open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tosa (dog)

The **Tosa Inu** () also called the **Japanese Mastiff** is a breed of dog of Japan.  It was originally bred in Tosa (present day Kōchi) as a fighting dog and still today is a known fighting dog.

## Appearance 
The Japanese breed generally weighs between 40 and 60&nbsp;kg, while the non-Japanese breeders have focused on dogs that weigh from 55 to 95&nbsp;kg and stand 24.5 to 31 inches (62 to 80&nbsp;cm) at the withers.
The coat is characterized by its short and smooth appearance and is often red, brindle, or fawn. Occasionally it can be a dull black, but this is somewhat rare. Maintenance of the coat is usually minimal. Dogs should be very muscular and athletic. Tosa is a very resistant to pain and physical exhaustion.

## History
This breed originated in the second half of the nineteenth century in Japan. The breed started from the native Shikoku-Inu, an indigenous dog weighing about 25 kilograms (45 pounds) and standing about 55 centimetres high, which closely resembles the European Spitz.  These dogs were crossed with European dog breeds, such as the Old English Bulldog in 1872, Mastiff in 1874, St. Bernard, German Pointer in 1876,  Great Dane in 1924, and the Bull Terrier.  The aim was to breed a larger, more powerful and very fast agile fighting dog. Today it is still used in some countries as a fighting dog, but usually it is kept as a pet where it is ideal companion. In family environment Tosa is patient and very friendly in attitude.

## References
## Other websites
* Shakuhachi Imperial Tosa-inu 
* Tosa Inu Information Pages
* Wielie Walie Tosa Inu 
* Molosserworld's Tosa Inu Page 
* More Japanese dog breeds 
* Greatbreed.com 
* Ostuni, Steve (2003) *Japanese Tosa*.  Allenhurst: Kennel Club Books. .
* Tosa Inu Information Pages
Gertrude

**Gertrude** [ **gur**-trood ] is a female given name. It comes from Germanic words that mean "spear" and "strength". The short forms of *Gertrude* are **Gertie** or **Gert**. The name **Gertrude** was used for an Atlantic storm in 1974. *Gert* has been used for Atlantic tropical storms every six years since 1981. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Gertrude Belle Elion, American biochemist and pharmacologist
* Gertrude Stein, American author
* Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian
* Gertrude Caroline Ederle, American swimmer (1906–2003)

## References
Flora (given name)

The name **Flora** [ **flawr**-*uh*, **flohr**-*uh* ] is a female given name. The name originally referred to a plant. Flora is a gorgeous and ageless moniker that has been utilized for centuries. With Latin roots, the name Flora signifies "flower." It is closely linked with nature, loveliness, and femininity. Flora is a name that has been employed in a variety of cultures and boasts a wealth of history. This name was ranked #647 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

Hurricane Flora in 1963 struck many Caribbean Islands. The storm killed more than 7,000 people.

## People 
* Flora Jane Thompson, an English novelist and poet
* Flora CarabellaItali  an actress
* Flora MacDonald      Jacobite heroine
* Flora Robson       Actress
* Flora Tristan        Social activist and writer

## References
Monica

**Monica** [ **mon**-i-k*uh* ] is a female given name. The name Monica has a long and significant history. It has been in use for centuries and carries a deep meaning. The name Monica originates from the Latin term "monere," which translates to "to advise" or "to warn." Saint Monica, the mother of Saint Augustine, was a devout Christian and renowned for her wisdom and piety. She popularized the name Monica, making it a well-known and respected name. In the United States, the name was very popular in the late 1970s, when it peaked near #39. The popularity has been declining since then. In 2010 the name ranked #363. This name was ranked #693 on the US Popular Names in 2021. The 1858 novel *Doctor Thorne* had a character was named Monica Thorne. People with the name include Monica Lewinsky, Monica Seles and Monica Potter. Fictional people by the name include Monica Geller from the television sitcom *Friends*.

Forms of the name include the French name Monique.

## People 
* Monica Bellucci, Italian actress and model
* Monica Lewinsky, American former White House intern
* Monica Evans, British actress

## References
Eugene Onegin

***Eugene Onegin*** (, *Yevgeniy Onegin*) is a novel in verse by Alexander Pushkin.

It is a classic of Russian literature. It was published in parts between 1825 and 1832. The first complete edition was published in 1833, and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication.

Almost the entire work is made up of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "AbAbCCddEffEgg". This form has come to be known as the "Onegin stanza" or the "Pushkin sonnet."

The story is told by a narrator (a lightly fictionalized version of Pushkin), whose tone is educated, worldly, and intimate. The narrator digresses at times, commenting on aspects of the social and intellectual world. This helps develop the characters and the drama of the plot.

An opera *Eugene Onegin* by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky has been composed based upon the book.
## The storyline 
Onegin, a nobleman who has just taken over his uncle's estate, is a fine young dandy, but bored and cynical. He does not value shy, bookish Tatyana Larina. Soon after their meeting she bares her soul to Onegin in a letter. She expresses her love for him.

Onegin does not write back. When they meet in person, he rejects her advances. This famous speech is often referred to as 'Onegin's Sermon' He admits that the letter was touching, but says that he would quickly grow bored with marriage and can only offer Tatyana friendship. He advises her to keep more emotional control in the future, lest another man take advantage of her innocence.

