open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bats (middn)

**Bats** (s tjyurjit: ბაცი),  niɣ d **Batsbi** (ბაცბი) gan middn ar sawaln Nnax. ẓḍɣn ɣ jyurjya ussan ad. ussan ad ar ttikcimn dar ayt jyurjiya, ɣad  

af drusn willi issnn tutlayt nsn nnax s 3000 n middn.        

## Tisaɣulin

## Tisaɣulin
Bulunya

**Bulunya** nɣd **tagduda n bulunya** (*s [[tbulunit]]*: *polska*, *rzeczpospolita* *polska*), tga yat tmazirt n urupa n unammas, tlla g iwtta nns d almanya g tagut, d ṭcikya g tagut n iffus, d slufakya g iffus, d ukranya g iffus n lqblt, d bilurusya g lqblt  ,d rusya ( kaliningṛad ) d liṭwanya g lqblt n iẓlmḍ . s uṭṭun n imzdaɣn nns 38 n umlyun, tga bulunya tmazirt tiss kṛaḍ d kkuẓ n imzdaɣn g umaḍal.
## Tisaɣulin
Tiɣzi

**Tiɣzi** (s tɛrabt: الطول) tga yan usbdad n uzazu nɣ d mnck ad tla kra n tɣawsa niɣ d mnck a s tɣzzif. Ar tt nttini ula i tẓḍayt n kra n tɣawsa. 

## Iẓṛi n tɣzi dar ufgan

Afgan ar yaqqra tiɣzi n tɣawsiwin s yiẓri ns, ar ittimzalal ma imqqurn d ma imẓẓin s yat mnnawt n tɣarasin, zund ad mzalaln zɣ tɣawsiwin lli yad ẓran, ɣad af ar nttini tiɣzi s s yism n tɣawsiwin lli yad nssn, zund afud niɣ d akarif n izikr.
## Tisaɣulin
Kurdistan n lɛiraq

**Kurdistan n lɛiraq** nɣ **kurdistan n iffus**, nɣd s unṣib **tamnaḍt n kurdistan**, tga yat tmnaḍt tasrtant tasimant g iẓẓlmḍ n lɛiraq, ittussann s uslgn n lɛiraq, ittusnmalan g 15 ktubṛ 2005 s ugraw anamur.

Tamnaḍt ad tlla g iwtta n iran g lqblt, d turkya g iẓẓlmḍ, d surya g tagut, tlla g tmnaḍt n kurdistan. tamaẓunt n tnbaḍt takurdit tga irbil.
## Tisaɣulin
Serket

**Serket** /ˈsɜːrˌkɛt/ (s tutlayt ayt miṣṛ taqburt: srqt) tga yat takuct ar tsijji middn iɣ ttn iqqs kra n iɣirdm niɣ d kra n ublinka. 

## Tisaɣulin
Turkya

**Turkya**, nɣ d **tgdudant n turkya (**s taturkit: *türkiye d* *türkiye cumhuriyeti)* tga yat tmazirt lli illan g iwtta n Asya d Urupa.  lla g iwtta nns lyunan d blɣarya g ugafa utrim, d jurjya d arminya g ugafa agmuḍan, d azarbijan (naxitcewan) d iran g ugmuḍ, d Lɛiraq (kurdistan n lɛiraq) d Surya ɣ unẓul agmuḍan. 

Tamaẓunt nns tga tt Anqaṛa sg 13 kṭubṛ 1923. Tbḍa turkya ɣr iẓẓlmd s yill asggan, ɣr tagut s yill n ijey i d ɣr tagut n iffus s yill amllal.

## Tisaɣulin
Litwaniya

**Litwanya** nɣd **tagduda n litwanya** (s tliṭwanit: *Lietuva d Lietuvos Respublika*), tga yat tmazirt n iẓlmḍ n urupa, illan g ugmuḍ n ill n lbaltik. Tga tmazirt lli kullu ittilin ɣ yiffus ngr ayt lbaltik, iga d awd wanna kullu iggutn d wanna imqqur akal ns. Tmcarak iwtta nns d bulunya g anẓul-utrim, g utaram d g anẓul-utrim d rusya (asgraw n kaliningrad), g ugafa d laṭfia, g anẓul-umalu d biluṛusya. Tamaẓunt nns tga filnus.
## Tisaɣulin
Amyawaḍ war tikṛḍi

**Amyawaḍ war tikṛḍi** (ar as ttinin ula amṣawaḍ n umyawas nɣ amṣawaḍ n ufra) iga yat tɣarast n umyawaḍ lli isrs Maṛcal Ruznbrg g tizwiri tis sḍiṣ n tasut n simrawt. Tbdd tɣarast ad f kṛaḍt tsgiwin n umyawaḍ : tayri tayimant (lli ittawssann mas tga yan ufrak anfcad iɣzzn g turimt n ugnsu taẓilalt), d tayri tanfcadt ( lli ittawssann mas tga yan ufrak s wul lli iẓṛṛan afalki g wiyyaḍ). d umssini ayiman iɣʷẓann (lli ittawssann mas iga yan umssini ayiman lli bahra g tlla tidt d ussɣẓn s yat tɣarast isdrawn tayri d uncfad d wiyyaḍ).

Llant tirsal n umyawaḍ war tikṛḍi f yat twngimt n mas ẓḍaṛn middn akkʷ ad zgisn tffaɣ tayri d tmlla ngaran zɣ tikṛḍi d aylli rad ig amalad i wiyyaḍ, iɣ ur ssnn tastṛatijit ɣ tlla tyafut lli s rad myawaḍn gratsn. Afgan ar ittlmad timyurin n uswingm d ufrak d tɣarasin n umyawaḍ lli ittawin s tikṛḍi (win tadawt d win iman) d ttṛaḍ d imaɣn zɣ dar tussna n kul amun).

Tiẓiṛt n umyawaḍ war tikṛḍi ar ttannay timskarin akkʷ n ufgan ar ttɣawalnt ad afnt tinyafin n inmrann infgann. Macc inmrann ad ur llin g umnzaɣ. Amnzaɣ ar ittili iɣ mnaggarnt tistṛatijin n wid iran ad lkmn inmrann. 

Tmla tɣarast n tiẓiṛt n umyawaḍ war tikṛḍi mas d middn iɣ swuttan inmrann nnsn d inmrann n wiyyaḍ, frkn i isyafatn lli issutln i inmrann ad, tizi ann rad msasan middn grasn bla illa ttṛaḍ grasn.

## Irimn
Itturm umyawaḍ war tikṛḍi g tmrsal d tmssurin, ɣ usgmi d uslmd, d tngrin, d usujji ayiman, d uḥttu n tdusi, d ifssayn n imukrisn n utci, d ibniqn, ig tirsal n idlisn uslmd n wazzan, d kigan n tsgiwin n tudrt n ufgan. Inna Ruznbrg mas yurm amyawaḍ war tikṛḍi g iɣawasn n ufra g kigan n tmizar ɣ illa imnɣi, zun d Ṛwanda, Buṛundi, Nijirya, Maliẓya, Andunisya, Sirilanka, Kulumbya, Ṣiṛbya, Kṛwatya, Iṛlanda d iming n waɛṛabn zgisn Filaṣtin.

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayin tifinugriyin

Gant **tutlayin tifinugriyin** (*Fenno-Ugric)* yat twja n tutlayin, ar tnt sawaln middn Finu-Urgiyin ɣ Uṛuppa, zɣ yill Abalti d Skandinavya ar Wural d Ḍḍun. Ar ilkkm usɣal n imsiwln nns ma ittggan 25 mlyun n umsiwl s umata, macc kaygat tutlayt s usɣal nns, zɣ 14 mlyun i Thungarit ar kra n imsiwln drusnin i Tvuṭit. Kra zɣ tutlayin ad ɣ tmunt Tasuvyitt (Rusya n ɣil ad) nɣubbant ɣ tasut tiss 20, ilint tiyyaḍ zgisnt ar d ttnɣubbunt imik s imik.  

## Tisaɣulin
Nnqqub

Yusa d **nnqqub** g iffus n lqblt n umṛṛuk. iga yan iɣrm nna illan g tnbaḍt n zagora. ittuyassan awd s **tagldit n tɣrmatin** acku llant gis 45 n tɣrmatin. *tiɣṛmt* ayd igan amyiwn n tɣṛmatin, yan wanaw n tuṣka tazaykut nna s ttuyassan *tmazɣa*. imzdaɣ n nnqqub gan sg **ayt unir**. 

## Anzwi d tkrza
Luhwan Anzwi n nnqqub iɣar d ar digs ittdris unẓaṛ, ar gis ittawḍ unẓaṛ 20 milimitr g usggʷas. Waxxa d imk ad, yusa d nnqqub tama n **saɣru** nna g llant tɣbula n waman nna iṭṭfn iman g tfṛxin n tɣla nns tufliyt. Lḥnna ayd krrzn imzdaɣ kigan g igran d tuna nnsn, ig ixlf usggʷas ar ttasin awd irdn d timẓin.
## Tisaɣulin
Tanamart (Mckikla)

**Tanamart** iga yan usun illan ɣ tgrawt n Ayt Mẓal, tasga n Wactukn-Ayt Baha, tamnaḍt n Sus-Masst ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala usun ad i tqbilt n Mckikla. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit Tamattayt n Usɣiws, ilkm wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn n usun ad 13 n ufgan, ig wuṭṭun n twjiwin 4. 
## Tisaɣulin

## Isɣwan yaḍnin
* Tasmirit Tamattayt n Usɣiws
Tutlayin Tijanatin Tigmmuḍanin n Lmɣrib

**Tutlayin Tijanatin Tigmmuḍanin n Lmɣrib** gant yat trabbut n tantalyin timaziɣin, ar ttyusawalnt ɣ Lmɣrib, gr tmnaḍt n Jrada d tmnaḍt n Brkan.

