open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wirzan

**Wawiḍlt** nɣ **Awjal** nɣ **Akujil** (s tnglizt: *Lynx*) iga zɣ imudar imsuṭṭaḍ imsksumn (lli icttan tifiyyi) d iga zɣ afrruy n yimucciwn.

Ar tlkkm taẓḍuyt n iwtman n uwjal gr 13 d 18 km, amma tiwtmin lli imẓẓin f iwtman ar lkkmnt 11 km. D immrwas ukujil kigan d ublinṣṛ, d ar yadlli ittuɣal mas dars kra n tzdayt mqquṛn d iblinṣṛn, macc ɣilad sslknnt tuzrawin n DNA nns mas ur tlli awd kra n tzdayt gratsn.

Ar tlkkm tiɣzi n wawiḍlt kra n 65 cm, d tɣzi n ucṭṭab nns gr 20 d 30 cm, d tattuyt nns dar iɣʷṛaḍ gr 40 cm d 45 cm. 

D sg tiɣawsiwin i bahra iẓllin wawiḍlt; imzgan nns isggann iɣzzifnin s kra n yizbaln n uglim iɣzzifnin ula nttni, d zdin d yimzgan ad ma ilkkmn kra n 20 n tgardat ar as ttaws g twafit n tirmt nns, amma izbaln n uglim ar as ttawsn ula nttni g ad issn ansa n ungisn nns.

## Tisaɣulin
* Vocabulaire-lexique tachelit
Ḥannabaɛl

**Ḥannabaɛl** (Hǎnnibal Barca, 247 qbl talalit– ? 183/2/1 qbl talalit), ikka-tt-inn iga yan umɣar n wawank d yan ujiniṛal igan aqrṭaj. Ikka-tt-inn iga acngu n tgduda taṛumit akkʷ imqqurn.

Ḥannabaɛl, ittyawssan bahra s aylli iskr ɣ ammas n yimnɣi Abuniq wis-sin. Izzigz s yat tsrdast zɣ Ibiriya isaka-tn iggi n yidrarn Ibṛansiyn d yidrarn n Walb ar agafa n Ṭalyan ɣilli ɣ inra Iṛumiyn ammas n yan usddiy n yinaɣan. Ammas n yimnɣi n Cannae, ikka f tsrdast n Iṛumiyn akkʷ darsn ixatrn ɣ umzruy nnsn; inra-tn yan s yan. 

Tasrdast n Iṛumiyn ɣ Cannae, tlkm akud-ann attayn n 16 legions d tmuttrt n 86,000 urgaz. Uggar n 80% ɣ tsrdast ad; illa zgitsn mayd ittunɣan yili zgitsn mayd ittyukrafn, ilin daɣ zɣ gitsn yan mnnaw ɣ yimɣarn nnsn. Ḥannabaɛl, ihḍa yat tsrdast ɣ ammas n Ṭalyan i mnnaw yisggʷasn. Ɣ unggaru, tsnnukma-t yat tukkya taṛumit ɣ Tfriqt Ugafa ad yurri s Qrṭaj. Ittrẓa gis, zzugn-t Iṛumiyn bṛṛa n Qrṭaj bzziz nns.

Iddr ɣ usarag n Seleucid, isqnɛa ɣinn agllid-nns ad immaɣ mgal Ṛuma. Maccan lliɣ ittrẓa ɣ yan yimnɣi n yill, irwl Hannibaal s ammas n usarag n Bithynian. Ukan, lliɣ as-nnan Iṛumiyn ad isrs yimrign nns s yat tklit, inɣa ixf-nns ɣ lḥin.

Ar ittyawḥsab Hannibaal f yikumanḍarn n lɛṣkr akkʷ xatrnin. Amussnaw n umzruy n military Ayrault Dodge, iga-as yat twal s yism *"babas n [[tstratijit]]"* acku mqqar iga acngu n Ṛuma akkʷ imqqurn ɣ akud-ann, kkantinn ar dars ttagʷmn Iṛumiyn tiwngimin n lɛṣkr d ar tn-ssnɣaln.

## Tuddma n umcwaṛ
Ibbas n Hannibaal, Hamilcar, Ikka-tt-inn iga akumanḍar n tisrdasin n Iqrṭajiniyn tigira n umnɣi Abuniq amzwaru. Lliɣ tettrẓa Qrṭaj ɣ umnɣi, ibbi Hamilcar ill afad ad islk tiqbilin n ɣayda mi ttinin ɣ ass-a Ṣbanya.



## Izdayn n Brra

* *[http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/ Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars]* 
* *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325155255/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-hannibal.html Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BC): The Character of Hannibal]*
* *"[https://web.archive.org/web/20051210102317/http://historynet.com/mh/blcarthage/index.html Rome and Carthage: Classic Battle Joined]"* Article by Greg Yocherer from *Military History Magazine*
* *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025853/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Cannae/cannae.asp#cannae Cannae]* 

## Tisaɣulin
Awraba

**Awraba** ( s taɛrabt : أوربة ) tga yat taqbilt tamaziɣt g ugafay n tafriqt. d tga ula taqbilt tnna tfrrirs Idris bnu ɛabdillah, amkras n uwank n ladarisa.

## Tisaɣulin
Tazmammart

**Tazmammart** nɣ **Taẓmammaṛt** iga yan uɣzu intln (sg tantla) n imɣzutn (nɣ inḥbas) n tsrtit. Aɣzu ad illa g usammr n Lmɣrib g idrarn n Waṭlaṣ. ittwassn uɣzu n tazmammart mas iga arwass n inḥbas isrtann n Lmɣrib g yan uzmz, azmz nɣ isggasn n ṛṛṣaṣ. Tlla tazmammart g Tasga n Fas-Mknas, ingr timdinin n Midlt d Rracidiyya, g yan udɣaṛ anzruf g tama n tmnaḍt n Rric. 

## Tasnaẓɣuṛt
Tazmammart tga assaɣ (nɣ ism) n yan usun (nɣ Aḍwwaṛ), usun ad a ifkan assaɣ ns i uɣzu n Tazmammart.

## Ẓṛ uggar
*Isggasn n ṛṛṣaṣ
*Ḥasan II
*Lmɣrib
*Muḥmmad Ḥccad
*Asgʷdm n Ṣṣxiṛat

## Iɣbula

## Tisaɣulin
Tunnunt

**Tunnunt** tzdi s ku talɣa n turarin tifgganin, ar gis tzzigiz tafgga n ufgan mqqar ar ka itturar

## Amzruy

Ccinwa tga aḍɣaṛ n tlalit n tunnunt, sg 2000 n usggas Ḍaṛt Tlalit , ilma s Ifrɛunen ula nutni.

## Tisaɣulin
Tinml

**Tinml** nɣ **Aɣrbaz** (s taclḥit takuyast: **Sskwila** nɣ **Lmdṛṣt**) iga tasntut n usslmd nna ɣ ttlmadn inlmadn timsirin d kigan n tussniwin, da gis tettili tɣri s tugt n tmsirin igan tamnzut d tanammast d tasmuttgt tasinant, ism nns tiɣri tamnzut n bzziz ɣ kigan n tmizar. Da bṭṭun tinmal s tinmal n tnbaḍt d tinmal tusligin d tinmal tignsanin.

Ɣ tugt n tmizar, ur igi wadduy s tinml s bzziz, maca iga "usslmd n ifrxan" mkann. lla kra tdrsa g ibabatn nna istin ad sslmdn tarwa nnsn ɣ tgmmi . Issnti usslmd n bzziz zɣ usggas wis sḍiṣ nɣ wis sa ɣ wawtay n warraw.

Issnti usslmd n bzziz s wadaf s tinml ɣ usggas wis sḍis. Ɣ tmsirt ad ittktasab ufrux tirsal n tiɣri d tirra d usiḍn. Tga tmsirt bahra imqqurn acku da tettaws i unlmad d ar tbnnu tamadant nns. tmqqur bahra mk ttawsn iɣrbaɣn ɣ usbuɣlj n tiwangimin n inlmadn d twisi f urmas (afhm).

## Amawal n tinml ɣ Tclḥit
Taclḥit tsɣama yan umawal ur idrusn ɣ igr n tinml, ɣid kra ssɣ gis imun d ussuɣl s tutlayt taɛrabt:
* Tiɣri = القراءة 
* Tirra = الكتابة 
* Allas = المراجعة
* Tiɣudiw = دراسة 
* Aḥssu = حفظ 
* Id llif = أبجدية
* Askkil = حرف 
* Amḥḥas =  المد
* Asftu = الاملاء 
* Agmmay = التهجي 
* Assufɣ = ختم القرٱن 
* Amḥḍaṛ = تلميذ 
* Almmud = التعليم 
* Liḥḍaṛ = حجرة الدرس 
* Amsafri = طالب أفاق
* Timssufra = طلب العلم في الٱفاق

## Tisaɣulin
Kulunya

Tga **Kulunya** (s tlimant: -{Köln}-) yat tiɣrmt ɣ twilayt n Rayn Wisfalya n ugafa g utaram n Almanya. Ilkm wuṭṭun n imzdaɣ nns uggar n 1.034.175 n ufgan ɣ usiḍn n usggʷas 2013, dffir maya tga tiɣrmt tis kkuẓt nna akkʷ imqqurn g almanya dffir Birlin, Hamburg d Myunix. Tzga tɣrmt Kulunya f wasif n -{Rayn}- gr tiɣrmin n -{Bun}- d -{Dusldurf}-. 

