open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harold Camping

**Harold Egbert Camping** (July 19, 1921 &ndash; December 15, 2013) was an American Christian radio broadcaster. His parents were Dutch immigrants. He served as president of Family Radio, a California-based radio station group that broadcasts to more than 150 markets in the United States, since 1958. In 2011 he retired from active broadcasting following a stroke, but maintained a role at Family Radio until his death. Camping is notable for applying numerology to his interpretations of Bible passages in an attempt to predict dates for the End Times. 

His 2011 end times prediction was that on May 21, 2011 Jesus Christ would return to Earth, the righteous would fly up to heaven, and that there would follow five months of fire, brimstone and plagues on Earth, with millions of people dying each day, culminating on October 21, 2011 with the end of the world. He had previously predicted judgment days on May 21, 1988, and September 6, 1994.

His prediction for May 21, 2011 was widely reported, in part because of a massive publicity campaign by Family Radio, and it prompted responses from both atheist and Christian organizations. After May 21 passed without the predicted incidents, Camping said he believed that a "spiritual" judgment had occurred on that date, and that the physical Rapture would occur on October 21, 2011, simultaneously with the destruction of the universe by God. Except for one press appearance on May 23, 2011, Camping largely avoided press interviews after May 21, particularly after he suffered a stroke in June. October 21, 2011, passed without the predicted apocalypse, leading the International Business Times to proclaim Camping a "false prophet." 

Camping was reported to have retired from his position at Family Radio as of October 16, 2011, only days before his last predicted date for the end of the world. However, his daughter later clarified that he had not retired outright, but was maintaining a role at the Family Radio while working from home. Camping admitted in a private interview that he no longer believed that anybody could know the time of the Rapture or the end of the world, in stark contrast to his previously staunch position on the subject.

## References
Lake Charles, Louisiana

**Lake Charles** is the most populous city in the southwest Louisiana. It is the second most populous city in the Acadiana (after Lafayette). It is the fifth most populous city in the U.S. state of Louisiana (after New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Shreveport and Lafayette). The actual population is about 85,000. The city was founded as **Charleston**, March 7, 1861. The name was changed to **Lake Charles** on March 16, 1867. The city was founded by and named for Charles Sallier.

## References
Empress Jitō

was the 41st Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Jitō's  started in 686 and ended in 697.  Historians consider details about the life of Empress Jitō to be  legendary, but . The name Jitō*-tennō* was  for him posthumously by later generations.

The  accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be  as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

In the history of Japan, Jitō was the third of eight women to be empress.  The two female monarchs before Jitō were (a) Suiko and (b) Kōgyoku/Saimei.  The five women monarchs after Jitō were (c) Gemmei, (d) Genshō, (e) Kōken/Shōtoku, (f) Meishō, and (g) Go-Sakuramachi.

## Traditional narrative
Before she became the monarch, this princess's personal name (*imina*) was , or alternately Uno.

Princess Uno was the daughter of Emperor Tenji and she was the wife of Emperor Temmu, who was Tenji's brother.

### Events of Jitō's life
In this period, the court and the government was centered at Fujiwara Palace in Yamato.
* **690** : In the 4th year of the period in which Princess Uno functioned as monarch, Prince Kusabake died.
* **691** : Princess Uno was formally established as the monarch (*sokui*); and she became known as Empress Jitō.  This was  in ceremonies.
* **691** : Jito's grandson, was then named as Jitō's successor; and he would become known as Emperor Mommu.

### After her death
The actual site of Jitō's grave is known.

## Poetry
The ''Man'yōshū'' includes a waka poem said to have been composed by Jitō

:**After the death of the Emperor Temmu**
:Oh, the autumn foliage
:Of the hill of Kamioka!
:My good Lord and Sovereign
:Would see it in the evening
:And ask of it in the morning.
:On that very hill from afar
:I gaze, wondering
:If he sees it to-day,
:Or asks of it to-morrow.
:Sadness I feel at eve,
:And heart-rending grief at morn --
:The sleeves of my coarse-cloth robe
:Are never for a moment dry.

## Related pages 
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Japanese empresses

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

## Other websites 
* Asuka Historical National Government Park: image of Mausoleum Emperor Temmu and Empress Jitō , exterior view
Emperor Go-Murakami

(1328 &ndash; 29 March 1368) was the 97th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in September 1339 and ended on 29 March 1368..

This 14th century sovereign was named after the 10th century Emperor Murakami and *go-* (後), translates literally as "later"; and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Murakami". The Japanese word "*go*" has also been translated to mean the "second one"; and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Murakami, the second", or as "Murakami II".

## Traditional narrative
His personal name was , also known as Yoshiyoshi.

He reigned from Sumiyoshi, Ōsaka, Yoshino, Nara, and other temporary locations.

## Events of Go-Murakami's life
Prince Noriyoshi was a member of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period of rival courts.

* **18 September 1339** (*Engen 3, 5th day of the 8th month*):  In the 21st  year of Go-Daigo's reign, the emperor abdicated at Yoshino in favor of his son, Prince Noriyoshi. The succession (*senso*) was  by Noriyoshi.
* **19 September 1339** (*Engen 3, 6th day of the 8th month*): Go-Daigo died;
* **29 March 1368** (*Shōhei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month*): Go-Murakami died.

