open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sacred Cenote

]]
**Sacred Cenote** (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza. One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza. The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
British Grand Prix

The **British Grand Prix** is a grand prix motor race organised in Great Britain by the Royal Automobile Club. First held in 1950 and after that every year since today.

## Winners 
### Multiple winners (drivers)
*Drivers **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*

### Multiple winners (constructors)
*Teams **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*
''A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.*
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.*

### Multiple winners (engine manufacturers)
*Manufacturers **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*
*A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.*
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.*

 Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

 Between 1999-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

 Built by  Porsche

### By year
*A green background indicates an event which was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship.*
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.''

## Broadcasting
### United Kingdom
Monkton, Kent

**Monkton** is an English village on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road. It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet. The church there is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war. Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.

In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time. However, fortunately, all of Monkton's twenty people were evacuated into safety to nearby Minster. However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement. Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.

## References 
## Other websites
* Monkton
Cenote

at Chichén Itzá.]]
A **cenote** is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at. 

## Definition and description 
]]
Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes. 

Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers. They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.

## Cause 
Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.

## Famous cenotes 
### Mexico 
***Yucatán Peninsula:***
*  Dos Ojos, near Tulum, Mexico
* Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico
* Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Mexico
* Xtacunbilxunan, Bolonchen, Mexico

***Central and Northern Region:***
* Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico

### Canada 
* Devil's Bath, northern Vancouver Island, Canada

### United States 
* Bottomless Lakes, near Roswell, New Mexico

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sistema Zacatón 
* Volcanic karstification of Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006) 
* Stages in the Formation of a Cenote 
* Doline, Sinkhole, Cenote
* Cenotes of Chichén Itzá 
* Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
* Year 1999 Cenotes Conference in Perugia, Italy
* Maps of Chicxulub and Ring of Cenotes
Deductive reasoning

**Deduction** is one of the two main types of reasoning. The other is induction. In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.

Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

Aristotle, the first person we know who wrote down laws of deduction, gives this example of deduction:

* All men are mortal.
* Socrates is a man.
* Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

The first two statements are called "premises". The last statement is called the "conclusion". The conclusion is taken from the premises. 
#If the conclusion is wrong, then at least one of the premises is wrong
#If one of the premises is wrong, the conclusion may also be wrong.

Deductive reasoning is often called "top-down logic", whereas inductive reasoning is called "bottom-up reasoning".
Stora Enso

**Stora Enso** is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation. It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world. It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998. 

Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees. In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes. The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.

The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name *Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag* (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)). It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world. It later became also a paper and cellulose maker. Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland. It was founded in 19th century. Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries. It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.

## Other websites
* Stora Enso
SpeechWeb

A **SpeechWeb** is a collection of SpeechWeb applications.  The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.

The goals of the SpeechWeb are: 

# Providing end users with voice only interfaces to remote applications.
# Providing software developers with a framework to build their user interfaces with.

A **SpeechWeb browser** is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application.  A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others.  An example browser using X+V is available here .

A **SpeechWeb application** is an application that provides a special interface.  The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications.  SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a JSGF grammar.

## Other websites
* MySpeechWeb
* Browser for the Public Domain SpeechWeb
Bernabéu (stadium)

The **Bernabéu** is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain. It is the second largest stadium in Spain. 

It has been the home stadium of Real Madrid since its completion in 1947.

It has seating capacity of 83,186 making it the second-largest seating capacity for a football stadium in Spain, behind Camp Nou in Barcelona. 

The final of the 1982 FIFA World Cup was held at the Bernabéu.

## History
The stadium was built at the same site of Campo de Chamartín. Construction began in 1945. On December 14, 1947, the stadium officially opened. The first match was against Portuguese champions Os Belenenses (3-1).

At that time, the stadium consisted of two uncovered tiers that could hold about 75,000 spectators. Capacity was further increased to 125,000 in 1954, when one of the long sides got expanded with a third tier. The Bernabéu was together with the Camp Nou as the playing venue of the UEFA 1964 European Nations' Cup, hosting one of the two semi-finals and the final between Spain and the Soviet Union (2-1).

