open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Deva (composer)

**Devanesan Chokkalingam**, also known as **Deva**, is an Indian movie composer and singer. He has composed songs and provided background music for Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada movies in a career spanning about 36 years. Many know his gaana songs, written mostly with the help of Madras Tamil. He is known as the "Father of the Gaana Genre" in the Tamil movie industry.

Deva has composed music for many movies during the course of his life. His first movie as a music director was *Manasukkeththa Maharasa* in 1989. Since then, he has composed music for more than 400 movies.

## Personal life 
Deva was born to M. C. Chokkalingam and M. C. Krishnaveni on November 20th, 1950. Even in his childhood, Deva was attracted to the world of music. Teaming up with lyricist Chandrabose, he performed many musical programmes on stage. As he was growing up, he started learning classical music under Dhanraj. Later he completed a course in Western music at the Trinity College of Music in London. 

His son Srikanth Deva is also a music director. Deva's brothers are also music directors, forming the duo Sabesh-Murali. His nephew Jai is an actor.
## Career 
Before coming to Tamil cinema, Deva worked in the television field. In those days Deva's brothers were working in the musical group of Ilaiyaraja, and similar to the case of other music directors, as musicians playing instruments.  His first movie, Maattukkara Mannaru, was released in 1986. He was then called to work on the movie *Vaigasi Poranthachu*. After the release of *Vaigasi Poranthachu*, his name became known throughout the Tamil community.

So far he has composed music for more than 400 movies, which include Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam movies. He is also famous for his compositions for religious movies. He was widely renowned for his music for Rajinikanth acted *Basha movie*.
In 2014, Anirudh Ravichander chose Deva to sing a gaana song in his album *Maan Karate* and labelled Deva as the "father of the Gaana genre".

## Honours
Veteran music director M. S. Viswanathan awarded the title **Thenisai Thendral** upon Deva, for his contributions to Tamil cinema.

## References
Shivalinga (2017 movie)

***Sivalinga*** is Tamil mystery horror comedy movie directed by P. Vasu with Raghava Lawrence and Ritika Singh in the leading roles. This movie is a remake of Vasu's earlier 2016 Kannada movie of the same name. The project in Tamil, began production in July 2016.

## Roles 
# Raghava Lawrence as Shivalingeswaran 
# Shakthi Vasudevan as Raheem 
# Ritika Singh as Sathyabhama 
# Radharavi as Krishnamoorthy 
# Chalapathi Rao 
# Vadivelu as Pattukunjam 
# Brahmanandam 
# Santhana Bharathi as Raheem's father 
# Ajay Ghosh as Raheem's father
# Jayaprakash as Mr Viswanatha 
# VTV Ganesh as N.Murali 
# Raghu Babu as N.Murali
# Urvashi as Arasuvai Annalakshmi 
# Bhanupriya as Sarala 
# Saara Deva as Sangeetha 
# Madhuvanti Arun 
# Bharathi 
# Pradeep Rawat as Baba 
# Zakir Hussain as Pigeon Race Organizer 
# Danny Kuttappa 
# P. Vasu in a brief appearance in the song Saarah Saarah

## Plot
The story revolves around a ghost who when alive was murdered and the case moves to the CID. The CID who deals the case is Shivalingeshwaran. The ghost captures the body of Sathya who is the wife of Shivalingesh and makes her move in a misbehaving way. Later the ghost asks Shiva to help him get revenge of the murderers.

## Commercial success
This movie became a commercial success in both Tamil and Telugu.

## References
Maroons

**Maroon** are Africans who escaped from the slavery in the Americas and who mixed with the native Americans. The fabric of slavery faced a formidable challenge as significant numbers of Africans sought refuge in remote areas, crafting what became known as maroon communities. Sprouting across the Americas, notably in the Caribbean and Brazil, these communities thrived with their distinct culture, governance, commerce, and defensive structures, defying the dominion of European and American oppressors. Their aspiration was simple yet profound: to carve out lives of liberty, beyond the reach and sway of plantation owners or colonial authorities.

The term "maroon," documented in English since 1666, draws its origins from different sources. Some suggest it stems from the French "marron," denoting a "runaway black slave," while others link it to the American/Spanish "cimarrón," meaning a "wild runaway slave," often described as "the untamable beast" or "dwelling on mountaintops." Initially, the Spanish applied this term to their wandering cattle, with "cimarrón" believed to derive from "cima," meaning "summit."

## Maroon Communities 
Most of the Maroon lived around Caribbean Island, and in Americas. 

* Brazil
* Jamaica
* Haiti
* Suriname (the former Dutch Guiana)
* Cuba
* Puerto Rico
* St. Vincent 
* Guyana
* Dominica
* Panama
* Colombia
* Mexico
* Amazon River Basin

## References
S. A. Chandrasekhar

**S. A. Chandrasekhar** is an Indian movie director, producer and writer who mostly works in Tamil movies. Chandrasekhar made his debut as a director with *Sattam Oru Iruttarai* (1981) and went on to direct movie with social based or society based themes.

## Personal life 
S. A. Chandrasekhar is from Thangachimadam, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. He is married to Shoba, a carnatic singer. He is the father of famous Tamil actor Vijay. His son made his debut movie in *Naalaiya Theerpu* which was directed by him. His brother-in-law S. N. Surendar is an playback singer and voice artist.

