open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jean-François Le Sueur

**Jean-François Le Sueur** (or **Lesueur**) (15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French composer, best known for his oratorios and operas.

## Life 
Jean-François Le Sueur was born in a tiny village called Plessiel, near Abbeville. His great-uncle was the painter Eustache Le Sueur. He started his musical training by singing in the choir at the church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens. Le Sueur became chorus master at the cathedral of Sées. He went to Paris to study harmony. His teacher was Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the church Saints-Innocents. Le Sueur got jobs at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), Tours (1783) and then took over Roze’s job at the Saints-Innocents at Paris. In 1786 he was made music director at the famous church Notre-Dame de Paris.

At Notre Dame he started to use orchestras to play the music for some of the special services. The priests did not like this. Le Sueur replied by writing a little book about music for big religious celebrations. It was a bad time in France financially and the church had to make savings, so Le Sueur could not have his orchestra any more, so he resigned from his job.

Le Sueur spent some time in London, 1788–92, then returned to Paris where the revolution was going on. Three of his operas were performed, and he became professor at the École de la Garde Nationale, and then at the Conservatoire which was very new at the time. There he taught basic music theory. He was unable to get any more operas of his performed. He wrote a book saying how music should be taught in France, and criticizing the Conservatoire and its director. Because of that he lost his job at the Conservatoire.

Le Sueur now had no job and so he was very poor. Then, in 1804, Napoleon made him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries in the place of Giovanni Paisiello. He was then able to have his most famous work performed at the Opéra. It was called *Ossian ou Les bardes*. Napoleon liked it very much and gave Le Sueur the cross of the Légion d'honneur. Le Sueur composed the *Triumphal March* for the coronation of Napoleon. In 1813, he was given a position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry.

At the Bourbon Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra. From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire. He stayed there many years. His most famous pupils were Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas and Charles Gounod.

He died in Paris.
Walter Scott

**Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet**, FRSE (15 August 1771 &ndash; 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, widely popular in the first half of the 19th century.

Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime.  As adventures, *Ivanhoe*, and *Rob Roy* are very well-known, and both were made into films. *Waverley* is important because it is the first historical novel. It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture. Scott wove together history and fiction. What he started with *Waverley*, he continued with his other novels.

Scott wrote very many books. Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford. Of his poetry *The Lady of the Lake* is best liked. 

Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession. Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.

A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32).

## Education and early life 
Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783. After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792.

## References
British Rail Class 09

The British Rail **Class 09** is a class of 0-6-0 diesel locomotive designed primarily for shunting but also short distance freight trips along branch lines. For this reason, though similar to the existing Class 08 shunting locomotives, Class 09s were re-geared to give a maximum top speed of 27.5&nbsp;mph (44&nbsp;km/h) at the expense of a lower tractive effort. They originally operated in the Southern Region of British Railways, though following privatisation in 1997 they have been distributed much farther afield.

## References
British Rail Class 11

The British Rail **Class 11** is a diesel shunting locomotive built from April 1945 to December 1952. They are based on a similar earlier batch built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) between 1934 and 1936.
British Rail Class 12

The British Rail **Class 12** is a diesel locomotive built mainly for shunting duties. 

This was the second batch of standard Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 35 hp (260kW) diesel engine.  These locomotives (BR numbers 15201-15203) were built by the SR in 1937 and were later classified D3/12. 

The Class 12 locomotives were built at the BR Ashford Works over the period 1949–1952. They were numbered 15211–15236 and became Class 12. No locomotives survived long enough to acquire Class 12 TOPS numbers though.
British Rail Class 13

The British Rail **Class 13** was formed in 1965. The Tinsley Marshalling Yard needed more powerful shunters to move vehicles around.  This was provided by permanently coupling together two Class 08 shunters as a ‘master and slave’ (or ‘cow and calf’) unit. The second of the two units had its cab taken off.  Both units were ballasted to improve traction.  At first the units were coupled cab-to-cab but it was easier to couple Master nose to Slave cab. The thinking behind adopting this dual locomotive design is that a larger, rigid locomotive could not be used due to the risk of grounding on the hump.
British Rail Class 14

The **British Rail Class 14** is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s. Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon railway works. The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work (between local yards) and short-distance freight trains. The order was expanded to 56 in mid-1963, before work had started on the first order.
British Rail Class 15

The **British Rail Class 15** diesel locomotives, also known as the BTH Type 1, were designed by British Thomson-Houston, and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company, between 1957 and 1961.
British Rail Class 16

The **British Rail Class 16**, originally known as the North British Type 1 was a type of diesel locomotive ordered under British Railways' 1955 Modernisation Plan. Like other Type 1 designs, they were relatively small locomotives intended primarily for local freight traffic.
Opéra-Comique

The ** Opéra-Comique** is an opera house and opera company in Paris. Its full name is **théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique** (*National Opéra Comic Theatre*).

