open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Priscilla Presley

**Priscilla Presley** (née **Wagner**) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera *Dallas*, and *The Naked Gun* movies with Leslie Nielsen. She is also a member of Scientology.

## Early life
Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City. Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905. He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926). Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann. She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child. At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla. They both still have cousins in Norway. In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992.

She attended General H.H. Arnold High in Wiesbaden, West Germany.

## References
## Other websites
*Priscilla Presley at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Drunkenness

**Drunkenness** means being intoxicated by alcohol.  This means a person's brain and body are not working normally, because of the alcohol they have had.  A person who is intoxicated is usually called *drunk*.   

The effects of being drunk depend on how much alcohol a person has had to drink.

In medium amounts, alcohol will cause trouble speaking clearly and moving the body normally. A person may have trouble staying balanced and walking normally. They may get confused or very tired. They will not be able to make good decisions. They may also start vomiting.

## Alcohol poisoning
Alcohol poisoning is a medical emergency.  "Alcohol poisoning" means that a person has drunk enough alcohol to cause a coma, dangerously slow breathing, or even death.  A person with alcohol poisoning needs emergency medical treatment at a hospital to make sure they do not die from alcohol poisoning.
* Being very confused and almost unconscious
* Going into a coma
* Vomiting while in a coma.  If this happens, the person can breathe the vomit into their lungs.  This can burn and injure the lungs so badly that the person can die
* Very slow breathing.  If a person's breathing gets slow enough, the person can die
* Very slow heart rate
* Seizures
* Low body temperature
* If the person wakes up, they will not be able to remember what happened.  This is called a "blackout."

### First aid
When a person has alcohol poisoning, 9-1-1 or another local emergency telephone number should be called right away.
* Lay the person down and try to keep them still
* Turn the person on their side
* Cover them with a blanket to keep them warm
* If the person has a seizure, do not try to hold them still. Try to keep them from injuring themselves. Note that people having a seizure cannot control their movements, and their reflexes do not work.
* If the person's heart stops, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.  An emergency medical dispatcher can explain how to do this

A first aider should NOT:
* Putting a tube down the person's throat and pumping oxygen into their lungs (if they are not breathing well enough to survive)
* Putting a tube down the person's nose and into their stomach to:
** Pump alcohol out of the person's stomach
** Pour activated charcoal into the person's stomach.  This is a treatment for poisoning.  The charcoal keeps more alcohol from being taken up into the bloodstream.
* Giving them fluids, glucose (sugar), and vitamins through a needle placed into a vein

## Myths
There are many myths (untrue beliefs) about drunkenness.  Here are some examples of myths about drunkenness:
* Some people can drive safely while they are drunk
* Drinking coffee will make a person less drunk
* Taking a cold shower or bath will make a person less drunk
* Some types of alcohol make a person more drunk than others

## Related pages
* Binge drinking
* Alcoholism
* Drunk driving

## References
Canada Dry

**Canada Dry** is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as *gin and tonic*.
Ginger ale

**Ginger ale** is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name *ale*, which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It is enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most ginger ales come in a green can.

## Related beverages
Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad.
Shaving

**Shaving** is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. 

"Shaving" often refers to men who cut their facial hair with a razor or clipper. Sometimes they just trim their facial hair while other men completely shave it. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.

In addition to this, many men choose to shave their heads and be bald. In many armies, male soldiers are required (have to) shave their heads.
Hygiene

]]**Hygiene** is the act of being clean. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, washing hands and brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples. Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit. People who do not have good hygiene might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick).
First proven use of the word in English was in 1677s. The word hygiene comes from the French word hygiène, which is the western version of Greek word ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) - hugieinē technē, meaning "(art) of health", from ὑγιεινός (hugieinos), "good for the health, healthy",  in turn from ὑγιής (hugiēs), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the daughter of Asclepius and represented health.

## Related pages 
* Public health
* Global Handwashing Day

## References
Spork

[[File:Spork.png|thumb|Van Brode Milling Company [1970] *spork* trademark application drawing.]]

A **spork** is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool for eating. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno. Many dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.

## References
Vauxhall Astra

**Vauxhall Astra** is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980. It was first just branded as a **Vauxhall**, since 1991 it has also been sold as a **Opel**, a **Holden** and a **Chevrolet**. From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn.
 

