open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ṛuẓilla Ayan

Tga **Ṛuẓilla Ayan** yat tmurart tazzulant n twjja n uḍaṛ, da tetturar am tmakʷayt i usgraw n Ṭuṭnham Huṭsbur ɣ Tabrbrza n Tmɣarin d taggayt tanamurt n Lmɣrib. Ɣ uswir agraɣlan, tgza Ayan Ingliz ddaw 17 d 19 dat n wad tmmatti s trabbut n Lmɣrib.

## Timẓi nns
Tlul ɣ Ridin, babas iga amɣribi, tg innas taskutlandt. Tɣra Ayan ɣ tinml n Maydn Irlig.

## Tudrt tazzulant d isgrawn

### Tcilsi
Tssnta Ayan tudrt nns tazzulant d Tcilsi ḍaṛat n uzray ɣ Wammas n Unuflay n usgraw. Tbda ɣ ungraw n iɛrrimn, tamu ɣ Tcilsi Ddu 17 nna yiwin tayuga n tmɣunt d ukrwas. Turar tamnyugart nns tamzwarut ɣ Ɣuct n 2013 mgal Dunkastr Rufrs Bilz; tnnru Tcilsi. Ḍfuṛn ilmma kṛaḍ infalaln yaḍnin mgal Ifirṭun, Bristul Siti d Nuts Kawnti dat n wad tettyusta afad ad tamu ɣ trabbut n Tcilsi ɣ Tbrza Tagraɣlant n Isgrawn n Tmɣarin 2013, turar snat tkkal, tg Tcilsi tis snat ɣ umzizwr ad. Ɣ 30 Ɣuct, tsswa Ayan kkuẓt tmsswitin mgal Lundun Biz ɣ Tmɣunt Tanuflayt n Tmɣarin (FA WSL) ɣ yan unmala ɣ tnra Tcilsi s 8-0. 

#### Izmaz n uṛṭṭal
Ḍaṛat n kkuẓ infalan da tskr ɣ imzizwarn akkʷ d Tcilsi ɣ 2014, tettyuṛḍal Ayan ɣ 2015 i Milwal; taggayt da f tsswa snat tmsswitin d Tcilsi ɣ Ukrwas n Tmɣunt Tanuflayt n Tmɣarin ɣ 2015. Dffir n kra n yirn d Milwal, taɣul s asgraw nns amzwaru. Ɣ 2016, tettyurḍal daɣ i Bristul Siti nna d tnfalal tẓat tkkal, tsswu kṛaḍt tmsswitin ɣ imzizwar akkʷ dat n wad turri s Tcilsi acku yugi umssanun n Bristul ad issiɣzif aṛṭṭal nns. Ḍaṛat n wufuɣ nns zɣ Bristul, tettyuṛḍal daɣ i Ifirṭun lli rad ig asgraw nns wis kkuẓ. Tsswa timsswit nns tamzwarut d Ifirṭun ɣ 17 Yulyu ɣ tmnyugart ɣ nnran s 3–0 mgal Yuvil Tawn.

## Tudrt tazzulant tagraɣlant
Turar Ayan d Nngliz Ddaw 17 ula Ddaw 17. Gr 2011 d 2012, tskr smmus infalaln, tsswu yat tmsswit (mgal Finalnda). 

Acku babas iga Amɣribi, tmil ad tgzi Lmɣrib, tssnta dids ɣ Yunyu 2021, tsswu dffir n ukccum nns s tusdidt ɣ tmnyugart ɣ innra Lmɣrib s 3–0 mgal Mali. Druɣ yadlli ad tsti Skuṭlanda, s ugzzum, acku tssitm mas ad tamu, tg tagmamt ɣ taggayt Taskuṭlandt.

Ɣ 2022, tdra Ayan ɣ Ukrwas n Tfriqt n Tmttiwin i Tmɣarin nna isnmala Lmɣrib. Tssnta timyugarin s sḍiṣt sɣ tuddma, tsswu snat tmsswitin, yat zgitsnt ɣ tmnyugart n tgira. Trẓa taggayt n Lmɣrib s 2–1, tg tis snat ɣ umzizwr ɣ   umnid n Tfriqt n Unẓul.

### Asgraw
.*Ar ass n 16 Dujanbir 2023*

### Agraɣlan
*Ar 31 Kṭubr 2013* 

## Tisaɣulin
Tamɣunt Tanglizt Tanuflayt i Tmɣarin

Tga **Tmɣunt Tanglizt Tanuflayt i Tmɣarin** yat tmɣunt n uswir amzwaru n twjja n uḍaṛ n tmɣarin ɣ Inglaṭirra. Ttrsnt trsal nns ɣ 2010, ig Wamun Angliz n Twjja n Uḍaṛ anmhal nns. Ar gis tturarnt snat d mrawt taggayin. Tida iwinin kṛaḍt tskʷfal timzwura ɣ tmɣunt, ar zggrnt s Tamɣunt n Inbrazn n Urubba. Bab n tskʷflt tanggarut da iṭṭar s Tmɣunt n uswir wis sin.

## Tisaɣulin
Hayiti

**Hayiti** (Akṛiyul Ahayit: *Ayiti*, Tafṛansist: *Haïti*), s wudm amaddud **Tagduda n Hayiti** (Akṛiyul Ahayit: *Repiblik d Ayiti*; Tafṛansist: *République d'Haïti*) tga yat tmazirt illan f tgzirin n Ukaṛibiyan n Isbanyula. Tamazrit yaḍn da illan ɣ tgzirt ad tga tt Tagduda Taḍuminikant. Hayiti dars snat tutlayin timaddudin, Tafṛansist d Ukṛiyul Ahayit lli igan yat tunɣilt tafrart n Tfṛansist irksn d tutalyin n Tfriqt. Puṛt-u-Brans ad igan tamaẓunt nns.

Iga ungigt n Hayiti amnanaḍ. S Tfṛansist, ar ttinin i tmazirt ad "*La Perle des Antilles"* (*Iẓllayn n Wantiln*) f ufulki nns agaman. Llan mnnaw idrarn ɣ Hayiti. Tkka tt inn tmazirt tdl akkʷ s taganin, macc ur sulnt s tmntilt n tukksa n taddagin. Hayiti ad igan tamazirt tamẓluḍt akkʷ ɣ uzgn utrim n umaḍal.

Tbḍa Hayiti f tẓa tzuna. Asgd asdslan ɣ tmazirt tga Tkaṭulikt Taṛumant, macc kigan n mddn ḍfaṛn Afudu da igan yan usgd d yuckan zɣ tflsin timdnanin ɣ Binin.

## Tisaɣulin
Rrays Muḥmmad U Taṣṣuṛt

**Rrays Muḥmmad Brahim u Taṣṣuṛt** iga yan ɣ inmɣurn n tẓuṛi n Tirruysa n tasut 20, ittyawssan s taqqayt nns iẓiḍn, ilul Rrays ad ɣ ultay wis kṛaḍ n tasut 20 ɣ Bu tazart, yan wusun imgalan d tɣrmt n umgdul (Taṣṣuṛt) s kra n 22km ɣikann, iɣra zwar ɣ tmzgida, ukan lliɣ imqqur yan imikk, imun d ufqqir nns d nttan nit ad as issntin tawada nns ɣ usays ad n Tirruysa, ar as ikkat yus nnaqus, lliɣ ilkm ɣf uẓum, izri s Taṣṣuṛt, ɣinn a ɣ zwar iskr tarabbut nns, gis kra n Rrways yaḍnin zun d: Rrays Brahim biẓllayn d Rrays Mbark Ismg d Rrays Abudrar. Ikka ɣ taṣṣuṛt arkiɣ, fad ilmma izri s Mṛṛakc s usarag n Jamɛ Lfna, iswuri d Rrays Mulay Ɛli, irir dis kra, zun d yat tallɣat mi ismn "Anrar n Ṣṣalḥin".  Izga u Taṣṣuṛt ɣ Mṛṛakc, izdɣ gis, iskr gis tarwa nns. 

Izmmim Album nns izwurn d Muḥmmad Amẓal, ɣ usuk n lalla Yaqut, ɣ ustudyu n Lḥajj Ḥasan, sɣ umarg ittyawzmmamn illa: Ṭṭabla d Unrar n Ṣṣaliḥin d Bariz Ifjjij. Zzrin dis Warda Brud yan wuntim, ɣ twinst 26 n usays. 

Immut igllin ɣ wass n 16 Yunyu 2016, lliɣ inɣa uggar n 80 n usggʷas dffr yan imiɣ n kṛaḍ isggʷasn d yan waṭṭan ur ijjin.

## Tisaɣulin
Ṭṭahr Jawwt

Ikka tt inn **Ṭṭahr Djawwt** (11 Innayr 1954 – 2 Yunyu 1993) iga yan uɣmas, amdyaz d umara n umarur Adzayri. Tnɣa t Tgrumma Tasrdast Tuslimt ɣ 1993.

## Timẓi nns
Ilul ɣ 1954 ɣ usun n Ulxu nna illan ɣ tmazirt n Lqbayl. Dffir n tsdawit, iswuri iga anɣmas ɣ *Algérie Actualité,* lliɣ lkmn n tgariwin n id 1980, yurri d iga yat zɣ tmfka tisklanin tidslanin n Ddzayr.

## Tinɣi
Tnɣa t Tgrumma Tasrdast Tuslimt acku ar isnal talakayit, yili ɣ tuzlt n ayda issiḍin d tizzukra. Ukʷin fllas ɣ 26 n May 199 lliɣ d iffɣ sɣ tgmmi nns ɣ Ddzayr (tamdint). Immut ɣ wass n 2 Yunyu ḍaṛat n tuktrt n imalass. Yan zɣ imakʷayn iqṛṛa is ittyunɣa acku "yusi yan uɣanib issiwidn da imln ad yili iḍis mqqurn f imnaḍn uslimn".

