open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Weber (unit)

In physics, the **weber** (symbol: Wb; , , or ) is the SI unit of magnetic flux. A *flux density* of one Wb/m2 (one weber per square meter) is one tesla.

The weber is named for the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891).

## Definition 
The weber may be defined in terms of Faraday's law, which relates a changing magnetic flux through a loop to the electric field around the loop. A change in flux of one weber per second will induce an electromotive force of one volt (produce an electric potential difference of one volt across two open-circuited terminals).  

Officially,
Weber (unit of magnetic flux) — The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.

In SI base units, the dimensions of the weber are (kg·m2)/(s2·A).  Many times, the weber is expressed in terms of other derived units as the Tesla-square meter (T·m2), volt-seconds (V·s), or joules per ampere (J/A).

:1 Wb = 1 V·s = 1 T·m2 = 1 J/A = 108 Mx (maxwells).

## References
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.

**Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club** (; *Moadon Kaduregel Maccabi Tel Aviv*) is an Israeli football club. It is one of the oldest clubs in Israeli football. The club is also the most successful. They have won 18 championships, 22 national cups, 2 Asian Champions Cups  and 3 Toto cups. The homeground of the team is the Bloomfield Stadium in Tel Aviv, where also the city rival Hapoel Tel Aviv is playing.
## History
The club was founded in 1906. It was the first Jewish football club in Ottoman Palestine. The name was then Rishon Lezion-Yafo. The first match was a 3-0 win against a team of French sailors. After the foundation of Tel Aviv in 1909 the clubs name was changed into Maccabi Tel Aviv. Maccabi was founding member of the  Palestine Football Association and the Palestine League.

In 1936 the club was invited to play in the United States. On the way Maccabi played in France versus Racing Paris and Olympique Lille. In the United States they played against an All-star team of New York City at Yankee Stadium. Maccabi also defeated the American Soccer League team in Brooklyn and Philadelphia on their home ground 1–0. Other matches were against St. Louis Stars and the Boston Celtics. They played also in Canada, where they drew 1–1 with Toronto All-Stars. In 1939 they played 18 matches in Australia.

After the independence in 1948 Tel Aviv was the most successful club in Israel's top league. 

The 1950s decade is considered to be their "golden age" because they won 5 league championships and 4 cups. The club was almost relegated in 1976 but beat Beitar Jerusalem in the relegation play-off.

In the 2011/12 season they reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. The team played versus PSV Eindhoven, Rapid Bucharest and Legia Warsaw. They failed to reach the next stage (2 wins, 1 draw, 3 lost).

## Current team
*As of 13 October 2011*

In an Israel team only 5 foreigners are allowed. The foreigners are:
* Nivaldo
* Haris Medunjanin
* Savo Pavićević
* Moussa Konaté
* Roberto Punčec

## Honours
***Israeli championships**
**Winners (25): 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1941–42, 1946–47, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1966–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1991–92, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2002–03, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2023–24
***State Cup**
**Winners (24) 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1940–41, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1969–70, 1976–77, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1993–94, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2004–05, 2014–15, 2020–21
***Asian Club Championship**
**Winners (2) 1968–69, 1970–71
***Toto Cup**
**Winners (3) 1992–93, 1998–99, 2008–09
***Israeli Supercup**
**Winners (5) 1964–65 (shared cup with **Hakoah Ramat Gan**), 1967–68, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1987–88

## References
Iguanodont

The **iguanodonts** are members of the proposed group (superfamily) **Iguanodontia**. This is a group of ornithopod families which some palaeontologists think are closely related:
*Iguanodontidae
*Camptosauridae
*Dryosauridae
*Hadrosauridae
*Rhabdodontidae

That is all the ornithopods except for the small, fast-running *Hypsilophodon*. This is placed in the family Hypsilophodontidae. However, the important reference work *Vertebrate Paleontology* is not yet in support of this trend, and lists the families separately as Ornithopods. The proposal is therefore still under discussion.

## References
Dark adaptor goggles

**Dark adaptor goggles** are used in the field of meteorology. They are used for either adapting the eyes to the dark before an observation at night or to help with the  of clouds during bright sunshine or glare from snow. The goggles are made with red-tinted plastic lenses. The goggles are designed to be worn inside but some people find walking, especially up and down stairs, to be hard.

## References
* Environment Canada - Atmospheric Environment Services, Manual of Surface Weather Observations (MANOBS), 7th Edition, January 1977.
Digital Visual Interface

The **Digital Visual Interface** (or **DVI**) is a video interface standard. It is used to send video between a source (such as a personal computer) and a display (such as a monitor). This interface cannot be used to transmit audio unless it is connected to a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) converter. HDMI and DVI use the same protocol for signalling, named Transition-minimized differential signaling.

The DVI standard has is widely used in the personal computer industry. Many desktop personal computers and monitors can use it. Most desktop personal computers and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors sold in stores today have more than one video interface, including DVI. Many other devices (such as projectors and televisions) can use DVI as part of HDMI. 

