open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Controlled language

**Controlled natural languages** (CNLs) are artificial languages built by simplifying the grammar and reducing the number of words in the language to avoid ambiguity or complexity.

There are two types of controlled languages: some designed to help non-native speakers of a language, and some designed to enable automatic semantic analysis.

The first type of languages are often called "simplified" or "technical" languages. They are used by businesses or industries to improve the quality of technical writing. The standard terms simplify the semi-automatic translation to other languages. Examples are: the ASD Sim Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, and IBM's Easy English.

Simplified (or technical) languages guide the writer by general rules such as "write short and simple sentences", "use the person's name ("**John Smith**" for example) instead of saying "him", and "talk about who is doing something, rather than what is being done, unless you **need** to say what is being done".

The second type of languages have well defined rules for writing and understanding. These rules can be matched to formal languages, such as first-order logic. The languages can be analysed by computer. They can be checked to see they are correct. They can be searched for information easily.

## Languages
Existing controlled natural languages include:

* Globish
* Attempto Controlled English
* Basic English
* ClearTalk
* Common Logic Controlled English
* E-Prime
* Gellish Formal English
* ModeLang
* Newspeak
* Plain English
* Processable English (PENG)
* Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
* Special English

## Related pages
* Constructed language
* Knowledge representation
* Natural language processing

## References
## Other websites
* Controlled Natural Languages (Macquarie University)
* Overview of Controlled English and HyperSTE, customizable Controlled English checker 
* Simplus – Simplified English Checker
* Freelance Translation
* acrolinx® Information Quality Suite  – Customizable controlled language checker for many authoring environments
* PERMIS Policy Editor  uses controlled English in its user interface
* Akis, Jennifer Wells, and William R. Sisson. (2002) Improving Translatability: A Case Study at Sun Microsystems, Inc. *Globalization Insider* (Localization Industry Standards Association's e-magazine).
* Kohl, John R. (2008) Language Quality-Assurance Software: Optimizing Your Documentation for a Global Audience.*Intercom* 55.5 (May), pp.&nbsp;6–9.
* Kohl, John R. (2007) Assisted Writing and Editing at SAS.* ClientSideNews Magazine* 7.8 (August): 7-10.
Epic Games

**Epic Games** is a video game company based in North Carolina, USA. They are famous for making the *Fortnite*, *Unreal Tournament*, and *Gears of War* series of video games. 

Epic games has also developed an app to buy and launch games called the Epic Games Launcher.
Beatitudes

The **Beatitudes** (from Latin *beatus*, meaning "blessed" or "happy") are a list of traits that Christians should follow told by Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. Some of these include , ness, and making peace. 

Jesus Christ taught these ideas as part of a three lesson sermon; the Sermon on the Mount. 

## References
Gears of War 2

***Gears of War 2*** is a third-person shooter video game made by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It can only be played on Microsoft's own Xbox 360 console. It is the sequel to the popular Xbox 360 game *Gears of War*. The game was released around the world on November 7 2008. By November 12 it had already sold over 2 million copies.

## References
Sadhu

In Hinduism, **sadhu** is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga (*yogi*). Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty). The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.
Digambar

**Digambar** (sky-clad) is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other is Svetambar. The word digambara is made up of two words 'dig' and 'ambar',  the person whose clothes (ambar) is the directions (dig). The digambar have a stricter interpretation of Jainism than other sects.

## Vows of a monk
Every Digambara monk is required to follow **28 vows** (vrats) compulsory.

* '*Fivefold regulation of activities (*samiti*)*'
# Control of speech - Not to criticise anyone.
# Control of thought
# Regulation of movement - To prevent killing of small living beings.
# Care in lifting things
# Examining food and drink before consuming.

## References
## Citations
*
Squidward Tentacles

**Squidward J. Quincy Tentacles** is one of the main characters of *SpongeBob SquarePants*. He is SpongeBob SquarePants' grumpy neighbor and coworker. He is a turquoise octopus. He lives in a moai. His moai is between SpongeBob SquarePants' pineapple house and Patrick Star's rock. Squidward gets annoyed by SpongeBob and Patrick having fun with each other.

Squidward is not happy with his boring life. He always wants to be famous and well-known by everyone. He wants to show everyone about his talent as a musician or painter, even though he has no talent on either of them. He enjoys to play the clarinet.

Squidward is voiced by Rodger Bumpass.

## References
Asceticism

:*Ascetic redirects here. You might also be looking for acetic acid. The term should not be confused with aestheticism.*
]]

**Asceticism** (Greek: *askēsis*) is a word that describes a certain way of living. In this kind of life, a person gets rid of worldly pleasures for religion or spirituality. A person might not have sex or drink alcohol. One might spend much of their time in prayer or meditation. Often, the reason is to follow goals of Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga). These teach that salvation and freedom involve a process of changing one's mind and body. This is done by limiting speech, what one thinks and does with the body. 

The earliest people who practiced Buddhism, Jainism, and the Christian hermits, lived very simply and without luxury. They rejected sensual pleasures and keeping money. This did not mean that life could not be enjoyed. But spiritual and religious goals are hindered by such indulgence. 

