open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gastrulation

**Gastrulation** is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos. In it, the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration.

Gastrulation varies in different phyla. It is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers.

The gastrula is the double-walled stage of the embryo. During gastrulation, some of the cells of the blastula migrate inwards to make an inner layer, the endoderm. In some animals another cell layer forms, the mesoderm, between the endoderm and the ectoderm

## layer 
animals and sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer. Cnidaria and ctenophores show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm - all higher animals (from flatworms to humans) - possess a mesoderm as well as ectoderm and endoderm.

### Development of germ layers 
The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.

* The ectoderm develops into the skin, nails, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal; the lens of the eye, the retina and the nervous system.  
* The endoderm develops into the inner linings of the digestive tract, as well as the linings of the respiratory passages. It also forms many glands, such as the liver and pancreas.  
* The mesoderm forms the somites, the notochord, and the mesenchyme, which give rise to the muscles, circulatory and excretory systems of the body. This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals. The formation of a mesoderm led to the development of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.

## Related pages
*Cellular differentiation

## References
Leyton

**Leyton** is an area of East London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest,  northeast of Charing Cross. It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone; Stratford in Newham; and  Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney. 

There is a professional football team based in Leyton called Leyton Orient F.C. 

## Other websites
Underpinning

In construction, **underpinning** is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure. Underpinning may be needed for a many of reasons: 

*The original foundation is not strong or stable enough.
*The usage of the building has changed.
*The type of soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were misjudged during planning.
*The construction of nearby structures causes the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
*It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the current structure's foundation than to build a new one.
Holborn tramway station

**Holborn tramway station** (not to be confused with Holborn tube station) was a tram stop underneath Kingsway in central London. It was part of the Kingsway tramway subway route. When the station opened opened it was named *Great Queen Street*.

Services from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services rom Highbury station to Tower Bridge and from Highbury station to Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed just after 12.30am on 6 April 1952. Much of the station remains in the disused tunnel but there is no public access.

## Other websites
* Holborn Tram Station in 1933
*Underground-History.co.uk  Includes illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003
Jikji

***Jikji*** is the oldest extant movable metal type book in the world.

*Jikji* is the short title of a Korean book whose full title can be translated as ''Anthology of the Great Priests' Zen Teachings''. It is a Buddhist document, and was printed during Korea's Goryeo era in 1377.

*Jikji* is a book about Zen Buddhism published in Heungdeok temple. It was written by the Buddhist monk Baegun who died three years before this edition was printed. Baegun was the chief priest of the Anguk and Shingwang temples in Haeju. 

*Jikji* was published 78 years before Johannes Gutenberg's "42-Line Bible". *Jikji* consists of two volumes. Only the second volume is extant. This volume is held in the National Library of France. UNESCO confirmed *Jikji* as the world's oldest metalloid type book in September 2001, and includes it in the *Memory of the World* program.  

*Jikji* is based on an innovative technology that enables the rapid reproduction of texts, contributing to the spread of knowledge and Buddhist philosophy. It was also an important tool for the education of Buddhist monks. The preservation of the existing second volume is crucial, leading to ongoing efforts for the restoration of the first volume and the return of the second volume to Korea. In addition to UNESCO's recognition, *Jikji* has been introduced at various international exhibitions, highlighting its value as a Korean cultural heritage.  

## References
Bibliothèque nationale de France

The **Bibliothèque nationale de France** is the National Library of France in Paris. 

## History
The National Library of France was founded at the Louvre by Charles V in 1368. It grew under Louis XIV and opened to the public in 1692. 

Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the **Imperial National Library** and in 1868 it moved to new buildings on the Rue de Richelieu. In 1896, the library was the largest collection of books in the world.

In 1988, President François Mitterrand agreed to build a new modern library. It now contains more than twenty million volumes.

### Manuscripts
The library has 5,000 Greek manuscripts and the Jikji (the oldest printed document with movable type).

## References
* Riding, Alan. "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google," *New York Times.* April 11, 2005.
Cell differentiation

**Cellular differentiation** is how a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. It is part of developmental biology. Different tissues have different kinds of organelles inside the cells. 

Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism. The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is also a common process in adults: adult stem cells divide to make fully-differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.

Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. It does involve switching off many genes not needed in a particular tissue. Thus, cells in different tissues may have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

*Cell potency* is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as *pluripotent*. Such cells are called stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants.  A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as *totipotent*. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques.

## References
Paulista Avenue

**Paulista Avenue** (in Portuguese: *Avenida Paulista*) is the most important avenue and one of the main financial centers of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

## Related pages
* São Paulo
* Downtown São Paulo
Didcot

**Didcot** is a town in Oxfordshire about  south of Oxford. Until 1974 it was part of Berkshire.

## History and economy
During the Roman Empire the Romans dug a ditch that runs north through what is now known as the Ladygrove area north of the town near Long Wittenham.

