open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
David Bernhardt

**David Longly Bernhardt** (born August 17, 1969) is an American attorney, lobbyist and politician. He was the 53rd United States Secretary of the Interior from 2019 to 2021. He was the Deputy United States Secretary of the Interior when Ryan Zinke was secretary.

He began working for the United States Department of the Interior in 2001 and was the department's solicitor from 2006 to 2009, among other roles.

On April 28, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated him to be the United States Deputy Secretary of the Interior.  He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 24, 2017. He became Acting Secretary of the Interior on January 2, 2019, replacing Ryan Zinke. In February 2019, Trump nominated Bernhardt to serve the position as the permanent secretary. He was confirmed on April 11, 2019.

## References
Bonner County, Idaho

**Bonner County** is a county in the northern part of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, 47,110 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Sandpoint.

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Sandpoint
* Clark Fork
* Dover
* East Hope
* Hope
* Kootenai
* Oldtown
* Ponderay
* Priest River

### Census-designated place 
* Blanchard

### Unincorporated communities 
* Careywood
* Cocolalla
* Colburn
* Coolin
* Laclede
* Lamb Creek
* Nordman
* Outlet Bay
* Sagle
* Vans Corner
* Westmond

## References
Clay County, Mississippi

**Clay County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The county seat is West Point. As of the 2020 census, 18,636 people lived there.

## References
UNCF

**UNCF**, the **United Negro College Fund**, also known as the **United Fund**, is an American nonprofit organization that funds scholarships for black students at universities across the country, including 37 private historically black colleges and universities. 

UNCF was created on April 25, 1944 by Frederick D. Patterson (then president of what is now Tuskegee University), Mary McLeod Bethune, and others. Its headquarters are located at 1805 7th Street, NW in Washington, D.C.  

## Operations 
UNCF awards more than $100 million in scholarships each year to students at more than 1,100 colleges and universities. According to its website, it is "the nation’s largest private scholarship provider to minority group members." 

Since it was founded, UNCF has supported more than 500,000 college students.

## Leadership 
UNCF's President and Chief Executive Officer is Michael Lomax. Past presidents of the UNCF included William H. Gray (a Pennsylvania politician) and Vernon Jordan (a lawyer and civil rights activist).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Sigma, Capiz

**Sigma** is a town in Capiz, Visayas, in the Philippines. In 2015, it had a population of 30,134 people.

Sigma is 28 kilometers away from Roxas, the capital of the province of Capiz.

## References
Capiz

**Capiz** is a province of the Visayas region in the Philippines. The province's capital is Roxas City. The province is one of the 15th most visited places in the country and is known for its seafood.

## References
Aída Judith León

**Aída León de Rodríguez** (born **Aída Judith León Lara**; June 23, 1928 &ndash; November 20, 2024) was an Ecuadorian philanthropist. She was the First Lady of Ecuador to Guillermo Rodríguez, her husband from 1972 to 1976.

León was born on June 23, 1928 in Pujilí, Cotopaxi Province. In 1953, she married General Guillermo Rodríguez and had five children.

As First Lady of Ecuador, León was president of the National Children's Trust (INNFA since 1980).

## References
Tom Weisner

**Tom Weisner** (October 6, 1949 – December 28, 2018) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Aurora, Illinois from 2005 until 2016. He worked for five years as a volunteer in the Peace Corps. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in Batavia, Illinois. He was re-elected in 2012, but in May 2015 announced his retirement. He resigned in August 2016 due to poor health. 

Weisner died of colon cancer-related complications on December 28, 2018 in Aurora, aged 69. 

## References
LA

**LA** can mean

* Latin
* Laos
* Louisiana a US state by abbreviation
* Los Angeles a city in California and second most populated city in the US
Wendy Beckett

**Wendy Beckett** (25 February 1930 – 26 December 2018), better known as **Sister Wendy**, was a British nun, television personality and art historian. She was born in South Africa.

Beckett became famous during the early 1990s when she presented a series of BBC television documentaries on the history of art. Her programmes, such as ''Sister Wendy's Odyssey* and *Sister Wendy's Grand Tour,* often drew a 25 percent share of the British viewing audience.

In 1997, Sister Wendy first appeared on television in the United States, on public television. That same year *The New York Times'' described her as "a sometime hermit who is fast on her way to becoming the most unlikely and famous art critic in the history of television".

Beckett died on 26 December 2018 at the Carmelite Monastery in Quidenham, Norfolk at the age of 88.

## References
Tomokatsu Kitagawa

was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was a member of the House of Representatives. He was born in Neyagawa, Osaka. He was an MP from 2003 to 2009 and again from 2012 until his death 2018.

Kitagawa died on December 26, 2018 in Osaka of complications from peritonitis, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Official website  in Japanese.
Lata Mangeshkar

**Lata Mangeshkar** () (born **Hema Mangeshkar**; 28 September 1929 – 6 February 2022) was an Indian playback singer and music director. She won many titles.

## Reputation
She is one of the best-known playback singers in India. She has recorded songs in over a thousand Hindi movies and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages.
## Early Life
Lata Mangeshkar was born in 1929, the eldest daughter of Deenanath Mangeshkar, a Marathi and Konkani musician and his wife Shevanti in Indore.

## Death 
Mangeshkar died on 6 February 2022, from multiple organ failure after contracting COVID-19 and undergoing 28 days of treatment at the Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai, India.

The Government of India announced a two-day national mourning and that the National Flag will fly at half-mast from February 6 to 7 throughout India in her respect.

