open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Intrusion

, Wyoming. This is an igneous intrusion exposed when the surrounding softer rock eroded away.]]

An **intrusion** is magma (melted rock) which cools and becomes solid under the Earth's surface.  It occurs when there are lines of weakness such as faults, joints, or bedding planes in the crust. Then magma enters these lines of weakness.  By contrast, an extrusion is magma which cools into rock above the surface of the crust. Both intrusive and extrusive rocks are classed as igneous rocks.

The process of forming intrusive rocks may take millions of years. As the rock slowly cools into a solid, the different parts of the magma crystallize into minerals. The crystals are usually larger than in extrusive rocks. Many mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada in California, are formed mostly by intrusive rock. Often they are huge granite (or related rock) formations.

Intrusions vary widely, from mountain range sized batholiths to thin vein-like fracture fillings. When exposed by erosion, these cores called batholiths may occupy huge areas of Earth's surface. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons.

Intrusive structures may go between bedding planes of earlier 'country' rock. A sill is an intrusion which makes a table along bedding planes. A dyke is an intrusion which moves up, crossing older strata.

## Related pages 
*Volcanic plug
International Fight League

The **International Fight League** was an American mixed martial arts (MMA) league and is the world's first MMA league. It was founded on January 7, 2006 and closed on July 31, 2008.

Instead of the established norm for MMA events, where matchups are strictly one-on-one affairs, each IFL card was a showdown between two teams of five fighters, each fighter fighting one match against another on the opposing team. The IFL was shown in the United States on Fox Sports Net and MyNetworkTV.

## Other websites 
*IFL - Official Website
Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative

**Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative** ( or **WASG**) was a German political party founded in 2005 by people who did not like the Social Democratic–Green government.

On 16 June 2007, it merged with The Left Party.PDS to form The Left (*Die Linke*) party. At the time of merger, about 11,600 people were members.
Ca-Al-rich inclusions

**Ca-Al-rich inclusions** (**CAI**s) are inclusions found in  carbonaceous chondrites. These inclusions are about  long. They are light-colored and made of calcium and aluminum. High-temperature minerals are often found in CAIs. These objects are among the first solid objects to be created by the cooling  of a protoplanetary disk. CAIs are formed at much higher temperatures than the associated chondrules. They may have survived many high-temperature events while most chondrules are created in a single melting event.

The isotopic  of CAIs give important information about the creation of the solar system. The studying of them suggests that the solar nebula collapsed soon after a nearby supernova. Radiometric dating shows that the CAIs formed about 2 million years before the chondrules formed.

## References
* Gilmour J. 2002. The Solar System's first clocks *Science* **297**, 1658-1659. 
* Amelin Y. *et al.* 2002. Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions *Science*, **297**, 1678-1683.
* Krot A.N. 2002. Dating the earliest solids in our Solar System. *Planetary science research discoveries*. http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Sept02/isotopicAges.html
* Shukolyukov A. & Lugmair G.W. 2002. Chronology of asteroid accretion and differentiation 687-695, in Bottke W.F. *et al.* (eds) *Asteroids III*. University of Arizona Press.
Deutsche Reichspartei

The **Deutsche Reichspartei** (DRP) (*German Reich Party*, *German Imperial Party* or *German Empire Party*) was a nationalist political party in West Germany. It was a merger of the German Conservative Party - Deutsche Right Party (DKP-DRP) and the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei (NDP).

Some of the DRP's founders were: Alexander Andrae, Oskar Lutz, Hans Bernd von Grünberg, Wilhelm Meinberg, Otto Heß, Hans Schikora, Heinrich Kunstmann, Adolf von Thadden.

In 1949 the Sozialistische Reichspartei (SRP) split from the DRP. This was because the Empire Party was not neo-Nazi, and did not want to be associated with Adolf Hitler.  Instead the party preferred to say how good the Second German Empire (1870-1919) was. 

The Deutsche Reichspartei did become more national socialist after 1952. This is when the Sozialistische Reichspartei was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and a lot of its members re-joined the Empire Party.

The party was not very successful in the 1950s, but seemed to be getting more popular after the state elections of 1959. But the success did not last, and the party held its final conference in 1964 when it was dissolved. It was quickly replaced by the new Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands.

## Other websites 
* ''Germany's New Nazis'' 1951 pamphlet about the DRP and other neo--nazi groups
81P/Wild

Comet **81P/Wild**, also known as **Wild 2**, is a comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild (pronounced *Vilt*), who discovered it in 1978.

It is believed that for most of its 4.5 billion-year lifetime, Wild 2 had a more distant and circular orbit. In 1974, it passed within only about one million kilometers of the planet Jupiter, whose strong gravitational pull altered the comet's orbit and brought it into the inner solar system. Its orbital period changed from 40 years to about 6 years, and its perihelion is now about 1.59 AU (astronomical unit).

## Gallery 

File:Comet wild 2 craters.jpg|Photograph taken by Stardust spacecraft
File:Comet wild 2 jet plumes.jpg|Details of the plume jets
File:Comet Wild2 Anaglyph.jpg|Red/green stereo anaglyph
File:Comet_Wild2.jpg|Stardust Approach Image
File:Comet wild 2.jpg|

## Other websites 
* NASA Team Analyzes Stardust Particle Capture  January 18, 2006
* NASA/JPL homepage for Stardust project
* Stardust@Home Volunteer Particle Analysis Project 
* IAU Ephemerides page for 81P
* Catalogue of all 72 raw images of Wild 2
Socialist Reich Party

The **Socialist Reich Party of Germany** (German: *Sozialistische Reichspartei Deutschlands*) was a political party in West Germany. It was formed in 1949.

