open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Norman Wisdom

**Sir Norman Joseph Wisdom** OBE (4 February 1915 – 4 October 2010) was an English comedian, singer, songwriter, actor and musician.

## Filmography
* *A Date with a Dream* (1948)
* *Wit and Wisdom* (1948–1950, TV)
* *Trouble in Store* (1953)
* *One Good Turn* (1954)
* ''As Long as They're Happy* (1955)
* *Man of the Moment* (1955)
* *Up in the World* (1956)
* *Just My Luck* (1957)
* *The Square Peg* (1958)
* *Follow a Star* (1959)
* *There Was a Crooked Man* (1960)
* *The Bulldog Breed* (1960)
* *On the Beat* (1962)
* *The Girl on the Boat* (1962)
* *A Stitch in Time* (1963)
* *The Early Bird* (1965)
* *The Sandwich Man* (1966)
* *Press for Time* (1966)
* *Androcles and the Lion* (1967, TV)
* *The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968)
* ''What's Good for the Goose* (1969)
* *Norman* (1970, TV)
* *Music Hall* (1970, TV)
* *Nobody Is Norman Wisdom* (1973, TV)
* *A Little Bit of Wisdom* (1974, TV)
* *BBC Playhouse*: "Going Gently" (1981, TV)
* *Bergerac*: "Almost Like a Holiday" (1983, TV)
* *The 1950s: Music, Memories & Milestones* (1988, TV)
* *Double X: The Name of the Game (Double X, Run Rabbit Run)* (1992)
* *Last of the Summer Wine* episode "The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti" (1995, TV)
* *Last of the Summer Wine* episode "Extra, Extra!" (1996, TV)
* *Where on Earth Is ... Katy Manning* (1998, TV)
* Casualty episode "She Loved the Rain" (1998, TV)
* *Last of the Summer Wine* episode "The Coming of the Beast" (2001, TV)
* *Last of the Summer Wine* episode "A Musical Passing for a Miserable Muscroft" (2002, TV)
* *Dalziel and Pascoe* episode "Mens Sana" (2002, TV)
* *Coronation Street* (2004, TV)
* *Five Children and It* (2004) Played Nesbitt.
* *Last of the Summer Wine* episode "Variations on a Theme of the Widow Winstanley" (2004, TV)
* *Expresso* (2007) [www.expressofilm.com]
* *Evil Calls: The Raven* (2008)
* *Wonderland: The Secret Life Of Norman Wisdom Aged 92 and 3/4* (2008, TV)

### CDs and vinyl
* *I Would Like to Put on Record*
* *Jingle Jangle*
* *The Very Best of Norman Wisdom*
* *Androcles and the Lion*
* *Where's Charley?*
* *Wisdom of a Fool*
* *Nobody's Fool*
* *Follow a Star*
* *1957 Original Chart Hits*
* *Follow a Star/Give Me a Night in June*
* *Happy Ending/The Wisdom Of A Fool*
* *Big in Albania - One Hit Wonderland''

## References
Fulgurite

**Fulgurites** are a rare type of natural glass made when lightning hits silica-rich minerals that are commonly in sand, soil, and some rocks. *Tubular fulgurites* are found in places with a lot of silica, like beaches or deserts. Lightning makes a tubular fulgurite when a bolt goes through the sand and melts silica into a liquid. The liquid silica cools and hardens quickly, leaving behind a thin glassy tube, usually with a rough outer surface and a smooth inner surface. Underground, a fulgurite may be shaped like the roots of a tree, branching out with many arms that trace the zigzagging path of the lightning bolt. They are quite delicate, with walls no thicker than 1-2 mm. Some of the largest fulgurites are removed from the ground in many pieces and then glued back into their original shape.
Fire ant

**Fire ants** are stinging ants. They are also called *ginger ants* and *tropical fire ants*. They evolved in South America, but have become a major pest in North America. They are known for a painful sting. This sting uses a base, not an acid.

## Invasion 
In 1918, fire ants were accidentally moved into the United States of America by a ship from South America. They were moved in large amounts of dirt.  The ships brought heavy things like machines from the US to South America. They brought back light things like crops. The dirt was ballast make the ships more stable. The dirt sometimes had fire ants in it.

In the United States, fire ants have no natural predators or s. They became an invasive species. Native animals are not adapted to these ants. Fire ants are very aggressive. Their colonies can have many queens unlike many other ant species. Because of this, fire ants have spread very fast. By 1965, fire ant mounds spread on the south eastern coast and as far west as Texas. Today they are found in at least 10 southern states. There is a separate group of fire ants living in California. bites from fire ants.  Fire ants attack in groups when disturbed.  People often get many bites.  Fire ant bites are usually not dangerous but some people are allergic to fire ants.  They may go into shock.  This is called anaphylaxis.  This can kill them.

