open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed

**Mufti Mohammad Sayeed** (12 January 1936 &ndash; 7 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 2 November 2002 until 2 November 2005 and, again, from 1 March 2015 until his death.

Sayeed was born in Bijbehara, Kashmir and Jammu. He was a Kashmiri Muslim. He was married and had three children.

Sayeed died from multiple organ failure on 7 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 79.

## References
Niklaus Wirth

**Niklaus Emil Wirth** (15 February 1934 &ndash; 1 January 2024) was a Swiss computer scientist. He was best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for creating several classic topics in software engineering. 

In 1984 he won the Turing Award, which is seen as the highest award in computer science. He won the award for creating a sequence of important computer languages.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2007.

Wirth died on 1 January 2024 at the age of 89.

## References
Michael Purcell

**Michael Peter** "**Mick**" **Purcell** (6 September 1945 &ndash; 5 January 2016) was an Australian rugby union player. He played as a flanker and lock. He played three games for the Wallabies in 1966. He also played for the Queensland Reds.

Purcell was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He was married and had two children.

Purcell died on 5 January 2016 in Brisbane, aged 70.

## References
Nivaria Tejera

**Nivaria Tejera** (30 September 1929 &ndash; 6 January 2016) was a Cuban poet and novelist. She was awarded the Seix Barral Biblioteca Breve prize in 1971 for her novel *Sonámbulo del sol*. Her book, *The Ravine* (2007), is based on her early life.

Tejera was born in Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos Province. Her mother was Cuban and her father was Spanish. She grew up in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. She lived in Paris, France until her death.

Tejera died from pancreatic cancer on 6 January 2016 in Paris, aged 86.

## References
Agathemera

***Agathemera*** (the chinchemolle) is a phasmid insect from  Chile and Argentina. It is famous for its intense odor, which is its main defence.

It is notable for its sexual dimorphism. Females are much bigger than males, at 75mm long and 16mm wide in the thorax.

This phasmid is an evolutionary isolate. It is alone in its suborder, and there are few publications about it.

## References
Percy Freeman

**Ronald Peter** "**Percy**" **Freeman** (4 July 1945 &ndash; 5 January 2016) was an English footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Lincoln City, West Bromwich Albion, Reading, Stourbridge and Boston United. He was born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.

Freeman died after an illness on 5 January 2016, aged 70.

## References
Sergey Shustikov (footballer, born 1970)

**Sergey Viktorovich Shustikov** (; 30 September 1970 &ndash; 7 January 2016) was a Russian football player and manager. He played for Torpedo Moscow, Racing de Santander, CSKA Moscow, Osasuna and Moscow. He managed FC Solyaris Moscow from 2014 until his death.

Shustikov was born in Moscow. He is the son of Viktor Shustikov. His son Sergey (born 1989) is a footballer.

Shustikov died on 7 January 2016 at the age of 45.

## References
## Other websites
*
Thameslink and Great Northern

**Thameslink and Great Northern** is a train company managed by Go-Ahead and Keolis that run the Thameslink line and the Great Northern routes. The routes were previously operated by First Capital Connect.

## References
Cubic inch

The **cubic inch** is a unit of measurement for volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and depth) being one inch long.

The cubic inch and the cubic foot are still used as units of volume in the United States. One popular use is for engine capacity, also called cubic inch displacement. The common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology. One cubic foot is equal to exactly 1,728 cubic inches because 123 = 1,728. One cubic inch equals 16.39 cubic centimeters.

## References
Severnaya Zemlya

**Severnaya Zemlya** is an group of islands of about 30 islands in the Arctic Ocean. The islands were known as *Emperor Nicholas II Land*. Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last group of islands on Earth to be discovered. Politically, the islands are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base. There is a meteorological station on Golomjanny island. Scientists live there for some months of the year.

Severnaya Zemlya splits the Arctic sea into an western part, called Laptev Sea, and an eastern part, called Kara Sea.