It was openly Neo-Nazi and admired Hitler. It split from the German Empire Party. Leaders included Otto Ernst Remer, a former Major General, and Fritz Dorls.

The SRP claimed West Germany's first Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer was a crony or puppet leader who was beholden to the United States, and that Karl Dönitz (who Hitler named as his successor in 1945) had been the last legally legitimate leader of Germany.

The SRP also falsely maintained that the Holocaust never happened, and for example, spread disinformation that the ovens used to cremate the murdered victims in the Dachau concentration camp were in fact built by United States military authorities after occupying Germany in 1945. The SRP wanted Europe to be dominated by a reunited Germany, a restored Reich that would neither be capitalist like West Germany or communist like East Germany.

The SRP never openly criticized the Soviet Union, and it is likely because the Soviets secretly funded the party to discredit and destabilize West Germany and its US allies. 

The SRP had its own paramilitary organization, the Reichsfront.

The SRP had about ten thousand members and, in 1952, won 16 seats in the Lower Saxony Landtag election, and 8 seats in Bremen.

It was banned in 1952 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the only court in West Germnay with the power to do so.

## Notes
## Other websites 
* ''Germany's New Nazis'' 1951 pamphlet about the SRP and other neo--nazi groups
Submachine gun

submachine gun: a favourite with law enforcement and the military.]]
 were made in WWII]]
A **submachine gun** is a type of gun that shoots many bullets, usually pistol bullets, when one holds down the trigger. A submachine gun is smaller than a machine gun and can easily be carried by one person. They are often used where people need to defend themselves in small areas, or people need to fire many bullets quickly. The first submachine guns were invented in the early 1900s. They are often used by the police and counter-terrorism units .

## History
In the early 20th century, experiments were made by converting  pistols from semi to fully automatic firearms. Automatic weapons with gunstock and firing pistol rounds were developed around the same time during World War I, by Italy, Germany, and the United States. The first dedicated designs were developed in the latter stages of World War I both as improvements on earlier stocked pistols, and to offer an advantage in trench warfare.

They were popularized in the 1920s and '30s as weapon of choice of American gangsters and police, in the form of the famous Thompson submachine gun, commonly referred to as the "Tommy Gun". Submachine guns rose to prominence as a frontline close-quarters combat weapon and commando firearm during World War II. They are now widely used by police SWAT, military commando, paramilitary, and counter-terror team members for a variety of situations. 

Submachine guns are highly effective in close quarters; their lower-powered pistol cartridges make them generally more controllable in fully-automatic fire compared to assault rifles, while their small size and light weight grant maneuverability.  However, pistol bullets often are stopped by body armor or cover, and are short-ranged compared to intermediate and rifle cartridges.

### World War II developments 
World War II developments were many and interesting. In Germany the development of machine carbines (*Maschinenkarabiner*) was notable.  From 1939 onwards the German Army analyzed combat conditions and developed new tactics and equipment requirements. The existing 7.92x57mm rifle cartridge was more powerful and long ranged than needed. Most combat took place at ranges less than 400 m (440 yards). A less powerful round (bullet) could be used. This meant a soldier could carry more ammunition, the weapon could be shorter, lighter and with less recoil. The gun could be an automatic.

Achieving this took time. Work in 1941 and 1942 led at last to a reliable weapon, the StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44) "assault rifle 44". This was then produced in large numbers (over 600,000). It came too late to effect the Second World War, but was later adapted as the Soviet AK 47.

## References 
## Other websites 
* WW2-era Small Arms
* Submachine gun -Citizendium
Alice in Chains

**Alice in Chains** is an American grunge band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1987. They have sold an estimated 15 million albums in the US alone. Alice in Chains is sometimes thought of as a heavy metal band, but is mostly considered a grunge band.

Their debut album "Facelift" came out in 1990. They have put out a total of six studio albums during their career.

The band's first lead singer, Layne Staley, became addicted to drugs. He often wrote about drug addiction in his lyrics. He died in Seattle in April 2002 after a fatal drug overdose. William DuVall took over as the lead singer in 2006.

## Band members
### Current members
* William DuVall - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2006-present)
* Jerry Cantrell - lead & rhythm guitars, vocals (1987-2002, 2005-present)
* Mike Inez - bass, backing vocals (1993-2002, 2005-present)
* Sean Kinney - drums, percussion (1987-2002, 2005-present)

### Former members
* Layne Staley - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1987-2002)
* Mike Starr - bass, backing vocals (1987-1993)

### Touring musicians
* Patrick Lachman - lead vocals (2005-2006)
* Scott Olson - acoustic guitar, bass (1996)

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Facelift* (1990) 
* *Dirt* (1992)
* *Alice in Chains* (1995) 
* *Black Gives Way to Blue* (2009)
* *The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here* (2013)
* *Rainier Fog* (2018)

## References
## Other websites
* Alice in Chains Official Site
* Jerry Cantrell Official Site
* Alice in Chains Equipment/Gear
* Alice in Chains Concert Chronology, discography, and session history
Suidae

**Suidae** is the family to which pigs and their relatives belong. Several species are currently recognised, including the domestic pig. In addition to numerous species of wild pig, the family includes the babirusa and the warthog.