Didcot first appears in historical records in the 13th century as Dudcotte, Berkshire.  Parts of the original village still exist in the Lydalls Road area and part of All Saints' Church dates back to the 11th century. 

### Railways
The Great Western Railway, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, reached Didcot in 1839. In 1844 the Didcot railway station was opened. The original station burnt down in the later part of 19th century. 

Didcot is junction of the routes to London, Bristol and Oxford. It was formerly a junction for Southampton via the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway but that closed in the 1960s. 
The traffic to Southampton meant that the town had strategic importance to military logistics, in particular during the First World War campaign on the Western Front and the Second World War preparations for D-Day.

### Power stations
The Didcot Power Stations (which are next to each other, and actually in *Sutton Courtenay*) supply electricity to the National Grid. The power station has also proved a popular man-made object for local photographers. One power station was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. The other is still operating in 2018.

## Further reading
*
*
*

## Other websites
*Didcot Twinning Association
*Didcot Railway Centre
*Didcot.com community website
*Didcot First  
*Didcot Town FC 
*Future Didcot
*Cornerstone arts centre
*The Didcot Herald 
* Didcot Choral Society
Mason Raymond

**Mason Evan Raymond** (born September 17, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was drafted 51st overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 28, 2014, Raymond was signed as a free agent by the Calgary Flames to a three-year, $9.5 million contract.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
### International
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Pavol Demitra

**Pavol Demitra** (November 29, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Slovak professional ice hockey centre who last played for the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He first played in the NHL in 1993, having previously played with the Ottawa Senators, who selected him in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Kings and Minnesota Wild. Before he joined the NHL, Demitra played in Slovakia, as well as the American Hockey League (AHL) and International Hockey League (IHL), minor professional leagues in North America. In Demitra's NHL career spanning 16 years, he has achieved the 300-goal mark and won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship in 2000. On September 7, 2011, at 4:02 PM local time, Demitra died when a Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, that was carrying the entire hockey team of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl crashed near Yaroslavl, Russia. The plane was on its way to Minsk, Belarus, to start the 2011-12 KHL season.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Kevin Bieksa

**Kevin Francesco Bieksa** (born June 16, 1981) is a Canadian studio analyst and former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played parts of 13 years in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Vancouver Canucks and Anaheim Ducks. He is a co-host of *Hockey Night in Canada*.

After playing junior hockey in Ontario, Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green University, where he spent four years. While at university, Bieksa was selected by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, and joined their minor league partner, the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL), after graduating. After spending time with the Moose, he joined the Canucks. A physical defenceman, Bieksa has increased his scoring totals in each of the full seasons he has played in the NHL.

During his time with the Canucks, Bieksa would help them reach the Stanley Cup Finals but they would lose 4 games to three to the Boston Bruins. On June 27, 2011, Bieksa would sign a five-year, $23 million contract extension with the team.

On June 30, 2015, the Canucks traded Bieksa to the Anaheim Ducks for a second round pick in the 2016 draft. He would sign a two-year, $8,000,000 contract extension two days later.

On October 13, 2022, Bieksa would sign a one-day contract with the Canucks and would retire.

After retiring, Bieksa became an analyst for *Hockey Night in Canada*. His work has earned him a nomination for Best Sports Analyst at the Canadian Screen Awards in 2021, 2022, and 2024.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
## References
## Other websites
*
Meliaceae

**Meliaceae** is a family of dicotyledonous plants in order Sapindales, most of which have spirally pinnate leaves. 

The family includes about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (*Toona*) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, and another (*Melia*) nearly as far north.
South Jakarta

**South Jakarta** () is a city in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the second largest administrative city in Jakarta after East Jakarta. 

South Jakarta is divided into five subdistricts: Kebayoran Baru, Kebayoran Lama, Pesanggrahan, Setiabudi, Cilandak, Pasar Minggu, and Jagakarsa.

## Other websites
*Official site .
Alexandre Bolduc

**Alexandre Bolduc** (born June 26, 1985 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who currently plays for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Bolduc was selected by the St. Louis Blues with the 127th pick in the 2004 NHL Draft but never played for them. He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks. He signed a contract with the Coyotes on July 2, 2011.

## References
*
Cilla Black

**Cilla Black** (27 May 1943 &ndash; 1 August 2015) was a English television personality, singer and actress. Her birth name was **Priscilla Maria Veronica White** and she was born in Liverpool. She became known for her songs "Anyone Who Had A Heart" and "You're My World" as well as her long-running TV shows *Blind Date* (1985-2003) and *Surprise Surprise* (1984-2001).