A phenomenon called Arctic sea ice decline can be shown on the islands: In the 20th century, the islands were a portion of Eurasia which was always covered by ice. Even as the ice melted in summer, some of the ice remained, and blocked what is called the Northeast Passage. If it were ice free the Northeast passage would permit to naviagate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean easily. By the late summer of 2012, the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago.

## References
Hyundai Elantra

**Hyundai Elantra** is a compact car sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It has been sold since 1990. The Elantra is also sold as the Avante in other parts of the world. Beginning in 2012 it was also offered as a coupé model.

## Overview 
The Hyundai Elantra sedan (Lantra in some markets), created as an alternative to available Japanese cars, was launched in 1990. Then Elantra had three restyling. The biggest one was held in 1993, the front and rear bumpers, front and rear lighting have been changed and the cabin was upgraded.

The second Lantra appeared in 1995. The body was now with a smooth design and had a two-side zincing.

In 1998, during the modernization, form of optics, bumpers and hood were changed.

In 2000, the production of the Lantra model was closed, and the Elantra model appeared. It was made at factories in Ulsan and Beijing until 2006.

Hyundai offers Hyundai i30 called Elantra Touring Universal in the United States and Canada. In other countries, the car is sold as Hyundai i30 CW.

In 2012, a sedan base coupe called *Hyundai Elantra Coupe*, which is sold exclusively in the United States, was introduced.

In September 2015, the sixth generation of Hyundai Elantra called *Avante* appeared in South Korea.

Sedan Hyundai Elantra (Avante in South Korea) debuted in Hollywood on March 18, 2020.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros

**Alfredo** "**Chocolate**" **Armenteros** (4 April 1928 &ndash; 6 January 2016) was a Cuban trumpeter. He has played with artists such as Arsenio Rodríguez, Generoso Jiménez, Chico O'Farrill, Orchestra Harlow, Eddie Palmieri and Cachao. He was known for making Afro-Cuban jazz, Latin jazz and salsa more popular in the United States where he lived. He was sometimes called "Cuban Louis Armstrong".

Armenteros was born in Santa Clara, Las Villas. He was married eight times, and had nine children, one son and eight daughters.

Armenteros died from prostate cancer on 6 January 2016 in New York City. He was 87.

## References
Kitty Kallen

**Kitty Kallen** (born **Katherine Kalinsky**; May 25, 1921 &ndash; January 7, 2016) was an American popular singer whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1960s—to include the Swing era of the Big Band years. She was best known for her 1954 solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot". 

Kallen died on January 7, 2016 at her home in Cuernavaca, Mexico at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile, discogs.com
* Profile , artistdirect.com
Florence King

**Florence Virginia King** (January 5, 1936 &ndash; January 6, 2016) was an American novelist, essayist and columnist. She was born in Washington, D.C.. She was known for writing about the American South and worked for the *National Review*. She was a conservative columnist.

King died one day after her birthday on January 6, 2016 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 80.

## References
Chrysler Hemi engine

The **Chrysler Hemi engine**, known by the trademark **Hemi** nickname, is a series of V6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with a hemispherical combustion chamber. Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles. The first (known as the Chrysler FirePower engine) from 1951 to 1958. The second type was made from 1964 to 1971. The third beginning in 2003. Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as marketing term, many other auto and truck manufacturers have used similar designs. In general the Hemi engines are smaller and more powerful than older engine designs.  They are also less expensive to build. They can produce a great amount of torque and horsepower for their size.

## Australian Hemis 
During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the *Hemi* name for their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine and applied it to the 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine. It was installed in various North American market vehicles.

## References
Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov

**Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov** (also Korolev, ; September 6, 1926 &ndash; January 5, 2016) was a Soviet-born Russian computer scientist. He was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of the first Soviet computers.

Korolyov was born in Podolsk, Russia. He studied at Moscow State University. Korolyov died at his home in Moscow, Russia at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography of L. N. Korolev  at Virtual Museum Computer.
Marc Alaimo

**Marc Alaimo** (born **Michael Anthony Alaimo**; May 5, 1942) is an American actor. He is known for his villainous roles. He is best known for his role as recurring villain Gul Dukat in the TV series *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*. He guest-starred in a *Family Guy* episode in which he played "The Dean". 