The Opéra-Comique company was started in 1714 to give somewhere to perform French operas. At the time operas throughout Europe were nearly always in Italian. Opéra-comique (literally: Comic opera) was a French tradition. The operas in this tradition were performed with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers. This is why the opera house and company were given that name.

The Opéras-Comiques were more popular and less formal that the traditional Italian operas that were performed at the Académie Royale de Musique. During the three centuries of its existence there have been several changes to it. For a time the Opéra-Comique and the Opéra were organized by the same institution.

The Opéra-Comique put on first performances of many famous operas, especially Bizet's *Carmen* on 3 March 1875 and Debussy's only opera, *Pelléas et Mélisande*, on 30 April 1902. Berlioz's *The Damnation of Faust* was also first performed there on 6 December 1846. That first performance was a disaster.

The building in which the Opéra-Comique performs is called the "salle Favart,". It is not the same building as in 1714. Two previous buildings were burnt down in 1838 and 1887. The present building was built in 1898.

## Other websites 
* Opéra-Comique website
British Rail Class 20

The **British Rail Class 20**, originally known as an English Electric Type 1, was a class of diesel electric locomotive.  228 locomotives in the class were built by English Electric between 1957 and 1968. The large number was partly to do with the failure of other early designs in the same power range, and reliable locomotives being needed.

The locomotives were originally numbered D8000–D8199 and D8300–D8327. They are known by railway enthusiasts as "Choppers", a name taken from the distinctive beat the engine produces under load which resembles the sound of a helicopter.

## References
Pawn (chess)

The **pawn** (♙♟) is the weakest piece in the game of chess. They represent infantry. Each player starts the game with eight pawns, one on each square of the second row (or rank) from the view of the player. In the white pawns start on a2, b2, c2, ..., h2, while the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7, ..., h7.

## Moving
Pawns move differently than other pieces. Unlike all the other pieces, pawns cannot move backwards. Most of the time, a pawn moves by going up a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its starting place, it can go forward two squares. Pawns cannot use the first two-square move to jump over a square with another piece on it or to capture.  Any piece in front of a pawn, white or black, stops its moving. If a pawn touches the other side it is exchanged by either a queen, a rook, a bishop or a knight.   

### Capturing 
The white pawn at e4 can capture either the black rook at d5 or the black knight at f5, but not the bishop at e5, which blocks its straight way forward. Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right. In the diagram to the left, the white pawn can capture either the black rook or the black knight.

### En passant 
An even more unusual move is the *en passant* capture.

En passant happens when a pawn uses its first-move option to move two squares forward instead of one. If it passes over a square guarded by an enemy pawn, that pawn can take the first pawn "in passing" *as if* the first pawn had moved forward only one square. The taking pawn moves into the empty square over which the first pawn moved. The first pawn is removed from the board. To capture *en passant* can only be done on the move right after the double-square pawn advance. Otherwise the chance is lost.

The *en passant* move was added in late fifteenth-century Europe, to make up for the then newly added two-square first move rule. We have no record of why the rule was added, but it is easy to see that it works to prevent the position becoming blocked and uninteresting.

### Promotion 
Once a pawn reaches the other side of the board and cannot move further, it is promoted, meaning it can become any other piece on the board, except the king. Players usually promote their pawns to a queen because it is the next most-powerful piece on the board.

## History
As the simplest piece in chess, the pawn was in the oldest version of chess, Chaturanga. It is present in all other types of chess around the world.

The changes which took place in the fifteenth century were aimed at allowing the pieces to develop faster, and make the game more exciting.
British Rail Class 21

:''This is article is about diesel locomotives built 1958-1960. For 2007-era locomotives, see Vossloh G1206.

The **British Rail Class 21**, originally known as the North British Type 2 diesel-electric, was a type of  diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow for British Railways in 1958-1960.

Starting in 2007, the classification has been reused for new Vossloh G1206 acquired by Euro Cargo Rail/EWS.
British Rail Class 10

The **British Rail Class 10** diesel locomotive was a version on the Class 08 diesel-electric shunter. A Blackstone diesel engine was fitted instead of one made by the English Electric company.  Traction motors were by either the General Electric Company plc (GEC) or British Thomson-Houston (BTH). 

The locomotives were built at the BR Works in Darlington and Doncaster over the period 1953-62.  Early batches were classified D3/4 (those with GEC motors) and D3/5  (those with BTH motors).
British Rail Class 23

**British Rail Class 23**, originally called English Electric Type 2, was a class of ten diesel-electric locomotives built by the English Electric Company in 1959. They were numbered from D5900 to D5909.  The power unit was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9 cylinder engine of 1,100&nbsp;bhp. This drove an EE generator, which powered the four traction motors. The Class 23 was nicknamed "Baby Deltic" because of its similarity to the Class 55.
British Rail Class 24

The **British Rail Class 24** diesel locomotives, originally known as the British Railways Type 2, were built from 1958 to 1961. One hundred and fifty-one of these locomotives were built at Derby, Crewe and Darlington. The first twenty locomotives were part of the 1955 British Rail modernisation plan. This class was used as the basis for the more powerful Class 25 locomotives.