In the early 1960s, young Cilla worked at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, where the Beatles often performed, as a hat check girl. She also sang onstage at the Cavern sometimes, backed by the band that was playing at the time. "Swinging Cilla" was well-liked by the Cavern's members and guests.

One day Brian Epstein visited the Cavern to meet the Beatles, and ask about a record they made, so he could sell copies at his family's music store. Stories rose later that Cilla was working, and she first met Epstein when he gave her his hat and coat. Neither one remembered this later, though, and each believed the story was not true.

Epstein's getting to know the Beatles led to his becoming their manager, and with his help, they won a recording contract. The Beatles' talent and work with music producer George Martin led to hit records. Epstein decided to manage other Liverpool musicians. Along with the bands and male singers he signed up, Epstein chose Cilla as his only female performer. He suggested her stage name (changing White to Black), so she and her family could keep their privacy. Martin also agreed to record her, helping choose songs that would showcase her voice.

Cilla became popular first in England and Europe, then in America as the Beatles' music started the "British Invasion" there in 1964. One of her first hits, "Anyone Who Had A Heart", was recorded earlier by American singer Dionne Warwick. The two records sounded similar, even though Cilla had not heard Warwick's version, and a few people believed she had copied it. Both women later also recorded the theme song for the movie *Alfie*, but they sounded different.

Cilla had other hit records, including "You're My World" and a television theme song, "Step Inside, Love". Epstein enjoyed working with her, even helping her choose wardrobe for performances and looking after her backstage, but personal problems later took away his attention. He died in 1967, after a drug overdose.

In time, Cilla Black stopped having hits. She remained popular in England, though, and was a welcome hostess and guest on television. She also made appearances from time to time, to sing the songs from the time she was most popular.

In later years, her health became poor. Arthritis made walking painful, and she was nearly deaf. She admitted that she did not want to live past 75 years old, because she enjoyed her life less and less as she aged.

Cilla Black died of a stroke after a fall at her holiday home near Marbella, Spain, on 1 August 2015, aged 72. Her funeral took place in Liverpool on 20 August 2015.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Manitoba Moose

The **Manitoba Moose** are a professional ice hockey team that play in the American Hockey League (AHL). They play in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, at the MTS Centre. They are the farm team of the Winnipeg Jets.

The team originally played as the Manitoba Moose from 1996 until 2011. They were relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and became the St. John's IceCaps, which is the AHL farm team of the Winnipeg Jets. The team played in St. John's for four seasons.

In May 2015, it was announced that the team would be returning to Winnipeg and would be once again be called the Manitoba Moose.

## References
## Other websites
*
*The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (AHL)
*The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (IHL)
*Manitoba Moose on CJOB
Stickleback

:Stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*)Faroese stamp issued: 7 Feb 1994Artist: Astrid Andreasen]]

**Sticklebacks** are fish of the **Gasterosteidae** family. FishBase currently recognises sixteen species in the family, grouped in five genera. Several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision. They have a Holarctic distribution in fresh, brackish and marine waters. 

An unusual features of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They were thought to be related to pipefish and seahorses, but recent studies have shown that they're now related to the eelpouts and sculpins.

Stickleback species are found in fresh water environments in Europe, Asia and North America. They feed on small crustaceans and fish larvae.

## Taxonomy 
The Gasterosteidae, was first proposed as a family by the French zoologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1831. It has long been considered that the sticklebacks and others made up a suborder, the Gasterosteoidei, in the order Gasterosteiformes. Recent phylogenetic work has shown that the Gasterosteoidei is closely related to the Zoarcoidei and the Cottoidei. The taxon is now in the order Scorpaeniformes.

### Genera 
The family Gasterosteidae includes the following genera:

* *Apeltes* DeKay, 1842
* *Culaea* Whitley, 1950
* *Gasterosteus* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Pungitius* d'Annone, 1760
* *Spinachia* Cuvier, 1816

## Description 
### Sizes 
Sticklebacks have many sizes. *Spinachia spinachia*, the sea stickleback, is the largest of the sticklebacks and can grows to a length of 22 centimetres (8.7 in). The maximum size of the three-spined stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*), is about 4 inches, but few of them are more than 3 inches long.

Their body form varies with habitat: sticklebacks in shallow lakes have developed a deep body specialized to enable eating benthic invertebrates, whilst those in deep oligotrophic lakes love to feed on plankton and have a more slimlined body.

### Personality 
Studies have shown that sticklebacks display distinct personality traits, specifically in the area of taking a risk, and can be considered bold or shy. Those traits were determined to have direct influence if they would lead and, if discouraged, attempt to lead again.