Towards the end of the 1970s, the stadium had already started to age. Club officials started making plans to build a new stadium in the north of the city.

However, with the coming of the 1982 World Cup it was instead decided to renovate the Bernabéu. The renovation included the construction of a roof over the three two-tiered stands and the installation of seats in half of the stadium. As a result, capacity was reduced to 90,800. During the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the Santiago Bernabéu hosted three matches in the second group stage and the final between Italy and West Germany (3-1).

In the 1990s, UEFA required the stadium to become an all-seater, which would have reduced capacity to 50,000 seats. The club president therefore started a redevelopment program. The changes included extending the third tier over the entire stadium, the creation of corporate facilities, and four access towers in each corner of the stadium. Works started in 1992 and were completed two years later.

The stadium was further refurbished and upgraded between 2001 and 2006. Works most of all focused on improving corporate facilities. Construction was concluded in 2006 with the construction of a roof over the one remaining uncovered stand. The expansion design was done by Madrid-based architect Antonio Lamela.

Additional improvements, such as a retractable roof, were delayed due to financial reasons. In 2013 club president Florentino Pérez announced Real was seeking to sell the naming rights for its stadium. In 2014 German architects GMP revealed a plan for the improvements. A sponsorship agreement was finally made with IPIC.

In November 2025, the stadium was officially renamed to simply **Bernabéu**.

## References
Resistance

**Resistance** could mean:

* The general ability to stop something from happening (Ex. *resistance to water* means that the object can avoid being hurt by water) 
* Resistance, an ability to reject infection
* Electrical resistance, the repulsion of a current in a circuit
* A struggle against an oppressive government. See also Rebellion
*The Resistance was a fictional military set up by Princess Leia Organa to combat the growing threat of the First Order in the Star Wars universe.
Bard

The **bard** probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

## Well known bards 
* Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
* Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the *Book of Aneirin*.
* Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
* Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
* Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.

## Related pages 
* Griot, a similar type of person from West Africa
Operation

**Operation** may refer to:

* Surgery
*A mathematical operation:
**An arithmetic operation:
***Addition
***Subtraction
***Multiplication
***Division
* A planned military engagement, such as a battle
* A business or franchise
Oklahoma Territory

, 1890s]]

**Oklahoma Territory** was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state. It was made up of the western area of what is now the state of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remaining part of Indian Territory.

## Lands that came to make up Oklahoma Territory 
* Old Oklahoma – April, 22, 1889 – opened by land run.
* No Man's Land – May 2, 1890, assigned to Oklahoma Territory by Organic Act.
* Iowa reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
* Sac and Fox reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
* Tonkawa reserve – 1891 – allotment.
* Citizen Potawatomi and Absentee Shawnee reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
* Cheyenne Arapaho reserve – April 19, 1892 – opened by land run.
* Cherokee Outlet – September 17, 1893 – opened by land run.
* Kickapoo reserve – May 4, 1896 – opened by land run.
* Greer County – March 16, 1896 – officially assigned to Oklahoma Territory (Supreme Court decision May 23, 1895, separated the county from Texas).
* Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
* Wichita and Caddo reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
* Ponca and Otoe–Misouria reserve – 1904 – allotment.
* Kaw reserve – 1906 – allotment.
* Osage reserve – 1906 – allotment.
* Big Pasture – December 1906 – sealed bid.

## Other websites
* *History of the State of Oklahoma*, 1908
Venus figurine

is a well-known figurine. It was made about 25.000 years ago]]
**Venus figurines** are small sculptures of women done in prehistoric times. Usually, the women are pregnant, with breasts well visible. Venus figurines are among the earliest traces of art in human history.  

## Specimens 
Archaeologists have found Venus figurines in Western Europe and Siberia. Most are about 30.000 years old, but two are much older.  

Some figurines were made of bones, ivory, or some type of stone. Others are made of clay, which was then burned in a fire to harden it. This is one of the earliest known uses of ceramics. 

### Oldest figurines 
Scientists have found two Venus figurines that are older than 30,000 years old. These may have been formed mostly by natural processes, but there are signs that humans worked on them. 