The final survivor, no. 24081, was withdrawn from Crewe depot in 1980.
British Rail Class 25

The **British Rail Class 25** diesel locomotives were originally known as British Railways Type 2. They were nicknamed **Rats**.  327 locomotives of this type were built between 1961 and 1967.
British Rail Class 26

The **British Rail Class 26** diesel locomotives, originally known as BRCW Type 2, were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) at Smethwick in 1958-59. Forty seven examples were built, and the last were withdrawn from service in 1993.
British Rail Class 27

The **British Rail Class 27** was a diesel locomotive built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) during 1961 and 1962.  They were a development of the earlier Class 26. Both were originally classified as BRCW Type 2. There were 69 locomotives in the class.
British Rail Class 28

The **British Rail Class 28**, originally known as Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2, diesel locomotives were built as part of the British Railways Modernisation Plan.  The locomotives had a Co-Bo wheel arrangement. There was a 6-wheel bogie at one end a 4-wheel bogie at the other end. This wheel arrangement was unique in British Railways practice but not uncommon in some other countries, notably Japan. This affected their route availability, due to the different axle loading at each end of the loco, and made maintenance more complicated.  The maximum tractive effort  was unusually high for a Type 2 locomotive but, as there were five (not four) driving axles, the risk of wheelslip was minimal.

## Preservation
D5705 is the sole survivor, now preserved at the East Lancashire Railway.

## In Fiction
In the popular British children's TV show Thomas & Friends, A character by the name of BoCo is based on this class, his name probably due to the fact of the name of the Whyte notation given to this class, mentioned above, 'Co-Bo'

## References
British Rail Class 17

The **British Rail Class 17**, originally known as the Clayton Type 1, was a class of diesel locomotive operated by British Railways.
Solanales

The **Solanales** are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons.  Some older sources used the name **Polemoniales** for this order.

## References
British Rail Class 31

The British Rail **Class 31** diesel locomotives, also known as the **Brush Type 2** and originally as **Class 30**, were built by Brush Traction from 1957 to 1962.
British Rail Class 33

The British Rail **Class 33** also known as the **BRCW Type 3** or Crompton is a class of Bo-Bo diesel locomotives ordered in 1957 and built for the Southern Region of British Railways between 1959 and 1963.

A total of 98 class 33s were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, and they were called "Cromptons" after the Crompton Parkinson electrical equipment installed in them.

Like their lower-powered BRCW sisters (BR classes 26 and 27) their bodywork and cab ends were of all steel construction

The original (1957) number sequence was D6500–D6597.

## References
British Rail Class 35

The British Rail **Class 35** is a class of mixed traffic B-B diesel locomotive with hydraulic transmission.  On account of their Mekydro-design hydraulic transmission units, the design became known as the **Hymeks**.

The type was developed for the Western Region of British Railways, which had opted for lightweight locomotives with hydraulic transmission when allocated funds under the British Railways Modernisation Plan of 1955.  One hundred and one of the class were built between 1961 and 1964 when it became apparent that there was a requirement for a medium power diesel-hydraulic design for both secondary passenger work and freight duties.

They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Cardiff Canton and Old Oak Common. None of the class was named. Withdrawal from service began in 1971, and by 1975 all had been withdrawn.  Their early withdrawal was caused, primarily, by BR classifying the hydraulic transmission as non-standard. Four examples survived into preservation.
British Rail Class 37

The British Rail **Class 37** is a diesel-electric locomotive.  It is also known as the **English Electric Type 3**. The Class was ordered as part of the British Rail modernisation plan.

The Class 37 became a familiar sight on many parts of the British Rail network. They were on Inter-City services in East Anglia and within Scotland. They also performed well on secondary and inter-regional services for many years. The Class 37 is known by railway enthusiasts as a "Tractor". This nickname came from the similarity of the sound of the locomotive.

## References
British Rail Class 40

The **British Rail Class 40** is a type of British railway diesel locomotive. Built by English Electric between 1958 and 1962, and eventually numbering 200, they were for a time the pride of the British Rail early diesel fleet.  Despite their initial success, by the time the last examples were entering service they were already being replaced on some top-link duties by more powerful locomotives.  As they were slowly relegated from express passenger uses, the type found work on secondary passenger and freight services where they worked for many years, the final locomotives being retired from regular service in 1985.
Asterids

* ]]
* from Lamiales]]

In the APG II system, for the classification of flowering plants, **asterids** are a clade of eudicots. That means they are a monophyletic group.

The clade includes 17 orders in the traditional Linnaean system. 

Common examples include the forget-me-nots, nightshades, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, tobacco, petunias, morning glory, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.

## References
Eudicots

**Eudicots** or **eudicotyledons** are a group of flowering plants. They are one of two major clades, the *non-magnoliid dicots*. Their sister group is the Magnoliids, a much smaller group.