## Mating 
 (*Culaea inconstans*)]]
Sticklebacks show similar, unusual mating behaviour:

### Mating choice 
The sex with the greatest parental investment has the strongest mate preferences. These small, spiky fishes exhibit mutual mate choice in which both the male and female have strong mate preferences. That is most probably partly because of the strong parental investment on behalf of the male in guarding the eggs.

### Inbreeding avoidance 
Female threespine sticklebacks adjust their courting behaviour to the risk of inbreeding. They prefer to mate with the non-sibling and avoid the disadvantages that accompany incest.

## References 
## Other websites 
* View the *gasAcu1* genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser.
John Maynard Smith

**John Maynard Smith**, FRS (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he then took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J.B.S. Haldane. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorized on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.

## Awards 
He won most of the awards available to scientists:

*Fellow, Royal Society (1977)
*Darwin Medal (1986)
*Frink Medal (1990)
*Balzan Prize (1991)
*Linnean Medal (1995)
*Royal Medal (1997)
*Crafoord Prize (1999)
*Copley Medal (1999)
*Kyoto Prize (2001)
*Darwin-Wallace Award (2008).  This was at the time awarded every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London. Maynard Smith was one of thirteen co-recipients.

Maynard Smith has an Erdős number of four.

## Books 
* Maynard Smith J. 1958. *The theory of evolution*. London, Penguin Books. 
** 1993 edn 
* Maynard Smith J. 1968. *Mathematical ideas in biology*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
* Maynard Smith J. 1972. *On evolution*. Edinburgh University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. 1974. *Models in ecology*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
* Maynard Smith J. 1978. *The evolution of sex*. Cambridge University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. (ed) 1981. *Evolution now*. London, Macmillan. 
* Maynard Smith J. 1982. *Evolution and the theory of games*. Cambridge University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. 1986. *The problems of biology*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. 1988. *Did Darwin get it right?: essays on games, sex and evolution*. London, Chapman & Hall. 
* Maynard Smith J. 1989. *Evolutionary genetics*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1997. *The major transitions in evolution*. New York: Oxford University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1999. *The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origin of language*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
* Maynard Smith J. and Harper D. 2003. *Animal signals*. Oxford University Press. 

## References
Kawasaki Station

**Kawasaki Station** (川崎駅,かわさきえき) is a railway station of JR East, in Kawasaki, Japan.

## Adjacent stations
;JR East
:Tōkaidō Line
:Rapid Acty, Local
::Shinagawa - **Kawasaki** - Yokohama
:Keihin-Tōhoku Line
: Rapid, Local
::Kamata - **Kawasaki** - Tsurumi
:Nambu Line
::**Kawasaki** - Shitte

## Other websites
Lost Generation

The "**Lost Generation**" is a term used to describe a number of American writers and artists who went to live in Europe after the First World War. People associated with the Lost Generation include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson and John Steinbeck.

The term has also been used more recently to describe those unable to find work after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.

## Origin of the term
The writer and poet Gertrude Stein is often considered to have come up with the term She supposedly heard her French garage owner speak of his unskilled young workers as "une generation perdue" (a generation lost). Ernest Hemingway then used the term in the introduction to his novel *The Sun Also Rises*.

The term is generally used for the period from the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Great Depression.

## Meaning
After the First World War, members of the *Lost Generation* decided that they did not want to live a normal life in America. They went to Europe, often Paris. Away from America, the *Lost Generation* often drank heavily, had affairs and tried to find meaning in life. The *Lost Generation* produced some of the finest writing of all time, and arguably created a new style of writing.

## Notes
1992 United States presidential election

The **1992 United States presidential election** happened on November 3, 1992. Bill Clinton, the Democratic candidate and Governor of Arkansas, won the election. He defeated the incumbent president, George H. W. Bush, who was a Republican, and Ross Perot, an independent candidate. 

Clinton got 370 electoral votes, Bush got 168, and Perot got 0. A person running for president needs to get 270 to win.

George H.W. Bush may have lost the election for several reasons.  He broke his promise of "Read my lips: no new taxes" by increasing taxes during his term.  Some of his most well-known accomplishments during his presidency came from his foreign policy, and because of the Cold War and Gulf War being over, foreign policy became a smaller issue, as the economy became a bigger issue, since the economy was bad.  

Prior to 2020, this was the last election where a candidate won the presidency without winning Florida.

