open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Snat Tasutin n Ifsti

***Snat Tasutin n Ifsti*** (s Tfarsit: دو قرن سکوت) iga yan udlis ittyuran s tfarsit, ig win umara Ɛbd Lḥusayn Zarin Kub nna igan yan zɣ imassann mqqurnin n tdlsa, amzruy d tskla n Iran. Adlis ad iga yan wallas i umzruy n Iṛan ḍarat n walik Aɛṛab n Iṛan ɣ tsuta tis 7 ḌT aylliɣ ibdd uwank n Iṭahiriyn lli igan tnbḍ ayt twja Tanslmt Tiṛanit.

Da anɣ issmnid Zarin Kub yan umsgdal iɣzzifn f ukccum s Iṛan d yiḍis n waɛṛabn f tskla, tutlayt, tadlsa d wamun n Pirsya (Tamazirt n Ifarsiyn) ɣ snat tustin nn iḍfaṛn alik anslm n Iṛan. Isgdl Zarinkub manmk s ḍfaṛnt alik Aɛṛab/Anslm mad yaẓn i "snat tsutin n ifsti" amunan, adlsan d usrtan n ayt tmazirt Ifarsiyn.

Da ittnini Turaj Darayi mas yadlli iga udlis n *Snat Tasutin n Ifsti "*adlis anaway i ugdud afarsi ɣ uzgn n tasut ad izrin. Tigariwin ad ka ad ssntan mddn ar ttqbaln idlisn yaḍnin is gan imiddzitn n tannayt n Zarrin Kub.

## Tisaɣulin
Arjantin

**Aṛjuntina** (s wudm amaddud tga **Tagduda n Aṛjuntina**) tga yat tmazirt ɣ Marikan Tanẓulant. Tga tmazirt ad tis snat ɣ tmɣuri ɣ Marikan Tanẓulant d tis tamt ɣ umaḍal s timmad nns.

Taṣbnyult ad bahra sawaln mddn, tg tutlayt tamaddudt, maccan ar sawaln mddn s tutlayin yaḍnin. Llant kra n tdrusin sawalnin s  Tṭalyant, Talimant, Tinglizt, Takitcwat d Tawilct akkʷ ɣ Paṭagunya.

## Tasrtit
Tga Aṛjuntina yat tagduda tafidiralt. Ar sttin ayt Aṛjuntin yan unssixf afad ad tn inbḍ, d isinaturn, d imaggasn fad ad sawaln s yism nnsn, ar asn skarn islgnn. Anssixf ɣila iga t Xafyir Miliy zɣ Dissumbr n 2023.

## Tisaɣulin

## Isitn Yaḍnin

* Argentina.gov.ar - Official national portal
* Gobierno Electrónico Archived 2017-09-03 at the Wayback Machine - Official government website
* Presidencia de la Nación Archived 2010-11-13 at the Wayback Machine - Official presidential website
* Honorable Senado de la Nación - Official senatorial website
* Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación - Official lower house website
* Secretaría de Turismo de la Nación - Official tourism board website

__INDEX__
Ibn Sina

**Ibn Sina** niɣ d u-Sina, ism nns anmdu iga Abu Ɛali Al Ḥusayn Ibn Sina, yan uḍbib d yan uflsaf Iṛaniy Anslm, ilul d ɣ Buxara ɣ tsga n Xrasan (Ma igan ɣass ad Uzbakistan) ɣ usggʷas 980 n tlalit, ɣ uwank Asamani, immut ɣ Hamadan ɣ 1037, tawada nns tamsnijjit tssnti zikk, tɣzzif, ig adlis nns "Lqanun" (Aslgn ɣ tsnijjit) lli biddnt tannalin nns f ɣaylli ifl Buqṛaṭ d Galyan, issuɣl tnt sɣ tallatint s Taɛrabt, adasil n ulmmud n tsnijjit ɣ timizar n ugmmuḍ. 

Idlisn n tflsuft da d ifl, ar d ssktayn ɣ warratn n Suqṛaṭ d Waflaṭun sɣ taysi tagrikt, zun d adlis n "Kitab Al Icarat wa Ttanbihat" (Adlis n tmatarin d tɣḍafin), is fllas inna Rujr Bakun: Amzwar d ugldun n iflsafln. 

## Tisaɣulin
Fiji

Tga **Fiji** yat tmazirt igan tagzirt ɣ ugaru irggign. Llant dars 322 n tgzirin. Tigzirin akkʷ istawhmmant gratsnt gant tnt Vanwa Livu d Viti Livu. Tamaẓunt nns d tmdint akkʷ iktarn s imzdaɣn tga tt Suva. Kra n 844,330 n umddnu ad illan ɣ Fiji. Kraḍt tutlayin ad igan timaddudin, ad tnt igan d Tafijit, Tinglizt d Thindustant (yan urkis gr Thindit d Turdut). 

Ɣ tasuta tis 17 d 18, ihulanḍn d ibriṭann ad izwarn is ufan Fiji. Tkka tt inn Fiji tlla ddu usdurri abriṭan ar 1970; ikka gis usdurri ad attayn n tasut ismdn.

## Abḍay d tsggʷin

Tbḍa Fiji f kkuẓ ibḍayn mqqurnin:

* Anammas
* Agmuḍan
* Agafan
* Utrim

Bḍun daɣ ibḍayn ad f 14 tsggʷin:

## Timdinin

* Lawtuka
* Nadi
* Nawsuri
* Suva

## Tisaɣulin
Anmmal n Tgmi Tanfgant

Iga unmmal n tgmi tanfgant yan unmmal nna tsnulfa tmaddast n Tmtta Imunn, ar immal aswir n ubṛṛaḥ n imadann ɣ umaḍal. Ku asggʷas, da d tssufuɣ tmaddast n tmttin imunn yan usnuml sɣ usggʷas n 1990.

Iqqn unmmal n tgmi tanfgant s uswir n usslmd, taqubbanit, awtay anammas n ufgan, tadusi d uswir n tmddurt ɣ umaḍal.

Anmmal ad isnulfa t umassan adamsan abakistani Maḥjub Lḥaq, s twisi n umassan adlsan ahindi Marita Sin nna yumẓn tasmɣurt n Nubl ɣ tdmsa, d umassan abriṭani Magand Disay.
Antigwa d Barbuda

**Antigwa d Barbuda** (s tnglizt: *Antigua and Barbuda* tga yat tmazirt tagzirt ɣ Ukaraibi. Tlla ɣ tuẓẓumt n tgzirin n Liyuward. Tga snat tgzirin "Antigwa" d "Barbuda", iddr 97% n imzdaɣn ɣ Antigwa. Tamaẓunt d taɣart d tmdint tamqqrant tga tt Sant Djunz g Antigwa.

## tasrdast
## Amzruy
## Tadamsa
## Tasrtit d tnbaḍt
## Tunnunt
## Tamallayt
## Almmud
## Tutlayin
## Anzwi
## Tussna
## Iwrikn ttyawssanin
## Tisaɣulin
Bahamaṣ

**Bahamaṣ** niɣ ism nns amaddud (s tnglizt: *Commonwealth of The Bahamas*) tga tamazirt isawaln s tnglizt, tsmuna 29 n tgzirin d 661 n tgzirin mẓẓiyn. Llant tgzirin ad ɣ ugaru n Waṭlas, taẓ s yan imikk i uwank n Flurida.
Tajumma nns 13,878km² tsmuna nnig 330,000 imzdaɣn, tamaẓunt d tmdint tamqqrant tga tt Nasaw.

## Tasrdast

## Amzruy
## Tadamsa
## Tasrtit d tnbaḍt
## Tunnunt
## Tamallayt
## Almmud
## Tutlayin
## Anzwi
## Tussna
## Iwrikn ttyawssannin
## Tisaɣulin
Lbaḥrin

Lbaḥrin (s tɛṛabt: البحرين), ism amaddud **tagldit n [[Lbaḥrin]]** tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ ubaggu afarisi ɣ tmnaḍt n ugmmuḍ anammas.

Lmanama ad igan tamaẓunt n baḥrin, tg tamdint nns tamqqrant akkʷ, gis uggar n 157,474 umdan. 

Ɣ 2010, lkmn imzdaɣn akkʷ n lbḥrayn 1,234,596 n umdan, atayn 54% sɣ imzdaɣn, mad ittggan 666,172 d ibṛraniyn da swuruynin ɣ tmazirt a.

=Tasrtit= 

Lbaḥrayn tga tgldit, inbḍ tt uglid Ḥamad Bn Ɛisa Alxalifa. Ɣ usggʷs n 2002, tssnfl Lbaḥrayn ism nns sɣ “Imarat n Baḥrin" s Taɛrṛbt s “Tagldit n Lbaḥrin”.

Abrlaman n lbḥrayn llan gis sin isqqimn, Asqqim n Imaran d Usqqim n Umcawaṛ.

## Imzdaɣn

1,234,596 ad gan imzdaɣn nns ɣ 2011. Attayn n uzgn n imzdaɣn n Lbaḥrayn gan Iɛṛabn (570,000 umdan). 84% zɣ 666,000 ganin ibṛṛaniyn nna illan ɣ Lbaḥrayn uckan d zɣ Iṛan d tmizar n Asya n unẓul zun d Bangladic.

## Asgd
Lislam ad igan asgd n uwank. 81,2 % sɣ imzdaɣn nns gan imslmn, tg 9 % imasiḥiyn, 9,8 % d iɣaman ḍfaṛn isgdan yaḍnin nɣ ur ḍfaṛn kra n usgd. 

Llant 30 twjiwin n wudayn nna iddrn ɣ Lbaḥrayn.

## Tutlayt

## Abṭṭu adblan

Dffir n 3 yulyuz 2002, tettwabḍa lbaḥrayn f 5 tsggʷin tidblanin, ku yat dars anbaḍ.

