open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yvette Lebon

**Simone** "**Yvette**" **Lebon** (14 August 1910 &ndash; 28 July 2014) was a French actress. She appeared in 39 movies between 1931 and 1972.

Lebon was born in Paris. During World War II, she was the mistress of Jean Luchaire, a French journalist and politician. After moving to Hollywood, California, she married Belgian-American producer Nathan Wachsberger who died in 1992. They had a son together, Patrick Wachsberger of Summit Entertainment. In August 2013, she turned 103, making her the France's oldest surviving actor.

Lebon died from natural causes on 28 July 2014 in Cannes, aged 103.

## References
## Other websites
*
Praça Rui Barbosa

**Praça Rui Barbosa** (also called **Praça da Estação**, **Station Square** in English) is a square in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

It has this name because it is close to the *Estação Central de Belo Horizonte* (*Central Station of Belo Horizonte*). 
The square has the first public clock in the city.
Oleksandr Turchynov

**Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov** () (born March 31, 1964) is a Ukrainian politician, screenwriter, and Doctor of Economic Sciences. Turchynov was the Chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament. He has previously served acting President and Prime Minister of Ukraine. Turchynov became acting president after mass protest across Ukraine caused the impeachment and removal of Viktor Yanukovych presidency.

## References
## Other websites
*Official personal site
David Krejčí

**David Krejčí** (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their alternate captain.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Krejčí played one season in the Czech Extraliga with HC Kladno and four seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the Gatineau Olympiques. He was drafted by the Boston Bruins with the 63rd overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

Before playing with Boston, he played a season with their AHL affiliate Providence Bruins. He was called up and played in his first NHL game on January 30, 2007. The game ended in a 7-1 loss against the Buffalo Sabres and Krejčí suffered a concussion from Buffalo right winger Adam Mair. He scored his first hat-trick in a 8–5 Bruins win against the Toronto Maple Leafs. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks 4-0 in Game 7.

## References
## Other websites
*
National War Labor Board

The **National War Labor Board** (**NWLB**) was an agency of the United States government created in early 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson which was made up of twelve members from business and labor. The co-chairmen were former President William Howard Taft and attorney Frank Walsh. Its purpose was to make sure labor strikes did not hurt the war effort. The board ended after the war in May 1919. The National War Labor Board was reestablished on January 12, 1942 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. This board ended its duties.

## National War Labor Board WW I 
The United States entered World War I in April 1917. Soon the government became concerned that labor strikes might stop the production of military equipment and supplies. In response President Woodrow Wilson created the National War Labor Board. The board recognized the worker's right to organize unions and bargain collectively. Former President Taft and labor attorney Frank Walsh were the co-chairmen. The board had little real power but depended on their ability to negotiate compromises between the two sides. They succeeded in preventing a number of strikes.

## National War Labor Board WW II 
The National War Labor Board was started up again by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, on January 12, 1942. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. The board's job was to prevent wartime labor disputes. Also to insure that higher wage settlements did not cause inflation. In 1945 the board was disbanded. A wave of strikes broke out just the same as when the NWLB ended in 1918.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Guide to the United States NWLB files 1913-1945 at Cornell University Library
*Records of the National War Labor Board (World War I)
Esther Peterson

and Esther Peterson (President's Commission on the Status of Women)]]
**Esther Eggertsen Peterson** (December 9, 1906 – December 20, 1997) was an American consumer and women's advocate.

## Background
Esther Eggertsen grew up in a Mormon family in Provo, Utah. She graduated from Brigham Young University in 1927 with a degree in physical education. She obtained a master's degree from Teachers' College, Columbia University, in 1930. She held several teaching positions during the 1930s. She taught at Bryn Mawr College Summer School for Women Workers in Industry. The school brought milliners, telephone operators and garment workers onto the campus.

## Career
In 1938, Peterson became a paid organizer for the American Federation of Teachers. In her job she traveled around New England. In 1944, Peterson became the first lobbyist for the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C. In 1948, the United States Department of State offered Peterson’s husband a position as a diplomat in Sweden. The family returned to Washington D.C., in 1957. Peterson joined the Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO, becoming its first woman lobbyist.

Peterson was Assistant Secretary of Labor. She was also Director of the United States Women's Bureau under President John F. Kennedy. Peterson worked hard to help get the Equal Pay Act of 1963 passed into law. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson named Peterson to the newly created post of Special Assistant for Consumer Affairs. She later served as President Jimmy Carter's Director of the Office of Consumer Affairs. Peterson was also Vice President for Consumer Affairs at Giant Food Corporation. She was also president of the National Consumers League.
  
She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981. Peterson was named a delegate to the United Nations as a UNESCO representative in 1993. In 2013, Esther Peterson was inducted into the US Department of Labor's Hall of Honor.

