Ɛmar Axyyam

**Ɣiyat ddin Abu lfatḥ Ɛumar u Ibrahim Aniṣabuṛ** (18 mayu 1048 - 4 dujambir 1131), ittyawssan s ***Ɛmar Axyyam*** (s tfarsit: عمر خیّام), iga yan umassan afarsi, ittyawssan s twuriwin nns ɣ tusnakt d tsnitrit d tflsuft d tmdyazt.: 94  Ilula ɣ Nisabur, tamaẓunt tamzwarut n tgldit n Isljuqn, iddr ɣ usra n tgldit ad, ɣ uzmz n lḥrkt taṛmmuyt tamzwarut.

Ɣ igr n tusnakt, ittyawssan uggar s twuri nns ɣ usnmala d ussfsi n ussiḍn awkkuẓ ɣ ifka yat taṭumt tajyumitrit ibiddn f umyabbay n tzumbiyin. Yiwi d sul yat tussna idran n tmɣʷẓant n umnaway n Uqlids.: 284  ɣ igr n tsnitran, issiḍn akud da ittkka usggʷas anafuk s yat tzuni d yan unɣad iggutn, isnulfa d daɣ asmlussan ajalali, yan usmlussan anafuk illan s yat tẓayṛt n umyakcam ilan 33 n isggʷasn d mayad s yat tzuni bahra imqqurn[7] ig ɣwalli ifkan adasil n usmlussan Afarsi da sul ittyawsmrasn ar ɣikkad, ikk ɣilad ma yaẓn i yat tfiḍit.

Tlla ukan yat tmyurt n uzday n yat tmdyazt i Ɛmar Axyyam, tettyara dɣ tad s talɣa n timkkuẓin (*rubāʿiyāt* رباعیات). Tamdyazt ad rad sul tettyawssan ɣ umaḍal da yaqqran s tnglizt s yan ussuɣl iskr t Edward FitzGerald (Tamkkuẓt n Ɛmar Axyyam, 1859), lli ifrawsn s yan umurs imqqurn ɣ ussmnig n tigira n tasut.

## Tudrt nns
Ɛumar Axyyam ilula ɣ Nisabur yat tɣrmt tamqqurt illan ɣ tmazirt n Xurasan, ila iẓuṛan ifarsiyn, mayad ɣ 1048.[8][9][10][11][12] Ɣ idlisn ifarsiyn n tsutin tinammasin, ar as ttinin hlli ****Ɛumar Axyyam****.: 658 [c] mqqar ism ad illa fllas yan unɣam, d ar ttinin mddn is d imzwura nns kkan tt inn ar ttɛdaln igiṭan, d ayt *xyyam* ḍfṛn  tawuri n wallam n igiṭan lliɣ tsnamk tguri n "uxiyyam" taguri n "umskar n igiṭan' s taɛrabt.: 

Amassan n umzruy Bayhaqi da t issnn udm s wudm, ifka d iṣlaḍ mdanin f mẓṛitran (Lburj) nns inna is t inn ikka "iga Akniw, tafukt d ticirra (zawaq) llant ɣ [...]".: 471 : 172–175, no. 66  ɣayad ssmrsn t imassann imaynutn faɣ ad glin ass n tlalit nns ɣ wass n 18 Mayu 1048.: 658 

Imẓẓi n uxiyyam izri ɣ Nisabur,: 659  yat tiɣrmt tamqqurt ddaw tmnukda n Isljuqn,: 15  tiɣrmt ad tkka tt inn tga yan wammas imqqurn n usgd azradac.: 68  Ism nns imdan ɣmklli d infalaln ɣ isugam iɛrabn, iga t ****Abu l Fatḥ Ɛumar u Ibrahim l-Xayyam****.[d] Tikkiwin nns ttyawkaznt sɣ dar islmadn nns imzwura da t inn yuznn ad yaqqra dar ṭṭalb Muwaffaq Nisaburi d aslmad imqqurn n tmazirt n Xurasan da isslmadn tarwa n imagrn n tmazirt, issmsd dids Uxyyam yat tiddukkla idusn ɣ uzray n isggʷasn.  iml is imnaggar uxyyam d Bahmanyar iɣra dids, ɣwad iga yan umḥḍaṛ n u Sina.[8]  ukan lliɣ iɣra tusnakt d tflsuft d tsnitran ɣ Nisabur, immatti s tmazirt n Buxara ɣ wattayn n 1068, ɣinn a ɣ ad ittkka tasdlist ilan tisillit n Wark. Ɣ laḍṛaf n usggʷas 1070 immatti s Samarqand ɣ nit issnti ad inẓm adlis nns ittyawssann Adlis n wannag ɣ uljabṛ ddu tgra n Bu Ṭahir Ɛbd rrḥman u Ɛalaq igan amnbaḍ d umḍkud imɣurn n tɣrmt.  Axyyam innubga s ifassn rɣanin sɣ dar umnbaḍ n Qaraxanid Cams l-Mulk Naṣr, f inna Lbayhaqi is as issmnid yan waddur imqqurn aylliɣ ur iɣama yat ad igiwr ɣ tama nns ɣ isni".