As their lives develop. His life falls apart after he kills his best friend in a duel. On the other hand, her life blossoms.

Years pass, and he attends a society ball in St. Petersburg. He sees a beautiful woman who captures the attention of everyone. He realizes her as Tatyana. Now she is married to an aged prince. He becomes obsessed with winning her affection, despite the fact that she is married. However, his attempts are rebuffed. He writes her several letters, but receives no reply.

Eventually Onegin manages to see Tatyana, and offers her the opportunity to renew their past love. She recalls the days when they might have been happy, but that time has passed. Onegin repeats his love for her. Faltering for a moment, she admits that she still loves him, but she will not allow him to ruin her. She declares her determination to remain faithful to her husband. She leaves him to his bitter regrets.

## Notes
Lake Malawi

**Lake Malawi** (or **Lake Nyasa, Lake Niassa**) is a lake in Africa. It is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system. It is shared between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Before Malawi became independent in 1964, the territory was called *Nyasaland*. For this reason, Mozambique and Tanzania call the lake Lake Nyasa.

Lake Malawi is the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. It is the ninth largest lake in the world.
Lisa (given name)

The name **Lisa** [ **lee**-s*uh*, -z*uh* ] is a female given name. It is a form of the name **Elizabeth**. Lisa is a popular name for girls that has been in use for centuries. It is a short and sweet name that is simple to pronounce and spell. The meaning of the name Lisa can vary depending on its origin. One of the most common meanings of the name Lisa is "God is my oath." This meaning comes from the Hebrew name Elisheba, which was the name of Aaron's wife in the Old Testament. Elisheba was later abbreviated to Elizabeth, and Lisa is a diminutive form of Elizabeth. Another meaning of the name Lisa is "consecrated to God." This meaning comes from the Latin name Lysa, which was a shortened version of Elizabeth. In ancient Rome, the name Lysa was given to girls who were devoted to the goddess Juno. In German, the name Lisa means "God's promise." This meaning comes from the German name Liese, which is a diminutive form of Elizabeth. In German culture, the name Liese was often bestowed upon girls who were born after a long period of waiting or difficulty. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Across the United Kingdom, *Lisa* was the fifth most popular female name. Around 1996, the name fell out of Top 100. In the United States, during the 1960s and 1970s, *Lisa* was among the most popular feminine names. However, by around the late 1970s, the name began to decline.

## References
Krav Maga

**Krav Maga**  (, *lit.* "contact combat") is a Jewish–Israeli martial art. It was developed by Hungarian-Israeli martial artist Imi Lichtenfeld in Slovakia. Today it is used by the Israeli Defense Forces.

## Other websites 
* 
* International Krav Maga Federation
Safed

**Safed** (, *Tzfat*; , *Ṣafad*) is a major city in northern Israel. It is in the Safed region of the Upper Galilee Mountains. Safed is an international center for Kabbalah study. It is one of Judaism's four holiest cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias. 

Located at an elevation of 900 meters (2,953 feet), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed has warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters.

Due to its pleasant climate and scenic views surrounded by pine forests, Safed has become a popular holiday resort visited by Israeli and foreign tourists.

## Related pages 
* Safed Old Jewish Cemetery

## Other websites 
*Zefat.net 
*Safed's Old City
Habeas corpus

A writ of '''''''''' (; Latin: "may you have the body") protects people from being kept in jail or prison without a legal reason and without any end date. It is a writ (legal action) that says that if someone who was arrested or imprisoned wants to go to court to argue that they are being held illegally, the prison official must bring the individual to the court. Once the person is brought before the court, the judge will decide if the person is being held lawfully, or has the right to be released.

## References 
## Related pages
*Civil and political rights
## Other websites
* ACLU: Background on Habeas Corpus
* Library of Congress: Magna Carta: Muse and Mentor
* This American Life: 331: Habeas Schmabeas 2007
* Habeas Corpus Resource Center
Tiberias

**Tiberias** (; , **Tverya**, **Tiveria** ; , '''') is a city in northern Israel. It is located along the Sea of Galilee, in the Lower Galilee at the Jordan Valley. Tiberias has been considered one of Judaism's four holiest cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed.

## Other websites 
* City council website   Municipality Site in Hebrew 
* Place To Visit in Tiberias  (English)
* Tiberias - City of Treasures: The official website of the Tiberias Excavation Project 
* Hamat Tiberias National Park : description, photo gallery
* Nefesh B'Nefesh Community Guide for Tiveria-Tiberias, Israel
Agatha

**Agatha** is a female given name.The pronunciation of the name is[ag-uh-thuh]. It comes from the Ancient Greek word *agathos*, meaning "good". The name last ranked in the Top 1000 girls names in the United States in the 1930s.But in the last few years it has fallen out of fashion.

Saint Agatha of Sicily was a 3rd-century saint. There was a famous crime writer named Agatha Christie. 

There have been several tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region named *Agatha*. Tropical Storm Agatha in 2010 caused over $1 billion in damage and over three hundred deaths across Central America.

There are different versions of the name, for example Agata.

