open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gravel

**Gravel** is small, loose, rock particles. It is any loose rock that is larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in its smallest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 64 mm (2.5 in).

Small gravel is composed of granules (>2 to 4 mm/0.079 to 0.16 in). Large gravel is called pebbles (>4 to 64 mm/0.16 to 2.5 in). 

Particles smaller than gravel are sand, larger particles are cobbles.

Gravel and sand are used for road surfaces, and for cement and Tarmac. Mixtures of gravel and sand mixed with various crushed material, are known as *aggregate* in the trade. This is used for drainage in the basement of roads, and other purposes. Mixture of stones and resin is also used to pave footpaths, driveways, etc. This mixture is known as Resin Bonded Gravel.

## Origin 
Natural gravel comes from ancient beaches which have not consolidated (turned into solid rock). In effect, beaches from (for instance) the Jurassic are dug up in quarries. The material is then  into size categories. The gravel and sand is then sold on to engineering companies. Most natural sand and gravel is silica, SiO2, in its chemistry. This is very hard-wearing.

However, if the material is originally in hard rock form, then it is first . This enables the industry to offer other materials such as granite or limestone, originally solid rock, as gravel.

The open-cast mining and processing of gravel, sand and aggregate is a huge world-wide industry, sometimes called "conglomerates".

## References
Cornet

A **cornet** is a brass instrument that is similar to the trumpet. It is part of the higher-brass family, together with trumpets and French horns. 

## Other websites
Spice trade

People have been using spices for thousands of years. Often they wanted ones that didn't grow near them, so they got them from far away. One of the biggest **spice routes** was a route between Asia and Europe. 

Only a few spices grew in Europe, so the others had to be brought from Asia. People made a route to go from Europe to Asia to buy spices. The route was very difficult and so the spices were expensive. People tried to find ways cheaper than the spice route, including going the other way around the world. This made the Age of Discovery, when they found places that they didn't know about, such as the Western Hemisphere.

Countries traded spices for gold and other things. They did this so they could get new spices or gain money and gold by selling their own. Sometimes people traded the spices because their country is running out of that certain spice. 

.
Medical University of Innsbruck

The **Medical University of Innsbruck** (German: *Medizinische Universität Innsbruck*) is a university in Innsbruck, Austria. It used to be one of the four historical faculties of the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, but it became an independent (by itself) university in 2004.

## History 
The medical tradition dates back long before the university began. The first hospital began in the silver-mining city of Schwaz nearby in 1307. Because people grew as years went by, a medical faculty was added to the university, begun in 1669 by Emperor Leopold I, making it the first of its kind in the Alpine region.

## Nobel Prize laureates 
* Fritz Pregl, 1923 (chemistry - for his contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis) 
* Adolf Windhaus, 1928 (chemistry - for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins)
* Hans Fischer, 1930 (chemistry - for the synthesis of haemin)

## Other websites 
* 
* Study in Austria: A Guide
Meccan sura

The **Meccan suras** are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad before he left Mecca. They are usually shorter than the Medinan suras and are usually placed after them in the Qur'an.

## References
Meson

**Mesons** are incredibly small subatomic particles that are made of one quark and one antiquark. Antiquarks are the antimatter counterpart of a regular quark. Since antimatter quarks have the opposite spin of regular quarks, their spins can cancel each other out, which forms a particle similar to a Higgs Boson. The name **meson** comes from Greek "mesos", meaning middle. This is because the masses of the first mesons discovered were between the mass of light particles like electrons, called leptons, and heavy particles like protons, called baryons.

## Mesons' spin
Mesons are hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. Since quarks have different fractional charges, mesons can have a charge. However, the charges of the quarks may cancel out, forming an uncharged meson. The rest of the hadron family are known as baryons, which are made of three quarks. Since quarks all have a spin of 1/2, three of them will never add up to an integer spin. An integer spin is simply 0, 1, or 2. Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein Statistics. This means that more than one boson can actually be in the same point in space at the same time. However, a meson is made of one quark and one antiquark, which each do not have an integer spin. Particles which do not have an integer spin have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2. These particles with 1/2 spin are called Fermions because they obey Fermi-Dirac Statistics. This means that no more than one fermion can be in the same point in space at the same time. All known baryons and quarks (and antiquarks) are fermions, and all mesons are bosons. This can get very confusing because this means that more than one meson can exist in the same point in space at the same time, but the quarks that make up mesons cannot exist in the same point in space at the same time.

