open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mainframe computer

mainframe introduced in 1954]]
**Mainframes** (also called "big iron") are powerful computers used for large information processing jobs.  They are mainly used by government institutions and large companies for tasks such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.  They are distinct from supercomputers.

The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later the term was used to distinguish very big computers from less powerful ones ("minicomputers" or "personal computers").

## References
Wolves in Wolves' Clothing

'''''Wolves in Wolves' Clothing'''* is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *Wolves in Wolves' Clothing* was released on April 18, 2006. The producers of the album were Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore and Fat Mike. The first 1062 vinyl copies of *Wolves in Wolves' Clothing'' were pressed yellow/green vinyl.

## Songs
2011 Sindh floods

The **2011 Sindh floods** occurred in August and September 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The floods caused a lot of damage. 270 people were killed, and 5.3 million people were affected. 1.2 million homes were flooded. At least 1.7 million acres of land were ruined by the flooding. It was the worst flooding in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.

## Causes 
In July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours. The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.
Being (album)

***Being*** is a mini-album by singer Ella Koon. The album was made by well known music producers Eric Kwok (Chinese) and Yanagiman (Japanese). 

Popular hits include: "Coral Island" (珊瑚島), "Incomplete Thoughts" (殘念), and "Silent Paper Kite" (響不了的紙鳶).

## Track listing
*1. 珊瑚島
*2. 殘念
*3. 響不了的紙鳶
*4. 簡單美
*5. 歐遊
*6. Dare To Be
*7. 砂之迷路 (珊瑚島 日本版)
*8. 殘念 (Piano Version)

## DVD Extras
*1. 殘念 MV
*2. 珊瑚島 MV
*3. Dare To Be MV
*4. Making of 殘念 MV
Take a Shine To...

***Take a Shine To...*** is an album by Ella Koon, released in July 2011. It was released a year after her well-received 2010 mini-album *Being*. Hit songs include Ella’s first self-composed song “Reluctant to Part (依依)”, which is produced by hitmaker Chiu Tsang Hei with lyrics penned by Siu Hak. The album also contains RICOH camera CM song “A Moment of Interaction (一刻感應)” and the latest plug “Let Him Go (由他去)”.

## Track listing
*1. 由他去 (Let Him Go)
*2. 依依 (Reluctant to Part)
*3. 夜潛者 (Night Invader)
*4. 一刻感應 (A Moment of Interaction - RICOH Camera 2011 CM Song)
*5. 母忘你 (Unable to Forget)
Alexander Oparin

**Alexander Ivanovich Oparin**  (Uglich, Russia,  – Moscow, 21 April 1980) was a Soviet biochemist.

He was notable for his ideas on the origin of life, and for writing an early book *The Origin of Life*. One of his ideas was that oxygen would tend to destroy organic molecules essential for the evolution of early life. It was later found that the earth's atmosphere at first had almost no oxygen in it.

He also studied the biochemistry of plants, and enzyme reactions in plant cells. He developed the foundations for industrial biochemistry in the USSR.

## His theory 
These were some of the main ideas in his first book:

1. There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. Life must have arisen as a natural evolution of matter.

2. Methane is in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the other giant planets. Oparin thought the infant Earth had a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.

3. At first there were the simple solutions of organic substances. Their behaviour was governed by their atoms and by the arrangement of those atoms in molecules. Gradually, as the result of the growth and increased complexity of the molecules, structures with new properties developed. These newer properties were determined by the spatial and mutual arrangement of the molecules.

4. In this process biological orderliness already exists. Competition, speed of cell growth, survival of the fittest, struggle for existence and, finally natural selection produced the characteristics of living things. 
 
Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems. These would be precursors of the cell from which primitive living things could develop. He cited work done with organic chemicals which, in solution, form droplets and layers. Oparin suggested that different types might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean. They were subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.

## Bibliography 
* Oparin A.I. 1924. *The origin of life*. Moscow: Moscow Worker, (in Russian).
** English translation: Oparin A.I. *The origin and development of life*. (NASA TTF-488) Washington: D.C.L GPO, 1968.
*Oparin A.I. 1924. *The origin of life*, 2nd edition. Moscow.
**English translation of 2nd ed: *The origin of life*. 1938, reprinted Dover 1952.
* Oparin A. & Fesenkov V. *Life in the Universe*. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences publisher, 3rd edition, 1956 (in Russian)
** English translation: Oparin A. and V. Fesenkov. *Life in the Universe*. New York: Twayne Publishers 1961.

## Related pages 
*Miller–Urey experiment
*Origin of life
*Abiogenesis

## References
Jungle green

**Jungle green** is a color that is a rich tone of medium green.

The specific tone of the color *jungle green* called "jungle green" by Crayola was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

The first recorded use of *jungle green* as a color name in English was in 1926. 

## Meaning of jungle green
* The colors *jungle green* or *tropical rain forest* are often used by cartographers to represent the *tropical rain forest* on a *natural vegetation* map.

* In the United States Army, *jungle green* is the color used for the uniforms and berets of the United States Army Special Forces or "Green Berets".  (The shade of jungle green used in the uniforms and berets of the U.S. Army *Green Berets* is closely equivalent to the color shown above as *deep jungle green*.)

