open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cornales

**Cornales** is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries. Under the APG system, Cornales includes the following families:

* Cornaceae (the dogwood family, including Nyssaceae, the tupelos)
* Curtisiaceae (cape lancewood)
* Grubbiaceae (the sillyberry family)
* Hydrangeaceae (the hydrangea family)
* Hydrostachyaceae
* Loasaceae (the stickleaf family)
Cornplanter Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania

**Cornplanter Township** is a township in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,320 at the 2020 census.

## References
Boomtown

, during the gold rush of the 1850s. So many people arrived that there were not enough buildings for them to live in.]]
A **boom town** is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost towns.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.  This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a  . 

Some examples of California boom towns are Columbia (not the country) and San Francisco.
Alexander (2004 movie)

***Alexander*** is a 2004 epic drama war movie about Alexander III of Macedon. It was directed by Oliver Stone.

The budget of this movie was about 155 million dollars. Its box office was about 167 million dollars.

## Plot
The story is about Alexander III of Macedon and his battles against Great Persian Empire and his victories, in the beginning, movie shows early life of Alexander and what happened in his young ages and what his father King Philip II did. When Philip died Alexander was King of Macedon and decided to fight with Persian Empire and at last he conquered Persia. When he wanted conquer India in a battle he wounded and died.

## Main characters
## Other websites 
* Official website
* *Alexander* at the Internet Movie Database
* 
* 
* 
*
Karaj

**Karaj** (Persian: کرج) is an Iranian city and main city of Alborz province. The city has about 1,370,000 inhabitants.

Karaj is the 6th largest city in Iran.

## Related pages
* List of cities in Iran

## Other websites 
*Karaj city portal  
*About Karaj city  
*Karaj, Iran, Yahoo! Travel 
*The city of Karaj
*Iran Tourism & Touring Organization
Plymouth, Montserrat

s had burned much of what had not already been covered in ash]]

**Plymouth** was a town in Montserrat.  It was founded in the 1700s and named for Plymouth, England. It served as the capital of Montserrat.  It was also the island's main port.  It was destroyed by a volcano in 1997.
Kerberos (moon)

**Kerberos** (formerly known as **S/2011 (134340) 1** and informally as **P4**) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. The satellite was discovered on 28 June 2011. Kerberos was not seen in earlier Hubble photos because the exposure times were shorter. Later, scientists found out that Kerberos is not round, and has two "lobes", or large round parts. The bigger lobe is about  across, and the smaller one is about  across. Because of its shape, scientists think that Kerberos could have been created when two smaller objects combined together. Because of how the surface of Kerberos reflects light, scientists believe that the surface of Kerberos is covered in water ice.

## References
Definitely Maybe

***Definitely Maybe*** is the first album by Oasis. It was released under the label Creation Records on the August 30, 1994.

## Track listing
SN 1987A

]]

**SN 1987A** was a supernova in a small galaxy that is orbiting our Milky Way galaxy. The supernova was 168,000 light years away, and so happened 168,000 years ago. But it was  1987 when it was first seen. It was close enough that scientists found neutrinos before the light got to Earth.  

SN 1987A is the only supernova that has been that close in modern times, It was the brightest object seen from Earth in over 400 years. There have been many others that were closer but they were before scientists had the tools to help them understand what was happening.

:"Scientists believe they've finally tracked down the dead remnant from Supernova 1987A  one of their favourite star explosions. Astronomers knew the object must exist but had always struggled to identify its location because of a shroud of obscuring dust".

## References
Kepler's Supernova

**SN 1604** was a supernova seen in 1604. It was seen in the constellation Ophiuchus. SN 1604 is sometimes called '''Kepler's Nova** or **Kepler's Supernova** or **Kepler's Star''' since Johannes Kepler studied it. SN 1604 is the last supernova to have been seen in our galaxy. It was studied until 1608.
Cognitive bias

A **cognitive bias** happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology. 
## Overview
Cognitive biases do happen. Primitive humans and animals do things which seem foolish later. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias. Cognitive bias is a natural  of our using "gut feelings" to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available. The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972. 
## Causes
It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers. Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several repeatable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice. The heuristic people use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates. Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".