## References
Adam Mickiewicz

**Adam Bernard Mickiewicz** (; 24 December 179826 November 1855) was a heavily influential national Polish Romantic poet, generally regarded as the greatest figure in Polish literature, especially known for his epic poem *Pan Tadeusz*. At the later phase of his life he was also a political activist, an ideologue and a Messianic philosopher who lectured Slavic languages at Collège de France.

## Life
### Early years
Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his paternal uncle's estate in Zaosie (now Zavosse) near Navahrudak (in Polish, *Nowogródek*) or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus.

## Works
In many literary critics' opinion, Mickiewicz is among the most important writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Byron and Homer.

::::Lithuania, my country! You are as good health:
::::How much one should prize you, he only can tell
::::Who has lost you.

## Notes 
## Further reading
* 
* 

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Riemann sum

for approximating the area under curves. **Right**  and **left** methods make the approximation using the right and left endpoints of each subinterval, respectively. **Maximum** and **minimum** methods make the approximation using the largest and smallest endpoint values of each subinterval, respectively. The values of the sums converge as the subintervals halve from top-left to bottom-right.]]
In mathematics, the **Riemann sum** is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval. One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph.  The Riemann sum is calculated   by splitting the region into equal parts. In each part, the function is replaced by a shape. Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.The area of the similar shape can then be calculated. This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible. The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is. More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.

Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured. This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes. As the shapes get smaller and smaller, the sum approaches the Riemann integral.

The Riemann sum  may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.

## Definition
:\text{Area} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} f(y_{i})(x_{i}-x_{i-1})
You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces.  That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma).  The (xi-xi-1) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n".  The f(yi) is a y value in an "n" segment.  Since the area of a rectangle is *length* &times; *width*, the multiplication of xi and f(yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph.  The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

## Other websites
*A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums
Altaic languages

**Altaic** is a language system that includes  Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages. That is probably the meaning attributed to "Altaic" by most general linguists. 

It has disputed language families, but only a few linguists still believe that it existed. It supposedly had 66 languages that are now spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.

However, since the publication of Gustaf John Ramstedt's *Einführung* in 1952–1957, most Altaicists have included Korean in Altaic. Since the publication of Roy Andrew Miller's *Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages* in 1971, some also included Japanese (Nicholas Poppe) or Japonic, consisting of Japanese and Ryukyuan.

A few linguists (such as (Street 1962)) even count Ainu with the Altaic languages but as part of a node including Korean and Japanese, in contrast to a Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic node, with Korean-Japanese-Ainu and Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic, in turn, forming a higher-level node.

The core version of Altaic, consisting of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, is sometimes referred to as "Micro-Altaic," and the expanded version, including Korean and sometimes Japanese, is referred to as "Macro-Altaic," but even the core version is very controversial.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Altaic family tree *Ethnologue*
* Altaic languages  *MSN Encarta*
* Monumenta altaica  Altaic linguistics website
* Altaic etymology section in StarLing databases
* Defense of Altaic  by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994)
Ohio Is for Lovers

**Ohio Is for Lovers** is a single released by Hawthorne Heights it came from their first album *The Silence in Black and White*.

The lyrics are one of the main reasons why the band are considered to be emo. It contains the lyrics "cut my wrists and black my eyes" more than once. Some people take this literally, but the singer has explained its only a figure of speech the band is against self harming.

The song was charted #34 in America.

## About the video
The album *The Silence in Black and White* later contained a DVD including the making of "Ohio is for lovers". It shows a spider, and also shows JT in a room alone looking miserable. There's also a young girl, followed by an adult woman, then later an older woman in the Ohio is for lovers music video.

## References
Lady Godiva

, *ca* 1897]]

**Lady Godiva** (; about 980 – 1067) was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman. She was married to Earl Leofric and frequently donated to the church, and was highly religious. There are legends that say that she rode naked through the streets of Coventry in England.

## Legend
Lady Godiva was the wife of Earl Leofric of Mercia. The Earl’s taxes were very high, and people in Coventry were very upset about it. Lady Godiva begged her husband to lower the taxes many times, but he never agreed to. Finally, the Earl told Lady Godiva that if she rode through the streets completely naked, he would lower the taxes. Lady Godiva sent a message through town that told everyone to close their shutters and stay indoors. Then, she rode through town only clothed by her hair. The Earl gave in and lowered the taxes of the town. However, a tailor named Tom drilled a hole through his shutters, and caught a glimpse of Lady Godiva. He was struck blind, some think from heaven, and some think the town “took care of him” themselves. There were many celebrations to remember Lady Godiva’s courage.