HDMI is a newer video interface standard. Many laptops still have an old-fashioned VGA connector. Many models in the 2010s have HDMI ports. Fewer laptops have DVI.

DVI was created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). It was created to replace the "legacy analog technology" VGA connector standard.  DVI is designed to carry uncompressed digital video data to a display. It works very well with the HDMI standard in digital mode (DVI-D), and VGA in analog mode (DVI-A). It is also found in some television sets even though it has been widely replaced by HDMI.

## References
Daidō

was a  after *Enryaku* and before *Kōnin.*  This period started in May 806 and ended in September 810. During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Daidō* era
 settled himself in a spiritual retreat at Miyajima]]
* **806** (*Daidō 1*): , also known as , returned to Japan from China; and he settled at Miyajima where he established .
* **9 April 806** (*Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month*): In the 25th year of Emperor Kammu's reign, he died; and the succession (*senso*) was  by a his son.  Soon after, Emperor Heizei accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.
* **18 May 809** (*Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month*): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he abdicated.  Heizei's  was his second son who became known as Emperor Saga.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Citizens' Councils

The '''White Citizens' Council** was an American group of people who believed that white people were better than black people (white supremacy). It began on July 11, 1954.  After 1956, it was called the **Citizens' Councils of America'''.  With about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, many people knew the group because it opposed racial integration during the 1950s and 1960s. It responded to integration efforts with economic boycotts and other intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.  The WCC was a part of the "massive resistance" in the South against court decisions that required racial integration.

Federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s over the opposition of the WCC. By the 1970s, the federal government was working hard to enforce those laws. So, the influence of the WCC dropped very much. People in the WCC went on to found the Council of Conservative Citizens in the 1985.
## References
## Further reading
*Geary, Daniel and Sutton, Jennifer. "Resisting the Wind of Change: The Citizens' Councils and European Decolonization," in Cornelius A. van Minnen and Manfred Berg, eds., *The U.S. South and Europe,* University of Kentucky Press, 2013.
* 

## Other websites 
*''The Citizens' Council*  - Historical resource website by Edward Sebesta, with digitized copies of the full run of *The Citizens Council'' newspaper, 1955&ndash;1961. Originally a publication of the Mississippi Citizens' Council, the monthly publication became the official paper of the Citizens' Councils of America in October 1956.
**Available in PDF from Internet Archive.
*"Civil Rights Documentation Project" , University of Southern Mississippi
*Dr. John Dittmer, "'Barbour is an Unreconstructed Southerner': Prof. John Dittmer on Mississippi Governor’s Praise of White Citizens’ Councils", 22 December 2010 video report by *Democracy Now!* 
* "Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman: The Struggle for Justice" , American Bar Association
Kōnin (era)

was a  after *Daidō* and before *Tenchō.*  This period started in September 810  and ended in January 824. During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Kōnin* era 
* **812** (*Kōnin 3*):  Official commentary on the *Nihongi* was written.
* **30 May 823** (*Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month*): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, he abdicated.  The succession (*senso*) was  by a his younger brother.  Soon after, Emperor Junna accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.

This era is part of *Kōnin-jōgan*, which is a historical period from 810 to 877.  The importance of Buddhism and the arts was notable during this time.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Tenchō

was a  after *Kōnin* and before *Jōwa.*  This period started in January 824 and ended in January 834.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Tenchō* era
 was begun]]
* **824** (*Tenchō 1*): This summer was entirely dry; and prayers for rain were offered by the Buddhist priest Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi).  Those prayers seemed to be answered when it did rain.
* **824** (*Tenchō 1, 7th month*): The former-Emperor Heizei died at age 51.
* **826** (*Tenchō 3, 11th month*): Kūkai  the emperor to build a pagoda near To-ji in Kyoto.

This era is part of *Kōnin-jōgan*, which is a historical period from 810 to 877.  The importance of Buddhism and the arts was notable during this time.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
American Contract Bridge League

The **American Contract Bridge League** (ACBL) is a contract bridge federation in North America. It is the largest contract bridge organization in North America. It promotes the game of bridge in the United States, Mexico, Bermuda, and Canada. It is a member of the World Bridge Federation.

It was established in 1937 in New York City. It has a full-time staff of 75 employees in the headquarters, plus about 170 tournament directors throughout the country.

## References 
## Other websites 
* ACBL official website
United States Chess Federation

The **United States Chess Federation** (USCF) is the national chess federation in the United States. It is the U.S. member of FIDE. It was established in 1939, and at present It based in Crossville, Tennessee. 

USCF organizes or sanctions over 20 national championships. It provides the main rating system for tournament chess in the United States. It does this together with about 2,000 affiliates, mostly chess clubs and local chess organizations. It publishes a magazine, *Chess Life*, for its members and for general sale. Its membership is about 80,000.