## Candidates
### Republican Party
Republican candidates
*George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States from Texas (1989-1993) *(Nominee)* 
*Pat Buchanan, conservative columnist and former White House Communications Director (1985-1987) from Virginia
*David Duke, state representative from Louisiana (1985-1987) and former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (1974-1980)
*Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota (1939-1945) and perennial candidate (1944, 1948, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1980, 1984, 1988, and **1992**)

#### Candidates gallery

File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg|**President George H. W. Bush**
File:Pat Buchanan.jpg|Conservative Columnist **Pat Buchanan** of Virginia
File:Rsz davidduke (cropped).jpg|Louisiana representative **David Duke**
File:Harold Stassen 1980.jpg|Former Governor of Minnesota **Harold Stassen**

### Democratic Party 
Democratic candidates
*Bill Clinton, Governor of Arkansas (1979-1981, 1983-1992) *(Nominee)* 
*Jerry Brown, former Governor of California (1975-1983) 
*Paul Tsongas, former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1979-1985)
*Bob Kerrey, U.S. Senator from Nebraska (1989-2001)
*Tom Harkin, U.S. Senator from Iowa (1975-1983)
*Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia (1990-1994)
*Eugene McCarthy, former U.S. Senator from Minnesota (1959-1971)
*Larry Agran, former Mayor of Irvine, California (1982-1984, 1986-1990)

#### Candidates gallery

File:Bill Clinton.jpg|Governor **Bill Clinton** of Arkansas 
File:JerryBrown.png|Governor **Jerry Brown** of California
File:Senator_Paul_Tsongas.jpg|Former Senator **Paul Tsongas** of Massachusetts
File:Senator Bob Kerrey.jpg|Senator **Bob Kerrey** of Nebraska
File:Tom Harkin official portrait.jpg|Senator **Tom Harkin** of Iowa
File:Douglas Wilder 2003 NIH.jpg|Governor **Douglas Wilder** of Virginia
File:EugeneMcCarthy.jpg|Former Senator **Eugene McCarthy** of Minnesota

## Ross Perot candidacy 
## Other websites
*1992 popular vote by counties
*1992 popular vote by state
*1992 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)

## References
Alastair Campbell

**Alastair John Campbell** (born 25 May 1957) was the Director of Communications and Strategy for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Tony Blair) between 1997 and 2003.

He used to work for the Daily Mirror as their politics reporter, and was an alcoholic. Then he had a breakdown, gave up drinking, and started working for Tony Blair in 1994. He was seen as one of the main spin doctors in the Labour Party. He eventually resigned over the 45 minute claim in the dossier prepared over the Iraq War, after the Hutton report had come out and Dr. David Kelly was dead.

He currently works as a broadcaster, journalist and spokesman for Leukaemia Research. He is said to be re-joining the Labour campaign team for the 2010 election. He is an atheist.

## References
W.D. Hamilton

**William Donald Hamilton** FRS (1 August 1936 – 7 March 2000) was an English evolutionary biologist whom Richard Dawkins praised as one of the greatest evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.

Hamilton became famous through his theoretical work on kin selection and altruism. He explained its genetic basis, and this was a key part of the  gene-centered view of evolution. In doing this, he became one of the forerunners of sociobiology, as popularized by E.O. Wilson. Hamilton was certainly a big influence on Dawkins. He also published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex. From 1984 to his death in 2000, he was the Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University. He died of malaria contracted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Hamilton's equation 
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if **r**x**b** is greater than **c**:
:rb > c \ 
where:
* c \  is the reproductive cost to the altruist,
* b \  is the reproductive benefit to the recipient of the altruistic behavior, and
* r \  is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".

## Collected papers 
Hamilton started to publish his collected papers starting in 1996, with short essays giving each paper context. He died after the preparation of the second volume, so the commentaries for the third volume came from his coauthors.
* 
* 
* 

## References
Mudvayne

**Mudvayne** is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Peoria, Illinois in 1996. They play for the record label Epic Records.

## History 
### Beginnings (1996–98) 
In 1996, the band was formed with its original line-up. In 1997, the band released their very first EP, *Kill, I Oughta*. In 1998, the band signed to Epic Records.

### *L.D. 50* (1999–2001) 
In 1999, the band started working on their debut album, *L.D. 50*. It was released on August 22, 2000. The album peaked at No. 1 on the *Billboard* Heatseekers chart and No. 85 on the *Billboard* 200. The band participated in the Tattoo to Earth tour, along with many other bands. This album has the singles "Dig" and "Death Blooms".

### *The End of All Things to Come* (2002–03) 
In January 2002, the band was starting to work on their second album. It was released on November 19, 2002. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2003. Also in 2003, the band had participated in the Summer Sanitarium Tour. This album contains the singles *Not Falling* and *World So Cold*.

### *Lost and Found* (2004–06) 
The album was worked on all throughout 2004, it was set to be released in November 2004, with its first single ("Determined") set to be released in September of that year, but was pushed back due to production issues, it was eventually released on April 12, 2005. The album sold 100, 000 copies at the week of it's release. It debuted at No. 2 and was certified Gold by the RIAA later that same year. This album contains the singles "Determined" (which was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards), "Happy?", "Forget to Remember" and "Fall into Sleep".

