open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kate Beckinsale

**Kathrin Romany Beckinsale** (born 26 July 1973) is an English actress. She starred in the movies such as *Underworld* (2003), *Van Helsing* (2004), and Click (2006).

## Early life
Kathrin Romany Beckinsale was born in Chiswick, London, England. She is the only child of actor Richard Beckinsale and actress Judy Loe. Her father was of one-quarter Burmese ancestry.

She made her first television appearance at the age of four, in an episode of *This is Your Life* dedicated to her father. When she was five years old, her 31-year-old father died suddenly of a heart attack. Beckinsale was deeply traumatised by the loss and "started expecting bad things to happen". While she has seen her father "more on television than I have in life", "there are certainly enough memories for me not to feel that it's somebody I didn't know." She has a close relationship with her stepfather: "I couldn't have knitted a better one ... He wasn't pushy, he let me come to him." She has a paternal half-sister, actress Samantha Beckinsale.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
*
Dogon people

The **Dogon** are a group of people who live in Mali in West Africa. They live south of the River Niger near the city of Bandiagara. They are famous for their types of stories, dancing, buildings and art. They make wooden statues.

They are well known for their mythology and metalworking

## Other websites 
* Dogon
Pan's Labyrinth

'''''Pan's Labyrinth*** (***', literally: *The Labyrinth Of The Faun*) is an Academy Award-winning Spanish historical dark fantasy movie written and directed by Mexican movie-maker Guillermo del Toro.

''Pan's Labyrinth* takes place in two places, known as a dual setting: in the "real world" the story is set in Spain during 1944, and tells a story of a girl named Ofelia who is given three tasks by a mysterious faun. Meanwhile, her stepfather, the Falangist Captain Vidal, hunts the Spanish Maquis, guerrillas who continued fighting the Franco regime in the region, as her pregnant mother grows ill. The alternate setting is a secret "fantasy world" that Ofelia enters through an overgrown labyrinth garden, where she meets all manner of strange and magical creatures who become central to her story. The movie uses make-up, puppetry, and CGI effects to create its creatures.

The director of this movie, Del Toro said that he thinks the story to be a fable, influenced by fairy tales, and that it focuses on and continues themes related to his earlier movie *The Devil's Backbone*,  *Pan's Labyrinth'' has won numerous international awards, including three Academy Awards, the Ariel Award for Best Picture, and the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Transubstantiation

**Transubstantiation** is a teaching, and Catholic doctrine which says that, after a priest consecrates them, the bread and wine at a Catholic Mass become the body and blood of Jesus. Christians believe Jesus is the son of God.  

According to this teaching the appearance, smell, and taste of bread and wine do not change. However, the substances of bread and wine have actually changed into the body and blood of Jesus. 

Transubstantiation is also taught by some other Christian churches.

## Beliefs about transubstantiation 
Christians who believe in transubstantiation believe that the bread they eat at Mass is the body of Jesus. They know that the bread still tastes like bread, looks like bread and smells like bread. It is just like bread, but it becomes the body of Jesus. The priest says prayers at Mass so that the bread and wine become the flesh and blood of Jesus.

This started when Jesus ate a meal called the Last Supper the night before he died. He said that the food his friends were eating was his body and blood. In the Gospel of Matthew 26:26-27, Jesus says to his Apostles:*Take this [bread] all of you and eat it. This is my body which will be given up for you. [...] Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it. This is the cup of my blood, the blood of the new and everlasting covenant. [...] My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven. [...] Do this in memory of me.*According to the idea of transubstantiation, this means:

* Jesus's blood would make a promise forever between God and his people
* Jesus would die for everyone so their sins (the things they do wrong) could be forgiven
* Jesus commanded people to continue taking Holy Communion

Many people did continue to take Communion after Jesus was killed by crucifixion. For these people, the Eucharist is a reminder of the Last Supper.

## Related pages
*Eucharist
Near-Earth asteroid

**Near-Earth asteroids** (NEAs) are asteroids whose orbits are close to Earth's orbit. A few tens of thousands have been found. Sometimes one crashes into earth. We try to find out if any are going to hit Earth using Asteroid impact prediction. Two near-Earth asteroids have been visited by spacecraft: 433 Eros, by NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous probe and 25143 Itokawa, by the JAXA Hayabusa mission.

## Related pages 
*Near-Earth object
*Asteroid impact prediction
Children of Bodom

**Children of Bodom** was a Finnish melodic death metal band from Espoo in Finland. Their name comes from the Lake Bodom murders. The band members were: Alexi Laiho (lead guitar and vocals), Daniel Freyberg (rhythm guitar), Janne Wirman (keyboards), Henkka Blacksmith (bass), Jaska Raatikainen (drums).

## Band members 
;Last known lineup
* Alexi Laiho – lead vocals, lead guitar (1997–2019; died 2020)
* Henkka Blacksmith – bass, backing vocals (1997–2019)
* Jaska Raatikainen – drums, backing vocals (1997–2019)
* Janne Wirman – keyboards, backing vocals (1997–2019)
* Daniel Freyberg – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2016–2019)

;Former
* Alexander Kuoppala – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2003)
* Roope Latvala – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2004–2015)

**Timeline**

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* *Something Wild* (1997)
* *Hatebreeder* (1999)
* *Follow the Reaper* (2000)
* *Hate Crew Deathroll* (2003)
* *Are You Dead Yet?* (2005)
* *Blooddrunk* (2008)
* *Skeletons in the Closet* (2009)
* *Relentless Reckless Forever* (2011)
* *Halo of Blood* (2013)
* *I Worship Chaos* (2015)
* *Hexed* (2019)

## References
Cherbourg-Octeville

**Cherbourg-Octeville** is a city in France. It is in the region of Normandy, and in the Département of Manche. 43,000 people live inside the city and 117,000 near or in the city.

