open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Aglawwu

**Thami iwis n Muḥmmad ibibḍ iwis n Ḥmd amzwar u Tlwat aglawwu** ittyussan g dar imaziɣn s wassaɣ n **Aglawwu**, ittyussan ula s ism n **Thami Lmzwari Lglawi** nɣ **Thami amzwar aglawwu**, ilul ɣ usggas n 1879 g tɣrmt n Tlwat macc llan isaɣuln da ittinin mas ilul g tɣrmt n Tifultut, immut g wass n 23 Yanayr 1956 g Tlwat. Iga uglawwu Lbaca n Mrrakc ig amɣaṛ n tqqbilt n Igliwwa.

## Iẓuṛan
Tthami lmzwari lglawi s tmaziɣt ar as ttinin aglawwu, 1878-1956, ikka tt inn iga lbaca n wamur n wakuc d unssixf n tqqbilt n glawa g idurar n waṭlaṣ amqran. izri sg umswwuri d udabu aɛalawi d lmxzn aylliɣ fllasn iskr tagrawla ig agrawli xf udabu g uzmz lliɣ umẓn iṛumin n fṛanṣa asnbḍ n lmɣrib . 

idra g tgrawla n 20 ɣuct 1953 lliɣ ittukkas udabu i igllin n ugllid muḥmmad wiss smmus , ittusbrz g udɣar nns muḥmmad bnɛṛfa,srsnt iṛumin afad ad ig lbaca n tɣrmt n wamur n wakuc dffir lliɣ disn imyawas . 

inbḍ s tɣarast tusridt mad ittggan 35 n usggʷas amẓn tarwa nns adɣar nns smdn isggʷasn ad afad ad gin 44 n usggʷas ar asggʷas n 1955 .

## Tudrt nns
yalul g taddart n glawa g talwat,lliɣ tt inn ikka izdaɣ gis babas mass muḥmmad abibiṭ g usggas n 1870 tg yat lqṣbt tasrdast nna mu issutl yan ugadaz nna ittikturn ku imalass, ikka tt inn jddis ḥmad lmzwari iga amɣar n tqqbilt n tlwat . 

yalul g yan uzmz lliɣ yattuy waddur n twja nns g tqqbilt n tlwat, iɣra g tmzgida nna iwalan i tlwat d tinml n lwṛka immatti ilmma s zzawit n urika g tɣrmt n wamur n yakuc, iḥsa lqqran lliɣ sul imẓẓi . 

macan lliɣ llan imxumbaṛ d imukrisn isrtann g tmazirt ur sul iɣi ad ismd tiɣri nns , mklli yumẓ asmuttg amnzu g tmamkin n imiɣn, s usrag n tassasin nna illan dar twja nns , slawan akkʷ babas as izḍaṛ ad yazzḍ i lmxzn, dffir lliɣ yumẓ asnbḍ n lqṣbt n twrirt g warzazat, istawhmma sg tmẓit nns s twwuriwin d tnafutin d mad akkʷ iẓlin s tqqbilt nns . 

lliɣ dars sa n isggʷasn immut babas g usggʷas n 1886 yili ilmma dar gʷmas n igllin n babas lmadani lglawi iddr dis tudrt n tṛḥḥalt g uzmz n ssayba, slawan akkʷ lliɣ tlla tzdayt idusn gr twja nns d sslṭan mulay ɛbdlɛziz .

## Asnti n tzdayt nns d lmxzn
iskr imiɣ nns amzwaru mgal n tqqbilt n wawẓgiṭ lliɣ dars smmus d mraw n usggʷas, zrin kṛaḍ isggʷasn idru daɣ g imiɣ n wasif n tdili,yamẓ anssixf n igrawliyyn ‘iwis n ḥlima’ . 
s tumlayin n sslṭan as yiws g imiɣ nna ittuskarn g ccawya, innaɣ d tqqbilt n tadla, g usggʷas n 1898 yiws i gʷmas lmadani lglawi g yan imiɣ nna mu iga amstggar nns g tsga n tafilalt, yaws as gis uglawwu .

## Tisaɣulin
Ɛbdṛṛḥman Buṛḥim

**Ɛbdṛṛḥman Buṛḥim u Tfnut,** ittyussan s **Idabuṛḥim**, iga anaẓuṛ, anḍḍam d usinaṛiṣt. Ilul ɣ usggas n 1938 g usun n Tnɣrmt n Ayt uɣlt, Tafnut, taɣiwant n iwziwn, tasga n trudant. G tizwiri Idabuṛḥim ar iskar lḥlqt g Tgmmi tumlilt g usggas n 1961, ilma ykcm s igr n usmdya g usggas n 1975 s tugt n tnḍḍamin tisgdanin s tmaziɣt, iskr ma izrin 50 n lkaṣiṭa. G usggʷas n 1995 iskr idabuṛḥim taskflt imqquṛn allig iskr lfilm nns amzwaru nna mi ism "Ɣassa ddunit askka lixṛt". Ḍaṛt twwuri ad issufɣ d idabuṛḥim tugt n twwuriwin yaḍn isawal gitsnt f Tfnut, Tamazirt nns.

Immut igllin ɣ yiḍ n wass n 22 Mayyu 2025, ɣ yan umwan issurfn 87 n usggʷas. 

## Tisaɣulin
Timattin

**Timattin** nɣ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ gant tigiwit da g ar ttddrn imaddarn g udis n immatsn, ar ttɛmmaṛnt tmattin s uḥruray aṣililuẓ.

## Tisaɣulin
Liṭṛunji (adlis)

Liṭṛunji (imzdi s tclḥit) iga yan udlis ittyaran ɣ usggas n 1942, llan gis iswingimn ɣ tflsuft. Yura-tt umara afransi Albiṛṭ Kamu.
## Tisaɣulin
Tazabuqt

**Tazabuqt** (s tfinaɣ : ⵜⴰⵣⴰⴱⵓⵇⵜ, s tɛṛabt : وقت الشدة) tga addad g llant tugt n tmukrisin
## Tisaɣulin
Akrwas n umaḍal n tkurt 2022

**Akrwas n umaḍal n tkurt n uḍar 2022** (s tɛrabt: كأس العالم لكرة القدم) tga tabrza tiss 22 zɣ tbrziwin n ukrwas n umaḍal n tkurt n uḍar iẓlin s tsḍmiwin tinamurin n irgazn, ittuskar ddu umalu n tamunt tagraɣlant n tkurt n uḍar (FIFA) ɣ tmazirt n Qaṭar zɣ 20 nuwanbir ar 18 dujanbir 2022. Tigira n taɣtst n tsdawit tagraɣlant n tkurt n uḍar (FIFA). Iga ukrwas n umaḍal 2022 walli rad ittuskir tikklt tamzwarut ɣ ugmuḍ anammas, d tikklt tamzwarut ɣ kra n tmazirt taɛrabt nɣ kra n tmazirt tamuslmt. Iga umundyal n Qaṭar 2018 walli mu akk yuli watig n uḥyyl nns ɣ umzruy.

## Astay n tmazirt tanbgiwt
Trccḥnt smmust tmizar bac ad snmalant akrwas n umaḍal n 2022, ad tnt igan d Qaṭar, Marikan, Kurya n yiffus, Jappun d Ustralya. Trna Qaṭar asnmala n unmuggar ad ɣ tikli tiss kraḍt s kraḍ d mraw ustay mgal Marikan lli d yiwin 8 n istayn. Kigan n inɣmasn ad intaqdn Qaṭar d FIFA f ustay ad, yili mad innan mas d is illa kra n ttzwir ɣ istayn. Aylli f ttntaqadn Qaṭar ikcm gis ula aylli izdin d izrfan n ufgan zun d twuriwin lli ganin qaysarya d unmila icxnn n twuri, zdar yan uɣmis abriṭani ism as *Du Gardyan**.*  

## Tannayt tamatayt

### Tismɣurin n uqaṛiḍ
Ɣ wayyur n abril 2022, tssfɣ d FIFA is d rad kullu ɣʷint trubba lli rad drunt ɣ ukrwas 1,5 mlyun dulaṛ amirikani dat ad ibdu tbrza bac ad frunt aylli tnt d iqqan ɣ usḥyyl d wassay, mad ittggan kra n 9 id mlyun n dulaṛ ɣ tmuttrt. Tlkm tamuttrt n tsmɣurin tiẓṛfann n ukrwas ad 440 mlyun dulaṛ amirikani, lli yugrn tin tad izrin n ukrwas n 2018 s 40 mlyun dulaṛ.

## Timdinin n isurarn

## Tawala n trubba

### Tarabbut A

### Tarabbut B

### Tarabbut C

### Tarabbut D

### Tarabbut E

### Tarabbut F

### Tarabbut G

### Tarabbut H

## Tawala n ussinf usrid
Zrint d 16 n tufrinin zɣ 32 ɣ twala n trubba s twala n ussinf usrid.

### Tagḍwit
Aɣaras zɣ imnalatn n uftam n tgira s umnala n tgira.


### Aftam n tgira

## Tisaɣulin
Aglmam

**Aglmam** (**s [[Tutlayt Taɛṛabt|tɛṛabt]]** : بحيرة) iga kra n uḍɣaṛ g munn waman.

## Iglmamn ittyussann

# Aglmam azgza

## Tisaɣulin
Akrwas n umaḍal n trabbutin 2022

**Akrwas n umaḍal n tkurt n uḍar n trabbutin 2022** tga tabrza tiss 19 zɣ tbrziwin n ukrwas n umaḍal n tkurt n uḍar iẓlin s trabbutin n tkurt n irgazn, rad tturarn imnalatn nns ddu umalu n tamunt tagraɣlant n tkurt n uḍar (FIFA) ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib zɣ 1 fibrayr ar 11 fibrayr 2022. Iga ukrwas n umaḍal n trabbutin 2022 walli rad ittuskir tikklt tiss kṛaḍt ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib.