## References
Peter Hill-Wood

**Peter Denis Hill-Wood** (25 February 1936 &ndash; 28 December 2018) was a British businessman. He was born in London. He was chairman of Arsenal Football Club. He also was vice-chairman of Hambros Bank. On 14 June 2013 Hill-Wood stepped down and was replaced as chairman of Arsenal by Chip Keswick.

## References
## Other websites
* Peter Hill-Wood at Cricket Archive
Toshiko Fujita

was a Japanese actress and singer. She was born in Dalian, Liaoning, China. She worked at Aoni Production. Fujita was known for her roles in *Digimon Adventure*, *Zatch Bell!*, *Chihayafuru*, *Bonobono* and in *Fist of the North Star*.

Fujita died of breast cancer on December 28, 2018 in Tokyo at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
*Aoni Production profile 
*Toshiko Fujita  at the Seiyuu database
Peritonitis

**Peritonitis** is inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the inner wall of the abdomen and cover of the abdominal organs. If  left untreated, it can be life-threatening.

## Symptoms
Signs and symptoms may include:
* severe pain in the stomach
* fever, or feeling hot and shivering
There may also be swelling in the abdomen, feeling or being sick, and a loss of appetite.

If peritonitis happens while kidney dialysis treatment is being used, the fluid in the collection bag might look cloudier than usual or contain white flecks.

## Causes 
Include: 
*perforation of the intestinal tract
*pancreatitis
*pelvic inflammatory disease
*burst stomach ulcer
*cirrhosis
*ruptured appendix.
*digestive problems (example Chron's disease or diverticulitis)
*surgery
The lining of the stomach (peritoneum) covers internal organs like the kidneys, liver and bowel. If the lining becomes infected and you get peritonitis, the internal organs it covers can also be damaged. 
## Treatment
After a peritonitis diagnosis, treatment in hospital is needed to get rid of the infection.Treatment usually involves being given antibiotics into a vein (intravenously).

If regular kidney dialysis is ongoing, a doctor might discuss a different way of doing it until the peritonitis has been treated.

## Related pages 
* appendix
* gallbladder
* acid reflux

## References
Brenda Vaccaro

**Brenda Buell Vaccaro** (born November 18, 1939) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in *Midnight Cowboy*, *Once Is Not Enough*, ''Airport '77*, *Capricorn One*, *The Pride of Jesse Hallam*, *Supergirl*, *The Mirror Has Two Faces*, *Heart of Midnight*, and in *Zorro, The Gay Blade*.

She received one Academy Award nomination, three Golden Globe Award nominations (winning one), four Primetime Emmy Award nominations (winning one), and three Tony Award nominations.

Her best known stage roles were in *The Affair* (1962), *Cactus Flower* (1965), *How Now, Dow Jones* (1967), *The Goodbye People* (1968), the female version of *The Odd Couple*, (1985), and *Jake's Women'' (1992).

## References
## Other websites
*
Bird Box (movie)

***Bird Box*** is a 2018 American horror thriller movie. It was directed by Susanne Bier. The movie is based on a novel of the same name by Josh Malerman.  

The movie is about a woman, played by Sandra Bullock. Together with other people she hides from supernatural creatures. If a human sees such a creature, he kills himself. Later the woman must make it through a forest and river. She has a pair of children with her. Most of the time they are blindfolded to avoid the sight of the creatures. 

Other actors in the movie are Trevante Rhodes, Jacki Weaver, Rosa Salazar, Danielle Macdonald, Lil Rel Howery, Tom Hollander, BD Wong, Sarah Paulson, Colson Baker and John Malkovich. 

*Bird Box* had its world premiere at AFI Fest on November 12, 2018. The movie began a limited release on December 14. Starting December 21, 2018 the movie was streamed worldwide on Netflix. 

## References
Jason Wiles

**Jason Austin Wiles** (born April 25, 1970) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in the television series, such as Colin Robbins in *Beverly Hills, 90210* and as Maurice Boscorelli in *Third Watch*. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

## Other websites 
*
Clay County, Missouri

**Clay County** is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 253,335, making it the fifth-most populous county in Missouri. The county seat is Liberty. It was founded on January 2, 1822.

## References
Freshwater fish

are common freshwater fish throughout temperate Eurasia.]]
**Freshwater fish** are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 1.05%.

Freshwater fish differ from saltwater fish in several respects. Their gills must be able to diffuse dissolved gases while keeping the salts in the body fluids inside. Their scales reduce water diffusion through the skin: freshwater fish that have lost too many scales will die.

## Threats 
### Habitat destruction 
Freshwater fish also die from habitat destruction. Dams not only interrupt linear water flow and cause major geological channel shifts, but also limit the amount of water available to fishes in lakes, streams and rivers and have the potential to change the trophic structure because of these alterations of the habitat and the limitations to movement and connectivity.

The purpose of a dam is to impound (store) water, kill freshwater fish, wastewater or liquid borne materials for any of several reasons, such as flood control, human water supply, irrigation, livestock water supply, energy generation, containment of mine tailings, recreation, or pollution control.

## Coolwater fish 
Coolwater fish species prefer water temperature between the coldwater and the long warmwater species, around 60 to 80 °F (16–27 °C). They are found throughout North America except for the southern portions of the United States. Common coolwater species include muskellunge, northern pike, walleye, and yellow perch.

