open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Midget

A **midget** is a word that is used to describe people who are quite short. A midget is *not* somebody with dwarfism; a midget is a person that has the same proportions of body parts as an averaged-sized human being. The word *midget* can also sometimes be used as an insult. Sometimes, the word is used for people a foot below the normal height of a person.*]*

## References
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

**Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer** is a fictional reindeer character with a bright red nose who first appeared in 1939 in booklets. In the story, Rudolph gets teased by other reindeer until one foggy Christmas Eve Santa Claus comes around, asking him to guide Santa's sleigh. 

A Christmas song based on the story has been covered by such artists as Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Barry Manilow and The Supremes over the decades. Gene Autry was the singer of the original version.
Pope Urban IV

**Pope Urban IV** (; c. 1195  – October 2, 1264), born **Jacques Pantaléon**, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 183rd Pope from 1261 to 1264.

## Early life
Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of Troyes in France.  He studied theology and common law in Paris. He served the church as a canon, as a deacon and as an archdeacon.

## Bishop
Pope Innocent IV made Pantaléon the Bishop of Verdun in 1253.

### After his death
He was buried in the cathedral at Perugia.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
* GCatholic, Pope Urban IV
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Anchero Cardinal Pantaléon , nephew of Urban IV
Ginger Rogers

**Ginger Rogers** (born **Virginia Katherine McMath**, July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was born in Independence, Missouri.  

During her long career, she made a total of 73 films, collaborating with Fred Astaire as a romantic lead actress and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre. 

She achieved great success on her own in a variety of film roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in *Kitty Foyle* (1940). She ranks #14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of actress screen legends. She also appeared on numerous television programs. She died of a heart attack in Rancho Mirage, California.

## 1933–1939: Astaire and Rogers 
Rogers was most famous for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO and one at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical, introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity, set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day.

### Films with Astaire 
*Flying Down to Rio* (1933) 
*The Gay Divorcee* (1934)
*Roberta* (1935) 
*Top Hat* (1935) 
*Follow the Fleet* (1936) 
*Swing Time* (1936) 
*Shall We Dance* (1937) 
*Carefree* (1938)
*The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle* (1939)
*The Barkleys of Broadway* (1949) 

## Other websites 
* 
*Ginger Rogers at 92 dances salsa with her grandson. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3O-o5gwi4HI
Independence, Missouri

**Independence** is a city in the northwest part of the US state of Missouri, not far from Kansas City. In 2020, about 123,011 people lived there.

## History
Independence was created on March 28, 1827. It was an important place for the Oregon Trail. This is because the trail started here.

Independence had two battles in the American Civil War. One is the  on August 11, 1862. The other is the  on October 21-22, 1864.

President Harry S. Truman lived in Independence for a long time. The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is in Independence.

## Geography
### Climate
## People
### 2020 Census
The 2020 census said that there were 123,011 people living in Independence. There were 51,139 households, and 34,305 households with more than one person. Of the households, 60.4% owned their home and 39.6% rented their home. Children under age 18 lived in 27.2% of the households. Of the people, 72.6% were White, 8.7% were Black, and 1.2% were Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.2% of the people.

### 2010 Census
In 2010, there were 116,830 people, 48,742 households, and 30,165 families living in Independence. The people were 85.7% White, 5.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 7.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.

23% of the people were under 18 years old; 8.6% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 24.9% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 27.4% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 16.1% were 65 years old or older. 52% of the people were women, and 48% of the people were men.

## References
10,000 Maniacs

***10,000 Maniacs*** is an alternative rock group from Jamestown, New York. They have had different musicians and various lineups since they were created near 1981.

## Discography
### Albums
#### Studio albums
#### Extended plays
* *Human Conflict Number Five* (1982)
* *You Happy Puppet* (1989)
* *Candy Everybody Wants* (1993)
* *Few & Far Between* (1993)
* *Triangles* (2011)
* *For Crying Out Loud* (2016)

#### Live
#### Compilations
### Singles
### Other releases
## References
Works of Rambhadracharya

Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya (better-known as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya or Swami Rambhadracharya) is a Hindu *guru*, Sanskrit scholar, writer, poet, play writer, composer, singer, philosopher and *Katha* artist. He is living in Chitrakoot, India. His works includes poems, plays, lectures, commentaries, religious speeches, and musical works of his works. He has written more than 90&nbsp;works, including published books and unpublished hand written books, and four epic poems, a Hindi commentary on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas, a rhythmic Sanskrit commentary on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi sacred books. Many of his audio and video recordings have been released. He writes in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and many other languages. He is blind.

*Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam* is his most famous work. He won many awards for it, like the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit.

His important literature works and musical works, grouped by their type, are listed below.

## Poetry
### Mahākāvyas (Epic poems)
### Khaṇḍakāvyas (minor poems)
### Gītakāvyas (lyrical poems)
### Śatakakāvyas (Poems of one hundred verses)
### Stotrakāvyas (Eulogies)
### Other poems
## Plays
## Prose
### Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī
Rambhadracharya composed Sanskrit commentaries titled *Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam* on the Prasthanatrayi&nbsp;– Brahma Sutra, the Bhagavad Gita, and eleven Upanishads. These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by the then Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee. Rambhadracharya composed *Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam* on Narada Bhakti Sutra in 1991. He thus revived—after five hundred years—the tradition of Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi. He also gave the Ramananda Sampradaya its second commentary on Prasthanatrayi in Sanskrit, the first being the *Ānandabhāṣyam*, composed by Ramananda himself. Rambhadracharya's commentary in Sanskrit on the Prasthanatrayi was the first written in almost 600 years.

### Other Sanskrit commentaries
### Hindi commentaries
### Critiques
### Discourses
### Critical edition of Ramcharitmanas
Rambhadracharya's most controversial work was the critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas, which was published as the Tulsi Peeth edition. He was accused of tampering with the epic, but the dispute died down after Rambhadracharya expressed his regret for any annoyance or pain caused by the publication. A writ petition was also filed against him but it was dismissed. This edition was published in 2005 by Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.

## Audio and video
## Timeline of Works
## Footnotes
## References
### Notes
### Works cited
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* 
*
Seneca the Younger

**Lucius Annaeus Seneca** was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now  in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65.

During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself.

## Writings
Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist.

His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his *Letters to Lucilius* and his *Essays* (or "*Dialogues*"). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people.

His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: *Hercules*, *Trojan Women*, *Phoenician Women*, *Phaedra*, and *Oedipus*.
Rohtas Fort

**Rohtas Fort** (,*Qila Rohtas*) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4&nbsp;km in circumference and the first example of the successful combination of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian subcontinent.

## References
* Ihsan H Nadiem, *Rohtas: Formidable Fort of Sher Shah*. Lahore:  Sang-e-Meel Publications, .
* Basheer Ahmad Khan Matta, *Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective*. Karachi: Oxford University Press, .
*Institute of Architects, Pakistan Rawalpindi-Islamabad Chapter Arch Vision 2002”.
*”Rohtas Fort” article by Major General Mian Hayauddin

## Other websites
*UNESCO World Heritage Centre Web page. It has a panograph of the Qila Rohtas.
*Rohtas Conservation page on the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation website 
*Rohtas fort latest pictures
Meredith Baxter

**Meredith Baxter** (born June 21, 1947), or **Meredith Baxter-Birney**, is an American actress. She was born in South Pasadena, California. She has been in numerous sitcoms and television movies. She is openly lesbian. She is an alcoholic and is a breast cancer survivor.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pope Urban VIII

**Pope Urban VIII** (; 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born **Maffeo Barberini**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 236th Pope from 1623 to 1644.

## Early life 
Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 into the Barberini family of Florence in Italy. His studies led to a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589.

## Bishop
In 1604, Pope Clement VIII appointed Barberini Archbishop of Nazareth.  He was transferred by Pope Paul V who made him the Bishop of Spoleto in 1608.

Pope Urban caused the baldachin to be built over the central altar in St. Peter's Basilica.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Urban VIII
* GCatholic, Pope Urban VIII
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Barberini
Meredith Brooks

**Meredith Brooks** (born June 12, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She was born in Oregon City, Oregon. She is best known for her 1997 single "Bitch" which reached No.6 in the UK and No.2 in the United States. 

## References
Mexican Revolution

The **Mexican Revolution** was a major armed struggle in Mexico that started in 1910 by an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against the long dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz.

Under his rule, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few, and the people had no power to express their opinions or to select their public officials.  Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere in the cities and the countryside alike

The revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarian movements. Over time, it changed from a simple revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.

There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader who was still alive, became the president of Mexico.

## References
Estée Lauder Companies

**Estée Lauder Companies** are an organization that manufactures, markets and sells perfume, skin care, hair care and cosmetics. This company was named after a person called Estée Lauder. 

## Overview 
It was established in 1946 in New York City. 

In 1960, the office in London was opened.

In 1964, Aramis fragrance for men was presented.

In 2010, the company bought Smashbox Beauty Cosmetics, Inc.

## References
Tanning bed

A **tanning bed** is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker).  Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long.  There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo.