## Movie career 
Chandrasekar has directed over 70 movies in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi. Some of his hits include *Vetri*, *Naan Sigappu Manithan*, and *Mutham*. He also directed some Telugu movies such as *Chattaniki Kallu Levu* with actor Chiranjeevi. Most of his movies are with Vijayakanth. He has appeared in supporting roles in some movies like *Naan Sivappu Manithan*.
## References
Muni (movie)

**Muni** is a 2007 Tamil horror comedy film written and directed by Raghava Lawrence who also plays the lead role. Vedhicka, Rajkiran, Kovai Sarala and Rahul Dev played supporting roles in the film.The film released on 9 March 2007 along with a Telugu dubbed version of same name. This film gained average reviews and average box office collections. This movie is the 1000th movie of actor Vinu Chakravarthy..
## Story
The story revolves around Ganesh (Raghava Lawrence) who has fear of ghost and his family in a haunted house. Ganesh always fears to move out of the house after 6pm due to his fear. Unknowingly his father (Vinu Chakravarthy) buys a house where Muni, a person, was murdered long ago. His ghost was also moving around the house. Muni enters Ganesh's body and Ganesh starts behaving in a rude manner. His family could not understand why his behavior is weird so they seek the help of a priest (Nassar). Priest asks the ghost about his own flashback. The ghost says that he is Muniyaandi (Rajkiran) and starts saying his flashback.

Muniyaandi was a kind-hearted poor man living in the slums with his daughter and other people. Muni's friend is Marakka Dhandapani MLA (Kadhal Dhandapani) uses him to win in elections. The MLA promises that he would give lands to the poor villagers. Dhandapani wins the election but he cheats Muni and the villagers. Muni fights with Dhandapaani but he kills both him and his daughter. Dhandapani lies to the villagers saying that Muni and his daughter had moved with the money he had given him for the welfare of the villagers.

Ganesh with the ghost in him, enters Dhandapani's household and scares him and his assistants. Dhandapaani comes to know that the ghost of Muni is inside Ganesh's body so he gets a shaman (Rahul Dev) to save his life. Muni agrees to leave Dhandapani if he tells the truth to the villagers and give them the money. He tells the truth and gives the money. But Dhandapani was planning to get back all his money from the villagers. Ganesh upon hearing this kills Dhandapaani, but acts like as Muni's ghost killed him. The shaman knowing that Ganesh killed him and not the ghost, didn't tell the truth seeing the injustice made by Dhandapani.
## Box office 
The film earned (grossed) around Rs. 15 crore worldwide and became a commercial success.
## Muni series
Success of this film led to a horror comedy film series by Raghava Lawrence. He made two more films from this series named Muni2: Kanchana and Muni3: Kanchana 2. These two films are also commercially successful.
## References
Microsoft 4Afrika

**Microsoft 4Afrika** is a market development engine in Africa started by Microsoft  to create technology for the world by using talent of Africans. Microsoft 4Afrika invests in World-class skills, Access and Innovation.  It was launched in February 2013. Microsoft launched 4Afrika Initiative in Rwanda on 3 April 2013.

This project of 75 million USD aims to increase internet accessibility via smart devices, educate the African web developers and promote new Africentric technologies. Since 2013, 4Afrika is investing on the entrepreneurs, youth, small businesses, governments and markets. Microsoft partnered with Kenya's Ministry of Information and Communication and Indigo Telecom to reach underserved communities via solar-powered base stations.  4Afrika helps developers create and monetise their applications, and gain experience working with senior software developers in a number of programmes. It provides internships for the youth and education youth.  Microsoft 4Afrika with Wollo University and Tulane University – Center for Global Health Equity (CGHE) launched AppFactory Academy in Ethiopia for Wollo University IT graduates, and related computing discipline graduates.

Microsoft 4Afrika camps in the following African countries:

## References
Ghulam Ali Wahdat

**Ghulam Ali wahdat** is an ethnic Hazara politician in Afghanistan. He was the governor of Bamyan Province from (October, 2013 to June, 2015).

Gholamali Vahdat, son of Nawazesh Ali, was born in the year 1962 in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan.

## References
Angloposeidon

The ***Angloposeidon*** is a big sauropod dinosaur that lived in the early Cretaceous period. It mainly lived in present-day England. Its fossil back bone was found on the Isle of Wight.

## References
Qasim Akhgar

**Qasim Akhgar**, was a Hazara writer, researcher, activism and theorists from Afghanistan.

Qasim Akhgar, was born in 1951 in Kabul, Afghanistan. He died after an illness in 2013 in Kabul, Afghanistan.

## References
K. Balachander filmography

***K. Balachander*** has written, directed nearly 80 movies. He has worked in more than 100 movies either as director or writer in many languages. Those languages are Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and Kannada.
## Movies 
## Other websites 
* 
* Official website of *Kavithalaaya*
Dhyāna sutras

The **Dhyāna sutras** (Chan-jing) are a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which contain meditation teachings from the Sarvastivada school along with some early proto-Mahayana meditations. They were mostly the work of Buddhist Yoga teachers from Kashmir. They were influential in Chinese Buddhist meditation.  We only have them in Chinese translation.