## Pushback 
The fire ants are growing in the US 80 years after they came there. About 157 chemicals, like ammonia, gasoline, parts of manure, and insect-killing pesticides, are used against fire ants. However, none of them were very helpful. By 1995, the government had allowed only one fire-ant bait for people to use a lot.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Biology, Control, and Management of Imported Fire Ants in North America at www.eXtension.org 
* The Alabama Fire Ant Management Program 
* Queensland Government - Department of Primary Industries Fire Ants Homepage 
* Fire Ant Gene Sequence database 
* Fireants building a lifeboat to save the queen  - Video
John Campbell Ross

**John Campbell Ross** (11 March 1899 - 3 June 2009) was the last living Australian World War I veteran.

Born in Newtown, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Ross served as a wireless operator in the First Australian Imperial Force, enlisting in January 1918, but never left Australia or saw active service. He later went on to serve in the Second World War as a corporal with the 20th Battalion, Volunteer Defence Corps.

His wife, Irene (née Laird), had been deceased by several decades before Jack Ross's death. He is survived by a son, Robert, a daughter, Peggy Ashburn, four grandchildren- Janette, Heather, Kay, and John - and nine great-grand children.

On 11 November 1998, Jack Ross had been awarded the 80th Anniversary Armistice Medal to mark the end of World War I. Jack also had been awarded the Centenary Medal for doing his share to the Australian society in the 100 years since the federation.

The death of William Evan Allan in October 2005 left Ross as the last Australian digger from World War I. However Claude Choules, a World War I veteran who served for Britain, lived in Western Australia. Ross became Australia's oldest man at the age of 108, on 12 June 2007, upon the death of Frank Scarrabelotti. Following the death of 112 year old E. Beatrice Riley, he was verified as the oldest person in Australia.

Ross celebrated his 110th birthday with chocolates and cake and a commemorative letter from the Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd.

As a civilian, Ross worked for Victorian Railways until he retired in 1964. Ross died peacefully in his sleep at approximately 4 am. at the Golden Oaks Nursing Home in Bendigo on 3&nbsp;June 2009, aged 110.
Porridge

**Porridge** is a food which is made with a cereal, usually oats.  The oats are boiled in water or milk, or both. It is usually served hot in a bowl or dish.  Some people add things to their porridge such as jam, sugar or syrup. In Scotland and Finland, salt is often added.

Porridge is a traditional food in many countries in Northern Europe.  It is usually eaten for breakfast. If the porridge is made from oat, it is called oatmeal.  In some countries barley or other grains may be used.  Porridge is cooked in saucepans or in a microwave.  Traditionally, it was cooked in large metal kettles over hot coals. Porridge was often served as food for prisoners in prisons.  This is why in English there is a slang expression "doing porridge" which means "being in prison". Porridge is also given to people who are ill because it is healthy and easy to eat and digest.

Semolina and gruel are foods which are quite similar to porridge. Semolina is usually served as a pudding. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge that may be also drunk and may not need to be cooked. Oliver Twist, in the famous book by Charles Dickens, was given gruel to eat.

Historically, heavy foods were eaten because most work was manual. Before the industrial revolution, men and women doing hard work needed more calories per day than they need today. At any rate this applies to countries which are highly mechanized. Porridge is a good example of the heavy calorie-laden food which has gradually gone out of favor.

## Related pages
*Quaker Oats Company

## References 
*
David Jason

**Sir David John White** OBE (born 2 February 1940), known professionally as by his stage name **David Jason**, is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for his roles as Del Boy in the BBC and GOLD comedy series sitcom *Only Fools and Horses* and Detective Insepctor Jack Frost in *A Touch Of Frost*, Granville in *Open All Hours* and *Still Open All Hours*, and Pop Larkin in *The Darling Buds of May*, as well as voicing Mr. Toad in *The Wind in the Williows* and the title character of *DangerMouse* and *Count Duckula*; His last original was Del Boy was in 2014 and Frost in 2010.

Jason was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1993, and knighted in 2005, both for services to drama. He won the British Comedy Awards Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001, and the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 2003.

Jason lived with his long term girlfriend, actress Myfanwy Talog, for eighteen years until her death from breast cancer in 1995. At age 61, Jason and 41-year-old girlfriend Gill Hinchcliffe had a baby girl in 2001.  They married in 2005.

## Career
### Radio
### Television
### Movies
### Animation
## Awards and nominations
David Jason has a total of twenty-three awards between 1986 and 2003. His hit comedy show, *Only Fools and Horses* won many of these awards, and was also nominated many times. His crime drama, A Touch of Frost, has also won and been nominated many times. *Porterhouse Blue*, *The Second Quest*, ''All the King's Men* and *A Bit of a Do'' have won David Jason one award each.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ice cream sandwich

An **ice cream sandwich** is a type of frozen desert made by putting ice cream in between two cookies or pieces of cake. It is often made with vanilla ice cream between two pieces of chocolate cake. It is sometimes made with other flavours instead.

## Footnotes
Dedication

**Dedication** can mean: the act of consecrating (making holy) a religious building such as a temple or church.

Dedication can also mean the writing at the beginning of a book or piece of music in which the author or composer says that it was written for a particular person. For example: a composer may write a piece of music for a particular musician and dedicate it to them.  An author may dedicate a book to someone they love or respect.  A book or a piece of music may be dedicated to the person who has paid them to write it.  This may be a rich person such as king.