## List of biases
### Other cognitive biases 
There are many other cognitive biases.

Anchoring biases include,
* Common source bias
* Conservatism bias
* Functional fixedness
* Law of the instrument

Apophenia has several types,
* Clustering illusion
* Illusory correlation
* Pareidolia

Availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias) The availability heuristic includes or involves the following:
* Anthropocentric thinking
* Anthropomorphism
* Attentional bias
* Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon
* Implicit association
* Salience bias See also von Restorff effect.
* Selection bias
* Survivorship bias
* Quantification bias Related subject: McNamara fallacy.
* Well travelled road effect

## Related pages
* Apophenia
* Antiziganism
* Antisemitism
* Holocaust denial
* Antisemitic stereotypes
* Rwandan genocide denial
* Cambodian genocide denial

## References
Chinstrap penguin

The **chinstrap penguin** (*Pygoscelis antarctica*) is a penguin that gets its name from the narrow band of black feathers that goes under their "chin" from ear to ear. They are sometimes called the ‘stone-cracker penguin’ because of their squeaky and high pitched call. Chinstrap penguins are found in polar, shallow seas and coastal areas. Some penguins are born very pale and are called ‘Blonde’ penguins. There are more chinstrap penguins than any other penguins in the world.

They feed mainly on krill and fish. The chinstrap penguins make nests in round shapes made from small stones and take turns in sitting on the eggs, they can be left on the nest for 10 days. 

## Size 
These little penguins are only about  tall and weigh about . Chinstraps may be small, but they are the boldest penguins of all.

## References 
## Other websites
* Arkive http://www.arkive.org/chinstrap-penguin/pygoscelis-antarcticus/image-G65317.html  
* Siec http://www.siec.k12.in.us/~west/proj/penguins/chinstrap.html  
* BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Chinstrap_Penguin 
* Coolantarctica http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/chinstrap_penguins.htm
Adélie penguin

The **Adélie penguin** (*Pygoscelis adeliae*) is an Antarctic penguin that has a black head and back with a white chest and belly, and a white ring around each of their eyes. About 2.5 million Adélie penguins are in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Adélie penguins travel the furthest to breed because they build their nests from stones and need to find stones. Adélies come ashore to breed in the summer. In the winter, they live on ice that floats off the Antarctic shore.

## Chicks and eggs 
Adélie parents take turns keeping their chicks warm and fed. While one watches the nest, the other goes into the ocean to catch krill. The penguins carry the krill back to the nest in their stomachs. Then they  it to feed their chicks.

Most Adélie penguins  two eggs at a time. The little chicks  out at about the same time. One is usually stronger and has a better chance of surviving.

When first born, the chicks are kept warm by their parents. But after two or three weeks, they grow a thick, woolly gray down. Then they join other chicks in creches or nursery groups.

## Size 
Adélie penguins are the smallest penguins in Antarctica. They weigh only about , or the weight of a typical house cat. They are about .

## References 
## Other websites
* Adelie penguins
Katabatic wind

A **katabatic wind** is a very strong wind which blows downhill. They can be warm winds like the "föhn" wind on the north slopes of the Alps in Europe or the Chinook which blows down the Rockies in the US. Along the Adriatic coast, the cold katabatic wind is called the "bora", and in France it is called the "mistral".

## References
Galápagos penguin

The **Galápagos penguins** (*Spheniscus mendiculus*) live on the Galápagos Islands. Because these islands are at the equator, the waters are warm  not all penguins live in cold climates. They do not .

## Description 
Galapagos penguins have two bands of brown feathers on their faces and their beaks are thin and .

## Size 
They weigh five pounds and are one and a half feet tall.

## References
Macaroni penguin

The **macaroni penguin** is a crested penguins that gets their names from their crest. Macaroni penguins are known for their black faces and the orange-yellow crests that create a band across their foreheads.
Macaroni penguins live on islands on the edge of Antarctica, as well as on islands that lie south of Africa and the Americas. They make their nests on cliffs and hillsides.