## History
Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979.  He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc., Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd., another pioneer in the tanning industry.

## Design
Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light.  Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp.  The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps.  Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through.  Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot.  All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light.  After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off.

## Benefits and risks
Unlike the sun, tanning beds do not help the body produce vitamin D as their bulbs emit mostly UVA light. The human body needs UVB light to produce vitamin D. Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long.  Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly.  There is a lot of controversy due to the risks.  Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds.

## References
Herman Wouk

**Herman Wouk** (May 27, 1915 – May 17, 2019) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American writer. He was from New York City, New York.  Wouk had written many books including *The Caine Mutiny*. He won Pulitzer Prize award in 1952.

Wouk was Orthodox Jewish. He was known for his defence of religion, tradition, American patriotism and the Military.

Wouk died in his sleep at his home in Palm Springs, California on May 17, 2019, ten days before his 104th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*"Books: The Wouk Mutiny", *Time* Magazine cover story, September 5, 1955 
*Columbia 250: Herman Wouk
*Herman Wouk Papers
*
Maria Shriver

**Maria Owings Shriver**, (born November 6, 1955) is an American author and journalist.

## Early life
Shriver was born on November 6, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy. Her uncles were John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Ted Kennedy. Her cousins are Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Caroline Bouvier Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr.

## Journalism career
She was co-anchor of NBC News and covered 1988 Summer Olympics. She has won many Emmy Awards.

## Personal life
In addition, she is former First Lady of California when her husband Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor. They divorced in 2021.

## References
Hasekura Tsunenaga

, 1615]]

 was a Japanese samurai and diplomat. He was the first diplomat from Japan to visit Spain, France, Italy, and the Vatican.

The Roman Senate made Hasekura a citizen and a patrician of Rome.

## Early life
Hasekura was a retainer of Date Masamune, who was the daimyo of Sendai.

## Keichō Embassy
Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission from Japan to the Vatican. The trip lasted from 1613 to 1620 and is called the . Hasekura was the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe. 
  

 in the Quirinal Palace,

Rome ]]
Hasekura traveled with a group across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. His early diplomacy not included in official histories written in Japan in the 17th and 18th centuries.  In 1616, a book about the Japanese diplomats was published in French in Paris.

## Legacy
In 1873, Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe and were surprised to learn about Hasekura. His diplomacy was forgotten because of sakoku, Japan's isolationist policy. Cuba, Spain, and Italy.

Many people in Coria del Río, Spain, have the surname "Japón" and are descendants of the Japanese travelers.
 
### Comet
A minor comet, 11514 Tsunenaga, was named after Hasekura in 1991.

### Memory of the World Programme
Spanish and Japanese archives have documents from the Hasekura mission. The letter carried by Hasekura to the King of Spain is in Seville, Spain. The paper proving Haskura's Roman citizenship is in Sendai, Japan.  Those bits of history are proposed for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.

## Related pages
*Edo period

## References
## Other websites
*The Epic journey of Hasekura Tsunenaga
Hearst, Ontario

**Hearst** is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Hearst was 4,794 in 2021. The mayor of Hearst is Roger Sigouin. Hearst was founded in 1913 because of the construction of the National Transcontinental Railway. It got its name from William Howard Hearst who was the then Ontario Minister of Forests and Mines and he later became Premier of Ontario. Around 85% of the population for Hearst speaks French.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Killie pie

A **Killie pie** or **Kilmarnock pie** is a type of pie which was made famous as it is sold at Rugby Park, the home ground of association football team Kilmarnock F.C.. It can also be found in shops and chip shops. It is a steak pie.

## History
It won the award for best pie in football two years running in 1998 and 1999, and attracted quite a reputation amongst away fans for its quality.

It is made by Brownings, The Bakers of Kilmarnock.

## References
Cornwall, Ontario

**Cornwall** is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Cornwall was 47,845 in 2021. The mayor of Cornwall is Justin Towndale. The first European settlement in Cornwall was established in 1784 although Aboriginal peoples lived in and around the area for millennia. The name originally "New Johnstown" then the name was officially changed after and was named *Cornwall*  after the Duke of Cornwall, Prince George, in 1834.

## Media
CJSS 1220

CJOH CTV

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Seneca the Elder

**Seneca the Elder** ( **Lucius** or **Marcus Annaeus Seneca**, born about 54BC, died about 39AD) was a Roman rhetorician and writer. His main work is *Controversiae*. *Controversiea* is a ten volume work. In it, he treats 74 cases that are commonly seen by rhetoricians. His other main work is *Suasoriae*  (Councils). In it, he shows seven examples of how to respond in common cases. 

He is the father of the philosopher, poet and politician, Seneca the Younger
Quirinal Palace

The **Quirinal Palace** (known in Italian as the **Palazzo del Quirinale** or simply **Quirinale**) is a historical building in Rome, Italy.  It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic. 

The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

## History 
The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

The palace, on the *Via del Quirinale* and facing onto the *Piazza del Quirinale*, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII 

Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.
	
In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic. 

## References
## Other websites
*Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
*Satellite image of the palace and its garden
Barkly, Victoria

**Barkly** is a very small town in Victoria, Australia, about 180 kilometres northwest of Melbourne. It is located near the junction of the roads from Landsborough to Redbank, and from Frenchmans to St Arnaud. It is close to the western side of the St Arnaud Range National Park.

The area was first called the Navarre Diggings after gold was found in June 1859 by a group led by James Law (1827-1910). It was about six miles from the Navarre township. This caused a gold rush and there were soon about 700 people on the diggings. At the peak of the rush, there were over 6000 people in the area digging for gold. A school was started, the Barkly Common School.

A cemetery, now called the Pioneer Cemetery, was begun close to the original diggings. The town of Barkly developed about two miles from this area, and a new cemetery was opened.

Barkly has a small Anglican church, a hall, and a few houses. The school has been closed and the buildings removed. There is a rose and lavender farm which is open to the public during the year. A headstone was placed on James Law's grave on 5 May, 1985. In 1996 a memorial stone was placed at the site of the first gold discovery.

File:Gold diggings Barkly.jpg|Old gold diggings at Barkly
File:James Law grave Barkly.jpg|James Law's grave in the Barkly Cemetery
File:Cottage at Barkly.jpg|Old cottage at Barkly

## References 
## Other websites 
* Culture Victoria website with photo of the Barkly goldfield
* Barkly Lavender and Rose Farm
Time After Time

"**Time after Time**" is a song first performed by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is the second single from her album ''She's so Unusual''. The song reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1984. It stayed there almost two weeks. The song has been covered by many other musicians.
Danica Patrick

**Danica Patrick** (born March 25 1982) is an American auto racer and model. She is the first female to win an IndyCar Series race. She also has the highest finish by a woman in the Indianapolis 500 in third place. She is currently competing in the NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series and the IndyCar Series. In the 2013 Daytona 500, Patrick became the first woman in the Sprint Cup to earn pole position, and led a few laps, also a first for female drivers. Patrick finished 8th, the highest by a female.  Patrick was born in Beloit, Wisconsin. 

## Sources
Paleozoology

**Paleozoology** is one of the branches of biology that deals with animal fossils and ancient animal life. The animal fossils are thoroughly studied and the process of evolution of animals is found out.

## References
Peterborough, Ontario

**Peterborough** is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Peterborough was 83,651 in 2021. The mayor of Peterborough is Jeff Leal. Adam Scott, a settler, began construction of a sawmill and gristmill on the west shore of the Otonabee River and established the area as ''Scott's Plains''. In 1822, the British Parliament approved an experimental emigration plan which would transport poor Irish families to Upper Canada. The scheme was managed by Peter Robinson, who was at the time a politician in York (present-day Toronto). The area of Scott's Plains was renamed *Peterborough* in Robinson's honour. During 1850, Peterborough was incorporated as a town and grew to a population of 2,191. The town of Peterborough later grew into a city on July 1, 1905.

## Media
CKRU 1430

CKWF 101.5

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Laura Feiersinger

**Laura Feiersinger** (born 5 April 1990 in Saalfelden, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for FC Bayern München as a striker. Her father, Wolfgang Feiersinger, was a player for Borussia Dortmund and the Austrian women's national football team.

## Career
She started playing football for the SV Oftering. From 2001 till 2008 she played for 1. SK Saalfelden and later vor FC Pinzgau Saalfelden, a club coming out of the fusion between 1. Saalfeldner SK und ESV Saalfelden, the second club in Saalfelden. 2008 she went to USK Hof, the champion of the 2nd league west and played in the play off matches versus  SV Groß-Schweinbarth. Together with Hof she was promoted to the ÖFB Frauenliga.

In 2010 she went to Germany and joined Herforder SV. They were promoted to the Bundesliga in this season. In 2011–12 she went to FC Bayern München and debuted on 21 August 2011 versus Bayer Leverkusen. In 2016 she went on to SC Sand, and in 2018 she went to 1. FFC/Eintracht Frankfurt.

Laura Feiersinger played for the Austrian U17 and U19 team and since 2010 in the Austrian women football national team.

## International goals
''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first:
Pope Alexander

**Pope Alexander** may mean:

*Pope Alexander I (c. 106 – c. 115)
*Pope Alexander II (1061–1073)
*Pope Alexander III (1159–1181)
*Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261)
*:Antipope Alexander V
*Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503)
*Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)
*Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691)
Date Masamune

was a Japanese daimyo in the Tōhoku region during the Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. He was known as the  because he lost the use of an eye. 

## Date clan
In the Edo period, the Date clan were identified as one of the *tozama* or outsider clans, in contrast with the *fudai* or insider *daimyō* clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

Date sent troops which fought with the Tokugawa during the Battle of Sekigahara.  

In 1601, Date built the Sendai castle; and the modern-day city of Sendai developed around it.

This historic visit is called the .

## Legacy
In 1991, a minor planet or main-belt asteroid 6859 Datemasamune was named after this Edo period historical figure.

## References 
 (*mon*) of the Date clan]]

## Other websites 
* *Aoba-jo* (Sendai Castle)
President of Azerbaijan

The country of Azerbaijan is a republic, with the **President of Azerbaijan** as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. The Constitution of Azerbaijan makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the President of Azerbaijan has more powers than the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit. The President cannot be put on trial or put in prison during his term.

The President can call a national referendum for important issues for the country, such as changing the articles of the Constitution, because a referendum is necessary for changing the Constitution. The Constitution also allows the President to be a member of a political party.

The current President of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev. This list includes all the presidents that have led the country since it became independent in 1991; the Soviet Union collapsed the same year.

## Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-Present)
:*For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Azerbaijan*

## Related pages
* Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

## Other websites
*The President of Azerbaijan
Ice sledge hockey

**Sledge hockey** (known as **sled hockey** in the United States) is a sport that is designed to allow players who have a physical disability to play sport. 
Ice sledge hockey was invented in Sweden in the 1960s at a rehabilitation center. 

## Ice sledge hockey and ice hockey differences
*Team is composed of 5 players and one goalkeeper. This is same as in normal hockey.
*In each team could be maximum 5 healthy players. In one moment there could be maximum 2 of them.
*The benches and penalty bench are in the ice
*Ice rink is same too. Hockey rinks  follow the International Ice Hockey Federation specifications, which are given in metric units (the Imperial units given are approximations): 60 m × 30 m (197 ft × 98.5 ft) with a corner radius of 8.5 m (28 ft). The distance from the end boards to the nearest goal line is 4 m (13 ft). The distance from each goal line to the nearest blue line is 17⅔ m (58 ft). The distance between the two blue lines is also 17⅔ m (58 ft). There are two widths of lines painted on a hockey rink: thick lines – 12 in (30 cm) wide – and thin lines – 2 in (5 cm) wide.

*Difference is in player´s equipment. Players have full-face cover. 
*Normal hockey is played for 3 times 20 minutes. In sledge hockey it is from 12 to 20 minutes. 
*In normal hockey there are 3 referees. There are 2 in sledge hockey.

## Ice sledge hockey equipment
*Sled - Each player has his own sled. This sled is designed on his body.

*Stick - The sticks for ice sledge hockey players have a blade curved as in normal ice hockey.
On the other side it has six to eight metal teeth for maneuvering and propulsion. Movement is done by using the metal teeth. The metal teeth cannot be longer than 1 centimeter beyond the stick, to help stop damage to the ice or injure of other players.

## Ice sledge hockey in Kolín 
People who live in Kolín see ice sledge hockey as a normal sport. Kolín's team are on the top of table. Kolín's ice hockey players won last season. Many of Kolín's players play in Czech republic's representation.

## Other websites 
### Leagues and Associations
* British Sledge Hockey Association 
* Czech Sledge Hockey League 
* Japan Ice Sledge Hockey Association 
* Northeast Sled Hockey League (USA)
* Ontario Sledge Hockey Association (Canada)
* Sledge Hockey of Eastern Ontario (Canada)
* Hockey Alberta - Sledge Hockey (Canada) 

### Equipment Manufacturers
* Canwinsportsm
* HandiNor AS
* Mobility Sports, LLC
* Passvilan
* Spokes n' Motion 
* Unique Inventions
* SWERD

### National Teams
* Canada
* Czech Republic
* Estonia
* Germany
* Japan 
* Norway 
* Sweden
* United States 
* Italy
Pope Alexander III

**Pope Alexander III** (; c. 1100 – 30 August 1181), born **Orlando Bandinelli**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 171st Pope. He was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

## Early life
He was born in Siena.  He was a member of the Bandinelli family.

## Cardinal
In 1150, Pope Eugene III made Bandinelli a  Cardinal. Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Calixtus III and Antipope Innocent III.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

## Gallery

San Giacomo di Rialto (Facade) - Lapide di papa Alessandro III.jpg|Coat of Arms of Alexander III

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
* GCatholic, Pope Alexander III
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Bandinelli
Pope Clement VII

**Clement VII** (; 26 May 1478&nbsp;– 25 September 1534), born '''Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici''', was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 119th Pope from 1523 to 1534.

## Early life
Giulio di Medici was born in Florence one month after his father's death. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and he was a cousin of Pope Leo X.

## Bishop
Leo X made Medici the Archbishop of Florence.

## Cardinal
On 23 September 1513, Medici was made cardinal.

## Pope
In 1523, Cardinal Medici was elected pope. He chose to be called Clement VII.

Pope Clement was involved in Italian and European political disputes.[3]

Clement ordered Michelangelo's painting of *The Last Judgment* in the Sistine Chapel.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Medici family

## References
 popes]]

## Other websites
* 
* ["Clement VII (Pope),"](http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Clement/Clement_VII_(Pope)) *Encyclopedia Britannica*, 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes Clement VII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Medici
Digital certificates

**Digital certificates** are electronic 'credit cards' that establish your credentials when doing a business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users' public keys.
 

## Types of digital certificate
• Class 1 defines the certificate that does not hold any legal validity as the validation process is based only on a valid email ID and involves no direct verification.

• Class 2 category states that a person's identity is to be verified against a trusted,pre-verified database.

• Class 3 requires the person to present himself or herself in front of the registration authority and prove his or her identity.
Patrick Murphy

**Patrick Murphy** may mean
* Patrick Murphy (biker), Canadian Olympic Biker.
* Patrick Murphy (giant), Irish Giant.
* Patrick Murphy (Irish Politician), Irish Politician from Cork.
* Patrick Murphy (coach), Softball coach.
* Patrick Murphy (pilot) Irish pilot.
* Patrick Murphy (swimmer), Olympic swimmer from Australia.
* G. Patrick Murphy, U.S. Judge
* Patrick Charles Murphy, Canadian senator
* Patrick Henry Murphy, member of the Texas Seven, escaped prisoner.
* Patrick V. Murphy, New York Police Commissioner.
* Patrick Murphy, made-up character from the soap opera The Young and the Restless
Plucked string instrument

**Plucked string instruments** are instruments that are plucked either by fingerpicking or a pick. Examples of this are guitars, ukuleles, lutes, bass guitars, mandolins and banjos.
, a common plucked string instrument]]Plucked string instruments usually have strings,  which when plucked, produces a vibration, producing sound. This sound gets amplified, either through a soundbox or electric amplifier.
Gangrel

**David William Heath** (born February 16, 1969) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for competing with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name, **Gangrel**.

As Gangrel, he was known for forming the professional wrestling stable, The Brood. He portrayed a vampire gimmick and would wear fangs, come down to the ring with a goblet of blood and drink from it and gave other wrestlers blood baths.

## Championships
***All Pro Wrestling**
**APW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Billy Blade)
***All Star Wrestling**
**ASW Trans-Canada Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Atlantic Wrestling Council**
**AWC Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***European Wrestling Promotion**
**EWP World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**EWP Ironman Title Hardcore Knockout Tournament (2003)
***International Pro Wrestling Association**
**IPWA Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Rusty Brooks)
***Legends Pro Wrestling**
**Inducted into the LPW Hall of Fame (January 23, 2010)
***Maximum Pro Wrestling**
**MXPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***NWA Florida**
**NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)
***National Wrestling League**
**NWL Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was awarded the PWI Rookie of the Year award in 1993.
***Pro Wrestling Revolution**
**PWR Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Stampede Wrestling**
**Stampede International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)
***Tri-State Wrestling Alliance**
**TWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Blackheart Destruction)
***United States Wrestling Association**
**USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)

## Other websites
*Gangrel  on Online World of Wrestling
*
Raven's Nest

'''Raven's Nest** (also known as **Raven's Flock**) was a professional wrestling stable that was active in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1997 which was led by Raven. The stable was also active in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). 

## Championships
***Extreme Championship Wrestling**
**ECW World Tag Team Championship (two times) (Raven and Stevie Richards)
**ECW World Heavyweight Championship (two times) (Raven)

***World Championship Wrestling'''
**WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (one time) (Raven)
**WCW World Television Championship (one time) (Saturn)
**WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Raven and Saturn)
**WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Vampiro and Muta)
Circus (album)

***Circus*** is the 6th album by Britney Spears. It consists of electropop and dance pop. This hit record was released on November 28, 2008. The album debuted on *Billboard* 200 near the top; it sold half a million copies during its 1st week and received positive review from critics. The album's lead single was "Womanizer". Other singles released were the title track, "If U Seek Amy", and "Radar."
The Partridge Family

***The Partridge Family*** was an American situation comedy. It was about a widowed mother and five children who become involved in music. The series was shown from September 25, 1970 to August 31, 1974 on ABC Network. It was produced by Paul Junger Witt.
## Cast
* Shirley Jones as Shirley Partridge
* David Cassidy as Keith Partridge
* Susan Dey as Laurie Partridge
* Danny Bonaduce as Danny Partridge
* Jeremy Gelbwaks as Chris Partridge (season 1)
* Brian Forster as Chris Partridge (seasons 2-4)
* Suzanne Crough as Tracy Partridge
* Dave Madden as Reuben Kincaid
* Ricky Segall as Ricky Stevens
Cape Mendocino

**Cape Mendocino** is a geographic feature of the coastline of Northern California that is the westernmost point of the Californian coast in Humboldt County.

The cape was named in the 1540s after Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of New Spain.

## History
Cape Mendocino has been known as a landmark since the 16th century. Spanish ships crossed the Pacific Ocean by following the Pacific trade winds. The North Equatorial Current brought them to the North American coastline.  After their landfall, the Manila galleons would sail down the coast to Acapulco, Mexico.

Francis Drake sighted Cape Mendocino in 1576. on a diplomatic mission. Hasekura was traveling to the courts of Philip II of Spain and Pope Paul V.

## Geology
The Cape Mendocino region is an active earthquake zone. In April 1992, three major earthquakes had their epicenters near the cape.

The Mendocino Triple Junction is west of the cape and under the Pacific Ocean. It is a geologic triple junction, and three tectonic plates come together. The San Andreas Fault, a transform boundary, runs south from the junction and separates the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.

To the north is the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the edge of the North American Plate.  Running west from the Mendocino Triple Junction is the Mendocino Fracture Zone, the transform boundary between the Gorda Plate and the Pacific Plate.

## References
## Other websites
* United States Geological Survey (USGS), M7.2 – Cape Mendocino, 1992
* Bruke Museum, Cascadia tectonic history with map
Testimonial

A **testimonial** is when a company uses a celebrity or famous person or a member of the public to  a product so the consumer wants it too. For example a professional football player recommends a particular brand of shirts. The idea behind this is for the consumer to think "Oh! That famous person likes that shirt, I think I'll get it too!".
Nightwing

**Nightwing** is a name that has been used by several fictional characters in the DC Comics universe. The name was used early on with characters related to Superman. Superman was the first to use the name. The most well know use of the name for a character was the original Robin, **Dick Grayson**. The comic book *Nightwing*, about this version of the character was printed from 1996 until 2009. A new volume of the comic has been published from 2011 and is still being published today.
Frustration

In psychology, **frustration** is a common emotional way to act when things go wrong. It is a feeling of being angry and sad when something one wants or wishes for does not happen.  

In physics, **frustration** (or **geometrical frustration**) is a property of water molecules in ice when a freezing crystal is formed. The presence of random or conflicting atoms stop the ice from being completely frozen. It is called "water ice".
Suzanne Somers

**Suzanne Somers** (October 16, 1946 – October 15, 2023) was an American actress, singer and business woman. She was born in San Bruno, California.

In 1977, she married Canadian producer Alan Hamel.

She appeared in many television series. Somers is best known for playing the part of Chrissy Snow on the first five seasons of ''Three's Company*. She was fired by ABC after she want to be paid the same as her male co-star John Ritter. She later made her comeback with the shows *She's the Sheriff* (which was syndicated) and *Step by Step'' (which aired on ABC). She has written many bestselling books.

Somers was diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer in 2000. She had a lumpectomy and recovered.

## References
List of national capitals

This is a **list of national capital cities** in alphabetical order. It includes territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states, and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states are shown in **bold** text.

## Notes
*a.&nbsp; That is, the State of Brunei Darussalam.
*b.&nbsp; See also List of historical capitals of China.
*c.&nbsp; Unrecognized, self-declared country.
*d.&nbsp; See Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
*e.&nbsp; The Spanish name is "México D.F." or just "D.F." (for "Distrito Federal").
*f.&nbsp; Plymouth was abandoned after the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano in 1997. Government offices since then have been moved to Brades Estate, which is in the northwestern part of Montserrat.
*g.&nbsp; Also known as "Kotte". Until the 1980s, the capital was Colombo, where many important governmental institutions still remain and which is still designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
*h.&nbsp; Also known as the "Holy See" for diplomatic and religious purposes.
*i.&nbsp; See Positions on Jerusalem.
*j.&nbsp;  Kosovo proclaimed independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 by temporary governing institutions. That independence is against the current UNSC's resolution regarding Kosovo (1244).

