open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Manchester (disambiguation)

The term **Manchester** can stand for:
*The city of Manchester and its country called Greater Manchester are large urban areas in England
*Manchester capitalism, Manchester liberalism and Manchesterism are names for schools of thought that originated in the city. John Stuart Mill and Adam Smith were important people following these.
*Manchester cloth, also known as Courduroy is a special type of cloth that originated in the city
*Manchester code is a code used in telecommunications. the code was originally developed at the university of Manchester.
*Manchester school (anthropology) is a school of thought in anthropology, also originating from Manchester university
University of Toulouse

The **University of Toulouse** is a network of French universities and grandes écoles in the city of Toulouse. It was founded in 2007.

## Members 
* University of Toulouse I: Capitole - UT1 (Law, Economics, Management)
* University of Toulouse II: Le Mirail - UT2 (Arts, Literature, Humanities and Languages)
* University of Toulouse III: Paul Sabatier - UT3 (Science, Technologies and Health)
* Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse - INP (Engineering) including :
** École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse - INP-ENSAT (Agronomy)
** École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications - INP-ENSEEIHT (Engineering)
** École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques - INP-ENSIACET (Engineering)
** École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tarbes - INP-ENIT (Engineering)
** École nationale de la météorologie - INP-ENM (Meteorology)
** École d'Ingénieurs de Purpan - INP-EI Purpan (Engineering)
** École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT (Veterinary Studies)
* Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA Toulouse (Applied Sciences)
* Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace - ISAE (Aeronautics and Space)
* Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche Jean-François Champollion - CUFR Champollion (Several fields of study on offer)
* École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux - EMAC (Engineering)
* École nationale de l'aviation civile - ENAC (Civil Aviation)
* École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole - ENSFEA (Agronomy)
* École Nationale Supérieur d'Architecture de Toulouse - ENSA Toulouse (Architecture)
* Toulouse Business School (ESC Toulouse) (Business and Commerce)
* Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse - IEP/Sciences Po Toulouse (Political Studies)
* Institut Catholique d'Arts et Métiers de Toulouse - ICAM Toulouse (Engineering)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

The    a special type of legal  in Japan.  There are about 100 of these governmental entities, including
:
* Building Research Institute, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
* Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
* Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO).
* Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
* Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
* Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
* National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
* National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
* National Institute of Health and Nutrition
* Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
* Kyushu National Museum
* National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
* National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
* National Research Institute of Brewing (NRIB)
* National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory
* NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories
* Port and Airport Research Institute
* Public Works Research Institute
* RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)

## Related pages
* Independent Administrative Institution
* List of National Laboratories (Japan)

## References
## Other websites
* Independent Administrative Institution National Museum of Art
The Five (composers)

**The Five**, often known as **The Mighty Handful**, are a group of five Russian composers who met regularly in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the mid-19th century.  The Russian name for the group: *Moguchaya kuchka* (*The Mighty Handful*) was given to them by Vladimir Stasov, the famous music critic.  The five composers were:  Mily Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin. The group all wanted to write music in a Russian style, rather than imitating European composers.  They were part of the movement known in music as Nationalism.  They were five of the most important composers of the time.  Note that Tchaikovsky was not one of the group.  His music is more European-based, but he, too, often wrote very Russian music based on folk tunes.

## History
Before The Five were established as a group, Mikhail Glinka and Alexander Dargomyzhsky were trying to create a Russian kind of music.  All the composers of The Five were amateur composers.  This does not mean that they were bad, it means that they earned their living in other ways and composed when they had time.  Rimsky-Korsakov was a naval officer, Borodin was a professor of chemistry, Cui was an expert in military armaments and Mussorgsky had been in the Guards and then in the civil service before he took up music full time.  Balakirev, the leader of the group, worked for a time for the Warsaw Railways.  He was the spiritual leader of the group: a kind of teacher and guide.

The composers of The Five tried to put the sounds of village songs, Cossack and Caucasian dances, and church chants in their music.  Russian peasants used to sing folk songs in which words or syllables were spun out with several notes into a long, lyrical line.  This influence can be heard in many of the Five’s works, especially in Mussorgsky’s operas.  They also frequently used music which sounded like that from Eastern Asia (“Orientalism”).

The group began to meet in 1856. This was before Anton Rubinstein founded the St Petersburg Conservatoire.  Music at the Conservatoire was taught in a European way.  This is what The Five, together with the music critic Vladimir Stasov, were against.  However, in later years Rimsky-Korsakov taught at the Conservatoire, and Rubinstein who had left in to concentrate on his career as a pianist, often used ideas from Russian folk music.  The difference between the two parties had become blurred. By the 1880s The Five were drifting apart because they each had developed their own personal styles.  Apart from Cui, whose music is not often heard today, the members of the group influenced or taught many of the next generation of Russian composers, such as Alexander Glazunov, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, and Dmitri Shostakovich.

## Related pages
*Les Six, French composers

## References
## Other websites
*Encyclopædia Britannica article about "The Five" http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034446
Tracy Pollan

**Tracy Pollan** (born June 22, 1960) is an American actress. She is best known for her work on the sitcom *Family Ties* She is married to actor Michael J. Fox. They have 4 children. Pollan was born on June 22, 1960 in Long Island, New York.

