open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Philippines at the Olympics

**Philippines at the Olympics** is a history which includes 23 games in 16 countries and 370+ athletes.  Since 1911, the Philippines has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Philippines is PHI.

## History
The Philippine National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1929.

Philippines's team first competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

The team did not compete in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Filipino athletes have also been at the Winter Olympic Games  three times after 1972, but not since 1994. The Philippines is the first nation in the tropics to be in the Winter Olympic Games.

## Medalists
### Summer games
### Summer Youth games
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Philippine Olympic Committee website
* Philippines profile at London2012.com
Robert Louis Stevenson

**Robert Louis Stevenson** was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He was born on 13 November 1850 and died on 3 December 1894. His parents were Thomas Stevenson, and Margaret Isabella Balfour. He spent much of his childhood sick in bed with lung trouble. He studied law in Edinburgh University, but later turned his interest to writing. Some of his best known works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped and Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll. He is the subject of several literature classes, especially his book KIDNAPPED for children aged 12 to 13 across the globe.

## Selected works
**Treasure Island* (1883)
*''A Child's Garden of Verses* (1885)
**The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde* (1886)
**Kidnapped* (1886)
**The Black Arrow* (1888)
**The Master of Ballantrae* (1889)
**Island Nights' Entertainments'' (1893)

## References
https://www.wordreference.com/enfr/these
São Paulo Museum of Art

The **São Paulo Museum of Art** is an art museum on Paulista Avenue in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The museum opened in 1968.
 (1687/1767) *Bacchus and Ariadne*, c.1730/35]]

The São Paulo Museum of Art's collection includes the greatest names in international art history van Gogh, Francisco de Goya, Matisse, Picasso, Modigliani, Giuseppe Amisani, Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró, Andy Warhol, El Greco, Diego Vélasquez, Mantegna, Bellini, Botticelli,  Giambattista Pittoni, Raphäel, Le Pérugin, Titien, Tintoretto, Guercino, Poussin, Manet, Degas, Cézanne, Monet, Renoir, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, Pierre Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, Antoine Van Dyck.
The Westing Game

***The Westing Game*** is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin. It was published in 1978 and it won the Newbery Medal in 1979. It was made into a movie which was released in 1997. This movie was released under both the names *The Westing Game* and *Get a Clue*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Selous' zebra

The '''Selous' zebra'* (*Equus quagga borensis*) is one of the six subspecies of the plains zebra (*Equus quagga''). Selous' Zebra is a critically endangered species. These are often confused with the Damaraland zebras (*Equus quagga antiquorum*), and the Chapman Zebra (*Equus quagga chapmani*). The Selous' Zebra's belly is partly striped and they have clean black and white banding. They do not have the brown shadow stripes of the Chapman Zebra. 

Selous's Zebra lives in the northwest of Kenya, parts of Uganda, and the southeast of Sudan.

## References
Phil Jones (footballer)

**Philip Anthony "Phil" Jones** (born 21 February 1992) is an English footballer.  Jones plays as a defender for Montego Bay United F.C, in Jamaica, and is a former England international. He played for Blackburn Rovers at both youth and senior levels before joining Manchester United.  Jones usually plays central defender, but can also play as a right-back or defensive midfielder.

## Club career
### Blackburn Rovers
Jones was born in Preston, Lancashire. He grew up in Clayton-le-Woods. He joined Blackburn Rovers' youth team in 2002. He joined the senior team for the 2009–10 Premier League season.  Jones signed a two-year contract with the team. He wore uniform number 28 for Blackburn. He played his first game for Blackburn on 22 September 2009 in a League Cup game against Nottingham Forest. Blackburn won 1–0. In February 2010, he signed a new five-year contract.  The contract had a £16&nbsp;million release clause. Jones made his first Premier League start for Blackburn against Chelsea on 21 March.  The game was a 1–1 draw at Ewood Park.

Jones started the 2010–11 season in midfield.  He became one of the starters for the team. Jones  his knee in a game against West Ham United in December 2010. He could not play for three months because of the injury.

### Manchester United
On 13 June 2011, Manchester United said that they had reached a deal to sign Jones.  The deal was for an undisclosed transfer fee.  The deal would be finished upon his return from international games. He played his first game for the club on the 2011 pre-season tour to the USA, in United's 3–1 victory over Chicago Fire. Jones played as a second-half substitute, replacing Rio Ferdinand, in a 3–2 win over rivals Manchester City in the 2011 Community Shield. Jones played in his first Premier League game for United a week later.  He entered again as a substitute for Ferdinand.  United beat West Bromwich Albion 2–1 on the opening weekend.

## International career
Jones played his first game for the England under-19 team in the 3–1 win over Turkey on 17 November 2009. He has since played three more times for the under-19s. He was selected for the 2011 U-21 European Championship in Denmark.  Manager Stuart Pearce made Jones the captain of the team.

In 5 August 2011, he joined the England first-team squad for the friendly against the Netherlands. The game was cancelled four days later by the FA after the riots in London.