## People named Agatha
* Saint Agatha of Sicily (died 251), Christian saint
* Agatha Barbara (1923&ndash;2002), only female President of Malta
* Agatha Christie, British novelist
* Agatha Sangma (born 1980), member of the Parliament of India
*Agatha Harkness, a fictional character and anti-heroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics

## References
Jean-Luc Godard

**Jean-Luc Godard** (3 December 1930 &ndash; 13 September 2022) was a French-Swiss movie director, producer, editor, cinematographer, writer and actor. He was born in Paris to a French mother and Swiss father. The English film magazine *Sight and Sound* called him one of the top three film directors of all time. *Breathless*, based on a story by Francois Truffaut, is one of his most famous movies.  

He was married to Anna Karina from 1961 until they divorced in 1965.

Godard died by assisted suicide on 13 September 2022 in Rolle, Switzerland at the age of 91.

Jean-Luc Godard revolutionized cinema with jump cuts, intertextuality, political commentary, breaking the fourth wall, nonlinear narratives, and innovative aesthetics.

## References
## Other websites
*Godard entry at the Criterion collection
*
Amelia

**Amelia**  [uh-mel-ee-uh] is a female given name. It is a form of **Amalia**, which comes from the Germanic word *amal*, meaning "work". The name also means "industrious" and "fertile".For 2021, the number of births with name Amelia is 12952, which represents 0.728 percent of total female births in 2021. The form **Amelie** comes from the French equivalent *Amélie*. Related names are **Amy** and **Millie**.

There are many princesses and celebrities named Amelia. One is Amelia Earhart. Another is Minnie Driver, who was born as **Amelia Fiona J. Driver**.

In 1978, Tropical Storm Amelia caused a flooding disaster across Texas and killed thirty-three people.

## People
* Princess Amelia of Great Britain (1711–1786)
* Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom (1783–1810)
* Amelia Bullmore (born 1964), English actress
* Amelia Pisarsky, famous Taekwando champion

## Places
* Amelia, Umbria, a town in Italy
* Amelia, Louisiana, a census-designated place in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States
* Amelia, Nebraska, an unincorporated community in Holt County, Nebraska, United States
* Amelia, Ohio, a village in Clermont County, Ohio, United States
* Amelia, West Virginia
* Amelia City, Florida, a town in Nassau County, Florida, United States
* Amelia Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador, a hamlet in the St. Barbe District, near Griguet
* Amelia County, Virginia, United States
* Amelia Courthouse, Virginia, a village in Amelia County near Richmond
* Amelia Island, the southernmost of the Sea Islands, near Florida

## Media
* *Amelia (film)*, a 2009 film based on the life of Amelia Earhart
* *Amelia Bedelia*, a series of US children's books
* Amelia Carlota, a main character in the Disney Channel animated series *North Woods*

## Other
* Amelia (typeface)

## References
Branislav Ivanović

**Branislav Ivanović** (, ; born 22 February 1984) is a Serbian former professional footballer. He was a defender.

## Career statistics
### Club
Source:

### International
#### International goals
:*Serbia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Ivanović goal.*
*FA Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12
*Football League Cup: 2014–15
*FA Community Shield: 2009
*UEFA Champions League: 2011–12
*UEFA Europa League: 2012–13
*FIFA Club World Cup: runner-up: 2012

**Zenit Saint Petersburg**
*Russian Premier League: 2018–19, 2019–20
*Russian Cup: 2019–20

**Serbia and Montenegro U21** 2014–15 Premier League
*Serbian Player of the Year: 2012, 2013
*UEFA Europa League final Man of the Match: 2013
*FIFPro World XI 4th team: 2014
*FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2013, 2015
*ESM Team of the Year: 2014–15
*UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2014–15
*UEFA Euro Under-21 Dream Team
*Russian Premier League Centre-back of the Season: 2018–19

## References
Pistacia lentiscus

***Pistacia lentiscus*** (also **Mastic**;  '''') is a shrub or small tree of the Pistacio genus. They grow in the Mediterranean Sea region, mainly on the Greek island of Chios in the Aegean Sea. The resin of the tree is called: "mastic". It was famous in the southern region of the island of Chios, called Mastichochoria. The tree is used for food, medicine and industrial purposes. 

## Gallery 

File:Pistacia lentiscus g1.jpg|the tree
File:Pistacia lentiscus 002.jpg|the fruit
File:Mastic.jpg|Mastic resin
File:Gotaq.jpg|the resine of the tree

## Other websites 
*Chios mastic Growers Association (in Greek)
Helicopter bucket

of the US Navy.]]
An **helicopter bucket** (or sometimes **Bambi bucket**) is a kind of big bag used for water bombing by helicopters. It is removable. It can generally be stored in specially designed boxes.
Dennis Burkley

**Dennis Henry Burkley** (September 10, 1945 &ndash; July 14, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his voice role as Carl Moss in the animated series *King of the Hill*. 

Burkley was born on September 10, 1945 in Van Nuys, California. He grew up in Grand Prairie, Texas. Burkley died on July 14, 2013 in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from a heart attack, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Limnognathia

***Limnognathia maerski*** is a microscopic animal. It is a newly discovered type, found in homothermic springs on Disko Island, Greenland in 1994. Its place in taxonomy is uncertain.

It is described as a class or subphylum in the phylum Gnathifera or as a phylum in a Gnathifera superphylum, called **Micrognathozoa**. It is related to the rotifers and gnathostomulida, grouped together as the Gnathifera. 