Pollan is from Russian Jewish descent.

## Other websites 
*
Makinohara

**Makinohara** is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is a coastal city on the island of Honshū next to Suruga Bay. Nearby cities are: Omaezaki, Kikugawa, Shimada, and Yoshida.

## Sister cities
* - Kelso, Washington, USA
* - Matsukawa, Nagano (Shimoina), Japan
* - Sannohe, Aomori, Japan
* - Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto, Japan

## People from Makinohara
* Takuma Edamura - professional soccer player
* Mika Motosugi - actress, member of C.C.Girls J-Pop group
* Umetaro Suzuki - scientist

## Other websites
Aéro-Club de France

The **Aéro-Club de France** (**AéCF**) is the oldest aeronautical institution in the world. It was created on 20 October 1898. It is in Paris.

The main activity of AéCF is to promote aviation and certification.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Drina Martyrs

The **Drina Martyrs** were Catholic nuns of the Congregation of the Daughters of Divine Charity. They were killed in Bosnia and Herzegovina between December 15 and 23, 1941 because of their religion.
).]]

## Life and death 
Their names were Marija Jula (Kata) Ivanišević, Marija Bernadeta (Terezija) Banja, Marija Krizina (Josefa) Bojanc, Marija Antonija (Josefa) Fabjan and Maria Berchmana (Carolina Anna) Leidenix. They died in Goražde and near Sjetlina in 1941. They are beatified in Sarajevo on 24th September, 2010.

## References 
*FDC Alumnae 
*Site about Drina Martyrs - multilingual 

## Further reading 
* Franc Ksaver Meško: *Izbrano delo I-VI* Mohorjeva družba v Celju (1954–1960)
* Anto Baković: *Drinske mučenice, Vlastita svjedočanstva, Svjedočanstva očividaca, Dokumenti,* Anto Baković, Sarajevo 1990.
Shin Suk-ju

**Shin Suk-ju** (1417  June 21, 1475) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician and diplomat, linguist, and painter during the Joseon Dynasty. His cousin was Deposed Queen Yun. His pen name was Huihyundang (희현당, 希賢堂), Bohanjae (보한재, 保閑齋), Chinese style name was Beomong (범옹, 泛翁).

## Writing 
* Bohanjaejip(보한재집, 保閑齋集)
* Saseongtonggo(사성통고, 四聲通攷)
* Nongsanchukmokseo(농산축목서)
* Bukjeongrok(북정록 北征錄)
* Haedongjegukgi(해동제국기 海東諸國記)

## Related pages
* Deposed Queen Lady Yun
* Yeonsangun of Joseon

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=101950
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=5967
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=560358
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=689523
Safe (container)

A **safe** is a container where people can put important things to protect them from fire, theft, or both. A safe is usually a box-shaped container with a lock. One that is designed to protect things from just fire may not have a lock or may have only a simple lock or padlock hasp. Some only open at the correct time of day. Safes are usually heavy and made of a strong substance such as steel. They are designed to be very difficult to open with crowbars, hammers, drills, lock picks, and other tools. 

Safes are available in many different security levels. These range from ones made to protect from common burglars to those made to protect from professional thieves and spies. Fire ratings are usually based on how long the safe can be in a common structure fire before the inside of the safe reaches 175 degrees Celsius. This is the temperature at which paper and wood are destroyed. The fire rating usually ranges from 15 minutes up to 3 hours. Some safes are also waterproof, which protects the contents from flood and from getting wet when a fire is put out by firefighters. A large safe that is part of a building is called a vault. Vaults have usually one or more rooms.
Hans Zimmer

**Hans Florian Zimmer** (born 12 September 1957) is a German movie score composer, music producer and musician. He has written music for over 100 movies. 

His works include *The Lion King* (1994), *Crimson Tide* (1995), *Gladiator* (2000), *Batman Begins* (2005), *The Dark Knight* (2008), *Inception* (2010), *Rango* (2011), *The Dark Knight Rises* (2012), *Man of Steel* (2013), *The Amazing Spider-Man 2* (2014), *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* (2016), *Dunkirk* (2017), *Widows* (2018) and *The Lion King* (2019). 

His most recent work was *No Time to Die* (2021), *Wonder Woman 1984* (2021) and *Dune* (2021), for which he won another Academy Award. 

## Career
Zimmer spent the early part of his career in the United Kingdom before moving to the United States. Before becoming known as a film score composer, he wrote commercial jingles and was even part of the band The Buggles, known for their 1979 one-hit "Video Killed the Radio Star". He is in charge of the movie music  at DreamWorks studios. He also works with other composers through the company he founded, Remote Control Productions. 

Zimmer's works are notable for combining electronic music sounds with traditional orchestral arrangements. He has been given four Grammy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Classical BRIT Award, and an Academy Award. He was also named on the list of Top 100 Living Geniuses, published by *The Daily Telegraph*.