In November 2011, he competed in two home games for England at Wembley. The first was a 1-0 win against the world champions, Spain. The second was also a 1-0 win over Sweden. In both games he played midfield, this is in contrast to his 'right back' role for his club side, Manchester United.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 2012–13
*FA Cup: 2015–16
*FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013
*UEFA Europa League: 2016–17

## References
Saudi Arabia at the Olympics

**Saudi Arabia** has been in 12 Summer Olympic Games. They first were in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.  They have been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2022.

By Saudi Arabian law, women cannot be in the Olympic Games. However, the International Olympic Committee is reportedly pressuring the Saudi Olympic Committee to send female athletes to the 2012 Summer Olympics.  Others want Saudi Arabia to not be in the Olympics unless they let women in.

The Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee was formed in 1964 and  in 1965.
## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Saudi Arabia profile at London2012.com
2010 Russian Premier League

The **2010 Russian Premier League** was the 19th season of the Russian Premier League. The team with the most points was Zenit St. Petersburg, with 68 points. CSKA Moscow was second with 62 points. The season started on March 12, 2010. The last match was played November 29, 2010. On November 14, 2010, Zenit St. Petersburg claimed their titles after a 5-0 win against FC Rostov. Lastly, this season was Saturn Moscow Oblast's last season. The team was dissolved after.

## Club Positions
Qatar at the Olympics

**Qatar at the Olympics** is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1979, Oman has  to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Qatar is QAT.

## History
The Qatar Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and  by the IOC in 1980.

Teams from Qatar have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but is scheduled to its Winter Olympic Games debut in 2026.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Qatar profile at London2012.com 
* "Qatar using black gold to tap into top performers", *The Guardian*, December 13, 2005 (on Olympic competitors from various countries switching to Qatari citizenship)
*home page
List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers

This is a **list of FIFA World Cup goalscorers**. This is until the 2022 World Cup.

Currently, Miroslav Klose has the most with 16 goals.

## Overall top goalscorers
;16 goals 
*  Miroslav Klose

; 15 goals
*  Ronaldo

; 14 goals
*  Gerd Müller

; 13 goals
*  Lionel Messi
*  Just Fontaine

; 12 goals
*  Pelé
*  Kylian Mbappé

; 11 goals
*  Jürgen Klinsmann
*  Sándor Kocsis

; 10 goals
*  Gabriel Batistuta
*  Gary Lineker
*  Helmut Rahn
*  Thomas Müller
*  Teófilo Cubillas
*  Grzegorz Lato

; 9 goals
*  Ademir
*  Jairzinho
*  Vavá
*  Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
*  Uwe Seeler
*  Roberto Baggio
*  Paolo Rossi
*  Christian Vieri
*  Eusébio
*  David Villa

; 8 goals
*  Diego Maradona
*  Guillermo Stábile
*  Leônidas
*  Neymar
*  Rivaldo
*  Harry Kane
*  Rudi Völler
*  Cristiano Ronaldo
*  David Villa
*  Oscar Míguez

; 7 goals
*  Careca
*  Oldřich Nejedlý
*  Hans Schäfer
*  Lajos Tichy
*  Johnny Rep
*  Andrzej Szarmach
*  Luis Suárez

; 6 goals
*  Mario Kempes
*  Erich Probst
*  Bebeto
*  Rivelino
*  Hristo Stoichkov
*  James Rodríguez
*  Davor Šuker
*  Ivan Perišić
*  Enner Valencia
*  Thierry Henry
*  Helmut Haller
*  Lothar Matthäus
*  Max Morlock
*  Asamoah Gyan
*  György Sárosi
*  Salvatore Schillaci
*  Arjen Robben
*  Dennis Bergkamp
*  Rob Rensenbrink
*  Robin Van Persie
*  Wesley Sneijder
*  Zbigniew Boniek
*  Oleg Salenko
*  Josef Hügi
*  Diego Forlán

;5 goals
*  Gonzalo Higuaín
*  Tim Cahill
*  Hans Krankl
*  Marc Wilmots
*  Romelu Lukaku
*  Garrincha
*  Romário
*  Zico
*  Roger Milla
*  Mario Mandžukić
*  Tomáš Skuhravý
*  Jon Dahl Tomasson
*  Geoff Hurst
*  Michel Platini
*  Olivier Giroud
*  Zinedine Zidane
*  Franz Beckenbauer
*  Lukas Podolski
*  Gyula Zsengellér
*  Alessandro Altobelli
*  Silvio Piola
*  Johan Neeskens
*  Wesley Sneijder
*  Peter McParland
*  Valentin Ivanov
*  Emilio Butragueño
*  Raúl González
*  Fernando Hierro
*  Fernando Morientes
*  Kennet Andersson
*  Henrik Larsson
*  Xherdan Shaqiri
*  Landon Donovan
*  Edinson Cavani
*  Pedro Cea
*  Juan Alberto Schiaffino
Mission: Impossible (movie)

***Mission: Impossible*** is a 1996 American action spy movie starring Tom Cruise and directed by Brian De Palma. Set after the 1966 television series of the same name and its 1988 sequel series (canonically set six years later after the latter), it is the first installment of the *Mission: Impossible* movie series. It is set in London, Prague and Virginia. 

