open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cardinality

In mathematics, the **cardinality** of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set *A* = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore *A* has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as |A|. 

Two sets have the *same* (or *equal*) cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. As an example, consider consider the set of all counting numbers, also known as natural numbers \mathbb{N} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...}, and the set of all even numbers {2, 4, 6, 8, 10...}. Although the set of even numbers is just the set of natural numbers with many of the numbers removed (a proper subset), the two sets actually have the same cardinality, because every natural number can be paired with an even number and vice versa: {1↦2, 2↦4, 3↦6, 4↦8, 5↦10...}. This is a one-to-one correspondence, so the two sets have the same cardinality. 

The cardinality of the set *A* is *less than or equal to* the cardinality of set *B* if and only if there is an injective function from *A* to *B*. The cardinality of the set *B* is *greater than or equal to* the cardinality of set *A* if and only if there is an injective function from *A* to *B*. 

The *cardinality* of a set is only one way of giving a number to the *size* of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way. 

## Notation
||*A*|| is the cardinality of the set *A*. Single vertical bars can also be placed around a set to mean cardinality, such as |*A*|.

An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers \mathbb{N}). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call \aleph_0 (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of \mathfrak{c}—the cardinality of the continuum.

## Related pages
*Bijection
* Cardinal number
* Cantor's diagonal argument
* Cantor's theorem
* Continuum hypothesis
* Injective function

## Notes and References
Neon Genesis Evangelion

***Neon Genesis Evangelion*** (Japanese: *新世紀エヴァンゲリオン* Hepburn: *Shin Seiki Evangelion*) is a Japanese anime series directed by Hideaki Anno, and produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production. It is set 15 years after a world-wide disaster. The main characters are teenagers that pilot giant robots called "Evangelions" to fight giant monsters called "angels." The imagery is inspired by depression, philosophy, and the religions Christianity and Judaism.

The show was liked by critics, but the ending made many fans angry. The film *End of Evangelion* was released in 1997. It acts as a different version of the show's ending. Other related media, including several manga, soundtracks, a light novel and the *Rebuild of Evangelion* film series, were made following the show’s success.

## Related pages 
* List of Neon Genesis Evangelion characters
## References
Goths

:*Goth can also stand for a member of the Goth subculture*
 under Hadrian (ruled 117-138) according to Tacitus's *Germania* (written ca. AD 100) and Ptolemy's *Geographia* (ca. AD 130). The map shows the location of the **Gothones** East Germanic group, who inhabited the east bank of the Visula (Vistula) River, now in Poland]]

The **Goths** (Gothic: , ) were an East Germanic tribe that spoke the Gothic language. Jordanes, a scholar from the 6th century, wrote a summary of a 12-volume work by Cassiodorus about the Goths that is commonly called *Getica*.

Since the original work by Cassiodorius was lost, *Getica* is the only surviving contemporary account about the Goths. It states that the Goths left Scandinavia via Gotland and settled close to the mouth of the Vistula River, in present-day Poland. In the 3rd and the 4th centuries they settled Scythia, Dacia and parts of Moesia and Asia Minor, fought with the Roman Empire and later adopted Arianism (a form of Christianity).

In the 4th and the 5th centuries, they split into the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. With that move, they established powerful successor-states to the Roman Empire in Italy and on the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Traces of Gothic blood can be found in many people .

## References
Utopia (book)

.]]

***Utopia*** is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is ***De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia***. This is usually translated to *On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia*.

The book is about an island off the coast of South America with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word utopia is used to refer to a society that everyone wants to live in with perfect laws, but which is often hard to make.

## Other websites 
* Digitally reconstructed edition of the book 
* A newer critical approach as to how to see the book (pdf)
Chinese calendar

The **Chinese calendar**, also known as the "agriculture calendar" (農曆/农历), is a lunisolar calendar (*yinyangli*). It was used until 1912 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.  It was developed in part from a lunar calendar (陰曆 *yinli*) and in part from a solar calendar (陽曆 *yangli*). 
 
## History
The current version of the Chinese calendar was developed for the Chongzhen Emperor in the 17th century.

Today in China the Gregorian calendar is used for most activities. At the same time, the Chinese calendar is still used for traditional Chinese holidays like the Chinese New Year or the Mid-Autumn Festival.

## Related pages
* Sexagenary calendar

## References
## Other websites
* Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table
Thora Birch

**Thora Birch** (born March 11, 1982) is an American actress. She was one of the most popular child actors of the 1990s in movies, such as *Patriot Games* (1992), *Hocus Pocus* (1993), *Clear and Present Danger* (1994), *Now and Then* (1995) and *Alaska* (1996). Since the 1990s she has had more serious roles, with good acting in movies, such as *American Beauty* (1999) and *Ghost World* (2001).

