open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ⴰⵕⵢⵓⵙ

Kkan tt inn Imasiḥiyn sɣ tsmirit n ɛisa ɣ usggʷas n 325 agriguri flsn s bab n yignwan d Ɛisa,

yuman d ilmma yan urgaz igan Amiẓṛi ar as ttinin Atnasyus isskcm d dis s tiklit izwarn amnzay afkṛaḍ afuzar ɣ tizi ann ibayn d unbraz Aṛyus da izdaɣn ɣ tɣrmt n Iskandariyya lliɣ d sis yucka sɣ Libya

, afad ad ibidd Aṛyus ig nn tiggas nns mgal Utnasyus ntta d imawasn nns.

Lliɣ ismun ugllid n Ṛuma Aṛyus d inḍfaṛn nns ad sgmḍn taɣalt n tayant n ɛisa, lliɣ urrin izzugtn ugllid s tmizar n Ubalqan,

ijdr idlisn n aṛyus inɣ ɣwilli ḥḍanin tinɣl nnsn, ɣ wakud ann ad tnkr tgrawla bac ad d yurri Waṛyus s tmazirt nns, aylliɣ d yad yuḍa fkin as actci immt!! iddu dar bu itran.

ⴰⵕⵢⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ  ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵓⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ:

ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ:ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵣⵖ ⵓⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ

, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⵓⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ...

## Asfsr n twlafin

Afaylu:Arius püspök.jpg
Afaylu:Arius portré.jpg


## Tisaɣulin
ⵛⵉⵛⵏⴰⵇ

= ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵏⴰⵇ: =
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉ   ⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵖⵔ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰ  ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⴷ  ⵜⴼⵕⵕⴰ  ⵖ  ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ  ⵏ
ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ

= ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ: =
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ  , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ **"ⴰⴱⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰ"** ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜ, ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ **"ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴳⴳⴰⵔ**"

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵃⵍⵉ , ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵔⵅⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵣⵡⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

= ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ: =
       ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵇⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ  . ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵕⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵕⵏⴰⵙⵜ.

        ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴳⵍ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴹⴼⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵣⵎⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵀⵇⴰⵔ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵜⵚⴽⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

       ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵀⵉⵏⴰⵏ  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉ, ⴰⵎⵏⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵕⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1925, ⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
Mouha ohmou zayani

ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ

ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵚⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1857 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴳ'ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1887 ⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ'ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1921 ⵅⴼ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵢ 80 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵓ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉ ⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⵢⵎⵎⵉⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵜⵓⵣⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵍⵀⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1914 ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵉ ⴷⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵍⵀⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴼⵔ 10m ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉ ⴼⵔⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵡⴹⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⵜ ⵛⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵅⵉⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉ ⴼⵔⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⴱⵉⵕ ⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴷⴼⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵍⵀⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵛⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵉⵀⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵎⵎⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1921 ⵏⴰⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵟⵍⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵚⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ 6 ⵉ ⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵓⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

         

ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵚⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰ ⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵜⵓ ⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⴳⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⴽ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ .

"القائد محمد أوحمو الزياني: من أمغار القبيلة إلى قائد المخزن (1877-1914) | تاريخ المغرب" https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060727/http://histoiremaroc.com/?p=58
Nikula wis sin

**Nikula Aliksandrufitc Rumanuf** (S Trusit: *Николай <abbr>II</abbr>*) iga yan ɣ iqayẓaṛn n Rusya d ɣwalli akkʷ gisn iggʷran, tanbaḍt nns tɣʷi gr usggʷas 1894 ar ɣass lli rad iffuɣ tagldit ɣ Maṛṣ 1917 dffir Tagrawla Tabulcubit.

## Tudrt nns
Ilul ɣ 6 May 1868 ɣ Buckin ɣ Rusya, ig aqayẓaṛ n tmazirt ad lliɣ dars 26 n usggʷas, ikk d takat n Ṛumanuf, ɣ tzwri n tgldit nns tẓṛa tmazirt nns yan wawwan war amzwaru nns ɣ igr n tdmsa d wamun d tsrtit, waxxa timitar n mayad ssntint yad sɣ wakud n Babas Alikṣanḍṛ wis kṛaḍ, iḍfṛ Nikula yat tsrtit n unɣal lliɣ rad yaws i umulli Afransawi-Arusi isala imnɣi d Jjabbun (1904-1905) is ka tiṛẓi nns rad as d tawi tuggt n imukrisn d tamtti nns, ur d issutl usggʷas aylliɣ fllas tnkr tgrwala n 1905, ɣil ad aqayẓaṛ ad illa fllas ad immurwu (iqbl) s igamman n ugraw azrfan n Duma, mqqar d ɣayann Nikula rad isɣama assaɣ nns n uqayẓaṛ, yagʷi ad irar Rusya yat Tgldit tadusturit. 

### Tigira nns
Aqayẓaṛ ad n Rusya rad daɣ iṛẓm i Duma lli, ibbjj ttɣwwiɣ da fllas inkrn, ɣayda as issutgn assaɣ n "Nikula bu idammn" , ɣ wussan n imnɣi amaḍlan izwarn, tasrdast n Rusya rad daɣ tssn yat tṛẓi iẓḍayn, tamazirt tlla ukan yadlli ɣ yat tassast icqqan.

Tassast nna tagʷnsant rad tɣli d tgrawla Tabulcufit n Xbṛayṛ 1917, ar aswir ɣ iffuɣ Nikula tagldit, ur imaṭl uzmz aylliɣ ittyamaẓ ntta ula tawja nns, ittkḍ fllatsn s ummut (liɛdam) s ifassn n igrawliyn ibulcufiyn. 

## Ma iḍfaṛn tamttant nns
Lliɣ fllas izri uḍkkud n ummut (lḥukm s liɛdam) Ruysa rad nit gis trwi, gigan d imnzaɣn rad ilin, angraw anjmaw abucufi n Linin da d yuckan tiɣʷrdin nns, rad yawi tanbaḍt ifl dɣ ntta tislalin nns ɣ umzruy n Rusya, slawan akkʷ s tlalit n ma mi ismn Tamunt n tgdudanin tisubyatin ɣ 1922, ismunn mnnawt tgdudanin tisubyatiyn. 

Ɣayad rad iṛẓm asaka i tnɣi n mnnaw mddn lli tt inn kkanin gan imtkuln ɣ uzmz n uqayẓaṛ, ɣ usggʷas 1924, tamttant n Linin rad tt iḍfṛ ulkkum n Ṣṭalin s tnbaḍt, argaz ad rad issixf tamunt n URSS mnnaw yiltayn sul, issrsl gisn yan uwank n tmurrant. 

## Tisaɣulin
Tutlayt Tarusit

**Tarusit** tga yat tutlayt Taslafit Tagmuḍant nna s sawaln mddn, s uswir izwarn, ɣ Rusya. Tarusit ad igan tutlayt taymmat n Irusiyn, tamu ɣ twjja Tindu-Urubbit n tutalyin. Tga yat zɣ kkuẓt tutlayin Tislafiyin Tigmuḍanin ddrnin, tamu ɣ tgrumma mqqurn n tutlayin Tibalṭu-Slaviyin. Tarusit ad tt inn ikkan tga tutlayt tamaddut n Umun Asufyit s uslgn d tmskrt. Tɣama trusiyt tla addad amaddud ɣ mnnawt tmizar ḍaṛt n tsimant nnsnt zun d Rusya, Bilarusya, Kazaxistan, Kirgizistan, Ṭajikistan, tsul tga tutlayt n unyalkam ɣ Ukṛayina, Muldufa, Aquqaz, Asya Tanammast, d tmizar n Balqan d Israyil s yan uswir idrusn, tg yat zɣ ṣḍiṣt tutlayin timaddudin ɣ Tmtta Imunn.

Tarusit ittyuran ur da tssmras agʷmmay Alatin mqqar t ssmrasnt tutlayin Tislafiyin Tutrimin, macc llan kra n mddn nna tt ittaran s ulatin. S wudm amaddud, ar ittyusmras ugʷmmay Asirilik ɣ tirra nnns. amggaru ad iga yan unafuɣ zɣ ugʷmmay agrik/ayunan, macc naḥya t. Kra n tutalyin tislafiyin tigmuḍanin d tnẓulanin da ssmrasnt agʷmmay Asirilik dɣ nttnti.

## Tarusit Tanawayt
Tarusit Tanawayt, nɣ Tarusit tasklant tatrart (Современный русский литературный язык) tbayn d zwar ɣ tuddma n tasuta tis 18. Ikka tt inn yada Pitr Axatar ar iswuruy f ustrar n uwank. Tffɣ d Trusit Tanawayt zɣ yat tantala n Trusit nna s sawaln mddn ɣ imisi d ugns n Muṣku.