*Mission: Impossible* was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on May 22, 1996. The movie was successful and it led to a long-running movie series, starting with *Mission: Impossible II* (2000), followed by *Mission: Impossible III* (2006), *Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol* (2011), *Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation* (2015), *Mission: Impossible – Fallout* (2018), *Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One* (2023) and part two in 2025.

## Cast
* Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt: A young IMF agent
* Jon Voight as Jim Phelps: The leader of Ethan's IMF team and his mentor
* Emmanuelle Béart as Claire Phelps: Phelps's wife and a member of his IMF team
* Henry Czerny as Eugene Kittridge: The director of the IMF
* Jean Reno as Franz Krieger: A disavowed IMF agent and skilled pilot recruited by Ethan to assist him
* Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell: A disavowed IMF agent and skilled computer hacker recruited by Ethan to assist him
* Vanessa Redgrave as Max: An illegal arms dealer
* Kristin Scott Thomas as Sarah Davies: An IMF agent and Ethan's partner who is a surveillance expert
* Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė as Hannah Williams: An IMF agent and field operative in Phelps' team
* Emilio Estevez as Jack Harmon: An IMF agent and equipment technician in Phelps' team. Estevez went uncredited in the role.
* Rolf Saxon as William Donloe: A CIA analyst at Langley
* Marcel Iureş as Alexander Golitsyn: An IMF agent posing as a rogue agent to lure out the mole in Prague

Additional cast members include Karel Dobrý and Andreas Wisniewski as Max's henchmen, Annabel Mullion as an IMF agent posing as the flight attendant on Ethan's plane, Olegar Fedoro as an IMF agent during the Kyiv sequence, and Morgan Deare as Ethan's uncle Donald Hunt.

## Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, 66% of 65 reviews are positive. The average rating is 6.10/10. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 29 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Klaipėda

**Klaipėda** is a city in Lithuania. It is where the Nemunas River  flows into the Baltic Sea. Klaipėda is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County. The German name of the city is **Memel**. Until 1920, this city was the northernmost city of the German Empire. 

The city's history is complicated. The Port of Klaipėda is important in the area. It is a usually ice-free port on the Baltic Sea. It has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Entente States, Lithuania, and the Third Reich. The city became part of Lithuania while it was a Soviet Socialist Republic. Klaipėda remained part of Lithuania after it again became independent state.

The population shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 177,823 in 2011. Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit, and Palanga to the north.

## Sister cities and areas
Honus Wagner

**Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner** (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955 ) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop. He was nicknamed **"The Flying Dutchman"** because he was German and very fast. He played in the National League from 1897 to 1917. He played for the Louisville Colonels for two years, and then for the Pittsburgh Pirates for 17 years. Wagner won eight batting titles, the most in National League history. He held the league record for slugging percentage six times, and the record for stolen bases five times.

He was inducted (added to) the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936. He was one of the first five members of the hall of fame. He received the second-highest vote total to be added. Ty Cobb is the only person to get more votes. Babe Ruth tied with Wagner for second-highest.

Most historians think that Ty Cobb is the greatest player of the dead-ball era. But some think that Wagner was a better all-around player. Most baseball historians think that Wagner was the greatest shortstop ever. Cobb said that Wagner was "maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond."

## Early life 
Johannes Wagner was born on February 24, 1874 in the Chartiers neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Chartiers is now part of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.) His parents were Peter and Katheryn Wagner. His father was a coal miner and his mother was a housewife. Both of his parents were German immigrants.

Wagner was one of five children. His mother called him Hans as a child. This name evolved (change into over time) into Honus. When he was 12, Wagner dropped out of school to work in the coal mines with his father. In their free time, Honus and his brothers played sandlot baseball. They became so good that three of Honus's brothers also became professional baseball players.

Honus's older brother, Albert "Butts" Wagner, was a professional baseball player. In 1895, he was playing for the Inter-State League. He got Honus a tryout with the league.

In 1894, Honus married Bessie Baine Smith. They had three daughters: Elva Katrina (b. 1918), Betty Baine (b. 1919), and Virginia Mae (b. 1922).

## Minor league career 
Honus started playing for the Inter-State League in 1895. He played for five different teams in his first year. The towns he played for were Steubenville, Akron, Mansfield, Adrian, and Warren.

Ed Barrow, a manager from the Atlantic League, saw Honus play. He convinced Honus to come play for the Paterson Silk Weavers of Paterson, New Jersey. In 1896, Wagner had a batting average of .313. In 1897, Wagner played 74 games and hit .375.

## References 
## Other websites
Avro 683 Lancaster

**Avro 683 Lancaster** was developed out of Avro 679 Manchester. It was the most used RAF bomber in the Second World War. The changes made on Avro 679, like four Rolls-Royce Merlin X instead of two powerplants and longer wings, have led to the new name Avro 683. Royal Air Force ordered 1070 pieces of this airplane.  After the success on the war places, Avro sold the production licence to other companies. One of those was Packard, who bought the licence for powerplant production and improved them. The variant with the most produced pieces was Avro 683 B I, a plane which was the base of RAF Bomber Command at that time. 

## Technical data (Lancaster B I) 
## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
* 20./21. February 1945 - The last flight of RAF PD421 IQ-F. Historical research of an Avro 683 lost near Hagen, Germany German
Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)

]]

**Southern** is a train operating company in the south of England. They operate routes around the southeast such as London, Kent, West Sussex, East Sussex and more. It is a division of Govia.