## Related pages
* Exhibitionism
* Public nudity
* *The Seven Lady Godivas*, an early Dr. Seuss book
* Nudity and protest

## References 
## Other websites 
* Lady Godiva, the website of the women's sports team
* Cecilia Parsons, "Countess Godiva", 1999, revised 2004: biography and developing legend
* BBC News – the unearthing of a stained glass window identified with Lady Godiva
* James Grout: *Lady Godiva*, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
* How Lady Godiva Got a Tax Break
Scandal

A **scandal** is a very public incident which involves a claim of wrong-doing, shame, or moral offence. A scandal may be about a real event, an untrue event (often called a false allegation) or a mixture of both.  Something which is a scandal can be described as **scandalous**.

Scandals may be told by , who have access to secrets and allow them to go public. A well-known scandal was the Watergate scandal, in which US President Richard Nixon was found to be supporting and hiding illegal burglaries. 

Untrue claims often lead to a loss of respect for that person, and can destroy their . Sometimes an attempt to cover up a scandal creates a bigger scandal when the cover-up does not succeed. 

Sometimes there are scandals surrounding people who work for the president such as during the Grant administration. The Iran-Contra affair was also a known scandal that surrounded Ronald Reagan and his administration. All were not-guilty of the crime. Najib Razak, a former Malaysian Prime Minister, was accused in the 1MDB scandal, which involved the theft of a large amount of government money. Because of this, he became the first Malaysian Prime Minister to go to prison.
Countdown to Extinction

***Countdown to Extinction*** is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. *Countdown to Extinction* was released on July 6, 1992. It was released through Capitol Records. The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200 and sold 128,000 copies in the first week.

The album was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1993 Grammy Awards. The title track won the Humane Society's Genesis Award for raising awareness for animal rights issues.

## Track listing
### 2004 Bonus Tracks
## References
Mongolian language

The **Mongolian language** (, *Mongol kele*, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, *Mongol khel*) is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family and the language of most of the residents of Mongolia, where it is officially written with the Cyrillic alphabet and of around three million Mongolian speakers in the *Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region* of China, where it is officially written with the traditional Mongolian script. It is also spoken in some areas in the Russian Far East and Kyrgyzstan. The majority of speakers in Mongolia speak the Khalkha (or *Halh*) dialect, while those in China speak one of many Inner Mongolian dialects.

## References 
* Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): *The Mongolic languages*. London: Routledge.

## Other websites 
* Ethnologue report for Khalkha Mongolian
* Lingua Mongolia  Information on classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary
* Omniglot - Mongolian Alphabets
* Mongolian bilingual dictionaries
List of goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game

There have been fourteen **goaltenders who have scored a goal in a National Hockey League (NHL) game**. The most recent to do so was Tristan Jarry for the Pittsburgh Penguins on 11/30/23.

## Scorers
;Key

;Notes

## References
*
51 Pegasi b

**51 Pegasi b**, also called **Bellerephon, Dimidium** or **51 Peg b**, is the first extrasolar planet discovered orbiting a main-sequence star,  51 Pegasi. Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced the discovery on 6 October 1995. It is 50 light years away in the direction of the constellation Pegasus. 

## References
Johnny

*Johnny Appleseed
*Johnny Ball
*Johnny Bower
*Johnny Carson	
*Johnny Cash
*Johnny Depp
*Johnny Halliday
*Johnny Haynes	
*Johnny Horton	
*Johnny Marr
*Johnnny Morris
*Johnny Mowers	
*Johnny Nash
*Johnny Rivers
*Johnny Saxton	
*Johnny Shines	
*Johnny Unitas
*Johnny Wactor
*Johnny Weir
*Johnny Weissmuller
*Johnny Winter
Museo Nazionale di San Marco

**Museo Nazionale di San Marco** is a church and Dominican convent. in Florence, Italy. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.
## History
The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici.  The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.

In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.

## Treasures
The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.

The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is *The Descent from the Cross*, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.

Another famous fresco is *The Last Supper* painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.

## Gallery
 
Image:Fra Angelico — Annalena Altarpiece.jpg|The altarpiece painted by Fra Angelico
Image:Girolamo Savonarola by Fra Bartolommeo (1497).jpg|Savonarola, painted by Fra Bartolomeo 

## Related pages
* Florence Cathedral

## References
*Anne Mueller von der Haegen and Ruth Strasser, *Art and Architecture of Tuscany*, Konemann (2001),
RC2

In cryptography, **RC2** is a symmetric-key block cipher. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1987. *"RC"* stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".

RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable key size and using 18 rounds.

Rounds are arranged as a source-heavy feistel network, with 16 rounds of one type called *"mixing rounds"* interleaved by two rounds of another type called *"mashing rounds"*.

The 18 rounds are performed using the following interleaved sequence: 
# perform 5 mixing rounds.
# perform 1 mashing round.
# perform 6 mixing rounds.
# perform 1 mashing round.
# perform 5 mixing rounds.

RC2 uses *key-expansion algorithm* by which an expanded key consisting of 64 (16-bit words) is produces depending in a complicated way on every bit of the supplied *"variable-length"* input key. A mixing round consists of four applications of the *"mix-up"* transformation, as shown in the diagram. A round is *"mashed"* by adding to it one of the 16-bit words of the expanded key (RFC 2268).