On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin.

## Sister cities
Cherbourg is twinned with:
*  Poole, England
*  Bremerhaven, Germany
*  Deva, Romania

## References
Subahdar

A **Naib Nazim**, or deputy Nazim, is an elected government official in Pakistan. The word Naib means assistant or deputy while Nazim is similar to a mayor, so a Naib Nazim is similar in to a deputy mayor.

## References
3 Inches of Blood

**3 Inches of Blood** was a heavy metal band from Vancouver, Canada. They were founded in 2000 and dissolved in 2015. The band's style is a mixture between power metal and NWOBHM of the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *Battlecry Under a Wintersun* (2002)
* *Advance and Vanquish* (2004)
* *Fire up the Blades* (2007)
* *Here Waits Thy Doom* (2009)
* *Long Live Heavy Metal* (2012)

### EPs 
* *Sect of the White Worm* (2001)
* *Trial of Champions* (2007)
* *Anthems for the Victorious* (2011)

### Singles 
* *Ride Darkhorse, Ride* (2002)
* *Destroy the Orcs* (2003)
* *Deadly Sinners* (2004)
* ''Goatrider's Horde* (2007)
* *Trial of Champions EP|Trial of Champions* (2007)
* *Battles and Brotherhood* (2009)
* *Silent Killer* (2010)
* *Metal Woman* (2012)
* *Live at Mushroom: Vol. I* (2013)
* *Live at Mushroom: Vol. II* (2013)
* *Live at Mushroom: Vol. III'' (2013)

## Other websites 
* 3 Inches of Blood website 
* 3 Inches of Blood on MySpace
* 3 Inches of Blood  at Roadrunner Records
List of rivers of Iowa

The following is a **list of rivers in Iowa**, by letter:

*Blue Earth River
*Boone River
*Boyer River
*Cedar River
*Chariton River
*Deep River
*Des Moines River (also forms part of the boundary with Missouri)
*Elk River
*English River
*North Fabius River
*Flint River
*Floyd River
*Fox River
*Grand River
*Iowa River
*Little Cedar River
*Little Fox River
*Little Maquoketa River
*Little Ocheyedan River
*Little River
*Little Rock River
*Little Sioux River
*Little Turkey River
*Little Wapsipinicon River
*Maple River
*Middle River
*Maquoketa River
*Mosquito Creek
*Nishnabotna River
*Nodaway River
*North River
*Ocheyedan River
*One Hundred and Two River
*Platte River
*Raccoon River
*Rock River
*Rutt Branch
*Shell Rock River
*Skunk River
*Soldier River
*South River
*Squaw Creek
*Tarkio River
*Thompson River
*Thunder River
*Turkey River
*Upper Iowa River
*Volga River
*Wapsipinicon River
*Weldon River
*West Fork of the Little Sioux River
*Winnebago River
*Wyaconda River
*Yellow River
List of rivers of Kansas

This is a **list of rivers in Kansas**:

*Arikaree River
*Arkansas River
*Beaver Creek
*Big Blue River
*Black Vermillion River
*Blue River (Kansas City area)
*Caney River
*Chikaskia River
*Cimarron River
*Cottonwood River
*Delaware River
*Elk River
*Fall River
*Grouse Creek
*Kansas River (Kaw River)
*Little Arkansas River
*Little Blue River
*Little Osage River
*Little Walnut River
*Marais des Cygnes River
*Marmaton River
*Medicine Lodge River
*Missouri River
*Neosho River
*Ninnescah River
*Republican River
*Saline River
*Salt Fork Arkansas River
*Sappa Creek
*Smoky Hill River
*Solomon River
*Spring River
*Stranger Creek
*Verdigris River
*Wakarusa River
*Walnut Creek
*Walnut River
*Whitewater River
*Wolf River
List of rivers of Kentucky

This is a **list of rivers in Kentucky**:

*Barren River
*Beargrass Creek
*Beech Fork (Beech Fork of the Salt River)
*Big Sandy River
*Blood River
*Chaplin River
*Clarks River
*Cumberland River
*Dix River
*Floyds Fork (Floyds Fork of the Salt River)
*Gasper River
*Green River
*Kentucky River
*Laurel River
*Levisa Fork (Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River)
*Licking River
*Little Barren River
*Little Kentucky River
*Little River
*Little Sandy River
*Middle Fork Kentucky River
*Mississippi River
*Mud River
*Nolin River
*North Fork Kentucky River
*Ohio River
*Pond River
*Red Bird River
*Red River (eastern Kentucky)
*Red River (western Kentucky)
*Rockcastle River
*Rolling Fork (Rolling Fork of the Salt River)
*Rough River
*Russell Fork (Russell Fork of the Big Sandy River)
*Salt River
*South Fork Kentucky River
*Tennessee River
*Tradewater River
*Tug Fork (Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River)
*Tygarts Creek
*Wolf River
Abbottabad Central

**Abbottabad Central** is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in Abbottabad city, the capital of the district, it borders the following Union Councils, Malikpura Urban to the north and west, by Salhad to the south and by Dhamtour to the east.