## References
Annie Lennox

**Ann Lennox** OBE (born 25 December 1954) is an Academy Award-winning Scottish pop-rock singer. She is best known for being the lead singer of the Eurythmics. Lennox has also released five albums on her own.
Neuromancer

***Neuromancer*** is a science fiction novel by William Gibson. It was published in 1984. It is an important book that started the cyberpunk genre. It was Gibson's first novel and the first book of the Sprawl trilogy. *Neuromancer* was the first novel to win all three of the important awards in science fiction — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award.

## Publication
Terry Carr asked Gibson to write the book for the third series of Ace Science Fiction Specials. This was a series for authors' first novels.

## Other websites
* *Neuromancer* at the William Gibson Aleph, featuring cover art and adaptations
* *Neuromancer* at Worlds Without End
* 
* Study Guide for William Gibson: *Neuromancer* (1984)  by Paul Brians of Washington State University
* Gibson on the influence of *Blade Runner*
* *Neuromancer* , reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction )
The Giver

***The Giver*** is a novel by Lois Lowry. It is science fiction. Bantam Books published the book in 1993. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American literature for children in 1994. *The Giver* has sold more than 5 million copies.

People have been complaining that the novel "The Giver" is unsuitable for children, simply because it is too dark. This is why the book has been often challenged.

*The Giver* is the first book in a quartet. *Gathering Blue,* *Messenger,* and *Son* are the books.
Michael Sheard

**Michael Sheard** (18 June 1938 – 31 August 2005) was a Scottish character actor who featured in many movies and television programmes, and was known for playing villains. His most prominent television role was as strict deputy headmaster Maurice Bronson in the children's series *Grange Hill*, which he played between 1985 and 1989. He appeared as Admiral Ozzel in *The Empire Strikes Back* (1980).

## Early life
Sheard was born **Michael Lawson Perkins** in Aberdeen, Scotland, the son of Donald Marriot Perkins, a church minister. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and took his mother's maiden name as his stage name. During his national service Sheard was a Royal Air Force aircraftman.

## Personal life
Sheard died of cancer on 31 August 2005, aged 67, at his home on the Isle of Wight, leaving his wife, Rosalind Moir, whom he married in 1961, and three children; two sons: Simon and Rupert and a daughter Susannah

## Filmography
**The McKenzie Break* (1970) as Ingenieur-Offizier Unger
**Universal Soldier* (1971) as Man (uncredited)
**Frenzy* (1972) as Jim (uncredited)
**The Darwin Adventure* (1972) as Man #1
**Super Bitch* (1973) as Williamson (uncredited)
**England Made Me* (1973) as Fromm
**Holiday on the Buses* (1973) as Depot Manager
**Soft Beds, Hard Battles* (1974) as New Military Governor (uncredited)
**The Hiding Place* (1975) as Kapteyn
* *The Sweeney - Hit and Run* (1975) as Mr Penketh (headmaster)
**Erotic Inferno* (1975) as Eric Gold
**Rogue Male* (BBC movie) (1976) as Adolf Hitler
**Force 10 from Navarone* (1978) as Sgt. Bauer
**Escape to Athena* (1979) as Sergeant Mann
**Riddle of the Sands* (1979) as Böehme
**All Quiet on the Western Front* (1979) as Paul's father
**The Empire Strikes Back* (1980) as Admiral Ozzel
**Rough Cut* (1980) as Man at Airport (uncredited)
**Green Ice* (1981) as Jaap
**The Bunker* (1981) as Himmler
**Raiders of the Lost Ark* (1981) as U-Boat Captain (uncredited)
**High Road to China* (1983) as Charlie
**The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission* (1985, TV movie) as Adolf Hitler
**Murder Rap* (1988) as Defense Counsel (uncredited)
**Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade* (1989) as Adolf Hitler (uncredited)
**Doombeach* (1989) as Headmaster
**The Darling Buds of May* as Building Inspector (1992)
**Another Life* (2001) as Mr. Justice Shearman

## References
## Bibliography
* *Yes, Mr Bronson: Memoirs of a Bum Actor* () published in 1997
* *Yes, Admiral* () published in 1999
* ''Yes, School's Out!* () published in 2001
* *Yes, It's Photographic!* published in 2004

## Other websites
* 
* Bio at Ancestry.com - shows birth year as 1938
* Obit from *The Independent* also shows birth year as 1938
* Obituary: *The Guardian'' shows incorrect birth year
Corroboree frog

There are two species of **corroboree frog**:
* Southern corroboree frog, *Pseudophryne corroboree*
* Northern corroboree frog, *Pseudophryne pengilleyi*
Alex Rafael

**Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio** (born  1 January 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as striker.

## Career
He started playing football in the youth teams of Corinthians São Paulo. In 2007, he went on to the local rival  Palmeiras. After the foundation of Red Bull Brasil, he played with this team and was promoted two times till they played in the Série A2, the second league in the province of São Paulo. In 2010, he played in the final of the Copa Paulista.

In 2011, he and his teammate Jefferson were invited to practice with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austria. He played in test matches versus Bayer Leverkusen and Olympique Lyonnais. He could convince the coaches and so he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias Bundesliga.