### After his death 
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (*misasagi*) of Go-Murakami is in Osaka Prefecture.

## Eras of Go-Murakami's reign
The years of Go-Murakami's reign are more identified by more than one era name.

:'''*Nanboku-chō* southern court'*
*Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)
** *Engen*               (1336–1340)
** *Kōkoku*              (1340–1346)
** *Shōhei*              (1346–1370)

:*'*Nanboku-chō* northern court'*
*Eras as reckoned by pretender Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)
** *Ryakuō*       (1338–1342)
** *Kōei*     (1342–1345)
** *Jōwa*                (1345–1350)
** *Kannō*          (1350–1352)
** *Bunna*               (1352–1356)
** *Embun*               (1356–1361)
** *Kōan*  (1361–1362)
** *Jōji*                (1362–1368)
** *Ōan''                 (1368–1375)

## Related pages 
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]

## Other websites
Fabian Blattman

**Fabian Blattman** (born 28 December 1958) is a disabled athlete from Australia. He competes in a wheelchair. At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, he came fifth in the first heat of the Men's 200&nbsp;m 1A - race. He won a silver medal in the 4×100&nbsp;m race and a bronze medal in the 4×400&nbsp;m race at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.  At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the 1500&nbsp;m race and a silver medal in the 800&nbsp;m race. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the men's 400&nbsp;m T51 race, a silver medal in the men's 1500&nbsp;m T51 race, and a bronze medal in the men's 800&nbsp;m T51 race.

## References
FC Pinzgau Saalfelden

**FC Pinzgau Saalfelden** is an Austrian football club from Saalfelden in the federal state of Salzburg. The club plays in the Regionalliga Salzburg which is the third level in Austrian football. The second team is playing in the 2. Landesliga Süd of the Salzburger Fußballverband.
## History
The club was founded on 23 May 2007. The new club was formed out of *1. Saalfeldner SK* (founded 1947) and *ESV Saalfelden* (founded 1952). The club was the first of the later players for the Austrian national football team Franz Bacher and Wolfgang Feiersinger. Feiersinger was also Championsleague winner with Borussia Dortmund.
## 2021/22 squad
## Classes
in brackets:Level in Austrian football
* 2008-2011: Salzburger Liga (4)
* 2011-2013: Regionalliga West (3)
* 2013/14: Salzburger Liga (4)
* 2014-2019: Regionalliga West (3)
*2019-2022:Regionalliga Salzburg (3)

## Honours
*Salzburger Liga:2010/11 promoted to Regionalliga West
## Other websites 
*Homepage FC Pinzgau 

## References
Santana Formation

from the Santana formation]]

The **Santana Formation** is a high quality fossil site in Brazil 115 to 108 million years ago (mya). It is in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It qualifies as a Lagerstätte, which means it is one of the best fossil sites, with many undisturbed fossils.

The strata come from the Lower Cretaceous, laid down about 92 million years ago in a shallow inland sea.

Some 25 species of fish are found, many with stomach contents preserved. This lets palaeontologists study predator–prey relationships in the ecosystem. There are also fine examples of pterosaurs, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates (especially insects) and plants. Even dinosaurs are found here: a new maniraptor was described in 1996.

Limestone nodules formed around dead organisms; this preserved even the soft parts of their anatomy. The limestone was etched away using a mild acid. The fossils were then preserved by the 'transfer technique' which means they were embedded in a plastic resin such as polyester or epoxy.

The nearby Crato Formation is also a lagerstätte. It was produced in similar conditions, about 10 million years before the Santana Formation.

## Notable taxa
Various remains of non-avian theropods, avialans, ornithischians, and possibly oviraptorosaurs have been found in Estado do Ceara, Brazil. Examples are spinosaurs like *Irritator* and maniraptors like *Santanaraptor*.

*Ornithocheirus* and *Tupuxuara* are examples. The inland sea also had turtles, such as *Santanachelys*.

## References
Almayer's Folly

'''''Almayer's Folly''''' is Joseph Conrad's first novel. It was published in 1895. Set in the late 19th century, it centers on the life of the Dutch trader Kaspar Almayer in the Borneo jungle and his relationship to his half-caste daughter Nina.

## Plot
Kaspar Almayer is a young Dutch trader cared for by rich Captain Lingard. Hoping to gain Lingard's wealth, Almayer agrees to a loveless marriage to Lingard's adopted Malay child and to running his trading post in Sambir in the Borneo jungle.  Lingard loses much of his fortune searching for a hidden treasure. Meanwhile, Almayer's ventures constantly fail, most notably an expensive trading house, the "Almayer's Folly,"  that no one trades in. He did seem to enjoy dancing.

A daughter named Nina was born to Almayer and his wife. The rest of the novel concerns Almayer's conflicting wishes: his love for Nina, his effort at keeping her from her mother's Malay influence, and his desire for money and self-redemption.