It is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some consider the two to be a single species.

## Size 
Macaroni penguins weigh 10 pounds and are a little over 2 feet tall. As predators, Macaroni penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from  down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to . But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air. Macaroni penguin chicks do not get any food until they are a week old.

Macaroni penguins usually live on bumpy or flat ground. They don't really live in places with many plants, but some penguins make their nests around grass. Macaroni penguins generally live by the water because they eat seafood. 

Macaroni penguins have many different ways of communicating. They might make noisy, shrieking sounds or they might bobble their heads. Sometimes, they even flap their wings. They make their head feathers wave when they are excited.

Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.

## References
Jared Leto

**Jared Joseph Leto** (born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is known for acting in movies such as *Fight Club*; *Girl, Interrupted*; *Panic Room*; *American Psycho*; *Alexander*; *Requiem for a Dream*; *Lord of War*,* Prefontaine*, *Mr. Nobody* and *Suicide Squad* in which he starred as The Joker.

He started a rock band called Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 with his brother Shannon Leto. Leto was the lead singer. The band has released four albums.

## Early life 
 in 2009]]

Leto was born on December 26, 1971, in Bossier City, Louisiana, to Constance Leto (née Metrejon). His mother has Cajun ancestry. Leto is his stepfather's surname. His parents divorced when he was a child, and he and his older brother, Shannon, lived with their mother and their maternal grandparents, Ruby (Russell) and William Lee Metrejon. "My mom's father was in the Air Force," Leto has explained, "so moving around a lot was a normal way of life." Leto has two younger half-brothers from his father's second marriage. Leto started playing music with his brother at an early age; his first musical instrument was a broken-down piano.

After dropping out briefly in the 10th grade, Leto decided to return and focus on his education at the private Emerson Preparatory School in Washington, D.C. He was interested in large-scale visual art and enrolled at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. After developing an interest in filmmaking, he transferred to the School of Visual Arts in New York City.

## Filmography 
## Other websites 
* Jared Leto at the Internet Movie Database
* Jared Leto on Myspace

## References
Coffee (color)

**Coffee** is a brownish color that is like the color of a medium roasted coffee beans. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average.  
The first time *coffee* was used as a color name in English was in 1695. 
The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #58).  

The first recorded use of *Cafe au Lait* as a color name in English was in 1839. 
The source of the color "Cafe au Lait" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #57).  

The first recorded use of *Cafe Noir* as a color name in English was in 1928. The source of the color "Cafe Noir" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #81). 

## Meaning of coffee
* The color *coffee* implies someone or something that is lively and active, the way one feels from consuming the caffeine in coffee.  

## Tones of coffee color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
## Other websites 
* YouTube—"Coffee Roasting Basics--Color Changes":
Dodge City

and Wyatt Earp (seated) in Dodge City, 1876. The scroll on Earp's chest is a cloth pin-on badge]]

**Dodge City** is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. As of the 2020 census, there were 27,788 people who lived in the city. The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture. Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops. The service sector accounts for much of the rest of the local economy with local government, schools, retail stores, and health care providers as the city's other major employers.

## Transportation 
Four U.S. Highways meet in Dodge City: U.S. Route 50, U.S. Route 56, U.S. Route 283, and U.S. Route 400. Dodge City was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912.

Dodge City Regional Airport is about 2 miles (3&nbsp;km) east of the city.  Three railroads serve Dodge City.

## References
Andrea Agnelli

**Andrea Agnelli** (born December 6, 1975 in Turin) is an Italian businessman.  In 2010 he became president of Italian football club Juventus F.C..   He is an Executive Member of the European Club Association. He is also a board member of FIAT and Exor.

## References
Princeton, New Jersey

**Princeton** is a community in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS), Opinion Research Corporation, Siemens Corporate Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sarnoff Corporation, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company. 

