open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ohio River

The **Ohio River** is one of the most important tributaries to the Mississippi River. It is 981 miles long and it forms boundaries for the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia before finally going to its headwaters in Pennsylvania. It is its widest a little to the West of downtown Louisville, where it is one mile wide. Cities on the Ohio River include Evansville, Indiana, Paducah, Kentucky, Cincinnati, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The river begins in Pittsburgh.  The Wabash, Kentucky and the Tennessee Rivers flow into the Ohio.

## Other websites 
***Historic Ohio, the magazine** 
***Ohio Historical Preservation Group** 
*Ohio River Valley Families Online Searchable Database, a genealogy resource
*Image at the confluence with the Mississippi River
*Watershed information 
*Ohio River Forecast Center, which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries.
Otis Redding

**Otis Ray Redding Jr.** (September 9, 1941 - December 10, 1967) was an American singer and songwriter. He was an African American who was born in Dawson, Georgia. He wrote and sang many popular songs. He was killed in a plane crash at the age of 26 in Madison, Wisconsin. Shortly after his death, his song "(Sittin' On) The Dock of The Bay", went to #1 on the charts. He is well known as a very influential and talented artist in soul music. 

He wrote the song, "Respect", which became a big hit for Aretha Franklin.

## Notes
Black Forest

The **Black Forest** (German: Schwarzwald) is a world famous forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Important towns are (from north to south): Pforzheim, Calw, Baden-Baden, Offenburg, Freudenstadt, Horb, Villingen-Schwenningen, Titisee-Neustadt and Waldshut-Tiengen. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).

The Black Forest is quite popular for hiking, skiing and Nordic walking. In Triberg, at the lake **Titisee** and in other places you can buy the famous cuckoo clocks.  A good way to get known to the Black Forest is to travel on the *Deutsche Uhrenstraße,* a "National Scenic Byway."

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Black Forest image galleries  
* Information about Black Forest, Hotels, Wellness and more
Frankie Avalon

**Frankie Avalon** (born **Francis Thomas Avallone**, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1939) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his starring roles in a series of beach movies in the 1960s. He was known as a teen idol.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Huntz Hall

**Henry "Huntz" Hall** (August 15, 1919 - January 30, 1999) was a well-known American actor. He was best known as Dippy in the Dead End Kids series. He made 78 movies.

## Trivia 
*He is one of the famous people who appeared on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
Celebrity chef

A **celebrity chef** is a chef who is well known for their cooking, kinds of food, and style of preparation. Many celebrity chefs become famous through television appearances, publishing cookbooks, or having their own restaurant.

Some "celebrity chefs" are:

*Francesco Bellissimo
*Gino D'Acampo
*Rocco Despirito
*Lisa Faulkner
*Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall
*The Frugal Gourmet (Jeff Smith) 
*Ken Hom
*Graham Kerr (The Galloping Gourmet) 
*Nigella Lawson
*Emeril Legasse
*Jamie Oliver
*Paul Prudhomme
*Wolfgang Puck
*Gordon Ramsay
*Rachael Ray
*Alfons Schuhbeck
*Delia Smith
*Rick Stein
*Phil Vickery
*Marco Pierre White
*Martin Yan

## Historical celebrity chefs 
*Eliza Acton
*Carême
*Julia Child
*Fanny Cradock
*Escoffier
*Mrs Beeton
*The Two Fat Ladies (Jennifer Paterson and Clarissa Dickson Wright)
*La Varenne
Chinook

A **chinook** is a warm westerly wind that sometimes flows over Canada's Rocky Mountains in the winter. It can raise temperatures in southern Alberta by twenty or thirty degrees in an hour. A chinook is caused when air flowing off the Pacific Ocean is raised by the mountains and heated as the water vapor in the air condenses. Then it is warmed more as it flows down the other side of the mountains and is compressed. It flows out over the prairie, and may travel as far as the eastern border of Alberta if it is especially strong. The chinook is also called "snow eater", because it can melt snow so quickly.
Etoumbi

**Etoumbi** is a town in a part of the Republic of the Congo called Cuvette-Ouest.

Recently, there were four outbreaks of the Ebola virus in Etoumbi. Some people think this is because the people that live there ate some dead animals from the forest. In 2003, 120 people died in an outbreak. Because of an outbreak in May, 2005 nobody was allowed in or out of the town.

## Other websites 
* Multimap: Map of Etoumbi
Robert Peel

**Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet** (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850) was a British politician. He made many well-known laws in Britain. He created the modern British police force. He was also Prime Minister. 

