open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ẓṛawla lbacta (ulad msɛud says)

**ẓṛawla lbacta** (s tɛṛabt: الزراولة الباشتة), iga yan uḍwwaṛ imunn, yili ɣ tgrawt n sbt says, taḍwwaṛḍt n sidi smaɛil, tasga n jjdida, tamnaḍt n tgmmi tumlilt-sṭṭaṭ ɣ lmɣrib. iḍfaṛ uḍwwaṛ ad i trfiqt n ulad msɛud says nna ɣ llan 16 n iḍuṛan. ilkm umḍan n imzdaɣn nns 80 n umzdaɣ ɣ usiḍn amaddud n usggʷas 2004.

## tannayin

## Tisaɣulin
Tagldit n Brusya

**Tagldit n** **Brusya** (s Talimant: *Königreich Preußen*, ) tga yat tmazirt tajrmanit tkka tt inn sɣ usggʷas n 1701 ar 1918. illa dars yan ufus ɣ tamunt n Lalman ɣ usggʷas n 1871, tg yat tmazirt imqqurn (mqqurt) ɣ tmnukda tajrmant ar anfassay nns ɣ 1918.. mqqar d tiwi ism nns sɣ tsga n Brusya, tili tmazirt ad ɣ tmargrafit n brandrburg. Tg tmaẓunt nns tɣrmt n Birlin. Tɣʷi mad iggutn ɣ ugafa n lalman n ɣassad d utaram n Bulanḍa. 

Igldan n Brusya kkan d tigmmi n Huhntsulrn. Yiwrri d uzddal n Brandnburg-Brusya lli izwurn tagldit iga yan udwas amknas ijfan ɣ wussan n ugllid Fridirik Wilyam, anfran n Brandnburg, ittyawssan yadlli s wassaɣ n "unfran imqqurn". Sɣ lliɣ nit tga tgldit, Brusya tmmaɣ ad trnu ɣ udwas nns, slawan akkʷ kud as inbḍ Fridirik wis II "Amagʷr". Iga Fridirik d amagʷr yan ɣ imzwarn ɣ ussnti n imnɣitn n "Sa Isggasn" (1756-1763). ibdd mnid i Nnmsa d Rusya d Fransa d Swid, ig ɣ Brusya tad kullu ikkan f tmizar tijrmaniyn, tkka tt inn Brusya tra ad tsmun timizar akkʷ n ijmann (aysilad tin Swisra) ddaw tnbaḍt nns.

## Tisaɣulin
Birlin

**Birlin** (/bɜːrˈlɪn/ bur-LIN; Talimant: [bɛʁˈliːn]) tga tamaẓunt d tɣrmt akkʷ imqqurn n Lalman s tmɣuri nns d wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn . S 3.7 mlyun  lli gis illan d imzdaɣn, tuti tɣrmt ad tiɣrmiwin akkʷ lli llanin ɣ wagns n tamunt turubbit. Tiɣrmt ad tga daɣ yan ɣ iwalan n Lalman, tg tankaḍt tis kraḍṭ ɣ tmazirt ɣ mad iẓlin s tsaragt nns. Tssutl i Brlin tnkaḍt n Brandnburg, ula tamaẓunt nns lli tt igan d Futsdam tlla tama nns nit . Ɣ wagns n udɣar uɣrim zdɣn kra n 4.6 mlyun id mlyun n mddn, ig gis mayad tasga tamiṭṛubulitant tis snat tiɣʷrdin n tsga n Rrin-Ruhr, tucka d sul ɣ udɣar wis smmus ɣ tamunt tuṛubbit ɣ mad izdin s watig n GDP.  

Birlin ad tettyawbdar tiklit izwarn ɣ tasut tis 13 tiɣrdin n tlalit [10] tili ɣ ugrbrid n sin iɣarasn mqqurnin n tsbbabt [15]. Ẓlin tt ad tg tamaẓunt n Tmargrafitrg (1417-1701), Tagldit n Brusya (1701-1918), Tamnukda talimant (1871-1918), Tagduda n Bimr (1919-1933), d lalman n inaziyn (1933-1945). Tkka tt inn Birlin tga ammas n tussna, taẓuri d tflsaft ɣ uzmz n tfawin, Nyutaklassikt, d tagrawliwin n ijrmann ɣ 1848-1949. Ɣ wussan n "Gründerzeit", tssn yan ubzag adamsan iḍfṛ tamguri ittigutn ɣayann ad yujjan ad bahra gis ggutn mddn. Ɣ ultay n 1920, tga Birlin tis kṛaḍt ɣ tɣrmiwin lli akkʷ mqqurnin ɣ umaḍal s mnck n mddn lli gis illan [16]. Lliɣ imda imnɣi amaḍlan wis sin, tettɣi lalman ddu usdurri, tbḍu Birlin s sin: Berlin n Utaram d Berlin n Ugmmuḍ, ikk gratsn yan uɣrab nttan ad tn iẓlin [17].

## ɣal
Aliksir n tudrt

**Aliksir n tudrt** (), ittussan ula s **uliksir n tɣlalt**, iga yan wuddis nna yakkan tudrt tar tamttant nɣ d timẓi tamɣlalt i wanna t iswan. Ittuɣal is ar isjji uliksir ad kraygat tamaḍunt. Tg tuskra nns awttas imqqurn n kigan n yimsximitn

## Tasnaẓuṛt

Tkka d tguri n uliksir taguri taɛṛabt الإكسير nna isnumkn tamtta tuddist nɣ d tamssuyt nna yakkan tudrt tamɣlalt nɣ d ar tsjji kraygat tamaḍunt, nɣ d aẓṛu n yiflsufn. Zɣ tguri ξηρίον (xēríon, “takka isɣarn aggasn”), zɣ ξηρός (xērós, “qqar”).
## Amzruy

### Misubutamya tazaykut

Ittubdar uliksir n tudrt ɣ wumiy n Gilgamic( zɣ tyifḍt tiss snat dat Σisa)  lliɣ t  tssiwd tiwsri t id ittaẓn ḍarat tmttant n ugmatmddakkʷl nns Inkidu. Iddu ar isiggil Utnabictim, yan ittussan ɣ tsnimiyt tamisubutamiyt mas injm i yan ungay imqqurn d uznn wakucn kfin as ilmma tudrt tamɣlalt. Yazn Wutnabictim Gilgamic ad yafi yan umɣay ɣ wasa n yilel, macc icca as t yan ulgmaḍ ur ta t issmris. 
Iga wumiy ad yan ufrrz azayku n maxx aylliɣ ar ssnfaln yilgmaḍn ihrraḍ nnsn, aylli ittyawẓṛan is iga asmaynu until.

### Ccinwa

.

Kigan n yinbbaḍn n Ccinwa tazaykut ad isggln iliksir n tudrt fad ad lkmn tudrt tar tamttant. Γ uzmz n Qin, yuzn Qin Shi Huang amsiximi amẓṛṭaw Xu Fu s yilln n iming nttan d 500 n uɛzri d 500  n tɛzrit fad ad afin aliksir ɣ udrar n Binglay, macc yurri d s yifassn xwanin. Iffuɣ daɣ s umuddu yaḍnin nttan d 3000 n yiɛzray d tɛzray, macc awd yan d gisn yurrin (ar ittini wumiy mas ufan Jabun.

Flsn yicinwitn izaykutn is d wanna iccan kra n waṛẓan ittmaṭaln zun d zun d jade, cinnabar, nɣ d hematite rad as kfin kra ɣ tmmuṭla nnsn. Ar ttinin yicinwitn izaykutn mas imyalla wurɣ, acku iɣʷla d ur ar t tettkka tanigt; ukan tamssqt n tissi n wurɣ rad d tbag ɣ Ccinwa ɣ wattayn n tgira n tsuta tiss kraḍt dat Σisa. Arra uyxim acinwi akk ittussan ilan s yism Danjing yaojue(Tinflayin Tidslanin n Yiklasikn n Tximit") ittussaɣn i Sun Simiao (attayn n 581– attayn n 682 ḍaṛat tlalit) yan uwzzan ɣ tsnijjit ittussann s "Ugllid n Tsnijjit" dar wid t id cukkanin, ar isawal s usnɣd f uɣnaw n uliksir n tudrt (isawl f mnnaw yifrdisn imirin zun d azwwaq, lkbrit d tkwwut), ɣik ann d wiyyaḍ ṛwanin i kra n tmuḍan nɣ d ar ttussmrisn ɣ tuska n yiẓṛan ɣʷlanin.

## Tisaɣulin
-{

}-
Umiy n Gilgamic

**Umiy n Gilgamic** iga yat tnḍḍamt zɣ Misubutamya tazaykut. Ibda umzruy asklan n Gilgamic s smmust tnḍḍamin tisumaritin f Gilgamic (ttyawɣrant yadlli s "Bilgams"), agllid n Uruk, kra gisnt urrint s twja tiss kraḍt n Uṛ (attayn n 2100 dat Σisa). Ttussmrasnt sul tullisin ad bḍanin ɣ tuskra n yan wumiy imunn ɣ Akkadyan. Tunɣilt tamzwarut injmn ɣ wumiy ad imunn, tettussan s tunɣilt "Tababilt Tazaykut", turri s tsuta tiss 18 dat Σisa d tazwart nns nit ad tla s uzwl, *Shūtur eli sharrī* (“Azgar n Yigladn Yaḍnin Akk”). Aɣar yan mnnawt tlluḥin ka ad gisnt injmn. Tggʷra as tunɣilt Tamaddudt Tababilt nna ismun *Sîn-lēgi-unninni* lli yurrin s kra n uzmz gr tsutiwin tiss 13 d tiss 10 dat Σisa lli izwarn s *Sha naqba īmuru* ("Walli iẓṛan asa", nɣ d "Walli iẓṛṛan aynna ur ittussann"). 
Mad yaẓn i snat tkṛaḍin ɣ tunɣilt ad imqqurn ad ittyafan gis snat d mrawt talluḥin.