A part of Abbottabad Central comprises the Old Abbottabad Town, which had been originally founded in January 1853 by Major James Abbott and which in turn has two main sections the Civil Lines and the Military Cantonment. This old portion is a historical place of considerable significance to the period of the British Raj. The Old *Saddar* (Main/Central) Bazaar, St Luke's Church, Abbottabad, the Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad, the Lady Garden Park, the Abbottabad Club and several other old British Indian Army structures are found here.

## References
Zurich (disambiguation)

**Zürich** is a city in Switzerland. It may also mean:

*Zürich (canton), a canton in Switzerland
*Zürich (district), a district in the canton
*Zurich Insurance Group a large Swiss Company, offering insurance products. It is one of the biggest insurance companies in the world.
Bengal

and West Bengal, India]]
**Bengal** is a region in the Indian subcontinent that is split between two countries - Bangladesh and India. Both parts used to be united, although historically part of British India; today West Bengal is part of India and *East Bengal* is Bangladesh. It contains the Ganges Delta, the largest in the world.

## Related pages
*Bengali people
*Bengali language
*Bengali nationalism
Colloquy

**Colloquy** could mean:
* a **religious colloquy**  - to settle differences of docterine or dogma.
* Colloquy (company), a loyalty marketing company in Ohio.
* Colloquy (law), a legal term
* Colloquy (IRC client), an IRC client for Mac OS X
* Colloquy (Society), an internet group for people with high IQs.
Miley Stewart

:*For the television series, see Hannah Montana*

**Miley Ray Stewart**, or **Hannah Montana** is a fictional character played by Miley Cyrus on the Disney Channel television show *Hannah Montana*. She is the main character in the series. Hannah Montana is about Miley Stewart, a teenage school girl who, at night, lives as a pop star, Hannah Montana.

## Biography
Miley Stewart is an ordinary teenager who has two lives, one as a school girl, the other as a pop star, Hannah Montana. She is from Tennessee, but now lives in California with her father Robby Ray, and brother Jackson. Robby was a singer like Miley, and now lives two lives. One as her father the as her manager and producer.

Miley's mother died when she was young. Roxy is Hannah Montana's bodyguard who protects the family, whether they want her to or not.

When Miley arrives at Seaview Middle School, she meets her best friends, Lilly Truscott and Oliver Oken. Lilly finds out that Miley is Hannah Montana in the first episode, when she breaks into Hannah's dressing room. In the second episode, Oliver's crush on Hannah Montana is shown, and because of this, Miley tells him her secret. In the second season, she begins to go to her brother's high school with Lilly and Oliver. Because of her two lives, Miley often has problems (such as sleeping in late on a school day after a concert).

## Personality
Miley's enemies are Amber Addison (Shanica Knowles) and Ashley Dewitt (Anna Maria Perez de Tagle), who are constantly mean to her and her friends, but are huge fans of Hannah Montana. Later, she gets used to her school, and meets a famous actor, Jake Ryan. She has an on and off relationship with him.

Miley is famous for saying some phrases, such as "Ya think?!" whenever someone says the obvious, and "Sweet niblets!", when worried and scared. If someone says something crazy, Miley or Hannah will say something like "'Washed up ballplayer say what?'" as in Bye Bye Ball.

Miley also has a stuffed bear named Beary who has been seen in many episodes. She has had Beary since she was three (as revealed in *Me and Rico down by the schoolyard*. Beary was destroyed in the episode "Bye Bye Ball", when Jackson was trying to kill a wasp, but Jackson was later able to fix him.

## People who know Hannah's secret
It has been shown that Miley's friends and most members of the Stewart family know that Miley is Hannah Montana. Below is the list of people mentioned in the series that know Miley's secret.
* Robby Stewart (Billy Ray Cyrus), father
* Susan Stewart (Brooke Shields), deceased mother
* Jackson Stewart (Jason Earles), brother
* Lilly Truscott (Emily Osment), best friend
* Oliver Oken (Mitchel Musso), best friend
* Roxy (Frances Callier), bodyguard
* Uncle Earl (David Koechner), frequently mentioned uncle
* Luann Stewart (Miley Cyrus), twin mean cousin
* Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton), Godmother.
* Mammaw Ruthie (Vicki Lawrence), grandmother
* Bobby Ray Stewart (Billy Ray Cyrus), uncle
* Jesse (Miley's boyfriend in season 4)
* Siena (Jackson's girlfriend)
* President Obama (Appeared in season four no showing his face)
* Vita (Hannah's personal assistant)

## References
Nazareth

**Nazareth** () ( '** or **';   '** or **') is the capital city of the north district of Israel. Most of the people in this city are Arabs (who are either Muslim or Christian). There are also some Jewish people. The city is very old and is also famous for being the city where it is believed Jesus grew up in the care of Mary and Joseph (found in Mat. 2:23).

