of the companion Dahiya Al-Kulayni . The height of Mount Ad-Dah is 550 meters and is also known as “Little Hermon.” The total land of the mountain ranges between (6000-8000) dunams, and the Canaanites mentioned it as “Mount Mi’sar.” 

## References
Wavelet compression

**Wavelet compression** is a form of data compression which is mainly used to compress images and videos (which are sequences of images). Like with other forms of data compression, the idea is to find redundancies, and to remove them:

* Temporal redundancies - As an example there will be only a slight difference in the background, of two consecutive images
* Spatial redundacies - Points in an image that are close to each other often have a similar color
* Spectral redundancies - Often it is possible to predict the frequencies of compoents that are close to each other.

Compression algorithms which are based on the theory of wavelets allow to get compression rates of around 1:65. Yves Meyer, a french mathematician, first developed the theory of wavelets in the 1980s. Ingrid Daubechies and Stéphane Mallat improved the theory, and found links to digital signal processing.
Van Dyke brown

**Van Dyke** (Vandyke) **brown** is a warm brown colour for painting and printmaking. Early accounts of the pigment call it Cassel (or Kassel) earth or **Cologne earth**. Today it is usually called Van Dyke brown after the painter Anthony van Dyck. 

The colour was originally made from a mixture of peat or soil and oil paints.

Despite being named after Anthony van Dyck, the pigment has not been found in his work. It is found in some American paintings of the nineteenth century.

## Colour code 
The colour code for Van Dyke brown is:

## References
More to Life

"**More to Life**" is a 1991 song by Cliff Richard and is the theme song to the BBC tv series *Trainer*. It went to number 23 in the United Kingdom.

## Track listing
**UK 7" single (EM 205), CD single (CDEM 205), cassette (TCEM 205)**
#"More to Life"
#"Mo's Theme" (instrumental)

## References
Lyla in the Loop

***Lyla in the Loop*** is a children's animated television series. It was created by Dave Peth for PBS Kids. It premiered on February 12, 2024. It is produced by Mighty Picnic and Pipeline Studios. It follows Lyla, an African American girl and her sidekick, a fuzzy blue creature named Stu. Together, the two embark on adventures with her family. The theme song was composed and performed by Divinity Roxx.
Tinwald, New Zealand

**Tinwald** is a southern suburb of Ashburton and is separated by the Ashburton River / Hakatere. It has a primary school that opened in 1879, shopping area and the Plains Railway. It was the home of New Zealand Prime Minister William Massey and has State Highway 1 running through the suburb. 

## References
Souleyman Sané

**Souleymane  Sané** (26 February 1961 in Dakar, Senegal) is a Senegalese-French former football player and football coach. He played as striker mainly in Germany. 
## Career 
Sané was born in Senegal and came to Toulouse, France, with his parents when he was four. His father was an employee of the Senegalese embassy. As a child he took up athletics, boxing and wrestling.  He then decided on football. He was influenced by his brother, who played professionally at FC Toulouse. Sané started playing football at FC Blagnac in Toulouse. He worked as a pastry chef at the same time. In 1981 he was signed by the Parisian third division club ES Viry-Châtillon. In his first season he was top scorer. 

In 1982 he was serving in the French army and went to Germany. There he played for the then fourth division club (Verbandsliga Südbaden) FV Donaueschingen. After his  military service, he returned to Toulouse and was loaned to Blagnac FC. In 1984 he returned to Donaueschingen. In 1985 Sané was signed by SC Freiburg. In 1987/88 he was top scorer in the second division with 21 goals. In the summer of 1988 he moved to Bundesliga club 1. FC Nürnberg. In 1990 he went to newly promoted SG Wattenscheid 09. With 39 goals, he is still Wattenscheid's record goalscorer in the Bundesliga.