In 2000, Zimmer's score for *Gladiator* became one of the best-selling movie score albums ever. He also composed video game scores such as *Call of Duty* and *Fortnite*.

## Discography
### As actor
#### Feature films
##### 1980s
##### 1990s
##### 2000s
##### 2010s
#### Television
### As composer
#### Feature films
##### 1980s
##### 1990s
##### 2000s
#### Short films
#### Television
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Interview with Hans Zimmer in *Film Score Monthly* 
* Interview with Hans Zimmer about Sherlock Holmes from *C Music TV* 
* Focus.De 
* Interviews with Hans Zimmer
Is the glass half empty or half full?

**Is the glass half empty or half full?** is an idiom.  

The question is a common  with both an obvious meaning and a meaning which is  or .

The phrase describes two different ways of understanding the meaning of a situation.

The idiom is used rhetorically to indicate that a particular situation could be a cause for optimism (half full) or pessimism (half empty).

## Metaphor
The phrase is a metaphor. For example, 
:According to musician Jelly Roll Morton, "If a glass of water is full, you can't add any more water, but if you have half a glass, you can always put more water in it -- and jazz music is based on the same principles."

## Related pages
*Blind men and an elephant

## References
Colin Firth

**Colin Andrew Firth**  (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor who has received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two BAFTA Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival. In 2010, Firth's portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Identified in the late 1980s with the "Brit Pack" of rising, young British actors, it was not until his portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice that he received more widespread attention. This led to roles in films, such as The English Patient, Bridget Jones's Diary, for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Award, Shakespeare in Love, and Love Actually. In 2009, Firth received widespread critical acclaim for his leading role in A Single Man, for which he gained his first Academy Award nomination, and won a BAFTA Award. In 2014, Firth portrayed secret agent Harry Hart in the film Kingsman: The Secret Service; he later reprised the role in the 2017 sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle. In 2018, he co-starred as William "Weatherall" Wilkins in the musical fantasy Mary Poppins Returns.

His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. In 2011, Firth received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and was also selected as one of the Time 100. He was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Winchester in 2007, and was made a Freeman of the City of London in 2012. He has campaigned for the rights of indigenous tribal people, and is a member of Survival International. Firth has campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights, and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study into the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations.

## Other websites 
*
Bear (gay slang)

**Bear** is a gay slang term. It describes a hairier and/or heavy-setgay, bisexual or pansexual man. A bear typically projects an image of rugged masculinity. Some bears present a very masculine, over-the-top image of a ruggedly masculine man. Bears also exhibit masculine behavior comparable to romanticized brotherhood, often engaging in masculine hobbies such as outdoor activity, sports, and gaming with others from their community in a romanticized fashion. There are many different labels for different kinds of bears, based upon amount of fat, muscle, hair, masculinity, and age, though higher amounts of each of these qualifications are what more commonly define the bear community (Also called the International Bear Brotherhood).

Feminine traits and typical traits of more common gay men aren't often seen as attractive to bears, as they are less definitive of the group, which has led to discrimination in the past. Bears often form clubs modeled on biker clubs. Clubs are formed for bears to hang out with their own kind. These clubs may have bylaws, membership requirements, and charities the clubs support. They may host bear-related events such as "Mr. Bear" male beauty contests.

Some of the more common labels for bears are Cubs, Otters, Chasers, Muscle-Bears, and Chubs. A younger (or younger looking) version of a bear is called a cub. Cubs are often younger or less mature or masculine-looking. The term is sometimes used to imply the passive partner in a relationship. An "otter" is a slimmer or less hairy bear regardless of age, and a Chaser is a member of the bear community who is attracted to any kind of bear without being one themselves.

Bears have scrapped within their communities from time to time. Discrimination has been had between the types of bears more commonly at earlier dates. Some bears and "muscle bears" have not welcomed Chubs, bears who favor and exhibit mostly fat as a bear, at their events. Because of what bears and members of the bear community are most often attracted too, exclusion of those kinds of people has often occurred. Fat (or lack of it) has become an issue. Many men in the Bear Community regard their overweight condition as a form of self-acceptance and sign of coming of age, overlapping with the Gay Gainer community in this regard. The majority of bears are white because of prior Gaelic views of the bear animal and masculinity, and because of genetics. Hairiness is regarded as a standard of physical attractiveness that genetically favors white men aesthetically, socially, and sexually. which focus on the bear lifestyle, covering a range of topics and celebrating the bear community as a whole. There is also a genre of manga called Bara or Gei Komi which focuses on the gay romance of bigger and more masculine men, though Bara has never been translated into anime.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Camille Paglia's commentary on Bears for Salon 
* "I am Bear, hear me roar," Andrew Sullivan's article for Salon 
* "Gay Cliques Census from Noodles and Beef captures characteristics of self-identified bears" 
*Bear World Magazine
Hot Chelle Rae

**Hot Chelle Rae** is an American pop rock band. They formed near Nashville, Tennessee around 2005. Their debut album *Lovesick Electric* was released in 2009. The band is best known for their 2011 song, "Tonight Tonight".