## Taxonomy 
* Family *Suidae*
** Genus *Babyrousa*: Babirusas
** Genus *Hylochoerus*: Giant forest hogs
*** Giant forest hog, *Hylochoerus meinertzhageni*
** Genus *Phacochoerus*: Warthogs
*** Warthog, *Phacochoerus africanus*
*** Desert Warthog, *Phacochoerus aethiopicus*
** Genus *Porcula*: Pygmy Hog
*** Pygmy Hog, *Porcula salvania*
** Genus *Potamochoerus*: Bushpigs
*** Bushpig, *Potamochoerus larvatus*
*** Red River Hog, *Potamochoerus porcus*
** Genus *Sus*: Pigs
*** Wild boar, *Sus scrofa*
**** Domestic pig, *Sus scrofa domestica*
*** Family ?Maiaboarinae
** Genus *Maiaboar*
** Genus *Palaeoboar*
** Genus *Deccaboar*
** Genus  *Kumnoboar*
** Genus *Tyloboar*
** Genus *Cretaceoboar*
** Genus *Magiboar*
** Genus *Frosthutia*
** Genus *Zeppelinoboar*
** Genus *Aachenoboar*
** Genus *Mycellum*

## Other websites
Trdat of Iberia

'''T'rdat'* (Georgian: თრდატი), sometimes Latinized as *Tiridates'', of the Chosroid Dynasty, was the king of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 394 to 406.

Georgian chronicles have said that he is the son of Rev, son of Mirian III, the first Christian king of Iberia. He is reported to have succeeded by his relative and son-in-law, Varaz-Bakur II, and to have been forced to pay tribute to the Sasanids of Iran. The chronicles praise his piety and credit Trdat with the construction of churches at Rustavi and Nekresi.

## Related pages
*Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia

## References
Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

**Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin von Krosigk** (22 August 1887 – 4 March 1977) was a German politician.

## Early life 
Johann Ludwig von Krosigk was born in Rathmannsdorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony. His father was from a noble family in Anhalt, his mother was a daughter of one of the Counts ("Graf") von Schwerin. He studied law and politics in Halle, in Lausanne and, as a Rhodes Scholar, at the University of Oxford.

He became a Lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, and he won the Iron Cross. In 1918, Krosigk married Baroness Ehrengard von Plettenberg. They had four sons and five daughters.

## Nazi years 
### Pre-World War II 
Schwerin von Krosigkut was a conservative, but not a member of any political party when was appointed Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. President Paul von Hindenburg asked him to stay in office under Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler kept him as finance minister throughout the period of Nazi Party rule, even though several members of his family took part in attempts to kill Hitler.

### World War II 
On 1 May 1945, Schwerin von Krosigk was asked to be the Chancellor (*Reichskanzler*) of the Flensburg cabinet by the new President (*Reichspräsident*) Karl Dönitz.

On 7 May 1945, Dönitz allowed the German Army to surrender at Rheims before General Eisenhower.

Winston Churchill  recognised the Flensburg Government de facto because he said the surrender was allowed by "Grand Admiral Dönitz the designated Head of State". The government was dissolved when its members were captured by British forces on 23 May 1945, at Flensburg.

Schwerin von Krosigk was tried at the Ministries Trial at Nuremberg along with other leading members of the Nazi Government. Schwerin von Krosigk was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment but was released during an amnesty in 1951.

## After World War II 
In later years Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books about economics policy and two versions of his memoirs.

He was one of the first to talk about an "Iron Curtain" coming down across Europe, in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945, a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels, and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous.

Schwerin von Krosigk died in 1977 in the town of Essen, Germany, aged 89.

## Works 
* *Es geschah in Deutschland*, 1951
* *Die große Zeit des Feuers - Der Weg der deutschen Industrie*, 3 volumes, 1959
* *Alles auf Wagnis - der Kaufmann gestern, heute und morgen*, 1963
* *Persönliche Erinnerungen*, memoirs, 3 volumes, 1974
* *Staatsbankrott* (Studie über die deutsche Finanzpolitik von 1920 bis 1945), 1975
* *Memoiren* (short version of *Persönliche Erinnerungen*), 1977

## References 
## Other websites 
* Biography (Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin)
Kingdom of Sophene

The** Kingdom of Sophene** (Armenian: Ծոփքի Թագավորութուն) was an Armenian kingdom, situated between ancient Armenia and Syria. It was ruled by the Orontids, an Armenian dynasty of Iranian origin. The kingdom was culturally mixed with Greek, Armenian, Iranian, Syrian, Anatolian and Roman influences. Founded around the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom maintained independence until  when the Armenian Artaxiad king Tigranes the Great conquered the territories as part of his empire. Sophene laid near medieval Kharput, which is present day Elazig.

## Kings of Sophene 
* Sames I (ca. 260 BCE)
* Arsames I (ca. 240 BCE)
* Xerxes (ca. 220 BCE)
* Zariadres (ca. 190 BCE)
* Mithrobouzanes (ca. 188 BCE–163 BCE)
* Arkathias (second half of the 2nd century BCE)
* Artanes (or Arsakes) (reign ended ca. 95 BCE)

## References 
## Sources  
* 
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*
Opposition (astronomy and astrology)

**Opposition** is a word used in observational astronomy (and also astrology). It is used when two objects in the sky are on the opposite side of the sky when viewed from the Earth.

