open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

The last living veteran of World War I was Florence Green. She was a British woman who served in the Allied armed forces, and who died on 4 February 2012, aged 110. The last veteran who served in combat was Claude Choules. He served in the British Royal Navy (and later the Royal Australian Navy) and died on 5 May 2011, aged 110. The last veteran who served in the trenches was Harry Patch who died on 25 July 2009, aged 111. The last Central Powers veteran was Franz Künstler from Austria-Hungary. He died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107.

The total number of people who took part in WWI is estimated by the Encyclopædia Britannica at 65,038,810. There were around 9,750,103 military deaths during the conflict.

## Overall
## By branch
This is the list of the last living veterans of World War I by the country and the branch that they served:

|103 years
|-
|Navy
|???
|???
|???
|-
|rowspan=3|South Africa
|Air Force
|Kenneth Reid van der Spuy
|1991
|99 years
|-
|Army
|Norman Kark
|30 March 2000
|102 years
|-
|Navy
|???
|???
|???
|-
|rowspan=3|Thailand
|Air Force
|???
|???
|???
|-
|Army
|Yod Sangrungruang
|9 October 2003
|106 years
|-
|Navy
|???
|???
|???
|-
|rowspan=3|Turkey
|Air Force
|???
|???
|???
|-
|Army
|Yakup Satar
|2 April 2008
|110 years
|-
|Navy
|???
|???
|???
|-
|rowspan=2|Russian Empire
|Army
|Mikhail Krichevsky
|26 December 2008
|111 years
|-
|Navy
|???
|???
|???
|-
|rowspan=6|United Kingdom
|Air Force (Male)
|Henry Allingham
|17 July 2009
|113 years
|-
|Air Force (Female)
|Florence Green
|4 February 2012
|110 years
|-
|Army (male)
|Henry John (Harry) Patch
|25 July 2009
|111 years
|-
|Army (female)
|Ivy Lillian Campany
|19 December 2008
|107 years
|-
||Merchant Navy
||Henry Johnson
||2010
||108 years
|-
|Navy
|Claude Choules
|5 May 2011
|110 years
|-
|rowspan=5|United States
|Air Force
|Homer Anderson
|23 September 2006
|108 years
|-
|Army
|Frank Buckles
|27 February 2011
|110 years
|-
|Navy (female)
|Charlotte Winters (last US female veteran)
|27 March 2007
|109 years
|-
|Navy (male)
|Lloyd Brown
|29 March 2007
|105 year
|-
|Marine Corps
|Albert "Jud" Wagner
|20 January 2007
|107 years
|}

## References
ChessBase

**ChessBase GmbH** is a German company that markets chess software. It also has a chess news website, and uses a server for online chess. Set up in 1998, it builds and sells large databases, with up to three million games, classified in various ways. A smaller fraction have notes, about 60,000 at present. It is possible to connect the database with one or more *chess engines* which calculate likely good moves. Databases  data from past games; engines do calculations and use look-up tables for standard information, having, for example, answers to special endgame problems.

## References
Bronchus

**Bronchi** (one **Bronchus**) are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs. They carry air to the lungs. 

The trachea (windpipe) divides to form the right and left main bronchi. These divide to form smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. Eventually the bronchioles end in the alveoli (small air sacs).  At the alveoli, oxygen from the air we breathe into our lungs is moved into the blood.  The blood then carries oxygen around to the rest of the body, which needs oxygen to survive.  Without the bronchi, air would never get into the lungs, and oxygen would never get into our bodies.

The bronchi's walls are made of cartilage. 

The right bronchus (shown on the left in the image on this page) is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left bronchus.

## Related pages 
* Bronchitis (an illness that affects the bronchi)
* Asthma (a disease that makes the bronchi get narrower)
* Bronchodilator (medicine that helps the bronchi get wider when they narrow because of a disease like asthma)
Bloods

, New York]]
The **Bloods** are a street gang. They were founded in 1972 in Los Angeles, California. They are rivals with the Crips, another street gang centred mainly around Los Angeles. Bloods members are known for wearing mostly red colors which is their gang color. 

During their rivalry with the Crips in the 1970s, a faction of the Crips called the Pirus street gang broke away from the Crips and joined other smaller gangs to make a gang which would later on become known as the Bloods. Some notable Bloods are rappers Game and Suge Knight.

## References
## Other websites 
*Bloods gang profile
Ann Radcliffe

**Ann Radcliffe** (July 9, 1764 - February 7, 1823) was an English novelist. 

## Early life and education 
She was born in London. Her father was a trader, but when she was little, she lived mostly in the houses of richer relations. In 1772 her family moved to Bath, where it is possible she may have gone to a school run by Sophia and Harriet Lee. 