## Tirabbutin timdrawin

## Ibarazn

## Imnalatn

## Tisaɣulin
Asmlussan

**Asmlussan** iga yan ungraw n ussuds n wussan. Ar ittyuskar aya s tikki n yismawn i yizmaz n wakud zun d ussan, imalassn, irn d isggʷasn. Iga usakud asmmu n yan wass s unɣad g wammas n wan ungraw ad. Iggut ma ɣ ittgga usmlass yan usdaw amattiw (awriq) n wan ungraw ad. Yiẓḍiṛ usmlussan ad daɣ isnamk yat tlgamt n izmzza mi ittrs uɣawas zun d asmlass n tsnbḍayt.

Izmaz g usmlussan (zun d isggʷasn d yirn) s umata, macc ur d s ccil, da ttmyakudn d imir n tafukt nɣ d ayyur. 

## Tisaɣulin
Martn Kuṣman

**Martn Kuṣman** (ilul ɣ 5 Bṛayṛ 1966 ɣ Zudlarn, Hulanḍa) iga yan umsnils u Hulanḍa, ig amẓlay ɣ Tutlayin Timaziɣin. Ɣil ad, iga aslmad n tzrawin timaziɣin g Tsdawit n Laydn.

## Tabiblyugrafit

### Idlisn
-{
*
*  (= PhD, Leiden 1994)
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Imnnitn ɣ idlisn d iɣmisn
* 
* 
}-
## Tisaɣulin
Lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn

tẓil  lkanisa lli igan s wassaɣ: (**lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn**) s tutlayt tanglizit (**church of the holy martyrs**), tga lkanisa ad yat tfalkayt g uẓkka n tɣrmt n mṛṛakc, tg yat zɣ taknisin lli ifulkin ɣ gr taknisin takatulikiyin g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc lli illan g tsga tamaynut n tɣrmt.

## asnuml:

ttbna lkanisa ad takatulikit ɣ ddaw n ufrag n fṛanṣa g usggʷas n 1928, tẓil  tẓkka nns tg yat tmuzunt lli d dar atig akswat, s wanaw n unuɣn iẓlin s tɣrma n lmṛṛuk d ddikuṛ iẓlin s fṛanṣa, tga lkanisa ad tamatart n tnzgit n tska  lli igan tin tasut lli izrin.

tnnuṛẓm iflwan nns i middn g usggʷas 1929. tili g giliz lli bahra ittamun s middn, g tuẓẓumt  n tɣrmt, lkanisa ad tga tamatart n umsuruf d ufra lli illan g tmurt n lmṛṛuk ngr isgdan akkʷ.

ɣilad ar tsbrrak lkanisa ad s kigan n imallayn lli ranin ad ẓṛn agʷnsu nns, ḥma ad ẓṛn taẓuṛi lli s tɣuda g ugʷnsu nns awd bṛṛa nns, d ula ar sis kccmn wid ranin ad gis ẓẓalln, irin ad isunfu iman nnsn.

## Tiwlafin:


Afaylu:Paintings,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|taẓuṛi n ikʷlan n  (**lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn**) mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk.
Afaylu:Altar of the Roman Catholic curch during the Christmas holidays, - Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|ansa n tɣrst n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit (**lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn**) g tigga n tlalit, mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk.
Afaylu:Christmas altar - Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech - Morroco.jpg|ansa n tɣrst n tlalit n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit (**lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn**), mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk.
Afaylu:The interior of the Roman Catholic church,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|agʷns n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit (**lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn**) mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk.



## iɣbula:
***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)

## Tisaɣulin
Iɣss

**Iɣsan** (nɣ **ixsan**; asuf nns: **iɣss** nɣ **ixss**) gan yan sɣ igʷzman n tɣssa n id tigzitin. Ar ttarin iɣsan isknafn illan ɣ ugʷns n tazzit nnɣ.

Gan yiɣsan asati n tazzit. Iɣ ur llin ur rad ng amr yan ugudi n isknafn d yilm ɣ iggi n wakal, nggami ad nmmus.

## Isuɣal

## Tisaɣulin
Tantala

Tga tantala tawila n yat tutlayt, ar sis tsawal kra n trabbut n mddn. Mddn nna izdɣn ɣ yan udɣar iml ad drun yat tantala; tad ar as ttinin "tantala tanmnaḍt". Mddn lli mmrwasnin s kra n tɣarast, zun d asmil anamun, iml ad drun kra n tantala.

Ur illi kra n unuḥyu ifawn gr tantala d tutalyt. S umdya, tantala n Ayt Baɛmran d tin Iḥaḥan gant tantalayin n tutlayt taclḥiyt. Ur mmzrint amr s imikk ɣ umawal d ususru. Mqqar illa imikk n unuḥyu, ar ttiẓḍiṛn imssiwln sisnt ad ttnyalkam, irms ku yan winn yaḍnin.

Taɣtst f is iga yan ungraw utlayan tutlayt nɣ tantala kra n tikkal da ittgga asttay asrtan s uwttas n wammaẓ n trubba drusnin n mddn nɣ afad ad gin agzzum zɣ tdlsa tanamurt mqqurn. Yat tikklt, inna umsnils Maks Weinrix, s taḍsa, mas d "Tutlayt tga tantala iṭṭafn tasrdast d tylant.

## Imdyatn
Tutlayt Tajapunit d Tukinawant lant asɣun gratsnt acku gant s snat itsnt zɣ twja n tutlayin Tijapunikin, maccan ur illi unyarmas  gratsnt. Lliɣ yukʷi uwank n Jappun f Ukinawa ɣ uzmz n Miji, ar tettini tnbaḍt n Jjapun is d tantala n Tjappunit ka ad tga Tukinawant. Aya tssmrst afad ad tgdl awal s tukinawant f ayt dars, tsbzziz fllasn Tajappunit.

Takatalant d Tgalisyant kkant tt inn ar ttwsiḍannt zun d tantlayin n Tṣbnyult, macc ɣila ttyakaznt zun d tutlayin. Acnt lli s aẓnt i Tbrṭqqizt d Tuksitant, a s aẓnt i tṣbnyult.

Tinglizt, ass ad, ibayn is tga tutlayt, macc tkka tt inn tga Tanglu-saksunt, yat tantala n Tsaksunt Taqburt.

Imzarayn ɣ tantlayin ẓḍaṛn ad gin:

* Tiguriwin: *Gawr* ɣ kra n tqbilin d *Skkiws* ɣ tiyyaḍ.
* Asusru: *t* ɣ kra n tqbilin, ar ittususra *s*. (Amdya: *Sasa* d *Tasa*).
* Tajṛṛumt: tanzɣt *s* (tanilant) ɣ kra tantlayin ur da tsskcam ism tt iḍfarn s addad amaruz, ɣ tantalyin yaḍnin ar t tsskcam. (Ddiɣ s agadir / Ddiɣ s ugadir).
## Asfru n umawal

## Tisaɣulin
FIFA

**Tamunt Tagraɣlant n Twjja n Uḍaṛ** (s Tfṛansist: **Fédération Internationale de Football Association**) tga tamaddast lli inbḍn tawjja n uḍar tagraɣlant. Tlla tuṣka tadslant n tmaddast ɣ Zyurix, Swisra. Ar tsnmala FIFA tibrzatin tigraɣlanin, ig Ukrwas n Umaḍal FIFA, nna issntan zɣ usggʷas n 1930, walli akkʷ ittussann gratsn. Tettusnulfa FIFA ɣ 21 May, 1905 ɣ Bariz, ilint ddawas 209 n tnsmunin tinamurin zun d tgmamin nns. Tinglizt, Tafṛansist, Talimant d Tṣbnyult ad igan tutlayin timaddudin n tmaddast.

Jiyani Infantinu ad igan anssixf n FIFA dɣil, yumẓ adɣar ad sg 26 Bṛayr 2016.

## Tisaɣulin
Lḥusayn Lbaz

**Lḥusayn Lbaz** iga anaẓuṛ amaziɣ amɣribi, ilul ɣ usggas n 1957 g usun n Ayt lbaz tama n tɣrmt n Imi n Tanut. Ɣ timẓi ns, ar ittiri unaẓuṛ Lḥusayn Lbaz taẓuṛi n tiṛṛuyṣa d ṛṛuyaṣ dinn ɣ llan, ar issflid kigan i Ɛumaṛ wahruc, Bṛik atigi, Ɛbdllah bn Dris aẓuḍ d wiyyaḍ. 

## Asurif amzwaru
Issnti Lḥusayn Lbaz g igr n tẓuṛi g isggasn n id 70 d trabbut n unaẓuṛ Muḥmmad u Tulugult, ilma immatti sg Imi n Tanut s Mṛṛakc g ubaraz n Jamɛ lfna. Bac a isjjl tallɣat ns izwarn ifta s tɣrmt n tgmmi tumlilt g usggas n 1979. Tallɣat ns tga s uzwl "a nẓuṛ a nili lɛaqql" isjjltt s twisi n unaẓuṛ mqquṛn mass Aɛṛab atigi.