Tisggʷa a gant tnt:

## Tisaɣulin
Beliz

**Beliz** tga yat tmazirt ɣ Tmrikt Tanammst. Ikka tt inn yism nns iga "Hunduras Tabriṭant" (*British Honduras*) aylliɣ infl yism ɣ 1973. Dat n aya, tkka tt inn tga agzzum ɣ unmkud n Maya. Beliz waḥdu tt ad isawaln s tnglizt ɣ Tmrikt Tanammst.

Llan wida sawalnin s Tṣbnyult nɣ Kryul (Belizean Creole) ɣ Beliz, maccan tinglizt ad igan tutlayt tamaddut, tg tada tsawalt tugt n mddn s tmntilt n usdurri n Tgldit Imunn. Taddjarin nns kkan tt inn llant ddu usdurri n Ṣbanya. Mnnaw n mddn ssnn ad sawaln s snat itsnt.  

## Tisaɣulin
Barbadus

**Barbadus** (s Tnglizt: Barbados) tga yat tmazirt tagzirt ɣ tgzirin n Wantil mẓẓiynin, tigzirin n lhnd n tasut ɣ yil akaṛayibi g tmrikt n ugafa. Tajumma nns tlkm 439km², tg Bridjṭawn tmaẓunt nns.

## Tasrdast

## Amzruy

## Tadamsa

## Tasrtit d tnbaḍt

## Tunnunt

## Tamallayt

## Almmud

## Tutlayin

## Anzwi

## Tussna

## Iwrikn ittyawssann

## Tisaɣulin
Bulifya

**Bulifya** nɣ **Bulivya**, s wudm amaddud tga **Awank Agtnamur n Bulifya**, tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ Tmrikt n unẓul. Tamazirt ad ur asrẓm f yill. Ssutlnt as tmizar n Brazil, Baragway, Aṛjuntina, Biru d Tcili. Ɣ nuwanbir 2020, yumẓ Albiṛṭu Arki Katakuṛa tanssixft n tnbaḍt. Ilkm wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn nns 11.51 id mlyun (2019).

Tettyusma Bulifya f ujiniṛal Simun Bulifar lli immaɣn fad ad isdrfi tamazirt zɣ usdurri. Tutlayin s bahra sawaln mddn gant tnt tṣbnyult d Tqucwat (Quechua), macc llant tiyyaḍ

## Tisaɣulin
Brunay

Tamunt n Brunay (s tutlayt n malayu: Negara Brunei Darussalam)، nɣ akal n ufra، tga tamazirt nna izgan ɣ uftas agafan n tgzirt n Burnyu g unẓul agmuḍan n Asya. Tbḍa brunay f snat tmnaḍin, tbḍa tnt tmazirt n Lambang nna iḍfrn i twilayt n Srwaq ɣ tmazirt n Malizya nna issutln i Brunay akkʷ, ɣar aftas n Brunay agafan ad illan f yill acinwi n unẓul. Brunay tga yat tmazirt tamzrugt f tgzirt n Burnyu، da taṭṭu Malizya d Andunisya .

Tssnti n Brunay ɣ tasut tiss 7 lliɣ tlla tmazirt i tgldit n Srifijaya ddaw yism n 'Buni'. Taɣul ɣ wakud anggaru tuɣal tmazirt tḍfṛ i tmbṛaṭuṛt n Majabahit da akccum n lislam s tmazirt ɣ tasut tiss 17.
## Tisaɣulin
Icbilya

**Icbilya** tga yat tɣrmt ɣ Ṣbanya illan f wasif mqquṛn (gwadalkibir), tg tamaẓunt n Wandalus, tg tis kkuẓt ɣ tmɣuri ɣ tmazirt n Isblyun, tg yan wammas n tsbbabt d tmallayt d tmguri d tfllaḥt, Gis mad ittggan n 684.434 n imzdaɣn. Tiɣrmt ad illa dars yan umzruy bahra ibuɣlan, gis kṛa n tuṣkiwin fjjijnin zun d Lxiṛalda d ugʷddim n wurɣ d ibrgmmi n Alcazar lli bnan Imuḥdiyn lliɣ nbḍn tamazirt n Wandalus.   

## Tisaɣulin
Tagduda n Tfriqt Tanammast

Tga Tgduda n Tfriqt Tanammast (s Tfṛansist: *République centrafricaine; Sango Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka*) tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ Tfriqt tanmmast. Tamazirt ad ur tli kra n uftas nna nn ittaggʷan f yill. Amata n wakal n tmazirt ad yattuy, yastwa. Yattuy f uswir n yill s kra n 941 mitru. 

## Timdinin

Timdinin akkʷ mqqurnin ɣ Tgduda n Tfriqt Tanammast gant tnt:

# Bangi - 622,771 (asiḍn n 2006)
# Bimbu - 124,176
# Birbrati - 76,918
# Karnuṭ - 45,421
# Bambari - 41,356
# Bwar - 40,303
# Bussangwa - 36,478
# Brya - 35,204
# Bangassu - 31,553
# Nula - 29,181

## Tisaɣulin
Tcad

**Tcad** (s Tfṛansist: Tchad; s Tɛṛabt: تشاد, s wudm amaddud tga **Tagdudant n Tcad**) tga yat tmazirt ur ilin aftas nna illan ɣ Tfriqt tanammast. Tga Ndjamina tamaẓunt nns.

Tkka tt inn tlla daw usdurri afṛansis ar 1960.

## Timdinin
Tid ad igan timdinin akkʷ mqqurnin ɣ Tcad:

# Ndjamina - 704,200
# Mundu - 136,900
# Sarh - 100,100
# Abici - 72,500
# Kilu - 41,500
# Kumra - 35,400
# Pala - 34,600
# Am Timan - 28,200
# Bungur - 27,100
# Mungu - 27,100

## Tutlayin
Tafṛansist d Tɛṛabt ad igan tutlayin timaddudin ɣ Tcad, maccan llant uggar n 100 n tutlayt ɣ tmazirt. S tmntilt n tilit n isbbabn iɛṛabn ɣ tmazirt ad, taɣul tɛṛabt tga tutlayt n unyaklam, tutlayt igan i ku yan ad tt issmrs.

## Asgmi
Iga usgmu amanuz uccil ɣ Tcad mqqar ur tzzgir tgmiḍi n wida tt kkanin 50% gr wazzann. Ɣar 35% zɣ inaẓumn ad imiln ad aran, ɣrin aynna ittyuran.

## Tisaɣulin
Tcili

Tga **Tcili** (s wudm amaddud ism nns **Tagduda n Tcili**) yat tmazirt illan ɣ tsga n unẓul utrim n unẓul n Tmrikt. Amata n imzdaɣn nns ar sawaln s Tṣbnyult.
## Tisaɣulin
Kulumbya

Tga **Kulumbya** nɣ **Tagduda n Kulumbya** s wudm amaddud yat tmazirt tamnanaḍt illan ɣ Tmrikt n Unẓul. Tili tmazirt ad ɣ ugzzum agafan n tmnẓawt, ilkm ubuju nns 1,141,748 Kilumitr².

Nttat waḥdu tt gr tmizar n Tmrikt n Unẓul ad iṭṭafn iftasn nna nn ittaggʷan f Ugaru Irggign d Yill Akaribi.

Timizar da ṭṭafnin igmirn d Kulumbya gant tnt: Vinizwilla (agmuḍ), Biru (anẓul), Ikwaḍuṛ (anẓul utrim) d Banama (ataram). Timizar da ṭṭafnin igmirn d Kulumbiya gant tnt: Nikaragwa, Banama, Kuṣṭa Rika, Gwatimala, Hunḍuṛas, Jamayka, Hayiti d Tgduda Taduminikant.

Uggar n 51 id mlyun n ummdnu ad izdɣn ɣ Kulumbya. Tga tiss kraḍt s wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn ɣ Tmrikt Talatint ḍaṛat n Miksik d Bṛazil.

## Anamk
Tettusmma tmazirt ad f yism n Kristufr Kulumbus da igan iminig nna issntan asdurrri awṛubban n Tmrikin.

## Tisaɣulin
Tigzirin n Lqumuṛ

**Tigizrin n Lqumuṛ** nɣ **Tamuni n Lqumuṛ** s wudm amaddud, tga yat tmazirt tagzirt imẓẓiyn nna illan ɣ  Ugaru Ahindi. Tlla gr Madagaskar d tmnẓawt n Tfriqt. Kra n 798,000 n umddnu ad izdɣn ɣ tmazirt ad (slid Mayuṭ).

## Tisaɣulin
Tagduda Tadimuqṛaṭit n Kungu

**Tagduda Tadimuqṛaṭit n Kungu** (s Tfṛansist: *République démocratique du Congo*) nɣ d **Kungu-Kincasa** kra n tkkal, tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ Tfriqt tanammast. Tkka tt inn tettyussan s Zayr zɣ 1971 ar 1997. Nttat ad igan tissnat s tmɣri ubuju n wakal nns ɣ Tfriqt, tg tiss yat d mrawt ɣ umaḍal. Ilkm wuṭṭun n inamurn nns kra n 71 id mlyun.

### Timnaḍin
Tbḍa tmazirt f wagnar d sḍist tmnaḍin. Bḍunt daɣ tmnaḍin dɣ nttnti f ismmaln. Bḍun daɣ ismmaln ad f ikaln (territories). 

### Tutlayin:
Tla Ukungu mnnawt tutlayin tinaṣliyin, zun d Lingala, Kikongo, Tshiluba d Swahili.

## Tisaɣulin
Tigzirin n Kuk

Gant **Tgzirin n Kuk** yat trabbut n tgizrin llanin ɣ Ugaru Irggign anẓulan. Tga tamunt n tgzirt ad yan uwank animan, macc darsn izdayn dusnin d Nyu Zilanda. Kra n 18,000 n umddnu ad iddrn ɣ tgzirin ad, tugt zgisn gan imallayn.