## North American fish 
### Endangered species 
, an example of a critically endangered species.]]
About four in ten North American freshwater fish are endangered, according to a pan-North American study, the main cause being human pollution. Since 1989, the number of fish species and subspecies to become endangered has risen from 40 to 61.

## Related pages 
* Telescopefish
* Evolution of fish
* List of prehistoric bony fish genera

## References 
* Borgstrøm, Reidar & Hansen, Lars Petter (red): *Fisk i ferskvann - et samspill mellom bestander, miljø og forvaltning*, Landbruksforlaget 2000
* Jonsson, Bror: «Fiskene» i *Norges dyr - Fiskene 1*, Cappelen 1992
Gitega

**Gitega** is the capital of Burundi. It is also the second-largest city. Gitega is east of Burundi's largest city, Bujumbura. It is also the capital and largest city of Gitega Province.

## History 
On 29 April 1972, the king Ntare V was killed in Gitega.

In March 2007, the President of Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza said that Burundi was going to bring back its capital to Gitega, saying that it is a better location for a capital than Bujumbura.

## References
Tripureswar

**Tripureshwar** is a village in Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. 

 in Mangalore ]]

At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2707 and had 497 houses in it. 

The biggest river of the district, Netrawati river passes from this village.

## References
The Ant Bully

***The Ant Bully*** is a 2006 American computer-animated adventure fantasy comedy movie written, edited and directed by Rich Moore And Eric Darnell And Executive Produced For BBC By: Mike Mitchell,  Joe Johnston, and Kathleen Branagh based on the 1999 children's book The Ant Bully by John Nickle. 
 
Original Scoring By: James Newton Howard And Chris Bacon
Orchestratral And Scoring Conducted By: Pete Anthony And Gavin Greenaway
Recorded By: Nick Wollage And Shawn Murthy AT EMI Abbey Road And AIR Lyndhurst Hall, London UK

It features the voices of Zach Tyler Eisen, Julia Roberts, Nicolas Cage, Meryl Streep and Paul Giamatti, was produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman's Playtone, John A. Davis and Keith Alcorn's DNA Productions, and was released in theatres on July 28, 2006, by Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures. Concurrently with the general release, it was offered in big screen IMAX 3D, the format, also used with *Blended*.

## Story 
A boy named Lucas is bullied by another boy named Steve who gives him a wedgie so often that he’s now running out of underwear. Lucas makes himself feel better about this by drowning ants so the ants shrink him down to the size of an ant. Lucas finds out that an Exterminator named Stan Beals he hired is coming to kill the ants, so Lucas helps save them by beating the exterminator. The Ants then turn Lucas back to normal so he stands up to Steve and stops getting bullied.

## Other websites
Yakovlev

**Yakovlev** is a Russian aircraft company. It is headquartered in Aeroport District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Kelly Burnett

**James Kelvin "Kelly" Burnett** (June 16, 1926 – December 22, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey centre. He played in the NHL for the New York Rangers. He was born in Lachine, Quebec.

Burnett died on December 22, 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mohammed Nadir Shah

**Muhammad Nadir Shah** (,  – born **Muhammad Nadir Khan**; 9 April 1883 – 8 November 1933) was King of Afghanistan from 15 October 1929 until his assassination in November 1933. Previously, he served as Minister of War, Afghan Ambassador to France, and as a general in the military of Afghanistan. He and his son Muhammad Zahir Shah, who succeeded him, are part of the Musahiban.
## References
Penny (United States coin)

The **United States one-cent coin**, also called the **penny**, is a unit of currency. It equals one one hundredth of a United States dollar. The cent's symbol is **¢**. Its front has shown the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, 100 years after his birth. Its back has shown the Union Shield since 2010. In 2025, pennies stopped being made for the general public, but pennies remain legal tender and are still made for collectors.

The official name for this coin from the United States Mint is "cent".

## Toxicity 
Zinc is a main part of U.S. pennies minted after 1982, and is toxic. Swallowing a penny, which is almost fully made of zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining. Coins are the most common eaten object in children, but are generally allowed to pass, unless the patient shows symptoms. Zinc toxicity is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.
## References
Robert Costanzo

**Robert Jason Costanzo** (born October 20, 1942) is an American actor. He was born in New York City. He is known as the voice double for Danny DeVito. His first role was in the 1975 movie *Dog Day Afternoon*. He is also known for his voice role of Detective Harvey Bullock on *Batman: The Animated Series*, *Superman: The Animated Series*, *The New Batman Adventures* and *Static Shock*

His movie roles include *Total Recall*, *Die Hard 2*, *Dick Tracy*, *City Slickers*, and *Down and Derby*. His television roles include in *Boston Legal*, *Hannah Montana*, *Friends*, *Days of Our Lives*, *The Golden Girls* and as Commissioner Stenchler in the Sega CD game *Sewer Shark*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dietrich von Choltitz

**Dietrich Hugo Hermann von Choltitz** (9 November 1894 – 5 November 1966) was an officer of the German Army in World War II. Choltitz was born in Gräflich Wiese (now Łąka Prudnicka) next to Neustadt (now Prudnik).

He participated in occupation of Sudetenland in 1938 and in the invasion of Poland in 1939.

On 7 August 1944 he became the military governor of Paris. On 25 August he surrendered Paris to the Allies.  

He has been called the "**Saviour of Paris**" because he prevented its destruction. Choltitz said he defied Hitler's direct order for its destruction because it was militarily useless. Other reasons were his affection for Parisian history and culture, and his belief that Hitler had become insane.

Choltitz died on 5 November 1966 in Baden-Baden.