Alaimo was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## Other websites
*
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

**Henry Stewart** or **Stuart, Duke of Albany** (7 December 1546 – 10 February 1567), styled **Lord Darnley** before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 to his murder at Kirk o' Field. Usually called Lord Darnley, he was the father of James VI and I. 

Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is commonly believed that Darnley was born on 7 December, but that is disputed.

He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I of England.

Darnley was found dead outdoors while he was dressed for bed after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought that Mary had arranged his murder.

## References
Klaas Bakker

**Klaas Bakker** (22 April 1926 &ndash; 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder and striker. He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951. He later played for Ajax until 1957. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.

Bakker died on 7 January 2016 in Amstelveen, aged 89.

## References
Sol Polansky

**Sol Polansky** (November 7, 1926 &ndash; January 6, 2016) was an American diplomat. He served as the Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1987 until 1990. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1957. While in the Foreign Service, he was stationed in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, East Germany and Austria.

Polansky was born Newark, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University.

Polansky died after a long illness on January 6, 2016, aged 89.

## References
Valerio Zanone

**Valerio Zanone** (22 January 1936 &ndash; 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician. He was secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party. He was also a senator of the Democratic Party. He was mayor of Turin from 30 July 1990 until 31 December 1991. He was born in Turin, Piedmont.

Zanone died on 7 January 2016 in Rome, aged 79.

## References
United States Forest Service

The **United States Forest Service** (**USFS**) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 National Forests. They also manage 20 National Grasslands, which encompass . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch.  Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of Interior.

## History 
In 1876, Congress created the office of Special agent in the Department of Agriculture to find out the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed **Division of Forestry**. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the Department of the Interior. In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the **Bureau of Forestry**. The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry. It was from that time on known as the **United States Forest Service**. Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960, P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act, P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act, P.L. 91-190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.

In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office decided whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, managing some  of public land.

## References
Sian Blake

**Sian Samantha Blake** (13 September 1972 &ndash; 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as **Syan Blake**, was a British actress. She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show *EastEnders*, appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997. She also appeared *Casualty*, *The Bill* and *Skins*. She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game *Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn*.

Blake was born in Walthamstow, London. She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent. She had motor neurone disease.

Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons. Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London. They all died from head and neck injuries. In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.

## References
## Other websites
*
White-bellied sea eagle

The **white-bellied sea eagle** (*Haliaeetus leucogaster*), is also known as the **white-breasted sea eagle**. It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands. 

It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail. The upper parts are grey. The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts. The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all *Haliaeetus* species. Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be  long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh . Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years. Its call is a loud goose-like honking.

The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways. It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet. 

Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals. Although rated of *Least Concern* globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia. It is ranked as *Threatened* in Victoria and *Vulnerable* in South Australia and Tasmania. Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat. The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.

## References
Alexandra Daddario

**Alexandra Anna Daddario** (born March 16, 1986) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing the character Annabeth Chase in *Percy Jackson & the Olympians* and Blake in the movie *San Andreas*. She has also played Heather Miller in the 2013 movie *Texas Chainsaw 3D* and Summer Quinn in *Baywatch* (2017). 

## Early life and education 
Alexandra Anna Daddario was born in New York City on March 16, 1986, to parents Christina, a lawyer, and Richard Daddario, a prosecutor and former head of the New York City Police Department counterterrorism unit. She is of Italian, Irish, English, and Slovak descent. She has a younger brother called Matthew Daddario, and a younger sister called Catharine, who are both actors as well. Her grandfather was Emilio Q. Daddario, he was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Connecticut from 1959 to 1971.

Daddario was raised on Manhattan's Upper East Side. She went to Brearley School and the Professional Children's School. Daddario said she wanted to be an actress at the age of 11. "I always loved storytelling," she stated in 2019. "It was just something I genuinely wanted to do – and I could've done anything, really. I did have every opportunity on the planet." She went to Marymount Manhattan College but she left to do acting full-time. She has spent years studying the Meisner acting technique.