## Organisation
*President: Ruth Haring
*Vice president: Gary Walters

## Presidents 
* 1939 – 1942 ; George Sturgis
* 1943 – 1948 ; Elbert Wagner, Jr.
* 1948 – 1951 ; Paul Geirs
* 1951 – 1954 ; Harold M. Phillips
* 1954 – 1957 ; Frank Graves
* 1957 – 1960 ; Jerry Spann
* 1960 – 1963 ; Fred Cramer
* 1963 – 1966 ; Ed Edmondson
* 1966 – 1969 ; Marshall Rohland
* 1969 – 1972 ; Leroy Dubeck
* 1972 – 1975 ; Frank Skoff
* 1975 – 1978 ; George Koltanowski
* 1978 – 1981 ; Gerald Sperling
* 1981 – 1984 ; Tim Redman
* 1984 – 1987 ; Steven Doyle
* 1987 – 1990 ; Harold Winston
* 1990 – 1993 ; Maxim Dlugy
* 1993 – 1996 ; Denis Barry
* 1996 – 1999 ; Don Schultz
* 1999 – 2000 ; Bob Smith
* 2000 – 2001 ; Tim Redman
* 2001 – 2003 ; John McCrary
* 2003 – 2005 ; Beatriz Marinello
* 2005 – 2008 ; Bill Goichberg
* 2009 – 2011 ; Jim Berry
* 2011 ; Ruth Haring

## Other websites 
* United States Chess Federation (USCF)
United States Backgammon Federation

The **United States Backgammon Federation** (USBGF) is an organisation who are in charge of backgammon in the United States. They were founded in 1939.
The president is Perry Partner.

## American backgammon players
*Kit Woolsey
Latin pop

**Latin pop** is a type of popular music that originated in Spanish-speaking countries. Latin pop songs are songs recorded in an up-tempo form. These songs are usually recorded in Spanish. Latin pop songs that have a lot of airplay can peak in *Billboard* charts such as the Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Pop Songs, Latin Pop Airplay and the Tropical/Salsa Songs charts.
Surveyor general

, Surveyor General of South Australia in 1839]]
The **Surveyor General** is a government's official surveyor. They would be responsible for surveying a particular country or area. These would once have been military jobs, but now they are mainly civilian positions.

The following Surveyor General positions exist, or have existed historically:
* Surveyor General (Canada):
** Arpenteur général du Québec
** Surveyor General of Ontario
* Surveyor General (Australia)
** Surveyor General of New South Wales
** Surveyor General of South Australia
** Surveyor General of Victoria
** Surveyor General of Western Australia
* Surveyor General of Cornwall
* Surveyor General of India
* Surveyor General of Ireland
* Surveyor General of New Netherland
* The Surveyor General of Pakistan
* Surveyor General of Sri Lanka (formal Surveyor General of Ceylon)
* Surveyor General of the United States
** Surveyor General of North Carolina
** Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory
*Surveyor General of Hong Kong

Surveyor Generals are also known from former centralized markets enterprises and divisions created after finish of 2nd WW. They controled organized development of industrial areas based on coordination of existing plants layouts with future investment projects. Example as former VSZ n.p., etc.
Riverside Stadium

The **Riverside Stadium** is a football stadium in Middlesbrough,England. The stadium is the homeground of Middlesbrough F.C. since its opening.  Its present capacity is 33,746 all seated. There is provisional permission to expand the stadium to 42,000 if it is needed.

## History
The stadium was built in 1994/95. It replaced Ayresome Park. After the Taylor Report from 1990 all top league clubs must have all seater stadiums. Because the space was limited to enlarge Ayresome Park the club decided to built a new stadium. This stadium was built in only 32 weeks on the Middlehaven site by the River Tees.

The building had 30 000 seats but was enlarged to its present capacity in 1998. 4 900 seats were built in the north and west corners. 

## International matches
During the construction of the new Wembley stadium the English nationalteam toured the country. The Riverside was chosen to host the Euro 2004 qualifying match against Slovakia on 11 June 2003. But also some U21 matches were held.

## Records
*Record Attendance (All teams):  35,000 England v Slovakia, 11 June 2003, (Euro 2004 qualifier)
*Record Attendance (Middlesbrough):  34,836 v Norwich City, 28 December 2004 (FA Premier League)

## References
## Other websites
*Riverside Stadium
*Riverside Stadium on the Official Homepage MFC
Tokyo Mew Mew

***Tokyo Mew Mew*** (also known as ***Mew Mew Power*** in English) is a manga/anime series by Mia Ikumi and Reiko Yoshida. The series is about five girls who are able to change into superwomen based on endangered species. The girls fight a group of three aliens, Quiche, Pie, and Tart, who plan to take over Earth. The aliens attack the girls by creating "chimera animals" that the girls fight.

The manga was published from 2000 to 2003. The anime was broadcast from April 6, 2002 until March 29, 2003. It was broadcast on both TV Aichi and TV Tokyo.