After the relegation of Wattenscheid  in 1994, Sané moved to Austria to FC Tirol Innsbruck. There he became the league's top scorer. Later he played in Switzerland (Lausanne, FC Schaffhausen). From there he returned to SG 09 in the 2nd Bundesliga. He then played for LASK Linz in the Austrian Bundesliga, for Rot-Weiß Leithe and for SW Wattenscheid 08. He later also played for  Schwarz-Weiß Südfeldmark in Wattenscheid.
## International 
When Sané was playing for Nuremberg, Michel Platini tried to persuade him to play for France. Otto Pfister, then coach in Senegal, made the Senegalese football association aware that Sané had a Senegalese passport. The association managed to get Sané to switch to Senegal two weeks before the first game for France. According to an interview question, he played 55 games for the Senegalese national football team. 

## Personal life 
He is the father of Leroy Sané, who is playing for FC Bayern Munich and the Germany national football team.

## References
2022 AFL Grand Final

The **2022 AFL Grand Final** was an Australian rules football match played between the Geelong Cats and the Sydney Swans at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) on 24 September 2022. It was the 127th grand final in the Australian Football League (AFL), and was held to determine the winner of the 2022 AFL season. Geelong defeated Sydney by 81 points.

## Scoreboard
## References
2021 AFL Grand Final

The **2021 AFL Grand Final** was an Australian rules football match played between the Melbourne Demons and the Western Bulldogs on 25 September 2021 at Optus Stadium in Perth. It was the 126th grand final in the Australian Football League (AFL) and determined the winner of the 2021 AFL season.

Melbourne defeated the Western Bulldogs by 74 points. It was the first time since 1964 that the Demons had won a Grand Final.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Grand Final was not played at the traditional venue, the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), for a second time in a row. It was the first Grand Final to be played in Western Australia. It set a new attendance record for Australian rules football in Western Australia.

## Scoreboard
## References
Phytochrome

**Phytochromes** are a type of protein that is sensitive to light. They can be found in plants, bacteria, and fungi. There are two types of red-sensitive phytochromes. Type I is sensitive to far-red light. Type II is sensitive to red light.

The way they work is to control the plant's development. There are other receptors which respond to blue and ultraviolet light. Their pigments are also phytochromes.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Phototropism
*Photosynthesis
Kepler-16

**Kepler-16** is an eclipsing binary star system. It consists of two stars, Kepler-16A and Kepler-16B. The system also has one exoplanet, Kepler-16b. It is a gas giant the size of Saturn.

## References
Easy-Bake Oven

The **Easy-Bake Oven** was a popular children's toy stove for baking made by Hasbro. It used electricity for heat and came with pans and other equipment. Different models were made in many colors.

The toy was first sold in 1963. Kids would be able to bake small cakes and cookies as long as they had electricity. The oven was supposed to be used with adult supervision.

## References
Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)

and Fra Filippo Lippi, *Adoration of the Magi*, c. 1440/1460.]]
The **Adoration of the Magi** is a round painting believed to be made by Fra Angelico in the middle of the 15th century. It is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Many experts think Filippo Lippi also helped with it, along with other artists and helpers. The painting is also called the **Washington Tondo** or **Cook Tondo**. It is made with tempera on wood and is about 137.3&nbsp;cm across.

Art experts say the painting took a long time to make, with many changes done by different artists. Some people do not like these changes, but others, like John Walker, think it's one of the best Florentine paintings. He believes it shows the shift between old and new painting styles in Italy during the 15th century.

## History 
The painting is thought to be the same one listed in a list of things in the Medici Palace in 1492, after Lorenzo the Magnificent died. It was kept in a big room with Paolo Uccello's famous Battle of San Romano paintings. This painting was worth more than any other in the palace.

From the late 16th century, it was owned by the Guicciardini family in Florence. In 1810, it was sold to Chevalier François-Honoré Dubois, the chief of police in Florence during the time of Napoleon. It changed owners a few times and was believed to be painted by different artists like Botticelli, Fra Angelico, and Filippino Lippi.

During World War II, it was sent to the United States from England to keep it safe from bombs. It was later given to the National Gallery of Art in 1952.
 on the top of the stable.]]
Besides the wise men, there are also shepherds. One is looking at Jesus and Mary, and the others are pointing at them. The stable is outside, and there are animals and people nearby.

In the background, more people are coming to see Jesus. Some are on horses and camels, while others are walking. The city walls of Bethlehem are seen, and some people are watching what's happening.