The dicots and monocots are the flowering plants which took over in the long Cretaceous period. They largely replaced the earlier types of plants. Of the old forests of the Mesozoic era, only the conifers are still common today.

The big groups of eudicots are the rosids and asterids (together 70% of angiosperms). Monocots make up most of the rest.

A few examples of eudicots are forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, dandelion, buttercup, maple and macadamia.

The tree forms of flowering plants evolved during the Cretaceous period. These began to displace the conifers during the Tertiary era (66 to 2 million years ago). Forests covered much of the globe before the climate cooled.

## References
British Rail Class 22

The **British Rail Class 22**, originally called the North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic, was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives designed for the Western Region of British Railways and built by North British Locomotive Company.  They were very similar in appearance to the Class 21 diesel-electrics. The Class 22 was nicknamed "Baby Warship" because of its similarity to the British Rail Class D20/2.

Category:Locomotives by builder
British Rail Class 29

The **British Rail Class 29** consisted of 20 diesel locomotives which were rebuilt from the North British Class 21. The original licence-built MAN engines of the Class 21s had proved unreliable, so in 1963 locomotive D6123 was sent to Paxman's Colchester works to receive a new Paxman Ventura V12 engine.  A further 19 were re-engined in 1964–1965 at Polmadie Works, with other changes made at the same time. This included the fitting of four-character headcode displays in the nose ends. After rebuilding, they returned to service from Eastfield depot in Glasgow.

Although these offered more power and much improved reliability over the original Class 21s, they did not survive much longer, due to their small class size and the use of a non-standard high-speed diesel engine. D6108 was withdrawn in May 1969 and scrapped by McWilliams of Shettleston in 1971, while the other 19 were withdrawn between April and December 1971 and scrapped at BR's Glasgow Works in 1971–72. No Class 21 or Class 29 locomotives survive today.
British Rail Class 41

There have been two distinct types of British Rail locomotive that are referred to as **Class 41**.

*The Prototype 'Warship Class' locomotives
*The Prototype High Speed Train power cars
British Rail Class 43

There have been two types of British Rail locomotive that have been allocated **Class 43**.

*The NBL 'Warship Class' locomotives
*The Production High Speed Train power cars
British Rail Class 44

The British Rail **Class 44** or **Sulzer Type 4** diesel locomotives were built by British Railways' Derby Works between 1959 and 1960. They were named after British mountains, and were then nicknamed **Peaks**.
British Rail Class 42

British Railways' (BR) Type 4 "Warship" class diesel hydraulic locomotives were introduced in 1958. It was apparent at that time that the largest centre of expertise on diesel-hydraulic locomotives was in Germany.  The Western Region of British Railways (in view of post-World War II sensibilities) negotiated a licence with German manufacturers to scale down the German Federal Railway's "V200" design to suit the smaller loading gauge of the British network, and to allow British manufacturers to construct the new design.  The resultant design bears a close resemblance both cosmetically and in the engineering employed. They were divided into two batches: examples built at BR's Swindon works were numbered in the series D800 to D832 and from D866 to D870, had amaximum tractive effort of 52,400 pounds force and are the **British Rail Class 42** of this article.  33 others, D833-865, were constructed by the North British Locomotive Company and became British Rail Class 43.  They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Plymouth Laira, Newton Abbot and Old Oak Common.
British Rail Class 46

The British Rail **Class 46** is a class of diesel locomotive.  They were built from 1961–1963 at British Railways' Derby Works and were initially numbered D138-D193. With the arrival of TOPS computer system they were renumbered to Class 46.  Fifty-six locomotives were built.  The first was withdrawn in 1977 and all of them were withdrawn by 1984.

The Class 46 design was structurally the same as the earlier Class 45 build, and had the same Sulzer engine. It differed in the fitment of a Brush generator and traction motors, in place of the Crompton Parkinson equipment fitted to the Class 45.
British Rail Class 45

The British Rail **Class 45** also known as the **Sulzer Type 4** diesel locomotives were built by British Rail at their Derby and Crewe Works between 1960 and 1962. They were the successors to the Class 44 locomotives. When initially put into service the locomotives were fitted with multi-unit working and steam heating boilers for passenger service. In the early 1970s fifty were fitted with electric train supply in place of their steam heating boilers, and assigned to work services on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras to Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield. All were withdrawn from service by 1989.
British Rail Class 48

The British Rail **Class 48** was a diesel locomotive class which consisted of five examples, built at Brush Falcon Works in Loughborough and delivered between September 1965 and July 1966.  They were part of the British Rail Class 47 order, but differed from their classmates by being fitted with a Sulzer V12 12LVA24 power unit producing , as opposed to the standard 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit of the remaining fleet.

## References
British Rail Class 47

The **British Rail Class 47** (Originally **Brush Type 4**) is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by **Brush Traction**. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive.