Tskr fllas BBC yan wuntim ddaw uzwl 'Shooting the Writer', issmnid t Salman Rucdi.

## Tiwwuriwin

* *The Last Summer of Reason* Novel, Ruminator Books, 2001] (French edn: Le dernier été de la raison, Paris, Seuil, 1999]
* *The Watchers* [Novel, Ruminator Books] (French edn: Les Vigiles, Editions du Seuil, 1991)
* *L'invention du Desert*, [Novel, Editions du Seuil, 1987]
* *Les Chercheurs d'Os* [Novel, Editions du Seuil, 1984]
* *Les Rets de l'oiseleur* (short stories) [SNED, Algiers, 1983]
* *L'oiseau minéral*, poems, [Sigean, L'Orycte, 1982]
* *L'exproprié*, [Novel, SNED, Algiers, 1981]
* *Insulaire et Cie*, poems [Sigean, L'Orycte, 1980]
* *L'Arche à vau-l'eau*, poems [Editions Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris, 1978]
* *Solstice Barbelé*, poems, [Editions Naaman, Québec, 1975]

## Tisaɣulin
Kurya n iẓẓlmḍ

**Kurya n Izzlmḍ** s ism nns igan amaddud Tagduda Tanjmawt n mddn n Kurya. Tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ Wasya n usammr. Tumẓ azgn aẓlmaḍ n Tgzirt n Kurya, tsɣummr Ccinwa d Rusya mayann ɣ tsga nns n iẓẓlmḍ ɣilli ɣ zrayn isaffn n Yalu (Amnuk) d Tumn, Kurya n Iffus ɣ iffus nns ibḍu tnt iɣrɣr war amrig n Kurya. 

Iwtta itaramn n tmazirt iga tn Ill Awraɣ, izdma iwtta n usammr iga tn Ill n Jabun. Kurya n Izzlmḍ, zun d nit takniwt nns n iffus, ar tettini mas d nttat ad igan tanbaḍt da issugrn d xtalli igan waẓ i tgzirt akkʷ d tgzirin llanin tama nns. ***Byungyan*** ad igan tamaẓunt nns d tɣrmt nns mqqurt.

Kurya n Izzlmḍ tga yat tnbaḍt tanayant tadiktaturt kra illan ar ittsutul f twja n Kim. Tanmila n Amnisti ar tettini is d tamazirt ad ad dar akkʷ ixʷcn uzmmim n izrfan n ufgan sul uggar n tmizar yaḍnin n umaḍal. 

S umaddud, Kurya n Izzlmḍ tga "tagduda tanamunt idrfin" ɣ ar ittili ufran adimuqrati; macc, ɣwilli ttmnadnin ɣayad sɣ bṛṛa ar ttinin is d ufran ad iga amrkkʷid, tettgli yad tyafut nns s yat tɣarast irwasn xtalli n tamunt Tasubyant. 

Akabaṛ n itrrasn n Kurya ad igan akabaṛ da ittnbaḍn ɣ Kurya n izzlmḍ. Sɣ dar imnni wis kṛaḍ n udustur, taydyulujit n uwank tbidd f Ukimilsungism d ukimjongilism. 

Tiyafutin nna nyafnin gant win uwank s izɣiwn n tsbbabt da issftu uwank s ixf nns niɣ d s urtan n tgrgurt. Tuggt n tnufa zun d tasnijjit, tiɣri, tazdduɣt, d usnulfu n utci, saw tsnil asn tnbaḍt niɣ ar tnt tsala nttat nit.

Kurya n Iẓẓlmḍ tḍfaṛ tasrtit n "Sungun" nɣ tin "tsrdast ad izwurn". Tasrtit ad ar tsrus ɣ udɣar izwurn tasrdast n mddn n Kurya. Tili dars tacrcamt taɣʷrmyant. Tasrdast nns imṛcn gis 1.28 mlyun n utrras, tg tis kkuẓt ɣ umaḍal s tiddi nns. 

Kurya n iẓẓlmḍ tkcm ɣ gr tamttiwin munnin ɣ 1991. Tmun ula d umussu n ɣwilli ur ar ttittinin, G77, d Unmuggar asgawan n ASEAN.

## Tisaɣulin
Hunduras

Tga **Hunduras** yat tmazirt illan ɣ Marikan Tanammast. Tga Tigusigalba tamaẓunt nns. Amata n imzdaɣn nns da sawaln s tutlayt Taṣbnyult (Tati tt Tnglizt ɣ mayad). 10,636,227 n umddnu ad izdɣn ɣ Hundruas nna ilan 112,492 km² n wakal. Tlla tmazirt n Salfaḍur ɣ tama nns, yili Ugaru Akariban d Ugaru Irggign ɣ tsggʷin nns.

90% zɣ imzdaɣn n Hunduras gan imistizutn (rksn), 7% gan imrindyann, 2% gan isggann d 1% gan umliln.

Tga hindur tis kkuẓt ɣ usɣl n ibkkaḍn n tnɣi ɣ umaḍal.

## Tizuna

Tbḍa Hinduras f 18 tzuna.

# Atlantida
# Tculutika
# Kulun
# Kumayaɣwa
# Kuban
# Kurtis
# Ilbaraysu
# Fransisku Murasan
# Grasyas a Dyus
# Intibuka
# Tigzirin n Uslalu (Islas de la Bahía)
# Lapas
# Limbira
# Ukutibiki
# Ulancu
# Santa Barbara
# Bali
# Yuru

## Tisaɣulin
Qaṭaṛ

Tga **Qaṭar** (s tsrɣint: قطر) yat tmazirt illan ɣ Wasya Tutrimt. S wudm amaddud, iga yism nns **Awank n Qaṭar** (s Tsrɣint: دولة قطر). Tlla f Tmgzirt n Qaṭar illan f uftas agafay anẓulan n Tmgzirt Taɛṛabt. Dars iwtta n wakal ɣar d Ssaɛudiya zɣ unẓul nns. Aylli d iɣaman n ikalln nns, issutl as Uẓla Afarsi. Yan ugṛḍ aylan ad ibḍan Qaṭar f tgzirin aẓnin n Lbaḥrin, yajj tt ad tdru iwtta iylann d Tmaratin Tiɛrabin Munin d Iṛan.

## Tisaɣulin
Anmuggar n Tmitar

**Anmuggar n Tmitar** d yan unmuggar ittilin ɣ unbdu n kra iga tt asggʷas ɣ tɣrmt n Ugadir tamɣribit. Ɛaziz Axnnuc lli yadlli iwalan tasga n Sus masst d tgrawt n Ugadir ad issntin anmuggar n tmitar ɣ tsuslt nns izwarn n usggʷas n 2004 .

Ḥasan Awrid ad as igan ism n Tmitar. Anmuggar n tmitar ittuyskar afad ad d ismun inaẓuṛn imaziɣn slawan win tẓuṛi n tirruysa d wanawn yaḍnin n uẓawan.

## <big>Timitar gr isggʷasn</big>
**Tassutlt n 2006**

Tassutlt ad izwar srs jimmy klif , iggru srs Ccab Mami . Kigan d inazurn ad d srs yuckan ammas n Kuba d Kulumbya d Yiran . Ɣwin yadnin gan inazurn n Ccɛbi sɣ lmɣrib zun d Najat Ɛtabu d Muḥmmad Maɣni . 

Uckan d srs ula inazurn imaziɣn da zdɣnin ɣ bṛṛa lmɣrib , zun d Ḥasan id Basɛid , tarabbut n waza d Xalid izri, Anmuggar ad yiwi d ula kra n inazurn yadnin  zun d Manu Dibangu d Jilbirtn Grill gill, ɣikan a s nit ittyawssan unmuggar n tmitar. 

**<big>Tin 2009</big>** 

Tassutlt ad igan tis smmust uckan d srs inaẓuṛn ttyawssanin bahra, zun d Ccab Xald, yusu ndur, sawln bahra tiklit ad f iẓnẓaṛn d mad kullu skrn bac ad alln Tamaziɣt. 

**<big>Tin 2020</big>** 

Ussan n tmaḍunt n Kuṛuna n lmɣrib arn (sbiddn) gis anmuggar ad. 

## Tisaɣulin
Indunisya

**Indunisya**, s wudm amaddud **Tagduda n Indunisya**, tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ ugmmuḍ anẓulan n Asya d Iqyanusya. Tga arkabil akkʷ mqqurn ɣ umaḍal, ilint dars 17,504 tgzirin. Tada gitsnt akkʷ istawhmman gant tnt Jafa, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawsi d Sumatra. Jakaṛta da illan ɣ tgzirt n Jafa ad igan tamaẓunt n Indunisya, maccan ttrsn kra n iɣawasn fad ad tt smmattin s Nusatara. Juku Widudu ad igan anssixf nns ɣil. Tbda Indunisya tatrart ɣ 17 n Ɣuct 1945. Ɣ 10 n tufat n wass n ljamɛ ann, iɣra Suykarnu d Hatta tasguri n tsimant n Indunisya. Iga wass n tsimant n Indunisya tigga tanamrut.

Tga Indunisya tis kkuẓt ɣ umaḍal ɣ umḍan n imzdaɣn nns nna ilkmn 238,452,952 n umddnu (aḍkaḍ n 2004), azgn nns izdɣ ɣ Jafa. Llan gis 111 ɣ ku km². Tlkm tjumma n wakal nns 1904000 km². Bahasa Indunisya ad igan tutlayt tamaddudt tanamurt n Indunisya, macc llant 749 tutlayin yaḍnin nna ittusawaln ɣ mnnawt tsggʷin n Indunisya zun d Tajafant, Tablint, Tasundant. Usṭralya ad igan taddjart n Indunisya zɣ unẓul, Sinɣafura zɣ ugafa utrim d Ufilibbin zɣ ugafa agmuḍan. Timizar yaḍnin aẓnin gant tnt, Babwa Ginya Tamayunt, Malizya, Timur Tagmuḍant da akkʷ idran iwtta f wakal d Indunisya. 