Zɣ idrizn nns imazrayn tlla tkatridaralt n Kulunya nna yuɣaln i uzmz arumani nna illan ɣ tlgamt n Yunisku i taysi tamaḍlant. Tga Kulunya zɣ wammasn imqurn n usslmd ɣ utaram n Lalman s usrag n tillit n tsdawit n Kulunya d tsdawit n Kulunya i tmassnin timskrin d kigan n wammasn aḍnin n usslmd d urzzu, ɣmklli gis illa wammas n umaris n tnbaḍt tafidiralit talmanit i uḥṭṭu n tmnḍawt. 

Llan ɣ tɣrmt n Kulunya agudi n israsn n inzwayn d itiliẓriyn ɣ tmazirt n Almanya. Ɣmk illa dis iggi n 60 n taddart n ufasr, d 200 n tmssiggzt ɣmklli gis 70 n uɣmis d tsɣunt nna ittfuɣn ku ass zɣ tɣrmt s timnaḍin kullutn n Almanya d Uruppa. Aɣlad Midyabark ɣ ugafa ataram n tɣrmt illa gis wuṭṭun mqqurn n tdrawin n uslkim, ashil d umyawaḍ. Zɣ ixatarn n inmuggarn n tdlsa illa anmuggar n Rrayn i usbnubk nna ittilin ku asggas ɣ wayyur n bṛayṛ, d unmuggar n Ccklaṭ. d kigan n inmuggarn yaḍnin.

## Tisaɣulin
Ṛmḍan

Ayyur n **Ṛmḍan** iga ayyur wiss tẓa ɣ tmzwagt tanabawit, ar tettili dffir n wayyur n Caɛban, iẓil wayyur ad dar imuslmn d imumnen acku nttan ad igan ayyur n wuẓum lli igan yan rrukn zɣ larkan n lislam.

Issntay wayyur n Ṛmḍan kud-nna ẓṛṛin middn ayyur ɣ wass 29 n Caɛban, iɣ ikmml rmḍan da sfuglun imuslmn s tfaslka n lfiṭr.

Dar wayyur n Ṛmḍan adɣar iẓlin ɣ taysi d umzruy n imuslmn, acku iggiz d gis adlis n rbbi lquran zɣ llawḥ lmaḥfuḍ s ignna n ddunit ɣ yiḍ n lqadar ɣ wayyur ad, dffir iggiz d ɣ-akud-ann imḍfrn ɣ uzmz n tuggza n lwaḥiy lliɣ illa urqqas Muḥammad taẓallit n rbbi fllas ɣ ifri n ḥira lliɣ dars yucka lmalak jibril, inna as : اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ tga tkṭṭumt ad tamzwarut iggiz nn zɣ udlis n rbbi lquran.

Izdi wayyur n Ṛmḍan ɣ kigan n tmizar n lislam s ugudi n inazwiyn n usgd zun d: taẓallit n ttaṛawiḥ d liɛtikaf ɣ timrawin tinggura, d tugt n tmyurin d ttaqalid zun d taɣuri i wiyyaḍ s lfḍur n tinwutci.

## Tisaɣulin
Dzayr (tamdint)

Tga **Dzayr tamaẓunt** (s tɛrabt: الجزائر العاصمة *al-jaza'ir al-ɛaṣima*) tamaẓunt n Dzayr tg tamdint nns akkʷ imqqurn ɣ wuṭṭun n imzdaɣ. Tucka d g tama n yill agrakal, tfka tmdint ism nns i twilayt nna mi tga ansa anssixf. Tamyunt taɣrmant n Dzayr gis 2 481 788 n imzdaɣ s uynna d yiwi umaris amuran n tsiḍan adzayri ɣ unck n ussiḍn amggaru n 2008. S 4,4 n imlyunen s uynna d yiwi umawsas n iskkinn izaɣrann afransis, d wattayn n 6 727 806 n imzdaɣ illan ɣ tmmgrawt ɣ 2010 s uḍfur n usmal n 100 n tmdinin akkʷ imqqurn ɣ umaḍal zɣ dar World Gazetteer d 7 796 923 n imzdaɣ g 2015 ɣ unck n population data, tga Dzayr tammgrawt tamzwarut ɣ Tmazɣa.

## Tisaɣulin
Tamaddast n Tmyaqqant n Ugafa Aṭlanti

**Tamaddast n tmyaqqant n ugafa aṭlanti** (s tnglizit: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, s tfransist: Organisation du traité de I'Atlantique nord) nna itwassnn ula s **NATO** nɣ **OTNA**, tga tuddsa tdus asggas 1949 tbdd f amtawa n ugafa n aṭlasan nna isnin fllas ɣ Wacinṭun ɣ 4 ibrir n usggʷas 1949. Iga NATO agraw n ustan agrawan mtawant gis tmizar tigmamin f ustan ibdln irul f kra n anṭag zɣ dat n tmizar n bṛṛa. Kraḍ ɣ igmamn n NATO (d twinak imun d tfransa d briṭanya) nttni igmamn idawmn ɣ usqqim n ufra ddulitimtɛun s uzrf n vitu nna igan timizar rbḥn imarign ibalkimn. Izga waxxam unṣib n NATO ɣ harin, ɣ tmaẓunt Bljika Bruksil, ɣ imir lli illa waxxam n tirmatin d inmsisitn yzgan ɣ tama n Muns, ɣ Bljika.

NATO iga amsisa ittwaskr zɣ 29 n tmazirt tagmamt anzarug ɣ timnaḍin kullutn n tamirikt tagafant d Uruppa. Da tdraw 21 n tmazirt yaḍn ɣ wahil n tdrawt bac ad yili ufra iḍfr i tuddsa n usdukkl n ugafa aṭlasan, d tdrawt n 155 n tmazirt yaḍn ɣ wahil n umsawal amsdus

## Tisaɣulin
Jastinyan Amzwaru

**Jastinyan Amzwaru** (s tlatinit: -{*Flavyus Pitrus Sabbatyus lustinyanus Awgustus*}-, s tgrikt: -{*Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός*}-) ( 482 – 14 novembre 565), ittyawssan dar umata s **Jastinyan Axatar**, ikkatinn iga Imbraṭur Aṛumi n Bizanṭa zɣ 527 ar tamttant nns. 

Ittyawssan s mas d nttan ad isgaddan inigl anzzarfu igan s yism azrf n Jastinyan ɣ ammas n tsqqimt n Tribunyan, (-{expansion}-) aɛskri n tgldit ɣ uzmz nns d littihal d tamunt nns d Tyudra tagllidt. Ittyawssan daɣ s yism n "Imbraṭur Aṛumi Anggaru". Yurm Jastinyan ɣ wussan-nns ad issurri addur n tmbraṭuriyt taṛumit. Imasiḥiyn Irtuduksiyin n unẓul, ar t-ttggan d agʷrram.

## Isggʷasn imzwura ɣ tnbbaḍt n Jastinyan (527-532)
Lliɣ yumẓ Jastinyan tanbbaḍt, tambraṭuriyt ɣ akud ann, ur ta jju tfukka tassasin nns mqqurnin; tilli ɣ nn tḍr tigira n tasut tis smmust. Acku, ɣ yirn gguranin n tnbbaḍt n Jastinyan, usin daɣ Ifarisiyn acnyal n lgirra mgal tambraṭuriyt, yuɣul s ɣmkad amur imqqurn ɣ tsrdast tabizanṭit ur isala yat abla icabukn ann n unẓul (iffus), ima ɣ ugns n tgldit, trwi tizi ɣ ammas n Qusṭanṭiniya

## Izdayn yaḍnin

-{
* The ''Anekdota'' ("Secret history") of Procopius in English translation.
* The ''Buildings'' of Procopius in English translation.
* ''The Roman Law Library'' by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
* Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian - zɣ dar Lars Brownworth
}-

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayt Tamaziɣt n yiffus n Wahran d Figig

Tga **Tamaziɣt n iffus n Wahran** nɣ **Tamaziɣt n Figig** yat tayffart tantalant n trabbut n tutlayin tijanatin iwalan i tṣṭṭat tamaziɣt n tutlayin tifrusyawiyin. Tettusawal tutlayt ad ɣ yan wuṭṭun n iẓnign ɣ iwtta ngr Lmɣrib d Dzayr, slawann akkʷ ɣ wilawa n Wahran d tiɣrmt n Figig.

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayin Timaziɣin Tigafanin

Gant **Tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa** yat tyffart tantalant (-{dialect continuum}-) ittusawaln ɣ tmazɣa, tg daɣ yat zɣ ddu-trubba n tṣṭṭat tamaziɣt n tutlayin tifrusyawiyin. Akccum n tutlayt taɛṛabt iṛẓa tasult lli tt nn ikkan grasnt.

Tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa nna ittusawaln dar uggar n mlyun n middn gan tnt Taclḥit, Tamaziɣt n tuẓẓumt, Tarifit, Tacawit d Taqbaylit. Bḍant f kraḍṭ trubba:

* Tutlayin timɣribiyin n Waṭlas
* Tutlayin tijanatin
* Taqbaylit

-{}-

## Tisaɣulin
1 000 (amḍan)

**1 000 ** iga yan umḍan imqquṛn, ism ns s tmaziɣt igat **ifḍ** (s tfinaɣ : ⵉⴼⴹ).
***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## tisaɣulin
Aftas n Wuẓṛ

**Tafsirt n Uẓr** (s tfṛansist: **-{Côte d'Ivoire}-**, s yism nns iɣzzifn **Tagduda n Tafsirt n Uẓr** (s tfransist: ​-{République de Côte d'Ivoire}-) tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ Tafriqt n tagut. Tzri tjumma nns 322 462 km², ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣ nns uggar n 28 mlyun n ufgan. Tamaẓunt nns tga tt tiɣrmt n Yamussukro.

