open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kievan Rus'

**Kievan Rus**' (also known as **Kyivan Rus**) was a medieval state in Europe.  
## Overview
The **Kievan Rus** lasted from the late 9th to the mid 13th century. It broke apart under the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240. At its peak, it stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, and from the upper Vistula in the west to the middle Volga in the east.
## Name
The state was called "land of Rus'" in broader sense. In the core sense, this term described the territory of Dnieper Ukraine, which served as the heartland of the state. The name "Kievan Rus' " was used in the 19th century to mean the time when the center was in Kyiv.
## History
The early part of the state is sometimes known as the "Rus Khaganate".  The history of Rus' proper begins in 882.  This is when prince Oleg seized Kyiv and became the first prince of Kyiv. This was after Varangians (Vikings), who were presumably led by Askold and Dir, became Kyiv's first Norse rulers and freed this slavic city from the Khazars' tribute.
### Peak
The state reached its peak of power in the mid 11th century. Its lands went south to the Black Sea, east to the Volga, and west to the Kingdom of Poland and to the Duchy of Lithuania.
Volodymyr the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054) ruled in the "Golden Age" of Kyiv. 
### Breakup
With the end of the Viking age, the state lost power in the late 11th and during the 12th century. The broke apart into various rival regional powers.
## Legacy
The modern East Slavic states of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia all claim to have got their identity from the early medieval state.

## Related pages
* Cossacks
* Eastern Europe
* Tsardom of Russia
* Eastern Orthodox Church

## References
Governor of Victoria

The **Governor of Victoria** represents the head of state, Charles III in the Australian state of Victoria. The Governor performs the same tasks at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governor's office and official residence is Government House in central Melbourne.

The current Governor of Victoria is Margaret Gardner.

## Powers
In a Westminster system of parliamentary government, the Governor nearly always acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of Victoria. However, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier.

## Related offices
There is also a Lieutenant-Governor and an Administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is the Administrator, unless he or she is the Lieutenant-Governor, in which case, the next most senior judge is the Administrator. The Lieutenant-Governor takes on the job of the Governor when that post is vacant, when the Governor is out of the State, or is unable to act. The Administrator takes on those duties if both the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are unable to act. 

## Australian-born governors
The first Australian (and Victorian) born Governor of Victoria was Sir Henry Winneke (appointed 1974). Apart from Dr Davis McCaughey (b. Ireland), Professor David de Kretser (born in Ceylon) and Alex Chernov (born in Lithuania), all governors since 1974 have been born in Australia.

## List of governors of Victoria
 was used]]

### Lieutenant-governors
Before 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed Lieutenant-Governors to Victoria.

### Governors
## References
## Other  websites
* The Official Website of the Governor of Victoria 
* Governors of Victoria, Parliament of Victoria
Yellow-billed magpie

The **yellow-billed magpie** (*Pica nuttalli*) is a species of magpie, a type of songbird. It is a medium-sized member of the crow family with glossy black and white plumage and a yellow beak. The yellow-billed magpie lives only in California where it can be found in dry and warm oak savannah and shady valleys along the Central Valley. It is an omnivorous species: Insects and seeds are its main food, but it also takes carrion, small vertebrates and eggs. The breeding season of the yellow-billed magpie starts in April and it takes until the end of June for all chicks to fledge. The birds breed in loose colonies of 3−30 nests and they feed in flocks of several dozens.
Ealing Broadway station

**Ealing Broadway railway station** is a station of the London Underground and National Rail in Ealing, in the borough of a same name.

## References
Alex Chernov

**Alex Chernov** AC QC (born 12 May 1938) was the Governor of Victoria from 2011 through 2015.

## Early life 
Chernov was born in Lithuania to Russian parents, and moved with his family to Salzburg, Austria where he started school. In 1949 his family moved to Australia and he completed his schooling at Melbourne High School. He studied commerce (business) and law at the University of Melbourne during the 1960s.

## Career 
Chernov became a barrister in 1968, practising mostly in commercial law and equity. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He was Chairman of the Victorian Bar 1985–86, Vice-President of the Australian Bar Association 1986–87 and President of the Law Council of Australia 1990–91. He was Vice President of LawAsia 1995–1997.

He wrote a book with Robert Brooking AO, *Tenancy Law and Practice: Victoria* (1972) and edited the second edition (1980).

In May 1997 he was appointed to the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Victoria, and in October 1998 to the Court of Appeal. He retired in February 2008.

He was elected the 20th Chancellor of the University of Melbourne in January 2009, serving in that office until he resigned to become Governor of Victoria.

## Vice-regal office 
On 21 February 2011, it was announced that he would become the 28th Governor of Victoria. He took officee on 8 April 2011.

## Personal life 
Chernov is married with three children.

## Honours 
Chernov was appointed Queen's Counsel in and for the State of Victoria in 1980.

Chernov was created an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours list for service to the law and education.

On 26 January 2011, Chernov was named a Companion of the Order of Australia.