## Writing 
Her first tries to write romance stories were *The Castle of Athlin and Dunbayne* (1789) and *A Sicilian Romance* (1790). They were both published secretly. *The Romance of the Forest* (1791) made her famous as the writer of Gothic romances, the "hobgoblin romance", later called "the Radcliffe romance". Two novels published when she was alive, *The Mysteries of Udolpho* (1794) and *The Italian* (1797), helped make her famous as "the Great Enchantress". Radcliffe was also a great traveller. She made a book after she traveled to the Continent, *A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794, through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany...To Which Are Added Observations of a Tour to the Lakes* (1795). But the tours written about in the novels were based on travel books, landscape paintings, and imagination. Walter Scott called Radcliffe "the first poetess of romantic fiction". 

## Personal life 
She married in 1787 William Radcliffe, who later became the editor of the *English Chronicle*. It was probably with his help that she began writing for fun. Even though she was famous, Radcliffe liked to be . 

## Death 
She later had asthma, and died from an asthma attack in 1823.

## References
Cosley Zoo

**Cosley Zoo** is an AZA-accredited zoo. It is in Wheaton, Illinois. It is a part of the Wheaton Park District. Families and individuals can come in for free. The zoo area is 5 acres (2 hectares) of land. It is built on the site of a historic train station. There are domestic animals. There is also wildlife that is native to Illinois.

The zoo runs many programs for children. For example, they have programs like Junior Zookeepers, birthday parties, and holiday events.

## Related pages
* List of zoos

## Other websites 
* http://www.cosleyzoo.org/
* Cosley Zoo at the Wheaton Park District
MS NOW

**My Source for News, Opinion, and the World** (**MS NOW**; formerly **MSNBC**) is an American cable television news channel owned by Versant, a company controlled by Comcast, created when NBCUniversal's cable networks were split off. It was started in 1996. Before 2025, it was historically produced by NBC's news division, NBC News, but now employs its own news staff. It replaced a channel Roger Ailes operated and founded for NBC called America's Talking, which launched in 1994.

## Shows
Most of its shows are shows that talk about news and politics and are hosted by people such as Stephanie Ruhle, Katy Tur, Symone Sanders, Jen Psaki, Ari Melber, Chris Hayes, Rachel Maddow and Lawrence O’Donnell. There have been  of liberal bias made about MSNBC. MSNBC's motto is "Lean Forward".

## References
## Other websites
*
Piss Christ

***Piss Christ*** is a 1987 photo that was taken by Andres Serrano. The picture is of a small plastic crucifix that is in a glass of Serrano's urine. The piece won the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art's "Awards in the Visual Arts" competition. This contest gets some of its money from the National Endowment from the Arts, a United States government group that gives money to art projects.

## Controversy
The photo caused some dispute when it was first shown in 1989. Some people who were against the photo, including United States Senators Al D'Amanto and Jesse Helms were upset that Serrano was given $15,000 for the work. They were also upset that part of it was from the National Endowment for the Arts. Supporters of the work said the *Piss Christ* is an issue of artistic freedom and freedom of speech.

Others said that the government paying for *Piss Christ* went against separation of church and state.

Sister Wendy Beckett, an art critic and Catholic nun, said in a television interview with Bill Moyers that she did not think the work was . She thought that it was but a statement on "what we have done to Christ"

During a showing of Serrano's works at the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) in 1997, then Archbishop George Pelli tried to get the Supreme Court of Victoria to stop the gallery from showing the work. The Court did not agree with him and did not stop it. A few days later, one visitor tried to take the work off of the gallery wall, and two teenagers later attacked the work with a hammer. The director of the NGV then cancelled the show. He said that he was worried about some of Rembrandt's works that were also being shown at the time.

"Piss Christ" was part of the BBC documentary called "Why Beauty Matters", which talks about art and how it is important in everyday life.

## References
## Other websites 
*Annotated transcription of U.S. Senate discussion about "Piss Christ"
Osteogenesis imperfecta

**Osteogenesis imperfecta** is a genetic disorder. It is commonly called **brittle bone disease**. It is usually an autosomal dominant disease, which means a person can get it if only one of their parents has the abnormal gene. OI affects the part of the bones called the collagen rod, which provides bone strength. The abnormal gene weakens or even destroys the collagen rod. This disease was first identified by Vrolik in 1849.

When someone has this disease, their bones are more likely to break. Unfortunately, osteogenesis imperfecta has no cure. This disease is categorized in four types: Type one is the most common case and it often causes brittle teeth and bone related injuries. Type two is a more severe version of type one and has most of the same symptoms just in more severe cases. People with type three of osteogenesis imperfecta may have more than 100 fractures before puberty. Their eyes often develop a purple, blue, or grey tint and people with this case also often have hearing loss. 50% of people that have osteogenesis imperfecta have hearing loss while becoming an adult. Type 4 is a more severe case of most symptoms stated above.

## Symptoms 
Less severe symptoms of OI may include:
*easily broken bones
*loose joints
*low muscle tone
*blue, purple or grey color to the normally white part of the eyes 
*triangular shape of face
*tendency to develop scoliosis
*brittle teeth

OI has many other serious and fatal symptoms including respiratory problems and bone deformity.