With an average length of one-tenth of a millimetre, it is one of the smallest animals known.

*L. maerski* has very complicated jaws, with fifteen separate parts. The parts of the jaw structure are connected by ligaments and muscles. The jaw parts are very small, ranging from 4 μm to 14 μm. The animal can extend part of its jaw structure outside of its mouth while eating. It also extends much of its jaw structure outside of its mouth when it is regurgitating (pushing out) items that are indigestible.

*L. maerski* has a large ganglion, or 'brain', in its head. Paired nerve cords go along the lower side of the body) to the tail. Stiff sensory bristles made up of one to three cilia are scattered about the body. These bristles are similar to those on gnathostomulids.

Flexible cilia are arranged in a horseshoe-shaped area on the forehead, and in spots on the sides of the head and in two rows on the underside of the body. The cilia on the forehead create a current that moves food particles towards the mouth. The other cilia move the animal.

All specimens of *L. maerski* that have been collected have had female organs. They lay two kinds of eggs: thin-walled eggs that hatch quickly, and thick-walled eggs that are believed to be resistant to freezing, and thus capable of over-wintering and hatching in the spring. The same pattern is known from rotifers, where thick-walled eggs only form after fertilization by males. The youngest *L. maerski* specimens collected may also have male organs: it is now thought that the animals hatch as males and then become females.

## Phylogeny 
Cladogram (adapted from http://www.zmuc.dk/InverWeb/Dyr/Limnognathia/phylogeny/gnathifera_UK.htm ) showing the relationships of *Limnognathia*:

## References
*Comprehensive information on L. maerski 
*Science Now article on L. maerski
Eurocopter AS-350 Ecureuil

The **Eurocopter AS-350 Ecureuil** is a light helicopter designed and built in France by Aérospatiale, and later produced by Eurocopter. It is one of the most important civilian helicopters in the world, like the United States' Bell 206. Many are used by militaries.

## Specifications 
It is a single-turboshaft helicopter built entirely of metal. It can carry a pilot and at least five passengers. Some are used for aerial work. *AS-350B3* is a variant for flying at high altitudes.

## Variants 
* Aérospatiale AS-350Z is an experimental variant with a Fenestron tail rotor, like on the Aérospatiale SA-342 Gazelle.
* Eurocopter AS-550 Fennec is a military variant.
* Eurocopter AS-355 Ecureuil 2 is a twin-turboshaft variant.

## Bibliography 
* Jackson, Robert, *Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft* (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
* Gaillard, Pierre, ''Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui'' Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium

The **Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium** (, ''*, also known as *Gymnasia Herzliya*), originally known as *'''' (lit. Hebrew High School) is the first Hebrew high school in the world. It opened in 1905 in Jaffa. It moved between several buildings in Jaffa until 1909, when it moved to Tel Aviv. In 1955, the building was demolished and moved to a new site to build the Shalom Meir Tower.

## Other websites 
*School website (in Hebrew)
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange

The **Tel Aviv Stock Exchange** (**TASE**; ) is the central stock exchange of Israel. It is in Tel Aviv. In 2014 the Stock Exchange will move to a new building next to the Shalom Meir Tower.

## Other websites 
* Tel Aviv Stock Exchange website
Eurocopter AS-532 Cougar

Army Aviation **Eurocopter AS-532 Cougar** over Paris.]]
The **Eurocopter AS-532 Cougar** is the military variant of the AS-332 Super Puma helicopter. It is built by Eurocopter. It is used by countries such as Albania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, France, Germany, Malawi, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.
A modernized variant, dedicated to special forces, is the Eurocopter EC725 Caracal.

## Bibliography 
* Jackson, Robert, *Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft* (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
* Gaillard, Pierre, ''Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui'' Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
Israel Diamond Exchange

**Israel Diamond Exchange Ltd.** is the world's largest diamond exchange. It opened in 1937 in Tel Aviv. In 1968, it moved to Ramat Gan.

## Other websites 
* Israel Diamond Exchange
* Israel Diamond Exchange Tour
Tomb of Benei Hezir

The **Tomb of Benei Hezir** () is ancient cave tomb in eastern Jerusalem. It is from the Second Temple period. It is located in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in the Kidron Valley. 

## Other websites
Jerusalem Central Bus Station

The **Jerusalem central bus station** is the main bus station of Jerusalem. It is in the western entrance of the city in Jaffa Street, near the Jerusalem Binyanei HaUma Railway Station and the Jerusalem Chords Bridge. 

## Other websites 
*
Fuselage

shown in brown]]
The  **fuselage** (from the French *fuselé*, meaning "spindle-shaped") is the main body section of an aircraft. It holds the crew and passengers or cargo, as well as an engine in many cases. It is often made out of a metal, such as aluminium.

## Other websites
*NASA page on fuselage 
*Institute of Aircraft Design and Lightweight Structures (IFL)
Grand Festivities Square

**Grand Festivities Square** is a festival and parade ground in Zawraa Park, Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1986 by order of president Saddam Hussein to celebrate the victory of Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War. There is a large reviewing stand and pavilion in the square.  The pavilion also contains a cinema and theatre. The square was used for executions and military parades. The Victory Arch was built over the two entrances to the square. Grand Festivities Square is next to The Monument to the Unknown Soldier.