Ar yaddr ugzzum amzwaru tullist n Gilgamic lli igan agllid n Uṛuk d Inkidu, yan urgaz iḍuẓn (izdɣ ɣ tagant) ɣnan t nɣ d snulfan t wakucn fad ad isbidd asrfufn lli izzray Gilgamic ayt Uṛuk. Tagara iga sul Inkidu anɣram ḍaṛat tuskra nns n tayri d Camxat, immuddu ilmma s Uṛuk, ɣilli ɣ inya Gilgamic ɣ tnyut n udwas. Mqqar t inra Gilgamic, rad sul gin imddukkal. Rad skrn amuddu n sḍiṣ wussan s Tagant n Yidgl, ɣilli ɣ rad nɣin anḍaf nns, Humbaba, bbin ilmma Tidglt Tafuẓaṛt. Rad nn srsn tazn Σictar tayuct Azgr n Ignwan fad ad ismrrt Gilgamic. Rad inɣ Gilgamic d Inkidu Azgr n Ignwan, lkun Σictar, ɣ akud ann a rad ɣtsn wakucn ad nɣin Inkidu t tmaḍunt ixʷcnn.

Ɣ ugzzum wiss sin ɣ wumiy, tsrg tguḍi d twda lli yumẓn Gilgamic ḍarat tmttant n Inkidu ad yamẓ aɣaras iɣzzifn fad ad yafi asafar n tudrt tamɣlalt. Ɣ tgara, rad immiqqir d Utnabictim, nna nttan d tldni nns slaɣ nttnin ka ad injmn i ungay da d uznn wakucn. Rad ilmd Gilgamic zɣ dar Utnabictim: "Tudrt lli s ar tisggilt, ur sar tt tufit. Acku lliɣ ɣnan wakucn amddnu, gan tmttant d wamur nns, ajjin tudrt gr yifassn nns nttnin". 

Ittyagaz wumiy ad is iga tawuri tamssrslt n tullisin n id bu tulɣa swa ɣ usgd nɣ d ɣ tmyurt, d Gilgamic a rad ig azagʷz n id bu tulɣa ggʷranin zun d Iraql nɣ Hiraklis d wumiy s yixf nns ad igan tirslt tamzwarut n tullisn n Humṛ.  Ittsuɣal wumiy ad s mnnawt tutlayin ig ula tullist n mnnawt twuriwin tifantazikin.

## Tisaɣulin
Camxat

**Camxat** (s Takadit: 𒊩𒌑𒉺, tettusmma Camkat ɣ tunɣilt Tababilt Tazaykut n Gilgamic))  tga yan twrikt nna infalaln ɣ talluḥt I d II ɣ wumiy n Gilgamic d tettubdar ɣ talluḥt VII. Tettusnfalal is tga tamhiyst tafuẓaṛt, mqqar illa mad yutn ɣ usnml ad, rad tg asrag imqqurn nna yujjan Inkidu argaz iḍuẓn ad ikcim s tɣrma.

## Ɣ wumiy

Turar Camxat yat tilalt ixatrn ɣ Talluḥt I, ad tt igan d ussgrd n urgaz iḍuẓn Inkidu, nna ɣnan nɣ d snulfan wakucn fad ad ig anggu nɣ afna n Gilgamic. Tkka tt inn Camxat tga tamhiyst tafuẓaṛt n tmẓẓallut nɣ d harimtu. Issmrs tt ungʷmar fad ad tssmrs afulki nns afad ad tettḥi taḍuẓi ɣ Inkidu, tsskcim t i tɣrma s tuskra n tayri. Tettyaway nn s uɣbalu ɣ nn yadlli ittuẓṛa Inkidu, tml ilmma ixf nns i Inkidu. Rad igun d Camxat "sḍis ussfan d sa n waḍan" (ittyafay yan ugzzum ɣ 2015 ittuɣra ilmma ɣ 2018 rad inna ma s skrn tayri mad ittggan sin imalassn, d yat tizi n usnfu ɣ rad msawln f yimal n Inkidu ɣ Uṛuk)).

S tgṛẓawt i Inkidu, ḍarat tizi ad izzri ɣ tuskra n tayri, rad gis iksiḍn yismmunn nns imudar duẓnin lliɣ t ẓṛanin ɣ dar ugʷdm n waman lli ɣ ar ssan. Rad t sul tsnaẓa Camxat ad tt icukku yamu ɣ umaḍal uɣrim ɣ yiɣrm nɣ d tamdint n Uṛuk, da f iga Gilgamic agllid, ifl tudrt nns izwarn ɣ tagant. Zɣ akud ann rad gin Gilgamic d Inkidu imddukkal drun mnnawt tmsksalin (rad zwirn s Tagant n Yidgl d unmuqqar d Humbaba).

Lliɣ ar ittmttat Inkidu, rad isnfalal amɛiqqir nns f Camxat lli as izwarn s tɣrma, icttf tt lliɣ as tzwar s umaḍal amaynu n tɣawsiwin t glinin s tmttant nns. Inɛl tt fad ad tg tamzwagt(outcast). Macc rad d isskʷti wakuc Camac i Inkidu ma s as tkfa Camxat ad icc d ad ils ur ta immaqqar d Gilgamic. Rad d ilmma iknu Inkidu isbuṛk tt, yini is rad tt akk irin irgazn d is rad as d ttawin tirzzifin n yiqcucn.

## Tisaɣulin
Figig

**Figig** (s Tmaziɣt n Figig: *ifeyyey*) tga yat tmdint tamɣribit iḍfaṛn i tsga n Figig ɣ tmnaḍt n ugmmuḍ, gis mad yutin 10,872 n imzdaɣn zɣ usnmkta n 2014.

## Asnmkta
Da ittini usiḍn lli ittyuskarn ɣ usggʷas n 2014 mas:

### Aslmd

* Tigmiḍi n tqubbanit (middn lli ur ssinnin ad aqqran wala ad ttaran) : 18,2%
* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣn lli iɣran ar usinan n usmdi nɣ d uggar : 24,3%

### Tadamsa

* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣn lli llan ɣ isggasn nnsn n twuri : 43,8%
* Tigmiḍi n tarwuri (middn lli ur iṭṭifn tawuri) : 17,9%
* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣn lli swurin dar lmxzn (nɣ tt inn kkan ar gis swuruyn) : 18%
* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣn lli swurin ɣ uslig (nɣ tt inn kkan ar gis swuruyn) : 35,9%

## Tisaɣulin
Tiglmamin

**Tiglmamin** (; ) gant sin igʷlmimn aganin 40 km d Xnifra ɣ wul n Waṭlas Anammas ɣ Lmɣrib, ilin ɣ tattuyt n 1,630m. Ittwasmil yida ad wan wayda anamur.

## Ism
Tiglmamin ar daɣ ttusmmant tismaqqalin n Waṭlas. Ittufka asnt yism ad acku iga sin igʷlmimn mḥadanin, tirwus tlɣa nnsn tin tsmaqqalin. "Tiglmamin" iga unti n tguri tamaziɣt "aglmam" (Agʷlmim ɣ Tclḥiyt).

## Tisaɣulin

## Isɣwan ibṛṛann

* Zones humides Moyen Atlas
* Lac Afennourir
* Images des lacs du Moyen Atlas
Ɛmmar u Sɛid Bulifa

Iga **Ssi Ɛmmar u Sɛid Bulifa** (1865 - 8 Yunyu 1931) yan udzayri aqbayli, ansmaziɣ d uslmad.

## Taridirt
Ilul Bulifa ɣ wattayn n 1865 ɣ usun n Adni ɣ tqbilt n Irjn nna yamun ɣ umqqun n uqbil n At Iratn ɣ tmazirt n Lqbayl imqqurn. Iga yism n twja nns Ayt Blqasm U Aɛmr, gin ayt dars imṛabḍn ganin ddrawc (ayann a f tlla "Ssi" ɣ yism nns). Bulifa ad igan ism n Babas ɣ waddad uɣrim afṛansis. Immut babas, ifl t id iga igigl imẓẓiy nit sul, maccan illa dars unaruz acku tawja n tsga n mas gan Ayt Aɛmr (At Aɛmr) lli igan yat twja n imɣarn dusnin n Tmazirt (tamdint). Yuzn t Ssi Mula, ɛmmis sɣ tsga n mas, s tinml Taɛṛabt-Tafṛansist tamzwarut is tṛẓm ɣ Tmazirt n Lqbayl (ɣ Tamazirt ɣ 1873), nna mi bahra drusn imnkadn. Tamuni n tmsutal ad rad urarnt yat talilt tamɣtast i aylli d yagurn ɣ tudrt nns, yamẓ ɣ ubrid n tazzult n uslmd, acku slaɣ nttan ad illan innuṛẓmn ɣ wudm n ufddam Aqbayli igan ddriwc. Daṛat n kra isggʷasn, imagl s trsut n umssanun amaggas (*Moniteur adjoint*) ɣ Tamazirt (tamdint). Zɣ 1890, ibda timssirdin n usslmd n Tqbaylit ɣ *Tinml tanafllat n [[Buzriɛa]]* (*École Normale Supérieure de Bouzaréah*), ilmma ḍaṛat n yan usanun ɣ tmrslt ann nit, yaɣul iga aslmad amaggas.** Ɣ 1901, imagl s trsut n *répétiteur* n tqbaylit ɣ Tinml n Tskla n Ddzayr. Ɣ tgira n 1904/1905, idra ɣ tsmiglt n "Segonzac" ɣ Lmɣrib nna ɣ dids yiwi adlis nns *Textes berbères de l’Atlas*. Ɣ 1905, idra ɣ ugraw Agraɣlan n Insgmuḍn ɣ Ddzayr s yat tnyalkmt f *uzrf* n Adni. 