## Death
Peterson died in December 1997.

## Related pages 
*Great Society
*Equal Pay Act of 1963

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites 
*2013 Hall of Honor Inductee Esther Peterson 
*Archives.gov 
*Papers, 1884-1998 (inclusive), 1929-1998 (bulk). Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
*National Women's Hall of Fame
René Teulade

**René Teulade** (17 June 1931 &ndash; 13 February 2014) was a French politician and civil servant. He was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Corrèze department.  He was a member of the Socialist Party. He was born in Monceaux-sur-Dordogne, Corrèze.

Teulade died from a stroke on 13 February 2014 in Paris. He was aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
*René Teulade at Sénat
Masku

**Masku** is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 9740 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Mynämäki, Nousiainen, Rusko, Raisio, Naantali and Taivassalo. 

Most people there speak Finnish.

Masku is known for the Maskun Kalustetalo, a furniture shop that originally started there.

## Other websites 
* 
* Masku website
John Pickstone

**John Victor Pickstone** (29 May 1944 &ndash; 12 February 2014) was an English historian of science. He was the Wellcome Research Professor in the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, in the Faculty of Life Sciences of the University of Manchester. He was born and raised in Burnley, Lancashire.

Pickstone died after a short illness on 12 February 2014. He was aged 69. He was outlived by his wife and two sons.

## References
## Other websites
* John Pickstone at *The Guardian*
Nico Nicolaiewsky

**Nelson** "**Nico**" **Nicolaiewsky** (9 June 1957 &ndash; 7 February 2014) was a Brazilian actor, musician, composer and comedian. He was best known for performing with Hique Gomez for over thirty years. He was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.

Nicolaiewsky died from leukemia on 7 February 2014 in Porto Alegre, aged 56.

## References
## Other websites
*
Patricia Janečková

**Patricia Janečková** (born on 18 June 1998, died on 1 October 2023) was a Slovak singer. She was the winner of the Czecho–Slovak television show *Talentmania* in December 2010. She became internationally famous through the broadcasting of CNN television after the winning.

Janečková was born in Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website  (in Czech, English and German)
Grant Denyer

**Grant Denyer** (born 12 September 1977) is an Australian television presenter and former motor racing driver. He is best known for being the former weather presenter of the Seven Network breakfast television  *Sunrise*. He is currently the host of *Deal or No Deal* on Channel 10.

Denyer was born Coffs Harbour, New South Wales. He is married to television producer Cheryl Rogers. They have one daughter, Sailor (born 2011).

## References
## Other websites
*
Cerebral edema

**Cerebral œdema** (or **cerebral edema**) is a build-up of extra fluid in the brain. It causes swelling. It is caused by physical  or an injury to the brain. This includes inflammation of the brain caused by some infections. Also, mountain climbers at high altitude have been known to experience cerebral oedema primarily due to reduced air pressure acting on the cranium.

## References
Tea Ista

**Dorothea Ida Eveliina Witikka** (born **Dorothea Ida Eveliina Ista**; 12 December 1932 &ndash; 20 February 2014), better known by her stage name **Tea Ista**, was a Finnish actress. She began her acting career in 1952. She was born in Evijärvi.

Ista died after a serious illness on 20 February 2014 in Espoo. She was aged 81. She was outlived by her daughter, Minna Maria, with her late husband Jack Witikka.

## References
## Other websites
*
Denis Norden

**Denis Mostyn Norden**, **CBE** (6 February 1922 &ndash; 19 September 2018) was an English comedy writer and television presenter. He was known for presenting the radio programme *My Word!*.

He also presented *My Music*, *Looks Familiar* and blooper shows ''It'll Be Alright on the Night* and *Laughter File''. He retired in 2006.

Norden was born in Mare Street, Hackney, London on 6 February 1922. He studied at City of London School. Norden married Avril Rosen in 1943. She died in July 2018. They had two children. Norden died on 19 September 2018 at a hospital in Hampstead, London at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nidal Malik Hasan

**Nidal Malik Hasan** (born September 8, 1970) is a former United States Army Major and psychiatrist. On 5 November 2009 he entered the Soldier's Readiness Center at Fort Hood, Texas. He fired approximately 100 rounds at soldiers in the center. The jury convicted him of 45 counts (crimes) of premeditated murder and attempted premeditated murder. He is in prison at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Hasan is awaiting execution while his case is reviewed by appellate courts.

Hasan was born in Arlington County, Virginia. His Palestinian parents immigrated to the United States. The shooting was believed to have been bought on by his Islamic religious radicalism. Before the shooting, he communicated with the late American-Yemeni Islamic militant, Anwar al-Awlaki.

## References
## Other websites
*
Raisio

**Raisio** () is a city in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 24,500 people live there. Neighbouring municipalities are Masku, Naantali, Rusko and Turku. 

Most people there speak Finnish.

## Other websites 
* 
* Raisio website
West End of London

– the heart of the West End.]]

The **West End of London** (usually referred to as the **West End**) is an area of Central and West London.

It contains many of the city's major tourist attractions, shops, businesses, government buildings, and entertainment venues (including the commercial :West End theatres). Use of the term began in the early 19th century to describe fashionable areas to the west of Charing Cross. For strategic planning, the area is one of two *international centres* in the London Plan.