## References
* *Tokyo Mew Mew* volume 1
Music of Mexico

**Music of Mexico** has a lot of different forms of music genres that are performed by Mexican musicians. 

## Type of music 
### Folk music 
The corrido is a type of narrative song that tells a story. Corridos are recorded as a ballad and sometimes as a duet with another artist. Traditional folk music is a type of folk music that is sung by ordinary people. In popular music, this can include the ranchera, mariachi and conjunto music. Mexican folk music are based on instruments such as the violin and guitar. Mexican sones are a type of ranchera music that developed when the Spanish evaded Mexico. Tejano music is a type of folk music mixed with R&B and country. Tejano (or Tex-Mex music) is popularized in South Texas and North Mexico. Tejano began when the Germans settled in South Texas during the 1600s and brought musical instruments to the native people. Ever since, Tejano has grown to become the most widely known type of music in Mexico and has its own music awards held annually in San Antonio, Texas. "The Queen of Tejano music" is Selena and "The King of Tejano music" is Emilio Navaria. Banda and Norteño are two music genres that formed from Tejano music. 

### Cumbia and pop 
The cumbia music is also popular in Mexico and was brought by the Cubans. "Bolero", which originated from Puerto Rico, is popular in Mexico as a mixed style with cumbia music. In recent year, Mexican Pop music has seen the rise in popularity beginning in the 2000s.
Jōwa (Heian period)

was a  after *Tenchō* and before *Kashō.*  This period started in January 834  and ended in July 848.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Jōwa* era 
There were disturbances when Emperor Junna abdicated; and this time was called *Jōwa no Hen.*
 
* **834** (*Jōwa 1*): Emperor Ninmyō planted a cherry tree near the shishinden to replace the tree Emperor Kammu planted when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

* **834** (*Jōwa 1*): Kukai was permitted to create a Buddhist chapel at the Imperial Palace.

* **11 June 840** (*Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month*): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

* **841** (*Jōwa 8, 11th month*): A broom star was seen in the west.

* **24 August 842** (*Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month*): Former-Emperor Saga died at the age of 57.

* **843** (*Jōwa 10*): Work was completed on the *Nihon kōki*.

Coins minted from 835 to 847 were known as *Jōwa-shōhō*.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Sadler's Wells Theatre

'''Sadler's Wells Theatre''' is a performing arts theatre in London.  It is in Rosebery Avenue, Clerkenwell in the London Borough of Islington.  The theatre which now stands is the sixth building that has been there since 1683.  There are two performance spaces: a 1,500 seat main auditorium and the Lilian Baylis Studio.  There are many rehearsal rooms and technical facilities. Sadler's Wells is one of the most important theatres for dance in the United Kingdom.  Several dance companies perform there.

During World War II the theatre was closed and the dance and opera companies toured to many parts of the United Kingdom.  After World War II the dance company was renamed Sadler's Wells Ballet. The opera company became the English National Opera.  When the theatre reopened they performed Benjamin Britten's opera *Peter Grimes*.

In 1946 the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden reopened and the ballet company was invited to become the resident company there. A second ballet company was formed to perform at Sadler's Wells. This was called the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet. In 1956 the Sadler's Wells company later moved to Covent Garden where it became The Royal Ballet Touring Company. After a number of years as a touring group, it returned to Sadler's Wells in 1976, becoming the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet.

In 1990 the  Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet moved to Birmingham and changed its name to Birmingham Royal Ballet. Since then there has not been a resident ballet company at Sadler's Wells.

The opera company moved out of Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum in 1968 and was later renamed English National Opera. Sadler's Wells Theatre was used by foreign companies and by dancers at the beginning of their careers. The Lilian Baylis Theatre opened in 1988.

The theatre that now stands was opened in 1998.  The first performance was of *Iolanthe* and was given by Rambert Dance Company. 

## Other websites 
*Sadlers Wells website
* Independentopera in Sadler's Wells
Australian National Botanic Gardens

The **Australian National Botanic Gardens** (ANBG) are in Canberra. They are under the control of the Australian Government's Department of the Environment and Heritage.

The botanic gardens are the largest living collection of native Australian plants. Plans for the development of the remaining land are on hold until money is available.

## The collection
The gardens is organised in sections; plants are grouped by shared taxonomy or are presented in groupings that exist in nature. More than 5,500 species are cultivated. Displays include:
*Rainforest Gully, featuring plants for the rainforests of Eastern Australia.
*Rock Garden, a display of plants which occur in habitats from the desert to alpine areas.
*Sydney Region Flora, a display of plants found in the sandstone formations of the Sydney basin. 
*Mallee Plants, the mallees is the name given to multi-stemmed eucalypts and the shrubs and grasses associated with them.
*Banksias, waratahs and grevilleas (family Proteaceae)
**Callistemon*, *Leptospermum* and *Melaleuca* (family Myrtaceae)
*The Eucalypt Lawn, features about 20% of Australian eucalypt species.
*Wattles (Genus Acacia)

## Research at the Gardens
The Australian National Herbarium is at the National Botanic Gardens. The Herbarium houses the largest collection of pressed, dried plant specimens in Australia. The Herbarium is operated jointly with the CSIRO as part of a joint research facility, the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. It is not open to the public. The Australian National Herbarium is participating in the creation of Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), a web based record of botanical information. This includes six million specimen records displaying geographic distribution, images, descriptive text and identification tools.

