open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rotation period

In astronomy, a **rotation period** is the time an astronomical object takes to complete one revolution around its rotation axis relative to the background stars. For the Earth this is a sidereal day. It is different from a solar day, which is measured by the passage of the Sun across the local meridian.

All celestial objects spin. The rotation period differs according to whether the body in question is solid or fluid (gaseous). A solid object has one value, but a fluid object such as a star spins differently at the poles compared to the equator (Sun: about 25 days at the equator and about 35 days near the poles).

## Related pages 
*Tidal locking

## Other websites
* 

## References
Surface gravity

The **surface gravity**, *g*, of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration d at its surface. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration caused by the gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass.

Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration, which, in the SI system, are meters per second squared. It may also be described as a multiple of the Earth's gravity, *g*&nbsp;=&nbsp;9.80665&nbsp;m/s2.  In astrophysics, the surface gravity may be expressed as log *g*, which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units, where the unit of acceleration is centimeters per second squared, and then taking the base 10 logarithm.

## References
## Other websites
* Newtonian surface gravity
Carpathian Mountains

)]]

The **Carpathian Mountains** are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Central Europe, curving 1500&nbsp;km (~900&nbsp;miles) along the borders of Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Serbia, and northern Hungary.

## Geography 
The Carpathians begin on the Danube near Bratislava. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the south-west, and end on the Danube near Orşova, in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500&nbsp;km, and the mountain chain's width varies between 12 and 500&nbsp;km.

The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube.
## Divisions 
### Horizontal division 
* **Outer Carpathians**, containing the Outer Western Carpathians and Outer Eastern Carpathians, usually including the corresponding Outer Carpathian Depressions
* **Inner Carpathians**, containing the Inner Western Carpathians, Inner Eastern Carpathians, and all the remaining Carpathians

A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called Beskids.

### Vertical and general division 
What follows is a practical outline of the Carpathian subdivisions (clockwise from the west, numbers refer to the map):
* Western Carpathians:
** **1** Outer Western Carpathians:
*** Austrian - South-Moravian Carpathians
*** Central Moravian Carpathians
*** Slovak-Moravian Carpathians
*** West-Beskidian Piedmont
*** Western Beskids
*** Central Beskids
*** Eastern Beskids
*** Podhale-Magura Area
** **2** Inner Western Carpathians:
*** Slovenské rudohorie (Slovak Ore Mountains)
*** Fatra-Tatra Area
*** Slovenské stredohorie
*** Lučensko-košická zníženina
*** Mátra-Slanec Area/Northern Medium Mountains
* South Eastern Carpathians (= Eastern Carpathians in a wider sense):
** Eastern Carpathians:
*** **3** Outer Eastern Carpathians:
*** **4** Inner Eastern Carpathians:
** **5** Southern Carpathians (also known as *Transylvanian Alps*):
*** Făgăraş Mountains group
*** [arâng Mountains group
*** Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group
** **6** Romanian Western Carpathians:
*** Apuseni Mountains
*** Poiana Ruscă Mountains (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
*** Banat Mountains (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
** **7** Transylvanian Plateau (sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all):
*** Transylvanian Plateau
*** Mureş-Turda Depression
*** Făgăraş Depression
*** Sibiu Depression
** **8** Serbian Carpathians (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, or not considered part of the Carpathians at all)
* Outer Carpathian Depressions (they surround the Carpathians and are normally considered part of the corresponding adjacent above main groups)

## Notes
Balkan Mountains

waterfall is in the middle.]]
 passing through the mountains in a gorge]]

The **Balkan mountain range** (Bulgarian and Serbian: Стара планина, *Stara planina*, "Old Mountain") is an extension of the Carpathian mountain range, separated from it by the Danube River. The People who lived in the Balkan Mountains are called Balkandjii.

The Balkan range runs 560&nbsp;km from eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea.

The highest peak on the Balkan peninsula is Musala in the Rila mountains near Sofia (Rila range), with 2,925 m, closely followed by Mount Olympus in Greece and Vihren (Pirin range).

The highest peaks of the Stara planina itself are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev (2,376 m), in the Central Balkan National Park (established 1991).