Ɣ tɣlaft nns, s wakud n 20 kṭubṛ 1914, ismnid Bulifa ixf nns wan "uslmad n Tmaziɣt" ɣ Tinml Tanafllat d Tɣiwant n Tskla n Ddzayr, ayd ittskann is ilkm tafsna n uslmad n tinawin n tsdawit. Yumẓ tanaft nns ɣ 1929, immt ɣ 8 Yunyu 1931 ɣ usgnaf n Musṭafa Baca ɣ Ddzayr tamaẓunt. Ittumḍal ɣ usmḍl n Bab Lwad ɣ Ddzayr.

## Iḍiṣ nns f tbidaɣujit n Tqbaylit
Ntta ikka tt inn isrs bahra taynit f tutlayt, ar bdda yaqqra f tskla d umzruy n tmnaḍt nns. Tuwit tsɣlt tabidaɣujit nns, nna f iswuri s wul, s usbuɣlu n tbidaɣujit tamzwarut n uslmd n Tqbaylit. Tabidaɣujit ad nns, nna mi yad isrs tirsal mnnawt tmrawin dat, tbdd f Tbidaɣujit tusridt n Tutlayt. Dat Bulifa, kkan tt inn llant ɣar kra n tjṛṛumint tiklasikiyin, s yan usɣiws abidaɣuji isdidn.

## Tiwwuriwin

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Tisaɣulin

## Isugam

* 
* 
*
Maya Catzmilr

Tga Maya Catzmilr yat tmszruyt nna mi ẓlint twuriwin tikadimiyin s yigr n umzruy adamsan n umaḍal anslm. Taɣul tga Tamddakkʷlt n Wamun Agldan n Kanada ɣ 2003. Tuwi taḍukṭuṛat (PhD) nns zɣ tsdawit n 1973, tg tamassant tanzruft ɣ Institute for Advanced Study ɣ 1992. Tga Ctazmilr taslmadt n umzruy ɣ Tsdawit n Untaryu tutrimt.

Tuẓm Catzmilr tannayin n Timur Kuran acku, ɣ tannayt nns, tiwwuriwin tikadimiyn nns ar akkant gar tawlaft f Lislam, macc ur ar d sbayannt maxx aylliɣ mrnt kra n tmizar tinslmin ɣ imukrisn idmsann.

## Tiẓṛigin

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Tisaɣulin

## Isɣwan ibṛṛann

* Profile at the University of Western Ontario
* Tiẓṛigin n Maya Catzmilr ɣ Google Scholar
Aḥmad Ṣṣfriwi

**Aḥmad Ṣṣfriwi** (; ), ar as ttinin  Amɣribi, ilul ɣ Fas ɣ 1915, immt ɣ Ṛṛbaṭ 2004. Ar ittunna mas d Aḥmad Ṣṣfriwi ad igan amara amɣribi amzwaru s tutlayt Tafṛansist, dat n umara aṭanjawi Ɛbdlqadr Ccaṭ s udlis nns "". Aya da t ittnakaṛ umaẓam Aḥmad Lftuḥ acku iffɣ d wungal n Ṣṣfriwi ɣ 1949, lliɣ yad tzri 17 n usggʷas f tẓṛigt n wungal "" n Ɛbdlqadr Ccaṭ lli yara ɣ 1930, tffɣ d ɣ Bariz ɣ usggʷas n 1932.

## Tudrt Tazzulant
Iga yan umara amɣribi wala istawhmman. Ilul ɣ 1915 ɣ tmdint n Fas. Imarawn nns gan Imaziɣn sɣ waṭlas anammas. Inkr d ɣ tmdint taqburt nna d bahra ittbayann ɣ tugt n twuriwin nns. Ibda tudrt nns tazzulant wan unɣmas aɛrrim ɣ tkuyast n "", ilmma rad ittara imnnitn imzrayn, fadd rad ig imḥḍi n "Tsnniɣt n Ḍḍuḥa". Ḍaṛat n 1938, ixdm ɣ mnnawt tmssugurin tunbiḍin n tdlsa, asgmi d tmallayt ɣ tmaẓunt tamɣribit Ṛṛbaṭ.

Ifsr ungal nns amzwaru s uzwl "" ɣ 1949, yawi sis Tasmɣurt Mqqurn n Lmɣrib i Tskla, ig amɣribi amzwaru ad tt yawi. Immut ɣ Ṛṛbaṭ ɣ 2004 s uwtay izzgrn 89 n usggʷas, ittumḍal ɣ usmḍl n Ccuhada n Ṛṛbaṭ.

## Tismɣurin
Tismɣurin da yuwi:
* Tasmɣurt Mqqurn n Lmɣrib i Tskla s wungal "Le Chapelet d'ambre".

* Tasmɣurt n unssixf n tgduda Tafṛansist ɣ usggʷas n 1953.
* Tasmɣurt n Marsulin Jirun zɣ dar Tkadimt Tafṛansist ɣ usggʷas n 1949.
* Tasmɣurt n Ktar i wungal Aɛṛab smmus isggʷasn nnḍfrnin.

## Tiwuriwin nns

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Tisuɣal
Tutlayt Tazrfuṛtt

** Tutlayt Tazrfuṛatt** (s tnglizt: Proto-Euphratean) tga yat tutlayt ittyawrdan tg tar asmil nna gan kra n yimassann n tiwcuṛin (man Samuel Noah Kramer) d tutlayt tasalant n uɣrf d yiwin tayrza s Lɛiraq n Yiẓẓlmḍ ɣ uzmz n Ubayd (5300–4700 d.talilt).

Zdin Igor Dyakonov d Vladislav Ardzinba tutlayt ad ittyawrdan d tdlsa n Samrra.

Inna Benno Landsberger d kra n yimassann n tiwcuṛin yaḍnin is d zɣ uzzray i yismawn iwsumarn n twuriwin, ɣik ann d yismawn n yidawn d tguriwin n waman (hydronym); izḍar yan ad inna mas tt inn ikka yan uɣrf azayku ɣ wansa tt inn ikkan ar isawal yat tutlayt yaḍnin, lli bahra ittussann s Tzrfuratt. Tiguriwin n "umkraz d "umzil d "unjjaṛ", ɣik ann d "tiyni" ur d kkint iẓuarn iwsumarn nɣ d iwsamn.

Izzgzi Dyakonov d Ardzinba yat tguri yaḍnin ad tt igan d "tutlayin n lbanan" (banana languages), ad tn inniln d yat tmẓlit nna ṭṭafn yismawn uygidn nɣ d udmawann llanin ɣ tirra tiwsumar, ad tt igan d wallas  n tfirt (zun d taguri tanglizt banana): Inana, Zababa, Cuwawa/Humbaba, Bunini, Pazuz, atg ar ttyafan ɣ tirra tiwsumar, takadin, tiwcuṛin d tbabilin. Timẓlit ad ar tettyafa ɣ yan mnnawt tutlayin is tar asmil man taminwant. Ittuɣal is ar tettili ɣ mnnaw yismawn n yinbbaḍn ihiksusn; mqqar gant twssitin n ihiksusn Tiwsamin Tiknɛanin, kra ɣ yismawn nnsn, zun d Banon, Apophis, atg, ur d kkin aẓar awsam. 

Yut Rubio ɣ turda n tsabstratumt, issnẓu mas llan wanẓatn mmlanin is illa urṭṭal zɣ uggʷar n yat tutlayt. Tiẓrit ad ad bahra innfsrn ɣ yigr (Piotr Michalowski, Gerd Steiner, atg.).

Illa yan uzzgzi d ikkan dar Gordou Whittaker  ad t igan d mas d tutlayt n yiḍrisn imzrsklatn zɣ Uzmz n Uṛuk Amggaru tga tutlayt tinduṛufant mu iga s yism "Tafuṛatt", mqqar ur innil umata n yimassann tiẓrit ad.

## Isaɣuln
Artr Cuffnhawṛ

Iga **Artr Cuffnhawṛ** yan uflsuf ɣ iflsufn mqquṛnin n Lalman, ilul d ɣ Dantzig ɣ wass n 22 Bṛayṛ 1788, immut ɣ 21 Cutambir n 1860 ɣ Fṛankfurt, taflsuft nns tfl d yan iḍiṣ iggutn f mnnaw imaratn d inaẓuṛn d iflsufn n tasut tis 19 d 20, slawan akkʷ s udlis nns ittyawfsarn tiklit izwurn ɣ 1819, d lli illan s ism n: Ddunit igan ɣmklli n yat tawarɣt d yan usannay.
,

## Tudrt nns
Ilul ɣ Dantzig, babas iga Hinrik fluris Cufnhawr d yan usbbab ibɣrn n tɣrmt ad, innas ism nns Yuhana Cufnhawṛ, izzri almmud nns n tsdawit gr 1809 ar 1813 ɣ Guttingn ɣ Brlin, iskr i tuntta nns yan imini f *uẓuṛ akuẓaw n umnzuy n ugʷri yudan*, taẓṛigt nns tis snat lli bahra ittyawsnamn, tffuɣ d ɣ 1848. Mkann ikka tagrst n 1813-1814 ɣ Bimar, ɣ twrarrayt n twja n Guti, idda s Drisdn da ɣ iddr iga win ixf nns ar tigira n 1818, yut tamlda s tsdlist d imsmunn n tẓuṛi lli gis illan. Ɣ usggʷas 1816, ibayn udlis nns *F iẓṛi d iklan,* iḍfṛ t ɣ usggʷas 1818, uffuɣ n udlis nns ursil, amaḍal igan ɣmklli n yat tawarɣt d yan wannay, ifk tt i umẓṛag, izri ilmma s tɣrmt n Nafuli ɣ ṭṭalyan.      