## Creation of Mesons
The most common natural way that we find mesons are through the interactions of cosmic rays with matter. This process can be duplicated in particle accelerators, which smash high-energy quarks and antiquarks. However, the mesons are very unstable and quickly turn into other particles. Charged Mesons can decay into electrons and neutrinos, and uncharged mesons can decay into photons. Since antimatter is destroying matter, a large amount of energy is given off. The energy follows the equation E=mc2.
Chris Hansen

**Christopher Edward "Chris" Hansen** (born September 13, 1959) is an American television personality most famously known for his role on *Dateline NBC*. He was on a part of the show called *To Catch a Predator*, where he tries to catch people who are trying to meet minors aged 13–15 on the Internet for sexual activity. Hansen has done other investigative reporting, and has won seven Emmy Awards for his reporting.
## Career
He went to Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Hills Michigan. Hansen became a reporter for Lansing NBC affiliate WILX in 1981 during his senior year at Michigan State University.

### *Dateline NBC*
Hansen's notable work for *Dateline* includes coverage of the Columbine massacre, the Oklahoma City terrorist attack, the Unabomber and the TWA Flight 800 disaster; as well as investigative reports on Indian child slave labor and on counterfeit prescription drug sales in China. Hansen was responsible for most of ''Dateline's'' coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as stories on terrorist groups and the operations of Al-Qaeda. He exposed how a group linked to Osama Bin Laden had tried to buy missiles and nuclear weapons components, and he also worked on an exclusive report detailing an attempted 1994 terrorist attack in France. His series on the lack of security at airports resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration opening an investigation and ultimately revising its policies. 

He is married to Mary Joan Hansen; the couple has two sons. The family resides in Connecticut.

## References
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

**Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex** KCVO  (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984) is a member of the British royal family. He is the younger son of Charles III, and Diana, Princess of Wales and is the younger brother of William, Prince of Wales, and is fifth in the line of succession to the British throne. Harry was a pupil at Eton College.

Harry launched the Invictus Games in 2014, and remains patron of its Foundation. He also gives patronage to several other organisations, including the HALO Trust, the London Marathon Charitable Trust, and Walking with the Wounded.

## Early life
Harry was born in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 15 September 1984 as the second child of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

## Education and military service
Like his father and brother, Harry was educated at independent schools. He started at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London.

He was a helicopter pilot in the military, during the War in Afghanistan. During the same year that his book was published, he said to media that he killed enemies in Afghanistan.

## Marriage
Prince Harry began dating Meghan Sussex in June 2016. They became engaged in November 2017. The couple married at Windsor Castle on 19 May 2018. The couple's first child, Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on May 6, 2019. In November 2020, Markle revealed in an opinion piece for *The New York Times* that she suffered a miscarriage in July of that year. On 4 June 2021, the couple's daughter Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor was born in Santa Barbara, California.

## Titles 
* 15 September 1984 – 19 May 2018: His Royal Highness Prince Henry of Wales
* 19 May 2018 – present: His Royal HighnessThe Duke of Sussex
** In Scotland: His Royal Highness The Earl of Dumbarton 
** In Northern Ireland: Baron  Kilkeel

## Ancestry
## Relationships
He has a brother. As of 2022, Harry has said that he is not satisfied with the relationship with his brother. on row 3. (Row 3 included the king's brother, Andrew Mountbatten Windsor.)

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the British Monarchy
* The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the Prince of Wales
* 
* 

|-

|-
Metriacanthosauridae

**Metriacanthosaurids** were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They tended to be large predators, and some were 30 ft (10 m) long. 

Metriacanthosaurids are carnosaurs. At first they were classified in the Megalosauridae or Allosauridae, now they are put in their own family. A gigantic tooth, which may come from a giant metriacanthosaurid, was described recently (2008).

## Classification 
The Metriacanthosauridae is a monophyletic group. Cladistically it includes *Metriacanthosaurus parkeri* and species closer related to *Metriacanthosaurus* than to *Allosaurus fragilis*, *Carcharodontosaurus saharicus*, or to birds. These theropods are close to the ancestors of the allosaurs.

Metriacanthosauridae is often referred to as "Sinraptoridae", but Metriacanthosauridae is the correct name under ICZN rules, since *Metriacanthosaurus* was the first member of the family to be described and named. 