Dain, a Malay prince, arrives at Sambir. Almayer tries to enlist Dain's help to find the treasure long sought by Lingard. Instead, Dain marries Nina and leaves Sambir with her, against Almayer's wishes. The loss of Nina and any prospect of wealth stuns Almayer. He spends the rest of his days in the empty trading house as his sanity slips away.

## Criticism
As Conrad's earliest novel, ''Almayer's Folly'' is often seen by critics as inferior to the author's later work because of its repetitive and at times awkward language. However, recent critics have paid more attention to Conrad's depiction of Nina as a self-determined female non-European character along with Aissa from Joseph Conrad's second novel, *An Outcast of the Islands*.

## Movie
Filming started in November 2010 for a French-Belgian adaptation by Chantal Akerman.

## Sources
*Joseph Conrad, ''Almayer's Folly: A Story of an Eastern River'', Random House, 1996.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Block (Internet)

after accessing the enabled interface from an unblocked IP address while the user account is blocked. Talk pages, however, are still enabled to address the block.]]
A **block** (known as **UIB** on Wikipedia) is action taken to stop certain people having access to information. If a website activates a block based on the internet protocol address (IP address) of a user, that block can effect other users that share the address. Some blocked users try to evade the block called as block evasion by making a different account called as sockpuppetry, using a proxy server, or editing unblocked IP address while their user account is blocked.

## Effects 
Blocked users may be completely unable to access all or part of a site's content, which is usually the case when censoring or filtering mechanisms are responsible for the block. Under a shadow ban, a user is given the false impression that their content is still being posted to the site, when in reality it is being hidden from all other users. 

In Wikipedia, users with blocked IP address, user account, or both stops them from contributing by disabling their contribute interfaces except the talk page. An option to edit unprotected pages are still shown as "Edit" or "Edit source" even while an IP address or user is blocked to confuse users who try to edit them at first glance but technically, the interface is actually disabled making the option views the source of a particular page when trying to click them while the block is in effect similar to protected pages. If a user with blocked account attempts to access an enabled interface on an unblocked IP address, that IP will be autoblocked automatically and temporarily even without an instance of block evasion by continued contributing while blocked. This makes the site read and view source only that limits the user to viewing the pages and their source code. Local blocks are lifted and interfaces re-enable automatically if it is limited time while those that are indefinite can make both situations only happen manually through the standard offer and reviewing administrator's decision to unblock by accepting the content of an appeal later on after the designated waiting period as part of the offer.

On other wiki sites, the same effect, procedure, and unblocking is the same as Wikipedia, with some differing due to the methods used on unblocking and the way administrators do when reviewing unblock appeals on a particular site. The block notice may not also show when accessing some of the interfaces, with only sign that contributing is disabled due to being blocked is when the flashing bar symbol do not appear when clicking while on the edit interface.
Electric flux

Imagine an electric field E passing through a surface. Consider an infinitesimal area (dA) on that surface across which E remains constant. Also assume that the angle between E and dA is i. The electric flux is defined as EdAcos(i). E and dA are vectors. Flux is the dot product of E and dA. Using full vector notation, the electric flux d\Phi_E\, through a small area d\mathbf{A} is given by
:d\Phi_E = \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A}

The electric flux over a surface *S* is therefore given by the surface integral:
:\Phi_E = \int_S \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A}
where **E** is the electric field and d**A** is a differential area on the surface S with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction. 

For a closed Gaussian surface, electric flux is given by:
:\Phi_E = \oint_S \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = \frac{Q_S}{\epsilon_0}
where QS is the net charge enclosed by the surface (including both free and bound charge), and ε0 is the electric constant. This relation is known as Gauss' law for electric field in its integral form and it is one of the four Maxwell's equations.

Electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface. But the net electric field, **E**, in the Gauss' Law equation, can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface.  Gauss' Law is true in all situations, but people can only use it to calculate when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field.  Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry. Otherwise, the calculations are too hard to do by hand and must be worked out using a computer.

Electrical flux has SI units of volt metres (V m), or, equivalently, newton metres squared per coulomb . So, the SI base units of electric flux are kg•m3•s−3•A−1.

## Related pages
*Magnetic flux

## Other websites 
* Electric flux — HyperPhysics
Enda Kenny

**Enda Kenny** (born 24 April 1951) is an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was the Taoiseach from 2011 through 2017. Kenny has led Fine Gael from 2002 until his retirement in 2017. He served as Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1994 to 1997. He is also a two-term Vice President of the European People's Party.

Kenny has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo since 1975, having succeeded his father Henry Kenny. He is the longest-serving TD currently in Dáil Éireann, which makes him the incumbent Father of the Dáil.

Kenny led Fine Gael in the 2011 general election. He subsequently brokered an agreement with the Labour Party and formed a coalition government on 9 March 2011. He is Fine Gael's first Taoiseach since John Bruton from 1994 to 1997, and the first Fine Gael leader to win government in an election since Garret FitzGerald in 1982.

In May 2017, Kenny announced he will retire as Fine Gael leader and will resign as Taoiseach once a new leader is chosen.