## References
Jones (Animal Farm)

**Mr. Jones** is a character in the book *Animal Farm*. He is the brutal (and often drunk) owner of Manor Farm. 

Jones is kicked out of his farm when the animals start their rebellion. Later he returns with several others, and tries to get his farm back. There is a battle, but the animals win.

He symbolizes Czar Nicholas II.
T-Pain

**Faheem Rashad Najm** (born September 30, 1984), known professionally as **T-Pain**, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, arranger, rapper, record producer and actor. 

His first album, *Rappa Ternt Sanga*, was released in 2005. In 2007, T-Pain released his second album, *Epiphany*. It reached number one on the US *Billboard* 200 chart. His third album, *Three Ringz*, was released in 2008. The albums included a string of hit singles, including "I'm Sprung", "I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)", "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')", "Bartender", "Can't Believe It",  "Chopped and Screwed" and "5 O'Clock". T-Pain has earned two Grammy Awards from 12 nominations, one with Kanye West for "Good Life" and the other with Jamie Foxx for "Blame It". He was the winner in season 1 of *the Masked Singer* as "Monster". 

T-Pain is the founder of his record label Nappy Boy Entertainment, established in 2005. Throughout his career as a singer, T-Pain popularized the creative use of the Auto-Tune pitch correction effect, used with extreme parameter settings to create distinctive vocal sounds. From 2006 to 2010, T-Pain was featured on more than 50 chart topping singles. His most successful feature to date was on Flo Rida's first single "Low". The single has since been certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Nappy Boy Records
*
Tris Speaker

**Tristram E. Speaker** (April 4, 1888 - December 8, 1958), was an American baseball player. He was one of the greatest center fielders in baseball history, both on offense and defense. He had a .345 career batting average (fourth all-time), and the record for most career doubles, with 792. He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball, with the Boston Americans/Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators, and Philadelphia Athletics. He also was the manager of the Indians from 1916 to 1926. Speaker was born in Hubbard, Texas on April 4, 1888.

## Hall of Fame
Speaker, who retired from baseball in 1928, was chosen for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. His induction ceremony was held in 1939.

## Death
Speaker died of a heart attack in Lake Whitney, Texas on December 8, 1958. He was on a fishing trip with a friend when he died.

## References
Walter Johnson

**Walter Perry Johnson**  (November 6, 1887 – December 10, 1946) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He played 21 years in the Major Leagues, all for the Washington Senators. He was then the manager of the Senators from 1929 to 1932, and he managed the Cleveland Indians from 1933 to 1935. He was known for being able to throw baseballs with great speed, and he was nicknamed **"The Big Train"**. He set many baseball records and has the second-most wins of all-time. Many people think he is the greatest pitcher of all-time.

## Early life 
Walter Johnson was born on November 6, 1887 on a farm near Humboldt, Kansas. His parents were Frank and Minnie Johnson, and he had five siblings. When Johnson was 14, his family moved to Orange County, California. Later, he moved to Idaho, where he played baseball for a small team from Idaho and worked for a phone company. When someone from the Washington Senators saw him pitch, they signed him to a contract in 1907.

## Baseball career 
Walter Johnson was known for being a "power pitcher," meaning he could throw the ball very hard and fast. His fastball was the main reason he was able to accomplish so much, like having the most  3,509 career strikeouts and the most shutouts of all-time. He also won the American League Most Valuable Player award twice, in 1913 and 1924.

## After baseball 
After he retired from playing in 1927, Johnson was one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936. He later ran for a spot in the United States House of Representatives, but lost the election. He died from a brain tumor in Washington, D.C. on December 10, 1946.

## References
Fontenai-sur-Orne

**Fontenai-sur-Orne** is a former commune in the Orne department of Lower Normandy, France. There were 254 people in 2006. The size of the village is 651 hectare (ha). Its Saint-Martin church was built in classical times. The west gate was built in 16th century, but the Virgin statues are from the 18th century. An underground vaulted cave made in stone is in the presbytery. There is a local party organized on the 3rd Sunday of July. The city's main activities are mixed farming and bird-raising. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune Écouché-les-Vallées.

## References
Geodesy

, Belgium]]
 archive with lithography plates of maps of Bavaria]]

**Geodesy**, sometimes called **geodetics**, is a scientific branch of geography which accurately measures the surface of the Earth. 

Friedrich Robert Helmert (18431917), who started the discipline, talked about measuring and mapping the surface of the earth. This includes its geometric description (the geoid) and the measurement and description of its gravitational field. 

Some people involved in the discipline look at geodynamics, the crusts, the tides, or the movement of the geographical poles.

## Related pages 
*Cartography
Gladiator (movie)

***Gladiator*** is a 2000 Anglo-American historical action movie directed by Ridley Scott and produced by Douglas Wick, David Franzoni and Branko Lustig. It stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Richard Harris, Connie Nielsen, Djimon Hounsou and Oliver Reed. It won five Academy Awards. The theatrical version of the movie is 154 minutes long, and the extended version of the film is 170 minutes long. It is rated R. A sequel, *Gladiator 2*, is expected to be released on November 22, 2024.

