Ccinwa

Tga tmazirt n **Ccinwa** yat sɣ tmizar mqqurnin ɣ umaḍal akkʷ, tg tamazirt lli issugrn ɣ igran akkʷ, ɣ win tdamsa d tsrtit d twssna d tdlsa ula ɣ igr n udwas asrdas.
Tga tmazirt n Ccinwa tamazirt ɣ illa wuṭṭun akkʷ imqqurn n imzdaɣn ɣ umaḍal akkʷ. Izdɣ gis ma ittggan wafkṛaḍ n imzdaɣn n umaḍal, sin id mlyaṛ n mddn.

Tssn tmazirt n **Ccinwa** alkkum n mddn imzwura s idis nns ɣ uzmz **Ndi-zṛu** (Paleolithic). Ɣ tifḍit tis snat (2nd millennium) dat n tlalit, nfalaln d iwunak n twaculin tigldanin ɣ tsga n **Wasif Awraɣ** (Yellow River). Tasutin tis 8 ar tis 3 dat n tlalit tkka tt inn gisnt taḍuṛi n tanaya n **twacult n Zhou**, d ubuɣlu n imakn n tmssugurt d tsrdast d tskla d tflsuft.

Ɣ 221 dat n tlalit, tettyawsmuna Ccinwa ddu ufus n yan **umnkud** (emperor), aylli d yiwin sin wafḍan n twaculin timnkudin. S usnulfu n **lbarud** d **ifrawn**, d tilit n **uɣaras n umṭṭalfu** (Silk Road) d **ugadir amaggar**, tbuɣla tdlsa tacinwit, tfl iḍiṣ iggutn f tmizar lli as d aẓnin d ula xtilli aggugnin. Ccinwa tssnti ad tffal ɣ ikaliwn nns ɣ tasut tis 19 i idwasn n iṛmmuyn s umntil n yan mnnaw n igamman ur saswanin gratsn. Tankra n **tgrawla n 1911** tsḍṛ **tawacult n Qing**, tsbidd **Tagduda n Ccinwa** ɣ usggʷas nit lli t iḍfarn. Tamazirt tkka tt inn ur tzgi, tfruzza ɣ uzmz n "Imɣarn n Imnɣi" (Warlord Era), aylliɣ tt ismun **Kuomintang** s "tmussut n Ugafa".

**Imnɣi** **uɣrim Acinwi** issnti ɣ 1927, lliɣ smsrn idwasn n Kuomintang igmamn n **Ukabar** **anjmaw Acinwi** (CCP). Tkcm d **Tmnkuda n Jjabbun** s Ccinwa ɣ 1937, aylli yiwin CCP d Kuomintang ad mmullin ɣ "ignzi wis sin" afad ad mmaɣn d Jjabbun.

**Imnɣi wis Sin n Ccinwa d Jjabbun** iggura d s tinri n Ccinwa; macc, CCP d Kuomintang urrin d daɣ s imnɣi uɣrim gratsn. Ɣ 1949, issugr Ukabar anjmaw n **Tagduda taɣrfant n Ccinwa**, isɣi i tnbaḍt n Kuomintang ad trwl s tgzirt n **Taywan**. Tbḍu tmazirt, kraygat tasga ar tettini is d nttat ad igan tanbaḍt tazrfant.

Iḍfṛ mad izzugz isggamn inakaln, ur imurs Ukabar anjmaw ad isbidd tamadrawt: **"tukya tamaggart s mnid"** (Great Leap Forward) tsrg i uɣʷni mqquṛn **n Ccinwa** lli yiwin tudrt n id mlyun n mddn, tkka tt inn **"Tgrawla Tadlsant"** (Cultural Revolution) tga tizi n urway d ussndu.

Sɣ 1949, tga Ccinwa yan uwank anjmaw aywn, ig ukabaṛ anjmaw n Ccinwa amnbaḍ nns lli igan yan. Tga yan sɣ smmus igmamn ɣlalnin ɣ usɣim n tɣlast n tamttiwin Munnin, tg daɣ agmam ɣ tuggt n tnimal tigraɣlanin d tmnaḍin. S ma d yaẓn i yan f smmus n tdamsa tamaḍlant, tga tdamsa tacinwit tamzwarut ɣ umaḍal s Iḍis n Udwas n Uwuɣ (PPP). Ccinwa ad igan tamazirt tis snat ɣ tgrgist, mqqar ur tli taskflt yattuyn ɣ yigran n tdimuqṛant d izrfan n ufgan. Tga tmazirt ad yat sɣ tdamsiwin lli akkʷ ttmḍaṛanin s uṭṛuḍ, tga amaway d umsifaḍ amzwaru ɣ umaḍal, tg tanssagmt tis snat.

## Ɣilli d ikka ism
**Ism n "China"** ittyawsmras ɣ tutlayt **Tanglizt** zɣ tasut tis 16; macc, ur t jju nawln Icinwiyin s ugayyu nnsn ɣ uzmz ann. Aẓur nns ikka d **Tabrtqizt**, d **Tfarisit**, aylliɣ d ilkm awal n **Tasnskritit** *Cīna*, lli ittmkiyiln ɣ Lhind taqbuṛt 

"China" tuman d ɣ tsuɣlt n Richard Eden ɣ 1555 i udlis n unmmaddu d umkccaf abrtqiz **Duarte Barbosa** n 1516.[14] Awal n Barbosa ikka d Tafarisit *Chīn* (چین), lli d ikkan dɣ nttat tasanskrit *Cīna* (चीन).[19] Aẓur n wawal asnskrit illa fllas umrara.[14] *Cīna* tettyawsmras tiklit tamzwarut ɣ warratn n Ihindusn iqburn, zun d *Mahabharata* (tasut tis 3 dat n tlalit – tasut tis 4 dffir tlalit) d *Iqunan n Manu* (gr tasut tis 2 dat n tlalit d tasut tis 2 dffir tlalit).

Ɣ 1655, Martino Martini issigr is d ism n Ccinwa, aẓur nns ur rad d ikk amr **tawacult n Qin** (221–206 dat n tlalit) niɣ d awank n Qin lli tt izwarn.[21][20] Waxxa izwur yad ussmrs ɣ iɣbula n Lhind tawacult ann (macc ur izwir awank), aẓur ad ar t sul addrn ɣ mnnaw iɣbula.[22] tisigar yaḍnin llan gisnt ismawn i *Yelang* d *Jing* niɣ d awank n *Chu*.

## Tadlsa
Sɣ ndi izmaz, tadlsa n icinwiyn tfl bahra gis tflsuft n Takunfucit (Confucianism). Tadlsa n Ccinwa daɣ, tfl bahra ɣ tdlsiwin n iming n Asya d iffus n wiming n Asya. Ɣ kigan n uzmz agldan n tmazirt ad, tamldiwin n urdudz anamun iẓḍaṛ ad ittyawfka s tuggas attuynin n tmnukdiwin lanin taysist, d lli d uckanin sɣ twacult n Han.

## Tisaɣulin