Amata n imzdaɣn nns gan imuslmn, macc ur tgi Indunisya tamazirt tanslmt s uslgn. Amḍan n imzdaɣn inslmn akkʷ imqqurn ɣ umaḍal illa ɣ Indunisya. Gr isgdan nna ḍffṛn ayt Indunisya, tlla Tmasiḥit (Tabrutistant d Tkatulikt), Tahindust, Tabudit d Tkunfusit).
## Tasgiwin

Tbḍa Indunisya f 34 tasgiwin. 5 zgitsnt llant yan waddad imẓli. Ku tasga tla tanbaḍt tuzrift d unbbaḍ nnsnt.
## Tisaɣulin
Bi Bi Si

**Bi Bi Si** (Niɣ d British Broadcasting Corporation ittgzl s BBC) tga yat tnafut tagdudant tabriṭanit illan ɣ tgmmi n uzuzzr n inɣmissn ɣ Lunḍun, Ingliz. Tlla yad sɣ usggʷas n 1922 s ism n tdrawt Tabṛiṭanṭ n uzuzzr n inɣmissn, tmatti ilmma s ism nns da dars illan ɣikkad ɣ ixf n usggas n 1927. Nttat ad igan tanafut n uzuzzr n imɣmissn da akkʷ imqqurn d dɣ talli akkʷ indin ɣ umaḍal s udm anamur ula amaḍlan s iẓṛi n wuṭṭun n imswuriyn. BBC ar gis iswuruy uggar n 21,000 n itrrasn, ilin ɣ gitsn 17,900 llan ɣ usiktur agdudan.

BBC tettrsl s yan ikmrbbi agldan, ar tswuruy ddu yan umyaqqan d tmawast n uwank n tdlsa, tunnunt d umidya. Ar d tettawi twuri nns tiɣrad sɣ dar yat turagt n tiliẓṛi tafafant (fabuṛ) d tasggʷasant da tfrru kra iga tt takat Tabriṭanit niɣ d tadrawt niɣ d tinmalanin da issmrasn imassn nna ufant afad ad asint niɣ ad ssmrsnt tanafut n uzuzzr anɣmsan n tiliẓṛi n BBC d iPlayer.

Aɣtas n waẓẓayn tgli t tnbaḍt tabriṭanit, imcucka d fllas ubṛlaman, ig win ufrru n uṛaḍyu d tilivizyun d tnafut ikunikṭin n BBC da iddaln timizar d tmnaḍin n UK. Sɣ 1 ibrir 2014, ar ifrru ula i BBC World Service (wandi issntin ɣ 1932 s yism n BBC Empire Service) da ittluzzun s 28 n tutlayin, da yakka tanfas ikmmln n tilivizyun, uṛaḍyu s taɛṛabt d tfarsit.

Kra sɣ tɣrad n Bi Bi Si ar d ttackan sɣ talat tansbabt n BBC Studyu (Rad sul ig BBC Worldwide) da izznzan iɣawasn d tnafutin n BBC ɣ umaḍal akkʷ, ar daɣ izluzzu ula BBC  n inɣmissn imaḍlann s tnglizt lli izzrayn 24 n tsragt ɣ wass, d BBC News, ula sɣ BBC.com, lli d ittyawfkan sɣ dar BBC Global News Ltd. Ɣ usggʷas n 2009, tamssurt ad tettyawfka as "Tsmɣurt n Tgllidt n tmssntay " f usnimmr n twuri nns ɣ umaḍal.

Sɣ lliɣ ittyawskar ɣ 1922, BBC thḍṛ yat tilalt istawhmman ɣ tudrt n ibṛiṭaniyn d tdlsa nnsn, kra n tikkal da as aqqran s Bib niɣ d tattas n yan (ɛmtis n yan)

## Iwnnan
Sɣ lliɣ tlla, BBC tmnid ur d imikk n tumla f mnnaw imrsitn: imnɣi n Lɛiraq d tsrtit d taytnit d usgd, dɣ unck ann ula d tɣrad nns d mad gis iswuruyn. Tettyawlday d ula s kigan n umsawal f usdal nns n kra n inɣmissn d iɣawasn. 

Ɣ ktubr 2014, "Bi Bi Si Trust" tssufɣ d asati n ismummuyn da ittglamn ismummuyn d tɣriwin, tiḍaf talugant tẓḍaṛ imil ad tzri s Ofcom. 

BBC tmnid daɣ mnnawt tumliwin f uzggal  alibiral d umulli aẓlmaḍ. Tumla f yan uzggal  mgal tamagrt n tnbaḍt Margarita Tatcr nttat nit s ugayyu nns tnna is ur igi usdal n inɣmissn kra d amstggar. Ɣ usggʷas n 2011, Peter Sissons igan yan umsmnid n inɣmissn ɣ BBC sɣ 1989 ar 2009, inna mas d "ɣ wul n BBC, ɣ DNA nns iqquṛn, tlla yat tɣarast n uswingm ifttun gud d umulli aẓlmaḍ". 

Yan umsmnid yaḍnin n BBC, Andruw Marr, ixfawl is d  "BBC tga tar tsga, tuẓẓumt ad tumẓ. Tlla dars yat tanila talibiralt, macc ur daɣ zun d yat trabbut tasrtant. 

## Tisaɣulin
Ɛbdrrḥman u Tfnut

Iga Ɛbdrrḥman Burḥim u Tfnut niɣ d ggu Tfnut, ig yan wudm inṣḍn ɣ itran n tsunimt Taclḥit, d nttan ad yuran asinaryu n Ḥmmu u Namir, iflim Amaziɣ da yutn yat tsillit bahra imqqurn, izmmim u Tfnut mad ittggan 56 n tassfifin. 

## Tudrt
Ilul d ɣ tmazirt n Tfnut, ɣ usggʷas 1938 ɣ twrarrayt n waskawn ɣ udrar n Drn, laḍṛaf n Trudant, ikcm asays n tẓuṛi ɣ usggʷas 1961, ingḍ ilmma ɣ ddunit n Lḥlqt, d mayann ɣ drb ɣllef ɣ wanfa d lqriɛa.

Ifilm izwarn ɣ idra iga tt "Ɣassad ddunit askka lixrt" ɣ usggʷas 1995 ɣ ihḍṛ tilalt n ṭṭalb n tmzgida.
Idruzn

**Idruzn** (s Tɛrabt: دَرْزِيّ, Darzī niɣ d دُرْزِيّ durzī, s umagut: دُرُوز, durūz) ar ttinin f ixfawn nnsn al-Muwaḥḥidūn (s unamk: 'imuḥdiyn' niɣ d 'imyann'). Nttni gan yat tgrumma tasgdant tufrint d tɛrabt [21][22][23][24] illan ɣ wasya tutrimt, flsn mddn nns s usgd adruz igan yan uɣal abṛayyim d win yan wakuc, mi biddnt trsal nns f tmyanit n Rbbi d wallas n tudrt dffr tamttant, d uɣllel n iman.[25][26][27][28]

Mqqar d ikka uɣal n idruzn ɣaylli mi ttinin Tasmaɛilit, idruzn ur ar ttmnadn iguyya nnsn is gan imuslmn [29] Umẓn ɣ tutlayt Taɛrabt, d tdlsa nns lli ganin darsn yan ugzzum ikcmn ɣ tmagit nnsn, taggat n umudn n idurzn ɣaman ntln, d ummutti ɣr asgd nnsn ur izgir i imzzan, littihal d idsn dɣ ntta idwa (idrus nit) d ur igi kra icwan darsn, ar skarn anuḥyu ngr wanna yumẓn ɣ israrn nnsn ar as ttinin "Ɛuqqal", d wanna igan alayki yiwi tt ɣ tɣawsiwin n ddunit ar as ttinin "Juhhal".[37]  

Adlis n tajjult iga adlis ursil d umzwaru ɣ taflst n idruzn, taflst ad tkka d zwar Tasmaɛilit (yan usaka ɣ lislam aciɛi)[40] yaɣ t iḍiṣ n yat tgrgurt iflin n  tɣarasin yaḍnin zun d tamasiḥit d tɣnusit d unyuflaṭunt d tzradact d tmanawit d usgd aqbur n igrikn d tbabilit d kra n isgdan yaḍnin n tmazirt n gr isaffn. 