The West End is the second most expensive place in the world in which to rent office space, after Tokyo.

## References
Cementation

cement in an ooid-rich limestone; Carmel Formation, Jurassic of Utah.]]

**Cementation** is what makes rocks solid. It is the process where grains of sediment get stuck together. It is a chemical process, and the cement is a precipitate which crystallises in the spaces between the matrix of grains. Silica (SiO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are the most common types of cement.

Ions carried in groundwater precipitate to form new crystalline material in sediment pores: this is how "sediment" becomes "rock".  The new pore-filling minerals form "bridges" between original sediment grains, thereby binding them together. So *sand* becomes "sandstone", and *gravel* becomes "conglomerate".  

Cementation occurs mainly below the water table. Large volumes of pore water must pass through sediment pores for new mineral cements to crystallize and so millions of years are generally required to complete the cementation process. Another way cementation occurs in Nature is biologically, an organism such as *Sporosarcina pasteurii*. The biological microbes is able to binds sand along with other organic compounds and a calcium source.     

Sedimentation does not always occur. Many quarries used for sand and gravel have them as loose particles and stones, just as if they came from a present-day beach. In England, most of these quarries are from beds laid down in the Jurassic, 150+ million years ago. By chance, the conditions for cementation never occurred there.

## References
Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free

**Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free** is the national anthem of Zambia. The music is taken from the hymn Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika, which was written by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The words for the anthem were written when Zambia became independent.

## Lyrics
## References
International Organization for Standardization

The **International Organization for Standardization** is an international body dedicated to promoting international standards. Its official languages are English, French and Russian. Its name in French is '** and its name in Russian is **' or '**. Its short name form is **ISO'''.

## Related pages 
* International standard

## References
## Other websites
* ISO Home page
Helen Rowland

**Helen Rowland**, sometimes known as **Baby Helen Rowland** (born October 23, 1919) was an American child actress. She appeared in nine movies between 1922 and 1927. She was known for her role in ''Timothy's Quest*.

## Selected filmography
* *Timothy Quest* (1922)
* *What's Wrong with the Women?* (1922)
* *The Daring Years'' (1923)

## Other websites
*
Mansour Koushan

**Mansour Koushan** (26 December 1948 &ndash; 16 February 2014) was a prominent Iranian author, playwright, poet, journalist and director of movies and plays. He has published 14 collections of poetry and short stories, 7 novels, 12 books of analysis on Culture, Literature, Society and politics, and hundreds of analytical essays, and more than 30 plays. While in Iran, he was an active member of the Council of the Association of Iranian Writers.

From 1967 to 1977 he was editor of four independent literary periodicals in Iran. In addition, Koushan presided over the newspaper Takapou in 1996 before it was shut down for being the sole outlet to publish the "1994 Declaration of 134 Iranian Writers," a letter against censorship that would result in the deaths of many of its signatories at the hands of the Iranian regime's secret service.

Koushan has directed movies and plays for TV and staged 7 plays by international writers. In December 1998, Koushan traveled to Norway to deliver a speech at the 50th anniversary of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights Charter. During this time, the first instances of kidnapping and killing of Iranian writers and intellectuals began, and he was forced to remain in exile.

Mansour Koushan was the artistic manager and director for the Sølvberg Theater in Stavanger, Norway from 2000 to 2006. He won the 2010 Carl von Ossietzky prize, awarded annually to a writer for his outstanding efforts for human rights and freedom of speech.

Koushan died from gastric cancer on 16 February 2014 in Stavanger. He was 65.  At the time he was the chief editor of a Persian quarterly on literature culture and art called *Jonge Zaman*.

## References
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication

The **Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication** (**SWIFT**) is an international communication network used by the banking and financial industries.

## Other websites 
*
Alexandre Borges

**Alexandre Borges Corrêa** (born February 23, 1966) is a Brazilian actor. He is known for his works on Brazilians soap operas. He was Cadinho in the Brazilian sitcom *Avenida Brasil* and the journalist Carlos Lacerda in the film Getúlio,

## References
## Other websites
*
Swift (disambiguation)

A **swift** is a type of bird.

**Swift** could also mean:
* Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
* Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), writer
* Taylor Swift (born 1989), country music singer
* Swift a programming language made by Apple Inc.
Royal Palace of Turin

to Turin in 1619 showing the Palace at the time.]]

The **Royal Palace of Turin** () is a building in Turin, Italy. It was the centre of the court of the old Duchy of Savoy for almost two hundred years.

## Brief history
The palace was the centre of the Savoyard royal court. It was the home of the royal family. It was greatly remodelled by Christine of France during the seventeenth century. The building was worked on by the famous architect Filippo Juvarra. The complex also includes the *Palazzo Chiablese* the home of the former Duke of Chablais. The Palace was also redecorated by Marie Jeanne of Savoy.

Before the marriage of Maria Antonia of Spain to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia in 1750, the royal apartments were redecorated again. 