## Other websites 
* Great Celebrations square on WikiMapia
National Museum of Iraq

The **Iraq Museum**, lately known as the **National Museum of Iraq** (), is a history museum in Baghdad, Iraq. It shows the history of the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Assyria and Babylon. The museum was started on June 14, 1926 by the British mandate in the Middle East.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Virtual Museum of Iraq 
* Lost Treasures from Iraq  Illustrated site by University of Chicago
* The 2003- Iraq War & Archaeology 
* Bogdanos, Matthew. The Casualties of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum American Journal of Archaeology, 109, 3 (July 2005)
* University of Chicago
* Rothfield, Lawrence. *The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum*, excerpt
Marianne

]]
**Marianne** [ mair-ee-**an**, mar- ] is a female given name. Marianne is a name that has been popular for many centuries and it combines two names, Mary and Anne. Mary is a Hebrew name that can mean "bitter" or "beloved," while Anne is a Hebrew name that can mean "grace" or "favor." When these two names are put together, Marianne means "bitter grace" or "beloved grace." It is the French form of **Mariamne**, which in turn is a version of **Mary**. In the late Greek, **Marianna** was used. In 18th century France, *Marianne* became a popular version of the name **Marian**. People named *Marianne* include singer Marianne Faithfull. Fictional characters with the name include Marianne Dashwood in the book *Sense and Sensibility*. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Marianne Williamson, American writer and politician
* Marianne Curley, Australian writer
* Marianne Koch, German actress

## References
Camille

in their Paris studio in the mid-1880s]]

The name **Camille** [ k*uh*-**mil**-*uh* ] is a usually feminine given name, though there are some males by the name. The name is a French form of the name **Camilla**. People named *Camille* include Camille Claudel, a painter. Camille is a name that exudes beauty and elegance and has been favored for centuries. It is a name with a rich history, having been used in various cultures with different interpretations. The name Camille originated from the French language and is derived from the Latin word "camillus," which refers to a young ceremonial attendant. Since the 17th century, it has been a popular name in France and has also gained popularity in other countries worldwide. One of the most well-known individuals named Camille is the French artist Camille Pissarro, who was a prominent figure in the Impressionist movement. He is renowned for his stunning depictions of landscapes and cityscapes. Another famous individual with the name Camille is the French composer Camille Saint-Saëns, who was a prolific composer and is most recognized for his opera, Samson and Delilah. 

In mid August 1969, Hurricane Camille hit the Gulf Coast States of Mississippi and Alabama, causing heavy damage and killing over two hundred people.

## People 
* Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer, organist, conductor and pianist
* Camille Pissarro, Danish-French painter

## References
Weizmann Institute of Science

The **Weizmann Institute of Science** is a public university for scientific research. It is in Rehovot, Israel.

## Footnotes
Albert Gelis Juanola

**Albert Gelis Juanola** (born October 26, 1981 in Sant Joan Les Fonts, Girona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. He finished second at the 2004 Games in the 4 x 100 meter 49 Points Medley Relay. 

## References
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

.]]
 at  the first building of the Technion - 1925]]

The **Technion – Israel Institute of Technology** () is a public university for engineering studies. It is located in Haifa, Israel. The Technion was established in 1912. The original building is now the Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space.

## Other websites 
*New renderings of Cornell-Technion Campus in New York City
*Technion – Israel Institute of Technology website
Vicente Gil Ros

**Vicente Gil Ros** (born January 5, 1976 in Carpesa, Valencia) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability and is an S5 type swimmer. 

He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. He finished second at the 2004 and 2008 Games in the SB3 50 meter breaststroke.  He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 Points medley race at the 2008 Games.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.  He also raced at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.

## References
Google Maps (application)

**Google Maps** is a mobile application for mapping that was released by Google for Android in 2008. An iOS version was released on December 13, 2012. The iOS version was released as an alternative to Apple's built-in maps application, which was released with iOS 6.

Google Maps has many features, including turn-by-turn navigation, street view, and public transit information. The application's user interface was completely redesigned. The original version did not support the iPad, but Google added iPad support with version 2.0.

Google Maps is available as a mobile app for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems. The Android app was first released in September 2008, though the GPS-localization feature had been in testing on cellphones since 2007.

## iOS version
The built-in maps application on iOS used Google Maps until iOS 6. With the release of the first iOS 6 beta in June 2012, Apple announced that they had created their own map service. iOS 6 was released on September 19, 2012 with a new maps application that uses map data by Apple. Google decided to create its own maps application after Apple's built-in maps application was criticized a lot.

Google Maps was launched on the iOS App Store on December 13, 2012. After only two days, the application had been downloaded over 10 million times. It was initially reported shortly after the application was released that the number of iOS upgrades to iOS 6 increased by as much as 30%. Later reports suggested that the increase was actually because of the iPhone&nbsp;5's release in China.