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Official Thora Birch Site
* Thora Birch on Tom Green Live 
* Thora Birch interviewed by Todd Solondz Interview magazine
Helen Hunt

**Helen Elizabeth Hunt** (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress. She has won the Emmy, Golden Globe and Academy Awards. She is best known for her role in the television sitcom *Mad About You*.

## Awards 
Hunt has been given many awards in her career. In 1998 she became one of only two actresses (the other is Helen Mirren) to win a Golden Globe Award, an Academy Award and an Emmy Award in the same year. She is the only actress to win four consecutive Emmys and to win four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.

**Academy Award**
* 1998 Best Actress in *As Good as It Gets*

**Emmy Award**
* 1996 Outstanding Lead Actress in *Mad About You*
* 1997 Outstanding Lead Actress in *Mad About You*
* 1998 Outstanding Lead Actress in *Mad About You*
* 1999 Outstanding Lead Actress in *Mad About You*

**Golden Globe Award**
* 1994 Best Performance by an Actress in *Mad About You*
* 1995 Best Performance by an Actress in *Mad About You*
* 1997 Best Performance by an Actress in *Mad About You*
* 1998 Best Performance by an Actress in *As Good as It Gets*

**Screen Actors Guild Award**
* 1995 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in *Mad About You*
* 1998 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in *As Good as It Gets*

## Television series 
* *Amy Prentiss* (1974)
* *The Swiss Family Robinson* (1975)
* *It Takes Two* (1982)
* *The Fitzpatricks*
* *My Life and Times* (1991)
* *Mad About You* (1992)
* *Empire Falls* (2005)

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Jane Seymour (actress)

**Jane Seymour OBE** (born **Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg** on 15 February 1951) is an English actress. Her father was a Jew from England whose family was from Poland. Her mother was a Dutch Protestant. Seymour is known as the co-star of the James Bond movie *Live and Let Die* and star of the TV series and movie *Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman*.

## Famous movies
* *Live and Let Die* (1973)
* *Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger* (1977)
* *Battlestar Galactica* (1978)
* *Somewhere in Time* (1980)
* *The Scarlet Pimpernel* (1982)
* *Lassiter* (1983)
* *Head Office* (1985)
* *War and Remembrance* (1988)
* *Wedding Crashers* (2005)

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Official website
* Jane Seymour cast bio on The WB
* Jane Seymour: Actress, Artist, and Heart-Health Activist
* Official *Somewhere In Time* website
* Official fan website (FriendsOfJane.com)
Goldie Hawn

**Goldie Jeanne Hawn** (born November 21, 1945) is an American actress, director and producer. Her mother was an American Jew of Hungarian immigrant parents. One of her early roles was as a cast member of *Laugh-In*, a comedy series on NBC television. She won the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award in 1969 for her work in *Cactus Flower*. She then left *Laugh-In* to continue her movie career.

Hawn is famous for her acting in many movie comedies during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Her son, Oliver Hudson, is a television and movie actor. Her daughter is Kate Hudson, who is an actress and has been nominated for an Oscar. Hawn has another son, Wyatt Russell, whose father is actor Kurt Russell, Hawn's longtime partner.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Meg Ryan

**Meg Ryan** (born November 19, 1961) is an American actress. She has starred in several romantic comedies, but has also worked in other movie genres, including drama and .

## Movies 
## Television work 
* *One of the Boys* (1982) (canceled after 13 episodes)
* *As the World Turns* (cast member from 1982-1984)
* *Wildside* (1985) (canceled after 6 episodes)
* *Captain Planet and the Planeteers* (member from 1990-1991) (voice)
* *The Simpsons* (Voice of Stacy Swanson)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Meg Ryan Info 
* Parkinson interview part 1
* Parkinson interview part 2
*
Andie MacDowell

**Andie MacDowell** (born **Rosalie Anderson MacDowell** on April 21, 1958 in Gaffney, South Carolina) is an American movie actress.

## Personal life 
From 1986 until 1999 Andie was married to Paul Qualley. They have three children, son Justin Qualley (born 1986) and two daughters Rainey Qualley (born 1989) and Sarah Margaret Qualley (born 1995).

From 2001 until 2004 she was married to Rhett DeCamp Hartzog.

## Movies
, 2001]]
* *Mighty Fine* (2012)
* *Barnyard* (2006)
* *Tara Road* (2005)
* *Beauty Shop* (2005)
* *Dinner with Friends* (2001)
* *Crush* (2001)
* ''Harrison's Flowers* (2000)
* *The End of Violence* (1997)
* *Muppets from Space* (1999)
* *Multiplicity* (1996)
* *Michael* (1996)
* *Unstrung Heroes* (1995)
* *Bad Girls* (1994)
* *Four Weddings and a Funeral* (1994)
* *Short Cuts* (1993)
* *Groundhog Day* (1993)
* *The Player* (1992)
* *The Object of Beauty* (1991)
* *Hudson Hawk* (1991)
* *Green Card* (1990)
* *sex, lies, and videotape* (1989)
* *St. Elmo's Fire* (1985)
* *Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes'' (1984)

## Other websites
* 
*
Arianism

, Italy]]

**Arianism** was a doctrine that came from Arius, a 4th-century priest who taught in Alexandria, Egypt. To many Christians, Arianism's teachings were heretical and wrong because they taught that Jesus was not God.   