The Venus of Tan-Tan, found in Morocco, has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago. It shows traces of a substance that could have been a form of paint. It contained traces of iron and manganese. 

These figurines may be among the first items ever to show the human form.  

### Meaning 
Today it is not known what the figurines meant for the people who made them. They may relate to human fertility. There are several basic interpretations:
*They are representations of human fertility
*They were made to increase human fertility
*They may represent goddesses of fertility
Scientists know the figurines were not related to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not yet been discovered.

## References
Magdalenenberg

collier found at the site]]
**Magdalenenberg** is the name of a tumulus grave which dates from the Iron Age. It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany. The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture. With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.

In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years. Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another. Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar's observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.

Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar's conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.
Venus of Berekhat Ram

The **Venus of Berekhat Ram** is a stone that was found on the Golan Heights in 1981. Scientists have proposed to classify it as a Venus figurine, because there are traces it was worked on with a stone tool. The things that have been worked can clearly be told apart from the natural stone. It is therefore agreed that the pebble has been modified by human action, even though it bears little resemblance to the much later "Venus figurines" of about 30.000 years ago.

## References
Electrocution

criminal as a means of execution with an electric chair]]
**Electrocution** or **electric shock** is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock". 

The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.   In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current.  Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle.  A large Tesla coil can burn and kill. 

Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA  (0.005 to 0.03 Amps).   Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.
Grace

**Grace** could mean:
* Grace, Idaho
* Grace (given name), a feminine name
* Grace (prayer), said before or after a meal
* Grace (plotting tool), software
* Grace (photograph), the Minnesota state photograph
* "Grace" (short story), by James Joyce
* Grace (style), a form of address
* "Grace" (*Stargate SG-1*), a television series episode
* Hyundai Grace, a minivan built by Hyundai Motor Company
* Grace Choi a character in the fictional DC Universe

in **music**:
* *Grace* (album) (1994), by Jeff Buckley
* Grace (band), a 1990s dance music group
*  *Grace* (Simon Webbe album), by Simon Webbe

A **song**:
*"Grace" (Jeff Buckley song), a 1994 song by Jeff Buckley
*"Grace" (U2 song), a 2000 song by U2
*"Grace" (Supergrass song), a 2002 song by Supergrass
*"Grace" (Simon Webbe song), a 2007 song by Simon Webbe
*"The Grace" (song), a 2005 song by Canadian band Neverending White Lights

in **religion**:
* Divine grace, unearned favors received from God.
* Prevenient grace, an Augustine Christian theological concept 
* Irresistible grace, a Calvinistic Christian theological concept
* Actual grace, a Catholic theological concept.

**Grace** may also be:
* Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
* One of the Charites

## People with the surname Grace
* John Hilton Grace, a British mathematician
* Mark Grace, baseball player
* Mike Grace, baseball player
* Topher Grace, an American actor
* William Gilbert Grace, an English cricket player
* William Russell Grace, founder of W. R. Grace and Company
* Helen Grace, British actress
* Jared Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
* Simon Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
* Mallory Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
* Helen Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character

## Related pages
* Gracie
* Saving Grace
*"Grace Kelly" (song)
**Grace Under Pressure*
* *States of Grace*
* *Will & Grace*
* *Grace Under Fire*
* "Grace Under Pressure" (Stargate Atlantis)
* *Le Bénédicité* ("*Grace*") a painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
Chattanooga, Tennessee

**Chattanooga** is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee, a state in the United States of America. Cities larger than it are Nashville - the capital and largest city of the state; Memphis; and Knoxville. Chattanooga is in the southeast of Tennessee.

The first people to live in the Chattanooga area were Native American Indians with sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. The city became a transport hub, which made it a target in the American Civil War.

## Geography and climate 
The United States Census Bureau say that the city has a total area of 150.1&nbsp;square miles (388.7&nbsp;km²). This is made up of 142.4&nbsp;square miles (368.7&nbsp;km²) of land, and 7.7&nbsp;square miles (20.0&nbsp;km²) of water (5.15% of the total area).