In  1834, he founded the Conservative Party out of the old Tory party which was founded in 1678. Peel went against his party in 1846 by getting rid of the Corn Laws. After this the party split and the Conservatives were not in power for the next 28 years.

In 1835 he published the Tamworth Manifesto, which told people how he wanted the government to be run. He came to power in 1841, defeating the Whig government of Lord Melbourne, and ruled the country until 1846. During this time, Peel's popularity with other party members became lower because many of them thought he was too proud, and disliked the way he changed his mind over some important issues, often without telling them first. The defeat of his Conservative Party in 1846 was followed by a brief period in the House of Commons until his death in 1850, in a horse riding accident.

Peel is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.  

## Main Achievements
Sir Robert Peel is most famous for creating the British Police Force. Early police men were sometimes called "Peelers" because he created them. He was born in Bury, 1788 - the town he was born in is so proud of him they built him a tower on Holcombe hill. 

## References
Anal sex

**Anal sex** is a sex act performed on the anus. Anal sex can involve a penis inserted in the anus, oral stimulation, of the anus, using fingers for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.

## Overview 
The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. Lubrication is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.

For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the prostate that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the clitoral legs/G-Spot or the cervix. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the anus has many nerve endings.

## References
1248

## Events 
* Cologne Cathedral built.
* King Louis IX of France starts the Seventh Crusade. He leaves with an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.
* Roger Bacon publishes the formula for black powder in Europe.
Herodotus

, printed in Venice, and first published in 1533]]

**Herodotus** ( ; , ;  ) was an Ancient Greek historian. He was born in Halicarnassus, a town in south-west Asia Minor (now Bodrum, Turkey)

Herodotus was called the "Father of History" by Cicero. He wrote about the ancient empires of Babylon, Egypt, and Persia, and about the Ancient Greeks.

During his life, Herodotus probably told his stories in front of large numbers of people in Greek cities. Some men at the time did this for pay. He is now most famous for his writings about the wars between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states. He told the story from the Greek side, although the war was mostly finished when he was still a child.

In his books, Herodotus tells us that he travelled a lot. He says that he went to what is now Italy (including Sicily), Ukraine, Egypt and Pakistan. He may also have travelled to Babylon in today's Iraq. He often used stories from people he met to write about other places and happenings.

Some people think that Herodotus wrote about things that were not true. That is possible, because he would have relied on information from various sources. His work is important because there is very little writing on these subjects before his works.

The works of Herodotus are available today in translations.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Herodotus Citizendium
Honor Blackman

**Honor Blackman** (22 August 1925 – 5 April 2020) was an English actress. She was born in Plaistow, Essex. She is best known for her roles in the movie *Goldfinger* and on the television programmes, *The Avengers* and *The Upper Hand* (the British version of ''Who's the Boss'').

Blackman died at her home in Lewes on 5 April 2020. She was 94.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Director

A **director** is someone who is in charge of something. It can mean slightly different things in different places.

*Art director, a position in theatre, movies, television, and related areas
*Board of directors, the people in charge of a company
*Movie director, the person who controls how a movie is made
*Television director, the person who directs different types of television programs.
*Theatre director, the person in charge of deciding how a stage play should be performed.
1701

**1701** (MDCCI) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 18th century.

## Births 
* September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (d. 1788)
Harpsichord

**Harpsichords** are keyboard instruments that make sound by having the strings plucked with a plectrum. They are thought to have originated when a keyboard was attached to a psaltery. This makes them different from a clavichord where the strings are hit. The piano is therefore closer to a clavichord than a harpsichord. On a piano it is possible to play louder or quieter by playing the keys with more or less force. On a harpsichord the volume (playing louder or softer) cannot be controlled by the way it is played. However, some large harpsichords have several "stops", each one giving a different kind of sound. The largest harpsichords have two manuals (keyboards) which gives more variety. It makes it possible for the right hand to play the tune on one manual while the left hand plays an accompaniment more quietly on the other.

Some small harpsichords were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls. There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped. They could be picked up and put on a table.

Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra. Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). The last of these composers wrote *The Well-Tempered Clavier*, which has a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key. It is said that Bach wrote this collection of music to show how keyboard instruments like the harpsichord can be tuned in a way to make playing in any key possible.

## Other websites
Chad

**Chad** (; , officially called the **Republic of Chad**), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena. 

It was a French colony until 1960.

Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

Chad has one of the highest levels of hunger in the world. Food insecurity is common in the country. 80% live in total poverty on less than a dollar a day, and 90% are unemployed in Chad. Chad has a low life expectancy. Life expectancy is 54 years old in Chad.

Chad is home to 134 kinds of mammals, 141 bird species, 52 kinds of reptiles, 30 amphibians and 130 kinds of fish. Many animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, warthogs, giraffes, antelopes, lions, leopards, and cheetahs live in Chad.

## Geography
]]
Chad is the world's 21st-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa.  To the north is Libya, to the south is the Central African Republic, to the east is Sudan, and to the west are Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger.

The country's capital is  from the nearest seaport Douala, Cameroon. Due to this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes called the "Dead Heart of Africa".

Lake Chad is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Lake Chad was  7000 years ago.  Now it is . Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara.

The region's tall grasses and large amount of marshes make it good for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers are the Chari and Logone.

## Regions
Since 2002, the Republic of Chad has been divided into regions. It was previously divided into prefectures, and then departments.

Below is a list of the 23 regions as of 2012.

ad since 2012

## Cities
The largest cities in Chad are:
#N'Djamena - 704,200
#Moundou - 136,900
#Sarh - 100,100
#Abéché - 72,500
#Kélo - 41,500
#Koumra - 35,400
#Pala - 34,600
#Am Timan - 28,200
#Bongor - 27,100
#Mongo - 27,100

## Languages
Chad's official languages are Arabic and French, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Due to the important role of Arab traders and merchants, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca, a language for all to use.

## Education
Attending primary school is required in Chad, though only about 50% of children attend school. Adult literacy is only 35%.

The University of N'Djamena gives higher education.
## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
The Kingston Trio

**The Kingston Trio** was a folk music group from Palo Alto, California who were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.

## References
Depression

**Depression** might mean:

*Depression (mood), when a person is very sad
*Depression (mental illness), a type of mood disorder
*Depression (economics), when the economy is shrinking instead of growing
**Great Depression, a major economic depression in the 1930s
Cavalry

Historically, **cavalry** have been soldiers who fought while riding horses. In modern times, "cavalry" means the branch of the military that fight in armored vehicles such as tanks. They differ from the infantry in that the Infantry fight on foot.

Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses. Before that, they fought in chariots pulled by horses. Because horses are strong, cavalry troops can wear more armor than infantry and carry heavier weapons. Because horses are fast, cavalry can ride into battle more quickly than infantry.
The Passion of the Christ

***The Passion of the Christ*** is a 2004 American epic biblical drama movie co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.

*The Passion of the Christ* was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.

Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.

Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Kiribati

**Kiribati** () is an island country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 33 atolls, groups of tiny islands. The country is near the equator. Part of it is in Micronesia and part is in Polynesia. Its capital is South Tarawa, on the Tarawa atoll.

Kiribati used to be called the **Gilbert Islands**. The name "Kiribati" comes from the way local people say "Gilberts". In 1892, the Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate with the Ellice Islands (now known as Tuvalu), together called Gilbert and Ellice Islands. Kiribati became an independent republic in 1979.

Tourism is an important industry. Most food comes from farming and fishing. People grow breadfruit, papayas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, and vegetables. The soil is not very good, but people use a special way of composting to make it better.

The official languages of Kiribati are English and Gilbertese.

## People
As of 2020, about 119,000 people live in Kiribati. This is up from 103,000 in 2010, 84,000 in 2000, and 72,000 in 1990. Of these people, 90% live on the Gilbert Islands, 10% live on the Line Islands, and only 41 people live on the Phoenix islands. The government says that 59% of people live in urban areas.

Almost all people in Kiribati have a religion. The largest religions are Catholicism (59%), Kiribati Uniting Church (21%), Kiribati Protestant Church (8%), Mormon (5%), Bahai (2%), and Seventh-day Adventist (2%). 

## History
The first people came to Kiribati sometime between 3000 BC and 1300 AD. It is not known where they came from. Before this time, the islands may have been underwater.

## Climate change
Global warming and climate change are having big effects on Kiribati. The islands are very low above the water. The average altitude is 3 metres above sea level. Because of global warming, the sea level is rising. Land is sinking under the ocean. In the future, there may not be enough land to grow food. Salt water is also filling up aquifers, where people store fresh water. Climate change causes unusual droughts and storms. These can make farming much harder.

In 2012, the government purchased land on Fiji. This way, people from Kiribati could move there if needed.