Mixayil Lumunusuf ad yaran adlis amzwaru n tjṛṛumt n Trusit ɣ 1755. Tssufɣ d Tkadimit Tarusit n Tmassanin msmun awal amzwaru ismdn ɣ 1783. Tzga tjṛṛumt, amawal d ususru n Trusit, ittyuskar as usnaway ɣ tgira n tasut tis 18 d kud tlla tasut tis 19. Azmz ad ar as ttinin "Azmz awrɣi" n tskla Tarusit acku tlla ɣ yan uzmz iẓiln i imrsi ad, tettyussan sis ɣ umaḍal akkʷ.

Tbda Rusya s timmad nns ar tssmras Tarusit am tutlayt n tskla, usgmi d unyalkam amaddud. Ar tasuta tis 20, ɣar ismiln attuynin d ayt tmdinin ad issnn i tutlayt tasklant, ɣaman ayt ufara llanin bṛṛa n tmdinin ar sawaln s tantalayin nnsn tidɣranin. Ɣ Tasuta tis 20, iga uccil f wazzann akkʷ ad ttddan s tinml, ṭṭfn mddn id Tilifizyun d Ṛaḍyu, yaws mayad ɣ uzuzzr n Trusit Tanawayt. Lliɣ tlkm tuẓẓumt n tasut tis 20, amata n tantalayin nɣubant, tamẓ Trusit Tanawayt adɣar nnsnt, slawant akkʷ i uwttas n unyalkam d mddn zdɣnin ɣ wublastn.

## Tisaɣulin
Gabun

**Gabun** (s Tutlayt n Sangu: *Ngabu*), s wudm amaddud, Tagduda Tagabunt (s tfṛansist: *République gabonaise*; ), tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ uftas aṭlanti n Tfriqt Tanammast, tili f uḍṛf n urggag, tccar iwtta d Ginya Tamnanaḍt ɣ ugafa utrim, Kamiṛun ɣ ugafa, Tagduda n Kungu ɣ unẓul d ugmuḍ d Uẓla n Ginya ɣ utaram. Tlkm tjumma nns 270,000 Km², zdɣn gis 2.3 id mlyun n umddnu. Llan gis izaɣarn ismlimn, idrarn (Idrarn n Ukrisṭal d Idrarn n Cayllu ɣ wammas), d usafana ɣ ugmuḍ. Librfil ad igan tamaẓunt n tmazirt d tmdint akkʷ gis imqqurn. 

Iɣrfan n Pigmi ad igan imzdaɣn iẓuṛann n Gabun. Zɣ tasut tis 14, bdan imzwagn n Iɣrfan n Bantu ar ttzdaɣn ɣ tmnaḍt ula nttni. Zɣ lliɣ tumẓ tmazirt tasimant nns f Frans ɣ 1960, tzzri kraḍ inssixfn. Ɣ id 90 n tasuta izrin, tsskcm Gabun yan ungraw ɣ agt-kabar d yan udustur adimuqṛaṭi lli yutsn ad tili yat tzigzt n ustay ifawn, isnm kra n tmrasal tunbiḍin. Mqqar d mayad akkʷ, iɣama Ukabar Agabun Adimquraṭi ikka f ubaraz aylliɣ t issukf usgʷdm agabun n 2023.
   
## Tisaɣulin
Tcarlz Diknz

**Tcarlz Djun Huffman Diknz** (s tnglizt: Charles John Huffam Dickens) iga yan umara Angliz d urgaz n tskla da akkʷ yiwin tisillit  ɣ uzmz Afikturi, ig yan umssnflul s yan umurs war amddur, nttan ad yuran ungal n Ulifr Twist d win Dafid Kubbrfild. 

## Tudrt nns

### Amẓẓi nns
Ilul Diknz ɣ wis sa n Xbrayr n usggʷas 1812 ɣ Landburt, ɣ Fubrg n Burtsmut ɣ Inglatirra, ikk d yat twja tamanuzt, ig wis sin ɣ sa n twmat, izzri yan mẓẓi ifulkin ɣ Kint, is hlli tawja nns rad sul tmatti s Lunḍun ɣ 1816, ara lliɣ ingḍ babas ɣ waẓẓayn rad t inn issfaɣ sɣ tinml afad ad iswuri ɣ yan manifaktur n ssiraj n ihrkusn, Tcarlz dars sin d mraw n isggʷasn lliɣ ittyawkraf babas f waẓẓayn da ur ifri, ukan tawuri ad tcqqa f yan ufrux wan tagadda nns mqqar ar d gis ittawi imikk n ma s ad iddr, imil tsfk (tssḍɛaf) niɣ d tɣdn ɣ ugʷns nns tawargit ann d tarramt (rrɣba) ann ad ig yan urgaz iɣran d yan ufgan igan anddalsu (bu tdlsa), ɣ sin isggʷasn d malnin, rad trxu tassast f twja nns, iẓḍaṛ daɣ ufrux ad ad ilkm liḥḍaṛ nns. kiɣ dars tlla smmus d mraw n isggʷasn, illa fllas ad daɣ yar tiɣri nns, iftu ad iswuruy. Tufa as twja nns adɣar n umawas ɣ ubniq n yan unzzarfu. 

### Tigẓwi nns
Tcarlz isti ad iskr tawuri n unɣmas, kra n isggʷasn drusnin ka ad izrin fad d gis yuman ufulls ad n tirra, iml ad ittara imnnitn isrtann i tkuyasin mqqurnin n wakud ann, issnti s uzzigiz ad isala igr ad n tskala, ɣ 1873 rad itahl yat tmɣart mi ismn "Katrin Hugart" ila dis mraw n tarwa, ɣ usggʷas ann nit, rad iẓṛ Tcarlz yan umurs imqqurn s ufaf n ufsar n mnnawt tfrawin n gigan d idlisn nns ɣ iɣmizn, ig yan gisn wungal n "***tfrawin tifrmttanin n usgraw n Bikwik'''"''  (S tnglizt: <span lang="en" dir="ltr">The Posthumous Papers of Pickwick club</span>). 



Ɣ wayyur n Xbrayr 1837, yura adlis n Ulifr Twist ifsr t, ar gis ittals i tmsksalin n yan igigil igan agẓaw (aɛrrim) d umqrut (amẓluḍ) ɣ tɣrmt n Lunḍun,  agẓaw ad imsaras d mnck n tmariwin afad ad yaf ɣ tigira ida nns ɣ ddunit ad illasn ɣ wala ggutn ibkkaḍn d gar d uẓlaḍ d tukkṛḍa d usɣndf waḥdut ad igan asaka i tudrt ɣ tẓgiwin ann ḍuẓnin n iswak n Lunḍun.

=== Tawssrt nns d tigira n wussan nns ===
Tiɣʷrdin n gigan d tiwaɣitin ɣ ugns n twja, zun d lmut n babas, fadd s ultmas, fadd s yat illis n tam isggʷasn, arratn n Dikns rad ttɣulin uggar, ig t waddad n wungaln n "***izmaz cqqanin***" ittyawfsarn ɣ usggʷas 1854, d udlis n "***itamn mqqurnin**'" . 

Tcarlz diknz rad tmdu tudrt nns lliɣ dars 58 n usggʷas acku f yat tassast n wul da as igan agʷri, mayad ɣ wass n 9 Yunyu 1870 ɣ tgmmi nns ɣ usarag n Gadzhil, ur d imil yucki yigi (lḥadat) ad  aylliɣ iga ntta amara akkʷ issugrn ɣ wakud nns d wakud afikturi s umata nns.  

## Idlisn nns
• Tifrawin tifrmttanin n usgraw n Bikwik - 1836 

• Ulifr Twist - 1838 

• Nikula Niklbiy - 1839

• Aḥanu n ndi - 1841 

• Birnabi Rudj - 1841

• Dumbiy d iwi - 1848

• Dafid Kubbrfild - 1850

• Tigmmi n abrfnt - 1853

• Izmaz cqqanin - 1854 

• Martn Tcuzzlwit - 1844

• Durrit Amẓẓiy - 1857

• Umiyn n snat tɣrmiwin - 1859

• Itamn mqqurnin - 1861 

• Amddakkl amazar - 1865 

• Asdɣas n Idwin Drud (Ur imdi) - 1870 

## Tisaɣulin
Juṛjya (tamazirt)

Tga **Juṛjya** (s Tjuṛjit: საქართველო; ) yat tmazirt illan ɣ tmnaḍt n Uquqaz n Asya n Utaram d Uruppa Tagmuḍant. Tlla ɣ uftas n Yill Sggann, tṭṭf iwtta d Rusya ɣ ugafa, iwtta d Turkya d Aṛminya ɣ unẓul d Azribidjan ɣ unẓul agmuḍan. Ssutln idrarn imqqrann d imẓyann n Uquqaz i umata nns. Gr 1918-1921 d 1991-1995, ikka tt yinn yism nns ummid iga "**Tagduda n Juṛjya**". Zɣ 1995, infl yism nns s **Juṛjya** ɣ udustur nns. Tkka tt inn tmazirt ad tamu ɣ Tmuni Tasufyitt gr 1921 d 1991, macc tumẓ tasimant nns. Tblisi ad igan tamaẓunt nns, izdɣ gis mad yaẓn i 4 id lmyun n umddnu. 