Idruzn gan isr Cuɛayb f iggi n tiṭ nnsn, ɣaln is iga yan d Itrun da ibdr linjil,ar ttmnadn ɣ Adam, Nuḥ, Brayyim, Musa, Ɛisa, Muḥmmad, d Limam Ismaɛili Muḥammad u Ismaɛil gan asarn.[46] Idruzn ar daɣ ssmɣurn ula Salman Afarisi,[47] Xḍṛ (da ɣ ttannin is iga Ilyas, ilul d tiklit yaḍni d iḥya d ugrram jurj),[48] Yuba d Luka, d wiyyaḍ zun d "imajjuln" d "wasarn".[55]

Idruzn gan yat sɣ tgrummawin mqqurnin ɣ tmnaḍt n Ccam, llan gr 800,000 d yan umlyun n imḍfaṛn. Ar tn bahra nttafa ɣ Lubnan d Surya d Iẓṛayl, ilin kra n tmsmunin mẓẓiynin ɣ Urdun. Gan 5.5% sɣ imzdaɣn akkʷ n Lubnan, 3% ɣ Surya d 1.6% Iẓṛayl. Tagrumma n Idruzn lli akkʷ indin d tada imdurrin tlla ɣ udrar n Lubnan d ɣ iffus n Surya ɣ imisi n jabal al-Druze ("Adrar n Idruzn").[56]

Tagrumma n Idruzn thḍṛ yat tilalt tamrnut ɣ igitn n umzruy n Ccam, ar sul gis tettamẓ yat taɣamt iggutn ɣ tsga tasrtant.[53] Lliɣ gan yat tgrumma imẓẓiyn mnidn mnck n ttwal asrfufn sɣ dar yan  mnnaw n imnbaḍn imuslmn, ikcm gisn ula tattmmawt tuslimt n ɣikkad.[54][55][56]

## Aẓuṛ n yism
Ism n Idruzn ikka d ism n Muḥammad u Smaɛil Nactakin Adarazi (sɣ tfarsit *darzi*, "Axyyaḍ / Amgnaw") ikka tt inn iga yan ṭṭalb n zikk. Mqqar ar ttinin Idruzn is iga Adarazi yan bu ibaḍan, ar sul ittyawsmras ism ad afad ad tn ssnn mddn, irwas is d ifnatn nnsn ad asn izdin ism ad bac ad asn sɣin gar tisillit illan dar Adarazi.

## Tisaɣulin
Muḥmmad bn yaḥya u Tznaxt

**muḥmmad bn yaḥya u tznaxt** nɣ s ism nns usmid ṛṛays muḥmmad bn yaḥya u tznaxt u wawzgit[2] iga anṭṭam[1] ig yan sg inmɣurn iqqburn n taṛṛwaysit g lmɣrib. aslmad muḥmmad lxṭṭabi ar ittini mas ilul ṛṛays muḥmmad bn yaḥya u tznaxt g tgira n tasut tiss tẓa d mraw[2] ili ma ittinin mas ilul g usgg°as amiladi 1889 , immut g usgg°as n 1988 . ilul g usun n tagngut (nɣ tagngut) iwalan i sidi mḥnnd u dris g tznaxt.[2]
Tigmi tasnmalayt

**Tigmi tasnmalayt** nɣ akkʷ  **Tanflit n usnflul** (s tfransist: Développement informatique): tga yan uskkin n uskr n iɣawasn, tisnasin nɣ d inɣmisn isnfluln. ar aɣ ttaws afad ad nara lcode ar t nskar s tutlayin n usɣiws zun d Python, Java, niɣ d JavaScript bac ad nara yan uɣaws lli ittajjan kra n umssuds ad iskr kra n twwuri iẓlin .

**iẓmmuẓẓal n tigmi tasnmalayt**

bac ansgiddi kra n uɣawas ar n tfar yat tagrumma n iẓmmuẓẓal :
Agʷmmay Akiril

Iga usgmmay Akiril iga yan ungraw n tirra ittusmrasn ɣ tirra n Trusiyt, Tukṛaniyt, Tabilarust, Taurisnt, Tabulɣart, Tamaqdunt, d umata n Tutalyin Tisalviyin n yiffus. Ittusbuɣla ɣ uzmz n Tmnkadt Tabulɣart lliɣ tt inbḍ Utẓaṛ Simyun Amzwaru. Yujja Wamun Asufyit mnnawt tutalyin ur igin tislaviyin ɣ Uquqaz, Sibirya, Asya Tanammast d Rusya Tagafant ad ttyurant s Ukiril.

## Amzruy
Taslufant Taqqburt n Yigliz ad igan tutlayt tanṣlit n uɣrf Aslaf, tg tutlayt da tssmrst tmẓẓallut Taṛumiyt Turtuduksant. Ɣ tasuta tis 9, nkrn sin uṛhibn, Agʷrram Kiril d Ugʷrram Mitudyus ar sbccaṛn s tmasiḥit gr iɣrfan islafn, snfluln agʷmmay Agalulit lli igan yat talɣa tazaykut n ugʷmmay Ukiril.

Irna Nikulay Karamzin iskkiln Э, Й d Ё ɣ tasuta tiss 18.

Irna Bitir Axatar talɣiwin tibzzuḥin i iskkiln ɣ 1708.

Ḍaṛat n tgrawla n Kṭubṛ, issnfl Ukabaṛ Anjmaw iskkiln i tutlayt Tarusiyt fad ad irxu ulmmud n tɣri d tirra f inamurn Isufyitn. Iskkiln I/i, Ѣ/ѣ, Ѳ/ѳ, Ѵ/ѵ ttwakkasn akkʷ zɣ Trusiyt.https://www.rbth.com/education/332502-bolsheviks-russian-language-reform

Tɣts Azrabayjan, Turkmanistan d Uzbikistan ad flnt agʷmmay Akiri, ar ssmrasnt agʷmmay Alatin ɣ udɣar nns.

## Tisaɣulin
Agʷmmay Agrik

Agʷmmay Agrik nɣ Agʷmmay Ayunan atrar ila 24 iskkiln, ar ittusmras ɣ tirra n Tutlayt Tayunant. Iggut ma ɣ ar ttusmrasn ɣ Tusnakt  fad ad gzin kra n izaliwn nɣ imskiln. Amata n iskkiln n Ugʷmmay Agrik lan igdalazn ɣ Tnglizt.

Ha 44 iskkiln nns (ku yan s talɣa tabzzuḥt d talɣa tamqqrant):

Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ or ς, Τ τ, Υ υ, Φ φ, Χ χ, Ψ ψ, d Ω ω.

Ittuɣal is d ikka umata n igʷmmayn Iwṛubbiyn agʷmmay Agrik. Ittyuṛḍal d uskkil ad zɣ uskkil Afuniq ɣ wattayn n tasuta tis 10 Dat Tlalit, ttyuskarn fllas mnnaw n isnfal fad ad d yack d tutlayt Tagrikt.

Kra zɣ iskkiln Ifuniqn nna ur ittusmrasn ɣ Tgrikt aɣuln d iɣritn. Aran Ifuniqn tutlayt nnsn s wabjad bla iɣritn, mk ann d Taɛṛabt d Tudayt ar ɣil. Aya imurs acku iɣrfan ann ssnn yadlli manmk s rad inin tiguriwin. Timrna n iɣritn nna iskrn igrikn tɣuda i tmizar nna ɣ tga Tgrikt tutlayt tis snat.

Asnfl Agrik yujja tiɣri ad trxu i ustg d iɣrfan yaḍnin. S umata, tutlayin Tinduṛubbiyin ur ssmrisnt ifggagn ttuṣkanin f trgalin (da ittuṣka unamk adslan n tguri f trgali) wan tutlayin Tisamiyi zun d Tafuniqt , Taɛṛabt, Tudayt d Taṛamit.

## Timzarayin
Ɣ tuddma, tettyura Tgrikt sɣ ufasi s aẓlmaḍ, mk lli s nit ttaran Ifuniqn, macc ḍaṛat n tasuta tis 6 Dat n Tlalit, infl umnid n tirra.

Llan kra n inuḥyutn ɣ Ugʷmmay Agrik Azayku ɣ tmnaḍin n umaḍal Agrik. D wakud, ssntin Igrikn akkʷ ar ssmrasn yan uskkil, slawant akkʷ dffir n usudded n ugʷmmay n Miltus ɣ Atina ɣ 403 Dat Tlalit. Yiḍfuṛ tn aylli d iɣaman n Igrikn, lliɣ tlkm 350DL, kud sul iddr Aliksandr Axatar, druɣ Igrikn akkʷ ar ssmrasn yan uskkil Agrik iddukkln.

Ɣ uzmz ilmma, isnflul Arisṭufans n Biẓanṭa [257-185 DL], lli tt inn ikkan iga yan umassan d unjṛum Agrik, kṛaḍ ifskiln fad ad izmmim tattayt (tone) n tguriwin Tigrikin.

Mqqar gzzin iskkiln Igrikn imsiltn n tgrikt tazaykut nican, macc d wakud, bdan imslitn ad ar ttnfaln. Kra n iɣritn ssntan ar ttmmrwusn.

## Asnmarra atrar
Ɣ 1982, tsudded tnbbaḍt n Iyunan yan usnmarra afrar nna mi ism "monotonic". Ar issmras usnmarra ad ɣar yan ufskil.

## Tisaɣulin
Ayt Yaflman

**Ayt Yaflman** (s Tfinaɣ : ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴼⵍⵎⴰⵏ ayt ɣwalli yufan laman), gan yan umqqun Amaziɣ da iqqayn ɣ wattayn n Waṭlas imqqurn ɣ usammr d kra n tsgiwin tama n Tfilalt. Tamaẓunt nnsn tga tt Imlcil. 

Tutlayt nnsn d tamaziɣt n wammas n Lmɣrib. Amqqun n Ayt Yaflman ibḍa s kkuẓ iɣsan: Ayt Ḥdiddu d Ayt Mrɣad d Ayt Izdg d Ayt Iḥya. Ar ttinin f iguyya nnsn is gan Iẓnagn.

## Amzruy

### Lliɣ ur ta illi umqqun

Ayt Yaflman kkan ma izwarn tasut tis 16 ɣ iffus n Waṭlas Amqqur n usammr, ɣ Tudɣa d Ɣiɣis d wasif n Dads d Imdɣas d tugg Ziz. Sɣ tasut tis 16, ssurfn izilaln n udrar n Uɛyaci d win Mɛṣkṛ afad ad azzrn ɣ tmazirt iflin da ɣ llan ɣikkad.