Nazareth-Griechisch-orthodoxe Verkuendigungskirche-06-2010-gje.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation
Nazareth-Griechisch-orthodoxe Verkuendigungskirche-12-innen-2010-gje.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation
Nazareth-Katholische Verkuendigungsbasilika-04-2010-gje.jpg|Catholic Annunciation Basilica
Nazareth-Katholische Verkuendigungsbasilika-26-innen-2010-gje.jpg|Catholic Annunciation Basilica
Nazareth-Katholische Verkuendigungsbasilika-14-Schreiner Josef-2010-gje.jpg|Carpenter Saint Joseph in the Catholic Annunciation Basilica
Nazareth-06-Schreiner-2010-gje.jpg|Carpenter in Nazareth
Obergösgen

**Obergösgen** is a municipality in the Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Pantera

**Pantera** () is an American heavy metal band formed in 1981. They are based out of Arlington, Texas. Their best-known lineup consisted of the Abbott brothers (guitarist Dimebag Darrell and drummer Vinnie Paul) along with Rex Brown and Phil Anselmo, who joined in 1982 and 1986, respectively. The band is well known for pioneering the subgenre of groove metal in the 1990s. Seen as one of the most successful and influential bands in metal history, Pantera has sold around 20 million records worldwide. They've also received four Grammy nominations.

Initially a glam metal band, Pantera's debut album, *Metal Magic*, released in 1983. Their next two albums, *Projects in the Jungle*, and *I Am the Night* are still glam metal, but with elements of traditional metal and speed metal. Terry Glaze left the band in 1986 and was replaced by Phil Anselmo on vocals. Power Metal was released in 1988 and is seen as the last album of the band's glam era. Musically, it's more in-line with heavy/speed metal, with elements of thrash. 

The band secured a record deal with major label Atco the following year. Their fifth album and major label debut *Cowboys from Hell* released on July 24, 1990. It's seen as popularizing the subgenre of groove metal. This was followed by 1992's *Vulgar Display of Power*. It was even heavier and more popular. Four singles were released from the album. This includes the band's most popular song "Walk". Their seventh album *Far Beyond Driven* (1994) debuted at number one on the  *Billboard* 200.

Tensions began to surface among the band members and Anselmo. He got addicted to heroin as a result of his back pain. He almost died from an overdose in July of 1996. As a result of this, he recorded his vocals for *The Great Southern Trendkill* (1996) separately.  Ongoing tensions lasted for another seven years, during which only one studio album, *Reinventing the Steel* (2000), was recorded. Pantera went on hiatus in 2001 and ultimately broke up in 2003. The Abbott brothers went on to form Damageplan while Anselmo continued to work on several side projects, including Down, which Brown joined as well.

On December 8, 2004, Dimebag Darrell was shot and killed on stage by a mentally unstable fan at a Damageplan concert in Columbus, Ohio. Vinnie Paul went on to form Hellyeah after his brother's death, and died of heart failure in 2018.  Brown and Anselmo are the only surviving members of the band's best-known lineup. In July 2022, it was announced that Brown and Anselmo were reuniting in 2023 for Pantera's first tour in 22 years. Zakk Wylde and Charlie Benante filled in for the Abbott brothers on guitar and drums, respectively. The new line-up's first show was at the Hell and Heaven festival in Mexico on December 2, 2022.

## Discography 
* *Metal Magic* (1983)
* *Projects in the Jungle* (1984)
* *I Am the Night* (1985)
* *Power Metal* (1988)
* *Cowboys from Hell* (1990)
* *Vulgar Display of Power* (1992)
* *Far Beyond Driven* (1994)
* *The Great Southern Trendkill* (1996)
* *Reinventing the Steel* (2000)

## References
KolibriOS

**KolibriOS** is a free and open source operating system written all in assembly. This makes it very fast and small. KolibriOS can fit on a floppy disk and run on a Pentium (and possibly on late 486) with 8 MB of RAM.
Borat

***Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan*** is a 2006 British-American mockumentary (comedy movie) by English comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. The main character, Borat, is a , stupid reporter who interviews famous people and ordinary people. The movie was very popular, but also seen as wrong and offensive by some people. This is because it was seen as anti-semitic (against Jews) and racist (against black people). Sacha Baron Cohen says this is wrong and he is Jewish himself.
The movie received negative reactions of Kazakh people and the government, whereas the latter banned actor Sacha Baron Cohen from entering to Kazakhstan for his lifetime.

## Plot 
The plot of the movie is about Borat and his friend going to America from Kazakhstan to make a movie about America. Borat looks very stupid and ignorant in America. Borat falls in love with Pamela Anderson after seeing her on television in his hotel. He decides to go to see her while making the movie. He meets many people along the way, interviewing them.

## Other websites
* 
*
Seer Sharqi Bhattian

**Seer Sharqi Bhattian** is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.

## Meaning
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is named after the two main towns "Seer Sharqi" and "Bhattian", Seer Sharqi means eastern Seer, this is because there are two towns called Seer near to each other. The other Seer is known as Seer Gharbi (meaning western Seer)

## Subdivisions
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Bhatian, Seer Sharqi and Taror.

## References
## Other websites
*District Government of Abbottabad
Clinton, Oneida County, New York

**Clinton** is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. There were 1,683 people living in Clinton as of the 2020 census. It was named after George Clinton, the first governor of New York.

## Important people that lived in Clinton 
*Richard Nelson Bach Jr., captain and leading scorer of the EHL's Clinton Comets 1956 EHL hockey championship. Two time MVP and three time scoring champion. Voted into Hall of Fame on first vote in 1961.
*Clara Barton, founder of American Red Cross
*Grover Cleveland, lived in Clinton for a short time as a child
*Harriet McDoul Daniels
*Ulysses S. Grant III.
*Mark Hopkins
*Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among the Oneida, obtained a charter for Hamilton College in 1812.
*Mary Lyon
*Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, Danish-born astronomer; working at Litchfield Observatory, Hamilton College, he discovered 48 asteroids.
*Elihu Root, born in Clinton and attended Hamilton College.
*Leland Stanford, student in Clinton.