Arianism opposed the dogma of the Holy Trinity. At the First Council of Nicea in 325 AD, Christian leaders said that Arianism was heresy. They created the Nicene Creed to describe their beliefs. It read, in part: "We believe in one Lord Jesus Christ, the *Son of God*... begotten, not made, * with* the Father."  

Many have claimed Arianism was a powerful part of Christianity from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD. However, its teachings disagreed with fundamental Christian beliefs. For this reason, its rhetoric was opposed by multiple theologians of the era as well as the early church (later the Catholic Church).  

## Beliefs 
 was not the same as God.]]
The main difference between the beliefs of Arianism and other main Christian denominations was that the Arians did not believe in the Holy Trinity, as other Christian churches use to explain God.  

Everything historians know about the Arians' beliefs comes from the writings of people who were against Arianism and considered its beliefs to be wrong. Those writings claim that Arianism believed: 

* Only God the Father is truly God. He alone is not born and is eternal. He does not change.
* God did not create the world by himself. He had help from something called *Logos* (Greek for word), which was created to create the world. That is God's "communication" with the world.
* God's communication with the world is known as the "Son of God" or the "Christ". The Son of God existed before he helped his Father make man and is the perfect image of God the Father. There is one exception, however; unlike God the Father, he was created (from nothing) by the will of the Father at the beginning of time. Therefore, he is not eternal. There was a time that he did not exist. In the same way, his power, his wisdom, and his knowledge are limited.

Between the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Arianists used 18 different creeds.

## Antitrinitarianism today 
In the 16th century, there was again a movement against the belief in the Holy Trinity. Fausto Sozzini (1539-1604) and Ferenc Dávid (c. 1520-1579) were well known for their opposition. Those movements developed into what is now called Unitarianism. Unitarians believe that there is only one person in God, not the three-in-one ideology known as the Trinity.

Some of the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses are similar to Arian beliefs. However, the Arians believed the Holy Spirit is a person, while the Jehovah's Witnesses teach that it is not a person but a force that God uses to do his will. That makes Jehovah's Witnesses different from Arians, as they reject many Arian teachings.

Mormons and Oneness Pentecostalism also reject the Holy Trinity, but for different reasons from those of Arianism.

## References
Sophia Loren

**Sophia Loren** (born 20 September 1934) is a retired Italian actress, one of the best known and most popular of Italian actresses.

## Life and career
Born **Sofia Villani Scicolone** in Rome, Italy, out of wedlock. She grew up in Puzzuoli, near Naples, raised by her single mother in poverty.

In 1950, she entered a beauty contest and was noticed by film producer Carlo Ponti (1912-2007) who took her under his wing. With his help and guidance, she began appearing in bit parts in film, and got her first major role in director Vittorio De Sica's *The Gold of Naples* in 1954.

Ponti made her learn English and took her to Hollywood. Her first film there was *The Pride and the Passion* in 1957, opposite Cary Grant and Frank Sinatra. This was followed by *Desire under the Elms* (1958) with Anthony Perkins, *Houseboat* (1958) with Cary Grant, *Black Orchid* (1958) with Anthony Quinn, *It Happened in Naples* (1960) with Clark Gable, *Heller in Pink Tights* (1960) with Anthony Quinn, *A Breath of Scandal* (1960) with John Gavin.

Back in Italy, she was reunited with Vittorio De Sica in *La Ciocara* (*Two Women*) in 1961, which won her the Academy Award and the BAFTA for best actress.

Thereafter, she pursued her career both in Italy and the United States, appearing in films such as *El Cid* (1962), *The Fall of the Roman Empire* (1964), *Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow* (1964), *Marriage Italian Style* (1964), *Arabesque* (1966), *The Countess from Hong Kong* (1967), *The Man from La Mancha* (1972), *The Cassandra Crossing* (1976), etc.

Sophia Loren and Carlo Ponti were first married on 17 September 1957, but Ponti being Catholic his divorce from his first wife was not recognized in Italy and the marriage was declared invalid. Ponti took French citizenship and after being legally divorced, he and Loren were remarried on 9 April 1966, and had two sons; Carlo (b. 1968) and Eduardo (b. 1973). The Italian former model and politician Alessandra Mussolini is her niece.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Official website 
* All Movie Guide biography of Loren 
*
British Academy of Film and Television Arts

**The British Academy of Film and Television Arts** (**BAFTA**) is a British organisation that gives awards at a special show every year, for movies, television, children's movies and television, and media.  The award for movies is called the British Academy Film Awards.