The five main types of meditation in these sutras are:

* anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing),
* paṭikūlamanasikāra meditation - mindfulness of the impurities of the body,
* loving-kindness maitrī meditation,
* the contemplation on the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda,
* the contemplation on the Buddha's thirty-two characteristics.

## References
Grand Traverse County, Michigan

**Grand Traverse County** is a county in Michigan. Its county seat is Traverse City. It is a very popular tourist destination during the summer.

## Communities 
**Cities:**
* Traverse City
**Villages:**
* Fife Lake
* Kingsley
**CDPs**
* Chums Corner
* Grawn
* Interlochen
**Unincorporated Communities**

## References
Raghava Lawrence

**K. Raghava Lawrence** is an Indian choreographer, an actor, director, composer and playback singer. He made his debut as a choreographer in 1993. He began his career as an actor in 1998, in a Telugu film. Most of his Telugu films were dubbed by artists. He became famous in Telugu cinema through the film Style. In Tamil, he became famous through the Muni film series.
Lawrence is also known for his complicated hip-hop and westernised dance moves. He has won four Filmfare Awards and three Nandi Awards for best choreography. He is also known for his social services and the temple he built for his living mother Kanmani. He was born In Andhra Pradeah.

## Social Services
* In 2015, after the death of former Indian president A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Lawrence set up a charity trust in his name and donated Rs.1 crore to it.
* He helped for curing heart problems for children.
* Raghava gave his personal fund of 1 crores to provide food for the protestants of the Jallikattu Protests.
* He also helped people during the Cyclone Vardah in Chennai.
## Filmography
### Director
### Dancer
## Reference
María Martha Serra Lima

**María Martha Serra Lima** (December 19, 1944 – November 2, 2017) was an Argentine singer. She was born in Buenos Aires. Serra Lima was first signed on to a record label in 1977, and became famous across Latin America and in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s. Her albums became hits in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and elsewhere in the region, apart from her home country.

Serra Lima died in Miami, Florida on November 2, 2017 at the age of 72.

## References
Dina Wadia

**Dina Wadia** (15 August 1919 – 2 November 2017) was an Indian political figure. She was born in London. Her father was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. She was married to Neville Wadia from 1938 until they divorced in 1943.

Wadia died at her home in New York City of pneumonia on 2 November 2017 at the age of 98.

## References
Coming of age

**Coming of age** is a young person moving on from being a child to being an adult. The specific age at which this happens takes place sometimes depends on societies and the nature of the change. It can be for legal reasons or can be part of a ritual or spiritual event.

In the past, and in some societies today, such a change is often seen with the age of sexual maturity (puberty), especially menarche and spermarche. In others, it is connected with an age of religious responsibility. 

Many cultures have ceremonies to make the coming of age official. This transition has also become well known in cultural media such as through coming-of-age stories that have became genres in movies and stories.

## References
Richard E. Cavazos

**Richard Edward Cavazos** (January 31, 1929 – October 29, 2017), was a United States Army four-star general. He was a Korean War recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross as a first lieutenant. He advanced in rank to become the United States Army's first Hispanic four-star general.  

During the Vietnam War, as a lieutenant colonel, Cavazos was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross.  In 1976, Cavazos became the first Mexican American to reach the rank of brigadier general in the U.S. Army. 

Cavazos served for thirty-three years, with his final command as head of the U.S. Army Forces Command.

Cavazos died at the age of 88 in San Antonio, Texas on October 29, 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease.

## References
Fred Beckey

**Friedrich Wolfgang Beckey** (14 January 1923 – 30 October 2017), known as **Fred Beckey**, was an American rock climber, mountaineer and author. He made hundreds of first ascents, more than any other North American climber. In 2003, his 563-page book on the history of the region, *Range of Glaciers*, was published by the Oregon Historical Society Press. Between climbs, he wrote several books, most notably the *Cascade Alpine Guide*.

Beckey was born in Düsseldorf, Germany. He studied at the University of Washington. Beckey died on 30 October 2017 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 94.

## References
Daniel Viglietti

**Daniel Alberto Viglietti Indart** (24 July 1939 – 30 October 2017) was an Uruguayan folk singer, guitarist, composer, and political activist. He was one of the main singers of Uruguayan popular song and also of the *Nueva Canción* or "New Song" of the 1960s and early 1970s. Viglietti was imprisoned in 1972 by his own government. He was an activist against fascism in South America during the 1970s.

## References
Abbas Zandi

**Abbas Zandi** (; 3 June 1930 &ndash; 30 October 2017) was an Iranian Freestyle Wrestler, national champion, and coach. He was born in Tehran. Zandi had competed in three Olympic games including 1948 London, 1952 Helsinki and 1956 Melbourne.

## References
Mario das Neves

**Mario das Neves** (April 27, 1951 – October 31, 2017) was an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. He was the governor of the Argentine province of Chubut from 2003 through 2011 and again from 2015 until his death in 2017. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Das Neves died of cardiopulmonary arrest on October 31, 2017 in Rawson, Chubut at the age of 66.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile, *La Nación*, 2003-11-10
*'Das Neves celebrates his triumph in Chubut', *La Nación*, 2003-11-10
*Profile at Chubut government
Papi Oviedo

**Gilberto "Papi" Oviedo la Portilla** (9 February 1938 – 31 October 2017) was a Cuban tres player. He was born in La Habana. He started playing the tres when he was about 15. Oviedo was the tres player in Elio Revé's band for 13 years. He has been on tour with Buena Vista Social Club exposing the son style to wider audiences.