## Related pages
*Consecration
*Patronage

## References
Boomslang

The **boomslang** (*Dispholidus typus*) is a large venomous snake found in sub-Saharan Africa. Its name means "tree snake" in Dutch and Afrikaans. It is a colubrid, the largest family of snakes, found on every continent except Antarctica.

Boomslangs eat small animals like chameleons, frogs, and birds, and they also eat eggs. Like all snakes, boomslangs do not chew  they swallow everything whole.

The venom of boomslangs can disrupt the clotting of blood, and this can kill a person. Even a small scratch can be fatal. After a bite, one can sometimes feel a headache, nausea, sleepiness, and get a mental disorder. This does not happen often, as boomslangs only bite humans when they feel attacked.

Its eyes are large in proportion to its head; they have binocular vision that helps them spot their prey. Its scientific name is *Dispholidus typus*. A boomslang is a slender snake with large eyes on a large blunt head. The snake can grow to up to 2 metres long, but is on average about 1 to 1.6 m in length.

## References
Phase change

A **phase change** is a change in the states of matter.  For example, a solid may become a liquid. This phase change is called melting.  When a solid changes into a gas, it is called sublimation. When a gas changes into a liquid, it is called condensation. When a liquid changes into a solid, it is called solidification. When a gas changes into a solid, it is called deposition . When a liquid changes into gas, it is called evaporation or boiling. Phase changes are usually caused by changes in temperature or pressure.

As the states of matter change from solid to liquid to gas, respectively, their composition changes as well. For example, in a solid, the bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds. That allows the solid substance to have a definite volume and shape. However, when the heat is added to the solid and it melts to become a liquid, the bonds are considerably weaker, and in water, are simply hydrogen bonds.  A liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape, and it thus takes the shape of the container in which it is. When *more* heat is added, the liquid substance evaporates and becomes a gas, which has no bonds at all. Gas is simply a formless collection of particles that tends to expand in all directions at the same time in order to occupy its full container. If a gas is not confined, the space between the particles will continue to increase. A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. 

In this pattern, solid to liquid to gas, heat is being added in order to provoke the phase change. In the other "direction," gas to liquid to solid, heat is being released through the phase change. 

It often helps to think of an ice cube when thinking of phase changes. An ice cube is a solid, and when heated up, it becomes liquid water. When heated up some more, it becomes water vapor, which is a gas.
Clara Barton

**Clarissa Harlowe "Clara" Barton** (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was an American teacher, nurse, and humanitarian.  During the American Civil War, she was a nurse and was in charge of the agency to find missing Union soldiers. She also headed several hospitals in Virginia. She is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross.

## Childhood 
Clara Harlowe Barton was born on December 25, 1821 in Oxford, Massachusetts. She was the youngest child of Sarah Stone and Stephen Barton. In her youth, Barton was timid and sensitive, which made household life difficult for Barton. Clara shared a special bond with her father. Both of them were adventurous and patriotic. Clara's father often told her stories about war, and they pretended to fight each other in fake battles.

Clara's mother was said to be a very beautiful woman. She was married at the age of seventeen, and by the time she was twenty she had already given birth to four children. Stephen taught her mathematics, and David taught her how to ride a horse.

As a child, Clara liked to pretend she was a nurse. She took care of sick and injured animals. When she was eleven, her brother David fell off the roof of a barnhouse. This incident had a large effect on Clara, who helped nurse her brother. David suffered a severe injury to his head, and he was close to death for two years. For two years Clara took care of her brother, hardly leaving his bedside. She learned many medical practices, including bloodletting, giving medicine, and applying leeches. her first job being a clerk for the government. Department of the Interior records say that she became a clerk in 1855, which makes her the first female to work for the government.

She died at the age of 91 years old from Tuberculosis on April 12, 1912.

## Notes 
More:

## References 
*
*
*
*
Barn

A **barn** is a agricultural building used usually on farms and for various purposes. Most barns are used for storage The word barn comes from the Old English word, bere, for barley which means grain, and aern, for a storage place. A barn could contain a stable, for housing horses or similar animals. Most barns with a stable in them, could also be called a stable barn. In most places around the world, barns are normally painted red with white trims.

## Other websites
Horace Mann

**Horace Mann** (1796-1859) was an educator and politician who helped set up the first public schools in the United States. He did this in the state of Massachusetts. Mann personally visited every school in the state to inspect it. He later became the first president of Antioch College in Ohio. “Our means of education,” he stated, “are the grand machinery by which the ‘raw material’ of human nature can be worked up into inventors and discoverers, into skilled artisans and scientific farmers.”
Manna

lawn.]]
**Manna**, sometimes spelled **mana**, is the name of a food which, according to the Pentateuch of the Bible, the Israelites ate while they were traveling 40 years in the desert after leaving Egypt, which God provided because they had nothing to eat. Every morning they would gather the white flakes that covered the ground. It is said to have a sweet taste. When they got tired of manna, God gave them quail (bird).

## Where did they come from?
Manna was called the "bread of heaven" because it seemed to come from Heaven, according to the Bible. Some suggest that they were a type of locust; some say that it was the sap of a tree which is known to  hunger. In the Mishna, it is said that it was made during twilight of the sixth day of Creation.