## Reception
The application has had mostly favorable reviews from critics. USA Today said, "The reemergence in the middle of the night of a Google Maps app for the iPhone is like the return of an old friend. Only your friend, who’d gone missing for three months, comes back looking better than ever." CNET, called it "the king of maps" and said, "With its iOS Maps app, Google sets the standard for what mobile navigation should be and more." Bree Fowler of the Associated Press compared Google's and Apple's map applications. He said, "The one clear advantage that Apple has is style. Like Apple devices, the maps are clean and clear and have a fun, pretty element to them, especially in 3-D. But when it comes down to depth and information, Google still reigns superior and will no doubt be welcomed back by its fans." Gizmodo gave it a "gizrank" of 4.5 stars. in 2013 Google even admitted that the iPhone and iPod touch version of its mapping software was more advanced than the version on its own Android mobile phone and tablet operating system.

## Related pages
* Google Maps
* Google Earth
* Apple Maps

## References
## Other websites
*Google Maps on the iOS App Store
Nadia

**Nadia** is a female given name, mostly in the Russian and Ukrainian languages. The name means "hope". The name is very popular in Italy, Spain, France and Russia. One person named Nadia is Nadia Comăneci. Several fictional characters are named *Nadia*. This name was ranked #460 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Nadia Comăneci, Romanian gymnast and five-time Olympic gold medalist
* Nadia Sharmeen, journalist from Bangladesh

## References
Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The **Bibliotheca Alexandrina** ( '''') is a large library in Alexandria, Egypt. The library was opened in 1995.

It is a major library and cultural center on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. It is a commemoration of the ancient Library of Alexandria. 

## Other websites 
* 
* Bibliotheca Alexandrina video
Economy of Azerbaijan

s on the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan.]]
The **Economy of Azerbaijan** is based on industry, agriculture, and on services including tourism. The energy sector based on the large reserves of crude oil and natural gas, is the main source of economic growth in Azerbaijan today, though half of the Azerbaijani people earn their income directly or indirectly through services and a third earn their income through agriculture. The energy boom has led to massive foreign direct investment and the growth rate of the Azerbaijani economy is one of the world's highest.

After gaining independence in 1991 with the end of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan made the long and difficult change from a command economy to a market economy. The government has largely completed privatization of agricultural lands and small, medium and large stateowned companies. Azerbaijan is still making economic reforms. With independence, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Azerbaijan's currency is the Azerbaijani manat which is divided into 100 qəpik. It became the national currency in 1992 and replaced the old Soviet ruble. The Central Bank of Azerbaijan was created in 1992  as Azerbaijan's central bank. It is responsible for printing and distributing the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, and  controlling all commercial banks.

## Industry
Azerbaijan is rich in natural resources which provide energy, especially in crude oil and natural gas, and hydroelectricity and wind power. Other natural resources include minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony which are mined. Other major industries include cement, fertiliser, steel, chemicals, automobiles, and machinery. It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays. In the recent years, Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism. During winter, the ski resorts such as Shahdag Winter Complex are popular with foreign visitors.

## Related pages
* Azerbaijani manat
* Central Bank of Azerbaijan
* Baku Stock Exchange
* Agriculture in Azerbaijan

## Other websites
* Ministry of Finance, Republic of Azerbaijan
* Ministry of Economic Development, Republic of Azerbaijan 
* Ministry of Industry and Energy, Republic of Azerbaijan 
* Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Azerbaijan 
* Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, Republic of Azerbaijan
* Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Azerbaijan
* Ministry of Taxes, Republic of Azerbaijan

## References
Retro

**Retro** is a term used to describe fashions, trends and other cultural items that were popular or relevant many years ago. Generally, something that is retro is at least of  fifteen or twenty years of age. For example, a video game from 1997 could be considered as something retro. The term is especially used for things of the mid twentieth century (1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s).

## Related pages 
* Nostalgia
* Rockabilly
* Steampunk
* Vintage clothing
Ron Arad (industrial designer)

**Ron Arad** (; born 24 April 1951 in Tel Aviv) is an Israeli industrial designer, artist, and architect. Arad became famous for his design of the Design Museum Holon that opened in 2010. He also designed the Tel Aviv Bauhaus Museum in 2008.

## Gallery 

File:Bauhaus Tel-Aviv museum.jpg|Tel Aviv Bauhaus Museum
File:PikiWiki Israel 8157 design museum in holon.jpg|Design Museum Holon
File:Ron Arad - The Big Easy chair in chrome steel.jpg|The Big Easy Chair, chrome
File:Tel Aviv Performing Arts 06.JPG|a box office in the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center
File:Tel aviv campos 007.JPG|the statue "contect" in Tel Aviv University

## Other websites 
*Ron Arad Associates
Jack Kevorkian

**Jacob** "**Jack**" **Kevorkian** (May 26, 1928 &ndash; June 3, 2011), mostly known as "Dr. Death", was an American pathologist, euthanasia activist, painter, author, composer and instrumentalist. He believed that people with deadly illnesses had a right to die via physician-assisted suicide. He publicly supported this position and claimed to have helped at least 130 people die this way. 

Kevorkian famously said, "dying is not a crime". However, in 1999 he was convicted of murder and sent to prison. He was released in 2007.

## Life 
Kevorkian was born on May 26, 1928 in Pontiac, Michigan. He was of Armenian descent. 

Kevorkian studied at University of Michigan Medical School. He never married and had no children. 