## References
## Other websites
* Enda Kenny's page on the Fine Gael website
* Enda's address to the nation: Sunday 4 December 2011
Sugar Ray Leonard

**Ray Charles Leonard** (born May 17, 1956), better known as **Sugar Ray Leonard**, is a former American boxer. He was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. Leonard is believed by many to be one of the best boxers of all times. He was named the "Boxer of the Decade" for the 1980s. Leonard retired with a record of 36 wins (25 by knockout) 3 losses and 1 . He also won the gold medal in the 1976 Olympics. 

His mother named him after singer Ray Charles.

## References
## Other websites
SC Hakoah Graz

The **Sportclub Hakoah Graz** ( - strength) was a Jewish sports and football club from the Styrian capital Graz. After Sturm and GAK it was the third top league team from Graz.

## History
The club was founded on 12 March 1919 to offer the Jewish people of Graz (around 4000) the possibility to do sports. The old club Jüdischen Turnvereins zu Graz was dissolved in 1917. Jewish officials were against the club. The club was highly accepted by the young football players.

In 1921, the football section took part in the 2.Klasse of the Styrian football championship. The first classes of the federal states were the highest, because at that time there was no Austrian-wide championship. The champion of Viennas highest league were considered Austrian champion. They played in blue and white jerseys with the Star of David on the breast. It was difficult for them to play because they had no ground of their own. Due to the antisemitism of that time other clubs often did not allow them to use their grounds. In 1923, they leased their own ground.

In the 1921/22 season, they reached the first place and were promoted to the 1. Klasse. In the 1. Klasse, the club was again confronted with antisemitism. The Deutscher Sportverein Leoben and Turnverein Leibniz did not want to play against a Jewish club. They were disqualified. During the years in the first class Hakoah often reached places on top of the table.

In 1935, the club was relegated to the 2. Klasse. The reason for this was that some players went to other clubs and some ended their career because antisemitism grew at that time. The club also lost its ground which was only leased. The contract was not prolonged. In the Second Class, they gained again strength but the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany ended its history. The club was dissolved like all other Jewish sports clubs in Austria.

## Other websites 
*Article about Hakoah Graz
Fiat Tempra

The **Fiat Tempra** is a car made by Fiat. It replaced the Fiat Regata in 1990, and was succeeded by the Fiat Marea in 1996. The Tempra was available as 4-door sedan and as 5-door station wagon *Weekend*. 

The passenger section and the mechanics of the Tempra were the same as those of the Fiat Tipo hatchback. But the Tipo never had the 4-wheel drive which was available on the Tempra Weekend. This station wagon had a split rear hatch: when opened, most of it went up, but the bottom part with the bumper went down.

Some special options on the Tempra were the digital instrumentation and the rear window wiper on the sedan. Apart from Italy, the Tempra was also built in Turkey (until 1998) and Brazil (until 1999). The Brazilian market also had a 2-door coupe version.

## Engines 
* *1.4* 56 kW (76 hp)
* *1.4 i.e.* 51 kW (69 hp)
* *1.6* 62 kW (84 hp)
* *1.6 i.e.* 55 kW (75 hp), 57 kW (78 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
* *1.8 i.e.* 66 kW (90 hp), 76 kW (103 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
* *2.0 i.e.* 83 kW (113 hp)
* *1.9 D* 48 kW (65 hp)
* *1.9 TD* 66 kW (90 hp)
Scute

foot]]

A **scute** is a bony plate found on the shells of turtles, the skin of crocodiles and the feet of some birds.

## Properties
Like scales, scutes cover the skin of an animal to protect it. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, which looks like that of scales.

The dermal base may contain bone and produce . Scutes with a bony base are properly called **osteoderms**. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles.

The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fish, such as sturgeon.
BepiColombo

**BepiColombo** is a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to the planet Mercury.  It launched on October 20, 2018 and it is planned to arrive at Mercury On December 5, 2025.

## References
Michal Prokop

**Michal Prokop** (* August 13, 1946, Prague, Czechoslovakia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech singer, songwriter and politician. He is member of Framus Five. In 2007 he was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

## References
Sputnik 2

**Sputnik 2** was a Soviet Union spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Sputnik programme. It was the first spacecraft to carry a living animal, a dog called Laika. It was launched on 3 November 1957 at Baikonur Cosmodrome. Scientists think that Laika died several hours after launch from overheating. The spacecraft went into orbit around Earth for roughly five months. It went down into Earth's atmosphere on 14 April 1958 and burned up.

Sputnik 2 was 4 metres (13 feet) high and its base diameter was 2 metres (6.6 feet). It was a cone-shaped and it had several different places for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature control system for the spacecraft, and scientific instruments. Laika was put in a special area.

## Related pages 
*Sputnik programme
*Sputnik 1

## References
Paula Fernandes

**Paula Fernandes de Souza** (born August 28, 1984) is a Brazilian sertanejo and country singer.

## References
## Other websites 
* Paula Fernandes Official Website
French grammar

**French grammar** is the rules about how to speak and write the French language. It is similar to the grammar of other Romance languages. 

French is moderately inflected. This means that some words change their form in different situations.

