Makurija

**Kraljevina Makurija** (staronubijski: Ⲙⲁⲕⲟⲩⲣⲓⲁ, *Makouria*; , *al-Muqurra*) je bilo kraljevstvo smješteno u današnjem sjevernom Sudanu i južnom Egiptu. Predstavljalo je jedno od nubijskih kraljevstava stvorenih slabljenjem Aksumskog Carstva u 1. milenijumu n.e.. Makurija je prvotno kontrolira područje duž obala Nila od 3. katarakta do negdje između 5. i 6. katarakta. Također je kontrolirala trgovačke rute, rudnike i oaze na zapadu i istoku. Glavni grad je bila Dongola (arapski: Dunqulah), po kome se nekada nazivalo i samo kraljevstvo.

Do kraja 6. vijeka se kraljevstvo preobratilo na kršćanstvo da bi u 7. vijeku susjedni Egipat pao pod vlast arapskih muslimana. To je za posljedicu imalo izolaciju Nubije od ostatka kršćanskog svijeta. Godine 651. je arapska vojska napala Makuriju, ali je odbačena, te je sklopljen mirovni sporazum poznat kao *[[Bakt|baqt]]*, koji je doveo do mira koji je trajao sve do 13. vijeka. Makurija se nastavila širiti, pripojivši sjevernog ssujeda Nobatiju ili u doba arapskih napada ili za vrijeme vlasti kralja Merkuriosa. Period između 750. i 1150. je obilježila stabilnost i prosperitet, te se često nazivao "Zlatnim dobom" . U kasnijim periodima su učestali napadi iz Egipta i unutrašnji sukobi, koji su doveli do kolapsa države u 14. vijeku.

## Povezano
* Historija Sudana

## Napomene

#  K. Michalowski, "The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia," p.&nbsp;338
#  P.L. & M. Shinnie, "New Light on Medieval Nubia."
#  William Y. Adams *Nubia: Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;257
#  Wlodzimierz Godlewski. "The Birth of Nubian Art."
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;442
#  Jay Sapulding. "Medieval Christian Nubia and the Islamic World: A Reconsideration of the Baqt Treaty," *International Journal of African Historical Studies* XXVIII, 3 (1995).
#  See William Y. Adams "The United Kingdom of Makouria and Nobadia: A Medieval Nubian Anomaly" for a full discussion of this issue.
#  P.L. Shinnie *Ancient Nubia* p.&nbsp;124.
#  Adams "The United Kingdom" p.&nbsp;257.
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;456
#  L. Kropacek, "Nubia from the late twelfth century to the Funj conquest in the early fifteenth century," p.&nbsp;399
#  Kropacek p.&nbsp;401
#  P.L. Shinnie, "Christian Nubia." p.&nbsp;556
#  S. Jakobielski "Christian Nubia at the Height of its Civilization," p.&nbsp;207
#  Shinnie, "New Light"
#  Jakobielski p.&nbsp;207
#  In fact, the Nubian trade in slaves from the southern Sudan centuries later was still viable according to Burckhardt's (1819) *Travels in Nubia*.
#  Shinnie, "Christian Nubia." p.&nbsp;581
#  Shinnie, "Christian Nubia." p.&nbsp;581
#  Adams "The United Kingdom" p.&nbsp;258
#  Jakobielski p.&nbsp;211
#  Louis V. Zabkar, "The Eparch of Nobatia as King," *Journal of Near Eastern Studies.* 1963.
#  Adams "The United Kingdom" p.&nbsp;259
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;440
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;441
#  Shinnie, "New Light"
#  Shinnie, "Christian Nubia." p.&nbsp;583
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;472
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;478
#  Shinnie, "New Light" p.&nbsp;265
#  C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, *The Prester John of the Indies* (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1961), pp.&nbsp;460–462.
#  Adams *Corridor to Africa* p.&nbsp;495
#  Wlodzimierz Godlewski. "The Birth of Nubian Art." p.&nbsp;255
#  Godlewski p.&nbsp;256
#  Shinnie, "New Light"
#  Shinnie, "Christian Nubia." p.&nbsp;570

## Literatura

* Adams, William Y. *Nubia: Corridor to Africa.* Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. 
* Adams, William Y. "The United Kingdom of Makouria and Nobadia: A Medieval Nubian Anomaly." *Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam* edited by W.V. Davies. London: British Museum Press, 1991. 
* E.A. Wallis Budge. *A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia*, 1928. Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970.
* Godlewski, Wlodzimierz. "The Birth of Nubian Art: Some Remarks." *Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam* edited by W.V. Davies. London: British Museum Press, 1991. 
* Jakobielski, S. 1992. Chapter 8: "Christian Nubia at the Height of its Civilization." *UNESCO General History of Africa*, Volume III. University of California Press. 
* Kropacek, L. 1997. Chapter 16: "Nubia from the late twelfth century to the Funj conquest in the early fifteenth century", *UNESCO General History of Africa*, Volume IV.
* Michalowski, K. 1990. Chapter 12: "The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia." *UNESCO General History of Africa*, Volume II. University of California Press. 
* Shinnie, P.L. *Ancient Nubia* London: Kegan Paul, 1996. 
* Shinnie, P.L. "Christian Nubia." *The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 2, *c.*&nbsp;500&nbsp;<span style="font-variant:small-caps">B.C.</span>—<span style="font-variant:small-caps">A.D.</span>&nbsp;1050* edited by J.D. Fage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp.&nbsp;556–88. 
* Shinnie, P.L. & M. "New Light on Medieval Nubia." *[[Journal of African History]].* VI, 3. 1965.

## Vanjske veze
* History of Sudan at Encyclopedia of the Orient