BAFTA was created in 1947 as **The British Film Academy**. In 1958, the Academy joined with **The Guild of Television Producers and Directors** and together they formed **The Society of Film and Television**.  This later became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA's main office is on Piccadilly in London, but it also has smaller offices in Northern England, Scotland, Wales, New York City and Los Angeles.

The Academy's awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was ordered by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955.

## Other websites
* BAFTA official site
* BAFTA/LA Britannia Awards site
* BAFTA Cymru site 
* BAFTA Scotland site 
* Museum of Broadcast Communications: BAFTA 
* IMDB: BAFTA 
* The most-honored films nominated for BAFTA Best Film
* Up to date news and reviews of BAFTA Films
Dennis Quaid

**Dennis William Quaid** (born April 9, 1954 in Houston, Texas) is an American actor.

## Filmography 
### Film 
### Television 
### Theatre 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* D.Q. and the sharks  Dennis Quaid's Band
Essay

An **essay** is a written text. It is usually about the personal point of view of the author who wrote it. The definition of an essay is vague.   and short stories can be quite similar.  Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been called essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's *An Essay on Criticism* and *An Essay on Man*). People that write essays are called essayists.

Most essays are short. This does not have to be the case. John Locke's *An Essay Concerning Human Understanding* and Thomas Malthus's *An Essay on the Principle of Population* are long essays.

Essays can have all sorts of purposes. For example, an essay can be very argumentative, it can talk about points for and against the essay question to give a balanced argument or opinion. Essay must be essential and give some new points about topics. Its must be useful to readers.

Michel de Montaigne, a 16th century philosopher invented the essay.

## Types
*argument led approach. An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective view of a subject matter. It is narrowed down to a single topic. 
*thesis led approach. A thesis statement based essay follows a thesis which supports a particular case.
*cause and effect, 
*problem and solution, 
*comparison and contrast, 
*description, 
*classification, 
*analysis, 
*argument and evidence, 
*procedural sequence, 
*chronological ordering.

## Argumentative Essay 
The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by coherence, logical arguments, evidential support, and a conclusion.   Some examples of argument essay topics are 'Is polygamy evil or not?', 'Are US elections always fair?'

## Thesis Essay 
This is a genre of essay where a stance is presented in an essay using a thesis statement. A thesis statement is one or more sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question. The thesis statement serves as a guide for the readers throughout the whole entire essay.

## References
Matilda

**Matilda** (or **Mathilda**) is a female name. It may refer to:
* Matilda a novel by Roald Dahl.
** Matilda (1996 movie), based on the novel
* Empress Matilda
Black Beauty

***Black Beauty*** is the name given to a children's book by Anna Sewell. 

A horse named Black Beauty is the main character in the book. In this book, the horse tells a story about his own life and experiences. 

The story begins with Black Beauty being a comfortable and free young horse living with his mother. When he is old enough, he is sold from farm to farm and is owned by different people. Through his adventures, Black Beauty meets many people, the kind and the cruel. He also makes new friends and experiences many difficulties. The book was published in 1877.

It was banned in South Africa during the Apartheid era because of the title, even though it was about a horse. (The validity of this statement is questionable as the TV series "The adventures of Black Beauty" was aired on SABC television in the 1980's and the book was available in libraries and for purchase)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Stand-up comedy

**Stand-up comedy** is a style of comedy where the comedian speaks directly to the audience. A person who performs stand-up comedy is known as a **stand-up comic**, **stand-up comedian**, or simply **stand-up**. It is usually done by a single comedian, and with the help of a microphone. The comedian normally speaks quickly many funny stories and short jokes (called *bits*). This is called a *monologue, routine* or *act*. Some stand-up comedians use music, props, or magic tricks in their acts. Stand-up comedy is usually done in comedy clubs, bars, colleges, and theaters. However, there is no restriction on where it can be done. Many smaller clubs, bars, and restaurants do "open microphone" events where amateur comedians can perform comedy in front of a live audience, offering a way for the performers to become better and possibly become professional comedians.

## Related pages
* List of stand-up comedians
* Rakugo – Japanese verbal entertainment
* Manzai – style of stand-up comedy in Japan
* Open mike – live show where audience members may perform at the microphone
Hindbrain

The **rhombencephalon** (or **hindbrain**) is a name for parts of the central nervous system in vertebrates.

## Additional images

 Image:Gray18.png|Chick embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. X 30.
 Image:Gray40.png|Embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.
Spanish broom

**Spanish broom** (*Spartium junceum*, syn. *Genista juncea*), also known as '''weaver's broom**, is a perennial, leguminous shrub that grows in the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa, where it is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. It is the sole species in the genus ***Spartium*'*, but is closely related to the other brooms in the genera *Cytisus* and *Genista*.

Spanish broom typically grows to 2-4 m tall, rarely 5 m, with main stems up to 5 cm thick, rarely 10 cm. 