Ɛumar Ḫayyam ikcm tanafut n Malik-Cah ɣ 1074 lliɣ as iɣra luzir imqqurn n Nẓam l-Mulk ad imnaggar d Malik-Cah ɣ tɣrmt n Marb. Smagln t ad iskr yan usmnu ɣ Iṣfahan, yili ɣ ixf n yat tgrgurt n imassann ad afn yat tannayt tasnitrant iɣʷẓann iwatsn ad daɣ tqzz ɣ usmlussan afarsi.

Lliɣ sul immut Malik-Cah d luzir nns da ittyawnɣan s ufus n tabbaṣta n ungraw asmaɛili n iḥccacn, ingiri Uxyyam d ufaf d ida nns ɣ usarag n tnbaḍt, iddu ilmma ad iḥujju ɣ lalla Mkka. Yan uzakak yaḍnin intln f umuddu nns s lḥijj, yiwi d fllas Al-Qifṭi, iga t ad iml i mddn is iga anflus s usgd n lislam bac ad ikks tumla n turda d iwnnan n ibaḍan (iẓḍaṛ is dars kra d usgd azradac niɣ d is akkʷ gis ifls) ɣaylli fllas nnan kra n ayt usgd qjrnin.  iɣra as daɣ Aṣlḍan amaynu Sanjar ɣ Marb, afad ad iswuri ɣ tsnitrant ɣ wagʷns n ibrgmmi. ittyujja ad d yurri s Niṣabur acku tadusi nns ur sul tgi ɣiklli tt. Lliɣ d ukan yurri, ar ittinin is iddr tudrt n uẓlay.: 99 

Ɛumar Axyyam immut lliɣ inɣa 83 n isggʷasn ɣ tɣrmt nns nit Nisabur ɣ wass n 4 dujanbir 1131, ittyawmḍal ɣ ma iga ɣassad tizɣact n Ɛumar Axyyam.

## Tusnakt
Ɛumar Axyyam ila tisillit ɣ tudrt nns s tusnakt. Tiwuriwin nns ddrnin ɣ tusnakt gant: (i) yat tbrat ɣ ussfru n timmariwin zdinin d maɣ inẓa Uqlids ɣ udlis nns (*Risāla fī Sharḥ mā Ashkal min Muṣādarāt Kitāb Uqlīdis*), imdan ɣ dujanbir 1077, d yat tbrat f tbḍit n umkuẓ n yat tẓayrt (*Risālah fī Qismah Rub' al-Dā'irah*), ur ittyakud maccan rad imdu zwar tabrat f Ljbr, *Adlis f uljabr* (*Risālah fi al-Jabr wa'l-Muqābala*), irwas nit is imda ɣ 1079. Yura daɣ yan udlis f tiẓiṛt tabinumit d iḍi n uẓur wis "n" sɣ uṭṭunn urfisn, macc yucka (ijla) udlis ad.

## Tasnitran
Ɣ 1074-5, Ɛumar Ḫayyam iṣifḍ t uṣlḍan Malik Cah ad ibnu yan usmnu ɣ Iṣfahan d ad isggm asmlussan afarsi. Tkka tt inn tlla gis yat trabbut n tam imassann ar swuruyn ddaw tnbaḍt n uxyyam afad ad skrn yan usmnu asnitran win yat tskala iflin, ggusn daɣ tabadut tasnitrant.  Allas n usggm n usqqul da ittyawskarn ad igli gud ass amzwaru n usggʷas ɣ tizi n uzray n tuẓẓumt n tafukt ɣ gr usnican alddraran. Ɣayad iga tamatart n ussnti n talddrar niɣ d Nawruz, ass da ɣ tkccm tafukt ɣ tskflt izwurn n win izimmr ur ta ilkm uzal. 