## Geography
The village has an area of 0.6&nbsp;square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.  The village is east of the Oriskany Creek.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bagnotar

**Bagnotar** is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.  
Bagnator is on Abbottabad-Nathia Gali Road, 16 Kilometers away from Abbottabad city.

## Location 
The Union Council Bagnotar is in central part of Abbottabad District in south-east of Abbottabad city - capital city of the district. Bagnotar is next to following union councils, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east and to the south by Namli Maira, and to the west by Bagh.

## Subdivisions
Union Council Bagnotar is divided into three subdivisions:

*Village Council Bagnotar
Chairman **Sardar Muhammad Dilnawaz.** 
*Village Council Bandi Maira
Chairman **Muhammad Jamil Abbasi.**
*Village Council Chahan
Chairman **Malik Iqbal Awan.**

District Council Member: '*Sardar Saeed Anwar*.***

Tehsil Council Member: **Sardar Shuja Ahmed*.***

updated by **Muhammad Sajjad Jadoon Bagnotar.*'

## Schools in Bagnotar 
### Village Council Bagnotar 
* Government Boys Higher Secondary School Bagnotar
* Government Girls High School Bagnotar
*Government Primary School Bagnotar
*Government Primary School Khurri Banda Bagnotar
*Government Primary School Gulaga Bagnotar
*Government Primary School Seri, Bagnotar
*Government Primary School Gaiya Bagnotar

### Village Council Bandi Maira 
*Government Primary School Riyan Tareeda

### Village Council Chahan 
* Government Primary School Chahan, Bandi Maira

## Vegetation 
The vegetation in Bagnotar is naturally grown. Both coniferous and deciduous species are present on a large area of the whole union council. The notable species are *Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Taxus baccata, Diospyrus lotus, Salix tetrasperma, Quercus dilatata, Morus elba, Aesculus indica.*

## References
List of counties in Mississippi

The following is a list of  82  counties in the U.S. state of Mississippi:

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Hangu

**Hangu** can be any of the following:

*Hangu, Romania, a village in Neamţ county, Romania
*Hangu (Pakistan), town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
*Hangu District (Pakistan), district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
*Miranzai Valley, also Hangu, in Pakistan
*Hangu Pass, pass in China
*Hangu District, Tianjin, district in Tianjin, China

***Hangu** Korean writing system
Karak

The term **Karak** can mean any of the following:

* Karak (Pakistan) is a city in Pakistan.
* Karak District is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
* Karak (mascot), a mascot in form of Red-tailed Black Cockatoo at the 18th Commonwealth Games at Melbourne in 2006.
* Karak Expressway, a highway in Malaysia.
* Karak, Pahang, a town in Malaysia.
O. J. Simpson

**Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson** (July 9, 1947 – April 10, 2024), also known by his nickname, **The Juice**, was an American football player and movie actor. He originally became famous as a running back at the collegiate and professional levels, and was the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He later worked as an actor, spokesman, and broadcaster.  O. J. Simpson is famous for being accused of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994. The true holder of the single season rushing record. He is one of the greatest Running Backs of all time.

## Murder of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman
O. J. Simpson was put on trial for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994. The court case took many months, and the newspapers and television news followed it closely.  The criminal court in Los Angeles, California found that Simpson was not guilty of those murders in 1995.  However, Goldman's family sued Simpson for wrongful death in civil court.  In 1997, the civil court said Simpson was liable for their wrongful deaths, but to date he has paid little of the $33.5 million he was ordered to pay. In late 2006, Simpson wrote a book titled *If I Did It*. The book is a first-person fictional story of the murder of Brown and Goldman if Simpson had done it. It was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release. The book was later released by the Goldman family and the title of the book was expanded to *If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer* (). As of March 2016, interest has grown in his murder case after a former police officer came forward with a knife that may have been used as the murder weapon.

## Conviction
In September 2007, Simpson faced more lawsuits. He was arrested and later charged with many felonies. They included but were not limited to robbery, burglary, assault, first-degree kidnapping with the use of a deadly weapon (which carries a possible life sentence), coercion with the use of a deadly weapon, conspiracy to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit a crime. Simpson was convicted on all counts. He was imprisoned at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, Nevada.

### Parole and release
On July 20, 2017, Simpson was granted parole. He was released from prison on October 1, 2017.

## Death 
On April 10, 2024, Simpson died from prostate cancer in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 76.

## Career
Simpson played T.D. Parker in the TV series *1st & Ten: The Championship* from 1986 to 1991. In 1995 he won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor.

## References
Toontown

**Toontown** is a common name for a fictional human-like city or town where cartoon characters, known as Toons, live.

## *Who Framed Roger Rabbit*
In the 1988 movie *Who Framed Roger Rabbit*, Toontown is a cartoonish city near Los Angeles.

## Related pages
**Toontown Online*
Semantic Web

The **Semantic Web** is a project of the W3C that uses metadata, to write specific details related to a subject, to let computers better process the information on the internet. This plan, for saving additional semantic details, would make computers able to do more of the work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the internet.

The Semantic Web is an idea of the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee. He has wanted to make the web more intuitive about how to meet a user's needs. The semantics of information and services is defined in Web Ontology Language (OWL) and RDF Schemas. These are used to give a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given area of knowledge.