## Verb 
In French, verbs are conjugated to show information. That means they change endings.

### Person 
Verbs are conjugated to match with grammatical person.

### Irregular Verbs 
Most French verbs are regular, which means that the someone can guess how to conjugate a verb based on what letters a verb ends with. However, some verbs are irregular. Irregular verbs do not follow the normal pattern of conjugation. Instead, the forms must be learned differently. An example of an irregular verb in French is *être* (to be).

## Noun 
### Gender 
Every French noun has a gender. A noun can be either masculine or feminine.

### Number 
The plural of a noun usually ends with -*s*. For example, dog (*chien*) becomes dogs (*chiens*). However, if a noun ends in -*au*, -*eu*, or -*ou*, it can have -*x* at the end as a plural. For example, game (*jeu*) becomes games (*jeux*). If a noun already ends with -*s*, -*x*, or -*z*, it does not change in the plural.

## Adjectives 
In French, adjectives change in order to agree with the gender and number of the noun it describes.

## Word order 
The word order in French is subject-verb-object. In the sentence *Je mange le gâteau* (I eat the cake), *je* (I) is the subject and *le gâteau* (the cake) is the object. However, if the object is a pronoun, it goes before the verb. If *le gâteau* is replaced by *le* (it), the sentence becomes *Je le mange* (I eat it).

## More reading 
*
Nodosauridae

* in Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]

The **Nodosauridae** is a family of ankylosaur dinosaurs, from Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous strata of what are now North America, Asia, Antarctica and Europe. They are the family of ankylosaurs which do not have club-shaped tails. They often have spikes protecting their head and shoulders.

All nodosaurs, like other ankylosaurs, are medium-sized to large, heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs, with small denticulate teeth and rows of osteoderms (a type of armour) on the dorsolateral (top and sides) surfaces of the body.

## Classification
### Taxonomy
The following taxonomy follows Thompson *et al.*, 2011 unless otherwise noted.

* **Family Nodosauridae**
** ?*Aletopelta*  (California, Western North America)
** *Animantarx*   (Utah, Western North America)
** *Anoplosaurus*  (England, Northwestern Europe)
** *Antarctopelta*  (James Ross Island, Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula) 
** *Edmontonia*   (Alberta, Western North America)
** *Gargoyleosaurus*  (Wyoming, Western North America)
** *Gastonia*   (Utah, Western North America)
** *Glyptodontopelta''  (New Mexico, Western North America) A cladogram from a 2011 analysis is shown by Richard S. Thompson and colleagues.

## References
Qinhuangdao

**Qinhuangdao** (秦皇岛) is a city in the north of China. It is in Hebei Province.

It is about  east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea. The city had 2,987,605 people as of 2010. Qinhuangdao is one of fourteen coastal open cities, which are important foreign trade ports in north China. It was approved as a national grade tourist city by the State Council. Famous scenic spots include Shanhaiguan and Beidaihe. Qinhuangdao City is a state-level economic and technological development zone of Qinhuangdao.

The name in Chinese means "island of the Qin Emperor" or "Emperor Qin's island", since it was where Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent men to search for immortals, or living beings who cannot die or grow old, across the sea.

## Geography 
Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, is in the northeast of China , north latitude 39 ° 24 '~ 40 ° 37', longitude 118 ° 33 '~ 119 ° 51'.  Qinhuangdao's climate is a humid, temperate, monsoon climate, influenced by the ocean.

## Transportation
Qinhuangdao's train station serves the Beijing-Harbin Railway, Daqin Railway and Tsuyama railway. China's first express passenger line between Qinhuangdao and Shenyang Passenger starts here. The line became the official carrier on October 12, 2013.

Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport has flights from Shijiazhuang, Wuhan and Shanghai.

Qinhuangdao's Port is one of China's bigger energy output ports. It is one of the major ports where China's Shanxi Coal can go to other countries. It is a natural, ice-free harbor.

## Industry
The very important industries are glass, ship making, Metallurgy (making gold),  and auto parts.

## Education
Yanshan University and the Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics (HIIBE) is in Qinhuangdao.

## References
## Other websites
*How to Pronounce Qinhuangdao. PronounceNames.com
Yanshan University

**Yanshan University** is a university in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China.

## Other websites
*Yan Shan University  official website
Insertion device

In physics, an **insertion device** is a group of magnets that can be placed on a straight segment of a particle accelerator to be a synchrotron light source.  They are called an "insertion devices" because they replace pipe that otherwise would hold the vacuum needed to maintain the particle beam path. Many times, insertion devices are used on the circular path of a synchrotron or a storage ring.

There are two types of insertion devices. Undulators make electromagnetic radiation that is tuned to a narrow frequency range.  Wigglers make a wide range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies.

## References
Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs

The '''Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs** (**CDEFI''') is a French association, established in 1976, of Grandes Écoles of engineering. The CDEFI represents the administration of all the engineering institutions.

## References
Collimated light

**Collimated light** is light whose rays are parallel. This light spreads slowly as it travels. The word *collimated* is related to *collinear*, because all the rays in collimated light line up with each other.  

Perfectly collimated light would not spread out with distance at all. No real light is perfectly collimated. Real light will spread a little as it travels. Diffraction prevents anyone from creating a perfectly collimated beam. 