File:Vauxhall Astra Mk I Clare.jpg|First Generation (Opel Kaddett D)
File:Astra-mk2-sri.jpg|Second Generation (Opel Kaddett E)
File:1994AstraLS (cropped).jpg|Third Generation
File:Vauxhall Astra F based panel van registered August 1997 ca 1700cc.jpg|Third Generation Astravan
File:Vauxhall Astra 2004.jpg|Fourth Generation
File:Bedfordshire-Police-car.jpg|A Fifth Generation Model used by the Bedfordshire Police.
File:Vauxhall Astra MkVI 001.jpg|Sixth Generation
Ford Ka

The **Ford Ka** is a car made by the Ford in Spain, Poland and Brazil. It has three doors and was first made in 1996. The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold. A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model has been introduced in 2009.

## Engine data 
4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves; electronic multipoint fuel injection 

***1.0l** Duratec (Brazil) 
48 kW (65 HP) at 6.000 rpm
87 Nm at 3.250 rpm

***1.3l** Duratec (1297 cc-Europe) 
44 kW (60 HP) at 5500 rpm 
99 Nm at 2500 rpm 

***1.3l** Duratec (1297 cc-Europe) 
51 kW (70 HP) at 5500 rpm 
106 Nm at 3000 rpm 

***1.6l** Duratec (1597 cc-Europe and Brazil)
70 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm
135 Nm at 4250 rpm 

## Second Generation 
The second generation of the Ka was released in the beginning of 2009. The car is build in cooperation with Fiat, the technic is the same as used in the Fiat 500.

For the first time, a Diesel engine is available for the Ford Ka.

## Engine data 
4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves

***1.2l** Duratec (1242 cc)
51 kW (69 HP)
102 Nm at 3.000 rpm

***1.3l** Duratorq (1248 cc)
55 kW (75 HP)
145 Nm at 1500 rpm
Waiter

.]]
 at a Chinese restaurant]]
A **waiter** is a person who serves people often at a restaurant or at a café. They are usually called a waiter because they wait for the order.  A female waiter is called a **waitress**. They will take orders and deliver food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or café.

Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.
Steven Spielberg

**Steven Allan Spielberg** (born December 18, 1946) is an American movie director, movie producer and screenwriter. Spielberg is widely regarded as one of the greatest movie directors of all time and is the most commercially successful director in movie history. He is one of 22 people to have won an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony award.

He was born at The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health  in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is from a Ukrainian Orthodox Jewish family. His parents were pianist Leah Adler (1920&ndash;2017) and engineer Arnold Spielberg (1917&ndash;2020). He started his movie career learning to direct in 1968. He was raised in Haddon Township, New Jersey. Spielberg studied at Saratoga High School. He went to California State University, Long Beach.

Spielberg married Amy Irving in 1985. They divorced in 1989.

## Filmography 
* *The Fabelmans* (2022)
* *West Side Story* (2021) 
* *Ready Player One* (2018)
* *The Post* (2017)
* *The BFG* (2016)
* *Bridge of Spies* (2015)
* *Jurassic World* (2015)
* *Lincoln* (2012)
* *Men in Black 3* (2012)
* *War Horse* (2011)
* *The Adventures of Tintin* (2011)
* *Real Steel* (2011)
* *Cowboys & Aliens* (2011)
* *Transformers: Dark of the Moon* (2011)
* *Super 8* (2011)
* *Paul* (2011)
* *True Grit* (2010)
* *Hereafter* (2010)
* ''Hollywood Don't Surf!* (2010)
* *The Lovely Bones* (2009)
* *Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen* (2009)
* *Eagle Eye* (2008)
* *Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull* (2008)
* *Munich* (2005)
* *War of the Worlds* (2005)
* *The Terminal* (2004)
* *Catch Me If You Can* (2002)
* *Minority Report* (2002)
* *A.I.: Artificial Intelligence* (2001)
* *Saving Private Ryan* (1998) (Academy Award, *Best Director*)
* *The Lost World: Jurassic Park* (1997)
* *Amistad* (1997)
* Casper (1995)
* *Schindler's List* (1993) (Academy Award, *Best Director, Best Picture*)
* *Jurassic Park* (1993)
* *Hook* (1991)
* *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade* (1989)
* *Always* (1989)
* *Empire of the Sun* (1987)
* *The Color Purple* (1985)
* *Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom* (1984)
* *Twilight Zone: The Movie* (1983) segment: *Kick the Can*
* *E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial* (1982)
* *Raiders of the Lost Ark* (1981)
* *1941* (1979)
* *Close Encounters of the Third Kind* (1977)
* *Jaws* (1975)
* *The Sugarland Express* (1974)
 