Kevorkian died on June 3, 2011 in Royal Oak, Michigan from thrombosis, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* "Papa" Prell Radio interview with Kevorkian. (MP3, 15 minutes). Prell archive at Radio Horror Hosts website.
* 
* "The Kevorkian Verdict: The Life and Legacy of the Suicide Doctor" *Frontline*; PBS.org&nbsp;— with timeline and other info.
Michael Medwin

**Michael Hugh Medwin** OBE (18 July 1923 &ndash; 26 February 2020) was an English actor and movie producer. His best known roles were in *Shoestring*, *Scrooge* and in *The Army Game*.

Medwin was born on 18 July 1923 in London, England. He studied at Canford School and at the Institute Fischer. Medwin retired in 2008. He died on 26 February 2020, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sandra Gomez Perez

**Sandra Gomez Perez** (born May 22, 1986 in Pamplona, Navarra) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished first at the 2004 Games in the Women's SB12 100 meter breaststroke race.  She finished second in the Women's SB12 100 meter breaststroke at the 2008 Games. 

## References
Jaffa Gate

.]]
**Jaffa Gate** (, ''Sha'ar Yafo*; , **Bab el-Khalil**, "Gate of the Friend"; also **Bab Mihrab Daud**, "Gate of the Prayer Niche of David"; also called *'David's Gate**) is a stone archway in the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is along one of the main roads that connects the western part of the city to the Western Wall and the Temple Mount above him.

The plaza of the Jaffa Gate replaced a tall Roman pillar inside the Damascus Gate, which was used as the starting point for measurements to other cities in Palestine. It later became the starting point used to measure the distances to other countries. The Tower of David is a structure of the citadel, and is used today as the History of Jerusalem Museum.

The road fro Jaffa Gate to the Western Wall called once the **Capital street'''.

## Structures in Jaffa Gate 

File:Torredavide230413 0231 (6).jpg|the Tower of David (the Citadel)
File:Jaffa Gate Jerusalem 03.JPG|Kilometre Zero of Israel
File:Jerusalem Jaffa Gate-19th-clock.jpg|The Turkish Clock Tower (demolished)
File:Migdal david008.jpg|the Bezalel Pavilion (demolished)
File:Jaffa Gate from Outside. Jerusalem.jpg|the Turkish-Ottoman Sebil (demolished)

## Other websites 
* Jaffa Gate virtual tour
Agriculture in Azerbaijan

Agriculture is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan. It contributes only 6% of the GDP of the country, but employs 38.3% of the workforce. 21.78% of the total land area is arable land (land where crops can be cultivated (grown)) and 2.1% are used for permanent crops (crops which last for many seasons, rather than being replanted after each harvest). 16.45% of the total land area, which makes up the majority of Azerbaijan's cultivated lands, is irrigated. The major crops for are agricultural cash crops, grapes,cotton, tobacco, citrus fruits, rice, tea and vegetables. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. Farms in Azerbaijan are organized as state and cooperative farms which employ many farmers, and small private farms which are owned and run by one farmer and his/her family. A leading caviar producer and exporter in the past, Azerbaijan's fishing industry today is concentrated on the dwindling supply of sturgeon and beluga in the Caspian Sea.

Under the Soviet Union, agriculture in Azerbaijan was collectivized in large state farms. Collectivization meant taking the land from owners of all farms and joining it into large farms run by the government. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, economic reforms took place, which led to the rapid changes in the agricultural sector as well, including privatization. After the "Law on Land Reforms" was passed in 1996, land has been given to individuals who are now allowed to own small private farms and sell their farm products. Nevertheless, Azerbaijan's agricultural sector still needs a lot of modernization, if it is to realize its vast potential. Prices for agricultural products are below the cost of labor, because the Soviet-era communist collective farm system discouraged private initiative; equipment in general and the irrigation system in particular are old, and modern technology is still not widespread, especially in small private farms.

## Related pages
* Economy of Azerbaijan 
* Azerbaijani manat

## References
## Other websites
* Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Azerbaijan
Despina Vandi

**Despina Vandi** (, ), born **Despina Malea** ( 22 July 1969), is a Greek singer and actress. Vandi has sold one million records in Greece.

Vandi was born in Tübingen, West Germany. Her family returned to Kavala, Greece when she was six years old. She enrolled at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, but eventually dropped out to start her music career. Vandi moved to Athens in the early 1990s.

In 2003, she released the single "Gia" ("hello" or "goodbye") internationally. It became a big hit. In 2004, she did a cover of the Notis Sfakianakis song "Opa Opa". It was recorded in English which became a big hit worldwide. Even Antique has made a cover of this song.

Vandi is married to Demis Nikolaidis, ex-international soccer player and former president of AEK soccer club. She has two children, Melina (born in February 10, 2004) and Giorgos (born August 20, 2007).

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Gela Mou* (1994)
* *Esena Perimeno* (1996)
* *Deka Endoles* (1997)
* *Profities* (1999)
* *Gia* (2001)
* *Despina Vandi Live* (2003)
* *Stin Avli Tou Paradeisou* (2004)
* *10 Hronia Mazi* (2007)
* ''C'est La Vie* (2010)
* *Allaksa'' (2012)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Official Despina–Phoebus collaboration website 
*
*
Morelos, Chihuahua

**Morelos ** is a town and headquarters of the municipality of Morelos, in Chihuahua, Mexico. As of 2005, the town had a total population of 735. 