In particular, two planets are in opposition to each other when their ecliptic longitudes differ by 180°.  When talking about a single object being in opposition, it is assumed to be opposite from the sun.

The Moon is in opposition to the Sun when it is a full moon.

The symbol of opposition is ☍.

A planet (or asteroid or comet) is said to be "in opposition" when it is in opposition to the Sun as seen from the Earth. This is the best time to observe a planet because:
* it is visible almost all night, rising around sunset, culminating around midnight and setting around sunrise
* its orbit brings it closest to the Earth, making it appear bigger and brighter
* light reflects more brightly from bodies with rough surfaces, at that angle

## References
Ophiuchus

**Ophiuchus** (Οφιούχος: say it 'Ofi-youkus'), is one of the 88 listed constellations. In Latin, it means "serpent-holder". It is near the celestial equator, and northwest of the center of the Milky Way. Ophiuchus is on the ecliptic, but is generally not considered to be in the zodiac.  Its brightest star is Rasalhague.

The Voyager 1 probe is within the borders of Ophiuchus.

## Related pages 
*Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion

## Other websites 
* The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ophiuchus
* Star Tales – Ophiuchus
Fukuoka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyūshū. The capital city is Fukuoka.

## History 
The area of Fukuoka Prefecture includes the old provinces of Chikugo, Chikuzen, and Buzen.

### Timeline
* **November 19, 1274** (''Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month''): Battle of Bun'ei
* **August 15, 1281** (*Kōan 4, 30th day of the 7th month*): Battle of Kōan

## Geography 
Fukuoka Prefecture faces the sea on three sides.  The prefecture borders Saga, Ōita, and Kumamoto prefectures.  Fukuoka is near Yamaguchi Prefecture across the Kanmon Straits.

Fukuoka includes the two largest cities on Kyūshū, Fukuoka and Kitakyūshū. Small islands are near the north coast of the prefecture.

### Cities
There are 28 cities in the prefecture:

### Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district of the prefecture

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 18% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Kōra taisha*, *Sumiyoshi-jinja*, *Hakosagi-gū* and *Usa-jinjū* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Kyushu National Museum
* Giravanz Kitakyushu
* Fukuoka Art Museum
* Kyushu National Museum
* Dazaifu

## References
## Other websites 
* Fukuoka Prefecture website  ;  
* http://www.kyushu.com/fukuoka/ 
* http://diddlefinger.com/m/fukuokaken/
Tsitsernakaberd

**Tsitsernakaberd** () is a memorial for the victims of the Armenian Genocide. It is on a hill overlooking Yerevan, Armenia. Every year on April 24, Armenians gather here to remember the victims of the 1915 Armenian Genocide that took place in the Ottoman Empire carried out by the Turkish government. In 1965 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Genocide after a million people demonstrated for 24 hours; the demonstrations are now known as the 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations. In response, the genocide memorial construction began in 1966 and it was completed in 1968. In Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, crowds of people walk to the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial to lay flowers at the eternal flame.

## Related pages
* Armenian Genocide
* Montebello Genocide Memorial
* Marseille Genocide Memorial
* Genocide Remembrance Day
* 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations

## Other websites 
* Tsitsernakaberd
Lady Katherine Grey

**Lady Katherine Grey** (25 August 1540 – 26 January 1568) was an English noblewoman. She was the sister to Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who were Marquess and Marchioness of Dorset and later Duke and Duchess of Suffolk.

## Life 
Katherine (also spelled Catherine) was born in 1540 to Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey. Her parents were disappointed that she was a girl. However, Frances treated Katherine better than she treated her sister, Lady Jane Grey. Little is known about Katherine's early life before 1550.
Katherine was married at the age of twelve to Henry Herbert in May 1553. It was the same day her elder sister, Jane, was married to Guildford Dudley. Katherine's sister Jane was queen of England for nine days before Mary became Queen. Because of this, Katherine's marriage to Herbert was annulled.

### Appearance and personality 
Katherine was considered even more beautiful than her sister Jane. She was a little short, but she had a delicate appearance. She had shining red-gold hair and her grandmother Mary Tudor's blue eyes. She also had white skin and no freckles, unlike her sister Jane.
Unlike her sister Jane, Katherine was not as smart and did not like her studies as much. She preferred playing with her pet dogs and birds.

### Later life 
Katherine said that her life at Queen Mary's court was the best time of her life. She met her future husband during these years and received money from Mary every year. Mary's sister, Elizabeth, did not like Katherine much. She distrusted her and did not wish to see her married. Katherine had other plans. 

In December 1560, she married Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford without Elizabeth I's permission. They planned to keep it a secret for a long time. However, Katherine became pregnant quickly and by July of the next year, she could not hold her secret any longer. She first tried to get help from Bess of Hardwick, but Bess screamed at Katherine and made her go away. Then she went to see Elizabeth's great favorite, Robert Dudley. He listened to Katherine but promised nothing. The next day he told Elizabeth everything. Elizabeth was angry with this and put both Edward and Katherine in prison. Katherine gave birth to a son in the Tower of London. The child's name was Edward. 