## Tawwri ns
Lḥusayn Lbaz iga anaẓuṛ imqquṛn, ila uggar n 485 n tllɣat, issnti tawwri ns sg usggas n 1979. Tilli dars imursn :
*A nẓuṛ a nili lɛaqqt  
*Wanna iran zzin iẓuṛ s unmuggar n imi n tanut
*A sidi lmal a sidi rryal
*immi inu a tasa mad riɣ lḥubb

## Tisaɣulin
Kaṛl Guṭfrid Pṛas

**Kaṛl-Guṭfrid Pṛas** (14 Ɣuct 1929 ɣ Hamburg - 12 Abril 2018 ɣ Warlus) ikka tt inn iga yan umsnils zɣ Danimark, ig amẓlay ɣ tutlayt Tamaziɣt. Iswuri s tskʷflt mqqurn f tutlayt Tmaziɣt n imuzaɣ (itargiyn) nna ittwsawaln ɣ Nnijr, Mali, d Ddzayr tanẓulant. Iskr i tnggarut ad mnnaw n id msmun awal d iglamn injṛumn inmda.

Izri Pṛas g tinawin n Tussna n Tmiṣriyin ɣ 1956, ikk tt inn ar isnubbuc ɣ tutlayin tifrusyawiyin s tẓlayt tantalyin timaziɣin d tɛṛabin (Tantala n Lqahira) tizaykutin, iswuri f tutlayin n imuzaɣ dɣ nttnti s tawna. 

Tinml *Ecole touarègue de KG Prasse ɣ* Amataltal ɣ tettwsmma s yism nns am usmɣr. Ɣ 2008, tfka as tkadimit tagldant tadanimarkt n tmassnin d tskla tasmɣurt n wurɣ f urzzu da iskr f tutlayt tatargiyt.

## Tiwuriwin mqqurnin
-{
* 1972–1973–1974–2009: Manuel de grammaire touarègue (Hoggar dialect) 1–4.
* 1989–1990: Poésies touarègues de l'Ayr, 1) Tuareg text 2) French translation.
* 2003: Dictionnaire Touareg-français 1–2 (Tāmažǝq-Tāfrānsist (Niger), Ālqamus).
}-
## Tisaɣulin
Imẓẓyann daɣ

Baby & Me (s tjappunit: 赤ちゃんと僕, Hepburn: Aka-chan to Boku) tga yan usddi n umanga ajabbuni ittyaran d isktr tt  Marimu Ragwa. Ittusufɣ g tsɣunt n Hakusynca Hana Tu Yumi sg 1991 ar 1997. G Tamrikt n iẓẓlmḍ, tssufɣ tsnurayt n Fiz Midya. Ittusnfl usaru ad s yan usaru alimini g usggwas n 1996.
## Tisaɣulin
Tamdint n ifsasn

**Tamdint n ifsasn** (楽しいウイロータウン) tga yan usddi atilifizyuni ajappuni s usnflul n twuri n Kinis Grham n tẓṛigt "tamdint n waylaln icnann". 26 n umdya. tssufɣ g ttilifizyun ṭukyu sg 7 kṭubṛ 1993 ar 31 maṛṣ 1994.
***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Timsksalin n Basiṭ

**Timsksalin n Basiṭ** (げらげらブース物語, *Geragera Būsu Monogatari*) tga yat tunɣilt talifizyunit ittusnfaln f tunɣilt n will lamakrz n thulanḍa. ttusnɣal g ungraw n ttilifizyun ṭukyu sg ibrir 1987 ar 29 maṛṣ 1988. 52 n umdya.
***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Buwabuḍ

**Buwabuḍ** iga yan uḍwwar g tsga n Cicawa g Mrrakc-Tansift-Lḥawz g tmazirt n Lmɣrib. Zdɣn gis 12,196 n mddn ɣ 2245 n tgʷmma.
## Tisaɣulin

-{

}-
Lalla Taɛllat

**Lalla Taɛllat** nɣ **Lalla Taɛllaṭ** tga **Faṭima u Muḥmmad** uhlal sg Bani Ɛabla. Asggʷas n tlalit n Taɛllat ur ittmawssan, tmmut g usggʷas n 1793 Ḍ.T.
***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Xadija Rrmici

Tga **Xadija Rrmici** (s tɛṛabt: خديجة الرميشي; tlula d ɣ 16 Cutambir 1989) yat tmurart tamɣribit itturarn d trabbut n Ljic Lmalaki g tɣlamt tanamurt n tkurt n uḍaṛ n tmɣarin.

## Tawuri tagraɣlant
Tga Rrmici illis n tmdint n Xribga. Dat ad tbdu tawuri nns am tmurart, tkka tt inn ar tetturar tisurarin n Lqiwa.

## Tismɣurin

### Ljic Lmalaki

* Tabrza n tmɣarin n Lmɣrib: 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
* Akrwas n udabu n tmɣarin n Lmɣrib: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
* Talbuṭulat n tnbrazin n tfriqt: 2022, taskʷflt wiss kṛaḍ: 2021
* Asɣrt n tbuṭulat n tnbrazin n tfriqt: 2021
* Akrwas n tiddukla n Lmɣrib-Imarat: 2016

## Ẓr uggar

* Talgamt n tmurarin tigraɣlanin n Lmɣrib

## Tisaɣulin
Ḥadda Uɛkki

**Ḥdda Uɛkki** nɣ **Ḥadda u Ɛkki** (s tutlayt taɛṛabt حادة أوعكي) tga tanaẓuṛt taxatart lli illan g yan waddur d uswir amajgal. Tlul g usggʷas n 1953, g Zzawit n Ayt Sḥaq tanila n tɣrmt n Xnifra g waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu. Ar tturar tnaẓuṛt nnɣ s tutlayt tamaziɣt s ils n tmaziɣt n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu.

## Tudrt nns
Tlal Ḥdda uɛkki ɣ gr yat tawja, lli iḥḍan iskkinn isgdann lli izdin d tussna nnɣ, tawja ad s ɣikan ur akkʷ tgi atig i imurig d uẓawan, mdin tizi ann i Ḥadda Uɛkki bac ad tbḍu d urar d uẓawan lli as igan tayri d twngimt. Stahln tt g uwtay nns amẓẓan, s yan uryaz ilkm g uwtay nns uggar n 70 n isggʷasn.

Ikka litihal ann kra idrusn tili tbḍit, tddu tizi ann s Tgmmi tumlilt ɣ usggʷas n 1969 g uwtay nns tizi ann 16 n usggʷas.

Ɣinn g tɣrmt ann a g tmnaggar d unaẓuṛ "bnnaṣṛ uxuya", bac ad skrn tarrbiɛt n umarg lli ikkan uggar n 15 n usggʷas.

## Tawuri nns
Kra zɣ tallɣatin lli turar tnaẓuṛt Ḥadda Uɛkki:

*Usar ɛawdɣ
*Imṭṭawn

Tanaẓuṛt titrit n uẓawan amaziɣ lli igan s ɣikan tamɣnast yusin ssiɛr n tmaziɣt, ḥḍant talɣatin nns kigan n umawal amaziɣ d tg agṛḍ ibrrḥn s tmaziɣt islla as ku yan ɣ yan uzmz lliɣ ur tṭṭf tmaziɣt aswir g tsrtit n tmurt n lmṛṛuk. Tnna tnaẓuṛt s ils nns: " Azgn n tasut ddrɣ tt ɣ tẓuṛi, ur akkʷ yadda jju riɣ ad tahlɣ, acku amarg ad igan tayri inu tamzwarut. lliɣ bḍiɣ zɣ litihal, ssfldɣ mas tlla yat tffugla illa gis unaẓuṛ "bnnaṣṛ uxuya", dduɣ sawlɣ sis, kcmɣ ngr trrbiɛt nns, ar tturarɣ, lliɣ nkmml llɣa, sawlɣ srs ullsɣ as i tullist n tudrt inu, lliɣ iẓṛa tumrt inu s imarg d iẓil dars ugṛḍ inu, inna iyi ddu diti s ( tgmmi tumlilt).

## Tisaɣulin
Nanna (Takuct)

G usgd anurs, **Nanna Nepsdóttir** niɣdd **Nanna** tga yat takuct lli iṭṭafn akarif d yakuc Baldr. Kraygatt tirra fellas teṭṭaf amsebḍu d wiyaḍ. G udlis *[[Prose Edda]]*, lli yurun g tasut tiss 13 amara Snorri Sturluson, tga taslit n Baldr d tsker dis yan iwis ismas Forseti.

## Tisaɣulin
Asgd anurs

Asgd anurs iga yan wanaw n usgd ikka tt inn ɣ yiẓẓlmḍ n Uruppa. Llan gis mnnaw n wanawn n id wakuc d id bu tulɣa. Ar sul nttafa tinfusin zgis ɣ tdlsa n Uruppa n yiẓẓlmḍ ar ass a. Illa yan imikk n tirra fllasnt ɣ akud ann. Tirra llant gis tnfusin zun d tin Thor, Udin, Freyja d wiyaḍ.

Γ ass a, middn ar aqqran asgd anurs mamnk tt inn ikka iga t. Ar ssmrasn tasnilst d umzruy nns afad ad ssnn mamnk iga, lkmn id bu umzruy ar azmz n tutlayt tindu-urupant tamzwarut (Proto-Indo-European), d usgd n middn ɣ uzmz ann.

## Ism
Ar asn ttinin middn asgd anurs f umadan anurs lli izdɣn g Skandinavya. Ar ttinin awd asgd aksandinaf. 

## Asagʷm

Usin mad ssnn f usgd anurs zg tnḍḍamt n ayt ɣinn, macc jlan aɣ s umata. Kra gisn urun tn imassann irumiyn. Illa yan  uran t middn ann nit zun d ***Eddas*** d **''Heimskringla**.'' Macc nlmd kigan zg kra n middn zun d Cornelius Tacitus g udlis nns "Germania". 
 