Light can be roughly collimated by using a *collimator* – a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves. 

## Etymology
The word "collimate" comes from the Latin verb *collimare*, which originated in a misreading of *collineare*, "to direct in a straight line".

## Sources
### Lasers
Laser light from crystal and some gas lasers is highly collimated because it is formed in an optical cavity between two parallel mirrors, in addition to being coherent. The divergence of high-quality laser beams is commonly less than 1 milliradian, and can be much less for large-diameter beams. Laser diodes emit less collimated light due to their short cavity, and therefore higher collimation requires a collimating lens.

### Synchrotron light
Synchrotron light is very collimated. It is produced by bending relativistic electrons around a circular track.

### Distant sources
The light from stars (other than the Sun) can be considered collimated for almost any purpose, because they are so far away they have almost no angular size.

### Lenses and mirrors
A perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays to a focus at a single point. Conversely, a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light. Since the source needs to be small, such an optical system cannot produce much optical power. Spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light. Many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from point-like sources.

## References
* Pfister, J. & Kneedler, J.A. (s.d.). A guide to lasers in the OR.
Fred Burton

**Fred Burton** (born January 2, 1958) is STATFOR's vice president for intelligence. STRATFOR is a global intelligence company. Burton is thought to be "one of the world's foremost experts on security, terrorists and terrorist organizations." Another memoir is ''Chasing Shadows: A Special Agent's Lifelong Hunt to Bring a Cold War Assassin to Justice'', published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2011.

Burton was moved to the Texas Border Security Council on September 11, 2007 by Governor Rick Perry.

In August 2009 he was hired as the Texas Department of Public Safety's Assistant Director for Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism but left after 2 months. This was because he wanted to work on his writing and speaking career.

## References
## Other websites
*STRATFOR website
Hispanic

**Hispanic** (Spanish: *Hispano*, *hispánico*) is a word that originally meant a relationship to Hispania. This is the Iberian Peninsula and includes Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and Spain. Now the word is used with a more limited meaning.  

In the United States, Hispanic and Latino are different ethnic categories. **Hispanic** simply means a person who comes from a country where Spanish is the official language, this includes Puerto Rico of the United States whereas **Latino** means a person who comes from a country in Latin America (which includes only Mexico of North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America).  

* A person who has roots from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Honduras, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and Panama is both Hispanic and Latino. 

* A person who has roots from Spain, Equatorial Guinea, and Western Sahara is Hispanic, but not Latino.
* A person who has roots from Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Haiti, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Martin is Latino, but not Hispanic. 

Spanish names, the Spanish language, and Spanish customs can also be found in other areas that were part of the Spanish Empire, such as in Equatorial Guinea or in the Philippines.
Arena rock

**Event Centre rock** (also known as **arena rock**, **corporate rock**, **industry rock**,or **stadium rock**) is a word to describe a form of rock music which is played, or intended to be played, in large venues, such as event centres, arenas, stadia, and open-air concert spaces. In such a way, genres which traditionally fall within the categories of event centre rock tend to be (yet not always) loud and anthemic; event centre rock is most traditionally associated with heavy metal, progressive rock, hard rock, glam metal or pop rock genres. Often, yet not always, event centre rock is categorised as being more mass-scale, commercially appealing, and radio-oriented music. Due to the often commercial nature of event centre rock, it is occasionally called **corporate rock**.

Event centre rock is generally associated with the grand shows that artists and groups within the style would hold. At these performances, large sound systems, and often elaborate lighting, additional effects and fireworks, would be included. The 1970s and 80s were a major period in event centre rock.

Whilst event centre rock has seen large popularity over the years, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s, it has also been criticised for its often commercial and extravagant nature, especially with regards to the shows and concert tours that event centre rock bands and artists would have. To some extent, genres such as pub rock, punk rock, indie rock and alternative rock grew as a reaction against the nature and aesthetic of event centre rock, opting for a less commercial and over-the-top style.

Famous bands associated with event centre rock include Kiss, Queen, Aerosmith, Journey, and Styx, amongst several others.

## Notable musicians
*AC/DC
*Aerosmith
*Blue Öyster Cult
*Boston
*Def Leppard
*The Eagles
*Elton John
*Foreigner
*Journey
*Bon Jovi
*Judas Priest
*Kansas
*Kiss
*Meat Loaf
*Peter Frampton
*Queen
*REO Speedwagon
*Styx
*Toto
*Van Halen

## References
Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks

On 25 December, 2011, there were a number of attacks on Christmas Day during church services in northern Nigeria. There were bombings and shootings at churches in Madalla (near the capital, Abuja), Jos, Gadaka and Damaturu. At least 39 people were killed. The attacks were claimed by the Islamist group Boko Haram.

## References
Triglav

**Triglav** is a mountain in the Alps. It is the highest mountain in Slovenia. It is also the highest peak of the Julian Alps, in the southeastern part of the Alps. 

Its name means "three-headed" in Slovene. While this can describe the mountain, it is more likely the mountain was named for the Old Slovene god, Triglav. The mountain is shown on the Flag of Slovenia. 