RC2 is susceptible to a related-key attack using 234 chosen-plaintext attacks (Kelsey *et al.*, 1997).

The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software, after evaluation by the NSA. The NSA suggested a couple of changes, which Ronald Rivest incorporated. After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.

Along with RC4, RC2 with a 40-bit key size was treated under US export regulations for cryptography. Now all 40-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete because they are dangerously susceptible to brute force attacks.

Initially, the details of the algorithm were kept secret — proprietary to RSA Security — but on 29 January 1996, source code for RC2 was anonymously posted to the Internet on the Usenet forum, sci.crypt. A similar post had occurred earlier with RC4. It is unclear whether the poster had access to the specifications or whether it had been reverse engineered.

## References 
* Steven Levy, Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government — Saving Privacy in the Digital Age, , 2001.
* Lars R. Knudsen, Vincent Rijmen, Ronald L. Rivest, Matthew J. B. Robshaw: On the Design and Security of RC2. Fast Software Encryption 1998: 206–221
* John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, David Wagner: Related-key cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA. ICICS 1997: 233–246

## Other websites 
* RFC 2268 - A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption Algorithm
* RSA FAQ: What is RC2? 
* sci.crypt posting revealing the RC2 algorithm
Greasers

**Greaser** or **Greasers** can refer to:
* Greaser (derogatory), a derogatory term for a Mexican.
* Greaser (subculture), a subculture that developed in the United States in the 1950s.
Religious persecution

**Religious persecution** means unfair treatment of a particular group of people because of their religion. It aims at forcing the religious to go away or give up their religion. "Persecution" comes from a Latin word meaning "chase", and usually meant chasing someone in order to kill them. In later centuries the term was applied to other actions. Religious persecution may occur in the following forms:

*violence, including pogroms
*social discrimination 
*not giving a job to a person because of his religion

Incidents of persecution are periodically reported in many countries. For example in case of India, the United States Department of State in its annual human rights report for 2006 noted attacks against the people of religious groups who are small in number. State Department's annual reports on religious freedom for 2007 expressed concern over organized societal attacks against religious minority in India. Some state governments in India have been accused of not effectively prosecuting those who attack religious minorities.

## Types
When the term "religious cleansing" is used, it usually means when a group of people is removed from a certain area. In classical antiquity, religious cleansing was usually done because of economic and political reasons. Sometimes there were also ethnic reasons.

## Related pages 
* Antisemitism
* Freedom of religion 
* Persecution of Christians
* Persecution of Muslims
* Religious segregation
* Religious violence

## References
Persecution of Christians

family was burned by Hindu nationalists during violence in Orissa, India in 2008.]]

**Persecution of Christians** is treating Christians unfairly based on their religion. This can mean using violence against them or putting them in prison. Persecution of Christians exists in many countries which include India, Iran, Pakistan, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Burma, Lebanon, Syria, Sri Lanka etc. In China it is illegal to be a member of a Christian church that is not approved by the government.

## Related pages
* Diocletian
* Nero
* Barbary slave trade
* Religious persecution
Religious violence

girl was burned by extremists in Orissa, India in 2008.]]
, in 2014.]]

**Religious violence** means the religiously-motivated killing and/or injuring of people of one religion by people of another region.

The September 11 attacks are an example of religious mass-killing. In India, Hindu-nationalists often attacked Christians, since the country became independent. This has happened periodically. The United States Department of State in its annual human rights report for 2006 noted attacks against the people of religious groups who are small in number. State Department's annual reports on religious freedom for 2007 expressed concern over organized societal attacks against religious minority in India. Some state governments in India have been accused of not effectively prosecuting those who attack religious minorities.

## References
Telugu cinema

'' the first Telugu full length Sound film produced and directed by H. M. Reddy]]
**Telugu Cinema** (Telugu: తెలుగు సినీపరిశ్రమ), means movies and movie-making in the Telugu language. Another word for Telugu Cinema is **Tollywood**. This is portmanteau made of the words "Telugu" and "Hollywood".

**Tollywood** movies are produced in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana  states in the Republic of India.

## Related pages
* Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
* Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
* Lollywood (Pakistani cinema)
* Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
* Hollywood
Sandalwood

: *For movies of the Indian state of Karnataka, see Sandalwood (cinema).*

**Sandalwood** is a precious, fragrant and fine-structured wood, yellow in color. A special use that this wood allows is in delicate, highly detailed carving. 

Sandalwoods are found in India, Australia, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands and are yielded by trees of the genus *Santalum*. The trees are often grown in plantations. The entire trees are used for extracting a fragrant oil, sandalwood oil, which is used for perfume and medicine. In religious ceremonies (such as cremations) the wood is sometimes burned for its smell, as incense.