## References
*Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Spartium junceum''
Salvia

***Salvia*** is a genus in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is one of three genera commonly referred to as **Sage**. Sage generally means common sage (*Salvia officinalis*). This genus includes shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name *Salvia*.

## References and other websites 
* *A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden* by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, . An excellent reference on salvias. Also, an updated (2004 edition) is available.
* http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32680  ITIS 32680 2002-09-06
* Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M. R. 2003, Salvia Officinalis extract in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind and placebo-controlled  trial. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 140, p22P-22P, 1/2p
Common sage

**Common sage** (*Salvia officinalis*) is a small evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to  purplish flowers that grows in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. 

It is much cultivated as a kitchen and medicinal herb, and is also called Garden sage, Kitchen sage, and Dalmatian sage. In southern Europe similar species are sometimes cultivated for the same purpose, and may be confused with the common sage. 

It likes warm, quite dry soil with some shade but it will grow in almost any garden soil. It can live through winter but after three to five years the plant is past its best and should be replaced. 

## Related pages
* Salvia

## References
* *The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses*,i like herbs Deni Bown (New York: DK, 2001)
* *A Modern Herbal* Mrs M Grieves (Surrey, UK: Merchant, 1973)

## Other websites 
*Medicinal use: from appliedhealth.com 
*Medicinal use, modern and historical: from botanical.com
Hayden Christensen

**Hayden Christensen** (born April 19, 1981) is a Canadian actor. He was in Canadian television programs when he was young, then he went to act into American television in the late 1990s. He did minor acting roles before being praised for his role of Sam in *Life as a House*. He became very famous worldwide by playing the young adult Anakin Skywalker in the *Star Wars* movies.

## Personal life
Christensen was born in Vancouver, British Columbia and raised in Thornhill, Ontario. In 2007, he began dating actress Rachel Bilson. They met while making *Jumper*. They became engaged on December 25, 2008. In mid-2010, the couple split up, but were dating again a few months later.

Christensen performed a public service announcement for Do Something's Teens for Jeans Campaign in 2008. He was a model in Louis Vuitton's advertising. He is in RED's new *Lazarus Effect Campaign*, which is to increase awareness for its efforts to fight AIDS in Africa.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Hayden Christensen profile at NNDB.
* Hayden Christensen Interview , Hayden Christensen talks about his role as Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
* Hayden Christensen doing Gumball 2007
Subshrub

A **subshrub** (Latin *suffrutex*) is a woody perennial plant. Gardeners use the word to distinguish plants from a shrub that have lower height, typically less than 10–20&nbsp;cm tall, or that are only weakly woody and/or persist only for a few years. Small, low shrubs such as lavender, periwinkle, and thyme, and many members of the family Ericaceae, such as cranberries, are often classed as subshrubs.
Vinca

***Vinca*** (from Latin  *vincire* "to bind, fetter") is a genus of five species in the family Apocynaceae, that grows in Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The common name, shared with the related genus *Catharanthus*, is **Periwinkle**.

They are subshrubs or herbaceous, and have slender stems 1–2 m (3–6 feet) long but not growing more than 20–70&nbsp;cm (8-30 inches) above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, so the plant can spread widely

## References
*Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). *Flora of Britain and Northern Europe*. Hodder & Stoughton.
*Huxley, A., ed. (1992). *New RHS Dictionary of Gardening* 4: 664-665. Macmillan.

Image:Vinca major-minor leaves.jpg|*Vinca minor* (above), *Vinca major* (below); leaves for comparison
Image:Vinca major-minor margins.jpg|*Vinca minor* (above), *Vinca major* (below); leaf margins for comparison; note hairless margin of *V. minor*, hairy margin of *V. major*

## Other websites 
*Flora Europaea: *Vinca*
*Virtual Flowers Vinca
Vinca (disambiguation)

**Vinca** can mean

* *Vinca*, one of two genera of plants with the common name Periwinkle
* Vinča, a suburb of Belgrade
* Vinča culture, an early European culture named after the Belgrade suburb
* Vinça, a commune of the Pyrénées-Orientales département in France
Car wash

A **car wash** is a place to clean the outside, and sometimes the inside, of automobiles. 

There are many different types of car washes. These are the three main groups:  
*self-service that are usually coin-operated,
*In-Bay Automatics are machines that roll back and forth over an automobile while washing it,
*"tunnel washes" push or pull the automobile through a line of cleaning machines that do not move.

In a modern car wash soaps and other chemicals used are based on milder acids and alkalies. Early car washes often used hydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical. Many car washes are now required by law to treat and reuse their water.

There are two types of foam: polish and wax. Polish is cheaper and may be harder to rinse, sometimes becoming solid  in its holding tank. Wax is more expensive, but rinses well and covers the vehicle with a lighter and puffier foam. 