Later, she gave birth to another son, also in the Tower of London. This made Elizabeth even more angry since Katherine was not supposed to see Edward. The couple would not see each other again after the birth. Katherine soon got tuberculosis. She died in January 1568. She is buried in Cockfield Chapel.
George Boleyn

**George Boleyn** (1504? - May 17 1536) was the brother of his famous sister Anne Boleyn and his other sister Mary Boleyn. His parents were Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire and Lady Elizabeth Howard.

## Biography
George was born in 1504, probably in Blickling, although it is unsure. George Boleyn was well known for serving the King (Henry VIII ), he was most favored by him. His sister, Anne, became queen because of the help of his Uncle (The Duke of Norfolk) and his Father (Thomas Boleyn). His two sisters, Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII), and Mary Boleyn (Mistress of the King) were his only two friends. They spent much time together. He married Jane Parker, also known as Lady Jane Rochford. He was not happy with his marriage, he was only engaged to her by their Uncle. As a Boleyn/Howard (Howard, Mothers maiden name) he had to obey. His obedience towards his family made him unhappy. He refused to sleep with his wife, so instead spent many nights with his sisters in Anne's rooms. Mary would be there, for she was Anne's lady in waiting. All three of the Boleyns were very close.

## Downfall
George Boleyn had a very close relationship with his sister Anne. He was also close with his other sister, but Mary focused more on her family with her husband (William Stafford). George and Anne's downfall happened when Henry VIII accused them of incest. Mary Boleyn was not with them at the time of their exile. She chose to hide because of her children. If she had not hidden herself, she too would have been killed. It was likely a false charge by Henry VIII so he could get rid of Anne Boleyn. George's wife claimed that George and Anne had an affair. At her own execution, Lady Jane Rochford claimed that "God has permitted me to suffer this shameful doom as punishment for having contributed to my husband's death. I falsely accused him of loving in an incestuous manner, his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn. For this I deserve to die."
Cubic centimetre

A **cubic centimetre** (symbol **cm³** or **cc**) (U.S. spelling: **cubic centimeter**) is a commonly used unit of volume extending the derived SI-unit cubic metre and corresponds to the volume of a cube measuring 1&nbsp;cm × 1&nbsp;cm × 1&nbsp;cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of  of a cubic metre, or  of a litre; therefore, 1&nbsp;cm³ = 1&nbsp;mL. In many scientific fields, the use of cubic centimetres has been replaced by the millilitre. The medical and automotive fields are two of the few fields wherein the term cubic centimetre was never discontinued in the United States. In the United Kingdom millilitres are used in preference to cubic centimetres in the medical field.

One cubic centimetre of water is equal to 1&nbsp;gram.
Geometric albedo

The **geometric albedo** of an astronomical body is the ratio of its actual brightness at zero phase angle (i.e. as seen from the light source) to that of an *idealized* flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.

The **visual geometric albedo** refers to the geometric albedo quantity when accounting for only electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum.
Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)

**Conjunction** is a word used in astronomy and astrology. It means that, as seen from some place (usually the Earth), two celestial bodies appear near one another in the sky. The event is also sometimes known as an appulse.

The astronomical and astrological symbol of conjunction is  (in Unicode, U+260C ☌).

## Other websites 
* Occultations of Saturn by Jupiter 
* Image of 2001 occultation of Saturn by the Moon 
* Planets conjunctions and mutual occultations 1000BC to 3000AD 
* Conjunctions of planets with the main asteroids
Division (botany)

:*This article discusses taxonomy. For a different meaning in biology, see cell division.*

In biology, a **division** is the equivalent of a phylum in a kingdom. Botanists use the word "division" where zoologists use the word "phylum".

## References
*Carroll, Robert L. 1988. *Vertebrate paleontology and evolution*. New York: W.H. Freeman. .
*Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians." In M.J. Benton (ed.), *The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds*, pp.&nbsp;59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Welcome to the Black Parade

"**Welcome to the Black Parade**" is the first single and fifth track from My Chemical Romance's third studio album, *The Black Parade*. It was released on September 11, 2006 on iTunes and October 9, 2006 on CD. It is the band's ninth single. The studio version was available on MySpace on September 2, 2006. The song became the group's first number one in the UK on October 15, 2006, and later rose to number one on the Modern Rock Tracks on October 26, 2006, where it would stay for seven weeks. It was originally intended to be called "The Five Of Us Are Dying."

The song ranked at #17 on Rolling Stone's "The 100 Best Songs of 2006".

## References
## Other websites 
* "Welcome to the Black Parade" sound track at *The Black Parade* official website
Trinny Woodall

**Trinny Woodall** (born **Sarah-Jane Woodall** on 8 February 1964) is an English expert in fashion, author, television presenter and journalist.

Trinny Woodall first became famous when she presented a reality show called *What Not to Wear* with Susannah Constantine on the BBC. She then was on *The Oprah Winfrey Show* in 2004 and helped American people with their clothes and appearance. She then presented *Trinny & Susannah Undress* on ITV in 2006 and *Trinny & Susannah Undress The Nation* in 2007.

She has also written lots of fashion books with Constantine in Britain and America which have been made into many languages. Their first major book, *What Not to Wear*, sold 670,000 copies and won a British Book Award.