The most well known natural feature near Chattanooga is the Tennessee River and the surrounding highlands.  The city is located between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge, providing opportunities for outdoor activities. Adventurers can kayak the Ocoee River, explore Ruby Falls — an underground waterfall near the city — or hike sections of the Appalachian Trail. For a more relaxed experience, scenic drives through the rolling hills of the Tennessee Valley offer picturesque views.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Chattanooga
Greenville, South Carolina

**Greenville** is a city in South Carolina, United States. Bob Jones University is in Greenville. Greenville is in the Blue Ridge region of the state and is the county seat of Greenville County. As of 2020, there were 70,720 people living in the city, and 387,271 people living in the urban area.

## References
## Other websites 
*Greenville website
Jonathan Edwards

**Jonathan Edwards** can mean:

*Jonathan Edwards (theologian) (1703–1758), an American jalen and theologian and president of Princeton University
*Jonathan Edwards (athlete) (born 1966), a British triple jumper and world record holder
Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

**Jonathan Edwards** (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans.  He was one of the most important people in the Great Awakening, a religious movement in the United States.  He preached a sermon called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".
Prostate cancer

**Prostate cancer** is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It is often treated with prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy.

Aggressive prostate cancer is now known to have a genetic basis. Men with gene BRCA2 are more likely to get the cancer, and more likely it will be in its most aggressive form.

## Other websites
* HIFU information at Prostate Cancer UK

## References
Mausoleum

]]

A **mausoleum** is a building used to store the remains of people who have died. Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor. The word came from the name of an ancient king.

## Lenin's Mausoleum 
Soviet leader Lenin is a mausoleum. In 1953, Joseph Stalin was buried next to him but his body was removed during destalinization.

## Examples 
* Sun Yat-sen's Tomb in Nanjing, China
* The Taj Mahal
* The Great Pyramids
* Grant's Tomb
Fuller Theological Seminary

The **Fuller Theological Seminary** is in Pasadena, California. It is one of North America's largest seminaries. The Seminary has over 4,300 students from over 67 countries and 108 denominations.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site
Bachelor of Divinity

In Western Christian theology, a **Bachelor of Divinity** (BD or BDiv) is usually an undergraduate academic degree given for courses taken in the study of divinity. At some institutions, the BD is a higher degree than the Bachelor of Arts. 

## Related pages
* Bachelor of Arts
* Master of Arts
Freespire

**Freespire** is a Linux distribution made with parts from Ubuntu. It was made to make using free software easy, while giving the choice to use non-free (not open source) parts. These parts might be programs, drivers, or codecs. Linspire, a commercial Linux distribution, is made from Freespire.

## Related pages
*List of Linux distributions

## References
Spiritual gift

In Christianity, the **spiritual gifts** are gifts given to Christians. Each Christian has his or her own gift (or gifts). They are talked about in the New Testament, mainly in First Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Some believe that they only worked in early Christianity.

## Related pages 
*Charisma
*Divine grace
Sanctification

The word **sanctification** refers to the act of making holy or setting apart as special. The word is used five times in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (1 Corinthians 1:30, 1 Thessalonians 4:3,1 Thessalonians 4:4, 2 Thessalonians 2:13, and 1 Peter 1:2).

To **sanctify** means “to set apart for special use or purpose,” and “to make holy or sacred,” and etymologically from the Latin verb 'sanctificare' which in turn is from *sanctus* “holy” and *facere* “to make.”

When an object or place is made holy, usually a ceremony is performed. Then people see that it is a special object or place and treat it with respect.  A person may also be "set apart for special purpose", as when a priest or pastor is ordained.  

Sanctification can also refer to how a person becomes a good moral person, or  someone with a close relationship to God.  This may not include any ceremony.  Persons who achieve this holiness are sometimes called Saints.  Some churches have a list of saints who have been recognized as having been especially holy persons.   

Generally in Protestant teaching, all Christians are considered saints.  All are expected to become people who are close to God and who live a life like that which Jesus taught.  Reading the Bible, prayer, worshiping God and Jesus and telling others about their faith are important in becoming sanctified. 