The cladogram here follows a study by Benson and colleagues.

## References
## Other websites
*Taxon Search - Sinraptoridae 
*Carnosauria
Mario Monicelli

**Mario Monicelli** (May 15, 1915 in Rome, Italy — 29 November 2010, Rome, Italy) was an Italian movie director famous for his comedy movies of the 1940—1960s. He was twice nominated for an Oscar award. One of his movies, *The Great War* (1959), won a Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. He was 95 years old.

## Movies
* *The Boys of Paul Street* (1935)
* *Big Deal on Madonna Street* (1958)
* *The Great War* (1959)
* *I Compagni* (1963)
* *Casonova 70* (1965)

## References
Bella Akhmadulina

**Bella Akhatovna Akhmadulina** (10 April 1937 — 29 November, 2010) was a Russian poet. Her poems used metaphors, and were described by Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky as a "treasure of Russian poetry. 

Her first poems were published in 1955. The government of the Soviet Union said her poems were too personal and emotional. She died in Pereldelkino, near Moscow, from a heart problem.

## Books
* The String (1962)
* Fever (1969)
* The Candle (1977)
* Dreams of Georgia (1978)
* The Secret
* Music Lessons (1969)

## References
Wedding dress

A **wedding dress** or **wedding gown** is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. The color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the bride.

## History
The origin of wedding dress is from the Roman Empire period. When the Christian religion spread to Europe, wedding ceremony was held the church and a bride wore a wedding dress. In the Middle Ages, all most wedding dresses were black with white veil because of religion. It changed white dress and veil in the 1840s. This style of dress spread to Asia when Europen culture came there.

## Types of dress
Slender line is a dress which is tight along a person's body. The Mermaid line is similar to slender line. It looks like a mermaid. A line looks like an "A" from the waist to foot. Like these, today there are so many kinds of wedding dress.

## Decoration
The veil is the most popular decoration. It is used for covering the face or head of women. There are special long white gloves. People use various length glove suiting their dress. A woman usually carries a small bunch of flowers, called a bouquet.
Proposition

A **proposition** is a term in philosophy and logic. It is a statement which has a truth value, meaning it can be proven to be true or false. For a proposition to be valid, it must be possible to prove the proposition is either true or false. Many teachers and students of logic use the term *statement* and *proposition* to mean the same thing. Propositions are also often represented by capital letters such as P, Q and R.  

It is possible to express the same proposition in many way. Proposition are only concerned with actual , not the way the proposition is expressed. Propositions can look different, yet still mean the same thing. When two different propositions mean the same thing, they are said to be synonymous, meaning each statement has the same meaning. 

For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, because they are written in different languages. However, they mean exactly the same thing: snow is white. No matter what language the statement is written in, it will mean the same thing. As a result, these statements are synonymous. 

In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is a specific kind of sentence that confirms or denies an action or predicate took place through a subject. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man". In each sentence, the subject (men, Socrates) has a status (are mortal, is a man) which can be regarded as true or false.

In logical positivism, a proposition whose truth value cannot possibly be decided is  (Quine, for instance, believes that propositions generally have no clear criterion of identity). For example, statements about the existence of deities cannot be proved under logical positivism. Because the statements have no truth value, a logical positivist would consider propositions about deities (such as "God exists" or "God does not exist") to have no logical meaning.

## Related pages 
*Axiom
*Propositional logic
*Predicate logic

## References
PubMed Central

**PubMed Central** is a free database of scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It is on the Internet. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system.  PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) as an online archive of biomedical journal articles. It was started in 2000. As of 2021, it had over 7 million science papers in it.

As of September 2004, PubMedCentral, PubMed, and related NLM services had about 1,300 hits every second, and gave 1.3 terabytes of data every day. The Library of Congress and the British Library showed support for the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has also been popular with journal service providers.

## PubMed Central and PubMed
PubMed Central is different from PubMed. The regular PubMed has papers' titles and abstracts, and PubMed central has the whole paper.  Scientists call this "full text."

## PMCID
The PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) is an ID tag for papers written by scientists and doctors.  It is like an ISBN is for books.  It shows the reader where to find the paper in the PubMed Central database.

## References 
## Other websites 
*PubMed Central 
*PubMed Central FAQ 
*National Institutes of Health Submission System (NIHMS)
*NIH Public Access Policy
Maurice Wilkes

Professor Sir **Maurice Vincent Wilkes** (26 June 1913, Dudley, Worcestershire – 29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist, called the "father of British computing".

