Stifn king

Ism nns imdan iga **Stifn Idwin King** (ilul ɣ 21 Cutambir 1947) ig yan umara **Amirikan**. Ar as ttinin "Agllid n tawda" , ittyawssan bahra s **ungaln** nns n tawda. Yura ula f wanawn yaḍnin, zun d asmurg, tirmgut, tasrit n usnulfu (science-fiction), d tfantaziyt.

Mqqar ittyawssan zwar s wungaln, dars ikti n 200 n tullissin gzzulnin, taggat nnsnt ttyawfsarnt **s** twckinin.

Ungal nns amzwaru, iga t *Carrie* (1974), isrs t inn ɣ igr n tawda. *Imirn mgalanin* (1982), lli igan yat twckint n kkuẓt tullissin, iga amzwaru lli sɣ iffuɣ wanaw ann.

Llan mnnaw n ifilmn lli d ttyasaynin **sɣ** twuriwin n King, yili gisn: *Carrie* (1976), *Asisfiw* (1980), *atakas immutn* d *kristin* (1983), *sur fllati* (1986), *tagnẓit* (1990), *The Shawshank Redemption* (1994), *Dolores Claiborne* (1995), *Mil azgzaw* (1999),  *Amdlu* (2007), *ɣayann* (2017), d *tawada iɣzzifn* (2025).

Issufɣ d tiwuriwin s ism izafln n Ritcard Baxman. Yura ula idlisn d imaratn yaḍnin, zun d amddakkl nns Peter Straub d tarwa nns Joe Hill d Owen King. Yura ula idlisn da ur ginin ungaln n uckaḍ ussin (non-fiction), zun d *Danse Macabre* (1981) d *f tirra* (2000).

Gr tismɣurin yaḍnin lli yiwi, King yiwi tasmɣurt n "O. Henry Award" f tnfust "Argaz s tmlsit tasggant" (1994) d tsmɣurt n "Los Angeles Times Book Prize" ɣ wanaw n udɣisn/tiysas f wungal "11/22/63" (2011).

Yiwi ula tismɣurin f twuri nns akkʷ ɣ tskla, zun d tanalla n tiwisi iẓlin ɣ tirra timirikan yn" ɣ 2003, "tasmɣurt tamqquṛt n mastr" sɣ dar "Mystery Writers of America" ɣ 2007, d "tanalla tanamurt n tẓuṛiwin" ɣ 2014.

Joyce Carol Oates inna f King is iga "amara dar iẓuṛan ssufunin ɣ tsga n tsnimant, lli mi tga tmazirt n Marikan aɣbalu isuln n ssakn, d tadlsa taɣrfant n Marikan tga dars zun d yan uɣbalu imqqurn n tgrdiwin."

## Tudrt nns tazaykut
King ilul ɣ Portland, Maine, ɣ 21 Cutambir 1947. Babas, Donald Edwin King, lli igan asbbab n "aspirateurs" tiɣrdin n ma d yuḍa sɣ **[[Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin]]**, ilul ɣ Indiana s yism n Pollock, macc issnfl t s King lliɣ imqquṛ. Innas n King tga Nellie Ruth King (ism nns n tlalit Pillsbury).

Imarawn nns tahln ɣ Scarborough, Maine, ɣ 23 Yulyuz 1939. Zdɣn d **twja** n Donald ɣ cikagu, ukan mmattin s Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Imarawn n King urrin d s Maine ɣ tigira n Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin, stin yat tgmmi imẓẓiyn ɣ Scarborough ad gis zdɣn. **Aẓuṛ** nns ikka d ṣkuṭlanda d Irlanda.

Lliɣ ismd sin isggʷasn, babas ifl tawja nns.  innas ad t issgman ntta d gʷmas imqquṛn David, slaɣ nttat, ɣ ddu tassast tuqṛiḍt mqquṛn. Mmattin sɣ Scarborough, sdun s ayt darsn ɣ cikagu, Illinois; Croton-on-Hudson; West De Pere, Wisconsin; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Malden, Massachusetts; d Stratford, Connecticut.