Before becoming a royal residence, it was the centre of the Viceroys of Savoy that were appointed by Francis I of France after the French captured Savoy in 1536. The building later included the Bishops Palace called the *Palazzo San Giovanni*.

## References
*Travel Piedmont & Aosta Valley 
*reale: the residence of "*Savoia*" Family in Turin
**PALAZZO REALE* @ "Torinocultura"  

## Other websites
Pope Zephyrinus

**Pope Zephyrinus** (ca. 198/9-217 C.E.) was the fifteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  He served for seventeen years but was consider an weak and ineffectual pope without education who relied heavily upon his deacon Callistus who would become the next Pope.

During his time there was a group of people who practiced Montanism and Adoptionism who preached things which were against the teachings of the Catholic Church. Both these groups taught that Jesus Christ was a holy person but not the son of God.  Theologians at that time were very disappointed with Pope Zephrynus for not taking severe action against these groups.  They considered him a weak pope.

His feast day is celebrated August 26.

## Reference
Riot grrrl

**Riot grrrl** is an underground feminist punk rock movement. It started in the early 1990s in Washington. Kathleen Hanna's band the Bikini Kill made riot grrrl famous. Bratmobile was another influential riot grrrl band. Riot grrrl is associated with zine culture and third wave feminism. 

## Zines
In 1992 a zine distro called Riot Grrrl Press was started by Erika Reinstein and May Summer.  

Pussy Riot are a Russian punk rock band that are influenced by Bikini Kill.
Unrepentant Geraldines

***Unrepentant Geraldines*** is the 14th studio album by Tori Amos. It released on May 12, 2014. The album's tour, Unrepentant Geraldines Tour started on May 5, 2014 and ended on November 21.

## Track listing
Carlos Páez Vilaró

**Carlos Páez Vilaró** (1 November 1923 &ndash; 24 February 2014) was a Uruguayan abstract artist, painter, potter, sculptor, muralist, writer, composer and constructor. He composed numerous musical pieces in the two genres and conducted an orchestra. He was born in Montevideo. He was of Catalan ancestry.

Vilaró died on 24 February 2014 at his home in Punta Ballena, Maldonado. He was aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joe Bell

**Joseph Alexander Bell** (November 27, 1923 – February 17, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League. He played with the New York Rangers. 

He was born in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba on November 27, 1923. His brother Gordon Bell also played in the NHL. Joe died in February 2014, at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Aura

**Aura** can mean several things:

*Aura (symptom), a feeling experienced before a migraine or seizure
*Halo, also known as an aura, a ring of light surrounding an object
*Aura, Finland, a town in southwestern Finland
*Saturn Aura, a mid-size automobile
*Aura (paranormal), spiritual concept, radiance glowing a human body
*Aura (slang), to have a vibe of coolness
Harold Ramis

**Harold Allen Ramis** (November 21, 1944 &ndash; February 24, 2014) was an American comedic actor, director, producer and writer. His best known movie roles were as Egon Spengler in *Ghostbusters* (1984) and Russell Ziskey in *Stripes* (1981), both movies he co-wrote. He also wrote and directed *Caddyshack* (1980), ''National Lampoon's Vacation* (1983), *Groundhog Day* (1993) and *Analyze This* (1999).

Ramis was born in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. He was married to San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin from 1967 until their divorce. They had a daughter, Violet, whose godfather is actor Bill Murray. He later married Erica Mann in 1989. They had two sons: Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes.

Ramis died from an infection of the blood vessel (vasculitis) at his home in North Shore, Chicago. He was 69.

## Filmography
**Executive Producer**
* *The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest* (2002)
* *I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With* (2006)
* *Archie's Final Project'' (2009)

## References
## Other websites
*
Andrew Lang

**Andrew Lang** (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him.

## More reading
* Roger Lancelyn Green (1946) *Andrew Lang: A critical biography with a short-title bibliography*.
* Antonius P. L. de Cocq (1968) *Andrew Lang: A nineteenth century anthropologist* (Diss. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands). Tilburg: Zwijsen.

## References
## Other websites
* Works by Andrew Lang at Internet Archive
* Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
* Index to the fairy tales in the Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books 
* A Monk of Fife Complete Book Online
* Custom and Myth  - full text HTML of original work.
M117 bomb

The **M117** is a general-purpose bomb. It is dropped from the air by an airplane. It is used by United States military forces. The M117 was used for the first time in the Korean War in the early 1950s. Its nominal weight is , but its actual weight, depending on fuze and delay options, is around . Its explosive content is  of Minol 2 or Tritonal. The M117 can also be used with a low-drag tail fin for medium and high-altitude bombing.

## References
Stanley Brotman

**Stanley Seymour Brotman** (July 27, 1924 &ndash; February 21, 2014) was an American federal judge. He was born in Vineland, New Jersey. He grew up in the nearby village of Brotmanville, which had been established by his grandfather, who was a Russian immigrant. He left Yale University to serve in the United States Army during World War II, from 1942 to 1945. He returned to Yale and received a B.A. in Eastern Studies from Yale University in 1947 and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1951.