## Tisaɣulin
ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ

= **ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ** =
ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ

ⴷ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 52 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ

ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴱⵓⵏ **(ⵄⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ)** ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ

ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵜ

ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ , ⵙⴳⵎⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ
ⴰⴽ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ

ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ

ⵜⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼⵢⵓⵙ

ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ

50 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ , ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 23 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵣⴰ **(ⴷⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ)**.

= **ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:** =
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:

ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉ: ⵏⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ **"ⵎⵓⵔⵢⴰ"** ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵍⵇⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵏⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵥⵉⴳⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵚ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⴰ

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ 25 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ 25 ⴳⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵇⵇⵕⵜ.

= **ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ:** =
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ **"ⵍⵉⴱⵉⴽⴰ"**,**"ⴰⵙⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ"**,**"ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ"**ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵇⵇⴰⴱ ⵙⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⵛ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ,ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ....ⵢⵓⵛ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ.

ⵜⵉⵙⵄⵍⴰ:

حميد حمداوي(يوبا الثاني الامازيغي المثقف)

عبد الحميد بن شنهو (الملك العالم يوبا الثاني)

ثلاثة و ثلاثون من تاريخ الامازيغ(احمد شفيق)

ويكيبيديا
Ill immutn

**Ill immutn** (S tudayt : יָם הַמֶּלַח, *Yām HaMélaḥ*, « Ill n tisnt » ; Taɛrabt : ٱلْبَحْرُ ٱلْمَيِّت *al-Baḥr al-Mayyit* niɣ d : بَحْر لُوط *Bahr-Lût* « mer de Loth ») iga yan yill d yuckan gr Iẓṛayl ɣ utaram d Wuṛḍun ɣ yiming, d  Filiẓṭin ɣ yiẓẓlmḍ, ur nit igi amr yat tmda n waman illan ɣ 420 mitru ddu tidli n wakal, ɣaylli gis iskrn yan ɣ tnqqaḍṭ akkʷ trmnin ɣ ddunit, ittyawssan daɣ is iga yan ɣ yidɣarn akkʷ marɣnin ɣ yiggi wakal, gisn dili n kṛaḍt tmaḍ n gram n tisnt ɣ yan llitru n waman, ini mrawt tikkal tamarɣt n waman n yigrwan yaḍnin.

## Ism nns
Ism ad nns indi bahra, acku illa yad ɣ wussan sul n igrikn qburnin, ar t ukan nttafa ula ɣ wallasn n Linjil n yisr Bṛahim, d urdal n Sudum d Gumuri da tt inn kkanin zdɣn tama n tmda ad. 

Illa as yism ad acku ur gis tlli kra n tudrt, ur illi kra n wanaw n yimudar ula n yimɣayn da iẓẓiḍṛn i tmarɣt nns. 

## Tafizikt nns
Wanna yurmn ad iddm aman n yill immutn rad ka ittaywul, yili tiɣʷrdin n tfilalt ad unttaw n Warximid d infalaln ɣ 265 izwarn Yasuɛ, ar ittini is d annid nna ingḍn ɣ kra n umraz (aman) yili ɣ waddad n usunfu, ar iẓẓiḍiṛ yan udwass artakan iwatsn aflla saswa t d usttal n umraz imattin niɣ t yugr.

Lliɣ ẓḍayn waman marɣnin uggar n waman ẓilnin, rad ijfu (ijhhd) ilmma unttaw ad, ɣayad nit ad issfrun tafilalt ad n waywul.

## Tisaɣulin
Yugurtn

**Yugurtn** iga yan ugllid amaziɣ n Numidya. Yumẓ adɣar n babas Misipsa lliɣ immut ɣ -118, ntta d aytmas Hiyampsal d Ɛazarbaɛl. Lliɣ immut Ɛazarbaɛl, ibda uqryan ayugurtin ngr ṛuma d Numidya. Ɣ usmmud n uqryan ad ittyumẓ Yugurtn ɣ -105. Iɣama ɣ ṛuma aylliɣ immut.

### asisn n yugrtn:
agllid yugrtn  iga agllid n numidya, numidya nttat tga ism n tagldit tamaziɣt lli wrrɛ g agafay n ifriqya, d nttat tumẓ tuns, d dzayr, d libya , gd lmɣrib, d tga sg tglditin lli yburzn g izmzn iqburn d ikcm g  imnɣi d tɣrma tarumanit.

ilul yugrtn g usggʷs n 160 dat tlalit n lmasiḥ g tɣrmt n sirta (asqsiṭn n lzayr), tga tamqqurn/amnru n numidya lli iskr ugllid masinissa, yugrṭa iga aytma n ugllid masinissa nna ur igin azrfan s usmɣr nns.

iga yugrtan yan sg imẓẓyann ur illin n ugllid masinissa, ur ittussan, maca yuwy-t babas ɣr tɣrmt d imẓẓyann yaḍn.

ittwassn yugrta s targztnns d  tikist nns, d ikka d amfulls g tizuṛiwin n tiɣilt d tanaka d uḥrric, yuzn t id babas amqran afad ad yaws g unɣlaf skibyu afriqi g uḥrric n tgldit n numansya, illan g ṣbanya n assa.

#### tifrkiwin n uzray ɣ tudrt n yugrtan:

tkatin numidy tlla afrru n ṛuma, maca tktin tmmun g tusut n ibḍi n ugllid masinissa,maca alliɣ immut ugllid ismd abṭḍa afrra ns gr yugrta, d himbsal, d ɛarzbul.

ira yugrta ad ismun ɛarzbal maca iguf, dffir ad irur ɛazrzbal ɣr ṛuma, ira ad yaws.

tbḍa ṛuma tagldit n numidya s sin, yumẓ yugrtaa agzzum n tiḍḍ n  n unẓaṛ n numidya, d yumẓ ɣazrbal agzzum n unẓul, igan agzzum axatar.

ira yugraṭa ad ismun numidya di tikklt yaḍn, imnɣi mgal nns d ṛuma iḍfṛ sa n isggwasn, d tyafut n imnɣi ad tga tassast n yugraṭa, acku yuwi tt bab n tawja nns, d yuwi t i ugllid n ṛuma marius sula.https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9

##### tamttant n ugllid yugrta:
mzaraynt tallasin n imzruyn xf tamttant ugllid yugrta g 106 dat tlalit n ɛisa. d tga kalati:

* amzruy amzwaru g uzmz n tudrt nns imḥḍaṛn ḥuma ad ṭṭfn as ɣr tlggwit, rẓmn i wudmawn nns ḥma ad rẓmn idurar nns, ittyafa immut g tɣrast nns s tjṛṛumin.
* tssn tnfust tiss snat mas ittuḍṛ sg uẓṛu n ṭaṛbaɛan ɣr wasif n tibir dffir lliɣ ittuḍfṛ s uẓṛu.
* tanfust tiss kṛaḍt tnna is ittusras sg yan uɣrrabu, ur igi sg yan ugafa.

## Izdayn ibṛṛaniyn
* Livius.org: Yugrtn
*  Penelope.UChicago.edu: The War with Jugurtha


 

## Tisaɣulin
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴻⴷ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ

ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ, ⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⵔ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

**ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ**

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ (1955 ⁇ 2016) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⁇"ⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵡⴰ" ⁇ , ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ. ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵣⵓⵔ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⁇ إلإمام ⁇ , ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⵏ

****ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ**

.  ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ 29 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2016 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵚⵚⴱⵉⵟⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵔⴹⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ.

**ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ:** ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ: ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ (ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979). ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ: ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ (ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1985). ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵎⵎⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980). ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ: ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ)

****ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ,** Tuɛaryent d tarewra zeg yiṭan] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⵉⵜ. [Rez ṭṭabu ad d teffeɣ tfukt] ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997 [Ajḍiḍ umi yitwagg celwaw] ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, 1998 [Cway zi tibbuherya ɛad war twid] ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999 [Abrid ɣer yezran] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜ, 2000 [Araji][Tarwa n umaḍal][Tuf teqqen][Tayri n tayri] ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin

**Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin** iga yan ɣ igitn mqqurnin n umzruy n ufgan, d imnɣi da akkʷ  issngin idammn, izri gr usggʷas 1939 d 1945 ɣ tmnẓawt nna illan, kcmnt gis 61 n tamttiwin d uggar n 100 id mlyun n imknasn ad gis yutfn, ifl 60 id mlyun n imttiyn, imnɣi ad issmdi snat tgrummawin n imkkaṛaḍn: iwunak n inmmulliyn d iwunak n umrnu. 