Lliɣ dars 11 n isggʷasn, tawja nns tmmatti s Durham, Maine, tsmkil gis innas imarawn nns aylliɣ mmutn. Sɣ ɣakudann ad tswuri ar tt tettawi ɣ imuḍan n wallxf ɣ yat tgmmi ɣ tsga ann.

King inna is issnti ad ittara lliɣ dars llan sḍis niɣ d sa n isggʷasn, ar ittasi tiwlafin **sɣ** idlisn n "comics", ilmma ar sisnt iskar timdyazin lli ganin wins. Ifilmn dɣ nttni fln gis kigan. Ikka tt inn ar ittiri ifilmn **sɣ** tiziwiri. Ukan lliɣ issnti ar ittara, isti ad ittara s twlafin acku mayann ka a mi issn **ɣ** uzmz ann.

F mad izdin d tayri nns i tawda, inna: "mẓẓi inu inm, mac **sɣ** lliɣ mẓẓiɣ, riɣ ad ẓmuɣ. Ɣikann ad nit skrɣ."

Ikti d lliɣ imla i innas yat tnfust lli yusi **sɣ** kra n comics. Trar d fllas: "urdiɣ is tẓdaṛt ad tskrt ma yufn ɣayad. Ara t inn s ugayyu nnk."

Ikti d gis yan ussyafa s tgrdi imqqurn, zun d iɣ idrrm s yat tzdduɣt imqquṛn tetkar s tiggura rglnin, tettyawfka as tsarut ad irẓm walli t issusmn. 

Ikka tt inn King iga imɣri imqqurn **ɣ** tmẓi nns: "Ɣriɣ tn akkʷ, **sɣ** *Nancy Drew* ar *Psycho*. Walli iyi bahra issusmn iga t *The Shrinking Man*, n Richard Matheson — lli yufa lliɣ dars llan tam n isggʷasn." 

Xaltis Gert tkka tt inn ar as takka afkkuẓ n iḍulaṛn (quarter) f kra igan tanfust da yura; **ɣ** twuriwin nns timzwura da sul ɣamanin tlla "*Jhonathan* *d tḍlmaṣin*", da yura lliɣ ka dars tẓa n isggʷasn.

## Tawada nns
Izznza King tullist nns tamzwarut igzzuln n tawuri, "The Glass Floor" i *Startling Mystery Stories* ɣ 1967. Lliɣ yumẓ aslkin (diplôme) ɣ Tsdawit n Maine, yumẓ King turagt ad ig aslmad ɣ yan usinan, macc ur yufi kra n ida n usslmd ɣ wakud ann s tirxi. Izznza tullisin i tsɣunin zun d *Cavalier*. Tuggt n tullisin ad tizaykutin ttyawfsarnt ɣ *Night Shift* (1978). Ɣ 1971, ittyawstay King ad ig aslmad n tnglizit ɣ Hampden Academy ɣ Hampden, Maine. Iɣama ar ittazn tullisin i tsɣunin, iswuri f twngimin n wungaln, yili gratsn ungal mgal-imnɣi *Sword in the Darkness* *(Agstur ɣ tillas)*, lli ur jju iffuɣn**.**

Ikka tt inn King ar isslmad *Dracula* i imḥḍaṛn n usinag, isaqsa ixf nns ma rad ijṛu iɣ ukan ddan "inssamumn n idammn" n umaḍal aqbur s yat tmdint tamẓẓiyt ɣ New England. Ɣwad ad igan aẓur n *<nowiki/>'Salem's Lot*, lli f inna King is iga "*Peyton Place* imlaggan d *Dracula*". Tmmut innas n King s gar aṭṭan n unaru agu lli d iffɣ *<nowiki/>'Salem's Lot*. Lliɣ tmmut innas, immatti King d twja nns s Boulder, Colorado. Ifra yan urzzaf s usnsu n Stanley Hotel ɣ Estes Park, ɣilli as ifkan tikti n *The Shining*, lli isawaln f yan umara lli iswurin ɣ yan usnsu ɣ tagrst d twja nns.