On January 27, 1975, He was nominated by President Gerald Ford to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Mitchell H. Cohen. Brotman was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 1975, and received his commission on March 14, 1975. He assumed senior status on April 23, 1990. He retired in September 2013.

## References
## Other websites
* Stanley Seymour Brotman at martindale.com
H. B. Reese

**Harry Burnett** "**H. B.**" **Reese** (May 24, 1879 &ndash; May 16, 1956) was an American inventor. He was best known for creating Reese's Peanut Butter Cups and founding the H. B. Reese Candy Company.

He was born in York County, Pennsylvania. He was of Welsh ancestry. He married Blanche Edna Reese (née Hyson) on August 1, 1900. By 1928, the couple had sixteen children.

Reese died from a heart attack on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida. He was 76.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Suicide in Greenland

**Suicide** is a serious problem in Greenland. According to the government of Greenland, one person in five has attempted suicide. Because of this, the Greenland government has taken a number of steps to reduce the suicide rate. One example is roadside posters. But by 1994, it had become one of the highest in the world. The rate was 107 per 100,000 persons committing suicide per year. Government data in 2010 said that almost one suicide happened once a week.

## Rates 
An article was published in the journal *BMC Psychiatry* in 2009. It reported that 1351 suicides took place in Greenland during the 35 years (1968–2002). The study noted seasonal changes in the suicide rate. Suicides were higher in June and lower in the winter months. Suicide rates in northern parts of West Greenland are higher than in southern parts.

Some have noticed that suicide rates started to get higher about the time television appeared in Greenland. But it may be more the "modernization package" in general that is causing the problem. The difference between the traditional culture of the Inuit and modern Western culture is also said to be a reason.

## Common methods 
The most common methods were hanging (46%) and shooting (37%). Other methods include jumping from heights, cutting with sharp objects, drowning, overdose of medication, and poisoning.

## Suicide prevention 
Greenland's Government and other organizations have made a number of efforts to prevent suicides. There are different associations that provide support for people that feel suicidal. Measures include posters placed along the roads, which read: "The call is free. No one is alone. Don't be alone with your dark thoughts. Call." Suicide consultants are used to show movies discouraging teenage suicide attempts.

## References
Liperi

Taipaleenjoki in Viinijärvi, Liperi]]

**Liperi** is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had about 12,500 living there in April 2014. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Joensuu, Kontiolahti, Polvijärvi, Rääkkylä, Savonlinna and Outokumpu.

## Happenings
*Karelia-soutu

## Other websites 
* The official Liperi page
Paedophile Information Exchange

**The Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE)** was a UK pro-paedophile activist group. It started in October 1974. In 1975 PIE had their first open meeting. Mothers threw rotten fruit and vegetables at members. That year the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) gave PIE affiliate status.

## References
Pope Urban I

**Pope Urban I** (222230 C.E.) was the seventeenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church. 
His reign was a peaceful one and there not much known about it. He served as head of the Catholic church during the imperial reign of Alexander Severus. He is buried in the cemetary at Callistus on the Appian Way.  He is considered a saint of the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 25.

## References
Living with You

"**Living with You**" is a song by Welsh musician and composer John Cale. It was on his album *Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood*.

On 25 February 2013, it was released as digital single. On B-side was also the "Organic Mix" and new remix by Laurel Halo.

Original version of this song features together with Cale (vocals, keyboards, electric viola, electric guitar, percussion) also Dustin Boyer (acoustic guitar) and Michael Jerome Moore (drums, cajón).

## References
Kontiolahti

**Kontiolahti** is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had about 14,000 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Joensuu, Juuka, Lieksa, Liperi and Polvijärvi.

## Some villages 
Harivaara, Herajärvi, Jakokoski, Mönni, Onttola, Paihola, Puntarikoski, Rantakylä, Romppala and Venejoki.

## Other websites 
* The official Kontiolahti page
Zbigniew Romaszewski

**Zbigniew Jan Romaszewski** (2 January 1940 &ndash; 13 February 2014) was a Polish conservative politician and human rights activist.

After the June 1976 protests, he was co-founder of assurance to workers charged by the communist regime. He was one of the founders of the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). He became Chief of Bureau of Intervention of the Committee for Social Self-defence KOR in 1977. In 1980, he was the founder of the Helsinki Committee in Poland. In the early 1980s, he was chief of Commission of Intervention and Law-abidingness of Solidarity. During martial law in Poland he established independent Radio Solidarity. In 1982, he was arrested and jailed by the communist regime until 1984.

Romaszewski died in a hospital in his hometown of Warsaw, after a week of induced coma. He was aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Fuze

In military munitions, a **fuze** is the part of an explosive device that makes it explode. In some devices (notably torpedoes) a fuze may be identified by function as the "exploder". The term *fuze* is used to indicate an advanced ignition device with mechanical and/or electronic parts.