In Christianity, sanctification may be seen as one part of salvation. Forgiveness of sin, becoming holy, and going to heaven are the three parts of salvation.

## References
Glossolalia

& the Theotokos filled with the Holy Spirit (notice fire symbol above their heads.)]]

**Glossolalia**, or **speaking in tongues**, is speaking rapid speech-like syllables which cannot be understood. In some cases it is part of religious practice. Some consider it as a part of a sacred language. It is a common practice amongst Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity.

## Linguistics
In 1972 a linguist from the University of Toronto published an assessment of Pentecostal glossolalia. His assessment was based on a large sample of glossolalia recorded in public and private Christian meetings in Italy, the Netherlands, Jamaica, Canada and the US.

Samarin found that glossolalic speech is like human language in some respects. The speaker uses accent, rhythm, intonation and pauses to break up the speech into distinct units. Each unit is itself made up of syllables. The syllables are formed from consonants and vowels taken from a language known to the speaker:

It is verbal behaviour that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels... in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are taken apart and rearranged pseudogrammatically... with variations in pitch, volume, speed and intensity.p120

Samarin found that the resemblance to human language was just on the surface. He concluded that glossolalia is "only a facade of language".p128 The syllable string did not form words, the stream of speech was not internally organized, and – most importantly of all – there was no systematic relationship between units of speech and concepts. Humans use language to communicate but glossolalia does not. Therefore, he concluded that glossolalia is not "a specimen of human language because it is neither internally organized nor systematically related to the world man perceives".p128 On the basis of his linguistic analysis, Samarin defined Pentecostal glossolalia as "meaningless but phonologically structured human utterance, believed by the speaker to be a real language but bearing no systematic resemblance to any natural language, living or dead".p2

## References
John Edwards

**Johnny Reid "John" Edwards** (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician. He served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.

## Early life 
Johnny Edwards was born at Prisma Health Oconee Memorial Hospital in Seneca, South Carolina, He was the son of Wallace Edwards and Catharine Edwards, He studied Clemson University and North Carolina State University,  He graduated with a Bachelor's degree of textile technology in 1974, After that he graduated as a Doctor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law .

## Lawyer 
Before his time in the Senate, he was a lawyer. He argued and won several big cases about doctors who gave bad care and caused harm to patients. He also won lawsuits for people who had been injured by negligence of businesses or by using their products. Her family won enough money from the drain company to pay for her medical care for the rest of her life.

## Political career 
Edwards served for one term in the United States Senate from 1999 to 2005, serving his state of North Carolina. He decided not to run for re-election as he was running for president, and later vice-president, in the 2004 election cycle. He ran for President of the United States twice, in 2004 and 2008, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries.  He was later chosen to be the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 2004 on the Kerry ticket, but he was defeated by incumbent Vice-President Dick Cheney.

## Personal life 
In 2008, he admitted to having an affair while his wife, Elizabeth was dying.  He has written several books.
 
## References 
## Other websites 
* John Edwards for President  official campaign website
Uxmal

**Uxmal** is a large pre-Columbian city. The ruins are in Mexico today, in the state of Yucatán. According to the records of the Maya, the city was built around the year 500 AD. According to current research, about 25.000 people lived there. Most of the buildings that can be seen today were built between 700 and 1100. After 1200, there seems to be no new construction. The ruling family moved their capital elsewhere, and the population of the city declined. 

According to the documents of the Spanish conquerors, the city still had some importance in the 1550s. It was probably abandoned soon afterwards, as the Spanish built no city nearby.
Christian hedonism

**Christian hedonism** is a controversial Christian doctrine in some evangelical churches, partly those of the Reformed tradition. This term was made by Baptist pastor John Piper in his 1986 book *Desiring God*. Piper talks about this philosophy of the Christian life as "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in Him."
Copán

**Copán** was a Maya city. Today, the ruins are in Honduras, near the border to Guatemala. The kingdom of Copan flourished from the 5th to the 9th century. The people would hire slaves to build houses. If they hired 80 - 100 workers it would usually take them around 2-3 months to finish it

Copan-32-Hieroglyphentreppe-1980-gje.jpg
Copan-14-Hieroglyphe-1980-gje.jpg
Copan-02-Ballspielplatz-1980-gje.jpg
Copan-04-Stele A-1980-gje.jpg
Copan-46-Hanuman-1980-gje.jpg
Copan-52-Dorfplatz-Kirche-Kinder-1980-gje.jpg
Archaeological site

An **archaeological site** is a place where physical remains of the past survive. The archaeologists working there will carefully record what they find. They may also change the site so that what has been found can be preserved better.