## Personal life 
Since about 2020, Daddario has been in a relationship with producer Andrew Form. On December 2, 2021, they announced their engagement. They married in June 2022. In July 2024, Daddario announced she was pregnant after previously suffering a miscarriage. On October 31, 2024, Daddario announced the birth of her first child on Instagram.

## Filmography 
### Film 
### Television 
### Web 
### Music videos
### Video games 
## Awards and nominations 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
RAM Rebel truck

The **Ram Rebel** is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.

## Features 
The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.

## References
Yves Vincent

**Yves Fred Vincent** (5 August 1921 &ndash; 6 January 2016) was a French movie and television actor. He appeared in *Sins of Rome* (1953), *Babette Goes to War* (1959), *Muriel* (1963), *Le gendarme se marie* (1968) and *Hibernatus* (1969). 

Vincent was born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie. He spent much time growing up in Algiers, Algeria. He was married twice and had three children.

Vincent died on 6 January 2016 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ashraf Pahlavi

**Ashraf Pahlavi** (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 &ndash; 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was born in Tehran. She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne. 

Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017. Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.

Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in New York City, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken on her country's politics.

Pahlavi died in Monte Carlo, Monaco at the age of 96.

## References
Judith Kaye

**Judith Ann Kaye** (née **Smith**; August 4, 1938 &ndash; January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist. She was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008.  She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.

Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, New York from cancer, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography: Judith Smith Kaye by Steven C. Crane, the Historical Society of the New York Courts (includes extensive list of writings in law journals and elsewhere)
Off-road vehicle

An **off-road vehicle** is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with  **off-highway vehicles**. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.

## Many uses 
Off-road vehicles have a large  because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher  and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

### Rockcrawling 
Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include s, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.

## Tread Lightly! 
In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”. This was to prevent  motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel. 

## References
Troy Shondell

**Troy Shondell** (born **Gary Wayne Schelton**; May 14, 1939 &ndash; January 7, 2016) was an American singer. His career began in 1957 and he was most famous during the 1960s. He was best known for his 1961 rock and roll single "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)". The song made the record charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

Shondell was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was married to Trina Shondell.

Shondell had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. He died from problems caused by the diseases on January 7, 2016 in Picayune, Mississippi. He was 76.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jenean Hampton

**Jenean M. Hampton** (born May 12, 1958) is an American politician. She is a graduate of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan with a degree in Industrial Engineering. Hampton was a captain in the United States Air Force and a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. She is a Republican and a tea party supporter.

## References
Oswald Avery

**Oswald Theodore Avery Jr.** FRS

The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist to not receive the Nobel Prize for his work, even though he was nominated for the award several times during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.

## Biography
Oswald  Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father was a Baptist minister. In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church.  Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University. He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York. As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934.

## Breakthrough discovery
For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein. Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.

In this early experiment dead *Streptococcus pneumoniae* of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".

Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally".

## Bibliography
The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive. Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their *Profiles in Science* series.

## References
## More reading
* René Dubos, *The Professor, the Institute, and DNA: Oswald T. Avery, his life and scientific achievements*, 1976, Paul & Company, 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Pat Harrington Jr.

**Daniel Patrick** "**Pat**" **Harrington, Jr.** (August 13, 1929 &ndash; January 6, 2016) was an American voice, stage, and television actor. He was best known for his role as building Superintendent Schneider on the CBS sitcom *One Day at a Time*. He won an Emmy Award for the role.

Harrington was born in New York City. His father, Pat Harrington, Sr., was also an actor. He was married twice. He had Alzheimer's disease.

Harrington fell in early November 2015. He had a small brain hemorrhage. He died on January 6, 2016 in Los Angeles, California, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
Qui-Gon Jinn

**Qui-Gon Jinn** is a fictional character in the *Star Wars* saga. He is played by Liam Neeson in the 1999 movie *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace*. Qui-Gon is an important character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy. He is a wise and powerful Jedi Master and the mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Jinn is killed by Darth Maul who pierced his body with his lightsaber.