Lliɣ d gis yurri, isnil i tmɣraft nns n ḍḍukṭuṛa, ig ilmma, amzwar n tnawin ɣ tsdawit n Brlin.

## Tisuɣal
Muḥmmad Mursi

**Muḥmmad Muḥmmad Mursi Ɛisa Lεayaṭ** (s tɛṛabt: -{محمد محمد مرسي عيسى العياط}-) ikka tt inn iga yan usrtan amiṣri, ikka tt inn iga anssixf n tgduda n Miṣra zɣ 30 yunyu 2012 ar 3 yunyuz 2013 lliɣ ijṛu unngʷdm f tnbaḍt nns. Dat ikka tt inn iga ixf n Ukabaṛ n Tɣdemt d Tlelli zɣ 2011 ar 2012 lliɣ yiwi afran n istayn ilellin ifulkin n unssixf n Miṣra. Immut ɣ 17 yunyu 2019 ɣ uɣzu n Ṭura.

## Tisaɣulin
Mulux

**Mulux**,**mulex** nɣ d **Molek**  tga yat tguri d ibagn ɣ Ttawrat mnnawt twal, ɣ ammas n Warra n Ilawtin bahra. Tssuɣl Tsabtwigant Tagrikt mnnaw waddadn ad s "agllid nnsn", macc ar tettajja taguri nɣ d isy Mulux ɣ mnnaw yaḍnin, zun d yat tkklit ɣ Warra n Ɛmus ɣ ur ibdir uḍris aɛbri ism ann. Tsgʷdl ttawrat kullu timskar ttyawssaɣnin i Mulux, ɣ bahra iggut usfaska s tazzanin.

Ittyakʷaz yadlli is d isnumk yism ad kra n ubabay Aknɛan. Macc zɣ 1935, nnan daɣ yimsnubbucn mas tsnumk tguri ad timskrt n usfaska s yixf nns, acku taguri Taɛbrit mlk trwas ɣ tirra nns yat tguri mu iga unamk nns "asfaska" ɣ Tutlayt Tbuniqt as bahra yaẓn. Kigan n yimsnubbucn ad yumnn tannayt ad, mqqar d tlla ukan sul ɣ ddaw umḍikir. Ar daɣ ttmsiwiln imnnaln n tannayt ad f mas d is ar ttyawkkant tfaskiwin ad i Yahwa nɣ d kra n ubabay yaḍnin, d mas gant tmskirin ad tiẓuranin ɣ tdlsa Tzraylit nɣ d is d kkant dar Ifiniqn.

Zɣ yizmaz inuẓẓumn, ittyawslaf Mulux s tɣssa tanfgant mm ugayyu n uzgr s yifassn d uɣʷdnin s umddur iggi n takat; ismun uswllf ad gr tubdrwin drusnin n Mulux ɣ Ttawrat ismmrks tnt d yiɣbula yaḍnin, man tubdriwin tizyakutin n usfaska s tazzanin ɣ Tqṛṭajt d wumiy n Uminuṭur.

Zɣ tzwuri n uzmz atrar, ittyawzday Mulux d kra igan tigrdi ittirin tafska iggutn. Ababay Mulux infalal ɣ tgutt n twuriwin n tskla d laflam, zun d Paradise Lost n John Milton (1667), Salammbô n Gustave Flaubert (1862), Cabiria n Gariele D'Annunzio (1914), Metropolis n Fritz Lang (1927), d Howl n Allen Ginsberg (1955).

## Tasnaẓurt

Ur tzggi tsnaẓurt n Mulux: tawafuɣt zɣ waẓar mlk, nna mu iga unamk nns "nbḍ" nɣ d "baḍ" ad bahra ittyagʷazn. S ucukku n tannayt n Abraham Geiger nna inna ɣ 1857, ssnẓan kra n yimsnubbucn mas d is ttusnfaln yiɣritn n tguri "Mulux" s yiɣritn n bōšet. Imsnubbucn yaḍnin ssnẓan is iga "qal" nɣ d asmmud zɣ uskkir ann nit (mlk). Izɣn R. M. Kerr tiẓriwin s snat, aya acku ur jju ibayn mas d iffuɣ yism n kra n ubabay zɣ tlɣa n usmmud, d is tga tannayt n Geiger "tiẓrit mu zrin wussfan nns d ur jju illi kra n wanẓa anilaw tt isdawn". Paul Mosca, abṛufissur anbruz ɣ Tsdawit n Columbia Tabriṭant, inna mas d "tiẓrit n is ar tssrwis tlɣa n Molek i wad tt yimɣri nɣ d amssflid taguri “boset” (ur d qodes nɣ d ohel) tga tayafut n twwuzna n tsuta tiss tẓa d mrawt, ur tannayt tamasurit nɣ d dat tamasurit.

## Isaɣuln
Uṭṭunn n utilifun ɣ Lmɣrib

Llan ɣ wuṭṭun n utilifun ɣ Lmɣrib tẓa n izwiln (bla nssiḍn 0 nna s ttawln).

Ar issmras Lmɣrib yan uɣawas iqqnn n usuṭṭun, aya isnamk is ur da ittumnnak uzwir ɣ ilaɣitn idɣrann. Ayad iqqan d acku ẓḍaṛn mnnaw izwirn ad kullu ttxdam yan udɣar ajiyuɣraf. S umdya, Tigmmi tumlilt (Casablanca), llan dars 10 izwirn.

Izwirn imntawn d wid ittyasayn ar ttgan win yat tmssurt s wudm iẓlin. Ɣ tlgamt ad, ar nsmal s iskkiln ad: I = Maroc Telecom (Imnti), O = Orange Maroc (NGN), W = Inwi (Maroc Connect) (NGN imnti), X = Inwi (Maroc Connect) (GSM Imnti (?))

## Talgamt

## Amzruy

### 1990 - Ammutti s wuṭṭunn id ṣḍiṣ yizwal
Ɣ 1990, ttuskcamn wuṭṭunn n utilifun id 6 yizwal.

### 199x - Ammutti zɣ wuṭṭunn n 6-yizwal s win 7-yizwal

### 2000 - Ammutti zɣ wuṭṭunn n 7-yizwal s win 8-yizwal
Ɣ 2000-10-13, tasragt tis 23:00, ittubḍa usuṭṭun n tmnaḍin f smmus s tmrna n yan izwil yaḍnin i yingiln n tmnaḍin akkʷ n Lmɣrib.

### 2006 - Amsay n 04 ɣ 02 d 05 ɣ 03
Ḍaṛat n ṣḍiṣ isggʷasn (2006-03-24, tasragt 23:00) ittusnfal yan uzgzzum n tiṭṭit afad ad iskr adɣar i iẓḍwan n utilifun ittyasayn. Tamnaḍt n usuṭṭn n 04 tettumsi d 02, tettumsi 05 dɣ nttat d 03, ayad yyujja 02 ad tdl anẓul, tdl 03 agafa. Iml ad Ittuskar mayad s turxut acku ur llin inxilifn.

### 2009 - Ammutti zɣ wuṭṭunn n 8-yizwal s win 9-yizwal
Ɣ 2009-03-07 dar 02:00 n yiḍ, itturna yan yizwl i wuṭṭun n utilifun ɣ Lmɣrib. Tetturna wuzwir 5 i wuṭṭun n wakal, itturna uzwir 6 i wuṭṭunn n itilifunn n ufus. Uṭṭunn n 08 aɣuln gan 080, aɣuln win 09 gan 089.

## Tisuɣal
Xalid Ljamɛi

Iga **Xalid Ljamɛi** (s ; 1994 – 1 Yunyu 2021) yan unɣmas, amara d umsfsi asrtan amɣribi. Ikka tt inn iga anssixf n tirra n uɣmis amɣribi ittyuran s tfṛansist L'Opinino, ig yan ugmam istawhmman n umulli n Listiqlal. Ittyakaz yadlli Ljamɛi s tmamkt nns iẓlin n tirra d tannayin nns tisrtanin timuzal.

Ɣ 1973, ittyamaẓ Ljamɛi, ittukraf f tannayin nns nna d bdda issufuɣ wan unɣmas. Lliɣ tt inn ikka ɣ ubniq, iskr mnnaw imsnalatn d mnnaw n yinkraf, issntm tullisin nnsn d tannayin nnsn f timskarin tibulisiyin d tuṣkiwt tasrtant n Lmɣrib. Ḍaṛat n usdrfi nns, issufɣ d tullisin ad ɣ udlis nns "Présumés coupables".

Xalid Lajmɛi ad igan babas n unɣmas d umbank Abubakr Ljamɛi.

Immut ɣ 1 Yunyu 2021 ɣ uwtay n 77.

## Tisaɣulin
Ɛbdllah u Yasin Aguzul

**Ɛbdllah U Yasin** (s ; ilul ɣ "Tamanart", immt ɣ 7 Yulyu 1059 D.L ɣ "Krifla", tama n Ṛammani, Lmɣrib atrar) ikka tt inn iga yan umassan anslm, amuzr asgdan d umsrs n trsal n umussu Amṛabḍ.