### *By the People, for the People*, *The New Game*, self-titled album and break-up (2007–10) 
On November 27, 2007, Mudvayne released their compilation album. Also in 2007, they have been working on a new album, which was released on November 18, 2008. It was initially set for a late 2007 release but production was temporarily put on hold in mid 2007, before resuming in early 2008. The album debuted at No. 15 on the Billboard 200. It sold 48,000 copies at the week of its release. This album has the singles "Do What You Do", "A New Game" and "Scarlet Letters". 

In 2008, right after the release of their fourth album, they started to work on their final album, which was their self titled album. It was released on December 21, 2009. The album debuted at No. 54 on the *Billboard* 200 and sold around 34,000 copies at the week of it's release. By the next week, sales dropped a lot. This album has the single "Scream with Me".
J.B.S. Haldane

**John Burdon Sanderson Haldane** FRS (3 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), known as **Jack** (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a British geneticist and evolutionary biologist who emigrated to India towards the end of his life. He was one of the founders (along with Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright) of population genetics.

Jack Haldane was a communist, atheist and a writer of popular science books, and articles for the *Daily Worker*. His major professional work was his contribution of mathematical papers on the theory of evolution, which assisted the modern evolutionary synthesis.

## Career 
Between 1919 and 1922 he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford University, then moved to Cambridge University, where he accepted a Readership in Biochemistry at Trinity College and taught there until 1932. During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on enzymes and genetics, particularly the mathematical side of genetics. Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled *Possible Worlds*.

He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to University College London where he spent most of his academic career. Four years later he became the first Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London.
 
Haldane's move to India, initially to the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was influenced by a number of factors. Officially he stated that his chief political reason was in response to the Suez Crisis. He wrote: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law." 

His interest in India was also because of his interest in biological research, belief that the warm climate would do him good and that India offered him freedom and shared socialist dreams. At the ISI, he headed the biometry unit and spent time researching a range of topics and guiding other researchers around him.

## References 
* Haldane J.B.S. 1932. *The causes of evolution*.
Asclepias amplexicaulis

***Asclepias amplexicaulis***, also known as the **clasping milkweed**, is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as **blunt-leaved milkweed** and **sand milkweed**.  It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to eastern North America.  The blooming period is in the spring.  This species is found in prairies and open woodlands, usually in sandy soil.  It is about 0.3 to 0.9 meters in height (1-3 feet).  Clasping Milkweed has poison that is  to humans and livestock.

## Other websites
**Asclepias amplexicaulis* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias amplexicaulis* at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 
**Asclepias amplexicaulis* at Connecticut Botanical Society 
*http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/prairie/htmls/plants/A-amplexicaulis.html
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

***Mickey Mouse Clubhouse*** is an American animated educational children's television series on Disney Junior and Disney Channel. It was produced by Disney Television Animation. The show features Mickey Mouse and his playmates in their journeys in different places as they learn on the way. They took help with 3, 4 or 5 items called Mouskatools given by Toodles. Although the series was cancelled, it was given a revival of the same name. It aired from May 5, 2006 to November 6, 2016.

## Episodes
Ferris Wheel
Carousel
Roller Coaster
Bumper Cars
Funhouse
Popcorn
Ice Cream
Soda
Cotton Candy
Water Park
Carnival
Tent
Ringmaster
Clown
Magician
Animals
Grass
Museum
Mailbox
Library
Driveway
Store
School
Pottery Barn
Farm
Petting Zoo

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 

## References
Asclepias californica

***Asclepias californica*** (commonly known as the **California milkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as **Round-hooded milkweed**. It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to California and Baja California.  It blooms from April to July.  This species is found on grassy or bushy hillsides.

## Other websites
**Asclepias californica* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias californica* at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Asclepias asperula

***Asclepias asperula*** is a species of milkweed plant. It is commonly known as **antelope horns**, **green-flowered milkweed**, **spider antelope horns** and **spider antelopehorns**.  It  to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.  It blooms from April to June.  This species likes to grow in moist sandy or rocky soil.  Antelope horns grows from 0.3 to 0.6 meters (1-2 feet).

## Other websites
**Asclepias asperula* at USDA PLANTS Database 
**Asclepias asperula* at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Alex Burrows

**Alexandre Ménard-Burrows** (born April 11, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Ottawa Senators. He is known for his ascension to the NHL from being an undrafted player in the ECHL.

## Career statistics
## References 
## Other websites
*
Yucca brevifolia

***Yucca brevifolia*** is a plant species in the genus *Yucca* and in the family Agavaceae. Its common names are **Joshua tree** and **Yucca palm** and **Tree yucca** and **Palm tree yucca**. They grow in the desert and do not have growth rings. The lack of grow rings makes it hard to tell the trees age.
1910–11 NHA season

The **1910–11 NHA season** was the second season of the former National Hockey Association. Five teams played 16 games each, starting on December 31, 1910 and ending on March 10, 1911. The Ottawa Hockey Club won the league championship and took over the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers.