Tim Berners-Lee's idea was as follows:

## Markup 
The World Wide Web is based on HTML documents. The semantic web involves using Resource description Framework (RDF) that has data that computers use. The layout used in HTML will be stored separately such as in a CSS file. RDF and OWL can either supplement or replace the content of web documents (XHTML).

In this way, a machine can use the knowledge itself. By using the information in ways similar to human reasoning, it can create more meaningful results.

## References
Ligaria cuneifolia

**Ligaria cuneifolia** van Tigh, (syn. *Psittacanthus cuneifolius* (Ruiz et Pav.) Blume) is a shrubby, glabrous plant. It's fruit a globular berry. It is commonly known as “liga” (Argentina) or “quintral de espino” (Chile).

## Sources
*Baldini A, L Pancel.2002. Agentes de daño en el bosque nativo   Editorial Universitaria Santiago de Chile 
*Fernández T B et al. 2000  Mistletoe from Argentine. Chap 5. pp.&nbsp;61–74 in  Büssing A. (ed.) Mistletoe: The Genus Viscum. CRC Press 

## Other websites
* Domingezia  (PDF)
Hypersonic (disambiguation)

**Hypersonic** speeds are speeds that are highly supersonic.

**Hypersonic** can be any of the following:

* HSQLDB, previously *Hypersonic SQL*
* Hypersonic effect, psychological effect
* Hypersonic (laptop), brand
Hypersonic speed

In aerodynamics, **hypersonic** speeds are speeds that are significantly faster than the speed of sound. Any speed faster than Mach 5 (five times faster than the speed of sound; 1,715 m/s at sea level) is said to be hypersonic.  Hypersonic speeds are distinguished from supersonic speeds, because air and aircraft act very strangely at hypersonic speeds; even stranger than at supersonic speeds.  

## Characteristics of Hypersonic Flow
When an aircraft is moving at hypersonic speeds, it is subject to certain special effects due to its speed. Some of these effects are:

### Thin Shock Layer
As the plane goes faster, the density behind the shock wave increases. At the same time, the volume of the air behind the shock wave decreases. Because of this, the shock layer (the space between the aircraft's body and the shock wave) becomes very thin. This is important because it changes the way the plane has to be built.

### Entropy Layer
As a plane goes faster, the entropy change across the shock wave increases.  This results in a strong entropy gradient.  This causes air around the aircraft to swirl like a vortex, in what is called "vortical flow."  This is important because it mixes with what is called the "boundary layer" around the aircraft.  A boundary layer is a small area of air around the plane which is moving slower than the air farther away from the aircraft.  When the vortical flow mixes with the boundary layer, the boundary layer is disrupted, and the aircraft becomes very unstable.

### Viscous Interaction
At very high speeds, objects that are inside the atmosphere become very hot. This can cause the previously mentioned boundary layer of the plane to expand. When the boundary layer expands, the aircraft gets even hotter. Put simply, planes moving extremely fast experience lots and lots of drag and get very very hot. This process is caused by the viscosity of air, which is why this is called "viscous interaction."

## Fun Fact 
The adjective "sonic" was first used in the 1920s, **from the Latin sonus, or "sound."** Ever since, it has been used not only to describe things relating to sound, but also things that travel as fast as sound.

## Other websites
*NASA's Guide to Hypersonics
Great Langton

**Great Langton** is a small village in the English county of North Yorkshire. It is 1.2 square miles in area and 116 people live there.
Taunton, Massachusetts

**Taunton** is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts,  United States. It is the  seat of Bristol County and the hub of the Greater Taunton Area. As of the 2020 census, Taunton had 59,408 people living in it.  The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 48&nbsp;square miles.

## Sister city
Taunton shares a sister city status with:

* **Taunton**, Somerset, United Kingdom
* **Angra do Heroismo**, Terceira, Azores, Portugal

## References
## Other websites
*City of Taunton's Home Page 
*Taunton Area Chamber of Commerce's Official Home Page
John William Waterhouse

**John William Waterhouse** (6 April 1849 – 10 February 1917) was an English painter in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He worked after the breakup of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and so was called "the modern Pre-Raphaelite". He was also influenced by his contemporaries, the Impressionists. His artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.

Born in Italy to English parents who were both painters, he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art. He soon began exhibiting at their annual summer exhibitions, focusing on the creation of large canvas works depicting scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece. Later on in his career he came to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting despite the fact that it had gone out of fashion in the British art scene several decades before. 

Although not as well known as earlier Pre-Raphaelite artists such as Dante Rossetti, John Millais and William Holman Hunt, Waterhouse's work is currently displayed at several major British art galleries, and the Royal Academy of Art organised a major retrospective of his work in 2009.

File:JWW Ophelia 1889.jpg|'Ophelia' by Waterhouse, 1889
Image:John William Waterhouse - Undine.JPG|Undine,1872
Image:Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg|Diogenes, 1882
Image:John William Waterhouse - Juliet.jpg|Juliet, 1889
Image:Circe Offering the Cup to Odysseus.jpg|Circe offering the Cup to Odysseus, 1891

## References
Dial-up

**Dial-up internet access**, usually called **Dial-up**, is a way of connecting to the Internet with a telephone line. 

## Mechanism
A modem is connected between a computer and a telephone line and then the modem is instructed to dial the phone number of an Internet service provider (ISP) to connect to the Internet. The ISP must be a service provider with several dial-up modems waiting to accept dial-up calls. This kind of internet is slower than DSL.   