## Tisaɣulin
100 (amḍan)

**100** nɣ **Timiḍi**

## tisaɣulin
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 

***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
Tutlayt Tawilant

**Tutlayt tawilant** (ism adɣaran: **Jlan n Awilen**, **tawilant** nɣ **Tawjilit**) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt nna illan ɣ imizi n unɣubu, tg zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin ittyusawaln ɣ tɣla n Awjila ɣ Brqa ɣ Libya.

## Umlan Imatayn
Tawilant tga agmam ɣ tṣṭṭat tamaziɣt n twja tafṛusyawit n tlutlayin, g tdurabbut n tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin. Taẓ ɣ mnnawt tɣawsiwin i tɣdimsit mqqar tettyussiḍn is tlla ɣ imizi n unɣubu uggar s usutg n 2,000 ar 3,000 n imsiwln nna d iɣaman. YUNISKU (-{UNESCO}-) ar tettini mas d tutlayt ad taẓ bahra i inɣubu acku imsiwln akkʷ imẓẓiyn zrin awtay n wammas (45-65 n usggʷas).

Zrint tutlayin timaziɣin g Libya ddu tɣllabit ɣ uzmz n unbaḍ n Muɛmmaṛ Lgddafi, aylli yad inɣan mnnawt tmzarayin zun d tin Sukna irar tiyyaḍ ɣ imizi n unɣubu (zun d Tawilant d Tɣadamist). Igdl Lgddafi assmrs n tutlayin timaziɣin, inakṛ akkʷ ili n imaziɣn lliɣ inna « Ar aqqrayat i yixfawn nnun s aynna tram ɣ tgʷmma-nnun -Imaziɣn, Tarwa n cciṭan, ur ss mit- macc ha nn tgam ɣar ilibiyn kud nna tffɣm tigʷmma nnun ». Ddu unbaḍ nns kigan n imɣnasn f izrfan n ufgan (kcmn gisn imsnilsn zɣ tmizar yaḍn), aylli igan tamntilt n usar n umlan imaynutn f tutlayin timaziɣin g Libya d tdrusi n mad fllas ittyuran, mqqar s tɛṛabt, ɣ lantirnit.  

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin

**Timaziɣin tigmuḍanin** nɣ **Timaziɣin n ugmuḍ** gant yat trabbut n tutlayin timziɣin ittusawaln g Libya d Miṣṛa. Tkcm gis Twilant, Tasknit, tasiwit d taɣdimsit.

Ɣ umata, ar ttussiḍannt tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin zɣ tdurabbut n tutlayin tijanatin n tmaziɣt tagafayt.

## Assinw
-{Kossmann}- (1999:29, 33) ar tnt yaṭṭa f snat trubba:
* Yat trabbut tlla gis Tɣdimsit d Twilant. Snat ad gr tutlayin timaziɣin titrarin ka ad yarin *-{*β}-* n Tmaziɣt taqburt (-{Proto-Berber}-) am "*-{β}-*"; ɣ mani yaḍn ar ttaḍu *-{h}-* nɣ tt akkʷ laḥ.
* Tayyaḍ gis Tanfusit (amr Zuwara d unẓul n tuns), Tasknit (-{El-Foqaha}-) d tsiwit. Drant tutlayin ad mnnaw isllwitn d Tajanat ula d tiyyaḍ (s umdya, asnfl n *-{*ă}-* s -{ə}- d ticki n *-{*β}-*)
-{Blench}- (-{ms}-, 2006) ismma tid am tutlayin timzirgin, d tantlayin gr taskiwin; Zun d *-{Ethnologue}-,* ar ittsmmu Tanfust am Tajanat tagmuḍant.

* Tasiwit
* Tawilant
* Tasknit †
* Taɣdimsit
* Tazrgt †

Ibdr "-{Lingvarium Project}-" (2005) snat tutlayin yaḍnin: Tutlayt inɣuban n Jaɣbub d tutlayt tamaziɣt n tmssa isuln ɣ yan tɣla illan g ugafa n tuddurt n Murzuq. Ar issiḍin -{Blažek}- (1999) Tutlayt ittusawaln ɣ Tmssa am tantala n Tsknit.

## Tisaɣulin
-{}-
Tutlayin timaziɣin tutrimin

**Tutlayin timaziɣin tutrimin** nɣ **Tutlayin timaziɣin n unẓul utrim** gant yat tṣṭṭat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin. Taṣṭṭat-ad gis snat tutlayin:

* Taẓnagt
* Tatsrrt

Ar tettusawal tẓnagt g unẓul utrim n Muṛiṭanya, imma tatsrrt ɣ Nnijr anammas. Yuman is skrnt kra n yiḍiṣ f Korandji lli igan yat tutlayt tadzayrit tasungayt.

-{Aikhenvald}- d -{Militarev}- (1984) ad izwarn is ssmrsn tacnyalt "Tamaziɣt tutrimt" s yan unamk n ussinw g wawal-nnsn f  tẓnagt waḥdu-tt. (Acku umlan f tetsrrt ur ta llin ɣ akud ann) 

Isnfal n imslitn lli bahra nttafa ɣ tdurabbut-ad ikcm gi-sn ussaḍu n -{*ww}- n Tmaziɣt taqburt (-{Proto-Berber}-) s -{*bb}- (g mani yaḍn da tgga -{gg/ggʷ}-) d ussaḍu n -{*w}- (da tettɣumu ɣ mani yaḍn) s -{*b}- ḍart n iɣritn; n -{*x}- (da tettɣumu ɣ mani yaḍn) s -{*k}-; n -{*ṭṭ}- s -{*ḍḍ}- (-{ṭṭ}- ɣ mani yaḍn); -{*z}- s -{*ṣ}- (tatsrrt) nɣ -{θ̣ }- (taẓnagt). 

## Tisaɣulin
-{ }-
Iẓi

**Iẓi** (s tfinaɣ : ⵉⵥⵉ, s tasrɣint : المرارة, s tfṛansist : Vésicule biliaire) iga yan usknaf imẓẓin, ixwan sg ugnsu. Ar gis ittmunu yan uḥruray igan awraɣ (Aḥruray awraɣ) ur ta iddi s ilawin (nɣ ilawan nɣ iẓṛman) imẓẓayn n ufgan.

Illa iẓi g izddar n tasa, ar d ittacka uḥruray awraɣ sg tasa s iẓi, ar gis ittmunu ilmma iddu s ilawin imẓẓayn afad ad yaws g ubṭṭu n tfrdeddist. 

Imudar ula nutni darsn iẓi zun d afgan.

## Tiwlafin

Afaylu:Human gallstones 2015 G1.jpg|Iẓṛan d ittyakkasn sg iẓi n ufgan
Afaylu:Carl Langenbuch.jpg|Kaṛl Lanɣbuc, amassan amzwaru ikksn iẓi i ufgan acku gis iẓṛan
Afaylu:Pacutecholecystitits.png|Tawlaft n iẓi iwḍnen


## Rar taɣḍft
Iẓi dars sin inumak imzarayn : 
#**Anamk amzwaru** : iẓi (asknaf : organe) igan ism s unamk n yan usknaf illan g tafgga n ufgan
#**Anamk wiss sin** : iẓi (amyag : verbe), ar nttini iẓi, ẓi, taẓit : sin middn ur ar sawaln acku illa kra n umukris ingratsn.

## Ẓṛ uggar
*Tasa
*Tafgga n ufgan

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayt Tatsrrt

**Tatsrrt** (Tin Srt) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt tutrimt nna s sawalnt tqbilin titargiyin n Ayt Awari d Kel Aɣlal ɣ tgrawt n Akabinu ɣ Nnijr. Tamzarayt s sawaln Ayt Kel Aɣlal ar as aqqran -{taməsəɣlalt}-.

Tatsrrt tga yat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin timggura ad tettyakaz am tutlayt s waḍu nns. Ar 1981, ar dids ttnɛimiln am tantla n tutlayin titargiyin, ilin akkʷ kra n iɣbula imzwura nna mi tmmrks d tutlayin tisungayin tigafanin. Tamtta tamzwarut ad tettufsar f tutlayt-a tga-tt -{Drouin}- (1984). Ur d-yumin wanct s naḥya tutlayt n tetsrrt f tutlayt tatargit ar agmmir (-{Thèse}-) n Xamd Attayyub (2001).

Ɣar Tatsrrt ka ad idran kra n infiln imsislitn d Tẓnagt n Muritanya. Illa gis awd amawal ur igin atargi nna illan ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍnin. S umdya, "afgan" trwas tin tclḥiyt d tmaziɣt n wammas n Lmɣrib; "ayddid" (Ilm n waɣaḍ ɣ ttggan aman) trwas taɣdimst n Libya; d "Awduc" (Awḍuc?) n tɛṛabt taḥssaniyt.

Kullu imsiwln s tetsrrt gan isinutlayn s tutlayt tawllammt, lli ilan iḍiṣ f tutlayt nnsn. Imsiwnln s tetsrrt ur ar tt sul sawaln d imẓẓyann zɣ 2011, aya a f ttuman is tlla ɣ imizi.