## References
Mycenaean culture

from Tiryns ~1200BC]]

The **Mycenaean culture** (around 1600–1100 BC) was an early Greek culture during the Bronze Age on the Greek mainland and on Crete. 
 as described in Homer's Iliad. The geographical data is believed to refer primarily to Bronze Age Greece, when Mycenaean Greek would have been spoken.]]

The name **Achaean** was used by Homer to describe them and occurs in the *Iliad*. The term that is used is derived from Mycenae, which is an important archaeological site about 90 km from Athens. Other important Mycenaean sites are at Athens, Thebes, Tiryns and Pylos. The epic poems of Homer, the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*, are Mycenaean in origin.

The earlier Minoans traded but did not conquer. The Mycenaeans traded and conquered.

## Language 
**Mycenaean** is the oldest-known form of Greek. It was spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the Mycenaean period, from the 16th century to the 12th century BC. The language is written on clay tablets in a script called Linear B. Most of the tablets were found in Knossos, in central Crete, and in Pylos, in the southwest of the Peloponnese. Other tablets have been found at Mycenae itself; Tiryns and Thebes; and at Chania, on western Crete.

For a long time, no one could translate the tablets. At last, Michael Ventris deciphered the script in 1952 and showed that the language was an early form of Greek.

The texts on the tablets are mostly lists and inventories. There are no stories, myths, or poetry, but they give some idea of the people who made them.

By the late 13th century BC, mainland Greece witnessed a wave of destruction. The Mycenaean sites declined, and the people moved to refuge settlements. That is called the Greek Dark Ages since little or no writing is found until the 8th century BC. See Ancient Greece for that and the later periods.

### Comparison with Hittite 
Both Old Hittite and Mycenaean Greek are Indo-European languages. The oldest Hittite texts are slightly earlier than the earliest Mycenaean texts, but Greek is the oldest Indo-European language that is still spoken.

## Identity
The somewhat younger Linear B tablets suggest that the people called Mycenaeans might have been Achaeans. No written source found at a Mycenaean site reveals what they called themselves. In the *Iliad*, the residents of the Peloponnesus and nearby islands are often called Achaeans. There is mention of the Ahhiyawa in Hittite sources from the Late Bronze Age, which suggests itself that the Mycenaeans could possibly be Achaeans. The Tawagalawa Letter, written by an unnamed Hittite king (14th–13th century BC) to the king of Ahhiyawa, treats him as an equal. The letter suggests that Miletus (Millawanda) was under his control and refers to an earlier 'Wilusa' episode" involving hostility by Ahhiyawa.

Ahhiya(wa) has been identified with the Achaeans of the Trojan War and the city of Wilusa with the legendary city of Troy. However the exact relationship of the term Ahhiyawa to the Achaeans had been hotly debated by scholars even after the discovery that Mycenaean Linear B is an early form of Greek. The written forms of the two languages are quite different.

## References
Kim Kyu-sik

**Kim Kyu-sik** (, 1881 - 1950) was a Korean politician, ambassador, poet, and academic.

He was the first and second Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. He was also minister of education and foreign affairs in the same government.

A nickname & a pen name is Usa (). 

He was a graduate of the American Roanoke College and also Princeton University. 

Kim Kyusik was born in Pusan. He was kidnapped to North Korea in 1950, where he was assassinated in Manpo the same year.

## Related pages
* Rhee Syng-man
* Yun Chi-ho
* Yun Ch-Young
* Ahn Jae-Hong
* Philip Jaisohn
* Kim Gu
* Kim Won-bong
* Park Hon-Yong
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

The **National Association for the Advancement of Colored People** or **NAACP** (pronounced N-double-A-C-P) is a civil rights organization in the United States, created for the advancement of black people by means of following judicial policies.

## Predecessor: The Niagara Movement
The Pan-American Exposition of 1901 in Buffalo, New York, featured many American innovations and achievements, but also included a disparaging caricature of slave life in the South as well as a depiction of life in Africa, called "Old Plantation" and "Darkest Africa", respectively. A local African-American woman, Mary Talbert of Ohio, was appalled by the exhibit, as a similar one in Paris highlighted black achievements.  She informed W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;B. Du&nbsp;Bois of the situation, and a coalition began to form.

Because hotels in the US were segregated, the men convened in Canada at the Erie Beach Hotel on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in Fort Erie, Ontario.  As a result, the group came to be known as the Niagara Movement.  A year later, three non-African-Americans joined the group: journalist William English Walling, a wealthy socialist; and social workers Mary White Ovington and Henry Moskowitz.  Moskowitz, who was Jewish, was then also Associate Leader of the New York Society for Ethical Culture.  They met in 1906 at Storer College, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and in 1907 in Boston, Massachusetts.

The fledgling group struggled for a time with limited resources and internal conflict and disbanded in 1910. Seven of the members of the Niagara Movement joined the Board of Directors of the NAACP, founded in 1909.  Although both organizations shared membership and overlapped for a time, the Niagara Movement was a separate organization.  Historically, it is considered to have had a more radical platform than the NAACP.  The Niagara Movement was formed exclusively by African Americans.  Four European Americans were among the founders of the NAACP, they included Mary White Ovington, Henry Moskowitz, William English Walling and Oswald Garrison Villard.