## Passes 
There are paved roads crossing Stara Planina at the following passes (listed from west to east):
* Petrohan Pass: Sofia–Montana
* Iskar Gorge (Iskarski prolom ): Sofia–Vratsa (also railroad)
* Vitinya Pass: Hemus motorway (A2), Sofia–Botevgrad
*Beklemeto Pass: Troyan–Karnare
* Shipka Pass: Gabrovo–Kazanlak (also railroad)
* Pass of the Republic (Prohod na republikata): Veliko Tarnovo – Gurkovo
* Vratnik Pass: Elena–Sliven
* Kotel Pass (Kotlenski prohod): Kotel–Petolachka (*Pentagram*) crossroads
* Varbitsa Pass (Varbishki prohod): Shumen–Petolachka crossroads
* Rish Pass (Rishki prohod): Shumen–Karnobat
* Luda Kamchiya Gorge (Ludokamchiyski prolom): Dalgopol–Karnobat (also railroad)
* Dyulino Pass (Dyulinski prohod): Varna–Aitos
* Obzor Pass (Obzorski prohod): Varna–Burgas, future Cherno More motorway (A3)

## Peaks 
* Midžor 2,169 m is the highest peak in Central Serbia
* Botev Peak 2,376 m (named after Hristo Botev)
* Vezhen
* Kom
* Buzludzha
* Levski (named after Vasil Levski)

## Related pages
* Balkans

## References 
## Other websites 
* Regional tourist association 
* Stara Planina
Tatra mountains

The **Tatra Mountains**, **Tatras** or **Tatra** (**Tatry **in both Slovak and Polish), constitute a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They occupy an area of 750&nbsp;km², the major part (600&nbsp;km²) of which lies in Slovakia. The highest Tatra peak, at 2655&nbsp;m, is Gerlachovský štít, located in Slovakia. Rysy, at 2499&nbsp;m, is the highest Polish peak.

The Tatra Mountains are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Although considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourists and scientists.

## Bibliography 
Ján Lacika, *Tatras* (2nd edition), Bratislava 2006. 

## Other websites 
* Town of Vysoké Tatry  – municipal website
* Zakopane – municipal website
* TANAP  – Slovak Tatra National Park
* TPN – Polish Tatra National Park 

### Commercial tourism-oriented websites 
* Tatry.cz  – travel guide (mainly Slovak side)
* Go-Zakopane.com – travel guide (mainly Polish side)

### Mountaineering 
* Tatry on ogdos.com  – mountaineer's notes

### Photography 
* Atypical images of the Tatras 
* Spherical panoramas 
* Panoramic view from Rysy (2499&nbsp;m) 

#### Movies 
* Ski movie filmed in 1930
Kingdom of Saxony

The **Kingdom of Saxony** (), existed from 1806 until 1918.  

From 1871 it was part of the German Empire, and after World War I it became part of the Weimar Republic. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.

Before 1806 Saxony was the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire.  This meant that the princes who ruled Saxony were prince-elector and could help elect a new Holy Roman Emperor.

When Emperor Francis II was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz and the empire was dissolved  the electorate became an independent kingdom. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I. 

After the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until it broke up in 1813 when Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig. 

The Catholic ruler of Saxony was one of the few German leaders to support the French.  Saxony was put under Russian occupation and 40% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg, home of the Protestant Reformation, was taken by Prussia, but Frederick Augustus was allowed back to rule the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig.  The Kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the Holy Roman Empire.

## The Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire
During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria.  The Saxon army was the only large army to help Austria.  At the peace talks Austria said Saxony should not be punished.  The  other states in north Germany including the large Kingdom of Hanover were annexed (*taken over*) by Prussia after the war.  These states had promised help to Austria but did little, so Austria did not try to help them at the peace talks.  

Saxony joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year in 1867. When Prussia beat  France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the Confederation was turned into the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck, with Wilhelm I as its Emperor. 

John I, as Saxony's king, was below the Emperor, although he, like the other German princes, kept some of the rights of a sovereign ruler, including sending ambassadors  other states.

## The end of the kingdom 
Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 after  Germany's defeat in the First World War. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication and the Kingdom of Saxony became the Free State of Saxony inside the newly-formed Weimar Republic.  The Kingdom of Saxony had lasted only 112 years.

## Related pages
* Saxony
Perfect

**Perfect** could mean:

* Perfection (concept), a philosophical concept
* Perfection (law), a legal concept
* Perfect aspect, a grammatical concept
 
In **mathematics**:
* Perfect number
* Perfect group
* Perfect set
* Perfect graph

In **biology**:
* In botany and mycology, an organism is considered perfect if it is capable of sexual reproduction; otherwise it is imperfect.
** Fungi in the Division Deuteromycota (informally called the *Fungi imperfecti*) are so classified because sexual reproduction is unknown (or may not occur) in these species.
** A flower is called "perfect" (or *synoecious*) if it has both male and female reproductive parts. A perfect or hermaphroditic flower has both stamens and an ovary. If a flower has just male or just female parts it is termed 'imperfect'.