## Idlisn
-{
* Drouin, Jeannine. 1984. Nouveaux éléments de sociolinguistique touarègue. Un parler méridional nigérien, la *tamasaghlalt*. Paris Groupe Linguistique d'Études Chamito-Sémitiques, G.L.E.C.S.,XXIV-XXVIII (1979–1984), Geuthner, pp.&nbsp;507–520.
* Khamed Attayoub, Abdoulmohamine. 2001. *La tətsərret des Ayttawari Seslem : identification socio-linguistique d’un parler berbère non-documenté chez les touaregs de l’Azawagh (Niger)*. Mémoire de maîtrise dirigé par Salem Chaker. Inalco : Paris.
* Khamed Attayoub, Abdoulmohamine. Les mots du voyages chez les Touaregs Ayttawari Seslem. Quelques éléments lexicologues en *tetserrét*. In ed. H. Claudot-Hawad, *Voyager du point de vue d'un nomade*. Paris: Éditions Paris-Méditérranée, pp.&nbsp;159–166.
* Lux, Cécile. 2011. Etude descriptive et comparative d’une langue menacée : le tetserret, langue berbère du Niger. Doctoral thesis, Université de Lyon-2.
* Walentowitz, Saskia & Abdoulmohamine Khamed Attayoub. 2001. La tetserrét des Ayttawari Seslem: un parler proche du berbère "septentrionale" chez les Touaregs de l'Azawagh (Niger). *Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord* vol. XXIX, 2000-2001.
}-
## Tisaɣulin
-{}-
Tutlayt Tazrgt

**Tazrgt** (nnan) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt inɣuban nna tt inn ikkan ar tettusawal g udwwar n Kufra ɣ unẓul agmuḍan n Libya. Ur akkʷ fllas llin wumlan, ibdr tt -{Benkato}- (2017) am tutlayt tawlaft (-{Ghost language}-) lli iẓḍaṛ is jjun ur tlli.

## Tisaɣulin
-{}-
Tasa

**Tasa** tga yan usknaf amqqṛan g udis n ufgan, tga yat tgzzumt sg ungraw alfⵥan. Ar takka tasa yan uḥruray ilan s wassaɣ Tawraɣt (Aḥruray awraɣ), ar tskar tasa ma izrin 300 n twwri, sgitsnt kraḍt twwriwin imqqurn : Tawwri n Tarda, tawwri n tanɣruft d tawwri n uxzan. Tga tasa yan uwlsis isngaddan Tawraɣt d tugt n tɣawsiwin yaḍni. Dars yat tilalt baⵀra imqqurn g taɣaṛt n idammn . Tga tasa asknaf g ggutn iẓɣṛan.

## Ẓṛ uggar :
*Iẓi
*Tafgga n ufgan

## Tisaɣulin
Talat

**Talat** tga yan udɣar illan ingr sin idrarn, ar sgis zrrin waman n unẓaṛ.

## Tasnaẓɣuṛt

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayt Taɣdimst

**Tutlayt taɣdimst** (Tamaziɣt: *Ɛdims*, -{[ʕdimes]}- nɣ *Ɣdams*, -{[ɣdames]}-; Taɛṛabt:-{ غدامس}-, -{[ɣadaːmes]}-) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt ittusawaln ɣ tɣla n udwwar n Ɣadamis ɣ tsuḍnt n Nalut ɣ Libya.

## Asnubbc
Timttawin f tutlayt taɣdimst smunn tnt sin imsnilsn. Timttawin timzwura ifsr tnt -{Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski}- g 1903 d 1904. Gant twuriwin n -{Jacques Lanfry}-, lli izdɣn g ɣadamis zɣ 1944 ar 1945, ifsr snat twuriwin nns nna istuhmman ɣ 1968 d 1973, asagʷm yufn amzwaru. Ur jjun sul ittuskar kra n usnubbc amaynu f udɣar ad sɣ wakud ann. Ɣ tgariwin ad, ifsr Kossmann (2013) yat tjṛṛumt tatrat ibiddn f tmttawin n -{Lanfry}-.

## Uṭṭun n imsiwln
Iḍkḍ -{Lanfry}- is llan 4,000 n imssiwnl iɣ kullu ggutn. Uṭṭun ɣ tilawt ur ittussan s usnɣd. Ar isawal -{Ethnologue}- f yan wuṭṭan dar 10,000 ɣ 2006 d 2,000 yaḍn iddrn bṛṛa n udɣar. Maccan uṭṭun n 10,000 iga tamuttrt n imzdaɣn Ɣadamis lli kullu ur igin imsiwln s tutlayt taɣdimst. Nnig n aya, Uṭṭun ad n 2,000 n umzwag amsiwl ibdd f yan usagʷm bahra iqqburn. Ethnologue ar tt issiḍin am tutlayt illan g imizi n unɣubu "6b" (Threatened).

## Tutlayt
Tga Tɣdimst tutlayt tamaziɣt i waḍu nns, tari mnnawt tmẓlay tisnmslitin d tsnalɣanin timyiwnin. Amawal n tɣdimst, mk lli t izmmim Lafry, ar immal iḍiṣ idrusn zzɣ tɛṛabt. Ur ta illi kra n umsasa f ussinw n tɣdimst gr trabbut n tutlayin timaziɣin. -{Aikhenvald}- d -{Militarev}- (1984) ar tt ssiḍinn f tmaziɣt n ugmuḍ. -{Kossmann}- (1999) ar tt ismun d Twilant. -{Ethnologue}- iga tt d Tajanat n ugmuḍ g ussinw nns.

## Tasnmslit

; Tirgalin
Zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn d tɛṛabt, Taɣdimst dars tirgalin tuffayin (pharyngealized) d tɣmsanin (-{plain dental consonants}-). Tg tussda tanmẓlayt (-{contrastive}-). Tirgalin ittyubdarn gr tskiwin ar ttjṛunt ɣar kra n tikkal (-{sporadically}-).

}-

; Iɣritn

Amata n tutlayin timaziɣin ṭṭafnt ɣar kraḍ iɣritn imslicann.

tṭṭaf Taɣdimst smmus iɣritn zun d tamacɣt.

}-
## Amawal asilan
Tlla ɣ izdar talgamt n Lipzig-Jakarta n tɣdimst, tettyuskar f aylli illan g Lanfry (1973). 

-{

}-
## Tabiblyugraft
-{
* Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1903). "Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès". Journal Asiatique. 1903, II: 157–162.
* Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904). Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès. Paris: Leroux.
* Kossmann, M. (2013). A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya). Köln: Köppe. .
* Lanfry, J. (1968). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques. Fort-National: Fichier de documentation berbère. (Archived link)
* Lanfry, J. (1973). . [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique.
}-
## Tisaɣulin
-{}-
Tutlayt Tawllammt

**Tutlayt Tawllammt** (-{Tawəlləmmət}-) tga tutlayt akkʷ imqqurn gr tutlayin titargiyin ɣ tṣṭṭat tamaziɣt n twja tafrusyawt. Ar tt bdda ssiḍinn is tkcm g yat tutlayt mi ism Tamajaq, tutlayt tis snat tga tt Ayr Tamajeq. Tutlayt-ad tga tin tqbilt umqqun n tbqilin titargiyin mi ism "Iwllmmdn". Ar iss isawal 801,000 n ufgan ɣ Mali, Nnijr d kra n igzzumn zɣ ugafa n Nijirya.

## Tasnmslit

* Iɣritn ɣiyn ad iɣzifen zun d /iː, eː, aː, oː, uː/.
* /i, a, u/ g uɣmnu asllaw nẓḍar ad as nslla zun d [ɪ, æ, ʊ].

## Tirgalin

* Nẓḍar ad naf tirgalin lant tussda.

## Tisaɣulin
-{}-
Amwan n wawal

Ilul usnflul ilan azwl n **Amwan n wawal** i umdyaz amaziɣ Lmsɛudi Muḥmmad ɣ usggʷas 2015 ig usnflul ad win  tmdyazt tamaziɣt, tssufɣt id marsam. Ig usnflul n tmdyazt tamaziɣt, asnflul amzwaru lli yura umdyaz lmsɛudi muḥmmad, gis 120 n talɣa, ig adlis amṛwaṣu ɣ tɣzi nns awd turrut nns, isman tawckint n tmdyazin timaziɣin, ittyuran s iskkiln n tfinnaɣ.

## Addal
Udm n udlis tẓli t marsam, stin as aklu n itqqi, g udm amzwaru, llan t gis snat tmɣarin timaziɣin ilsan tizbga tamaziɣt bddnt ɣ gr waddagn, ɣ uflla n udm amzwaru illa wassaɣ n umdyaz, d uzwl n udlis, ɣ izddar n udm ad, llant tmatarin n tbadut tis snat 2m d marsam. Ɣ ḍaṛat n udlis ( udm wis sin ), illa uzgzl n iḍṛiṣn ɣ illa  untim n tmdyazin akkʷ, s tutlayt n taɛṛabt,d tawlaft n umdyaz d kra inɣmisn fllas, ili gis awd atig n udlis igan 45 n drhm.

## Amara

Amara Lmsɛudi Muḥmma, ilul ɣ usggʷas n 1991 ɣ tmnaḍt n tmzgadiwin tasga n Cicawa, g udwwaṛ n Umdiɣr, iɣra tasusyulujit ɣ tsdawit g Ugadir, ifk anzgum nns i tussna tamaziɣt d tutlayt nns, yara kigan n idlisn, yumẓn mnnawt tsmɣurin tinamurin. Adlis n tmdyazin - amwan n wawal - iffɣ d ɣ usggʷas n 2015, yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut tis snat n usnflul n tskla n iɛrrimn g usggʷas n 2012. isman kigan n tmdyazin isawaln f kṛaḍ wantimn : tamagit - tudrt - tayri.