## References
Albert Uderzo

**Alberto Aleandro Uderzo** (; ; 25 April 1927 &ndash; 24 March 2020), known as **Albert Uderzo**, was a French comic book artist and scriptwriter. He was best known for his work on the *Astérix* series and also drew other comics such as *Oumpah-pah*, also in collaboration with René Goscinny.

Uderzo died on 24 March 2020 of a heart attack in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, aged 92.

## References
Schlierbach

**Schlierbach** can mean:
* Schlierbach (Göppingen), a community in the district of Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
* Schlierbach, Haut-Rhin, commune in France
* Schlierbach, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Lucerne
* Schlierbach, Austria, a municipality in Upper Austria
Gurren Lagann

***Gurren Lagann***, also known as ***Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann***, is a Japanese mecha anime television series. It was animated by Gainax and co-produced by Aniplex and Konami. It ran for 27 episodes on Japan's TV Tokyo between April 1, 2007, and September 30, 2007. It was directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi. It was written by veteran playwright Kazuki Nakashima. *Gurren Lagann* takes place in a fictional future where Earth is ruled by the Spiral King, Lordgenome. Lordgenome forces people to live under the surface of the earth. The plot focuses on two teenagers, Simon and Kamina. They live in a village under the earth surface and wish to go to the surface. Using a mecha known as Lagann, Simon and Kamina reach the surface. There they and other humans start fighting against Lordgenome's forces.

In North America, at first it was announced to be licensed by ADV Films in 2007, the license was transferred to Bandai Entertainment in 2008. The license was again transferred to Aniplex of America in 2013. In the United Kingdom, it was licensed by Manga Entertainment in 2007, then transferred to Beez Entertainment in 2008. The license was again transferred to Anime Limited in 2013. The Sci Fi Channel got the broadcasting rights of *Gurren Lagann* and began airing the anime on July 28, 2008. The anime won several awards at the Tokyo International Anime Fair and the Animation Kobe and Japan Media Arts Festivals.

A manga based on this was published by ASCII Media Works between 2007 and 2013. Bandai Entertainment licensed the manga and released it in English in North America. A series of four light novels was published by Shogakukan between 2007 and 2008. A Nintendo DS video game was released in October 2007. Two animated film versions were produced. The first  in Japanese theaters on September 6, 2008, and the second premiered on April 25, 2009.

## References
Spechbach-le-Haut

**Spechbach-le-Haut** was a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new commune Spechbach.

## References
Børge Ring

**Børge Ring** (17 February 1921 – 27 December 2018) was a Danish screenwriter, director and animator. His 1978 short movie *Oh My Darling* won the Best Short Film award at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival, and his 1984 short movie *Anna & Bella* won the Best Animated Short Film award at the Academy Awards.

Ring died on 28 December 2018 in Ravenstein, Netherlands at the age of 97.

## References
Sickert, Haut-Rhin

**Sickert** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

## References 
*INSEE commune file

## Other websites
Spechbach, Haut-Rhin

**Spechbach** is a new commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Two communes Spechbach-le-Haut and Spechbach-le-Bas joined and became Spechbach on 1 January 2016.

## References
Yakovlev Yak-7

**Yakovlev Yak-7** (Russian: Яковлев Як-7) was a Soviet WWII 1-seat fighter developed by Yakovlev

## References
Lawrence Roberts

**Lawrence G. Roberts** (December 21, 1937 – December 26, 2018) was an American scientist. He won the Draper Prize in 2001 "for the development of the Internet", and the Principe de Asturias Award in 2002.

Roberts created the ARPANET using packet switching techniques invented by British computer scientist Donald Davies. The ARPANET was a forerunner to the modern Internet.

## References
Elsa Bruckmann

**Elsa Bruckmann** (23 February 1865 – 7 June 1946), born **Princess Cantacuzene** of Romania, was the wife of Hugo Bruckmann and tutor of Adolf Hitler. She held the "Salon Bruckmann".

## References
Tupolev Tu-16

**Tupolev Tu-16** (Russian: Туполев Ту-16; NATO reporting name: **Badger**) was a Soviet twin-engine heavy bomber designed by Tupolev. It has stayed in service for almost 70 years, and the Xian H-6, which is based on the Tu-16, is still flying today with the People's Liberation Army.

## References
Antonov An-8

**Antonov An-8** (Russian: Антонов Ан-8; NATO reporting name: **Camp**) was a Soviet twin-turboprop, high-wing aircraft designed by Antonov.

## References
Peter Popoff

**Peter Popoff** (born July 2, 1946) is a German-born/American televangelist. He was exposed in 1986 for using an earpiece to receive radio messages from his wife Elizabeth. She gave him the names, addresses and ailments of members of the audience during Popoff-led religious services. Popoff falsely said God revealed the information to him so he could cure them by faith healing.

Popoff went bankrupt in 1987. But he made a comeback in the late 1990s. Beginning around the mid-2000s, he bought television time to promote "Miracle Spring Water" on late-night infomercials. He referred to himself as a prophet. The *Business Insider* said: "No matter how many times his claims are debunked, he seems to bounce back with another version of the same old scam."

Popoff was born in West Berlin, Germany. He was raised in California.

## References
Cooking Papa

is *seinen* manga series created by Tochi Ueyama. The story is about a salaryman who can cook well. The manga won a Special Award at the 39th Kodansha Manga Awards. Full recipes for the dishes shown in each chapter are provided at the end of the chapter.