## References
Kilometer zero

**Kilometre zero** (also written *km 0*, also **mile zero**, **control stations** or **control points**) is a point from which distances are traditionally measured to other cities and countries (often in capital cities).

## Other websites
Jeanette

**Jeanette** (also **Jeannette**) [ j*uh*-**net**; *for 2 also* *French* zhah-**net** ] is a female given name. It comes from the name **Jeanne**. Other variations are **Jennette**, **Janette** and **Janet**. Jeanette is a lovely moniker that has been in use for centuries. It is a feminine name that originates from both French and English cultures. The name Jeanette is derived from the name Jean, which connotes "God is gracious." Jeanette is formed by blending the names Jean and Ette, which implies "little one." This name carries a significant history and has been linked to several notable figures.  People named Jeannette include Jennette McCurdy. Fictional characters include Jeanette Miller of the Chippettes. People named *Janet* include Janet Jackson, Janet Leigh and Janet Reno.

The related name *Janet* was used for a hurricane, which in 1955, caused major devastation in eastern Mexico.

## People 
* Jeanette Maus, American actress and voice actress
* Jeanette Miller, American actress
* Jeanette Fitzsimons, New Zealand politician (1945-2020)

## References
Tower of David

The **Tower of David** (, *Migdal David*, , *Burj Daud*) is an ancient citadel located in Jaffa Gate of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was originally expanded during the 2nd century BC. It was destroyed and then rebuilt several times, in the Christian, Muslim, Mamluk and Ottoman periods in Jerusalem. Today the citadel is used for the History of Jerusalem Museum. 

## Other websites 
* 360 degrees HD virtual tour of the Tower of David Museum 
* Tower of David Museum 
* A tourist's guide to the Tower of David Museum
Historical novel

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, a **historical novel** is 

:"a novel that has as its setting a usually significant period of history. [It] attempts to convey the spirit, manners, and social conditions of a past age with realistic details and fidelity (which is in some cases only apparent fidelity) to historical fact. The work may deal with actual historical characters... or it may contain a mixture of fictional and historical characters".

## Development
Many regard Sir Walter Scott as the first to write historical novels. György Lukács, in his *The Historical Novel*, argues that Scott is the first fiction writer who saw history not just as a convenient frame in which to stage a contemporary narrative, but rather as a distinct social and cultural setting.15-29 His novels of Scottish history such as *Waverley* (1814) and *Rob Roy* (1817) focus upon a middling character who sits at the intersection of various social groups in order to explore the development of society through conflict.31-38 His *Ivanhoe* (1820) gains credit for renewing interest in the Middle Ages.  

Victor Hugo's *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* (1831) furnishes another 19th-century example of the romantic-historical novel as does Leonie Greg Tolstoy's *War and Peace*. In the United States, James Fenimore Cooper was a prominent author of historical novels.69-72 In French literature, the most prominent inheritor of Scott's style of the historical novel was Balzac.92-96

## References
Morelos (disambiguation)

**Morelos** is one of the 31 states of Mexico, named for Independence War hero **José María Morelos** 

**Morelos** may also refer to:

*Morelos Municipality, and towns and cities called Morelos, of which there are several
*Morelos Dam, near Los Algodones, Baja California
*Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo
Hurricane Alma (1966)

**Hurricane Alma** was an unusual June hurricane in 1966. The storm struck western Cuba and the Southeastern United States. It was responsible for almost 100 deaths and $210 million in damage. Its peak winds hit 125 mph. Despite the severe damage and death tolls, *Alma* was not retired.
Hippocamp (moon)

**S/2004 N 1** *(Hippocamp)* is a small moon of Neptune. It was discovered in 2013. It was the 14th moon of Neptune to be discovered. It will likely receive a name relating to the mythological Neptune sometime soon.
Coca-Cola Cherry

**Coca-Cola Cherry**, originally known as **Cherry Coke**, is a cherry-flavored type of Coca-Cola. It was introduced in 1985. It is a product of The Coca-Cola Company.

In Ireland, it is no longer available since August 2015, which the redesign of the logo commenced there.

## References
Uncobasidium

***Uncobasidium*** is a genus of fungi in the family Meruliaceae.

## Other websites
**Uncobasidium* at Index Fungorum
Jorge Cardona

**Jorge Cardona Marquez** (born November 2, 1987 in Zaragoza) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 10 player. He played table tennis at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 2008, he finished second in team table tennis.  In 2012, he finished third in team Class 9-10.
## References
Susana Echeverria Martínez

**Susana Echeverria Martínez** (born August 24, 1976 in Pamplona, Navarra) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  She has an intellectual disability: She is a T20/F20 type athlete. She competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  She was the third best thrower in the F20 javelin.

## References
Paloma

**Paloma** [ p*uh*-**loh**-m*uh* ] is a female given name. It comes from the Latin word *palumba*, which means "dove". This name is often understood to mean a Christian type of symbol of The Holy Spirit in this bird. The name is common in Italy, Spain and Hungary. 

In November 2008, Hurricane Paloma caused heavy destruction over the Cayman Islands and Cuba. The name *Paloma* was then retired and replaced with *Paulette* for 2014. This name was ranked #886 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Paloma Faith, British musician
* Paloma Cordero, First Lady of Mexico

## References