## Honours
* 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
* 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd  league): 2010
* 1x final Copa Paulista: 2010
Northern corroboree frog

The **northern corroboree frog** is one of two species of **corroboree frog** (*Pseudophryne pengilleyi*). The other is the southern corroboree frog.

The two frogs were believed to be the same. But in 1996 they were recognised as two different species. The northern corroboree frog is a very small black frog with either light green or yellow stripes. Unlike the southern species, these stripes are sometimes broken.

It lives in the subalpine areas of south eastern Australia, an area of about  including the Kosciusko National Park, Namadgi National Park, the Brindabella Mountains and the Fiery Ranges. 

The northern corroboree frog has not suffered as badly as the southern as it has a much larger habitat. It lives above above sea level and with higher population numbers at the lower level. It has recently been downgraded from critical to an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## References
Galaxy Science Fiction

***Galaxy Science Fiction*** was an American science fiction magazine. It was published from 1950 to 1980.

## Editors and authors
H. L. Gold was the first editor. He made *Galaxy* the leading science fiction magazine of its time. He published stories about social issues, not just technology. Gold published many well-known and important stories, including: Robert A. Heinlein's *The Puppet Masters* and Alfred Bester's *The Demolished Man*. He also published Ray Bradbury's "The Fireman", which later became the novel *Fahrenheit 451*.

By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with the magazine. When Gold became ill, Pohl became editor. He started officially at the end of 1961, but had been doing most of the editing for a while. *Galaxy* continued to be successful. Pohl often published fiction by important writers such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison, and Robert Silverberg. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his work at *Galaxy*. He did win three Hugos for another magazine, *If*.  In 1969, *Galaxy* was sold to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl quit. Later editors included  Ejler Jakobsson and James Baen.
George Medal

The **George Medal** (**GM**) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It ranks below the George Cross. It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.

The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI.  At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage. It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.

Announcing the new award, the King said: 
:"In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".

The Warrant for the GM was published in the *London Gazette* on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery". The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.

The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states:

:"The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".

Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar.  Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.

The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the *London Gazette*.

## Related pages 
* Victoria Cross
* George Cross
* Elizabeth Cross

## References
Ether

In organic chemistry, an **ether** is a part of a molecule called a functional group. An ether group is a structure where two carbon atoms are linked by chemical bonds to the same oxygen atom, and neither carbon has a double bond to another oxygen atom.

Chemicals that contain the ether group are also called **ethers**. Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and ethyl tert-butyl ether are examples of important ethers in the chemical industry.

## Special types 
An ether where the two carbon atoms are directly bonded to each other is an epoxide. Cyclic compounds containing multiple ether groups are called crown ethers.

When two ether groups share the same carbon atom, the compound is an acetal. An ether and  group on the same carbon is a hemiacetal.

## Related groups 
Ethers by definition do not have a  double bond on either of the carbons next to the oxygen. This bond changes how the chemical acts enough that if present, the chemical is no longer considered as an ether. If one carbon has this bond, the group is an ester; if both do, it is an acid anhydride.

A thioether is an ether where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.

One or both carbon atoms may be replaced with silicon. Replacing one carbon atom gives a silyl ether, and replacing both gives a siloxane.

## References
Blackburn B-103

**Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer** was made for the Royal Navy, the naval part of the United Kingdom´s armed forces. It was also by the Royal Air Force starting in 1968. That was the first airplane with some technical innovations like a system for increased buoyancy, a split rudder (which widens to be an air brake), and rotating magazine for nuclear or conventional weapons. After tests, this plane was selected and put in use by Royal Navy in 1962. This aircraft was retired in 1994. It was used in the 1991 Gulf War. 

## Technical data (Buccaneer S 2B)
Croix de Guerre

The ***Croix de guerre*** (English translation: *Cross of War*) is a military medal of both France and Belgium.

It was first created in 1915 in both countries. It consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was awarded during World War I, again in World War II, and in other conflicts. The Croix de guerre was also often awarded to foreign military forces allied to France and Belgium.

The Croix de guerre may be given to a unit or to individuals who for acts of heroism involving combat with enemy forces. The medal is also awarded to those who have been "mentioned in despatches". This means a heroic deed was performed meriting a citation from an individual's headquarters unit. The unit award of the Croix de guerre was issued to military commanders who performed heroic deeds in combat and were subsequently recognized by headquarters.
JIT

**JIT**, Just-In-Time compilation is a way to translate bytecode instructions to instructions the processor understands. Bytecode is a set of computer instructions for a processor that only exists on paper. 

The alternative to a JIT is an interpreter that looks at each bytecode instruction individually and then decides what to with it. When you run over the same part of the program again, an interpreter has to make the decisions again. While a JIT makes the decisions on how to handle the bytecode once, and then stores it as native processor instructions (this takes memory). Properly deciding how to translate bytecode take some time, so you have some minor slowdown in startup speed. A proper modern JIT first runs a regular interpreter, and then does the JIT step once it knows something is used frequently.

