අහු

'*අහු (*Morinda citrifolia)***  ඉන්දියන් මල්බෙරි,බීච් මල්බෙරි චීස් ෆෘඩ් ආදී නම් වලින් හඳුන්වයි. මෙම ශාකය කෝපි පවුලට අයත්ය.නිජ භූමිය අග්නිදිග ආසියාවයි.ඉන්දීය උප මහද්වීපය පැසිපික් දූපත්,පොලිනීසියන් දූපත්,පෝටොරිකාව හා ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය වැනි රටවල මෙය ව්‍යාප්තව පවතී.දකුණු ආසියාතික රටවල විවිධ මිත්‍යා විශ්වාස ඇදහිලි අභිචාර ක්‍රම සදහා මෙම අහු ශාකයේ විවිධ කොටස් යොදාගනී.

## **පැතිරීම හා වර්ධනය*'
මොරින්ඩා සිටිෆෝලියා *(morinda citrifolia)* යන උද්හිද නාමයේන් අහු ශාකය හදුන්වයි.ලංකාව,ඉන්දියාව,මලයාව,ශාන්තිකර දූපත් හා උතුරු ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව යන රටවල වැඩෙන වඩා උස නොයන අඩි 3-4 අතර උසැති ගසකි. රිකිලි සිනිඳුය ශාඛාකුඩාය.පත්‍රය  අණ්ඩාකරය,ඝණය,පත්‍රයේ නාරටිය ඉතා පැහැදිලිව පෙනේ පුෂ්පය සුදු පාටය , නාළාකාරය,මලක දිග අගලක් පමණය ගෙඩිය අණ්ඩාකාර අෂ්ටිලයකි. ඒය අගලක් පමණ දිගය, මාංසලය,මෙම ශාකය ලංකාවේ නිරිත දිග ප්‍රදේශයේ ගෙවතු *මොරින්ඩා ට්ංක්ටෝරියා* නම්  ත්වත් අහු විශේෂයක් යාපනය, ත්‍රිකුණාමලය හා අනුරාධපුර යන වියලි ප්‍රදේශවල වැවේ. අහු දේවර්ගයම මුලේ පොත්තෙන් රතු පාට  සායම් තනා ගැනේ අහු රුබියාසේ (Rubiace) කුලයට අයත්ය.

Noni grows in shady forests as well as on open yellow shooes rocky or sandy shores. It reaches maturity in about 18 months and then yields between  of fruit every month throughout the year. It is tolerant of saline soils, drought conditions, and secondary soils. It is therefore found in a wide variety of habitats: volcanic terrains, lava-strewn coasts, and clearings or limestone outcrops. It can grow up to  tall, and has large, simple, dark green, shiny and deeply veined leaves.

The plant flowers and fruits all year round and produces a small white flower. The fruit is a multiple fruit that has a pungent odor when ripening, and is hence also known as *cheese fruit* or even *vomit fruit*. It is oval and reaches  in size. At first green, the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it ripens. It contains many seeds. It is sometimes called starvation fruit. Despite its strong smell and bitter taste, the fruit is nevertheless eaten as a famine food and, in some Pacific islands, even a staple food, either raw or cooked. අග්නිදිග ආසියාවns and Australian Aborigines consume the fruit raw with salt or cook it with curry. The seeds are edible when roasted.

The noni is especially attractive to weaver ants, which make nests out of the leaves of the tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-parasitic insects.  The smell of the fruit also attracts fruit bats, which aid in dispersing the seeds.

## **පෝෂණය**
Nutritional information for noni fruit is  reported by the College of Tropical Agriculture, University of Hawaii at Mānoa who published analyses of fruit

### Macronutrients
Analyzed as a whole fruit powder, noni fruit has excellent levels of carbohydrates and dietary fiber, providing 55% and 100% of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), respectively, in a 100 g serving. A good source of protein (12% DRI), noni pulp is low in total fats (4% DRI).

These macronutrients evidently reside in the *fruit pulp*, as noni *juice* has sparse amounts of macronutrients.

### Micronutrients
The main micronutrient features of noni pulp powder include exceptional vitamin C content (10x DRI) and substantial amounts of niacin (vitamin B3), iron and potassium. Vitamin A, කැල්සියම් and සෝඩියම් are present in moderate amounts.