## Idlisn nns

### The Shining (Adlis)
**The Shining** (s tclḥit: *Asmrɣa*) iga yan udlis n tskla n tawda d tuckḍa, Iffuɣ d udlis ad ɣ usggʷas n **1977**. Ig wis kṛaḍ da yura King, d ntta ad as yiwin tisillit imqqurn ɣ ddunit n tskla, isbidd t iga yan ɣammas imaratn ssugrnin n wanaw ad.  King yura adlis ad lliɣ izzri yan iḍ ɣ yan usnsu irdln (The Stanley Hotel), ɣinn a ɣ d nit fllas tḍṛ tawngimt n tnfust ad.

Tullist n udlis ar tsawal f **Jack Torrance**, yan urgaz iran ad ig amara (writer), macc iṭṭaf imukrisn d unẓiẓ d lgant inngdmn. Jack yufa yat twuri n unaḍuf ɣ **The Overlook Hotel**, yan usnsu imqqurn d yuckan ɣ idrarn n kuluṛaḍu. Asnsu ad ar ittqqn ɣ imir n tagrst acku ar gis iṭṭaṛ udfl s kigan, aylliɣ ur ar ttizḍiṛn mddn ad t inn lkmn niɣ ad sɣ gis iffɣ yan.

Jack yiwi d tawja nns, tamɣart nns **Wndy** d iwis **Danny** lli dar llan smmus n isggʷasn, ad zdɣn ɣ usnsu, ɣilad ɣaman slaɣ nttni ɣ tagrst. Jack ira ad yaf afra d uswingm afad ad ismd adlis nns, ula ad ijji sɣ unẓiẓ.

Is ka, asnsu n Overlook ur igi asnsu ittyawmyarn. Iga yan wansa itkarn s tfasa tanimant, d iwlafn n middn lli gis mmutnin ɣ ma izrin. Iwis, **Danny**, iṭṭaf yat tikki timzzit, ar as aqqran "**The Shining**" (Tifawt). Tigrdi ad ar t tettajja ad iẓṛṛa ma intln, ad iẓṛṛa iwlafn n usnsu, d tɣawsiwin n imal.

Lliɣ iḍṛ utfl, tglf tawja ɣ usnsu. Asnsu issnti ad issnfal ɣ taytti n Jack. Awlafn n usnsu ran ad amẓn Danny acku adwas nns (The Shining) iga zun d tirmt i usnsu afad ad iddr. Asnsu issmrs Jack, iṣlimuṛ gis, irar t id isfurrg, ar tissɣal mas d tawja nns ad t iṛẓan. Jack issnti ad ittnuful, yiwrri s unẓiẓ d uẓmaḍ (mqqar yuga usnsu, iwlafn ar as t akkan), aylliɣ iɣts ad inɣ Wendy d Danny.

Ɣ tigira n udlis, Jack yuki f Wendy d Danny s ucaquṛ. Wendy tufa ad trwl s tammara, tuggs Jack. Danny imzazal d babas, iml as mas d asnsu ur ar t ittiri, yiri ka ad inawl tigrdi n Danny. Ɣ wammas n tamaɣt, Jack yaḍu d imikk s unli nns, yini i iwis ad irwl.

Danny ikti d mas d asnsu iṭṭaf yat tfḍna imqqurn lli ixṣṣa ad ttiɣis bdda. Jack ittu ad as iskr asɣus. Tafḍna trɣa bahra aylliɣ tbbaqqi. Asnsu akkʷ yuki gis wafa. Wendy, Danny, d Dick Hallorann rwln s umadir n uɣris. immut Jack ɣ wammas n wafa ntta d usnsu lli ixwan.