Gant zɣ trabbut tantalant Tajant, aẓnt i tantlayin Tirifiyin d tantala n Ayt Snus dɣ nttat. 

Ar ttyusawaln Tutlayin Tijanatin Tigmmuḍanin n Lmɣrib  ɣ dar tqbilin timaziɣin n Bni Buzgu, Bni Yɛla, Zkara, Bxata, Haddiyin; Ayt Iznassn d Rwabɛ.

## Tisaɣulin
Cah

**Cah **(S tfṛanṣiṣt: شاه )  iga agllid d umnkad n tamnkda Iṛan. Ism ad ittussxddam dar imadann yaḍni zun ituṛkin d imangulyn.

## Tisaɣulin

## Tisaɣulin
Jun Napir

**Jun napir** **n mrcistun,** ( *1 bṛayṛ 1550 - 4 ibrir 1617* ), ittyawssan s yism n marbilus mrcistun, iga aṣkuṭlandi ittwassn s tusnakt, ufizik d imitri. iga lird wis 8 n mrcistun.

## Tisaɣulin
Ṣkuṭlanda

**Ṣkuṭlanda** (s tanglizit: *scotland*; s tagaylit n ṣkuṭlanda: *alba*) tga yat g tmizar n tgldit imunn. tumẓ ṣkuṭlanda wakṛaḍ n tgzirt n briṭanya taxatart, tga tmazirt tiss snat kullu imqqurn g tgldit imunn, d tumẓ 8,3% n imzdaɣn nns g 2012. iwtta n ṣkuṭlanda g wakal d nngliz iga 154 kilumitr g lqblt n-iffus, d s agaraw aṭlanti g iẓẓlmḍ d ugafa, d yill n iẓẓlmḍ g lqblt n-iẓẓlmḍ d lqblt, d yill n irlanda g iffus. Tbḍa ṣkuṭlanda ɣf 32 n tmnaḍin timssugurin d llan gisn uggar n 790 n tgzirin, s umata g tgzirin n hibrid d tgzirin n iẓẓlmḍ .

## Tisaɣulin
Lana dil Ray

**Lana Dil Ray** (S tanglizt: *Lana Del Rey* nɣd *Elizabeth Woolridge Grant*) ,*tlul g 21 yunyu 1985*, ttwassn s ism n *lana del rey*, tga yat tnaẓuṛt tamirikanit. ittussan uẓawan nns s wudm n ssinima nns d urzzu n tarumansit taṭrajikt, s wallaln iggutn i tdlsa tapupt tatrart d amirikana n isggwasn n 1950-1970. tumẓ kigan n tsmɣurin, zun d snat tsmɣurin n briṭ, snat n bilburd i aẓawan n tmɣarin, snat n MTV aẓawan n urupa , d tsmɣurt n satilit, ula astay nns i sḍis n tsmɣurin n grammy d tsmɣurt n amaḍal awraɣ. tssmɣr tẓṛigt "*Variety*" g tsmɣurt n "*hitmakers*" mas tga "yat g tmdyazin d imdyazn imqquṛn g tasut tiss 21". tsskcm tsɣunt n Rolling stone Del rey g tlgamt nns n 200 n unaẓuṛ amqran g akkw izmzn (2023), d tsɣunt n Rolling stone g tgldit imunn tsskcm s ism nns amqran n unaẓuṛ amirikani n tasut tiss 21 (2023). tsɣunt *Times* tssaɣul del rey sg 100 n middn imqqurn g umaḍal g 2012.

## Tisaɣulin
Mitski

**Mitski miyawaki** (s tlalit: **''Mitsuki laycock**; 27 cutanbir 1990*), ttwassn s yism n *mitski*, tga yat tnaẓuṛt [[Iwankn Munnin n Marikan|tamirikanit]]. tssufɣ mitski s ixf nns sin isfsarn nns imzwura, *lush* (2012) d *retired from sad*, *new career in business* (2013), g tizi n tɣuri nns n usmsasa n ustudyu g *usinag n uẓawan n Purchase college*. ttuskarnt isfsarn ad g tizwiri n twuriwin nns tiqburin g Purchase college . tssufɣ album nns wiss kṛaḍ, [[Bury me at makeout creek|*bury me at makeout creek*]], g usggwas n 2014 g [[Usinag n Double Double Whammy|*usinag n Double Double Whammy'']] dffir lliɣ tzri.
## Tisaɣulin
Tismɣurin n Grami

**Tismɣurin n Grami** (s tnglizt: **Grammy Awards**), ttussannt daɣ s yism n **Grami**, gant tismɣurin nna tskr tkadimit n uzmmem n Mirikan afad ad tsimɣur tiyafutin tixatarin ɣ tmguri n uẓawan. Ɣ tannayt n kigan n middn, tasmɣurt ad tga yat zɣ tsmɣurin akkʷ ixatrn n uẓawan ɣ umaḍal. Ɣ tzwiri, ar as yadlli ttinin *"tismɣurin n gramufun"*, acku trwas agramufun . Grami tga yat zɣ tsmɣurin timzwura n uẓawan tixatarin n "*The Big Three Networks"* nna ittusnmalan ku asggʷas, tg yat zɣ kkuẓt tsmɣurin tisgʷsanin timarikanin lli bahra istawhman, nttat d Tsmɣurin n Ukadimi (n ssinima), d Tsmɣurin n Iymi (n ilifizyun), d tsmɣurin n Ṭuni (n umzgun). Tettusnmala tsmɣurt tamzwarut n Gramy ɣ 4 mayyu 1959, afad ad sllummut tiyafutin tiẓawanin n imdyazn g usggʷas n 1958. Dffir n tfugla n usggʷas n 2011, tssnfl tkadimit n uzmmem kigan n tsmɣurin n Grami ɣ usggʷas n 2012. Rad tili tsmɣurt n Gramy tiss 66 n usggʷas ad d yuckan ɣ 94 n tzuni.

## Tisaɣulin
Uddum n ifr adslan g usammr

inɣuba diɣ yan ifr sg ifrawn izddign n tɣnsa tamaziɣt g usammr  mass amsnaw bṛahim ɛinani , ass n ssbit ddɣ nna igan 13 yunyu 2020 g tmazirt n tmtta imunn lliɣ t yaɣ yan iɣnca n lkunṣiṛ .

ikka tt inn igllin n ɛinani sg tmẓi nns yusi anzgum n tmntilt tamaziɣt, zund akk inggʷa nns g tsga n usammr , g yan uzmz lliɣ igʷdl unzaɣ f tmntilt ddɣ .

igllin n mass bṛahim ɛinani iga sg tɣrmt n ayt ɛbdun nna iḍfaṛn i bumaln dads tasga n tinɣiṛ,,iga mass bṛahim sg  imsnawn imaziɣn nna ifkan i uswingm d urzzu xf tɣnsa tamaziɣt g lmɣrib akkʷ,slawan akkʷ lliɣ ar ittaws s tugtt g tinawin d imussutn nna  ittgga umussu amaziɣ g wayyawn nns akkʷ .

ikka tt igllin n bṛahim ɛinani iga aslmad n tutlayt tinglizt g tsinant n bumaln dads, aylliɣ izug d tarwa nns s tmuṛa imunn n marikan,lliɣ iḍfṛ asasfr sg tmaḍunt nna digs illan .

   istawhmma kigan igllin n ɛinani s tmntilt tamaziɣt yili digs unzgum izzaḍn wul nns ,slawan akkʷ lliɣ yiws g tugtt n igran nna izdin d tutlayt d umzruy n tmaziɣt,ismd taɣnsa nns lliɣ yura cigan n idlisn d imagradn iflsafn nna izdin d uswingm almaziɣ .

   istawhmma bahra f usslkm n umrrd d uxub n waḍu n ayt tama nna ganin imaiɣn,afada d isslkm aɣuyyi nnsn i udabu d umaḍal akkʷ .

   g tgira lliɣt yaɣ iɣnca n lkunṣiṛ ur isbdda igllin n ɛinani abrid aɣnsan nns,,isul ar issfrak iwdan akkʷ f usɣiws s tmntilt d uswingm amaziɣ .

   ag unna ittunnan xf umsnaw ɛinani dffir n tmttant nns  yat tmdyazt nna yura mass msṭafa lwṛḍi, da digs ittini g tizwiri :

a bṛahim … a ɛinani

awa tzrit aɣ

tzrit asammr

ngln waman …nzɣn imṭṭawn

ifsta udrar … yulla bumal

   iwdan akkʷ n usammr darsn yat tazdayt idusn d igllin n ɛinani,s tfganit nns urta igi aslmad d umsnaw.

  iga igllin n ɛinani yat tfrirt nnad tssufɣ tmntilt tamaziɣt g tsga n usammr n lmɣrib .

   iznẓṛ ism n umɣnas igllin n ɛinani g ubrid n tɣnsa as gisnt talli igan tadslant azmz n tgrst tabrkant n 2007 g bumaln dads,lliɣ yusi anzgum n unzaɣ xf inkraf isrtann,yura tugtt n imagradn xf uyad akkʷ,gn iswingimn nns mgal n tsrtit n usitti n uzrf n imzdaɣ imadann imzwura imaiɣn. yasi tugtt n trggam sg dar inbdadn nna izziwiz uswingm nns adrfi nna igan waẓ s yat tɣarast taɣnsant iznẓṛt g usammr .

ar ttinin imzwura ,wanna d yujjan arraw ḍaṛt nns d warratn ur immut maca ikcm yat tudrt yadn .

     tamlla n bab n ignwan f umsnaw amaziɣ igllin n bṛahim ɛinani . ad akkʷ nḍfṛ abrid aswingam n mass ɛinani afad ad ur iɣar ubbalu ddɣ n tussna d uswingm izddign .