The Gardens manages several large plant databases, including What's its Name? This is a simple point of access to the more complex 'Australian Plant Name Index' APNI listing all the scientific names ever used for Australia's plants. A large collection of photographs is also available.

The Gardens' library has important collections of botanical books, journals, CD-ROMs and maps. The library is open to students and the public by appointment.

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens

## References
## Other websites
*Australian National Botanic Gardens
*What's its name? A searchable database for the Australian Plant Name Index
List of countries by Human Development Index

by country (based on 2019 data, published on 15 December 2020).

]]

 (based on 2019 data, published on 15 December 2020).

]]
This is a **list of all countries by Human Development Index** as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released on 15 December 2020), put together based on estimates for 2019. It covers 187 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 6 UN member states are not included because there is not enough data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a  measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being,  child welfare. It is used to  whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.

Countries fall into four wide human development categories: Very High Human Development (66 countries), High Human Development (53 countries), Medium Human Development (37 countries) and Low Human Development (36 countries).

From 2007 to 2010, the first two categories was referred to as *developed countries*, and the last two are all grouped in *developing countries*. The original "high human development" category has been  into two as above in the report for 2007.

Some older groupings (*high/medium/low income countries*) that have been removed were based on the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and have been replaced by another index based on the gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity per capita.

## Complete list of countries
*  = increase.
*  = steady.
*  = decrease.

## List of countries by continent
### Africa 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### Asia 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### Europe 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### North America and the Caribbean 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### Oceania 
### South America 
## List of countries by intercontinental region 
### Arab League 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### Commonwealth of Nations 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### East Asia and the Pacific 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### European Union 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### OECD 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

### Small Island Developing States 
**10 highest HDIs**

**10 lowest HDIs**

## HDI by regions and groups
## Countries missing from latest report
### UN member states (latest UNDP data)
**Note**: 2009 publication uses old HDI formula

### Non-UN member states (latest UNDP data)
### Non-UN members (not calculated by the UNDP)
## Notes
## References
John Gardner (composer)

**John Linton Gardner**,  (born Manchester, 2 March 1917; died Liss, Hampshire, 12 December 2011) was an English composer of classical music.  He is particularly remembered for his church music, especially for his setting of the carol *Tomorrow shall be my dancing day*.

## Early life and education
Gardner was born in Manchester, England and brought up in Ilfracombe, North Devon. His father was a doctor and amateur composer who was killed while fighting at the end of the First World War. 

Gardner went to school at Eagle House and Wellington College and studied at Exeter College, Oxford. He enjoyed jazz, but concentrated on classical music and soon started to compose. An *Intermezzo for Organ* was published by Oxford University Press in 1936. In the same year he got an organ scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford. He got to know the composer Arthur Benjamin and dedicated his *Rhapsody for Oboe and String Quartet* (1935) to him. At Oxford he became friendly with Theodor Adorno with whom he played piano duets.

## Career
Gardner went to Repton School to teach music, but after two terms World War II started and he joined the RAF. He conducted the RAF band and played the piano for the dance band. He enjoyed playing jazz and started a swing band.  Later in the war he was a navigator in the fighting.

After the war Gardner got a job as repetiteur at the Royal Opera House. He rejected all the music he had composed (although he did not throw it away) and started again by calling his next piece his opus 1. His First Symphony was numbered opus 2. It was a mature work and made him famous. He resigned from his job at the opera house and he had time to concentrate on composing. He wrote *Cantiones Sacrae* for the Three Choirs Festival in 1952 and an opera *The Moon and Sixpence* which was performed at Sadler’s Well in 1957.  

In 1956, he was invited by Thomas Armstrong to teach at the Royal Academy of Music. For 30 years he was professor of harmony and counterpoint there. A few years later he also had a part-time job as Director of Music at St Paul's Girls' School in London, where Gustav Holst and Herbert Howells had taught. 

Gardner wrote a lot of music for his pupils and also worked on holiday programs. He composed a total of about 300 works. The carol *Tomorrow shall be my Dancing Day* is particularly famous. It has a lively rhythm with time signatures that keep changing.

## Awards
He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976.

## Personal life
He married in 1955 and had one son and two daughters.

## Other websites and references
*John Gardner at Oxford University Press
*John Gardner official website
*”John Gardner - Obituary, The Independent, 26 Dec 2011 p.47.
Han Myeong-hoe

**Han Myeong-hoe** (한명회, 1415 - 1487) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician, writer, and soldier. He was the father-in-law of King Yejong of Joseon (the 8th King of Joseon Dynasty) and Seongjong of Joseon (9th King of Joseon Dynasty and nephew of Yejong of Joseon).

His daughter, Queen Jangsun, married King Yejong of Joseon. Another daughter, Queen Gonghye, married King Seongjong of joseon.

## Other websites 
* http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=13136 
* Han Myung-hoi:Navercast
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186312
Kashō

**Kashō** may mean:

* Kashō (early Heian period), a Japanese era name (848-851)
* Kashō (late Heian period), a Japanese era name (1106–1108)
Shoku Nihongi

is an ancient history of Japan written in 797.