### The stand (Iɣim)
**The Stand** iga yan ungal issugrn n **Stephen King** lli yura ɣ usggʷas n 1978. King yura s  ammas n udlis ad tullist nns n naf-afukalis (post-apocalyptic), ismun gisn ussiwd d uckaḍ imqqurn. Iga yan sɣ idlisn nns lli bahra ssusmnin middn, ar isawal f imnɣi gr **wafulki** d **uxʷccan** ɣ tillawt n ddunit lli d yuckan tiɣrdin n urddal n tɣrma. 

Ar tssntay tnfust s usnnflay n yan waṭṭan abaraw lli ifrtln s tirruksa i yan usaram n imnɣi amsnudr ɣ Marikan. Ar as aqqran  s inigl n **Captain Trips** nɣ **Superflu**. Aṭṭan ad war ijji  ig amaynu, ijfa, d ar ittawi tudrt n middn ɣ kra n wussan hlli.

Nnan is ar inqqa 99.4% n unck n middn illan ɣ umaḍal. yajj **yat tfrsit tamẓẓiyt** n middn ad ddn, middn ad a f tbidd tasult n tiffugna. 

Willi njmnin i Captain Trips ssntin ad bḍun f snat n tgrummawin n iẓamumn ɣ twargiwin nnsn. Bḍun f **sin ikabaṛn** (deux camps) n umnɣi n tigira:

* **1. Lguṛ n Boulder (akabaṛ n ufulki):** Ar tfttu ɣ ddu tnbaḍt n **Mother Abagayl**, yat tmɣart tawssart tasggant, tga tamazant n **ufulki** d **tikṣṣaḍ n Rrbi**. Ɣwid ar ttmunan ɣ **Boulder, Colorado**, ɣinn a ɣ ran ad srsn yan wamun amaynu n **tdimuqṛatit** d **tanzzarfut**. Sɣ gr willi llanin ɣ ukabaṛ ad: **Stu Redman**, **Larry Underwood**, d **Fran Goldsmith**.
* **2.** **Lguṛ n Las Vegas (Gar akabaṛ):**  ddu tanbaḍt n **Randall Flagg** (Argaz Amqqur n tillas). Iga yan **udaymun** (démon) mẓẓiyn lli igan amatar n **uxʷccan** **itmman** d **urwway**. Ar d ttmunan **inḍṣaṛ** lli t ḍfṛnin ɣ **Las Vegas, Nevada**.
Ayt lguṛ n Boulder frkn is d Randall Flagg iwats ad irdl kullu ɣaylli bnan. **Mother Abagail**, tettr srsn ad iddu yan **urabbu n imknasn** (willi zzigznin) s Las Vegas afad ad nrun axʷccan.

## Imk nns n tirra
King ar bahra izggur s turda n "ma gis illan iɣ" (nɣ d ma rad izri iɣ...), ar isaqsa ma rad ijṛu iɣ iglf yan umara amssak (issan anẓiẓ) d tawja nns ɣ ugns n yan usnsu ittyawzdaɣn  (*The Shining*), niɣ d iɣ izḍaṛ yan ad iẓṛ ma rad izri ɣ imal (*The Dead Zone*), niɣ d iɣ izḍaṛ yan ad issuddu ɣ wakud afad ad issnfl amzruy (*11/22/63*).[114] Ar ittara: Addad a izwarn. Fad ad d ttackan iwrak. Ad ukan zgunt tɣawsiwin ad ɣ wallxf nns, ar isstfal ɣ tirra. Ar bahra dars tettili twngimt n manmk a rad ig usggru, macc ur jju isɣi i iwrak ad skrn mad ira nttan. S umddur, ar gisn isaggm ad skrn ɣaylli ran nttni s ixfawn nnsn. Kra n tikkal, tigira lli s ar ittannay, isti tt, ar tettgga kra n tɣawsa yaḍnin da jju ur itam.

## Tisuɣal