## References
## Other websites 
*
*
*
*Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (founded by Spielberg) 
**Time* 100: Steven Spielberg 
*Spielberg at 60&nbsp;– *Empire''
Musical instrument

**Musical instruments** are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music. 

Musical instruments can be divided by type into:
* string instruments (plucked or bowed)
* wind instruments
** woodwind
** brass
* percussion instruments
* keyboard instruments

An orchestra has instruments from four families:
* bowed string instruments (e.g. violin)
* woodwind (e.g. flute)
* brass (e.g. trumpet)
* percussion (e.g. drums)

Some people think that the voice is a "natural musical instrument" because singing is a way to make music without any instrument at all.

## Related pages
*Instrumental
Pupil

There are different types of **pupils**:

* Pupil (eye), the centre of the eye, which is an opening into the inside. It's the black circle on the outside of the eye
* Student, someone who is learning something, usually in a school or university
Golan Heights

The **Golan Heights** is a plateau and a disputed land between Syria and Israel, which captured the area in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. The Golan Heights and Mount Hermon was annexed by Israel in 1981. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of dormant and extinct volcanos.

In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its ceasefire line with Syria.

## Maps 

File:Golan 92.jpg|Map of the Golan Heights. Sites on the map in blue are Israeli settlements; and sites in black are Syrian villages.
File:Golan location.JPG|A map of the Golan Hights from a satellite.
File:GolanBordersEN.svg|A map of current and historical borders and ceasefire lines in the Golan Heights (from 1923)

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites 
* Israeli community portal 
* The Syrian Golan  – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
* Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
* What is the dispute over the Golan Heights? 
* A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report
Translator

A **translator** works with different languages. They may read something written in one language and speak it or write it in another language or vice versa. For example, they might read a book in French and then *translate* it into English. See translation for more information.

In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language *deeply*. They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to a second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science. 

Translators also work to convert speech as well as writing. The United Nations debates are translated as they are spoken, one individual translator for every individual language if it is the General Assembly.

One advantage of professional translation is that it reduces the problems of understanding what is said. On the other hand, there is often a loss of nuance (subtlety) in a translations, especially one done immediately the text is spoken. For this reason, many translators do a rough version immediately, and then work it over later on.
1466

## Events 
### January&ndash;December 
* June &ndash; Second Siege of Krujë:  Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 to stop the Albanian resistance by taking Krujë. The Albanians stop him and the Ottoman army leaves from Albania.
* August 26 &ndash; A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.
* October 19 &ndash; The Thirteen Years' War ends

### Date unknown 
* The Chimú Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.
* Erik Axelsson Tott replaces Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.  
* The first printed German language Bible is made.
* Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
* Kingdom of Georgia ends. Rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago start.

## Births 
* February 11 &ndash; Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
* June 18 &ndash; Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
* August 10 &ndash; Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
* September 9 &ndash; Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
* October 27 &ndash; Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
* November 30 &ndash; Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (d. 1560)
* *probable*
** Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1520)
** Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
*** Laura Bowen, founder of the nursing profession.

## Deaths 
* March 8 &ndash; Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
* October 30 &ndash; Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
* December 13 &ndash; Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
* *date unknown*
** Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
** Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate
** Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman
** Nicolaus Zacharie, composer

## References
1502

**1502** (MDII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* The Franco-Spanish War over Naples begins.
* Montezuma II becomes ruler of the Aztecs.
* January 1 – The place where Rio de Janeiro is now is explored.
* Safavid dynasty begins.
* Ottoman Safavid Clashes (1502) Finished
Teenager

A **teenager**, or **teen**, is someone who is 13 to 19 years old.  They can also be called "adolescents".  The laws on what teenagers may do vary between countries.  