On the roof of the stable, there is a big bird and some smaller ones. There are also some young people on the ruins, but it's not clear who they are. Some parts of the painting look strange because the sizes of things do not match up correctly. This might be because the artist made changes while painting.

Some parts of the painting, like the stable and the birds on the roof, seem to be added later. They might have been inspired by symbols used by the Medici family. Benozzo Gozzoli, who worked with Angelico before, might have added these details. He also painted similar scenes in the Medici Palace around the same time.

## References
Payung dance

dance performance at the Indonesian umbrella festival at Prambanan Temple.]]
The **Payung dance** (Jawi: **تاري ڤايوڠ**) is a traditional dance of the Minangkabau and Malay people from Sumatra, Indonesia. It is similar to other dances from Sumatra but with a Minangkabau touch. In this dance, dancers use umbrellas called "payung." It is usually done by three or four dancers and shows the love and connections between young people. The dance comes from the Western Sumatra region of Indonesia.

People perform the Payung dance during different events like shows, exhibitions, parties, and weddings. It is a important part of Minangkabau culture. Men use umbrellas while women use shawls in the dance. The umbrella represents protection, showing how men protect their families. Women's shawls symbolize love and loyalty in marriage. This is shown when the woman's shawl is placed on the man's shoulder.

## Name 
In the Indonesian and Minangkabau languages, "payung" or "payuang" means "umbrella" or "parasol." This word comes from old Sundanese. The dance is called Payung dance because it uses umbrellas as the main props. The umbrellas represent safety and protection in marriage.

## History 
 as part of Javanese processional performing arts is depicted on the 13th-century reliefs of Jawi Temple in East Java, Indonesia.]]
The umbrella dance is a big part of the Minangkabau tribe's culture. It is mostly done by young Minangkabau people. But it's more than just entertainment. It also shows how couples should act in a loving relationship, following Islamic religious and traditional Minangkabau rules.

Long ago, during the time when the Dutch were ruling Sumatra, there were plays that people watched for fun. These plays sometimes included the umbrella dance. At first, the umbrella dance was just something extra in the plays, mainly for fun. But in the 1920s, it became really popular, and people liked it a lot.

In the 1960s, the umbrella dance was one of the most liked dances among the Minangkabau people. Some of them had never seen a Minangkabau dance before watching the umbrella dance. It often showed up in dance shows, either by itself or with other dances.

In the 2000s, a dancer and teacher named *Syofiyani Yusaf* from Bukittinggi worked on it and improved it, keeping its Minangkabau style but making it easier for anyone to learn.

Today, umbrella dance is performed at a lot of events, both in and outside of West Sumatra. Many students, from elementary to high school, learn the umbrella dance. They join art clubs in different places in West Sumatra. Some schools, like *Vocational High School 7 Padang* and the *Padangpanjang Indonesian Arts Institute*, even teach the umbrella dance as part of their classes.

## Dress 
In Payung dance, female dancers wear traditional Malay clothes like kebaya tops, songket bottoms, hair in a bun, and a low, golden crown-like headdress called "suntiang." Male dancers wear long-sleeved shirts called "bay belanga" with a "cekak musang" collar, matching trousers, a side cloth made from songket, and a typical Minang head covering or black kopiah (peci).

## References
Gru (Despicable Me)

**Felonious Gru Sr. (**also known as **Gru**) is a fictional character in the Despicable Me Franchise. He is voiced by Steve Carell. He was created by  Sergio Pablos.

Gru’s wife is Lucy Wilde.

## Biography 
Gru, in one of his memories, while he was in elementary school, was bullied by friends when he was trying to ask a young girl to go on a date, with one of them saying she had “Gruties”, causing the kids in the playground to run away from Gru. It is said that Gru witnessed the moon landing on live television during the space race, pointing that he could have been born at the height of the Cold War, which was the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, he also made a rocket ship out of macaroni and actually made a real one based on the macaroni prototype.

### Despicable Me 
*Main article:Despicable Me (movie)*

In Despicable Me, Gru is a supervillain who steals the moon. His heart is then softened by the girls and ends up adopting them. In the movie, his main opponent is Vector Perkins, who was responsible for stealing the pyramids of Giza and replacing them with fake inflatables. Later, after defeating Vector, he is hired by the Anti-Villain League, being granted an official pardon.