## References
Chang Myun

**Chang Myon**(, August 28, 1899 – June 4, 1966) was 2nd, 7th Prime Minister of South Korea, 4th Vice President of South Korea. His nickname was Unsuk (, hanja:雲石).

He was a special ambassador to the Vatican 1948. In 1949, United States Ambassador to South Korea, May 1950 2nd Prime Minister of South Korea. 1956 to 1960 4th Vice President of South Korea. Seventh Prime Minister in August 1960. On 16 May 1961, he was kicked out, By Park Chung hee's coup d'état.

## Life 
Chang Myon was born in Incheon in 1899. He was born to a Catholic family. After graduating from high school, he studied in the United States. After returning, he worked as an educator. Dongseong High School teachers, Principal. Geseong Elementary School Principal.

August 15, 1945 Independence, he moved into politics. October 1948 was sent to UN, to represent of South Korea, after, December 1948 Special  Ambassador to the Vatican, Ambassador to the United States. Prime Minister of South Korea November 23, 1950 to April 23, 1952.

## Related pages
* Rhee Syngman
* Kim Gu
* Yun Posun
* Yun Chi-ho
* Jang Jun-ha
* Park Chung-hee
* Park Soon-Chon
* Shin Ik-hee
* Heo Jeong

## References 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=132789

## Other websites 
* Unsyk Chang Myon Memorial site 
* Chang Myon:National Assembly of the Republic of Korea
Stomach cancer

**Stomach cancer**, or **gastric cancer**, is a kind of cancer from any part of the stomach. Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide per year. The odds of survival are 5 to 15%. but some foods, such as smoked foods, salted fish and meat, and pickled vegetables are associated with a higher risk. Heavy metals, such as arsenic in soil, have been linked to gastric cancers and have positive relationship with incidence or death.

## Types of stomach cancer 
There are several types of stomach cancer, which can be categorized based on the location in the stomach where the cancer begins. The most common type of stomach cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the cells lining the inside of the stomach. Other types of stomach cancer include:

* Lymphoma: This starts in the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and nodes that help circulate blood and fight infection.
* Sarcoma: This develops in the connective tissues or muscles of the stomach.
* Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: This type of tumor arises from the interstitial cells of Cajal, which are specialized cells  that control the movement of food through the digestive tract.
* Carcinoid tumor: This type of tumor arises from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach, which produce hormones that regulate digestion.

### New therapies and survival rates 
A 2025 study called the DRAGON-01 trial found that intraperitoneal chemotherapy helped people with stomach cancer live longer. This method puts the cancer medicine directly into the belly (abdomen), where it can more efficiently reach tumors.

In the study, patients received both intraperitoneal and intravenous paclitaxel and an oral drug called S-1. Patients lived longer than with standard treatments. The 1-year survival rate was 69.6% compared to 54.1% in the control group.

The study also showed that more patients could get surgery after this treatment, which can improve survival.

## References
Bembridge

*Bembridge* is a village on the Isle of Wight. It is the village which is farthest to the east on the island. According to the 2001 census of the United Kingdom it had a population of 3,848. The large population (for a village) means that some people have said that it has the biggest population of any village in the United Kingdom. Many of the most rich people who live on the Isle of Wight live in Bembridge.

## History 
The villages of Bembridge and Yaverland were once a separate island, off the coast of the rest of the Isle of Wight. There was a channel of water called Brading Haven, which separated the two islands. Before the time in which Queen Victoria was the queen of the United Kingdom, the village of Bembridge only had a few huts and farm houses. It was only when a church was built in 1827 that the village started to grow.

## Geography 
The most old buildings in the village are found close to the church in the north of the village. In this part of the village there are a number of shops, pubs (places to buy and drink alcohol), and restaurants (places to buy food). There is also the village hall (a place for meetings, sales and events).

In the south of the village there is an area which is called 'Lane End'. It is a more modern part of the village and has its own shops. In this part of the village there is a lifeboat station. There are two schools in Bembridge, one is for children of ages 4–8, and the other is for children of ages 9–13.

## References
United States Secret Service

The **US Secret Service** (simply known as **Secret Service**) is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The agency is in charge with handling criminal investigations and protecting political leaders of the United States, their families, and visiting heads of state or government. The agency was under the United States Department of the Treasury until 2003. Its original job was to stop Counterfeiting of money.

## History 
President Abraham Lincoln signed the legislation that established the Secret Service just hours before he was assassinated on April 14, 1865.

After the Assassination of President William McKinley in September 1901, U.S. Congress passed a federal law and directed the Secret Service to provide mandatory protection to the president.

## Primary missions 
The Secret Service is authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3056(a) to protect:

* President of the United States
* Vice President of the United States
* First Lady of the United States
* Spouse of the Vice President
* President-elect
* Vice President-elect
* People in the presidential line of succession.
* The immediate family members such as children, grandchildren, stepchildren, in-laws etc.
* Former presidents and their spouses for the rest of their life, unless the spouse remarries.
* Children of former presidents under the age of 16.
* Visiting heads of state or government and their spouses.
* Major presidential and vice presidential candidates and their spouses
* Former vice presidents, their spouses up to six months after the former vice president leaves office.