This work is the second of the *Rikkokushi* ("Six National Histories").  It was written after the *Nihon Shoki* and before the *Nihon Kōki*.

## References 
## Further reading
* Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). *The Six National Histories of Japan* (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

## Other websites 
* *Shoku Nihongi* text  
* *Shoku Nihongi*  text  
* Waseda University Library, *Shoku Nihongi* manuscript
CAE Global Academy

**CAE Global Academy** is a flight school network. It is owned by Canadian group CAE.

## Members 
* CAE Global Academy Amsterdam (formerly ) (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
* CAE Global Academy Brussels (formerly Sabena Flight Academy) (Brussels, Belgium)
* CAE Global Academy Douala (formerly Sabena Flight Academy Africa) (Douala, Cameroon)
* CAE Global Academy Évora (formerly ) (Evora, Portugal)
* CAE Global Academy Gondia (formerly National Flying Institute) (Gondia, India)
* CAE Global Academy Langkawi (formerly HM Aerospace) (Langkawi, Malaysia)
* CAE Global Academy Moncton (formerly Moncton Flight College) (Moncton, Canada)
* CAE Global Academy Perth (formerly China Southern West Australian Flying College)  (Perth, Australia)
* CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) (Phoenix, USA)
* CAE Global Academy Rae Bareli (formerly Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi) (Rae Bareli, India) 
* CAE Global Academy San Diego (formerly SAA Flight Training) (San Diego, USA)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
France AEROTECH

**France AEROTECH** is the name of the French national network for aeronautical and space universities (named *grandes écoles* in French).

It was created in 2011 by *Arts et Métiers ParisTech*, *École Centrale de Lyon*, *École Centrale de Nantes*, École nationale de l'aviation civile and ''École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux''.

The goals of France AEROTECH are to provide French courses abroad, to develop international research projects and courses in aeronautical and space engineering, and to help emerging markets.

To achieve all these projects, the universities created a summer program in embedded systems and a master in airworthiness.

## References
María Fernanda Morales

**María Fernanda Morales** (born in Mexico City, November 7, 1970) is a prolific Mexican voice actress. Morales is most known for the voice of Saori Kido in *Saint Seiya*, Kimi Finster in *Rugrats* and *All Grown Up!*, and Sailor Venus in *Sailor Moon* among other works she has worked on.

## Roles
### Television animation
* All Grown Up! (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
* Captain N: The Game Master (Princess Lana (Venus Terzo))
* Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (Chip (Tress MacNeille))
* Corrector Yui (Yui Kasuga (Makiko Ōmoto))
* Talespin (Molly Cunningham (Janna Michaels), Princess Lotta L'Amour (Kath Soucie))
* DuckTales (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor))
* Ed, Edd y Eddy (Johnny (second voice) (David Paul Grove))
* Rugrats (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
* The Powerpuff Girls (Brick, second voice) (Rob Paulsen))
* Sailor Moon (Sailor Venus (Rika Fukami))
* Saint Seiya (Athena (Saint Seiya) (Keiko Han, Fumiko Orikasa
* Zatch Bell! (Kido, Li-en))
* Invader Zim (Tak)

## OVA
* Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor)
* FernGully: The Last Rainforest (Crysta (Samantha Mathis))
* FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue (Crysta (Laura Elrich))
* The Lion King 1½ (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
* The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (Nala (Moira Kelly))
* Once Upon a Forest (Abigail) (Ellen Blain)
* The Iron Giant (Annie Hughes) (Jennifer Aniston)
* Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (Chip and Hugo, Paco and Luis (Tress MacNeille and Tony Anselmo).

### Theater animation
*Kiki's Delivery Service (Ursula (Minami Takayama))
*The Lion King (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
*Los Caballeros del Zodíaco: La Película (Athena)
*Space Jam (Lola Bunny (Kath Soucie))
*Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (Aki Ross (Ming-Na))

### Dubbing roles
*Spider-Man 2 (Ursula Ditkovich (Mageina Tovah))
*Spider-Man 3 (Ursula Ditkovitch (Mageina Tovah))

## References
*
List of awards and nominations received by Selena

This is a list of awards and nominations American singer Selena received. Awards and nominations for Tejano Music Awards were taken from their website.

## Awards and nominations 
## References
Roger Bannister

**Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister**  (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an English athlete, physician and educator. He is best known for being the first person to run the mile in less than four minutes. Many people thought this was impossible, a natural limit of the human body, until he did it in 1954.

Bannister was born in Harrow, Middlesex. He was the first recipient of the *Sports Illustrated* "Sportsman of the Year" award in January 1955. He was a neurologist and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford. He retired in 2001.

Bannister was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011. He died of the disease on 3 March 2018 in Oxford, England at the age of 88.

## Quotations
* "We run, not only because we think it is doing us good, but ... because it helps us to do other things better."
*The man who can drive himself further once the effort gets painful is the man who will win.
* "Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up.  It knows it must outrun the fastest lion or it will be killed.  Every morning in Africa, a lion wakes up.  It knows it must run faster than the slowest gazelle, or it will starve. It doesn't matter whether you're a lion or a gazelle--when the sun comes up, you'd better be running."