## Career 
He invented the first usable stored program computer called EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) at Cambridge University in 1949. 

He also developed the idea of using software to program a computer, instead of a fixed electronic circuit. He was knighted for his achievements in 2000.

Wilkes was the first President of the British Computing Society.

## Awards
* The Turing Award (1967)
* The Faraday Award (1981)
* The Kyoto Prize for advanced Technology (1992)
* The IEEE 60th Anniversary Award (2007)

## References
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (movie)

***O Brother, Where Art Thou?*** is a 2000 American crime comedy movie directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring George Clooney. The movie is set in Mississippi in 1937 during the Great Depression. The movie's story is a comedy based on Homer’s *Odyssey*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Nikolai Tsukanov

**Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov** (Russian: Николай Николаевич Цуканов)  (born March 22, 1965) is a Russian politician. He is from the village Lipovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. In September 2010, he became governor of the Kaliningrad oblast. He became Secretary of the Kaliningrad regional council of the party "United Russia"  in 2010. He was also the mayor of the municipality "Gusev City District" in 2005-2010.

## References
Sea bass

**Sea bass** is the name for different kinds of fish: 
*Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), or Asian Sea Bass 
*Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) 
*Chilean sea bass is a marketing name for the Patagonian toothfish 
*European seabass 
*Giant seabass 
*Potato cod 
*Suzuki (fish) 
*White seabass
In addition, many fish are called bass
Belemnite

of Wyoming, USA.]]
 fibers).]]

**Belemnites** (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the **Belemnoidea**. There are four orders.

## Occurrence
The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

## Life-style 
Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

## Ancient ink 
Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.

In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite  fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.

## References
Horace Andy

**Horace Andy** (born **Horace Keith Hinds**, February 19, 1951, Kingston, Jamaica) is a roots reggae songwriter and singer, known for his distinctive vocals and hit songs such as "Government Land", "Angel", "Five Man Army" and a cover version of "Ain't No Sunshine". In recent years he has mostly worked as a guest singer for trip hop band Massive Attack.

## References
São Paulo Metro

]]

The **São Paulo Metro** () is a metro system serving the city of São Paulo. Is controlled and monitored by Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, in addition to carrying around every day 4,4 million passengers. On 14 September 2019, Metrô  recorded the highest ever ridership figure of 5.5 million on a single business day, caused by the recent expansion of some lines. The Metro provided 1.49 billion rides over the course of 2019.

It was founded on April 24, 1968 and opened on September 14, 1974. It has six lines, 104 kilometers and 91 unique stations. It is currently booming. It is the largest and the first rapid transit system in Brazil. It's integrated into the CPTM metropolitan train network, forming a network of approximately 380km, making it the largest metropolitan rail transport network in Latin America.

## Lines
### Future developments
Several conventional metro and monorail lines are currently under construction or under project.

## Other websites 
* (Portuguese): Official Website
* (English): Official Website 
* (Portuguese): Secretaria de Transportes Metropolitanos
Frank Fenner

**Frank Fenner** (21 December 1914 Ballarat — 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist. He was famous for his work on smallpox and the myxoma virus,
which had been deadly for rabbits in Australia.

Fenner was born in Ballarat, Victoria in 1914. He studied for a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide and graduated in 1938. 
* Britannica Australia Award for Medicine (1967)
* Australia and New  Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Medal (1980)
* World Health Organization Medal (1988)
* Japan Prize (1988)
* Companion of the Order of Australia (1989)

## Frank Fenner Medal
The John Curtin School of Medical Research awards the Frank Fenner Medal for the best Phd research in medicine at ANU. 

## References
Fushūgaku

**Fushūgaku** () is a term used in Japan which means "not attending school". This term is used mainly with Brazilian Japanese children.

## Reasons
There are various reasons as to why children do not attend school in Japan. One reason is that they cannot understand Japanese. Another reason is that their parents cannot afford school fees for them to go to school.

## Related pages
* Homeschooling
Renault 5

The **Renault 5** was a car produced by Renault from 1972 to 1996. It was sold in two generations with the second arriving in 1985. It was replaced by the Renault Clio in 1990 but it remained on sale until 1996 as the budget Campus model.

It is available as hatchback with three or five doors, and with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines from 35 to 94&nbsp;hp, and as the *Renault 5 Turbo* with 110 or 160&nbsp;hp.