The anime of *Cooking Papa* was aired on TV Asahi Thursday every week from April 9, 1992 to May 25, 1995. It was produced by Eiken and directed by Tochi Ueyama. The anime series ran for 151 episodes. It was also aired in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Middle East.

## References
Kiwano

**Kiwano** (*Cucumis metuliferus*), also known as **horned melon**, is a sweet tropical fruit. It is an annual vine in the cucumber and melon family, *Cucurbitaceae*. It is also called "horned melon" since its fruit has horn-like spines. When ripe, the fruit has orange skin and lime green, jelly-like flesh. Kiwano is native to Sub-Saharan Africa. It is now grown in the United States, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand.

Kiwano is a traditional food plant in Africa. Along with the Gemsbok cucumber (*Acanthosicyos naudinianus*) and Tsamma (*Citron melon*), it is one of the few sources of water during the dry season in the Kalahari Desert. In northern Zimbabwe, it is called *gaka* or *gakachika*. There it is primarily used as a snack or salad, and rarely for decoration.
A.I. Artificial Intelligence

***A.I. Artificial Intelligence***, or ***A.I.***, is a 2001 American science fiction drama movie directed by Steven Spielberg. The screenplay was by Spielberg  based on the 1969 short story "Supertoys Last All Summer Long" by Brian Aldiss. 

The movie was produced by Kathleen Kennedy, Spielberg and Bonnie Curtis. It stars Haley Joel Osment, Jude Law, Frances O'Connor, Brendan Gleeson and William Hurt. It is set in a futuristic post-climate change society. 

*A.I.* tells the story of David (Osment), a childlike android uniquely programmed with the ability to love. 

## Plot 
The film takes place in the 22nd century with the effects of climate change changing the world. Henry and Monica are a couple whose child Martin is very sick and remains in a state of motionlessness (suspended animation). The couple acquires David, a robot capable of loving, to replace Martin. Martin gets better and returns. He becomes jealous of David. Martin tries to get David to do dangerous things that may hurt others. At a party, David tries to protect Martin but ends up almost drowning David. David is to be returned and destroyed, but Monica lets David stay in the woods. David wishes to be turned into a real boy by the Blue Fairy. David gets captured by a "Flesh Fair" but gets out, because the people believe he is really human. David travels with Joe. He eventually arrives in New York and meets his creator. He sees that there are other robots like himself and wants to kill himself. He jumps in the ocean and encounters a statue he believes to be the Blue Fairy. Centuries later, humans are extinct, and other species find David and revive him. David wishes to become a boy. Instead, they use the genes of Monica's hair to recreate her so that David can live one more day with her. 

## Cast 
* Haley Joel Osment as David. Osment was Spielberg's first and only choice for the role. To portray the character, Osment avoided blinking his eyes and "programmed" himself with good posture.
* Frances O'Connor as Monica Swinton
* Sam Robards as Henry Swinton
* Jude Law as Gigolo Joe. To prepare for the role, Law studied the acting of Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly, whose movements Joe emulates.
* Jake Thomas as Martin Swinton
* William Hurt as Professor Allen Hobby
* Brendan Gleeson as Flesh Fair impresario Lord Johnson-Johnson
* Jack Angel as Teddy (voice)
* Ken Leung, Matt Winston, Eugene Osment and Clark Gregg as Cybertronics Corp employees
* April Grace as Female Colleague
* Enrico Colantoni as The Murderer
* Paula Malcomson as Patricia in Mirrored Room
* Ashley Scott as Gigolo Jane
* Kathryn Morris as Teenage Honey
* Adrian Grenier as Teen in Van
* Robin Williams as Dr. Know (voice)
* Ben Kingsley as Specialist (voice)
* Meryl Streep as the Blue Fairy (voice)
* Chris Rock as Comedian Robot (voice)
* Erik Bauersfeld as Gardener (voice)
* Ministry as Flesh Fair band
Hard copy and soft copy

The words "**hard copy**" and "**soft copy**" are about pages of words and pictures either recorded onto printed paper or in soft-copy form as shown and spoken in telephone or computer machine forms. Sometimes, a recording on a compact disc (CD) can be considered a hard copy of music, pictures or people talking.

## In the U.S. 
In information handling, the U.S. Federal Standard 1037C (Glossary of Telecommunication Terms) defines a "hard copy" as a permanent reproduction, or copy, in the form of a physical object, of any media suitable for direct use by a person (in particular paper), of displayed or transmitted data. Examples of hard copy include teleprinter pages, continuous printed tapes, computer printouts, and radio photo prints. On the other hand, physical objects such as magnetic tapes,  diskettes, or non-printed punched paper tapes are not defined as hard copy by 1037C.

A file which can be viewed on a screen without printing it out is known as a "soft copy". The U.S. Federal Standard 1037C defines "soft copy" as  "a nonpermanent display image, for example, a cathode ray tube display."

## Older meanings 
The term "hard copy" predates the age of the digital computer.  When making printed books and newspapers, hard copy refers to a manuscript or typewritten pages that have been edited and proofread and is ready for typesetting or being read on-air on the radio or television broadcast.  This traditional meaning has been all but forgotten in the time of the information revolution.

## References
Syed Jahangir

**Syed Jahangir** (2 January 1935 – 29 December 2018) was a Bangladeshi painter. He painted for over 55 years including 9000 oils, watercolors and mixed medias. Through his career, Jahangir has held 35 solo and 1 group exhibition.

Jahangir died on 29 December 2018 at the age of 83.