Princeton is roughly same distance from both New York City and Philadelphia. Since the nineteenth century, it has been connected by rail to both cities by the Princeton Branch rail line to the nearby Princeton Junction Station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.  New Jersey Transit provides shuttle service between the Princeton and Princeton Junction stations;  the train is locally called the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B" (for "Princeton Junction and Back").  Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used.

New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion in the township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.

In 1783, it was the capital of the United States for a few months.

## References
## Other websites
*Princeton Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau 
*Princeton Township Municipal Web Site (Government)
*The Princeton Packet (Local Newspaper)
*Princeton Online (Local Online Community)
*Princeton Regional Schools 
*Data for the Princeton Regional Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Iraq at the Olympics

**Iraq** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948. Since 1980, Iraq has been in every game despite the Iraq War]]. Iraq has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Iraq has been  by the National Olympic Committee of Iraq since 1948.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Iraq profile at London2012.com
Japan at the Olympics

**Japan at the Olympics** is a history which includes 41 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes.  Since 1912, athletes of Japan have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Japan is JPN.

## History
The Japanese National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1912.   Its first president was Kanō Jigorō.

Japan's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

## Medalists
Japanese tennis players Ichiya Kumagae  and Seiichiro Kashio were the first Japanese athletes to win medals in summer sport.  They won silver medals in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

The first Japanese medal in a winter sport was in 1956 when Chiharu Igaya earned a silver medal for Alpine skiing.

### Summer Games
During the course of 20 summer games, Japanese athletes have won 350+ , with the most gold medals won in judo.  In the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Japan's first gold medals in summer sports were won by Mikio Oda in the triple jump and by Yoshiyuki Tsuruta in swimming. In the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan's first gold medal in a winter sports was won by Yukio Kasaya in ski jumping.

## Host country
The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers  in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.  These games were later  because of World War II.

Japan was the host country three times, including
* 1964 Summer Olympics
* 1972 Winter Olympics
* 1998 Winter Olympics

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* List of IOC country codes
* Japan national football team
* Japan women's national football team

## References
## Other websites
* Japanese Olympic Committee website
* Japan profile at London2012.com 
* Japan at databaseOlympics.com
Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned

'''''Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned'''* is a "studio" album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was recorded in 1974-1975 in Houska Castle and in atelier in Prague. It was released in 1978 (France) and in Czech Republic in 2001. The album title is a parody on the name of The Beatles album *Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''.

## Tracklist 
*Title (Music/Lyrics)
#Dvacet (Milan Hlavsa/Egon Bondy)
#Zácpa (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Toxika (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Magické noci (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#M.G.M. (Hlavsa/)
#Okolo okna (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Elegie (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Podivuhodný mandarin (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Nikdo (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Jó-to se ti to spí (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Já a Mike (Hlavsa/Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., translator Jaroslav Kořán)
#Ranní ptáče (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Francovka (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Jednou nohou (Hlavsa/?)
#Spofa blues (Hlavsa/Bondy)
#Apokalyptickej pták (Hlavsa/Pavel Zajíček)
#Píseň brance (Hlavsa/František Pánek)

## Musicians 
*Milan Hlavsa – bass guitar, vocals
*Josef Janíček – guitar, vibraphone, vocals
*Jiří Kabeš – violin, vocals
*Vratislav Brabenec – alto saxophone
*Jiří Šula – drums
*Jaroslav Vožniak – drums
*Vasil Šnajdr – flute
*Zdeněk Fišer – theremin
Milan Hlavsa

**Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa** (March 6, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia – January 5, 2001, Prague, Czech Republic) was a Czech musician and singer. He was a founder of and bassist for the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. In 1999, played in the White House along with Lou Reed.

## References
Olympic (band)

**Olympic** is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (today Czech Republic). The band's frontman is Petr Janda. Founding members were Petr Janda (solo guitar, vocals), Pete Kaplan (rhythm guitar), František Ringo Čech (drums) and Miroslav Berka (keyboards).