The Secret Service also provides security for the White House, the Number One Observatory Circle, Treasury Department building and private residences of the president and former presidents.

## Other missions 
The Secret Service is tasked with protecting the financial systems of the United States and cyber-based crime such as, counterfeit money, bank and financial fraud, mail fraud, and wire fraud.

## References
The Grand Inquisitor

**"The Grand Inquisitor"** is a parable told by Ivan to Alyosha in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel *The Brothers Karamazov* (1879-1880). Ivan and Alyosha are brothers; Ivan questions the possibility of a kind, caring God. If there is a kind God, Ivan argues, why do people suffer, especially children?

"The Grand Inquisitor" is an important part of the novel and one of the most famous parts of it because of its ideas about humans and Gods, and because of its mysteriousness.

Dostoevsky's notebooks show that he had the idea of "The Grand Inquisitor" after he saw it in a play by Friedrich Schiller, *Don Carlos* (1785-1787).

## Other websites 
* Link to text of scene 
*
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

The **Matthew Shepard Act**, officially called the **Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act**, is an Act of Congress that was passed on October 22, 2009, and signed into law by President Barack Obama on October 28. The act adds crimes that are committed because of the victims gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability to the 1969  hate-crime law.

The Act is the first federal law that gives legal protection to people who are transgender.

The bill also:
* protects a victim even if they were not engaging in a federally-protected activity, such as voting or going to school;
* gives federal law enforcement a greater ability to look into possible hate crimes that local law enforcement decides not to;
* gives $5 million per year in funding for 2010 through 2012 to help both state and local governments pay for the  and prosecution of hate crimes; 
* makes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) track how many hate crimes are committed against transgender persons

## References
South Island

The **South Island** is the larger of the two main islands of New Zealand. It is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait. The South Island covers  and has a temperate climate. It is also known by its Māori name, *Te Wai Pounamu*. About 24% of New Zealand's population live in the South Island.

## Related pages
* North Island
* Chatham Islands

## References
North Island

The **North Island** is the smaller of the two main islands of New Zealand. It is separated from the South Island by Cook Strait. The island is  in area, making it the world's 14th-largest island. It has a population of 3,287,600 (June 2009). Its Māori name is *Te Ika a Māui*.

Twelve cities are in the North Island. The biggest is Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, which is in the northwestern part of the island. Wellington, the capital, is at the southern end of the island. About 76% of New Zealand's population live in the North Island.

## Related pages
*South Island
*Chatham Islands

## References
New Zealand English

**New Zealand English** is the English that is spoken in New Zealand. The words are mostly the same as in British English but are pronounced differently. 

Some words are found only in or have special meanings in New Zealand English. They include *dairy* (corner shop; small grocery shop), *bach* (small holiday house, often near the beach), *heaps* (lots of, i.e. "I ate heaps of pavlova last Christmas"), and *tramping* (hiking).
Bailiff

A **bailiff**  is a governor, a legal officer for the government. There are many different kinds of bailiffs, and they have different jobs. The word comes from the Latin word, *baiulivus*.

## Medieval bailiffs
### Great Britain
The word was first used in England for the king's officers, such as sheriffs and mayors. It was also  the title for the chief officer of a hundred. The sheriff looked after an area called his bailiwick. Bailiff is kept as a title by the chief magistrates of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster, and the Bailiff of Dover Castle. In a medieval manor, a bailiff was in charge of the farming.
Tasman Sea

The **Tasman Sea** is the sea between Australia and New Zealand. It was named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. It is about  across, and  from north to south. The sea is part of the south Pacific Ocean. Its Māori name is *Te Tai-o-Rēhua*, and it is sometimes called *The Ditch* by Australians and New Zealanders.
Pōhutukawa

The **pōhutukawa** (*Metrosideros excelsa*), also known as the **New Zealand Christmas tree**, **New Zealand Christmas bush**, and **iron tree**, is a tree native to New Zealand. It grows mainly on the coast of the North Island. It is evergreen and has bright red flowers. These flowers appear between November and January, during the Southern hemisphere summer. It is red and green during Christmas.

The Pōhutukawa is endangered, meaning that there are not many left. This is because possums eat the leaves of the trees, killing them. Project Crimson is a group trying to stop this happening.
Cook Strait

**Cook Strait** () is the body of water between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. It connects the Tasman Sea on the west with the South Pacific Ocean on the east.

The strait is named after James Cook, who was the first European commander to sail through it. Its Māori name is *Te Moana-o-Raukawa*. The strait has an average depth of . The strait can be dangerous and unpredictable, because of the tide patterns and the weather. The most common way to get across is by ferry.
Dark Horse (album)

***Dark Horse*** is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Nickelback. The album was released on November 18, 2008. Seven singles came from the album, including "Gotta Be Somebody", "If Today Was Your Last Day", "I'd Come for You", "Burn It to the Ground", and "Something in Your Mouth".