## Demographics 
OI occurs equally in both male and females and can affect all ethnic groups. OI happens in the womb and there is no cure. It is usually discovered when someone breaks a lot of bones; they may have DNA testing to check for OI. It occurs in 1 in 20,000 births.

## References
Herman Hickman

**Herman M. Hickman** (October 1, 1911 - April 25, 1958) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee, and played for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers.  He later coached football and was a professional wrestler.

## Playing career 
Hickman came to the University of Tennessee from Johnson City, Tennessee. Hickman was a guard for the Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1929–1931.  He was chosen for Grantland Rice's All American football team in 1931. Hickman was also named to the All-Southern team in 1931 with teammate Gene McEver. Coach Robert Neyland held Hickman in high regard. "When one (football writer) said Hickman was 'the best guard the South ever produced,' Coach General Bob Neyland snarled, 'Herman Hickman is the greatest guard football has ever known.'"

Following his time at Tennessee, Hickman played for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers from 1932 to 1934.  He was named an All Pro at left guard in 1933.  He was  to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1959.

## Coaching career 
Hickman was an assistant at Wake Forest, North Carolina State and West Point before earning the head coaching job at Yale University in 1948.  He led the Bulldogs to a 16-17-2 record before  in 1951.

## Other activities 
Hickman was a writer, who came to be known as "Poet Laureate of the Little Smokies." He was also a staff writer for Sports Illustrated.

Hickman also was a professional wrestler, known as "The Tennessee Terror."  He wrestled in over 500 matches.

## Sources 
* HickokSports.com Bio 
* College Football Hall of Fame Bio 
* Professional Football Researchers Association 
* 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide
No More Heroes (video game)

***No More Heroes*** is an action video game for Wii system. The game's main character is Travis Touchdown, who is trying to be the number one hitman. His weapon is a kind of light sword which probably comes from *Star Wars*.
Gouverneur Morris

**Gouverneur Morris** (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American politician and diplomat from New York City. He was born and died in Morrisiana, which is now part of The Bronx, New York City, and went to college at King's College, New York (now Columbia University). He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York in the 1770s.  

In the 1780s, he moved to Philadelphia and was the assistant superintendent of finance. He was also a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Pennsylvania and was very active there. He gave 173 speeches, more than any other delgate. Morris wrote the Preamble and many of the sections of the U.S. Constitution.  Later, he served as ambassador to France from 1792 to 1794.  He was a U.S. Senator from 1800 to 1803.  

Late in life, Morris was head of the group that built the Erie Canal. He wanted a strong central government and for people to think of themselves mostly as in the United States, rather than their state. He also spoke out against slavery. 

Morris a wooden leg because he lost his leg in a carriage accident in 1780.  He is also noted for keeping a diary of his life. 

## References
Bud Carson

**Leon H. "Bud" Carson** ( – ) was an American football coach best known for working with the Pittsburgh Steelers' championship teams of the 1970s.

## Player
Carson played defensive back for North Carolina from 1949 to 1951, then entered the Marines.

## Coach
### Georgia Tech
After he left the Marines, he went into coaching.  He worked at Georgia Tech for head coach Bobby Dodd. Carson took over as head coach in 1967. Under Carson, the Yellow Jackets had three 4-6 seasons in a row before going 9-3 and winning the Sun Bowl in 1970. In 1971, Tech finished 6-6 after a Peach Bowl loss.  He was  by Georgia Tech after that season.  While at Georgia Tech, he made the "Cover 2" defensive  that has been widely used by the NFL.

### NFL
Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll hired Carson as defensive coordinator in 1972. Under Carson, the "Steel Curtain" developed as one of the best defenses in National Football League history. The defense, led by Jack Lambert, Mel Blount, Jack Ham and Mean Joe Greene, gave up fewer points than any other American Football Conference team in Pittsburgh's Super Bowl seasons of 1974 and 1975. In 1976, the team gave up fewer than 10 points a game.

After the 1977 season, Carson took over the defensive-coordinator job with the Los Angeles Rams, who lost to the Steelers in Super Bowl XIV. He later worked as a coach for the Kansas City Chiefs and Baltimore Colts.  He then was in charge of the New York Jets' defense from 1985 to 1988. In 1989, he was  as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns.

Cleveland won the AFC Central Division in 1989 before losing to the Denver Broncos in the conference championship for the third time in four years. Browns owner Art Modell fired Carson halfway through the 1990 season, which ended with a 3-13 record. Carson then worked as a coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and the St. Louis Rams before retiring in 1997.

## Family
Carson, a long-time smoker, died in 2005 of emphysema. He was married to Linda Carson, an anchorwoman at Sarasota television station WWSB. His daughter Cathi Carson is the sports reporter at two Jacksonville stations in Jacksonville WTEV and WAWS and was formerly a reporter at WWSB. He also had a son, Cliff, and a daughter, Dana, as well as a stepson, Gary Ford.