## Other websites
Leonid Kizim

**Leonid Denisovich Kizim** (5 August 1941 – 14 June 2010) was a Soviet cosmonaut. These were the new Mir station and the old Salyut 7 station. At the end of the flight he became the first person to have spent a whole year in space. All together he spent 374 days 17 hours 56 minutes in space.

He became second in charge of the Russian Ministry of Defense's satellite control center. In 1995 he was put in charge of the Military Engineering Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics in St. Petersburg.

## References
Blue Lias

: obvious repeat pattern, with limestone blocks with shale in between them. Blue Lias cliffs at Lyme Regis, Dorset]]
, Wales]]

The **Blue Lias** is a formation of rocks mostly in south west England and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

It is part of the Lias Group. The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur *Dimorphodon*.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone. These alternations are caused by short-term climatic variations, thought to be caused by Milankovitch cycles. The blue/grey colour is given by iron pyrite.

A bit higher, these limestone-mudstone alternations change into a clay member. The deposition of a clay-rich mudstone member shows it was laid down in a deeper marine environment.

## Related pages 
*Lower Jurassic

## References
Bangor, Gwynedd

**Bangor** is a small cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, a county in North Wales. It is Wales' oldest city and one of the United Kingdom's smallest cities.

It is historically part of Caernarfonshire. 

It is a university city. At the 2011 census, there was 16,358 people living there.

The Welsh language is spoken by 46% of people in the city.

The city is located near the Menai Strait, which is a strait that separates the Isle of Anglesey from mainland Wales.

In World War II, parts of the BBC were evacuated to Bangor during the Blitz.

## Gallery

File:UCNW,_Bangor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39527.jpg|Bangor University
File:Bangor_Cathedral_from_Bangor_Mountain.jpg|Bangor Cathedral
File:At_Bangor,_Wales_2019_051.jpg|Gwynedd Museum and Art Gallery, Bangor
Caernarfon

**Caernarfon**, officially the **Caernarfon Royal Town** (pronounced *Kyer-narvon*), is a royal town and community in Gwynedd, an area of Wales. It has a population of 9,852 people, according to the 2011 census.

It is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of the city of Bangor and 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog. It is on the Menai Strait, opposite Anglesey. The A487 goes through the town.

It is a royal town. Queen Elizabeth II made Caernarfon a royal borough in 1963. Since 1974, the town has not been a borough but was allowed to keep its royal title. 

The town is home to Caernarfon Castle, a castle that was built between 1283 and 1330 by order of King Edward I.

Since 2016, Caernarfon has hosted the Caernarfon Food Festival. It takes place every year.

Caernarfon has one of the highest percentages of Welsh language speakers in the whole of Wales.

## Twinning
Caernarfon has one twin town. It is twinned with:
* Landerneau, France

## Gallery

File:Caernarfon_dock.jpg|Caernarfon Dock
File:Market_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_223682.jpg|Market Street
File:Afon_Seiont_in_Caernarfon_(7492).jpg|Afon Seiont
Film processing

Photographic film is able to record images.  In order to make these images visible, the film needs to undergo a number of chemical processes. The result of these processes will either be negatives or slides. This is generally known as *developing*. Different films need different processes. The process for black and white film is different from that for slide film. In general, the process involves the following steps:
*Making the image visible. The chemicals to do this are known as developer.
*Making the visible image fixed, so it changes no longer.
There are different kinds of films. The most common of these is film negative.  With negative film, all colors are reversed. This is corrected in an additional step of making a *print* of each image.  

So called reversal film, which is used for diapositives, directly produces *positive* images (which are *framed* to become a slide). 

This whole process is known as **film processing**.
New Mexico State University

**New Mexico State University** is a four-year public university in the United States. It has five campuses, but its main campus is in Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2010, it had about 18,000 undergraduate students.

## History 
The school started in 1888. It was first called the Las Cruces College. Soon after, it changed its name to New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. In 1960, its name was changed to New Mexico State University.

## Sports 
New Mexico State University's sports teams, called the Aggies, mainly play in Conference USA.

## References
## Other websites 
* New Mexico State University
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor

The **Mark Twain Prize for American Humor** is a prize for comedians.   The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts awards this prize every year.  They first gave this prize in 1998. It is named after  Mark Twain.  Mark Twain was an American author.  The Mark Twain Prize is America’s foremost award for humor.  