They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C  twelve-cylinder diesel engine producing  (later derated to 2580&nbsp;bhp to improve reliability), and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways.  As of December 2008, 103 locomotives still exist, with 29 working on the mainline.
British Rail Class 50

The British Rail (BR) **Class 50** is a diesel locomotive built from 1967–68 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry Works in Newton-le-Willows. Fifty of these locomotives were built to haul express passenger trains on the, then non-electrified, section of the West Coast Main Line between Crewe, Carlisle and Scotland. They were originally hired from English Electric Leasings, not being purchased outright by BR until around 1973. Under the pre-1968 classification system these locomotives were known as the English Electric Type 4. The class were affectionately nicknamed "Hoovers" by rail enthusiasts because of their distinctive engine sound, caused by the centrifugal air filters originally fitted. These proved unreliable, and were later removed, but the "Hoover" nickname stuck.
British Rail Class 52

British Rail assigned **Class 52** to the class of 74 large Type 4 diesel-hydraulic locomotives built for the Western Region of British Railways between 1961 and 1964. All were given two-word names, with the first word being *Western*, and thus the type became known as **Westerns**.
Caryophyllales

**Caryophyllales** is a flowering plant order that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and most carnivorous plants.  Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.

## Classification
*Order **Caryophyllales**
**Family Achatocarpaceae
**Family Aizoaceae
**Family Amaranthaceae
**Family Ancistrocladaceae
**Family Asteropeiaceae
**Family Basellaceae
**Family Cactaceae
**Family Caryophyllaceae
**Family Didiereaceae
**Family Dioncophyllaceae
**Family Droseraceae
**Family Drosophyllaceae
**Family Frankeniaceae
**Family Molluginaceae
**Family Nepenthaceae
**Family Nyctaginaceae
**Family Physenaceae
**Family Phytolaccaceae
**Family Plumbaginaceae
**Family Polygonaceae
**Family Portulacaceae
**Family Rhabdodendraceae
**Family Sarcobataceae
**Family Simmondsiaceae
**Family Stegnospermataceae
**Family Tamaricaceae
British Rail Class 58

.]]
The British Rail **Class 58** is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight.  Introduced in 1982, they followed American practice of modularisation. From new they were painted in grey Railfreight Sector livery, instead of BR blue. EWS withdrew them in 2002 after 20 years in service, though 30 were subsequently hired abroad—four to the Netherlands, eight to Spain, and twenty to France.
British Rail Class 59

The **Class 59** Co-Co diesel locomotives were built and introduced between 1985 and 1995 by General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) for private British companies, initially Foster Yeoman. They were designed for hauling heavy freight and designated **JT26CW-SS**.
British Rail Class 60

The British Rail **Class 60** is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work. While they remain the most powerful diesel locomotives in the UK fleet they have suffered from poor reliability throughout their service life.
British Rail Class 66

The **Class 66** locomotive is a development of the Class 59 and used both on British and European railway networks, where it is marketed as EMD Series 66.
British Rail Class 67

The **Class 67** locomotives are a type of Diesel electric  locomotives built from 1999 to 2000 by Alstom in Valencia, Spain under sub-contract from General Motors Diesel in Canada.
British Rail Class 57

, north of Cheltenham, on 16 April 2005, whilst working a Bath–Skegness charter train. This locomotive was the prototype passenger Class 57, and is now operated by the West Coast Railway Company.]]

The **British Rail Class 57** diesel locomotives is a diesel locomotive that was built by Brush Traction between 1997 and 2004. They are rebuilds, with new engines, of older Class 47 locomotives, originally introduced in 1964–1965. They are known as "bodysnatchers", or "Zombies" to enthusiasts, because the shell (body) of the class 47 has been stripped, rewired and re-engined. The first ever class 57 named was “Freightliner Envoy” after the first one entering Freightliner.

## References
British Rail Class 55

**The British Rail Class 55** is a class of diesel locomotive built between 1961 and 1962 by English Electric.  They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line between London King's Cross and Edinburgh. They gained the name "Deltic" from the prototype locomotive, DP1 *Deltic*, which in turn was named for its Napier Deltic power units. 22 locomotives were built, and they dominated services on the line until their withdrawal at the end of 1981.  6 locomotives and  DP1 were  preserved. This was also the inspiration for Brewster from Chuggington.
British Rail Class 70 (diesel)

The **Class 70** is a British designation for a type of diesel locomotive made by General Electric, which calls the type **PowerHaul**. The first were built for Freightliner (UK) by General Electric in a country in the  USA.

## History 
### Freightliner locomotives 
The first two locomotives rolled out of GE's Erie, Pennsylvania factory in July 2009. They were tested in the same month. The first units arrived at Newport Docks on 8 November 2008.

### Colas Rail locomotives 
In November 2013,  announced that they would buy 10 Class 70 locomotives. These would enter service in 2014. Colas later ordered seven more units in 2015. These were delivered in 2017.