## Related pages 
* Despicable Me 3
* Despicable Me 4
* Despicable Me (franchise)

## References
Houdini (Dua Lipa song)

“**Houdini**” is a 2023 song by English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa. It was released on , and will appear on her third album. The song has been successful on the charts, reaching number two in the UK.

A music video for the song was released at the same time, featuring Lipa dancing in a dance studio.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Nihang

of a winged water dragon.]]
**Nihang** are mythical water dragons from the Chitrali Mythology in northwestern Pakistan. The name *"Nihang"* comes from the Persian word "nahang" for crocodiles but is also used for other sea creatures. Nihangs looked like winged snakes, also found in myths in many parts of mainland Pakistan and East Asia. They were huge, scaly creatures and were famous for their golden manes. The most famous one lived in a lake in Mastuj area of Chitral and frightened the local people. However, its reign of terror ended when an ancient warrior fought against it using a double-hilted sword and killed it.

The Chitrali dragon has similarities to both Eastern and Western dragons. It looks like East Asian dragons with its thick furlike mane, lives in water, and has a long, slender, serpent-like body. But unlike Eastern dragons, the Chitrali dragon is seen as a mean creature that spreads fear in its area. People living near lakes have long believed in creatures like this in the Hindu Kush mountains. Even a Chinese traveler from the 7th century, Xuanzang, mentioned a dragon living in a lake in the region. While the exact lake he talked about isn't known, some believe it could be Lake Dufferin on the border of Chitral.

## Nihang of Matuj 
The small town of Mastuj in Chitral was once an important place, serving as the capital of a small hilly kingdom. There used to be a big lake below the town where a huge dragon (Nihang) lived. This dragon would eat anything that moved, including fish and animals. Over time, it even started attacking people passing by. The locals, worried about their safety, asked their king for help.

The king, after talking with his advisers, announced a reward for anyone brave enough to kill the dragon. A courageous man stepped forward and said he would do it. He got a special sword made, poisoned its edge, and set out on his dangerous journey.

The brave man took one of the dragon's golden manes (long hair on the neck like a lion) and went back to the king's palace. He was happily welcomed, given a big feast, and praised by everyone. The king rewarded him with money and land. The people of Mastuj loved and admired him. His story spread far and wide, and even today, people remember him. Though the lake is gone, the place is still called *Nahangu Chhat*, which means "The Dragon’s Lake" in the Khowar language.

## References
Qiu Jin

**Qiu Jin** (born in 1875), was a Chinese revolutionary. Qiu fought for women's rights and fought against the ruling Qing Dynasty. 

When she was a child, Jin did not like the stereotypes of women. For example, Qiu learned to use swords and martial arts. She started a school, but it really was a way to get students to fight in the revolution against the Qing Dynasty. 

Another person who helped start the school was arrested and executed. Qiu knew she would be arrested. She did not run away to another country.  Qiu also got arrested because she hid weapons and saved students from getting in trouble. Qiu was asked to write something before she died. She chose to write about the meaning of her name: Autumn. She was executed by the army.

## References
Kate Swift

**Kate Swift** (1923-2011) is an author, activist, and editor. She was best known for working to make English-language writing more equal for men and women.

## Career 
Swift worked in the army as an education and information specialist during World War II. She was also a writer for the Port of New Orleans. Swift then worked as an editorial assistant at Time Magazine. She was also a news writer for the Public Relations Department of the Girl Scouts of America. Swift became a science writer on the public affairs staff of the Museum of Natural History. She was also the director of the news bureau of the School of Medicine at Yale, in 1965. 

Swift wrote two important books that brought attention to sexual discrimination in the English language. Swift worked with Casey Miller to edit a manual to make it gender-inclusive. Swift’s efforts resulted in Connecticut becoming one of the first states in the US to achieve same-sex marriage. Swift has helped women be recognized as “full-fledged members of the human race”.