## References 
## Other websites 
*University of Melbourne biography
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 tube station

**Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3** is a station of the London Underground. It is at Heathrow Airport and serves terminals 2 and 3 of the airport. The station used to be called **Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3** until January 2016 when Heathrow Terminal 1 closed. Although the station has been renamed, the signage and announcements on the train and platform do not use the new name. It is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly Line.

## References
Andrew Huxley

**Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley** OM FRS (22 November 1917 – 30 May 2012) was an English physiologist and biophysicist.

Huxley was born in Hampstead, London. He was the youngest son of writer and editor Leonard Huxley by his second wife Rosalind Bruce. He was the half-brother of writer Aldous Huxley and fellow biologist Julian Huxley, and grandson of biologist T H. Huxley. He studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Huxley won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alan Hodgkin and John Eccles for his experimental and mathematical work with Alan Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials. These are the electrical impulses that make nerve fibres work, and so the whole central nervous system.

Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with Sir John Eccles, who was cited for research on nerve synapses. Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to suggest the existence of ion channels, which were found only decades later.

Huxley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 17 March 1955. He was President of the Royal Society from 1980 to 1985, and Master of Trinity from  1984–1990. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 November 1974, and appointed to the Order of Merit on 11 November 1983. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

## Related pages 
*Huxley family

## References 
* Huxley A.F. 1980. *Reflections on muscle.* The Sherrington Lectures XIV. Liverpool.
Satyendra Nath Bose

Professor **Satyendra Nath Bose**  laid down the basics for the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. The boson, a kind of particle of matter, is named in his honor. He was a member of the Royal Society and was awarded India's second highest civilian award (called the Padma Vibhushan) in 1954.

Bose’s works helped statistical mechanics, the electromagnetic properties of the ionosphere, the theories of X-ray crystallography, and unified field theory. This work also led Einstein to work with him.

Bose was interested in many subjects including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature and music. He worked on many research and development projects for India and England. He mostly spent his life in London. 

## References
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

The **Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic** was one of fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR). In 1922, it was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union.  The other three were the Ukrainian SSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. The BSSR, along with the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Union, were founding members of the United Nations Organization (UN) in 1945. The end of the Soviet Republic occurred in 1991.  The nation became an independent republic. 

The country renamed itself as the Republic of Belarus. In earlier time periods, Western Europeans called Byelorussian territory as White Russia.  During its early years in the USSR, the republic was sometimes known as the White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## History 
### WW2 1922-1945 
German troops attacked Belarus in 1941 later again became part of Soviet Union.

## References
Dzyarzhynskaya Hara

**Dzyarzhynskaya Hara** is the highest point in Belarus. The hill is 345 meters (1,130&nbsp;ft) above sea level.  It is west of Minsk, near Dzyarzhynsk, in the village Skirmuntava. The original name of the hill was **Svyataya Hara**. In 1958 the hill was renamed *Hara Dzyarzhynskaya*, after Felix Dzerzhinsky, the founder of the NKVD/KGB.
Swindon

**Swindon** is a large town in the Borough of Swindon in the county of Wiltshire, South West England. It is the largest settlement in Wiltshire. About 234,000 people live there. It is 81 miles west of London, 40 miles west of Reading, Berkshire, and 40 miles east of Bristol.

## References
## Other websites 
*Borough Council site
Vitebsk Region

**Vitebsk Region**, **Vitsebsk Voblast**, or **Vitebsk Oblast**  is a region (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Vitebsk (Viciebsk). As of a 2009, the region had a population of 1,230,800.

Important cities within the region include Vitebsk, Orsha, and Navapolatsk.

The Vitsebsk Voblast is divided into 21 raions, 5 cities of oblast subordinance, 19 additional cities, 249 selsovets, and 26 urban-type settlements.

## References
Vitebsk

**Vitebsk**, also known as **Viciebsk** or **Vitsyebsk** is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. It is the capital of the Vitebsk Oblast. In 2004 it had 342,381 people. This makes it the country's fourth largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk air base.

The main universities of Vitebsk are Vitebsk State Technological University, Vitebsk State Medical University and Vitebsk State University named in honor of Pyotr Masherov.

In 1919, Vitebsk was made a part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. Then it was transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Litbel. In 1924, it was returned to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## History 
According to a legend, the city was founded by the Kyiv princess Olga in 974. The first mention of Vitebsk is dated 1021 AD, where it is said that Yaroslav the Wise handed over two cities ("Vosvyach and Vidbesk") to Prince Bryachislav Izyaslavych. 

In 1165-1167, due to feudal strife, the Vitebsk principality gradually began to lose importance and fell under the rule of the Smolensk princes.

## References
Armed Forces of Belarus

The **Armed Forces of Belarus** are the Ground Forces and the Belarusian Air Force. All are under the command of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus. Lieutenant general Yurij Viktorovich Zhadobin is the Minister of Defense since December 4, 2009. Being a landlocked country, Belarus has no navy.