In **music**:
* Perfect interval, one of these music intervals:
** Perfect octave
** Perfect fifth
** Perfect fourth
** Perfect unison

As a proper name:
* *Perfect* (film)
* Perfect Records, a record label
* Perfect Developer, a tool for developing computer 
* Perfect, Alanis Morissette song
* Perfect, Fairground Attraction song
* Perfect John Cale song
* "Perfect" (Sara Evans song)
* Perfect, Simple Plan song
* Perfect, Smashing Pumpkins song
* "Perfect" (True Faith song)
* "Perfect" (Flyleaf song)
* Perfect (Exceeder), a song by Mason vs. Princess Superstar
* Perfect (Princess Superstar song), the original, unremixed, version of the aforementioned song
* Perfect (band), a band from Poland
* *Perfect* (Sam Shaber album)
Bob Hope

**Leslie Townes Hope**  (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), better known as **Bob Hope**, was a British-American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, and dancer. He was the only person who received five honorary Oscars.

## Early life 
Bob Hope was born on May 29, 1903, in London, England to a Welsh mother and English father. In 1908, the Hopes migrated to Cleveland, Ohio. In 1920, at age 17, Hope became a U.S. citizen.

## Career 
Before he was an actor, Hope became a professional boxer. In this time he was called "Packey East". Years later, he was popular because of some musicals he played in. He was also part of some television and radio shows. At the same time, Bob Hope became a comedian. Hope visited the United States armed forces between 1941 and 1991 during the conflicts in that time period. These shows made Hope a household name and well liked by most Americans. Hope also entertained eleven U.S. Presidents.

In 1934, Bob Hope married Dolores DeFina (May 27, 1909 - September 19, 2011). The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda, and Kelly.

## References 
## Other websites 
*An obituary on BBC
*
Bodhi Tree

, which in turn is propagated from the original Bodhi Tree at this location.]]
 descendant of the Bodhi tree, planted at Foster Botanical Garden in Honolulu, Hawaii]]

The **Bodhi Tree** was a large and very old sacred fig tree (*Ficus religiosa*), which grew at the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya. Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism, later known as Gautama Buddha, achieved *Bodhi* (spiritual enlightenment) while sitting under this tree. The Bodhi tree is easily recognised because of its heart-shaped leaves.

The word "Bodhi tree" is also applied to some existing trees, particularly the Sacred Fig growing at the Mahabodhi Temple, which is probably a direct descendant of the original tree. This tree is a frequent place for pilgrims to visit, being the most important of the four holy sites for Buddhists.

## Historical events
The Bodhi tree at the Mahabodhi Temple is called the Sri MahaBodhi. According to Buddhism, after his Enlightenment, Buddha spent a whole week in front of the tree, standing with unblinking eyes, gazing at it with gratitude. A shrine was later built where he had stood.

The spot was used as a shrine even in the lifetime of Buddha, the only shrine that could be so used. King Asoka held a festival every year in its honor in the month of Kattika. His queen, Tissarakkhā, was jealous of the Tree, and three years after she became queen (i.e., in the nineteenth year of Asoka's reign), she caused the tree to be killed by means of mandu thorns. The tree, however, grew again, and a great monastery was attached to the Bodhimanda called the Bodhimanda Vihara. Among those present at the foundation of the Mahā Thūpa are mentioned thirty thousand monks from the Bodhimanda Vihara, led by Cittagutta.
### To Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Some part of the Bodhi Tree was sent to Sri Lanka by Ashoka. It was planted in 288 BC, making it the oldest verified specimen of any plant. In this year (the twelfth year of King Asoka's reign) the right branch of the Bodhi tree was brought by Sanghamittā to Anurādhapura and placed by Devānāmpiyatissa in the Mahāmeghavana. Buddha, on his death bed, had resolved "Mahavamsa" From Gayā, the branch was taken to Pātaliputta, then to Tāmalittī, where it was placed in a ship and taken to Jambukola, across the sea; finally it arrived at Anuradhapura, staying on the way at Tivakka.  

### The trees of other Buddhas
According to the Ceylon Chronicles (e.g., Mhv.xv), branches from the Bodhi trees of all the Buddhas born during this kalpa were planted in Ceylon on the spot where the sacred Bodhi tree stands today in Anurādhapura. The branch of Kakusandha's tree was brought by a nun called Rucānandā, Konagamana's by Kantakānandā (or Kanakadattā), and Kassapa's by Sudhammā.

### Mahabodhi trees of other Buddhas 
Following is a list of the various Mahabodhi trees.

## English Senior Secondary Course.com 
*The Bodhi-Tree Meditation
*History of Bodhi-Tree

## References
Hamelin

**Hameln** (English name sometimes *Hamelin*) is a city in Germany. In 2005, about 58,000 people lived there. A very well-known story from there is called The Pied Piper of Hamelin (*Der Rattenfänger von Hameln*). The story dates from the Middle Ages.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Historic Photographer of Hameln
Semi-major and semi-minor axes

In geometry, the **semi-major axis** is the distance from the center of an ellipse to the farthest point on the perimeter of the ellipse. The semi-major axis is half of the major axis, which goes all the way across the ellipse at the widest part. The **semi-minor axis** is a line segment that is at 90&nbsp;degrees with the semi-major axis. For the circle, the lengths of the semi-axes are both equal to the radius.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

n MiG-25]]
The **MiG-25 Foxbat** is a fast fighter plane made made by Russian airplane company Mikoyan. Its primary goal is to attack enemies at high speed and altitude. It first flew in 1964 and was introduced in 1970. In 1976, a Soviet MiG-25 pilot left the Soviet Union and flew his plane to Japan, where it was looked at. It is very fast, and can go Mach 3.2 (3.2 times the speed of sound). However, the engines could be destroyed if the plane is flown this fast. It can carry 4 radar guided missiles and 4 heat seeking missiles. It is now being replaced by the MiG-31 Foxhound, but is used a little in other countries.