## Tisaɣulin
Amaḍal amaynu

**Yirm n Umaḍal Amaynu** da ittusmras kigan i usnuml n tagut n wakal, g illa marikan. yumẓ yirm ad atig g tizwuri n tasut tiss 16 g uzmz n urupa n tifiras, dffir n mad inna umrzu aṭalyani *[[Amerigo Vespucci]]* mas d marikan tsmdya yan umnẓaw amaynu, dffir n ɣikann issufɣ tifsniwin nns g *mundus nufus*, yan udlis s tutlayt talatinit. tbuɣla tzmmar ad tawnaɣt tajuɣrafit n ijuɣrafiyn irumiyn iqburn, nna iswingimn ar dɣi mas iga umaḍal xas tafriqt, urupa d asya, nna ittusmrasn s umata s umaḍal aqbur nɣ tafriqt-urasya. mi ttinin imirikanin "tamnaḍt tis kkuẓt n umaḍal", nɣ " amaḍal amaynu".

## Tisaɣulin
Zwara

**Zwara** nɣ **Ait Willul** tga tamdint talibit nna nn yuggan f uftas n yill amllal anammas، taggug f tmaẓunt Ṭarablus s wuggar n 120 km zɣ utaram, taga uggar n 60 km d iwtta n tmazirt n Tuns. Ilkm umḍan n imzdaɣn nns 55,893 n ufgan. Tga Zwara tamdint dar llan iẓuṛan imaziɣn. Isul ugzzum mqqurn sɣ imzdaɣn nns da sawaln s Tmaziɣt Tawillult. Smman i Tmdint n Zwara s ism n tamurt. Zɣ imnɣan ixatarn nna skkrn ɣ umzray atrar Amnɣi n Sidi Sɛid. Imzdaɣn nns gan id bab n kigan zɣ ikaliwn nnsn. Tettwassan s tnkra nnsn mgal asdudri Aṭalyan.

## Tisaɣulin
Taylur Swift

**Taylur Alisun Swift** *(tlul g 13 dujanbir 1989)* tga yat tnaẓuṛt tamirikanit. ttyawssan s tirra n uẓawan nns, d tzmmar nns n uẓawan, d usnflul nns n tẓuṛi, d uḍfṛ nns f tmguri n uẓawan, tga yat n tmdyazt tadlsant tamqrant n tasut tiss 21.

## Tisaɣulin
Tkadimit n uzmmem n mirikan

**Tga tkadimit n uzmmem** (*s tunṣibt* **tkadimit tanamurt n tẓuṛiwin d tmassanin n uzmmem**) yat tkadimit tamirikanit n inaẓuṛn n uẓawan, imsufɣn, imstggarn n ussaru d imswurin yaḍnin n uẓawan. tssn tkadimit ad s tismɣurin n grammy , nna ittawsn g usmɣr n imskarn g tmguri n uẓawan nna ittwassn g umaḍal. tga tkadimit n uzmmem yan sg imssufɣn n usaru n grammy, yat tmsmunt ur igin n unafut nna mi tra ad tḥṭṭu d ad tsslmd amzruy n uẓawan d utig nns.
## Tisaɣulin
Frisk n Vangrug

**Frisk n Vangrug (**s tlimant: Wangerooge**)** tga yat tntala n Frisk n lqblt, kkan ttin ar tt sawaln ɣ ammas n tgzirt n Wangerooge.Tg ula yat ɣ tntalatin n umun n tntalatin Weser lli ɣ tkcm tin Wangerooge d tin Wursten  lli immutn ula nttat. Immut umsiwl amggaru ns ɣ asggʷas n 1953.

## Ẓr uggar

* Frisk
* Frisk n lqblt

## Tisaɣulin
Frisk

Frisk gant kraḍt tutlayin uckan d ɣ Frisland, yat tsga n Hulanda, ar ttnt sawaln ɣ ammas n Hulanda, Almanya d Danmark. Ar ttnt sawaln ula ɣ kra n tgzirin ɣ walmanya zund Borkum.

Gant tnt tutlayin n twja Tajiṛmant n tutlayin, zund tahulandit, nttat ad akkʷ irwasn Tanglizt.
## Tisaɣulin
Amaḍal aqbur

**Iga Umaḍal Aqbur;** (*s [[Tutlayt Talatint|talatinit]]*: mundus vetus) yan yirm i tafriqt-urasya nna d ikkan g urupa g usggwas n 1596, dffir lliɣ mln iyurupiyn s tlalit n marikan. Da tettusmras i usmzazal n imnẓawn n tafriqt, urupa d asya, nna ttuswingimn dat sg imzdaɣ nnsn mas gan umaḍal akkw, d " *[[amaḍal amaynu]]* ", yan yirm i tmizar timaynutin n uzgn n wakal n tagut, slawan akkw marikan.

## Tisaɣulin
Agaru

**Iga ugaru** *(Ar nttini ula yill nɣ d yill amaḍlan)* yan ugraw n waman amaraɣ da ittamẓn attayn n 70.8% n wakal, yamẓ 97% n waman n wakal. 

Ismawn myanawnin ar ttusmrasn afad ad ttussann smmust n tmnaḍin myanawnin n ugaru: wad irggign, aṭlanti, ahindi, iffus d arktik (kullu imẓẓin). Aman n ugaru yumẓ attayn n 361,000,000 km2 n wakal.

## Tisaɣulin
Nnijr

**Nnijr** s ism unṣib **tagduda n Nnijir** (*s* tafransist: *république du niger*; s ḥuṣa: *jamhuriyar nijar*), tga yat sg tmizar n tfriqt n tagut. iga yan uwank imyanawn izdi d libya g lqblt n-iẓẓlmd, Tcad g lqblt, nijirya g iffus, binin d burkina faṣu g tagut n-iffus, mali g tagut d dzayr g tagut n-iẓẓlmd. tumz tajumma n wakal nns 1,270,000 km2, ma yad tt iskrn tmazirt kullu ixatarn g tfriqt n tagut. uggar n 80% n wakal nns illa g tanzruft. imzdaɣ nns gan s umata imuslmn, ilkmn 25 mlyun n ufgan d zdɣn g iffus d tagut n uwank. tlla tamaẓunt *[[Nyami]]* g tsga n tagut n-iffus n Nnijr.

## Tisaɣulin
Gawr (Ayt Ɛli n Lqqblt)

**Gawr**, iga yan uḍwwaṛ iḍfaṛn i tgrawt tamurant n Anfg, taẓayṛt n Laxṣaṣ, tasga n Sidi Ifni, Ugʷlmim-Asif n Nun ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala uḍwwaṛ ad i trfiqt n Ayt Ɛli n Lqqblt, ig uḍwwaṛ ad yan uḍwwaṛ imunn.

## Tadimugrafit
Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn n uḍwwaṛ ad 331 n ufgan, ig wuṭṭun n tawjiwin 59. Ɣ usggʷas n 2014, ilkm wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn n uḍwwaṛ ad 322.0, ig wuṭṭun n twjiwin 79.0. 

Tga tnammast n tiddi n twja 4.08.


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### Asnmkta amatay

### Littihal d yirw

### Tiɣri

### Tawuri

## Tazduɣt
Zun d iḍwwaṛn akkʷ n Lmɣrib, ar ittili umzaray ɣ wanaw n tgʷmma d tzduɣin ɣ ttddrn mddn. Zdɣn mddn n uḍwwaṛ ad ɣ tugt n wanawn n tzduɣin, 31.65% n tzduɣin ad gant tigʷmma timɣribiyn, 2.53% nnsnt gant tigʷmma n ubidun, 65.82% gant tizduɣin tifaranin d 0.0% n wanawn yaḍnin n tzduɣin. Tg tnammast n wuṭṭun n ufgan s uḥanu n tzduɣt 0.9. 

Addad n umazl n tzduɣin ad ula nttan illa gis umzaray, ar nttafa mas d 92.41% gan id bab n tzduɣt nnsn, 1.27% ar krrun, d 6.33% darsn yan waddad n umazl yaḍn. Ig uzaru anammas gr imi n tgmmi d uɣaras ilan lguḍṛun 0.0 km.

Amma iɣ d nucka ad nẓṛ lɛmṛ n tzduɣin ad, ar nttafa mas d 10.13% nnsnt gant timaynutin, ur ta kkint 10 isggʷasn, 13.92% nnsnt darsnt gr 10 ar 19 isggʷasn, 48.1% nnsnt darsnt gr 20 ar 49 isggʷasn, d 27.85% nnsnt darsnt uggar n 50 isggʷasn.

Ɣ ugns n tzduɣin n uḍwwaṛ ad, ar nttafa mas d 81.01% nnsnt gisnt anwal ma ɣ ssnwan, 92.41% nnsnt gisnt id bitlma, d 49.37% nnsnt gisnt aḥmmam. Ama ɣ mad izdin s wallaln d imiwa ɣ tzduɣin ad, 85.9% ṭṭafn ttilifizyun, 74.36% ṭṭafn taṛṛaḍyut, 94.87% ṭṭafn atilifun n ufus, 0.0% ṭṭafn ttilifun n tgmmi, 0.0% ṭṭafn antirnit, 3.85% ṭṭafn akumbyutr, 82.05% ṭṭafn barabul, 74.36% ṭṭafn ttllaja

97.47% n twjiwin d tzduɣin ad izdin s uẓṭṭa amatay n ubṭṭu n trisinti, tg tgmiḍi n uzddi s uẓṭṭa amatay n ubṭṭu n waman 96.2% n tzduɣin n uḍwwaṛ Ɣ mad izdin s tɣarast n usufɣ n waman ittusmrasn, ar nttafa mas d 0.0% ad ittɛtamadn f uẓṭṭa amatay n tgzmt n usufɣ n waman (lwad lḥaṛṛ), 0.0% ad ittɛtamadn f ugʷbbay adusan, d 100.0% ad ittɛtamadn f kra n tɣarast n usufɣ n waman ittusmrasn yaḍn. Ama ɣ tɣarasin n usufɣ n warrasn n tgʷmma, ar nttafa 0.0% ad ittɛtamadn f tsnḍuqin n warras n tgrawt, 0.0% ad ittɛtamadn f ukamyu n tgrawt nɣ akamyu uslig, d 100.0% ad ismrasn kra n tɣarast yaḍn.