The **Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus** is the government group that has the duties of raising and maintaining the Armed Forces of Belarus. The formation of the ministry began in 1992.  This was a year after the end of the Soviet Union and Belarus becoming an independent state.

## References
*Belarusian Army: Capacity And Its Role In The Region
Shōkyō

, also known as **Shōkei**, was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period  after Gentoku and before Kemmu.  This period started in April 1332 and ended in April 1334. The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Shōkyō Era
* **1332** (*Shōkyō 1*):  The era name was changed to  in *Genkō* 2, the 10th month.
* **1332** (*Shōkyō 1, 3rd month*): Go-Daigo was sent into exile on the Oki Province (the Oki Islands) in the Sea of Japan off the coast of the provinces of Izumo and Hōki.

## Southern Court *nengō* 
* Genkō, 1331-1334

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Brest Region

**Brest Voblast (Province)** or **Brest Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus. The administrative center is Brest. Important cities in the voblast include: Baranovichi, Brest, and Pinsk.

The region was formed in 1939 after Western Belarus rejoined the Byelorussian SSR. Today it has 16 districts (raions), 225 selsovets, 20 cities, 5 city municipalities, 9 urban-type settlements, and 2178 villages.
Richard Dawson

*, 1963]]
**Richard Dawson** (**born Colin Lionel Emm;** 20 November 1932 – 2 June 2012) was an English-American actor and television presenter. 

Dawson was born Colin Lionel Emm in Gosport, Hampshire to an American father and English mother. Dawson married Diana Dors in 1959; they lived in California. The couple had two sons, entertainment manager Mark (born 1960) and Gary (born 1962). She left him and in 1967 the couple divorced. His second marriage lasted from 1991 until his death from esophageal cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Dawson played a prisoner of war in *Hogan's Heroes* and hosted *Family Feud''. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Rectifier

A **rectifier** is a device that can convert Alternating current (AC) to Direct current (DC). This is a process called rectification. Many rectifiers in the 20th century were made of metals like copper, iron, and silver. Nowadays most are semiconductors.

*Half-wave rectifiers* only have one side of a waveform, while the *full-wave rectifiers* use both sides of a waveform. The left-hand side of the full-wave rectifier circuit consists of four diodes: a diode bridge. Half-wave current is a current that can only flow  in alternate current, a full-wave current can flow both alternating current and direct current. 

**Diode bridge** is electrical circuit that consists of four diodes. It acts as a full wave rectifier to convert alternating current to direct current.

## References
Gomel Region

**Homiel Voblast**, **Homyel Oblast** or **Gomel Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel.

Important cities in the voblast include: Gomel, Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svetlahorsk, Rechytsia, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow, Dobrush

Homiel Province and Mahilyow Voblast were hurt severely after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places. Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.

The Homiel Voblast has 21 districts (raions), 278 selsovets, 17 cities, and 8 city municipalities.

## References
Chelsea Bridge

**Chelsea Bridge** is a bridge over the River Thames in west London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

## History
There have been two Chelsea Bridges, on the site of what was an ancient crossing.

The first Chelsea Bridge was called Victoria Bridge. It opened in 1857.

The old bridge was replaced by the current one in 1937.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the  of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages 
* List of crossings of the River Thames

## References
## Other websites
Sumida River

The  is a Japanese river which flows through Tokyo.  It crosses the north part of Tokyo and drains into Tokyo Bay.

## Sumida bridges
The Sumida runs through Tokyo for 27 kilometers.  There are 26 bridges across the river, including

* Ryōgoku Bridge (*Ryōgoku-bashi*)

* Nihon bridge (*Nihon-bashi*) 

* Eitai Bridge

* Senju Bridge

* Sakura Bridge

* Kototoi Bridge

*  Azuma Bridge

* Komagata Bridge

* Umaya Bridge

* Shin Ohashi Bridge

* Kiyosu Bridge

* Chuo Bridge

* Tsukuda Bridge

* Kachidoki Bridge (*Kachidoki-bashi*)

## Gallery

File:Brooklyn Museum - Ryogoku Bridge and the Great Riverbank No 59 from One Hundred Views of Edo - Utagawa Hiroshige (Ando).jpg|*Ryōgoku Bridge and the Great Riverbank* by Hiroshige, 1856

File:Hiroshige le pont Nihonbashi à l'aube.jpg|View of the Nihon-bashi at dawn, in a woodblock print by Hiroshige

File:Sumidagawa-UtagawaHiroshige1881.jpg|View of the banks of the Sumida (*Bokusui tsutsumi hanazakari no zu*) by Hiroshige III, 1881

File:Sumida River at Night, Tokyo.jpg|The *Kachidoki-bashi* lit at night.

## References
## Other websites
* New York Public Library Digital Gallery *Pleasure boating on the Sumida River*, woodblock print, c. 1788-1790
The Long Good Friday

***The Long Good Friday*** is a 1980 British crime movie. It is set in London. It was directed by John Mackenzie and written by Barrie Keeffe. It stars Bob Hoskins as gangster Harold Shand and Helen Mirren as Victoria.