## Tisaɣulin
Tagduda n Kungu

Tga **Tgduda n Kungu** yat tmazirt ɣ Tfriqt. Tg tmdint n Brazzafil tamaẓunt nns. Tkka tt inn tmazirt ad tlla ddu usdurri n Fṛansa; tamẓ tasimant nns ɣ 15 Ɣuct 1960. Llan ɣ ugafa n tmazirt kra n wansatn mqqurnin n taganin timtnanin maccan llan wanstan ɣ unẓul ɣ llan imɣayn wan id lbanan d ibawn.

## Tisaɣulin
Aynas

Iga **Waynas** (s Tnglizt: Monday) ass amzwaru zɣ wussan n imalass. Ar d ittacka ḍaṛat n usamas, ar t ittiḍfuṛ Usinas. G kra n tutalyin, zun d Taɛṛabt, iga wass ad wis sin ɣ imalass.

Yucka d yism nns zɣ tguriwin "Yan" d "Ass".

## Tigawin
## Ililitn
## Imttann
## Ẓṛ uggar

## Tisaɣulin
Ɛumar Brɣut

**Naṣiṛi Ɛumar Brɣut** **u Muḥmmad** iga yan mafawal, ig yan ɣ inbdadn n ubaraz n umarg n Tclḥit d yan unmɣur n usays, ilul d ɣ usggʷas 1949 ɣ yan usun mi ttinin Axxuyn, ɣ tqbilt n unẓuḍt, tasga n Cicawa. Ayad ɣ ugʷns n yat twja n inḍḍamn, acku babas zzaɣd ntta ikka tt inn iga yan unḍḍam. 

Yili unḍḍam ad yat tflsuft d yat tanila n iẓṛi ẓlinin srs ɣammas n umarg da yakka, ar isawal f tudrt n ufgan d ddunit d turmitin nns, ɣmklli aɣ ifka gigan d isisfiwn f ma izrin ula mad d ikkan amnid, ig yan unḍḍam da ittggan amarg f usqqul nns d wasif nna d yusi ɣ umarg ar t ittini s yat tɣarast imuccdn, ar daɣ ittidir tamdyazt nns ngras d ugayyu nns, ilint nit kra n tikkal ɣ ar iskar amunulug (imrara awal d ixf nns) zun d ɣ tqṣiḍt n Lhm (Anzgum).

## Amarg ns
Ur rad iẓḍaṛ yan ad yurdu ɣ tgrdi n Ɛumar Brɣut ɣ ifi n wawal, ad ig ɣ umdya tqṣiḍt n Lhmm da ɣ isawl f unzgum d mas d ku d yan d ku d maɣ illa iman ha nn illa s unzgum ns, ukan ar issyafa ufgan is d ɣar anzgum ns ntta ka ad iggutn uggar n mddn yaḍnin, ar issyafa is d ntta ka f illa unukmu, ar issyafa is d ntta ka ad ittyulkan, ukan ɣunck ann a f inna unḍḍam ad mad d ihwan:   Zayd a anzgum bḍu didi lkm mani k iran   

Is nga axzan nk ad gigi tkllat ad tnssat    

Zun d iɣ d nkki ka ad dar mani ɣ ad ttilit    

Inna iyi: mlat iyi dar mit ad tn ṛuḥaɣ    

Ira ad kn flɣ, ur rad dark nsu ula aman    

Ula ggiwraɣ tama nk iɣ iyi tṛmit    

Nniɣ as: Ẓṛ wanna dar mlyar ula sin   

Illa ɣinn mad d ttlhut, yili mad ak yakkan    

Inna iyi uhu, ur ta jju tufit adɣar ann   

iɣ illa uqaṛiḍ tama nk, ra srnɣ iluḥ     

Hiyya imisi n lbaṛ maɣ rad iyi nn iffal    

Nniɣ as: ẓṛ wanna dar ur imnsi n yiḍ    

Ntta ka ad isalan ad dik yaṭṭu tisummar    

Inna iyi: uhu ur ta jju tufit adɣar ann          



## Tisaɣulin
Ḍuminika

**Ḍuminika**, s wudm amaddud, **Akumunwilt n Ḍuminikana** (s tnglizt: **Commonwealth of Dominica**), tga yat tmazirt tagzirt illan ɣ  ukaribyan.
Fladimir Butin

**Bladimir Bladimirufitc Butin** iga yan urgaz n tsrtit d ufrzdan n Rusya, ilul d ɣ wass n 7 n Kṭubṛ ɣ usggʷas 1952 ɣ Liningrad, ɣammas n yat twja tamanuzt, ig gis arraw wis kṛaḍ d waḥdut ad gis isuln lliɣ as mmutn sin aytmatn nns, ikka tt inn yan ufrux dar illa d tunnunt, issn ad itthḍaṛ ajidu d Sambu, ɣ usggʷas 1970, izri s tsddawit n uzrf ɣ tɣrmt ann nit n Liningrad, yumẓ gis aslkin ɣ usggʷas 1975, ilmma ikcm d ɣaylli mi ttinin KGB, d ɣ usggʷas 1982, ittyazan s Almaniya n wiming ad gis iswuri ɣ tnafut mgal asfurru, ikk gis smmus n isggʷasn ddu ism n Blaṭuf aylliɣ yumẓ taskflt n ulyutnan, iwrri d daɣ s Rusya ad gis ig amcawri n ixf n tsddawit n Liningrad, Anatuli Subtcak da tt inn ikkan iga aslmad nns ɣ wussan n tɣri ɣ tsddawit ann. Iḍiṣ nns ar ukan ittfduddi, ittyawstay ad ikcm ɣ tnssixft n Rusya ɣ wakud n ufrzdan Buris Ilstin, issnti ad nit islimuṛ FSB da issnfln ism nns aqbur KGB zwar ad ig amɣar n tnbaḍt Tarusyant ɣ ɣuct 1999, kra n iyyirn sul lliɣ iffuɣ Buris adɣar nns,, iɣrm t nit ntta, ɣ usggʷas n 2000 ittyawstay ad ig afrzdan wis sin n Rusya, ittyawstay daɣ ɣ usggʷas 2004, ɣ snat ttwal ad nns tssn gisnt Rusya yan uzuzwu ɣ tdmsa nns, yiri Butin ad as daɣ irar ussan fjjijnin n ndi

## Tisaɣulin
Sambu

**Sambu** niɣ d **-{SAMBO}-** tga asgzl n yat tunnunt n imnɣi (uknas) illuzzan ɣ ma iga ɣ ma izrin "Tamunt Tasubyant" (-{URSS}-), tugm d ism nns sɣ tguriwin tirusyanin "SAMuzacita Biz Urugya" da isnamkn s Tclḥit, "annar f ixf war imrign". 

Tuman ɣ Rusya lliɣ tzri tgrawla n Ktubṛ n 1917, tiqnit ad n imnɣi tga yan waṛaḍ n twuri n yan mnnaw imassan d imknasn. Sɣ kiɣ ittyawnẓam, Sambu ittyasay sɣ dar imknasn n tsrdast tazggʷaɣt, maccan iɣama iṛẓm ula f umaka n mddn. 

Uṭṭun n tqniwin gis issurf 5000 n imussutn.

## Tisaɣulin
Ayt Faṣka

**Ayt Faṣka** niɣ d **Iḥfṣiyn** gan yan uwank uslim Amaziɣ issugrn ɣ iming n Tfriqt n ugafa, issnti sɣ 1229 d ur imdi ar 1574, talalit n uwank ad rad tili f ufus n Bu Zakarya Iḥya Inti da tt inn ikkan iga amɣar n Imuḥdiyn ɣ tmazirt n Ifriqya, islk Bgayt d Qustantina ɣ usggʷas 1230, iẓẓl daɣ tanbaḍt nns ar Ddzayr, yus Lmuntaṣiṛ rad imurs ad iṛẓ taqṛwaẓt n ugllid Lwis 9, awank nnsn rad iẓẓiḍṛ yan uzmz n thrci d ufnaẓ slawan ɣ wussan n usddurri Amarini gr 1331 d 1349, macc rad daɣ ismun ugllid Bu Lɛbbas Ḥmd adwass n Iḥfṣiyn irar adwass i tmazirt ann n Ifriqya, ɣmkann a rad iɣama waddad ar tasut 15, lliɣ rad tg tgldit nnsn tagmrawt i wazzaɣn n Iṣblyun, tigira n uwank nnsn rad tili f ufus n Iturkiyn, ḍfaṛ yat turfa gr Lbaca Aɛtman n Dzayr d win Ṭṛabluṣ.

## Aẓuṛ
Daddas n ayt Faṣka, igllidn n ifriqya, iga t Faṣka u Mẓal Inti, anmɣur n tqbilt n intan illan ɣ udrar n Drn yat ɣ tqbilin n Imẓmudn illan ɣassad ɣ tmnaḍt n Lḥuz tama n Mṛṛakc. Ig ntta s ugayyu nns yan umzwar Amuḥdi d yan ɣ imddukkal kmarnin n Lmhdi u Tumrt.  

## Isddi n igllidn

## Tisaɣulin
Bulfgang Amadiyus Muzart

**Bulfgang Amadyis Muzart** ilul ɣ Salzburg yat tɣrmt illan ɣ Nnmsa (n ɣassad) ɣ wass n 27 Yinnayr usggʷas 1756, immut ɣ Binna ɣ wass 5 Dujambir n usggʷas 1791, Iga yan unḍḍam niɣ d mafmaway n uẓawan aklassik mi tkka tsillit nns ddunit akkʷ. 