## Track listing
# "Something in Your Mouth" – 3:38
# "Burn It to the Ground" – 3:47
# "Gotta Be Somebody" – 4:13
# "I'd Come for You" – 4:22
# "Next Go Round" – 3:45
# "Just to Get High" – 4:02
# "Never Gonna Be Alone" – 3:47
# " Shakin' Hands " – 3:39
# " S.E.X. " – 3:55
# " If Today Was Your Last Day " – 4:08
# " This Afternoon " – 3:34
# ""This Afternoon" (Original Performance Series)" - 4:26 (Wal-Mart Exclusive Bonus Track)

## References
Leeroy Jenkins

**Leeroy Jenkins** is the name of a player character who was in the game World of Warcraft, created by Ben Shultz. He made a video which was put onto Youtube, and it became very popular. He has become known and even has his own achievement on World of Warcraft for pretending to be him in the video. Leeroy’s name is often spelt wrong as Leroy Jenkins who is a real different person.

The video, which made Leeroy famous, shows him and his friends doing a friendly activity known as a Raid in World of Warcraft, but this activity is hard to do, so the leader of the group that Leeroy is with has to explain what to do. But Leeroy is not around for the explanation, preparing some chicken, and when he comes back, he ends up running in the area, shouting his own name as he goes, which begins the activity, and ruining the plan which his friends made. This causes everyone to panic, and no-one knows what to do, and so, everyone dies. Everyone blames Leeroy for this, and he says "At least I got chicken."

Leeroy has become very well known and his name is now used by people to show that they are running in but have no idea what to do. These people should be avoided, as they may cause you to die as well, as the video shows. Because of this, people now consider the video to be a lesson.

## Other websites 
*Leeroy Jenkins on YouTube
You, Me and Dupree

***You, Me and Dupree*** is a 2006 American comedy movie. It was produced by Mary Parent, Scott Stuber and Owen Wilson. It was directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo.

The movie is about newlyweds Carl and Molly Peterson (played by Matt Dillon and Kate Hudson). After Carl's best man and friend Randolph Dupree (Owen Wilson) loses his job and apartment, the couple allow him to move in. Dupree overstays his welcome.

## Cast 
* **Owen Wilson** as **Randolph "Randy" Dupree**
* **Matt Dillon** as **Carl Peterson**
* **Kate Hudson** as **Molly Thompson Peterson**
* **Michael Douglas** as **Bob Thompson**
* © Universal (2005)
*
*
* **Ralph Ting** as **Toshi**
* **Todd Stashwick** as **Tony**
* **Bill Hader** as **Mark**
* **Lance Armstrong** as himself

## Other websites
*You, Me and Dupree's official website
Butters' Bottom Bitch

"'''Butters' Bottom Bitch'*" is the ninth episode of the thirteenth season of *South Park''. It first started on the Comedy Central in the United States on October 16, 2009.

In this episode, Butters pays a girl $5 to kiss him on the playground.   He decides to start a business, a "kissing company." This is a parody of prostitution with Butters as a pimp.  Police officers hear about Butters' company and think it is a real prostitution ring.  Sergeant Yates disguises himself as a female prostitute to find out.  

## References
## Other websites
Episode's official page
Eazy-E

**Eric Lynn Wright** (September 7, 1964 – March 26, 1995), known professionally as **Eazy-E**, was an American rapper. He was born in Compton, California. He rose to fame with the hip hop group N.W.A and is one of the founders of the "Gangsta rap" subgenre. He usually rapped about guns, drugs, relations between residents and the police, and sexual activity. He was known as the "*Godfather of Gangsta Rap*".

## Life 
In 1987, he founded Ruthless Records.

## Illness and death 
In 1994, Eazy-E believed he had asthma, until he learned he had HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). It led to his death
on March 26, 1995.  

He was buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.

## Discography 
During his career, Eazy-E released 2 studio albums and 3 EPs:

(*) albums or EPs were released posthumously (after death)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Eazy-E's find-a-grave page
Decision theory

**Decision theory** is a mathematical theory about how to best reach a decision. This is done using probability theory, statistics and logical reasoning. A decision can be made in different ways. Decision theory usually picks the best decision by looking at the consequences each way to decide might have. 

In most cases, decision theory is normative and prescriptive. Most of the time, it assumes the decision maker has *perfect knowledge*. Decision makers know all the consequences, and case take the best pick. 

There are three branches of decision theory:
# **Normative decision theory**: The decision makers take rational choices. There is also a set of axioms that describe the decision process. This allows to reach a decision through the use of logic. This describes **how** to reach a decision.
# **Prescriptive decision theory**: This tries to help people reach better decisions, through the use of models to follow. Humans have only limited capabilities to reach a decision. This is taken into account. 
# **Descriptive decision theory** looks at the way decisions are taken in real life, and tries to improve the process. 

Decision theory can also be classified as follows:
# **Choice under certainty**: The decision maker knows all possible alternatives, and can exactly say at what probability each occurs. The decision maker chooses the action that will result in the most desirable outcome.
# **Choice under uncertainty**: There are several outcomes for each action, depending on the state of nature. The outcome corresponding to the chosen action are uncertain, but the probabilities associated with each outcome is known.
Rennes 2 University

The **University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany** is a national university in France. It is located in the city of Rennes. It was created in 1969.