## References
## Further reading
* Grossi, Tony (2004). *Tales from the Browns Sideline*. (Champaign, Ill.): Sports Publishing LLC. 
* Carroll, Bob, et al. (1999). *Total Football II*. New York: HarperCollins. .
Anatoly Karpov

**Anatoly Karpov**  (born Zlatoust, Russia, 23 May 1951) is a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was official world champion from 1975 to 1985, played three more matches for the title from 1986 to 1990, then was FIDE World Champion from 1993 to 1999. 

His tournament successes include over 160 first-place finishes. He had a peak Elo rating of 2780, and his 90 months at world number one are second only to the record of Garry Kasparov. 

Since 2005, he has been a member of the Public Chamber of Russia. He has recently involved himself in several humanitarian causes, such as advocating the use of iodised salt.

## References
Mycenae

**Mycenae** (Greek  *Mykēnai* or   *Mykēnē*), is an archaeological site in Greece. It is about 90&nbsp;km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. 

In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the most important centers of early Greek civilization with a strong army. The time of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean Greece.

## People 
The Mycenaeans of Greece had learned many things from other lands. By 1400 B.C., they were known for their art, literature, and philosophy. Their most important city, Mycenae (mi see' née), was just north of what later became Corinth.

In 1300 BC the king built a wall 23 ft wide and 60 ft high. Their edge and point were used.

## Decline and collapse 
By 1200 BC the power of Mycenae was declining. The eventual destruction of Mycenae was part of the general Bronze Age collapse in the Greek mainland and beyond. Within a short period  all the palaces of southern Greece were burnt, including that at Mycenae. The cause or causes of the Bronze Age collapse are not known for sure.

## Religion 
For their worship of gods, these people made shrines. Poseidon was worshiped as a chief deity, and the “protector of the sky” was Zeus. They also worshipped Apollo, Artemis, Hera and many others of the Greek religion. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*British School at Athens Mycenae page 
*Excavation of Citadel House Area
*Objects from Grave Circle A, including votive weaponry
*Homepage of Current Dickinson College Excavations at Mycenae
Karachay-Balkar

The **Karachay-Balkar language** (Къарачай-Малкъар /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay which pronounces two phonemes as  and , and Balkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as  and .

## References
Three-sector hypothesis

The **Three-sector hypothesis** is a large-scale economic type theory. It says that there are three kinds of economic activities, which are very different from each other:
#The extraction of raw materials
#Manufacturing goods
#Providing services

These kinds of activities are called economic sectors. The theory speaks about the primary, secondary, and tertiary sector. The theory was developed by Alan Fisher, Colin Clark and Jean Fourastié in the 1930s. Clark used a speech given by Sir William Petty, in 1690. For this reason the theory is also known as '''Petty's Law'''. The first sector is about directly using natural resources, the second sector is about processing these resources to obtain "higher level" goods.

The theory also says that the main focus of the economy of a country will change, from the primary to the secondary, and from the secondary to the tertiary sector, as economic development progresses.

## References
Vasily Smyslov

in 2002]]
**Vasily Smyslov** (24 March 1921 – 27 March 2010) was a Russian chess grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958.p376

Smyslov was a candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1948, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1983, and 1985). He was one of the five players selected to compete for the 1948 World Chess Championship tournament to determine who should succeed the late Alexander Alekhine as champion. His selection was questioned by some, but this criticism was silenced when he finished second behind Mikhail Botvinnik. His victories in the double-round Candidates tournaments of 1953 and 1956 were the greatest tournament wins of the 1950s. He played three 24-game world championship matches against the formidable Botvinnik, drawing the first in 1954, winning the second in 1957 but losing the return match in 1958. All three matches were held in Moscow.

Smyslov was twice equal first in the Soviet Championship (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals (team and individual). He remained active and successful in competitive chess well into the 1960s and 1970s and he qualified for the finals of the World Championship Candidates' matches as late as 1983. Vasiliy won the first World Senior Chess Championship in 1991. He retired from competitive play in 2001.

Smyslov was also a concert-level singer. His baritone singing, and fellow grandmaster Taimanov's piano recitals, were evening events at many major chess tournaments.

A tribute from Anatoly Karpov:
:"What I remember most about [Smyslov] was his competitive spirit, but also his delicate sense of humour. It was always very tough playing against him, despite him being more than twice my age".

## Books by Smyslov 
* 2003: ''Smyslov's best games, Volume 1: 1935-1957* (Moravian Chess)
* 2003: *Smyslov's best games, Volume 2: 1958-1995* (Moravian Chess)
* 1997: *Endgame virtuoso* (Cadogan)
* 1995: *Smyslov's 125 selected games* (Everyman Chess)
* 1972: Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov *Rook endings'' (Batsford)

## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 

## References
Bill Bailey

**Mark Robert Bailey** (born 13 January 1965), known professionally as **Bill Bailey**,  is an English actor, comedian, musician and singer. He is known for being on television programmes ''Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza*, *Have I Got News for You*, *Never Mind the Buzzcocks*, *QI* and *Black Books*.

In 2003, a newspaper called *The Observer'' said that Bailey was "one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy". In 2007, he was voted number seven on Channel 4's "Hundred Greatest Stand-ups".