Iga Amadyus yus n Lyubulḍ Muzart igan s iɣf nns yan uslmad n Kamanja d yan unḍḍam dar usarag n ugldun d uqdic n Salzburg, ittyawssan sɣ mẓẓi nns is iga tifrɣi n waḍu, lliɣ yad iskr ṣḍiṣ n isggʷasn issnti irimn nns zwarnin ɣ tmafmawayt (tawssna n tmawayt), ifrk babas i ufulls n iwis ɣayann af rad srs ikk mnnawt tmizar ɣ urubba, ɣ usggʷas  1787 rad immatti ɣ umggaru s Binna ɣilli ɣ rad iɣʷi assaɣ n Mafmaway n tgnart (aḥanu) n usarag agldan, yufa taldni (tamɣart) nns igan yat tmarirt mi ismn "Kunṣtantz Wibir" ɣ tɣrmt ann nit, immut Muzart zikk kiɣ ka dars 35 n usggʷas kiɣ ukan iswuruy f "Rukyim", asrag n tmttant nns iɣama yan usdɣas. 

Mqqar tudrt nns igzzuln inẓm Muzart ma ittggan 24 n ubbira, ad gisn ittyawbdar: "Ḍḍun Jyubani" d "Tgamut taḍlmaṣt" d "Tmɣra n Figaru" , issurf wuṭṭun n tmawayin nns smmust tmrawin yat, ikka srsnt anawn d unsawn akkʷ n uẓawan, zun d ubbira d samfuni d kunsirtus d sunatas imk d imk, ifl ilmma tisaslin nns ɣ umaḍal ad ... 

Illa ma ittinin is d Ntta d Bax d Bithufn gan imɣarn niɣ d imayṣṭṛutn n uẓawan Aklassik id win akkʷ izmaz.

## Tisaɣulin
Salfaḍuṛ

**Salfaḍuṛ** (taṣbnyult: *República de El Salvador*) tga tamazirt imẓẓiyn akkʷ d tada ɣ akkʷ mdurrin imzdaɣn ɣ Tmrikt tanammast. Tamaẓunt n tmazirt, d tmdint akkʷ imqqurn tga tt San Salfaḍuṛ. Llan tmadinin yaḍnin stawhmmanin zun d Santa Ana d Sunsunati. Tla tmazirt n Salfaḍuṛ iwtta d Gwatimala ɣ utaram, tili iwtta d Hunḍuṛaṣ zɣ ugafa d ugmuḍ, d ugaru irggign ɣ unẓul.

## Tizuna
Tbḍa tmazirt n Salfaḍuṛ f 14 n tzuna, bḍunt tzuna dɣ nttnti f 262 n tgrawin. 

## Tisaɣulin
Jinkiz Xan

**Jinkiz Xan** niɣ d **Timujin** iga amnkud izwarn n Imnɣuln, d wad isrsn tirsal n tmnukda nns iflan, ilul ɣ wass izwurn n Yinnayr n 1155 ɣ Hinti, immut ɣ 1227 ɣ Gzyan n Kincwi (Ccinwa). S ufulls nns iẓḍaṛ ad fllas ismun tiqbilin akkʷ n imnɣuln d iturkiyn n Wasya tanammast d ad tn igli, dɣ aylli d iwin talalit n tmnukda da imqqurn ɣ izmaz akkʷ d lli iɣʷin sɣ iftasn n ugaru irggign ar urubba. 

## Tudrt nns
Timẓẓit nns ur fllas ittyawssan kra iggutn, iga yus n Yisugay, lli igan amɣar n yat tqbilt tamanuzt mi ism "Qiyat", ɣ wussan n tgẓawt nns, imqqunn n imnɣuln kkan tt inn bḍan s imnɣitn d tcṛṛaṛt gratsn,ukan hrcn mnid n inggʷa nnsn: Iturkiyn d Itatarn, lliɣ ilkm Timujin mraw isggʷasn, babas rad immut acku gan as actci ɣ yat tirmt da idra d kra n Itatarn. Isggʷasn ɣzzifnin a rad ikk iga igigil d ar isluftu nttan d twja nns ɣ gr tmizar. 

Lliɣ ismd tẓa d mraw isggʷasn, rad yawi tisillit n yan umknas icirrin idusn d yan urgaz n tsrtit illan d ixf nns, ɣayad yujja t ad ismun imikk s imikk tiqbilin ann n imnɣuln, inru srsnt afnatn nns,  yan wakud sul rad yawi assaɣ n "ugllid n ddunit" (Jinkiz Xan) dar imnɣuln, irɣ usafu nns ɣ ubaraz. Dɣ mkad ad d ilul ma mi ismn "Mnɣulya/Tamnɣult" , d ɣ usggʷas 1220, awank nns rad infasr ar tagldit tanslmt n Xawarizm. 

Immut Jinkiz Xan dɣ assf n 18 Ɣuct n usggʷas 1227 ɣ yat lḥṛkt mgal Gzigziya, tafkka nns rad tettyasay s yan uxrbic intln ɣ Tmnɣult.
## Tisaɣulin
Timur n Ugmuḍ

**Tagduda n Timur n Ugmuḍ** (s tinglizt: **East Timor**) tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ unẓul agmuḍan n Asya. Tlla ɣ uzgn agmuḍan n tgzirt n Timur d tgzirin yaḍn yaẓn zun d Atawru d Jaku d Ukrsi nna igan yat tmnaḍt iẓlin ɣ ugzzum agafan n utaram n tgzirt ɣ tuẓẓumt n timur tutrimt n Andunisya. Tlkm tjumma nns nig n 15,410 km² f waggug n 6400 km² s agafa utrim n tɣrmt n Darwin tusṭralit. Tlla timur n ugmuḍ ddaw ufus n usdurri abrtqqiz g tasut tis 16، ttwassan s timur tabrtqqizt aylliɣ iffɣ usdurri abrtqqiz abrtqqiz zɣ tmazirt. G tgira n usggʷas n 1975، tbrrḥ Timur n Ugmuḍ s uzarug nns, macc ɣ wakud amggaru n usggʷas n ubrraḥ, illa uɣzaw d uzngu n Andunisya, tbrrḥ tɣiwant Tandunisit uṭṭun wiss 27 g usggʷas anḍfar. Ɣ usggas 1999، dffir usiḍn n ustay n waḍu ddaw ufus n Tmtta Imunn، tfl Andunisya tamnaḍt n Timur n Ugmmuḍ afad ad tg tamazirt tatrart dar tlla tnbaḍt g tasut 21 g wass n 20 mayyu 2002. Timur n ugmmuḍ tga yat gr snat tmizar nna g tumẓ tkanist tarumanit takatulikit ɣ umnẓaw n Asya، d tayyaḍ g Filibin.

Timur n ugmmuḍ dars tadamsa d udrim adrsan. Tsul Timur da ttmrrat s isggʷasn n imnɣan mgal Andunisya.

## Tisaɣulin
Sanbitrsburg

**Sanfitrsburg** niɣ d **Sanbitrsburg** (S Trusit: *Санкт-Петербург***,** s tnglizt: *Saint Petersburg*)  tiɣrmt tis snat ɣ Rusya ɣ mad ittyagaln s wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn, tiɣrdin n tmaẓunt n tmazirt Muṣku, tkka tt inn ttyawsmma s mnnaw ismawn zun d **Fiṭṛugrad** (Петроград) gr 1914 d 1924 d **Liningrad** (Ленинград) gr 1924 d 1999 ɣ ukttay n Linin, ixf n umussu Ablcubi, ur ta d turri s ism nns n ɣilad, Sanfitrsburg s ibrgmma nns cṛmḍnin d tsnniɣin nns tga yat tnila ilan yat tsillit bahra ifulkin ɣ umaḍal.  

Tettyawbna tɣrmt ad ɣ usggʷas n 1703, ɣ uzmz n uqayẓaṛ Byir amzwaru afad ad tg tamaẓunt tamaynut n Rusya ɣ uwttas nns ad iwala Urubba tutrimt, d ar ittini yan umiy, is tt inn ikka uqayẓaṛ ad ar ittwarga ad irar Sanfitrsburg tg tanggut n tɣrmt n Binizya da illan ɣ iṭalyan, ur d ad tg Sanfitrsburg Binizya n Rusya, macc ad tg Binizya Sanfitrsburg n iṭalyan.

Ɣ irni n ma izrin, tga tɣrmt ad tamaẓunt n tmnukda Tarusyant sɣ 1712 ar 1918.

## Tiwlafin

Afaylu:Saint Isaac's Cathedral Sept. 2012 Interior.jpg|**Saint Isaac's Cathedral**
Afaylu:Saint Petersburg Smolny Cathedral IMG 5855 1280.jpg
Afaylu:Saint Petersburg. Neva River DSC01937 2200.jpg|**Saint Petersburg. Neva River**
Afaylu:Admirality Saint Petersburg top of building.jpg
Afaylu:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof Palace.jpg|**Peterhof Palace**


## Tisaɣulin
Ginya Tamnanaḍt

**Tagduda n Ginya Tamnanaḍt** tga yat tmtti illan ɣ utaram n tfriqt tanammast, tg yat zɣ tmizar akkʷ mẓẓiynin ɣ Tfriqt. Tla iwutta d Kamiṛun ɣ tsga n ugafa, d Gabun ɣ unẓul d ugmuḍ, d Uẓla n Ginya ɣ utaram. Illa wakal n tmazirt ad ɣ tmnẓawt, yili ɣ tgzirin dɣ nttnti. Agzzum nna illan ɣ tmnẓawt ittyussan s Ryu Muni. Ɣ tgzirt n Byuku, tga Malabu ad igan tamazẓunt. 

Tzri Ginya Tamnanaḍt d wida gis zdɣnin ddaw tnbaḍt n usdurri n Ṣbanya, ayann a f tga Tṣbnyult tutlayt tamaddudt gr tiyyaḍ.

## Tisggʷin
Tbḍa Ginya Tamnanaḍt f tamt tsggʷin (ismawn n tmaẓunin ttyuran gr taskiwin):

# Annubun (San Anṭunyu di Pali)
# Byuku Nurti (Malabo)
# Byuku Sur (Luba)
# Centro Sur (Ivinayung)
# Djibluhu (Siyudad di la Paz)
# Kyi-Ntim (Ibibiyin)
# Litural (Bata)
# Wili-Nzas (Mungumu)

Bḍant tsggʷin dɣ nttnti f mnnawt tgrawin.