## Idlisn
idlisn lli yura  umara amaziɣ Lmsɛudi Muḥmmad:

* adlis n tmzgunt asggʷas n 2019 - taydrt n uswingm - lli yumẓn tasmɣurt n tskla tamaziɣt n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt, ɣ usggʷas n 2020, ɣ anaw n tskla n umẓyan. 
* adlis n tullisin timaziɣin igzzuln - ixf n ungi - d iffɣ nn ɣ usggʷas n 2021, issufɣ t id usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt, isman 18 n tullist tamaziɣt bḍan t awal f kigan n untimn imaynutn. 
* adlis n tmdyazin - amwan n wawal - iffɣ d ɣ usggʷas n 2015, yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut tis snat 2M TV n usnflul n tskla n iɛrrimn. isman kigan n tmdyazin isawaln f kṛaḍ wantimn: tamagit - tudrt - tayri.  
* adlis n tullisin s tmaziɣt - tiɣzi d turrut - iga zɣ tẓṛigin n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt g lmɣrib.  
* adlis n umdyaz s tmaziɣt ( tuntulin n wayyur ) iga zɣ tẓṛigin n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt lmɣrib.  
* adlis n usuɣl - amucc asggan- n umara amriki idgaṛ alan bu, iga zɣ tẓṛigin n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt lmɣrib, ammas n usuɣl d uzmmem.

## Asktur n udlis
Ssutln t tmdyazin awal f kigan n tudmawin n tudrt n ufgan, gan t asidd f yan wanaw n tirra n tmdyazt tamaziɣt. msasan  iskkiln d iwaliwn mmaɣn af ad sulfn aswingm d inuraz ngr tugtt n isyafatn. s uzgzl, timdyazin ad timaziɣin gan t anaw asklan yusin s uɣanib nns iman n tayri d tmagit d tudrt.

## tismɣurin tinamurin lli yumẓ umara «lmsɛudi muḥmmad»
- yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut 2m tv ɣ usggʷas n 2012, ɣ tskla n iɛrrimn. s udlis n umdyaz ‘amwan nwawal'.

- yumẓ tasmɣurt n tussna tamaziɣt n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt asggʷas n 2020 . s tmzgunt n wazzan ‘taydrt n uswingm’.

- yumẓ tasmɣurt n tzlɣa n tirra n imaratn s tmaziɣt asggʷas n 2019 . s tmzgunt n wazzan ‘taydrt n uswingm’.

- yumẓ tasmɣurt n takadimit tagldan n lmɣrib g uḍṛiṣ ittyuran s tmaziɣt g wikibidya taclḥit asggʷas n 2022.

## Tisaɣulin
Lmsɛudi Muḥmmad

**Lmsɛudi Muḥmmad** amara d umdyaz amrruki, ilul g usggʷas n 1991 ɣ udwwaṛ n Umdiɣr g tsga n tɣiwant n Tmzgadiwin, illan g tqbilt n Ilbnsirn tasga n Imi n Tanut, Cicawa. Ig asdawi ɣ tmassanin tasusyulujiyin g tsdawit n Ibn Zuhr g Ugadir.

## Tismɣurin
Yura sa n  idlisn s tutlayt tamaziɣt, d kigan n imgrad  ɣzzifnin g wikipedia tamaziɣt, yumẓ kigan n tsmɣurin tinamurin.

* Yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut 2m tv ɣ usggʷas n 2012, ɣ tskla n iɛrrimn.
* Yumẓ tasmɣurt n tzlɣa n tirra n imaratn s tmaziɣt ɣ usggʷas n 2019.
* Yumẓ  tasmɣurt n tussna tamaziɣt n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt asggʷas n 2020.
* Yumẓ tamaziɣt n wikipedia tamdrawt lli tssufɣ tkadimit n tgldit n lmɣrib asggʷas n 2022.

## Idlisn
Idlisn lli yura umara amaziɣ Lmsɛudi Muḥmmad:

* Adlis n tmzgunt - ''Taydrt n uswingm'' - d iffɣ nn ɣ usggʷas n 2019, Tssufɣ t id tzlɣa n tirra n imaratn s tmaziɣt. lli yumẓn tasmɣurt n tskla tamaziɣt n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt, ɣ usggʷas n 2020, ɣ anaw n tskla n umẓyan.
* Adlis n tullisin timaziɣin igzzuln - ''Ixf n ungi'' - d iffɣ nn ɣ usggʷas n 2021, issufɣ t id usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt, isman 18 n tullist tamaziɣt bḍan t awal f kigan n untimn imaynutn.
* Adlis n tmdyazin - *[[Amwan n wawal]]* - iffɣ d ɣ usggʷas n 2015, yumẓ tasmɣurt n tbadut tis snat n usnflul n tskla n iɛrrimn  ɣ usggʷas n 2013. Isman kigan n tmdyazin isawaln f kṛaḍ wantimn : tamagit - tudrt - tayri.

## Tisaɣulin

* Amwan wawal – Muḥmmad Lmsɛudi - Tirra.net
*https://web.archive.org/web/20240228052000/https://biblio.ircam.ma/opac_css/index.php?lvl=author_see&id=16663
*http://www.bnrm.ma/bnrm/images/Bibliographie_livres-2015.pdf
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gV-vhcJRhg
*https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x11a1j1
Sṭṭat

**Sṭṭat** nɣ **Ẓṭṭat** tga yat tiɣrmt ɣ Lmɣrib. Tlla ngr Mrrakc d Tigmi Tumlil.

## Asnmkta
Ar ittini usiḍn lli ittyuskar ɣ usggʷas n 2014 mas:

### Aslmd

* Tigmiḍi n taqubbanit (middn lli ur ssin ad aqran wala ad ttaran) : 22.4%
* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣ lli iɣran ar usinan n usmdi nɣd uggar : 27.5%

### Tadamsa

* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣ lli llan ɣ isggasn nnsn n twuri : 48.6%
* Tigmiḍi n tarwuri (middn lli ur ṭṭafn tawuri) : 21.3%
* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣ lli swurin dar lmxzn (nɣ kantin swurin gis) : 21.5%
* Tigmiḍi n imzdaɣ lli swurin ɣ uslig (nɣ kantin swurin gis) : 43.4%

## Tiwlafin

File:Settat square downtown - MOROCCO.jpg
File:Settat.jpg
File:Settat 2.jpg
File:Settat city.jpg


## Tisaɣulin


## Ɣaylli sis izdin
Ahidrujin

**Ahidrujin** (s tinglizt : -{Hydrogen}- , s tfranṣiṣt : -{Hydrogène}-) iga t ufrḍis akimi lli mu gan tasdugmt n **H** d uṭṭun afrḍas 1. Ntta ad kullu ifssusn ɣ umaḍal. Ɣ tifadiwin tinawayn, ar ittgga uhidrujin agaz n snat tifulin d ar ttggan **H<sub>2</sub>**. Iga war-ikʷlan d war-aḍu, ur igi *-{toxic}-*, d ar ijddr s zzrb.

**Ahidrujin** ad iggutn ɣ umaḍal, slahwant akkʷ lliɣ iɣʷi 75% n tmtta *(-{matter}-)*. Itran zun d tafukt nnɣ ur gan-t amr Ahidrujin ɣ waddad n plasma. Agudi n hidrujin ɣ wakal ar ittmun d ifrḍisn yaḍni ar skarn tifulin zun d  aman nɣ d uddis agman.

## Tisaɣulin
Ahilyum

**Ahilyum** (s tnglizt : -{Helium}-) iga t ufrḍis akimi lli mu gan tasdugmt n **He** d uṭṭun afrḍas 2. Ur dars akʷlu, aḍu niɣ d tamimt, ur igi ibirs *(toxic)*, iga ulmig *(-{inert}-)*, ar ittgga agaz n yan ufrḍis *(-{monoatomic gaz}-)*, d iga amzwaru ɣ trabut n igazn usmidn *(the noble gas)* ɣ taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn.

**Ahilyum** iga wis sin ɣ ifrḍisn ɣ tfssi d tugt ɣ umaḍal (Ahidrujin ad igan amzwaru ɣ tfssi d tugt), iga 24% n tmtta, d unck mqqurn gis ittuskar s *-{nuclear fusion}-* n uhidrujin ɣ itran.

## Tisaɣulin
Alityum

**Alityum** ( s tinglizt : Lithium, ikkad tagrigit : lithos, lli igan aẓru), iga yan ufrḍis akimi lli ila tasdugmt n **Li** d uṭṭun afrḍas 3. Iga yan *alkali metal* ilgʷaɣn d akʷlu nns iga anqʷri-umlil. Ɣ kra n izmaz ar ittga tidi *(metal)* lli kullu fssusn ɣ umaḍal. 

Ur ar ittili ɣ tamust *(nature)* waḥdut, mac ɣ tguditin, zun d *pegmatite*, lli akkʷ igan aɣbalu n alityum. S tzgi nns ɣ waddad n ayun, ar ittigut ufrḍis ad waman n ill d waman n tisnt s uzgzl.

## Tawuri
Llant mennawt tɣawsiwin lliɣ aɣ nsuwuri s ulithyum zun d mad iẓlin s ujijji d ibatriyn n tumubilin atg.

## Tisaɣulin
Warmizan

**Warmizan** nɣ **Burbɛin n usafar** nɣ **Marwizan** (s taɛrabt : طائر الهدهد، s tfransist : huppe fascinée) iga yan ugḍiḍ igan zund Alɛyuḍ macc gis tugt n ikklan yaḍni.

## Tisaɣulin
Muḥmmad amwaḥdi aɣbalu

Muḥmmad amwaḥdi aɣbalu  iga yan urgaz n tussna d usgd, iga sg tɣrmt n wijjan iḍfuṛn i tqbilt n idawbaɛqil.