## Timntal d tmitar zwarnin
Aslak n Lalman i Bulunya ɣ taylgi n wass amzwaru n Cutambir 1939 istfal s ma igan amaddud assnti n imnɣi amaḍlan wis sin, mqqar hati zwarn yad Lalman ad rarn Nnmsa ɣ 1938 d Murabya ɣ Mars 1939 bla tammara. 

Iɣ yad issnti imiɣ ad ɣ 1939 ha nn taẓit tzwur t inn s mnnaw isggʷasn, sɣ kiɣ imda imnɣi amaḍlan amzwaru, ɣamant tuggt n tmizar s taẓẓit n wanɣa d uɣujju. Zun d Lalman da idɣɣrn igmrbbi n Birsay mnnawt ttwal, kiɣ daɣ ssntin ad alskrn tasrdast nnsn, ssimɣurn "aẓyar aduran" nnsn, ɣ wakud ann nit ad mln ijabbuniyn tibukt nnsn ad sdurrin Mandcuri, Ṭṭalyan kkan f Yityubya d Walbanya. Bla tattut n tassast n 1929 da isfkn tadamsa n gigan d timizar.

## Tizwiri
Lliɣ slkn Lalman tamazirt n Bulunya, Fransa d Tgldit imunn rad ɣrn i imnɣi mgal as, Idwasn n Rrayx wis kṛaḍ rad azɣn Bljiga d Luksmburg d Hulanḍa, ttyawslakn ɣ sin imalasn ka,  Lalman rad akkʷ thrbl Fransa, ɣ mad as ismn "Blitzkreig" (Imnɣi n yiḍiṛ), illa f Umarical Bitan n Fransa ad isini ikmrbbi n ufruccu n imnɣi, awank ad ittyawbḍa s sin, tagldit imunn rad nn taf agayyu nns lax s nttat mnid n isrdasn n umrnu.

## Imdrawn
Yat ṣḍiṣt tmrawin n tmizar ad idran ɣ imnɣi ad, bḍan s snin ifnatn: 

• Bulunya d Fansa d Tgldit imunn d tmnukda nns (Uṣṭṛalya, Kanaḍa, Ziland Tamaynut, Tafriqt n yiffus...) dran sɣ lguṛ n inmmulliyn, Nnurwij d Danmark kcmn ɣ Brir n 1940, fad ilmma ad kcmnt Bljiga d Hulanḍa d Luksmburg, Mirikan d mnnaw tmizar n Tmirikt tanammast rad drunt dɣ nttni dffir wazzaɣ n Birl Harbur, Ccinwa tlla yadda ɣ imnɣi d Jjabun sɣ 1937.

• Mnid asn illa lguṛ n umrnu llan gis Lalman d Jjabbun d Ṭṭalyan, yan ugamma amkṛaḍ ittṛcmn gratsn ɣ usggʷas n 1940. Amajaṛ d Rumanya munn ditsn.

• Tamunt Tasufyatit tssnti imnɣi sɣ tsga n Lalman acku f turfa talmanu-sufyatit  is ka ɣ wass n 22 Yunyu n 1941 rad iskr Rrayx wis kṛaḍ tamhlt n Barbarussa, ɣaylli isrgn i Yisufyatiyn ad nngdmn s tsga n inmmuliyn.

## Tayafut
Lguṛ n yinmmulliyn ad inran Imnɣi amaḍlan wis sin, sɣ wayyur n Mars 1945, inmmulliyn drrmn s wakal n Rrayx wis kṛaḍ, assf n 2 May, imknasn n isubyatiyn rad slkn tiɣrmt n Birlin, Adulf Hitlir amsmussu amzwaru n imiɣ rad isti ad inɣ ixf nns, ɣ uccbaṛ nns, ifl tamlda i imawasn nns ad ṛcmn mayna n Lalman ɣ 8 May 1945, ɣ Jjabbun amnkud Hiruhitu yugi ad ifk mayna nns mnid Mirikan, Imirikaniyn rad gis armn snat id ccrcma tiblkimin ɣ Hirucima d Nakazaki ɣ 6 Ɣuct 1945, amnkud Ajabbuni rad iknu ɣ wis sin Cutambir.  
  

Anraw n Bṛiṭanya d Fransa d Mirikan d Ccinwa d Tamunt Tasubyatit yiwi d annstm n Rrayx wis kṛaḍ d tḍuṛi n tmnukda tajabbunt d umddu n tmnukda n Ṭṭalyan. Ɣ Brayr 1945, rad tili tinawt n Yalṭa da ibḍan lalman s kkuẓt tsgiwin, tin Nngliz d tin Fransa d tin Mirikan d tin Rusya.  

## Tisaɣulin
Walyam Caksrir

ilul caksrir d gm ɣ Stratford sur Avon d Warwickshire d yuwl Anne Hathaway d tamt mraw d yuṛw sgs kṛaḍ icirran d Susana kniwn d ntta Bonne et déchiquetd ɣ tasut man gr 1592-1585 isfal tudaṛt nns tazzulant d Londres z udasgb ar d amadar d amdwal d tadrawt iakann tamzgunt ase ssaɣ dd nna ttssn amnad s wassɣ  iqqim d d ntta ɣ tiss tzatd attayn asgga 1613 d Stratford  imil imudd ti krmi n win s kṛaḍt isggʷasn

immut caksbir g ifssi, ur as ruran taɣḍft g umaḍal, g usnḍl nns ḥaḍṛnas ɣas tawja nns d imddukal nnat iwalan. urt uliɣn ɣas ca n imaratn imẓgun idrusn, dffir n lmut nns s umnaṣf n tsutit, baynen tawitin timzwura n tridirt tanimant n ciksbir, immut caksbir dffir n umrrt s tmaḍunt n tawla ( tifyya) iḍṛ xf tadawt n tudrt g lkanisa n stratfuṛḍ g 23 ibrir, da ttinin rdlnit g tgndurt nna iɣban cigan.

iẓḍṛ ad tili tgndurt tanaɣbut ad d tiwdi sg tmaḍunt ad nna icqqan, al tssaɣa iwdan yaḍnin, caksbir yari tawnnit xf bu ismḍal inna dis : " a amddakʷl iẓiln, lla ssittimx,alac ssuturx ur tqqazt akal ad, han  amuttl ad yamẓ unna issɣn timnza  n tmḍlt ad . icfa caksbir i umaḍal tiwuriwin nns, d taḍfi nna iẓiln.

usin inrzafn tadla n uzir zzuzzarnit xf tmḍlt nns, suln cigan n imarayn nns da trzafn tamḍlt nns al assa.

iẓḍṛ ad tili tgndurt tanaɣbut ad d tiwdi sg tmaḍunt ad nna icqqan, al tssaɣa iwdan yaḍnin, caksbir yari tawnnit xf bu ismḍal inna dis : " a amddakʷl iẓiln, lla ssittimx,alac ssuturx ur tqqazt akal ad, han  amuttl ad yamẓ unna issɣn timnza  n tmḍlt ad . icfa caksbir i umaḍal tiwuriwin nns, d taḍfi nna iẓiln.

usin inrzafn tadla n uzir zzuzzarnit xf tmḍlt nns, suln cigan n imarayn nns da trzafn tamḍlt nns al assa.walyam caksri
Fawst

**Fawst** iga yan uwrik umiyan (illan ɣ umiyn) d ikkan afulkuṛ ajirmani, illa ɣ mnnaw wumiyn d Ifilmn d tmzgunin d ufiratn( -{opéra}- ) ig war turda yan ɣ wudmawn akkʷ ttmsallanin ɣ tdlsa Tawrubbit, nnan d is iga yan uxmyan da izznzn ixf nns i iblis ɣ twargit ad yawi tawssna d lfjuj d tnbaḍt, tallast nns ifsr tt yan warism Almani ɣ usggʷas 1587.

Anglizi mi ismn Marluwi icckcm tt s umzgun ɣ 1588, Gut dɣ ntta issusm t, iskr srs sin inidan, yan ɣ 1808, wayyaḍ ɣ tigira n tudrt nns, sin itsn ar ggarn isqsitn ur mddinin (ur kmmlnin) f ufgan d tzdayin nns d ddunit. 

## Tallast nns
Argaz ad igan umiyan irwas is d tettyaway tnfust nns sɣ kra n yan iddrn nit, arratn imzwura da t bdrnin, ccuckan d talalit nns gr usggʷas n 1460 d 1470 ɣ Hilmsdadt, yat tɣrmt illan tama n Hidlburg, mqqar llant kra n tunɣilin d malnin ar sawalnt f Kundling ɣ Wurtmburg. 