## Tisaɣulin
Ityubya

**Ityubya** (Tamharit: ኢትዮጵያ, Tafaṛt: Itiyoophiyaa, Tigizt: ኢትዮጵያ, Tuṛumut: Itiyophiyaa, Taṣumalit: Itoobiya, Tigrinyat: ኢትዮጵያ) tga yat tmazirt ɣ Yisk n Tfriqt. Tga yat sɣ tmizar mi akkʷ itwassan umzruy ɣ Tfriqt d umaḍal. Tga yat zɣ mnnawt drusnin nna iffrtln i umntaw f tfriqt. Tanf i usdurri aṭalyan ɣ 1935 lliɣ urmn ad fllas akʷin ddaw tnbaḍt n Biniṭu Musulini. Tkka tt inn Ityubya tettyussan s Abisinya.

## Tisaɣulin
Aẓla

Iga **uẓla** yat tazzit n waman mi issutl wakal sɣ kraḍ tsggʷin. Tilit n tugt n iẓlan tga tayafut n tattuyt n uswir n wudm n waman ɣ tgira n uzmz agrsan. Kra gr iẓlan ad -zun d win Kalifuṛnya, win Ɛuman d uẓla Afarsi- gan tayafut n tmhalt n usttɣ iggʷizn n yilm n wakal, aylli izzuguzn kra n igzman n uftas s ddaw uswir n wudm n yill. 

## Tisaɣulin
Myunix

**Myunix** (s talimant : *München*) tga yat tɣrmt ɣ Lalman illan ɣ iffus nns, tg tamaẓunt n tmazirt n Bafarya, tili ɣ 518 n umitru n tattuyt, ilkm wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn nns ɣ ussiṭn n 2011 kra n 1,3 n umlyun n umzdaɣ (ɣaylli gis igan tiɣrmt tis kṛaḍt n Lalman ɣ mad tuma d imzdaɣn) izgr tt yiɣzr n Iẓaṛ igan yat talat tasinant n wasif n Udanub. Tmgala d udrar n Walb s kra n ṣḍiṣt tmrawin n kilumitr ɣikann.  

Tettyawssan is tga tamaẓunt tawrubbit n lbirra ukan ar gis ittili yan unmuggar wala imqqurn mi ismn "Uktubrfist" , d wanna ikkan tiɣrmt ad ur rad izri tikadralin nns dar illa yan waddur yattuyn da issktayn azmz abaṛuk d win tnkra, d ɣ yan yidis yaḍni ibrgmma nns lli ttyawbnanin ɣ tasut 12 d 13, tili gisn yat taẓilt idrus wanaw nns, ilin gis daɣ ma iggutn ɣ urtan igdudann i wanna iran ad ittbuwwah.   

## Tamallayt
Idɣarn da d ttawinin imallayn ur drusn, mani tn igan d:  

• Asarag n Marinflatz (ittywabna ɣ tasut 12) s yat tẓuṛi tagutikt. 

• Tigmmi n Myunix (tin tasut 14) gis 130 n uḥanu d yat tsnniɣt, yili gis yan iɣrɣr n ubaynu d yan yaḍni win tiram. Tiggti gisn dlgn s traka indin d usutn aḍunin s uzmz n tnkra.  

• Tasnniɣt n Ddutc, gis yan llabu ar gis skarn irimn n ADN, ittyawskar i wanna iran ad issn iẓuṛan nns.  

• Turtit n Ingliccr, tga yan igr azgzaw ɣ ugns n  tɣrmt.  

• Tasnniɣt n BMW. 

• Asamkirc, tga yan uẓallu n iṛmmuyn da bnan sin aytmatn mi ism: Igid Kirin Asam ansram d gʷmas igan asbbaɣ Kusmas Damyan Asam.  

• Ibrgmmi n Lbirra.  

## Amzruy
Tlla s ufus n ugllid Hinri Amgizm (Hinri d izm) da tt ibnan ɣ izwar asggʷas n 1158, ɣ ma issutln i yat tɣfdant (lgnṭṛt) ibbin asif n Isar, tiwi d ism nns sɣ Iṛhibn -{(mönchen)}- lli igan id bab n wakal, lliɣ yuki wafa imqqurn ɣ tɣrmt ɣ usggʷas 1327, amnkud Lwis n Bafyir rad daɣ yals i tbnnayt nns.

## Tarakalt

## Imzdaɣn

## Tunnunt

## Tisaɣulin
Imẓmudn

Gan **Imẓmudn** (s tɛṛabt: مصمودة) yan umqqun imqqurn n tqbilin timaziɣin nna tt inn ikkan ɣ Lmɣrib, tg yat zɣ timqqranin akkʷ g Tmazɣa ɣ tsga n Ijanatn d Iẓnagn. Ass ad, tugt n imẓmudn gan imssiwln s tutlayt tamaziɣt Taclḥiyt, ilin kra gisn, zun d irgragn, nna immattin s Tɛṛabt.  

## Amzruy
Kkan tt inn yada imẓmudn umẓn igzman mqqurnin zɣ ikalln n Lmɣrib, gin mddn zdɣnin ur ittmuddun, salan tafllaḥt. Tkka tt inn Aɣmat da illan ɣ Udrar n Drn tga tamaẓunt nnsn. Zɣ tasuta tis 10, kcmn t nn tqbilin tiẓnagin d tijanatin, kcmn s ikalln nna ɣ tt inn kkan imẓmudn. Kcmn iṛḥḥaln iɛṛabn dɣ nttni zɣ tasuta tis 12 s mad tt iḍfarn.

Ismun U Tumrt tiqbilin n Imẓmudn ɣ tuddma n tasuta tis 12, isrs tirsal n umussu amwḥḥid lli rad ismun Lmɣrib imqqurn akkʷ d Wandalus. Ḍaṛat n tḍuṛi n uwank nnsn, urrin daɣ imẓmudn s mk lli tt inn kkan, yawi tt ku aqbil ɣar ɣ tnafut nns, icku asn watig asrtan da tt inn darsn ikkan.

## Tiqbilin nnsn
Dat n ukccum n Iɛṛabn n Banu Hilal ɣ tgira n tasuta tis 12, kkan tt inn imẓmudn bḍan f kraḍt trubba mqqurnin: Iɣʷmarn ɣ ugafa, Ibrɣwaṭn ɣ wammas n Lmɣrib, d imẓmudn ɣ unẓul.

Ibdr umara (war ism) n udlis *Mafāxir al-Barbar,* lli ittyuran ɣ 1312,** yat tlgamt n tqbilin n imẓmudn gitsnt: Iḥaḥan, Irgragn, Iwrikn, Izmirn (izmrawn?), Igdmiwn, Ingnfis, Ilizrgn (هزرجة), Idkkʷaln, Intan (هنتاتة), Inmaɣus (ماغوسة), Itḥlawn.

Ɣ ugafa, kkan tt inn imẓmudn amun ɣ Iɣʷmarn, ilint didsn snat tqbilin mẓẓiynin nna ibdr Lbakri ɣ tasuta tis 11: Aẓẓadn nna izdɣn gr Lqṣṛ Lkbir d Wzzan, d yat tqbilt yaḍnin izdɣn ɣ tama n Sbta.

Ɣ unẓul, kkan tt inn bḍan f snat trubba mqqurnin: Imẓmudn n uzaɣar (agafa n Idrarn n Drn) d Imẓmudn n idrarn. Ɣ tiqbilin a ad tt inn ikkan ɣ izaɣarn: Idkkʷaln, Ayt Mgir, Izmirn, Irgragn, Iḥaḥan. Imẓmudn n idrarn umẓn Adrar n Drn (Aṭlas Mqqurn) d tsggʷin n Waṭlas Mẓẓiyn. Ɣ udrar n Drn, tiqbilin gis llanin gant tnt: Igliwa, Ilann (?), Iwrikn, Izrajn, Aẓẓadn (kcmn gisn Imsfiwn, Inmaɣus d Induɣaɣ), Intan (kcmn gisn Iɣiɣayn), Ayt Tinml, iẓudn (صودة), Igdmiwn d ingnfis (kcmn gisn Isksawn), Ayt Wawzgit (Tifnut).  Tiqbilin n Imẓmudn nna illan ɣ tsggʷin n Sus d Waṭlas Mẓẓiyn gant tnt: iskʷtann d Warɣn. Ttyubdarnt tqbilin yaḍnin ɣ dar umara n tasuta tis 12 Lidrisi, macc ur wala baynn ismawn nnsnt ɣ warra.

Da anɣ ittini Ibn Xaldun mas d Iskurn (هسكورة), lli igan iẓnagn s iẓuran, zdɣn ɣ idrarn n Waṭlas, ar tn bahra smunn mddn d Imẓmudn acku uwsn i tmntilt Tamwḥḥidt. Tiqbilin nnsnt gant tnt: Izmrawn, Imɣran, Igrnan, Iɣʷjdamn, Infḍwak, Imṣṭawn (?), Inultan, Intift.

## Tisaɣulin
Tigẓẓlt

**Tigẓẓlt** (Amagut nns: Tigẓẓal) tga yan usknaf tawdurant ɣ tɣssa n imudar, ɣ mad iẓlin s ufgan ar dars ttilin-tt snat tgẓẓal dar amaka n mddn, ilin kra n wid dar tlla ɣar yat  (5% n mddn), tawuri nnsn izwarn ad isizdg  idammn da- tn zzizdignt (ar sfllasn sittiynt arras zun d Yuri d ukryatinin), maccan ar daɣ ttawsnt  ɣ umyas n iɣrɣr agʷnsan, d usggm n uduz n idammn (Aṭansyu) acku ar ṭṭaynt yan wurmun mi ismn Arinin da- t ittalln, gnt yan usknaf da lkkmn bahra iẓuṛan n idammn. Kra iga tt tigẓẓlt ar gis ttilin ma ittggan mnnaw id mlyun n ifrdisn ar asn ttinin Anifrun, ku Yanifrun gis yat tkura d yat uslda, d nttan ad igan amstggar n tidt f twuri n tgẓẓal.  