## History
In the late 20th century, dial-up service was the most common way of connecting to the Internet in most parts of the world. Since the middle of the 2000s it's been largely replaced by DSL and cable modem.
Shai Hulud (band)

**Shai Hulud** is a hardcore punk band with progressive metal influences formed in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1995.
## Band members
### Current members
*Matt Ian Mazzali - vocals (2007-present)
*Matt Fox - guitar (1995-present)
*Matthew Fletcher - bass (1998-present)
*Andrew Gormley - drums (1999-2000, 2007-present)
*Chad Kishick - guitar - (2008-present)

### Past members
*Damien Moyal - vocals (1995)
*Chad Gilbert - vocals (1996-1998)
*Geert Van Der Velde - vocals (1999-2004)
*Eric Dellon - vocals (2005-2006)
*Oliver Chapoy - guitar (1996-1998)
*Matt Canning - guitar (2003-2004)
*Ryan Burns - guitar (2005-2006)
*Dave Silber - bass (1995-1999)
*Jared Allen - bass (2000-2002)
*Jason Lederman - drums (1995)
*Steve Kleisath - drums (1996-1998)
*Spikey Goldbach - drums (1999)
*Chris Cardinal - drums (2000-2001)
*Tony Tintari - drums (2002-2004)
*Brian Go - drums (2005-2006)
*Greg Thomas - guitar (2007-2008)

## Albums 
*1997: *A Profound Hatred of Man*
*1997: *Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion*
*1998: *The Fall of Every Man*
*1999: *A Whole New Level of Sickness*
*2000: ''Crush 'Em All Vol. 1*
*2003: *That Within Blood Ill-Tempered*
*2005: *A Comprehensive Retrospective: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Release Bad and Useless Recordings
*2008: *Misanthropy Pure*

## References
Adams County, Wisconsin

**Adams County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 20,654 people living in Adams County as of the year 2020. Its county seat is Friendship. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 689&nbsp;square miles.

## Other counties 
*Wood County – northwest
*Portage County – northeast
*Waushara County – east
*Marquette County – east
*Columbia County – southeast
*Sauk County – southwest
*Juneau County – west

## Cities, villages and towns 
### Cities 
*Adams
*Wisconsin Dells (partial)

### Villages 
*Friendship

### Towns 
### Unincorporated places 
*Arkdale

## References
## Other websites 
*Adams County official website
*Adams County Chamber of Commerce
Thomas Gresham

]]

Sir **Thomas Gresham** (c. 1519 – 21 November 1579) was an English merchant who worked for King Edward VI of England and for Edward's half-sister Queen Elizabeth I of England. He was born in London in an old Norfolk family, he was the son of Sir Richard Gresham and had one brother and two sisters. Gresham's law was named after him in 1858.
Lloyds Bank

**Lloyds TSB** is one of world's largest banks. It is based on Gresham Street in the city of London and has business all over the world including the US, Europe, Middle East, Asia and Latin America.

**Lloyds Banking Group** is a British financial institution formed through the acquisition of HBOS by Lloyds TSB in 2009. It is one of the UK's largest financial services organisations, with 30 million customers and 65,000 employees. Lloyds Bank was founded in 1765 but the wider Group's heritage extends over 320 years, dating back to the founding of the Bank of Scotland by the Parliament of Scotland in 1695.

The Group's headquarters are located at 25 Gresham Street in the City of London, while its registered office is on The Mound in Edinburgh. It also operates office sites in Birmingham, Bristol, West Yorkshire and Glasgow. The Group also has extensive overseas operations in the US, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Its headquarters for business in the European Union is in Berlin, Germany.

The business operates under a number of distinct brands, including Lloyds Bank, Halifax, Bank of Scotland and Scottish Widows. Former Chief Executive António Horta-Osório told *The Banker*, "We will keep the different brands because the customers are very different in terms of attitude".

Lloyds Banking Group is listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £30.65 billion as of 1 August 2022 — the 19th-largest of any LSE listed company — and has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts.

In 2009 Lloyds TSB merged with HBOS (Halifax Bank of Scotland) to make Lloyds Banking Group, this now uses three brands on the high street, Lloyds TSB, Halifax and Bank of Scotland.

## Other websites
*Lloyds TSB web site
Langlade County, Wisconsin

**Langlade County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 19,491 people living in Langlade County as of the year 2020.  Its county seat is Antigo.  The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 888&nbsp;square miles.

## Neighboring counties 
*Oneida County - northwest
*Forest County - northeast
*Oconto County - east
*Menominee County - southeast
*Shawano County - south
*Marathon County - southwest
*Lincoln County - west

## Cities and towns 
*Ackley
*Ainsworth
*Antigo (town)
*Antigo
*Elcho
*Evergreen
*Langlade
*Neva
*Norwood
*Parrish
*Peck
*Polar
*Price
*Rolling
*Summit
*Upham
*Vilas
*White Lake
*Wolf River

## References
## Other websites
*Langlade County
*Notes on Langlade County history
Fiesta Bowl

**The Fiesta Bowl** is an American college football bowl game at the University of Phoenix Stadium near Phoenix, Arizona.  It is the newest of the BCS games, as it was first played in 1971.  It has usually matched a team from the Western Athletic Conference or the Big 12 against a very good team from another conference.

