Ötzi the Iceman

**Ötzi the Iceman**, or **Otzi**, (pronounced as **Œtsi**, in German), is a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived about 5,300 years ago. 

The mummy was found in September 1991 by two German hikers in the Schnalstal glacier, Ötzti Alps, near Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.

He is also known as **the Iceman**, **Similaun Man**, **Frozen Fritz**, and **Man from Hauslabjoch**. He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered a new picture of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.

## Border issues
Ötzi was found on a mountain ridge, at the Austrian-Italian border. This border changed after the First World War, when Austria had to give the southern part of the state of Tyrol to Italy. It is now known as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. 

When Ötzi was discovered, the border was fixed on the watershed of the ridge where he was found. The problem with this is that the ridge is usually covered by a glacier, which was also the case in 1919 and 1920. When the border was fixed, the expert team supposed that the watershed was straight below the glacier. The border was fixed that way in 1922 and 1926. The body was found on the Austrian side of the slope. 
However, measurements done in 1993 showed that the border is in fact 93 metres from the place where Ötzi was found, on Italian territory. Since 2006, there is a new contract which fixes the border between Austria and Italy: In the case of glaciers, the border is taken on the surface of the glacier, and no longer on the watershed below. This also means that the border is now variable, and depending on the state of the glacier, the place where Ötzi was found is in Austria or in Italy.

Ötzi's body and belongings are now displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano in the Southern Tyrol (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol).

## Rewarding the finders 
The hikers who found Ötzi, Helmut and Erika Simon, fought a long legal battle for a suitable reward. After many court hearings, the provincial government agreed to pay Erika Simon €150,000. By that time 17 years had passed, and her husband was dead.

## Cause of death 
In 2001 X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he died, and a matching small tear on his coat. This led researchers to think Ötzi died of blood loss from the wound, which would likely have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been available. 

Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death. Close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest. One of the cuts was to the base of his thumb that reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death.  

Scans also suggested that Ötzi had a head injury. Today, many researchers believe this blow to the head caused his death. They do not know whether the head injury was accidental or done intentionally by another person. 
 clothing worn by Ötzi]]

## Tattoos
Ötzi has the oldest preserved tattoos in the world. These include 61 marks made from fireplace soot and ash.  There are groups of short, parallel, vertical lines to both sides of the lumbar spine, cross-shaped marks on his right knee and right ankle, and parallel lines on his left wrist. 

X-ray examination of his bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" in these areas. These tattoos may have been related to pain relief treatments similar to acupuncture. If so, this is at least 2000 years before their previously known earliest use in China (c. 1000 BC).  

## Fungi 
According to Poder (2005), inside Ötzi's girdle bag researchers found a substance made from *Fomes fomentarius*, a fungus that was likely used as fuel for starting fires. They also found pieces of *Piptoporus betulinus*, a fungus that grows on birch trees. Scientists believe these fungi could have had several purposes, including treating illnesses or spiritual reasons.  

However, further research has challenged many of these ideas. For example, it was once thought that Otzi used the second type of fungi to treat intestinal parasites, but later studies found that the fungus did not contain the medicinal compound initially suspected to be there. Thus, this leaves the fungi's true purpose unclear. 

## Ötzi's DNA 
DNA sequence analysis has shown that Ötzi was a middle-aged, brown-eyed man with type O blood who was lactose intolerant and was likely to suffer heart disease. He was more closely related to modern Corsicans and Sardinians than to populations in the Alps, where he was discovered. His ancestors probably came from the Middle East as agriculture became more widespread. 

He is also the first known case of a person infected by the Lyme disease bacterium.

## References