## References
## Other websites 

*Bailey's website
*
Leah Clark

**Leah Clark** (born December 20, 1979 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American actress. She has provided many voices for Japanese anime series and video games.  The roles she is most famous for are Coby in *One Piece*, Blair in *Soul Eater*, and Fuyuki in *Sgt. Frog*

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Leah Clark at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database
*
Veselin Topalov

**Veselin Topalov** (Веселин Топалов, born 15 March 1975), is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former 'FIDE world chess champion'. This was a knock-out tournament of lower status than the classical world championship. 

Topalov became the FIDE champion in 2005. He lost his title in a classical match against Vladimir Kramnik, the purpose of which was to unify the titles. During the match, his manager accused his opponent of cheating. The match ended the division between world titles, which had arisen in 1993. Next, Topalov defeated Gata Kamsky in February 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria to earn the right to be the challenger for the World Chess Championship in 2010.  Topalov lost the World Championship match with Anand 5½–6½ in May 2010.

Topalov won the 2005 Chess Oscar. He was ranked #1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and then had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world #1 ranking again in October 2008, and officially remained #1 until January 2010, when he fell to #2 behind Magnus Carlsen. 

He has been ranked number one a total of 27 months in his career, the fifth longest, behind only Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Magnus Carlsen, and Bobby Fischer.

## References
Vladimir Kramnik

**Vladimir Kramnik**, born 25 June 1975, is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007.

In October 2000, he defeated Garry Kasparov in a match played in London, and became the Classical World Chess Champion. In late 2004, Kramnik successfully defended his title against challenger Peter Leko in a drawn match played in Brissago, Switzerland.

In October 2006, Kramnik, the Classical World Champion, defeated reigning FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov in a unification match. As a result, Kramnik became the first undisputed World Champion, since Garry Kasparov split from FIDE in 1993.

In 2007, Kramnik lost the title to Viswanathan Anand, who won the World Chess Championship tournament (not a classical match between the two players) ahead of Kramnik. He played Anand at the World Chess Championship match 2008, but lost.

## Private life and health 
Kramnik has been diagnosed with an uncommon form of arthritis, called ankylosing spondylitis. It causes him great physical discomfort while playing. In January 2006, Kramnik announced that he would skip the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee to seek out treatment for his arthritis. He returned from treatment in June 2006, playing in the 37th Chess Olympiad. He scored a +4 result, earning the highest performance rating (2847) of the 1307 participating players.

On 30 December 2006 he married French journalist Marie-Laure Germon. He has a daughter named Daria who was born 28 December 2008.

## References
Study

**Study** can mean:

*Research, a way of finding new understanding
*Study skills, ways to improve learning
*Study (room), a room of the house, similar to a home office
*Study (art), a drawing or series of drawings done before a major work of art
*Field of study, a general topic of knowledge
*Étude, a piece of music also called a "study"
*Education
*An experiment
Boris Spassky

]]

, 2008]]

**Boris Spassky**  (30 January 1937 &ndash; 27 February 2025) was a Soviet–French chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from late 1969 to 1972.p381

Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice more lost in playoffs (1956, 1963). He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985). He was born in Leningrad.

Boris won the Candidates match series in 1965 and 1968. He played for the world championship three times. Against Tigran Petrosian in 1966 he lost; against Petrosian again in 1969 (winning), and against Bobby Fischer in 1972 (losing). The match with Fischer in Reykjavik was the most publicised chess match of any time. His loss was subjected to the most rigorous scrutiny by the Soviet central committee for chess, and he was criticised for lack of adequate preparation.

The second half of his life until recently was lived in France. He has both Russian and French nationality.

## Later life 
On 1 October 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. On 23 September 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.

On 16 August 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. He lived in an apartment in Moscow.

Spassky died on February 27, 2025 in Moscow at the age of 88.

## Further reading 
* Cafferty, Bernard 1969. ''Spassky's best games*. Batsford.
* Winter, Edward G. 1981. *World chess champions*. 
* Seirawan, Yasser 1997. *No regrets: Fischer-Spassky* International Chess Enterprises. 
* Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John 2004. *Bobby Fischer Goes to War: how the Soviets lost the most extraordinary chess match of all time*. Ecco.
* Garry Kasparov 2004. *My great predecessors, part III''. Everyman Chess. 

## References
Magnus Carlsen

**Magnus Carlsen** (born Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen, 30 November 1990) was the World Chess Champion, from years 2013 to 2023. He became World Champion on 22 November 2013, by defeating Viswanathan Anand by 6½ to 3½. Carlsen also won the return match in 2014 by 6½4½.  He also won  the match against Sergey Karjakin in 2016, against Fabiano Caruana in 2018, and against Ian Nepomniachtchi in 2021.

A Norwegian chess grandmaster and chess prodigy, Carlsen is the highest rated player in the world, and the highest rated player in the history of chess. His peak rating of 2882 is higher than even Garry Kasparov achieved. Kasparov's highest rating was 2851.