## Related pages
*Rose Bowl (game)
*Sugar Bowl
*Orange Bowl
Rose Bowl Game

**The Rose Bowl Game** is an American college football bowl game at the Rose Bowl (stadium) in Pasadena, California.  It is known as the "granddaddy of them all" because it has been played every year since 1916.  It is almost always played on January 1 after Pasadena's Rose Parade.  For many years, the two teams who played were the winner of the Pac-10 (a football  of colleges on the West Coast) and the winner of the Big 10 (a football conference of colleges in the Midwest).  In 1998, the game became part of the Bowl Championship Series.  USC has won the game 24 times. 

## Results
 denotes BCS National Championship Game
 Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 1942 game was moved to Duke University's Wallace Wade Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, as officials were wary of allowing such a large crowd to congregate anywhere on the West Coast due to World War II security concerns.

## Related pages
*Fiesta Bowl
*Sugar Bowl
*Orange Bowl
*BCS National Championship Game
Virtual private network

A **virtual private network**, or **VPN** is a set of technologies which are used to link computers to create a private network. Another network is used to carry the data, which is encrypted. The carrier network will see the packets of data which it routes. To the users of the VPN, it will look like the computers were directly connected to each other.

The VPN model can guarantee the following:
* Confidentiality: The carrier network will route the data, but it will be unable to decrypt it.
* Sender authentication: People need to authenticate themselves, to be able to use the network.
* Message integrity: Messages transported across the network cannot be changed easily while they are in transport. When a message was changed, it is possible to detect this.

In a business context, VPNs are often used to connect different office locations or to allow people working from outside the company network to access its resources. VPNs are a crucial tool for securing sensitive data and enabling secure remote access for employees, especially with the rise of remote work. Businesses are turning to VPNs to create a secure and encrypted connection for employees accessing company data from remote locations, ensuring that work websites that cannot be accessed on the normal internet can be securely accessed. Additionally, VPNs provide a safe and encrypted connection for employees to access company resources, protecting sensitive data from cyber threats. 

Similarly, the encryption process allows VPNs to offer anonymity by hiding the user and making it very hard for anyone to track them. As a result, VPNs help make one's online activities on the web anonymous and undecipherable.

VPNs are often used to access websites that are blocked in some countries, like China. Many people also use a VPN to protect their internet activity while using public WiFi.

VPNs can also be used to connect corporate offices to the larger branch offices, also known as site-to-site VPN. This is because direct network connections are impractical between offices that are physically distant.
Common VPN protocols include OpenVPN, Cisco AnyConnect, and IPsec.

## Types of VPN 
## Common uses 
* Remote workers connecting to a company network (telecommuting)
* Connecting multiple company offices together over the Internet (site-to-site VPN)
* Connecting to one's own home network from a remote location
* Bypassing censorship or firewalls
* Downloading files or browsing the Web anonymously
* Securing communications on public Wi-Fi

## Related pages 
* Deep Web
* Websites blocked in China

## References 
## Further Reading 
1. GeeksForGeeks. What is a VPN and how it works. Archived 24-07-2025 at the Wayback Machine.
Whitehall (disambiguation)

**Whitehall** is a street in London. It may also refer to:

* A term used to describe the administrative centre of the UK government 
* Palace of Whitehall, the residence of English monarchs until it was destroyed in a fire in 1698
* Whitehall is also the seat of government of Trinidad and Tobago.
*Whitehall Rowboat

**Whitehall** is also the name of several places.

In the United Kingdom:
*Whitehall, Orkney (on Stronsay)

In Ireland:
*Whitehall, Dublin

In the United States of America:

*Whitehall, Arkansas (three places):
** in Lee County
** in Poinsett County 
** in Yell County 
*Whitehall, Georgia 
*Whitehall, Indiana 
*Whitehall, Louisiana (two places):
** in La Salle Parish
** in Livingston Parish 
*Whitehall, Michigan 
*Whitehall, Montana 
*Whitehall, New Jersey 
*Whitehall, New York  (three places) 
**Village of Whitehall
**Town of Whitehall
**Whitehall (Manhattan)
*Whitehall, Ohio 
*Whitehall, Pennsylvania (three places):
** in Adams County
** in Allegheny County 
** in Lehigh County
*Whitehall Museum House in Middletown, Rhode Island 
*Whitehall, South Carolina (four places):
** in Aiken County
** in Colleton County
** in Greenwood County
** in Lexington County
*Whitehall, Texas
*Whitehall, Virginia
*Whitehall, West Virginia
*Whitehall, Wisconsin

## Related pages 
* White Hall
Dawlish Warren

**Dawlish Warren** is a small seaside resort. It is near Dawlish on the south coast of Devon, England. It is at the mouth of the Exe Estuary, and has a beach, a National Nature Reserve spanning 505 acres (2&nbsp;km²) and a golf course. There is also one of Europe's largest spits in Dawlish Warren measuring over 1.5miles long and 0.5miles wide. There is a fence running down the centre of the spit to prevent people from wandering and falling into any deep parts of the salt marshes that have accumulated on the inside of the spit.

## Other websites 
* Dawlish Warren Nature Reserve
* Devon Online page for Dawlish Warren.1 

## References
James II

**James II** can mean:
* James II of England (1633–1701), King of England and Ireland, and as James VII, of Scotland
* James II of Scotland (1430–1460), Duke of Rothesay