## Other websites 
*
Grodno Region

**Grodno/Hrodna Region** is a voblast (province) in northwestern Belarus.

The capital Grodno is the biggest city of the province. It is on the Neman River. Two castles from the 14th - 18th centuries are on the steep right bank of the Nemen. Many say this city is one of the most beautiful in Belarus. The Orthodox *St Boris & St Gleb (Kalozhskaya) Church* dating back to the 12th century, is the second oldest in Belarus.

The Mir Castle Complex, a 16th-century historical landmark as well as part of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha nature reserve, both UNESCO World Heritage sites are in this region.

The Grodno Region is divided into 17 districts (raions), 194 selsovets, 12 cities, 6 city municipalities, and 21 urban-type settlements.

## References
Mogilev Region

**Mogilev Region**, also **Mahilyow Voblasts (Province)** or **Mogilyov Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Mogilyov (Mahilyow).

Mogilev and Homyel Voblasts suffered severely after the Chernobyl nuclear radioactive reactor catastrophe in April 1986.

Important cities in the voblast are: Mogilyov, Asipovichy, and Babruysk.

Many rivers flow through the Mahilyow Voblast. They include the: Dnieper River (Dniapro), Berezina, Sozh, Druts, Pronya and Ptsich rivers.

There are 21 districts (raions), 195 selsovets, 14 towns, 3 city municipalities, and 12 urban-type settlements.
Mogilev

**Mogilev** (also spelled **Mogilyov** or **Mahilyow**) is a city in eastern Belarus.  It is about  from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and  from the border with Russia's Bryansk Oblast. As of 2011, 360,918 people lived there.  It is the administrative centre of Mahilyow Voblast.  It is the third largest city in Belarus.

## References
Gomel

**Gomel** (also **Homiel**, **Homel**) is the administrative center of Gomel Voblast.  It is the second-largest city in Belarus. It has a population of 482,652 (2009 census). Gomel is in the southeastern part of the country, on the right bank of Sozh river.  It is  to the South-East from Minsk,  to the East from Brest,  to the South from Mogilev,  to the West from Bryansk and  to the North from Chernihiv. The city's area is 121&nbsp;km2.

## Other websites
*Homel Region: Epicentre Of Troubles That Bore Celebrities
One More Night

**One More Night** is a song performed by American pop rock group Maroon 5 from their fourth studio album *Overexposed.* The single was released for digital download and contemporary radio on June 26, 2012. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, producer Shellback, executive Max Martin and Savan Kotecha and was produced by Ryan Tedder. The song debuted live at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on the evening of May 18, 2012 and was viraly uploaded by several other people on YouTube the next day. The pop-reggae fused song was announced on May 22nd on the band's official site that it would serve as the second single for their fourth album. 

## Development
The song was recorded live in Los Angeles, California earlier in 2012. The band said in an interview with Rolling Stone that it the band's first attempt at trying a reggae song and fusing it with a simple pop melody.

## Release
The song was released on the same day as their fourth studio album *Overexposed* on June 26, 2012.
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II

The **Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II** was an event to celebrate the reign of Queen Elizabeth II for 60 years since 1952.

## River pageant
A royal pageant on the Thames was one of several events which marked the special anniversary.  The Queen and members of her family were on board the *Spirit of Chartwell* royal barge.  The barge was joined by a 1,000-boat parade down the river Thames.

## References
## Other websites
* Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
Terrell, Texas

**Terrell** is a city in Kaufman County, Texas, United States.  It is a southeastern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 17,465.

Jamie Foxx, an actor, grew up in Terrell and graduated in 1986 from Terrell High School, along with Cynthea Rhodes, a member of the USA Track & Field team in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Joe Doucet a notable American designer graduated in 1988. Terrell High School has also graduated four NFL players which are: Brice McCain, who was drafted in the NFL by the Houston Texans; C.J. Wilson, who played for the Los Angeles Angels; and Kenoy Kennedy, who played for the Denver Broncos and Detroit Lions; and Darius Johnson who played for the Denver Broncos.

Current U.S. Congressman Lance Gooden is a native of Terrell.

## References
Minsk Region

**Minsk Voblasc (Province)** or **Minsk Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Minsk. As of 2019, the voblast's population is 1,503,000, which has 15.3% of the national total.

In the northern part of the oblast is the Lake Narach, the largest lake of the country.

There are 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements.

Minsk Region covers 39,900 km², which stands about 19.44% of the total area of Belarus Republic. There is the largest lake in the country called Narach in the Minsk Region.

## References
## Other websites
*Minsk Region – The Heart Of Belarus
UTC+03:00

**UTC+03:00** makes clocks 3 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). These are the countries in the time zone UTC+03:00.