## Timẓi, asgmi d tudrt tazzulant
Iga Ɛbdllah u Yasin zɣ uqbil n Iguzuln (s ) n Sus lli igan yan uqbil ittuḥasabn f Iẓnagn. Innas tga Tin Izammarn zɣ uqbil n Iguzuln, tddr ɣ usun n Tmanart. Iga Amsnasgd n tinml Tamalikit, ig yan zɣ imḥḍaṛn n waggag u Zllu Almḍiy, lli as igan ɣ twja, iɣr ɣ uribaṭ nns nna mi ism "Dar Al-Murabitin" (Tigmmi n Imṛabḍn) nna illan ɣ usun n Uglu (tama n Tznit tatrart). Ɣ 1046, yucka d umɣar n igudaln Yaḥya u Bṛahim s uribaṭ, ar isiggil kra n yan ad izuzzr umlan n usgd anslm gr imaziɣn n Udrar (lli illan ɣ Muritanya tatrart), Isti Waggag U Zllu ad dids yazn Ɛbdllah u Yasin. Ɣ uzmz ann, isul lislam n iẓnagn ur idri, suln cbbrn ɣ mnnawt twrglin tiwataniyin, ar asn ilmma immala U Yasin taɣarast tasunnit.

Ḍaṛat n yat tɣwwaɣt n Igudaln, ittusɣʷi as ad yurri nttan d inḍfaṛn nns. S ummulli d Yaḥya U Ɛumar, amɣar n uqbil n Ilmtunn, issns takat n tgrawla.

Isnulfa U Yasin amqqun Amṛabḍ s tqbilin n Ilmtunn, Imsufn d Igudaln lli ɣ iga nttan amuzr animan, ig Yaḥya U Ɛumaṛ amuzr aɛskri. Ɣ 1054, ismd walik n Sijilmasa lli yadlli nbḍn Imɣrawn. Isskcm nn fllasn U Yasin tanbaḍt nns turtuduksit - gr mnnawt tɣawsiwin, anẓiẓ d uẓawan ttugdaln, ḍṛnt tnkkisin ur igin tinslmin, ar ittufka i imassann isgdann lxms (1/5) n twbbalt n umnɣi. Azzgir ad icddan n Lislam ad igan tamntilt n tɣwwaɣt nna rad ijṛu ɣ 1055.

## Tamttant
Ittunɣa Yaḥa u Ɛumaṛ ɣ 1056 ɣ tɣwwaɣt nna mi ulsn igudaln ɣ Tnzruft, isml ilmma U Yasin gʷmas n Yaḥa Abu Bakr U Ɛumaṛ (1056-1087) afad ad ig amuzr aɛskri amaynu. Ixʷla Abu Bakr Sijilmassa, macc iggammi ad irar Igudaln s umqqun amṛabḍ s ccil. Idda s Sus yamẓ tt, yamẓ tamaẓunt nns Aɣmat (taẓ i Mṛṛakc tatrart) ɣ 1058.

Immut U Yasin ɣ umnɣi mgal Iburɣwaṭn llanin ɣ Uzaɣar n utaram ɣ 1059. Yumẓ Sulayman U Ḥddu adɣar nns, lliɣ immut dɣ nttan, ur illi mad t ixlfn. Isul usmḍl nns ɣ unẓul n Ṛṛbaṭ, tama n Ṛammani, yugga nn f wasif n Krifla. Ɣ tkaṛḍiwin n Miclin (Michelin) ar as ttggan "Amṛabḍ n Sidi Ɛbdllah". Tettubna Tmzgida d udbni f usmḍl nns, suln ar ass a.

## Ẓṛ ula

* Imṛabḍn (awank)
* Waggag u Zllu Almḍi 

## Tisaɣulin

## Ɣr uggar

* Norris, H.T.  1971. New evidence on the life of ‘Abdullah B. Yasin and the origins of the Almoravid movement. *The Journal of African History,* Vol. 12, No. 2 (1971), pp.&nbsp;255–268.
Lḥuḍ (adlis)

**Lḥuḍ** (nɣ **Lḥawḍ**, s  ) iga yan udlis igan tamdyazt f lfiqh amalki s tutlayt tamaziɣt.:12 yura t Muḥmmad u Ɛli Awzal ɣ 1707-1709. iḍfaṛ udlis ad iẓmmaẓẓln n udlis "muxtaṣaṛ al xalil" (s ), ig asuɣl nns ɣr tmaziɣt.:11 Agzzum amzwaru da ittnawal "*lɛibadat*" (tazdayt gr wakuc d ufgan) ɣ 960 n ufrradi ayugan, ismd ɣ 1707, agzzum wis sin da ittinawal *inɛimiln* (ingimiln gr mddn) ɣ 1630 n ufrradi ayugan, ittusmad ɣ 1709.

## Arratn
llant kigan n tunɣilin n warratn n Lḥuḍ, swa ɣ tsdlisin tisdawanin wala ɣ tsdlisin tusligin, kra zigsnt illa ɣ tid:

* Tasdlist n tsdawit n laydn, Hulanda.
* Allaɣ n arsin ru, Iks-un-Bṛufunṣ, Fṛanṣa.

## Tiẓrigin
Snat tẓrigin n ugzzum amzwaru udlis ad ad jjun ittuskarn, ur jjun d tffiɣ kra n tẓṛigt n ugzzum wis sin n udlis n lḥuḍ. tiẓṛigin ad s snat itsnt ur izgi usnmarra s ttyarant ɣ tannayt n niku fan din bugrt:

*
*

## Tisaɣulin
Ɛbd Lɛziz Butfliqa

**Abdelaziz Bouteflika** (s taεrabt: ) ikka tt inn iga yan usrtan adzayri, ig anssixf n tmazirt n Ddzayr sɣ 27 Abril, 1999 ar 2 Abril, 2019.

## Tisaɣulin
Ɛabdlmadjid Tbbun

**Ɛabdlmadjid Tbbun** (s tfṛansist: **Abdelmadjid Tebboune**) iga anssixf  atrar n tmazirt n Dzayr. Ilul ɣ wass n 17 n Nwanbir 1945 ɣ tmdint n Ddzayr) tamaẓunt.

## Tisaɣulin
Agraw Abaralambi Agraɣlan

**Agraw abralambi agraɣlan**   International Paralympic Committee (IPC); s tlimant: Internationales Paralympisches Komitee)(s usgzl **CIP** ); s tnglizt *International Paralympic Committee*, (IPC) tga tasga da isnmalan  tunnunin da ẓlinin s inbḍula .

agraw abaralambi agraɣlan iga yat tmaddast s uwttas warurriz ittḍufn asnmala n urarn ibaralambiyn. Ɣiklli iga Ugraw ulambi agraɣlan (CIO) da isnmalan urarn iwlambbiyn.

### amzruy
agraw abaralambi agraɣlan (CIP) ittuṣka ass n 22 cutanbir 1989 g dussldurf g Lalman afad ad yili g udɣar n ugraw agraɣlan n usmmzdi n tmaddasin timaḍlanin n tunnunt n inbḍula ittawsnulfan g 1982.

### iwttasn d usnmala
iwttasn n ugraw abaralambi agraɣlan gan :

* arayb f usnmala n wurarn abaralambiyn;
* asbuɣlu n umussu abaralambi; 
* asili n tunnunin tibaralambiyin d tikki n tmlda i inbḍal ad afin yan ukccum i tunnunin ad;
* Assiws ɣ yan uwnnaḍ amanun ittzrrakn ilugnn ;
* Asnfl n twlaft n inbḍal s ukum n tɣḍft f urarn ibaralambiyn.

g 2023, CIP yuma 183 n igrawn ibaralambiyn inamurn. ibḍa f smmust tfidiṛaliyin timanunin tigraɣlanin:

* tafidiṛalit tagraɣlant n tunnunin f usɣim ittmussun;
* tafidiṛalit tagraɣlant n tunnunin n uɛḍubu n iẓṛi;
* tafidiṛalit tagraɣlant n tunnunin n uggidn n inbḍal;
* tafidiṛalit tagraɣlant n tunnunin d tsumsa i ukucm n wallxf;
* tafidiṛalit tagraɣlant n tunnunin n uggidn imɛḍaṛ ungimn.

taẓlayt n ugraw abaralambi agraɣlan d ad tsmnid mnnawt tunnunin d mnnaw iɛḍubutn.

asɣim n ugraw abaralambi agraɣlan CIP illa g  bunn g uliman.

### inssixfn

## Tisaɣulin
Anssamum n idammn

Anssamum n idammn iga yan uɣnaw n wumiyn ar ittddr s tissi n **talkmart tamaddurt** (ɣ kigan, yat talɣa n idammn) n mddn ddrnin, Ɣ ufulkluṛ n Urupa, inssamumn n idammn gan iɣnawn rwasn middn macc ur ar ttmtatn, ar rzzfn willi darsn ɛzzanin, ar sragn i tmttant d twiɣa ɣ imisi nnsn lliɣ tt inn kkan zdɣn kiɣ sul ddrn. 

Ar lssan **lkfn**, ttyawglamn bzgn d ignfurn nnsn zggʷaɣn nɣ d sggann. Ngirin nit d inssamumn n idammn n ɣilad lli ganin usdidn, sliwn, ɣiklli d umann ɣ tasut tis 19.

Mqqar ttyawbdaṛn inssamumn n idammn ɣ taggaẓin ɣ usatl n umaḍal, ism ad n "Vampire" ittyawssan bahra ɣ lurub n tagut ɣ tasut tis 18. Mayad yuḍa d s kra n thistirt iggutn lli yad ittyaɣaln ɣ Urupa n Iẓẓlmḍ d iming., Marur ad yujja mddn, ɣ kra n tikkal, ad ttannayn ɣ wiyyaḍ mas gan inssamumn n idammn, ula **taɣssiwin** n willi ɣ ittyurda ar tnt bggun s tgusin.