## References
## Other websites
*  at
BB-8

**BB-8** is a robot character in the *Star Wars* franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*. It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. Its owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.

## References
## Other websites
* BB-8 in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia
Boba Fett

**Boba Fett** is a fictional character in the *Star Wars* universe. In *The Empire Strikes Back* and *Return of the Jedi*, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader, in order to track down the Rebel Alliance. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie *A New Hope* when the movie was digitally remastered.

Boba made his first appearance in the cartoon segment of the Star Wars Holiday Special, voiced by Don Francks. 

Boba made an unknown appearance at the 1978 San Anselmo Country Fair and Parade, in which his costume was showcased to the public, two years before his theatrical debut.

Boba made his live action debut in The Empire Strikes Back, where he is hired by Darth Vader to track down the Millenium Falcon. He later delivers a captured Han Solo to the ruler of Tatooine, Jabba the Hutt.

In Return of the Jedi, Boba seemingly dies after tumbling into a Sarlacc pit following a jetpack malfunction. After some time, he awakens, and makes his escape.

*Attack of the Clones* details his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett, raised as his son. After the death of his father, Boba continues his legacy, wearing his armor and becoming a fearless bounty hunter.

Boba Fett is later seen in the Disney+ series *The Mandalorian,* following his escape from the Sarlacc*.* In the spin off series, he becomes the "daimyo" (ruler) of Tatooine after overthrowing Bib Fortuna, Jabba the Hutt's successor. In the two Disney+ series, he is played by New Zealand actor, Temuera Morrison, who also portrayed Boba's father, Jango, in Attack of the Clones.

## References
## Other websites
*  at StarWars.com
* Meet Boba Fett – screen-test footage of the prototype Boba Fett costume
* Boba Fett fan club
Rey (Star Wars)

**Rey Skywalker** is a fictional character in the *Star Wars* franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the *Star Wars* sequel trilogy.

She first appeared as one of the lead characters in *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*. Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.

Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,
saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.

## References
## Other websites
* Rey in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
Finn (Star Wars)

**Finn** (originally called **FN-2187**) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*. In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. He is played by English actor John Boyega.

Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron. He becomes romantically attached to Rey.

## References
## Other websites
* Finn in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
Poe Dameron

**Poe Dameron** is a fictional character in the *Star Wars* franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*. He was played by Oscar Isaac.

Poe is an X-wing pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order. He is the master of the loving android BB-8.

He is featured in *The Force Awakens* media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, *Star Wars: The Last Jedi*. Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original *Star Wars* movie trilogy.

## References
## Other websites
* Poe Dameron in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia
Hyundai Veracruz

The **Hyundai Veracruz** was a mid-size CUV sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It was introduced in South Korea on October 12, 2006. The Veracruz went on sale in March 2007 and was Hyundai's largest crossover (CUV). It replaced the mid-size SUV, the Hyundai Terracan. The Veracruz was built on a Hyundai Santa Fe platform. The revamped 2011 Veracruz  was based on the same platform as the Kia Sorento.

The Veracruz offered third row seating and came with all-wheel drive. Hyundai discontinued the Veracruz internationally in 2013 and introduced a long wheelbase version of the Santa Fe.

The Veracruz was discontinued in 2015.

## References
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska

**Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska** (3 December 1922 &ndash; 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress. She began her career in 1946. She appeared in movies such as *Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka* (2006) and *Aftermath* (2012). Her television credits included *Plebania* and *Ojciec Mateusz*. She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979. She was born in Garbów.

Garbowska-Kierczyńska died on 2 January 2016 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, aged 93.

## References
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Achim Mentzel

**Achim Mentzel** (15 July 1946 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting his show *Achims Hitparade* from 1989 to 2006. He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010. He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen. He appeared in the films *The Legend of Paul and Paula* (1973) and *Der Wixxer* (2004). He also appeared in the television shows *Das Amt* and *SOKO Leipzig*.