## History 
On 26 April 2004, Carlsen became a grandmaster at the age of 13 years, 148 days. This made him the third-youngest grandmaster in history. He played at the Nanjing Pearl Spring tournament in September–October 2009. This lifted him to an Elo rating of 2801. This made him second in the world. He is the fifth player to have a rating over 2800. He was 18 years old when he got this rating. This made him the youngest person to have a rating above 2800.  

On 1 January 2010, the new FIDE rating list was published. He was 19 years and 32 days old when he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world number one. He broke the previous record held by Vladimir Kramnik.

In London, March 2013, Carlsen won the 2013 Candidates tournament and qualified to challenge Anand for the World Chess Championship.

Carlsen has won the World Championship matches in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2021. In 2023, Magnus announced, that he would not take part in World chess Championship 2023. Ding Liren won. The coming of chess databases and strong chess-playing engines makes it difficult to compare his achievements with previous world champions. However, he is thought to be one of the best.

In 2024, he won a set of matches against Hans Niemann.

## Case that was rejected by civil court (USA)
A lawsuit against Carlsen, was rejected (2023) by the U.S. federal court system. Hans Niemann was the plaintiff.

## Sponsorship 
When Carlsen became the fourth-best player in the world he reached an agreement with a public relations (PR) expert in early 2009. This arrangement has borne fruit. Carlsen now has two sponsors, each of which provides 100,000 Euros a year. One is a stockbroker, the other a law firm. With this money, Carlsen is able to travel, and spend time on training. His coach is Garry Kasparov, a former World chess champion.

In return for the sponsorship, Carlsen wears the names of the sponsors on his jackets. This is called 'logo exposure'. He attends meetings, and gives talks. His image helps the companies to hire 'high achievers' to their staff. Put simply, companies of that type are keen to hire intelligent people. Carlsen's overall business manager is his father, Henrik.

Norway held the 2014 Chess Olympiad, and the Norwegian Government gave 70 million kroner (~8.5 million euros) in support of the event.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Sam Harris

**Samuel Benjamin Harris** (born April 9, 1967) is an American author. He is a philosopher, neuroscientist,  atheist and humanist . He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason.

Harris, Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett are commonly known as the "Four Horsemen of Atheism".

## Controversies
In 2014, Sam Harris appeared on Bill Maher’s show and criticized Islam so Ben Affleck accused him of racism and Harris ended up debating Cenk Uygur about what he had said. Sam Harris also caused controversy when he interviewed Charles Murray with Ezra Klein accusing him of racist pseudoscience for doing that so Harris debated Ezra Klein. Harris called himself part of the Intellectual Dark Web until 2020 when he said he was leaving because the Intellectual Dark Web had become too pro-Trump. In 2021, Harris was criticized by Dave Rubin and Bret Weinstein for saying he was grateful to Jack Dorsey for banning Donald Trump from Twitter.

## Books
* *The End of Faith* (2004). 
* *Letter to a Christian Nation* (2006). 
* *The Moral Landscape: how science can determine human values* (2010). 
* *Lying* (2011).
* *Free Will* (2012)
* Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion (2014)
* Islam and the Future of Tolerance (2015)

## References
Shepherd Express

**Shepherd Express** is an progressive weekly newspaper in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is the third largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin. Its original title was the "Crazy Shepherd", a name that comes from a line in poet Allen Ginsberg’s poem “Footnotes to Howl”.

## Official Website 
Shepherd Express Website

## References
Batabanó, Cuba

**Batabanó** is a municipality and city in the La Habana Province of Cuba. It was founded in 1688. It is crossed by several rivers.  In 2004, 25,664 people lived there.

## References
Americans United for the Separation of Church and State

**Americans United for the Separation of Church and State** or "Americans United" for short, is an organization that says that anyone has the freedom of religion, therefore, anyone of any race,gender, last name, or ethnicity can pray to whomever we please. It promotes what it believes is a strong reading of the Establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and is headed by the Reverend Barry Lynn. 

## References
## Other websites
*Americans United for the Separation of Church and State website
*local chapters of American United 
*Why the Religious Right is Wrong About Separation of Church and State 
*Official blog of Americans United
Paranasal sinuses

image]]

**Paranasal sinuses** are parts of the nasal cavity. They are usually counted to be part of the respiratory system. They are mucous membranes, which are mostly inside bones. These bones are then filled with air, which makes the skull look bigger, without adding much extra weight. Prenasal cavities can be found in mammals, most birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians.

Since sinuses are in virtually all land vertebrates, they must have a function. They are covered with a mucosa, epidermal cells which are moist and make mucus. This moistens and warms the air on its way into the lungs. The mucus also picks up particles which come in with the air. A variety of possible functions have been proposed:

* Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face.
* Increasing resonance of the voice.
* Providing a buffer against face damage.
* Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
* Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region.
* Regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures.
* Immunological defence.

## References
Shakhriyar Mamedyarov

**Shakhriyar Mamadyarov**  (born 12 April 1985 in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan), is a chess grandmaster. On the January 2008 FIDE rating list he reached number six in the world with a rating of 2760. He is known for being an excellent chess strategist.