The term “teenager” became widely used for people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults (legally, not biologically), after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called “The Teenage Consumer” in 1959. The paper defined this group to be people 13–25 years old (despite ages 20–25 not being within the teens anymore).

A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 13 and 17 years old are usually considered legally children and teenagers. Teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be considered both teenagers and legally adults. However, recent research has shown that brain development continues well into the 20s (into the mid-20s), meaning that even young people in their early 20s are still developing. As a result, researchers have pushed adolescence from 10-19 to 10-24 to capture the biological development well past the teenage years. Additionally, Arnett defines emerging adulthood as 18-29, as a stage between adolescence and young adulthood. 

The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be very complicated. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

"Teenager" is an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, depending on the culture.

The law of each country may set an age of majority when teenagers can do things. Younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age. Teenagers, however, gradually obtain various rights depending on the states or countries and their laws, rights like getting a driver licence and start driving or consenting to sexual activity. 

The life of a teenager can change every day. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests. Before their teenage years, they focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines a teenager as someone between the ages of 12 and 19.

## References
1533

## Events 
* Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary
* January 25– Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn

## Births 
* September 7 – Elizabeth I of England

## Deaths 
* June 25 – Mary Tudor
1546

## Events 
* The Anglo-French War ends
* The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church

## Births 
* December 14 &ndash; Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
* *date unknown*
** Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)

## Deaths 
* February 18 &ndash; Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)
1598

## Events 
* The Franco-Spanish War ends
* The Eighth War of Religion ends

## Births 
* April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
* Bonaventura Cavalieri
1600

**1600** (MDC) was a century leap year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the last year of the 16th century.

1600 was also the last century leap year until the year 2000.

## Events 
* Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar
* The Polish-Swedish War begins
* October 8 – San Marino adopts its constitution
* October 30- Sekigahara- Ieyasu unifies Japan after warring sates period by defeating the western army, lead by Mitsunari Ishida.

## Deaths 
* September 16 &ndash; Gracia Hosokawa
* December 13 &ndash; Mitsunari Ishida

## Births 
*Charles I of England (d. 1649)
Colony

(1945)]]
A **colony** is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase *dependent territory* is now used instead of *colony*. **Colony** can also refer to a commune or a currently hypothetical human settlement in the sea (ocean colony) or outer space (space colony).

A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.

Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.

## Related pages
*Dependent territory

## Other websites
* http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
Sonic boom

A **sonic boom** is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound. When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes a bang sound or an explosive noise. This is often called "breaking the sound barrier." The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves, which is known as a vapor cone. The thunder you hear when lightning strikes near enough, is also a sonic boom, caused by the lightning moving faster than the speed of sound, and making a sonic boom.

The first plane to fly at a level altitude above the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager.

## References
Spelling bee

A **spelling bee** is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children how to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary. One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C.

The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by *The Courier-Journal*, the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky. Contests may have been held before that year. A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books. Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations. They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller". Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary.

In a spelling bee it is actually best to go first rather than last because words usually go by levels in a school competition, so if you go first in line, you will most likely get the less difficult words.

**Type of game**: Nytimes Spelling Bee for free online.
Role-playing game

A **role-playing game** (also called an **RPG**) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGS), in a computer or video game, or alone (gamebooks). Often the characters gain experience (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger.

## Traditional RPGs 
, a traditional pen-and-paper RPG]]
A traditional role-playing game, or tabletop role-playing game, is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which each person playing the game will make-believe that he or she is a character in the game. A person playing the game will tell the action of his or her character, and a system of rules will tell whether the action can be done or not.  The game will happen in a made-up world that is controlled by another person playing the game, called a gamemaster (GM). The gamemaster tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world, and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet. 

The gamemaster will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete. Characters usually have things about them that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience points which can be used to make the character better.

Most tabletop RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap). This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill. Most games have a system of bonuses so that they can succeed more often.

A short example:

**GM:** "You enter a small room. It is wet and smells bad. You hear water dripping from somewhere. You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room."
**Player:** "I touch the pile with the tip of my sword."
**GM:** "The jelly starts to move up your sword."
**Player:** "I drop my sword."
**GM:** "The jelly starts to eat your sword, but you are safe."