## Other websites
* Official website
Scott Stewart (director)

and science fiction fan meeting in 2011.]]
**Scott Stewart** (alias **Scott Charles Stewart**) is an American movie director, writer, movie producer and special effects maker.

## Biography
Stewart worked at the special effects business called The Orphanage. Stewart directed and wrote the movie *Legion*. *Legion* is an action movie and horror movie about the end of the world, also called the apocalypse. He directed the vampire and western horror movie *Priest*. He has had actor Paul Bettany star in his first two movies.

## List of movies
### Movies he directed
* *What We Talk About When We Talk About Love*
**This movie came out in 2000. He also wrote the movie's story. He based the movie on the story "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" by writer Raymond Carver.
* *Legion*
**This movie came out in 2010. He also wrote and produced the movie.
* *Priest*
**This movie came out in 2011.
**The Mortal Instruments*
**Stewart and other people have started working on it. They hope it will come out in 2012. The movie is based on the books *City of Bones* and *The Mortal Instruments*, by Cassandra Clare. Clare writes books for teenage readers. The books are also liked by adults.

### Movies he made special effects for
**The year each movie came out is in parentheses.
* *Mars Attacks!* (1996)
* *The Lost World: Jurassic Park* (1997)
* *Mercury Rising* (1998)
* *The Last Birthday Card* (2000)
* *Sin City* (2005)
* *Night at the Museum* (2006)
* *The Host* (2006)
* *Grindhouse* (2007)
* *Red Cliff* (2008)
* *Iron Man* (2008)

## References
## Other websites
*
Sami Lepistö

**Sami Lepistö** (born October 17, 1984 in Espoo, Finland) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the KHL. He was drafted with the 66th overall pick by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He first played hockey in the SM-liiga with Jokerit. He played with Jokerit with 4 seasons before being signed by the Washington Capitals on May 31, 2007. He was assigned to the Capitals AHL farm team, the Hershey Bears. He was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on June 27, 2009. He was sent to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Rostislav Klesla and Dane Byers. On July 15, 2011, He signed a one year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks before signing a one year contract with the rebuilding Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. He played 26 games with them and then signed a contract with Lev Prague. He played 11 games with them and currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Red admiral

red admiral]]
, India]]

The **red admiral** (*Vanessa atalanta*) is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a  wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

Other red admiral species are:
*The New Zealand red admiral *Vanessa gonerilla*.
*The Indian red admiral *Vanessa indica*.

## Painted ladies 
The painted ladies are a subgenus *Cynthis* of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

The group includes:
* *The* **painted lady** (*Vanessa cardui*), which is almost global in its distribution
* Australian painted lady (*Vanessa kershawi*)
* American painted lady (*Vanessa virginiensis*)
* West coast lady (*Vanessa annabella*).

### Migration 
The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400&nbsp;km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.

## References
Brian Connelly

**Brian Connelly** (born June 10, 1986 in Bloomington, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Rockford IceHogs which are the AHL farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.

He played hockey collegically for the Colorado College Tigers for 3 seasons. Connelly also played 3 seasons with the Rockford IceHogs before he was traded to the Calgary Flames by the Blackhawks in exchange for Brendan Morrison on January 27, 2012.

On July 6, 2012, he signed as a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild. On February 26, 2014, Connelly was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brad Winchester.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Nick Leddy

**Nick Leddy** (born March 20, 1991 in Eden Prairie, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenseman that currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Minnesota Wild in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he played at the University of Minnesota with the Golden Gophers. He was drafted by the Wild and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with Kim Johnsson for Cam Barker on February 12, 2010.

He played his first NHL game on October 8, 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2010 against Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Meadow brown

The **meadow brown**, ***Maniola jurtina***, is a butterfly found in European meadows. Its larvae feed on grasses.

There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colourful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about. Females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up.

The evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is probably *defence against predators*. Small, peripheral eyespots deflect the attacks of birds to non-vital parts of the body. They can fly perfectly well when their wings have one or two beak-shaped clips on them.