## Accidents and incidents 
* On 10 January 2011, locomotive number 70012 was being unloaded by a crane from a ship after delivery. The crane's lifting gear failed, and the locomotive fell about 13 feet back into the ship.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Balaenoptera omurai

***Balaenoptera omurai*** is a species of whale. Little is known about it. It is called the **dwarf fin whale**, the **little fin whale**, or '''Omura's whale'*. It gets up to 11. 5 meters (about 38 feet) long. It lives in the Indo-Pacific.

*Balaenoptera omurai'' is one of the Bryde's whales, a group of closely related and similar whales.
Rook (chess)

A **rook** (from Persian رخ *rokh*) is a piece in the board game of chess. It gets its name from its name in the old Indo-Persian game (see History of chess). Each player starts the game with two rooks. When recording games, it is shortened to R, and when printed a figurine is used.

## Starting place and moving 
In chess notation, the white rooks start on the *a1* and *h1* squares, and the black rooks start on the *a8* and *h8* squares. 

The rook moves forward or back on the files through any number of squares without other pieces on them, and sideways on the ranks. This is shown in the diagram below. Like other pieces, it captures by going into the square on which an enemy piece stands. 

The rook and king also take part in a special move called castling.
Angels & Airwaves

**Angels and Airwaves** (**AvA**) is an American alternative rock band. It was formed by Blink-182 singer and guitarist, Thomas DeLonge. The band’s current active lineup as a core trio, consists of Delonge, drummer and bassist Ilan Rubin and guitarist David Kennedy.

DeLonge created the band angels and airwaves to bring good music to people ears. The band performed amazing live performances and was well liked by Delonge's . Most of the songs have long built up intros with guitars, synthesizer, drums and keyboards. Delonge showed over time that his live voice had improved since his time singing for Blink 182. 

Angels and Airwaves released their first album, ''We Don't Need To Whisper* in 2006. The second studio album, *I-Empire'' was released in November 2007. It was a more lighthearted album with a faster beat. AvA has toured very much. They have said that they will be playing for the second year in a row at Vans Warped tour. They will be playing the entire tour. 

Seven years after The Dream Walker (2014), Angels and Airwaves released their 6th album, Lifeforms.  

DeLonge has covered a few songs from Blink 182 but he has never played the full song in  to his former band mates. He has played slowed versions of "Down", "I Miss You", "Not Now", and "Reckless Abandon". He only plays these songs by himself with his guitar.

## Discography
* We Don't Need to Whisper (2006)
* I-Empire (2007)
* Love (2010)
* Love: Part Two (2011)
* The Dream Walker (2014)
* Lifeforms (2021)

## References
British Rail Class 68

The **British Rail Class 68** is a diesel locomotive first appearing in 2014. It is capable of hauling both passenger and freight trains. It was made by  in Spain. There are two more locomotive types that are based on the Class 68: the Class 88 and .

## Background 
Before the Class 68s,  (DRS) had a small number of Class 20 locomotives to transport nuclear waste. DRS knew that these old diesels were increasingly become unworthy for their task. The company had Class 66 locomotives. These machines were deemed inefficient for DRS's needs. The Class 66s also did not meet emission standards set by the European Union at the time. These locomotives were built at Vossloh's factory in Valencia, Spain. The first units were delivered in 2014.

An option to have ten more locomotives was taken up in September 2014. An additional seven were ordered in 2015. At the end of 2015,  took over Vossloh's Valencia factory.

## Operations 
The Class 68s entered service with Direct Rail Services. The company rented out some of their locomotives to the following operators:
* 
* Chiltern Railways
* TransPennine Express

### Direct Rail Services 
The Class 68s began trial during February 2014. The tests happened between Carlisle and Crewe. During mid-2014, DRS said that the locomotives were often used to handle the container traffic. The class was also used by Network Rail, who had been contracted to operate their trains. DRS also used the Class 68 to haul nuclear flask trains on a routine basis. According to the *Rail Magazine*, the locomotives proved to be highly effective.

### Chiltern Railways 
From December 2014, Chiltern Railways subleased six Class 68s from DRS. The railway picked locomotives 68010 to 68015. These replaced the Class 67s on services between London Marylebone and .

The Class 68s have been painted in Chiltern's silver *Mainline* livery. They also receive Association of American Railroads (AAR) push-pull equipment. This gave them the ability to work with Mark 3 coaches. Two of DRS's Class 68s, 68008 and 68009, were also given AAR push-pull equipment.

### Abellio ScotRail 
In April 2015,  borrowed two Class 68s. The company used them to pull Mark 2 coaches on the  during peak hours. By the end of May 2020, these services ended. This happened because the accessibility rule exception for the non-compliant Mark 2 coaches had expired. 

### TransPennine Express 
TransPennine Express rented 68019 to 68032 from DRS in August 2019. They were paired with five-coach rakes of , with a driving trailer at the other end. The sets were at first used on the  to Scarborough route. Once more coaches and staff were brought in, the Class 68s also worked on Manchester Airport to  services.

In August 2023, TransPennine Express announced that they were pulling the Class 68s and Mark 5A coaches from service. The change took effect with the December 2023 timetable update.