Good GMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions. One example of this type of RPG is Dungeons & Dragons

## Role-playing video games 
## Live action role-playing game (LARP) 
In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play. They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would.
Dresden

**Dresden** () is the capital of the Free State of Saxony. It is in the southeast of Germany, on the River Elbe near the border with the Czech Republic. It has an oceanic climate (**Cfb** in the Köppen climate classification).

## History 
Dresden was already settled in the Neolithic part of the Stone Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence.

Dresden was bombed a lot at the end of World War II. It was bombed by American and British bombers between 13 February and 15 February 1945. Most of the city's buildings were damaged beyond repair after the bombings. The city had to rebuild most of its buildings after the war.

In 2002 Dresden was flooded in Germany's so-called "century flooding".

## Politics and cultural 
Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony. It is the seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of many universities. The city had a popiulation that exceeded 100,000 around 1852.

Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005). Dresden forms the core of the densely-populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre. Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig, it forms the population centre known as the *Metropolregion Saxonia Triangle* .

## Traffic 
Dresden has got an international airport *(Flughafen Dresden-Klotzsche)* which has about 2 million passengers/year. This Airport has got daily flight connections to Frankfurt and Munich (Lufthansa), Moscow (Aeroflot), Cologne and Stuttgart (germanwings), Düsseldorf (germanwings)  as well as to Zurich (InterSky), Hamburg (eurowings on behalf of germanwings) and London-City (CityJet). The biggest station is *Dresden Hauptbahnhof* (Dresden Main station) with an ICE (InterCityExpress) connection to Leipzig, Erfurt, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden. There's an EuroCity connection to Prague, Graz and Vienna just as an InterCity connection to Berlin and Hamburg. The metropolitan of Dresden has got four highwas:
* A4:   Frankfurt - **Dresden** - Goerlitz - Wrocław - Kraków

* A13: **Dresden** - Berlin
* A14: **Nossen (near Dresden)** - Leipzig - Magdeburg (- Schwerin)
* A17: **Dresden** - Prague
Dresden has 3 S-Bahn (Metropolitan overground railway) lines and a big tram network.

## References 
## Other websites
Irrigation

**Irrigation** is when people add water to plants, to help them grow when there is not enough rain. Irrigation water can be pumped from rivers, natural lakes or lakes created by dams, from wells or allowed to flow to the fields by or open canals.

## Types of Irrigation 
There are many different types of irrigation methods. The most common ones are:
# Sprinkler Irrigation
# Drip irrigation
# Surface irrigation
# Sub surface irrigation
# Manual irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation mimics natural rainfall where water falls on the plants.
In sprinkler irrigation, water is moved through pipes to sprinklers scattered around and within the field. The Sprinklers shoot water from pressurized outlets or guns from pipes into the air which then fall on the plants. Center pivot irrigation is a type of sprinkler irrigation. It's basically, sprinklers on wheels.

In drip irrigation, water drips directly to the roots of plants from pipes which have small holes or special emitters spaced along the pipe. Drip irrigation is more efficient than other irrigation methods because water is applied directly or close to plants' roots i.e. where it is needed. Thus, it uses less water, reduces leeching of soil nutrients and erosion of top soil.

In Surface irrigation, water from a source such as rivers, pipes, dams, canals e.t.c. floods the soil surface. Surface irrigation uses a lot of water compared to other irrigation methods. It could also drain nutrients beyond the reach of the plant roots. If the water is excessive, it could cause damage to the plant. However, surface irrigation is used extensively in rice farming. This is because the permanent flooding acts as a natural pest control method and rice can survive waterlogged soil.

Sub-Surface irrigation is when water comes from below the surface of the soil. Sub-surface irrigation create an artificial water table to place water right within reach of plants. Water seeps through the walls into the soil of farms from canals passing through and/or around the farm. Drip irrigation becomes sub-surface irrigation when the pipes are placed underground.

With Manual irrigation irrigation is done by humans using buckets, pipes or watering cans. It is labor-intensive and inefficient.

## Impacts 
Irrigation can let more crops be grown on the same land, or allow a crop to grow in a dry period. It is expensive and care should be taken to ensure that the benefits from increased crop yields are not exceeded by the installation and operating costs of the irrigation scheme.