## Tones of jungle green color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Approximant consonant

An **approximant consonant** is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel. For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants. These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other. However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant. Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.

## Semivowels
Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone. However, many languages use them as consonants. Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet. 

## Central approximants
*bilabial approximant  (usually transcribed )
*labiodental approximant 
*dental approximant  (usually transcribed )
*alveolar approximant 
*retroflex approximant  (a consonantal )
*palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
*velar approximant  (a consonantal )
*uvular approximant  (usually transcribed )
*pharyngeal approximant  (a consonantal ; usually transcribed )
*epiglottal approximant  (usually transcribed )

## Lateral approximants
In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".

*voiced alveolar lateral approximant 
*retroflex lateral approximant 
*palatal lateral approximant 
*velar lateral approximant 
*velarized alveolar lateral approximant 

## Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols
*voiced labialized velar approximant  (a consonantal )
*voiceless labialized velar approximant (a consonantal )
*labialized palatal approximant  (a consonantal )

## Notes
All Eyez on Me

***All Eyez on Me*** is the fourth and final studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. *It* was released on February 13, 1996. The album was certified 10× Diamond in 2014. The album also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love".

## Songs
### Book 1
### Book 2
## References
Sponge cake

**Sponge cake** is a cake made of flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, and eggs.

## Victoria sponge 
The **Victoria sponge** cake was named after Queen Victoria, who ate a slice of sponge cake with her afternoon tea. It is usually called simply *sponge cake*. A traditional Victoria sponge cake has raspberry jam and whipped double cream or vanilla cream. If there is only jam, it is called 'jam sponge' and not a Victoria sponge. The jam and cream are between two sponge cakes; the top of the cake is not iced or .

Other names for the Victoria sponge are Victoria Sandwich and Victorian Cake, although 'Victorian Cake' is not used often.

Bakers must be careful when it comes to cooking times and . Because of that, oven factories often use a Victoria sponge recipe to test their ovens.

## Related pages
* Castella

## References
Windows To Go

**Windows To Go** is a feature in Windows 8 and later that allows the entire system to run from a USB flash drive or external USB Hard Drive.

In September 2011 Microsoft officially announced Windows To Go at the Build Conference, and gave out bootable USB Flash drives. These could hold 32GB of information. They also had Windows To Go pre-installed.

## Related pages 
* Live USB
* List of tools to create Live USB systems
* Live CD
* Portable applications

## References 
## Other websites 
*Running Windows from an external USB drive with Windows To Go - Official Microsoft Presentation at BUILD 
*Windows Developer Preview Guide (*Windows To Go* in page 36)
Rohypnol

**Rohypnol** is the common name for a drug of the Benzodiazepine class called **flunitrazepam**. A slang term for it is **roofies**. The drug is sold illegally, and it has many medical uses. It is a strong hypnotic (a drug that causes sleep); a sedative (causing relaxation and sleepiness); an anticonvulsant (fighting seizures); an anxiolytic (relieving anxiety); amnestic (causing forgetfulness); and skeletal muscle relaxant.  Most often, it is used as a treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia. It is thought to be one of the most effective hypnotic medications.

Like other hypnotics, flunitrazepam should be used only on a short-term basis or in those with serious insomnia on an occasional basis.

Flunitrazepam is often called a date rape drug because it is very powerful, has strong effects, and can cause strong amnesia (causing a person to forget what happened after taking the drug). 

## History
Benzodiazepines were created in 1957 by Roche, a healthcare and pharmaceutical company. Roche started selling flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) in 1975. At first, hospitals used the drug when a patient needed a deep sleep.  It was sold commercially in 1975 in Europe, and in the 1990s in the United States.  The drug was given the brand name Rohypnol.

## Effects
Rohypnol is usually taken by mouth.  It has a long active period  its effects can last 18 to 26 hours, and it can be found in urine and blood tests.  This means that the day after taking the drug, a person may keep feeling tired and having trouble with thinking and balance. Even after a full day, driving a car may still be dangerous. 

The drug is often involved in drug intoxication, including overdoses. Overdose of flunitrazepam may cause long-term sedation, poor balance, and poor speech. In serious overdoses, people may have breathing problems, coma, and possibly death. The overdose will be worse if flunitrazepam is taken with depressants, like alcohol or opiates. Flunitrazepam overdose can be treated.

## Other names
Some of the street names for Rohypnol are:
*beans (ZA)
* rophy
* ruffles
* roachies
* roofies
* ruffies
* ruff-up
* rib
* roach 2 (R2)
* roche
* rope
* ropies
* circles
* circes
* forget it
* forget-me-pill
* forget-me-now
* Mexican Valium.
* Magic date
* date-rape drug

## References
Metabolic syndrome

**Metabolic syndrome** is a combination of several medical issues. They increase the risk for heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. 25% of people of the United States have metabolic syndrome.

The term "metabolic syndrome" dates back to at least the late 1950s, but came into common usage in the late 1970s to describe various associations of risk factors with diabetes mellitus that had been noted as early as the 1920s.