Time fuzes detonate after a set period of time. Impact, percussion or contact fuzes detonate when they hit something, usually the target. A proximity fuze uses sensors which can be one or more combinations of the following: radar, active sonar, passive acoustic, infrared, magnetic, photoelectric, seismic or even television cameras. Whatever the sensor used, percussion fuzes cause the explosion to occur close to the target. The target will either be destroyed or severely damaged.

Most English-language countries use the "z" spelling to distinguish between simple burning fuses and pyrotechnical or explosive devices.

## References
Emilie Autumn

**Emilie Autumn Liddell** (born on September 22, 1979) is an American singer and violinist. She started learning to play the violin when she was four years old. She calls her style Victoriandustrial. It is influenced by the Victorian era. She performs with The Bloody Crumpets.

## Early life
Autumn left school when she was nine or ten. She went to Indiana University for two years. She left because the university would not let her wear corsets.

## Career
Autumn released *On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo* on her label Traitor Records. In 2000 a book of poetry that she wrote was published.

In 2003 Autumn's first studio album *Enchant* was released.

In 2006 *Opheliac* was released by Trisol Music Group GmbH.

In 2007 ''A Bit o' This & That* was released to iTunes. In 2010 *The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls* was published.

In 2012 Autumn released her third studio album, *Fight Like a Girl*.

## Personal life
Autumn has bipolar disorder. She is vegan.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Enchant* (2003)
* *Opheliac* (2006)
* *Fight Like a Girl'' (2012)

## References
Stephanie Kwolek

**Stephanie Louise Kwolek** (July 31, 1923 &ndash; June 18, 2014) was an American chemist. She invented poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide—better known as Kevlar. 

She was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Kwolek won many awards for her work in polymer chemistry. 

Kwolek died in Wilmington, Delaware from a short-illness, at the age 90 on June 18, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
* Stephanie Kwolek at Famous Women Inventors
*Interview with Stephanie L. Kwolek , March 21, 1998, from the Oral History Program at the Chemical Heritage Foundation
**Stephanie Kwolek *, Video, from The Catalyst Series: Women in Chemistry , at the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia, PA
Martin Hanzal

**Martin Hanzal** (born February 20, 1987) is a Czech former professional ice hockey centre. He played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). or the Phoenix / Arizona Coyotes, Minnesota Wild, and Dallas Stars. He also played for Motor České Budějovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hanzal played 19 games in the Czech Extraliga with HC České Budějovice, 19 games in the United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Omaha Lancers and 1 season in the Western Hockey League (WHL) with the Red Deer Rebels. He was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes with the 17th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

He debuted with the Coyotes during the 2007–08 NHL season. He scored his first hat-trick in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 4, 2008. The hat trick came in only 20 minutes and 27 seconds of play time which set the record for the fastest hat trick in Coyotes history. He was named an alternate captain on October 8, 2011.

On 27 February 2017, the Coyotes traded Hanzal along with Ryan White and a fourth-round pick to the Minnesota Wild in exchange for a 1st-round pick, a 2nd-round pick, a conditional 4th-round pick, and Grayson Downing. He played 20 regular season games with them.

On 1 July 2017, Hanzal would sign a three-year, $14.25 million contract with the Dallas Stars. On 9 March 2018, it was announced that Hanzal would undergo spinal fusion surgery and his season would end early.

On 26 October 2020, Hanzal announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Haikouichthys

***Haikouichthys*** is an extinct early fish-like craniate.

These creatures have backbones and distinct heads, and lived about 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion.  

*Haikouichthys* had a defined skull and other characters which suggest it is a true craniate, and perhaps one of the earliest fishes. Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate. It does not show enough detail to be definitely included in either stem group.

## References
Leppävirta

**Leppävirta** is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 10,170 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Joroinen, Kuopio, Pieksämäki, Suonenjoki, Tuusniemi and Varkaus.

## Other websites 
* Leppävirta site
Rebecca Adlington

**Rebecca "Becky" Adlington**, OBE (born 17 February 1989) is a retired English freestyle swimmer. She won two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400&nbsp;m and 800&nbsp;m. She won bronze medals in the women's 400&nbsp;m and 800&nbsp;m freestyle events in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Adlington retired from all competitive swimming on 5 February 2013.

## Early life
Adlington was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. She went to The Brunts School there.

In 2013 she was a contestant on ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!''.

## References
Suonenjoki

**Suonenjoki** is a city in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 7,500 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuopio, Leppävirta, Pieksämäki, Rautalampi and Tervo.

## Other websites 
* Suonenjoki site
Tokaji

**Tokaji** is white wine from the Tokaj wine region in Hungary. The winemaking style is from the 1600s. 

## References
## Other websites
Thalia Zedek

**Thalia Zedek** (born 1961) is an American singer and guitarist. She started Dangerous Birds in 1981. In 1987 Zedek joined Live Skull. The band broke up in 1990. She released her first album, *Been Here and Gone*, in 2001. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.5 out of 10. In 2002 she released ''You're A Big Girl Now*. In 2004 *Trust Not Those in Whom Without Some Touch of Madness'' was released.