Mentzel was born in Berlin. He was married four times and had eight children.

Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69. It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.

## References
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Distributive property

**Distribution** is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers. 
For example, in arithmetic:
: 2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).

In the left-hand  side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 *distributes* over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers *distributes* over addition of real numbers.

## Definition
Given a set S and two binary operators ∗ and + on S, we say that the operation:

∗ is *left-distributive* over + if, given any elements x,y, and z of S,
::x*(y+z)=(x*y)+(x*z),
∗ is *right-distributive* over + if, given any elements x,y, and z of S,
::(y+z)*x=(y*x)+(z*x), and
∗ is *distributive* over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

## Applications 
The distributive property can also be applied to:
* Real numbers
* Complex numbers
* Matrices (special rules apply)
* Vectors (special rules apply)
* Sets
*Propositional logic

## References
* Ayres, Frank, ''Schaum's Outline of Modern Abstract Algebra'', McGraw-Hill; 1st edition (June 1, 1965). .
Antônio Pompêo

**Antônio Pompêo** (23 February 1953 &ndash; 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows *Balacobaco*, *Rebelde*, *A Casa das Sete Mulheres*, *O Rei do Gado*, *Mulheres de Areia* and *Pedra sobre Pedra*. He also appeared in the movies *Xica* (1976), *A Samba for Sherlock* (2001) and *Que sera, sera* (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.

Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ioannis Petridis

**Ioannis Petridis** (; 18 August 1931 &ndash; 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.

Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.

## References
Anton Srholec

**Anton Srholec** (12 June 1929 &ndash; 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.

Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.

## References
Red Simpson

**Red Simpson** (March 6, 1934 &ndash; January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966. 

Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.

In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Karan Brar

**Karan Brar** *(born January 18, 1999)* is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Chirag Gupta" in the movie series *Diary of a Wimpy Kid*. He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series *Jessie* and its spinoff series ''Bunk'd''.

## Acting 
### Movies 
### TV Shows 
## Achievements 
## References
Brad Fittler

**Bradley Scott Fittler** (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "**Freddy**", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.

Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.

## References
## Other websites 
* Brad Fittler stats at Rugby League Project
Otis Clay

**Otis Clay** (February 11, 1942 &ndash; January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.

In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* An interview in May 2013 at Soul Express
* An Interview in June 2015 at Soul Express
Maria Teresa de Filippis

**Maria Teresa de Filippis** (11 November 1926 &ndash; 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points. 

Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.

De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.

## References
Ed Stewart

**Ed "Stewpot" Stewart** (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016)  was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning *Junior Choice*) and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for *Top of the Pops* and *Crackerjack* on BBC Television.

Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
* Archive Ed Stewart images, bio and audio from Radio Rewind website
Automotive lighting

The **lighting system of a motor vehicle** consists of lighting and ling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver. The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions. It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.

## History 
Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called *horseless-carriages* were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. This means not going too fast so your stopping distance is farther than the area lit by the headlights. They also spread the light out in a wider pattern to aid the headlights in fog, rain, snow or dust.
***Driving lights** are auxiliary lights designed to help the headlights see farther. They project a narrow beam much farther than headlights usually do. 
 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Dashboard Warning Lights 
* Emergency vehicle lighting explained
Triple Nine Society

The **Triple Nine Society** (or just ***TNS***) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has  with high IQs. They must  at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now almost 2,000 members in 39 countries.

TNS publishes a journal named *Vidya.* Members write s and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society. 

TNS members communicate with one another online through an Internet Forum, Discord and Facebook groups, and have online meetings on Discord and Jitsi.

TNS has meetings in the US every fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every spring ("egg999").

The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.

## Related pages 
* Intertel
* Mensa International

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Lyudvig Chibirov

**Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov** (*Cybyrty Aleksejy fyrt Ljudvig*, , ; born November 19, 1932) is a Ossetian politician. He was born in Tskhinvali. He was the first elected-President of South Ossetia serving from 1993 through 2001.