Ɣ lurub n Iẓẓlmḍ dn wiming, llan ismawn yaḍnin n inssamumn n idammn, zun d "ctriga" ɣ Albanya, "vrykolakas" ɣ Lyunan, d "strigoi" ɣ Rumanya, lli d ikkan taguri n "striga" ɣ Ṭṭalyan lli illan s unamk n "**iskkirn**" niɣ d "Taḍlmaṣt" .

**Ɣ** **uzmz atrar**, ar ttinin middn is d inssamumn n idammn gan hlli yat tɣawsa n t**uckḍa**, macc llant kra n tdlsiwin ɣ umaḍal lli sul iflsn s kra n iɣnawn rwasnin inssamumn n idammn (zun d "Cubakabra").

Tadlsa ad indin n inssamumn n idammn, ar ttinin imassann is tlla acku mddn n zikk **ur ssinn** mamnk a s tkkṛmḍ tafkka n umttin. Ɣayann a f snulfan taɣawsa ad n unssamum n idammn afad ad ssfrun tamttant d udɣisn nns.

Ɣ 1985, zdin mddn tamaḍunt n "**Prufirya**" d wumiyn n inssamumn n idammn, ittyawfka i mayad yan usdl iggutn sɣ imidyatn, macc sɣ yan wakud, infalal is ur tɣʷẓan. 

## Aɣaln ɣ ufulkluṛ
Tawngimt n "unssamum n idammn" (vampirism) tkka tt inn sɣ ifḍan n isggʷasn. Tadlsiwin zun d tin gr isaffn, Ibraniyn, Igrikiyin iqburn, Manipuri, d iṛmmuyn llan darsnt umiyyn f imnḍṛn d iman lli ganin zun d imzwura n inssamumnn ɣilad. Mqqar llan uɣniwn ad "ivampiriyin" ɣ tɣrmiwin ad tiqburin, tawssna taqburt (fulklur) n uɣniw lli mi nttini ɣilad "unssamum", tucka d s tɣarast iẓlin sɣ ugmuḍ-anẓul n Uṛuppa ɣ tizwiri n tasut tis 18, lliɣ ttyawfnaɣn umiyyn timawin n kigan n tgrummiwin tiẓuṛanin n tmnaḍt ann ttyawfsarn.

Ɣ tuggt n tikkal, inssamumn n idammn gan wid d yurrin sɣ lmut, uɣniwn xʷcnin, wid inɣan ixfawn nnsn, niɣ d iḍlmaṣ. Macc, ẓḍaṛn ad ilin ula s umntil n kra n id gar iman lli zdɣnin ɣ tɣssa, niɣ d iɣ ibbi "vamppir" ɣ kra n ufgan yaḍnin. Taflst ɣ tinfusin ad tluzza bahra, aylliɣ d tiwi i kra n tmnaḍin yat "histirya" imqqurn, is akkʷ tlkm tinɣi middn lli ɣaln is gan inssamumn n idammn.

## Tisuɣal
Yan ugayyu itkarn s imnḍṛn

**A Head Full of Ghosts** (s Tclḥit: *Yan ugayyu* *itkarn s imnḍṛn*) iga yan ungal n ussiwd lli d iffuɣn ɣ 2015, yura t umara amarikan **Paul Tremblay**. Tanfust ar tsawal f yat twja ɣ tmnaḍt n Massachusetts lli d taɣ yat tassast n iqaṛiḍn d tassast tawrnant. Illitsn, **Marjorie Barrett**, lli ilan 14 n usggʷas, ar d tmmal timitar n yat tmaḍunt iqjrn n uswingm. Ayt tgmmi n Barrett ssntin ad ttɣaln is d Marjorie tettyawzdaɣ. Addad nns iẓṛa tt ugdud kiɣ tzri tawja ɣ yan usddi n "TV n tilawt". **Merry Barrett**, ultmas imẓẓiyn n Marjorie, ar d tettals i ma izrin ɣ tmẓi nns 15 n isggʷasn ḍaṛat. 

Ungal ar isawal f imrsiwn zun d assufɣ n imnḍṛn ɣ tɣarast takatulikt d tnsbaɣurt lli iskar tiliẓṛi n "TV n tilawt".

Tremblay irzf ungal ad i **Shirley Jackson**. Tuggt n middn ẓṛan is d *A Head Full of Ghosts* irwas nit ungal n Jackson lli mi ismn *We Have Always Lived In The Castle* *(Nddr bdda yadlli ɣ iɣrm)* ɣ wallas ula ɣ imrsiwn. Ula ism n "Merry Barrett" ar d issktay ism n "Merricat Blackwood".

Ungal iffaɣ d ɣ 2 Yunyu 2015 sɣ dar **William Morrow**, yiwi sis tasmɣurt n **Bram Stoker Award** n Ungal (Novel) ɣ 2015. Tamsmunt n **Focus Features** tumẓ izrfan afad ad tskr yan ifilm f ungal ad.

## Asgzl
**Meredith "Merry" Barrett**, da dar 23 n usggʷas, tbdr tiɣawsiwin ẓẓmawnin da ssutlnin i ultmas **Marjorie**, lli tzzri tawja nnsn ɣ yan isddi n tilawt (reality TV) ittyawssan s yism n *The Possession* 15 n usggʷas ayad. Tettyawsastan sɣ dar bab n usrsl, **Rachel Neville** f yan udlis ittinin kra illan d lli issififn tidt sɣ mayad n uɣawas d wumiyn uɣrimn n mddn, macc Merry tnna is d ikttayn nns, mtutln s wakud d wawal n wiyyaḍ. Ɣ tẓṛigin n usɣnab (blog posts), **Karen Brissette** ar daɣ tssurri *The Possession* d mad fllas nnan mddn.

Lliɣ dars 8 isggʷasn, Merry tuggm bahra ultmas Marjorie lli dar 14 n usggʷas, tggammi ad tfrk i tmukrist lli yutn tawja nns. Babatsn **John**, war tawuri, yurri d iga akaṭuli (Catholic), mayad issnkr imukrisn gr as d taldni nns **Sarah**.

Marjorie tssnti ad tnṣaṛṛaf s kra ur inimn, aylliɣ ɣaln mddn is  tuḍn s taskizufrint (tamaḍunt isngirin afgan d tilawt), tmmndl s imnḍṛn (demonic possession), slawan lliɣ as ur issugr, usafar n imsgnafn walu, Marjorie ar tettals i Merry kra n tnfusin utmnin, ar sdukkunt, d ar tskkalnt s tgnart nns ɣ dyiḍ. Ar nit tettini is ar tssflid i imslitn ɣ ugns n ugayyu nns, ar tt tettaɣ tayrnit, d ar tsididi is rad tskr kra ixʷcnn i ultmas mẓẓiyn. John issigr ad sul ur zzigin asafar n imsgnafn, ifk tanilt i uqssis (priest) n taqʷnist nnsn lli t ur igin amr **babas Wanderly**, ifls dɣ nttan is d Marjorie tmmndl. 

Acku f tmukrisin tuqṛiḍin lli yutn tawja, turg Sarah ad tili Marjorie ɣ usmnu n *The Possession*, lli rad iml "ammndl" nns d ussufɣ n gar iman lli gis zdɣnin. Lliɣ zzrin yan wallas n iskkirn n Marjorie ɣ lkamiṛa,  yan uzddal n usaru n TV ikka dar tigmmi n Barrett afad ad ssulfn tudrt nnsn kullu. 

## Tisuɣal
48 n uzrf n tnaya

**48 n uzrf n tnaya** (1999) iga yan udlis n ussiws n yiman win umara Amirikan Robert Greene. Adlis ad iga yan sɣ idlisn lli akkʷ nzanin, ig yan Best-Seller n *New York Times*, nzant gis uggar n 1.2 mlyun n tunɣilin ɣ Iwunakn Imunn n Marikan.

## Asatl
Isrs Greene iswingimn imzwura n udlis **48 n'' ''uzrf n tnaya''<nowiki/>' lliɣ tt inn ikka ar iswuri ɣ tirra ɣ Hollywood, lliɣ d iḍi is d tufrint n tnaya n ɣilad ssarn kra n irfsan rwasnin win mddn dusnin n umzruy. Ɣ usggʷas 1995, iswuri Greene iga amara ɣ Fabrika, yat tinml n tẓuṛi d umidya, lliɣ imnaggar d yan bab n idlisn ism as Joost Elffers.

Greene imla i Elfrs yan udlis isawaln f udwass d tnaya, sḍis n iyyirn sul, ittr as Elfrs ad yara yat tiḍit n usnfar. 

Mqqar ur bahra imurwi Greene s twuri ann nns, macc isunfa as, iɣal is d tirra n wan adlis ann gis yan imizi mqqurn ɣ waddad nns. Imil ɣakudann, Greene ar daɣ yaqqra f tudrt n Yulyus Aqiẓaṛ da yuggm kigan, yiwi askan sɣ dar mad iskr Aqiẓaṛ lliɣ izgr asif n Rubikun bac ad immaɣ d Bumbi, aylli isrgn ɣ imnɣi uɣrim n Uqiẓaṛ, Greene yura tiḍit nns, lli rad sul ig adlis n **48 n* *uzrf n Tnaya*. Iskr ɣ tizi ann is tga asru n unfal imqqurn ɣ tudrt nns.  