## List of books
**Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
**What Not to Wear*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) ()
**What Not to Wear: The Rules*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
**What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
**What You Wear Can Change Your Life*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
**What Your Clothes Say About You*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) ()
**Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) ()
**Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You*, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) ()
**The Body Shape Bible*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

## References
## Other websites
*Trinny and Susannah's official website 
*
Leona Lewis

**Leona Lewis** (born 3 April 1985) is a British actress and singer-songwriter. She won the third season of the UK television show *The X Factor* in 2006.

## Career
Lewis first became famous when she won a television talent contest in Britain called *The X Factor*. When she won *The X Factor* in 2006, Lewis got a £1 million contract to make more music. She then released a song, as part of *The X Factor* contract, called *A Moment Like This* which was the number 1 song in the charts at Christmas after selling 571,253 copies in the shops and on download. Lewis then released her second song on 22 October 2007 called *Bleeding Love* which was the number 1 song again in Britain, and also reached number 1 in the United States. It sold 218,805 copies in the first week of release. She released her first album called *Spirit* in November 2007. Her second album is *Echo*, which was released on 9 November 2009. Her first concert tour called *The Labyrinth* was in 2010.  Her songs include *Better in Time* and *Bleeding Love*. She released her third stuidio album, *Glassheart*, on 12 October 2012. In December 2013, she released her fourth studio album *Christmas, with Love*. In 2014, she made her film debut in ''*. Her fifth studio album, *I Am'', was released on 11 September 2015. In 2016, she made her Broadway debut as  in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical *Cats*, and the following year, she signed a modelling contract with Wilhelmina Models. As of 2021, according to her record company she has sold over 35 million records worldwide. She became the first British female solo artist to have eight top five singles, surpassing Olivia Newton-John's record of seven. She has won two MOBO Awards, an , two World Music Awards, and also a six-time BRIT Award and three-time Grammy Award nominee.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Video albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Official MySpace
Mary Boleyn

**Mary Boleyn** (about 1499 – 19 July 1543) was the younger sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. They had a brother named George Boleyn.  There have been many stories and books about Mary Boleyn, so historians are not sure what is true about her.

## Early Life 
Mary was born some time between 1500 and 1507 at Blickling Hall in Norfolk.  Her parents were Sir Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard. While her parents had her sister Anne educated at the court of Margaret of Austria, Mary was probably educated at home.  She had a well-rounded education for a woman in the 1500s.  Among Mary's other skills, she could speak French.

In 1514, Mary's father got her a job as maid of honor to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII. Mary Tudor was going to be married to King Louis XII of France.  Mary and the other maids traveled with Mary Tudor to France, where Mary Tudor was married.  Only a few months after the wedding, however, King Louis died and Francis I became king. Mary Tudor went back to England but Mary Boleyn stayed in France.

There were rumours that Mary Boleyn became King Francis's mistress, but some historians think the rumours may not be true.  They think the rumours may have been about trying to make the Boleyn family look bad so Henry VIII could divorce Anne Boleyn.

## Marriage and mistress 
In 1519, Mary went back to England to marry William Carey.  Soon, she became King Henry VIII's mistress. Some historians think that King Henry was the father of Mary's two children, Catherine Carey and Henry Carey, but it is also possible that her husband William Carey was their father. Mary was Henry VIII's mistress for years, possibly until as late as 1526.

## Widowhood 
After Mary's husband died, she had money problems.  Her sister Anne took Mary's son Henry as her ward and paid for his education.

In 1526, Mary married again.  She married a soldier named William Stafford without her family's permission.  Anne and the rest of Mary's family were angry with her.  Mary and Stafford had one child, but historians do not know what happened to him or her.

After Anne and George Boleyn were executed, Mary's parents began to speak to her again.  After her father and grandmother died, they left Mary half the Boleyn property.  But Mary Boleyn had to fight for it in law court.  Mary died in Rochford Hall in 1543.
## References
Susannah Constantine

**Susannah Caroline Constantine** (born June 3, 1962) is an English television presenter, fashion expert, author and journalist. In her early career, Constantine worked with famous fashion designers like John Galliano. She met Trinny Woodall in 1994 at a party and wrote about fashion in a newspaper called *The Telegraph*. Susannah Constantine also dated the member of the British royal family, David, Viscount Linley, in the 1980s.

Constantine and Woodall became famous when they presented a reality show in Britain called *What Not to Wear*. In 2002, they won a Royal Television Award for being the best presenters. In 2006 Constantine hosted another fashion show on ITV called *Trinny & Susannah Undress*. She has also been on *The Oprah Winfrey Show* with Trinny Woodall, and helped women with their clothes. They have made many fashion books which have been successful in America and Britain, and have been translated into many languages. It is thought that the books have sold 2.5 million copies around the world.

## List of books
**Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
**What Not to Wear*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) () 
**What Not to Wear: The Rules*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) () 
**What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion*, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) () 
**What You Wear Can Change Your Life*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
**What Your Clothes Say About You*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) () 
**Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) () 
**Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You*, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) () 
**The Body Shape Bible*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

## Other websites
*Trinny and Susannah's official website 
*
**Trinny & Susannah Undress*  at itv.com
Saxe-Meiningen

The **Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen** was one of the Ernestine duchies.