Image:Inside a car wash.jpg|Rotating brushes inside a conveyor car-wash.
Image:Touchless Car Wash.jpg|A touchless car wash

## Other websites
*Car Washes at HowStuffWorks
*International Carwash Association
*Car Wash Environmental Reports 
*Information on Car Wash Investing 
*Self Service Car Wash
Jennifer Connelly

**Jennifer Lynn Connelly** (born December 12, 1970) is an American movie actress. She also worked as child model. Although she has been working in the movie industry since she was a teenager and became famous for her roles in movies like *Labyrinth* and *Career Opportunities*, she did not become a big movie star until the 2000 drama *Requiem for a Dream*, and the 2001 biopic film *A Beautiful Mind*, for which she won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress.

## Movies
 
**Once Upon a Time in America* (1984)
*''Dario Argento's World of Horror* (1985) (documentary)
**Phenomena* (1985)
**Seven Minutes in Heaven* (1985)
**Labyrinth* (1986)
**Some Girls* (1988)
**Ballet* (1989)
**The Hot Spot* (1990)
**Career Opportunities* (1991)
**The Rocketeer* (1991)
**Of Love and Shadows* (1994)
**Higher Learning* (1995)
**Mulholland Falls* (1996)
**Far Harbor* (1996)
**Inventing the Abbotts* (1997)
**Dark City* (1998)
**Waking the Dead* (2000)
**Requiem for a Dream* (2000)
**Pollock* (2000)
**A Beautiful Mind* (2001)
**Hulk* (2003)
**House of Sand and Fog* (2003)
**Dark Water* (2005)
**Little Children* (2006)
**Blood Diamond* (2006)
**Reservation Road* (2007)
**Born* (2008)
**9* (2009)
**He's Just Not That Into You* (2009)
**Creation* (2009)
**Alita: Battle Angel'' (2018)

## Other websites
*
*Jennifer Connelly interview 
*
Dakota Fanning

*, June 2005]]

**Hannah Dakota Fanning** (born February 23, 1994) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her starring roles in the movies *Dreamer*, *Hounddog*, and *Fragments* (also known as Winged Creatures).

## Early life
Fanning was born in Conyers, Georgia. Her mother, Heather Joy (née Arrington), played tennis professionally and her father, Steven J. Fanning, played minor league baseball and now works as an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is former American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is former ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Dakota is the elder sister of Elle Fanning, also an actress.

Fanning is of English, French, Irish and German ancestry. She and her family are Southern Baptist.

## Child actress 
Dakota was famous for her performance at age seven in the 2001 film *I Am Sam*. This earned her a nomination for a Screen Actors Guild Award at age eight in 2002, as the youngest nominee in history.

Later, she appeared in high-profile films such as *Man on Fire* (2004), *War of the Worlds* (2005) and *Charlotte's Web* (2006). Fanning then began the transition to more adult roles with *Hounddog* (2007) and *The Secret Life of Bees* (2008). Her recent film roles have included the named character in *Coraline* (2009), Cherie Currie in *The Runaways* (2010), Annie James in "The Motel Life" (2013), and Jane in *The Twilight Saga'' (2009–12).

## References
## Other websites
*
Eddie Murphy

**Edward "Eddie" Regan Murphy** (born April 3, 1961) is an American actor, comedian, producer, singer and writer. He won the Golden Globe Award in 2006 and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2002.

He has received Golden Globe Award nominations for best actor in a comedy or musical for his performances in *Beverly Hills Cop*, *Beverly Hills Cop II*, *Beverly Hills Cop III*, *Trading Places*, and *The Nutty Professor*. In 2007, he won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of soul singer James "Thunder" Early  in *Dreamgirls*, and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role.

His work as a voice actor includes Thurgood Stubbs in *The PJs*, Donkey in the *Shrek* series and the dragon Mushu in Disney's *Mulan*. In some of his films, he plays multiple roles in addition to his main character, intended as a tribute to one of his idols Peter Sellers, who played multiple roles in *Dr. Strangelove* and elsewhere. Murphy has played multiple roles in *Coming to America*, Wes Craven's *Vampire In Brooklyn*, the *Nutty Professor* films (where he played the title role in two incarnations, plus his father, brother, mother and grandmother), *Bowfinger* and 2007's *Norbit*.

His brother was comedian and screenwriter Charlie Murphy, who wrote the screenplay for *Norbit* and *Vampire in Brooklyn*. 

He was a usual member on *Saturday Night Live* from 1980 to 1984, and has worked as a stand-up comedian. He has worked a little as a singer too, having a number 87 on the uk singles chart and number 2 on the *billboard* hot 100 with *Party All The Time*  and a uk singles chart number 64 with *I Was A King*.

## Career
In 1992 Murphy acted in the music video for Michael Jackson's single "Remember the Time". In 1993 Murphy released a song with Michael Jackson called "Whatzupwitu".  It was voted by MTV viewers in 1999 as the third worst music video of all time.