## Liveries 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Parachutes (Coldplay album)

***Parachutes*** is the debut studio album by Coldplay. The album was released on 10 July, 2000. *Parachutes* includes the hit singles "Don't Panic", "Trouble", "Yellow", and "Shiver".

## Track listing 
# "Don't Panic"
# "Shiver"
# "Spies"
# "Sparks"
# "Yellow"
# "Trouble"
# "Parachutes"
# "High Speed"
# "We Never Change"
# "Everything's Not Lost"
A Rush of Blood to the Head

***A Rush of Blood to the Head*** is the second studio album by Coldplay. It was released on 26 August, 2002. The album includes the singles "In My Place", "The Scientist", "Clocks", and "God Put a Smile Up On Your Face".

## Track listing 
# "Politik"
# "In My Place"
# "God Put a Smile upon Your Face"
# "The Scientist"
# "Clocks"
# "Daylight"
# "Green Eyes"
# "Warning Sign"
# "A Whisper"
# "A Rush of Blood to the Head"
# "Amsterdam"
X&Y (album)

***X&Y*** is the third studio album by the British rock band Coldplay, and was released on 6 June 2005 by Parlophone in the United Kingdom, and a day later by Capitol in the United States.

## Track listing 
**Notes**
* "Twisted Logic" ends at 4:31 on physical editions, followed by 30 seconds of silence. This is omitted on the streaming version.
* "Til Kingdom Come" is labelled solely as "+" in the liner notes.

**Sample credits**
* "Talk" contains a sample of "Computer Love" (written by Ralf Hütter, Karl Bartos and Emil Schult).

### Tour edition DVD 
Released to promote the album during Twisted Logic Tour's visit to Australia, Southeast Asia and Latin America. Includes all the single B-sides and music videos on a bonus DVD.
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends

***Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends*** (or short for simply ***Viva la Vida***) is the fourth studio album by the rock band Coldplay. Released on 12 June 2008, Coldplay recorded *Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends* from November 2006 – April 2008. In November Coldplay re-released *Viva la Vida* (album) and added more songs to the album from their EP called ''Prospekt's March*. The singles "Violet Hill", "Viva la Vida", "Lost!", "Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)", and "Lovers in Japan" are featured in the album and including the extended edition of *Viva la Vida: Prospekt's March Edition*.

## Track listings 
### Original track list for *Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends* 
# "Life in Technicolor"
# "Cemeteries of London"
# "Lost!"
# "42"
# "Lovers in Japan/Reign of Love"
# "Yes"
#* "Chinese Sleep Chant" (hidden track)
# "Viva la Vida"
# "Violet Hill"
# "Strawberry Swing"
# "Death and All His Friends"
#*"The Escapist" (hidden track)

### *Prospekt's March'' 
# "Life in Technicolor II"
# "Postcards from Far Away"
# "Glass of Water"
# "Rainy Day"
# "Prospekt's March/Poppyfields"
# "Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)"
# "Lovers in Japan (Osaka Sun Mix)"
# "Now My Feet Won't Touch the Ground"

## References
Lost!

***Lost*** is a series of songs/singles recorded especially by Coldplay. The songs are a part of the full extended version of *Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends* called ''Prospect's March Edition*. 

## Songs 
* *Lost!* from *Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends*
* *Lost?* from *Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (Bonus Track)*
* *Lost@ (Live at United Centre in Chicago)* from *iTunes Digital Download (Lost! EP)*
* *Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)* from *Viva la Viva: Prospekt's March Edition/Prospect's March*
* *Lost- (instrumental version of Lost!)* from *iTunes Digital Download (Lost! EP)*
* *Lost? (acoustic version of Lost!)* from a *3 Track Promotional CD''
British Rail Class 53

British Rail gave the name **Class 53** to the single Brush Traction-built example train **Falcon**.  Although it worked, the idea of Class 53 was made old by new locomotive technology (like the power from single low-speed diesel engines) and was never made twice.
British Rail Class 73

way on 17 April 2003. This locomotive was on loan from Fragonset Railways, and has since returned to main-line service.]]

The British Rail **Class 73** electro-diesel locomotives are very unusual in that they can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail supply but also have a diesel engine to allow them to operate on non-electrified routes. This makes them very versatile, although the diesel engine produces less power than is available from the third-rail supply so they rarely stray from the former Southern Region of British Rail. Following the withdrawal of the more powerful Class 74 electro-diesels in 1977, the Class 73 is now unique on the British rail system.

## References
British Rail Class 74

British Rail **class 74** was an electro-diesel locomotive that operated on the Southern Region of British Railways, rebuilt from redundant Class 71 locomotives in the late 1960s.  An electro-diesel locomotive is one that can operate either from an electrical supply, such as overhead lines or an energized third rail, or from an onboard diesel engine.
British Rail Class 56

The British Rail **Class 56** is a type of diesel locomotive designed for heavy  work.  It is a Type 5 locomotive, with a Ruston-Paxman power unit developing 3,250bhp (2,423kW), and has a Co-Co wheel arrangement.  The fleet was introduced between 1976 and 1983.