## References
## Other websites
Omaha, Nebraska

**Omaha** is a major US city located in the state of Nebraska in the center of the United States. The city is home to 486,051 people, making it the 41st most populous city in the United States as of 2025. It is also the state's largest city both in population and geography.

## Music
Omaha is known for its Indie music scene. Bright Eyes and 311 are some of the most well known bands to come out of the city. Local music venues include the Slowdown in NoDo and The Waiting Room in Benson.

Connor Oberst, lead singer of Bright Eyes, started Saddle Creek Records in Omaha. The label is named after a street in Midtown Omaha, despite the label being housed in downtown. Saddle Creek Records is the owner of the Slowdown.

## Business
Omaha is home to a number national and global headquarters including TD Ameritrade, Berkshire Hathaway, Con Agra Foods, Mutual of Omaha, Woodmen of the World, and Hayneedle. First National Bank of Omaha's headquarters are located downtown at One First National Place, the state's largest building. Billionaire Warren Buffett calls the city home and hosts the annual Berkshire Hathaway shareholders meeting at the Century Link Center in downtown Omaha.

## Sports
The city hosts the College World Series every year at TD Ameritrade Park, since 2011. The series was formerly hosted at Rosenblatt Stadium prior to its condemnation in September 2010 and subsequent demolition in late 2012. The Series was first held in Omaha in 1947.

## Climate
Omaha has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and quite wet; winters are cold and quite dry.

## References
Bias

. A common example of the human bias towards pareidolia.]]**Bias** means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity. 

For instance, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party because their owner or employees share that party's political beliefs. Because of this bias, the newspaper might print more positive stories about that party and more negative articles about other parties.

## Examples
### Publishing
Bias in writing can also involve using slang or bad words to refer to groups of people or things. For example, an article that uses the word "murder-cycles" instead of "motorcycles" is showing a bias against motorcycles.

Another form of bias is using words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people. This is true even when the assumptions are positive (like "All Chinese people are good at math").

### Media
Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.  Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.  For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about their good gas mileage, fun, and agility. An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.

An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position. It might list suicides, school shootings, accidental shootings, and other facts showing guns in a negative way. An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position. It might discuss "lives saved by guns", numbers about crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.

### Measurement
Bias also means mistakes in measurement. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.  The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes. If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on. Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

## Related pages
* Racism
* Antisemitism
* Antiziganism
* Cognitive bias
* Discrimination
* Disinformation
* Conspiracy theory
* Statistical significance

## Other websites
*Examples of Bias in Writing
*Influence of Bias in Statistics
Tommy Tutone

**Tommy Tutone** is an American rock band. They are known for their 1981 hit "867-5309/Jenny", which peaked at #4 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. Some people consider the band to be a one-hit wonder. This is despite "Angel Say No" reaching the Top 40 the year before.

The band's lead singer, rhythm guitarist, and occasional keyboardist is Thomas Allen Heath. He was born in 1947 and is also known as Tommy Heath. He is the only active original member currently touring as Tonmy Tutone. Heath grew up in Philadelphia, Texas, and Montana. He moved to San Francisco during the Summer of Love to become a hippie. There, he formed the band with Jim Keller and Terry Nails in 1978. He named it after his nickname. The band's first single, "Angel Say No", was released in 1980 and reached the top 40. They even opened for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on tour for *Damn the Torpedoes*. 

The band's second album, *Tommy Tutone 2*, was released in 1981 and featured "867-5309/Jenny". The song became so popular that people in the United States still prank call the number and ask for Jenny today. In 2006, VH1 named it the 36th-greatest song of the 1980s. 

As of January 2024, Heath is living in Portland, Oregon. He's back touring as Tommy Tutone. A new studio album is set to release the fall of 2024.

## Discography 
* Tommy Tutone (1980)
* Tommy Tutone 2 (1981)
* National Emotion (1983)
* Nervous Love (1996)
* Tutone.rtf (1998)
* Beautiful Ending (2019)

## References
Palo Alto, California

**Palo Alto** is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 65,000 people. It is the birthplace of the region called Silicon Valley and includes Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means "tall stick" in Spanish after a famous redwood, El Palo Alto, along the banks of San Francisquito Creek. The tree was struck by lightning in 1955 but much of it remains standing. The tree is over 1,080 years old. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, parks, libraries, restaurants and mild climate. 

Palo Alto is where Apple CEO, Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.
Toledo, Spain

**Toledo** is a city in Spain with a population of 85,000. It is a historical city with a lot of monuments. The city was important from the Roman period to the 18th century. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha and the Toledo province. Many famous people and artists were born or lived in this city, including Garcilaso de la Vega, Alfonso X and El Greco. A city in Ohio was named after this.