## References
Merab Chigoev

**Merab Ilyich Chigoev** (; 15 February 1950 &ndash; 9 January 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the former Prime Minister serving from August 1998 until June 2001. He was also Minister of Justice in Yury Morozov's cabinet. He was born in Leningor district, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

Chigoev was killed in a car crash in Tskhinvali, South Ossetia on 9 January 2016 at the age of 65.

## References
Bob Oatley

**Robert Ian** "**Bob**" **Oatley**  (11 June 1928 &ndash; 10 January 2016) was an Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman. He was perhaps best known for owning the Sydney to Hobart-winning yacht *Wild Oats XI*. He bought Hamilton Island, Queensland in 2003 for $200 million. He was also responsible for the Rosemount winery, which he founded in 1969.

Oatley was born in Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales. He was married with three children. His granddaughter is equestrian Lyndal Oatley.

Oatley died after an illness on 10 January 2016 in Sydney, aged 87.

## References
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Theodor Morell

**Theodor Gilbert Morell** (22 July 1886 – 26 May 1948) was Adolf Hitler's personal doctor.  For years, Morell treated Hitler with many different drugs.  He helped Hitler with almost everything Hitler did.  Morell escaped from Hitler's bunker just a few hours before Hitler killed himself there.  His family was half Jewish.

Morell studied medicine in France.  Then he trained in obstetrics and  in Munich, Germany.  He became a doctor on 23 May 1913.

In 1936, Hitler met Morell for the first time.  Hitler was having very bad stomach pain, and also had a  on his leg.  Morell was able to cure both problems with medicines.  The diary lists 74 different drugs, in 28 different mixtures.
) and many other drugs to Hitler]]

#### Drugs that are now illegal in Germany 
* Methamphetamine and amphetamines (called "Pervitin" and "Vitamultin")
* Cocaine (in eyedrops)

#### Opioid painkillers 
* Oxycodone (called "Eukodol" or "Eukodal")
* Morphine

#### Toxins 
* Belladonna mixed with strychnine (called "Koster's Antigaspills") and "The Master of the Imperial Needle."  Both nicknames meant the same thing: that Morell used injections (shots of medicine) to fix every problem.

Morell often argued with Dr. Karl Brandt, who had been Hitler's personal doctor since 1933.  Eva Braun, Hitler's girlfriend, called Morell's office a "pig sty" and refused to see him.

## Prison and death
On 20 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, Hitler was hiding in his bunker in Berlin with Morell and some of his other personal workers.  Hitler told Morell and some other workers to fly from Berlin to the Obersalzberg (Hitler's home in the mountains).  Morell flew out of Berlin on 23 April.

Morell was soon caught by the Americans.  He was  on 18 May 1945.  He was kept in jail in an American prison camp, in the same place that the Nazi concentration camp called Buchenwald used to be.  However, he was never charged with a crime.

Morell died on 26 May 1948, in a hospital in Bavaria, Germany.  He was very obese and had many health problems when he died.

## Related pages
* Adolf Hitler
* Nazi Germany
* World War II

## References
Jim Ross (ice hockey)

**James** "**Jim**" **Ross** (May 20, 1926 &ndash; January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.

Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.

Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
José María Rivas

**José María Rivas** (12 May 1958 &ndash; 9 January 2016) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for Independiente, Atlético Marte, San Pedro, Huracán and Cojutepeque. He played for his national team 22 times. He was born in San Salvador.

Rivas died from leukemia on 9 January 2016, aged 57.

## References
## Other websites
*
École de l'air et de l'espace

The '''''École de l'air et de l'Espace'''* is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force.  It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

## Degrees 
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
* *Ingénieur École de l'air* (*École de l'air* Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
* *Mastères Spécialisés* (In partnership with the French Civil Aviation University and the *Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace''.
* Massive  Open Course in air defense.

It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.

## Famous former students 
* Caroline Aigle, French fighter pilot.
* Michel Tognini, French test pilot, astronaut, educator, writer and administrator.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website