## Related pages
*Java Virtual Machine
QWOP

***QWOP*** is a flash game created by Bennett Foddy and released on the Internet in 2008 to his website called "Foddy.net". Players play as an athlete named "Qwop", who is participating in a 100-meter sprint event at the Olympic Games. Using only the Q, W, O and P keys, players must control the movement of the legs to make the character move forward. When the player has successfully reached 50 meters they must jump a hurdle, and at 100 meters the player is encouraged to perform a long jump, although simply passing the finish line is sufficient to complete the game. 

The game has been criticized for being too hard to get good at. In early December 2010, the game had a viral popularity outbreak after video blogger Ray William Johnson reviewed a YouTube video that annotates the game, becoming the subject of an Internet meme. Despite this, the game helped Foddy’s site reach 30 million views. After the success of the game, Foddy created another flash game called "GIRP", which was released on his site in 2011.

## References
## Other websites 
* QWOP website 
* GIRP website
Structured program theorem

The **structured program theorem** is a theorem in programming and computer science. A computer program can be split into pieces of code that do a certain task. According to the structured program theorem, these smaller tasks can be combined in only three ways to get any larger task done.

A program gets a large task done by splitting it into many smaller tasks that the computer can do easily. These smaller tasks are called *subprograms* in computer science. According to the structured program theorem, the three ways subprograms can be combined are:
# *In sequence.* Executing (running) one subprogram, and then executing another subprogram.
# *By selection.* Executing a subprogram based on a certain condition.
# *In repetition.* Executing the same subprogram over and over again.
The theorem was first published in 1966 by Corrado Böhm and Guiseppe Jacopini. It comes from the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture and the normal form theorem developed by Stephen Kleene.
Aga Khan IV

**Karīm al-Ḥussayni Shah, Aga Khan IV** KBE (13 December 1936 – 4 February 2025) was the 49th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims from 1957 until his death in 2025.

## Nizari Ismaili Imamat
He held this position under the title of Aga Khan, starting on 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan. He was responsible for the interpretation of the faith for his followers and helped to improve the quality of their lives and communities.

Unlike his grandfather, Aga Khan IV's higher education was in the United States at Harvard University. His children have also been educated in the U.S.

Since he became imam, Aga Khan IV followed the political and economic changes which affected his followers. These events included the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Aga Khan IV was interested in the elimination of global poverty; the advancement of women; the promotion of Islamic culture, art, and architecture; and promoting pluralistic values in society. He was the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world. This works for the environment, health, education, architecture, culture, microfinance, rural development, and disaster reduction. Goals include promotion of private-sector enterprise and the revitalisation of historic cities.

During his visit to India in 1983, the Aga Khan said,

In February 2014, Aga Khan IV became the first faith leader to address the Joint Session of the Parliament of Canada.

## Personal life
The Aga Khan had been married twice, and had four children. His main residence was a vast walled compound and chateau, the Aiglemont estate near Chantilly, France. He had many awards. Especially notable were the Nishan-e-Pakistan, Pakistan's highest civil award (1983), and the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. The Aga Khan was the first Muslim to receive this honour (1977).

Aga Khan IV died in Lisbon, Portugal on 4 February 2025, at the age of 88.

## References 
## Other websites
* His Highness the Aga Khan
* NanoWisdoms Archive – Dedicated to the Aga Khan's speeches and interviews (over 600 readings and 1,000 quotes) 
* His Highness the Aga Khan Spiritual Leader of Shia Ismailis
* An Islamic Conscience: the Aga Khan and the Ismailis – Film of HH the Aga Khan IV 
* About His Highness the Karim Aga Khan
* About Her Highness the Begum Aga Khan (PIF)
Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi

**Shahāb al-Dīn Yahya ibn Habash as-Suhrawardī** (, also known as **Sohrevardi**) was a 12th-century persian philosopher of kurdish stock   He was poet, philosopher and Sufi. He was the founder of the Illuminationist philosophy or "Oriental Theosophy", or the Suhrawardi Order of Sufism. He is sometimes also called *Sheikh al Maqtul* (The Murdered Master/Sage) as he was executed for his beliefs and practices by orthodox Islamic authorities.

## References
George Cross

The **George Cross** (**GC**) is the highest civil decoration of the United Kingdom, and many other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. The GC is the civilian counterpart of the Victoria Cross (VC). It is the highest gallantry award for civilians. Also, it may be awarded to military personnel in actions not in the face of the enemy or for which purely military honours would not normally be granted. 

## Living holders of the George Cross
The list of living holders of the George Cross is small.
: *This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* John Bamford, GC
* James Beaton, GC, CVO
* Arthur Butson, GC
* Matt Croucher, GC
* Christopher Finney, GC
* Henry Flintoff, GC
* Anthony Gledhill, GC
* John Gregson, GC
* Kim Hughes, GC
* Barry Johnson, GC
* Derek Kinne, GC
* Alfred Lowe, GC
* Peter Norton, GC
* Michael Pratt, GC
* Margaret Purves, GC
* Awang Anak Raweng, GC
* Samuel Shephard, GC
* Henry Stevens, GC
* Carl Walker, GC
* Ernie Wooding, GC

File:George Cross Malta P1440218.jpg|George Cross medal
File:UK George Cross medal-rose-detailed.svg
File:George Cross of Malta 737x737.svg|Detail of the George Cross on the Flag of Malta

## Related pages 
* Victoria Cross
* George Medal
* Elizabeth Cross
*Flag of Malta

## References 
4. George Cross Encyclopaedia, by Marion Hebblethwaite, comprehensive illustrated bibliographies of all recipients, 2021
Adduction

**Adduction** is a form of movement in animal biology which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane of the body. The opposite of adduction is abduction.