## Tisaɣulin
Imnɣi n Tin Igalfn

Iga imnɣi n **Tin Igalfn** (07 innayr 1917, imsasan d 26 dujanbir 2866 n usggʷas amaziɣ) yan yimnɣi bahra ittwabdirn mgal n tmharsa g tmazirt n Lmɣrib.Yusi umtwiy ad ism n tin igalfn acku isar g yan udɣar yaẓn i usun n igalfn iḍfaṛn i tqbilt n Id Busksu igan yat sg tqbilin n twsit n Ayt Bṛayyim, adɣar ann ass ad ila assaɣ n **agʷni n ḥayda**, acku ɣinn a ɣ ittwanɣa ḥayda u mmays lbaca n trudant, bbin gis ixf nns, ittṛẓ gis udfrir afṛanṣiṣ illan s tmuzrt n ḥayda u mmays gar tiṛẓi f ufus n inzbayn n twsatin n waṭlaṣ amẓyan utrim, ayad yujja imnɣi ad, ad ig yan sg imnɣan mqqurnin mgal n umddurruy afṛanṣiṣ g tmnaḍin n yiffus n tmazirt nnɣ s umata.

## Tindi
Amtwiy ad immnɣan ad ur ittwattu, ittwasin f ubdar nns, s tugt n tmntal, dar tmrsal timaddudin d tsmirit tamattayt n tnzbayt d igmamn n udfrir n uslelli... zun d imnɣan yaḍnin immaln aburz d waddur illan dar inzbayn n twsatin timaziɣin akkʷ. 

## Tisaɣulin


## Tisaɣulin
Idrnan

Anmuggar n **Idrnan** iga yan unsay azayku g umzruy n idrarn n igizuln, ar sis sfuglunt kigan n tqbilin g waṭlas amẓyan: ɣ iga ida ultit (s tqbilin nns s kṛaḍt: ida ggʷarsmukt, ida usmlal d ida ubɛqqil), Tafrawt, Ayt Ṣwab, Isagn, Ida Ugnidif... atg. Ar ittili unmuggar f tɣzi n kṛaḍ n wayyurn imzwura g usggʷas amaziɣ (innayr, bṛayṛ d maṛṣ), ar ittkka kṛaḍ n wussan g ku usun (akwas, asimwas d uṣiḍyas).

## Assaɣ n unmuggar
 
Anmuggar ad ila ism n **idrnan**, taguri ad tga asugt, asuf nns: «adrni, tadrnint, tidrnit niɣ adrnu». ikka d wassaɣ ad yan wanaw n uɣrum niɣ imaḍaṛn ar ittili usnwi nnsn ɣ tmlda ad. s uyad, **idrnan** gan yan umaḍaṛ skarn middn zɣ uggrn n tmẓin, ar gis skarn arktu, ssnwun t ɣ uzatim n uzmmur niɣ win wargan.

## Aẓaṛ n unmuggar
Anmuggar ad ar t ttrarnt kra n tḍṛiṣin timiwanin s ugrram Sidi Buyḥya Ggu Ugrsif, rarn t wiyyaḍ i Sidi Muḥmmad Aɛjli f is d nttni ad d isggʷran anmuggar ad afad ad yamu ufra, ibbi umlasay d yimnɣi gr twsatin... yili ma ad t irurn is ila azdduy d tfugliwin n yiḍ n yinnayr.

Maca, iqqan d ad nsskn is d ansay ad yut bahra s iẓuṛan g umzruy alliɣ immra ad ittyakz uẓaṛ nns amzwaru... iɣ nssn is iga udɣar ad ansa g tt nn kkant mnnawt n tbridin tisgdanin zɣ tga tggudya, tiggurma... ayad iẓḍaṛ ad ifl iḍiṣ nns f unsay ad, ig t d wayda amazar.

Acku ar nttafa g insayn n wudayn yat tfugla mi ttinin "ḥanuka" tafugla n tifawin ittkkan tam n wussan g ttilint tiram yurfn g uzatim s tugt zun d idrnan s wanawn nnsn... ig darsn ula nttni tafugla n tumrt d usfuglu.

## Timyurin d tiram n usfuglu
Anmuggar ad ittwassn gr tmizar s tmyurin nns bahra fulkinin, ɣ ttilint tɣrsiwin n izgarn d izammarn; tettwabḍu gis tfyyi f tgʷmma d tawjiwin; ilint gis trzzaf, ar ttddun middn dar wiyyaḍ; ar ttmunn ayt tmazirt ar sawaln f unzgum nnsn, afin ifssayn i tmukrisin nnsn, s tumrt d ufra. anmuggar ad iga ula tamlda ɣ ittili uẓawan s tugt d uḥwac s wanawn nns.

Ar skarn middn kigan n wanawn n tiram s tmlda ad ɣ gan **idrnan** igan tirmt tadslant n usfuglu; ilint tmkilin n wudi d tammnt d umlu niɣ azatim n wargan; ar ssnwan middn mnnaw wanawn n uɣrum zun d aɣrum n inkan, win tfllunt, win tfarnut... amk ssnwan ɣ yimnsi tasmtut niɣ taṭṭajint n wayll s trkmin… ilint tiram n watay d taqqayin d ssrusn middn i inrzaf nnsn ɣ unmuggar ad.

Anmuggar yutn s iẓuṛan ɣ umzruy amaziɣ, gn yat tmlda ɣ ssitimn middn ad iɣudu usggʷas, ilin s wannaz ifulkin. ar ttinin middn i wazzann mẓẓiynin: «wanna iccan tidrnint izwarn, ar ittafa tiglay n tskkurt.», inin ayt Ida Ubɛqqil. 

## Tisaɣulin


## Tisaɣulin
Brahim Asli

**Brahim Asli** iga anaẓuṛ amaziɣ iwis n tmnaḍt n Sus, ar iswwray g wammas n usmdya d uẓawan, ar iskar Taṛṛwayṣit. Ilul Brahim Asli g Iḥaḥan usun n Darmaman g usggʷas n 1976.

## Amawal
***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Llyali

**Llyali** (aḍan) gant yat tizi ittilin g tgrst, ar ttkkant 40 n wass, lant ism ad acku gant aḍan akkʷ igzzuln g usggʷas. ttwassnnt llyali s utnsi iggutn, gnt ussan akkʷ iṣmmiḍn g yimir n tgrst, ayann a f ttinin middn:

● llyali u ddm alim, u kṛḍ axzan, u suff awlk.

## Akud n llyali
ku ass n 12 dujanbir g usggʷas amaziɣ ar kccmnt llyali, ffɣnt ass n 20 innayr, ar d ittacka yiḍ n yinnayr g tuẓẓunt nnsnt, ibḍu tnt f snat tgʷzmin, 20 n wass tamzwarut gant aḍan umliln, 20 n wass tamggarut gant aḍan isggann.

## Aẓar n tguri llyali
Taguri n llyali tga asuɣl uskil n tguri aḍan, izzugaz bahra ism ad uggar f yism amzwaru acku snyaddant waggagn d ṭṭlba g warratn g yad myarn ad ssuɣuln ism n tmaziɣt aynna ira, ig t s tsrɣint!

## Tisaɣulin
## Tisaɣulin
Igalfn

**Igalfn** iga yan usun iḍfaṛn i tqbilt n Id Busksu igan yat tqbilt g tqbilin n twsit n Ayt Bṛayyim. Usun ad iwala i macixat Ayt Waḥsun, tgrawt n Bunɛman, tasga n Tznit.

## Tisaɣulin
Ayt Bṛayyim

**Ayt bṛayyim** tga yat tqbilt illan g yiffus n tmazirt n Lmɣrib, g tsga n Tznit, tamnaḍt n Sus Masst. Tbḍa f snat tgrawin *Bunɛman* d *Sidi Buɛbdlli*.

## Tarakalt
Tarakalt n tqbilt tbḍa f uzaɣar d udrar, akal nns illa g uzaɣar n sus d udrar n waṭlaṣ amẓyan.

## Imzdaɣn
Iɣ niwi f usiḍn amatay amggaru n 2014, lkmn imzdaɣn n Ayt bṛayyim uṭṭun n 16063.

## Iwtta
Tswutta Ayt bṛayyim d tqbilin ad: Ayt Tznit g iẓẓlmḍ, Ayt Ssiḥl d Ayt Baɛmṛan g tagut, Laxṣaṣ g yiffus d Ayt Jṛṛaṛ g yiming.

## Aẓur

## Tisaɣulin


## Tisaɣulin
Tin Laṛjam

Imnɣi n laṛjam niɣ **tin laṛjam** isar attayn n 1918, ɣ usun n laṛjam illan g tqbilt n ayt bṛayyim, iwala ass ad i tgrawt n bunɛman, tasga n tznit. Imnɣi ad ikcm gis lqayd agʷntaf s usun ad, iẓẓu gis f inzbayn afad ad ig laṛjam ddaw wufus nns d usun n id bunu illan ɣ yiffus nns lli bdda igan tanḍafin n id busksu f tgʷnsa d tdli, yucka d f ilsawn n middn is d anzbay ṭṭahṛ u ɛumaṛ illa ɣ yat ɣ tanḍafin n id bunu, yiẓḍiṛ ad inɣ g lmḥllt n ugntaf ma ad iggutn “aylli gisn igru iggut”, mac ẓḍaṛn isrdasn n ugntaf ad lkmn ddaw tanḍaft g illa, tagara ma ad zzigzn f udis afad ad tn ur yanni, nɣint ilmma, ssrɣn takat ɣ tanḍafin, xlun id bunu ɣd ntta.

Innra ugntaf g yimnɣi ad, yawi tugt n inzbayn s uɣzu n tznit. ar yat tizi iṛẓm asn d llig yad gisn immut ma ad iggutn. inbḍ ilmma ugntaf afad ad ittxlu laṛjam, asin sis ayt tgʷnsa aglzim, xlunt. ayann a f ittwassn imnɣi ad dar imzdaɣn s **lxli n laṛjam**.