## Mark Twain Prize winners
* 1998 - Richard Pryor
* 1999 - Jonathan Winters
* 2000 - Carl Reiner
* 2001 - Whoopi Goldberg
* 2002 - Bob Newhart
* 2003 - Lily Tomlin
* 2004 - Lorne Michaels
* 2005 - Steve Martin
* 2006 - Neil Simon
* 2007 - Billy Crystal
* 2008 - George Carlin
* 2009 - Bill Cosby
* 2010 - Tina Fey
* 2011 - Will Ferrell
* 2012 - Ellen DeGeneres
* 2013 - Carol Burnett
* 2014 - Jay Leno
* 2015 - Eddie Murphy
* 2016 - Bill Murray
* 2017 - David Letterman
* 2018 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus
* 2019 - Dave Chappelle
* 2020&ndash;2021 - *Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic*
* 2022 - Jon Stewart
* 2023 - Adam Sandler

## Other websites
* Mark Twain Prize from the Kennedy Center website
* Mark Twain Prize from the PBS website
George Bush Intercontinental Airport

**George Bush Intercontinental Airport** is an international airport in Houston, Texas. It opened in June 1969.

The airport has five runways. Planes fly from this airport to around 170 cities in the world.
*Alaska Airlines
*All Nippon Airways
*American Airlines
*American Eagle
*Avianca El Salvador
*Bahamasair
*Boutique Air
*British Airways
*Delta Air Lines
*Delta Connection
*Emirates
*EVA Air
*Frontier Airlines
*Interjet
*KLM

*Lufthansa
*Qatar Airways 
*Scandinavian Airlines
*Singapore Airlines
*Spirit Airlines (focus city)
*Sunwing Airlines
*TACA Airlines
*Turkish Airlines
*United Airlines (hub)
*United Express
*US Airways
*Vacation Express
*VivaAerobus
*Volaris
*WestJet

## References
Lotte Giants

**Lotte Giants** is a South Korean professional baseball team. It was started in 1982. The company Lotte supports the team. Lotte Giants are based in Busan, South Korea. They are one of the first teams in the Korea Baseball Organization league. They play in the Sajik Baseball Stadium and the Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium. Lotte Giants won the Korean Series in 1984 and 1992. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Lotte Giants had about 4 million people watch them play. This is the most people to watch a team in the league.  The symbol of the team is a gull. It represents the harbors of Busan.

## Other websites
* Homepage
Australian National University

The **Australian National University** (ANU) in Canberra, Australia, is the only university set up by the Federal Government of Australia. The law to start the university was passed in 1946. It was set up to be a research university for subjects of national importance. These included physics, medicine, social sciences and Pacific studies. The university started undergraduate courses in 1960.

## Nobel prizes
ANU has had five Nobel Prize winners:
* Sir Howard Florey (1946) who was Chancellor of the University 1965—1968
* Professor John Eccles (1963) - first Professor of Physiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research
* Professor John C. Harsanyi (1994) - economics teacher at ANU from 1958—1961
* Professor Rolf Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty (1996) - researchers at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
* Brian Schmidt (2011) - astrophysicist

## Related pages
* Mount Stromlo Observatory
* Siding Spring Observatory

## References
Beaumaris

**Beaumaris** (, Literal translation: *beautiful marsh*) is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait.

## History
The town itself began  in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle. This was one of several castle along  the North Wales coast  - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech . Many of the builders of the castle were from France.

The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes. The French builders called the marsh *beaux marais* which means "beautiful marsh". This is how the town got its name.  The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed  to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle. This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.
 
 
]]

## Architecture
Notable buildings in the town include the castle, a courthouse built in 1614, St Mary's parish church, and the town gaol.

Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846. The pier was  enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872.  Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.

## References
## Other websites 
* Beaumaris Photo Gallery
* Beaumaris Official Website 
* Beaumaris Gaol
* photos of Beaumaris and surrounding area on geograph
* Beaumaris Lifeboat station
Virtual XI

***Virtual XI*** is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is their eleventh studio album.

The album was released on 23 March 1998. It was not liked by reviewers. One person who reviewed it said that it sounded "lifeless" and "tired."

## Musicians
* Blaze Bayley - lead vocals
* Dave Murray - guitar
* Janick Gers - guitar
* Steve Harris - bass guitar, keyboards
* Nicko McBrain - drums
* Michael Kenney– keyboards

## Track listing
## References
Vladimir Arnold

**Vladimir Arnold** (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory.

Arnold was born in Odesa, Ukraine. He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University.