## Sinagoga del Tránsito

File:Sinagoga del Tránsito interior2.jpg|
File:Sinagoga del Tránsito interior3.jpg|
File:Toledo - Sinagoga El Transito 01.jpg|
File:RoyLindmanElTransito 005.jpg|
File:RoyLindmanElTransito 009.jpg|
File:RoyLindmanElTransitoSynagogue 003.jpg|
File:A Black and White Photograph taken in the Synagogue of El Transito - Toledo Spain.jpeg|
File:A Black and White Photograph inside the Synagogue of El Transito - Toledo Spain.jpeg|
File:A Black and White Photo taken in the Synagogue of El Transito - Toledo Spain.jpeg|
File:RoyLindmanElTransitoSynagogue 005.jpg|
File:Yeseria de la galeria.jpg
File:Toledo street.jpg

### Notes
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
*Municipality 
*Exhibit on Toledo, Ohio Sister City Agreement 
* Photography of Toledo by Antony Marsh
* http://lahistoriadefermosa.com  "La Historia de Fermosa" Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009, a historical novel in Spanish about the love affair in 1179 between King Alfonso VIII of Castile and the young Toledan Jewess, Fermosa.
*Sunset in Toledo , Eretz Acheret  Magazine
*Legends of Toledo
*Free Audio Guide of Toledo ES/EN
*Spain's official website - Info about Toledo
1896

## Events 
* The first modern Olympic Games takes place in Athens.
* Alden J. Blethen buys *The Seattle Times*.
* On January 4, Utah became a state in the United States.

## Births 
* February 9 – Alberto Vargas – Pin-up artist
* May 30 - Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
* August 27 – Miyazawa Kenji Japanese poet, writer of children's literature
* September 21- Walter Breuning, among the oldest people
Montgomery, Alabama

**Montgomery** is the capital city of the state of Alabama in the United States. It is on the Alabama River. In 2020, 200,603 people lived there, making it the third-most populated city in Alabama after Huntsville, Alabama, which had 215,006, and Birmingham which had 200,733.

## History 
Montgomery was started on December 3, 1819 by merging New Philadelphia and East Alabama Town. The city became a county seat in 1822. On January 28, 1846, the state capital was moved from  Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. For a few months in 1861 Montgomery was the capital of the Confederate States of America.

Since 2023 or earlier, parts of Alabama were changing things named after the confederacy and confederates, including their leader (Robert E. Lee). Street names, statues and schools were renamed or removed. The Dr. Percy L. Julian High School is the new name of the Robert E. Lee High School in Montgomery.

## Notable natives and residents 
* Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights advocate
* Nat King Cole, jazz pianist & singer
* Rosa Parks
* Bart Starr, Pro Football Hall of Famer

## References 
## Other websites 
* Montgomery -Wikivoyage
* City of Montgomery, Alabama
42

**42** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Piso**.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Romans take control of Ceuta.
* Lands now known as Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province. 
* The Dalmatian legate Furius Camillus Scribonianus revolts. His troops do not support him and the rebellion quickly ends. 
* Claudius starts building the Port of Ostia.

### Asia 
* Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.
* Chinese General My Yuan puts down the rebellion of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.

### Religion 
*25 January: the apostle Paul becomes a  Christian. The exact date is not known, but the Catholic Church has chosen to celebrate it on this date.

## Births 
* Herennius Philo (approximate date) (d. 141)
* Pope Sixtus I (d. 124)

## Deaths 
* Arria
* Gaius Appius Junius Silanus
Willie Nelson

**Willie Hugh Nelson** (; born April&nbsp;29,&nbsp;1933) is an American country music singer-songwriter, as well as an author, poet, actor, and activist.

In 1961, a song that he wrote was recorded by Faron Young, and became a number one song on *Billboard*'s Hot Country Songs music chart. In 1975, he had his first number one song, as a singer, on *Billboard*s Hot Country Songs music chart.