The site will have trenches so that people can excavate better. To start the excavation, the topsoil will be removed. Special tools like pickaxes and mattocks are used to break up and remove very hard compacted soil. Shovels and spades are used to clear away bulk debris. Other hand tools used in bulk cleanup work are hoes, rakes, forks, and the wheelbarrow to cart it away.

## Famous sites 
There are several famous prehistoric archaeological sites. One is Olduvai Gorge, where *Homo habilis* lived around 1.9 million years ago. Another is Stonehenge, a monument built in the Neolithic era that is around 5,000 years old.

Other famous archaeological sites around the world include:

* The Great Wall of China
* Chichén Itzá
* The Great Pyramids
* The Acropolis of Athens
* The Colosseum 
* Angkor Wat
* Machu Picchu
* Teotihuacán
* Pompeii
* Mohenjo-daro
* Alexandria
* Carthage

## Related pages 
*Cultural heritage
*Ruins

## References
Yucatec language

**Yucatec Maya** ("Maaya T'aan" in the revised orthography of the *Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala*) is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is also spoken in northern Belize and parts of Guatemala. To native speakers, it is known only as Maya - "Yucatec" is a label linguists use to distinguish it from other Mayan languages (such as K'iche' and Itza' Maya).

In the Mexican states of Yucatán, northern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Maya remains many speakers' first language today, with approximately 800,000 speakers.
Tayasal

, built on the ruins of the Itza capital Tayasal]]

**Tayasal** is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period.  The site is in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala.  Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish *conquistadores* and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697.  

As an archaeological site, it was heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall.  The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake.  

The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it *Noh Petén*, or literally "City Island". It was also called *Tah Itzá*, or Place of the Itzá.

In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position. 

The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic Church and other buildings in the city of Flores. 

## Related pages
*Spanish conquest of Yucatán

## Other websites
*History and Photos from Tayasal, Zacpetén and Queixil Islands
ClamWin

**ClamWin Free Antivirus** is a free, open source antivirus software for Microsoft Windows. It provides a graphical user interface to the ClamAV engine.

ClamWin is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and can be downloaded from the official website for free.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Stephenie Meyer

**Stephenie Meyer** (born December 24, 1973 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American author. She was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. She is the author of the *Twilight* series. *The Host*, Meyer's first adult novel, was released on May 6, 2008.

## Critical reception 
Meyer's first novel, *Twilight*, has won numerous honors, including: 

* A *New York Times* Editor's Choice
* A Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year
* An Amazon.com "Best Book of the Decade...So Far"
* A *Teen People* "Hot List" pick
* An American Library Association "Top Ten Best Book for Young Adults" and "Top Ten Books for Reluctant Readers”
* Translation into 20 languages 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Stephenie Meyer's official website
* The Twilight Series's official website 
* The Twilight Lexicon
* Stephenie's IMDB page
Masonry

**Masonry** is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. The term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves.

The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.

## Applications
]]
Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. Brick is the most common type of masonry. Concrete block masonry is rapidly gaining in popularity as a comparable material.

## Related pages
*Castle
*Defensive wall
*Stonemasonry
*Freemasonry

## Other websites
* Mason Contractors Association of America
* MasonrySystems.org
* International Masonry Institute
* International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
* Masonry Advisory Council
* National Concrete Masonry Association
List of Baptists

This is a **list of Baptists**. This list is not complete.