## Associated health issues 
Related health matters include:
* Raised cholesterol
* Raised blood sugar
* Insulin resistance
* Reduced HDL cholesterol
* Raised triglycerides
* Central obesity
* High blood pressure
Among others.
German Reich

**German Reich** () was the official name for Germany from 1871 to 1945. 

The history of Germany during the time of the German Reich is usually broken into three parts:
* the German Empire (1871–1918)
* the republic informally called the Weimar Republic (1918–33)
* the National Socialist state commonly known as the *Third Reich* or Nazi Germany (1933–45)
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

The **Constituent Assembly of Pakistan** was Pakistan's first parliament and first met on 10 August, 1947. The next day Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), was elected as the President of the assembly and the new national flag was approved. Jinnah was chosen as the first Governor-General of Pakistan. The assembly's main task was to write a new constitution for Pakistan.

This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949. A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution. The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented. The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal. He lost the case in the Federal Court.

A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955. They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956. 

## References
Piranha 3D

***Piranha 3D*** is a 3-D movie directed by Alexandre Aja. It stars Elisabeth Shue, Steven R. McQueen, Jessica Szohr, Jerry O'Connell, Kelly Brook, Riley Steele, Gianna Michaels, Christopher Lloyd, Ving Rhames, Roberto Chavira, Dina Meyer, Sage Ryan, Brooklynn Proulx and special starring Richard Dreyfuss.

## Plot
In Lake Victoria, an earthquake forms a underwater fault line. Hungry piranhas come out. In the city of Lake Victoria (named for the lake), spring break has just started and some guys go into the lake celebrate and swim.

## Cast
* Elisabeth Shue: Julie Forester - The sheriff of Lake Victoria
* Steven R. Mcqueen: Jake Forester - The son of the sheriff
* Jessica Szohr: Kelly - The girlfriend of Jake
* Jerry O' Connell: Derrick Jones - Director of porno movies
* Riley Steele: Crystal - A pornostar
* Gianna Michaels: Girl on a parachute
* Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman - Proprietary of the animal shop
* Ving Rhames: Agent Fallon - An agent
* Roberto Chavira: Sam - A sub
* Dina Meyer: Paula Montellano - Another sub
* Sage Ryan: Zane Forester - The another son of the sheriff
* Brooklynn Proulx: Laura Forester - The another son of the sheriff.

## Sequel
Dimension Films has announced that a sequel will be released in November 2011 due to the success of this and the sequel will be called *Piranha 3DD*.

## Cameo
Richard Dreyfuss makes a cameo in the movie when he sings the song "Show Me The Way To Go Home".
Dreyfuss sang the same song in Steven Spielberg's *Jaws*.
You Lost Me

**"You Lost Me"** is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album *Bionic*. The song was written by Aguilera, Samuel Dixon and Sia Furler. It's a slow melody pop-ballad song that talks about a cheating boyfriend, who has left the world in Aguilera's view as "infected". It was released on July 6, 2010 as the third single from Aguilera's *Bionic* album.
Me Against the World

***Me Against the World*** is the third studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. *Me Against the World* was released on March 14, 1995. The album was released when 2Pac was imprisoned and it debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. By having this happen, it made him the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison. It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1996 Grammy Awards. The album's first single "Dear Mama" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance.

## Songs
## References
Piranha 3DD

***Piranha 3DD*** is a 2011 movie directed by John Gulager taken from the subject by Alexandre Aja.
The movie is the sequel to *Piranha 3D*. It stars Ving Rhames and Christopher Lloyd.

## Plot
Is now one year after the attack of piranhas in Lake Victoria and everything now seems back to normal.
Instead, it turns out that not all piranhas are dead.
Lake Victoria has just opened a water park in the lake and the piranhas are hungry...

Fallon was seemingly dead in the first chapter.
Perhaps the movie is a reboot, or Fallon was not dead as it seemed.

## Cast
* Ving Rhames: Deputy Fallon
* Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman
* Paul Scheer: Andrew 
* Danielle Panebaker: Owner of the park
Matisyahu

**Matthew Paul Miller** (born June 30, 1979), better known by his name and stage name **Matisyahu**, is a Jewish-American singer and rapper. He combines elements of reggae, rap, beatbox, alternative rock and Hasidic themes in his music.

## Early and personal life
Matisyahu was born in Pennsylvania, but grew up in White Plains, New York. He was raised in a reconstructionist Jewish home.  In his teenage years, he began to rebel and started to take drugs; later on he began a journey of self-exploration. 

Matisyahu married his first wife, Tahlia, in August 2004, and they have three sons. In 2014 the couple divorced. In 2019 he got married again. He has stated that he is vegan. 

## Career
Miller performed for over a year as **MC Truth** in Bend, Oregon. In 2004, after having signed with JDub Records, he released his first album, *Shake Off the Dust...Arise*. In 2005 and 2006, he toured in the United States, Canada, and Europe; and made a number of stops in Israel, including a performance as the supporting act for Sting in June 2006.   His video and album, *Youth*, produced by Bill Laswell, was released on March 7, 2006. it was *Billboard* magazine's number-one Digital Album.