Iga yan urgaz amanuz, yus n kra n wusun (abusun), ikk tt inn ar ittmuddu gr mnnawt tmizar ɣ Lalman faɣ ad yaf kra n twuri. Isala ad iṣḥan iskkirn d imkrarn yiri ad yakz isdɣasn n umaḍal ittyaggrn ula wad illan ɣ tafirgama (Amitafiziq), iɣr daɣ tasnakuct d tusnakt d tasnijjit, izzri tizi nns ɣ tasnitran d tximit. 

Ism nns -{Faustus}- isnamk wad ifrwasn niɣ d wad yumrn. 

Fawst iẓṛa t umsksal Ajrmani Filib Fun Huttn, ɣ Laybzig ɣ 1534, ittr as ad as iml imal nns, amggaru ad yuzn s gʷmas yat tbrat inna as gis is ɣʷẓannt tintamin nns akkʷ.  

Immut Fawst ɣ ma ittsulun i usggʷas 1537 ɣ yat ɣ irimn nns da isrgn i yan ubaqqay ɣ yat tgnart ɣ lubirj da izdɣ ɣ Stawfn.  

## Tisaɣulin
Graffiti

**Graffiti** niɣ d **Agaraffiti** iga yat tguri taṭalyanit, ig kra n tirra d tfrisin da bahra ttilinin ɣ uɣrab niɣ d tiflwin, d yan wanaw n unyalkam s iẓṛi.

Iga ugraffiti yat tẓuṛi yufa yan ad tt yaf ɣ tɣrmiwin mqqurnin n umaḍal akkʷ, slawan ɣ ddu ikaln d tbradiwin d ɣilli ɣ izray ulaway d iswak d tflwin n usussn d imk d imk...   

## Aẓuṛ n ism
Ikka d taguri n -{Graffio}- ɣ tutlayt taṭalyanit s unamk n kmz. 

## Amzruy
Iɣzzif umzruy n tẓuṛi ad, s umdya ttyafan kra n ibran ɣ ixrubba n Ṛuma indin, ilin daɣ kra n isagurn n tɣrmt Tamayant n Tikal ɣ Tmirikt n wammas, Ɣ kra n iẓṛan n Sbanya da d aḍunin s tasut tis ṣḍiṣt d mrawt ula ɣ tkanisin n uzmz anammas n Inglatirra.  

Sɣ tasut 20,  issnti  ugraffiti ad ig slawan akkʷ ɣ Urubba d Mirikan kra bahra iẓlin s tabbaṣtiwin da ssmrasnin mayann i ma imyanawn d iwttasn. Zun d ad gn tamatart i kra n udɣar niɣ ad ifsn (brrḥn) is iga udɣar ann winsn niɣ i ukttay n kra n ugmam immutn ɣ wammas n tabbaṣṭa niɣ ad msarasn d kra n tabbaṣṭa yaḍnin d wafnatn.   

## Tisaɣulin
Tinml n Frankfurt

Tettyawskar tinml ad ɣ tsdawit n Frankfurt ɣ usinag n unag anamun da ittrsln ɣ usggʷas n 1923, imssrsal nns gan tn yan kkuẓ iflsufn d imsnamunn, ad tn igan d:  Maks Hurxaymr (1859 1979) amssrsal n usinag n unag anamun d unmhal nns yat tizi iɣzzifn, Adurnu (1903 1969) da tt ikkan iga aslmad ɣ tsdawit n Frankfurt, Markuz (1898 1979) da issɣran taflsaft ɣ Brlin d Frayburg d ifkan tinawin ɣ tsdawit n Kulunbya d Harfard, ig aslmad n tflsaft d tsrtit ɣ tsdawit n Brandayz, fad ad daɣ ig aslmad n tflsaft ɣ tsdawit n Kalifuṛnya ɣ San Dibgu . D Habermas (1929) da tt ikkan iga aslmad n tflsaft d tsnamunt ɣ tsdawit n Frankfurt fad ilmma ad ig anmhal n usinag n Maks Blank ɣ Ctarenburg . Issrsl usinag tasɣunt n unag anamun fad ad gis ifssr inagn n trabbut ad gn ilmma inagn assnti amgru.

Tkka tt inn tinml ad ar tswuruy s trabbut , ar ittamẓ Hurxaymer tamntilt salan ilmma irnawn nns ar siggiln, Buluk isala tadmsa tasrtant, Frum isala assfsi animan, Lufntal ɣ uzɣan askalan, Markuz ɣ tflsaft, Adurnu ɣ uẓawan d uzɣan asklan d ussfsi animan d tsnimunt s umata.

Tskr tinml n Frankfurt azzray amatay f ufrak awṛubbiy, tzɣn tiɣarasin mqqurnin n tflsaft n utaram d wanawn nns, iml d Hurkhaymer d Adurnu iwtta n usisfiw d is iga taɣawsa akkʷ yattuyn da ilkm ufrak awṛubbiy, sslɣun tagara nns.

## Tisaɣulin
Ibn Abi Zarɛ

**Abu Lḥasan Ɛali Ibn Abi Zarɛ Al-fasi** (s tɛṛabt: أبو الحسن علي بن أبي زرع الفاسي) (immut gr 1310 d 1320) igan yan umszruy, ittuɣal is iga amara n udlis n Ṛawḍ Lqirṭas da isawaln f umzruy n Lmɣrib, ig yan zɣ idlisn akkʷ stawhmmanin gr idlisn n umzruy n uzmz amuẓun. Ar daɣ ittunna mas d agllid n Ayt Mrin Abu Saɛid Ɛutman Wis Sin ad t intan ad t yara. Assaɣ (nnasab) nns anmdu, kra n tkkal, ar ittyufka is iga *Bn ɛbdllah bn Abi Zarɛ,* tikkal yaḍnin ar ittyufka *Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Ɛumaṛ Ibn Abi Zzarɛ.* Iga usiki n uslkn f tmagit n umara n Rawḍ lqirṭas tayafut n tugt n tmzarayin n warratn da ittllin zɣ uzmz amuẓun. Idrus bahra mad ittwassann f tudrt nns s wuslid n wis tt inn ikka iga amassan ɣ Fas.

## Ẓṛ daɣ
* Ṛawḍ Lqirṭas – tisuɣal ɣ ugns nns.
* Ahmed Siraj: *L'Image de la Tingitane. L'historiographie arabe medievale et l'Antiquite nord-africaine*. École Française de Rome, 1995. Yat tusmirt tabiblyugraft igzzuln nna yakkan tisaɣulin s imnnitn (iɛṛabn) n imrzzutn imɣribiyn.
## Tisaɣulin
Kaligula

Iga **Kaligula** yan umnkud Aṛumani ilul d ɣ 31 Ɣuct 12 ɣ Untyum, immt ɣ 24 Innayr 41 ɣ Ṛuma, ittyawssan s tuẓẓiṛt nns. Ism nns imdan iga t "Kayus Yulyuz Siẓaṛ Ugustus Jirmanikus" is ka ntta yiwi assaɣ ad nns n Kaligula sɣ uṛẓiyn mẓẓiynin da tt inn ikka ar ilssa ɣ iḍaṛṛn nns ɣ lguṛ n isrdasn ukan irwas is iga "bu ihrkusn mẓẓiynin".

Iga Kaligula amnkud wis kṛaḍ ɣ unmala ɣ imnkudn n Iṛumann tiɣʷrdin n umnkud Tibir.

## Tanbaḍt nns
Yumẓ tagldit sɣ dar umnkud Tibir lli mi iga asrwas nns d mayad lliɣ dars illa 25 n usggʷas hlli, ukan lliɣ imk issnti ikka tt inn iɛzza dar tamtti nns, issnfs f Ṛuma dffir yan wakud indudin n wad t izwarn, imil ṣḍiṣ iyyirn ka udan ad ssnfln irfsan d umudn n Kaligula s yat twala, ɣaylli t ifln iga yan urgaz uẓẓiṛ d umlkaw d murran, is akkʷ rad iskr ad inɣ akd ɣwilli dis biddnin ad iɣʷli s tnbaḍt, ismd tassakmut nns ɣ uzrf n ugdud nns d ɣwilli as kmarnin. 
S ɣmkad, ittyawssan bahra s yan wawal da ɣ inna: *"Ad iyi kssnn mk iyi kṣuḍn" *d wada ɣ inna: "Mra is ka ṭṭafn mddn akkʷ yan umggṛḍ". 