__TOC__

## Preachers, theologians, and missionaries 
* Chambers, Oswald, converted to Christianity under C. H. Spurgeon
* Colson, Chuck, former top aide to President Richard Nixon 
* Falwell, Jerry, televangelist, founder of the Moral Majority
* Graham, Billy 
* Ham, Mordecai, tent revivalist who preached the sermon where Billy Graham was converted to Christianity
* Hyles, Jack, controversial pastor and leader of the Independent Baptist movement
* King, Dr. Martin Luther (Jr.), Civil rights leader, Nobel Peace Prize recipient 
* MacArthur, John (Jr.), pastor and theologian
* Rogers, Adrian, televangelical
* Spurgeon, C. H., British pastor, known as "The Prince of Preachers"
* Stanley, Charles, televangelist founder of In Touch Ministries

## Politicians
* Carter, Jimmy, Nobel Peace Prize recipient;  39th President of the United States 
* Huckabee, Mike, (R) former governor of Arkansas and 2008 Presidential candidate 
* Lincoln, Abraham, 16th President of the United States. Lincoln was raised in the Regular Baptist church, but did not practice any organized religion as an adult.
* McCain, John, United States Senator (R) Arizona, Presidential candidate
*Rockefeller, Nelson, U.S. Vice-President under Gerald Ford (1974-77)

## Entertainers 
* Aiken, Clay, country music singer
*Campbell, Glen, country music singer
*Cash, Johnny, country music singer
*Costner, Kevin, actor
*Davis, Bette, actress and former Baptist
*Holly, Buddy, rock 'n' roll singer
*Murphy, Eddie
*Norris, Chuck, actor

## Other Baptists 
*Brown, Jim, former fullback for the Cleveland Browns
*Mutombo, Dikembe, center for the Houston Rockets
*Johnson, Zach, professional golfer, winner of the 2007 Masters Tournament
*White, Reggie, professional football defensive end; member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
*Jesse James, an American outlaw, son of a Baptist minister
* Rockefeller, John D, twentieth century oil tycoon
* Bunyan, John, author of ''Pilgrim's Progress*
* LaHaye, Tim, co-author of the bestselling *Left Behind'' series 

## References
## Other websites 
* Christian Hall of Fame
* Famous Baptists
Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)

***Lark Rise to Candleford*** is a British television costume drama series, adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside. The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD. Its cast includes actors from other late 2007 and early 2008 BBC costume dramas such as *Sense and Sensibility* and *Cranford*.

The story set in Oxfordshire. It is about Laura Timmins, a teenage girl from the village of Lark Rise who is sent by her parents to work as an assistant at the post office in the nearby town of Candleford.  The post office is run by Miss Dorcas Lane, who is a cousin of Laura's mother.  Laura's father, the stonemason Robert Timmins, at first misses her but later becomes proud of her for doing well in her new job.  Laura's friend Alf Arless is in love with her, but, as Laura becomes used to life in Candleford, he realises that she will never return his feelings.

The other post office workers are the postman, Thomas Brown, a very religious man who tries not to get involved in any kind of mischief or fun; the maid Zillah, who has been with Miss Lane for many years and considers herself in charge of the household; and Mrs Macey, the senior assistant who decides to leave when other people find out that her husband has been in prison.

A second series began in January 2009, introducing some new characters. These include a new maid, Minnie, and a rich hotel-owner, James Dowland, who falls in love with Dorcas Lane.

In the end, the series had a four season run. The BBC stopped a fifth season, because the team felt that after four seasons, the time was right to bring in new dramas. It was said they hoped viewers would love the new programmes in the same way.  The last episode on BBC was in early 2011.

## Changes from source material
The Debtors Act of 1869 abolished putting people in prison for debt they could not pay.  The series makes much of Mrs Arless', played by Dawn French, imprisonment for debt. In the novels the events are played out in the 1880s and later. So imprisonment for debt would therefore be a mistake in the chronology of time.

## References
## Other websites
**Lark Rise to Candleford* at bbc.co.uk
*
*Lark Rise Visited   The Soundtrack from the TV show.
Cinnabar

**Cinnabar** is a mineral. It is the main ore of mercury and is made up of the chemical mercuric sulphide (HgS). 

Cinnabar exists in two crystal forms. Red cinnabar is used for the pigment vermilion. It is poisonous, and may go black with age. The other crystal form is black, and does not react chemically to anything except strong acids. Cinnabar has a Mohs hardness of 2–2.5. 