Matisyahu's most famous songs are "*King Without a Crown*", "*Jerusalem*", and "*One Day*". He has collaborated with Akon, The Crystal Method, and Infected Mushroom.

Since 2004, he has released 5 studio albums, as well as 2 live albums, 2 remix albums, and 2 DVDs with live concerts.

## References
Tom Waits

**Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits** (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and composer. He is  known for his distinct voice, electric instrumentation, and occasionally surreal lyrics. His work often includes elements of the blues, jazz, and musical theatre.
Allama Iqbal International Airport

**Allama Iqbal International Airport** in Lahore is the second-largest civil airport in Pakistan, serving the capital of Punjab province. It has both international and domestic air traffic. It was first called the  **Lahore International Airport**, but it was renamed in 2003 for Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal. He was the Islamic poet-philosopher who was a major supporter for the creation of the state of Pakistan. The airport has parking for 20 aircraft, and the airport terminal can handle up to five million passengers a year.

## References
## Other websites
* Allama Iqbal International Airport website
Woolly rhinoceros

The **woolly rhinoceros** (*Coelodonta antiquitatis*) was a large mammal species of rhinoceros, now extinct. It was widespread throughout the tundra of northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch, about 1.8 million years ago until about 10,000 years ago (the end of the last ice age). 

Recently, the earliest known woolly rhino fossil was discovered from 3.6 million years in the Himalayas on the cold Tibetan plateau. It lived there during a period of general climate warmth around the earth. It is believed that they migrated from there to other parts when the ice age developed.

## Description 
It was well adapted to the cold; it had thick, shaggy fur, small ears, short legs, and a massive body (all to lessen heat loss). Fossils of this early rhino have been found, in addition to well-preserved corpses, which were found in frozen gravel in Siberia. Stone Age humans hunted woolly rhinos; they drew pictures of the rhinos on cave walls 30,000 years ago, giving us even more information about these large mammals. 

## References
Rival (disambiguation)

*Rival* or *rivals* may refer to:

## Literature, music, and media
* "Rival" (Pearl Jam song), song on *Pearl Jam*'s 2000's album *Binaural*
* "Rival" (song), the second opening theme song of the Pocket Monsters series
* "Rivals" (*DS9* episode), the eleventh episode of the second season of the television series *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*
* "The Rivals" (*The O.C.* episode), the 17th episode of the FOX television series, *The O.C.*
* The Rival, comic book villain, enemy of The Flash
* *The Rivals*, play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
* *Rivals (film)*, a 1925 film starring Oliver Hardy
* *Sonic Rivals*, video game

## Other use
* Rivals in sports 
* Rivals.com, a network of United States-based sports Web sites which focus especially on college sports and also recruiting
* College rivalry
* Rivalry (economics)
* Monocular rivalry and Binocular rivalry in vision.
* Sibling rivalry (brothers and sisters)
* The Rivals (band), an English punk band
* The Rivals (mountain), a mountain on the Llŷn peninsula in Gwynedd
* Rivals, Kentucky
Welfare

]]
**Welfare** is an idea from economics and Social Security. The idea is that everyone should have a minimal living standard. People who cannot reach this standard will be supported, usually by the state. Using welfare, everyone has their basic needs covered. This idea is different from the idea of charity.

Welfare can take different forms:
*Certain goods are subsidized by the state. In that way, in many countries the price of goods people need daily, such as bread or rice may be fixed by the state.
*A voucher is similar to a subsidy, except that it may only be used in a certain way. An example of this might be the cafeteria at the university; certain students get their meals cheaper, because they have a voucher. The cafeteria then exchanges the voucher, and will be paid the difference.
*It is also possible to pay money directly: people will then get a monthly amount of money. They can spend this money on anything, without restriction.
*Some countries need to have proof you applied for a job to receive welfare.

Welfare money is given by the government, charities, and other groups of people to help homeless, old, illness, poor, and disabled people (people who cannot help themselves), and also helps children (child support).

Welfare can also be called the well-being of someone or a group of people: their happiness, health, safety, and fortune.

In countries like Germany, Japan, United States, Sweden, and France, government welfare also is used to help the needy.

## Related pages
*Social worker
*Right to an adequate standard of living
*Economic, social and cultural rights
*Welfare economics
*Welfare state
RNE

**RNE** (Spanish: "*Radio Nacional de España*") (English: "''Spain's National Radio''") is a Spanish public radio broadcaster. Since 1973 it's integrated on the RTVE group. Now, RNE is made up of 6 radio channels:
* *Radio Nacional* (national radio) - a general radio channel.
* *Radio clásica* (classical radio) - plays classical music
* *Radio 3* - alternative music and culture
* *Ràdio 4* - generalist radio channel on Catalan
* *Radio 5* - information radio channel
* *Radio exterior* (exterior radio): outside Spain's radio service

## References
Palatal consonant

A **palatal consonant** is a consonant that is pronounced with the body (the middle part) of the tongue against the hard palate (which is the middle part of the roof of the mouth). There is only one palatal consonant in English which is , which is the sound for "y" in the English word "yes". The most common palatal consonant used in the world is .

