Waka (poezija)

**Waka** (和歌, doslovno "japanska pjesma") ili **Yamato uta** predstavlja žanr klasične japanske poezije odnosno jedan od glavnih oblika japanske književnosti. Izraz je stvoren u Heianskom periodu, kada se koristio kako bi se razlikovala poezija na japanskom jeziku od *[[Kanshi (poezija)|kanshija]]* (poezije na kineskom), odnosno od kasnije renge.

Izraz *waka* je ispočetka obuhvaćao brojne i različite oblike, među kojima se ističu **tanka** (短歌, "kratka pjesma") i **chōka** (長歌, "duga pjesma"), kao i bussokusekika, **sedōka** (旋頭歌, "napamet naučena pjesma") and **katauta** (片歌, "poem fragment"). Posljednji oblik se prestao koristiti na samom početku Heianskog perioda, a *chōka* je iščezla ubrzo nakon toga. Tako se izraz *waka* počeo koristiti samo za *tanku*.

Japanski pjesnik i kritičar Masaoka Shiki je stvorio izraz *tanka* početkom 20. vijeka smatrajući kako bi se *waka trebala obnoviti i modernizirati*. Dotada su se sve takve pjesme nazivale *waka* ili jednostavno *uta* ("pjesma"). *[[Haiku]]* je također izraz koji je izmislio, korišten za reviziju dotadašnjeg hokkua.

Tradicionalna *waka* nije imala koncept rime (nekada su se rime, čak i slučajne, zapravo smatrale pogreškama u pjesmi), pa čak i stiha. Umjesto toga, waka ima *jedinicu* (連) i *frazu* (句). (Jedinice i fraze se, doduše, često pretvaraju u stihove prilikom prevođenja na zapadne jezike.)

## Znameniti waka i tanka pjesmi
* Kakinomoto no Hitomaro
* Yamabe no Akahito
* Ōtomo no Yakamochi
* Šest najboljih Waka pjesnika
** Henjo
** Ariwara no Narihira
** Hun'ya no Yasuhide
** Kisen
** Ono no Komachi
** Ōtomo Kuronushi
* Izumi Shikibu
* Kūkai
* Ki no Tsurayuki
* Murasaki Shikibu
* Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241)
* Saigyō Hōshi (1118–1190)
* Minamoto no Sanetomo (1192-1219)
* Emperor Go-Toba (1180–1239)
* Kamo no Chomei (1155–1216)
* Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801)
* Ueda Akinari (1734–1809)
* Ryōkan (1758–1831)
* Princess Kazu (1846–1877)
* Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902)
* Yosano Akiko (1878–1942)
* Ishikawa Takuboku (1886–1912)
* Saitō Mokichi (1882–1953)
* Itō Sachio (1864–1913)
* Kitahara Hakushu (1885–1942)
* Nagatsuka Takashi (1879–1915)
* Okamoto Kanoko (1889–1939)
* Wakayama Bokusui (1885–1928)
* Orikuchi Shinobu (1887–1953) pod pseudonimom Shaku Choku
* Terayama Shuji (1935–1983)
* Tawara Machi (1962 -)
* Yukio Mishima (1925–1970)
* Baba Akiko
* Nakajo Fumiko
* Saito Fumi

## Znamenite waka zbirke

* Nijūichidaishū – carska zbirka waka pjesama
* Hyakunin Isshu

## Literatura
### Waka antologije
* Brower, Robert H., and Earl Miner, *Japanese Court Poetry*, Stanford University Press, 1961.  pbk
:527 pp., a standard academic study.
* Carter, Steven D., editor and translator, *Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology*. Stanford University Press, 1991
:Waka, tanka, renga, haiku and senryū with translations and annotations
* Carter, Steven D., editor and translator, *Waiting for the Wind: Thirty-Six Poets of Japan's Late Medieval Age*, Columbia University Press, 1989
* Cranston, Edwin, editor and translator, *A Waka Anthology, Volume One: The Gem-Glistening Cup*, Stanford University Press, 1993.  cloth  pbk
:988 pp. includes almost all waka from the *[[Kodžiki|Kojiki]]* (*Record of Ancient Matters* completed 712) through the *[[Man'yōshū]]* (*Collection for Ten Thousand Generations* c.759) and also includes the Buddha's Footstone Poems (21 Bussokuseki poems carved in stone at the Yakushi-ji temple in Nara, c. 753)
* Cranston, Edwin, editor and translator, *A Waka Anthology, Volume Two: Grasses of Remembrance*, Stanford University Press, 2006.  cloth
* Keene, Donald, compiled and edited, *Anthology of Japanese Literature from the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century*, Grove Press, 1955
* McCullough, Helen Craig, *Brocade by Night: 'Kokin Wakashū' and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry*, Stanford University Press, 1985
* McCullough, Helen Craig, *Kokin Wakashū: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry, with 'Tosa Nikki' and 'Shinsen Waka*', Stanford University Press 1985
* Miner, Earl, *An Introduction to Japanese Court Poetry*, Stanford University Press, 1968.
:Based on Brower and Miner
* Philippi, Donald, translator, *This Wine of Peace, the Wine of Laughter: A Complete Anthology of Japan's Earliest Songs*, New York, Grossman, 1968
* Rodd, Laurel Rasplica, and Mary Catherine Henkenius, translated and annotated, *Kokinshu: A Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern.* Cheng & Tsui Company, 1996
* Sato, Hiroaki, and Burton Watson, editors and translators, *From the Country of Eight Islands: An Anthology of Japanese Poetry*, multiple editions available
* Reichhold, Jane, and Kawamura, Hatsue. Trans. *A String of Flowers. . . Untied: Love Poems from the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu.* Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press. 2002

### Moderne tanka antologije
* Nakano, Jiro, *Outcry from the Inferno: Atomic Bomb Tanka Anthology*, Honolulu, Hawaii, Bamboo Ridge Press 1995  [104 pp.&nbsp;103 tanka by 103 poets]
* Shiffert, Edith, and Yuki Sawa, editors and translators, *Anthology of Modern Japanese Poetry*, Rutland, Vermont, Tuttle, 1972
* Ueda, Makoto, *Modern Japanese Tanka: An Anthology*, NY: Columbia University Press, 1996  cloth  pbk [257 pp.&nbsp;400 tanka by 20 poets]

## Reference

## Vanjske veze
* Ogura Hyakunin Isshu – 100 Poems by 100 Poets  at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative
* 2001 Waka for Japan 2001  translated by T. E. McAuley of the School of East Asian Studies at the University of Sheffield.
* American Tanka magazine 
* Tanka Society of America