Flat Earth

. This kind of medieval mappa mundi illustrates only the reachable side of a round Earth.]]

The **flat earth** theory is a
superseded scientific theory that says the surface of the Earth is not roughly a sphere, but rather flat (a plane). It is one of the earliest known superseded theories, having been known to be false since at least Classical Greece. Even though it has no scientific support, some groups of people still believe in a flat Earth. This is considered a type of pseudoscience by mainstream geology and physics.

## History 
### Ancient history 
Belief in a flat Earth is found in writings predating 500 BC. Early Mesopotamian maps showed the world as a flat disk floating in the ocean.

This was a common belief until the Classical Greeks began to discuss the Earth's shape about the 4th century BC. One of the "giveaways" is that ships' masts disappear last as they move away from shore. By 330 BC, Aristotle knew the Earth was round, that is to say, roughly spherical. 

Eratosthenes (276 BC–194 BC) calculated the circumference of the Earth quite well. From then on, few educated people ever believed it was flat, though many less educated people still thought the earth was flat. 

The large-scale shape of the Earth only matters when considering large distances, as it is hard to see the Earth's curve from the ground. Therefore in the Ancient world only sailors, astronomers, philosophers, and theologians would have cared about the Earth's large-scale shape.

The following authors argued for a spherical or ball-shaped earth: King Alfred of the Anglo-Saxons, Hildegard von Bingen, Thomas Aquinas, Snorri Sturluson, Marco Polo, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Columbus

### Around the world in the 16th century 
Just before and during the 16th century, Portuguese people explored Africa and Asia; Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas in 1492); and the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated (sailed all the way around) the earth between 1519-1521). This proved finally, and in a practical way, that the Earth is a globe.

### Modern revival 
During the 19th century, the Romantic belief about a European "Dark Age" made the Flat Earth model look more important than it ever was in history. In 1849, the Flat Earth movement was revived by Samuel Rowbotham, who wrote the book *Zetetic Astronomy.* He claimed his Bedford level experiment proved that the earth was flat.

Some people believe in a flat earth today. For example, the Flat Earth Society is an active organization with a website, Facebook page, and Twitter account.

## In art & literature 
### The Flammarion woodcut 
The Flammarion woodcut illustrates an unnamed medieval missionary's claim: that "he reached the horizon where the Earth and the heavens met".  The woodcut shows a man poking his head through the firmament of a flat Earth to see machines working the spheres.  

It was made in 16th century style, and an unproven story says Camille Flammarion ordered it himself. However, it cannot be traced farther back than his 19th-century book ''L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire'' (Paris, 1888, p.&nbsp;163). Additionally, the original woodcut had a decorative border that places it in the 19th century. 

In later publications, some claimed that the woodcut dated from the 16th century and the border was removed.

### In literature 
An early mention in literature was Ludvig Holberg's comedy *Erasmus Montanus* (1723). A great many people disagree with Erasmus Montanus when he claims the Earth is round, since all the peasants believe it is flat. He is not allowed to marry his fiancée until he cries "The earth is flat as a pancake". 

In Rudyard Kipling's *The Village that Voted the Earth was Flat*, the main characters spread a rumor that a Parish Council meeting had voted in favor of a flat Earth.

## Myth of the flat earth 
The myth of the flat Earth, or the flat earth error, claims that European scholars and educated people during the Middle Ages believed the Earth to be flat. This is not true.

### Fantasy fiction 
 in 1689]]
, disproves the flat Earth model. The Flat Earth Society believes that images like these have been edited by NASA as part of a conspiracy.]]
Fantasy fiction often imagines a flat Earth. In C. S. Lewis' *The Voyage of the Dawn Treader* the fictional world of Narnia is "round like a table" (i.e., flat), not "round like a ball", and the characters sail toward the edge of this world. 

Terry Pratchett's Strata and Discworld novels (from 1983 onwards) are set on a flat, disc-shaped world resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle.

## Related pages 
* Flat Earth Society
* Geoid

## References