## জাহাঙ্গীর
## Other websites
*www.syedjahangir.com
Ringo Lam

**Ringo Lam Ling-Tung** (, Cantonese: Lam Ling-tung; 1955 &ndash; 29 December 2018) was a Hong Kong director, producer, and screenwriter. His best known work was *Aces Go Places IV*. Lam directed *City on Fire* in 1987, which led him to winning his first Hong Kong Film Award.

On December 29, 2018, Lam was found dead at his home in Hong Kong, aged 63.

## References
Rosenda Monteros

** Rosenda Monteros ** (31 August 1935 – 29 December 2018) was a Mexican actress. She was born in Veracruz. She was best known for her role as Petra in *The Magnificent Seven*. She also starred in ''A Woman's Devotion* and *Tiara Tahiti''.

Monteros died in Mexico City on 29 December 2018 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Monteros reads "Romanticismos," by Francisco González Léon
Dick Helling

**Dick Helling** (22 September 1950 – 30 December 2018) was a Dutch professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He was born in Zaandam, Netherlands. Helling began his career with Telstar, and also played for Ajax, before spending 8 seasons with Volendam, for whom he scored 48 goals in 218 games in all competitions.

Helling died on 30 December 2018 from a stroke in The Hague, aged 68.

## References
Edgar Hilsenrath

**Edgar Hilsenrath** (April 2, 1926 – December 30, 2018) was a German writer. He was born in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. He was known for his works *Night*, *The Nazi and the Barber*, and *The Story of the Last Thought*.

Hilsenrath died in Berlin from complications of pneumonia on December 30, 2018 at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography  of the Literary Agency Dr. Ray-Güde Mertin with book presentations and comments.
* Biography  at exil-archiv.de
István Seregély

**István Seregély ** (13 March 1931 – 31 December 2018) was a Hungarian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Eger from 5 June 1987 to 15 March 2007. He was born in Szombathely, Hungary.

Seregély died on 31 December 2018 in a priest social home in Nyíregyháza, Hungary at the age of 87.

## References
Peter Thompson (footballer, born 1942)

**Peter Thompson** (27 November 1942 – 30 December 2018) was an English footballer. He was born in Carlisle, Cumbria. He made 560 appearances in the Football League playing for Preston North End, Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers.

Thompson played as an outside left for the Liverpool team which had major successes in the 1960s. He was capped 16 times for England.

On 31 December 2018, it was announced Thompson died at the age of 76.

## Honours
**Preston North End**
* FA Youth Cup runners-up: 1959-60

**Liverpool**
* First Division champions: 1963–64, 1965–66
* First Division runners-up: 1968–69
* FA Cup winners: 1964-65
* FA Cup runners-up: 1970-71
* European Cup Winners' Cup runners-up: 1965-66
* Charity Shield winners: 1964 (shared), 1965, 1966

**Bolton Wanderers**
* Second Division champions: 1977–78

## References
Hachimaki

A ***hachimaki*** (鉢巻, "helmet scarf") is a headband with styles that came from Japan. They are usually made from red and white cloth. People wear them to show hard work, or to keep sweat from the eyes.

## History 
Nobody is sure how hachimaki started. Most people say that Samurai wore them under their helmets for comfort.

Kamikaze pilots wore them before flying to their deaths.

## Styles 
Hachimaki are normally decorated with words, such as "*Nippon Ichi*" (日本一, "the best of Japan"), and with the rising sun between the kanji characters.
Jimmy Osmond

**James Arthur Osmond** (born April 16, 1963) is an American singer, actor, and businessman. He is the youngest member of the sibling musical group the Osmonds. Osmond has had six gold records, one platinum record, and two gold albums. He was born in Canoga Park, California. He made his career debut in the *Andy Williams Show* in 1967.

## Personal life 
On 27 December 2018, following his performance as Captain Hook in a Birmingham, England production, he was hospitalized after having a stroke. He is now in good health after a full recovery. He had suffered a stroke in 2004.

## References
Bamberg, South Carolina

**Bamberg** is a town in and the county seat of Bamberg County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 3,076 at the 2020 census.

## References
Sembawang MRT station

**Sembawang MRT station** (**NS11**) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Sembawang, Singapore.

The station is in the middle of two roads, Sembawang Way and Sembawang Alley. The station is next to a shopping mall Sun Plaza. A bus station called Sembawang Bus Interchange is also close to the station.

## History 
When the North South Line is planned, there is a station called Sembawang. It is between two other stations - Yio Chu Kang and Yishun. The station is now named Khatib.

In 1990, North South Line Woodlands Extension was planed. Sembawang was not part of this planned route. Later, the Singapore government agree to built this station . The station opened on 10 February 1996. The area around the station was not yet filled with anything. Only Canberra Road and a very small Sembawang New Town are located nearby.

There are a lot of passengers who fell down into the tracks of the Station. Some passengers also go into the tracks illegally. In 2011, the Land Transport Authority started to build low doors and barriers around the tracks. They were completed in 2012.

This station also have high-volume low-speed fans installed in 2012.

## References 

## Other websites 
*
Héctor Timerman

**Héctor Marcos Timerman** (16 December 1953 – 30 December 2018) was an Argentine journalist, politician, human rights activist and diplomat. He was the Minister of Foreign Relations from 2010 to 2015, during the presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Timerman died on 30 December 2018 in Buenos Aires from liver cancer at the age of 65.