## Tinɣi nns
Ass n 24 Innayr 41, ɣ ttmi n kṛaḍ isggʷasn d mraw iyyirn n tnbaḍt, fḍḍan dis kra n isrdasn n tiḍaf nns nit.

Ddaw i kkuẓ n isggʷasn udan Syutunus ad fllas ifk tawlaft n yan unzzalin (gar afgan) iẓmḍn s idammn d tmurrant d tnaya (ṣṣulṭa), aylliɣ akkʷ tettyawmnad lmut nns dar ayt Ṛuma zun d yat tdrfit. 

## Tasnimant
Uhmn imsnimann i tmddant n urgaz ad d mani d srs tkka tuẓẓiṛt nns, sfawn timẓẓit nns iɣʷman s wurɣ d tumrt ittln s usmkil n innas ar tigẓwi icqqan da ɣ iddr tinɣi inmalan n ayt dars akkʷ. Ukan yan unlmad n Sigmund Fruyd mi ismn Hannz Zaks yura fllas ɣ 1939 yan usfsi n tmddant n Kaligula isml as "*Bubi niɣ d Amzruy n Kaligula*" izdi gis irfsan ad s isdumsitn nmalanin da izzri ɣ zikk tudrt nns.

## Amukris n ussakud
Anaw ad n tnfas izdin d Kaligula ar d ittawi turda, issisfiw tt Jun Nuwil Kasturyu igan bab n udlis abyugraf da iglmn tudrt n Kaligula, acku isugam akkʷ da t bdrnin sawln fllas s gar,  d ur nit igi uwttas nnsn ad nit glmn yan umddnu izrin, maccan ad alskrn tawlaft n yan murran. Ad daɣ ig win tɣḍft mas d asagm da akkʷ fllas isawln, win Switunus ha nn ittyara tam tmrawin n isggʷasn nnif igitn.

## Tisaɣulin
Asallaw

**Asallaw** ar as daɣ ttinin kra n wid "Tasuɣant" niɣ d "izlan n tslit" iga yan wanaw n irirn niɣ d izlan da iẓlin s tmɣriwin, ar t inn ḥssun tidaddayin d tmɣarin d tctalin (tirbatin) ɣ wass n tmɣra d ar asn ttalsnt ɣ kra n iɣrɣar (idɣarn) ula s kra n tnanayin ula s kra n wanyatn ẓlinin. 

Ur d zun d anawn yaḍni n tallɣatin, asallaw ur ar ittmuna d tiyyt n tilluna d igwaln d imassn yaḍnin n uẓawan, idwa (idrus) maɣ ad gis drrun irgazn timɣarin.  

Iga usallaw yan ɣ tmyurin n Imaziɣn da ssntinin ad ttafuḍnt ɣ uzmz ad.   

## Azray nns
Agu nna tffuɣ tslit s dar usarag tmun d tmngaft, timɣarin d tctalin da ttggant kṛaḍt tɣritin mḍfaṛnin bac ad ssntint asallaw, yat tmɣart ar tṛẓẓm akʷris ɣ llan ilbaḍ d iqcucn n tslit lli ttɣawsanin ɣ tmlsit nns, tislit dɣ nttat tdl s yan ufawwu umlil. dɣ akud ann ad ssntint tmɣarin asallaw d ar gis ttinint:

*Bismi llah rrḥman urḥim nzzwur d ismawn n Rbbi (kkuẓt tikkal)* 

*Bismi llah nkcm timlsa n uḥutig nffuɣ tin inna (snat tikkal)* 

Taguri n uḥutig (tayniwt niɣ d afrux n tiyyni) ɣ dɣid ar d tettiwrri s waqqayn n tiyyni da ssiklnin timlsit n tslit.  

Dɣ akud ann ad nkkrnt snat tmngifin ad sslsunt tislit, tizi ad tmun d talla nns d ar as ttinint allas ad lli bahra ittyawssann n: 

*A illi mad iyi km issalan*  

*isul am babam ula innam* 

*(kkuẓt n tikkal)* 

Irwas mas d taguri ad n usallaw tkka d talla n tslit lli rad tngiri d ayt dars tftu s tgmmi n urgaz nns. 
## Tisaɣulin
Aḍṛf n urggag

**Aḍṛf n urggag** niɣ d **ssd n urggag** niɣ d **azrig argrag (?)** (S Tafransist**:** Équateur, s Taɛrabt: خط الإستواء, dar Izwawn: Izirig n usbgs) iga yan uḍṛf awngam da yaṭṭun tawjja n wakal s sin ifrsa mgaddanin yan win wadday, wayyaḍ win uflla, ar izray dɣ wad ɣ uzgnbrid ngr sin isunaḍ win iẓẓlmḍ d win iffus, tasurrut nns tga ẓiṛu n tskfal, tiɣzi n uḍṛf n urggag tlkm 40.075 n ukilumiṭṛ, imgala d sin isunaḍ n wakal s kra n 10.002 n ukilumiṭṛ dɣ ikann.

Timizar da d uckanin ɣ uḍṛf ad ar nẓalaynt s yan unzwi irɣan maccan ar gisnt ittigut unẓaṛ, sul saswa darsnt yiḍ d uzal ini ar ttkkan sin itsn 12 n tsragt ɣ kullu ma ila usggʷas, zun d nit tamazirt n Likwadur lli d yiwin ism nns sɣ dars.

## Tisaɣulin
Lbuxari

Iga **Muḥmmad u Smaɛil u Brahim u Lmuɣira Abuxari** ssaɣn as tismt n "Taddwayt n Lislam" d imḥsi n iwnnan n isr Muḥmmad, ilul d ɣ Buxara yat tɣrmt illan ɣ ma igan dɣ assf ad Uzbakstan, imqqur iga yan igigil acku immut as babas zikk, iskr Lbuxari yan umuddu iɣzzifn ar ittsutur lḥadit, irzf mnnawt tmizar zun d Xarasan d Lɛiraq d Miẓṛa d Ccam, nnan is yiwi lḥadit sɣ dar yan ifḍ n waggagn, ukan ismun mad ittggan ṣḍiṣt tmaḍt n wafḍan n id lḥadit, ifrn ka dɣ wida gisn ɣʷẓanin d ma nn ifls ɣ wallas nnsn, kra n 7225 n id Lḥadit ayann a rad gn, Iga Lbuxari amzwaru da yuran kra n udlis wama yan msmunawal n yisr, ig udlis nns "Al Jamiɛ Ṣṣaḥiḥ" niɣ d "Ṣaḥiḥ Lbuxari" dar imuslmn Izannayn (Isunniyn) wis sin ɣ tɣʷẓant tiɣʷrdin n Lisfar. 

Immut Lbuxari ɣ yan mani tama n Samarqand ism as "Xartank", mayad ɣ usggʷas 256 n uzwag kiɣ t inɣa yan waṭṭan.         

Akccum nns d yat taẓit taɣalant ɣ Nisabuṛ d ugʷay nns ad yakka liḥḍaṛ ɣar i tarwa n umnbaḍ n Buxara bla tarwa n mddn yaḍnin ad igan maxx aylliɣ t smsrn sɣ tɣrmt nns taymmat.

## Tisaɣulin
Samarqand

**Samarqand** tga yat tɣrmt illan ɣ tuẓẓumt n Uzbakistan d yat ɣ tɣrmiwin da akkʷ ndinin (qdmnin) ɣ tmizar n wammas n Wasya. Illa dars yan umzruy d ittiwrrin s uggar n 2500 n usggʷas ayad.  

## Amzruy
Tettyawssan yadlli Samarqand s ism n Marqanda ɣ tasut tis kkuẓt izwarn tlalit n Iccu, tkk tt inn tga tamaẓunt n Sugdyana yat tgldit taqburt ur ta tettyamaẓ ɣ ufus n ugllid Aliskandr Amqqur ɣ usggʷas 329 BC, gldn as iturkiyn ɣ tasut 6 n tlalit fad s waɛrabn ɣ tasut tis tamt d Isamanidn n Iṛan d mad naḥya ɣ iturkiyn aylliɣ tt izba Ccah n Xawarizm, tettrdl s ufus n jinkiz Xan ɣ usggʷas 1220, grawln ayt dars f imnbaḍn n Imnɣuln, tg daɣ tamaẓunt n tmnukda Tatimurt da tt nn irarn ul ittbrgamn n tuẓẓumt n Wasya ɣ idis n tdmsa d tdlsa, tlkm dɣ akud ann ccayf n ubuɣlu nns, umẓn tt Wuzbikn ɣ ma nn ur yaggugn asggʷas 1500, tg ɣ tizi nnsn yan umur ɣ Uxanat n Buxara, lliɣ tlkm tasut 18 n tlalit tga Samarqand taksart, tugu sɣ mddn d ur gis izdɣ umya, aylliɣ d ka tga tamaẓunt n tsga ann ddu Tmnukda n Irusiyn, yan ucmandifir irur as d daɣ tudrt nns, tmḍaṛa ilmma d inn tdmsa nns. 