## Related pages
* F-15 Eagle
Apsis

In astronomy, an **apsis**, plural *apsides* (IPA: //) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of an astronomical object from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.

The point of closest approach is called the **periapsis** or **pericentre** and the point of farthest excursion is called the **apoapsis** (Greek από, *from*, which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), **apocentre** or **apapsis** (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used). A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the *line of apsides*. This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.

Similar words are used to identify the body being orbited. The most common are **perigee** and **apogee**, referring to orbits around the Earth, and **perihelion** and **aphelion**, referring to orbits around the Sun (Greek ‘ήλιος *hēlios* sun). During the Apollo program, the terms **pericynthion** and **apocynthion** were used when referring to the moon.

## Perihelion and aphelion 
The perihelion is the point in the orbit of an object that is nearest to the Sun. The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun.

All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have approximately elliptical (a kind of non-circular) orbits. Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion. Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness of the orbit. Any single revolution of a body around the sun is only approximately elliptical, because the precession of the perihelion prevents the orbit from being a simple closed curve such as an ellipse. This causes Milankovich cycles.  

Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3. It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is . Earth is about  from the Sun in early January, in contrast to about  in early July.

When Earth is closest to the Sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the Sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half-continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

## References
## Related pages 
* Orbital inclination
Port-au-Prince

**Port-au-Prince** (**Pòtoprens** in Kreyòl) is the capital city of Haiti.  Haiti is also divided into ten *Départements*; Port-au-Prince is the capital of the Ouest *Département.*

Port-au-Prince is Haiti's largest city.  According to the country's 2015 census, over 2.6 million people lived there.

In 1804, the people of Haiti won the Haitian Revolution, and Haiti became an independent country.  Port-au-Prince became the capital of this new country.  During the French and Haitian Revolutions, it was called *Port-Républicain*, before Jean-Jacques Dessalines renamed it Port-au-Prince.

Shortly after it won its independence, Haiti's new leaders divided the country between a kingdom in the north and a republic in the south.  Port-au-Prince remained the capital of the republic.

## Port-au-Prince today 
Port-au-Prince is the cultural centre of Haiti. The State University of Haiti (''L'Université d'État d'Haïti,* or UEH, in French); the Université Quisqueya; and the *Université Caraïbe'' are all located in the city.

Port-au-Prince is the nation's largest centre of economy and finance. It has the most important port in the country, where coffee and sugar are exported. Port-au-Prince has soap, textile, and cement factories, and others to process foods.

There is also an international airport about  north of the city.  It is named ''Aéroport International Toussaint L'ouverture'' after national hero Toussaint L'ouverture.

The city was very badly damaged and more than 100,000 people died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which is one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Due to extreme poverty, the city has still not recovered from the earthquake, and many ruins still remain.

## References
Orbital eccentricity

In astrodynamics, **orbital eccentricity** shows how much the shape of an object's orbit is different from a circle.

**Eccentricity** (e\,\!) is defined for all circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits. It can take the following values:
*for circular orbits: e\,\! is equal to zero,
*for elliptical orbits: e\,\! is more than zero but less than 1,
*for parabolic trajectories: e\,\! is equal to 1,
*for hyperbolic trajectories: e\,\! is more than 1.

## Finding eccentricity
Here is a formula to find eccentricity:

e_{obj}=\frac {r_a-r_p} {r_a+r_p}

Where eobj is the eccentricity, ra is the apoapsis (far point) of the object's orbit, and rp is the periapsis (near point) of the object's orbit. The near and far points are the apsides.
Astronomical unit

The **astronomical unit** (**AU**) is a unit of length derived from the Earth's orbit.  It is the average distance the Earth gets from the Sun *on the long axis of the ellipse*. Its definition is:  the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun. *Semi-major* means half the long axis.

The AU is about 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles. Astronomers usually measure distances within the Solar System in astronomical units.  Mars is about 1.4 AU from the Sun, Jupiter lies at roughly 5.2 AU, and Neptune is roughly 30 AU from the Sun. Light travels an AU in about 8.317 minutes.
## More accuracy 
From 1976 to 2012 the AU was defined as "the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.01720209895 radians per day (known as the Gaussian constant)".  In 2012, the IAU redefined it to be the exact value .