## Tisaɣulin


## Isɣwan yaḍnin
* Tasmirit tamattayt n usɣiws
Id bn ɛddi (Ayt Ɛli n Lqqblt)

**Id bn ɛddi** iga yan uḍwwaṛ illan ɣ tgrawt n unfg, tasga n Sidi Ifni, tmnaḍt n Ugʷlmim-Asif n Nun ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala uḍwwaṛ ad i tqbilt n Ayt Ɛli n Lqqblt. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣn n usun ad 85 n ufgan, ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin 13.

## Tisaɣulin

## Isɣwan yaḍnin
* Tasmirit tamattayt n usɣiws
Sawraɣ

**Sawraɣ** (s tfransist: *ictère*) iga yat tmatart ɣ tmsnijjit lliɣ ar ittamẓ yilm d yilmc n tiṭṭ n kra n yan aklu awraɣ ɣ tyafut n wawwan n usqqul n ubilirubin ɣ yidammn lli igan yadlli yan iɣmi awraɣ lli d tṭṭay tasa ḍffiṛ n ulkay n yimuglubin.  

Iga mad ittyawssan mas d Sawraɣ iga anmyur ɣ wussan zwarnin n tudrt, micc iqqan ad ur yili ɣ 24 n tsragt tamzwarut f tlalit d ad ur ikki mad issurfn assf wis mraw n tudrt, bla ɣik ann rad ilmma nsawl f kra igan d tamaḍunt. Imma dar mddn mqqurnin sawraɣ iga bdda yat tmatart f kra n waṭṭan intln ilazm ad ittyawssan amntil lli illan ɣ tɣrdin nns.    

Sawraɣ ar ittgga amttyawmnad kiɣ issurf usqqul nns ɣ idammn mad ittggan 2 ar 3 mg/dL.

## Tasnmaḍunt

Kud lliɣ ar ttmttatnt tknunnay tizggʷaɣin ɣ uswir n yinṛfḍn ar sdrfaynt yat tɣawsa lli mi ism *imuglubin* lli mi takka talkayt nns tanga n ''ubilirubin'' ur iftin igan imirin i wallɣf n ufgan, tanga ad ar ilmma tzddi d yan uprutiyyn ittbirign ɣ idammn ism as *[[Albumin]]* d nttan ad t inn ittawin ar tasa igan adɣar lliɣ rad izri ubilirubin ad ɣ yat tumant ittyawssann s usfti, fad ɣ akud ann ad imun d yiwriɣ ɣ yiqudas n tasa, ittcarja ɣ yiẓi ard ukan daɣ iffi ɣ wadan ɣ llan ibaktiriyyn lli rad smiṭabulizin abilirubin s ubẓḍubilirubin kra gis rad ismd aɣaras nns s ufuɣ, d kra yaḍni rad daɣ yurri s idammn, iffi nn d waman ɣ ibẓḍan.   

Amukris nna yaɣn tawrarayt ad rad ig asrag ɣ tumant n sawraɣ f tɣssa n yan. 
## Timntal
## Asafar

## Ẓṛ uggar

## Tisaɣulin
Iẓnagn

**Iẓnagn** (s tɛṛabt: **صنهاجة** nɣ d **زناگة**) kkan tt inn gan yan umqqun imqqurn n tqbilin timaziɣin ɣ uzmz amaẓun, ɣ tsga n imqqunn n Ijanatn d Imṣmudn. Mnnawt tqbilin ɣ Lmɣrib, Dzayr, Muritanya, Tuns, Libya, Mali, Nnijr, Ssinigal d Burkina Faṣu, lant sul ism ad, slawant s talɣa nns tamaziɣt.
Kyuṭu

Tlla Kyutu (s tnglizt: **Kyoto**) ɣ tgzirt n huncu, tg tamaẓunt n nibun (jjabbun).

## amzruy

## Tisaɣulin

## Tisaɣulin
Ul

Ul (Amagut: Ulawn) iga yat tgaliḍt ibgan ɣ wagʷns-nns, illan ɣ yidmarn n yimaddarn d ar tssiwis ɣ usara n yidammn ar ilmma tskar tawuri n yat talbumbt inggun idammn s akkʷ tislaḍ d igmamn n tɣssa. Ul dar urgaz ar tlkkm taẓayt-nns 270g d ɣ unck n yan ukkim ad ila.  

Ul iga yat tslaḍt tanmɣurt acku ur tettyawẓḍaṛ tudrt bla tilit-nns.

## Ul n ufgan

### Ansa nns:
Ul iṭṭaf ansa nns ɣ gr turin, macc iwala yan imikk tasga taẓlmaḍt, yili ɣ dat n uswir anadday n umazgn (Mediastiunus), yili nnican ɣ tɣrdin n yixs n idmarn, iskkiws f iggi n yilmdis. 

### Tuṣkiwt nns:
Ul ila talɣa n yan uzamug, gi-s yan wafa iwalan izddar d dat, gi-s yat tasila iwalan aflla d tɣrdin, dar-s kṛaḍ n wudmawn.

Ul gi-s kkuẓt n tifritin ttyawbḍanin s taṣṭaṛin (cloisons), ibḍa zwar s sin wulawn: ul Afasi (win usara imẓẓiyn) d wul aẓlmaḍ (win usara imqquṛn), d kra iga-t yan gi-tsn, ittyawskar s s snat tifritin : yat tamzzuɣt d yat tadist.
Azrbayjan

**Azrbayjan** (s Tzrbayjit: Azərbaycan[a]) niɣ d T**agdudant Tazrbayjit** tga yat tmazirt illan s yat tklit ɣ Wasya d Urupa, ɣ utaram n yill Aqzwin, tga tagdudant tamzwarut da yumẓn tidrfit nns sɣ tamunt tasubyatit ɣ usggʷas 1991. Tamaẓunt nns tga Baku, tg Tazrbayjit tutlayt nns, aqaṛiḍ nns ar asn ttinin "Manat". Awank nna ibidd s ma iggutn ɣ tdmsa nns f tsbbabt n ubiḍṛul d ulgaz, mqqar d ɣikann tuggt n imzdaɣn nns ddrn ɣ yan uẓlaḍ iggutn.  

Tamazirt ad tdra iwtta nns d Rusya (tamnaḍt n Daɣstan) ɣ ugafay, Iran ɣ yiffus, D Warminya ɣ utaram da dis ikcmn ɣ yan imiɣ icddan f tsga n Nagurni-Karabax.

## Amzruy

## Tadamsa

## Tasgiwin

## Tamallayt

## Tadimuɣrafit

## Taskala

## Asgd

## Iɣbula n wawal
Axilyus

**Axilyus** (Ssɣ tagrikit taqbuṛt: Ἀχιλλεύς / *Akhilleús*) iga yan butulɣa ɣ tasnumayt Tagrikit yu-s n Bilyus d Titis. Ukan afad ad bdda idus ur sar t yaɣ kra ihrcn, tɣts inna-s ad t-tjrrk ɣ uzal d yat timɣit lli mi ttinin "Ambrusya" , d ad t-inn-tsgan ɣ takat ɣ ḍyiḍ. Ar t ilmma tettagl ssɣ umzzil n uwrz-nns, tsgl-t-inn ɣ Ustiks (Asif n urwass). S ɣikad, iga ɣmklli gi-s tra, ur sar rad ihrc amr ɣ yan udɣar hlli lli igan awrz-nns. Ɣinn aɣ yadlli rad ittyagas s tiyyt da t-inɣan.

Lliɣ imqquṛ, ittyawfka-as ad isti is ira ad iddr yat tudrt iɣzzifn macc txwa, ur gi-s yat, tssills, niɣ ad iddr yat tudrt igzzuln irɣudn, ifta f ti-s snat aylliɣ sul iga yan d ɣwilli akkʷ rugznin ɣ tiɣrmt n trwaḍa, ɣilliɣ nit immaɣ mgal yimrmidn.

## Iɣbula n wawal
Astiks

Ɣ tasnumayt Tagrikit, **Astiks** (Styx) iga asif n urwass niɣ d win imttiyn. Ar gi-s tgallan id wakuc tagallit nnsn akkʷ mqquṛn, d iɣ tt ur ssufin rad fllatsn tili tamttant ur rad bdda suln. 

## Aɣbalu n wawal
Zus

**Zus** niɣ d **Aziyyus**  (Ssɣ tgrikit taqbuṛt: Ζεύς / *Zyyus, ɣwalli inummrn)* iga Akuc akkʷ imqqurn ɣ tsnumiyt Tagrikit, babas n id wakuc akkʷ d ifknan, bab n ddunit d mad akkʷ gis illan. Ismun d imdla isluzzu tn, nttan ad ittsragn ɣ tḍuṛi n unẓaṛ d utfl. Ur d ɣar mk ann hlli, is ar ittary tagallit d unmala n ugama d wamun. Agllid n yigllidn ad iga, ssɣ dars ad d iwin akkʷ yigllidn d yigldunen adwas nnsn, d ur rad bbin amya bla nttan. 

Zus iga war afna d wanna yurmn ad dis ittamẓ taɣnnant rad tt ka yawi ɣ ugayyu nns. Tifawt ad igan imiss issiwidn da issxdam mgal id bu gar amud, ar tn sis iccɣruc.  Lɛibada nns tkka tt inn tlla ɣ akkʷ timizar n tgirkt, illa ɣ tuẓẓumt n usgd Agrikiyy, ɣaylli immalan atig nns darsn nttni. F cahcca nns ar ttyawskarnt wurarn ulambiyn "Olympic games".