## Filmography 
## Awards and nominations
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Eddie Murphy on Discogs
* Eddie Murphy Media Site 
* Maxim Rated Top SNL performer 
* Eddie Murphy.co.uk
Yul Brynner

**Yul Brynner** (July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985) was a Broadway and Hollywood actor. He was born in Russia. He moved to the United States and became an American citizen. He appeared in many movies and stage productions in the United States. He is famous for his role as King Mongkut in the musical *The King and I* in theatre and in the movie, as well as Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille movie *The Ten Commandments* and as *Chris Adams* in *The Magnificent Seven*.  He played a killer robot in the 1976 science fiction film *Westworld*.

He was known for his shaved head which he kept as a personal sign since his role in *The King and I*.

He is mentioned in the song "One Night in Bangkok".

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
*
Liza Minnelli

**Liza May Minnelli** (born March 12, 1946 ) is an American actress and singer, who has won the Oscar and the Tony Award, and also many others. 

She was born at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, She is the daughter of famous actress and singer Judy Garland and her second husband, movie director Vincente Minnelli. She acted and sang in many famous movies, including *Cabaret*. Her half sister is actress and singer Lorna Luft.

## Movies
* *In the Good Old Summertime* (1949)
* *The Long, Long Trailer* (1954) (scenes deleted)
* *Charlie Bubbles* (1967)
* *The Sterile Cuckoo* (1969)
* *Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon* (1970)
* *Cabaret* (1972)
* *Just One More Time* (1974) (short subject)
* ''That's Entertainment!* (1974) (narrator)
* *Journey Back to Oz* (1974) (voice)
* *Lucky Lady* (1975)
* *Silent Movie* (1976)
* *A Matter of Time* (1976)
* *New York, New York* (1977)
* *Arthur* (1981)
* *The King of Comedy* (1983)
* *The Muppets Take Manhattan* (1984)
* *That's Dancing!* (1985)
* *Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night* (1987) (voice)
* *Rent-A-Cop* (1987)
* *Arthur 2: On the Rocks* (1988)
* *Stepping Out* (1991)
* *A Century of Cinema* (1994) (documentary)
* *Unzipped* (1995) (documentary)
* *The OH in Ohio'' (2006)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Liza Minnelli Rules Website 
* Genealogy 
* Liza Online  (UK fan site)
* Liza Minnelli  (Official site)
* Liza May Minnelli  (European fanclub)
*
Midbrain

The **mesencephalon** or **midbrain** is a part of the brain stem. It is associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (), and temperature regulation. 

In the anatomy of developing animals, the brain forms from the neural tube, which turns into three vesicles. The mesencephalon (midbrain) is the middle vesicle, and becomes part of the brain stem. 

The mesencephalon is ancient in origin, meaning its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of vertebrates. Dopamine produced in the *substantia nigra* plays a role in  and habituation of species from humans to insects.

## References
Judy Garland

**Frances Ethel Gumm**, also known by her stage name **Judy Garland** (June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American actress, singer, dancer and vaudevillian. She is well known for playing the film role of Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939). Garland was famous internationally as an entertainer in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist, and on the concert stage. She got a Juvenile Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award. She also won Grammy Awards and a Special Tony Award. She was  for the Academy Award for "Best Actress" for her role in the remake of the 1954 film *A Star is Born*. She also got a nomination for "Best Supporting Actress" for her performance in the 1961 movie, *Judgment at Nuremberg*. She was the youngest person to be given the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the movie industry.

Garland was in vaudeville with her two older sisters. She was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two dozen MGM movies. Nine of these movies co-starred Mickey Rooney. Her most famous MGM movie was *The Wizard of Oz* of 1939. She worked with MGM for 15 years. She went on to make record-breaking concert appearances.

Garland had personal problems throughout her life. She did not like the way she looked. Her feelings were made worse by movie executives who told her she did not look good. They changed the way she looked physically in movies. She also had financial problems. She often owed hundreds of thousands of dollars in unpaid taxes. She married five times. Her first four marriages ended in divorce. She had a long struggle with alcohol and drug use during most of her career. She died of an accidental drug overdose at the age of 47. She had three children. They are Liza Minnelli, Lorna Luft, and Joey Luft.

In 1997, Garland was given a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award years after her death. Several of her recordings have been sent to the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the ten greatest female stars in the history of American movies.

## Related pages
*Judy Garland as gay icon

## Other websites
*
*
*
*Judy Garland Page On The Oldies Music Guide 
*Judy Garland On The Oldies Radio Station 
*Judy Garland at HighBeam
*The Judy Garland Database
*The Judy Room
*The Judy Garland Online Discography 
*The Judy Garland Birthplace and Museum in Grand Rapids, MN
*The Judy Garland Club: established 1963; official international Club supported by Judy during her lifetime
* Judy Garland - The Live Performances
* Judy Garland: By Myself - American Masters special 
*
Raymond Burr

**Raymond William Stacey Burr** (May 21, 1917 – September 12, 1993) was a Canadian actor and vintner, famous for his roles in the television dramas *Perry Mason*, for which he was awarded two Emmy Awards, and *Ironside*.