### Tilit n umqqun n Ayt Yaflman

Ayt Izdg d Ayt Mrɣad d Ayt Ḥdiddu d Ayt Yaḥya lkmn ɣ 1645-1646 ad skrn ɣ wagns n zzawit n igʷrramn n Wassul, yan igmrbbi n turfa gr Ayt Yaflman. Ikka tt inn iga yan umqqun ɣ fkant tqbilin tamasayt n waray i igʷrramn n Wassul lli ganin tarwa n Sidi Bu Iɛqub. Arra ad, ɣmklli s inna Lɛrbi Mzzin, isrs tiwisi n Ayt Ḥdiddu ɣ ixf n tqbilin n umqqun ad. Tili ddu unzal n igʷrramn n Iɛalawiyn n Tfilalt, turfa ad tettyawskar afad  ad tzbdr i unɣal n zzawit tadilawt ɣ yat tsga, tjmjdawl nit anɣal n Ayt Ɛṭṭa sɣ yat tsga yaḍnin lli d mmaɣn Ayt Izdg tasut tis 18 ula tis 19.

## Iwtta
Tiwisi ad n ayt Yaflman tsɣummr mnnawt tqbilin yaḍnin ad tnt igan d: 
* Ayt Ɛṭṭa ɣ Lqblt,
* Ayt Sxman ɣ tagut,
* Ayt Mgild ɣ iẓẓlmḍ,
* Ayt Yusi d Ayt Lḥajj ɣ iẓẓlmḍ n ugmmuḍ
* Ayt  Sɣruccn ɣ ugmmuḍ

## Imnɣi n Tzizawt
Lliɣ kcmn igulfa n Fṛanṣa s tmntilt n tarayt d tutra n ugllid, ɣ Tunfit, yan usafla n imknasn sɣ mnnawt tqbilin zun d: Ayt Sidi Yaḥya U Yusf d Ayt Sidi Ɛli, Icqirn, Ayt Ihand, Ayt Ɛmr, Ayt Sidi Ḥsayn (Aɣbala), Ayt Ḥnini (Tikajwiin) d Ayt Ḥmmu Ayt Ɛica, Ayt iḥya d Ayt Suxman d Ayt Ḥdiddu da d igli ugrram n Sidi Amhawc,  ffuɣn s udrar n Tzgzawt ɣ urggal n wayyur ɣuct 1932 ɣ imisiwn n ulmu n idgl. Imnɣitn ann qjrnin kkan kraḍ imalasn, d uzbdr ittyalaɣn  n imaziɣn ad rad imdu assf n 13 Cutambir 1932 tigira n imnɣi n tzgzawt da iḍfṛn tiṛẓi n Umhawc.

## lsuɣal
Idammn

**Idammn** gan yan irz agaman uddir da ittmussun ɣ iẓuṛan d wul, slawan akkʷ s twisi n uɣudir n wul. Irz ad ittyawskar s waman d uflazma, d yan id mlyar n tɣrasin, ɣ umzwaru llant twjjatin zggʷaɣnin nttnti ad as yakkan aklu ann azggʷaɣ i idammn.

Irzi ad ar ittawi awksijin (O2) d isadurn ttɣawsnin  ɣ uzzigiz uddir n tuẓḍiḍin akkʷ n tɣssa, zun d urrig n ukarbun (CO2) d warrasn inaẓuṭn, s wansatn n iḍi (tigẓẓal, turin, tasa, adan). Ar daɣ isslkam tiɣrasin d irctuyn n unagraw n uffal s iẓṭwan, isluzzu daɣ iṛmunn s tɣssa kullu tt.

Dar willi mqqurnin, adif n iɣsan ad iṭṭayn tiɣrasin n idammn ɣ yat tzigizt mi ismn "asnulfu n idammn".

## Asnay
Lliɣ gan idammn yan uẓṭṭa irzn (igan zun d aman), rad ttyawskarn s kra n ifrdisn iɣrasann ula d kra n izgyan yaḍnin, macc ur gisn llan iẓaggn, ɣayann a f ur iqqur zun d iẓṭawn lummanin. Aswir nns n tsmmi ar ittili gr 7,35 d 7,453. Aklu nns azggʷaɣ ikka d imuglubin (yan ubṛutin illan ɣ ugns n twjjatin zggʷaɣnin).

### Ifrdisn n idammn
* Taɣrast tazggʷaɣt n idammn niɣ d tawjja tazggʷaɣt (imisi n 99%). Ur dars illi kra iga tt uɣrmi ula kra n tisayt mayad ɣar ɣ dar id bu tibbit hlli, maccan ɣ dar imudar yaḍnin zun d aylaln llan ukan darsn.
* 
* Ar ittamu wanaw ad n tɣrasin ɣaylli mi ismn imuglubin (1/3 n mad iddaln asituflazm) ɣaylli iṛẓẓmn asaka i usmutti n urrig n uksijin d win ukarbun d wuzzal. Ṭṭafn ula inzimn nna asn ttyawsnin ad ttidirn, smadn tawuri nnsn. Ku d tɣrast ar d ttidir dili n 120 n wass d mggu nns ar ittili ɣ uswir n inṛfaḍ, ittɣʷi daɣ imuglubin s imakṛufajn n tasa d win inṛfaḍ d iɣsan.

### Aflazma
Aflazma iga tamtta irzan ɣ ar ttaywuln ifrdisn n idammn. Ittyawskar s waman d iyunatn d ibrzzuyn ttmattaynin ɣ ugns n tɣssa. Iqqan d daɣ ad nsngiri aflazma d usiṛum, acku naḥya tn yan imikk ɣ usnay, d usiṛum ur gis illi ufibrinujin.

Ibrzzuyn nyafnin da fssinin ɣ irz n uflazma (gn waman amssfsi nnsn) gan d: 

• **Aglikuz**

• **Inddadn**

• **Ibṛutiyn** (nml ad tn naṭṭu s imiss n iliktrufuriz  n mnnaw wafatn: albumin, α1, α2, β, ɣ), wida gisn nyafnin gan tn: 

•Albumin igan zun d yan umaway n tɣawsiwin. 

•Iminuglubin n ungraw anaffal. 

•Imsmadn dar illa udɣar ɣ ussnti n usadmr i ufduddr. 

•Ibrutiyn n ikkil n idammn.

Kra ɣ ifrdisn ad gan iṛmunn, ẓḍaṛn nit ad gin ibṛuṭiyn, niɣ d ismamn iminitn ttyawnfalnin, niɣ d istirwidn, niɣ indaddn ttyawnfalnin (zun d afṛuṣṭaglandin d uḍṛumbuksan).

## Ẓṛ uggar

* Taggayin n idammn

## Tisaɣulin
Inbrazn n ḍaynustr

**Inbrazn n ḍaynustr** (s tnglizt: *Quantum Heroes Dinoster*) iga yan usddi atlfaz n wunuɣn ttmussunin (inmucmucn) n kurya n iffus d cina, ig yan usaru n tmsksalin d taṭṣa i tazzanin ngr smmus ar tẓa n isggʷasn. izri ugzzum izwarn n ulkkud izwarn ɣ ibrir 2023, izri ugzzum nns wis sin ɣ bṛayṛ 2024. 

## Tisaɣulin
Imil Durkaym

**Dafid Imil Durkaym** (15 abril 1858 - 15 nuwanbir 1917) iga yan umsnamun afransis. Durkaym ad nit issrsln s ma igan amaddud tasdawit n tsnamunt, ikcm d ɣwilli mi ittɣra s imsdagn imzwura n tsnamunt tatrart, nttan d Marks d Fibir.

Taggat n twuri n Durkaym ar tnggḍ ɣ manmk ad ttɣaman imunn f umyamaẓ nnsn d unya nnsn ɣ uzmz igan atrar, mqqar d yan wakud ɣ ur sul biddn izdayn n usgd d wamun zun d ɣiklli s tt inn kkan yadda, ig yan wakud ɣ kcmnt asays kra n tmrsal timaynutin n wamun. Tannayt n Durkaym tbidd f tɣudiw tamassant n wamun tiwi d ilmma igjda n tsnamunt tatrart. Issmrs imassn n twssna zun d uṭṭunn, d usmaqql amzray afad ad issfsi tinɣi n iman ɣ tgrumma n ikatulikiyn d lbrutistaniyn.

Adlis imqqurn da s izwur Durkaym ɣ tsnamunt iga t "*De la division du travail social*" (1893; "F tbḍit n twuri tanamunt"). Tiɣrdin nns, ɣ 1895, yura "*Les Règles de la méthode sociologique*" (Ilugan n tɣarast n twssna n wamun) dɣ usggʷas ann nit, iṛẓm Durkaym ansa amzwaru n tsnamunt ɣ Urubba, ig aslmad amzwaru n tsnamunt ɣ Fransa.

Adlis nns inyafn "Le Suicide" (1897), iskr gis yat tɣudiw n usɣal n tnɣi n iman ɣ tmizar tikatulikin d tibrutistanin, yiws mayann ɣ usngiri gr twssna tanamunt d tnimant d tflsaft  d tsrtant. 

Ɣ 1898, iskr aɣmis n "*L' Année sociologique*" (Asggʷas asnamun). Adlis nns "Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse" (1912; unnuɣn ifrdasn n tudrt tasgdant) issmnid gis yan uswingm f usgd, ar ittdwwan gr tudrt tanamunt d tdlsant n imunn n zikk d wid uzmz atrar.

Iga Durkheim yan wudm ifduddin ɣ tudrt tawngamt tafransist, iɣama dɣmkann ar ɣasslli immut ɣ 1917. Ifsr yat tiɣri iggutn, yara kigan n idlisn f mnnaw imrsiwn, zun d tasnamunt n twssna d itaggn d iswirn n wamun d usgd d ulmmud d tmagit d ulugn. Yiwi d dids kra n tguriwin zun d "Afrak angraw"  da ttinin mddn akkʷ ɣikkad mqqar willi ur ɣranin.

## Tudrt nns
Tamazirt n Epinal (Vosges) aɣ d ilul Imil Durkaym, ɣ yat takat n wudayn, babaṣ iga arbban. Macc ntta s ixf nns iga anustik d ur yiri ad ig zun d babas, ikcm tinml yattuyn n islmadn (l'Ecole Normale Supérieure) ig aslmad n tflsuft ɣ usggʷas n 1882. Isslmd azrf d tflsuft ur ta issnti ad ittara f tsnamunt, isslmd ilmma d inn tamtta ad tamaynut ɣ tsdawit n Buṛḍu, fad ad sul issaqqra ɣ Ṣṣuṛbun sɣ usggʷas n 1902.

## Umudn nns
Ifl d Durkaym tiɣʷrdin nns mnnaw idlisn ɣ igr n tsnamut, ittyawbdar gisn: 
* De la division du travail social (1893),
* Règles de la méthode sociologique (1894),
* Le Suicide, étude de sociologie (1897),
* Représentations individuelles et représentations collectives (1898),
* L'éducation morale (1903),
* Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912),
* Education et Sociologie (1922),
* Sociologie et Philosophie (1925),
* L'Evolution pédagogique en France (1938),
* La Science sociale et l'Action (lliɣ yad immut, 1970).

## Tisaɣulin
Muḥmmad Lmsɛudi

**lmsɛudi muḥmmad** amara d umdyaz amrruki, ilul g usggʷas n 1991 ɣ udwwaṛ n umdiɣr g tsga n tɣiwant n tmzgadiwin, illan g tqbilt n ilbnsirn tasga n imi n tanut, cicawa.

ig asdawi ɣ tmassanin tasusyulujiyin g tsdawit n ibn zuhr g ugadir.

## tismɣurin
yura sa n idlisn s tutlayt tamaziɣt, d kigan n imgrad ɣzzifnin g wikibidya tamaziɣt, yumẓ kigan n tsmɣurin tinamurin.

* yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut duzim  ɣ usggʷas n 2012, ɣ tskla n iɛrrimn.
* yumẓ tasmɣurt n tzlɣa n tirra n imaratn s tmaziɣt ɣ usggʷas n 2019.
* yumẓ tasmɣurt n tussna tamaziɣt n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt asggʷas n 2020.
* yumẓ tasmɣurt n tamaziɣt n wikibidya tamdrawt lli tssufɣ tkadimit n tgldit n lmɣrib asggʷas n 2022.

## idlisn
idlisn lli yura umara amaziɣ lmsɛudi muḥmmad:

* adlis n tmzgunt - *taydrt n uswingm* - d iffɣ nn ɣ usggʷas n 2019, tssufɣ t id tzlɣa n tirra n imaratn s tmaziɣt. lli yumẓn tasmɣurt n tskla tamaziɣt n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt, ɣ usggʷas n 2020, ɣ anaw n tskla n umẓyan.
* adlis n tullisin timaziɣin igzzuln - *ixf n ungi* - d iffɣ nn ɣ usggʷas n 2021, issufɣ t id usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt, isman 18 n tullist tamaziɣt bḍan t awal f kigan n untimn imaynutn.
* adlis n tmdyazin - *amwan n wawal* - iffɣ d ɣ usggʷas n 2015, yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut tis snat n usnflul n tskla n iɛrrimn ɣ usggʷas n 2013. isman kigan n tmdyazin isawaln f kṛaḍ wantimn : tamagit - tudrt - tayri.

## Tisaɣulin
* Amwan wawal – Muḥmmad Lmsɛudi - Tirra.net
*https://web.archive.org/web/20240228052000/https://biblio.ircam.ma/opac_css/index.php?lvl=author_see&id=16663
*http://www.bnrm.ma/bnrm/images/Bibliographie_livres-2015.pdf
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gV-vhcJRhg
*https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x11a1j1
Kamal n ayt Zrrad

Iga yan unsmazaɣ aqbayli, ig amẓlay ɣ tsnilst Tamaziɣt (tasnawalt, asknawal, tasddast d usmzazal n tantalayin) usggʷas 1958, ig iwis n twsit n Ayt Ɛbbas lli illan ɣ tmazirt n Lqbayl ɣ Ddzayr.

## Taridirt
Illa dar Kamal n Ayt Zrrad yan usmuttg ayugan. iga aḍukṭuṛ ɣ tilikṭrunikt timẓṛit tusdidt (microoptoélectronique) zɣ Tmrslt Tanamurt Tagtiqnit n Grinubl (imzɣ f tsrsit nns ɣ 1995, issufɣ d mnnawt tẓrigin ɣ yigr ad), ig daɣ aḍukṭuṛ ɣ tsnlist tamaziɣt, imzɣ f tsrsit nns ɣ INALCO ɣ 1996.

Ar issaqqra ɣ INALCO d Usinag i Tzrawin Tifriqanin ɣ Kulun (Almanya). ikka tt inn daɣ Kamal n Ayt Zerrad iga amrzu ɣ Usinag Amsnils Awfriq n Frankfurt Am Mayn (Frankfurt am Main). ɣ 2003, yumẓ ɣ INALCO, aẓḍaṛ i ubddad f urzzu. Anzgum da yusi i tmaziɣt iga bahra aqbur, ifsr yad mnnaw imnnitn ɣ tgariwin n tmrawt n 1980, ifsr adlis nns amzwaru, *Manuel de conjugaison kabyle* ɣ 1994.

Ḍarat n umzɣa nns f tsrsit nns ɣ INPG d INALCO, yumẓ yat taggazt n urzzu n Tmrslt talimant Aliksandr Fun Hubult fad ad ismd yan msmun awal n iẓuran imaziɣn ɣ Usinag n Tɣuriwin Tifriqiyin n Tsdawit n Frankfurt. Ɣ 2003, imzɣ f uẓiḍr nns i ubddad f urzzu ɣ INALCO lli ɣ ittusɣan ɣ tuddma n 2004 wan Uslmad Idrrun n Tmaziɣt. Ɣ 2009, ittusmma wan Uslmad n Tsdawiyin. 

Ibda Kamal n Ayt Zerrad ar ifssr ɣ Usamu Amaziɣ (Encyclopédie Berbère) f tɣuri as yuzn Salm Cakr fad ad idru ɣ 2004, iɣama zɣ wakud ann iga yan ɣ igmamn n usqqim amassan d ugraw n tirra n Usamu Amaziɣ (EB). 

## Tisaɣulin
Kaṛl Marks

**Karl Marks** (s tlimant: [maʁks]; ilul ɣ Tribs ɣ Rrin n izddar assf n 5 may 1818 - immut ɣ 14 mars 1883) iga yan uflsuf d yan umassan n tsrtit d  win tdmsa, d umzruy, d win wamun, ig ula anɣmas, d umsmddur n tgrawla d unjmaw abrusyan. Sɣ wumudn nns ttyawssanin uggʷar tlla yat tifrt n uskkṛḍ yura tt ɣ 1848 ad tt igan d "*<span lang="En" dir="ltr">The Communist Manifesto</span>*" (s umyawas d Fridrik Injlz) fad s udlis n kṛaḍ iksayn *Das Kapital*(1867-1894); ɣ wad iggʷran iskr yat tɣri izawr gis tamssaẓt n tmissiwt n umzruy ɣ yan ussfsi n tddugra, ɣ ccayf n udmar awngam n Kaṛl Marks, tiwngimin nns d ma tnt d iḍfṛn ɣ ussṛwu ttyawssannt akkʷ s Tmarksitt flnt yan iḍiṣ wala imqqurn ɣ tudrt tamassant d tdamsant d tsrtant n uzmz ad.

Ilul ɣ tmdint n Trier ɣ tgldit n Prusse, iɣra Marx ɣ tsdawiyin n Bonn, d Berlin d Jena, yumẓ yan udiplum n tflsuft zɣ Jena ɣ 1841. Iga yan zɣ "Young Hegelians", tɛlla gis tflsuft n Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, issnfl d iɛyyb tikniwin n Hegel ɣ twuriwin ns zund *The German Ideology* (yuran ɣ 1846) d *Grundrisse* (yuran ɣ 1857-1858). Lliɣ illa ɣ Paris ɣ 1844, yura Marx *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts* imnaggr d Engels, lli yuɣaln amdakʷl ns amqqran d umɛawan ns. Lliɣ idda s Bruxelles ɣ 1845, skrn tawuri ɣ tmnbaḍt tacdyut (Communist League), uran ɣ 1848 *The Communist Manifesto*, lli issfɣn tikniwin n Marx d mayd ittini f tanflit. Ffɣn t zɣ Bljika d Lalman, idda s London ɣ 1849, ɣin ay yura *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (1852) d *Das Kapital*. Zɣ 1864, ikcem Marx s tmsmunt tamaḍlant n ixddamn (First International), ɣin ay immɣ d inanarcistn lli iznza Mikhail Bakunin. Ɣ tktabt ns *Critique of the Gotha Programme* (1875), yura f tanflit, d ddwlt d ubrid s tcyuɛit. Immut bla tamazirt ɣ 1883, mtln t ɣ usmdl n Highgate.