## References
Aldo Parisot

**Aldo Simoes Parisot** (September 30, 1918 – December 29, 2018) was a Brazilian-born American cellist and cello teacher. He was first a member of the Juilliard School faculty. He was a music professor at the Yale School of Music for sixty years (1958 to July 2018), retiring at age 99. He was born in Natal, Brazil.

## Personal life
Parisot was married twice. His first marriage, to the former Ellen Lewis, produced three sons, one of whom is film director Aldo L. "Dean" Parisot. His second marriage, to the pianist Elizabeth Sawyer Parisot, lasted 52 years, until his death. Parisot died at his home in Guilford, Connecticut, on December 29, 2018, aged 100.

## References
## Further reading 
* *Aldo Parisot, The Cellist: The Importance of the Circle*, Susan Hawkshaw, Pendragon Press, Hillsdale, New York (2018),
Yehoshua Glazer

**Yehoshua Glazer** (29 December 1927 – 29 December 2018) was an Israeli footballer. He played for Maccabi Tel Aviv and for the Israel national football team his entire career. He was born in Tel Aviv. 

Glazer died on his 91st birthday on 29 December 2018 in Tel Aviv.

## References
## Other websites
* National team stats
John McCririck

**John McCririck** (17 April 1940 &ndash; 5 July 2019) was an English television horse racing pundit, journalist and presenter. He began his career in journalism at *The Sporting Life*, where he twice won at the British Press Awards. He joined the *Daily Star*, but was later fired by the newspaper.

During 1984 and 1985, horse racing moved from ITV to Channel 4 as *Channel 4 Racing*.

In early 2018, McCririck suffered from pneumonia, which caused a dramatic weight loss. He died on 5 July 2019 at a hospital in London at the age of 79. The cause of death was lung cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Interview in*The Guardian*, 4 July 2001
* Channel 4 Horse Racing
* John McCririck profile at Biogs.com
Vibrio vulnificus

***Vibrio vulnificus*** is a form of bacteria that can make people ill, as when eating bad clams or oysters, and more in people with a liver disease. *Vibrio vulnificus* is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus *Vibrio*. Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, *V. vulnificus* is related to **V. cholerae**, as a bacteria which can give people cholera.

Infection with *V. vulnificus* leads to rapidly expanding cellulitis or sepsis. It was first isolated as a source of disease in 1976.

## References
Stephen Wilkinson (musician)

**Stephen Wilkinson MBE** (29 April 1919 &ndash; 10 August 2021) was an English choral conductor and composer. From 1947 to 1953, Wilkinson was director of the Hertfordshire Rural Music School at Hitchin. From 1953 to 1979 he was on the Music Staff of the BBC, first in Leeds, then from 1961 in Manchester. 

Wilkinson also performed with other professional choirs - the BBC Singers in London, the RTE Singers in Dublin and the Nederlands Kammerkoor. 

Wilkinson turned 100 in April 2019. He died on 10 August 2021, aged 102.

## References
Basil Yamey

**Basil S. Yamey**, CBE (4 May 1919 &ndash; 9 November 2020) was a South African economist. He was born in Cape Town in South Africa. For many years he was a Professor at the London School of Economics. He was a part-time member of the Monopolies and Mergers Commission from 1966 to 1978.

Yamey died on 9 November 2020 in Cape Town at the age of 101.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Africa

## References
Paul Neville (politician)

**Paul Christopher Neville** (20 March 1940 &ndash; 1 January 2019) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the National Party. Neville was a member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1993 to August 2013, representing the Division of Hinkler, Queensland.

Neville died at a hospital in Bundaberg, Queensland on 1 January 2019 at the age of 78.

## References
Mauro Cía

**Gualberto Mauro Cía Montañero** (3 July 1919 – 3 January 1990) was an Argentine boxer and actor.
## Life
### Early life
Montañero was born in Buenos Aires. 
## Career
At the age of 29, when he was an assistant officer at the Argentine Federal Police. He was in the 1948 Summer Olympics held in London, United Kingdom in the light heavyweight classification. 
After a brief acting career in the boxing-themed movies *Su última pelea* (1949), *Diez segundos* (1949) and *Nace un campeón* (1952), Cía unsuccessfully attempted to qualify for the 1956 Summer Olympics
## References
June Spencer

**June Rosalind Spencer**,  (14 June 1919 – 8 November 2024) was an English actress. She was best known as the voice of Peggy Woolley in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera *The Archers*.  

Spencer attended Mountford House preparatory school and Nottingham Girls' High School, which she left at the age of 15 to look after her mother. After joining an amateur dramatic society, she earned a London Guildhall School of Music and Drama certificate. She also studied at Stockwin Music College from the age of 12. 

Spencer turned 100 in June 2019. She died on 8 November 2024 in Leatherhead, Surrey at the age of 105.

## References
Walter Bernstein

**Walter Bernstein** (August 20, 1919 &ndash; January 23, 2021) was an American screenwriter and movie producer. He was blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios in the 1950s. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. 

His first major work was screenwriting Sidney Lumet's *That Kind of Woman*. He is known for his writing works *Paris Blues* (1961), *Fail-Safe* (1964), *The Magnificent Seven* (1960) and *The Train* (1964).

Bernstein died on January 23, 2021 in New York City from pneumonia, aged 101.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gladys Davis (baseball)

**Gladys Davis** ["Terrie"]  (September 1, 1919 – October 26, 1991) was a Canadian shortstop and outfielder. She played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League between the 1943 and 1946 seasons with the Rockford Peaches from Rockford, Illinois. Davis batted and threw right handed. She was born in Toronto, Ontario.