In Indonesia and Malaysia, its local name is *Cendana*.
Mollywood

**Mollywood** refers to Malayalam cinema, movies made in the Indian state of Kerala in the Malayalam language.

## Related pages
* Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
* Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
* Lollywood (Pakistani cinema)
* Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
* Hollywood
The Bird and the Bee Sides

***The Bird and the Bee Sides*** is a 2008 album released by Relient K on July 2nd.

The album contains 13 new songs, and many of their B sides and unreleased songs. A few other songs could be found from a scavenger hunt that the band encouraged fans to do. You had to solve a puzzle

It's the first album to feature their current drummer, Ethan Luck.

## Track listing
### *The Nashville Tennis EP*
### *The Bird and the Bee Sides*
## References
Cryptographic protocol

A cryptographic protocol is a way to securely exchange data over a computer network. The data that is exchanged is encrypted. In general, these protocols consist of a way to exchange encryption keys, The data is then encrypted using symmetric or asymmetric cryptography. Symmetric cryptography is used more often. 

Common protocols include: 

* Transport Layer Security
* Wi-Fi Protected Access 
* Secure Shell
* IPsec
* DNSSec

A cryptographic protocol usually has at least some of these features: 
* Key generation.
* Entity authentication.
* Key agreement.
* Symmetric encryption of transferred messages using the agreed generated key.

The term *cryptographic protocol* is used in different ways. For example, cryptographic *application* protocols often use one or more underlying Key-agreement protocols which are also sometimes themselves referred to as "cryptographic protocols", like the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which uses what is known as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Diffie-Hellman may be seen as a complete *cryptographic protocol* in itself for other applications.

## Examples 
* Diffie-Hellman key exchange
* Internet Key Exchange
* IPsec
* Kerberos V5

## Related pages
* Secure channel

## Other websites 
* Secure protocols open repository
Call and Response: The Remix Album

***Call and Response*** is a remix album by rock band Maroon 5. The album has 18 tracks of songs which Maroon 5 released or has recorded. Producers of the remixed versions of the songs include The Cold War Kids, David Banner, Mark Ronson, Just Blaze, Bloodshy and Avant, Of Montreal and many more music producers. The track list was released in early October of 2008.

## Track Listing for *Call and Response: The Remix Album*
Jiban Thekey Neya

**Jibon Theke Neya** () is a Bengali movie by Bangladeshi filmmaker Zahir Raihan.

The movie is a political satire based on the Bengali Language Movement, and stars  Shaukat Akbar, Anwar Hossain, Khan Ataur Rahman and Rosy Samad.

Jibon Theke Neya has been described as an example of "national cinema", using discrete local traditions to build a representation of the Bangladeshi national identity.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Livadeia

**Livadeia** is a Greek town. It is in the district of Voiotia in central Greece and its population is 21.385. Livadeia is the capital of Voiotia and it is built on a plane, near Kopaida plane. The distance between Athens and Livadeia is 136 km. North of livadeia is mountain Parnassos and west of Livadeia is mountain Elikonas. In the east and south of Livadeia is the plane of Kopaida. Near Livadeia there is Orchomenos and Cheronia which are historical places.

## History of Livadeia 
In antiquity, Livadeia was one of the Boeotian towns. Boeotians were an ancient Greek tribe which was a branch of the Dorian tribe. In Livadeia there was an oracle which was known by the name Trofonion. The Trofonion oracle was very important, although not as important as the Delphi oracle which was located nearby in the north. During the Middle Ages Livadeia was an insignificant town until about the thirteenth century when it became the capital of the Catalonian knights' domain. The Catalonian knights had conquered central Greece when they defeated the Lombard knights in a battle. Later, during the 15th century, the district was conquered by the Ottomans.
During the Ottoman period, Livadeia became an important town of central Greece. There was a castle and a guard was posted in it. The residents were all with Greek origin. Later during the Greek revolution of 1821 against the Turks, Livadeia played a significant role. Livadeia was liberated in 1830 when Greece became an independent state.

## Sights of Livadeia 
The most interesting sight of Livadeia is the springs of Krya. These springs are in the edge of the town and they are very beautiful. A river start from these springs whose name is Erkyna. In Livadeia there are some old beautiful houses and an old big clock above the town.

## Municipality of Livadeia 
Livadeia is a capital of the Livadeia's municipality. In this municipality, apart from Livadeia belong the villages Romeiko, Lafysti, Tsoukalades and Zeriki.
Pheray (1949 movie)

***Pheray*** was a Pakistani Punjabi movie. It was released on August 3, 1949. The movie was directed by Nazir. The movie was a remake of Indian movie *Gaon Ki Gori*, released in 1945 in India before partition.
MTV Unplugged (Bryan Adams album)

***MTV Unplugged*** is an acoustic live album by Canadian musician Bryan Adams.  The album was recorded in September, 1997 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City.  Adams was joined by Irish piper Davy Spillane and Michael Kamen who wrote orchestrations for many of the songs and brought students from the Juilliard School to play them.

The album includes only thirteen of the songs recorded at the show. Many more are included on the *MTV Unplugged* DVD and the song order is also different than the CD.

## Track listing
So Far So Good (Bryan Adams album)

***So Far So Good*** is a compilation album by Bryan Adams, released by A&M Records in November 1993. The album reached number six on the *Billboard* 200 charts in 1993.