Irrigation causes a subsequent rise in water-tables. If saline water is below, it may rise to the surface. Sometimes salinity becomes high enough to kill the plants. Irrigation water itself can carry salt and sometimes other toxic materials that hurt the plants. To prevent this, irrigation projects must also assure good drainage.

## References
Glastonbury Festival

The **Glastonbury Festival** is a very big music festival. It is held at Worthy Farm near Glastonbury, Somerset, England, most years, during the last weekend in June. About 100,000 people come to the festival every time. The festival is hosted and organized by local farmer Michael Eavis. It is a widely known festival with many big and popular bands playing there every year.

## Controversy 
In Glastonbury 2009, there was a great deal of controversy when Jay-Z was asked to headline the festival. The most infamous response to this was when Noel Gallagher from Oasis said that Glastonbury should only be for rock musicians.
War communism

**War communism** is the name for the economic policies that introduced to Russia in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin, leader of Russia from 1917 to 1924. The policy was ended in 1921 because it was not successful. Instead, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921.

War Communism was introduced for many reasons. However, the most important ones were: 
* to feed and supply the hungry Red Army of Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War
* to move towards complete communism

It was bad for the Russian economy because the government took away extra grain produced by the peasants. This was known as grain requisitioning. Peasants were not allowed to sell their extra food, so they stopped producing more than they needed to eat. This created a Russian famine with millions of people foodless and starving.
Foreign aid

**Foreign aid** is one country helps another country, usually a poorer country, by giving money, supplies, or sending people to help during a disaster.   

Some aid is for supporting economic development and help those in need, especially in places where wealthy countries and companies often shape trade, rules, and spread of money to their own benefit. Sometimes foreign aid is given to protect the donor country’s own interests by influencing politics or supporting their own businesses abroad. Experts say that helping people meet their basic needs through aid can reduce the chances of them joining dangerous groups or being forced to flee their homes.    

This aid not only comes from a country's government, but sometimes a country's ordinary people also donate. Charities play a major role and deliver food, clean water, and healthcare services in developing countries.  

The poorer countries are called LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). The richer countries are called MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries). The United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also work for such aid for poorer countries. 

## References
Cramlington

**Cramlington** is a town in the county of Northumberland, in the north-east of England.

Cramlington is about five miles from the coast. The nearest beach is at Blyth, which is to the east. The county town of Morpeth is rather nearby.

Newcastle city is also close, which people of Cramlington can go and enjoy.

Cramlington is rather new, with lots of parks. The bicycle track system means cyclists can travel around the entire town without having to travel on the roads. The underpasses under the major roads mean children can walk around safe from traffic.

## History
It was thought the Vikings were the first to settle in Cramlington. Until relatively recently it was made up of a few small mining villages, but was chosen to be a new town and since the 1960s, builders have enlarged the town to become the town of 40,000 it is today.

## Facilites
The headquarters of The Officers Club menswear store is in Cramlington.

A large indoor shopping mall, Manor Walks, serves as the main shopping centre, next to the old village centre. There is a large leisure centre, Concordia, next to the shopping centre which has an indoor pool, climbing wall and well-equipped gym.

There are lots of Christian churches in the town including two Methodist, an Anglican church with two plants, as well as a Catholic church and a few Pentecostal and charismatic churches.

Cramlington Community High School is the only secondary school in the town, which passed the recent OFSTED inspection with 'outstanding' grades. The school system is about to be replaced with the two tier system, in which the high school will cater for 11-18 year olds.

## Famous People
The comedian Ross Noble grew up in Cramlington.

## References
Belfast

**Belfast** (Irish: *Béal Feirste*) is the capital of Northern Ireland. It is the second largest city in Ireland, after Dublin. About 270,000 people live in the city. It became capital of Northern Ireland when Northern Ireland was created in 1921. A lot of famous ships were built by the Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff. In 1911 they built the RMS Titanic.
Power station

]]
]]

A **power station** (or **power plant**) is a place where electricity is produced. Most do this by  a big spinning electrical generator. In big powers stations the spinning is usually driven by a steam turbine. The steam may come from:

* Burning fossil fuels
* Nuclear power, using radioactive sources
* Using the earth's heat, called geothermal energy
* Using the sun's heat

Some do not use steam engines to spin the generator. Rather they use: 
* Hydropower, which uses the power of moving water to drive turbines
* Using the wind to drive wind turbines
* Internal combustion engine power

A few power stations use the sun's rays to generate solar power without motion.  There are many power stations around the world, because many things need electricity to work.