Tiɣriwin n Marx f umzruy, tamtti d tdmsit tasertiyt ar ttinint is tmɣur tmiẓar n mddn s imɣarn n trbbaɛ. Ɣ uɣaras n trsmal, ittban uyad ɣ imɣarn gr trbbaɛ lli iḥkamn (ittussan s 'bourgeoisie') lli iṭṭafn allalen n tawuri, d trbbaɛ ixddamn (ittussan s 'proletariat') lli iskkarn iwuriyn ad s tzzenza n tẓḍart nsn f yan uttci. S tiɣri ns tanamurt n umzruy, inna Marx mas tra tarsmal ad tawi imɣarn ɣ tuggugt ns zund akkʷ iɣarasn yaḍnin n tdmsit d tmtti, d imɣarn ad rad awin s ubṭṭu ns d ubddl ns s yan uɣaras yaḍni ittussan s uɣaras asutay n tawuri. I Marx, imɣarn ɣ trsmal - lli d iffɣn zɣ tɣuḍi ns d tɣawsiwin ns n tmara - rad awin s tmusni n trbbaɛ dar ixddamn, lli ra yawi s uḥbu nsn i tẓḍart tasrtant d tizi yaḍni s tmtti bla tirbbaɛ, tamtti tacyuɛit lli ra yilin s tmsmunt tilellit n imskarn. Isker Marx tawuri f uskr n uyad, inna mas ixxṣṣa i trbbaɛt n ixddamn ad tskr tanflit taproletarit iswran bac ad tṛẓ tarsmal d ad tawi tilelli i tdmsit d tmtti.

## Tisaɣulin
Lbidq

Ism nns imdan iga t **Bubkr Muḥmmad u Ɛli Aẓnag**, ar as aqqran s Lbidq, iddr ɣ gr tasut tis mrawt d tis 11, ig yan inigi f tnkra n uwank n Imwaḥdin d usmun n Lmhdi u Tumrt ɣ udwal nns s tmazirt n Sus, imun dids ɣ twada nns d ur fllas ittyawssan kra iggutn amr is tt inn ikka ar iglli tasrdunt n u Tumrt (lli mi ismn Tamwimq). Ifl d Lbidq sin idlisn dar tlla yat tnafa bahra imqqurn ɣ wallas i mad izrin aylliɣ d inkr uwank n Imwḥdin.  
Wanna iɣran idlisn n Lbidq, rad yaf is gisn ttubdarnt mnnawt tguriwin d ismawn d iwaliwn n Imwḥdiyn s Tmaziɣt, ɣaylli rad isisfiw uggar manmk ad tt inn tkka Tclḥit dɣ akud ann.

## Ism n "Lbidq"
Lbidq iga ɣar yan wassaɣ, macc ism as yadlli d Bubkr Muḥmmad u Ɛli, ittyawsmma s lbidq lli igan yat tguri d ikkan Taɛrabt, tasi nn anamk n umanar da immaln aɣaras i mddn ɣ umuddu.  (الدليل في السفر).   

Imma ntta ikka d kra n twsit n iẓnagn, macc ur nit ifaw manta gisnt.

## Idlisn nns
Ittyawssan dar Lbidq sin idlisn, amzwaru iga tt "أخبار المهدي ابن تومرت و بداية دولة الموحدين" d wis sin iga tt "كتاب الانساب في معرفة الأصحاب". 

## Tisaɣulin
Martan Haydigr

**Martan Haydigr** iga yan uflsuf aliman, ilul ɣ 26 cutambir 1889 ɣ Msskirc, immut ɣ 26 mayyu 1976. Ittyawssan uggar s tikkiwin nns ɣ tawssna n tflalin d tasnilit. Tiwuriwin nns ar ddalnt yat tadla iflin n tawssna n ufgan d tiknusna d tẓuṛi d tifrgama d tnfganit d tutlayt d umzruy n tflsuft. 

Ɣ brir n 1933, Haydigr ittyawstay ad ig amɣar n tsdawit n Frayburg, ittzawr bahra f tgmamt nns d twisi nns i ukabaṛ n inaziyn ɣ twala nns. Lliɣ imda imnɣi amaḍlan wis sin, ittyawsitti sɣ Frayburg, ittyawsbdad ad sul isslmad ɣ usra ɣ ar ttkkisn tanazit. Illa yan umrara n wawal yak ur tzdi tflsuft nns d tnazit.

## Tisaɣulin
Kunfucyus

**Kunfucyus** (孔子; pinyin: *Kǒngzǐ*; s tagnawt: 'Mass Kang'), ilul d ɣ **Kong Qiu** (孔丘), ikka tt inn iga yan uflsaf acinwi n talldrar d tmnjuct, imyar ad ittyawssan s usafu n waggagn icinwiyn, iggut ɣ taysi tadlsant lli issugrn ɣ tmizar n icinwiyn mad d ikkan taflsuft d umlan n kunfucyus. Almmud nns iflsfn ittyawsmma s "*Tkunfucit*", taɣarast ad ar tt tettawi bahra ɣ itaggn n umddnu d win tnbaḍt, tawi tt ula ɣ tasult n yan usɣun anamun irggign d tanumi d taɣʷẓuni n wawal, tasglallaft (taddriwcit), d manmk ad iẓḍaṛ yan ugllid ad inbḍ s irfsan ẓilnin.

Kunfucyus inna f ugayyu nns is ar izzray itaggn n ayt zikk da f ar ittini is tn laḥ ɣ uzmz nns, iɣra i tayri n imarawn d ussrɣud n imzwura d luqr n imẓẓiyn i wanna tn yugrn d luqr n taldniwin i imddan nnsnt, issawn alugn n wurɣ, "Ad ur tskart i wiyyaḍ, ɣaylli ur trit i ixf nnk".   

Ɣaylli ikka Kunfucyus iddr iga yan wakud itkarn s twngimin myanawnin, ig yan uzmz anɣmsan ɣ umzruy n tdlsa Tacinwit. Tiwngimin nns kkant uggar f uzmz n tglday mmaɣnin gr asnt, gint taksart lliɣ imk tɣli tmnukda n Tcin. Ddaw umnkud n Wu n Han, tiwngimin n Kunfucyus rad ttyawgdalnt d wanna tnt iḍfṛn rad as tṣaḥa tkrrayt.       

Ɣ wussan n tglday n Ṭang d Ṣung, takunfucit rad daɣ tffuɣ s yan ungraw ittyawssann ɣ utaram s "Tkunfucit Tamaynut". Sɣ tglday tiqbuṛin ar azmz atrar, taɣ tkunfunciyt adɣar nns ɣ irfsan n wamun acinwi d tɣarast nnsn n tudrt.       

## Iwaliwn nns
Ifl kunfucyus mnnaw iwaliwn mmalnin yat tɣarast n tudrt ɣmklli tt id yiwi sɣ dar imzwura:Afgan dars snat id tudrt, tis snat ar tssntay kiɣ issn is d yat ka ad dars illan.Inna daɣ:Iɣ illuẓ yan, yuf ad as tmmalt manmk s ad gmmrn islman ula tfkit as tn. Yini daɣ: Ur ar ttmmaɣaɣ ad ssnɣ timrarutin, is ar ttmmaɣaɣ ad rmsɣ isqsitn. Yini: Tudrt trxa nit, is ka nkkʷni nra ad tt nkrs. 
Yini: 
Ifssi d yan umddakkl ur jju ittknadn. 
Yini:
Tumrt tlla ɣ kra iga tt mani, ixṣṣa ad issn yan manmk s rad tt iṭṭay. 
Yini sul:
Wanna ur izzigizn ku ass s dat, ar d ittiwrri ku
ass s tɣʷrdin. 
Yini:
Irim iga yat tadust nna ur issufun ka ɣwalli tt yusin. 

## Tisaɣulin
Lfṛfaṛ (ida ugmmaḍ)

**lfṛfaṛ** (s tɛṛabt: الفرفار), iga yan usun imunn, yili g tgrawt n ida ugmmaḍ, tasunḍt n ulad brrḥḥil, tasga n trudant, tamnaḍt n fas - amknas g lmɣrib. iḍfaṛ usun ad i trfiqt n ida ugmmaḍ nna g llan 16 n isunn. yuwḍ umḍan n imzdaɣn nns 307 n umzdaɣ, gisn 143 n iwtman d 164 n twtmin, g usiḍn amaddud n usggⵯas 2014. 

## tisnaddadin
### tisnaddadin timatayin
iggⵯiz umḍan n imzdaɣn n lfṛfaṛ s 3.5%, yuli umḍan n twacunin s 7.0% gr 2004 d 2014. g 2014, iga umḍan n imawaḍn 240 n umzdaɣ, gisn 106 n iwtman d 134 n twtmin.

ImageSize = width:220 height:220
PlotArea = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
  id:gray1 value:gray(0.9)
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:400
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000 start:0 gridcolor:gray1
PlotData =
  bar:2004 color:green width:1 
   from:0 till:318 width:25 text:318 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px
  bar:2014 color:red width:1 
   from:0 till:307 width:25 text:307 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px


*tawjiwin:

ImageSize = width:220 height:220
PlotArea = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
  id:gray1 value:gray(0.9)
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:70
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000 start:0 gridcolor:gray1
PlotData =
  bar:2004 color:green width:1 
   from:0 till:57 width:25 text:57 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px
  bar:2014 color:red width:1 
   from:0 till:61 width:25 text:61 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px


### iwl d tarwa
g 2014, gan wina yiwln g usun n lfṛfaṛ 58.75 s tgmiḍi n 19.1%, ig unammas n wawtay g wakud n yiwl amzwaru 29.73 n usggⵯas (31.28 dar irgazn d 28.63 dar tsdnan). ilkm unammas n ublulls dar tsdnan 4.17, d ublulls imdn 1.68.

### aslmd
g 2014, tlkm tgmiḍi n uslmd 96.15% gr irban d trbatin nna ɣur gr 6 d 11 n usggⵯas g wawtay nnsn g yimir anmlan 2013/2014, tlkm tgmiḍi n tarskkilt 45.06% gr imzdaɣn nna mi ilkm wawtay nnsn 10 isggⵯasn niɣ uggar.

### tawuri
g 2014. tlkm tgmiḍi n mdd nna ẓḍaṛnin i twuri 30.83% g lfṛfaṛ, ar nit swurin niɣ suln ar siggiln tawuri. tlkm tgmiḍi n tarwuri 29.73% gr mddn nna ɣur 15 n usggⵯas niɣ uggar g wawtay nnsn, iẓḍiṛn i twuri.