## Early life
Willie Nelson was born in Abbott, Texas on April 29, 1933, during the Great Depression to Myrle Marie (née Greenhaw) and Ira Doyle Nelson. He was born on April&nbsp;29,&nbsp;1933, but his birth was recorded by doctor F. D. Sims on April&nbsp;30. He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred, who also chose Hugh as his middle name, in honor of her recently deceased younger brother. Nelson's ancestry includes English, Irish, and Cherokee. His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929, to look for work. Nelson's grandfather, William, worked as a blacksmith, while his father worked as a mechanic. His mother left soon after he was born, and his father remarried and also moved away, leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents. The Nelsons, who taught singing back in Arkansas, started their grandchildren in music. Nelson's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six, and taught him a few chords,  He wrote his first song at age seven, and when he was nine, played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka. During the summer, the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott.  Nelson didn't like picking cotton, so he earned money by singing in dance halls, taverns, and honky tonks from age thirteen, and continuing through high school. Nelson's musical influences were Hank Williams, Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, Ray Price, Ernest Tubb, Hank Snow, Django Reinhardt, Frank Sinatra, and Louis Armstrong.

## Personal life
Nelson is the co-chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) advisory board.

## Discography
### Singles
* Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain (1975)
* "Always on My Mind" (1982)

## Writing of songs
* Crazy (1961)
* Christmas Blues

## Sources
Zachary Taylor

** Zachary Taylor** (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States from 1849 to his 1850. He was a second cousin to James Madison and was a general during the Mexican-American War. He was the first person elected to the presidency without any political experience.

## General years
Taylor was a general in the United States Army. He led an army during the Mexican-American War. He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate because he was a famous general. He was the last president to own slaves while in office.

## Presidency
During his term, slavery was a big issue because the North wanted no expansion of slavery in the United States and wanted to stop newly-formed states from allowing slavery. The South believed that people in territories had the right to own slaves and threatened to leave the country, which eventually happened in 1860.

Taylor strongly opposed like the idea of the South leaving the United States. He threatened to use military force if that happened.

Taylor never voted until he was 62 years old since he had never been a resident of a particular location in the country long enough to register to vote.

Only 16 months into his presidency, Taylor died of cholera and his vice president, Millard Fillmore, became president and took his place.

The Compromise of 1850, a proposal of several laws to calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the North and the South, was voted on in Congress shortly after his death. It was negotiated by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, who was a distant cousin of both Taylor and Abraham Lincoln.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Taylor's White House biography
David Crosby

**David Van Cortland Crosby** (August 14, 1941 &ndash; January 18, 2023) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was most famous as a founding member of the bands The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, and Nash. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

In the 2020 presidential election, Crosby supported Vermont United States Senator Bernie Sanders.

Crosby died suddenly on the night of January 18, 2023 at his home in Santa Ynez, California. He was 81. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

## References
Paul Harvey

**Paul Harvey Aurandt** (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 2009) was an American radio host. 
## Life
Aurandt was best known for his short radio program *The Rest of the Story*, which was broadcast on many radio stations in the United States. He worked in the radio industry for 66 years from 1933 to 2009. He also had news programs twice a day, when he commented on the headlines and told some odd news stories.

## Death
Harvey died on February 28, 2009 at a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. His son Paul Harvey Jr. said, "millions have lost a friend."

## References
Africa-Eurasia

**Africa-Eurasia** (also called **Afro-Eurasia**, **Eurafrasia**, **Afrasia** and the Old World) is the world's biggest landmass. Around 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) of the world population lives there. It is split between the two continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Asia and Europe.  

In geopolitics, the mainland of Africa-Eurasia (excluding islands such as the British Isles, Japan, Madagascar, and the Malay Archipelago) has been referred to as **World Island**.

The Old World includes Africa-Eurasia and its surrounding islands:

* Africa
** Northern Africa
** Sub-Saharan Africa
*** Eastern Africa
*** Middle Africa
*** Southern Africa
*** Western Africa
* Eurasia
** Asia
*** Central Asia
*** Eastern Asia
*** Northern Asia
*** South-eastern Asia
*** Southern Asia
*** Western Asia
** Europe
*** Eastern Europe
*** Northern Europe
*** Southern Europe
*** Western Europe

In geological terms, Africa-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia) may be a supercontinent if Africa collides with Europe. One estimate suggests it will happen in 600,000 years, when the southern tip of Spain reaches Africa. If this happens, the Mediterranean Sea will be isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is expected to collide with Europe completely in 50 million years, closing the Mediterranean.

## References
Cemetery

.]]. It is among the best known cemeteries in the world.]]

A **cemetery** or a **graveyard** is a place, usually surrounded by a fence, where people bury dead bodies and honour the dead. Many of them have gardens and other greenery in them to symbolise life and to honour the dead.

## Related pages
* Burial
* Catacomb
* Necropolis
* Mausoleum
David Duchovny

**David Duchovny** (born August 7, 1960) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Fox Mulder on the television series, *The X-Files*. On August 13, 2007, his series *Californication* began airing on the Showtime television network.