## Legacy 
Because of their efforts, the *Hartford Courant* later titled Swift and Miller as "leaders in the women's movement of the 1970s" and a duo who "took on the pronoun *he* [...] along with the rest of what they and other feminists considered male-biased language in countless articles and speeches as well as in their books." Eventually people became aware of the "implicit discrimination in" the English language and "writing and speaking without using masculine-gender words" began to catch on. Furthermore, some of Swift and Miller’s actual proposals for non sexist language eventually found their way into everyday usage. For example, according to the St. Paul Pioneer Press, "Some of the authors' proposals gained traction. Many newspapers, textbooks and public speakers avoid "fireman" and "stewardess" nowadays."

Swift and Miller’s personal papers and records are kept in the Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.

## Death 
Kate Swift died on  May 7, 2011 at 87 years old in Middleton, Conneticut.

## Burial 
Miller was buried in Madison, Connecticut and was later joined by Swift, upon Swift's own death in 2011.

## References
Nella Larsen

**Nella Larsen** (1891-1964) was an American nurse, librarian, and writer during the Harlem Renaissance. She was born in Chicago, and grew up in a mostly white neighborhood before attending high school for one year at Fisk University’s Normal School, which is a historically Black college and university (HBCU). After high school, Larsen moved to Denmark where she lived with relatives and spent three years (1909-1912) auditing courses from the University of Copenhagen.

Considered an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Larsen was an accomplished writer. She was the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1930. Larsen was also awarded the Harmon Foundation’s bronze medal for *Quicksand* (2). Larsen’s works center middle class Black women and their experiences, focusing on topics such as marginality and mixed-race identity.

Considered an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Larsen was an accomplished writer. She was the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1930. Larsen was also awarded the Harmon Foundation’s bronze medal for *Quicksand*. Larsen’s works center middle class Black women and their experiences, focusing on topics such as marginality and mixed-race identity.
## References
Yowlah

The **Yowlah**, (Arabic: اليولة or العيالة, al-ʿayyalah or al-ʿiyyalah) also known as **Al-Yola**, is a traditional folk dance of the United Arab Emirates. The person who performs the dance is called a **Yawil**. The dance is also performed in Oman and Qatar. It is commonly performed at weddings and celebrations. It involves men and women dancing separately to traditional music, along with sounds of drums and other instruments. Started as a Bedouin war dance, it was originally performed by men turning their rifles or swords in round shape after a victory in battle. The dance includes people of all age from children to old.
## Transformation
In the past, men used real weapons which had bullets but today they use the light weight weapons similar to Kalashnikov rifles, and also without bullets. Children mostly use sticks instead of weapons as they are easier to use. Mohammed Al-Yateen, who led the *Dubai Military Association band* explains that,''"performing the Yowlah was tougher in the past, because in those times, the rifles were heavier compared to today. It's an art that showcases a man's strength, as not everyone can master the skill required to perform the Yowlah."''

Balancing the weapon with skillful hand movements is also very important for this folk dance.

In the old days, men used to sing "challah" without any drums or rhythms. But now, rhythms have become an important part of this art. In the old days, men would stand in rows and sing verses repeatedly, making the place echo with their voices. The first row would sing a verse to the tune of "challah war," and then the second row would reply with another verse. This would continue, making the sound of the singing louder and louder.
## Related pages
* Al-ras (drum)

## References
Finau Vulivuli

**Finau Vulivuli** (born August 18th, 1982) is an international commentator for football. She is a Fijian referee and used to be in a national football team for the 2003 South Pacific Games. 

## Career 
After she played in the Women's Fifa World Cup, she reffed for the Fifa World Cup when Vulivuli saw how women started getting represented in the commentary of sports.

## References
Spider-Woman

**Spider-Woman** is one of Marvel Comics' most popular superheroines, and as such, she has a traction of various alternate versions and characters who had taken her mantle.

The first Spider-Woman, **Valerie the Librarian**, made her first appearance in *Spidey Super Stories* #6 (December 24th, 1974). While **Jessica Drew**, the most famous Spider-Woman, made her debut in *Marvel Spotlight* #32 (November 9th, 1976); in spite of her name, Jessica Drew is very rarely related to Spider-Man in any way. The second major version is **Julia Carpenter**, who first appeared in *Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars #6* in June of 1984, and the third major version is **Mattie Franklin**, who first appeared in *The Spectacular Spider-Man* #262 (October 1998).

Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ashley Barton, and Gwen Stacy.

## In other media 
The character has since appeared in different forms of media, such as action figures, movies, television series, and video games as well.
Ms.

**Ms**. is a common English honorific used to describe women without saying if they are married or unmarried. Ms. was invented to replace Mrs. (only for married women) and Miss (for unmarried women). American feminists supported the idea of using "Ms." The word and idea of "Ms." has a very complicated and complex history.

The honorific "Ms." goes back to at least the 1760s. But, it was more "officially" proposed by a writer in 1901.  This writer proposed "Ms." to avoid accidentally calling a woman a wrong name. This proposal was also the first marriage-neutral proposal. "Ms." was accepted as an honorific by the New York Times in 1986. Later, during a radio interview at the New York Radio Station, Sheila Michaels spoke out for the honorific "Ms." to be a title. Eventually, "Ms." became official.
## References
Super Bowl LVIII

**Super Bowl LVIII** was an American football game that was played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2023 season. In a rematch of Super Bowl LIV, from 4 years earlier, the American Football Conference (AFC) champion and defending Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers 25–22 in overtime to secure their second Super Bowl championship in a row and become the first team to go back-to-back since the New England Patriots in 2004. With this being the Chiefs' fourth Super Bowl appearance and third win in five years, many have said this game established them as a super team. It was played on February 11, 2024, and was shot in Allegiant Stadium.  It was the second Super Bowl to go into overtime, the first being Super Bowl LI, seven years earlier. The game's attendance of 61,629 was the lowest in Super Bowl history outside of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This was the first Super Bowl to be held in the state of Nevada. It was televised worldwide by CBS.

The game has been named by people as the "Taylor Swift Bowl" or "Swiftie Bowl", referencing singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and her fans, which are known as Swifties. The season broke records for the NFL, following Swift's relationship with Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce and her frequent appearances at Chiefs games. Fans who began supporting the Chiefs due to Swift's association with them have been dubbed as "Chiefties".

Super BowlLVIII was televised by CBS. CBS used 165 cameras, including six cameras embedded within the goal posts ("doink cams"), 48 cameras capable of high frame rate video (24 of which were in 4K for zoom abilities), and 23 cameras for augmented reality effects.

## Halftime 
On September24, 2023, it was announced R&B and pop singer Usher would lead the halftime show.

Usher performed "Caught Up", "U Don't Have to Call", "Love in This Club", "Confessions Part II", "Nice & Slow", "Burn", "U Got It Bad", "OMG", and "Yeah!".

## References
Rupal Patel

**Dr. Rupal Patel** is an Indian American speech scientist and the CEO and founder of VocaliD. VocaliD is a company that customizes digital voices for people with speech impairments. She collects the limited sounds that her patients are able to make, and matches them with a donated voice from their “Voice Bank”.

She has a masters, bachelor's degree, and a doctorate in psychology, speech acoustics, and speech-language pathology. Patel was on the faculty in the department of bio-behavioral sciences at the Teachers College of Columbia University in 2003. 

## References
Polypedates macrotis

The **Baram whipping frog**, **forest bush frog**, **brown-striped tree frog**, **big-eared whipping frog**, **dark-eared tree frog**, or **Bongao  bubble-nest frog** (*Polypedates macrotis*) is a frog.  It lives in Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and some islands in the South China Sea.  People have seen them as high as 1300 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in forests. It can lay eggs in ditches and other bodies of water.

Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place and because it can live in places that humans have changed.

## References
Rainbow crossing

, Australia (April 2013)]]
A **rainbow crossing** or **rainbow crosswalk** is a pedestrian crossing with the rainbow flag on it, to represent the LGBT community.

## History 
The rainbow flag or gay pride flag, is linked with the LGBTQIA+ community and LGBT activities around the world.

The idea of rainbow crosswalks first  in Taipei, Taiwan in 2008. 
The first  rainbow crosswalks were built in West Hollywood, as part of the 2012 Gay Pride Month. Similar crossings were built in Sydney, Australia, the following year, as well as some temporary rainbow crossings in other cities such as Tel Aviv.

## References