## tannayin

## Tisaɣulin
Ḍunalḍ Tṛamb

**Ḍunalḍ Djun Ṭṛamb** (ilul ɣ wass n 14 yunyu 1946 ɣ iɣrm n Nyuyurk) iga yan urgaz n tsrtit d tsnɣmast, ig yan umstag da yiwin timmuɣra n iwunak mullinin sɣ 2017 ar 2021. Yawi daɣ afran amɣran s usaka n ukabaṛ n imẓgdudn (Republicans),  bac ad ittyawsmma is iga amɣar wis 47 n mirikan, ɣ wass n 20 innayr n usggʷas 2025.

Tṛamb ittyawssfaɣ s uswir n lijaza n tdamsa ɣ tsdawit n Binslbanya ɣ usggʷas 1968. Ig amagr n tnmalayt n Ṭṛamb ɣ usggʷas 1971, yawi tt ɣ tsbbabt n tzdduɣin grgsnin. Izzri yan uẓllay n uqrat ɣ isggʷasn n  1990, ilmma isnulfa yan isddi iliẓṛi n tilawt mi ismn "Apprentice" isnubg t dars, ikka uɣawas ad sɣ 2004 ar 2015. 

Ɣ usggʷas 2016, Ṭṛamb yiwi afran n imagrn s ism n ukabaṛ n imẓgdudn, takflawt nns s tnbaḍt tssnkr ma ur idrusn ɣ taẓit, imuzr ad ittyawgdal umuddu f imuslmn d imzwagn, issidus imiri n iwtta gr mirikan d Miksik, issnti ula tasrtit n tbḍit n tawjiwin. Ikks daɣ yat tmiḍi n tflwin n twnnaḍt, issnti yan imnɣi n tsbbabt ngr as d ccinwa ɣ usggʷas 2018, imnaggar d umagr n kuṛya n iẓẓlmḍ Kim jung wun, macc ur zzigzn s yat ɣ tukksa n umrig aɣrmay, ɣ tmrarut nns f ibraṭṭan n COVID19, issimẓi imizi nns, innzray d umlan da fkan inbdadn igraɣlann n tdusi.

## Tisaɣulin
Bihi Ajallaḍ

**Bihi Ajallaḍ** iga yan unḍḍam Aclḥi bahra ittyawssann ɣ isksawn, ilul yadlli ɣ usggʷas 1950 ɣ wusun n twalin tagrawt n lalla ɛziza, tamnaḍt n cicawa, inkr d ɣ yat tmazirt lli nn ibbin f lmdint, lliɣ imẓẓi ur tt yiwi ɣ tɣri, ur iri tinml, ittut f umarg ar ifttu s isuyas n uḥwac, ar issflid i inḍḍamn, ar ittḥwwac, irwas nit is d ikkusa amarg sɣ dar babas lli igan dɣ nttan yan unḍḍam asksiwi, inna tuggt n umarg ɣ uzmz n usdurri afransis.

Ɣ usnti n twada nns, ikka tt inn ar ittlmad tanḍḍamt ɣ isuyas, ar ittals i iwaliwn da ittini babas ar ifttu s tmɣriwin d iḥwacn, ad ukan inna kra n wawal ar t ttallɣn mddn ar t ssimɣurn ɣaylli gis igan anaruz afad ad ig ula nttan anḍḍam. Asggʷas n 1973 ad igan asra ɣ yumẓ ujallaḍ tabrida n tnḍḍamt d tmdyazt, awal izwurn is t inna iga t lliɣ iksa ulli, yaf nn kra n mddn ɣ unrar kkan aylliɣ iqqn rrwa, ar sul ttasin imadaɣn. 

Ajallaḍ zun d amaka n inḍḍamn, izri dɣ nttan ɣ tɣarast n usiggl n tikki n wawal, irzf nn yan ugrram ɣ zzawit n uskkif, lliɣ nn ign ibdd srs yan ufgan isrs as yat talfanidt n fliyyu ɣ imi nns, lliɣ d inkr ɣ tuẓẓumt n wass yaf ixf nns ar issumum kra. Tigira n twargit ad yufa nn bihi ixf nns iga dars umarg zun d iɣ ar issa waman.

Iswa d unḍḍam ad ɣ taysi n babas, ɣmklli d iswa ɣ yan ida ittyawssann s umarg, inyalkam d imdyazn mqqurnin lli turu tsga nns wan Ɛumar brɣut, d ḥasan u lḥaj ɣ unẓuḍt d Lɛrbi ɛjjaj d utwili ɣ usrratu d ḥmad u bihi u talmst. Ad ur ittu yan is d timktit n tmazirt nns iṛcm gis yan ism da igan tamatart niɣ d inigl n umarg, iga tt lalla ɛziza tasksiwit, yat ɣ igrramn lli ittyawssann s ifi n wawal dar imaziɣn n udrar n Drn d Sus,
Ḥamid Inrzaf

Ḥamid inrzaf (nɣ d s ism nns aẓɣuṛan ḥamid bayḥ, s tɛṛabt: حميد إنرزاف، s tfṛanṣIṣt: hamid inerzaf, s uskkil alatin n tmaziɣt: Ḥamid Inrzaf) iga amɣnnj amaziɣ amɣribi, ig anḍḍam amaziɣ amqqṛan. Ilul Ḥamid Inrzaf ɣ usggʷas n 1972 ɣ usun n Sswalm, actukn, maca yucka d s Bnsrgaw zɣ lliɣ dars 2 isggʷasn ɣ uwtay, ilmd Ḥamid Inrzaf aẓawan d tẓuṛI ɣ tgmmi n Ḥasan Aɛṭuṛ zun kigan n inuẓaṛ. Ikka Ḥamid Inrzaf tugt n trubba zun d tarabbut n "Lmsabiḥ", tarabbut n "Laḥnan", tarabbut n "Iqqbiln" ɣ usggʷas n 1984 d trabbut yusin nit ism ns "Inrzaf". Izmmem Ḥamid Inrzaf tugt n tɣnnijin d trubba ɣ tzwiri, tassfift nns tudmawant tamzwarut tffuɣ d ɣ usggʷas n 1994.  

## Tankra
Iẓṛa Ḥamid Inrzaf tifawt ɣ usun n Sswalm illan ɣ tsga n wactukn, aɣaras n tznit, mac ur gis d inkir, sɣ llig dars sin isggʷasn immutti s Bnsrgaw, Agadir nttat a ɣ d imqqur issnti dgs asmuttg ɣ igr n uẓawan d tẓuṛI. Inkr d Ḥamid Inrzaf ɣ yan udɣar ɣ illa uẓawan s umata, inkr d ɣ wammas n trubba.

Yusi Ḥamid Inrzaf asafu n uẓawan sɣ tgmmi n Ḥasan Aɛṭuṛ ɣ d nkrn kigan n inaẓuṛn d trubba, ar ittini mas tigmmi ad tga tinml n uẓawan amaziɣ ɣ Sus. Ɣ tzwiri, ikka Ḥamid Inrzaf kigan n wanawn n uẓawan zun tagrubbit, taṛṛwayṣit d taẓnẓaṛt. Ɣ tgira, yufa anaw nns udmawan s ittuyssan s wass ad.

## Imassn

Ḥamid Inrzaf iga sɣ imɣnnjn issmrasn lbanju, ig yan sɣ imɣnnjn as issnn.

## tadiskugṛafit

## Ẓṛ uggar

* Taɣnnijt Tamaziɣt

## Tisaɣulin
Lyubuld Justinar

**Lyubuld Fikṭuṛ Justinar** ilul ɣ Nujunt siɣ Sin ɣ wass n 14 Mayyu 1878 immut ɣ Bariz ass n 8 Fbṛayṛ 1959, iga yan usrdas d yan umsmazɣ Afransis lli yiwin aɣan imqqurn n  laliju n waddur, yura kigan n warratn slawan f Tclḥit d tudrt n iclḥiyn, ibidd f tɣawsiwin n tmizar n Sus kra n 30 n usggʷas, ɣayann a f illa mad as yaqqran s "***uqbṭan Aclḥi***".

Yucka d tiklit izwurn s tmazirt n lmɣrib ɣ usggʷas 1911, ikka tt inn yucka d f usmmigl n wutuy n tsrdast n Mulay Ḥfiḍ ɣ Fas, yufa imil is d tagrumma da f illa ad iglli gis ɣar irgazn sɣ tmazirt n Sus sɣ dar ilmd tutlayt taymmat lli tt igan d Taclḥit, ukan lliɣ tt iɣʷi, ittut s tayri nns, yura adlis izwurn n ulmmud n tutlayt Taclḥit: *<span lang="Fr" dir="ltr">Manuel Berbère Marocain, dialecte Chleuh</span>* (1914). ur gis ibdir tajrrumt d umawal hlli, is gis irna ula kra n tmrawin n umiyn mi issfld sɣ dar isrdasn nns lli ganin iclḥiyn,  ɣikann a s rad issnti ɣaylli f inna nttan "chères études berbères" (tiɣudiw iɛzzan n tmaziɣt).  

Ɣ uskka n imnɣi imqqurn, yan usmmigl iɣzzifn ɣ wagʷns n tmizar n Sus rad yili gr 1916 ar 1921, rad t yajj ad ismuccd ɣaylli isala ɣ Tclḥit d umarg, aḥwac a sɣ d ismun tiyytin ggutnin n inḍḍamn d id mafawal. Imgr mnnawt gisnt d igzzumn ɣ umarg, issuɣl tn s ixf nns, fad ad gisn ifsr kra slawan ɣ tsɣunt n Hisbiris.  

## Tisaɣulin