In the IERS numerical standards, the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as *c*0 = , in accordance with the SI units. The time to cover an AU is τA = , resulting in the astronomical unit in metres as *c*0τA = . It is very roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
## References
Degree (angle)

{{Infobox Unit|name=Degree|standard=Non-SI accepted unit|quantity=Angle|symbol=°|symbol2=deg|units1=turns|inunits1=\overline{360} turn|units2=radians|inunits2=\frac{\pi}{180} rad|units3=gons|inunits3=\frac{10}{9}g|image=Degree diagram.svg|caption=One degree (shown in red) and 89 degrees (shown in blue)}}In mathematics, a **degree** is a common way to measure plane angle. It is written with the symbol ^{\circ}, where 360^{\circ} corresponds to the entire circle.

It is not an SI unit. The SI uses radian to measure plane angle. However, according to the SI brochure, it is an accepted unit by SI.

## History 
The actual reason of choosing the degree as a way to measure plane angle is unknown. One theory says that it is related with the fact that a year is approximately 360 days.

## Related pages 
* Degree of a polynomial

## References
Meatball

A **meatball** is meat that is ground up (finely cut), mixed with other ingredients, then shaped like a ball. Most meatballs are made out of beef. Meatballs can also be made out of chicken, fish, or other kinds of meat. The other ingredients (parts) are usually bread, onion, and eggs. Meatballs can be cooked by frying, baking, or steaming them. Meatballs are sometimes served with pasta or in a sauce. There are many types of meatball like foggots, polpette, albondigas etc.

## References
Amadou Toumani Touré

General (ret) **Amadou Toumani Touré** (November 4, 1948 &ndash; November 10, 2020) was the president of Mali.  He took power from a military ruler, Moussa Traoré in 1991, then he gave power to civilian (non-military) authorities in 1992.  He won the presidential election in 2002. He won the next election easily in 2007. He was born in Mopti, Mali.

Touré died on November 10, 2020 in Istanbul, Turkey just one week after his 72nd birthday.

## References
Ghana Empire

:*Do not confuse this with the modern country Ghana.*

The **Ghana Empire** was in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal.  It is also sometimes called the **Wagadu Empire**.  It started in around 100 CE and ended in mid-1000 CE. 
They had two sides; Muslim and Non-muslim what divided them was a 6 miles of informal market villages (street).
Ghana sat on top of a gold mine trade routes and was a very wealthy empire of it's 900 years of development . Its capital was Koumbi Saleh. Surrounded Modern Northern Senegal. Southern Mauritania and south west Mali. Trade an taxation with neighboring nomads, city-states, chiefdoms in gold and salt eventually collapsed with north african imperial competition an change sahel climate. Leading to the Ghana Empire fracturing then occupation by opportunistic kafu(vassals city-states/town/villages) like the Zosso an ultimately absorption into the rising Mali Empire once they militarily upheaved the Zosso in Battle of Kirina 1235 AD. 

Ghana empire most noteable dynastic figure was named Dinga Cisse but there are several ruler named Dinga aswell as Cisse. So the Malian historians particularly of Soninke descent  differentiate the dynastic Dinga an Cisse from the mythological Soninke founder of the Ghana Empire, by referring to said original  founder as Dinga Cisse "Ancient"  thought to traveled from the north east of the river Niger in the 6th through 3rd centuries B.C. but that up for further debate.
Frank G. Wells

**Franklin G. Wells** (March 4, 1932 – April 3, 1994) was the former President of Warner Bros. (1973–1977) and the Walt Disney Company (1984–1994). He climbed the highest mountain of every continent, but he did not reach the summit of the Mount Everest.

Frank Wells was born in 1932. At age 37, he became the Vice President of Warner Brothers, in 1973 the President and in 1977 the Vice Chairman. In 1982 he left Warner Bros. to pursue his dream of climbing to the top of the highest mountain on each continent. In 1984, he became part of the Disney concern as the second man behind Michael Eisner. Since 1984 he was the President and the Chief Operating Officer (COO). With Wells and Eisner at the top Disney became again one of the leading entertainment companies.
Frank Wells died in a helicopter crash on April 3, 1994 at age 62 while returning from a ski trip. The Disney animation movie, *The Lion King*, is dedicated to him.
Timbuktu

**Timbuktu** is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali. Sankore University and other madrasas are in the city. The city was important for thinking and for religion in the 15th and 16th centuries.  It was important in spreading Islam through Africa at that time. There are three great mosques: Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya. They are reminders of Timbuktu's golden age. They are always being fixed, but are threatened because the desert is spreading.

Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Mandé people live in Timbuktu. It is about 15 km north of the Niger River. There is a route across the Sahara Desert from east to west and this is used for trade. There is another from north to south. These two routes meet in Timbuktu. It is an *entrepôt* for rock salt from Taoudenni. This means that the salt is brought here and sold to other people to take it somewhere else, but no tax is charged.

Its location helped different people meet, so local people, Berbers and Arabs met here. It has a long history of mixed African trade, so it became famous in Europe for this reason. Therefore, western people often thought of Timbuktu as being exotic. It has a hot desert climate (*BWh* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Timbuktu has given a lot of research and study to Islam and to the world. Important books were written and copied in Timbuktu in the 14th century. This made the city become the center of writing in Africa.

## References
Mali Empire

The Mali was a West African country from 1235 to 1645. The Mandinka people lived there they still are in some parts of Africa today. It is also called the **Manding Empire** or **Manden Kurufa**. Sundiata Keita started the empire and the empire became famous because its rulers were very rich, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many important cultural effects on West Africa, spreading language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This was because of the spread of Islam by verbal wording.

For such a prolific empire, there are few written accounts of its greatness. Most of the written accounts that do exist came from Arab scholars who traveled through the region. Instead of written accounts, most of the stories from the locals were passed down through oral histories, songs and poems. Until this day, ‘griots’ still tell stories of the ancient history in the area. Architects in the Mali Empire combined styles of the Sahel region and Middle East together, particularly after Emperor Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca. There were several royal palaces built during the time, many of which are still standing. Mud bricks, log beams and plaster helped these palaces to remain standing. The most famous work of architecture from the time period is the Great Mosque of Djenné, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mosque was rebuilt in 1907 and can still be visited in Djenné. However, if you aren't a Muslim, you can't go inside.
 
The Mali Empire had one of the richest leaders in history. The richest and most famous of all the leaders of the Mali Empire was Mansa Musa. It is thought by some that Mansa Musa could have been the wealthiest person in history. According to stories, he took 60,000 people on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 along with camels loaded down with gold. 
Islam was very important to the Mali Empire. Most of the kings of the Mali Empire eventually converted to Islam, with their people subsequently practicing as well. However, unlike many empires, they didn't make their subjects convert, and the version of Islam that they practiced was combined with the local traditions of the villages. You can still see many relics in cities like Bamako, Djenné and Timbuktu.
 
The Mali Empire's most important industry was gold. People in the ancient world were drawn to it. The Mali Empire (Timbuktu in particular) was a huge trading center for the gold industry. Camel caravans would come to the area before leaving across the trans-Saharan trade routes. The empire had so much gold that it caused the market to crash for a period of time when Mansa Musa brought almost a ton of gold to Cairo. The army of the Mali Empire was massive.
During the height of the Mali Empire, the army numbered around 100,000 men and 10,000 cavalry, making it one of the largest in the world at the time. The empire used this army to gain new lands. Mansa Musa was the richest person in the world.
Jeanne Demessieux

**Jeanne Demessieux** (born Montpellier, France, 13 February 1921; died Paris, 11 November 1968), was a French organist and composer.
## Early years
She started to learn the piano when she was very young, before taking up the organ.  Her family moved to Paris so that she could continue to have music lessons there.  She became an organ student at the Conservatoire in 1933.  In the same year she got a job as organist of the St. Esprit church in Paris.  She had this job for 29 years.

Between 1936 and 1939, she studied organ privately with the great Marcel Dupré, and in 1939 she joined his organ class at the Conservatoire. After receiving a first prize in organ performance and improvisation in 1941, she studied five more years with Dupré in Meudon, before she played her first recital at Salle Pleyel in Paris in 1946. This was the beginning of her career as an international recitalist. She played more than 700 concerts in Europe and the United States.
## Works
Gifted with an amazing musical memory, she could play more than 2,500 pieces from memory, including all the organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, César Franck, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and Dupré.

She was also a remarkable improviser.  When she gave her first solo concert in Paris at Salle Pleyel in 1946, she was given four musical themes and improvised a symphony in four movements.

A teacher of the organ at Nancy and Brussels, she made several LP recordings, of which those of music by Franck are probably the best known. She had plans to record all the organ works of Olivier Messiaen. However, she died relatively young, at age 47, of cancer, before she was able to finish this task.

She wrote many compositions, especially for the organ.  These include: *Nativité*, *Six Études*, *Sept Méditations sur le Saint-Esprit*, *Triptyque*, *Twelve Choral-Preludes on Gregorian Chant Themes*, *Te Deum*, *Répons pour les Temps Liturgiques*, and *Prélude et fugue en UT*.
Remembrance Day

**Remembrance Day** (in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom) is a day to remember people who fought and died in wars. It is on November 11. On that day in 1918 came the end of World War I with Armistice with Germany.

Remembrance Day was started in 1919 by King George V of the United Kingdom.  On the same day, other countries also have days to remember war and soldiers.  There is Veteran's Day in the United States,  and Armistice Day in France, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries.