Taẓuṛi n Yigrikn ar gllmnt Zus s yan urgaz bu taysist iṭṭafn yat tamart iɣzzifn, yusin yan usm ɣ ufus nns afasi. 

## Aɣbalu n wawal
Nikula Kuprnik

**Kuprnik Nikula** (ilul ɣ Brayr 1473, immut ɣ Mayu 1543, iddr 70 n usggʷas) iga yan umassan d yan waggag apuluniy, ig bab n tssnitrit tatrart, nttan ad igan amzwaru da d-yufan mas d akal ar issutul f ugayyu nns kra iga-tt 24 n tsragin, d ar iskar yan ussutl itmman f tafukt  ɣ yan usggʷas, yili yan ungraw afukan tg tafukt tuẓẓumt nns, ɣaylli d-isrgn ɣ yat tgrawla idran ɣ yigr n tsnitrit acku iṛẓm-as yan uɣaras amaynu lli rad issnfl gigan ɣ mad yad ɣaln mddn.

## Tudrt-nns
Ilul Kuprnik ɣ 19 n Brayr 1473 ɣ Turun, ɣ Tpulunt ɣammas n yat twja n isbbabn d imxzniyyn lli tt inn kkanin ar akkan yan watig mqquṛn i ulmmud. 

Xalis "Lukakz Watznrud*"* da igan agldun n Yirmland ira ɣ yiwis n utlmas ad dar-s yili ulmmud amufay ɣ tpulunt ɣ wakud-ann. Ɣ usggʷas 1491, ikcm ilmma ɣ tasddawit n Qraquf, ikk gis kkuẓ n isggʷasn ur ta immudda s Yiṭalya ɣilli ɣ rad yaqqra tasnijjit d tasnizrfant ɣmklli tra tmyurt dar willi dar tlla ddunit (Taburjwazit) ɣ Tpulunt. Ukan tizi lli yaqqra ɣ tsddawit n Bulunya (xtalli ɣ rad sul ig yan uslmad n tsnitrit) ikka-tt-inn izdɣ ɣ tgmmi n ssi Ḍuminiku Marya di Nufaṭa yan umassan n tusnakt illan d ugayyu nns, ɣwann a rad gis iẓẓu tayri n yigr n tusnakt d tsnitrit, mqqar tiɣri-nns n tsnijjit ur jju titti tayri n yigran ann ɣ wul-nns. ɣ usggʷas 1500 rad imzalal Kuprnik yan unubẓ n wayyur ssɣ Ṛuma. 

## Assnti nns
Ɣ Mars 1513 rad isɣ yat 800 n uṭṭub s uwttas ad ibnu yan usmnu maɣ ad ittmnad ignna d umatti n yitran, f ɣik ann rad issmrs imassn n uzmz ann zun d istrlabn. 

yara yan usgzl f umussu n tɣawsiwin tignnawin s usur f unmala nnsnt, macc yugi ad t-inn-ifsr slad d kra n yimddukkal da as-akmurnin. Kuprnik ur t issusmn ungraw asnitri n Warisṭu d Ptulimiy lli issugrn ɣ utaram ɣakud-ann is as inaqs kra. Iswingm ilmma is d tuẓẓumt n wakal ur akkʷ tgi tuẓẓumt n umɣrud, is tga tin wayyur hlli.  "Hati ar nssutul f tafukt, zun d kra iga tt amtiwg yaḍni" inna tt ɣ udlis-nns "*Kumntaryulus*" (Commentariolus) 

S tkṣṣaḍ n ayt usgd, d tḥggaṛt n mddn ifta ad iswuri ɣ tmaggugt n yiẓṛi nnsn, ikk isggʷasn ɣzzifnin ɣar waḥdu t ar issṛwu d ar issaɣd adlis nns "Kumntarlyus" , mayad yiwi d yan udlis yaḍni iga as s ism "De Revolutionibus Orbinium Coelestium" lli ur ismid ar asggʷas n 1530 macc iḥḍa t attayn n 13 n usggʷas qbl ad t issufɣ, awa lliɣ infalal udlis ukin ayt usgd slawan iprustantiyyn f umassan ad, inin as is d ɣaylli ittini ar ifttu mgal ɣaylli imla linjil, d ur rad sul ɣaln mddn is akkʷ ma illan is ar fllatsn ittsutul, ur yadlli gin tuẓẓumt n umɣrad.         

## Iɣbula n wawal
Arisṭu

**Arisṭu** (ilul ɣ 384 B.C ɣ Staɣira, immut ɣ 322 B.C) iga yan uflsaf agrikiy, iffuɣ Tamqdunt lliɣ dars 17 n usggʷas afad ad ikcm takadimt n Waflaṭun. Iɣama gi-s 20 n usggʷas aylliɣ sul ur iẓḍiṛ ḥtta yan ad ixlf Aflaṭun, ifta ilmma s Watina ɣinn aɣ d iskr yat tinml. Nttan ad igan amzwaru lli iglmn mad igan uggar n 400 n wanaw n yimudar, ifl daɣ yan yilel n yiwaliwn f tanga, f unmala n tudrt, taẓẓiḍṛa n yiman d yiwtta nns, tasrtit, tilelli n ufgan d unamk nns. Isrs nn isutar n tsngzmt innmzln, isawl nn f llujik zun d yan ungraw, dars ula d tadiwant d tmafawalt.

## Aɣbalu n wawal
Atina

**Atina** (S tgirkt : Αθήνα /a.ˈθi.na/ ; s tgrikt taqburt : Ἀθῆναι / *ism illa bdda s umagut*) tga tamaẓunt n Tgrikt d tɣrmt nns akkʷ imqqurn, ɣar waḥdu tt gis uggar n 1/3 n imzdaɣn n tmazirt, tamdint ad bla kra n waḍu n turda dars yat tɣlaɣalt iflin ɣ umaḍal, slawan ɣ igr n tdlsa d umzruy d tmallayt acku f udɣar lli d tumẓ ɣ uzmz n tɣrma Tagrikit taqburt.

## Amzruy

## Iɣbula n wawal
Kribs

**Hans Aḍulf Kribs** (ilul ɣ Ɣuct 1900, immut ɣ Nwanbir 1983) iga yan uṭbib d yan umassan Aliman n tbyucimit, ilul ɣ Waliman ɣ Hildcim,  ig yan uslmad ɣ Ciffiyld ɣ Yinglatirra ssɣ 1945 ar 1954, ig sul aslmad ɣ tsddawit n Uksfurd, ɣ 1953 rad yawi tasmɣurt n Nubl ɣ  tsnijjit acku yufa tawrarrayt n usmmum Asitrik niɣ d tawrarrayt n Kribs ula s uzgzl "tawrarrayt n K" lli igllmn manik a s ar ittgga utci yat tfasa ɣ wagʷns yat tɣrast iddrn.

## Tawuri
Timiniwtin (Nutrients) ar mzzint ɣ wagʷns n tɣrasin bac ad ssdrfint tafasa igan walabud i tuṣka n tɣrast d tafkka akkʷ, lliɣ ifaṣṛ Albirt Szint-Gyurgi mnnaw n yimyaggatn n tzigizt ad n usmmum asitriy, iẓḍṛ sul Kribs ad tn akkʷ ismun ɣ yat twlaft itmman s talɣa n yat twrarrayt da yakkan x tigira ma mi ttinin "ATP" lli ɣ tlla tfasa.
 

## Tisaɣulin
Asif n Wamaẓun

**Asif n Wamaẓun** niɣ d **Amaẓun** (s Tṣblyunit: *Río Amazonas*, s Tbrtqizt *Rio Amazonas) iga* yan wasif illan ɣ Tmirikt n yiffus, iɣzzif bahra, yamẓ adɣar wi-s sin ɣ tɣzi ɣ ddunit tiɣrdin n wasif n Nil, ig amzwaru ɣ ubrazil imma asmgla nns ar ilkkm 6570Km, iẓḍṛ ad ilkkm 100 mitru ɣ tidri nns, d kra n tmiḍi n kilumiṭṛ ɣ turrut.

Asif-ad iga antal i gigan d yislman myanawnin.   

## Tasnismt
ikka d yism n "Amaẓun" tutlayt n Yizandyan,  anamk nns tga t "taḍḍinga imqqurn".

## Aɣaras nns
Ar d ittawi wasif n Wamaẓun aman ssɣ yidrarn n Wandiz ɣ tmazirt n Upiru, ilmma ar itkka kulumbya, izggr akkʷ agafay n Ubrazil afad ad ilkm asfi nns ɣ yilel n Waṭlaṣ dar tmazirt n Yikwadur. 

## Talatin nns
Asif ad llant dars snat talatin mqqurnin tin Madyira (Rio Madeira) d talat tasggant (Rio Negro). 

## Tisaɣulin
Izwal n Yiṛmmuyn

Izwal n Yiṛmmuyn (S tfransist: Chiffres Romains) iga yan ungraw n uzizwl ssxdmn-t Yiṛmmuyn d lli ibiddn f sa n iskkiln ka, kra iga-t askkil ar immala yan izwl. tirra ar ssntint ssɣ uẓlmaḍ ar afasi.  

Ikka ungraw-ad f uruppa aylliɣ as-yumẓ adɣar-nns ungraw utrim n tirra n izwal ɣ tasut ti-s 6 ḍffiṛ n umyagga d tɣrma n yimuslmn acku ɣwad irxa i ussiḍn, mqqar ɣikann ɣaman izwaln n Yiṛmmuyn ar ɣassad nit sul waxxa zrin uggar n 2000 n isggʷasn f tlalit-nnsn, imil asmrs nnsn iẓli ɣilad ɣar s uzizwl n tasniwin niɣ d ititar (titres) niɣ d ismawn n igllidn d ibabawiyyn ...   