## Regular season
### Final standings
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

### Results
† Protested by Renfrew.

‡ Replay of protested game.

### Goalkeeper Averages
### Leading scorers
## References 
## Further readings 
* 
* 
* 
* .
Slovakia men's national ice hockey team

The '''Slovak men's national ice hockey team''' is one of the best national ice hockey teams in the world.  As of 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the world governing body of ice hockey, ranks them as the eighth best national team. The team is operated by the Slovak Ice Hockey Federation under general manager Peter Bondra, and head coach Ján Filc. In the last six years, Slovakia has won three medals at the World Championships, including a gold medal in 2002. Slovakia has a total of 12,375 hockey players (0.23% of the population).

## History
The Slovak national team was created after Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. For years, the Czechs kept control over how the Czechoslovakian national team was run, and limited how many Slovak players were on the team. When the country became two, the Czech Republic team was allowed to compete at the highest pool (A), and the IIHF ruled that because fewer players of the former Czechoslovak team were Slovaks, Slovakia have to start international play in pool C, the lowest group. However, Slovakia's play in the lower pools won it promotion to pool A by 1996.

## Olympic record
* 1994 - Finished in 6th place
* 1998 - Finished in 10th place
* 2002 - Finished in 13th place
* 2006 - Finished in 5th place (see roster)
* 2010 - Finished in 4th place

## World Cup record
*1996 - Did not qualify
*2004 - Lost in quarter-finals

## World Championship record
.]]
*1994 - Finished in 21st place (winner of the "Pool C")
*1995 - Finished in 13th place (winner of the "Pool B")
*1996 - Finished in 10th place
*1997 - Finished in 9th place
*1998 - Finished in 7th place
*1999 - Finished in 7th place
*2000 - Won silver medal 
*2001 - Finished in 7th place
*2002 - **Won gold medal**
*2003 - Won bronze medal 
*2004 - Finished in 4th place
*2005 - Finished in 5th place
*2006 - Finished in 8th place
*2007 - Finished in 6th place
*2008 - Finished in 13th place
*2009 - Finished in 10th place

## World Championship 2009 Roster
## 2002 Gold Medallists
**Goalies**:
Ján Lašák,
Rastislav Staňa,
Miroslav Šimonovič.

**Defensemen**: 
Jerguš Bača,
Ladislav Čierny,
Radoslav Hecl,
Richard Lintner,
Dušan Milo,
Peter Smrek,
Martin Štrbák,
Ľubomír Višňovský.

**Forwards**:
Ľuboš Bartečko,
Peter Bondra,
Michal Handzuš,
Miroslav Hlinka,
Ladislav Nagy,
Vladimír Országh,
Žigmund Pálffy,
Rastislav Pavlikovský,
Róbert Petrovický,
Peter Pucher,
Radovan Somík,
Jozef Stümpel,
Miroslav Šatan,
Róbert Tomík,
Marek Uram.

## References
* http://www.nhl.com/olympics/2006/slovakia_oly_roster.html - from the National Hockey League
* http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/slovakia_roster  - from Sports Illustrated
* http://www.iihf.com/news/Ranking2007_men.pdf - from International Ice Hockey Federation
Tim Thomas

**Timothy Thomas, Jr.** (born April 15, 1974), called *The Tank*, is a former American professional ice hockey goaltender under contract with the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was raised in Flint, Michigan and played college hockey for the University of Vermont for four years from 1993–1997, during which, he was selected 217th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played for several years in the minor leagues and Europe before becoming the Boston Bruins' starting goaltender. He, along with Manny Fernandez, is the current holder of the William M. Jennings Trophy. Thomas is a two-time NHL All-Star, and was the winner of the 2009 Vezina Trophy as the league's best goaltender. The Bruins suspended Thomas for not reporting to training camp and he was traded to the Islanders for a conditional 2nd round pick in either 2014 or 2015.

## References
## Other websites 
*
1967 NHL expansion

The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season. It added six new teams, which already had six teams in it. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942. It was the end of the Original Six era in the NHL, which had happened since 1942.

The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division. 

Before the expansion, there were six teams:
*Boston Bruins
*Chicago Black Hawks
*Detroit Red Wings
*Montreal Canadiens
*New York Rangers
*Toronto Maple Leafs

The six teams added in 1967 were:
*California Seals
*Los Angeles Kings
*Minnesota North Stars
*Philadelphia Flyers
*Pittsburgh Penguins
*St. Louis Blues
Cave

]]

]]

A **cave** is a natural underground hollow space. They can have narrow passageways (corridors) and chambers (caverns). They are usually formed when underground acidic (sour) water wears away softer stones, such as limestone. Only the hard rock, such as granite, is left. Caves can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, or by ice and glaciers.