The first thirty locomotives (Nos.56001-56030) were built by Electroputere in Romania, but these suffered from poor construction standards, and many were withdrawn from service early. The remaining 105 locomotives were built by BREL at Doncaster Works (Nos.56031 to 56115) and Crewe Works (Nos.56116 to 56135). Enthusiasts nicknamed them "Grids", likely due to the grid-like horn cover on the locomotive's cab ends. The 'Grid' name was given due to the fact that class 56 locomotives were the main motive power used on merry-go-round coal deliveries to national grid power stations.
British Rail Class 80

**Class 80**  was the TOPS classification allocated by British Rail to the prototype 25 kV AC electric locomotive.  This locomotive was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, initially as a prototype Gas turbine-electric locomotive, numbered 18100.  British Rail allocated the number **E1000** (and later **E2001**) to the locomotive following its conversion from gas turbine propulsion. 

## References
Louis Antoine Jullien

**Louis Antoine Jullien** (23 April 1812 – 14 March 1860) was a French conductor who was famous for his showmanship.

## Life
### Early years
Jullien was born in Sisteron, in the French Alps.  At his baptism he had 36 godfathers and was given 36 Christian names.  He studied at the Paris Conservatoire.  He was a good musician, but mostly he enjoyed popular dance music.  He conducted a band, but had to leave Paris because he owed people a lot of money.

### Career in England
He went to London where he formed a good orchestra.  His orchestra played at a series of summer concerts (called *Concerts d’été*).  Later he conducted a series of winter concerts (*Concerts d’hiver*).  Although he was a good conductor he was a great showman.  He would make a big show of putting on his white gloves which were given to him on a silver plate.  He used a special baton (conductor’s stick) which had jewels in it when he conducted Beethoven.  He wore a white waistcoat and enormous wrist bands, and he had a huge moustache and long, black hair.  He would throw himself around when conducting and finish by sinking into a velvet chair.  The audience loved it, especially when he added military bands to his orchestra.  He used to conduct facing the audience.  He conducted concerts in the London theatres and parks (promenade concerts).

Jullien’s programmes included works by the great composers, e.g. Beethoven and Mozart, but they were always mixed with light music: dances, quadrilles, marches, etc.  He often added lots of extra instruments to the great classics, e.g. when he conducted Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony he added four ophicleides, a saxophone and side drums.

Jullien travelled to Scotland, Ireland and America with his orchestra.  In 1852 he produced an opera, *Pietro il grande*, at Covent Garden, but it cost a ridiculous amount of money and he was financially ruined.

### His final years
Eventually he went back to France where he was arrested and put in prison because of his debts.  He died in a lunatic asylum.  His wife, to whom he had been happily married, lived on for many years, and their son Louis became a conductor and tried to conduct promenade concerts, but he did not have much success.

## His reputation
Jullien’s behaviour might seem strange to us today, but he lived at a time when the role of the conductor was becoming very important as orchestras had become much larger than they had been in the 18th century.  He gave people who had never heard good classical music the chance to hear the music by the great composers.  He had a very big influence on the musical scene in London and people talked about him for many years after his death.

## References
**Louis Jullien : Musique, Spectacle et Folie au XIXe Siècle* by Michel Faul (Atlantica, 2006 ).
*The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 
*The Henry Wood Proms, by David Cox, BBC 1980; 

## Other websites
*Site about Louis-Antoine Jullien
British Rail Class 81

The British Rail **Class 81** was an AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line on the London Midland Region of British Rail. Only one was preserved.
British Rail Class 86

on 14th February 2004. Freightliner are now the main operator of Class 86 locomotives.]]
 on 5th June 2003, on a service to London Euston. This locomotive was one of the final three Class 86 locomotives operated by Virgin Trains, and was withdrawn from service in September 2003. It has since been bought for further use by Fragonset Railways.]]

The British Rail **Class 86** is a modern electric locomotive built during the 1960s, developed as a result of testing to replace the British rail  Classes 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85. One hundred of these locomotives were built from 1965-1966 by either English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows, or British Rail (BR) at their Doncaster works. The class was built to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from London Euston, to Birmingham, Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston and Glasgow. They helped to replace steam locomotives, which were finally withdrawn by BR in 1968. Most have been scrapped after accidents and other uses. Some were also exported to Hungary and Bulgaria. 3 have been preserved as of 2017.
British Rail Class 71

The British Rail **Class 71** was an electric locomotive used on the Southern Region of British Railways. Unlike most other Southern Region electric locomotives (such as the class 73s & 74s) they could not operate away from the electrified (750 V DC third rail) system.
British Rail Class 82

The British Rail **Class 82** electric locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1960 and 1962 as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.
British Rail Class 83

The British Rail **Class 83** were electric locomotives built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.