## Palatal consonant in IPA
These are the palatal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet:
Colorado Rockies (NHL)

The **Colorado Rockies** were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in Denver, Colorado, from 1976 to 1982. They had been the Kansas City Scouts, a 1974 expansion team, until the franchise was moved to Denver. In 1982 the franchise again moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey, in 1982 and was renamed the New Jersey Devils. The NHL did not return to Denver until 1995, when the Quebec Nordiques moved to become the Colorado Avalanche.

## Other websites
*Results on hockeydb.com
Hamilton Tigers

The **Hamilton Tigers** were a professional ice hockey team, and a member of the National Hockey League (NHL). They were based in Hamilton, Ontario and played at Barton Street Arena. They played from 1920–1925. The Tigers were formed from the sale of the Quebec Bulldogs NHL franchise. After years of struggling, the team finished first in the league in the 1924-25 NHL season. However, after a players' strike at the end of the season the team broke up.

## Other websites
*Results on hockeydb.com
Montreal Maroons

The **Montreal Maroons** (officially the **Montreal Professional Hockey Club**) was a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in the NHL from 1924 to 1938, winning the Stanley Cup in 1926 and 1935.

## Other websites
*Results on hockeydb.com
Ottawa Senators (original)

The **Ottawa Senators** were an amateur, and later, professional, ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Canada which existed from 1883 to 1954. The club was the first hockey club in Ontario, a founding member of the National Hockey League (NHL) and played in the NHL from 1917 until 1934. The club, which was officially the **Ottawa Hockey Club** (Ottawa HC), was known by several nicknames, including the *Generals* in the 1890s, the *Silver Seven* from 1903 to 1907 and the *Senators* dating from 1908.
## Other websites
*Results on hockeydb.com
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL)

The **Pittsburgh Pirates** were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL), based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1925–26 to 1929–30. The nickname comes from the baseball team also based in the city. For the 1930–31 season the team moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and played one season as the Philadelphia Quakers.

## Other websites
*Results on hockeydb.com
St. Louis Eagles

The **St. Louis Eagles** were a professional ice hockey team and a former member of the National Hockey League (NHL) based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Eagles lasted for only one year, playing in the 1934–35 NHL season.

## Other websites
*Results on hockeydb.com
Reconciliation

.]]
In Christian theology, **reconciliation** is the process of repairing one's relationship with God. This comes after atonement. It is a part of salvation. Reconciliation is the end of the estrangement, caused by original sin, between God and his people. John Calvin describes reconciliation as the peace between humanity and God that results from atoning for religious sin.

## References
Safi Airways

**Safi Airways Co.** () is an Afghan airline. The airline Safi Airways - IATA-Code 4Q - was started in 2006 by Rahim Safi, an Afghan Businessman. This private airline has its head office in the Safi Airline Center in Shahr-e-Naw, Kabul and an administrative office in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

## References
## Other websites 
Safi Airways Official Website
Slovak Extraliga

The **Slovak Extraliga** is the top level ice hockey league in Slovakia. It was founded in 1993, the same year that Slovakia became and independent country. 

## Champions
*1994 HC Dukla Trenčín
*1995 HC Košice
*1996 HC Košice
*1997 HC Dukla Trenčín
*1998 HC Slovan Bratislava
*1999 HC Košice
*2000 HC Slovan Bratislava
*2001 HKm Zvolen
*2002 HC Slovan Bratislava
*2003 HC Slovan Bratislava
*2004 HC Dukla Trenčín
*2005 HC Slovan Bratislava
*2006 MsHK Žilina
*2007 HC Slovan Bratislava
*2008 HC Slovan Bratislava
*2009 HC Košice
*2010 HC Košice
*2011 HC Košice
## Other websites
*History of Slovak ice hockey
Swedish Hockey League

The **Swedish Hockey League** (**SHL**),  is a professional ice hockey league in the country of Sweden. It was founded in 1975 as the **Swedish Elite League** , and is the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. The name was changed in June 2013.

## Swedish national champions
*1976 - Brynäs IF
*1977 - Brynäs IF
*1978 - Skellefteå AIK
*1979 - Modo AIK
*1980 - Brynäs IF
*1981 - Färjestads BK
*1982 - AIK
*1983 - Djurgårdens IF
*1984 - AIK
*1985 - Södertälje SK
*1986 - Färjestads BK
*1987 - IF Björklöven
*1988 - Färjestads BK
*1989 - Djurgårdens IF
*1990 - Djurgårdens IF
*1991 - Djurgårdens IF
*1992 - Malmö IF
*1993 - Brynäs IF
*1994 - Malmö IF
*1995 - HV71
*1996 - Luleå HF
*1997 - Färjestads BK
*1998 - Färjestads BK
*1999 - Brynäs IF
*2000 - Djurgårdens IF
*2001 - Djurgårdens IF