## Personal life
She is a lesbian.

## References
David Giuntoli

**David Giuntoli** (born June 18, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for the lead role of Detective Nick Burkhardt in the television series *Grimm*.

## References
Slowdive

in 2014]]
**Slowdive** is an English dream pop band. They were started in 1985 in Reading by Neil Halstead and Rachel Goswell. They broke up in 1995. In 2014 the band got back together. 

## History
In 1990 Slowdive released their first EP *Slowdive*.

In September 1991 the band's first album *Just for a Day* was released. 

The band wrote to Brian Eno to ask him to produce their second album. Eno said that he liked Slowdive's music but wanted to make music with them rather than produce their album.
In 1993 Slowdive released their second album *Souvlaki*. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 7 out of 10. They then released two extended plays, *5 EP* and *5 EP (In Mind Remixes)*.

In 1995 the band released their last album *Pygmalion*. Then they broke up. 

In 2014 Slowdive got back together to play the 2014 Primavera Sound Festival in Barcelona from May 29-31.

## References
Sleigh Bells (band)

**Sleigh Bells** is an American noise pop musical group. The members are Derek E. Miller and Alexis Krauss. The group started in 2008. 

## History
Miller met Krauss in 2008 when he was waiting tables at a Brazilian restaurant.
On May 11, 2010, Sleigh Bells' first album *Treats* was released by Mom+Pop and N.E.E.T. Recordings. It got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it a score of 8.7 out of 10. On February  21, 2012 their second album *Reign of Terror* was released. On October 4, 2013 Sleigh Bells' third album *Bitter Rivals* was released. It did not get reviews as good as *Treats* or *Reign of Terror*. On the same day Sleigh Bells started a tour. 

## References
Gilbert Stuart

**Gilbert Charles Stuart** (born **Gilbert Charles Stewart** December 3, 1755 &ndash; July 9, 1828) was an American painter. He was known for painting many portraits of the American Founding Fathers and six Presidents of the United States including George Washington's official portrait. Many of his paintings are in museums in Washington, D.C., London, and in Boston.

Stuart died on July 9, 1928 in Boston, Massachusetts from a stroke, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*Gilbert Stuart at the National Gallery of Art, Washington 
*Gilbert Stuart Biography, National Gallery of Art 
*Gilbert Stuart Museum Website
*Gilbert-Stuart.org  155 works by Gilbert Stuart
*Gilbert Stuart on ArtCyclopedia
Megan's Law

'''Megan's Law''' is an informal name for laws in the United States that require law enforcement authorities to make information available to the public regarding registered sex offenders. It was created after the murder of Megan Kanka. 

Individual states decide what information will be made available and how it should be distributed. Most give out the offender's name, picture, address, Prison date, and nature of the crime. The information is often displayed on free public websites, but can be published in newspapers, distributed in pamphlets, or through various other means.

## Megan Kanka 
Richard and Maurine Kanka and their three children lived in a small town in New Jersey. On 29 July 1994 their daughter Megan was lured into a neighbor's house to see a non-existent puppy. He had served six of the ten years of his sentence. 

Searches for the girl turned up nothing. The local police quickly focused on three known sex offenders living across the street from the missing girl. Police released two of the suspects when they verified where they were. Timmendequas became the main suspect. Two days after her murder, the parents of Megan Kanka started the "Megan Nichole Kanka Foundation". The mission of the foundation is to identify the location of convicted child sex offenders in every community. The continuing efforts resulted in President Bill Clinton signing the federal version of "Megan's Law." 

The Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children Law, or "Megan's Law", was signed in May 1996.
*Some states release information on offenders only if officials there decide it is necessary.
*While many states are open and disclose offender information readily, some are very restrictive as to who the information is released to.
*People listed on a sex offender list may be  placedin danger of acts of vigilantism, or be made homeless.
*Offender databases may be inaccurate and may mistake one person for another.
*Plea bargans may potentially result in a lesser conviction charge that does not require registration as a sex offender.
*Some offenders who pose no danger to the public may be required to register, such as a person who was convicted of a sex offense with a minor of similar age under a statutory rape law.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Megan Nichole Kanka Foundation 
* Megan's Law by State 
* Sex Offender Registries
Morrison Waite

**Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite** (November 29, 1816&nbsp;– March 23, 1888) was an American attorney and politician in Ohio. He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888. Chief Justice Waite was primarily known for overturning federal laws passed during Reconstruction that protected African Americans.

## References
## Other websites
*Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888 .
*The Waite Court, 1874-1888 .
*Morrison R. Waite Biography, official Supreme Court media, Oyez
Charles Evans Hughes

**Charles Evans Hughes, Sr.** (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician from New York.

Hughes served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), a United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). The Republican Party's candidate in the 1916 presidential election, he lost narrowly to the Democratic Party's cndidate, Woodrow Wilson.