## Tisaɣulin
## Tisaɣulin
Anzgarn (Isagn)

**Anzgarn** iga yan usun illan ɣ tgrawt n Awgnz, tasga n Wactukn-Ayt Baha, tmnaḍt n Sus-Masst ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala aḍwwaṛ ad i tqbilt n Isagn ɣ llan 26 iḍwwaṛn. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣn n usun ad 100 n ufgan, ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin 22.
## Tisaɣulin

## Isɣwan yaḍnin
* Tasmirit tamattayt n usɣiws
Aynna iyi ur inqqan, ar iyi ittajja ad dusɣ

urta sawlɣ  f aylli s inna uflsaf ad rad  fllas iniɣ  nttan s ixf nns yan snat tguriwin. ikka tt inn iga yan uflsaf aliman d unfran  awsnan ig ula amrzu g tlatinit d tyunanit, taswingmt nns taflsaft tdus bahra tattuy izḍaṛ ad srs isnfl amzruy n uswingm atrar.
iga sg willi srsnin tirsal timzwura n tmassant n iman slawan akkʷ lliɣ iga amassan n tsnilst yura tugtt n idlisn d iḍṛiṣn nna ẓlinin s usgd d isyafatn  d tflsaft tatrart yura awd f tṛumansit talimant d usmaynu s yat tutlayt talimant bahra iḥlan. iga fridirik nitc sg iflsafn nna bahra ttawssannin dar imɣran n tflsaft g umaḍal. 
s umata fridirik nitc iga yan uflsaf mu bahra yattuy uswingm nns aflsafi slawan akkʷ iɣ nɣra yan g iḍṛiṣn nns nna ɣ tlla tugtt n tamimt n usyafa nns bahra iɣudan, yat g tannayin nns tiflsafin nna iyi bahra issusmn talli ɣ inna  "  كل ما لا يقتُلني, يجعلُني أقوى " rad s tt nrar s wawal amaziɣ rad nini « aylli iyi ur inqqan,ar iyi issdus » iɣ nra ad nfk yat tswingmt tamatayt f tannayt ad bahra issusmn rad nini masd aflsaf ira ad yini masd taɣawsa nna rad ur inɣ afgan is rad t tssdus tfk as tugtt n tzmmar nna s rad izzigiz s dat, rad gis nrms ula tiẓiḍaṛ n iwdan nna ttannaynin tudrt s yan usmmaql bahra iɣudan slawan akkʷ mas tlla yat tzdayt gr tẓiḍaṛ d umurs, iɣ bahra nɣra tannayt ad s yan usmmaql aflsafan nɣd tiɣri taflsafit rad gis nakz tugtt n tɣawsiwin nna rad aɣ  isaẓḍ uggar f uswingm nna yusi uflsaf fridirik nitc, iskr gis yat tmatart nna s iddr tudrt nns g yan uzmz naḥya t f win ɣilad.
rad nakʷz g tinawt ad awd yat tɣawsa ilan yan watig ɣ tudrt slawan akkʷ mas tettunna afad ad izmr ufgan ad iskr tiɣawsiwin nna ira afad ad ur yili yan uwurri g mad ira ad t iskr, wanna iran ad iskr kra n tɣawsa iskr tt ikks tikṣṣaḍ nna imunn d iman n ufgan, tga tiniwt ad tin iwdan  nnag llant tkssaḍ iɣ ran ad skrn kra n twuri afad ad ur ttdiwn, isskʷti asn d uflsaf masd taɣawsa nna rad k ur inɣ, is rad ak tfk tugtt n tẓiḍaṛ  d tzmmar nna rad ak issdus aswingm nnk.

tlla yat tɣawsa ilan yan watig g tudrt nnɣ slawan akkʷ mas tettunna afad ad izmr ufgan ad iskr tiɣawsiwin nna ira afad ad ur yili yan uwurri g mad ira ad t iskr, wanna iran ad iskr kra n tɣawsa iskr tt ikkis tikṣṣaḍ nna imunn d iman n ufgan, tga tiniwt ad tin iwdan  nnag llant tkssaḍ iɣ ran ad skrn kra n twwuri afad ad ur ttdiwn ula ggʷdn as,  ar aɣ d isskʷtay ma ad s aynna s inna uflsaf , mas d taɣawsa nna rad k ur inɣ, is rad ak tfk tugtt n tẓiḍaṛ  d tzmmar nna rad ak issdus aswingm nnk d usyafa nnk animan . 
.
## Tisaɣulin
Asnfaṛ n uslgn asnmalay nna izdind usnṣb n tutlayt tamaziɣt

tssgmḍ taymunt n usslmd d tɣawsiwin tidlsanin d tnamunin g usqqim n imcciwṛn, ass ad n uynas xf usnfaṛ asnmalay uṭṭun 26/16 nna izdin d tfrkiwin n usnṣb n tutlayt tamaziɣt  d usadf nns g igr n usslmd d imnidn akk° n tudrt . 

     inna yan inaw n tnɣlaft n tdlsa d umyawaḍ( igr n tdlsa) masd anɣlaf n tdlsa mass muḥmmad lɛṛj inna g yat tguri nns  s tmlda yad ,masd asnfaṛ asnmalay nna issdusn amyawaḍ s tutlayt tamaziɣt g akk° imnadn n tudrt d mas tga tutlayt tunṣibt d mas tt ssarn imɣribin akk° . 

    ismd unɣlaf inna masd asnfaṛ ad iga uwttas nns ad issdus amyawaḍ d twisi g uswir anamur,sg ufrag n tutlayt ad d ufrag n taysi d tɣrma tanamunt tamaziɣt,d uswuri afad ad tbuɣlu, d usbuɣlu n twwuriwin tinamunin nna ttawskarnin g igr ad . 

    inna daɣ mass lɛṛj masd asnfar asnmalay amaziɣ rad issdus isugam inafgann g igran uslig d umatay ,g igr n umyawad s tutlayt ad ,d usbuɣlu n tzrawin timassanin nna izdin d usbuɣlu n tutlayt tamaziɣt ,d wannal n usnflul g igr ad und inmuggarn d igr n usmuttg aẓuṛan g tmrsalin ɣ gant tusligin nɣd timatayin .
## Tisaɣulin
Tattuyt n uṭṭun n imallayn nnad udfnin s lmɣrib s 6 g tmiḍi sg innayr ar abril 2019

tigmmi tumlilt /10 yunyu 2019 . ilkm uṭṭun  n imallayn nna nn kkanin lmɣrib gr  innayr ar abril 2019 mad ittggan 3.6 mlyun n umallay ,s ubuɣlu n 6 g tmiḍi g usmzazal d uzmz ad nit n usggʷas n 2018 ( abuɣlu n 5.3  g tmiḍi n imallayn  n bṛṛa d ubuɣlu n 7.8 n imɣribin n umaḍal. 
    inna usgraw n tmallayt g inaw nns amggaru f tsiḍan n tmallayt ɣ lmɣrib , masd igadazn nna ssfaɣnin imallayn izayd uṭṭun nnsn s mad d ittddun s lmɣrib n imallayn g uzmz ann nit,gisn timttiwin imunn s ubuɣlu n 14 g tmiḍi d iṭalya s  ubuɣlu n 13 g tmiḍi, tḍfṛ tt id fṛansa s ubuɣlu n 9 g tmiḍi, d sbbanya s ubuɣlu n 9 g tmiḍi awd nttat,d almanya s ubuɣlu n 8 g tmiḍi , d hulanḍa s ubuɣlu n 7 g tmiḍi,d bljikka s ubuɣlu n 5 g tmiḍi ,d tmtta imunn s ubuɣlu n 4 g tmiḍi . 
    inna daɣ usgraw sg aynna illan g tsiḍan n tzdduɣin timallayanin ,mas iga uṭṭun n waḍan n unsu nna zzrin imallayn g isnsutn nna lanin atig,tssn arnnu n 6 g tmiḍi g usmzazal d uzmz ann nit g usggʷas n 2018 . 
    issɣẓin usgraw masd tiɣrmin n wamur n wakuc d ugadir zmmimn waḥdatn mad ittggan 58 g tmiḍi g utuy n waḍan n unsu g kkuz yirn imzwura n usggas n 2019,inna masdd snat tɣrmin ad  buɣlant bahra s urnnu n mad ittggan 7 g tmiḍi i ku tiɣrmt . 
    mklli tzmmim tɣrmt n ṭanja yan urnnu ilan atig nna igan 10 g tmiḍi ,mk nna iga lḥal i tɣrmin n fas d ṛṛbaṭnna izaydn s 2 d 4 g tmiḍi,mk nna izmmim tɣrmt n tgmmi tumliltizdar n 1 g tmidi . 
    aynna izlin s wayyur n ibrir waḥdat iga uṭṭun n imallayn nna d iddan s iwtta n tmuṛt yan urnnu n 11.5 g tmiḍi g usmzazal d wayyur n ibrir n usggʷas n 2018 . 
    zmmimn igadazn idslann nna issufuɣn imallayn s lmɣrib yan urnnu bahra iḥlan,slawan tt akk° sbbanya d almanya d iṭalya,lliɣ trna s mad  ittggan 29 d 22 d 24 g tmiḍi mmdfaṛnin,tdfr tt id tmtta imunn d bljikka(11 d 18 g tmiḍi mmḍfaṛnin) , fṛansa s urnnu n 7 g tmiḍ, d tgldit imunn s urnnu n 7 g tmiḍi awd nttat , d hulanda s urnnu n 5 g tmidi . 