## Tisaɣulin
Taskla

**Taskla** tga yan wanaw g usiwl anafgan f tugtt n tufrayin d iswingimn d yimyan d ifrfudn nns s yat tɣarast tamawant n tirra, sg uzuzzr, s tmdyazt, s umarg, afad ad yaf ufgan taɣarast nna t issusumn ad srs isawl f tɣawsiwin lli as igan anzgum, nɣ iɣ ur iẓḍar awd kra n wanaw yaḍni ad isawl fllas. Tlla dar tskla yat tzdayt mqquṛn d tutlayt, acku tayafut n kra n tutlayt ar tt nttafa g tussna nns ittyuran, nɣ ittusmattin s yimi zɣ tasut s tayyaḍ zun d tutlayt nnɣ Tamaziɣt, d ar ttuḥḍa ttussna yad g mnnaw n wanawn n tskla, ukan ar ttmzaray s idɣarn d izmaz, d ar bdda gis ittili kra n umzaray d usmaynu s uzray n yizmazz. Llan t kigan n twnnatin f mad igan taskla d ɣmk lli is inna Wilyam Haẓelt (Taskla n kraygat tmtti  ad igan tisit n iswingimn nns).

Ar iddenkay uzuzzr (Nnatr s tsrɣint) zɣ tirra i ur iṭṭafn awd kra n unuɣ unṣib i srs ittuẓlan nɣ nttan ad ur igin tamdyazt. Amma Tamdyazt nɣ Amarg ar gis ittarm umedyaz s unck nna mmu iẓḍaṛ ad gis isfalki awal d tguriwin d ad issmrs tiɣarasin tisṛqqiyin tisfalkayin d ussmrs n tmɣrutin.

## Kra n tskliwin timaziɣin
*Amarg / Tamdyazt
*Azuzzr
*Anzi
*Tullist
*Tanna 
*Ungal 
## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayt Tasuknit

**Tasuknit** tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt tagmuḍant lli ittyuɣal is tmmut. Kkan tt inn ayt tmdint n Isuknan (Sokna) d usun Fuqaha ɣ ugafa agmuḍan n Fzzan g libya ar sis sawaln. Inna -{Václav Blažek}- (1999) is tt inn kkan ar sis sawaln ɣ tɣla n Tmssa ula ntta.

Timttawin timggura ifkan kigan n ifruritn d tin -{Sarnelli}- (1924) f Tasuknit d -{Paradisi}- (1963) f Lfuqaha. Imnnitn ad s sin bdrn is d ɣar yan uṭṭun idrusn n iwssarn ka ad sul sis isawaln ɣ wakud ann, ayann a f ittyuɣal is tmmut ɣil.

-{Aikhenvald}- d -{Militarev}- (1984) d -{Blench}- (2006) da ssiḍinn Tasuknit d Tfzzaniyt am snat tutlayin ibḍan. Issiḍn -{Blench}- Tmssa d Lfuqaha am tantlayin n Tafzzaniyt.

## Tisaɣulin
-{

}-
Tutlayin timaziɣin n tnzruft tagafayt

**Tutlayin n tnzruft tagafayt** nɣ **tutlayin** **n Mẓab-Wrgln** gant taẓṛmt tantalant n tutlayin tijanatin lli ikcmn ɣ tdurabbut n tmaziɣt tagafayt. Ar ttyusawalnt tutlayin ad g kra n iẓnign innzwan ɣ Dzayr d Lmɣrib.

## Adussinw

; -{Kossmann (2013)}-

-{Maarten Kossmann}- (2013) issiḍn ṣḍiṣt tantlayin:

* Anẓul n Wahran d Figig
* Gurara
* Tuwat-Tidiklt
* Tumẓabt
* Tagargrnt
* Wad Riɣ (Tugurt)

; -{Ethnologue (2009)}-

Ɣ -{*Ethnologue* XVI}- (2009), Tutlayin n "Mẓab–Wargln" gantnt:

* Tagargrnt
* Tamazight n Tmacin (Tugurt)
* Taznatit ("Zenati": Gurara, Tuwat d Unẓul n Wahra d Figig)
* Tumzabt 

; -{Blench}-

-{Roger Blench}- (2006) issiḍn tamt tmzarayin:

* Tagurart
* Tumẓabt, Taɣrdayt
* Tagargrnt
* Tugurt
* Ssɣruccn
* Figig
* Ṣnhaja
* Iznasn

Maca Taṣnhajt ɣ tdit tga zɣ tutlayin n waṭlas.

## Tikarḍiwin tisnilsin

Afaylu:Mzab-Wargla Berberophone areas.PNG|Mẓab, Wargln d Wad Riɣ
Afaylu:Gourara ksour - Linguistic map.PNG|Gurara
Afaylu:South Oranie and Figuig Berber.PNG|Tamaziɣt n unẓul n Wahran d Figig


## Tisaɣulin
-{

}-
Talgamt n wungaln s tclḥit

Ar ttarm tlgamt-a ad tsmun akkʷ ungaln d warratn lli ttyuranin s tutlayt taclḥit.

## [[Ungal]]n

-{

}-

## Tisaɣulin
Tamaddast n timtta imunn i usgmi, tamassant d tadlsa

Ta**m**addast n ti**m**tta i**m**unn i u**sgmi**, ta**m**assant d ta**d**lsa (**MMMSMD**) (s tfransist : **UNESCO** nɣ L'Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture, s tsrɣint : منظمة الأمم المتحدة للتربية والعلم والثقافة) tga tasnurayt tamẓlit n Tmttiwin Imunn ittuṣkan 16 nuwambir 1945 ɣ Bariz.



## Tisaɣulin
Ahyyaḍ

ur igi yan uḥwac, iga uhyyaḍ mnnaw iḥwacn, illa uhyyaḍ n iḥaḥan, ili uhyyaḍ n awluẓ, ili uhyyaḍ n uzaɣar n tznit, d uhyyaḍ n taskiwin, tili yat trabbut ismrksn ngr taḍṣa d tunnunt d uḥwac, tga s ism ihyyaḍn, tarabbut lli ittawssann s wassaɣ n tarwa n sidi ḥmad umusa.

  iɣ nna ahyyaḍ nra s wawal yan wanaw n uḥwac illan g (awluẓ - iḥaḥan -tiznit - ida uknsus) d iẓḍaṛ a ili ɣ idɣarn yaḍn g sus.

  ili yan wanaw n uẓawan illan g uḥwac n taskiwin lli nbdr, ittawssan s imussutn nns sis iẓlin d uẓawan nns, ar as tt inin ahyyaḍ n taskiwin.

  ur nssn mani twala tawaltt ad n uhyyaḍ g umawal amaziɣ, is iga assaɣ n ufgan niɣ ism n udɣar niɣ win kra imiss. macc tawalt ad tzdi ixf nns d uggar d irgazn lli itt ilin ɣ trubba willi ismrksn ngr taḍṣa d tunnunt awd aḥwac, ig wassaɣ n ku yan gisn ahyyaḍ, iga uḥwac n ihyyaḍn aḥwac bahra yutn s iẓuṛan ɣ umzruy, aḥwac  ad illa g uzaɣar n tznit zɣ wahli n tasutin, ilaq a ig uẓuṛ nns amzwaru azaɣar n tznit, macc kra imrzutn yaḍnin ar tt inin, mas d ikka uḥwac n ihyyaḍn tamazirt n iḥaḥan, gn iḥaḥan aẓuṛ izwarn n uḥwac ad, immuddu s uzaɣar n tznit g umzwaru n tasut mrawt d kkuẓ ahijri, tigira n tasut tis ttẓa n tlalit, lliɣ tlkm tnbaḍt n umɣar (agilul iḥiḥi) azaɣar n sus ngr (1314 h -1896 t) d (1318 h - 1900 t). lliɣ tt inn ikka umɣar ad iḥml bahra aḥwac d iwiz, ikka tt inn ar isffuglu s uḥwac ɣ wakud n imnɣi, iɣ dars munn imɣarn d imnayn d inmɣuṛn n tqbilin, lli issutln i tiznit. macc aẓuṛ n uhyyaḍ n awluẓ ifss fllas umzruy ur issn yan mani igan aẓuṛ nns amzwaru.

  iga  uhyyaḍ aḥwac lli illan ɣ kigan n tmnaḍin n sus, ar ti tt ḥuwcn irgazn, ar gis kkatn allun ar smurign ili dis lɛwwad d nnaqus, ili uhyyaḍ ɣ illa wallun ur gis illi umarg.

## Tisaɣulin
Ddrst

**Ddrst**, ar tt inin i trabbut n middn…tajjuqt… n irgazn niɣ timɣarin niɣ tifrxin niɣ dd igḍaḍ d imilliwn… inin adrras i ugadr igzzuln, niɣ i kra n tgudit n iẓṛan imunn yat f iggi n yat. Zɣ zikk gan middn assaɣ n ddrst i wanawn n iḥwacn ɣ mmrwin iẓawann d imussutn…kra iga tt tamazirt manik dars iga uḥwac n ddrst.

## G udrar n drn n waṭlas mqquṛn
Llan sin wanawn d twila n uḥwac n ddrst. Amzwaru illa g Imi n tanut, Imntagn d Ida umḥmud, ar gis ttḥwacn irgazn d tfrxin lli ur itahln, gn sin imaɣʷdn imgabaln, ar smurign ar ttḥwacn.