## References
Robert Morgenthau

**Robert Morris Morgenthau** ( ; July 31, 1919 &ndash; July 21, 2019) was an American lawyer. From 1975 until his retirement in 2009, he was the District Attorney for New York County, the borough of Manhattan. He also was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York throughout much of the 1960s on the appointment of John F. Kennedy.

Morgenthau was the longest-serving district attorney in the history of the State of New York until 2018.

Morgenthau died at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan on July 21, 2019 from a short-illness, ten days before his 100th birthday.

## References
Mario Bunge

**Mario Augusto Bunge** (; ; 21 September 1919 – 24 February 2020) was an Argentine-Canadian philosopher, philosopher of science and physicist. He was born in Buenos Aires. Bunge has written more than 400 papers and 80 books, notably his best known work *Treatise on Basic Philosophy* in 8 volumes (1974–1989). He is known for his work that involved the core of modern philosophy: semantics, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of science and ethics. He was a critic of the lack of democratic process in the United Nations.

## References
## Other websites
* Mario Bunge's Home Page.
* Bibliography of selected publications.
* The Philosophical Physicist .
* Wen in honor Mario Bunge .
Margaret Burbidge

**Eleanor Margaret Burbidge** (*née* **Peachey**), FRS (August 12, 1919 &ndash; April 5, 2020) was a British-born American astrophysicist. She was known for her original research and holding many educational posts, including Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

During her career, she worked at the University of London Observatory, Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England, the California Institute of Technology, and from 1979 to 1988 was first director of the Center for Astronomy and Space Sciences at the University of California San Diego, where she has worked since 1962.

In 2003, Burbidge was added into the Women's Museum of California Hall of Fame honoring her career and achievements.

Burbidge died on April 5, 2020 in San Francisco at the age of 100 after suffering a fall.

## References
Lauren Tom

**Lauren Tom** (born August 4, 1961) is an American actress. Her roles include Lena St. Clair in *The Joy Luck Club*, Julie in the NBC sitcom *Friends*, Dot in the final season of *Grace Under Fire*, Numbuh 3 in *Codename: Kids Next Door*, and the voices on *Futurama* as Amy Wong. She also starred in *King of the Hill* as Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone, and in *The Powerpuff Girls* series voicing as numerous characters.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Edward L. Feightner

Rear Admiral **Edward Lewis "Whitey" Feightner** (October 14, 1919 &ndash; April 1, 2020) was a United States Navy officer. He was known for his services in World War II Pacific Theater of Operations. During two combat tours, he shot down nine enemy aircraft to become a flying ace.

He commanded two Navy ships, served as the head of Navy Fighter Design, and was a key contributor to fighter studies that resulted in the development of jet aircraft that  are still in active service.

Feightner was the only pilot to land the dash-1 variant of the Vought F7U Cutlass aboard a carrier. He led VF-11 to become the first Atlantic fleet unit in which every pilot received the coveted "E" award in a single exercise. He turned 100 in October 2019.

Feightner died on April 1, 2020 in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho at the age of 100.

## Awards and Decorations
Feightner was awarded the following decorations for his military service.

## References
Raymond Ramazani Baya

**Raymond Ramazani Baya** (16 June 1943 – 1 January 2019) was a Congolese politician. He was the Foreign Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo under the transitional government following his appointment to that post on July 23, 2004. He left the office on February 6, 2007. Before, he was the Ambassador of Zaire to France from 1990 to 1996.

Baya died on 1 January 2019 at a Paris hospital at the age of 75.

## References
William Gianelli

**William Gianelli** (February 19, 1919 – March 30, 2020) was an American lawyer, engineer and politician. He was the United States Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) from 1981 to 1984 during the Ronald Reagan. Before this, Gianelli as head of the California Department of Water Resources. He was born in Stockton, California.

Gianelli died on March 30, 2020 in Monterey, California at the age of 101.

## References
Bert J. Harris Jr.

**Bert J. Harris Jr.** (December 9, 1919 &ndash; May 19, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Warwick, Georgia. Harris Jr. was a member of the Democratic Party. He was in the Florida House of Representatives from 1982 to 1996 for district 77.

Harris Jr. died on May 19, 2019 in Lake Placid, Florida at the age of 99.

## References
Warwick, Georgia

**Warwick** is a city in Worth County, Georgia, United States. The population was 504 at the 2020 census. Warwick is located at  (31.830351, -83.920705). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

## References
Charles E. McGee

**Charles Edward McGee ** (December 7, 1919 − January 16, 2022) was an African-American fighter pilot. He was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a career officer in the United States Air Force for 30 years who flew a total of 409 combat missions in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. McGee was born in Cleveland, Ohio. 

McGee died in his sleep on January 16, 2022 in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 102.

## References
## Other websites
* Aviation History: Interview with Tuskegee Airman Charles McGee
* McGee biography in the National Aviation Hall of Fame 
* Colonel Charles E. McGee
Kenneth O. Chilstrom

**Kenneth O. "K.O." Chilstrom** (born April 20, 1921) is a retired United States Air Force officer, combat veteran, test pilot, and author. He was the first USAF pilot to fly the XP-86 Sabre, chief of fighter test at Wright Field, commandant of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, and program manager for the XF-108 Rapier. 

Chilstrom was a pilot in the first jet air race and delivered the first air mail by jet. He flew over eighty combat missions in the Italian Campaign of World War II.

## References