## Plot 
Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix) takes power after he murders his father, Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris), the great stoical philosopher, and strips rank from Maximus (Russell Crowe), one of the favored generals of Marcus Aurelius. Maximus then becomes a slave and has to fight to the death in the gladiator arenas, while he plans his revenge on Commodus for murdering his wife and son.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Estelle

**Estelle Fanta Swaray**, known by her mononym **Estelle** (born 18 January 1980) is an British singer-songwriter, rapper and actress. She was born in Hammersmith, London, England. The videos to both of her songs were directed by Andy Hylton. "Free" was written by Estelle. It was produced by Jimmy Hogarth. Her first album,*The 18th Day*, reached number 35 in the UK Albums Chart.

In 2008, Estelle worked with rapper/producer Kanye West on her song "American Boy". This song reached the top 10 in many countries. It was number one on the UK Singles Chart and in Belgium and Israel. The song won many awards. These included a Grammy Award for best Rap / collaboration. The song was also  for the Grammy for "Song of the Year". "American Boy" reached number 7 on *Rolling Stone*'s list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008. Her album *Shine* was released after the single. It was on the albums chart in most countries. It was number 6 in the UK.

## Discography
### Studio albums
**The 18th Day...* (2004)
**Shine* (2008)
**All of Me* (2012)
**True Romance* (2015)

### EPs
**iTunes Live: London Sessions* (2008)
**Estelle Live @ LiveDEMO Berlin* (2008)
**Love & Happiness (Volume I: Love Jones)* (2013)
**Love & Happiness (Volume II: Waiting To Exhale)* (2013)
**Love & Happiness (Volume III: How Stella Got Her Groove Back)* (2013)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Hammer and sickle

**Hammer and sickle** are symbols that have generally been associated with communism. The hammer is a symbol for work done in industry, the sickle stands for work done in agriculture. Several countries have made the use of these symbols illegal, when they outlawed the communist party. These countries include Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. However, some countries (especially communist ones) still commonly use the symbol, such as Angola in its flag, the flags of some cities in Russia (a former Soviet state), and China, Vietnam and Laos in the logos of their respective dominant political parties, for example.

## Gallery

File:Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, Logo um 1920.svg|The logo of the Communist party of Germany was made in 1918. It shows both the hammer and the sickle. The party itself was active from 1918 to 1956, when it was banned. The filled red star is another symbol for communism.
File:Hammer and Sickle - Kerala.jpg|A tableau vivant showing the hammer and sickle, in Kerala, India. The communists have been part of the government of Kerala, since 2006.
File:Logo of the Fourth International.svg|Logo of the Fourth International, 1938. The Fourth international is made of organisations with Trotzkyist background. It was founded because there were many organisations with Stalinist backgrounds at Comintern.
Reference ellipsoid

A **reference ellipsoid** is an ellipsoid which is used as a frame of reference for geodetic calculations. It is a figure like the shape of the Earth. It is easier to work with than the geoid, which is another shape like that of the Earth. 

It is relatively easy to describe the reference ellipsoid using mathematical formulae. Describing the geoid is much more complex, as it results from precise measurements. The first such models were spheres, used since Ancient Greece. In the 17th century, there were doubts that the earth was a sphere. In 1688, Isaac Newton solved a controversy with Giovanni Domenico Cassini by demonstrating mathematically that the rotation of the earth would lead to a flattening around the area of the poles, and not at the equator. 

In practice this was shown by Pierre Bouguer and Alexis-Claude Clairaut half a century later. The two had done an expedition to Peru and Lapland (1735-1741). Their measurement of the meridian arc lead to the definition of the metre. This was the ten-millionth part of the idealized distance between the pole and the equator, 1791. Because of different errors in measurement, it turned out to be 0.022% too short, and was redefined twice, in 1793, and 1799. The value of 1799 is still the official definition but it is about 0.197‰ too short. 

In 1983, the metre was redefined as the distance, light travels in a certain amount of time, in a vacuum.
Sled dog racing

s on a frozen lake, near the Klondike Highway.]]
**Sled dog racing** (sometimes termed **dog sled racing** or **husky racing**) is a winter sport most popular in the Arctic regions of Canada, Russia, the United States and some European countries. It is a race of teams of sled dogs that pull a sled with the dog driver or *musher* standing on the runners.

## Related pages
*Iditarod
*Finnmarksløpet 2024

## References
Arka Sokaklar

***Arka Sokaklar*** (Turkish for *Back Alleys* or *Back Streets*), is a Turkish crime television series. It has been broadcast on Kanal D (Channel D) since 2006.

Pınar 4 (Pınar Aydın, Sitare Bilge, İpek Yaylacıoğlu and Elvan Dişli)
Şule 3 (Özge Özbütün, Manolya Aşık and Ecem Öz) 
Ayla 2 (Filiz Taçbaş and Hülya Kalebayır Çelik) 
Efe 2 or 3 (Muhammet Yaşa "citation needed", Kaan Uslu and Onurcan Sesli) 
Selin 2 (Oya Okar and Gizem Birdan)
Planet Sheen

***Planet Sheen*** is an American animated television series. It is the 2010 spin-off of the 2002 TV series *The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius* and the 2001 Oscar- animated movie *Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius*. The series was created by John A. Davis, Keith Alcorn, and Steve Oedekerk. It was based on characters created by John A. Davis. Jeffrey Garcia repeats his role as Sheen in this series. There are also many new actors. It is unknown if it will show the original cast.