## Faculties 
They are 5 faculties:
*Faculty of foreign languages
*Faculty of social sciences
*Faculty of Human sciences
*Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and communication
*Faculty of sports.

## Other websites 
*official website
Tyranni

**Tyranni** is a suborder of passerine birds. They are also known as the **suboscines**. There are about 1,000 species in this suborder. Most of them live in South America.

These birds are different to the passeri (songbirds) because they have a different syrinx. This is part of the bird's voice box which makes bird song. Scientists have also done studies on DNA and fossils to show that the tyranni suborder is different to the passeri suborder.

## Taxonomy
The tyranni suborder can be split into three infraorders: Acanthisittides, Eurylaimides, and Tyrannide.

The first group, the Acanthisittidae, are also known as the New Zealand "wrens". At the moment, scientists are unsure whether they should belong to the tyranni or not. Some scientists think they are too different and they should be in their own suborder.

The Eurylaimides contains two superfamilies: the Eurylaimoidea and the Pittoidea. The Euryaimoidea contains three families. They are also known as the Old World suboscines. Most of them live in tropical places around the Indian Ocean. One species, the Broad-billed Sapayoa, lives in the Americas. The three families are: (*Pitta iris*), a dark bird with bright color patches. Most Pittidae have similar colors.]]
* Superfamily: Eurylaimoidea
** Eurylaimidae: broadbills
** Philepittidae: asities
** Sapayoidae: Broad-billed Sapayoa
* Superfamily: Pittoidea
** Pittidae: pittas

The Tyrannides contain all sub-oscine birds from the Americas, except the Broad-billed Sapayoa:
* Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers
* Thamnophilidae: antbirds
* Formicariidae: antpittas and antthrushes
* Rhinocryptidae: tapaculos
* Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
* Tyrannidae: tyrant-flycatchers
* Tityridae: tityras and allies
* Cotingidae: cotingas
* Pipridae: manakins

### Footnotes
Gypsophila paniculata

***Gypsophila paniculata*** is a species of perennial plant, a plant that lives for more than two years. The common name, a name that is in general use, is '''baby's breath'''.

## Description
The height of the species 2 to 3 feet long and the width of the species is 2 to 3 feet long. The species blooms anytime from April to August. The color of the flowers are typically white. The plant needs sunlight from the full sun, meaning direct sunlight. The species is an herbaceous plant, meaning it has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level and has no woody stem above the ground.

## Habitat
The species is native to Central Europe and Siberia.

## Toxicity
Despite being used in cakes and corsages, the species is commonly feared to be poisonous. The toxicity is said to be due to saponins. The poisonous parts of the plant are claimed to be the flowers, with other parts of the plant also being poisonous when they are dry. The species can cause eye irritation, sinus irritation, or asthma after the plant is repeatedly handled. The plant can also cause minor skin irritation that only lasts for a few minutes.potentially unreliable source 

It is known that the roots of this species and other members of the genus gypsophila do in fact contain saponin. A study has been done which suggests that saponins are produced only in the root and stay in the root and do not move to other parts of the plant.

## References
Duncan Keith

**Duncan Keith** (born July 16, 1983 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a total of 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks and the Edmonton Oilers. He played college hockey with the Spartans at Michigan State. 

Keith has also played for Team Canada. He won a gold medal with Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010 and was also awarded the 2010 Norris Trophy. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On July 12, 2021, the Blackhawks traded Keith along with Tim Söderlund to the Edmonton Oilers for Caleb Jones and a third-round pick in the 2022 NHL Entry Draft. On July 12, 2022, Keith announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Billy Corgan

**William Patrick "Billy" Corgan, Jr.** (born March 17, 1967) is an American singer and musician. He is the singer and guitarist for the American band The Smashing Pumpkins. Corgan and James Iha formed the band in 1988.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from the United States
## References
A minor

**A minor** (usually shortened to **Am**) is a minor scale based on A, which is made up of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and A.  The harmonic minor scale raises the G to G. Its key signature has no sharps or flats.

Its relative major is C major, and its parallel major is A major. A scale in both A minor and C major can be played on a piano or other keyboard instrument using only the white keys.

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals when needed.

Most of the time key signatures were cancelled whenever the new key signature had fewer sharps or flats than the old key signature, in modern popular music, this is only done when C major or A minor replace another key.

## Well-known classical music in this key 
**Violin Concerto in A minor BWV1041* - Johann Sebastian Bach
**Piano Sonata in A minor, K. 310* - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
**Bagatelle in A minor "Für Elise"* - Ludwig van Beethoven
**Violin Sonata No. 4 Op.23* - Ludwig van Beethoven
**String Quartet No. 15 Op.132 * - Ludwig van Beethoven
*Caprice No. 24 (Paganini) - Niccolo Paganini
**Prelude #2 in A minor, Op. 28 #2* - Frédéric Chopin
*Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 54 - Robert Schumann
*Variations on a Theme by Paganini, Op. 35 - Johannes Brahms
*Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 16 - Edvard Grieg
*Oboe Concerto in A Minor - Ralph Vaughan Williams
*Symphony No. 6 - Gustav Mahler
*Symphony No. 4 - Jean Sibelius
*Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini - Sergei Rachmaninoff

## References