## Angraw
Llan sa n iskkiln ad tn-igan ssɣ wad mẓẓiyn ar wad mqquṛn: I - V - X - L - C - D - M, nmalan s tɣarast-ad: 

• I (1)

• V (5)

• X (10)

• L (50)

• C (100)

• D (500)

• M (1000)

## Imdyatn
IV : 4

VII = 8

XX = 20 

XL = 40 

LXX = 70 

XC = 90

CCC = 300

DCCC = 800

CM = 900

## Iɣbula
Iskṛaḍ

**Iskṛaḍ** (s Tfransist: *joute poétique*) ɣ tdlsa Taclḥit, iga yan wanaw n umarg ittilin ɣ uḥwac,  ar d ittacki f talɣa n yan umrara n wawal d tirggam zun d kra n taẓit ittilin gr sin ifnatn n inḍḍamn niɣ d uggar. ar ssutuln f mnnaw n imristn n tudrt takuyast. 

Iẓḍaṛ ad iṭṭaf anamk n "مناظرة" s Taɛrabt. 

## Aɣbalu n wawal
Albrj n Yifil

**Albrj n Yifil** nɣ d **Tturifil** niɣ d **Agʷddim n Yifil** (S Tfransist: La tour Eiffel) iga tuṣka lli s akkʷ tettyawssan tmdint n Bariz, ibidd ugʷddim ad tama n wasif n Ssiyn. Tssnti as tbnnayt ɣ usggʷas n 1887, ur tsmid ar asggʷas n 1889,  imma tattuyt nns ha nn tlkm 300m. Mayad illa f wudm n yan unmuggar da mi ism "exposition universelle de Paris". Ɣ uzmz ann nit ikka tt inn iga tuṣka lli akkʷ yattuyn ɣ ddunit.

Llan gis ɣ wagns kigan n tsiram d yisiratn, ar yakka yan usmni ifulkin, ar gis taggʷan mddn s tmdint akkʷ d uglagal nns.

## Amzruy
Gustaf Ifil iga yan udizaynr n tmuzal illan d ugayyu nns, nttan ad mi tḍṛ twngimt-ad ɣ ugayyu, ira ad iml i mddn ar man asqqul nufa ad nssmrs uzzal ɣ tbnnayt n kra n tuṣka yattuyn, f mayad ifra yan umlyun n ḍḍulaṛ. Ɣ usggʷas izwarn ḥaḍṛn as 2 mlyun n mddn, ɣaylli d kullu ifra n yiqaṛiḍn yiwrri as d sul issufa t.

Ɣil ad ar t tkkan attayn n sḍiṣ n umlyun n umallay ɣ kra iga tt asggʷas.   

## Tisaɣulin
Bnyamin Frankliyn

**Bnyamin Frankliyn** (ilul ɣ 17 Ynnayr 1706, immut ɣ 17 Bril 1790) iga yan urgaz n tsrtit Amrikaniy, ig daɣ arṣṣam, ig ula amassan d yan umsnuflu.  

## Tudrt nns
ilul ɣ Busṭun ɣ yat twmat n 17 n tarwa, lliɣ dars tlla 12 n usggʷas ifta ad iswuri dar gʷmas ɣ yan uḥanu n usiggz, macc ur as sul iffuɣ ɣayann acku ikka tt inn ar bdda ittẓi d gʷmas f tid mẓẓiynin, ilmma irwl s yat tmdint yaḍni ad tt igan d Fladilfya, ukan lliɣ iqqn 24 n usggʷas iskr taḥanut nns n usiggz iẓlin.
 

Frankliyn issnti yan jjurnal, yara akkʷ yan udlis ig as s ism "Poor Richard's Almanac" awa iskr sis yan umurs nit icwan s uswir nns yattuyn  ula tawssna tkka tt inn tumẓ yat taɣamt ɣ tudrt nns, is akkʷ ilkm ad issnflul yan "mssanfusman", yan wannid da issanfn usman f tgmma. Frankliyn ikka sul aɣaras n yigr n tsrtit d tnbaḍt, ukan lliɣ tnkr tgrawla Tamrikant (1775-1783) issiws ɣ tirra n tutra n tdrfit da ittinin is d tasga tamrikant nna illan ha nn tla azrf ad tnbḍ agayyu nns, Frankliyn iga yan ssɣ ɣwilli rcmnin ɣ tutra-ad. F ɣik ad ikka dar Fransa afad ad as taws s isrdasn ɣ tgrawla ad nnsn, fadd daɣ yiwrri s tmazirt n Filadilfya ɣilli ɣ rad ircm ɣ ddustur n USA lli iɣaman ar ɣass-ad nit sul. 

## Tisaɣulin
Aɣʷẓn n Frankncṭayn

**Aɣʷẓn n Frankncṭayn** niɣ d **Afɣul n Frankcnṭayn** iga yan uwrik amarur iẓẓmawn bahra ittyawssann ɣ umaḍal, ig tirmt i mnnawt n umiyyn d waflamn (tassfifin) n tawda, infalal-d (iḍhṛ) uwrik-ad ɣis izwarn ɣ umiy n Mariy Cilliy da ittyawfsarn ɣ usggʷas 1818.

## Atkur n umiyy
Ar ssutuln yimjṛitn n umiyy f yan umassan Aliman bahra icaṭṛn, ism-as "Vikṭur Frankncṭayn" ira ad daɣ irar tudrt i ɣwilli mmutnin, bac ad ismd lɣrd nns ismun kra n id miḍṛuṣ isggm gisn yat tfkka, issxdm ilmma attrisinti bac ad gi-s ig tudrt. Afɣul-ad, ɣikad ixʷcn wudm nns, tfrɣ tɣssa nns, ikka tt inn ɣ tzwiri n tudrt nns iga ɣar yan ddriwc, ifulls, macc ur ifulki ɣaylli as skarn mddn, iɣama lhic-ann waḥdu t tkk fllas twlawalt.  Iftu nn dar Frankncṭayn (walli t-ixlqn) issutr as ad as iskr yat twtmt tkks as taɣufi nns, macc yugi as Frankncṭayn tutra nns ɣayad isxrtm (isɣiyyr) nit aɣʷẓn lli, s lḥsift da gi-s infdn rad sul inɣ Frankcṭayn d tmɣart nns d gʷmas d ugmatmddakkl nns. 

## Tisaɣulin
Snɣafura

**Snɣafura** niɣ d **Tasnɣafurt** tga kra n tgzirin mẓẓiynin (uggar n 50) ismun tnt yan uwank ɣ yiffus n ugmmuḍ n Wasya, tagzirt lli gisn imqqurn nttat ad igan tamaẓunt n tmazirt-ad, ɣayann ad gis iskrn yat tmazirt ɣ iggut udfas, tawwṭfa nns tga ɣar yat 700km² hlli, zdɣn gis yan 4,5 n umlyun n mddn, anzwi nns irɣa iggunda mqqar ɣik ann tetkar s taganin. Tamazirt-ad trks, gis ccinwa da iskarn amaka n imzdaɣn ilin gis imaliziyyn d iṛmmuyn dɣ nttni, mqqar ukan tawankt ad drusn as isugam, ar d tettawi gigan n tɣawsiwin ssɣ tmizar yaḍnani, imil tga yat ssɣ yiwunak akkʷ flujjanin ɣ umaḍal.

## Amzruy
Mddn zdɣn ɣ tgzirt ad sɣ yan uzmz imaṭln, ɣ gr 1200 ar 1300 tmmussa nit gis tsbbabt, trwwj gis luqt s kud uckan ɣ usggʷas n 1377 kra n mddn ssɣ Java rdln tt, rwin tt safi, ssɣ ɣ wakud ann txsi tgzirt, ur tt sul isɣawsa yan amr kra n ingmarn d imxxarn n iɣrruba.

Ɣ tizwiri n tasut 19, yan umɣar n tmazirt-ann iwafq ad ifk tamazirt i Bṛiṭanya lli fllas isrsn afus, iɣama lḥal ɣik ann ar 1963 lliɣ tkcm Snɣafura ddu tnbaḍt n Malizya ur gis tkki bahra aylliɣ sul dis tbḍa, tskr tawankt igan tins.

## Anamk
Ism n Snɣafura ar ittafa anamk nns ɣ tutlayt Tasankrit **Simḥapura:** **Iɣrm n yizm**.

## Middn

### Tutlayt
Ar sawaln ayt Snɣafura smmust n tutlayin ad tnt igan d: Tacinwit (34%), Tanglizt (3,7%), Tamalizit (7,6%), Tamil (2%)... Llant sul gigan d tutlayin yaḍnin (Tajapuniyt, Tandunizt, Takuriyt, Tahndit..). 

Tanglizit ad igan tutlayt n ɣaylli igan amaddud, d "Lingua Franka" gr imzdaɣn.  

### Asgd
Ur illi kra n usgd amaddud igan win wawank, kra iga tt tagrgurt ar tḍfur wins. Macc Tabudiyyt ad bahra iggutn dar mddn, slawan dar Ccinwa n Snɣafura.   

### Lusul n ayt tmazirt
Ccinwa ur gin ayt lasl n tmazirt is ka rwln s tmazirt-a ɣ wussan n yimiɣ amaḍlan wis 2 (IAW2) mqqar nttni ad iskrn tigtti, iɣ ar nsawal f umzruy hati imaliziyyn ad nit igan imzwura nns.

## Tadamsa
Tasbbabt tlla ɣ wul n tdamsa ɣ Snɣafura, ar ssaɣn d ar zznzan iqcucn d yiwunak yaḍnin, aylli iskarn ma iggutn ɣ idɣarn n twuri, dars kada d id luzin da skarnin ṭimubilin d ikamyutn, iyafutn icimawiyn, ibrdan d uṛẓiyn, irukutn, imissn iliktrunikn, tawankt-ad teṭṭaf daɣ tuẓẓmin n ibankatn d ccarikat. Idrus ɣ mddn mad isalan tafllaḥt.  