## Characters
*Sheen
*Doppy
*Aseefa - A girl who Sheen befriends with. She has brown hair held up with a blue hairband.
Romanian Orthodox Church

The **Romanian Orthodox Church** is an Eastern Orthodox church in Romania.  More than 80 percent of Romanians belong to it. The head of the church is the Patriarch of All Romania.

## References
Hair dryer

A **hair dryer** (when a handheld type also called a **blow dryer**) is a device that blows cool or hot air using a fan. Hair dryers are usually used to speed up drying wet hair.

The main parts of a hair dryer are a motor-powered fan and an electrically heated element. The element heats up when an electric current flows through it. When air from the fan goes through the barrel of the hair dryer, it is heated by the element. The hot air passes out of the end of the hair dryer (the nozzle). The user can direct the nozzle towards their hair.

Alexandre Godefoy created the first model of the hair dryer in France in 1890.

## References
Tokyo National Museum

The  or **TNM** is the oldest and largest museum in Japan.

TNM collects houses, and preserves a   of art works and archaeological objects of Asia.  In the collection, there is an emphasis on Japan.

The museum is in Ueno Park in Tokyo.

## History
TMN was  in 1872.

In 1882, the museum was established in its Ueno Park location.

The museum went through several name changes.  It was called the Imperial Museum in 1886.  It was known as the Tokyo Imperial Household Museum from 1900 through 1947.

## Related pages
* Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
* Kyushu National Museum
* Nara National Museum (NNM)
* National Art Center, Tokyo (NACT)
* National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
* National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
* National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
* National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of national museums

## References
## Other websites
* Tokyo National Museum website ,
Heo Mok

**Heo Mok** (; 10 January 1595 – 27 April 1689) was a Korean Neo-Confucian and Taoist scholar, politician, writer, and painter during the Joseon Dynasty. His pen names were Misu (미수, 眉叟) and Taeryeong-Noin (태령노인, 台領老人), Sukhojangin (석호장인, 石戶丈人). His style names were **Munbo** (문보, 文甫) and **Hwabo**(화보, 和甫).

He was a leader of South man party, 1675 - March 1680 in vicePrime minister of Joseon Dynastys.

## Writing 
* Gyeongnyeyuchan (1647)
* Dongsa [Eastern History] (1667)
* Cheongsa Yeoljeon [Blue Gentlemen List] (1667)
* Gyeongseol (1677) 
* Misu Chunjamun
* Dangun Sega 
* Misu Kieun
* Sim Hakdo

## Gallery 

Image:Heo Mok 03.gif|Portrait of Heo Mok (1680)
Image:Heo Mok 1.jpg|Portrait of Heo Mok (1677)
Image:Korea-Portrait of Heo Mok-Joseon 02.jpg|Portrait of Heo Mok (1790)
Image:Heo Mok's love of the people and patriotism's.jpg |Heo Mok's said "love of the people and patriotism's"
Image:Heo Mok-draft of the Cheukju East Sea's epitaphs.jpg|draft of the Cheukju East Sea's epitaphs (1661)
Image:Heo Mok signboard of Hamchuidang.png|signboard of Hamchuidang
Image:Letter of Heo Mok.png|Letter of Heo Mok
Image:Suncheon Joseon Dynastys national pasture's areas map.jpg|Suncheon Joseon Dynastys national pasture's areas map
Image:허목 필적.jpg|
Image:壽宮.PNG|

## Related pages
* Yun Seondo
* Song Siyeol
Future Diary

is a Japanese manga and anime written by Sakae Esuno. It was first published in the manga magazine *Shōnen Ace* in 2006 by Kadokawa Shoten. An anime began airing on Japanese television in October 10th, 2011. The manga gained two extra stories called *Future Diary: Mosaic*, which focuses on the character Minene Uryu, and *Future Diary: Paradox*, which follows a different timeline from the main story, starring Aru Akise.

## Media Information
The manga first appeared in *Shōnen Ace* from January 26th, 2006 to December 27th, 2010. The two side stories were published during the main story's release, each new chapter released every few months. The manga was released for sale in volumes by Tokyopop before it ended selling books.

The anime was created by the animation company Asread. The anime has had two opening and ending theme songs: "Kuso Mesorogiwi" and "Filament" by Yousei Teikoku, and "Blood Teller" and "Dead End" by Faylan. An eight-minute television pilot was released with eleventh manga volume, as a preview for the anime to be released in late 2011.

A video game was released in 2010 by Kadokawa, titled *Future Diary Rewrite - The 13th Diary Owner*.