                                                                                     
abdelouahed boumisser
## Tisaɣulin
Knockin On Heaven's Door s tmazivt

amẓ tamatart ad inu a ymmi

ur rad stt sul ssmrsɣ sg dɣi

ar ittillis lḥal, ur ẓḍaṛɣ ad gis ttmnidɣ

syafaɣ is ar sduqquṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

srs a immi uluf inu s wakal

……..
tamdlut ad tsggant iɣzzfn tḍḍṛ d

syafaɣ is sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

ɣama didi ɣid a tinu

acku ur ẓḍaṛɣ ad km sul anniɣ

addad ad ɣ lliɣ ur d yusi

syafaɣ is ar sduqquṛɣ taggurt n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ … sduqqṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan

is iyi tk°tit a yiwi ?

ur sul ufiɣ ad dik iliɣ

tudrt n umstan ur gis tilelli

syafaɣ is ar sduqquṛɣ taggurt n turtit n ignwan
## Tisaɣulin
Agbbay asggan

**Agbbay asggan** iga yat tmnaḍt n unsakud lli ɣ icqqa uẓẓug, d ur illi ma iẓḍarn, mqqar d tifawt nɣ tiḍḍangiwin yaḍn n tliktṛumɣnaṭiṭ, ad irwl i umnid n tmsart. Tiẓṛi n timmasɣt tamatayt tsmnni mas d yan ubddur ittyamaẓn mliḥ iẓḍar ad isluxcu ansakud issilɣ agbbay asggan. Ittusmma uwttu n war iwrri s **Amnid n tmsart**.

## Tisaɣulin
Mṣṭafa Lbakuṛi

**Mṣtafa Lbakuṛi** (s tnglizt *Mustapha Bakkoury*) iga argaz n twuriwin d usrtan amṛṛuki
zzɣ tarwa n 1964 ɣ Lmuḥmmadiya iga amtwal asrtan amṛṛuki, ikka tt inn iga anflus amatay n ukabar n tẓɣurt d tatrart, anmhal n tsnurayt tamṛṛukit n tẓḍart tasulant d unssiɣf n tmnaḍt n tgmmi tumlilt Sṭṭat.

## Umlan udmawann

Talalit: 20 dujanbir 1964 (awtay : 58 n usggʷas) Lmuḥmmadya amṛṛuk

Tamuri : Amṛṛuki 

Asgd : Amuslm asunni

## Idɣarn n twuri

Anmhal amatay : 2 ɣuct 2001 - 13 ɣuct 2009 ɣ ufniq n usrus d uswuddu 

Anssiɣf : izri ɣ twuri : 30 dujanbir 2009 

Anflus amatay ɣ udɣar n twuri : 19 ibrir 2015 - 22 cutanbir 2021 , Ittustay ɣ istayn imgrawn d inmnaḍn imṛṛukiyn 2015 ɣ tmnaḍt n tgmmi tumlilt Sṭṭat .

## Tudrt tawurayt

Tinml taymmat : École des ponts ParisTech (tugga : taɣiwant n utwal) 

Tazzult : amtwal, asrtan

Akabar n tẓɣurt   d tatrart 

Tutlayt taymmat : Tamaziɣt, Taɛrabt

## Tudrt nns d ubrid nns azzulan
Ilul Lbakuṛi ɣ Lmuḥmmadyya ɣ 20 dujanbir ɣ usggʷas 1964 izri ɣ mnnaw iswirn n usslmd amatay yawi tiskʷfal yattuyn lli t yujjn ad immuddu d trabbut yaḍn s Fṛanṣa afad ad ɣinn iɣr ɣ tinml n izggrn d iɣarasn ittussann yamẓ gis adipplum n umtwal ismd Lbakuri aswuri nns amassan, yawi adipplum n tɣuriwin tunnigin iẓlin  s yigr n ibankn d uẓrf .

Gr 1989 d 1991 iga anssiɣf n usnfar n tɛɛurma ɣ lbank anamur n Bariz tadala n isnfarn imaḍlann imqrann ilemma anssiɣf n usnfar n inmɣurn ɣ lbank anamur n Bariz amaḍlan tadala n utwal n usiẓrf ilemma amaɣlaf f tilal n usiẓrf ɣ tgirawin n 1991 .

D zzɣ 1993 ar 1995 iga amaɣlaf f lknyan ɣ lbank amṛṛuki n tstagt d tmguri lli igan abank iḍfarn abank anamur Bariz . D zzɣ 1995 ar 1998 iga amaɣlaf f usnfli d usiẓrf n isnfarn n tmssurt tanamurt n usmsas tamgrawt lli igan tamssurt tamaɣlaft f ustrer d ulsmuttg n wammas uɣrim ɣ umṛṛuk .

Zzɣ 1998 ar 2001 iga amaɣlaf f usfaylu ibankn n tstagt ɣ lbank amṛṛuki n tstagt d tmguri. Gr 2001 ar 2009 iga anmhal amatay n ufniq asrus d uswuddu. Ɣ 30 dujanbir 2009 iskr gis ugllid Muḥmmad wiss sḍis anmhal amatay n tsnurayt tamṛṛukit n tẓḍart tasulant  . 

Ɣ 19 ibrir 2012 ittustay Msṭafa Lbakuṛi ad ig anflus amatay n ukabar n tẓɣurt d tatrart.

## Tisaɣulin
Amtwi n Unwal

**Amtwi n Unwal** (nɣ **imnɣi n unwal**) iga yan zɣ imtwiyn n unɣi n Rrif, amtwi ad ijṛa gr imaziɣn irifiyn d tsrdast taṣbnyult ɣ 22 Yunlyu 1921 ɣ Unwal lli illan ɣ ugafay agmuḍan n Lmɣrib. Tettyunnra tsrdast taṣbnyult, tṛẓ yat tirẓi tasrdast mqqurn, aya ad yujjan iṣblyunn ad tt smmun s “Tawaɣit n Unwal" (s tṣblyunt: *Desastre de Annual*). Kigan n mddn msasan is d tirẓi ad ad akkʷ ihrcn g umzruy n tsrdast taṣblyunt tatrart.

Iskr umtwi ad kra n tassasin tisrtanin mqqurnin, zgisnt taḍuri n mnnawt tnbaḍin, tadiktaturit tasrdast, asilly n Ugllid Alfunṣu Wis Kraḍ d Mraw f tnbaḍt d wallas i usnml n tsrtit n Rrif acku anggaru ad isdiddi aẓgʷr amsdurri aṣbnyul s timmad nns.

## Amnaḍ
Ɣ tzwiri n 1921, ssntant taggalin tiṣblyunin, daw n tɣlft n ujiniṛal Manwil Firnandiz Silvistr, yan usugi f ugafay agmuḍan n Lmɣrib zɣ iftasn nna yad umẓnt. Ittyuskar ukcam bla srsn iṣblyunn yan uzririg n unyalkam mqqurn ula umẓn idɣarn nna s kcmn s tmamkt tummidt. Kcmn iṣblyunn 130 kilumiṭr dar wadurn n iznga, macc ur bnin igudar ɣ ttarin ixfawn nnsn wala skrn idɣarn ɣ d ttawin aylli s sɣawsan n waman. Akal amaynu lli umẓn gan gis kra n wansatn isrdasn g llant ɣar kra n tgʷmma ganin abluk (*blocaos*), kraygat yat zgitsnt ar gisnt ittili yan wuraw n uɛṣkṛi (12 ar 20). Ansatn lluzzan, myagan kigan, ar bahra ttilin ɣ mani yattuyn, aggugn i isugam n waman, yiliḥ darsn anyalkam d wansatn isilann. Awttas anggaru n umzizzl iga t usrus n yat tilit tasrdast tamɣlalt ɣ uslallu n Lḥusima lli igan yan udɣar astratiji gr uftas amɣribi utrim d ugmmuḍan.

Taggalin tarulganin Tirifiyin llant ddaw n tɣlft Muḥmmad Bn Ɛbdlkrim Lxṭṭabi (Ittyusan uggar s Ɛbdlkrim) lli tt inn ikkan iga yan umawas d umssuɣl g Usira Aṣblyun n Iskkinn n Iṛṣliyn ɣ Mlilt, ig yan zɣ umɣarn n tqbilt n Ayt Wryaɣl.

## Anwal
Ɣ 15 Yanayr 1921, ddaw n tɣlft n Silvistr, kcmnt taggalin tiṣblyunin s usun mẓẓiyn mi ism Anwal ɣ uzaɣar n Ayt Ulick, amẓn t. Ṣkunt gis tasila tasilant zɣ rad ssntaynt timhal nnsn s uwttas n usdurri n Lmɣrib agmmuḍan. Ikka tt inn Silvstr iga yan ufgan amadu, iskarn bla bahra iswingm, ittyussan daɣ is t iḥml Ugllid Alfunṣu Wis Kraḍ d Mraw. Ɣ usggʷas n tɣlft nns f tsila n Mlilt, issimɣur Silvistr akal da tumẓ Ṣbanya ɣ Rrif anamms f snat tikkal.

## Isuɣal


## Tisaɣulin
Faṭima Zzahra Ɛmmuṛ

**Faṭim Zzahra Ɛmmuṛ** Tasrtant tamṛṛukit zzɣ tarwa n 23 ɣuct 1967 ɣ Ṛṛbat, tamtwalt d tanmmalt d tasrtant tamṛṛukit. Tga tamawast n umurri d tmguri tabldit d tdmsa tanamunt d umawas zzɣ 7 Ktubr 2021.