## Aglam

### Talɣa
Kra iga tt tigẓẓlt trwas ɣ talɣa ⵏns tin yan wabaw, asgum ⵏns uɣzif iwala tasga d wadday.  

Afⵍla nns imgala s kra n kṛaḍ niɣ d kkuẓ n usantimitr d uḍṛf amuẓun, imma izddar ⵏns yaggug uggar, imgala dis s yan smmus niɣ d ṣḍiṣ n usantimitr.

### Ida
Tigẓẓal gant yaⵏ usknaf ilⵍan ɣ ugns n idmarn-adis, gant snat, yat ɣ ufasi ṭayyaḍ ɣ uẓlmaḍ, ilint ɣ tɣrdin n uflus, sɣummrnt asnsul sɣ kra iga tt tasga. 

### Astal d usɣal
Ku Tigẓẓlt ar as ilkkm usɣal nns sin d mraw cm ɣ tɣzi d ṣḍiṣ cm ɣ turrut, ar ilkkm ustal nns 120 n ugram dar urgaz d 130 dar tmɣart waxxa hati isqquln ad ur tn saswa dar mddn, kuyan d mnck ad ila. 

### Aklu
Aklu n tgẓẓal iga azggʷaɣ-urɣis, tuggra nns tkṛẓ. 

### Aglam
Llan dar tgẓẓlt sin wudmawn yan ar ittmnad s dat, wayyaḍ s ḍaṛat, snat tmwin ad dars, yat ittmnadn s wasa/ammas sɣ ar kccmn iẓuṛan, ffɣn sgis isura n imnɣal (ibẓḍan), ṭayyaḍ ittmnadn s tsga tga taɣnjawt ɣ talɣa ⵏns, tla tgẓẓlt sin isunaḍ niɣ d takṭṭutin: yan usanuḍ ɣ uflla d wayyaḍ ɣ izddar. 

## Imassan n ussikl
Takul (tzga) tgẓẓlt d twlsist da illan ɣ nnig, s ulfaf ugẓẓil, dln s sin isutal yan iga dat-ugẓẓil, wayyaḍ iga ḍaṛat-ugẓẓil. Isutal ad ar tmnnaggarn ɣ kṛaḍ idɣarn: 

Ɣ uflla: iggi n taytrt n twlsist ann, asatul ad yakul s ilft. 

Ɣ wadday: ar ittqqn taytrt n tgẓẓlt 

Ɣ ugns: ar tt kullu ittqqn.

Alfaf ugẓẓil ar ittazn gr tgẓẓlt d twlsist tanigẓẓlt yat tabya da yaṭṭun gratsnt. 

Ɣ irni n twuri n ulfaf n ugẓẓil ɣ mad iẓlin s ussikl tili taytrt tamadunt (tadunt). 

## Tizdayin

## Tasnwuri (Tafzyulujit)

## Tasngzmt

## Dar yimudar yaḍnin

## Tisaɣulin
Caṛlman

**Caṛlman** (S Tfransist: Charlemagne, s Tallatint: Carolus magnus) yiwi ula assaɣ n "Caṛl Amzwaru d Umqqran" , iga agllid n Ifṛankiyn gr usggʷas n 768 d 814 d win Lumbard (774-814), ig amnkud f tmnukda n utaram gr 800 d 814 lli ismunn kṛaḍt tamttiwin ad tnt igan d ifranṣiṣn d Lalman d ṭṭalyan, yat tmnukda iflan ayad da iɣʷin sɣ ugarru Aṭlanti ar yill Ablṭiq, sɣ idrarn n Birini ar asif n Ddanub ig yan wudm yiwin ajahcca ɣammas wamun n iṛmmuyn ɣ wakud ann, ilul d ɣ wis sin n Brir n usggʷas 742 ɣ wakal n Bljiga n ɣassad, immt ɣ wass n 28 Ynnayr n 814, ikka tt inn ar isasra awttas ad iskr yat Urubba imunn s usgd Amasiḥi, ila yan ufus ɣ mad as ismn tankra Takaṛulingit acku issbɣs assudr n tdlsa d ulmmud, iṛẓm tinmal d tsdlisin d Tskribturt (Ɣilli ɣ ar smattayn iḍṛiṣn) ɣ kullu tmizar kcmnin ddu tmnukda nns.  

## Tisaɣulin
Intan

**Intan** (s tɛṛabt: *هنتاتة*) kkan tt inn gan yan umqqun n tqbilin timaziɣin, yamu umqqun ad ɣ iqbiln n Imẓmudn n Udrar n Drn ɣ Lmɣrib. Ttyussann ɣ umzruy f tdusi tasrtant lli yadda lan ɣ tsga n Mṛṛakc gr tasut tis 12 d 16. Acku uwsn i imuwḥḥidn ad ɣʷlin s tnbaḍt, ɣaman bdda Intan akmurn i igldan Imuwḥḥidn. Ɣ uzmz n uwank n Ayt Mrin, umẓn yat tsga, ar as ttinin Adrar n Intan (*جبل هنتاتة*) ɣ Udrar n Drn, tsul tnbaḍt nns tẓli sisn ar tuddma n tasut tis 16. Gan Ayt Faṣka (Iḥfṣiyn) da nbḍnin Tuns ayyawn n Intan.

## Tiṣḍwin?
Ikka tt inn uqbil n Yintan ila tẓat tṣḍwin, ad tn igan d Iɣiɣayn, Ayt Lmzdur,  Ayt Tagʷrtant,  Ayt Tlkawwutin,  Ayt Tlurit,  Ayt Tumsidin,  Ayt Wawzgit,  Ayt Yiɣz, Ayt Amzal, Imsfiwn.

## Azmz amuwḥḥid
Kcmn intan asays n umzruy ɣ tuddma n tasut tis 12 lliɣ bddn Imɣarn nnsn mqqurnin, Wanudin U Yansilt, Namir U Dawd, Abu Magalifa d Faṣka U Mzal d Lmhdi u Tumrt amuwḥḥid zɣ 1123. Isbadl ilmma ism n umggaru, Faṣka, s ism n yan ɣ ismunn ttyussanin n isr/umazan anslm Muḥmmad, yaws i trnawt n imuwḥḥidn ddaw yism ad amaynu lli igan Abu Ḥafṣ Ɛumar Bn Yaḥya, yamẓ kra n trsutin stawhmmanin ɣ tnbaḍt nnsn, ig amawas akkʷ yaẓn i lxlift Ɛbdlmumn aylliɣ immut ɣ 1181. Amɣar ad n Intan, Bu Ḥafṣ Ɛumar, ad igan daddas n Iḥafṣiyn (Ayt Faṣka)—Ayyaw nns Abu Zakariyya Yaḥya ad isrsn tirsal n uwank nnsn, ig anbbaḍ n Tuns zɣ 1224, lli ɣ ɣaman am uwank ilan tasimant nns zɣ 1229 ar 1573.

## Tisaɣulin
Blɛid Lɛkkaf

Iga blɛid lɛkkaf bab n uẓawan d umsnflul Amaziɣ, abrid n unaẓaṛ ad d twuri nns iwin d ṣaḥa i uẓawan amɣribi s umata d Tmaziɣt s tɣarast iẓlin, ssẓlin t am taẓlayt n tmkfit nns.
## Tudrt nns
ilul blɛid lɛkkaf g ṛṛbaṭ g 1952,
g yat tuwja d iswan sg uẓawan n uḥwac,
babas iga ṛṛays ( amdyaz amarir aqbur sg tsga n sus). ikcm ufrux blɛid asinag n uẓawan g ṛṛbaṭ g 1963, ur iẓḍaṛ ad ismd tiɣri n usinag acku
yaggug usɣim nns sg tzduɣt nns. mac
g 1968, yurri nn ad daɣ yaqra, irms ad yamẓ aslkin nns, ig akkʷ aslmad g
using dffir mad zrin isggʷasn. 
abrid anaẓuṛ n blɛid lɛkkaf rad
tssn yan usmattu axatar dffir mad
iga yan ugmam asilan g yat trabbut n
uẓawan lli ismaynunn aẓawan amaziɣ g isggʷasn n 1970.
## Tarabbut n usman
g isggʷasn n 1970, tffuɣ d trabbut
n nas lɣiwan, tarabbut tabiḍawit lli
iskrn tagrawla g uẓawan n lmɣrib, s
isntln lli f tsawl, d imassn n uẓawn
lli tsmras zun d ṭamṭam d gambri d
lbanju, immassn ganin adlli ɣas win
uẓawn adɣaran d umdnan.
g umnaḍ ad, tlul tmsmun tamaziɣt
tamzwarut g lmɣrib: agraw n
lmɣrib g isiggln d isnfln n tussna
g ṛṛbaṭ g 1967. frkn id bab n
tmsmunt s tilalt n llɣa g uzuzzr n
tdlsa tamaziɣt d.
iswingm igglin n bṛahim axiyyaṭ,
sg ugraw n lmɣrib g isiggln d
isnfln n tussna , g uskr n trabbut
n uẓawan isawaln tamaziɣt ittiririn
amarg n usɣwan imunn d tetrart. ɣmk
ann af issnti ar ittlli s itran
iɛrrimn g tsga n sus.
lkmnt tuggas n igllin n uxiyyaṭ
amurs, tettuskir trabbut g ṛṛbaṭ g
llan: mbark ɛmmuṛi, blɛid lɛkkaf,
sɛid bijɛaḍ, saɛid butrufin,
lyazid qurfi, ṭaṛiq lmɛṛufi
ttusmma trabbut ad “usman”.
tskr trabbut adɣar nns d yusan g
usays anamur n uẓawan, tiwi talɣat nns
tamzwarut takndawt amurs adɣyan dar
imɣrabiyn sawalnin tamaziɣt. lliɣ
tsmrs trabbut anyatn idɣarann d
imassn atrarn n uẓwan ɣmk ann d tiṛwi
n tmdyazin lli tsti. timdyazin lli
uran imdyazn ixatarn am ɛli ṣidqi azayku d ɛumaṛ amarir d muḥmmad
mustawi d bṛahim axiyyaṭ d muḥmmad
ljictimi.
tfl d trabbut n usman g isggʷasn lliɣ
tlla (1974-1978) kigan talɣatin ẓilnin tfl d trabbut n usman g isggʷasn lliɣ
tlla (1974-1978) kigan talɣatin ẓilnin 
am: ddunit, tabrat, tillas, idrarn.
tfl d ula mnnawt tssfifiin, tskr yan
iwiz g umzgun n "ulumbya” lli bahra
ittussann g bariz g usggʷas n 1977.
g usggʷas n 1983, tssfuɣ d usman
album nns “uɣul n usman”, dat mad tbdd
g 1984.