## Story
*Future Diary* is about a lonely 14-year old boy named Yukiteru "Yuki" Amano who has no friends and spends his time writing a diary on his mobile phone. One day, Deus Ex Machina, the God of Time and Space, give Yuki's diary the power to predict the future, but warns Yuki that if his diary is broken, Yuki will die. Yuki is at first happy about knowing his own future, but a girl in his school named Yuno Gasai reveals she also has a Future Diary. Yuno is madly in love with Yuki, often stalking him, and her phone predicts everything he will do.

It turns out that Yuki, Yuno and ten other people who all have Future Diaries are part of a survival game, in which the group must kill each other using their diaries until one person is left alive. The winner shall become the next God of Time and Space after Deus dies. Yuno becomes Yuki's guard and would-be girlfriend as he makes friends and enemies of the other diary owners as the game moves on. Yuki does make friends with several children of his age including wannabe detective Aru Akise, Hinata Hino who is the daughter of the diary owner Karyuudo Tsukishima, Mao Nonosaka who loves Hinata, and former bully Ouji Kosaka.

Yuno shows an insane side, often using violence and threats to harm those who threaten Yuki or her relationship with him. Yuki learns that Yuno has a horrible, tragic life and hides three corpses in her house, two of which are revealed to be her parents. This leads Akise to investigate Yuno's past and learn her true goals in the survival game.

## References
Kyoto National Museum

The **Kyoto National Museum** or **KNM** is one of the major art museums in Japan.  It is in Higashiyama Ward in Kyoto.

The museum has artworks and archaeological objects from Japan.  In the collection, there is an emphasis on material from the Heian period through the Edo period when Kyoto was the capital of Japan.

The Museum is currently undergoing renovation and will reopen in 2013.

## History
KMN was established in 1889 as the Imperial Museum of Kyoto.

Construction on the museum building finished in October 1895.

The museum's first exhibition was opened in 1897.

The museum went through a series of name changes.  In 1900, it was called the Imperial Household Museum of Kyoto.

In 1924, the museum was donated to the City of Kyoto in honor of the marriage of Crown Prince Hirohito.  At that time, the name was changed to the Imperial Gift Museum of Kyoto.

The current name was selected in 1952.

## Related pages
* Kyushu National Museum
* Nara National Museum (NNM)
* National Art Center, Tokyo (NACT)
* National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
* National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
* National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
* National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
* Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of national museums

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/index_top.html , [http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/jp/index_top.html ]
Nara National Museum

The  or **NNM** is one of the major art museums in Japan.  It is in Nara, which was the capital of Japan from 710 to 784.

The museum has art works and archaeological objects of Japan.  In the collection, there is an emphasis on Buddhist art from the Nara area.

## History
NMN was established in 1889 as the . The museum held its first exhibition in 1895.

The Museum was renamed the Imperial Household Museum of Nara.

It has been known by its present name since 1952.

## Related pages
* Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
* Kyushu National Museum
* National Art Center, Tokyo (NACT)
* National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
* National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
* National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
* National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
* Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of national museums

## References
## Other websites
* Nara National Museum website
Skylar Grey

**Holly Brook Hafermann**, (born February 23, 1986), also known by the name **Skylar Grey**, is an American singer-songwriter. She has been on the songs of several rappers and R&B musicians.

## Weblinks 
* skylargreymusic.com

## References
Kamloops Blazers

The **Kamloops Blazers** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1966. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Kamloops, British Columbia at the Interior Savings Centre.

The franchise was created in 1966 and first played in Estevan, Saskatchewan as the Estevan Bruins. The team then moved to New Westminster, British Columbia and became the New Westminster Bruins in 1971. Finally, it moved to Kamloops, British Columbia to become the Kamloops Junior Oilers in 1981. The team changed their name to the Blazers in 1984.

The franchise has won the most Memorial Cups of any team in the WHL with five; two wins as New Westminster (1977 and 1978) and three wins as Kamloops (1992, 1994 and 1995). The CHL record is seven cups, held by the Toronto Marlboros (now the Guelph Storm). Since moving to Kamloops, the Blazers have only missed the playoffs twice in their 30 seasons.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Hayley Williams

**Hayley Nichole Williams** (born December 27, 1988) is an American singer and songwriter. She is the lead singer of the American rock band Paramore. She has also been on the songs of R&B musicians and rappers. In 2002, at the age of 13, Hayley moved from her hometown in Mississippi, to Tennessee, where she met two of her future band members Josh and Zac Farro at her new school. While still in school, she tried out for a local funk cover band called ‘The Factory’, in which she met     Jeremy Davis, who also went on to be in  Paramore. She was discovered in 2003 by managers Dave Steunebrink and Richard Williams who signed her to a production deal at just 14 years of age.

## References
Oneota

**Oneota** is the name archaeologists have given to a culture found in North America. Oneota was mostly in what is now Wisconsin and neighboring states. It lasted from about AD 900 until about 1700. Archaeologists think Oneota became historic Macro-Siouan tribes such as the Ioway. A long-accepted ancestry to the Ho-chunk is not certain.