This mountain is in a national park.

 side]]
Climbing route

A **climbing route** is a trail that a mountain climber uses to go up a mountain.
It is often simply called a *climb*.

Examples : D1 on The Diamond and The Nose on El Capitan are climbing routes.

The difficulties and lengths of climbing routes (as well as descriptions and photographies) can be found in books called climbing guides. For instance, :en:Fifty Classic Climbs of North America is a climbing guide that describes climbing routes of North America.
Gastrolith

gastroliths from the Tropic Shale.]]
* fossil with gastroliths in its stomach region, American Museum of Natural History]] 

**Gastroliths**, or **gizzard stones**, are small rocks kept by an animal inside its stomach or at an early part of the alimentary canal. The function of these is to mash up the food so digestion takes place faster. Typically, animals which do this do not have suitable teeth for , and the gastroliths are a good substitute for this. 

A second function, in aquatic animals, is that gastroliths can be used for ballast to make diving easier.

## Identification
Several pieces of evidence are needed to show that a rock was used by a fossil animal to aid its digestion. First, the stone must be unlike the rock found in its geological vicinity. Secondly, it should be rounded and polished, because inside a gizzard any genuine gastrolith would grind against other stones and fibrous materials, like the action of a rock tumbler. Lastly, the stone must be found with the fossils of the animal which ingested it.

## Occurrence 
Among living vertebrates, gastroliths are common among crocodiles, alligators, herbivorous birds, seals and sea lions. Domestic fowl need access to *grit*.  Stones swallowed by ostriches can exceed a length of . Amphibians such as the Axolotl ingest rocks that are presumed to be gastroliths. Apparent microgastroliths have also been found in frog tadpoles. Ingestion of silt and gravel by tadpoles of various frog species improves buoyancy control.

Sauropod dinosaurs appear to have used stones to grind tough plant matter. An example of this is the early Cretaceous theropod *Caudipteryx zoui'' from northeastern China. It was discovered with a series of small stones, in the area of its skeleton that would have corresponded with its abdominal region. Aquatic animals, such as plesiosaurs, may have used them as ballast, to help balance themselves or to decrease their buoyancy, as crocodiles do. Some fossil gastroliths are rounded and polished, many stones in living birds are not polished at all. Gastroliths associated with dinosaur fossils can weigh several kilograms.

## References
Summit

is 8,800&nbsp;m high (29,000&nbsp;ft) above sea level.]]

The **summit** is the top of a mountain or hill. In geography, the elevation is measured, which is the difference in height between sea level and the top of the mountain or hill. A **peak** is a usually a pointed mountain.
Femoral artery

The **femoral artery** is the large artery that takes oxygen rich blood to a human's legs. Coming from the heart the blood flows along the iliac artery which then divides into the two (bifurcates) femoral arteries, to supply blood to each leg. The artery is very close to the surface where it passes through the groin.

File:Common femoral and subsartorial artery and vein.jpg|Parts of the femoral artery.

## References
Enterotype

An **enterotype** is a classification of gut flora. It is based on the ecosystem in the human intestinal system. The classification is done by identifying the bacteria and protists which live there. This is called the "human gut biome". 

Research shows there are three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people. People can be classified into one of three groups based on the bacteria in their intestines. The enterotype of each person is set while the person is an infant. 

The enterotype affects how well a person can digest food or absorb drugs. Chimpanzees have enterotypes that look similar to human enterotypes.

Type 1 has high levels of *Bacteroides*. *Prevotella* are common in Type 2. Type 3 has high levels of *Ruminococcus*.

## References
Emperor Kōnin

was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Kōnin's reign started in 770 and ended in 781.

## Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was 

Kōnin had five wives and seven Imperial sons and daughters.

## Events of Kōnin's life 
* **8 September 769** (*Jingo-keiun 3, 4th day of the 8th month*): In the 5th year of Shōtoku's reign, she died; and Prince Shirakabe was her heir.
* **28 August 770** (*Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month*):   The succession (*senso*) was received by Prince Shirakabe, who was the 62-year-old grandson of Emperor Tenji.
* **781** (''Ten'ō 1, 4th month''): In the 11th year of Kōnin's reign, he abdicated in favor of his son who became known as Emperor Kammu.
* **781** (''Ten'ō 1, 12th month*) : Kōnin died at the age of 73.

### After his death
Emperor Kōnin is traditionally venerated at his tomb, the Imperial Household Agencydesignates *Tahara no Higashi no Misasagi'' in Nara as the location of Kōnin's mausoleum.

## Eras of Kōnin's reign 
The years of Kōnin's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name (*nengō*).
* *Hōki* (770–781)
* ''Ten'ō'' (781–782)

## Related pages 
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
Monroe, Louisiana

**Monroe** is the eighth most populous city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the parish seat of Ouachita Parish. In 2020, 47,702 people lived there.

## Transportation 
*  - I-20

## Image 
## References
Chillán

**Chillán** is a city and commune of the central south of Chile. It has a population of 161.953 people (2002 census). the city was founded in 1580 as *San Bartolomé de Chillán*. It is the capital of the Ñuble Region.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Chillán's official website
Henry (unit)

.]]