*2002 - Färjestads BK
*2003 - Västra Frölunda HC
*2004 - HV71
*2005 - Frölunda HC
*2006 - Färjestads BK
*2007 - Modo Hockey
*2008 - HV71
*2009 - Färjestads BK
*2010 - HV71
*2011 - Färjestads BK
*2012 - Brynäs IF
*2013 - Skellefteå AIK
*2014 - Skellefteå AIK
*2015 - Växjö Lakers HC
*2016 - Frölunda HC
*2017 - HV71
*2018 - Växjö Lakers HC
*2019 - Frölunda HC
*2020 - Cancelled because of the Corona pandemic
*2021 - Växjö Lakers HC
*2022 - Färjestads BK
*2023 - Växjö Lakers HC
*2024 - Skellefteå AIK
*2025 - Luleå HF

## Other websites
*Official Swedish Hockey League website
Samanid dynasty

The **Samani dynasty** ( *Sāmāniyān*), also called the **Samanid Empire**, or simply **Samanids** (819–999) was an Iranian state and empire in Central Asia and Greater Iran. It is named after its founder Saman Khuda, who converted to Sunni Islam after being born into the Zoroastrian nobility. The Samanids were the first Persian dynasty to re-establish Iranian rule in the region after the fall of the Sassanid Empire following the Arab conquest.  

The dynasty was founded in 819 when the Abbasid caliphs appointed Saman Khuda’s descendants as governors in Transoxiana and Khurasan. The most famous ruler was Ismail Samani (r. 892–907), who expanded the empire and made Bukhara his capital. Under his rule, the Samanid state became a major center of Persian culture, literature, and Islamic learning. The Samanids encouraged the use of Persian language alongside Arabic, and poets such as Rudaki and Daqiqi flourished at their court.  

The Samanid Empire controlled large parts of modern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. Their armies defended the eastern frontier against Turkic nomads, while their administration promoted trade along the Silk Road. The Samanids also played an important role in spreading Islam among Turkic peoples of Central Asia, laying the foundation for later Islamic states in the region.  

The dynasty declined in the late 10th century as internal struggles and attacks from the Karakhanid dynasty and Ghaznavid dynasty weakened their power. In 999, the Karakhanids captured Bukhara, ending the Samanid state. Despite their fall, the Samanids left a lasting legacy as patrons of Persian culture and as a bridge between the Arab Islamic world and the Turkic peoples of Central Asia.  

## References
Cleveland Barons (NHL)

The **Cleveland Barons** were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1976–78. They had been the California Golden Seals, which had played in Oakland since 1967. The franchise was then moved to Cleveland. After only two seasons, the team joined with the Minnesota North Stars.
## Related pages
Rhipidistia

The **Rhipidistia** are lobe-finned fish, and include the ancestors of the tetrapods. The Rhipidistia are a subgroup of Sarcopterygii which includes the lungfish (Dipnoi) and the tetrapodomorphs.

As cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the ancestor of the whole Tetrapoda. 

## Taxonomy
**Rhipidistia**
*Dipnomorpha
**†Porolepiformes
***†*Powichthys*
**Dipnoi
*Tetrapodomorpha
**†Rhizodontiformes
**Osteolepidida
***Osteolepiformes
****†Tristichopteridae
****Elpistostegalia
*****†*Panderichthys*
*****Tetrapoda

## References
*palaeos.com page 
*Taxonomicon page
Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

Ice hockey tournaments have been played at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was first played at the 1920 Summer Olympics, but was moved to the Winter Olympics in 1924. The women's tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics. Canada holds the record for the most Gold medals, with 11.

## Other websites
*List of Olympic medalists  on IIHF.com
Ice Hockey World Championships

The **Ice Hockey World Championships** are a yearly ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The World Championships were first officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The IIHF was created in 1908 while the European Championships, the predecessor to the World Championships, were first held in 1910. The tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics is recognized as the first Ice Hockey World Championship. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year. The first World Championship that was held as an individual event was in 1930.

## Other websites
*List of World Championship medalists on IIHF.com
Tunisair

-600]]
'''Société Tunisienne de l'Air**, or **Tunisair''' () is the flag carrier airline of Tunisia.  Formed in 1948, it operates scheduled international services to European, African and Middle Eastern destinations.  Its main base is Tunis-Carthage International Airport. The airline's head office is in Tunis, near Tunis Airport.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Tunisair quotes on the Tunis Stock Exchange
Tangier

**Tangier**, also **Tangiers** (Tifinagh: **ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ** **Tanja**, archaic Berber name: **Tingi**, Arabic: **طنجة** *Ṭanja*) is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2008 census). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco near the Spanish border. 

The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a place—and, sometimes a refuge—for many cultures. However, it was not until 1923 that Tangier was attributed an international status by foreign colonial powers, thus becoming a destination for many Europeans, Americans and Indians alike.

The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Centre, a new airport terminal and a new soccer stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.

## Other websites 
*Official site of The Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies
*Travel article with photos
*Tangier photo gallery
* Navigating Tangier’s Labyrinth – slideshow by *The New York Times*
Edifício Altino Arantes

**Edifício Altino Arantes**  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 161 meters (528 feet) tall and has 36 floors. It was built in 1947.