Asmlussan ad da ssufɣn ittyawsma s waddur n Malik-Cah s usmlussan Ajalali, inti ɣ 15 mars 1079.: 269  Asmnu s ixf nns ittfl kiɣ mad immut n Malik Cah ɣ 1092. 

Asmlussan Ajalali iga yan usmlussan anafuk imidi ɣ d ittmcacka ɣaylli ittkka wayyur d tizi n uzray n tafukt ngr uzudyak da as d igan. Asggm n usmlussan ad ifka yan tẓayrt imgalan s 33 n isggʷasn. 

## Taflusft
Ɛumar Xyyam ikka tt inn ar ittmnad ixf nns is iga amḥḍaṛ n u Sina (ibn Sina).  S wawal n Al-Bayhaqi, ittyawbdar is tt inn ikka ar yaqqra tafirgama ɣ udlis n usijji n u Sina ur ta immut.:  

Llant sḍist n tfrawin tiflsafiyin ittyawnna is tnt yura uxyyam. Yat gisnt, "ɣ Tilli" (Fi'l-wujūd), tettyara zwar s tfarsit, ar tettnawal imrsi n tilli d wassaɣ nns d umɣrad. Tifrt yaḍnin, ism nns asutr n umgala d uggru d iɣimi ɣ umaḍal, (ضرورة التضاد في العالم و الجبر و البقاء), adlis ad ittyara s taɛrabt, ar isawal f tawarɣt idrfin d uggru.: Ismawn n twuriwin nns yaḍnin gan *tabrat f umɣrad d usutr* (*Risālah fī'l-kawn wa'l-taklīf*), Tabrat f ufllay ɣ Tilli (*al-Risālah al-ulā fi'l-wujūd*), f tawssna n imnzayn ɣrudnin n Tilli (*Risālah dar 'ilm kulliyāt-i wujūd*), yan usgzl ɣ tfilalin tigamanin (Mukhtasar fi'l-Tabi'iyyāt)

## Tamdyazt
Tamatart tamzwarut f tmdyazt n Ɛumar Ḫayyam tga tin umzruy Ɛimad d-Din l-Iṣfahani, yan umddakkel amẓyan n Ḫayyam, nna t issbidn s uṣriḥ is iga amdyaz d umusnaw (*Ḫaridat l-qaṣr*, 1174).[8]: 49 [55]: 35  Yan zɣ imdyaten imzwura n Rubaɛiyat n Ɛumar Ḫayyam iga win Faḫr d-Din Razi. Ɣ twuri nns *at-Tanbih 'ala ba'ḍ asrar al-maw'dat fi'l-Qur'an* (ɣ 1160), issutur yan zɣ imddaḥn nns (ittɛdal d trbɛit LXII n uẓṛig amzwaru n FitzGerald). Daya ɣ tira nns (*Mirṣād al-'Ibad*, ɣ 1230) issutur snat trbɛin, yat gisnt tga tin nna d yiwi Razi. Yat trbɛit yaḍnin ityawsutur zɣ dar umzruy Juvayni (*Tariḫ-i Jahanɣucay*, ɣ 1226–1283).[55]: 36–37 [8]: 92  Ɣ 1340 Jajarmi isskcm 13 trbɛin n Ḫayyam ɣ twuri nns nna iggutn imdyatn n imdyazn ifarsiyyn ittuyssannin (*Mu'nis al-aḥrar*), snat gisnt ur ttuyassant abla zɣ iɣbula iqdimn.[56]: 434  Yan udlis amggaru imẓiyn iga t Bodleian MS. Ouseley 140, ityaran ɣ Ciraz ɣ 1460, nna iggutn 158 trbɛin ɣ 47 ifrawn. Adlis ad iga win William Ouseley (1767–1842) ityawsɣa zɣ tamsirt n Bodleian ɣ 1844.

Tamdyazt nna ityawggan i Ɛumar Ḫayyam tiwi-d bahra i twngimt nns tatrart ɣ tallit tatrart s ussuɣl n Edward FitzGerald (1859) i imddaḥn ad s tnglizt. *Rubaɛiyat n Ɛumar Ḫayyam* n FitzGerald tgut issuɣuln ifsusn n trbɛin zɣ udlis n Bodleian. Yufa yan uzzru imqqurn ɣ tallit n *fin de siècle* allig yan uɣmis ityaran ɣ 1929 issumr uggar n 300 n iẓṛign,[58] ula wiyyaḍ iggutn ityarun zɣ imikk ann.[57]:

## Tisaɣulin