Oviedo died of lung cancer in Havana, Cuba on 31 October 2017 at the age of 79.

## References
Yisrael Rosen

**Yisrael Rosen** () (May 1941 &ndash; November 2, 2017) was an Orthodox Israeli rabbi. He founded the office for conversion to Judaism in the Chief Rabbinate of Israel and he was a judge there. He was born in Tel Aviv.

Rosen was the director of the Zomet Institute for the interface of Halakha and technology and also the editor-in-chief of the Zomet annual journal *Techumin*.  He edited a weekly newsletter called ''Shabbat B'Shabbato''.

Rosen died on November 2, 2017 in Alon Shevut, a West Bank settlement, of pancreatic cancer at the age of 76.

## References
Aboubacar Somparé

**El Hajj Aboubacar Somparé** (31 August 1944 – 2 November 2017) was a Guinean politician. He was President of the National Assembly of Guinea from 2002 to 2008. He was previously Guinea's Ambassador to France from 1978 to 1984 and was Secretary-General of the Unity and Progress Party (PUP) from 1995 to 2002. He served as Interim President of Guinea from 22 December 2008 through 24 December 2008.

Somparé died on 2 November 2017 in Ratoma, Guinea at the age of 73.
## References
Vinu Chakravarthy

**Vinu Chakravarthy** (15 December 1945 &ndash; 27 April 2017) was an Indian actor (actor who acted in many language movies), writer and director. He had acted in about 1000 movies. *Muni* of Raghava Lawrence is Vinu Chakravarthy's 1000th movie. He acted in 900+ Tamil movies, 50 Malayalam movies, 5 Telugu movies, Some Kannada movies and 1 Badaga language movie.
## Life
Chakravarthy was born on December 15, 1945, in Usilampatti. His parents are Adimoola Thevar and Manjuvani Ammal. He studied at Wesley School, Royapettah. He got degree in commerce from A. M. Jain College. He was the eldest son among other 3 sons and a daughter.
## Movie career
Chakravarthy was working as a script writer for Kannada director Puttanna Kanagal. He was noticed by movie producer Tiruppur Mani who in 1977, gave him a role in the Kannada film Parasangada Gendetimma. This movie was later remade into Tamil. Since then, Chakravarthy has made over 1,000 films in four South Indian languages - 900 in Tamil, 30 in Malayalam, 5 in Telugu and one in Badaga language. His last movie was Vaayai Mudi Pesavum in 2014.
## Death
He died at the age of 71 due to illness in the year 2017.
## References
Fano

**Fano** is a city and *comune* of the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region, central Italy.

It is a beach resort  southeast of Pesaro, along the Adriatic Sea. It is the third city in the region by population after Ancona and Pesaro.

## Geography
Fano is on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The *comune* of Fano has an area of  and its altitude is  above sea level.

### *Frazioni*
The following *frazioni* (hamlets) are part of Fanoː

# Bellocchi
# Camminate
# Carignano
# Carrara di Fano
# Centinarola
# Cuccurano
# Falcineto
# Fenile
# Magliano
# Marotta
# Metaurillia
# Ponte Sasso
# Roncosambaccio
# Rosciano
# Sant'Andrea in Villis
# Torrette di Fano
# Tre Ponti.

## Population
There are 60,852 persons living in the *comune* in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**

Colors=
  id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
  id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.7)
  id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
  id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

ImageSize = width:500 height:373
PlotArea = left:50 bottom:30 top:30 right:30
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:70000
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:10000 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5000 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData=
 bar:1961 text:1961
 bar:1971 text:1971
 bar:1981 text:1981
 bar:1991 text:1991
 bar:2001 text:2001
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2017 text:2017

PlotData=
 color:barra width:30 align:left

  bar:1961 from:0 till: 41033
  bar:1971 from:0 till: 47857
  bar:1981 from:0 till: 52116
  bar:1991 from:0 till: 53909
  bar:2001 from:0 till: 57529
  bar:2011 from:0 till: 62901
  bar:2017 from:0 till: 60852

PlotData=
  bar:1961 at: 41033 fontsize:S text: 41,033 shift:(-13,5)
  bar:1971 at: 47857 fontsize:S text: 47,857 shift:(-15,5)
  bar:1981 at: 52116 fontsize:S text: 52,116 shift:(-15,5)
  bar:1991 at: 53909 fontsize:S text: 53,909 shift:(-15,5)
  bar:2001 at: 57529 fontsize:S text: 57,529 shift:(-15,5)
  bar:2011 at: 62901 fontsize:S text: 62,901 shift:(-15,5)
  bar:2017 at: 60852 fontsize:S text: 60,852 shift:(-15,5)

The people from this *comune* are known, in Italian, as *fanesi*.

## Twinned towns
Famo is twinned with:

* Rastatt, Germany
* Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône, France
* St. Albans, United Kingdom
* Stribro, Czech Republic

## Gallery

File:586FanoPalazzoRagione.JPG|*Palazzo della Ragione*.
File:598FanoCattedrale.JPG|*Duomo* of Fano.
File:589FanoSPietro.JPG|*San Pietro ad Vallum* church.
File:Fano, Mura 01.jpg|*Porta Maggiore* and *Arco di Augusto*.