## Muscles of adduction
### Upper limb
* of arm at shoulder (lowering arm)
** Subscapularis
** Teres major
** Pectoralis major
** Infraspinatus
** Triceps brachii (caput longum)
** Latissimus dorsi
** Coracobrachialis

* of hand at wrist
** Flexor carpi ulnaris
** Extensor carpi ulnaris

* of fingers
** Palmar interossei

* of thumb
** Adductor pollicis

### Lower limb
* of thigh at hip
** medial compartment of thigh/adductor muscles of the hip
*** Adductor longus
*** Adductor brevis
*** Adductor magnus
*** Pectineus
*** Gracilis

* of toes (S2-S3)
** Adductor hallucis
** Plantar interossei

### Other
* vocal folds
** Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

* eyeball
** Superior rectus muscle
** Inferior rectus muscle
** Medial rectus muscle

## Adduction in Scallops
Scallops have a central adductor muscle. It lets them open and close their shells. It is quite large and developed compared to other bivalves because they swim a lot.

## References
Middle Triassic

The **Middle Triassic** is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period. It lasted from about 247.2 million years ago (mya) to ~237 mya.

Once the middle series in the Triassic was known as the Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a unit of rock strata of Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.

## Fauna 
Archosaurs were initially rarer than the therapsids which had dominated Permian terrestrial ecosystems, but they began to displace therapsids in the Middle Triassic. This 'Triassic takeover' may have contributed to the evolution of mammals. It forced the surviving therapsids and their mammalian successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores. Nocturnal life probably forced the proto-mammals to develop fur and higher metabolic rates. In their burrows, keeping warm, looking after the young and feeding them with milk were keys to their later success.

The ancestors of crocodiles, and the ancestors of pterosaurs and dinosaurs, were the most important archosaurs of this epoch.

In the Tethys Ocean, the first sauropterygia were present, the nothosaurs and early plesiosaurs. Ichthyosaurs had arrived in the Lower Triassic.

## References
Hospital ship

hospital ship USNS *Comfort* in 2009.]]
A **Hospital ship** is a big boat which is built to cure patients. Most are operated by militaries, or by governments. Attacking one is a war crime, but Hospital ships are not allowed to carry any weapons, and enemy navies (if the owner of the Hospital ship is at war) are allowed to inspect them.　And hospital ship is due to be protected by Second Geneva Convention.
Volkswagen Beetle

The **Volkswagen Beetle** is a car manufactured by the Volkswagen company.  It was designed by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche.  When it was introduced, it had gone through over a million miles of testing - more than any other car at the time.

The history of the car is the history of the Volkswagen company - the company was created to make that car.  Other than some military vehicles during WWII, it was the only car the company made at first.

The car was made from 1949 to 2003, over 23 million of them.  For many years, it held the record as the most-sold car ever.  It took the record from the Model T Ford in 1971, and held it until 2000 when the Toyota Corolla took it away.

The basic shape and design of the car did not change.  It was also powered by an engine in the rear, had a small trunk up front, and was air-cooled (no radiator).

More recently, the company made the New Beetle, which looked similar, followed by the present-day Beetle from 2012.  These are completely different cars however, since they have a water-cooled engine in the front, and are very similar underneath to the Volkswagen Golf.

There are many Volkswagen clubs around the world, the members restore or modify the original air-cooled Volkswagens.

Disney made a series of films about a Beetle called Herbie.

## References
List of Kurdish poets and authors

The following is a list of people who have contributed to the Kurdish literature.

## 16th century - 20th century
*Malaye Jaziri (Melayê Cizîrî),(1570–1640), Kurdish poet and sufi
*Sherefxan Bidlisi (1543–1599), historian and poet, author of Sharafnama.
*Faqi Tayran (Feqîyê Teyran), (1590–1660), poet, author of Sheik San'an and Battle of DimDim.
*Ali Taramakhi (Elî Teremaxî), (16th century), linguist and writer.
*Mustafa Besarani, (1642-1701),Kurdish poet

*Ahmad Khani (Ehmedê Xanî), (1651–1707), Kurdish poet and a Muslim scholar, author of Mem û Zîn.
*Khana Qubadi (Xana Qubadî), (1700–1759), Kurdish poet, author of  Şîrîn û Xesrew.
*Mahmud Bayazidi (1797–1859), Kurdish writer, translator and historian.
*Nali (1797–1869), Kurdish poet.
*Mastoura Ardalan (1805–1848), Kurdish poet and historiographer.
*Mawlawi Tawagozi (1806–1882), Kurdish poet and sufi.
*Haji Qadir Koyi (1817–1897), Kurdish poet.
*Mahwi (1830–1906), Kurdish poet and sufi.
*Sheikh Rezza Talabani (1835–1910), Kurdish, Iraq.
*Wafaei (1844–1902), Kurdish poet, Iran.