The dukes were never very important in forming the history of Europe, and unlike their relative in the Duchy of **Saxe-Coburg and Gotha** never set out to form a long lasting dynasty.

Like all of the German monarchies the duchy became part of the Weimar Republic after World War I.

In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories after the death of the Saxe-Gothaducal line in 1825, Saxe-Meiningen got the territories of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld. The state of Saxe-Meiningen was merged into the new state of Thuringia in 1920.

The capital of Saxe-Meiningen was Meiningen; it had an area of 2,468&nbsp;km² and a population of 269,000 (1905). The summer residence was Altenstein.

The present head of Head of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen is Prince Frederick Konrad (born 1952).

## Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen 
* Bernhard I (1675 – 1706)
* Ernst Ludwig I (1706 – 24), son of Bernhard I
* Ernst Ludwig II (1724 – 29), son of Ernst Ludwig I
* Karl Frederick (1729 – 43), son of Ernst Ludwig I
* Frederick Wilhelm (1743 – 1746), son of Bernhard I
* Anton Ulrich (1746 – 63), Son of Bernhard I
* Karl Wilhelm (1763 – 82), son of Anton Ulrich
* Georg I (1782 – 1803), son of Anton Ulrich
* Bernhard II (1803 – 66), son of Georg I
* Georg II (1866 – 1914), son of Bernhard II
* Bernhard III (1914 – 18), son of Georg II

Dukedom abolished in 1918

## Heads of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen, post monarchy 
* Bernhard III (1918-1928)
* Prince Georg (1928 – 46)
* Prince Bernhard (1946 – 84)
* Prince Frederick Konrad (1984 – *present*)

## Related pages
* Ernestine duchies

## Other websites 
*
The Misfits

**The Misfits** were a punk rock band from New Jersey. They are usually classified as a hardcore punk or horror punk band. They often played in theatrical makeup to look spooky. They had themes mostly from old movies, especially horror movies. The lead singer was Glenn Danzig. Danzig later formed Samhain and then Danzig. Other members went on to form a new version of the Misfits in the late 2000s. That version eventually included members of the Ramones and Black Flag.

The Misfits had many of their records released in limited collectible versions. Sometimes they were released through their fan club called The Fiend Club. They had a huge influence on everything from the way punk is marketed (the Misfits rival Kiss in marketing of their skull logo) to the many celebrities wearing their T shirts.
Sunnah

**Sunnah** (Arabic: سَنَةٌ) is an Arabic word meaning "tradition" or "way." For Muslims, it means "the way of the prophet." The Sunnites try to follow Muhammad's words, actions, and teachings.  

Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called hadith, about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as Ahl al-Kalam and Mu'tazilites, have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadiths and generally do not regard the hadiths as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad.

## Related pages 
* Sunni Islam
* Quranism
Al-Aqsa Mosque

**Al-Aqsa Mosque,** Al-Aqsa Mosque ("The Farthest Mosque") is one of the many buildings where Muslims go to pray in the Al-Aqsa Compound, in East Jerusalem. 

The other major  mosque in the complex is us. The other name for this mosque is "the Dome of the Rock".

They are two of the most important and sacred mosques in the Muslim world. The compound is a symbol of Palestinian national identity. 

Jews and Christians call the compound containing both these buildings "the Temple Mount".

## History 
Abdul Malik ibn Marwan asked for the mosque to be built, but he died before they finished building it, and it was finished by his son Al-Walid I in 705 AD. The Al-Aqsa Mosque is a part of the Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif, or "The Noble Sanctuary". This area is known as the Temple Mount by Jews, and it is believed to be the location where the Jewish Temple was built. The mosque is the 3rd most important place in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad went from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the story of the "Night Journey". Also, some Islamic traditions say Muhammad led prayers there before his ascension.

## Attacks
In September of 2000 Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa, and Palestinians who were at the mosque threw objects at the police force that was with Sharon. In return the police shot rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians. Palestinians said Sharon visited the mosque to make people angry, but Sharon said he had gone there with a message of peace. This visit is what some believe caused the Second Intifada.

## Name 
"Al-Aqsa Masjid" means "the farthest Mosque". The masjid's name comes from a story in the Quran called "The Night Journey". In the story Muhammad goes from Makkah to East Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Masjid is. Then he went up to Heaven (Jannah).

## History 
The mosque was first built in 705 AD. The first mosque was destroyed in an earthquake in 748 AD and had to be built again. We do not know when it was built again, but it was probably in 771 AD, and this mosque was destroyed soon after they finished building it. The third mosque was built around 780 AD. In 1033 AD there was another earthquake, and the mosque had to be built again.

East Jerusalem was taken over by the Crusaders in 1099. Instead of taking down the mosque, the crusaders used the mosque as a palace. In 1119 it was changed into the headquarters for the Templar Knights.

## References
Vistula

The **Vistula** (Polish: Wisła) is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047&nbsp;km (678 miles) long. 