## Awards
He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government. His other awards include:
* Lenin Prize (1965)
* Crafoord Prize (1982)
* Lobachevsky Prize (1992)
* Harvey Prize (1994)
* World Prize in Mathematics (2001)
* Prize of the American Institute of Physics (2001)
* Wolf Prize (2001)

## References
Sewage

**Sewage** or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes.  In some places, it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads.  It can also have liquid waste from factories in it.  It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.

Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful.  It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans.  Most sewage in poor counties is not treated and may spread disease.  Sewage spills sometimes damage health and wildlife. 

## Appearance
, Burundi]]
 (a component of sewage) in a settling tank]]

Sewage tends to be slightly warmer than in drinking water but it is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black.  The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and unpleasant.  Older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products.  Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids. 

## References
Henryk Gorecki

**Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki** (6 December 1933—12 November 2010) was a Polish composer. His most famous work was his *Symphony No.&nbsp;3*, the *Symphony of Sorrowful Songs*, written in 1992. More than one million recordings have been sold which makes it the most popular recording by a contemporary composer, getting to number 6 on the British album charts.

In 2010 Gorecki was given The Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honour.

## References
Gwynedd

**Gwynedd** is a large area in North West Wales. It has a long coast-line with many cliffs and beaches. It also has many mountains including Snowdon, the highest mountain in England and Wales. Large towns include Bangor and Caernarfon.

The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
Sky UK

**Sky UK** Limited is a satellite television company owned by Comcast. It used to be called **British Sky Broadcasting Limited**, **BSkyB** and **Sky**. It offers television and broadband Internet services in the United Kingdom. 

## History
### Origins 
The present service can trace its heritage back to 1990, when BSkyB's predecessors British Satellite Broadcasting encrypted their respective film channels – Sky Movies and The Movie Channel which required viewers to get decoding equipment and a subscription to watch the channels. After the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and two years later, the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted.

### Present Day 
In January 2020, Sky renewed a deal to offer Netflix to its customers.

In March 2020, Sky announced a deal with Disney under which Disney+ would be made available for purchase to Sky customers with movies and film titles from 20th Century Studios would be available on Sky channels. The Sky Cinema Disney channel closed down at the end of 2020. 

in November 2020, Sky signed a deal to show library and upcoming titles from Entertainment One.

In 2021 Sky bought television rights to the German Bundesliga. In 2025, a new deal split the rights between Sky, Amazon Prime Video and the BBC.

In 2021, Sky renewed a deal with ViacomCBS to show movies from Paramount Pictures on its channels and to make Paramount+ available to customers of Sky Cinema in 2022. In January 2025 customers were moved from the ad-free to the ad-supported version of the streaming service.

In November 2021, Sky made a version of the U.S. streaming service Peacock, owned by its parent company Comcast, available on its on-demand platforms. The separate service was shut down in January 2024.

In May 2023, Sky renewed a deal to show movies from Sony Pictures.

In connection with the upcoming U.K. launch of HBO Max in 2026, in December 2024 Sky reached a new distribution deal with Warner Bros. Under the deal, HBO produced TV shows premiering before the end of 2025 would continue to be available on Sky channels and first-run movies from Warner Bros. would continue to be available on Sky Cinema, while the ad-supported version of HBO Max would be made available to Sky customers with new shows such as the *Harry Potter TV series*.

In 2025, Disney Jr. returned as a TV channel exclusively on Sky after Disney had shut down all its TV channels in the UK in 2020.

In February 2026, Sky announced a new deal with Disney under which customers would get access to the ad-supported version of Disney+ and Sky Cinema would launch a Disney+ movie channel. Sky also announced that one of its TV packages would include Netflix, the ad-supported versions of Disney+ and HBO Max and Hayu.

## Related pages 
*Sky Sports
*Sky News

## References
}}
Ceredigion

of Ceredigion]]
]]

**Ceredigion** (Welsh: **Sir Ceredigion**) is a principal area of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of **Cardiganshire**. The largest town in Ceredigion is Aberystwyth.

It has been administered as a county since 1282.

Welsh is spoken by more than half of the area's population. 

It is considered to be a centre of Welsh culture. 