## References
## Other websites
*Fano official website
Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani

Sheikh **Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani** (born 3 June 1980 in Doha, Qatar) is the current Emir of Qatar. Tamim is the fourth son of his father, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the previous Emir of Qatar and second son of Moza bint Nasser. Tamim became Emir on 25 June 2013. He is the youngest reigning monarch of a sovereign nation.

## Education 
He studied in the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst where he graduated in 1998.

## References
## Other websites
* Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Official website
Reborrowing

**Reborrowing** is when words of a certain language are borrowed into a different language, when the new language creates new words using the loanwords or roots they borrowed, and either when the newly created words are introduced to the language that the old loanwords came from.

Examples of this can be found in many languages.

## From Greek to English, and back into Greek 
English uses many loanwords borrowed from French, Latin, and Greek, which is why many scientific words are made using words and word roots from these same languages. For example, the word "telegram" comes from the Greek roots "tele-", which means "distant/far", and "-gram/-graph", which means "writing", thus a telegram is a machine that sends written messages from far away. This word came back into Greek as τηλεγράφημα *telegráfima*.
Moza bint Nasser

**Moza bint Nasser** (Arabic:**موزا بنت ناصر**)(Born on 8 August 1959 in Doha, Qatar) is the wife of former Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and mother of current Emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. She is chairperson of Qatar Foundation and founder of Silatech. She was UNESCO's Special Envoy for Basic and Higher Education in 2003. She has also been named as one of Forbes' 100 Most Powerful Women at #75.

## Early Life
Sheikha Moza was born on August 8, 1959 in Al-Khor, Qatar. She married with Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani in 1977 at the age of 18. She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology from Qatar University in 1986.

Sheikh Hammad has seven children with Sheikha Mozah:

*Sheikh Jasim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
*Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of Qatar
*Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani
*Sheikh Joaan bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
*Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
*Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani
*Sheikha Hind bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani.

## Honours
Among Sheikha Moza’s many honours are :

*Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) (2010, UK).
*Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts (2009, France).
*Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (07/11/2007, Italy).
*Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Virginia Commonwealth University (2003, Richmond, Virginia).
*Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Carnegie Mellon University (2006, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).
*Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (20/04/2011, Spain).
*Dame of the Order of the Smile (2012).

## References
Peter MacGregor-Scott

**Peter MacGregor-Scott** (December 28, 1947 – October 25, 2017) was an American movie producer. He was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. He produced the 1997 movie, *Batman & Robin*. He also produced the Cheech & Chong movie ''Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers*, *Still Smokin* and *Born in East L.A.*. Others are *The Whoopee Boys* and *Death to Smoochy''.

MacGregor-Scott was involved in a traffic collision in New York City which would result in his death on October 25, 2017, aged 69.

## References
Vernier

**Vernier** is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It has villages of Vernier Village, Le Lignon, Aïre, Les Avanchets, Cointrin and Châtelaine. As of 31 December 2016, 34,983 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Vernier
Chair of the Federal Reserve

The **Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System** is the head of the central banking system of the United States. The job is known as "Chair of the Fed" or "Fed Chair". The chair is in charge of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among members of the Board of Governors; and serves for four-year-terms after appointment. A chair may be appointed for many terms. William Martin was the longest serving chair, holding the position from 1951 to 1970. 

The current chair is Jerome Powell upon taking office on February 5, 2018.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Public Statements of the Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, via the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank
*Nomination hearings, conducted in the Senate, for Chairs and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
*Timeline of Federal Reserve Chairs with related resources
Minnesota State University, Mankato

**Minnesota State University, Mankato** (**Minnesota State**) is the largest and second oldest university in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. It is one of the largest universities in Minnesota. The nickname for the sports teams is the Mavericks. Minnesota State is located in Mankato, Minnesota a city southwest of the Twin Cities. It has a big business impact on southern Minnesota. Its stadium was where the Vikings came to practice in the summer. It was also linked to the Coach (TV series). Its sports teams have won several national championships at the National Collegiate Athletics Association's Division II level.
Minnesota State University, Mankato

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Minnesota State Athletics website
Jerome Powell

**Jerome Hayden Powell** (born February 4, 1953) is an American lawyer. He is the 16th and current Chair of the Federal Reserve since February 2018 and a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and has served since 2012 upon being nominated by President Barack Obama.

On November 2, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Powell to serve as the next Chair of the Federal Reserve. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 31, 2018 and took office on February 5, 2018.

## Early life
Powell was born in Washington, D.C.. He studied at Princeton University and at Georgetown University. In 1975-1976, he spent a year as a legislative assistant to Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania.

## Early career
From 1984 to 1990, Powell worked at Dillon, Read & Co.. Between 1990 and 1993, Powell worked in the United States Department of the Treasury, at which time Nicholas F. Brady, the former chairman of Dillon, Read & Co., was the United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1992, Powell became the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance after being nominated by George H. W. Bush.

In 1993, Powell began working as a managing director for Bankers Trust, but he quit in 1995. Powell founded Severn Capital Partners, a private investment firm focused on specialty finance and opportunistic investments in the industrial sector.

## Federal Reserve Board of Governors
In December 2011, Powell was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors by President Barack Obama. He took office on May 25, 2012. In January 2014, he was nominated for another term, and, in June 2014, he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 67-24 vote for a 14-year term ending January 31, 2028. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on January 23, 2018 by a 85-12 vote.