== Tumayt n udlis ==
Ar ismuqqul udlis n *'48 n* *uzrf n tnaya''' ɣ 48 n iẓmmuẓẓal ursiln afad ad igru imɣri mamnk s ad ittnawal yan tanaya nns issidwis tt. Izrfan ad ursiln gan yan ugraw n tuskirin, d iswingimn d tɣarasin nna s ad ittafa yan ad issn ad itthḍaṛ ɣ 'urar n tnaya'. Greene ar t issfru, idum s imk ifawn, manmk a s tẓḍaṛ tnaya ad tg tamursant ɣ ussimɣr n tgrdiwin n twuri.

#### 1) Amzwaru n izrfan: Ad jju ur tnfalalt f umagr nnk
Rar bdda willi k ugrnin ad ssyafan is llan ɣ uflla. Ɣ twarɣt nnk ad tn tssusmt niɣ d ad tn tssakunt, ad ur tssgutt ɣ ussmid n mad tssnt  d ma mi tẓḍaṛt, acku iẓḍar ad k yawi s ma imgalan d ɣmkann—ad tzzuzurt tikṣṣaḍ d uzziwz ɣ wul nns. Ajj imagrn nnk ad ttnfalaln zun d is ar ssmrɣan uggar akkʷ n mamnk ad gan ɣ tilawt, ɣikann rad tlkmt ɣilli yattuyn n tnaya

#### 2) Wis sin n izrfan: Ad jju ur tettggat taflst iggutn ɣ imddukkal nnk (LMD MANMK S RAD TSSMRAST INAFAN).
Rar taɣḍft sɣ imddukkal—acku nttni rad k kndn s tazzla f tusmitin da gisn ittilin s ma irxan. Iggut iɣ ad ttggan d id murran, lkun k. Macc iɣ d tiwit kra n yan nna tt inn ikkan iga inifi nnk, rad dars tettafat yat tuɣad inran tin umddakkl, acku ar fllas ittili ad ak tt immal. Ad idusn, kṣuḍ imddukkal nnk uggar n ɣaylli tkṣuḍt ɣ inifitn. Wanna dar ur llan inifitn, ad isiggil manmk ad tn iskar.

#### 3) Wis kṛaḍ n izrfan: ssntl ubukn nnk (Aylli s ttummalt ad tskrt)
Ajj middn ad jlun, ilin ɣ tillas s ussrks n uwttas lli illan ɣ tiɣrdin n tuskirin nnk. Iɣ ur ssinn mad trit ad tskart, rad ggammin ad ssujadn i kra n unḍaw. Awi tn inn s yan uɣaras illullin, ssdɣs tn inn ɣ wammas n waggu, ukan ilmma iɣ akkʷ sul ukzn maɣ ad tswingimt, rad tn izri uzmz.

- Agzzum I: ssmrs tiqillaf n uwnaf d tiknnad afad ad tssaggugt middn. 

- Agzzum 2: ssmrs isntal n waggu afad ad tssrkst tuskirin nnk.

#### Wis kkuẓ n izrfan: Ini bdda kra idrusn i mad yudan
## Tisuɣal
Arba da asn innan uccn

Arba da asn innan uccn, tga yat ɣ tnfusin n Isub lli ilan uṭṭun n 210 ɣ usamu n Perry. Aylliɣ iga wawal n "Tɣyuyyit f wuccn" (To cry wolf) yat tmatart f iwnnan n tkrkas d wad tn bahra ittinin.

## Umiy
Tallast ad ar tsawal f yan umksa imẓẓiyn lli bdda ittknadn ayt wusun nns is d intg wuccn f ulli nns afad ad gisn iskr taṭṣa. Yals as tis snat d tis kraḍt n tikkal, ukan middn ɣlin asn idammn. D lliɣ d nit yucka wuccn n tidt, arba lli isɣuyya ad dids biddn, macc ayt wusun ɣaln is d kra n tqillift yaḍnin daɣ ayann, ukan xxan i wuccn ad icc ulli nns. Ɣ mnnawt tmdyazin yaḍnin zun d win umara Frere (1830), Leonard (1912) d Untermeyer (1965), uccn icca ula arba nna.

Tayafut n tallast ɣ talɣa nns tagrikt tga tt is d: "Xtad ad igan tamggarut n imkkrkisn: mqqar nnan tidt, ur illi ma rad sul gisn iffls". Yiwi d fllas Aristotle ɣ idlisn nns, kiɣ t nsqsa f mad yadlli ttawin imkkrkisn sɣ tkrkas nnsn, irar d: "ur ar gisn fflsn mddn mk nnan tidt". William Caxton ula ntta iqqn tallast nns s yan wawal lli innan: "Middn ur ar fflsn s ma irxan ɣ yan ittyawssann s tkndawt".

## Amzruy
Akud n wumiy ad yucka d sɣ uzmz indin. Acku ittyara ka s tutlayt tagrikt, d ur yaɣul s tlatint ar tasut tis 15.  Ur tettyawssann tallast ad aylliɣ tnfalal ɣ tadla n tullisin n Heinrich Steinhöwel, tnfassar ilmma ɣ tmizar n Urupa kullu tt.  F ɣayann, ur illi kra n izwl iɣʷẓann lli f d mcuckin mddn ad t gin i tallast ad.

Caxton ifka as azwl n "F urba lli ittmatarn ulli" (1484). Hieronymus Osius isml as "*Arba bu tkrkas*" (1574). Francis Barlow isml as "*Arba amksa d imkrazn*" (1687). Roger L’Estrange isml as "*Arba d usduy n tkrkas*" (1692). Ifk as George Fyler Townsend ism n "*Arba amksa d uccn*" (1867).

Azwl ad amggaru a s iskr Edward Hughes  timdyazin nns timzwura s umggṛḍ n wactal d ufanu (piano), ɣ talɣa n tmdyazt n Peter Westmore (1965). Tucka d daɣ ɣ tallast tis snat ɣ "umiyn n Isub i umallas d trabbut n umarg" (1999) igan win Scott Watson (ilul ɣ 1964)

Mqqar nawln islmadn tallast n "Arba d wuccn" ad t gin zun d yan umssɣḍaf f tkrkas d tknnad, yan irim ittglin ɣ tizwiri n tasut tis 21 imla is d tazzanin lli ɣranin tallast ad salan tikrkas uggar. Imil ɣ yat tsga yaḍnin, willi ɣranin f George Washington d taddagt n usmlal, gisn tuɣad uggar 

## Tisuɣal
Artimis wis kṛaḍ

**Artemis III** iml ad ig amuddu amzwaru n ufgan ɣ uguz nns f iggi n wayyur d wad iḍfṛn aɣawas Artemis, ig amuddu amzwaru n kra n tanawt ittasin middn n Starship HLS. Artemis rad ig asmigl wis sin n yan Artemis ittasin middn, d iris amzwaru f iggi n wayyur sɣ lliɣ gis iggʷiz Apollo 17 ɣ wayyur n Dujambir n usggʷas 1972.

Sɣ brayr 2026, tetam NASA s ma igan amaddud, mas d assnti n Artemis wis III, ur rad izwur asggʷas n 2028. Turri d f imukrisn n uɣri n trɣi ɣ tanawt n "Orion" d uṭṭul ɣ uzzigz n twuri n "Starship", nnan imstaggarn n NASA is iẓḍaṛ ad yayl Artemis III bla yusi middn s wayyur. Ttyafan daɣ kra n imukrisn ɣ tiraf (valves) n ungraw n wawwas n tudrt ɣ wasa n tanawt.

Asmigl ad, iẓḍaṛ ad ig ɣar yan urzaf n imsayrarn s "Lunar Gateway" (Taggurt tamayyurt). Ɣ Brir 2024, ittyaway mas d yan ustay yaḍnin n usmigl ar t inn tssutug NASA, ikcm gis yan irim n uzday gr "Orion" d "SpaceX Starship HLS" ɣ usutl yadrn n Wakal.

## Aflla n wawal
Awttas n Artemis iga t ad izzugz yat tgrumma ɣ tsga n wanuḍ n iffus n Wayyur. Asmigl rad gis ilin sin imsayrarn rad ggʷizn f iggi n wayyur afad ad gis kkin attayn n yan imalas. Ɣiklli s tnna NASA, aɣllul lli rad ikk usmigl s taywult nns rad ilkm ikti n 30 n wass. 

Mqqar llan ar kra n kkuẓ n inmudda lli rad issudu ɣ tanawt ann n "Orion", sin gisn hlli a rad iggʷiz f iggi s ugmmaḍ n tanawt n "Starship HLS", d wiyyaḍ rad ɣaman ɣ ugʷns n "Orion". Ujadnt kkuẓt id twada ɣ usayrar (spacewalks) i sin inmudda ad.

Yat tadla n tannayin tettyawskar, illa gis ad asin yan unck n waman grsnin sɣ wayyur.
## Tisuɣal
Lusyus Siniɣa Amẓẓiy

**Lusyus Annayus Siniɣa**, daɣ ittyawssann s Siniɣa Amẓẓiy, ilul ɣ wattayn n usggʷas 4 izwarn tlalit ɣ Qrḍuba, ɣ Ṣbanya n ɣassad. Iga yus n Sinika Amaqqur, yan mafawal izukmin. Ɣ mẓẓi nns, ismd tiɣri nns ɣ Ruma, ilmd tadiwant d tflsaft, slawan akkʷ Tasṭuwiyt. Ur tgi tudrt nns tin talwit, ɣ wussan n tnbaḍt n umnkud Kludyus, ittyawzwag s Kursika ad gis ikk mnnaw isggʷasn fad ad d sul iwrri s Ruma, ig ɣinn aslmad d umsdag n umnkud Niru. Tiwi as d tizi ad tagrgist d waddur, tawi as d daɣ azawar. Ittyawssan Niru tigira n ɣayad is iga yan ɣ inbbaḍn lli akkʷ ganin d ingma n Ruma. Asafla n mddn uhmn i manmk a s izḍar yan uflsaf asqqaf (aṣtuwiy) ad isniri kra n unbbaḍ ixʷcnn zun d ɣwad. Ɣ usggʷas 65 nnif i tlalit, yiwi tumla is ikcm ɣammas n kra n tnbbaṛt, imagl Sinika ad inɣ ixf nns s ixf nns. Iskr tt sul. Ar bahra tettyawmnad tmttant nns is tga ɣmklli n tigawt tamggarut n tmariwt tasṭuwit. 