## Food plants 
*Sheep's fescue *Festuca ovina*
*Rough meadow grass *Poa trivialis*
*Smooth meadow grass *Poa pratensis*

## References
The Primitives Group

**The Primitives Group** was a Czech psychedelic rock group, founded in 1967, broke up two years later, in 1969. Primitives Group played songs, among others, by The Doors, The Fugs, Pretty Things and The Velvet Underground. Guitarist Josef Janíček currently playing with The Plastic People of the Universe.

## References
52

**52** is a year in the 1st century.  Year 52 (**LII**) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars. 
* Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel

## Deaths 
* Publius Ostorius Scapula, Roman governor of Britain
* Empress Guo Shengtong
Milan Smrčka

**Milan Smrčka**; best known as **Záviš** (September 27, 1956 in Citonice, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech musician, guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and poet.

## Discography
* *Určeno pro uši rabijáků* (1998)
* *Slunce v duši* (2000)
* *Záviš, syn vojáka* (2001)
* *Sejdeme se na věčnosti* (2003)
* *Radost pohledět* (2004)
* *Život je sranda* (2005)
* *Když prší* (2006)
* *Rolník a rorýsek* (2007)
* *Bože, já jsem vůl* (2008)
* *Závišova devátá* (2009)
* *Záva & Pepa - Naživo za pivo* (2010)
* *Nevytahuj mi ho prosím na veřejnosti* (2012)

* *K tomu nic (2014, Ears&Wind Records)
**Závišova dvanáctka (2016, Ears&Wind Records)*
**U prdele (2018, Ears&Wind Records)*
**Hrci-prci (2020, Ears&Wind Records*
**Výlet do Znojma (2022)''
56

## Events 
* War between Rome and Parthia starts because of the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I.  He replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.
* Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.
* The *Jianwu* era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the *Jianwuzhongyuan* era.

## Births 
* Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian (d. 117 AD)
63

**63** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday.

## Events 
* Vespasian becomes the governor of Africa Province.
* Pompeii is damaged by an earthquake.

## Deaths 
* Claudia Augusta, the only child of Nero
60

**60** is a year in the 1st century.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Romans build the first London Bridge.
* Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will.  He left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.
* The Roman army annexed East Anglia. 
* Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.
* Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).    
* Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes. 
* The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester). 
* Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.
*Paulinus returns and reorganises his army. The Romans defeat Boudica's alliance, and slaughter the defeated enemy.
* Nero has people explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan).
* The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.
* Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.
* Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.
* Paul of Tarsus goes to Rome.  He is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.

#### Art and science 
* Hero of Alexandria writes *Metrica*, *Mechanics*, and *Pneumatics*.
* 60–79 &ndash; House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.

## Deaths 
* Domitius Afer, Roman orator
65

**65** (**LXV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar in the 1st century.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Gaius Calpurnius Piso goes against Roman emperor Nero.
* Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.
* After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class, Nero goes against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts. 
* Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.
* Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).
* In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.
* The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.
* Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.
* Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.

## Deaths 
* April 30 &ndash; Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher
* Petronius, Roman writer (see 66)
* Poppea Sabina, wife of Nero
* Piso (*Gaius Calpurnius Piso*)
* Saint Jude, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
* Simon the Canaanite, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
* Seneca the Younger, Roman statesman, philosopher, and tutor of Nero
Musk ox

The **musk ox** (*Ovibos moschatus*, muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

Musk oxen live in the Arctic, North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.

Musk oxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk oxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

Fossil DNA evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.

## References
Annie Oakley

**Annie Oakley** (August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926), born **Phoebe Ann Mosey**, was an American sharpshooter (skilled with guns). She was a star in ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' show. Oakley was born in Ohio to Jacob and Susan Mosey. On June 20, 1882 she married Frank E. Butler, another skilled shooter. The couple joined Buffalo Bill's show in 1885. Oakley performed before several European heads of state, including Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II. She left the show in 1902 and began acting. Oakley died in 1926 of pernicious anemia (a type of blood disorder). She was buried in Greenville, Ohio. Frank Butler died 18 days later.