Hughes was a professor in the 1890s, a supporter of Britain's New Liberalism, an important leader of the progressive movement of the 20th century, a leading diplomat and New York lawyer in the days of Harding and Coolidge, and a well-known swing voter in dealing with cases related to the New Deal in the 1930s.

On August 27, 1948, Hughes died in what is now the Tiffany Cottage of the Wianno Club, near Barnstable, Massachusetts. His remains are buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

## More reading
*Hall, Kermit L., ed. *The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States*. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1992. ; .
*Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., *The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography*, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). .
*Perkins, Dexter, *Charles Evans Hughes and American democratic statesmanship* (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956).
*Pusey, Merlo J., *Charles Evans Hughes*, 2 vol. (New York: Macmillan, 1951).. the standard scholarly biography
*Shesol, Jeff. *Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. The Supreme Court* (W.W. Norton, 2010)
*Simon, James F., *FDR and Chief Justice Hughes: The President, the Supreme Court, and the Epic Battle Over the New Deal* (Simon & Schuster, Forthcoming, February 2012).

## References
## Other websites
*Grave of Charles Evans Hughes at Find a Grave
*The Hughes Court at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
* "Charles Evans Hughes, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's *The Contenders*
Melville Fuller

**Melville Weston Fuller** (February 11, 1833&nbsp;– July 4, 1910) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician. He was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. He was nominated by Grover Cleveland.

Fuller died in Sorrento, Maine from a heart attack, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
*Ariens, Michael, *Melville Fuller*. 
*Supreme Court Historical Society:
***Melville Weston Fuller, 1888-1910* .
***The Fuller Court 1888-1910* .
*Oyez Project *Melville W. Fuller Biography*, U.S. Supreme Court media.
*Orth, John V.  Answers.com Melville Fuller.
*Reed, Lawrence W. (March 10, 2006), *Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice* Mackinac Center for Public Policy.
Edward Douglass White

**Edward Douglass White, Jr.** (November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921) was an American politician and jurist. He was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States.

## References
## Other websites
*Ariens, Michael, *Edward Douglass White*. 
**Bust of Edward Douglass White* , Oyez. official Supreme Court media.
**The E. D. White Historic Site*, including the original plantation home, operated by the Louisiana State Museum 
**Edward Douglas White biography*,  Supreme Court Historical Society.
**Edward Douglas White*, official Supreme Court media, Oyez.
**The White Court*, 1910-1921, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society .
*Edward Douglass White memorial at Find a Grave.
John Rutledge

**John Rutledge** (September 17, 1739 – July 23, 1800) was an American statesman and judge. He was the first Governor of South Carolina, following the signing of the United States Constitution.

He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, where he chaired a committee that wrote much of what was included in the final version of the United States Constitution, which he also signed.

He served as an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, and was the second Chief Justice of the Court from July to December 1795. He was the elder brother of Edward Rutledge, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

## References
## Other websites
* Ireland, Robert M.  John Rutledge at Answers.com.
* NGA Biography of John Rutledge 
*John Rutledge memorial at Find a Grave
*Oyez Project, Supreme  Court of the United States Media, John Rutledge.
* SCIway Biography of John Rutledge
Fred M. Vinson

**Frederick "Fred" Moore Vinson** (January 22, 1890 – September 8, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician who served in all three branches of the United States.

In the legislative branch, he was an elected member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky, for twelve years. In the executive branch, he was the Secretary of Treasury under President Harry S. Truman. In the judicial branch, he was the 13th Chief Justice of the United States, appointed by President Truman.

As of 2014, he is the last Chief Justice to have been nominated by a president from the Democratic Party.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography , at the U.S. Treasury Office of the Curator.
*Truman Presents Supreme Court Chief Justice Vinson With Historic Gavel, 1948 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
**Chief Justice Vinson dies of Heart Attack*, New York Times, September 8, 1953.
*Find a Grave, Frederick M. Vinson.
*Obituary, NY Times, September 9, 1953, *Vinson Excelled In Federal Posts*.
*Oyez Project, Fred M. Vinson, United States Supreme Court.
*Supreme Court Historical Society, The Vinson Court.
Pulau Ayu

**Pulau Ayu** is a very small Indonesian island in Southwest Papua province. The two main towns on the island are called Imbik Kuan and Ayu. Because there is a big reef around the island, only small boats can go there.

## World War Two
During World War Two, the island was occupied by Japan.

## Other websites 
* Pulau Ayu Information
* Detailed Maps
Ellen Gates Starr

**Ellen Gates Starr **  (March 19, 1859, near Laona, Illinois – February 10, 1940, in Suffern, New York) was an American social reformer and activist. Along with Jane Addams, in 1889, she and Addams found the Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Starr was a lesbian. She was a member of the Women's Trade Union League and helped organize striking garment workers in 1896, 1910, and 1915. She worked with many other reformers such as Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul.

Starr died on February 10, 1940 from heart failure, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites