open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Suleiman Abba

**Suleiman Abba** (born 22 March 1959) is a retired Nigerian police officer who served as the 17th Inspector General of Nigerian Police.

## Education 
Abba holds bachelor's degree of art (B.A degree in history) from University of Jos.

## Career 
He began his career with Nigerian police and rose through ranks to become AIG. Held numerous positions such as Commissioner of Police in Lagos and Rivers States, Assistant Inspector-General of Police in charge of Zone 7 Abuja and Aide-De-Camp (ADC) to Maryam Abacha.

## References
Umar Farouk Ahmed

**Umar Farouk Ahmed** was former Military Administrator of Cross River State, Nigeria,during the military regime of General Sani Abacha. He was then appointed administrator of Kaduna State (governor) in August during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over power to the elected civilian governor Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi.

## References
Ahmed Makarfi

**Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi** (born 8 August 1956), is a Nigerian politician and the former Chairman of the People's Democratic Party. He was the two times governor of Kaduna state and one time senator.

## Early life and education 
Makarfi was born in Makarfi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. He went to Federal Government College Enugu and the first head boy of the school. 

## Career 
Makarfi began his career at the Nigeria Universal Bank, where he rose to the rank of Assistant General Manager. He was appointed  as Commissioner of Finance and Economic. Makarfi was elected as the executive governor of Kaduna State in 1999 and also won a second four-year term in 2003. He was elected as a Senator representing Kaduna North Senatorial District. In 2016, Makarfi was appointed PDP national Chairman at a Convention held in Port Harcourt and later resigned after 2019 primary election. 

## References
9Go!

**9Go!** is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel. It was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009. The channel offers a mix of comedy, reality, general entertainment, movies, animation and drama for children between the ages of 4 to 18.

## References
The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A.

"**The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A.**" is the 21st episode of *The Simpsons* 32nd season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on May 16, 2021. It was written by Carolyn Omine and Michael Polcino is the  of the episode. 

## Story 
Terrance (a spy from the MI5) is looking for a Russian spy who is known as "The Grey Fox". He learns that The Grey Fox is in a town in America with a nuclear power plant. He goes to Springfield and starts to think that Grampa Simpson is the Russian spy. Terrance talks to Grampa's son Homer about what he thinks of Grampa. Homer wants to help Terrance with finding the spy. They go to a beach and find Grampa taking a cane. Grampa is given an envelope from two men who look like Russians. Terrance later kidnaps Homer and Grampa. Chief Wiggum follows Terrance's car with Marge and arrests him. Grampa makes Terrance feel better by  to be The Grey Fox.

## Reception 
Tony Sokol from Den of Geek thought the  to British spy movies were not strong enough. Sokol also thought the humor was not strong, but he called the episode . Jesse Bereta from Bubbleblabber thought that the episode was not too , saying "it is more about  Homer that his father is a spy more than any actual spy work." However, Bereta said "it was a fun episode that tried something different."

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Negro leagues

The **Negro Leagues** were baseball leagues for African Americans. These leagues started in the 1880s because African Americans were not allowed into the major leagues. Some of the best players in the Negro Leagues were Satchel Paige, Oscar Charleston, Josh Gibson, and John Henry Lloyd. In 1945 Jackie Robinson was the first African American to join the major leagues in the 20th century. By the 1960s the Negro Leagues had broken up.  

## References
Dalhatu Tafida

**Dalhatu Sarki Tafida** (born 24 November 1940) was a Minister of Health during the administration of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. He was the Senator of the Kaduna North constituency of Kaduna State.

## Education 
Tafida holds a bachelor's degree in medicine and a bachelor's of surgery from the University of Lagos. He also received a Postgraduate Diploma in Public Health from the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.

## References
Curlew

The **curlew** is ***Numenius***, a bird with a long downcurved bill (beak). With its beak the bird probes mudflats for food. 

In pre-modern times the world had many more mudflats than it does today. Many have been eliminated by draining so as to give more land for farming. So, in England, the places suitable for the bird were in river estuaries and low-lying land. Originally, southern England had wide areas of mudflats suitable for the bird.

What changed was the draining of the "levels" to make for better farming. In England areas in East Anglia, Kent and Somerset were all drained and made productive farmland. A similar process happened in many countries. The consequence is that the curlews' numbers have dropped and the bird has become rare in places where it was once common.

Broadly speaking, curlews are waders, as are the godwits which look similar but have straight bills.

Most curlews migrate and so one or more species occur at different times of the year in Europe, Ireland, Britain, Iberia, Iceland, Africa, Southeast Asia, Siberia, North America, South America and Australasia. There are nine species of curlew.

## References
National Republican Convention

**National Republican Convention** was a Nigerian political party started by the former head of state General Ibrahim Babangida.

## Politics 
Babangida made to the party for Nigerians who like conservative politics. The party did well in the core northern states and eastern states of Abia and Enugu. Still, some people felt the National Republican Convention was almost the same as the other party.  These two parties joined together to become Nigeria's Social Democratic Party and another government-created party.

## References
Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party

The **leader of the Labour Party** is the highest ranked politician within the New Zealand Labour Party. He or she serves as the parliamentary leader and leading spokesperson of the party. 

Since 22 January 2023, the office has been held by Chris Hipkins, who is the Member of Parliament for Remutaka.

## References
Kelvin Davis (politician)

**Kelvin Glen Davis** (born 2 March 1967) is a New Zealand politician and a member of the House of Representatives. He has been Deputy Leader of the Labour Party since 1 August 2017.

## References
Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)

**Andrew James Little** (born 7 May 1965) is a New Zealand politician who has been the Mayor of Wellington since 2025. He was the Minister of Health and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations during the Jacinda Ardern government. He was also the Minister for the Government Communications Security Bureau and the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. 

Little was Leader of the Opposition from 2014 to 2017.

## References
Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party

The **deputy leader of the Labour Party** is the second-most senior politician within the Labour Party in New Zealand. The officeholder represents leader of the Labour Party at party-specific events. 

In all cases where the leadership is vacant, the deputy leader can be acting leader until a new leadership election. 

Kelvin Davis is the current Deputy Leader, elected on 1 August 2017.

## References
Annette King

**Dame Annette Faye King**  (née **Robinson**, born 13 September 1947) is a former New Zealand politician. She is the Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011, and from 2014 until 1 March 2017. 

## References
Altomünster

**Altomünster** is a municipality in Dachau, a district *(Landkreis)* in Upper Bavaria.

## Municipal structure 
Markt Altomünster currently has the following 48 villages:

Altomünster, Arnberg, Asbach, Breitenau, Deutenhofen, Erlach, Erlau, Freistetten, Haag, Halmsried, Hohenried, , Humersberg, Hutgraben, Irchenbrunn, , Lauterbach, Lichtenberg, Maisbrunn, Obererlach, Oberndorf, Oberschröttenloh, , Ottelsburg, Ottmarshausen, Pfaffenhofen, , Plixenried, Radenzhofen, Rametsried, , Reichertshausen, Röckersberg, Rudersberg, , Schauerschorn, Schielach, Schloßberg, Schmarnzell, Schmelchen, Sengenried, , Teufelsberg, , Übelmanna, ,  and Xyger.

## Partnership
*Nagyvenyim (Hungary)

## References
List of cities in Kenya

This is a **list of cities and towns in Kenya**.

## Cities and towns in Kenya 
*Baragoi
*Bungoma
*Busia
*Butere
*Dadaab
*Diani Beach
*Eldoret
*Emali
*Embu
*Garissa
*Gede
*Hola
*Homa Bay
*Isiolo
*Kitui
*Kibwezi
*Kajiado
*Kakamega
*Kakuma
*Kapenguria

*Kericho
*Keroka
*Kiambu
*Kilifi
*Kisii
*Kisumu
*Kitale
*Lamu
*Langata
*Litein
*Lodwar
*Lokichoggio
*Londiani
*Loiyangalani
*Machakos
*Makindu
*Malindi
*Mandera
*Maralal
*Marsabit
*Meru
*Mombasa
*Moyale

*Mumias
*Muranga
*Mutomo
*Nairobi
*Naivasha
*Nakuru
*Namanga
*Nanyuki
*Naro Moru
*Narok
*Nyahururu
*Nyeri
*Ruiru
*Shimoni
*Takaungu
*Thika
*Vihiga
*Voi
*Wajir
*Watamu
*Webuye
*Wote
*Wundanyi
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers

The **Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers**, located at 120 West 46th Street in the Times Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was created in the 1970s in lower Manhattan. Its original goal was to offer young women a business education, then not available to female students, however it is now co-ed.  The school was renamed in honor of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1995, a year after her death.

## References
Raymond Huo

**Raymond Huo** (; born 1964) is a New Zealand politician who was a Member of Parliament from 2008 to 2014 and from 2017 to 2020. He was first elected in 2008 as the New Zealand Labour Party's first MP of Chinese descent. 

He was the third Chinese New Zealander to enter Parliament. Huo announced in July 2020 that he would not be running in the 2020 election.

## References
Clarke Gayford

**Clarke Timothy Gayford** (born 24 October 1976) is a New Zealand radio and television broadcaster. He was a presenter of the fishing documentary show *Fish of the Day*. He is the husband of former New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.

## References
Ross Ardern

**David Ross Ardern** (born 28 February 1954) is a New Zealand diplomat and former policeofficer. He is currently the Administrator of Tokelau. He was the High Commissioner of New Zealand to Niue from 2014 to 2018, and as Niue's police commissioner from 2005 to 2009.

Ardern is the father of the Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern.

## References
Premier House

**Premier House** () is the official residence of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, located at 260 Tinakori Road, Thorndon, Wellington, New Zealand.

A private house bought for the prime minister's official residence when government moved its base to Wellington in 1865.

It was leased to private individuals for six years in the late 1890s then returned to use as an official residence for the prime minister until the Great Depression when a new government in 1935 wished to avoid "show". It was renovated and recommissioned as Premier House in 1990.

## Other websites
*Prime Minister's Residence at Heritage New Zealand
*Information about Premier House at Te Ara
*History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, *Housing the Prime Minister*
University of Waikato

The **University of Waikato** (), informally **Waikato University**, is a university in Hamilton, New Zealand. The university was created in 1964. It has another campus in Tauranga.

## References
Morrinsville

**Morrinsville** is a provincial town in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, with a population of 7,000 in the 2013 Census The town is located at the northern base of the Pakaroa Range, and on the south-western fringe of the Hauraki Plains.  Morrinsville is around 33 kilometres east of Hamilton.

## References
Murupara

**Murupara** is a town located in the Whakatāne District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. The town is located in an isolated part of the region between the Kaingaroa Forest and Te Urewera protected area, on the banks of the Rangitaiki River, 65 kilometres southeast of Rotorua.

## References
Cabinet Office

The **Cabinet Office** (CO) of the United Kingdom supports the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, and ensures the effective running of government. The Cabinet Office is also the corporate headquarters for government, in partnership with HM Treasury, and takes the lead in certain critical policy areas.

## Ministers
The **Cabinet Office** is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom works for supporting the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. It is made of many units that support Cabinet committees. Staff working in the Prime Minister's Office are part of the Cabinet Office.

## References
International Union of Socialist Youth

The **International Union of Socialist Youth** (**IUSY**) is an international organization which was founded in 1907. Their activities include publications, support of member organizations and the organization of meetings. It was formed as the youth wing of the Second International. 

## References
2008 New Zealand general election

The **2008 New Zealand general election** was held on 8 November 2008. The liberal-conservative National Party, headed by its parliamentary leader John Key, won the largest share of votes and seats, ending nine years of government by the social-democratic Labour Party, led by Helen Clark. This marked the beginning of the Fifth National Government which governed for the next nine years, until the 2017 general election, when a government was formed between the Labour and New Zealand First parties.

The Chief Electoral Officer released the official results on 22 November 2008.

## References
New Zealand electorates

An **electorate** or **electoral district** () is a geographical constituency used for electing members (MPs) to the New Zealand Parliament. The size of electorates depends on that all electorates have about the same population.

The 72 electorates are made up from 65 general and seven Māori electorates. The number of electorates increases with national population growth; the number was increased from 71 to 72 starting at the 2020 general election.

## List of electorates
Below is a list of current general and Māori electorates.

### General electorates
### Māori electorates
## References
2017 Mount Albert by-election

The **2017 Mount Albert by-election** was a New Zealand by-election held in the Mount Albert electorate on 25 February 2017 during the 51st New Zealand Parliament. 

The seat was vacated after the resignation of David Shearer, a former Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.

No all right and centre-right parties ran, and turnout was low. The electorate was won by Labour Party list MP Jacinda Ardern by a large margin. Another Labour member, Raymond Huo, filled Ardern's list seat.

## References
Julie Anne Genter

**Julie Anne Genter**  (; born 17 December 1979) is an American-born New Zealand politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives representing the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. She was the Minister for Women, Associate Minister for Health and Associate Minister for Transport during the first term of Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.

She holds dual citizenship of New Zealand and the United States.

## References
Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)

**Mount Albert** (abbreviated as **Mt Albert**) is a parliamentary electorate that represents the suburb of Mount Albert in Auckland, New Zealand. It has elected only Labour Party MPs since it was first created at the 1946 election. 

The incumbent MP is Jacinda Ardern, currently serving as Prime Minister of New Zealand, who was first elected in a 2017 by-election. 

The electorate was represented by David Shearer from 13 June 2009 to 31 December 2016; it was represented by Helen Clark from the 1981 general election until her resignation from Parliament on 17 April 2009.

## Election results
## References
David Shearer

**David James Shearer**  (born 28 July 1957) is a New Zealand United Nations worker and politician. He was a member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Labour Party from 2009 to 2016. He was Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2013.

Shearer resigned from Parliament in December 2016 and is in charge of the United Nations peace keeping mission in South Sudan.

## References
List MP

A **list MP** is a member of parliament (MP) elected from a party list rather than from by a geographical constituency. The place in Parliament is because of the number of votes that the party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This happens only in countries which have an electoral system based wholly or partly on party-list proportional representation.

## References
List of postcode districts in the United Kingdom

This is a **list of postcode districts in the United Kingdom** and Crown dependencies.

Postcode district codes are also known as "outward codes".

## List
## Notes
* Non-geographic postcode district
* Postcode district shared between post towns
* Not part of the United Kingdom and separate postal authorities

## Related pages
*List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom

## References
## Other websites
* 
*  *(Lists all "in use non-geographic sectors" and "current PO Box sectors".)*
* 
* 
*
Social inequality

**Social inequality** happens when resources in a society are given out unevenly. This can be because of gender, sexuality, race, income, legal status, social status and education level. Social inequality usually talks about the lack of equality of outcome and the lack of equality of access to opportunity. The social rights include labor market, the source of income, health care, and freedom of speech, education, political representation, and participation. 

## Related pages
*Economic inequality
*Globalization

## References
TUDN (TV network)

**TUDN** (formerly Univision Deportes) is a sports programming division of Univision, a Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by Univision Communications.
Public relations

**Public relations** (**PR**) is the practice of deliberately managing the release and spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public in order to affect the public views.

## References
Harry Duynhoven

**Harry James Duynhoven**  (born 1955) is a New Zealand politician and member of the New Zealand Labour Party. He was the mayor of the city of New Plymouth from 2010 until 2013. He was a Member of Parliament for the New Plymouth electorate from 1987–1990, from 1993–2003, and again from 2003–2008.

Duynhoven was elected as Mayor of New Plymouth in October 2010.

## References
1999 New Zealand general election

The **1999 New Zealand general election** was held on 27 November 1999. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clark's Labour Party and the smaller Alliance.

## References
New Zealand Young Labour

**Young Labour** () is the youth wing and student wing of the New Zealand Labour Party. It hosts an annual conference and many national events, includingsessions at the Labour Party's annual conference. All Labour Party members aged 15 to 30 years old are members of Young Labour.

## References
Waikato (New Zealand electorate)

**Waikato** is an electorate in the New Zealand Parliament. A Waikato electorate was first created in 1871 and an electorate by this name has existed from 1871 to 1963, 1969 to 1996, and 2008 to the present, though exact borders have often changed.

## Election results
## References
TVNZ

**Television New Zealand** (), more commonly known as **TVNZ**, is a free-to-air public broadcasting television network that is broadcast throughout New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region.

TVNZ was created in February 1980. About 90% of TVNZ's revenue is from commercial activity (such as advertising and merchandising).

TVNZ 6 Relaunched On 7 November 2025.

## Programing 
* Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)
* Gleam Gamblers (2014)

## References
Breakfast (New Zealand TV programme)

***Breakfast*** (also referred to as ***1 News Breakfast***) is a New Zealand morning news and talk show showing weekday mornings on TVNZ 1, produced by 1 News. The first episode came out on 11 August 1997. It was the first of its genre in New Zealand. It has a mixture of breaking news, news, sports, weather and other  items.  a two-hour programme, it was  to three hours in 2012.

## References
Auckland Central (New Zealand electorate)

**Auckland Central** is a New Zealand electoral division returning one member to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The electorate is represented by Chlöe Swarbrick, a member of the Green Party; she has represented the seat since 2020.

## Election results
## References
2011 New Zealand general election

The **2011 New Zealand general election** on Saturday 26 November 2011.

One hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives, 70 from single-member electorates, and 51 from party lists including one overhang seat.

A referendum on the voting system was held at the same time as the election, with voters voting by majority to keep the MMP system.

## References
2014 New Zealand general election

The **2014 New Zealand general election** took place on Saturday 20 September 2014.

Voters elected 121 members to the House of Representatives, with 71 from single-member electorates (an increase from 70 in 2011) and 49 from party lists.

A total of 3,140,417 people were registered to vote in the election; around 92.6% of all eligible New Zealanders. A total of 2,446,279 votes were cast. 

The centre-right National Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister John Key, gained a plurality with 47.0% of the party vote and 60 of the 121 seats.

## Notes
## References
Nikki Kaye

**Nicola Laura Kaye** (11 February 1980 &ndash; 23 November 2024) was a New Zealand politician. She was Deputy Leader of the New Zealand National Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 22 May 2020 to 14 July 2020.

Kaye was the member of the New Zealand Parliament from 2008 until 2020.

Kaye had breast cancer, however completed treatment in 2016. She died of breast cancer on 23 November 2024.

## References
Denise Roche

**Denise Maree Roche** (born 9 July 1963) is a New Zealand politician. She was a member of the Waiheke Local Board and the New Zealand House of Representatives, where she represented the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand from 2011 to 2017.

Roche was born in 1963 in Helensville. 

## References
Sandinista National Liberation Front

The **Sandinista National Liberation Front**, **Sandinistas**, or **Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN)** is a political party in Nicaragua. It was founded by Augusto César Sandino.

## History
Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, and Carlos Fonseca started the party in 1961.

In 1979, Nicaraguan Revolution the Sandinista Party overthrew Anastasiio Somoza Debayle's dynasty. The Sandinistas then ruled from 1979 to 1990, and the FSLN took over as the country's sole power-sharing government in March 1981. Despite implementing a policy of mass education and promoting gender equality, the government came under international scrutiny for human rights abuses and the oppression of indigenous people.
The FSLN is Nicaragua's sole political party. It currently holds the country's only seat in congress. It often polls in opposition against the PLC. In 2006, Daniel Ortega was reelected as the country's president with many more votes than the other person who ran.

## References
Child poverty

lived in poverty]]
**Child poverty** is when children are living in poverty and are children from poor families or orphans being raised with limited state resources. In developing countries, these standards are low and, when combined with the increased number of orphans, the effects are more extreme.

## In highly-developed states 
UNICEF made a study: According to this study, child poverty increased in 17 of the 24 OECD countries, between 1995 and 2005. In the other seven countries it decreased. Six of the seven countries where it decreased had a high level of child poverty. The only exception to this is Norway, where child poverty has been decresing for a long time. 

The biggest increase was in Poland (+4.3%), Luxembourg (+4.1%) and the Czech Republic (also +4.1%). The biggest decrease was in England (-3.1%), the United States (-2.8%) and Norway (-1.8%).

In these states, a child is defined as *poor* if the family income is less than a cetain percentage of the median income of a family for that county. 

## Absolute and relative poverty 
Absolute poverty is the most severe form of povery. People in that category don't have enough money to conver the basic human needs, such as safe drinking water, sanitation, health, and shelter. 

## Problems 
Children affected by poverty face a number of problems:

* They often can't get an education
* Health is expensive, they also suffer from teenage pregnancies 

## Statistics
An estimated 385 million children live in extreme poverty. According to the UNICEF:
* 663 million children, that is one in three children, live in poverty
* Children from the poorest households die at twice the rate of their better-off peers
* Children are more than twice as likely to live in poverty than adults
* 385 million children live in extreme poverty, forced to survive on less than $1.90 a day

## References
Maharani Kumudini

**Maharani Kumudini Devi** is the Queen of King Gambhir Singh and mother of King Chandrakirti of Manipur kingdom. After the death of her husband in an early age, she took full responsibility to protect her minor son, Prince Chandrakirti from the evil plots of palace intrigues. After her son ascended the throne of Manipur kingdom, she is best known for being the greatest royal lady holding utmost powers in the history.

## References
2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election

The **2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election** was held on 1 August 2017 to choose the next Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. The election was won by Deputy Leader and Mount Albert MP Jacinda Ardern.  She was the only candidate running. 

Labour leader Andrew Little had led Labour since 2014 and, after many poor results, announced his plan to retire from the leadership. According to Ardern, Little had previously approached her on 26 July 2017 and stated he thought she should take over as party leader, as he was of the opinion he could not turn things around for Labour. Ardern said she had refused, telling him to "stick it out".

## References
Steven Joyce

**Steven Leonard Joyce** (born 7 April 1963) is a New Zealand former politician. He became a member of New Zealand House of Representatives in 2008 as a member of the New Zealand National Party.

As a broadcasting entrepreneur with RadioWorks, he was a millionaire before he entered politics.

On 6 March 2018, he announced his resignation from politics.

## References
University of Auckland

The **University of Auckland** is a public university based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest and highest-ranked university in New Zealand. It places among the Top 100 universities in the world by QS World Rankings. The institution was created in 1883. Today, the University of Auckland is New Zealand's largest university by enrolment, hosting about 40,000 students on five Auckland campuses. There are eight faculties, including a law school, as well as three research institutes associated with the university.

The university has a reputation for excellence in research and teaching, which attracts students from all over the world. The University of Auckland offers over 150 undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs across eight faculties. These faculties include Arts, Business, Creative Arts and Industries, Education and Social Work, Engineering, Law, Medical and Health Sciences, and Science.

The university also has partnerships with leading international universities such as Stanford University, the University of Oxford, and the National University of Singapore (NUS), among others. Other notable new zealand universities that attract international students are Victoria University of Wellington and Massey University. However, when it comes to overall rankings based on academic excellence and research output alone, the University of Auckland is considered one of the top universities in New Zealand.

The Best Universities In New Zealand For International Students 

## References
Leima Linthoingambi

**Leima Linthoingambi** was the queen of king Ningthoukhomba (1432-1567) of Manipur kingdom. During the Ankla invasion, the king had to proceed at the war field. At the King's absence in the capital city Kangla, the Tangkhul tribes raided the city. But in disguise as the king, the queen resisted their revolution by offering strong wine at the king's absence. With her wits, the kingdom was saved. This account is recorded in the Ningthourol Lambuba.

## References
Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)

The **Minister of Foreign Affairs** is a senior member of the New Zealand Government heading the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. They are responsible for relations with foreign countries.

The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Winston Peters.

## References
Nanaia Mahuta

**Nanaia Cybele Mahuta** (born 21 August 1970) is a New Zealand politician. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hauraki-Waikato. She became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in November 2020 and she served until November 2023. She is also the Minister of Local Government and was Minister for Māori Development from 2017 to 2020.

## References
Edward Stafford (politician)

**Sir Edward William Stafford**  (23 April 1819 – 14 February 1901) was the third Premier of New Zealand. He was the prime minister three times. 

## More readings
* 
* 
*
Capital gains tax

A **capital gains tax** is a tax on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset. The most common capital gains are seen from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals, real estate, and property.

Not all countries have a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation. Countries that do not impose a capital gains tax include Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Jamaica, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and others. 

In some countries, such as New Zealand and Singapore, professional traders and those who trade frequently are taxed on such profits as a business income. 

In the United Kingdom people paid £16.7 billion in capital gains tax in 2021-22.  

## References
Council of Women World Leaders

The **Council of Women World Leaders**, created in 1996, is a network of 77 current and former Presidents and Prime Ministers. It is the only organization in the world dedicated to women heads of state and government. The Council's Ministerial Initiative also involves current and former cabinet ministers and secretaries in the work of the Council.

## Leadership
*Madeleine Albright: Founding Chair of the Ministerial Initiative (1996–2007); Secretary of State of the United States (1997–2001)
*Kathy Calvin: CEO (2009–present); President (2013–2019) of the United Nations Foundation
*Kim Campbell: Prime Minister of Canada (1993); Council Chair (1999–2003)
*Vigdís Finnbogadóttir: President of Iceland (1980–1996); Founding Council Chair (1996–1999)
*Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović: President of Croatia (2015–2020); Council Chair (2019–2020)
*Dalia Grybauskaitė: President of Lithuania (2009–2019); Council Chair (2014–2019)
*Tarja Halonen: President of Finland (2000–2012); Council Chair (2009–2014)
*Katrín Jakobsdóttir: Prime Minister of Iceland (2018–present); Council Chair (2020–present)
*Laura Liswood: Secretary General (1996–present)
*Mary Robinson: President of Ireland (1990–1997); Council Chair (2003–2009)
*Margot Wallström: Chair of the Ministerial Initiative (2007–present); First Vice President of the European Commission (2004–2010); Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (2014–2019)

## Other websites
* Official website
Waitangi, Northland

**Waitangi** ( or , ) is a locality in the Bay of Islands on the North Island of New Zealand.  It is close to the town of Paihia, 60 kilometres north of Whangarei. "Waitangi" is a Māori-language name meaning "weeping waters".

## References
New Zealand First

**New Zealand First** (), commonly abbreviated to **NZ First**, is a nationalist and socially conservative political party in New Zealand. The party formed in July 1993 following the resignation on 19 March 1993 of its leader and founder, Winston Peters.

It has formed coalition governments with both major political parties in New Zealand: first with the National Party from 1996 to 1998 and then with the Labour Party from 2005 to 2008 and from 2017 to 2020, and then again with the National Party from 2023 to 2026. 

## References
Marae

A '''''*** (in New Zealand Māori, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian), ****** (in Tongan), ****** (in Marquesan) or ***''''' (in Samoan) is a sacred place that is for religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies. In all these languages, the term also means cleared, free of weeds, trees.

## References
The Spinoff

***The Spinoff*** is a New Zealand online magazine and news site founded by Duncan Greive in 2014. It is known for current affairs coverage, political and social analysis, and cultural comment. It is financed by subscription.

## References
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

The **Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership** (**CPTPP**), also known as **TPP11** or **TPP-11**, is a trade agreement among Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. It is an updated agreement from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). The eleven signatories have combined economies representing 13.4 percent of global gross domestic product. a

## References
Xinjiang internment camps

The **Xinjiang internment camps**, officially called **Xinjiang** **Vocational Education and Training Centers** (Chinese: 新疆职业技能教育培训中心) by the government of China, are internment camps run by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and its Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Human Rights Watch says that they have been used to imprison Uyghurs and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a "people's war on terror," a policy announced in 2014. The camps have been criticized by many countries and human rights organizations for alleged human rights abuses.

## Notes
## References
Women in the history of Manipur kingdom

Manipuri women have been known for their valor, skill and active involvement in social, economic, political and cultural activities, besides holding almost all the household responsibilities as a mother, wife, daughter, sister and daughter in law.

Thomas Callan Hodson, the then British Political Agent of 1908 Manipur, quoted in his monograph, The Meitheis, as follows:

"The women hold a high and free position in Manipur, all the integral trade and exchange of the produce of the country being managed by them. The habit of the country is to have bazars (markets) at convenient spots by the road side, where a handful of women congregate at the early hour...!"

## List
### Leima Linthoingambi
Leima Linthoingambi was the queen of king Ningthoukhomba (1432-1567) of Manipur. During the invasion of the Ankla tribes, the king had to proceed at the war field. At the King's absence in the capital city, the Tangkhul tribes raided the city. But in disguise as the king, the queen resisted their revolution by offering strong wine at the king's absence. With her wits, the kingdom was saved. This account is recorded in the Ningthourol Lambuba.

### Kuranganayani
Kuranganayani, originally known as Shija Phongalokpi, is the biological daughter of King Gaurishyam and the adoptive daughter of King Bhagyachandra. She was offered hand in marriage to the Ahom king to strengthen the relationship between the two kingdoms as well as to get military aid from the Ahoms for the Meiteis to resist the Burmese conquest of Manipur. But she turned out to be a heroine even in the Ahom kingdom. It was she who saved the Ahom kingdom from the hands of the Moamoriya revolts.

### Yairipok Thambalnu
Thambalnu was a lady (Meitei Nupi) from a poor family in Yairipok town of Manipur. But her beauty and charm causes conflicts among many able men in the kingdom in her times. During flood times from the Imphal river in the kingdom, the Royal Oracle proclaimed that the water god Wangbren will be pleased if a young girl is offered to Him. Since Thambalnu became a problem for numerous men, she was chosen to be offered to the deity. So, she was forcibly (or voluntarily) put in sacrifice to the strong river flow. After her death, the flood was also gone.

## Other websites
* The Role Of Manipuri Women In Administration Part 2
* The Role Of Manipuri Women In Administration Part 3
* Role of Women in Manipur 2
* Manipur A womans world By Ashwini Sunil
* Manipuri women and their tolerance By Nganthoi Lourembam
* Meitei Women in Collectives Gender Roles and Potentials Part 1 By Ningthoujam Irina
* Meitei Women in Collectives Gender Roles and Potentials Part 2 By Ningthoujam Irina
* Meitei Women in Collectives Gender Roles and Potentials Part 3 By Ningthoujam Irina
* Patriarchy in Disguise The Role and Status of Women of Meitei society in Manipur Part 1
* Patriarchy in Disguise The Role and Status of Women of Meitei society in Manipur Part 2
* Ningol Chakouba Festival Giving respect to Girls and Women By Moirangthem Jiban
* True Spirit Of Ningol Chakouba by Seram Neken
* Manipuri Women A Complete Person By Seram Neken
* Women in Manipur

## References
Gun buyback program

A **gun buyback program**, or **gun buyback scheme**, is a gun policy that would allow the government to purchase privately owned firearms to reduce firearms in a country, especially those sold on the streets. A buy back program would provide a process whereby civilians can sell their privately owned firearms to the government without risk of prosecution.

## References
Kingdom of Sicily

The **Kingdom of Sicily** was a kingdom that existed in southern Italian Peninsula, what is now Sicily, Calabria, Basilicata, Apulia, Campania, and Molise.

## History 
### Norman conquest 
The Kingdom of Sicily succeeded the County of Sicily which was created in 1071 during the Norman conquest of the peninsula. 

### Angevin rule 
In 1282, there was a revolt against the Angevin rule, it threw off Charles of Anjou's rule of Sicily. The Angevins are able to maintain control in the main part of the kingdom which became commonly known as the Kingdom of Naples, named after its capital, Naples.

### Crown of Aragon 
From 1282 to 1409, Sicily was ruled by the Crown of Aragon. After 1302, the island kingdom was sometimes called the *Kingdom of Trinacria*, In 1816, the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

### Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 
In 1861, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was invaded and conquered by an Expedition Corp (Expedition of the Thousand) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification. After a referendum, Two Sicilies was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later, with several other northern city-states and duchies, formed the new Kingdom of Italy.

## References
Condolence book

, signed by visiting G8 Foreign Ministers]]
A **condolence book** or **book of condolence** is a book in which people may write their condolences after a death or great tragedy.

After the death of a leading figure or great disaster, condolence books are put in public places for members of the general public to use.  When closed, the books are given to the relatives.

After especially notable deaths, official records of the condolences may be reprinted.  For example, after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the Government Printing Office published a leather-bound, gilt-edged collection of official condolences in 1867.

## References
Rohingya genocide

The **Rohingya genocide** is a series of war crimes committed against the Rohingya people by the Burmese military.

The genocide has been commited in two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that happened from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been happening since August 2017. The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh. Others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia.

## Background
Since Myanmar went independent in 1948, violence towards the Rohingya has happened from time to time.

## Events
Genocidal attacks against the Rohingya happened in August 2017, involving mass rapes, massacres and burning of villages. At least 700,000 Rohingya lost their homes and fled to Bangladesh. The displaced Rohingya lived in overcrowded camps, facing a humanitarian crisis. 

 gathered in Bangladesh for the International Rohingya Genocide Remembrance Day on August 25, 2023.]]

## Reactions
### United Nations
A fact-finding mission of the United Nations Human Rights Council concluded in September 2018 that Myanmar's government had committed crimes against humanity against the Rohingya.

### United States
On March 21, 2022, United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) to announce that the US government recognized the Rohingya genocide.

## Footnotes
## References
Community centre

**Community centres** or **community halls** are public locations where members of a community gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specific group within the greater community. Community centres can be religious in nature, such as Christian, Islamic, or Jewish community centres, or can be secular, such as youth clubs.ln Africa, they are public places where people gather or collect themselves for support, information, function or any given purpose

## References
Assault weapon

carbine is a semi-automatic rifle chambered for fixed centerfire ammunition that fires one round each time the trigger is pulled. The weapon features a pistol grip and a flash suppressor.]]

In the United States, the term ***assault weapon*** is used  for some types of firearms. Usually these arms have a detachable magazine, a pistol grip and some have a vertical forward grip, flash suppressor or barrel shroud. Some firearms are specified by name.

## References
COVID-19 lockdowns

COVID-19 pandemic caused many governments to limit the spread of the disease by adding stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, *cordons sanitaires* and similar societal restrictions. By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9&nbsp;billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments.

## References
Hybrid vehicle

A **hybrid vehicle** is a vehicle that uses two or more specific types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.

Switching from one to the other at the proper time while speeding up yields a win-win in terms of energy efficiency, as such that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.

## References
Te Pāti Māori

'***, known in English as the **Māori Party*', is a political party in New Zealand which supports the indigenous rights of the Māori people. 

## References
ACT New Zealand

**ACT New Zealand**, known simply as **ACT** (), is a right-wing, classical-liberal political party in New Zealand. According to former party leader Rodney Hide, ACT's values are "individual freedom, personal responsibility, doing the best for our natural environment and for smaller, smarter government in its goals of a prosperous economy, a strong society, and a quality of life that is the envy of the world".

ACT was briefly led by former National Party leader Don Brash for the 2011 election, after which the party caucus was reduced to one seat.

## References
Waitangi Day

**Waitangi Day** (), the national day of New Zealand, celebrates the anniversary of the initial signing  – on 6 February 1840 – of the Treaty of Waitangi, which is seen as the founding document of the nation. The first Waitangi Day was not celebrated until 1934, and it was made a national public holiday in 1974.

## References
Zhao Lijian

**Zhao Lijian** (; born 10 November 1972) is a Chinese politician and the deputy director of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Information Department.

## References
Suhayra Aden

**Suhayra Aden** (born 1995) is a New Zealander and former dual Australian citizen who travelled to Syria in 2014 to join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Because of her connections to ISIL, her Australian citizenship was removed. In February 2021, she was detained by Turkish authorities while trying to enter the country with her two children. Turkey dropped charges against Aden and began proceedings to deport her.

## References
British Vogue

'*British *Vogue'''* is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916. It is the British version of the American magazine *Vogue''. The magazine is considered to be one that connects fashion to high society and class.

## References
Time 100

'''*Time* 100** (often stylized as ***TIME* 100'*) is an annual article that lists 100 of the most influential people in the world. It is published by the American news magazine *Time''. It was first published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, the list is now a highly publicized annual event. 

Only the winner of the Reader's Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public.
 appeared once on *Time 100*.]]
 has made three appearances on *Time 100*]]

## Categories of Time 100 
* Artist
* Icons
* Pioneers
* Leaders
* Titans
* Innovators

## References
Italian lira

**Italian lira** was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002 and of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy between 1807 and 1814 and of the Albanian Kingdom between 1941 and 1943. Between 1999 and 2002, the Italian lira was officially a national subunit of the euro. The subdivison of the lira was Centesimi.

The official sign of the lira was ₤.

One United States dollar was equal to 1,591 lira.

## Banknotes 
The banknotes of the lira were the ₤1000, ₤2000, ₤5000, ₤10,000, ₤50,000, ₤100,000 and the ₤500,000. 

## Coins 
The coins of the lira were the ¢1, ¢2, ¢5, ¢10, ¢20, ¢25, ¢50, ₤1, ₤2, ₤5, ₤10, ₤20, ₤50, ₤100, ₤200, ₤500, ₤1000.
Grape juice

**Grape juice** comes from crushing and blending grapes into liquid form. Sugars in grape juice allow it to be used for a sweetener.

In North America, the most common grape juice is purple. The juice is made from Concord grape. White grape juice is made from Niagara grapes. In California, Sultana grapes are sometimes used from the raisin or table grape to produce white juice.

Grape juice from concentrate means that excess water from the grapes was removed. This makes grape juice more concentrated. This allows grape juice to be compressed and frozen. It makes the packaging and transport easier. Water is then added to the juice before being sold. 

A major brand of American grape juice, Welch's, is made from Concord grapes, using an entire grape (pulp, skin and seeds). A small amount of citric acid is naturally found in grapes. It may be added for tart taste and antioxidant properties.

## References
Prospect (magazine)

***Prospect*** is a monthly British general-interest magazine, specializing in politics, economics, culture, arts, and current affairs. 

The magazine was launched in October 1995 by David Goodhart.

Some of the world's leading intellectuals have featured in Prospect in the last few years.

*Prospect* received worldwide attention in October 2005 when it published its list of the world's top 100 public intellectuals, which included Noam Chomsky, Umberto Eco, Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker and Christopher Hitchens.

## References