## As standard time (all year round)
* Bahrain
* Belarus
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Georgia
* Iraq
* Kenya
* Kuwait
* Madagascar
* Qatar
* Russia – Moscow Time
* Saudi Arabia
* Somalia
* South Africa – Prince Edward Islands
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Turkey – Turkey Time
* Uganda
* Ukraine
** Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
* Yemen

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
* Bulgaria
* Cyprus
* Estonia
* Finland
* Greece
* Israel – Israel Standard Time
* Jordan
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* Palestine
* Romania
* Syria
* Ukraine
** Except Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
* United Kingdom
** Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Telephone numbers in Belarus

**Country Code: +375**
**International Call Prefix: 00** (was 8~10)
**Trunk Prefix:** 8

Belarus began using its own country code +375 in 1995. Before that it was part of the +7 international country code. The local numbering plan came from USSR.  It has changed little.

Geographic area codes were made based on previous 3-digit USSR area codes by removing the lead *0*. Calling across areas still requires dialing trunk prefix **8** and waiting for dialtone after that.
Belarusian ruble

The **ruble** is the currency of Belarus. The symbol for the ruble is *Br* and the ISO 4217 code is *BYN*.

In 2000, notes were introduced in amounts of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rublei. In 2001 and 2002, higher amounts of 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 rublei were introduced, followed by 100,000 rublei in 2005. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* National bank of the Republic of Belarus - Official Exchange Rates (English)
* Information about Belarusian commemorative coins (English)
* Catalog of Belarus Banknotes 
* LIVE Belarus Ruble eXchange Rates : BYR (English)
2011–12 Chicago Blackhawks season

The **2011–12 Chicago Blackhawks season** was the team's 86th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Blackhawks signed goaltender Corey Crawford to a 3-year, 8 million dollar contract. They clinched the playoffs on March 31, 2012 when they defeated the Nashville Predators 5-4. Their win marked the 4th consecutive season in which the Blackhawks made the playoffs. They were defeated by the Phoenix Coyotes in the first round of the 2012 Stanley Cup Playoffs.

## Regular season 
## Playoffs 
***Legend***:

|}

## References
Francysk Skaryna

**Francysk Skaryna**  was a Belarusian famous as one of the first publishers in Eastern Europe.  He helped develop the Belarusian language.

He was born in the historical Belarusian city of Polotsk into the family of a rich merchant. The exact dates of birth and death are unknown.  It was about 1485–1540 or 1490–1551.

Skaryna graduated from the arts faculty at the University of Kraków in 1504. In 1512 he received doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. In 1517 he made a printing press in Prague. He published his first book called *The Psalter*, in the Old Belarusian language on 6 August 1517. The most important part of his life's work was printing a translation of the Bible in 22 books during 1517 to 1519.

Around 1522 he moved to Vilnius.  He made the first printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first book published there was *The Little Travel Guide*. The printing house closed down. Skaryna spent his last years working as a doctor for Ferdinand I of Germany.

## Other websites 
* Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus // The Economist
Ryan Sypek

**Ryan Sypek** (born August 6, 1982) is an American actor.

## Filmography
* *Wildfire* (2005–2008) - Junior Davis
* *Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous* (2008) - Sgt. Mills Evans
* *Greek* (2008), episode: A Tale of Two Parties - Ryan Prince
* *How I Met Your Mother* (2009), episode: Mosbius Designs - PJ
* *Christmas Cupid* (2010) - Jason
* *Squatters* (2010), 3 episodes - Robert
* *Happy Endings* (2011) - Todd
* *The Nine Lives of Chloe King* (2011) - Jesse

## References
## Other websites
*
Las Vegas (TV series)

***Las Vegas*** is an American television series broadcast by NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008.

## Cast 
* James Caan as Edward Melvin Deline
* Josh Duhamel as Danny McCoy
* James Lesure as Mike Cannon
* Vanessa Marcil as Samantha Jane "Sam" Marquez
* Molly Sims as Delinda Deline
* Nikki Cox as Mary Connell
* Marsha Thomason as Nessa Holt
* Tom Selleck as A.J. Cooper

## Other websites 
* 
*
Nikki Cox

**Nicole Avery "Nikki" Cox** (born June 2, 1978) is an American actress. She is famous for her roles on television series Unhappily Ever After, Las Vegas and Nikki.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Yanka Kupala

**Yanka Kupala** ( – June 28, 1942) was the pen name of **Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich**.  He was a Belarusian poet and writer. Kupala is said to be one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.

## Biography
### Early life
Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka. His family was of Szlachta origins. Both of his parents were tenant farmers. Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education.  He finished his studies in 1898. After the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked several short-term jobs.  These included being a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.

Kupala's first serious try at writing was *Ziarno*.  It was a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904. His first Belarusian-language work ("Мая доля") was dated July 15, 1904. Kupala's first published poem, "Мужык" ("Peasant"), was published about a year later.  It was in the newspaper on May 11, 1905. Several more poems by Kupala were in the Belarusian-language newspaper *Nasha Niva* from 1906 to 1907.

### In Vilnius and St. Petersburg
, 1909]]
Kupala moved from Belarus to Vilnius in 1908.  He continued with his career as a poet. The first published collection of his poems, *Жалейка* (*The Little Flute*) made the czarist government mad. The order for Kupala's arrest was ended in 1909.