## Tawada
Tlul Faṭim Zzahra Ɛmmuṛ ɣ Ṛṛbat asggʷas n 1967 ɣ tawja n imdlasn .
Babas ar iswuriy ɣ lbank d innas tga tamsungalt. 
Ḍarat n mad tsmd tiɣri nns tasinant ɣ usinan Lyautey ɣ tgmmi tumlilt, tmmudda s Fṛanṣa afad ad tmmgnt g tiram n usmuttg, ilmma tkcm s tinml tanamurt tunnigt n itiqniyn yattuyn Bariz lli ɣ tumẓ tugga nns ɣ utwal asggʷas n 1991. Lliɣ d turri s umṛṛuk asggʷas n 1992 tssnti tudrt nns tazzulant ɣ yigr n usgdz ɣ tmssurt Pṛuktr & Gambl dat ad tkcm d Akwa tamṛṛukit ɣ usggʷas n 2001 tg tanmhalt n usgdz d ugmam ɣ tsqqimt tamskirt d tmurs ɣ tẓki n wattayn n simraw n tmatart tamstagt idusn. Ɣ tizi a tswudda nttat d Ɛaziz Axnnuc anmuggar n Timitar ɣ ugadir, lli igan anmuggar amaḍlan n uẓawan, iwatts asurri n tɣrmt n ugadir s ugrudm adlsan.
Ɣ usggʷas 2012 tssnti tikki n umcawar i inmhaln imskirn ɣ yigr n usgdz d usnfli n twuriwin, ɣaylli tt yujjan ad tgli tugtt n tmsarin timaḍlanin ɣ udɣar n tmrsal timatayin Assises de l'Agiculture... Ɣ usggʷas 2014 iskr gis ugllid wiss sḍis lmufawad amatay n usfsr n Milanu amaḍlan (Ikspu Milanu 2015). Ddu usmnid nns ikka tt inn afraw amṛṛuki zzɣ uggar id smmus isfsar lli itturzafn lliɣ sis rzfn 3 imlyunn n inrzaf ɣ 6 yirn. Ɣ usggʷas 2021, tkcm d usqqamu n tmssugurt n tmssurt n imttuswa n umṛṛuk lli igan tamssurt iḍfarn tagrawt n Kastl Grup.

## Tudrt tasrtant
S mas tga agmam ɣ ukabar n ugraw anamur n insimann, tkcm g tnbaḍt s tɣlft n Ɛaziz Axnnuc tg tamawast n umurri d tmguri tabldit d tdmsa tanamunt d tmawast i umnala n tassast n ḍarat n Kufid 19 d ussudr n umurri amṛṛuki lli igan amskar asilan ɣ tdmsa tamṛṛukit.

## Tudrt tudmawant
Faṭim Zzahra tiwl tg innas n sin wazzann. Argaz nns iga zzɣ inmɣurn n imaɣlafn ɣ yat tmssurt tamaḍlant. Lliɣ tga tamawast ɣ tnbaḍt, turri d s umṛṛuk ḍarat n mad tddr ɣ Liksamburg d urgaz nns zzɣ usggʷas n 2017.

## Tisaɣulin
Zinb Tanfzawt

**Zinb illis n Isḥaq Tanfzawt** (464/1072) tga sg tmɣarin timaziɣin ittawssann kigan, g uzmz n imṛabṭn dars tilal timqranin g usdus n isutar n uwank n lmuṛabiṭin g lmɣrib, uran fllas kigan n imzruyann n uzmz nns , inna fllas Bn Xldun: tga sg tmɣarin n umaḍal nna ttawssannin s ufulki d usnbḍ, tga sg tqqbilt n Nfzawa n imaziɣn n Ṭṛablus. 

## Tudrt nns
Tmmudda Zinb sg Nfzawa ar tiɣrmt n Aɣmat d babas Isḥaq Lhwari nna iwalan i tqqbilt n Hwwaṛa tamaziɣt lliɣ irur i Bani Hilal nna d itturksn sg miṣṛg uzmz n usnbḍ afaṭimi tlla gis aylliɣ ttuska tɣrmt n wamur n yakuc g 464/1072 . 

Tga Zinb sg tmɣarin ittawssann kigan dar tqqbilt nns , slawan akkʷ lliɣ fllas illa unazaṛ afad ad stt akkʷ awin ,s usrag n ufulki nns izddign, inna fllas yan umzruyan mas tga ixf nns g yan uswir nna ur isɣawsan s ad stt ittr awd yan , tugi ad ttihl anbbaḍ n lmɣrib isrg as ma ann afad ad tt ig g unbiq . 

Lliɣ tugi ad tawl ad fllas nnan mas txla nɣ d illa mad fllas ittinin mas dars tazdayt d wida ur ḍhṛnin nɣ d ljnun, yili mad ittinin mas ar tssmras tiɣawsiwin n txnnubas d ssiḥr . 

## Littihal nns
Assaɣ nna as gan, tamɣart n igldann, nna ittmmḍfaṛn f usnbḍ n aɣmat nna ittustayn kun asggʷas, aylliɣ tga tamɣart n unbbaḍ n aɣmat lqut lmɣṛawi, ar ttinin mas tiwl agldun bubakr bn ɛumaṛ nna issntan g usku n wamur n wakuc,  lliɣ as illf yiwi tt Yusf Bn Tacfin nna igan amsku amaddud n wamur n yakuc, tg tnfzawt talli issdusn anbbad afad ad isku tiɣrmt ad, g 461 ismd asku nns g 463 sg ɣuṛ urgaz nns amaynu Yusf Bn Tacfin. 

Nnan kra n imzruyann mas daɣ tahl tnfzawt s bubakr bn ɛumaṛ llmtuni , lliɣ tga lal n unlli d tlibit ifulkin kigan , izdaɣ ugldun bubakr g aɣmat mad ittggan kṛaḍ yirn .  

## Tamttant nns
Nfln isugam n usakud n tmttant n zinb tanfzawt,inna bn abi zaṛɛ mas tmmut g 464/1071, imgal dis umzruyan bn darɛi lliɣ inna mas tmmut g 469/1076, yini yan umrzu atrar mas tmmut tnfzawt g 472/1081 .

## Tisaɣulin
Ajnwi

Iga **Ajnwi** yat tɣawsa s ar ittbbi yan tiɣawsiwin yaḍnin. Iga yan ɣ imassn lli kullu izwarn dar ufgan, ufan t ɣ wakal 2.5 mlyun isggʷasn ayad. Zikk kkan tt inn ar tt skarn s uẓṛu d ukccuḍ macc imikk s imikk iskcm gis ufgan uzzal d wurɣ. Ijnwin n ɣ ass ad llan gisn yan ukaram.

Ijnwinin ar sisn skarn middn yan mnnaw n tɣawsiwin. Imgʷmarn ar sis gʷmmrn, inmudda ar disn ttasin kra n ujnwi imẓẓin s ar ssnwan d s ar bnnun. Answu ar bdda gis ittili ujnwi acku nttan s ar ittbbi yan imkli nns.

## Anawn

### Tazzit

Imzwura ɣ ufgan skrn imnɣi s ujnwi, zɣ tazzit d tjnwit dar imaziɣn, ar kaṭana d rampuri ɣ ammas n wasya.

Llant yan mnnaw n tunnunin ttyubnan f ujnwi, kraygatt yat gisn illa gis yan wanaw n ujnwi as ar tt skarn.
### Tunnunt

### Irukutn

Ur illi unswu ur gis illi ujnwi, zɣ win uɣrum ar win tɣrsi.

### Imissn
Ayad af kullu ifulki ujnwi, kra n tɣawsiwin iggammi yan ad tn iskr war ajnwi, imissn n kraygatt tmyurt taqburt ajnwi ar gis ittgga muhimm, zun d aglzim fad ad iɣz yan akal, niɣ d acaqur fad ad tbbit kra n tddagt.  

## Tisaɣulin
Kundid

**Kundid nɣ assrzɣ** (s tfṛanṣiṣt: *Candide ou l'Optimisme*) iga yan wungal aflsuf asugnan zɣ  wungaln n umskla afṛanṣiṣ Fulṭir. Yura t asggʷas n 1759.

## Timsarin n wungal
Ar ttsutulnt tmsarin n tnqqist f yan uɛrrim izddign iddr ɣ tgmmi n xalis lli gis iskrn anlmad n uslmad Banglus. Iẓẓa gis aswingm n ussrzɣ d tummla ifulkin aylli t iẓlin f umaḍal abṛṛani, yajj t ad ittqql s ufulki zɣ mddn akkʷ, ifls gisn d ar iẓṛṛa tudrt s yan usmaqql imnqqr bahra.

## Tumayt
Ittusnay wungal n Kundid s kṛamraw n tgzzumt, nufa ad tn nẓṛṛa zɣ snat tsgiwin, yat n waṣaḍ n wungal, Hyatus d tiss snat tzdi d udɣar asknakal lli yaṭṭun ungal f kṛaḍ igzman.
 
### Tigzzumin zɣ tmzwarut ar tis mrawt
Inta wungal ɣ ibrgmmi n ubaṛun Tundr Tin Trunx ɣ Wistfalya, d illis massa Kunigun, Kundid iga iwis n gmas nɣ ultmas.
 
### Tigzzumin zɣ tis yat d mrawt ar tis simrawt
Tuls twssart ɣ wawal nns f tudrt nns imran lli tddr: tga illis n ubaba Uṛban wis mraw d tgldunt n Balstrina. Qqan tt imkrgiln ifriqiyn skrn gis tismgt, tddr ula azmz n imgarutn icddan lli izzri umṛṛuk ddu ufus n unbaḍ n ugllid Mulay Smaɛil, tddr tugt n tissumga d laẓ, alliɣ tdda ad tmmt s bayyuṛ ɣ Ddzayr.
### Tigzzumin zɣ tis simrawt d yat ar tis kṛamrawt
Ismya wawrik asugnan Martin amara adttan d amzzurk.