*Edeb (1860–1918), Kurdish poet, Iran
*Piramerd (1867–1950), Kurdish poet, writer, novelist and journalist, Iraqi Kurdistan.
*Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), writer, historian and politician, Iraqi Kurdistan.
*Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), writer and linguist, Iraq.
*Celadet Bedir Khan (Celadet Alî Bedirxan), (1893–1951), linguist, journalist and politician, founder of the Latin-based Kurdish alphabet.
*Nuri Barzinji (1896–1958), poet, Iraqi Kurdistan.
*Arab Shamilov (Erebê Şemo) (1897–1978), Kurdish writer and novelist, Armenia.
*Rafiq Hilmi (1898–1960), Kurdish writer, literary analyst and politician, Iraq.
*Cigerxwîn (Cegerxwîn), (1903–1984), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
*Abdulla Goran (1904–1962), Kurdish poet.

*Osman Sabri (1905–1993), Kurdish poet, writer and journalist, Turkey/Syria.
*Emînê Evdal (1906–1964), Kurdish writer and linguist, Armenia.
*Alaaddin Sajadi (1907–1984), Kurdish writer, poet and academic, Iraqi Kurdistan.
*Hecîyê Cindî (1908–1990), Kurdish writer, linguist and researcher, Armenia.
*Qanate Kurdo (1909–1985), Kurdish writer, linguist and academic, Russia.
*Qedrîcan (1911–1972), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
*Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000), Kurdish writer, novelist and translator, Iraqi Kurdistan/England.
*Dildar, (Yonis Reuf), (1917–1948), Kurdish poet, Iraq
*Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharafkandi), (1920–1990), Kurdish poet, writer, translator and linguist, Iran.
*Hemin Mukriyani (Hêmin Mukriyanî), (1921–1986), Kurdish journalist and poet, Iran.
*Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006), Kurdish poet, Iraqi Kurdistan/UK.
*Karim Hisami (1926–2001), Kurdish writer, Iran/Iraq/Sweden.
*Muhamad Salih Dilan (1927–1990), One of the founders of modern Kurdish poetry.
*Shamil Asgarov (1928–2005), poet, researcher on the history and culture of the Kurds in Azerbaijan, translator.
*Mahmud Baksi (1944–2001), Kurdish writer and journalist, Sweden.
Ferdinand Porsche

**Ferdinand Porsche** (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was born in Austria.  He was a talented and well-known car designer, especially of race cars.  But he always wanted to make a small car useful for a family.  Finally Adolf Hitler gave him the opportunity to make the Volkswagen Beetle in 1936. But by the time the car started production, war broke out, and the company started making army vehicles instead.  After World War II he was put in a French jail for almost 2 years but never convicted of a crime.  He was released, but his health had been damaged and he died not long afterwards.  He lived long enough to see his beloved small car being successfully produced by the Volkswagen company, but not to see the great success it eventually became.

He started the Porsche company in 1931.  At first it made designs and prototypes for others (including the Volkswagen Beetle).  Later, under his son Ferry Porsche's leadership, it started making high-end cars.  It continues to produce high power cars to this day.

## References 
## Further reading
*Barber, Chris (2003). *Birth of the Beetle: The Development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche*. Haynes Publishing. .
* Ludvigsen, Karl E. (2008). *Porsche: Excellence Was Expected – The Comprehensive History of the Company, Its Cars and Its Racing Heritage.* Brooklands Books. 
* Hans Mommsen; Manfred Grieger: *Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich*, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996,  
* Peter Müller: *Ferdinand Porsche. Der Vater des Volkswagens*, 4. Aufl., 1998 
* Martin Pfundner: *Austro Daimler und Steyr. Rivalen bis zur Fusion. Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche*. Böhlau, Wien 2007.  

## Other websites 
*
* West Ham's Cedes Stoll Trolleybus  Porsche design
* Porsche facts website 
* Website of the Society of Automotive Historians about him 
* Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Lohner-Porsche .
* Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Landwehr and C-train
Tamara Karsavina

**Tamara Platonovna Karsavina** (10 March 1885 – 26 May 1978) was a Russian ballerina. She began her career in the Imperial Russian Ballet and later danced with the Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. 

Karsavina created the title role in *The Firebird*, the Ballerina in *Petrushka*, and The Young Girl in *Le Spectre de la Rose*. After she settled in Hampstead, London, she began teaching ballet professionally. She assisted in setting up The Royal Ballet, and was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Dance. Her pupils included Dame Alicia Markova and Dame Margot Fonteyn. She wrote two books: the autobiography *Theatre Street* (1930) and the dance textbook *Classical Ballet: the flow of movement* (1962).
 for *Le Spectre de la Rose*]]

## Other websites 
* Karsavina: A website with complete information about Karsavina's birth and death.
2011–12 FC Barcelona season

The **2011–12 season** is '''Futbol Club Barcelona's''' 118th in the Spanish league.

Barcelona signing a £125m deal with the Qatar Foundation.

## Pre-season
## Transfers 
### In 
### Out
### Released
### New deal
## Squad 
|

|

|

|}

## Supercopa de España
## La Liga 
## Champions League
* FC Barcelona advanced to the Round of 16.

## References