Kupala left for St. Petersburg in 1909. In 1910 he published several works.  He left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913. Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.

### During the Soviet period
Kupala's writing changed to an optimistic tone after the Great October Revolution of 1917.

Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection *Ад сэрца* (*From the Heart*).

In 1941 he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan. But even from there he wrote poems supporting Belarus fighting against Nazi Germany. He died mysteriously in 1942 in Moscow.  He fell down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva. The death was said to be accidental.  Some people think it was suicide or murder.
James Lesure

**James Lesure** (born September 21, 1970) is an American actor. He acted in the television series *Las Vegas*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Molly Sims

**Molly Sims** (born May 25, 1973 ) is an American actress. She acted on the television series *Las Vegas*.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
*
Madame Tussauds

**Madame Tussauds** is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. It was founded by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud. It used to be called "Madame Tussaud's", but the apostrophe is no longer used. Madame Tussauds is a major tourist attraction in London. It has waxwork displays of historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and infamous murderers.

## References
## Other websites
Corps of Bridges and Roads (France)

The **Corps of Bridges** (*Corps des Ponts*) is a French civil service corps.

People entering the Corps are trained at the '**. Most of them are from the **'. The rest come from the ''*.

In 2002, the corps of the engineers of Bridges and Roads (*Ponts et Chaussées''), the engineers of civil aviation, the engineers-geographs and the meteorological engineers merged. Students who choose the corps of engineers of civil aviation are trained at the French Civil Aviation University.

## Former or current members
* Paul-Louis Arslanian
* Henri Becquerel
* Michel Bernard
* Jules Dupuit
* Gérard Mestrallet
* Jean Peyrelevade
* Marie François Sadi Carnot (former president of the French Republic)
* Jacques Villiers

## References
## Further reading
* Official site of the Corps
Have I Got News for You

***Have I Got News for You*** is a British comedy television panel game shown on the BBC. It began on 28 September 1990. During each episode, two teams compete to win points by answering questions on recent news events. Each team has a captain and two celebrity guests. One captain is Ian Hislop, the other is Paul Merton. The host was Angus Deayton until he was sacked in October 2002. Since then, there have been many guest presenters.

As of 2025, it produced 69 series.

## Guest appearance tallies
Many guests have appeared on the programme multiple times. 

## Other websites 
*
Motherwell railway station

**Motherwell railway station** is a train station in Motherwell, Scotland. It is a big station, with four platforms, making it the biggest station in North Lanarkshire. The station can get you to big places such as London and Glasgow. There is a train every 10 minutes going to Glasgow Central station. It is managed by ScotRail.

## References 
## Other websites
Hammersmith

**Hammersmith** is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. It is about five miles west of Charing Cross.

## References
## Other websites 
*Hammersmith & Fulham Council website
Danny Boyle

**Daniel Boyle** (born 20 October 1956) is a British movie director and producer. He was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire into a working-class Irish Catholic family.

His movies include *Shallow Grave*, *Trainspotting*, *A Life Less Ordinary*, *The Beach*, *28 Days Later*, *Millions*, *28 Weeks Later*, *Sunshine*, *Slumdog Millionaire* and *127 Hours*. Boyle was nominated for five BAFTA Awards and three Academy Awards. He directed the 2018 television series *Trust* based on the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, the grandson of J. Paul Getty.

## Other websites 
*
Uladzimir Karatkievich

**Uladzimir Karatkievich** or **Vladimir Korotkevich** (26 November 1930 – 25 July 1984) was a Belarusian romantic writer.

Karatkievich was born in 1930 in Orsha, Viciebsk region. In 1954 he graduated from Kiev University. Later, he completed advanced literature courses (1960), and then cinematography (1962), both in Moscow. Literature then became his main job. 

His first published work was a poem that appeared in 1951.  He published a large number of short stories, in collections entitled *Chazenia*, *The Eye of the Typhoon*, *From Past Ages*, and others. He also wrote the novels *Unforgettable* and *The Dark Castle Olshansky*. Karatkievich's most popular work is the novel *The Wild Hunt of King Stakh.*  

Karatkievič also wrote a number of plays, essays, articles, screenplays for short and feature movies.  He also wrote some detective and adventure stories.
Vasil Bykaŭ

**Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ** (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was an author of many novels and novellas about World War II. He is a big figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought. The writer's talent earned him endorsements for the Nobel Prize nomination from, among others, Nobel Prize laureates Joseph Brodsky and Czesław Miłosz.

## Life and career
Vasil Bykaŭ was born in the village Byčki, not far from Viciebsk in 1924. In 1941 he was in Ukraine when Germany attacked the USSR. He volunteered for the Red Army. For years after the war he continued to serve.  He returned to the USSR only in the mid-1950s. There he started to work as a journalist for the Hrodna Pravda newspaper. In that same decade his first novellas were published.