The album contains hits from between "Cuts Like a Knife" (1983) and *Waking Up the Neighbours* (1991), and a new single, "Please Forgive Me". The only song on the album that has never been released as a single is "Kids Wanna Rock" from *Reckless* (1984).

Originally the song "So Far So Good" was going to be included on the album so the album started and finished with a new song but it was dropped. The song was included on disc two of *Anthology*.

## Track listing
## Chart positions
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron

***Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron*** is a 2002 animated movie about a horse attempting to return home. It was made by DreamWorks Animation. The movie was directed by Kelly Asbury and Lorna Cook.

## Cast
* Matt Damon as Spirit, a Kiger Mustang Horse
* James Cromwell as The Colonel, leader of a cavalry of soldiers. He is based on the real-life George Armstrong Custer.
* Daniel Studi, son of Wes Studi, as Little Creek, a Lakota Native American that Spirit befriends
* Chopper Bernet as Sgt. Adams, a cavalry sergeant under the Colonel
* Jeff LeBeau as Murphy, a soldier under the Colonel bent on taming Spirit into joining the cavalry
**Jeff LeBeau also voices a Railroad Foreman
* Richard McGonagle as Bill, a wrangler 
* Matt Levin as Joe, one of the wranglers
* Robert Cait as Jake, one of the wranglers
* Charles Napier as Roy, one of the wranglers
* Zahn McClarnon as Little Creek's Friend
* Michael Horse as Little Creek's Friend
* Donald Fullilove as Train Pull Foreman
* Rodger Bumpass, Jack Angel, Patrick Pinney, Philip Proctor, Bob Bergen, Paul Eiding, Chris Sanders, Bill Farmer, Robert Clotworthy, Danny Mann, Mitch Carter, Paul Pape, David Cowgill, Jim Cummings, Corey Burton and Stephen J. Anderson as Colonel's Soldiers
* Frank Welker as Eagle
* Mickie McGowan as Female Horse 1
* Sherry Lynn as Female Horse 2
* Jennifer Darling as Female Horse 3
* Lorna Cook (uncredited) as Female Horse 4/Little Creek's Horse

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Twin Towers (disambiguation)

The **Twin Towers** is a common name for two skyscrapers that were part of the original World Trade Center in New York City.

**Twin Towers** may also mean:

## Architecture
*Twin towers (architecture)
## Buildings
### North America
* Twin Towers Correctional Facility, Los Angeles, California
*Twin Towers (Marshall University), Huntington, West Virginia

### Europe
* Deutsche Bank Twin Towers, Frankfurt, Germany
* Twin Towers, Wembley, part of the original Wembley Stadium, London
* Vienna Twin Tower, Vienna, Austria
* Tours Société Générale (Société Générale Twin Towers), Paris, France
* Buchanan Wharf, Glasgow, Scotland

### Asia
* Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Taipei Twin Towers, Taipei, Taiwan
* Panhsin Twin Towers, New Taipei, Taiwan
* Kaohsiung Twin Towers, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
* Salcedo Park Twin Towers, Makati, Philippines
* Guangzhou Twin Towers, Guangzhou, China
* Shimao Cross-Strait Plaza, Xiamen, China. Nicknamed "Xiamen Twin Towers"
* Al Kazim Twin Towers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
* Noida Supertech Twin Towers, Noida, India
* Twin Towers (Ramat Gan), two identical office buildings in Ramat Gan, Israel

#### Oceania
* TNT Towers, Sydney, Australia

### Previously proposed buildings
* Broadway Corridor Twin Towers, a 2017 skyscraper plan for Portland, Oregon
* Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers, a 2011 skyscraper plan for Chicago, Illinois
*Twin Towers 2, a 2004 skyscraper plan for New York City

### Architectural designs
* Twin Tower, a 1970s Hong Kong architectural design

## Movie
* *9/11: The Twin Towers*, a 2006 television special documentary movie
* *Twin Towers* (movie), a 2002 Oscar-winning documentary

## Sports
* Twin Towers (Houston Rockets), front court consisting of Ralph Sampson and Hakeem Olajuwon
* Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs), front court consisting of Tim Duncan and David Robinson
* Twin Towers (professional wrestling), a former professional wrestling tag team consisting of Akeem and the Big Boss Man
* The Twin Towers, another former professional wrestling tag team consisting of Lex Luger and Barry Windham

## See also
* :Category:Twin towers
* The Two Towers (disambiguation)
* List of tallest twin buildings and structures in the world
The Best of Me (Bryan Adams album)

***The Best of Me*** is a greatest hits album by Canadian singer Bryan Adams. It was released worldwide in 1999, and in the U.S. in 2002.