Cinnabar has been mined since the Neolithic age. 

## References
12 Rounds (movie)

***12 Rounds*** is a 2009 movie. It is directed by Renny Harlin and produced by WWE Films. Steve Harris, Aidan Gillen, and Brian J. White. Filming took place in New Orleans between February 25 and May 12, 2008. It was released in the United States on March 27, 2009.

## The Story 
The movie follows Danny Baxter (Cena), a New Orleans police detective, as he begins a 12-round battle of wits to recover his kidnapped girlfriend, Janine, from criminal master Miles Jackson III.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Miami Seaquarium

The **Miami Seaquarium** is an aquarium on Virginia Key, in Miami, Florida. The park has animals such as dolphins, whales, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, sharks, fish, parrots, turtles or sea turtles, etc. It has been open since 1955.

The main attraction is Lolita, the world's oldest captive orca. She is now the park's only orca. Animal rights activists have long argued that the tank does not meet federal minimum requirements (Animal Welfare Act). The USDA has recently made statements in support of the activists' argument. However, Lolita is a special case.

## References
Flora Thompson

**Flora Jane Thompson** (5 December 1877 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet that was famous for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, *Lark Rise to Candleford*.

She was born in *Juniper Hill*, a hamlet in north-east Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of six children of the stonemason Albert and the nursemaid Emma Timms. In her books her favourite brother, Edwin, is mentioned as important companion during her childhood. He was killed near Ypres in 1916. Flora was educated in the village *Cottisford* and worked in various post offices in southern England. The first of these was *Fringford*, a village about four miles north-east of Bicester. Flora started work here in 1891, as assistant to the postmistress, Mrs. Kezia Whitton. Among other post offices where Flora worked was that at *Grayshott*, in Hampshire, and she later moved to Bournemouth. In 1903, she married John William Thompson, with whom she had two sons and a daughter.

Flora benefited from good access to books when the public library opened in Winton, in 1907. Not long after, in 1911, she won an essay competition in *The Ladies Companion* for a 300-word essay on Jane Austen. She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was a keen self-taught naturalist and many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.

Her most famous works are the *Lark Rise to Candleford* trilogy, which she sent as essays to *Oxford University Press* in 1938 and which were published soon after. The books are a, if autobiographical, but fictionalised social history of rural English life in the late 19th and early 20th century and are now considered minor classics.

Flora Thompson died in 1947 in *Brixham*, Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

## Bibliography
### Verse
* *Bog Myrtle and Peat* (1921)

### Novels
* *Lark Rise* (1939)
* *Over to Candleford* (1941)
* *Candleford Green* (1943)
* *Lark Rise to Candleford* (1945, above three novels published as a trilogy)
* *Still Glides the Stream* (1948, published posthumously)
* *Heatherley* (sequel to Lark Rise to Candleford written c.1944 - published posthumously first in A Country Calendar 1979 along with some *Peverel Papers* and some poems; then as single volume 1998)
* *Gates of Eden* (serialised in *The Peverel Monthly* edited by Flora in the late 1920s but never published as a separate volume)

### Nature articles
* *The Peverel Papers* (1986, published )

## References
## Other websites
*Flora Thompson website
*Lark Rise to Candleford website
Sergio Castillo

**Sergio Castillo** (13 May 1925 – 19 August 2010 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.

He began as an architect. In 1948 he travelled to Paris and took painting courses. After returning to Chile he attended the Faculty of Arts of the University of Chile, where he studied with two known teachers, Lily Garafulic and Marta Colvin. In 1956 he studied at the Art Student League of New York. From 1967 he taught at the University of Chile. He lived and worked for many years at San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain. In 1985 he joined the faculty of Boston University, in the US. He built several large pieces on the campus of Boston University.

He won the National Award in Art (1997). “50 años creando mis animales en acero” (50 years making my steel animals) is his recent exposition, including things that look a little like animals.

## Other websites 
*Some of his works