Imma iqaṛiḍn hati ar ssxdamn Aḍular Asnɣafur.   

## Tisaɣulin
Akilvin

**Akilvin** niɣ d ɣar **Kilvin** (S tnglizit: Kelvin) iga yat tfrdit n trɣi ɣ ungraw agraɣlan (SI) tlla dars tmatart n "K" , iga yan usqqul iqqurn i trɣi acku  iga taskflt lliɣ ar tlkkm tatrupiyt azwl n "0", iɣ tt nsbṛṛm s Usilsus rad ig 1 K= -273,15 C

iɣ nssn mas d tirɣi lli ixṣṣan af ad ifssi ugris iga tt 0°C s usilsus rad ilmma tg s ukilvin 273,15K imma xtalli d iqqan bac ad sisn waman iga tt 100° n Usilsus rad ilmma tg 373,15K . Ɣ unaḥya d Usilsus, Ur ar jju nzzgur (°) i ukilvin. 

## Tisaɣulin
Iṣiḍ (aṭṭan)

**Iṣiḍ** (S tfransist: La Rage, S tnglizt: Rabies) iga yan waṭṭan amssiɣ ittaɣn allɣf, ar ittili dar imudar mi rɣann idammn, anjrtf ad ar bdda inqqa iɣ d hlli nfalalnt tmitar nns zwarnin ur sul illi unaruz ɣ tudrt, ar izray s ufgan s usaka n ilddayn n kra n umudr yaɣ iṣiḍ, iɣ gis ibbi. Iga yan umukris nit mqqurn n tdusi tagdudant.

Ar ɣassad ur ta illi kra n usafar i waṭṭan ad

## Amzruy

### Zwar n Lwis Pastur
• 2300 BC: Ɣ warra n Babl, ɣ tmazirt n grisaffn (Lɛiraq n ɣilad) bdrn is d aydi iga amzzray amzwaru n waṭṭan a. 

• 63 BC: Yan uḍbib Aṛmmuy issufɣ taguri n "Tamanufubit" (Hydrophobia) 

• Tasut tis 16: ittyawglam waṭṭan i tikklt izwarn. 

• Tasut tis 18: nnan is ar d ittekka waṭṭan kra n twkka intn imẓẓiyn illan ɣ ilddayn n umudr amiṣiḍ. 

### Azmz n Lwis Pastur
S twisi n Lwis Pastur ittyafa sul ugzzay n yiṣiḍ lli ibiddn f ulugn n ugzi s kra n urctuy ikrin, mayad ɣ wass n 26 ktubr 1885. 

### Dffir n Lwis Pastur
Yan uzzigiz mqqurn ɣ tsasfrt d wakaz n waṭṭan.

## Amskar n waṭṭan

### Tasnvirust
Amskar n waṭṭan **iga [[Avirus]] n yiṣiḍ** (iga win ARN) ikcmn ɣ ugnus n "Lyssavirus" d yuckan ssɣ tagrikit Lussa = Axlu / Anufl. ig yan ɣ twja n *Rhabdoviridae.* ig zun d kra n tkurayt ɣ talɣa nns iṭṭaf yan ixf igan aflwaḍ, d ixf yaḍni iga awrarray. Irwas kra n tigirit n uburi, imma ablɣ nns hati imẓẓiy bahra (timẓẓi nns tlla s taskala n unanumitr), avirus ad idl s yat tnttalt.
Ɣ tnttalt n uvirus illa yan uglikuprutin ar tt issiwis lliɣ ar ittcbbar ɣ unamaẓ n tɣrast ism-as *Aglikuprutin G.*   

Avirus-ad iḥml ad ifttu s dar tɣrasin n wallɣf.         

### Tawrarrayt n ussugt
Bac ad ittigut uvirus uggar ɣ ugns n tɣssa, rad izri ɣ yan mnnaw n iẓmmuẓẓal: 

1) Azday n uvirus d unamaẓ n tɣrast s usaka n kra n tzbalin. 

2) Rad islt uvirus s wagns n tɣrast. 

3) Tlalit n ivirusn imaynutn s yan wuṭṭun mqqurn.   

4) Tamunt n tsuka n ivirusn. 

5) Asdrfi n ivirusn ggutnin s bṛṛa n tɣrast, bac ad daɣ kcmn f tɣrasin yaḍnin.  

### Tixibit n uvirus d umzzray nns:
Iyḍan ad igan amzzray n waṭṭan s ufgan, s ilddayn nnsn, 99% n waddadn iɣ gis ibbi, imma ix t ka ixmc idrus nit lḥal ad izri.     

## Tisaɣulin
Tasmɣurt n Nubl

**Tasmɣurt n Nubl** (S Tnglizit: Nobel Prizes) tga yat tsmɣurt tamaḍlant ar tettyawfka ɣ kraygat asggʷas i wanna isfalkin uggar tudrt n tiffugna, tawngimt n tsmɣurt ad tssnti d Walfrid B.Nubl lli tt inn ikka ar yakka iqaṛiḍn i ɣwilli tt ttawinin. Tasmɣurt tamzwarut tettyawfka ɣ usggʷas n 1901.

Ran gis ad tddal mad naḥya ɣ igran  zun d tawssna d talatin nns (alfizik, Takimit, Tasnijjit, Tafizyulujit) ar tettyawfka ula ɣ taskala d tdamsa d ufra. 

Takadimit tagldant n twssna n Sswid ɣ Stukulm nttat ad istayn manwa niɣ d manta a rad yawi tasmɣurt ɣ igr n twssna d tdamsa, takadimit taswidit ar tstay mit ɣ tskala, d tamsmunt n Nubl n Unurwij ar takka tin ufra. 

Sin niɣ d akkʷ kṛaḍ n mddn ẓḍaṛn ad drun yat tsmɣurt.

## Ɣwilli iwinin tasmɣurt
Ftu s tasna n wida iwinin tasmɣurt n Nubl.

## Tisaɣulin
Lwis Pastur

**Lwis Pastur** (s tfransist: *Louis Pasteur*; ilul nn ɣ 1822, immut nn ɣ 1895) iga yan umassan Afransawi iɣran tacimit ilan bahra atig ɣ umzruy, iskr yat tagrawla ɣ igr n twssna, tiwuriwin nns jjnjmnt gigan d mddn slawan lliɣ d yufa agzi n yiṣiḍ, ɣ wattayn n 1860 iga amazwaru lli d yufan is nẓḍaṛ ad nenqqa   irctuyn (germes/جراثيم) s tirɣi, ɣaylli d ifkan tlalit i yaṭ tmhlt lli s ttinin "Tasppasturt" (Pasteurization), yaf daɣ tazdayt da illan ngr irctuyn d tmuḍan, d wahli matta kullu ɣaylli yufa. 

## Tinqqaṭṭ ɣ tudrt nns
Ɣid kra n iẓmmuẓẓal mqqurnin ɣ tudrt n umassan ad: 

1822 : ilul nn Lwis Pastur ɣ Dal (Jura).

1839 : Assnti nns ɣ ukulij agldan n Bzansun.￼

1842 : Yumẓ lbaclur nns ɣ tusnakt.

1843 : izri s ENS (école normale supérieure).

1845 : Yumẓ alisuns ɣ twssna. 

1846 : imurs ad ig aslmad n ufizik ɣ ulisi n Turnun macc iɣama ɣ ENS.

1847: Yumẓ ḍḍukṭuṛa ɣ twssna 

1848 : iga aslmad n ufizik ɣ ulisi n Diju fadd s uslmad amssiws ɣ tcimit ɣ tsddawit n Stasburg. 

1849: Itahl d lalla "Marie Laurent". 

1850: tlalit n illis Jyan (tmmut sul ɣ 1859) 

1851: Tlalit n yiwis Jun baptist 

1852: kra n isnubbucn imaynutn ɣ tzdayt iẓḍṛn ad ittilin gr talɣiwin ikrisṭaliyn. 

1853: tlalit n illis Sisil, ittsma amnay n "Ordre impérial de la légion d'honneur". 

1854: iga addwayyan n tsddawit n twssna n Lill 

1855: assnti n tiɣriwin f Tsmtunt. 

1856: assnti n isnubbucn ɣ Tsmtunt talkuḥulit (fermentation alcoolique)  

1857: iga anmhal n ENS n lill nit￼ 

1859: Tasmɣurt n "phisiologie experimentale" ɣ tkadimit n twssna f twuriwin nns ɣ igr n tsmtunt  

1860: Tasmɣurt n "Jecker"  

1862: Tasmɣurt n "Alhumbert", yufa is d imikrubn lli llanin ɣ tɣawsiwin pasturnin kkant d ad iɣʷẓan aḍu.  

1863: Naplyun wis kṛaḍ ittr t ad as iɣr f tmuḍan n unẓiẓ. 

1865: Tasppasturit.  

1866: ifsr kra n twriqin f unẓiẓ.  
 
1877: awal f ibẓḍan 

1878: isawl f irctuyn d tazdayt nnsn d tsnijjit , tasuksidt ar tssidrus ɣ thrci n kra n umikrub, isawl daɣ f uzray n imikrubn s idammn d twla n wactal (iḥcmiyyn). 

1880: awal f ṭṭaɛun. 

1885: Agzi amzwaru mgal iṣiḍ dar ufgan. 

1888: Aṛẓẓum n usinag n Pastur. 

1895: immut ɣ "Villeneuve" ɣ 28 n cutambir.

## Tiwafitin nns

## Tisaɣulin
Iraql

**Iraql** niɣ d **Hiraql** iga yan wawrik bahra ittyawssann, ig azarraf n tsnumiyyt tagrikit d tṛmmuyt acku ila yan udwas yutin akkʷ isqquln d tiktatin, ukan Iraql iga yus n wakuc Zus (agllid n id wakuc) d Walkmin, ɣayann af iga ntta azgn n Wakuc.