## Track listing 
**Special Tour Edition bonus disc**
# "Summer of '69 (Live from South Africa)" – 3:34
# "Back To You (Live from South Africa)" – 5:28
# "Can't Stop This Thing We Started (Live from South Africa)" – 5:12
# "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman? (Live from South Africa)" – 4:52
# "Rock Steady (Live from South Africa)" – 5:23
# "Cloud Number Nine (Live at Slane Castle)" – 4:09
# "I'm Ready (Live at Slane Castle)" – 4:34
# "Cuts Like a Knife (Live at Slane Castle)" – 6:02

## Personnel 
* Bryan Adams (Vocals and Guitar)
* Other personnel varies from track to track.
1999 East Timorese crisis

The **1999 East Timorese crisis**  was a conflict. Militia who did not like the independence in East Timor started the conflict when they attacked civilians. These attacks led to more violence all over the country. Most of the violence occurred in the capital Dili.

The violence started after the result of an election was independence from Indonesia. About 1400 people are thought to have died. An UN force (InterFET) made up mainly of people from the Australian Defence Force was sent to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.

## Details 
### Background: referendum 
In 1999, there was a lot of pressure on Indonesia. Therefore, the Indonesian government decided to hold a vote. In this referendum it asked the people of East Timor, whether they wanted to stay with Indonesia or become independent. Portugal had done some lobbying. The referendum was held on August 30. In it, a clear majority (78.5%) of people voting said they would prefer to become independent. The alternative proposal would have been to stay with Indonesia, but to have many freedoms as an *autonomous province*, called Special Autonomous Region of East Timor (SARET).

### Violence 
Directly after the referendum, violence broke out. The violence came from Indonesian soldiers and from a special East Timorese pro-integration militia which was supported by Indonesia. These troops became violent and terrorised the population. They did not like how the people had voted. About 1400 Timorese people were killed. 300.000 had to flee to West Timor to live as refugees. Most of the infrastructure of the country, including houses, watering systems, and the electricity was destroyed. Noam Chomsky said: "In one month, this massive military operation murdered some 2,000 people, raped hundreds of women and girls, displaced three-quarters of the population, and demolished 75 percent of the country's infrastructure."

### InterFET 
On 20 September 1999 the Australian-led peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) came to the country. This ended the violence. Activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action. US President Bill Clinton eventually threatened Indonesia, that the IMF loans would be stopped. Indonesia was in deep economic troubles already. The Indonesian government agreed to withdraw its troops and allowed a multinational force into Timor to stabilize the area. It was clear that the UN did not have sufficient resources to fight the paramilitary forces directly. Instead, the UN authorised the creation of a multinational military force known as INTERFET (International Force for East Timor), with Security Council Resolution 1264. 23 nations sent troops, about 11,000 people in total. The force was led by Major-General Peter Cosgrove. Troops landed in East Timor on 20 September 1999.

## References
Anthology (Bryan Adams album)

***Anthology*** is a compilation album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams which contains songs he recorded from 1978 through 2005. The two disc set includes songs from 1980–2005. A third disc which was a DVD live concert which was recorded in mid 2005 called "*Live in Lisbon*" was included in North America for a limited time. All the songs are in chronological order of their release, except the last song on the first disc on the North American edition, which was released in 1999. The album's enclosed booklet has notes about the process of the recordings and the credits for each track.

## Release and reception 
*Anthology* co-produced by Adams, Robert Lange and Bob Clearmountain, peaked at number 65 on the Billboard 200. The album was released on October 18, 2005 and features songs like "Heat of the Night", and "Summer of '69". Anthology peaked at 4 on the Canadian Album Chart 29 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified two times platinum in Canada and gold in the UK.

## Version differences 
On the first disc, the North American edition has "The Best of Me" as the last track, while the International edition moved the song to the 2nd disc, and had "All I Want Is You" instead.

On the second disc, The North American edition has two songs from his Album *Room Service* and a new recorded version of "When You're Gone" with Pamela Anderson, while the International edition has the Chicane song "Don't Give Up" in place of Chicane's remix of "Cloud Number Nine", and a new song "I'm Not the Man You Think I Am" (from the movie *Colour Me Kubrick*), and the original version of "When You're Gone" with Melanie C instead.

## Track listing 
### Disc one 
### Disc two 
## Personnel
*Bryan Adams - rhythm guitar, vocals, co-producer
*Keith Scott - lead guitar
*Tommy Mandel - Hammond organ
*Dave Taylor - bass
*Mickey Curry - drums
*Phil Nicholas - keyboards and programming
*Robbie King   - Hammond organ
*Bill Payne - piano and Hammond organ
*Larry Klein - bass
*Ed Shearmur - keyboards
*The Tuck Back Twins - background vocals

## References
Rush discography

**Rush** is a Canadian rock band originally formed in August 1968, in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, currently comprised of bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist Alex Lifeson, and drummer and songwriter Neil Peart. The band and its membership went through a number of changes between 1968 and 1974, achieving their definitive form when Neil Peart replaced original drummer John Rutsey in July 1974.