Yili wis sin illa ɣ tqbilin n Ida Uzdaɣ ɣ imadliwn n iffus n udrar n drn, iẓẓlmḍ n nnabha d ixf n wasif. aḥwac ad n ddrst ar gis ttḥuwcn irgazn ɣ yan umaɣʷd, ilint tfrxin ar disn  ttḥwacnt ɣ mnid nnsn, ar ttḥwacnt tfrxin ɣ wanaw ad n uḥwac s mk nna rant s tɣarast lli tnt issusmn, af ad tsbaynt afulki nnsnt, i walli rant issusm tnt. Tamẓ ɣ ufus nns yan ujway umlil ig tamatart n uɣus d wafulki.

G tmnaḍt n Ida Uzdaɣ ar smurign tamdyazt n Tazrart tga tamdyazt bahra iɣzzifn ar tt ttggan ɣ umarg n uḥwac n Ddrst. G Awluẓ ar ttinin i uḥwac n ddrst *Ajjukṛ*, lliɣ a ssfaln aḥwac s uẓawan idrusn, ar ittaywwul imikk s imikk ar d lkmn ttmi n zzrb ɣ uḥwac, ar t ttḥwacn irgazn ula timɣarin. G Taliwin ar as tt inin ddrst, ar gis ttḥwacn irgazn waḥdu tn, irwas uḥwac nnsn win Awluẓ, acku lliɣ mḥadan iqbiln ad s sin.

## G udrar n waṭlas mẓẓiyn
tawalt n ddrst tga ism n middn lli itt ḥuwcn, macc aḥwac nttan iga anawn.

## Tisaɣulin
Yiḍ n innayr d turarin n krmɛuc

Ar sffuglan imaziɣn ɣ wass n 13 innayr, s ixf n usggʷas amaziɣ lli igan ass izwarn ɣ wayyur zwarn n usggʷas amaynu ilkmn ɣilad 2971 n usggʷas.

Ixf n usggʷas amaziɣ ittawssan s yiḍ n innayr ɣ dar imaziɣn akkʷ n ugafa n tfriqt, ig usffuglu n iḍ n innayr yat tmyurt tazaykut, myarn imaziɣn ad sis sffuglan zɣ kigan n tasutin lli izrin.

Asffuglu ad iṭṭf kigan n tmatarin ɣ tussna n tmaziɣt, tili dars tazdayt d wakal n tmazɣa. iklli yad lli ittawssann, tamagit tamaziɣt tbdd f kṛaḍ isutar, akal, afgan, awal. ig wakal amaziɣ taɣawsa lli d dar addur dar ufgan amaziɣ, lliɣ iga nttan a issmɣin taɣrma n umaziɣ, tddr sul gis ar ɣilad tmmaɣ f iman nns tcbbr ɣ tudrt.

Ittawssan iḍ n innayr s wass izwarn ɣ usggʷas n tayrza. gnt tugtt n middn f ɣikan lliɣ yad sul ur ssnn middn aẓuṛ nns g umzruy, macc tidtt tamzruyt tɣama sul, ttyuran fllas kigan n tmrzutin, sawln fllas bahra inɣmisn d iwin inagan izaykutn n umzruy.

## Aẓuṛ n iḍ n innayr ɣ umzruy
Nnan imrzutn mas ilkm usggʷas amaziɣ 2971 n usggʷas, macc iẓḍaṛ a ig uggar n unckk ad, d ira ig azayku s kigan, acku  taɣrma tamaziɣt tlla uggar n umzruy ad.

Sawln imrzutn mas issfal usggʷas amaziɣ zɣ yat tmsart tamzruyt, iklli bdrn idlisn n umzruy. issfal usggʷas amaziɣ zɣ uzmz lliɣ ilkm ugllid amaziɣ ‘cicng’ amzwaru, ig agllid f tɣrma n miẓṛan, ig ugllid ad amaziɣ agllid n iqibṭin, ɣ usggʷas n 952 urta tlli tlalit.

Zɣ tizi ann ssfalnt tffugliwin n iḍ n innayr. lliɣ inra ugllid amaziɣ cicng agllid n miẓṛan tazaykut, g imnɣi illan ngr imaziɣn ilibin d miẓṛan. issfal tizi ann uzmz n tumrt, ddrn t tmizar s snat ɣ ddaw n tflst n yat tnbaḍt, bddn imnɣan s tt inn ikkan llan gratsn.

Imsasa wass n trnnawt ann n ugllid amaziɣ cicng d 12 innayr n usggʷas aṛumi.

## Ayyurn n usggʷas amaziɣ ɣ mnid yirn n usggʷas aṛumi
 

## Ayyurn n usggʷas amaziɣ ɣ dar itargiyn, mnid n yirn n usggʷas aɛṛab

## Ayyurn n usggʷas amaziɣ dat tlalit
Kra n wayyun n usggʷas amaziɣ urta llin iṛumin, d lliɣ urta illi Lislam, sul llan ɣ yils n umaziɣ atargi:

## taɣarast n usfuglu s wass n yiḍ n innayr ɣ tqbilt n [[Ilbnsirn]], [[Lmɣrib]]

Ɣ tdggʷat yiḍ n innayr, ar ssnwant tawjiwin tagʷlla n usngar, ccn tt tawja sun dis aɣɣu. gawrn ar smurign izlan, bḍun tarzzifin gr asn ( tazart ikrmn, d awzarn n tknarit iqquṛn, d taqqayin n ttswik d lluz, awd lfakit yaḍn d tamimt ).

Ɣ dar tuffut n wass n iḍ innayr, ar ssnwan middn "**zaykuk**", tili fllas txsayt, gn f iggi nns takka n sskʷaṛ ikkʷmn ɣ tfrdut, ccn middn sun.

Ɣ dar tazzwit ffɣn middn, s usays n udwwaṛ, ad ddun ad urarn turart n krmaɛw ) ( كرمعوش, bḍun middn f snat trubba, tifrxin ifrax d irgazn awd timɣarin, biksn s izakarn, ar tlddi trabbut tayyaḍ, tanna izwarn is tḍṛ tḍfaṛ as trabbut lli inran, tarnnawt n wass ann.

## Iɣvula


## Izdayn n bṛṛa

# https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_berb%C3%A8re
# https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yennayer
# http://www.portail-amazigh.com/2014/05/pdf_14.html
# https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-41429792
# https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A

## Tisaɣulin
Aḥwac n ismgan

**aḥwac n ismgan**

tlla zɣ kigan n tasutin yat tzdayt, ngr tmurt n lmṛṛuk d ugʷns n tfriqt, iffus n wasif n ssinigal, gant tzdayin ad tin tdamsa d umzruy, drun taɣrma nnsn, waxxa iɣzzif ubrid, macc iga ifili n umṣawaḍ ngr tmizar d tqbilin lli gis izdɣn.

   imlal uzaɣar n sus i wagʷns n tfriqt, tili dars tazdayt tazaykut d ufgan n ugʷns n tfriqt, tmsasa tẓuṛi d tayyaḍ, mmrksnt tawssniwin, ɣikan ar t nẓṛṛa ɣ tẓuṛi nnɣ lli aɣ  d ifl umzruy, zund aḥwac g uẓawan nns awd imassn nns awd imussutn nns.

g uzaɣar n sus llan kigan n iḥwacn lli iẓlin s uẓawan n (tgnawit), d imiss n uẓawan (ganga) d (tqrqawin), ili uḥwac ad s ism aḥwac n ismgan. ar nttafa ḥawac ad  g iẓlmaḍn d iffusn n laṭlas mẓẓiyn d isktann d taliwin, d waqqa d ṭaṭa, d ixf n wasif, d iftasn n mugadir, d iffus n laṭlas mqquṛn.

  d lliɣ iga uẓawan n (tgnawit) zɣ wasif n smmus n uẓawan, imsasa d imurig n ṛṛways lli awd nttan illa yadda f wasif ann n smmus.

a illi immaln mas iga uẓawan amaziɣ aẓawan n tfriqt s uẓuṛ ig iwis n wakal nns.

aḥwac n ismgan illa ɣ kigan n tmnaḍin n sus d dra d kra zɣ lḥuz, ar itt ili ɣ tffugliwin n tmaɛcuṛt, d tmɣriwin n ismgan ɣ zikk.

## Tisaɣulin
Amdyaz n usays

= Amdyaz n usays =
mqqar d kcmnt tawssniwin d ikkan bṛṛa n wakal n tmazɣa, d kigan n iswingimn yaḍn d tɣrmawin yaḍn, ɣaman imaziɣn ḥḍan tamagit nnsn d tussna nnsn f iggi n wakal n tmurt nnsn (tamazɣa).

  g tinml n usays, ur illi unmɣuṛ d wad mẓẓiyn, ar gis ttmunan middn akkʷ mknna gan d aynna mi walan, ḥma ad ssfldn i bab n umarg d usmazɣ n wawal.

nssn bab n umdyaz s kigan n ismawn (amarir - anḍḍam - amdyaz - anccad …), macc wanna iran a ikcm asays a ig bab n wawal, iqqand ad gis ilint tmatarin lli igan tin id bab n usmazɣ n wawal.

akud n umdyaz ɣ tuẓẓumt n usays iṭṭf atig iggutn, d iɣ kullu fssn middn, igli nttan aswingm iẓli tawalin.

  timatarin lli ittilin ɣ umdyaz :

**•a issn isaffn n umdyaz, ikti iwutta nns.**

**•ad tg tutlayt nns tamaziɣt g llan inzitn.**

**•a ig bab n tussna irar taɣḍft s iskkinn n tudrt n ugdud nns.**

**•a ifrrz awal, ig argaz mmi izga ils.**

**•a ig ils nns, ils yaẓn ul d unlli.**

**•a ur ikkṛḍ yan s uzawar, ingara d wawal lli rad d yall imnɣi ngr tqbilin.**

**•a ig bab n ils ismazɣn tutlayt.**

  ig ( ujmmaɛ - aẓuliḍ - ṛṛays uṭṭalb lmẓuḍi), willi bahra ittawssann g sus d lḥuz, mas gan imdyazn n isuyas. illa wanawn yaḍn n iḥwacn ɣ llan imdyazn ɣ kigan n tmnaḍin timaziɣin zun d ( aḥidus) g tmazirt n ẓayan (laṭlaṣ), ar gis tt ilin inccadn itt nḍamn s umdyaz amaziɣ.