## Traditions 
There are some things that people do on Remembrance Day at 11:00 AM. That is when World War I ended. At a ceremony for Remembrance Day, a tune called "The Last Post" is played on a bugle (or sometimes a trumpet). Then there are two minutes of silence. At the end of the silence, the bugle plays a tune called "Reveille".

In many countries, many people wear a poppy on Remembrance Day, and for a few days before. The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower to commemorate those who died in war. People bring wreaths made of poppies to Remembrance Day ceremonies. The poppy is a symbol to show they remember the wars and the soldiers who fought in them. Poppies were chosen as a symbol because they often grew in battlefields after the soldiers stopped fighting.

## References 
## Related pages
*Veterans Day
House mouse

**House mouse** (*Mus musculus*) is the common mouse. It is one of the species of the genus *Mus*. Often, it is just called a  mouse. It is a small rodent. 

In most parts of the world, they live close to humans. Laboratory mice are types of house mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine. They are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.

## Description 
They are quite small, but are not the smallest mammals. House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in). The weight is typically 10–25 g (0.4–0.9 oz). Usually, house mice are dark beige. Selected strains of mice can be got in other colours.

It is a small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view). Its hair short; ears moderately large and naked. 

## Physiology 
The main problem of small mammals is their high surface to weight ratio: they have a big surface area for such a small mass. Since heat is radiated from the surface, they have adaptations to help them keep their temperature up to normal. They need to eat frequently, and live in areas where they are protected from the coldest weather. Easy access to high-quality vegetable food (such as grains) and a protected habitat helps them survive and multiply. That is why they are fond of human settlements.

## Life cycle 
Their life-span in the wild averages about a year. They are eaten by a variety of small carnivores, but they reproduce rapidly, so that keeps the numbers up.  Females have 314 babies in a litter, and can have 5 to 10 litters a year. In good conditions, the mouse population rises quickly.

## Habitat 
Although not native to North America, the house mouse was introduced accidentally to seaport towns. It is now widespread throughout the United States. It occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the U.S. 

As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man – in houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures. Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to hide them.

## References
MiG Alley

**MiG Alley** was a place during the Korean War that had a lot of North Korean MiG-15 Fagots in the area. It was over north west North Korea, near China. F-86 Sabres mainly fought the MiGs. Some of the pilots were Russian fighter pilots from World War II and were very well trained. They were called "honchos" (Japanese for "big shot"). The top kills were scored by Soviet aces, so it was said that the Soviets won.

## Related pages
*Mikoyan
Longitude of the ascending node

, for a heliocentric orbit.]]
The **longitude of the ascending node** (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space.  It is the angle from a reference direction, called the *origin of longitude*, to the direction of the ascending node, measured in a reference plane.

## References
Mean anomaly

In the study of orbital dynamics the **mean anomaly** of an orbiting body is the angle the body would have travelled about the center of the orbit's auxiliary circle.  Unlike other measures of anomaly, the mean anomaly grows linearly with time.  Because of the linear growth with time, the mean anomaly makes calculating the time of flight between two points on the orbit very easy. The mean anomalies for the two points are calculated and their difference is found.  Knowing this, the ratio of this difference relative to the entire 2\pi encompassing one orbit is simply equal to ratio of the time of flight to the orbital period of one whole orbit (i.e. \frac{M_2 - M_1}{2\pi} = \frac{t}{T}).
Orbital period

The **orbital period** is the time taken for a given object to make one complete orbit around another object. The year and month are orbital periods. 

When mentioned without further qualification in astronomy this refers to the **sidereal period** of an astronomical object, which is calculated with respect to the stars. Other periods include the synodic period, which is the interval between conjunctions.
101

*101 (number)*

Year **101** was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

## Births 
* Ptolemy

## Deaths 
* John the Apostle
Argument of periapsis

In astronomy, the **argument of periapsis** (ω) is a way of talking about the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet. It is also known as the **argument of perihelion** or the **argument of perifocus**. It is the angle (starting from the center of the orbit) between an orbiting body's periapsis and its ascending node. Periapsis is the point when the orbiting object comes the closest to the thing it is orbiting around; for example, the moon is at periapsis when it is closest to the Earth. The ascending node is one of two places where an orbiting object passes through the reference plane, an imaginary flat surface which runs through the object being orbited around. The size of the angle depends on which way the object is orbiting.

The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion. For specific types of orbits, words such as "perihelion or perigee" (for Sun-centered orbits), "perigee" (for Earth-centered orbits), "pericenter" (general), etc. may replace the word "periapsis".

An argument of periapsis of 0° means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from south to north. An argument of periapsis of 90° means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference.

## Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Various Planet Classes 
### Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Planets 
### Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Dwarf Planets 
## References 
# Willman, Alexander J. “Sol Planetary System Data.” *Princeton University*, The Trustees of Princeton University, 1996, https://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/Sol/.
Julian day

The **Julian day** or **Julian day number (JDN)** is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Coordinated Universal Time (UCT) Monday, 1 January 4713 BC in the Julian calendar. That noon-to-noon day is defined as Julian day 0.  Thus all JDNs that are evenly divisible by 7 are Mondays.  Negative values may also be used, although those predate recorded history.

For example, right now at  the JDN is  (). When this JDN is divided by 7, the remainder is , which is an integer expression for the day of the week with 0 representing Monday.

The **Julian date** (JD) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch. Currently the JD is . The integral part (its floor) gives the Julian day number. The fractional part gives the time of day since noon UT as a decimal fraction of one day or fractional day, with 0.5 representing midnight UT. Typically, a 64-bit floating point (double precision) variable can represent an epoch expressed as a Julian date to about 1 millisecond precision.

A Julian date of 2454115.05486 means that the date and Universal Time is Sunday 14 January 2007 at 13:18:59.9.

The decimal parts of a Julian date:
0.1 = 2.4 hours or 144 minutes or 8640 seconds
0.01 = 0.24 hours or 14.4 minutes or 864 seconds
0.001 = 0.024 hours or 1.44 minutes or 86.4 seconds
0.0001 = 0.0024 hours or 0.144 minutes or 8.64 seconds
0.00001 = 0.00024 hours or 0.0144 minutes or 0.864 seconds.

Almost 2.5 million Julian days have elapsed since the initial epoch. JDN 2,400,000 was November 16, 1858. JD 2,500,000.0 will occur on August 31, 2132 at noon UT.

The Julian day number can be considered a very simple calendar, where its calendar date is just an integer. This is useful for reference, computations, and conversions. It allows the time between any two dates in history to be computed by simple subtraction.

The Julian day system was introduced by astronomers to provide a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars and to unify different historical chronologies. Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not directly related to the Julian calendar, although it is possible to convert any date from one calendar to the other.

## References
The Silvia Night Show

***The Silvia Night Show*** is a 2007 Icelandic television series following the  fictional character Silvia Night. It is the English version that was made to promote her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest.

The show followed Silvia Night during her appearance in Eurovision Song Contest 2006, and her tantrums after she realised she did not qualify for the final.

Silvia also received a lot of attention from media when she, on the premiere day of her own television program, protested against it on the streets of Reykjavík saying that "the show is total junk". The show will be available on DVD sometime soon.

*The Silvia Night Show* started airing in Sweden on the channel TV400 on October 10, 2007.

## Other websites 
*
*The Silvia Night Show (episodes online)  - at Skjárinn
*
Continental drift

]]

**Continental drift** is a historical, scientific theory. The theory was first proposed by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. It was fully developed by the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1915. 

The theory said that parts of the Earth's crust move slowly on top of a liquid mantle of higher density. The theory has now been included in the wider theory of plate tectonics.

## Evidence 
The theory was supported by finding the same minerals and fossils in western Europe and eastern North America.  There are also similar fossils on the western coast of Africa and the eastern South America. The shapes of these continents nearly fit together. The theory was plausible (believable), but there was no known mechanism to drive these great movements. This problem was later solved by plate tectonics.

The pattern of volcanic activity, mountain building (orogeny) and earthquakes is explained by continental drift. The existence of identical rocks widely apart supports the theory. 

Examples (there are hundreds):
#Fossils of the fern *Glossopteris* are found in rocks from Australia, South America, Antarctica, India, Africa and Madagascar. These were all together in the supercontinent Gondwana, after the global continent Pangaea broke up.
#Table Mountain at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and mountains south of Rio de Janeiro are made of identical rocks. This corresponds to the fit of Africa with South America in Pangaea. 
#The Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, and Fingal's Cave on Staffa, Inner Hebrides, Scotland is the same rock formation.

## Mechanism 
The basic machine driving continental movement is heat moving from the Earth's mantle through the crust and out of the planet. The effect of this is to cause convection, and plate movement. 

Two events in particular are of huge importance:
#The production of new crust at places such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
#The removal of crust by subduction (moving under) at the points where plates collide.

## Footnote
Kalpa

**Kalpa** could mean:

* A word in Sanskrit, meaning "practicable, feasible, possible", and also "proper, fit, able", from a root '''' "to be well ordered or regulated"
* Kalpa (Vedanga) "proper practice", "ritual", one of the six disciplines of Vedanga in Hinduism
* Kalpa (time unit) a Sanskrit word referring to a great length of time (Aeon) in Buddhist and Hindu cosmology
* Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh, a town in Himachal Pradesh, India
* KalPa, a Finnish ice hockey team

## Related pages
* Hindu units of measurement
* Kalachakra