The county is mainly rural with over 50 miles (80 km) of coastline and mountainous terrain.
Superstar K

***Superstar K*** () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the *Pop Idol* franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, *Superstar K* has become more and more popular. 

As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA. 

This audition has lots of stages. First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third. After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called “Super Week”, is began. From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen. After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week. Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition. In this audition, famous judges appear. The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um. These singers judge each participant. As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment. When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%. The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey. 

The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.
Fred Page

**Frederick Page** (September 29, 1915 - December 23, 1997) was a Canadian executive for several ice hockey leagues and organizations. Page was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

As president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), he helped bring amateur hockey teams to Europe for tours.  Later, he helped facilitate negotiations between the CAHA and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).  This would lead to Page being an executive vice president of the IIHF from 1969 to 1972.  Next, he helped start the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League, which later merged with the British Columbia Junior Hockey League in 1997. Page was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

## Other websites
*
Jeju SK FC

The **Jeju United FC**, founded in 1982, is a professional football team in the K League 1. It uses the Jeju World Cup Stadium as its home stadium. Although it is based in Seogwipo at this moment, it has been through several base changes. Its original name was **Yukong Elephants FC**, which was founded in 1982 and based in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. This YooGong football club changed its home stadium to Seoul in 1990. In 1996, as a part of localization policy, it again changed its home stadium to Bucheon, and changed its name as **Bucheon SK**. However, the overall facilities in Bucheon were not enough, so it finally changed its home stadium to the Jeju World Cup Stadium in Jeju Island, thus getting the name '**Jeju United FC**.'

## Overview
Jeju United is famous for educating coaches and for supporting the development of football techniques. For example, Valeri Nepomniachi, the Russian coach hired in 1994, delivered many developed strategies and techniques to the K League. This created a vogue 'Nepomniachi Style' among other teams. Its mascot is Kamguri, which represents the symbol of Jeju, the Mandarin. Its home stadium, 'Jeju World Cup Stadium,' can accommodate 35,545 people.

Jeju United FC has been doing well in the K League. It came in 3rd in the 1983 Superleague. Beginning from this, it has usually maintained good rankings in K-league including the championship in 1989. In 2010, it maintained first place throughout the season, but was surpassed by FC Seoul at the last match, ending in second place. 

### Emblem
The emblem of Jeju United FC is a shield-shaped one with the combination of black, red, and blue. This will enable people to feel the power of the football team. To be more specific, the emblem represents Hallasan and the horn of a deer which symbolize Jeju Island. This expresses the defense power of the team. At the same time, the sword in the middle which was made from the 'J' in Jeju Island involves the team's spirit that it will adopt the attacking-strategy as its main one. In addition to this, it uses the motif of SK group's Happy Wings so that the Jeju residents would become united through the soccer.

### Stadium
Jeju World Cup Stadium was built in harmony with Jeju's culture, nature, and life. First, the entrance was made after the traditional entrance, Olle. Also, Jeongnang, a traditional door, stands next to the entrance. The overall shape of the stadium resembles the so-called 'Oreum'. Oreum is a parasitic volcano, and its top has a concave shape. To attain this concave shape, the stadium made the field 14m under the ground, which minimized the effect of the wind. Besides, the roof of the stadium symbolizes Teu, the traditional boat for fishing. As a home stadium of Jeju United FC, it can accommodate more than 35.000 people.

## References
Bismuthine

**Bismuthine**, also known as **bismuthane**, **bismuth hydride**, and **hydrogen bismuthide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiH3. It has bismuth and hydride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Bismuthine is very unstable. It is only found below -60°C. Above that temperature it breaks down into bismuth and hydrogen. 

## Preparation
It is made by a complex process that involves organic chemistry.

## Uses
It is part of a test for bismuth. This is similar to the Marsh test for arsenic.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) oxide
*Bismuth(III) chloride
Halomonadaceae

The **Halomonadaceae** are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera *Halomonas* and *Deleya*. Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.

## GFAG-1 
**GFAJ-1** is a  of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the **Halomonadaceae**. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute. 

Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.

Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.

## Background 
Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.

It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.

## References
Bud Poile

**Norman Robert "Bud" Poile** (February 10, 1924 – January 4, 2005) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, general manager, and league executive.

## Awards
* Awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1989.
* Inducted into the NHL Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990.

## Career statistics
## Coaching statistics
1 Midseason replacement

² Replaced midseaseon

## Other websites
*
*
*