Tkka tt inn Samarqand tga tamaẓunt n Uzbakstan ddu tagduda n Isubyatiyn gr 1924 ar 1936. 

Samarqand dɣ assf ad tettyawskar s yat tɣrmt taqburt da d yurrin s izmaz inammasn, d yat tmaynut ittyuṣkan ɣ ma d ikkan tiɣʷrdin n uslak n Irusiyn n tmizar ann ɣ tasut tis 19. Tiɣrmt takudant tettyawstay ad tg yat taysi tamaḍlant dar Yunisku ɣ usggʷas 2001, azray n mnnaw ifknan (ccuɛub) f tɣrmt ad iga gis yan ugrbrid n tdlsiwin.

## Iɣrɣar
Tiɣrmt n Samarqand gis tuggt n iɣrɣar (id lmuḍɛ) ẓilnin ɣ illa mad iẓṛṛa yan d ar d lddin kra iga tt asggʷas yan wafḍan n imallayn, ad gisn ittyawbdar: 
 

• **Asarag n Rigistan** is akkʷ iga tamatart n tɣrmt n Samarqand, niɣ d akkʷ iku Uzbakstan kullu tt, llant gis kṛaḍt n tinmal niɣ id Lmḍṛst n tasut 15 d tis 16, ad tnt igan d Lmḍṛst n Ulugbik d Lmḍṛst n Cirdur d Lmḍṛst n Tillya Kari. 

• **[[Adbni]] n Gur Imir,** d timnzt n ugllid n Samarqand lli t igan d Tamrlan ig dɣ walli ittyawssann dar ayt uzbakstan s ism n "Imir Timur" ittmḍl ɣ dɣ inn, adbni ad tsfalki t bahra tawant n idlagn (zzwaq) da gis illan, saw ɣ bṛṛa ula ɣ wagʷns.   

• **Timzgida n Bibi Xanum** irwas is tga timzgida lli akkʷ imqquṛn ɣ ddunit, ɣar aggur nns iɣʷi 36 mitru ɣ tattuyt nns, ittyawsmma f yat taldni (tamɣart lli itahl urgaz) n ugllid Tamrlan, timzgida ad ssutln as kigan d umiyn.   

• **Adbni n isr Danyil** gis yat tmḍlt niɣ d yat tmnzt bahra iɣzzifn tettsɣl s 18 n umitru ɣ tɣzi.          

## Tisaɣulin
Uzbakistan

**Tagduda n Uzbakistan** tga yat tmazirt d yuckan ɣ Wasya tanammast tdru iwtta d kkuẓt tmizar yaḍnin ad tnt igan d Kazaxistan da illan ɣ iẓẓlmḍ nns d Tadjikistan da illan ɣ usammr nns, d Ufɣanistan da illan ɣ iffus nns, d Tukrmanistan da tt isɣummrn sɣ utaram nns, tawwaṭfa n takust nns tga 477.000 km², zdɣn gis yan 35.648.000 n mddn (Sf ussiḍn n 2022) da sawalnin tutlayt Tawzbikt, amaka nnsn gan imuslmn isunniyn f illa iḍiṣ n tɣarast Taṣufiyt tili daɣ ɣ dɣinn yat tdrsi n imsiwln s Trusiyt tlla ka ɣ tɣrmiwin,  taggat n ayt uzbakistan ddrn ɣ umaḍal asunan. 

Tafrawt n Frgana da idunkln s waman n wasif n Sir Darya a ɣ tlla tẓnagt n Tcqnḍ d tamaẓunt n tɣrmt ad da yaggugn taẓnagt n Zirabcan ɣ llant tɣrmiwin n Samaraqand d Buxara.  

Izdma iqaṛiḍn n tmazirt gan tn Sum uzbik d yan udrim n Lmɣrib rad iḍṛ s ma d yaẓn i 1270 n Sum uzbik.     

## Amzruy

### Amzruy aqbur
Akal n Uzbakistan n dɣ ass ad imcacka d ma illan ḍaṛat n wasif n Uksus da tt inn ikkan yan wul ikkatn n umzruy n Wasya tanammast, kkant tt inn gis kra n tqbilin tiraniyn zganin ɣ kṛaḍt tẓnagin n tɣrma n zikk, Xawarizm d Baktryan d Sugdyan, yili iɣrɣr nns yan watig acku tucka d tmazirt ad ɣ uɣaras n umṭṭalfu, maccan tssn yan mnnaw n wazzaɣn n ijakan n Iturkiyn d Imnɣuln d kkanin iẓẓlmḍ. 

Snat tɣrmiwin ad igan tugga f izmaz n wurɣ n Uzbikstan: Buxara da tt inn ikkan tga tamaẓunt n Isamanidn, yat tgldit Tafarsiyt n tasut tis 10, d Samarqand da issudr Timur lang sɣ iɣd dffr n dɣ aylli as iskr Jinkiz Xan. 

## Tarakalt

## Imzdaɣn

## Tadamsa

## Tasgiwin

## Tisaɣulin
Akalsyum

**Akalsyum** iga yan ublkim ittyawssan is illa bahra ɣ wuxsan d iɣsan d ufṛẓẓu n tglay, dars daɣ yat tilalt n urqqas ɣ ugʷns n tɣrast, Iṭṭaf tamatart n "Ca" ig wuṭṭun nns ablkam Z=20,  ikcm ilmma ɣ tgrumma n id waṛẓan ikalann-ilqalann, imma amarku nns ablkam ilkm m=40,078u. Iga aṛẓan wis kṛaḍ lli akkʷ yujadn ɣ tfrkki n wakal, iqquṛ f Wasudyum ilggʷaɣ f Waluminyum.   
  

Akalsyum d yan ublkim ittɣawsan i tudrt n ufgan wa ixṣṣa ad gis yili ɣ idammn nns mad ittggan yan unck illan gr 2,2 mmol/L d 2,6 mmol/L, ammaẓ ɣ yan unck yasstwan iga ilmma yan umsaras imqqurn, acku yadda kra iga tt amukris illan ɣ unck ad ar israg ɣ icabukn ɣ wul ula ɣ ungraw anamag ula ɣ tgẓẓal niɣ d akkʷ ɣ ungraw anzllum.

Illa ukalsyum ɣ imɣayn akkʷ, iqqan tn d ɣ tgmi, ar t daɣ nttafa ɣ id bu usnsul s kṛaḍ talɣatin: Aflyurur n ukalsyum, Afuṣfaṭ n ukalsyum, Akaṛbunat n ukalsyum. 

## Ifi
Sɣ tasut izwarn n uzmz nnɣ, aknkil (CaO) ar t  yadlli skarn Iṛumaniyn, ar asggʷas 1808, yan urgaz ism as Dabi iẓḍaṛ ad iẓli aṛẓan wa izddign. 

Tanqqiḍt n ufsay n waṛẓan n ukalsyum tga 842 taskflt n Silsus.  

## Ɣ tɣssa n ufgan
Uggar n 98% n Ukalsyum n ufgan iḥḍa as ɣ iɣsan nns, 2% lli d yagurn ar ittazzal ɣ idammn nns, gis 50% tlla s talɣa tayyunit, gis 40% tzdi d kra n ubṛutin (slawan akkʷ win Walbimin), awa 10% tkcm d kra n uniyyun (Fuṣfaṭ niɣ Sitrat niɣ d Bikaṛbunat). Maccan xtalli gisn icṛmḍn ɣ idis Abyuluji tga tt tabrzzuyt tayyunit. 

Amyas n unck nns ɣ idammn isdu s umussu n Ukalsyum ɣ uswir n iɣss d imnɣal (ibẓḍan) d wadan.  

Amuzr n imussutn ad ittgli s kṛaḍ n uṛmunn, ad tn igan d: Uṛmun n ubaṛatuṛmun (PTH) d Ufitamin D ittḍin sɣ tgẓẓal d tasa d Ukalsitunin ittḍin sɣ tɣrasin C n twlsist tawznwazant ar issidus assumum n ukalsyum ɣ uswir n wadan.   

## Tisaɣulin
Grinada

Tga **Grinada** (s ukṛyul Agranad-Afransis: *Gwenad*) yat tmazirt igan tagzirt nna illan ɣ yill akaribi, tumẓ tasimant nns zɣ Tgldit imunn ɣ 1974. Sant Djuṛj ad igan tamaẓunt nns.

## Amzruy
Dat ad tt inn afin iṛumiyn, imzdaɣn nns iẓuṛann ka ad tt inn ikkan izdɣn gis. Ɣ 1649, tsdurrit tt Fṛansa. Ḍaṛt n yat tasut, ɣ 1763, tettyufka Grinada i Tgldit imunn.