## Sources
* Gibbon, Guy E. (1982) *Oneota Studies.*
* Green, William (ed.)(1995) *Oneota Archaeology: Past, Present, and Future.*
* Geske, Nicole Lynne (2018) *The Life and Death of Bone: A Regional Approach to the Interpretation of Fragmented and Culturally Modified Oneota Human Remains* (Ph.D., Michigan State University). https://www.proquest.com/openview/31ba762f11a20cde66dd18504ed64464
Kyushu National Museum

The  is one of the major museums in Japan. It is in Dazaifu in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The museum s, conserves, es, s and s a   of art works and archaeological objects of Japan and East Asia.  In the collection, there is an emphasis on the formation of Japanese culture through exchanges with other Asian countries and Kyushu.

## History
Kyushu National Museum opened in 2005.  The building was designed by Kiyonori Kikutake.

The museum was the first new national museum in Japan in over 100 years.

In December 2008, the museum was the venue for a trilateral diplomatic meeting between representatives of Japan, China and the Republic of Korea.

## Related pages
* Kyoto National Museum
* Nara National Museum
* National Art Center, Tokyo (NACT)
* National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
* National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
* National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
* National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
* Tokyo National Museum
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of national museums

## References
## Other websites
* Kyushu National Museum website , http://www.kyuhaku.com/pr/
National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo

The  or **MOMAT** is one of the major art museums in Japan.

MOMAT collects, houses, and preserves a   of modern art, including both Japanese- and Western-style paintings, prints, watercolors, drawings, and sculpture, all dating from the Meiji Period through the 20th century.

MOMAT is in Kitanomaru Park in Tokyo.

## History 
MOMAT was established in 1952.

## Related pages
* Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
* Nara National Museum (NNM)
* National Art Center, Tokyo (NACT)
* National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
* National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
* National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
* Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* List of national museums

## Notes
## Other websites
* National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo website  , http://www.momat.go.jp/index.html
Temple Run

***Temple Run*** is a video game made by Imangi Studios. Right now it is for iOS systems, which the iPhone and the iPad use, and the Android system for mobile phones. In the iTunes store, it has been in the top 50 most-downloaded apps in December 2011, and also became the number 1 free iOS app. It has gone to the position of the top-grossing iOS app. The game was originally sold for 99 cents, but it is now free and relies on in-game coin purchases.

## Gameplay 
The game is based around Guy Dangerous and other explorers that take a little statue from an ancient temple. The players control the characters and to begin the game the player must take the little statue. These players are Guy Dangerous, Scarlett Fox, Barry Bones, Karma Lee, Montana Smith, Francisco Montoya, and Zack Wonder. However, the player's efforts to steal the treasure seem useless when a group of evil monkeys pursue the player out of the temple, starting a "run." There is no finish line; the object of the game is to run as far as possible by going around obstacles that require the player to either jump (slide finger forward duck (slide finger backwards), or turn (slide finger to the right or left) in a precise manner. While all of this is happening, the player will be chased by the "evil monkeys". While playing, the player needs to tilt their device either to the left or the right to get coins. These coins are usually in the shape of a yellow diamond but according to their point value, they can also be a red diamond, a 2-point coin, or a blue diamond, a 3-point coin. Coins can be earned in game play to unlock objectives, and can also be spent at the store.

## Making 
Husband-and-wife team Keith Shepherd and Natalia Luckyanova, along with artist Kiril Tchangov, created the hits Harbor Master and Temple Run. At first, the game was released for 99 cents, but soon enough they released Temple Run free, but with purchasable in-game coins. This made revenue multiply five times with in game coin purchasing.  Shepherd and Luckyanova developed the game, while Tchangov created the artwork.

## References
James Sie

**James Sie** (born December 18, 1962) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known as the voice of Monkey in *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness* and as the Cabbage Merchant in *Avatar: The Last Airbender*.

## Early life
Sie was born in Summit, New Jersey.

## Filmography
## Video games
## References
## Other websites
*
Doug Crossman

**Doug A. Crossman** (born June 13, 1960 in Peterborough, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a combined 14 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted with the 112th overall pick by the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. He played 3 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks, 5 with the Philadelphia Flyers, 1 with the Los Angeles Kings, 2 with the New York Islanders, 1 with the Hartford Whalers, 2 with the Detroit Red Wings, 1 with the Tampa Bay Lightning and 2 with the St. Louis Blues. Crossman was also a member of the 1987 Canada Cup Canadian National team.

## Other websites 
*
Simon Helberg

**Simon Maxwell Helberg** (born December 9, 1980) is an American stand-up comedian and actor.  He is best known for his role as Howard Wolowitz in the sitcom *The Big Bang Theory*.  He is the voice of Bian Zao in the Nickelodeon show *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness*.

Helberg was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of German-born actor Sandy Helberg. He was raised in Judaism.

Helberg is married to actress Jocelyn Towne. On May 14, 2012 their daughter Adeline was born.

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
## References
Ernie Dickens

**Ernest Leslie Dickens** (June 25, 1921 – September 27, 1985) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 6 seasons in the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Toronto Maple Leafs and 4 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks. Dickens won the Stanley Cup with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1942. He was also named to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1947 and was named a “Honoured Member” of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame.

## Other websites 
*