## Tisaɣulin
## Tisaɣulin
Lingwa fṛanka nufa

Tga **lingwa fṛanka nufa** (“ilifin”) yat tutlayt ittusɣiwsn afad ad tg s uẓlay tafrart, tamudst, d inhl ulmmud nns i imyawaḍn igraɣlann. illa dars yan wuṭṭun n tɣariwin tumnigin:
# Illa dars yan wuṭṭun iwwuttin n ifunimn. trwas taṭalyanit nɣ taṣbbanyut.
# Da tettusnmarra s tmsislit. ur illi f kra n urba ad izzri isggʷsn g ulmmud n tirlugnawin.
# Tlla dars yat tjṛṛumn tga akkʷ talugant, trwas tikryulin n umaḍal.
# Tlla dars yat tgrumma n wusliɣn infras iwwuttin d ilugnann i tawafuɣt n tguriwin s tmyurt.
# Llan dars ilugnn ttuẓlaynin i unmala n tguriwin, s umsasa d mnnawt tutlayin timqqranin.
# Yut umawal nns iẓlin s iẓuṛan g tutlayin tiṛumansiyin titrarin. tutlayin ad s iman nnsn nyuddant, ilint iḍiṣ nnsnt, sul argnt s yat tagḍamt tamqqrant n umawal iẓlin n tnglizt.
# Tettusɣiws afad ad tdggi s ugaman tiguriwin tinulfutin titiqniyin n tlatint d tgrikt, “anaway amaḍlan” anilaw.
# Tettusɣiws afad ad trwus “tagamant” s timmasɣt i winna ssnnin tutlayin tiṛumansiyn, min ad imru ulmmud nns f wiyyaḍ.

## Tisaɣulin
Amtwi n Isli

**Amtwi n Isli** lli imsarn g tama n wasif n Isli lli imlaln i tɣrmt n wjda tamɣribit g 14 ɣuct 1844, ngr isardasn n ugllid amɣribi mulay Ɛbdṛṛaḥman Bn Hicam ddu umurz n iwis Muḥmmad, lliɣ as iwsn kigan n tqbilin timaziɣin zɣ gisnt Bni Iznasn d Bni Ingad d tiyyaḍ. d ngr isardasn ifṛanṣin lli iran ad nɣn awttas n ugllid amɣribi lli ifka i isardasn idzayrin d lli iḥama f ugllid Ɛbd lqadr.

Lliɣ imsar umtwi n isli g tizi utn ifṛanṣin aftas n ṭanja d Mugadir (taṣṣuṛt), immt akud ann uggar n 800 n imnɣi amɣribi. d imxabbal umsasa lli illan ngr isardasn imɣribin d middn lli idran iwsn g imnɣi, a llig tlluzza tsrdast, mdunt tiddas nns, d ula imassn lli dars illan lli ganin izaykutn lli s trsdast tamɣribit amtwi ur lin tiddas da lan imassn yusi ufṛanṣi g tsrdast nns, mayan kul ur ifki tarnnawt i tsrdast n Lmɣrib mqqar utin isardasn n Lmɣrib win fṛanṣa lliɣ gan uggar n 22 n ifḍ n usardas amṛṛuki.

Iggura umtwi s trnnawtn fṛanṣa lli izzgan kigan n ccruḍ imrrtn f Lmɣrib, ig zɣ ccruḍ ann tamyaqqant n ṭanja lli d iluln zg tmyaqqant n lalla mɣniya lli mi srsn tirra n ufus asggʷas n 1945, lli ɣ uran mas rad bbin kra n igʷzman n wakal zɣ Lmɣrib fkn tn i Dzayr, d ufra n idrimn igan tafgurt f Lmɣrib, d umdday f imɣribin ad ur awsn i Dzayr, ig umtwi ad aẓmaẓẓl izwarn n usdurri aṛumi g Lmɣrib, afad ad alln alɣu n uḥṭṭu n Fṛanṣa i Lmɣrib asggʷas n 1912.

## Aswaɣ
Ḍaṛat n umsar n tamṛiwḥt lli issfaln i usdurri n Fṛanṣa g Dzayr asggʷas n 1830 d lliɣ mmaɣn idzayrin s ddaw n tmurza n ugllid nnsn Ɛbdlqadr d Fṛanṣa tizi ann Lmɣrib iws i Dzayr, lliɣ rnan ifṛanṣin idzayrin g yan umtwi, iffɣ Ɛbdlqadr Dzayr ikcm akal n Lmɣrib, tizi ann isardasn n fṛanṣa ḍfaṛn t allig nn kcmn s Lmɣrib zrin iwutta ngr Dzayr d Lmɣrib, tizi ann yuzn ugllid amɣribi Ɛbdṛṛaḥman Bn Hicam iwis afad ad nn irar ifṛanṣin s tsardast ɣ illa 25000 n usardas amɣribi.

## Amtwi
Idda iwis n ugllid Mulay Muḥmmad d umawas nns afad ad nn mmaggarn isardasn ifṛanṣin, s tɣarast n imnɣi tazaykut, tasardast tamɣribit ur dars imassn n imnɣi imaynutn, d ur tmsasa tiddi nnsn g wannar n umtwi, kigan n isardasn imɣribin gan imnayn, d isardasn ifttun ur nn zrin 31 n usardas g ku tarabbut, ig imiɣ nnsn wad imdin.

Ttfka trnnawt i fṛanṣa g umtwi ann s tizzla ur akkʷ maṭiln g umtwi ann, ig uswaɣ n mayan lliɣ ur ssnn isardasn imɣribin tiddas n fṛanṣa lli isdurran dzayr, d lliɣ tga tsardast kul ɣas imnayn immaɣn s tuzzalt tamaynut.

## Tiṛẓiwin n umtwi

* Kkusan isardasn n Fṛanṣa, 11 n tussalt
* Kkusan isardasn n Fṛanṣa igiṭan n isardasn imɣribin, zɣ gisn agiṭun n Mulay ḥmad lliɣ llan t tɣawsiwin nns ilan atig, d tɣawsiwn n isardasn.
* Mmutn 800 n usardas amɣribi.
* Sɣuwɣn tiɣrmt n ṭanja.
* Kkusan kigan n tɣrmin n Lmɣrib zɣ gisnt mmugadir (taṣṣuṛt)
* Srsn tirra n ufus f tmyaqqant n ṭanja g 10 cutanbir 1844 lli ɣ uran mas rad ifl ugllid amɣribi attaws nns i ugllid Ɛbdlqadr adzayri.
* Tirra n ufus f tmyaqqant n lalla mɣniya g usggʷas n 1845 lli iglin iwutta n Fṛanṣa g Lmɣrib d tmyaṭṭayt n ugllid Ɛbdlqadr zɣ wakal n Lmɣrib.

## Tisaɣulin
Iɣritn

Iɣritn gan ttn yan wanaw n imsliwn asɣal nsn idrus ɣ ilsawn n wakal, drusn acku ar ttn skarn middn s inzar nsn ɣ bṛṛa n yimi, ur gin zund tirgalin lli mu nskar s ugns n yimi. taclḥit d laɣlabiya n ilsawn imaziɣn llan gisn kṛaḍ.

## Iɣri afssas
Schwa ar as nttini s tmaziɣt "aɣri afssas" niɣ d "aɣri issusn" acku nttan ad kullu irxan ad tti tinit ɣ iɣritn, nttan ad ifssusn f imi nnk.

ɣ tclḥit lblast nns ur ar tettili zund ɣ ilsawn imaziɣn yaḍnin, idrus dar iclḥin niɣ ar ittmussu, zund ɣ:

ill s tclḥit, ilel ɣ tuns

imaziɣn s tclḥit, imaziɣen s tqbaylit

lexdemt s tclḥit, lxedmet s tqbaylit

Adlli ɣ idlisn iqdimn ikka ttin zund nit ilsawn imaziɣn yaḍnin, macc ur tt sul igi lḥal.

ɣad af stan irkam ad tt ur aran ɣ tmaziɣt tanawayt, abla ɣ kra n iwaliwn zund "tilelli" aɣ icqqa f yan ad tt ur yara.

## Tisaɣulin
## Tisaɣulin
Ḥusayn Hagi Bud

** Dr. Ḥusayn Xagi** (s tsumalit: Xuseen Xaaji Bood) iga yan usrtan asumali zg tqbilt n Abgaal. Ɣ dujanbir 2000, ilkm Ḥusayn s yan tɣmunt d Transitional National Government. Ɣ uzal n dujanbir 21, 2008, immut Bud ɣ yan ṣṣbiṭaṛ ɣ Nayṛubi, Kinya. Ikka tt inn Bud yumẓ mmnaw n wansatn ɣ tnbaḍin tiṣmualiyin zrinin, ig yan zɣ isrtann akkʷ ittwassnn ɣ Ṣṣumal.

## Tisaɣulin

## Tisaɣulin
Tanqqiḍt (asɣkl)

Ɣ usɣkl tga tnqiḍt taɣawsa lli kullu imẓẓiyn ɣ usayrar, tg dar Uklid taɣawsa lli ur ilin tasga, ur ilin taɣzi, ur ilin turrut ula taẓḍayt, lblast nns ka ad fllas nssn.  
## Tisaɣulin
Asɣkl

**Asɣkl** nɣ **Tajyumitrit** (zɣ Tyunanit Taqburt: γεωμετρία *(geōmetría) "*asqqul n wakal") iga yan ugmiw n tusnakt ar gis aqqran asayrar d ma gis illan zun d azaru, tiɣzi d lblayṣ n tɣawsiwin. Tga nttat d ulugḍn yat zɣ igmiwn lli kullu imqqurn ɣ tusnakt. Ar tasut tiss 19, asɣkl ur yadlli gis illi abla asɣkl n Uklid, a ɣ llan iswingimn (notion) n tnqqiḍṭ, n uṣḍḍaṛ d tɣmrt, isiwngimn imzwura n usɣkl.
## Tisaɣulin