## References
Laramie, Wyoming

**Laramie** is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Albany County. 

The University of Wyoming is located in Laramie.

## Recent history 
In 1998, Matthew Shepard was murdered in this town.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*City of Laramie, official website
Everly Brothers

**Phil** and **Don** **Everly** (**Phil** January 19, 1939 &ndash; January 3, 2014 and **Don** February 1, 1937 &ndash; August 21, 2021) were two brothers from the U.S. state of Iowa. They started performing in the 1950s and had a lot of famous songs in the 1950s and 1960s. They are considered very influential in rock and roll.

Don was born in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. He died on August 21, 2021 in Nashville, Tennessee of heart attack at the age of 84.

Phil was born in Chicago, Illinois. He died at age 74 on January 3, 2014 in Burbank, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

## Related pages
*List of country musicians from Iowa my
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
1166

## Births 
* December 24 – John I of England

## Events 
* Marko III follows Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria.
* Henry the Lion builds the first bronze statue north of the Alps.
* Giraldo Sempavor captures Evora.
Refrigerator

A **refrigerator** is a machine used for keeping things cold.  It is sometimes called a **fridge** or an **icebox**.  It is normally maintained at 4-5  degree Celsius for household use.  People put food and drinks in it, to keep those items cold or good (unspoiled) for a longer time.  A refrigerator has a heat pump which takes heat away from the air inside the fridge.  The heat is moved to the air outside. The heat pump is usually driven by an electric motor.
 Science Museum.]]

There are also ice boxes that do not use electricity because they are filled with ice to provide the colder temperature.  The ice can keep things cold until the ice melts.  Ice boxes can be taken on camping trips.  Sometimes they are called coolers.  Refrigerator-sized iceboxes were used before electricity was available.

Most modern refrigerators are available in a variety of colours, although many are white. Refrigerators also come in various styles with a wide range of door styles and compressor locations.  Smaller versions of the popular refrigerator are also used.  They are mainly used in hotels and college dormitory rooms.

## Freezers
A **freezer** is a special type of refrigerator that stores food at freezing temperatures. Inside a freezer, it is normally . Freezers can be found in household refrigerators, as well as in industry and commerce. When stored in a freezer, frozen food can be stored safely for a longer time than storing at room temperatures.

Domestic freezers can be a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Household refrigerators usually have a separate compartment where the heat pump is used to pump even colder temperatures to the contents. Most household freezers maintain temperatures from . Some freezer-only units can achieve  and lower. Most household refrigerators generally do not achieve a temperature lower than , because it is difficult to control the temperature for two different compartments. This is because both compartments shares the same coolant loop. 

Domestic freezers normally stand upright, resembling refrigerators. Sometimes a domestic freezer is laid on its back to look like a chest. Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door. Many commercial freezers stand upright and have glass doors so shoppers can see the contents.

Home freezers with larger compartments or as separate units were introduced in the US in 1940, making frozen foods common. In 1955, deep freezers that allowed people to freeze their own fresh food went on sale. A walk-in freezer lets people walk inside. Safety rules require an emergency release to prevent anyone from getting trapped, as hypothermia can occur if someone is inside for too long. Employers should check these regularly.

## References
## Other websites
*
1524

## Events 
### January&ndash;June 
* January &ndash; Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board *La Dauphine* in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World.
* March 1 *(approximate date)* &ndash; da Verrazzano's expedition makes landfall at Cape Fear.
* April 17 &ndash; da Verrazzano's expedition makes the first European entry into New York Bay and sights the island of Manhattan.

### July&ndash;December 
* Summer &ndash; Paracelsus visits Salzburg. He also visits Villach during the year.
* July 8 &ndash; da Verrazzano's expedition returns to Dieppe.
* August&ndash;September &ndash; Marseille is besieged by Imperial forces under the Duke of Bourbon.
* October 28 &ndash; A French army invading Italy under King Francis besieges Pavia.

## Births 
* Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (d. 1580)
* Catherine Howard, Fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England, (born in between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

## Deaths 
* Pietro Perugino – Italian painter
* June 12 &ndash; Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b. 1465)
* July 20 &ndash; Claude of France, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1499)
* December 24 &ndash; Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1469)

## References
Linda Blair

**Linda Blair** (born January 22, 1959 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the movie *The Exorcist* (1973).

## Other websites 
*
Guernsey

**Guernsey** is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. It is one of the Channel Islands, and is the main administration island of the Bailiwick of Guernsey'. Charles III is the head of state, but it has a government of its own, with its own laws and special status when it comes to taxes.
65,573 people live there.