## References
## Other websites
Kumbia Kings

**Kumbia Kings** (or **Los Kumbia Kings**) are a reggaeton band formed by A.B. Quintanilla III in 1999. They won several Latin Grammy Awards for their albums. In 2007, Quintanilla III formed a new band called Kumbia All Starz because of conflicts from other band members. Frankie J became a successful R&B singer after he left to become a solo artist. Selena's widower Chris Perez joined both of the bands but left in 2010 to start his own band with Joe Ojeda, originally a keyboardist from Selena y Los Dinos.

## Other websites 
*Official Website
*Kumbia All Starz Website 
*Kumbia Kings Billboard 
*www.KumbiaKingsBlog.com
Adult Contemporary

The **Adult Contemporary** is a weekly music chart that is published on the *Billboard* magazine. It lists the top 30 popular songs. It measures the top 30 songs depending on its airplay, digital download sales, and single sales. It is only based on 85 radio stations that play adult contemporary music. The chart first appeared on the July 17, 1961 issue of *Billboard* magazine.

## Recurrents 
The **Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents** lists the top 10 adult contemporary songs that are one year old but are still being played on radios. 

## Other charts 
The Adult Top 40 chart was released in 1996. This lists only lists the top 40 adult contemporary songs. The Top 40 Mainstream ranks both adult contemporary songs and dance-pop songs on 141 radio stations.

## Related pages
* Billboard charts
Beitar Jerusalem F.C.

**Beitar Jerusalem Football Club** (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל בית"ר ירושלים, **Moadon Kaduregel Beitar Yerushalayim**) is an Israeli football club from Jerusalem. The club has been controversial because of its links with the right wing politics and to the Likud party since it was created. The fans chant racist things towards Arabs.
## History
The club was founded in 1936 by David Horn. He was the head of the local Betar movement. The Betar movement was a Zionist youth organisation. Most of the early players came from this group. In 1938 the club stopped playing because the manager and some of the players were arrested and deported by the British authorities in Palestine. In 1943, they were able to play again, but in 1947 the British blocked the games on the day the 1948 Arab-Israeli War started. A player was also killed when he entered a British camp. During his existence the club was very successful. The team has never been relegated from the Israeli Premier League. It was one of the original 14 Israeli Premier League teams at the time of its foundation in 1999. In the all-time table of the league Beitar ranks 4th.

The farthest they have ever gone in a European competition was in the 2016-17 Europa League where they made it to the play off round. 
## Current team
## Stadium
The club first home was the "Banana Field" close to Beitar youth group's "nest". In the 1950s the club moved to the YMCA Stadium. Later it was  shared with Hapoel Jerusalem. The YMCA was nicknamed the sandbox because the field was in a very poor condition.

In 1991 both clubs moved to the Teddy Stadium, named after longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. Initially the stadium was two-sided and held 12,000 spectators. This was increased to 21,600 when a third side was completed in 1997. 
## Seasons in the Premier League
## Honours
***Israeli championships**
***Winners:* 1986/87, 1992/93, 1996/97, 1997/98, 2006/07, 2007/08
***Second Division**
***Champions:* 1953/54; 1957–58; 1966/68
***State Cup**
***Winners:* 1976, 1979, 1985, 1986, 1989, 2008, 2009, 2023
***Toto Cup**
***Winners:* 1997–98, 2009–10
***Shalom Cup (Roma)**
***Winners:* 2000
***Israeli Supercup**
***Winners:* 1976, 1986
***Lilian Cup**
***Winners:* 1985
***Mini Football Championship**
***Winners:* 1988

## Other websites
*Official Website
## References
Local ordinance

A **local ordinance** is a law usually found in a **municipal code**.

## United States
In the United States, these laws are enforced locally in addition to state law and federal law.  In some states, the state legislature has limited the scope of local ordinances.  This approach was made popular by John Forrest Dillon called the "Dillon Rule". The law in such states says that local governments could only adopt ordinances when the state gives them authority on particular subjects. States that do not follow the Dillon Rule believe that local government has inherent (unstated) powers of self-government. In those states, local government can make ordinances on any subject not prohibited by the state legislature.

## Japan
In Japan, any prefecture or municipality may pass  under authority granted by Article 94 of the Constitution.

There must generally be a statutory basis for an ordinance, the ordinance must be in compliance with any overlapping statutes (although it may impose a stricter standard or penalty), and the ordinance must be related to the affairs of the local government in question.

Ordinances must generally be approved by a local assembly and promulgated by the mayor or governor of the local government in question, who may demand a second vote but may not veto the ordinance.

Under the Local Autonomy Law, an ordinance may impose a penalty of up to two years imprisonment and/or 1 million yen in fines, although any penalty under an ordinance must be prescribed in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure.  There are even some ordinances, such as bans on smoking on the street, for which the police in some districts state that there is no penalty for failure to obey the ordinance.