Yura mnnaw igamman iflsafn d 124 n tbratin f tmsastanin tiɣaranin, "Amsiri aɣaran" (Epistulae Morales).

## Tudrt nns
Ilul Sinika ɣ Kurduwa, ɣ Hisbanya (Ṣbanya), ɣ usggʷas wis kkuẓ dat n tlalit, ikka d yat tawja iggrgsn tili aẓur aṭalyani, ɣaylli as ifkan  s tuɣad tawdant tarumanit. Llan dars sin aytmas, innas Hilfya, d babas ittyawssann Sinika Amqqur lli igan amara d uslmad n tdiwant. Ikka Sinika isggʷasn n usmuttg nns ar yaqqra tajrrumt d tdiwant ɣ Ruma, issnyaf gis taflsaft, idru ɣ igrawn f tsqqaft (taṣtuwit), yat tflsaft tagrikit d imcackan d urfsu nns lli ittilin ɣ igamman nns akkʷ. S mk nna inna yan ɣ inḍfarn nns, Ibbiktit, iqqan d ad iddr ufgan yat tudrt irggign n ufra d talwit d umslag, d tawant n uswingm, tẓḍar ad tt ittaɣ yan s tnbaḍt nns f ixf nns.

S tdusi nns iṛmin, Sinika idda s Miṣṛ bac ad izdɣ dar xaltis, ur ta d yurri s Ruma ɣ usggʷas 31 n tlalit. Mkann d yurri s tmdint, yiwi d ism n yan mafawal amaynu, ismd tizi nns s twuri. Maccan, imnaggar d imnkudn wan Kaligula (lli inbḍn sɣ 37 ar 41 n tlalit) d Klud (sɣ 41 ar 54 n tlalit). Inna yan mas ikcm ɣ yat tzdayt n usmṛḍn d Julya Luvilla, ultmas tamẓẓiyt n Kaligula, ɣayann a f ittyawzwag s Kursika ɣ usggʷas 41 n tlalit.

Macc, ɣ usru n uzwag nns, ur gis iɣama bla immuss; is ismd tiɣri nns n tflsaft, yara yan umdadday n iḍrisn n twssna d yan usrsl n igamman.

Ɣ usggʷas 49 n uzmz nnɣ, rurn t id daɣ s Ruma s twisi n Agripina Tamẓẓiyt, ultmas n Kaligula d innas n umnkud aṛuman d imaln lli t igan d Nirun. Ɣ udlis nns "Inmɣisn", isawl Tasit f udwal nns.

## Isuɣal
Kalila wa Dimna

Ittyawssan **Kalīla wa-Dimna** (Kalila d Dimna) is iga yan ussuɣl n wumiyn n Bidbay. Ɣ umzwaru nnsn, umiyn niɣ d taddminin ad n imudar, lli d ttyasaynin sɣ yat tnfust isrsn tirsal n tɣrma tahndit - Bantcatantra -, lli ittyaran s tsanskritt, ɣ wattayn n 200, s ufus n yan ubrahman ur ilin ism, wama t inn d Esope ɣ taddminin tihindiyn, ilmma ad aɣuln s tfarisit, fad s Tsiryant ɣ tasut tis sḍiṣt.

Assmdi n ils Afars s win Tɛrabt, ittyawskar s ufus n u Lmuqffaɛ ɣ wattayn n 750, iḍfaṛ iswingimn n bab nns lli t igan d bab n tmɣrut (Lqafiyya) amzwaru imqqurn n tutlayt taɛrabt d yan umagʷr yattuyn ɣ timmuɣra, iswats u Lmuqaffaɛ tirra nns ɣ yat tsga i unẓmlal asrtan, isbayn d gis ar mani igan tannayt nns f tnbaḍt, ɣ tsga yaḍnin iṣṛf tt i twssna da isɣawsa ufgan afad ad ikssa tiɣawsiwin nns ɣ iggi n wakal, iẓṭiṭ agayyu nns ɣ tudrt ann yaḍni. Ddu talɣa idln n wumiyn, sin inbrazn ad tn igan d sin id ṭṭalb ɛli (banat awa) lli mi ismn Kalila d Dimna, ar d ttalsn ɣ tɣzi n tam d mraw n ilmkkudn/lfuṣul i taddminin (yat tullist illan ɣ kraygat almkkud), ar d ttalsn i inbbaṛn ɣ ugns n ibrgmmi, mlin ilugan n taysa. 

Tigri ad n wumiyn tettyazan yadlli i ussanun arfsan n igldunn, maccan iggut sul ugdud nns, ifli. Ittyakaz is iga yan umdya n tɣarast, igums (irin t) f twnlafin nns, yiwi udlis ad yan umurs imqqurn ɣammas ka t inn n middn dar tdlsa.

Tasgdmt ad u Lmuqffaɛ taɣul s mnnawt, s tfarisit, taturkit, tamunɣulit, talatinit, tg yan uskan/ssakn (Lilham) i tuggt n imaratn. Idlisn, ttyawdlagn niɣ d uhu, d lli d iwin imassann ula iqnṣal didsn, ssbɣrn s kigan tisdlas mqquṛnin n Tuṛuft. Ɣ usggʷas n 1644, yan ussuɣl s tfṛanṣiṣt, ittyawskar sɣ yan umaynu yaḍnin illan s Tfarist, ig win uḍṛiṣ n u Lmuqaffaɛ, iffuɣ d sɣ dar Jilbiṛ Gulman. Lafuntin irḍl d sɣ umiyn n Kalila d Dimna ifrdisn niɣ d isbdadn n kra ɣ taddminin nns zun d win: Amaccu , tadɣaɣat d wawtil imẓẓiyn, Amaccu d uɣrda, sin itbirn, lall n ukʷfay d tagra n ukʷfay...

Taɣul Kalila d Dimna s Tmaziɣt Tanawayt ittyaran s uskkil n Tfinaɣ s ufus n uslmad Muḥmmad Ṛṛaḍi, llant gis 150 n tasniwin, ig ɣwad ɣammas n yan usrsl n tɣudiwin d ussuɣln da igli usinag agldan n tdlsa Tamaziɣt, ifssr tn.  

## Asdrm
Ikka uflsaf Bidbay dar ugllid Dabcalim, yals as yan umadaɣ n umiyn f imudar ttyawssrwasnin s ufgan, llant gisn tyafutin ssugrnin i ugllid. Tunfusin ad gant yat tmrarut f tutriwin n inzan da iskr Dabcalim, ḍfarnnt ɣiklli ttggant tslatin tirusiyn, ar ilmma nttafa mas d tunfusin ann ku yat gisnt tkcm ɣ tayyaḍ s yan waddar. 

Llant smmust d mrawt n tnfusin tursilin gant ɣiklli n tullisin n usatl, llant gisnt mnnawt tullisin yaḍnin ɣ ugns nnsnt. Sin id ṭṭalb ɛli ad iga lḥal, Kalila d Dimna, gan s yat tklit wida ttalsnin i tnfusin, gin nit d iwrikn ɣ ugns nnsnt. Kkan tt inn ar swurin ɣ dar ugllid Bankala lli igan yan izm, ɣ ugns n ibrgmmi nns. Kalila imurwa s taɣamt nns, imil Dimna immaɣ bdda ad yawi kra n ida yattuyn ɣammas n ibrgmmi. Taddminin ad gant aruwwas nna ittrsn ɣ yan usatal anfgan lli igan anamun d usrtan, d ar ssisfiwnt tudrt n ufgan s tɣarast n umiyn.

## isuɣal
Adlis n ismawn

Iga **udlis n ismawn** (s Taɛrabt: كتاب الأسماء) yan umawal Amaziɣ da yura Ibn Tunart, ig amzwaru ɣ imawaln iɛrabn-imaziɣn n ugraw n Arsène Roux, ittyawdɣas ɣ tsdlist n MMSH lli illan ɣ Aix-en-Provence: ittyara ɣ tasut tis 12. Imawaln ad llan afad ad sisn swurin inzzurfa d imassann n uzrf ɣ tirra n igamman n taysi (zun d amdya n imudar grdnin), d win littihal, d wiyyaḍ. Mln ula ad gin yat twisi i iḍbibn d iḍlmaṣn, d id bu isafarn.

## Tugdimin n warra
Llant kraḍt tugdimin n udlis ad:

Yan warra idɣsn ɣ Laydn: MS Or. 23.333; irwas is d nttan ad akkʷ igan aqbur, d walli akkʷ gisnt imdan.

Sin warratn llan ɣ tsdawit n Laydn: MS Or. 23.348 MS Or. 23.334;

Sin warratn llan ɣ MMSH n Aix-en-Provence: MS 88a d MS 88b, d yan ifrsi ɣ Laydn: MS Or. 23.329.

Tikccumin n umawal, iẓḍar ad mgalant sɣ yat tugdimt s ṭayyaḍ.

## Tisuɣal