## Tlalit nns
F mad ittini umiyy, ikka tt inn Zus ar ittiri yat tmɣart ism as Walkmin, ukan ntta ira ad srs izri, ad dis ismṛḍn, taɣarast lli iga ɣ ugayyu nns iga tt ad d dars yacki s ssift n urgaz nns lli mi ism "Amfitryyu" (Amphitryon), awa lliɣ gis ismd taɣawsa nns, tfk tmɣart ann tlalit i Yiraql, yan uzgn n wakuc mi ittyawfka yan udwas bahra iggutn d yan uẓẓiḍṛ ur ilin anaw nns. Ɣaylli ur issusmn Iṛa tamɣart n Zus lli rad sul tg tazngut nns akkʷ mqqurn. 

## Iṛa d Yiraql
Iṛa txrtm (tɣiyyr) s ma iggutn lliɣ tẓṛa takndawt n urgaz nns Zus, tiri s lḥsift ad tnɣ abiju-ad bḥra iluln. Yan wass lliɣ illa ɣ uddiy tssafḍ as ilgmaḍn imil ntta lliɣ tn iẓṛa iɣʷi tn s ifassn nns, ijiyyf tn aylliɣ mmutn. Bac ad t inn tariy innas ssɣ gar iskkirn n Yiṛa-ad, tssrks t inn ɣ wagns n ukccuḍ macc ittyafa sul, d talli t yufan tga Atiyna da t nit yiwin s dar Iṛa, tini as is d kra n igigil ayann ittfln ɣ ukccuḍ ira ukan igllin ma ictta.   

Safi, dɣ ikk ann nit tssuṭeṭ Yiṛa iraql imikk  ha nn issnti ar ictta ɣ tibbit nns, tluḥ t inn ssɣ ifassn nnsn, tffi nn akʷfay ann s ignna issillsn, ɣayann ad sul ifkan ism n "taɣarast n ukʷfay" S tfransist: Voie lactée, igan yan umhallaw d lli s nttini nkkʷni "Asif n ignwan".    

D ɣaylli nit issaṭṣan is d s ukfay ann lli as tfka nttat bḥra as tzuyd tdusi nns.   

## Anufl n Yiraql
Lliɣ gis tlkm takat n tusmitin d uksan n Yiraql ttmi nns dffir takndawt n urgaz nns Zus, tskr takuct Yiṛa ad trar Iraql ad ig amxlaw, war wallxf, ɣikann nit, ur izri ma iggutn aylliɣ sul ingara Yiraql d wallxf nns, ig ɣar aslhuf. 

Iraql ur sul yumẓ ɣ ugayyu nns ur issin ma iskar, inɣa akkʷ tamɣart nns d tarwa nns, d lliɣ d yiwrri s ugri nns, issn ukan ma iskr, tgʷṛaẓ as nit iɣama bahra gis lḥal, ukan idda ar dar ugzzan n wakuc Apulun ɣ Dilf s uẓuẓḍ ad as yaf kra n ufssay i tmukrist-ad nns, idwl (itub) f ɣaylli iskr. Ig t lḥal, yamṛ t ugzzan-lli inna as iɣ ira ad izgr udwal nns iqqan ad iftu dar yus n ɛmmis Uristi, ig dars asmg. 

Uristi-ad lliɣ dars ifta yumṛ t ad as issufu **12 n twuriwn mnɛanin.**      

## 12 n twuriwin lli llanin f Yiraql ad tnt iskr
 
12 twuriwin mnɛanin lli d iqqan YIraql ad tnt ismd;  

1) Ad inɣ izm n Unimi. ￼ 

2) Ad ig agʷri i waɣʷẓn n Ulirn (yan ulgmaḍ iṭṭafn mnnaw n iguyya).  

3) Ad isli s tizzla Taẓnkḍt Taqrawnit.   

4) Ad yamẓ ilf n udrar n Yirmant.     

5) Ad issɣus anẓiḍn n Ugyas.￼     

6) Ad ifḍḍu d igḍaḍ n tamda n Stimfal.     

7) Ad yamẓ azgr ur igridn n Krit.      

8) Ad iɣʷi tiɣallin n ugllid Dyumid da xrazzaynin (cttanin) tifiyyi n ufgan.      

9) Ad yawi taggʷst n Yippulit.      

10) Ad inɣ Gryyu, yan manṭuṛan bu kṛaḍ n iguyya d kṛaḍ n igjjifn.      

11) Ad nn yasi tatffaḥin (tidffuyin) n wurɣ n Yispirid.      

12) Ad issdrfi Tiziy ssɣ urwass.                                

## Tisaɣulin
Agata kristiy

**Agata kristiy** (S tnglizt: Agatha Christie) tga yat ɣ inmɣurn n taskala tanglizt, lall n ma ilkmn uggar n 80 n umiyn n ibulisiyyn, d idlisn nns kkan ddunit akkʷ, mddn ssuɣln tiwuriwin nns s 103 n tutlayin yaḍni. Nttat ad ixlqn awrik n *Hercule Poirot* d *Jane Marple*.   
Tlul ɣ usggʷas n 1891 ɣ yat twja n yiburjwaziyyn, bbas iga yan bu wayda mqqurn ism as Fridirik Millr,  tmmut ɣ wallingfurd ɣ 1976 dffir yat twada itkarn s umurs d usnflul, aylliɣ as ssaɣn ism n "Tgllidt n ibkkaḍn".

## Kra ɣ warratn nns
Tura Wagata ma iggutn ɣ idlisn n ibulisiyyn, had kra ssɣ gitsn: 

• "And then there were none" (1939)

• "Murder on the orient express"

• "The mysterious Affair at style" 

• "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" (1926)

• "The A.B.C murder".

• "Death on the Nile". 

• "The body in the library".  

• "The man in the brown suit".

## Tisaɣulin
Ibirist

**Ivirist** (ittyuga as yism: *Sagarmata* dar ayt Unippal s unamk n "Afa n ignna", d: *Kumulungma* dar ayt ttibit s unamk n "Lall n ddunit") iga yan udrar illan ɣ iwtta ngr Unippal d ttibit, iga agzzum sɣ isddi n udrar n Yimalaya lliɣ llan iskawn n yidrarn akkʷ attuynin ɣ ddunit, nttni waḥdu tn ka ad issurfn 8000 n umitru ɣ tattuyt, lkmn akkʷ ar 8848 n umitru. 

Imzwura da ẓḍarnin ad nrun adrar ad gan tn d Idmund Hillariy ssɣ Nyuzilanḍa, d Tinzing Nurgay ssɣ Unippal nit, d mayad ɣ usggʷas n 1953, mqqar ɣik ann hati mnck d yan ad ifran s tudrt nns lliɣ ran ad dis ɣlin.

## Aẓuṛ n Yism
Ism n udrar ar d ittiwrri s yan unmhal Angliziy n tinufa tirakalin n Bngal ɣ lhnd ism as "Sir Jurj Ivirist", acku ur ufin ingliziyyn ḥtta kra n ism yaḍni ittyawssan sis udrar ad, fkn as ilmma ɣwad. Waxxa Ccinwa ar sɣuyyun f mayad, acku illa yad yan ism win tmazirt igan aqbur tili tugga f tilit nns ɣ yat tkaṛḍa tacinwit 300 n usggʷas ayad. ism ad iga "kumulangma".    

## Laẓun n Tmttant
Laẓun n tmttant (Death zone) tlla ɣilli ɣ tssurf tattuyt 8000 n umitru acku f uṣmmiḍ iqḍɛan da ɣinn ittilin, sul iẓḍaṛ kra n yan ad iccḍ iḍṛ, acku f uɣris da iddaln nit akal, bla ad nttu asadd n tḍaṛut (Atmospheric pressure) da issidrusn anck n uksijin ɣ waḍu.  

Yan imikk uggar n 200 yan ad immutn, ittyafa is d tiggti nnsn tmmut ɣ uflla n 8000 n umitru. 

## Aɣaras n wawwan
Wanna iran ad yawn i udrar llan dars sin iɣarasn, swa ad ikk Nippal (win yiffus) niɣ ad ikk Ttibit (win ugafa), aɣaras n yiffus ad irxan d nttan ad bahra ttkkan mddn. 

## Tisaɣulin
Agaru irggign

**Agaru irggign** niɣ d **Agaraw irggign** iga agaru lli akkʷ yusɛan ɣ umaḍal, tawaṭfa nns ar tlkkm gr 165,2 d 181,3 n umlyun n ukilumtiru amkkuẓ, ɣar waḥdu t igadda d unuḍu (double) n ugaru aṭlanṭiy, is yuti akkʷ mad tla taɣart, rnu is d agaru-ad bahra imqqurn yamu ma ittggan 46% n waman n wakal, ila yat tidri ilkmn ar 4280 n umitru.

## Ifi nns
Ɣ yat tsga ɣ Panama ar as ttinin "Iɣrm n wurɣ", issn usblyuniy Vasku Nunyiz di Balbuwa (1475-1517) ssɣ dar ayt tmazirt ann is nit illa yan ugaru ɣ tɣrdin n idrarn, argaz-ad d yan ukabaṛ gis 190 n uṣblyuni skrn ilmma yan uɣaras ɣ gr tẓgiwin ann llanin ɣ udrar aylliɣ nit ufan agaru ad, ayad ɣ wassf n 26 Cutambir ɣ usggʷas n 1513. 

Ifi n ugaru ad ssɣ tsga n yilel ur rad tssnti amr d ussutl n Majillan (1480-1521) f umaḍal lliɣ t izgr ssɣ ixf ar ixf, nttan ad as ifkan tismt-ad n "Yilel irggign", acku dars ntta agaru-ad irggig f ugaru Aṭlanṭiy.  

## Tisaɣulin