Burr's mother was of English and Scottish ancestry; his father was Irish.

Burr may have been a closeted homosexual.

## References
## Other websites
*French biography of Raymond Burr
*
*
*
*Raymond Burr Performing Arts Centre - New Westminster, BC
*Raymond Burr Vineyards
Michelle Pfeiffer

**Michelle Marie Pfeiffer** (born April 29, 1958) is an American actress who has been nominated for the Oscar three times in 1988, 1989 and 1992 for her roles in *Dangerous Liaisons*, *The Fabulous Baker Boys* and *Love Field*.

Pfeiffer has appeared in movie such as *Scarface*, *The Witches of Eastwick*, *Batman Returns*, *Wolf* and *Hairspray*.

## Personal life 
Since 1981 until 1988 she was married to Peter Horton.

Since November 13, 1993 she has been married to David E. Kelley. They have two children, Claudia Rose Kelley (born in May 1993, was adopted) and son John Henry Kelley (born on August 5, 1994).

## Filmography
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
NNDB

**NNDB**, standing for **Notable Names Database**, produced by Soylent Communications, is an online database of biographical information of notable people. As of March 2007, NNDB contains more than 60,000 articles for over 22,000 important people. Readers may suggest additions or corrections which are later checked by a NNDB staff member.

## Other websites 
* NNDB - Notable Names Database
* *Village Voice* article, October 7th, 2005
Vascular plant

The **vascular plants**, or **tracheophytes**, are plants that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. They include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. They are often called the **higher plants**.

The vascular plants are set apart in two main ways:
# Vascular plants have vascular tissues, which circulate resources through the plant.  This feature allows vascular plants to grow to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes. 
# In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the *sporophyte*, which is diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell.

Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant.

## Members
*Spore-bearing vascular plants
**Equisetophyta ~ horsetails
**Lycopodiophyta ~ clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts
**Pteridophyta ~ ferns

*Seed-bearing vascular plants - Superdivision Spermatophyta
**Pinophyta ~ conifers
**Cycadophyta ~ cycads
**Ginkgophyta ~ ginkgoes
**Gnetophyta ~ gnetophytes
**Magnoliophyta ~ flowering plants

## Related pages
*Non-vascular plant
*Embryophyte

## References
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The **Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany** (  ) is sometimes called the **2 + 4 Treaty**.

It was signed by the two Germanies (West and East) and the four Wartime Allies (France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (USSR)) on 12 September 1990, in Moscow, USSR.

The treaty formally ended the Second World War. The Allies of World War II gave up the powers and duties they had had in the two Germanies and in Berlin since the Nazi Surrender in 1945 stopped the fighting in World War II.

Six countries signed the treaty but only five ratified (confirmed) it. This is because Germany united under one government on 3 October 1990, three weeks after the treaty was signed.

The treaty allowed East and West German reunification into one country.  It said that Germany will be peaceful, and not start wars.  Germany promised to limit the size of its Army, Navy, and Air force, and not to make nuclear bombs.  

The treaty also set guidelines about moving the foreign troops that were in Germany.  The USSR was to move all of its troops out of Eastern Germany and Eastern Berlin by 1994.  The three Western allies were asked to keep their troops in Berlin until the Soviets had left.  Germany also promised not to allow NATO troops to move into Eastern Germany, and not to allow certain types of weapons in the East either. 

The treaty also set Germany's borders, and the German government confirmed that the treaty it made with Poland in 1970 about the border between the countries, was to stay in force.

On 15 March 1991, the treaty treaty took effect, and Germany became fully sovereign (that is, able to control everything in its own territory, including Berlin).
Non-vascular plant

**Non-vascular plants** is a general term for those plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem).  Although non-vascular plants do not have these tissues, some of them have other tissues for internal transport of water.

Nonvascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves. These structures always have some vascular tissue. 

## Non-vascular groups
The term "non-vascular plant" is no longer used in biological classification.  Non-vascular plants include two quite different groups:

* The Bryophyta (mosses), the Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and the Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Because these plants have no water-conducting tissues, they do not have the structural complexity and size of most vascular plants.
* Algae - especially the green algae. Recent studies have demonstrated that the algae actually consist of several unrelated groups. It turns out that common features of living in water and photosynthesis were misleading as indicators of close relationship. Only the green algae are still considered relatives of the plants.

In the past, the term *non-vascular plant* included all the algae, but also the fungi as well. Today, it is recognized that these groups are not closely related to plants, and have a very different biology.

## Related pages 
* Vascular plant
Vascular tissue

stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem.]]
:*This is an article about vascular tissue in plants. For transport in animals, see Circulatory system.*

**Vascular tissue** is a complex tissue found in vascular plants. Complex means that it is composed of more than one cell type.

The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There is a meristem associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the **vascular tissue system** of that plant.

## Related pages
*Xylem 
*Phloem
*Vascular plant