## How it flows 
### Tributaries 
The following is the list of right and left tributaries and the name of a city close by, listed from source to mouth:

**Right tributaries** 
* Brennica – Skoczów
* Iłownica
* Biała – Czechowice-Dziedzice
* Soła
* Skawa – Zator
* Skawinka – Skawina
* Wilga – Kraków
* Drwinka
* Raba
* Gróbka
* Uszwica
* Kisielina
* Dunajec
* Breń
* Brnik
* Wisłoka
* Babulówka – Baranów Sandomierski
* Trzesniówka – Sandomierz
* Łęg – Sandomierz
* San
* Sanna – Annopol
* Wyżnica – Józefów
* Chodelka
* Bystra – Kazimierz Dolny
* Kurówka – Puławy
* Wieprz – Dęblin
* Okrzejka
* Promnik
* Wilga – Wilga
* Świder – Otwock, Józefów
* Kanał Żerański – Warsaw
* Narew – Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
* Mołtawa
* Słupianka – Płock
* Rosica – Płock
* Brzeźnica – Płock
* Skrwa Prawa – Płock
* Mień – Nieszawa
* Drwęca – Toruń
* Bacha – Toruń
* Struga
* Osa – Grudziądz
* Liwa

**Left tributaries**
* Krajka – Strumień
* Pszczynka
* Gostynia
* Przemsza – Chełmek
* Chech
* Rudno
* Sanka – Kraków
* Rudawa – Kraków
* Prądnik – Kraków
* Dłubnia – Kraków
* Roporek – Nowe Brzesko
* Szreniawa
* Nidzica
* Nida – Nowy Korczyn
* Strumień
* Czarna – Połaniec
* Koprzywianka – Sandomierz
* Opatówka
* Kamienna
* Krępianka – Solec nad Wisłą
* Iłżanka
* Zwoleńka
* Plewka – Janowiec
* Zagożdzonka – Kozienice
* Radomka
* Pilica – Warka
* Czarna – Góra Kalwaria
* Jeziorka – Konstancin-Jeziorna
* Bzura – Wyszogród
* Skrwa Lewa – Płock
* Zgłowiączka – Włocławek
* Tążyna
* Zielona
* Brda – Bydgoszcz
* Wda – Świecie
* Wierzyca – Gniew
* Motława – Gdańsk
* Radunia – Gdańsk
Dwight Hicks

**Dwight Hicks** was born April 5, 1956 in Mount Holly, New Jersey. He was a professional American football player. He played the defensive back position for the Toronto Argonauts in 1978. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985 and for the Indianapolis Colts in 1986. Before that, Dwight Hicks played for the University of Michigan. He is a four-time Pro Bowl selection from 1981 to 1984. He helped the 49ers to win 2 NFL Championships in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX.

Hicks led the NFL in interceptions in the 1981 season, and return yards. He went on to be very important in the Super Bowl. After the 49ers lost a fumble on the opening kickoff, the Cincinnati Bengals got the football to San Francisco 5-yard line. Hicks made an interception and stopped the Bengals from scoring.

In Hicks eight NFL seasons, he had 32 interceptions, 602 interception return yards, 14 fumble recoveries, 112 fumble return yards, and 4 touchdowns. 

Hicks went on to become a popular character actor in movies such as *The Rock*, *Jack*, *Armageddon*, and *In the Mix* after his football career. He also made appearances on many television programs. Some shows that he appeared on include *Nash Bridges*, *The Pretender*, *The Practice*, *The X-Files*, *ER* and *The O.C.*
Balkh Province

**Balkh** () is a province in the northern part of Afghanistan. Its capital is Mazar-i-Sharif. Most of its people are Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks.

## Related pages 
* Balkh

## References
Angular size

**Angular size** is a measurement of how large or small something is using rotational measurement. It is useful for measuring things that are so far away that they appear two dimensional.

## Other websites
*Small-Angle Formula 
*Visual Aid to the Apparent Size of the Planets
Albedo

.]]
The **albedo** of an object is the extent to which it reflects light, more specifically light which comes from the Sun. It is defined as the ratio of reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation. It is a unitless measure indicative of a surface's or body's diffuse reflectivity. The word is derived from *albus*, a Latin word for "white".

## Other websites 
* Albedo - Encyclopedia of Earth
* NASA MODIS Terra BRDF/albedo product site 
* NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site 
* A discussion of Lunar albedos
Robin Olds

**Robin Olds** (July 14, 1922 &ndash; June 14, 2007) was a member of the United States Air Force. He was one of the first jet fighter pilots. In World War II, he flew a P-38 Lightning and a P-51 Mustang. In the Vietnam War, he was a commander and was angry about lack of dogfight training. He flew an F-4 Phantom II. In 1973, he retired from the Air Force at the rank of brigadier general. He had made 16 kills (12 in World War II, 4 in Vietnam). He had prostate cancer and died of heart failure.
Lady Mary Grey

**Lady Mary Grey** (20 April 1545 – 20 April 1578) was the sister of Lady Jane Grey and Lady Katherine Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey.

## Life
Mary Grey's parents were disappointed with her birth, because she was a girl and a hunchback. She was described as "four foot tall and hunchbacked". 

Mary's life was not as exciting as her sisters, Jane and Katherine Grey. But after their death she was the last surviving grandchild of Mary Tudor, and therefore some people thought she might be heiress to the English throne. She married the royal gatekeeper Thomas Keyes in 1565 but this was without Queen Elizabeth's permission. But like her sister Katherine's marriage to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, Queen Elizabeth was angry. Elizabeth claimed that she wanted "no bastard Keyes". Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest. She was released after the death of her husband in 1572 and was permitted to attend Court occasionally.

She died childless at age 33.

## Other websites
*Britannia.com
*Life in Elizabethan England