When noni juice alone is analyzed and compared to pulp powder, only vitamin C is retained at a high level, 42% of DRI. during a test for public safety of noni juice. The major brand's ingredients include noni purée and juice concentrates from grapes and blueberries.

Excepting vitamin C content at 31% of DRI in each 100g, the juice had limited nutritional content. 100g of juice provides 8% of the DRI for carbohydrates, only traces of other macronutrients and low or trace levels of 10 essential vitamins, 7 essential dietary minerals and 18 amino acids. Sodium levels in the noni juice blend (about 3% of DRI)
* oligo- and polysaccharides – long-chain sugar molecules that serve a prebiotic function as dietary fiber fermentable by මහාන්ත්‍රික බැක්ටීරියා, yielding short chain fatty acids with numerous potential health properties not yet defined by scientific research on noni
* flavonoids – phenolic compounds such as rutin, common in several Rubiaceae plants
* iridoids - secondary metabolites found in many plants 
* trisaccharide fatty acid esters, "noniosides" - resulting from combination of an alcohol and an acid in noni fruit
* free fatty acids - most prominent in noni fruit are caprylic acid and hexanoic acid, responsible for unique pungent (cheese-like) aroma of ripe noni fruit
* scopoletin – may have antibiotic activities; research is preliminary
*  catechin and epicatechin
* beta-sitosterol – a plant sterol with potential for anti-cholesterol activity not yet proven in human research
* damnacanthal – a potentially toxic anthraquinone, putatively an inhibitor of HIV viral proteins
* alkaloids – naturally occurring amines from plants. Some internet references mention xeronine or proxeronine as important noni constituents. However, as no reports on either of these substances exist in published medical literature, the terms are scientifically unrecognized.  Further, chemical analysis of commercially processed *juice* did not reveal presence of any alkaloids.

Although there is evidence from in vitro studies and laboratory models for bioactivity of each of the above phytochemicals, the research remains at best preliminary and too early to conclude anything about human health benefits provided by noni or its juice. Furthermore, these phytochemicals are not unique to noni, as nearly all exist in various plant foods.

Laboratory experiments demonstrated that dietary noni juice increased physical endurance in mice.  A pilot study in distance runners showed increased endurance capacity following daily intake of noni juice over three weeks, an effect the authors attributed to increased antioxidant status.. No medical applications as those discussed below have been verified by modern science primarily in the United States; where as the FDA (Food & Drug Administration) which regulates the food & pharmecuetical industry in the nation implemented its own regulation that "Only a drug can cure, prevent or treat a disease." Therefore anyone else who claims a cure otherwise may be subject to false claims. 

In චීනය, Samoa, Japan, and Tahiti, various parts of the tree (leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, roots) serve as tonics and to contain fever, to treat eye and skin problems, gum and throat problems as well as constipation, stomach pain, or respiratory difficulties.  In Malaysia, heated noni leaves applied to the chest are believed to relieve coughs, nausea, or colic.

The noni fruit is taken, in Indochina especially, for asthma, lumbago, and dysentery. As for external uses, unripe fruits can be pounded, then mixed with salt and applied to cut or broken bones. In Hawaii, ripe fruits are applied to draw out pus from an infected boil. The green fruit, leaves and the root/rhizome have traditionally been used to treat menstrual cramps and irregularities, among other symptoms, while the root has also been used to treat urinary difficulties. The fruit is used as a shampoo in Malaysia, where it is said to be helpful against head lice.

There have been recent applications also for the use of oil from noni seeds.  Noni seed oil is abundant in linoleic acid that may have useful properties when applied topically on skin, e.g., anti-inflammation, acne reduction, moisture retention.

In Surinam and some other countries, the tree serves as a wind-break, as support for vines and as shade for coffee trees.

## **ආහාර**
ඇතැම් රටවල අහු කොළ ආහාරයට ගනී.

## මේවාත් ඉලන්න
*Noni juice
*Noni pill
*Noni wine

## මූලාශ්‍ර
## වැඩිදුර කියවීම්
*
*

## බාහිර යොමු
*
*
*
*