## Chair of the Federal Reserve
On November 2, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Powell to serve as the Chair of the Federal Reserve.

With his term as chair expiring in February 2022, many Democrats began wanting President Joe Biden to pick a replacement. Powell was renominated for a second term by President Joe Biden on November 22, 2021. His nomination for another term as chair was confirmed by the full U.S. Senate on May 12, 2022 in an 80-19 vote.

## Personal life
In 1985, Powell married Ellissa Leonard. They have three children.

Powell's net worth is estimated to be in a range between $4.7 million and $55 million.

## References
## Other websites
* Statements and Speeches of Jerome H. Powell
*
Francia

**Francia** was a kingdom founded in 481 AD. It may also be called the **Kingdom of the Franks**, **Frankish Kingdom**, or **Frankish Empire**. It was first a province of the Western Roman Empire founded by Clovis I. Before that it was a Germanic state. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, West Francia became the predecessor of France, and East Francia became that of Germany.

## History and Origins 
Franks used to inhabit the area of the Rhine River (currently in Germany and the Netherlands). At the time the Roman Empire was losing control in the 400s, the Franks invaded an area known as Gaul (today, France).

## The Two Dynasties 
The kingdom was ruled by two main families, or "dynasties":

### The Merovingians (481–751): 
* Clovis I was the great king first. He brought together all the Frankish tribes. 
* He turned to Christianity and this saw him find support of the Church. 
* Merovingians were referred to as the long haired kings as they thought that their strength lay in their hair.

### The Carolingians (751–843): 
* This family replaced the Merovingian kings who were weakened. 
* Charles Martel (or the Hammer) was one of the well known rulers who repelled an invading army in the Battle of Tours in 732. 
* The most renowned Frankish king was Charlemagne (Charles the Great). The Pope made him Holy Roman Emperor in the year 800.

## Key Events Timeline 
## How the Kingdom Ended 
Franks also had a tradition in which when a king passed away the territory was distributed among all his sons. This caused many wars. The empire was officially divided into three parts in 843 in the Treaty of Verdun: 

* West Francia: This was the nation of France. 
* East Francia: This was turned into the German country. 
* Middle Francia: This was an intermediate zone that was later to vanish.

## Why It Matters 
* The country is called France because of the term Frank.
* They were the ones who contributed to the proliferation of Christianity in Europe. 
* They established numerous laws and orders, which defined the Middle Ages.
Vladimir Makanin

, 2011]]

**Vladimir Semyonovich Makanin** (; 13 March 1937 &ndash; 1 November 2017) was a Russian writer. He was born in Orsk, Soviet Union. In 1963 he took a course in script-writing, and then worked in the publishing house *Sovietskiy Pisatel* (*The Soviet Writer*). Makanin's writing style may be categorized as realist. In 2012, he won the European Prize for Literature.

He was specialized in short stories and novels.

Makanin died on 1 November 2017 in Krasny, Russia at the age of 80. 

## Related pages
*List of Russian-language novelists

## References
Shahabuddin Ahmed

**Shahabuddin Ahmed** (1 February 1930 &ndash; 19 March 2022) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the 12th President of Bangladesh two times from 1990 until 1991 and from 1996 until 2001. He also served as the Chief Justice of the country from 1990 until 1995.

Ahmed took over the office of President after a popular uprising against President Hussain Muhammad Ershad in 1991. Afterwards, he returned to his duties as the Chief Justice following the amendment. Later, he served as the President from 1996 to 2001. During his first time in the Presidential office, he served as Acting President. Later when he again took over the office in 1996 he became the 12th President.

In February 2022, Ahmed was hospitalized in Dhaka, Bangladesh for an old age-related illness. He died on 19 March 2022 at the age of 92.

## References
Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar

**Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar** (born 1 December 1931) is a Bangladeshi barrister and politician. He was born in Tetulia, Panchagarh, Bengal Presidency, British India. He served as the acting President of Bangladesh in 2002. He served as the speaker of the Parliament of Bangladesh. He is one of the founding members of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and was a member of the standing committee. He established Barrister Jamiruddin Sircar Collegiate Institute in his birthplace, Panchagarh in 1990.

## References
Frederica Wilson

**Frederica Smith Wilson** (born **Frederica Patricia Smith**; November 5, 1942) is an American politician. She has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2011. Wilson's congressional district—numbered the 17th during her first two years in Congress, and the 24th since 2013.

She gained national attention in early 2012 as a result of her high-profile comments on the death of Trayvon Martin.

Wilson is a member of the Democratic Party.

## References
## Other websites
* Congresswoman Frederica Wilson official U.S. House site
* Frederica Wilson for U.S. Congress

* Representative Frederica S. Wilson (1998–2002) at the Florida House of Representatives
A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury

**Abul Qasim Muhammad Badruddoza Chowdhury** (11 October 1930 – 5 October 2024) was the 13th President of Bangladesh, serving from 14 November 2001 until his resignation on 21 June 2002. He was the founding secretary-general of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).

He was also a known physician, and former cultural activist, an author, essayist, playwright, television presenter and an orator of distinction.