## Ẓṛ sul
• Isddi f tudrt n Blɛid Lɛkkaf ɣ usaru n Warda Prod (Assays, Ep.59)

## Tisaɣulin
Brahim Axyyaḍ

Iga **Brahim Axyyaḍ** (1941 - 2018) yan unbdad n umussu ansmun amaziɣ igan u Sus.
## Talalit nns
Ilul Bṛahim Axyyaṭ ɣ usggʷas 1941 ɣ Ayt Baha da yaẓn i tmdint n Ugadir ɣ Lmɣrib. immatti imẓẓi
nit sul s ṛṛbaṭ, iḍfṛ
gis tiɣri nns sɣ uslmd
amnzu ar aslmd amsdaw.
## Asmuttg nns
Issnti uxyyaṭ tudrt
nns tazzulant s uslmd
n tusnakt ɣ lqniṭṛa d
ṛṛbaṭ, ɣinn a ɣ idwl
amsmussu amaziɣ.
ɣ usggʷas n 1967, idra
ɣ usbddi n "tmsmunt
tamɣribit i urzzu d
usnfl adlsan" ɣ ṛṛbaṭ,
tg yat tmaddast tadlsant
tamaziɣt, nnan mas tga"
asati amzwaru amsmun nna
intayn s umzaɣ xf tdlsa
tamaziɣt, ɣ yan umnaḍ
asrtan anamur d usgawan
ittyawssann s tɣllabit n
uswingm amɣalac. Ɣ tama n
ɛbdllah bunfur d ḥmad
akwaw d ɛumaṛ lxlfawi
d ɛli ljawi. iga anflus
amatay n tmsmunt aylliɣ
immut.
ikka tt inn uxyyaṭ
yili daɣ ɣ usqqim
n tmssugurt n usinag
agldan n tussna tamaziɣt
ɣ usggʷas n 2002. ig
awd yan sɣ imsrsal
n tmsmunt n tsdawit n
unbdu tamaziɣt ɣ Ugadir
asggʷas 1979, ig anssixf
n tsqqimt tasmattagt n
tsutlin nns s kkuẓt 1980
- 1982 - 1988 - 1991.
mklli isbdd tarabbut n
uẓawan tatrart tamaziɣt
tamzwarut "usman" asggʷas
1974. ikk tt inn d amzday
amzwaru anamur n tsmunin
timaziɣin ɣ lmɣrib 1993
- 1996, d unssixf n tilal
n lkungṛis amaḍlan amaziɣ
ittusnmalan ɣ tɣrmt n lyun
ɣ fṛansa. mklli iswala
kra ɣ tmsmunin ad sgmḍnt
" tanttamt n ugadir" ismal
s mayann asbddi amaddud
n umussu adlsan amaziɣ,
ig yan umussu izdin s
tdlsa d tmagit d izrfan
d trwakt da tettili tama
n taggalin iwatsn tuṣka
n lmɣrib adimqṛaṭi.
inna fllas umrzu ɣ tussna tamaziɣt Lḥusayn
ayt baḥsin: "Axyyaṭ
dars imnadn d tmaddutin
ḥma ad yaɣul watig i
tmaziɣt, d tnkra nns,
aylliɣ t akkʷ ssnn tugt
n imɣrabiyn, slawan akkʷ
wid ttmussunin ɣ yigr
asrtan d udlsan izdin
s uskkin Amaziɣ. Ɣmklli
ibdr ayt baḥsin tadrawt
nns (Axyyaṭ) ɣ tsntayt n
usrus n umawal iccarn
gr tantlayin timaziɣin.
inna fllas unbdad n
usinag agldan n tussna
tamaziɣt mas iga "amsrsl
n tidt" n umussu amaziɣ,
iɣ nẓṛa taskʷflt n ultaɣ
nns ɣ imussutn imnnawn,
d idru dis tannayt ad,
anssixf n usaḍuf amaziɣ
n izrfan d tdrfin ḥmad
ɛaṣid. isnumml t s mas
iga awd yan sɣ isaturn
n umussu amaziɣ, d yan
ɣ izaykutn nns.
## Tamttant nns
Immut mass Axyyaṭ ɣ
07 Bṛayṛ 2018, isnmala
usinag agldan n tussna
tamaziɣt yan wass
azrawan, ig assmɣr i
yiman nns ass n usimwas
30 Maṛṣ 2018, ɣ usɣim
n usinag. ismal yiwis
s udbddi n tmrslt
n Bṛahim Axyyaṭ i
umyanaw adlsan, afad ad
tg asdal n yan ugzzum
sɣ usaka n tudrt nns.
ɣmklli ismal s usmnid
n tmrslt i tsmɣurt n
Bṛahim Axyyaṭ i tdlsa,
d usnmili n tinawin d
tilal tidlsanin.
## idlisn nns
- Axyyaṭ, Bṛahim (1992)
tabrat

- Axyyaṭ, Bṛahim (1994)
maxx tamaziɣt?

- Axyyaṭ, Bṛahim (2004)
irgazn n tigawt tamaziɣt:
wid gisn mmutnin.

- Axyyaṭ, Bṛahim (2207)
tamaziɣt tamagut nnɣ
tanamurt.

## Tisaɣulin
Nijirya

**Nijirya** tga yat tmazirt d yuckan ɣ ifttasn n utaram n Tfriqt, tg yan mani ɣ illa yan umnyanaw n trakalt d ungigt nns ar ijgugul gr wad isɣrn ar wad iggundan da ittilin ɣ imisi n uḍṛf n urggag, d mad gis imyanawn akkʷ uggar gant t tutlayin da gis ttmsiwilnin utint yat tmiḍi ɣ wuṭṭun zun d Igbu d Uhawsa d Yuruba d Idu d Tnglizt da as igan tutlayt tamaddudt., tamazirt ad tɣʷi yan wakal n 923,768 km², tg Abuja tamaẓunt nns tasrtant, tamazirt ad daɣ tlla dars yat tawant n isugam igamann, slawan akkʷ abiḍṛul d sbiritu. 

Ur tgi Nijirya ɣar yan uwank imqqurn ɣ twaḍfa nns hlli,  maccan tga nit daɣ tamazirt n ifriqya da ɣ akkʷ ggutn imzdaɣn, ssurfn gis 228 n umlyun yan.

## Amzruy
Gr tasut tis smmust izwarn talalit d tis snat iḍfaṛn talalit n Yasuɛ, azaɣar n Jus rad gis tzilliz tɣrma n Nuk. Yuruba igan tiɣrmt tafuẓaṛt rad tɣʷi f tsrtit n tsgiwin ad ɣ gr tasut 12 d 15 n tlalit, ɣ tzwiri n tasut 19, tamtti tanslmt n Wusman rad tnru Ihawsawiyn, tg tirsal n yat tgldit tafidiralt tama n Sukutu. Inglizn rad zmn f tmazirt, zlun Laguṣ ɣ 1861, nrun ɣwilli mi ttinin Yuruba, kcmn iẓẓlmḍ n tmazirt ɣ 1900. Tidrfit n tmazirt sɣ ukumnwilt rad tettyaway ɣ usggʷas n 1960, kṛaḍ isggʷasn sul rad nit tlul tagduda n Nijirya. 

## Middn
Tamazirt n Nijirya gis ma yutin snat tmaḍ n titniwin, iẓẓlmḍ idus gis usgd n lislam imil ɣ iffus takristyant d unimanizm ad gis ittyafan uggar. 

Llant kṛaḍt tgrummawin wala ssugrnin ɣ tmazirt ann ad tnt igan d Hawsa-Fulani d Yuruba d Igbu. 

## Tadamsa
Tafllaḥt tɣʷi sul 40% n kullu tadamsa n tmazirt, gis tayrza n isngar d lbanan d ṛṛuẓ d kakaw d taḍuḍt, taysa tlla bahra ɣ ugafa, imma imɣuzn ggrgsn s uzzal d trgin d zzng, Nijirya tga daɣ yan umsifḍ issugrn n ubiḍṛul is ka sin f kṛaḍ n Inijiriyn ddrn ddu aḍṛf n uẓlaḍ.

Nayra ad igan ism n uqaṛiḍ n tmazirt n Nijirya.

## Tisaɣulin
Instagṛam

**Instagṛam** (s tnglizt: Instagram,  ) iga yan uɣawas, asit d uẓṭṭa amunan, ig yat tnafut tagtṛiṛiḍt n umyazan d yimsli s ubruṭukul n wantirnit (VoIP) nna igan win Miṭa. Aɣawas ad ar anɣ ittajja ad nttazan tuzinin gzzulnin, nazn tiwlafin d wanawn yaḍnin n usnɣms, tintamin d udɣar n unssmras, ig ula win iẓiṛ n ifidyutn d twalfin.