## The Island 
Guernsey has 10 parishes. These are 
Castel, Forest, St Andrews, St Martins, St Peter Port, St Pierre du bois, St Sampson, St Saviour's, Torteval, Vale.
 
Saint Peter Port is the biggest parish by terms of population, with 16,500 people living there.

## Climate 
Guernsey has an oceanic climate. 

The highest temperature ever recorded in Guernsey was  on 9 August 2003 at Guernsey Airport. 

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Guernsey was  on 20 January 1963 in Saint Peter Port. 

Source:

## Language 
Guernsey has its own dialect of the Norman language, called Guernésiais. It is spoken by only 2% of the population, but is understood by around 14%. This means that only 1300 people speak it, and most of these people are elderly. Only 1 in every 1000 young people can speak it. 

## References
Screenwriter

A **screenwriter** is a person who writes the screenplay (or script) for a movie or television show - that is, a screenwriter writes the words that the actors and actresses speak.  

A script has all the dialogue of the movie, and will also say things about what it’s supposed to look like but not too much because that the director’s job.   

There are certain rules as to how to format a movie script.  If these are not followed, then it is highly unlikely that it will ever be taken seriously.  In order to test the effectiveness of a script, actors will do a first reading of it.  If the format is not clear, then it causes the actors confusion, and makes the task very difficult to complete.

A spec script is a screenplay that a screenwriter writes on his own before even going to a studio and then goes through a lot of changes to become the actual script for a movie. 

## References
Sacramento, California

**Sacramento** is the capital of the U.S. state of California. The governor and legislature of California are in Sacramento. About  520,000 people live in Sacramento. About 2,000,000 live in and around Sacramento.

Sacramento comes from Spanish and Portuguese  for holy rite. A sacrament is a religious act that gives people *divine grace* (being liked or favored by God.)

Sacramento was started in 1848 by John Sutter. It was a very important place during the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush was the time after gold was found in California. Many people came to California to find gold. They did this to make money. During the Gold Rush, Sacramento was where the railroad ended. It was also where the Pony Express stopped.

Sacramento is near where the American River meets the Sacramento River. This was important when Sacramento was founded. It meant that ships could bring things to Sacramento from the Pacific Ocean. Sacramento was a *railroad town*. This made Sacramento a *port town*. This made it a *very* important place for business.

The majority of Sacramento's foreign-born population are from Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, Ukraine and Laos.

## Demographics
### 2020 census
In the 2020 census, there were 524,923 people, 192,560 households, and 116,436 families living in Sacramento. The population density was 5,323.2 people per square mile (2,055.3/km²). There were 202,231 housing units. The breakdown by race was 34.8% White, 19.9% Asian, 13.2% Black, 1.4% Native American, 1.6% Pacific Islander, 15.3% from one other race, and 13.8% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 28.8% of the people.

The median (middle) age was 35.4 years. The age breakdown was 22.3% under age 18, 64.0% from 18 to 65, and 13.8% over 65. The gender breakdown was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

Of the households, 30.7% had children under age 18, 37.9% had a married couple, 8.9% had an unmarried couple, 32.0% had a woman with no partner, 21.2% had a man with no partner, and 29.5% had one person living alone. The average household size was 2.64 people.

## References
Robert Mugabe

**Robert Gabriel Mugabe** (21 February 1924 &ndash; 6 September 2019) was a Southern Rhodesian-born Zimbabwean politician. He was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 to 2017. Before that, he was Prime Minister, the head of government, after being elected in 1980. For many years before he resigned, Mugabe ruled his country in the style of a dictator.

## Presidency
His first years as leader were prosperous. He introduced land reforms, which were supposed to give the land owned by white people back to the "original" black owners. This has had a serious impact on how the country is seen from outside. In recent years, Mugabe has allowed violence against the white citizens of the country as well as to opposition leaders of all races. The reforms were done in 1998. In 2001, the United Nations imposed sanctions against Zimbabwe. This was done because human rights abuses came to the attention of the United Nations. Mugabe was known to be close with former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

On November 15, 2017, he was placed under house arrest as Zimbabwe's military took control in a coup. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe. It ended his rule of 40 years.

## Death
Mugabe was hospitalized in April 2019, making the last of several trips to Singapore for medical treatment. He died on 6 September 2019 at a Singapore hospital, at the age of 95. The cause of death was prostate cancer.

## References
## Other websites