Bykaŭ was one of the most admired writers in the Soviet Union. In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Writer of the Belarusian SSR. Vasil Bykaŭ is the most widely read Belarusian writer outside of Belarus.

## Bibliography 
* 1960 - "Crane's Cry" ("Жураўліны крык")
* 1960 - "Knight move" ("Ход канём")
* 1962 - "Third Rocket" ("Трэцяя ракета")
* 1964 - "The Alpine Ballad" ("Альпійская балада")
* 1965 - "One Night" ("Адна ноч") 
* 1970 - "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў")
* 1971 - "The Obelisk" ("Абеліск")
* 1973 - "To Live till Sunrise" ("Дажыць да світання")
* 1974 - "Wolf Pack" ("Воўчая зграя")
* 1975 - "His Battalion" ("Яго батальён") 
* 1978 - "To Go and not Return" ("Пайсці і не вярнуцца")
* 1983 - "Sign of Misfortune" ("Знак бяды")
* 1989 - "In the Fog" ("У тумане")
* 1997 - "The Wall" ("Сьцяна")
* 2003 - "The Long Road Home" ("Доўгая дарога да дому")
George W. Snyder

**George W. Snyder** (1780-1841) was an American watchmaker and inventor. Snyder invented the fishing reel in the 1820s.

## References
Varangians

trade route (in red) and the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the eighth–eleventh centuries shown in orange.]]
The **Varangians** or **Varyags** was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings. Between the 9th and the 11th centuries they ruled the medieval state of Rus'. They were the personal bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.

A group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882.  He made the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants. The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.

Varangians did trade, piracy and mercenary activities. They move around using the river systems and portages of Gardariki.  The Gardariki was the areas north of the Black Sea. They had trade routes that connected Dark Age Europe with rich Arab Caliphates and the Byzantine Empire. Wanting the riches of Constantinople, Rus' Varangians started a number of Rus'-Byzantine Wars. Most of them, both in Byzantium and in Eastern Europe, were converted from paganism into Orthodox Christianity. Most scientific experts, including the ethnic Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian people themselves, confirm the modern-day East Slavic ethnic group to be the direct, ancestral descendants of the Rus'.

## References
Further-eastern European Time

**Further-eastern European Time** (**FET**) also called **Moscow Time (MSK)** and **Turkey Time (TRT)** is since September 2011 three hours ahead of UTC (UTC+03:00). It was started as the official time for the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast and then followed by Belarus, Northern Cyprus, and Turkey.

Until 2011, Further-eastern European Time was the same as Eastern European Time (UTC+2).  on 27 March 2011, Russia moved to the so called "year-round daylight saving time".  Belarus followed Russia on September 15, 2011. Both Turkey and Northern Cyprus also cancelled DST on September 7, 2016, and has switched to FET permanently.On October 29, 2017, Northern Cyprus returned to EET. 

## References
Caste (biology)

In some eusocial species, individuals of one species live together in colonies. These groups are often called nests or hives. Often there is a division of labour. In Hymenoptera, for example, a hive may have several kinds of females, which by Polyphenism carry out different tasks, and whose bodies are different. 

Such specialized types in one species are known as **castes**. Castes that are not involved in producing offspring are usually sterile. The term originally comes from the caste-system in Hinduism.

## Related pages 
*Eusociality

## Notes
Okroshka

]]
**Okróshka** is a cold soup from Russia. It is also found in Ukraine and Belarus. The name is probably from "kroshit'" (крошить), which means to crumble into small pieces.

]]
The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, and a cooked meat such as beef, veal, sausages, or ham with kvass.  Kvass is a mildly alcoholic beverage made from fermented black or rye bread. Okroshka is usually served with sour cream. Later versions use light or diluted kefir, vinegar, mineral water, or even beer instead of kvass.

The ingredients are diced and then mixed with kvass just before eating. The ratio of chopped food to kvass is similar to that of cereal to milk.  This lets the vegetables to keep their texture. Even though the ingredients are similar to those in a Russian salad, the taste of okroshka is quite different.

Okroshka is mostly served in summer.  This is because the soup adds the taste of kvass and the lightness of a salad. Salt and sugar can be added according to taste.

Okroshka is always served cold. Sometimes ice cubes are added to keep the soup cold in hot weather.

## References
Transit of Venus

]]

A **transit of Venus** across the Sun happens when the planet Venus goes between the Sun and Earth. It is a syzygy and a partial occultation of the Sun. When a transit happens, Venus can be seen as a small black dot going across the Sun. Transits of Venus usually take several hours.

Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable events which happen in astronomy. They occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years.

The most recent transit of Venus happened on 5 and 6 June 2012. It was the last Venus transit this century. The one before took place on 8 June 2004. The next transits of Venus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.

The transit on 5 and 6 June 2012 was broadcast live on the Internet.

During the 18th century, astronomers tried to use transits of Venus to measure the astronomical unit, the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Many countries sent expeditions to distant lands to observe the transits from places as far apart as possible for maximum parallax.