Stations may be operated as Load following power plant, peaking power plant, or base load power plant.

## Energy sources 
### Renewable energy resources 
;**Renewable heat energy**
* Solar thermal power
* Geothermal energy

;**Renewable flow energy**
* Hydro-electric power
* Wind power
* Wave power
* Tidal power

### Non-renewable energy resources 
These all use heat as a source of energy.
* Coal
* Oil
* Natural gas
* Nuclear power

### Solid-state electricity sources 
These sources have no moving parts. They are more expensive than generators, and are used where other questions are more important.
* Solar cell
* Battery
* Thermocouple

## Other websites
Detroit

**Detroit** ( ,   ; , ) is the most populous city in the state of Michigan in the United States. In 1950, Detroit was the fifth most populous city in the United States, with 1.8 million people. It was the 10th most populous city in the United States at the time of the 2000 census, with 950,000 people. By the 2020 census, Detroit fell to the 27th largest, because people moved away, and it had 640,000 people. Over four million people live in Detroit and its surrounding counties. The city borders Windsor, Ontario in Canada. The international border between Detroit and Windsor is one of the most crossed in the world.

The person who started the city was Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. He was from France. Detroit was made a city in 1701. From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan.

Detroit faced severe financial difficulty in March 2013. On July 18, 2013, the city filed for bankruptcy. Detroit is the largest city that has filed for bankruptcy in U.S. history.

## Sports 
Detroit is a city where many automobiles are made and this is why it is sometimes called the "Motor City", or "Motown". Many people call it the car capital of the world.  General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have their offices and many of their plants in and around Detroit.

Detroit is the home of many sport teams including the Detroit Lions (NFL), Detroit Red Wings (NHL), Detroit Tigers (MLB) and the Detroit City Soccer Club.

In 2006, the Super Bowl was played at Ford Field in Detroit.

## Media 
WXYZ American Broadcasting Company

## People 
Detroit is home to one of the largest black communities in the United States, with 77% being African-American. Detroit also has a large Arab population. Many Arabs live in metro Detroit. The Arab-American community in Detroit began with a small group of Syrian and Lebanese merchants who immigrated to Detroit in the late 1800s. Mexicans have recently replaced the shrinking population.

Violent crime rate is one of the highest in the USA.

## Climate 
Detroit has a humid continental climate (*Dfa* in the Köppen climate classification), and is influenced by the nearby Great Lakes. Detroit usually has around 38 days of snow every year.

## References
## Other websites
Reality

**Reality** means anything that exists. An event that has actually happened, or a thing which really exists is said to have "reality." Something close to reality is *realistic*.

Reality is the state of things as they are, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not we can see it and understand it. An even wider definition includes everything that has existed, exists, or will exist.

Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract.

All the same, what is abstract plays a role in everyday life and in academic research. For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts. They are difficult to define, but they are not pure delusions.

Television programs that are not scripted are called Reality TV.

## Viewpoints on reality
*Philosophy looks at the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.
*Science: the view that the world described by science is the real world. The scientists' view of reality depends on evidence, tests and experiments, worked out by specialists. In the end, what ends up in textbooks is what an "invisible college" of scientists has agreed on.

## References
## Related pages
*Virtual reality
Sum

The **sum** of two numbers is their value added together. This operation is called **additive summation** or **addition**. There are many ways of writing sums, including:
*Addition (2+4+6 = 12)
*Summation (\sum_{k=1}^3 k = 1+2+3=6)
*Code:
:Sum = 0
:For I = M to N 
:Sum = Sum + X(I)
:Next I (in Visual BASIC)
## Sigma notation
**Sigma notation** is a mathematical notation to write long sums in a short way. Sigma notation uses the Greek letter Sigma (\Sigma), and takes upper and lower bounds which tell us where the sum begins and where it ends. The lower bound usually has a variable (called the index, often denoted by i, j or k) along with a value, such as "i=2". This tells us that the summation begins at 2, and goes up by 1 until it reaches the number on the top.