## Tisaɣulin
Unṭwan lafwazyi

**Unṭwan Lurnt Dlafwazyi** (S tfransist: Antoine Laurent de lavoisier) iga yan umassan n tkimit afransis d umsnflul n twssna ad s talɣa nns tatrart, ittyawssan lliɣ yifs (ibrrḥ s) aslgn n usɣama n tmtta ɣ usggʷas 1778, issiws ɣ usmaynu n ismawn n ifrdisn ikimawiyn. 

## Tudrt nns
Ilul ɣ usggʷas n 1743, ig yus n kra n unzzarfu iggrgsn, Lafwasyi ingiri zikk d innas, ukan tsmkil t jddas ntta d ultmas mẓẓiyn, lliɣ daɣ tmmut, tumẓ t tattas da iɣaman tanaburt faɣ ad tt gisn tettawi, iɣra zwar taskala, yamẓ yat tsmɣurt ɣ wawal Afransis, izri daɣ s  tɣiwant n uzrf, yumẓ gis llisuns ɣ 1764, ittyawmnad bahra ɣ usarm n tkimit n Giyyum Ɣuwil, iḍfṛ s taynit uɣriwn n tusnakt d tasnitrit, anzzarfu ad igan agẓaw rad ifl yat taɣamt imqqurn ɣ tizi nns i twssna.  

Ɣ usggʷas 1768, ikcm d tammuzgi  tamakayt (Ferme générale) n Budun, ɣ usggʷas 1771 itahl yat tfruxt ɣ ukulij nns J.Bulz, ig nit ntta ixf n tammuzgi, idra dɣ ntta aṣṣab n tgrawla Tafransist, ig amawaḍ n imcawriyn n ugllid, ɣ usggʷas 1790 rad sul ig yan ugmam ɣ tsqqimt n ussrsl n ungraw amaynu n ustal d usɣal.   

### Tamttant nns
Lliɣ tmurs tgrawla, kullu ɣwilli swurinin ɣ tammuzgi tamakayt rad ttyamaẓn, ig Lafwazyi yan ɣ inkrafn nna, rad disn ilmma ittyazan s tasḍkudt tagrawlant, kud lli ira uḍbib N.Halli (1754-1822) ad dis ibidd, ibdr kullu tinyafin da d yiwi Lafwazyi i igr n twssna, irur as d umḍkud (lqaḍi): «Tagduda nnɣ ur tussir imassann, iqqan d ad ttyawḍfaṛ tnzzarfut.»

Ɣ wass n 8 May 1794, rad ittyawnkaḍ s lmut, ittgyyutina (ittyabbay ugayyu nns) ɣ yan wass nit. Askka nns, inna Lagranj i Dilambr:

« Ur tn ixṣṣa amr yat tzizit ad grn agayyu ad, imil irwas is ur tudi yat tmiḍi n isggʷasn ad daɣ infalal kra t irwasn.» 

## Amssrsl n tkimit tatrart

### Asfsi n waḍu
Iga sɣ iskkirn nns zwarnin ad issisfiw amikanizm n usksd n imɣuzn ddu waḍu, yurm daɣ ad iskalsi (irnu akalsyum) algaz n Iṭan ɣ yat tsɣmut yamun aḍu, iɣḍf s irim ad i tzggut n umarku amakay (masse globale), rad daɣ yals i yirim ad, imil tikilit ad s zzawaq, d mayann ɣ usggʷas n 1777, yujja t ilmma ad isfsi aḍu, issan luksijin d waẓuṭ, iskr s ixf nns allas i waḍu s uwggay n ifrdisn ad gratsn. 

### Tirmudinamik

## Iwaliwn nns
Albir Kamu

**Albirt Kamus** nɣ d **Albir kamu** (S tfransist: *Albert Camus*) iga yan umara Afransis anfgani d yan ɣ irgazn n taskala da skrnin adɣar nnsn ɣ tasut tis 20, ig wis tẓa n ifransisn da yiwin tasmɣurt n Nubl n taskala d mayad ɣ usggʷas n 1957, immut lliɣ dars 46 n usggʷas ḍffṛ yan ungas n ṭamubil.  

## Tudrt nns
Ilul Kamu ɣ wis sa Nuwambir ɣ usggʷas n 1913, ɣ Mundufi, ɣ Ddzayr tafransist, ig ɣ yat tklit yan umara n umiyn d imnnitn d umzgun, ig daɣ yan unɣmas d yan uflsaf, ittyawssan wala s twingimin nns tinfganiyn surnin f tinnugfa n waddad n ufgan d tsrtit nns. 

Ɣ imiɣ amaḍlan wis sin, rad isala tanzbayt mgal asddurri, ɣ usggʷas 1942 rad issufɣ ungal nns: Imzdi, nttan a s as d ikka umurs, ar tsawal tflsuft nns f unnɣjf n ufgan mnid n tilit nns d tinnugfa (absurdité) nns, ɣaylli d ifkan yan ussyafa n tmzdit sf umaḍal.

## Tiwuriwin nns
Mqqar tgzzul tudrt nns ifl Albirt Kamus mnnaw idlisn zun d: 

• Imzdi (The Stranger) 

• Umiy n Sisifus (The myth of Sisyphus)

• Taḍuṛi (The Fall)

• Tamuɣt n tsrka (Plague)

• Aɣwwaɣ (The Rebel) 

• Tamttant iɣudan (Happy death) 

• Argaz izwarn (The first man)  

## Tisaɣulin
Marku Bulu

**Marku Bulu** niɣ d **Maku Fulu** (S taṭalyanit: Marko Polo) iga yan usbbab d yan umzuzf sɣ Binizya da iddrn gr usggʷas 1254 d 1325, ittyawssan bahra s imuddutn nns s Wasya lliɣ izgr aɣaras n umṭṭalfu (lḥrir) d tirra n "Udlis n yimḍiṛn" da iẓli i uglam n yimuddutn nns, adlis ad yiws nit i Yirubbiyn ad akzn wiming yaggugn ssnn f tdlsa n tmizar ann n Ccinwa d Lhnd d Lfuṛṣ d kra n tsgiwin yaḍnin.

## Tudrt nns

### Zikk tudrt nns
Idrus ma fllas ittyawssann, imil ntta ilul ɣ Binizya, imqqur gis, kud lli iskr smmus d mraw n isggʷasn rad imnaggar d Babas  Nikulu d ɛmmis Maffyu da d urrinin sɣ umuddu nnsn, mnaggarn nit d tamttant n ubaba Klimun wis kkuẓ, saggmn aylliɣ zrin istayn n ubaba amaynu, d ɣ usggʷas 1271 umẓn daɣ aɣaras s tmnukda n imnɣuln d tiklit ad imun ditsn ufrux ann Marku dar llan ɣ wakud ann sa d mraw n isggʷasn. 

### Amuddu

Kṛaḍ irgazn ann ad gan ɣil ad rad zgrn iẓṛayl d Iṛan, fad ad lkmn timizar n Wasya tanammast, kkn tiniri n Gubi d tɣrmt n Kambaluc ɣ rad kcmn d usarag n umnkud amnɣul Kubilay Xan igan yus n Jinkiz Xan, d da ibbin d tniɣitin da skrn imzwura nns, issusm amnkud uwway adlsan n ayt Binizya ad, Marku Bulu ilmd imikk s imikk tacinwit, ig akkʷ yan umsqad d umnbaḍ n tɣrmt n Yang Cu ɣ kṛaḍ isggʷasn, is ka ntta d babas d ɛmmis rad tn yaɣ umarg n Binizya, ttrn i ugllid Kubilay ad tn yajj ad aḍun, ɣmk ann nit, yuzn ditsn illis acku ira ad tt isslkm s Iṛan, lliɣ zrin Sumatra d lhnd rad srsn tafruxt ɣilli tra, smdn ilmma aɣaras nnsn nttni s Ṭṭalyan, ɣ udwal nns s Binizya, rad imnaggar d yan imnɣi gr Binizya d Jinwa, ass n 8 cutambir 1298, Marku Fulu rad yaf agayyu nns ɣ ixf n tamaɣt n Kurzul, yat tamaɣt taylelant gr sin wafnatn ann, tirifit n Binizya rad tṛẓ d Marku Bulu rad ittɣʷi ɣ ifassn n Ijnwin, idru nn asqqur (abniq) nttan d yan umngal Ajnwi, Rustitcillu n Fiza, mi rad ittals tinfusin nns. Ɣmkad ad d ilul udlis nns "adlis n tibḍit n ddunit" yiwin sul ism n "udlis n imḍiṛn" . 

Mkann innuṛẓm Marku Fulu, yamẓ tidrfit nns, ikk udlis nns timizar akkʷ n Urubba, yaɣul s mnnawt tutlayin, acku ar gis ittglam sgud kullu ɣaylli iẓṛa ɣ umuddu nns. 

### Tigira n wussan nns
Lliɣ ukan ismd 45 n usggʷas, iɣts Marku Fulu ad sar ur ikk kra n mani ɣ yill, itahl ilmma Dunata Badwir, yaru dis kṛaḍ n tarwa, immut nit dars ɣ Binizya ɣ wass n 8 Yinnayr 1324, ɣ yan ultay n sat tmrawin n isggʷasn. 

## Adlis nns

## Ẓṛ sul
• U Bṭṭuṭa. 

• Lidrisi 

## Tisaɣulin
ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ

= ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ =
ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ

ⴷ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 52 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ

ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴱⵓⵏ (ⵄⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ

ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ

ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ , ⵙⴳⵎⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ

ⴰⴽ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ

ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ

ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼⵢⵓⵙ

ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ

50 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ , ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 23 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵣⴰ (ⴷⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ)

= ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ: =
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:

ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉ: ⵏⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ "ⵎⵓⵔⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵏⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵥⵉⴳⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵚ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⴰ

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ 25 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ 25 ⴳⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵇⵇⵕⵜ

= ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ: =
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ "**ⵍⵉⴱⵉⴽⴰ**","ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ"ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵇⵇⴰⴱ ⵙⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⵛ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ,ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ....ⵢⵓⵛ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ
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