In physics, and electronics, the **henry** (symbol **H**) is the SI unit of inductance. It is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction. (In England,  Michael Faraday (1791–1867) discovered the same thing independently. They discovered it at about the same time.) The magnetic permeability of a complete vacuum is 4π×10−7 H/m (henry per meter).

The National Institute of Standards and Technology provides guidance for American users of SI to write the plural as henries. People do not capitalize unit names.

## Definition 
If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the circuit is one henry. Other equivalent combinations of SI units are as follows:

:\mbox{H} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{m}^2 \cdot \mbox{kg}}{\mbox{s}^{2} \cdot \mbox{A}^2}
= \dfrac{\mbox{J}}{\mbox{A}^2} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{Wb}}{\mbox{A}}
= \dfrac{\mbox{m}^2 \cdot \mbox{T}}{\mbox{A}} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{s}^2}{\mbox{F}} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{V} \cdot \mbox{s}}{\mbox{A}} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{J/C} \cdot \mbox{s}}{\mbox{C/s}} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{J} \cdot \mbox{s}^2}{\mbox{C}^2} 
= \dfrac{\mbox{m}^2 \cdot \mbox{kg}}{\mbox{C}^2}
= \Omega \cdot \mbox{s}

where

A = ampere
C = coulomb
F = farad
J = joule
kg = kilogram
m = meter
s = second
Wb = weber
T = tesla
V = volt
Ω = ohm

## Related pages
* Electrical impedance
* Inductor
* weber (unit)

## References
Muryeong of Baekje

**Muryeong of Baekje** (462–523, r. 501–23), also known as **Sama**, was a 6th-century Korean king.   He was the 25th king of Baekje, which was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in ancient times.  The name Muryong means "military peace".  It is a name he got after death.

The king is known for expanding contacts with China and Japan.

## After his death
Muryeong's tomb is located in Gongju in South Chungcheong Province.  It has been studied by archeologists and historians.

## Legacy
In 2001, Japan's Emperor Akihito acknowledged a distant relationship with Muryeong.  He explained, "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given the fact that it is recorded in the *Chronicles of Japan* that the mother of Emperor Kammu was of the line of King Muryong of Baekje."

## References
## More Reading
* Kim, Won-Yong. “The Tomb of King Muryong of the Paekche Dynasty.” *Asian Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs* (Seoul) 3:3 (Winter 1971): 34-46. 
* Paik, Seung-gil. "Excavation of the Tomb of Paekche King Muryong." *Korea Journal* 11:8 (August 1971): 48-51.

## Other websites 
* http://www.myj7000.jp-biz.net/clan/03/03013.htm#003
ASTech Paris Région

**ASTech Paris Région** is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Île-de-France in the middle of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Paris.

There are over 500 companies, including Dassault Aviation, Airbus and Air France Industries. About 100.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of ASTech is in Paris–Le Bourget Airport. The chairman of the group is Sébastien Courrech.

## References
## Other websites 
* Website of ASTech Paris Région
Shantungosaurus

***Shantungosaurus*** was a huge  hadrosaur found in the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Formation of the Shandong Peninsula in China. It was the largest known hadrosaur.

The skeleton of a medium-sized individual mounted at the Geological Institute of China in Beijing is  in length, and the type skull is  long. The weight of this genus is estimated at up to . With a composite mounted skeleton 17&nbsp;meters long (55.7&nbsp;ft) it is the largest known ornithischian and the largest non-sauropod dinosaur. 

It had an unusually long tail, presumably to counterbalance the great weight of the body at the animal's hips.

Like all hadrosaurs its beak was toothless, but its jaws were packed with around 1,500 tiny chewing teeth. A large hole near its nostrils may have been covered by a loose flap, which could be inflated to make sounds.

First described in 1973, *Shantungosaurus* is known from  five incomplete skeletons.

## References
Tera Patrick

**Tera Patrick** (born July 25, 1976) is a former American pornographic actress and adult model. Her real name is **Linda Ann Hopkins**. She has also used the aliases Tara Patrick, Sadie Jordan, Brooke Thomas and Tera Hopkins. Tera Patrick was born in Great Falls, Montana. She acted in about 120 adult movies.

Patrick has been in *Playboy* and *Penthouse*.  In *Penthouse* she was the "Pet of the Month" for February 2000.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
*Official film website 
*Movies with Tera Patrick
Rhabdodontidae

**Rhabdodontids** were herbivorous ornithopod dinosaurs from the Cretaceous. They were similar to large, robust hypsilophodonts, with deep skulls and jaws. The family were defined as "the most recent common ancestor of *Zalmoxes robustus* and *Rhabdodon priscus* and all the descendants of this common ancestor". In 2005, Paul Sereno defined the family as "the most inclusive clade containing *Rhabdodon priscus* but not *Parasaurolophus walkeri*".  The Rhabdodontidae includes the type genus *Rhabdodon*, *Zalmoxes*, *Mochlodon*, and possibly *Muttaburrasaurus*. Rhabdodontid fossils have been found in Europe and Australia in formations from 100 to 65 million years ago.

## References