One of the most famous expeditions was the voyage of Lieutenant James Cook in the HMS *Endeavour*. 

## References
Mir Castle Complex

The **Mir Castle Complex** (, Łacinka: Mirski zamak, , ) is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Belarus.  It is in the town of Mir.

The building of the castle began at the end of the 15th century.  It is in the Gothic architecture style. Building of the castle was completed by Duke Ilinich in the early 16th century. Around 1568 the Mir Castle was owned by Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł.  He finished building the castle in the Renaissance style. A three-storey palace was built along the eastern and northern walls of the castle. 

, 1876]]
After being not lived in for nearly a century,  and having severe damage during the Napoleonic period, the castle was restored at the end of the 19th century. In 1813, after the death of Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł, his daughter Stefania got the castle.  She married Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.  The castle later went to their daughter Maria, who married Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.  

Their son, Maurice Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst sold the castle to Nikolai Sviatopolk-Mirski in 1895. Nikolaj's son Michail began to rebuild the castle according to the plans of architect Teodor Bursze. The Sviatopolk-Mirski family owned the castle up to 1939.

During WWII, it came under Nazi control.  It was a ghetto for the local Jewish population. Between 1944 and 1956, the castle was used as a housing facility.  This partly damaged the castle's inside. 

In December, 2000, the Mir Castle was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

## Other websites
Kvass

**Kvass** is a fermented beverage made from black or regular rye bread. The colour of the bread used helps to make the colour of the drink. It is a non-alcoholic drink by Russian standards.  This is because the alcohol content from fermentation is less than 1.2%. Overall, the alcohol content is low (0.05% - 1.0%). It is often flavoured with fruits or herbs such as strawberries, raisins or mint. Kvass is also used for preparing a cold summertime soup called *okroshka*.

It is popular in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and other Eastern and Central European countries,  It is also popular in countries that used to be part of the USSR (former Soviet states), such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, where one can see many kvass vendors in the streets. Kvass is also popular in Harbin and Xinjiang, areas within China that are influenced by Russian culture.

## References
Lambeth Bridge

in the distance as seen from London Eye.]]

**Lambeth Bridge** is a road traffic and footbridge crossing the River Thames in an east-west direction in central London, England.

On the east side of the bridge is the London Borough of Lambeth and Lambeth Palace which is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. On the west side of the bridge is the City of Westminster and Thames House, which is the headquarters of MI5). The Palace of Westminster is a short walk downstream to the north through the Victoria Tower Garden.

The river flows north at the crossing point.  Downstream, the next bridge is Westminster Bridge.  Upstream the next is Vauxhall Bridge.

## History
The first crossing at this site was a suspension bridge which was built in 1862. The current bridge opened in 1932

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the  of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages 
* List of crossings of the River Thames

## References
## Other websites
*Survey of London entry 
* 
* 
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
** 
**
Boca Juniors

**Club Atlético Boca Juniors** () is professional football club in La Boca, a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They play their home games at La Bombonera. 

Boca Juniors and River Plate have an intense rivalry, and matches between them are sometimes very heated. Matches between them are known as the Superclásico, and both teams are from Buenos Aires.

## Current squad
## Honours
### International
* ** Club World Cup (3)**: 1977, 2000, 2003 
* **Copa Libertadores (6)**: 1977, 1978, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 
* **Copa Sudamericana (2)**: 2004, 2005 
* **Recopa Sudamericana (4)**: 1990, 2005, 2006, 2008 
* **Supercopa Sudamericana (1)**: 1989 
* **Copa de Oro (1)**: 1993 
* **Copa Master de Supercopa (1)**: 1992 
* **Tie Cup (1)**: 1919 
* **Copa de Honor Cousenier (1)** : 1920 
* **Copa de Confraternidad Escobar-Gerona (2)**: 1945, 1946 

### National
#### League
* **Primera División (34)**: 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1930, 1931 LAF, 1934 LAF, 1935, 1940, 1943, 1944, 1954, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 Nacional, 1970 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitano, 1976 Nacional, 1981 Metropolitano, 1992 Apertura, 1998 Apertura, 1999 Clausura, 2000 Apertura, 2003 Apertura, 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2008 Apertura, 2011 Apertura, 2015, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20

#### National cups
* **Supercopa Argentina (1)**: 2018
* **Copa Diego Armando Maradona (1)**: 2020
* **Copa Argentina (3)**: 1969, 2012, 2015
* **Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (2)**: 1919, 1925 
* **Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren (5)**: 1919, 1923, 1924, 1940, 1944 
* **Copa Estímulo (1)**: 1926 
* **Copa de Competencia Británica George VI (1)**: 1946

## Related pages 
* List of Argentine football teams

## References
Bread and salt

**Bread and salt** is a Slavic welcome greeting ceremony and also a type of food.

When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are given a  of bread placed on a *rushnik* (embroidered towel). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf.
In modern Russia, on official occasions, the "bread and salt" is presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik).

When this tradition is observed in spaceflight, small packages of bread and salt are used.

## References