Caves can have formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites. These are made over thousands of years by water dripping and leaving mineral deposits.

Many creatures live in the entrance areas of caves, for example snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines. Only a few animals are found deep in caves. Bats often live in caves. Another common creature found in caves is cave crickets. 

In the past, people lived in caves. People used to live in many European caves in the Stone Age. Caves still provide shelter for trekkers. Some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls. 

People who explore caves are called cavers or speleologists. (The study of caves is called **speleology**.) They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations. This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep holes. Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages. Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people. Each person has 2 or 3 light sources. One light is attached to each helmet. People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.
Purple milkweed

**Purple milkweed** is a common name of two plants in the genus *Asclepias*:

**Asclepias cordifolia*, found in western North America and usually called *Heart-leaf Milkweed*
**Asclepias purpurascens*, found in eastern North America
Asclepias curassavica

***Asclepias curassavica*** (also known as the **scarlet milkweed**, **Mexican butterfly weed**, or **bloodflower**) is a species of milkweed plant.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It   Central America and South America.  It grows many places in the world.  It gets flowers from spring to fall.

## References
## Other websites
**Asclepias curassavica* at USDA PLANTS Database
**Asclepias curassavica* at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
**Asclepias curassavica* at FLORIDATA
Asclepias curtissii

***Asclepias curtissii*** (also known as '''Curtiss's milkweed'*) is a species of milkweed plant.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to Florida.

## Other websites
**Asclepias curtissii'' at USDA PLANTS Database
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy

The **Lady Byng Memorial Trophy**, originally known as the **Lady Byng Trophy**, is given each year to the National Hockey League "player adjudged to have exhibited the best type of sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with a high standard of playing ability". The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy has been awarded 84 times to 50 different players since it was first awarded in 1925. The voting is done at the end of the season by the members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.

## Winners
, two-time winner, (pictured with original trophy)]]

, five-time winner]]
, two-time winner]]
, one-time winner]]
, one-time winner]]
, one-time winner]]
, one-time winner]]
, four-time winner]]
, three-time winner]]
, one-time winner]]
Chris Andersen

**Christopher Claus Andersen** (born July 7, 1978) is an American former basketball player. Andersen was born in Long Beach, California, grew up in Iola, Texas, and played one year at Blinn College. He was nicknamed "**Birdman**" by Junior Harrington, another former NBA player, for having wing tattoos on his inner biceps. He received a two-year ban from the NBA in 2006 for violating the league's drug policy, but was reinstated on March 4, 2008. During his 17-year, career, he played for the Denver Nuggets, New Orleans Hornets, Miami Heat, Memphis Grizzlies, and Cleveland Cavaliers and won a championship with the Heat in 2013. He also played for the Chinese Basketball Association. He now plays in the Big3 League.

## References
## Other websites
*
Assassination of Julius Caesar

The **assassination (murder) of Julius Caesar** was the result of a conspiracy by forty Roman senators, the self-styled *Liberatores*. They were led by Cassius and Brutus.

## Attack and death 
The senators stabbed Caesar to death in the *Theatre of Pompey* on the Ides of March, 15 March 44 BC. Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic at the time. He had been declared *dictator perpetuo* (dictator for life) by the Senate. This declaration resulted in many senators fearing that Caesar wanted to overthrow the Senate in favour of a tyranny. 

The assassination led to civil war. The Second Triumvirate led to the ascendancy of Caesar's adopted heir Octavian to the position of emperor, and the end of the Republic leading to the Roman Empire. In the end, by murdering Caesar, the Liberators caused the end of the Republic they supported.

## List of conspirators 
The known members of the plot were:
*Gaius Cassius Longinus
*Marcus Junius Brutus
*Servius Sulpicius Galba
*Quintus Ligarius
*Lucius Minucius Basilus
*Servilius Casca
*Gaius Servilius Casca (Servilius Casca's brother)
*Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
*Tillius Cimber
*Caius Trebonius
*Caecilius
*Bucolianus (Caecilius' brother)
*Rubrius Ruga
*Marcus Spurius
*Sextius Naso
*Minucius Basilus
*Pontius Aquila
Asclepias erosa

***Asclepias erosa*** (also known as the **desert milkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant.  It  in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is  to the southwestern United States.  It blooms from May to July.  This species is found in dry slopes.

## Other websites
**Asclepias erosa* at USDA PLANT Database
**Asclepias erosa* at Treatment from the Jepson Manual