## References
Duluth, Minnesota

**Duluth** is a city in northeast Minnesota next to Lake Superior and next to Superior, Wisconsin. It is the westernmost U.S. city on the Great Lakes. While the lake has an average elevation of 602 feet above sea level, the adjacent hills rise and an additional 800 feet above it.

Duluth is the county seat of Saint Louis County. It is the fourth largest city in Minnesota. At the 2020 census, Duluth had 86,697 people. with thousands more in attendance to show their support.

In the winter, the same rugged geology that provides a scenic backdrop for the city provides many months of downhill skiing and other winter activities at Spirit Mountain.  Families also flock to Bentleyville to take in the holiday displays that light the night.  Each January, the 300 mile Johnbear Grease Sled Dog Marathonbegins in Duluth.

America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium. Duluth is known for the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor. People also visit Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater sand spits, that is  long.  People come to the city to start vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore.  The 610' long William A Irvin is a museum ship that used to be the flagship of the United States Steel ore carrier fleet.

The city is named after Daniel Greysolon, Le Sieur du Luth, the first known European explorer of the areaand today is famously known as the birthplace of Bob Dylan. 

## References
## Other websites
* 
*City of Duluth – Official Website
*Vintage Pictures of Duluth
*
Long Buckby

**Long Buckby** is a village and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England, midway between Northampton and Rugby. In the 2001 census the parish of Long Buckby (which includes the hamlet of **Long Buckby Wharf**) had a population of exactly 4,000.
It is a part of the Daventry district. In the local elections of 2007 the Conservatives retained the seat but with a smaller majority than previous elections.

## References
Malay Wikipedia

**Malay Wikipedia** (Malay: ***Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu***, Jawi script: **ويکيڤيديا بهاس ملايو**, abbreviation: **mswiki**) is the Malay version of Wikipedia. Started in October 2002, currently has over 126,168 articles as in November 2011.

It is the 29th largest edition.

## References 
## Other websites 
* :wiktionary:en:Category:Malay language
* :oldwikisource:Category:Bahasa Melayu
*  Mobile version of Malay Wikipedia
Vienna Circle

The **Vienna Circle** (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was the name of a group of philosophers who began meeting around the University of Vienna in 1922.

Many famous philosophers were members. Some of its members were:

* Gustav Bergmann,
* Alex Robinson
* Rudolf Carnap, 
* Herbert Feigl, 
* Philipp Frank, 
* Kurt Gödel, 
* Hans Hahn, 
* Tscha Hung, 
* Victor Kraft, 
* Karl Menger,
* Richard von Mises, 
* Marcel Natkin, 
* Otto Neurath, 
* Olga Hahn-Neurath, 
* Theodor Radakovic, 
* Rose Rand, 
* Moritz Schlick (chairman),
* Friedrich Waismann
* Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Most followed the philosophy that came to be known as logical positivism.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's 1921 book *Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus* formed the basis for the group's ideas. Wittgenstein himself insisted that they did not understand him correctly and took to quietly reading poetry to himself during their meetings.

The Vienna Circle was broken up when the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, many of its members moved to the US, where they became teachers in several universities.

The Vienna Circle's influence on 20th century philosophy was very large.

## References
National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe

**National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe** (in Italian: "Giorno del Ricordo") is Italian celebration in memory of ethnic cleansing's victims in massacres of Foibe and exiles from Dalmatia, Istria and "Venezia Giulia". 

## Official comment
Italian president Giorgio Napolitano took an official speech in which he stated:

## Cause of step
Step for this celebration was allowed by the end of communist totalitarian regimes in Balkan nations because culpability of these crimes is of old politicians. Celebration was instituted in 2004 and first Memorial Day was held in 2005.

## Related pages
* Massacres of Foibe
* Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
* Dalmatian Italians
* Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
* List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
* Venice and Dalmatia
* Italian language in Croatia
* Italy
* Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

## References
119 (number)

**119** (**one hundred [and] nineteen**) is the natural number that comes after 118 and comes before 120. In Roman numerals, it is **CXIX**.

## Mathematics 
* 119 is the sum of five primes in a row (17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31). It is a highly cototient number.
* 119 is the order of the largest cyclic subgroups of the Monster group.

## Telephony 
* 1-1-9 is the emergency telephone number in some countries.
* A number to report children / youth at risk in France

## References