## References
Women's Professional Billiard Association

The '''Women's Professional Billiard Association''' (WPBA) is a professional sports group. It organizes women's billiards in the United States. Pool players Madelyn Whitlow and Palmer Byrd started the group in 1976 as the Women's Professional Billiard Alliance with Larry Miller. Miller was the editor of the *National Billiard News*.

## Other websites
*Official Page
Audi Cup 2009

The **Audi Cup 2009** (the first edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, Boca Juniors, Bayern Munich and Manchester United. The winners of the tournament were Bayern Munich, defeating Manchester United 0(7) - 0(6). Boca Juniors took third place, defeating AC Milan 1(4) - 1(3).

## Matches
Juventus Stadium

in the UEFA Champions League in 2013.]]

**Juventus Stadium** is a sports stadium in Turin, Italy. It is home to the club Juventus FC. It can hold 41,254 people. It was built on the site of the Stadio delle Alpi, and opened in the summer of 2011.

## Gallery 

File:Juvar1.JPG|The Juventus Stadium being built.
File:Juvar2.JPG|Another angle.

## References
Audi Cup

The **Audi Cup** is a two-day football tournament. It happens at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The first edition of the Audi Cup was won by Bayern Munich. The 2019 champions are Tottenham Hotspur. Bayern Munich has won the tournament the most times. Since Bayern is the host of this competition, they are the permanent participant in the Audi Cup, while three other teams are chosen based on their strength.

## History 
The Audi Cup was created in 2009 to remember Audi's 100th year of trading and the hosts, Bayern Munich, won the tournament. It replaced the Franz Beckenbauer Cup for the year.

## Past Results 

## Wins By Team 
*  Bayern Munich: **3**
*  Atlético Madrid: **1**
*  FC Barcelona: **1**
*  Tottenham Hotspur F.C.: **1**

## Teams That Participated 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Audi Cup 2013

The **Audi Cup 2013** (the third edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The participating teams were Bayern Munich, Manchester City, Milan and São Paulo.

## Matches
## Statistics 
### Top scorers 
;2 goals

* Mario Mandžukić (Bayern Munich)
* Edin Džeko (Manchester City)
* Stephan El Shaarawy (Milan)

;1 goal

* Thomas Müller (Bayern Munich)
* Mitchell Weiser (Bayern Munich)
* Aleksandar Kolarov (Manchester City)
* Álvaro Negredo (Manchester City)
* Micah Richards (Manchester City)
* David Silva (Manchester City)
* Kingsley Boateng (Milan)
* Andrea Petagna (Milan)

## References
89

**89** (**LXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Fulvus and Atratinus** (or, less frequently, '*year 842 *Ab urbe condita'''*). The denomination AD 89 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* January 1 &ndash; Lucius Antonius Saturninus incites a revolt against Emperor Domitian (it is suppressed by January 24).
* Legio XIII *Gemina* is transferred to Dacia, to help in the war against King Decebalus.
* Aquincum (old Budapest, Óbuda) is founded (approximate date).

#### Asia 
* First year of *Yongyuan'' era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
* June &ndash; Battle of Ikh Bayan: The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian, allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by Plutarch.

## Births 
* Sindae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 179)

## Deaths 
* Lucius Antonius Saturninus, Roman politician and general
* Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium

## References
Melissa McCarthy

**Melissa McCarthy** (born August 26, 1970) is an American actress and comedienne. She is known for her role as Sookie St.&nbsp;James on The WB television show *Gilmore Girls* and *Dena* on *Samantha Who?*. She starred in the CBS sitcom *Mike&nbsp;& Molly*, from 2010–2016.

She also starred in the movies *Bridesmaids* (for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), *Identity Thief*, *Spy* and *Life of the Party*.