  ɣ uḍṛiṣ ad nbdr kra zɣ anawn n iḥwacn imaziɣn lli bahra ittawssann, nssfal tirra n uḍṛiṣ ad s wanaw lli bahra ssnn middn, macc iɣama sul mayad iẓlin s uẓawan amaziɣ ira sul kigan n twwuri d irzzutn, ḥma a nfk imann i kra wanawn n iḥwacn lli itt afuḍn ar tt nɣubun zɣ tmyurin n umaziɣ.

## Tisaɣulin
Kurara / buṛd igiz

**kurara / buṛd igiz**

iga zɣ urar n tunnunt lli tt urarn middn imaziɣn, kurara tla kigan n ismawn, yat zɣ gisn buṛd igiz lli as tt inin ayt tmazirt n ilbnsirn tanila n imi n tanut.

   ttawssan bahra turart ad ɣ umaḍal mas tga turart n imaziɣn n tnzruft ( itargin - iẓnagn), tkcm d turart ad timyurin n imaziɣn n lḥuz n mṛṛakc, g uzmz n tgldit n imṛabṭin. ar gis tt urarn irgazn iḥudriyn, ar tt munn gn tirubba.

  ar tt urarn middn buṛd igiz s snat trubba, ar tt urarnt 6 n tusdadin n wakud, kra iga tt tarabbut tili gis 6 n imurar, ganin irgazn dusnin n tqbilt, ig wannar n turart ad tamlalt niɣ iga wad ɣ imɣi wafar, ḥma iɣ iḍṛ kra n umurar s wakal ad ur ibri ula ittyagas, annar tlla gis 2 n mitru. ili yan urgaz ar as tt inin (lmqddm), nttan a ibṭṭun ngrasn iɣ tkmml tizi, d ar asn immal izgaln lli tskr ku trabbut. ig urar n kurara, taɣnnant itt ilin ngr irgazn, ar tt amẓn sin ifassn, yan  zɣ trabbut izwarn  d yan zɣ tis snat, turart ur gis tiyit s iḍaṛn ur gis tiyiti s ifassn. ar tt mḥadan sin gn inn tiddas nnsn wanna yusin wayyaḍ s ignna ad as ur isli akal iftu sis s bṛṛa n kurara (tasutlt) issiwrrit id iklli f t yusi s ugnsu n kurara, iluḥt s wakal, icbbr gis ad as ur immatti azgn n tusdadt, wanna iẓḍaṛn a iskr ɣikan i wayyaḍ nttan a irnan yawi tasmɣuṛt ig argaz ɣ uḥizwar ann, issmɣṛ s trabbut nns.

***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Azṛbuṭ / taṭṭṛumbit

**azṛbuṭ / taṭṭṛumbit** 

tga taṭṭṛumbit turart lli urarn middn lliɣ mẓẓiyn, ar tt munn wazzann fllas zzrin sis akud immimn iɣudan, drun tiddukkla d tumrt gratsn. ig wakud n turart ad imir n tgrst.

taṭṭṛumbit tga yat tgzzumt n ukccuḍ tlla s kigan n ikʷlan, tili ixf n uzzal ɣ ddaw as, ar fllas tmlilliy iɣ t trs f wakal. ar fllas isbṛṛam uḥnjar ifili, issakʷi tt s wakal, ildi zɣ gis ifili tḍṛ s wakal ar tbṛṛam. wanna mi iɣama uzṛbuṭ nns ar ittbṛṛam akud ggutn ɣ wakal, nttan a irnan f imddukkʷal nns.

***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Taqjdawt

**taqjdawt**

tga turart lli sa tt urarn ifrax s trubba, ɣ umzwaru iɣ rad ssfaln turart ar tt munn ifrax, skrn takccuḍt gratsn, ldin s tkccuḍt walli ra iqqn alln nns ɣ umzwaru, iḥbu alln nns s iɣʷmmir nns irar nn udm nns s tsga n kra n uɣʷrab niɣ agjja n taddagt, ar iffrn uṭṭunn zɣ yan ar mraw. tizi ann lli iffrn uṭṭunn ar siggiln wiyyaḍ mani ɣ tt rkʷasn, ig walli gisn irnan turart, walli d iffɣn iddu inqqṛ taqjdawt lli isrs walli iqqnn tiṭṭawin ɣ udɣar lliɣ tt inn ikka ibdd, isawl inna : taqjdawt..taqjdawt , ḥma ad as islla bab n tqjdawt mas tt ilkm. iqqand walli yutn taqjdawt ad t ur iẓṛ bab n tqjdawt, ukan walli kullu gisn iggʷran ur ilkm taqjdawt iẓṛt bab n tqjdawt ɣ illi ɣ irkʷs, nttan a itt qqnn alln nns iwala taqjdawt, allsn wazzann i urar.

taqjdawt iga tt sin iẓṛan itrsn yan iggi yan ɣ udɣar ɣ iqqn bab n tqjdawt alln, wanna tn inqqrn ur t iẓṛi bab n tqjdawt irna turart.

***Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :** Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)
## Tisaɣulin
Laɛwwad

iga laɛwwad imiss n uẓawan, s tutlayt n tmaziɣt iga ( tagʷmamt), imun uẓawan n tgʷmamt d wallun, tga tagʷmamt imiss bahra igan azayku ɣ tussna tamaziɣt, tman d uẓawan drant trubba awd tg tad igan tin yan umḥuwc.

iɣ isinṣg ugʷmam, ar dis itt mun ubrdakk n irgazn d iḥwacn ɣ llan imussutn iggutn. d ṛṛways n tilluna ar tt munn d wasif n uẓawan lli tgli tgʷmamt. ar nn nttafa aẓawan n laɛwwad g tanila n mugadir (iḥaḥan) d dar tqbilin n ida ubuzya d intugga d tqbilin n ayt xṭṭab.

## Ẓṛ uggar
* Aḥwac n taskiwin

## Tisaɣulin
Timijglt

**Timijglt** (s Tnglizt : **Resin**, s Taɛṛabt: *راتينج* nɣ *صمغ*) tga yat tɣawsa d ittffuɣn ɣ usɣar n waddagn, aklu nns iga awraɣ, tili ula *tmijglt* ilan aklu umlil. Ar ttinin middn iqburn mas taddagt da talla iɣ d gis tffuɣ *tmijglt*, acku da ttgga zun d imṭṭawn.

## Tiwlafin

File:2013-04-14 12-33-48-resine.jpg|Tinqqiḍt n tmijglt
File:Tannzapfen mit Harz.jpg|Timijglt tffuɣt sg tkbalt n tayda
File:Harze.jpg|Kra n wanawn n tmijglt
File:Résine.jpg|Timijglt tffuɣd sg usɣar n taddagt
File:Resin with insect (aka).jpg|Timijglt ittmra gis yan ubxxuc


## Ẓṛ uggar
*Addag
*Akccuḍ
*Tayda
*Ikikḍ

## Iɣbula

## Tisaɣulin
Tazzwit

**Tazzwit**  nɣ **Tizzwit** nɣ **Tazizwit** nɣ **Tizizwit**  (s Tsrɣint : نحلة) tga yan wanaw n ibxxucn ittaylaln, tettyawssan tzzwit s tikki n tammnt igan asafar i kigan n tmuḍan n ufgan.

## Asnmarra
*Amyiwn : **Tazzwit**
*Asgt : **Tizzwa**

## Gr tamawt
G kra n tmnaḍin, illa ma ittinin tazzwit nɣ tizzwit i tazdwit nɣ tadggat (s unamk n yan uzmz g wass g ad tṭṭaṛ tafukt, tlla tifawt tili tazzwit).

## Tizzwa d ufgan
Llant tizzwa g uflla n wakal ḍaṛt 45 000 000 n usggas. Zund ukan afgan, ula tizzwa qqdimnt g uflla n wakal, mayad a iwdjan afgan a ifaqq mas tizzwa gant yan uɣbalu n umttcu d usafar, mayad af iswingm ufgan g a izzdɣ didas tizzwa. 

## Tiwlafin

File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg|Tazzwit ar tctta sg ujddig
File:Systropha planidens.jpg| Tazzwit mm iskawn innuḍan
File:Sleeping Anthidium manicatum 8808.jpg| Yan wanaw n tizzwa
File:Bienenstich 20a.jpg| Tasnnant n tzzwit ig tɣbi kra n ufgan


## Ẓṛ uggar
*Tammnt
*Wirẓẓan
*Aglaf
*Taknbit
*Ajddig
*Aglaf aẓllaḍ

## Iɣbula :

## Tisaɣulin
Tasnmɣayt

**Tasnmɣayt**  (**Tussna n imɣayn** nɣ **Tamassant n imɣayn)** nɣ **Tabutanikt** (s tasrɣint : **علم النبات**, s tfransist : la **botanique**), assaɣ ad ikkad ussuɣl sg tutlayt tafransist, La botanique (la science des végétaux) nɣ la Phytologie (La science des plantes).

## Iɣbula :

## Tisaɣulin