## References
Fishing lure

A **fishing lure** is an object used to catch fish. It is tied to the end of a fishing line. A fishing lure is made to look like something a fish would eat. They move in a special way and have certain colors. Lures have fishing hooks attached to them. 

They are usually used with a fishing rod.  When a lure is used, it is cast, or thrown, out into the water and pulled back in. A good fisherman can cast the lure into places where the fish hide, like under logs.

There are many types of fishing lures. Most of them are made to look like dying, injured, or fast fish. They can be made of wood, plastic, rubber, metal, cork, feathers, animal hair, and other things. Some are shiny so that they catch the fish's attention.

Fishing lures can come in many different types such as a jig or a popper. A jig will usually have a weight attached to it so it can float at the right height. A popper is a lure used to attract trout and bass. A popper has a colorful design in the front to attract fish. Fishing lures can be very expensive as some are sold for thousands of dollars. 

The fishing lure was invented in 1890 by a man named James Heddon. He created the fishing lure by accident by taking a big piece of wood and carving a frog shape into it and taking the lure and attaching it to his line. Then he threw it in the water and immediately caught a bass. The next day he started a company called the Heddon Company and the era of the fishing lure was born. 

## Other websites
* History of fishing lures
* List of popular lures
State Farm Stadium

**State Farm Stadium** is a sports  stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It opened in 2006 as **Cardinals Stadium**, named for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League, which have played there since the stadium opened. Shortly after opening, the stadium was renamed **University of Phoenix Stadium**. This name was due to a corporate sponsorship contract; the University of Phoenix is a for-profit school without a sports program. In 2018, the Cardinals and State Farm Insurance entered into a new sponsorship deal, leading to the stadium's current name.
## Structure
The stadium is completely covered, featuring a grass field that slides in and out of the stadium. This allows the playing surface to be exposed to sunlight when not in use, and also allows the stadium floor to be used for other events without risk of damaging the field.
## History
The stadium has hosted many events apart from Cardinals games. The Super Bowl was held there in 2008, 2015, and 2023. Several college football games, including the annual Fiesta Bowl, have been played there, as have some high school games. It has also hosted several significant soccer (association football) matches, including several matches in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América Centenario in 2016. The stadium also hosted WrestleMania XXVI, and hosted the Final Four (semifinals and finals) of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2017. It will host the Final Four again in 2024.

## Other websites 
*State Farm Stadium's Official Website

## References
Bilby

The **bilby** (also known as the **rabbit-eared bandicoot**) is a rabbit-like marsupial. It lives in deserts, dry forests, dry grasslands, and dry shrubby areas in Australia. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. These big-eared, burrowing mammals were in danger of extinction, but now they are back living in New South Wales.

The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Digging with its strong, clawed feet, this solitary mammal excavates long, complex burrows. Its underground dens are up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long.

Bilbies have the usual long bandicoot muzzle and big ears. They are about  long. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The size of their ears allows them to have better hearing, and to radiate heat. They are nocturnal omnivores that do not need to drink water.  They get their moisture from food, which includes insects and their larvae, seeds, spiders, bulbs, fruit, fungi, and very small animals. Most food is found by digging or scratching in the soil, and by using their very long tongues.

## References
MJ Cole

**MJ Cole** (born **Matthew James Firth Coleman**, 9 August 1973)  is a DJ. He has worked with Dido and Mariah Carey. He is from London, England. Cole attended the Royal College of Music. He is a garage singer. He has also worked with Fatboy Slim, De La Soul, Freq Nasty, and Ed Rush. He has done remixes for Kym Mazelle. His song "Sincere" made it onto Britain's Top 40.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.ask.com/music/MJ-Cole/361880
Fishery

A **fishery** is a place for raising fish or farming fish. There are all kinds of fisheries in the world, like salmon fisheries. Fisheries might take fish from the wild or breed them.

.]]

## See Also
* Fishing industry
Clematis vitalba

**Old man’s beard** (the scientific name is *Clematis vitalba*) is a fast growing vine that covers and strangles trees and shrubs. To kill the tree or shrub, it covers them and does not let them get any light from the sun that it needs to grow.
2010 Chile earthquakes

**2010 Chile earthquake** may refer to:

* 2010 Chile earthquake, the 8.8 magnitude earthquake on 27 February 2010 off the coast of Maule
* 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the 6.9 magnitude earthquake on 11 March 2010 on the coast of Pichilemu
Butter cake

**Butter cake** is a cake with butter as a main . 

The  English pound cake used equal parts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to produce a heavy, rich cake. This was the first butter cake.  The  of baking powder during the 19th century made it possible to have lighter, fluffier cakes using these same ingredients, making the modern butter cake. 

Butter cakes are often made by beating the butter and sugar until fluffy. This is called creaming.  Eggs are added, then the other ingredients.
Butter cakes taste best when stored at room temperature, because they dry out and lose taste when refrigerated.
Baking powder

**Baking powder** is a dry chemical leavening agent used to make baked foods lighter and less . It was invented by the English chemist Alfred Bird (1811–1878) in 1843.