## References
Renzo Calegari

**Renzo Calegari** (5 September 1933 – 5 November 2017) was an Italian comics artist. He was born in Genoa, Italy. His best known work was the long lasting comic book series *Storia del West*, which run from 1967 until 1980, and for which he illustrated many stories.

Calegari died on 5 November 2017 in Chiavari, Italy of complications from a stroke at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Renzo Calegari at *Lambiek*
William Deane

**Sir William Patrick Deane** (born 4 January 1931) is an Australian lawyer and judge. He served as the 22nd Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1996 to 2001. He was appointed to the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1977, and later that year was also appointed to the Federal Court of Australia. He was a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1982 to 1995.

Deane had a low profile during his five-year term, having no major constitutional issues, but did become notice by the global scale by officially opening the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Deane was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 10 August 1982, a few weeks after being appointed to the High Court.

## References
## Other websites
* Governor General of Australia – Official biography of Sir William Deane and Lady Deane , published by Government House, Canberra.
* A Mirror to the People, documentary film on the Office of Governor-General of Australia (1999), featuring Deane, Zelman Cowen and Ninian Stephen.
* High Court biography Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Bill Hayden

**William George "Bill" Hayden** (23 January 1933 – 21 October 2023) was an Australian politician. He served as the 21st Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1989 to 1996. He had been leader of the Labor Party from 1977 to 1983, as well serving as a cabinet minister in the Whitlam and Hawke Governments.

Hayden was elected to the House of Representatives when he was 28 years old. He replaced Jim Cairns as Treasurer in 1975, but served for only five months. 

In early 1977, Hayden challenged Whitlam for the party leadership and was defeated by just two votes. He replaced Whitlam as Leader of the Opposition at the end of the year when Whitlam resigned as a result of Labor's defeat at the 1977 election. He was replaced by Bob Hawke in 1983.

Hayden died in Queensland, Australia on 21 October 2023, after a long illness at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
John K. Singlaub

**John Kirk Singlaub** (July 10, 1921 &ndash; January 29, 2022) was an American OSS officer. He was a founding member of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and a major general in the United States Army.

## Early life
Singlaub was born in Independence, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. He served in the United States Army during World War II and parachuted into Occupied France to fight with the French Resistance.

## Criticism of Carter
In 1977, Singlaub was relieved from his position as Chief of Staff of US forces in South Korea after he had criticized President Jimmy Carter's decision to withdraw US troops from the Korean Peninsula in an interview with the *Washington Post*. Less than a year later, Singlaub was forced to retire after he had publicly questioned Carter's national security policies.

## Political activity
In 1979 Singlaub founded the Western Goals Foundation, a private intelligence network that was found to have supplied weapons to the contras during the Iran-Contra affair during the Ronald Reagan administration. Singlaub contributed to several books and wrote an autobiography.

Singlaub served as a leading figure in US national security and defense matters under both Democratic and Republican Presidents from Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson to Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon.

## Death
Singlaub turned 100 in July 2021, and died on January 29, 2022 in Franklin, Tennessee.

## References
## Other websites
*
Aminoglycoside

**Aminoglycosides** are antibiotics used for gram negative infections. Gram-negative means that the bacteria which cause the infection don't hold the color of a particular dye (Crystal Violet) when they're tested.

Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are usually taken by an injection into the vain or muscle but they can be given as a cream or ointment to prevent and treat skin infections, as eye drops for eye infections, as ear drops for ear infections and as a pill for intestinal infections but not for other internal infections.

Antibiotics from this family can be used in patients who are not able to take some regular antibiotics, such as Penicillin because of allergies.  The most common Aminoglycosides used as alternatives to Penicillin are Erythromycin (lit. *Red fungus*) and Clarithromycin (lit. *Yellow fungus*).  They're most commonly used in the treatment of bacterial infections, such as Bronchitis.

## Examples 

 File:Kanamycin A.svg|Kanamycin A
 File:Amikacin chair.svg|Amikacin
 File:Tobramycin.svg|Tobramycin
 File:Dibekacin.svg|Dibekacin
 File:Gentamicin C2.svg|Gentamicin
 File:Sisomicin.svg|Sisomicin
 File:Netilmicin structure.svg|Netilmicin
 File:Neomycin_B_C.svg|Neomycins B, C
 File:Paromomycin_structure.svg|Neomycin E (paromomycin)
 File:Streptomycin2.svg|Streptomycin
Jigsaw (Saw character)

holds a Jigsaw action figure at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, July 2010]]
**John Kramer**—known as **The Jigsaw Killer** or simply **Jigsaw**—is a fictional character who appears in the *Saw* franchise as the main antagonist. 

Jigsaw made his appearance in the first movie of the series, *Saw*, and he later appeared in *Saw II*, *Saw III*, *Saw IV*, *Saw V*, *Saw VI*, *Saw 3D* and, eventually, *Jigsaw*. He is played by American actor Tobin Bell.

Jigsaw ranks No. 30 in *Empire* magazine's "100 Greatest Movie Characters" list.

## Background
In the series' narrative, Kramer is a former civil engineer dying from an inoperable frontal lobe tumor that had developed from colon cancer. After a failed suicide attempt, Kramer found a new appreciation for his life, and went to dedicate the rest of his life to inspiring the same appreciation in others by testing their will to live. 