## Properties
:\sum_{i=1}^n 0 = 0

:\sum_{i=1}^n 1 = n

:\sum_{i=1}^n n = n^2

:\sum_{i=1}^n i = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}

:\sum_{i=1}^n i^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}

:\sum_{i=1}^n i^3 = \frac{n^2 (n+1)^2}{4}

:\sum_{i=1}^\infty a_i = \lim_{t \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^{t} a_i

## Applications
Sums are used to represent series and sequences. For example:
:\sum_{i=1}^4 \frac{1}{2^i} = \frac{1}{2^1} + \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^3} + \frac{1}{2^4}
The geometric series of a repeating decimal can be represented in summation. For example:
:\sum_{i=1}^\infty \frac{3}{10^i} = 0.333333... = \frac{1}{3}

The concept of an integral is a limit of sums, with the area under a curve being defined as:
:\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i^*)\Delta x
Calculating the mean of a set of numbers can be expressed like this, where each x can be any number.

\frac{1}\sum_{i=m}^n x_i

So, because \sum_{i=m}^n \frac{i}{2}=\frac{1}2\sum_{i=m}^n i, you could also calculate the mean like \sum_{i=m}^n \frac{x_i} as well.

## Related pages 
* Product (mathematics)

## References 
## Further reading
* Nicholas J. Higham, "The accuracy of floating point summation", *SIAM J. Scientific Computing* **14** (4), 783–799 (1993).

## Other websites
* 
* Sigma Notation  on PlanetMath
* Derivation of Polynomials to Express the Sum of Natural Numbers with Exponents
The Lost World: Jurassic Park

***The Lost World: Jurassic Park*** (known also as ***The Lost World***) is a 1997 American science fiction adventure movie directed by Steven Spielberg. It was released in 1997. The movie is 128 minutes long. and it's rated PG-13. It is the sequel to the 1993 movie *Jurassic Park*. *The Lost World* is the second in a series of three movies. It was followed by *Jurassic Park III* and *Jurassic World*. It is based on a book by Michael Crichton, and sticks generally to the plot of the book. The movie was quite successful but not as much as the first.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Mario Party 6

***Mario Party 6*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It is the sixth game in the *Mario Party* series. It was released in Japan on November 18, 2004, in North America on December 6, 2004, and in Europe on March 18, 2005. It is the first *Mario Party* game to use the Nintendo GameCube's microphone add-on.

## Gameplay
*Mario Party 6* plays the same as previous games in the *Mario Party* series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through 10. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. In multiplayer, the sun will rise and fall every three turns. Changes that happen include spaces moving, new characters appearing, and changes to mini-games.

Six boards are in the game. The last one has to be unlocked. Players can play as 11 characters. One of them, Toadette, makes her first playable appearance in a *Mario Party* game in this game.
Don Quixote

, Illustration by Gustave Doré|250px]]
***Don Quixote*** is a novel by Miguel de Cervantes. The book was published in two parts (1605 and 1615). It was first written in Spanish. Soon afterwards it was translated to English by Thomas Shelton. It is considered by many scholars to be the first modern novel. The main character, Don Quixote, is very good at chivalry but in a very flawed and impractical way. Don Quixote is so influential as a character that the word "quixotic" is used to describe his type of behavior.

The story is about Alonso Quixano, a rich middle-aged man. Quixano, having read many tales about chivalry and knights, goes crazy and believes that he is a knight named Don Quixote. He rides around the country with his squire, Sancho, having adventures. He believes his adventures are real, but everyone else laughs at him.

One of the most famous stories in the book is Don Quixote's fight with windmills. He sees some windmills and thinks they are giants. When he rides to fight with them, he is knocked off his horse. Sancho tells him they are only windmills, but Don Quixote does not believe him. He is sure a magician changed windmills into the giants to hurt him.

At the end of the book, Don Quixote (Alonso Quixano) returns home, hurt badly from a fight with another knight. He becomes sane (being sane means to see reality) again, then dies from a high fever.
Swim

surf near the Kennedy Space Center]] 

For living creatures, a **swim** or **swimming** is a way of moving in water. Swimming is an activity that can be both useful and recreational. Its primary uses are bathing, cooling, fishing, recreation, exercise, and sport. 

## Human swimming
Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age, from around 7,000 years ago.  Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events.  It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming.

## Related pages
*List of water sports
*Winter swimming

## References