## Other websites 
*
MLS Cup

The **Major League Soccer Cup** (usually called the **MLS Cup**) is a tournament that determines the Major League Soccer champion. Inter Miami CF is the reigning champion after beating Vancouver Whitecaps FC 3–1 in 2025. The most successful club is the Los Angeles Galaxy, with 6 titles. The Galaxy's most recent title was in 2024 when they beat the New York Red Bulls 2-1.

The MLS Cup was founded in 1994, and the cup is held every year. The first champions ever were D.C. United.

## Winning Years
FieldTurf

**FieldTurf** is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990s, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.

The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997, when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.

## References
Hope Solo

**Hope Amelia Solo** (born July 30, 1981, in Richland, Washington) is an American former soccer goalkeeper. She plays for the United States women's national soccer team, and for the Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the top division of women's soccer in the United States

During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, she got 2 official awards. The Bronze Ball and the Best Goalkeeper award. Her father Jeffrey, died on June 15, 2007, because of heart failure. She was part of the USA women's soccer team that won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## Honors and awards 
### High school 
* *Parade Magazine* All-American: 1997, 1998
* Washington State Championship: 1998

### College 
* NSCAA All-American: 2000, 2001, 2002
* Pac-10 Selection: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002

### Club 
* NWSL Shield: 2014
* WPS Goalkeeper of the Year: 2009

### International 
; United States
* Olympic Gold Medal: 2008, 2012
* CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2008, 2012, 2016
* FIFA Women's World Cup Champion: 2015Runner-up: 2011
* Algarve Cup: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015
* SheBelieves Cup: 2016
* Four Nations Tournament: 2006, 2007, 2008
* CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2006, 2014

### Individual 
* U.S. Soccer Female Athlete of the Year: 2009
* FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Glove: 2011, 2015
* FIFA Women's World Cup Bronze ball: 2011
* FIFA Women's World Cup All-Star Team: 2011, 2015
* CONCACAF Women's Championship Golden Glove: 2014
* CONCACAF Women's Goalkeeper of the Year: 2015
* SheBelieves Cup Golden Glove: 2016
* FIFPro: FIFA FIFPro World XI 2015 2016
* IFFHS World's Best Woman Goalkeeper: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
* NWSL Second XI: 2014
* IFFHS World's Woman Team of the Decade 2011–2020
* IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011–2020
* National Soccer Hall of Fame: 2022

### Other 
* Do Something Award – Athlete: 2012
* Phoenix Mercury Woman of Inspiration: 2012
* Hall of Game She's Got Game Award: 2012
* Sports Spectacular Female Athlete of the Year: 2013

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* U.S. Soccer profile
Elf Aquitaine

**Total S.A.** is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading.

Total is also a large scale chemicals manufacturer. Total is a major player in low-carbon energies.

Total has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

**Elf Aquitaine** was a French oil company. They merged with **TotalFina** to form **TotalFinaElf**. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003. The name Elf has been kept as a brand of Total.

## History 
Elf Aquitaine's came from three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). The three companies were formed after the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP merged to form '''Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières''' (ERAP).

On April 28, 1967 the company's different brand names and products were combined under the Elf brand. Elf stood for Essence Lubricants France. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became **Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine** (SNEA). Later it became known as **Elf Aquitaine**. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf. In 2003, the name was changed to Total.

## Fraud scandal 
The Elf scandal came to light in 1994 in France. According to *The Guardian*, it was 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favors, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions.

## Motorsport 
 car in 1979]]
From its beginnings, Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion. It had four-year deal with Matra starting in the French Formula 3 series. In 1969 the combination won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell and Jackie Stewart. By this time, Elf was owned by the French government. They began a new long-term relationship with Renault, which was also owned by the French government at the time. The Renault F1 racing cars carried Elf sponsorship until 2009. The Elf logos were replaced with Total logos.

## References
Pavel Sedláček

**Pavel Sedláček** (born July 4, 1941 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech rock and roll singer, songwriter and guitarist.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website his Cadillac Band
* Pavel Sedláček on PopMuseum.cz