## Related pages
* Downtown São Paulo
* Mirante do Vale
* Edifício Itália

## References
Senior Minister

**Senior Minister** (, used to be called 内阁资政／內閣資政 before 12 August 2004, ) is a political office in the Prime Minister's Office. The job of Senior Minister in the political system of Singapore is taken by a prime minister or senior cabinet minister when he or she retires from that office, but still can help the government with their long experience. However, some opposition critics say that the job of senior minister shows no respect for the political opposition in Singapore and the reliance of Singapore on a dominant-party system.

The last Senior Ministers of Singapore were Goh Chok Tong, the second Prime Minister of Singapore and S Jayakumar, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore. This job has been held by Goh since August 12, 2004, and used to be held by Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, from November 28, 1990, until August 12, 2004, and S. Rajaratnam, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, from 1985 to 1988. After Goh Chok Tong became Senior Minister, a new ministerial job, the Minister Mentor, was created and given to Lee Kuan Yew. On 26 March 2009, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (DPM) S. Jayakumar would let go of his job as the DPM and become Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office.

In the 2011 general elections, S. Jayakumar did not contest in the election and retired from politics.

After the elections, the Senior Minister position was renamed to Emeritus Senior Minister and is still headed by former prime minister Goh Chok Tong.

## List of Senior Ministers of Singapore
## References 
## Related pages
* Prime Minister of Singapore
Prime Minister of Singapore

The **Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore** is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore chooses as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament (MP) who, he thinks, will have the highest chance of being supported by a majority of MPs.

The first time there was a Prime Minister was in 1959 and it was chosen by the Governor of Singapore and later the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (head of state), when Singapore could have the power to govern as the State of Singapore inside the British Empire. The title of Prime Minister did not change after Singapore merged with the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak and British North Borneo, while Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, and after independence in 1965.

Lee Kuan Yew was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990 and retired on 26 November 1990. Goh Chok Tong took over Lee Kuan Yew, while Lee Kuan Yew  was given the job of Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. Goh Chok Tong retired on 12 August 2004 and was replaced by Lee Kuan Yew's son Lee Hsien Loong. Goh was given the job of Senior Minister, and the older Lee the job of Minister Mentor.

## List of officeholders 
; Political parties

## List of deputy prime ministers
; Political parties

## Related pages
*Cabinet of Singapore

## References 
## Other websites 
* Prime Minister's Office
Moose Jaw Warriors

The **Moose Jaw Warriors** is a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1984. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan at the Mosaic Place. They have reached the WHL finals once in 2006 but were swept in 4 games by the Vancouver Giants. They were originally known as the **Winnipeg Warriors** until relocating to Moose Jaw in 1984.

## Other websites
*Official website
To a Mouse

"**To a Mouse, on Turning Her Up in Her Nest with the Plough**" (also known as just "**To a Mouse**") is a poem written by Robert Burns. The poem was written in Scots in 1785.

John Steinbeck named his novella *Of Mice and Men* after a line in the seventh stanza of the poem. This line is: "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley" ("The best laid schemes of mice and men / Go often askew"). 

## The poem 
## References
Decagon

A **decagon** is a shape with 10 sides and 10 corners.

## Regular decagon
All sides of a **regular decagon** are the same length. Each corner is 144°. All corners added together equal 1440°.

### Area
The amount of space a regular decagon takes up is

:\text{Area} = \frac{5}{2} a^2\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}.

*a* is the length of one of its sides.

An alternative formula is A = 2.5dt where *d* is the distance between parallel sides, or the height when the decagon stands on one side as base.	 
By simple trigonometry d = 2t(\cos{54^\circ} + \cos{18^\circ}).

## Sides
The side of a regular decagon inscribed in a unit circle is \tfrac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}=\tfrac{1}{\phi}, where *&#x03D5;* is the golden ratio, \tfrac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}.

## Dissection of regular decagon
Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2*m*-gon can be divided into *m*(*m*-1)/2 rhombs. For the *regular decagon*, *m*=5, and it can be divided into 10 rhombs, with examples shown below. This decomposition can be seen as 10 of 80 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the 5-cube. A dissection is based on 10 of 30 faces of the rhombic triacontahedron. The list A006245 defines the number of solutions as 62, with 2 orientations for the first symmetric form, and 10 orientations for the other 6.

## Skew decagon
A **skew decagon** is a skew polygon with 10 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an decagon is not generally defined. A *skew zig-zag decagon* has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

A **regular skew decagon** is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew decagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a pentagonal antiprism, pentagrammic antiprism, and pentagrammic crossed-antiprism with the same D5d, [2+,10] symmetry, order 20.

These can also be seen in these 4 convex polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry. The polygons on the perimeter of these projections are regular skew decagons.

## Related pages
*Decagonal number and centered decagonal number, figurate numbers modeled on the decagon
*Decagram, a star polygon with the same vertex positions as the regular decagon

## References
## Other websites
*
*Definition and properties of a decagon With interactive animation
Echiura

The **Echiura**, or **spoon worms**, are a small group of marine animals. They are often considered to be a group of annelids, although they lack the segmented structure found in other members of that group, and so may also be treated as a separate phylum.

However, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences place echiurans and Sipuncula within the Annelida.

## References
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

**Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers** was an American heartland rock band. They formed in Gainesville, Florida in 1976. Their six final members were Tom Petty, Mike Campbell, Benmont Tench, Ron Blair, Scott Thurston and Steve Ferrone. All of them were vocalists and multi-instrumentalists. The band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1999. They won many Grammy Awards and received 2006's Billboard Century Award. The band ended when Petty was found dead in his home in 2017. This was after an accidental drug overdose.

## Musical style 
Petty was adamant that Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers were simply a rock and roll band. Despite this, most critics described them as heartland rock. They are cited, alongside Bruce Springsteen, Bob Seger, and John Mellencamp, as pioneers of the genre. Others have labeled them as Americana, folk rock, roots rock and Southern rock. Early on, the band was associated with punk rock and new wave. They often played with bands like Ramones, Blondie, and the Clash. Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers were the first band described as pop-punk. This was by John Rockwell of *New York Times* in a March 1977 article.

## Members 
* Tom Petty&nbsp;– lead vocals, rhythm and lead guitar, bass, harmonica, keyboards (1976–2017; his death)
* Mike Campbell&nbsp;– lead and rhythm guitar, bass, keyboards, mandolin, occasional backing and lead vocals (1976–2017)
* Benmont Tench&nbsp;– piano, organ, keyboards, backing vocals (1976–2017)
* Stan Lynch&nbsp;– drums, percussion, backing vocals (1976–1994)
* Ron Blair&nbsp;– bass guitar, backing vocals (1976–1982, 2002–2017; *studio guest appearances from 1982–1985*)
* Howie Epstein&nbsp;– bass guitar, rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (1982–2002; died 2003)
* Scott Thurston&nbsp;– rhythm and lead guitar, keyboards, harmonica, backing vocals (1999–2017; touring and session musician 1991–1999)
* Steve Ferrone&nbsp;– drums, percussion (1999–2017; touring and session musician 1994–1999)

### Timeline 
## Discography
* *Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers* (1976)
* ''You're Gonna Get It!* (1978)
* *Damn the Torpedoes* (1979)
* *Hard Promises* (1981)
* *Long After Dark* (1982)
* *Southern Accents* (1985)
* *Let Me Up (I've Had Enough)* (1987)
* *Into the Great Wide Open* (1991)
* *Songs and Music from "She's the One"* (1996)
* *Echo* (1999)
* *The Last DJ* (2002)
* *Mojo* (2010)
* *Hypnotic Eye* (2014)

## See also 
* *Runnin' Down a Dream,'' a film documenting the history of the band
* List of awards and nominations received by Tom Petty
* Blue Stingrays, a band featuring Campbell, Tench, and Blair

## References
Acoelomorpha

The **Acoelomorpha** are a group of animals with features that were once put in the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms).

In 2004 molecular studies showed this was wrong.

Now it is clear that their closest relatives are the Xenoturbellida, and the two groups make up the proposed new phylum, the Xenacoelomorpha.

Most researchers believe them to be basal among the bilateria, slightly more derived than the Cnidaria. Recent results suggest that they (along with *Xenoturbella*) may lie near the base of the deuterostomes.

:"The results show that the two groups constitute a newly classified phylum... which the authors name the ’Xenacoelomorpha’. The xenacoelomorph phylum joins the three known phyla of deuterostomes: vertebrates (including humans), echinoderms (e.g., starfish), and hemichordates (acorn worms)".

Acoels are almost entirely marine, living between grains of sediment, swimming as plankton, or crawling on algae. Acoels have a statocyst, which presumably helps them orient to gravity. Their soft bodies make them difficult to classify.

## References
Atlantic 10 Conference

The **Atlantic 10 Conference** (A-10) is a NCAA conference that plays in NCAA Division I. The conference is headquartered in Newport News, Virginia and features universities and colleges from the Eastern and Midwestern United States.

## History
The A-10 was founded by eight Eastern schools in 1975 as the Eastern Collegiate Basketball League, and began play in 1976. It first played only men's basketball, but added other sports in 1977 and became the Eastern Athletic Association. Despite its official names, the conference was more often called the Eastern 8. By 1982, the conference had 10 schools, and it became the Atlantic 10.

Although the conference has had "10" in its name since 1982, it has not had 10 members since Penn State left for the second and final time in 1991. Since then, the A-10 has had anywhere from 8 to 16 full members (schools that play most of their sports in the conference). From 1997 to 2006, the A-10 ran a football league; after the 2006 season, the A-10 football conference was taken over by the Colonial Athletic Association, now known as the Coastal Athletic Association. The former A-10 football conference is now known as CAA Football (in full, the Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference); it is run by the multi-sports CAA but is legally separate.

## Members
Fifteen schools are full members. Most of the members are private schools; eight are run by the Catholic Church. UMass, indicated with a pink background, will leave the A-10 for the Mid-American Conference in July 2025.

### Associate members 
Three schools are "associate members" that play only one sport in the A-10.

### Former members 
Ten schools were once full members of the A-10, but are no longer in the conference.

## References
*