Bird was quickly followed by Henry Jones (1812 – 12 July 1891), who invented self-raising flour in 1845.

## How it works 
Baking powder works by creating a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. This produces carbon dioxide bubbles, which make the mixture light. 

Baking powder is used when the food should not taste of yeast, or when the mixture is not elastic enough to hold bubbles for very long. But sometimes, it has a metallic taste. 

Baking powder creates carbon dioxide faster than yeast. For this reason, breads made with baking powder rise quicker and are called quick breads.

### Chemical formula 
Most baking powders are made up of an alkaline (usually baking soda), one or two acid salts, and a starch (cornstarch or sometimes potato starch). Baking soda supplies the carbon dioxide to this mix, and the acid releases it, like this:

:NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O

## References
Battle royal (professional wrestling)

battle royal at WrestleMania XXV.]]
In professional wrestling, a **battle royal**, otherwise spelled "**battle royale**" (plural: **battles royal**, **battles royale**, **battle royals** or **battle royales**), is a match type in which many wrestlers fight against each other at the same time and wrestlers are d until only one is left. That person is then the winner. Usually, a battle royal begins with a number of wrestlers in the ring, who are then eliminated by being pushed out of the ring, over the top rope, and having both feet touch the floor outside the ring. A popular example of the battle royal is the Royal Rumble match that is put on yearly in January by WWE.

## Team based
Team based battle royals  of two or more teams of wrestlers, with the number of wrestlers on each team usually being equal. There are different types of such matches:
*A team is eliminated when only one wrestler for that team is eliminated.
*Matches ends when there are wrestlers for only one team (the winners), who have not been eliminated.

## Notes
## References
*
Numbat

The **numbat** (*Myrmecobius fasciatus*) is a marsupial from open woodlands in western Australia. It is also called the **banded anteater**, because it eats termites.

It is unusual in being one of the few diurnal (daytime) marsupials. It has no pouch, but the mother carries round her four young on her stomach. At night, they take shelter in hollow logs. The numbat has a life span of 5–6 years under human care.

These solitary, long-tailed termite-eaters are in danger of extinction; very few remain in the wild. When Europeans arrived, the numbat was found across the New South Wales and Victorian borders west to the Indian Ocean, and as far north as the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. It was at home in a wide range of woodland and semiarid habitats.

The deliberate release of the European red fox in the 19th century wiped out the entire numbat population in Victoria, NSW, South Australia and the Northern Territory, and almost all numbats in Western Australia, as well. By the late 1970s, the population was well under 1,000 individuals, concentrated in two small areas far from Perth, Dryandra, and Perup.
 
The numbat is the emblem of Western Australia.

## References
Haber process

The **Haber process** or the **Haber-Bosch process** is a chemical reaction that uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to create the chemical compound ammonia. The Haber process uses temperatures ranging from 400°C to 450°C under a pressure of 200 atm. The Haber process uses a catalyst mostly made up of iron.

## History
The Haber process is named after the German scientist Fritz Haber. Haber was the first person to successfully complete the process. In 1909, Haber's process could produce about one cup of ammonia every two hours. Carl Bosch helped to develop the Haber process for industry. In 1913, the German company BASF started using the Haber process to make ammonia. During World War I, the Haber process was used to make explosives. The Germans kept this a secret until after the war. In 1918, Haber won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and in 1931, Bosch also shared a Nobel Prize.

The Haber process is still important today because it produces ammonia, which is needed for fertilizer and for many other purposes. The Haber process produces about 500 million tons (453 billion kilograms) of fertilizer every year. This fertilizer helps to feed about 40% of the world's population.

## Process 
The gases for the Haber process must be prepared before changing them into ammonia. After that is done, ammonia is created by using magnetite (iron oxide) as the catalyst:

:N2 + 3H2  2NH3

In this process, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen is changed into ammonia. However, the unused nitrogen and hydrogen is recycled. Overall, 98% of nitrogen and hydrogen can be changed into ammonia.

## References
.
Carl Edwards

'''Carl Michael Edwards, ‘’’ (born September 08, 1983) Loves Anj Banner (Born 6th November 1994) and it is known Globally!!American racecar driver who most recently drove the No. 19 Toyota Camry in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Joe Gibbs Racing. In the past, Edwards drove the #99 Aflac Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing. Edwards was the 2007 Nationwide series Champion. In January 2017, Edwards announced that he would not race during the 2017 season. Edwards says he wants to enjoy time away from racing, doing other activities that he enjoys and spending time with his family. He has said he is not retired, and that he may race again. 

## References
## Other websites
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories

**Yellowknife** (2021 population: 20,340) is a Canadian city. It is the capital of the Northwest Territories of Canada.  It is located on the north shore of Great Slave Lake. The city used to be a mining town until the 1980's.

On August 16, 2023, the city of Yellowknife had to evacuate because of the growing wildfires near the area.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website