The band released its self-titled debut album in March 1974, after which followed 19 additional studio recordings, 8 live albums and 6 compilations. As a group, Rush has made 24 gold records and 14 platinum (3 multi-platinum) records. According to the RIAA, Rush's number of sales place them fourth behind The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Aerosmith for the most  gold or platinum albums one after another by a rock band. Rush also ranks 78th in U.S. album sales with 25 million items sold. Although total worldwide album sales are not calculated by any single person or group, as of 2004 some people guessed that Rush's total worldwide album sales is over 40 million items sold.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Live albums 
### Compilations
### Singles 
### Music videos
## Promos
## Video albums
## Solo albums
:*All chart positions are U.S. Billboard 200 unless otherwise stated.*

:*US Certification Criteria - Albums: G = 500,000 , P = 1 million, M=Multiplatinum. For example, M(2) = 2 million*
:: *Other formats have different criteria, see RIAA Certification Criteria *

## References
## Other websites
* Power Windows: A Tribute to Rush
* Cygnus-X1.Net: A Tribute to Rush
* Billboard
* Official Rush website
Kaneez (1965 movie)

***Kaneez*** is a Pakistani Urdu black and white movie directed by renown director Hassan Tariq and produced by Hassan Tariq and Ali Sufiyan Afaqi. It cast Waheed Murad, Zeba, Mohammad Ali, Sabiha Khanam, Lehri, Saqi, Adeeb and Talish. It is a musical family relationship movie. Waheed Murad and Zeba played lead roles, and Mohammad Ali played a complete character role.

## References
Doraha (1967 movie)

***Doraha*** is a 1967 Pakistani Urdu movie. It is a black & white movie. *Doraha* is a classic romantic and melodious movie of 1960s. It is one of the best movies of Pervaiz Malik's and Waheed Murad's careers. At the box office, the movie did not earn much money. It gained more importance after several years. The movie became much more well liked during 1980s and 1990s. *Doraha* was produced by Sohail Rana and Pervaiz Malik. Malik also directed the movie. The movie stars Murad, Shamim Ara, Deeba, Ibrahim Nafees and Talish. For *Doraha*, Waheed Murad first cast Zeba, but after her marriage with Mohammad Ali, he picked Shamim Ara. The people that knew Murad knew that Shamim Ara was just a replacement. All the dialogue and songs were for Zeba
Zinda Laash

***Zinda Laash*** is a 1967 Pakistani Urdu feature movie, directed by Khwaja Sarfraz. Its produced by Abdul Baqi, a Lollywood movie starring by Asad Bukhari (Dr. Aqil Harker), Habib (Aqil's Brother), Deeba (Shabnam), Rehan (Vampire), Nasreen (Vampire bride).

Zinda Laash is also known as *Dracula in Pakistan* (USA title) and *The Living Corpse* (international title). It is the first movie in Pakistan to be X-rated.
Tehzeeb (1971 movie)

***Tehzeeb***, is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was released on November 20 1971.

The makers of this movie have been asked to change the lyrics of a reference to Misr might prove detrimental to diplomatic relations with that country. While the line *Laga hai misr ka bazaar dekho* changed to *Laga hai husn ka bazaar dekho* in the movie soundtrack, the gramophone records, already sold in good numbers, are beyond redemption.
Modène

**Modène** is a commune of 275 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Jaal (1973 movie)

***Jaal*** is a 1973 Pakistani Urdu colour movie. It is a musical and romantic movie. It was produced by Waheed Murad and directed by Iftikhar Khan. It was the first colour movie that was produced by Waheed Murad. The movie was released on 31 August 1973. It starred Waheed Murad, Nisho, Husna, Shaista Qaiser and Nanna. It was the second movie of Waheed Murad with Nisho, first being Mulaqat (released during the same year).
Aina (movie)

***Aina***, () also known as ***The Mirror***, is a 1974 Pakistani movie. It was directed by Nazr-ul-Islam. Singers are Nayyara Noor, Mehnaz and Alamgir. The movie starred Shabnam and Nadeem in the lead roles. It is the longest running Pakistani movie on record. The movie influenced many Indian directors such as Dharmesh Darshan's Raja Hindustani, Aziz Mirza's Chalte Chalte and Deepak Sareen's Aaina.
Beyond the Last Mountain

***Beyond the Last Mountain*** (1976) is a Pakistani English-language movie. It was directed and written by Javed Jabbar. Being Pakistan’s first and only English-language movie, which was shown at the first Bombay International Film Festival in 1976, it was also released in Urdu version with title *Musafir*.
Maula Jatt

***Maula Jatt*** () is one of the most popular movies in the history of Pakistani cinema. It is a Punjabi movie starring actor Sultan Rahi in the lead role and with Aseia and Mustafa Qureshi as the villain Noori Nuth.

*Maula Jutt* was a classic, a movie that scored heavily and reached cult status both in Pakistan and the Republic of India. Such was the impact of the movie that it was copied by movie makers in India and also in Pakistan where several movies with the suffix "Jatt" were made. However, no copy of this movie could ever hope to match the outstanding dialogues in the movie and the chemistry between Sultan Rahi and Mustafa Qureshi.

This movie belongs to a different genre and represents a culture which is so much part of the rural Punjab (Pakistan).