## Tests
His methods include forcing his subjects through deadly scenarios, which he referred to as "games" or "tests", in which they were forced to inflict pain upon themselves or others in order to escape. These tests were typically symbolic of what Jigsaw perceived as a flaw in each person's moral character or life. The Jigsaw name was given to him by the media for his practice of cutting a puzzle piece shape of flesh from those who fail.

His videos are recorded with a cheap homemade camera with Billy the Puppet instructing the subjects what to do to live.

## References
## Other websites
* Jigsaw character description in the *Saw* video game
Normandy landings

The **Normandy landings** (codenamed **Operation Neptune**) were the landings on Tuesday, June 6, 1944, during World War II.  Invasion forces landed at Gold Beach, Sword Beach, Omaha Beach, Juno Beach, Pointe du Hoc, and Utah Beach.

The Allies of World War II: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other countries landed, starting on the designated  D-Day (military term). The whole invasion was codenamed "Operation Overlord" and was intended to open the Western Front in the war.  General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the commander of Overlord.

After the landing, the Allied forces failed to take any of the planned towns and places. However, they controlled the beaches, and in the following days, they moved inland.  German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men.  Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.  The Normandy landings were the largest and deadliest amphibious invasion in history.

## Other websites 
* The Normandy Invasion  at the US Army Center of Military History
* Neptune Operations Plan 
* Naval details for *Overlord* at Naval-History.Net
* Quiz questions
* Documents on D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy  at the Eisenhower Presidential Center
Joel Kinnaman

**Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman** (born 25 November 1979) is a Swedish American actor, Kinnaman is also known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish movie *Easy Money*.

Joel Kinnaman is now married to Kelly Gale.
## References
## Other websites
*
Brad Bufanda

**Brad Bufanda** (**Fred Joseph Bufanda III**; May 4, 1983 – November 1, 2017) was an American actor. He was best known for his self-made internet videos. 

Bufanda was born in Upland, California. His career began in 1995. While in middle school he appeared on the ABC television series *Roseanne* and ''Hangin' with Mr. Cooper*. He was best known for his role as David in *A Cinderella Story*.

Bufanda played Felix Toombs in the series *Veronica Mars* and was also featured in the movie. He starred in the Cinemax series *Co-Ed Confidential'' from 2008–2010.

On November 1, 2017 in Los Angeles, California, Bufanda died by suicide by jumping off of his residential tower in the Park La Brea apartment community. He was 34.

## References
## Other websites
*
Václav Riedlbauch

**Václav Riedlbauch** (1 April 1947 &ndash; 3 November 2017) was a Czech composer, pedagogue and manager. He was the Minister of Culture in the government of Jan Fischer (2009–2010). He was born in Dýšina. He was program director at the Prague Congress Centre.

From 2001 until his death, he was the Director General of the Czech Philharmonic. He was a professor at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.

Riedlbauch died of complications from COPD in Prague on 3 November 2017 at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
* Czech Music Information Centre
*
Agulu lake

**Agulu lake** is a lake in Anambra State, Nigeria. The lake is connected to Ulasi Okija and River Nigeria.

## References
Mahadev Ghurhu

**Mahadev Ghurhu** is a town in the Siddharth Nagar district in Basti division of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is next to Nepal. Mahadev Ghurhu is  from the state's capital city Lucknow.

## Overview 
The city Mahadev Ghurhu is  from Itwa,  from the Basti and  from Gorakhpur.

This village founded by Baba Gainlal Srivastav. The nearest railway station is Barhni which is  from Mahadev Ghurhu. It is on the Gonda-gorakhpur loop line and is being converted into broad gauge line. Another railway station near to Mahadev Ghurhu is Basti,  which is well connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Gorakhpur etc.

## References
Revenue Village

A **Revenue Village** is a small administrative region in India, a village with fixed (defined) borders. One revenue village may contain many small settlements called hamlets.

The *Village Administrative Officer (VAO)* is the head officer of the Revenue Village

## References
Bruinisse

**Bruinisse**, Zeelandic: *Bru*, is a village in the municipality-island of Schouwen-Duiveland, in the Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands.

About 4,000 people are living there. It is located on the very east of the island.

Bruinisse is an agricultural and fishing community. Breeding of the blue mussel is an important business there.

## Well-known people 
* Hugo de Jonge (born 1977), politician
Nagar panchayat

A **Nagar Panchayat** or **Notified Area Council** (NAC) or **City Council** in India is a council helps in the transformation of from rural to urban.

The 74th Amendment of the Constitution of India made laws relating to urban local government. The three-tier structure is municipal corporation, municipal council and nagar panchayat.

Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman / mayor, vice chairman / deputy mayor along with ward/counselors members. There are at least ten elected ward members and three nominated members.

There are seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women. The councillors or ward members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.

## Functions 
* Essential services and facilities to the urban area.
* Sanitation program.
* Street lighting and providing roads in wards and main roads of town.
* Schools in urban areas.
* Program for adult literacy and run city libraries.
* Water supply to every ward of urban area.
* Drainage system to clear the solid and liquid wastes from town.
* Maintaining records of births and deaths.

## References
Chidambaram taluk

**Chidambaram taluk** is a taluk of Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Chidambaram.

## Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Chidambaram had a population of 469,416 with 236,170  males and 233,246 females. There were 988 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 75.15. Child population in the age group below 6 was 23,599 Males and 21,446 Females.

## References