Taɣul Grinada d tamazirt ilan tasimant ɣ 1974, yili unssixf n imawsasn Irik Giri ɣ yixf nns ɣakud ann. Tsug Marikan tamazirt ad ɣ 1983 f tmntilt n tkṣṣaḍ zɣ unyuddr n tjmawt ɣ tgzirt.

Ɣ 2004, yut ugngam n Ifan tagzirt, isnnstm kigan zɣ aylli gis illan.

## Tasrtit
Tga Grinada yat tgldit, ig gis Tcaṛlz Wis Kraḍ agllid. Illa dar Grinada yan ubṛlaman yuman 13 n Imɣarn (13 isɣimn) d yan Usqqim n Imaran (15 isɣimn). Imɣarn ar tn sttin imaran nna daɣ isttin umadan. 

## Tisaɣulin
Asqqim n Imaran

Iga **Usqqim n Imaran** ism n igrawn uzrifn ɣ uswir anammur d uswir ddu anamur ɣ mnnawt tmizar. Ɣ kigan n tmizar, ar ittga Usaqqm n Imaran asqqim uzdir n yan ubṛlaman ilan sin isqqimn, ig usqqim n yattuyn wada mi ttinin Asqqim n Imɣarn.

## Tisaɣulin
Tizi n Tumrt

**Tizi n tumrt** iga yan usays anaẓuṛ iḍfaṛn i tmrslt n Mid-Ṛadyu, ar t tssmnid Faraḥ Lbaz s tutlayt tamaziɣt. Tizi n Tumrt iga yan usays iẓlin s iwrikn imaziɣn nna illan ɣ ubaraz amaziɣ akkʷ, ɣ yigr n tẓuṛi, tunnunt, tasrtit d igran yaḍnin.

## Tisaɣulin
Fad

**Fad** niɣ d **Irifi** iga yat tawarɣt tabyulujit ittilin ɣ dar imudar ar tn tettxxa ad d awin yan unck n waman s tɣssa nnsn, iga yat trslt ɣ usggd n umsay n irizn ɣ idammn d tɣrasin s ukccum n waman.

Iɣ imun irifi d kra n tmatart yaḍnin zun d imukrisn ɣ twuriwin n wallxf niɣ d tawla niɣ d yat tammara ɣ usgunfs niɣ d tiggti n imnɣal (ibẓḍan) iẓḍaṛ mayann ad ig anmmal i kra n waṭṭan ijfan iqqan d ad fllas izzri yan. 

## Tafzyulujit
Tawarɣt n Irifi ar tssntay s unzal n inamaẓn inzllumn da llanin ɣ ddu uṭalmus kud tssurf tawsmulalit tablazmant > 295 mOsm/kg, sɣ uswir ad irifi ar ittawn s yan usɣl d twsmulalit. 

Assnti n iḍṛan (assyafa) s fad ar ittili kiɣ tettyawzray tgrdi n yan wuṛmun mi ismn ADH (Uṛmun mgal uffuɣ n imnɣal).

## Tisaɣulin
Muḥmmad fawzi akarkari

**Abu ɛbdullah muḥmmad fawzi akarkari** ittussann s "akarkari" (s tnglizt: *Mohammed Fawzi al-Karakri*), ilul g wass n ukras 2 yulyuz n usggʷas 1974 ɣ tmdint n tamsman tamɣribit. ntta iga bab n zzawiyt takarkarit (taɣarast takarkarit) d umara d yan sg imɣarn n tṣufit ɣ lmɣrib.

## talalit d tmqqurt
ilul ass n ukras g usggʷas 1394 ahjri imsasan d 2 yulyuz 1974, ɣ tɣrmt n tamsman g iffus n lmɣrib. iɣra almmud nns izwarn d unammas ɣ tɣrmt n lḥusima, ilmma immudda s tɣrmt n taza ḥma ad ismd almmud nns maccan ur t ismid. Yan wakud, iffɣ ig yan umallay ɣ tmurt nns lmɣrib, ikka tuggt n tɣrmiwin. lliɣ ilkm nnig i mraw n isggʷasn ɣ tzwagt nns, yiwrrid ilmma sɣ tmallayt s tmnaḍt nns.

## tasgurt sg umɣar nns d tililt nns
iḍfaṛ d issnti tawuri nns tanimant ɣ udɣar n ɛmmis ḍaṛat n tamttant nns, lliɣ inna babas i gmas lḥasan: "adj turagt i muḥmmad ḥma ad yinfɛu middn". irura fllas: "nttan ad ittustayn". lliɣ immut lḥasan, iksi muḥmmd fawzi timmuɣra n ubrid akarkari ɣ usggʷas 2007.

## Abrid d ulmmud nns
Taɣarast Takrkarit Taɛalawit Tadqawit Tacadlit, lliɣ inna: "abrid nnɣ iga abrid n iẓṛi. wanna ur iẓṛin, ur igi amɣar inu ula iga amḥḍar inu."

## islkmn n bṛṛa
* tasadlist tanamurt tafṛanṣiṣt
* afaylu n ungmam amrdu agraɣlan

## Tisaɣulin
Muṣku

**Tiɣrmt n Muṣku**, tga tamaẓunt n Rusya, tili ɣ tsga da akkʷ illan ɣ utaram n tmazirt, tumẓ ansa nns gr wasif n Bulga d win Uka, sɣ kiɣ tettyawbdar ɣ tkrunikt n 1147 thḍṛ tɣmt ad yat tilalt tuddirt ɣ umzruy n tmazirt n Rusya. Muṣku tga daɣ tiɣrmt nns imqqurn zdɣn gis ma ittggan 13 n umlyun n utrras ɣar ɣ mad tgli nttat, d 21,5 n umlyun n imzdaɣn ɣ uẓayṛ nns amiṭṛubuliṣ, s ɣmkann tga tiɣrmt da tnt akkʷ yutin ɣ tiggti n Imzdaɣn ur d ka ɣ Rusya maccan ɣ Urubba kullu tt, tdl Muṣku yan usarag n 2511 mitru amkkuẓ.

Muṣku ad igan ul ikkatn n Rusya ɣ tsga n tdamsa d tdlsa d tsrtit s 68 tsnniɣin, 103 imzgunn, 132 id ssinima d 24 tdaliwin n tfugliwin. 

## Angigt
Angigt n Muṣku iga amnẓaw insggmn, ar gis ilkkm uṣmmiḍ -5,2 Asilsus ɣ Innayr d tirɣi nns ar tlkkm +19,9° ɣ wayyur n Yulyu. Anẓaṛ iṭṭaṛn ɣ usggʷas iẓḍaṛ ad d ikk d 540 ar 560 n umlimitr. Ɣ wussan n tagrst ar d ittkka waḍu iẓẓlmḍ, ɣ uzmz n unbdu ar d ittkka iffus.

## Tadamsa
Tbidd tdamsa n tɣrmt n Muṣku f igr n tnafut da ɣ kcmn isnsa d idatn n tiram d tirudnt d tsbbabt d tdusi d ulmmud, igr n tmguri ar ittawi 16% n GDP asgawan, illa gis timakinin n n tbnnayt d imɣuzn n uzzal zaɣd wiyyaḍ, tili tmguri n tifawt d tkimit d tin unttaw. 

Tamallayt tssnti dɣ nttat ad dars tettili yat tilalt igmman ɣ uzzigz n tdamsa.  

## Amzruy
Tettyawbdar Musku tiklt tamzwarut ɣ warratn n umzruy ɣ usggʷas n 1147, ɣiklli n yan ugzzum ɣ tnbaḍt n Rustuv-Suzdal, ikk d anfruzzi n Rus-Kyiv. Tettyarar is tga adɣar n unmuggar n Yuri Dulguruki d Svyatuslav Ulguvitc. Ɣ wakud ann, tkka tt inn tga yat tɣrmt tamẓẓiyt illan ɣ iwtta n utaram n tnkaḍt. Tiwn bahra tugurt n Musku ɣ uzgn wis sin n tasut tis 12, tg ɣ isggʷasn n 1150 yan iɣrm ilan agadir, s ubnnu n igudar imzwura n ukrimlin. Ɣ wakud n untag n imnɣuln ɣ 1237-1238, tettyawrdal Musku tiɣrdin n urddal n Ryazan.

Agldun amzwaru n Musku iga t Danyal, iwis amaẓuẓ n Aliksandr Nifski. Ɣ usggʷas n 1263, tettyawfka as Musku tga yat "utcina" (akal ittkusan), isbidd gis yan ulabu n igldan n Rurik. Mqqar llan sin warratn ar yad sawaln f Mixayil Xurubrit s yism n "Mixayil n Musku" d mayad ɣ wammas n tasut tis 13, imil Danyal ad ittyawẓṛan is iga agldun amzwaru n Musku.

## Tisuɣal