## British colonies
All laws enacted by the legislature of British colonies are referred to as *Ordinances*, which sometimes delegate power to other parties (usually government departments) to make subsidiary legislations that supplement the Ordinances. In Hong Kong, all laws enacted by the territory's Legislative Council remain to be known as *Ordinances*, despite the transfer of the territory to the People's Republic of China in 1997.

## References
Wind chimes

**Wind chimes** are chimes that are made up of tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are made of wood or metal. Wind chimes are usually hung outside a house near a garden. They make sounds when the wind blows the parts to collide. In popular music, wind chimes can be used for harmonic music. 

Wind chimes, usually of bronze, were used in ancient Rome, India, and China.
Scat singing

is generally considered to be one of the greatest scat singers in jazz history.|thumb|upright]]
**Scat singing** is used in jazz music. It is performed by using the voice to make sounds, but not using any recognisable words. A singer would improvise (make up) a solo using nonsense syllables, which is like a musical instrument solo in a song. Scat singing probably started when singers like Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald began to use their voices to copy the sounds of instruments.

## References
## Other websites
*
Triglav (mythology)

]]
**Triglav** was an old Slavic god. The highest mountain in Slovenia is also called Triglav. Its name means " three-headed " in Slovene. An insurance company also uses the name Triglav.

Other myths are related to Triglav. These include *Zlatorog*. Zlatorog is an immortal mountain goat. It has gold horns. It is currently being used as a logo for a brand of beer.  On a mountain near Triglav, there is a formation in the rocks of the mountain that looks like the face of a Giant girl. This is said to be proof of the Giants. 

## References
Billboard Latin Music Awards

The ***Billboard*** **Latin Music Awards** is an awards ceremony honoring artists who perform Latin music. The awards ceremony are held annually by *Billboard* magazine.
Bridge (music)

(E7-A7-D7-G7) often appears in the bridge of jazz standards (). The III7-VI7-II7-V7 (or V7/V/V/V - V7/V/V - V7/V - V7) circle progression leads back to C major (I) but is itself indefinite in key.]]
A **bridge** in popular music is a form of musical notes contrasting with one another.

## References
Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities

**Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space UniversitieS** (**PEGASUS**) is the biggest network for aeronautical and space universities in Europe. It has been created in 1998 by the French National aeronautical universities (ENAC, ENSMA and ISAE).

The European manufacturers like Airbus have close contact with PEGASUS network.

## Members 
The network consists of 24 universities in 9 countries:

* In France : École de l'Air, École nationale de l'aviation civile, École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique de Poitiers and Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace.
* In United Kingdom : Cranfield University, University of Bristol and University of Glasgow.
* In Germany : Dresden University of Technology, Darmstadt University of Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Technical University of Berlin, Technical University of Braunschweig, Technical University of Munich and University of Stuttgart.
* In Italy : Politecnico di Milano, Polytechnic University of Turin, University of Naples Federico II, Sapienza University of Rome and University of Pisa.
* In Netherlands : Delft University of Technology.
* In Spain : Technical University of Madrid, University of Seville. 
* In Sweden : Royal Institute of Technology.
* In Czech Republic : Czech Technical University in Prague.
* In Portugal : Instituto Superior Técnico.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Casper Platt

**Casper Platt** (June 6, 1892 &ndash; September 16, 1965) was a United States federal judge.

Born in Danville, Illinois, Platt received a B.A. from the University of Illinois in 1914 and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1916. He was in private practice in Danville, Illinois from 1916 to 1917. He was in the United States Army during World War I, from 1917 to 1918. After the war, he returned to private practice in Danville until 1933, also working as a city attorney for Danville from 1927 to 1928. He was a judge on the Fifth Circuit Court of Illinois from 1933 to 1949.

On September 15, 1949, President Harry S Truman nominated Platt to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. Platt was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 12, 1949, and received his commission on October 13, 1949. He served as chief judge from 1956 until his death in 1965.

The University of Chicago Law School named the **Casper Platt Award** for the best student paper in his honor. Danville Area Community College also named a scholarship after him.

## References
## Sources
*
Ninju

was a  after *Kashō* and before *Saikō.*  This period started in April 851 and ended in November 854.  During this time, the emperor was  .

## Events of the *Ninju* era
* **852** (*Ninju 2, 2nd month*): A broom star was seen in the west.

* **853** (*Ninju 3, 2nd month*): The emperor visited the home of  Fujiwara Yoshifusa, who was the grandfather of his designated heir.

* **853** (*Ninju 3, 5th month*): Asama Shrine in Suruga province is given national ranking in the lists of shrines and temples.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kandahar

of Baba Wali (commonly known as Baba Saab) in the Arghandab area, on the outskirts of Kandahar in Afghanistan.]]
**Kandahar** () is the second largest city in Afghanistan. Alexander the Great visited the town and named it after himself. Alexander the Great founded Kandahar in the 4th century BC. He called it "Alexandria Arachosia". About 500,000 people live there in 2015, the vast majority of whom are ethnic Pashtuns. It is in the central-south of Afghanistan. Kandahar is the capital of Kandahar Province.  It is an important trading centre for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. Kandahar has an international airport.

## References