Friedrich Solmsen

**Friedrich W. Solmsen** (4. februar 1904 – 30. januar 1989) bio je američki klasični filolog nemačkog porekla. Objavio je skoro 150 knjiga, monografija, članaka i prikaza, počev od 1930-ih, pa sve do 1980-ih godina. Solmsenov rad karakteriše pre svega zanimanje  za historiju ideja. Bio je uticajan naučnik na području grčke tragedije, posebno zahvaljujući svom radu na Eshilu, kao i na području filozofije fizikalnog sveta i njegovog odnosa s duhovnim, naročito u Platonovoj i Aristotelovoj filozofiji.

## Život i naučna karijera
Friedrich Solmsen, koga su bliski prijatelji ponekad zvali "Fritz", rođen je i odrastao u Nemačkoj. Bio je jedan od članova grupe "Graeca", odnosno grupe mladih filologa koju je okupio Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff i koja se sastajala u kući znamenitog naučnika kako bi čitala grčke tekstove i raspravljala o njima, s ciljem emendacije teksta. U eseju koji je napisao 50 godina kasnije Solmsen se prisetio tih godina i legendarnog filologa u jednom nacrtu biografije koja kombinuje političko-historijsku perspektivu, sociologiju akademskih institucija i lična zapažanja. "Ne sećam se da se Wilamowitz ikada glasno smejao", zapisao je u jednoj fusnoti. "Niti se ikada kezio". Solmsenu su predavali i Eduard Norden, Otto Regenbogen i Werner Jaeger, a njima trojici i Wilamowitzu posvetio je prvi tom svojih sabranih spisa. Bio je jedan od poslednjih ljudi kojima je već teško bolesni Wilamowitz uputio pismo.

Solmsenova doktorska disertacija o Aristotelovoj logici i retorici objavljena je 1928. Polovinom tridesetih godina otišao je iz Nemačke kako bi pobegao od narastajućeg nacizma, te je, nakon kraćeg boravka u Velikoj Britaniji, stigao u Sjedinjene Države, gde je predavao na koledžu Olivet u Michiganu (1937–1940). Zatim je prešao na Cornellov univerzitet, gde je ostao 22 godine. Među ostalim predavanjima, držao je kurs "Temelji zapadne misli", koji je obrađivao historiju filozofskih, naučnih i religijskih ideja u antičkoj Grčkoj, helenističkom razdoblju i starom Rimu.

Godine 1962. postao je profesor na Wisconsinskom univerzitetu u Madisonu. Godine 1972. dobio je Goodwinovu nagradu za zasluge *(Goodwin Award of Merit)*, koju mu je dodelilo Američko filološko društvo za izuzetan doprinos klasičnoj filologiji, odnosno za njegovo izdanje Hesiodovih dela, *[[Teogonija|Teogonije]]*, *[[Poslovi i dani|Poslova i dana]]* i *[[Štit Heraklov|Štita Heraklova]]*, koja su objavljena u ediciji *[[Oxford Classical Texts|Oksfordskih klasičnih tekstova]]*.

Solmsen se penzionisao 1974. Nakon penzinisanja živeo je u  Chapel Hillu u Severnoj Karolini i nastavio da piše i objavljuje nove radove. Povremeno je držao predavanja na Univerzitetu u Severnoj Karolini, držao seminare u organizaciji Nacionalne zadužbine za humanističke nauke te predavao i Pindaru i Plotinu. Umro je u dobi od 84 godine i veći deo svoje biblioteke zaveštao univerzitetu. Iza sebe je ostavio suprugu, koja se zvala Lieselotte. Kolege su mu odale počast kao "jednom od poslednjih velikana nemačke tradicije klasičnog humanizma".

## Dela
U svom eseju o Wilamowitzu, Solmsen se osvrnuo na klasične nauke kao naučnu disciplinu i intelektualnu aktivnost u okviru jednog šireg historijskog konteksta. "Generacija koja pripada vremenu nakon prvog svetkog rata, za koju je vrednost klasičnih studija postala problematična", zapisao je", nije [od Wilamowitza] dobila odgovor na svoje pitanje šta je antičku civilizaciju učinilo tako posebnom i vrednom intenzivnog proučavanja", dodajući da Wilamowitz "nije shvatio potrebu da te studije opravda generaciji kojoj je kontinuitet jedne tradicije koja seže do Goetheovog vremena bio oslabljen (premda ne i sasvim prekinut) i čije su perspektive još uvek bile u nastajanju; mnogi su, zapravo, svesno tražili neku novu orijentaciju".

Ovde se daje bibilografija, uređena prema temi, a u okviru svake teme, prema hronologiji, s ciljem da se pokuša pružiti slika širokog dijapazona Solmsenovog doprinosa klasičnoj filologiji, no ona ni u kojem slučaju nije potpuna. Izostavljena je većina članaka na nemačkom, prikazi, i beleške (tj. članci kraći od tri stranice). Većina članaka sabrana je u njegovom trotomnom delu *[[Kleine Schriften]]* (Hildesheim 1968–1982).


### Hesiod i Homer
* *[[Hesiod]] and Aeschylus*. Cornell University Press, 1949; reprint s novim predgovorom G. M. Kirkwooda, 1995. Online preview. 
* "The Gift of Speech in Homer and Hesiod." *Transactions of the American Philological Association* 85 (1954) 1–15.
* "Zur Theologie im grossen Aphrodite-Hymnus." *Hermes* 88 (1960) 1–13.
* "Hesiodic Motifs in Plato." In *Hésiode et son influence: six exposées et discussions*, edited by Kurt von Fritz (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 1962) 171–211.
* "The Days of the *Works and Days*." *Transactions of the American Philological Association* 94 (1963) 293–320.
* "*[[Ilijada|Ilias]]* XVIII, 535–540." *Hermes* 93 (1965) 1–6.
* *Hesiodi Theogonia, Opera et Dies, Scutum* (s odabranim fragmentima koje su priredili  Reinhold Merkelbach i M.L. West). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Drugo izdanje s novim aneksom fragmenata, 1983. Treće izdanje, 1990 u Oxford Classical Texts s grčkim tekstom Hesiodove *[[Teogonija|Teogonije]]*, *[[Poslovi i dani|Poslova i dana]]* i *[[Štit Heraklov|Štita Heraklovog]]*.
* "Hesiodic φρόνησις." *Classical Philology* 71 (1976) 252–253.
* "The Sacrifice of Agamemnon's Daughter in Hesiod's *Ehoeae*." *American Journal of Philology* 102 (1981) 353–358.
* "The Earliest Stages in the History of Hesiod's Text." *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology* 86 (1982) 1–31.
* "The Two Near Eastern Sources of Hesiod." *Hermes* 117 (1989) 413–422.

### Grčka tragedija
* *[[Euripid]]es' *Ion* im Vergleich mit anderen Tragödien*. Berlin 1934.
* "Ὄνομα and πρᾶγμα in Euripides' *[[Helena (Euripid)|Helen]]*." *Classical Review* 48 (1934) 119–121.
* "The Erinys in Aischylos' *Septem*." *Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association* 68 (1937) 197–211.
* "Strata of Greek Religion in Aeschylus." *Harvard Theological Review* 40 (1947) 211–226.
* *Hesiod and Aeschylus*.
* *[[Elektra|Electra]] and [[Orest (mitologija)|Orestes]]: Three Recognitions in Greek Tragedy.* Berlin 1967.
* "'Bad Shame' and Related Problems in Phaedra's Speech (Eur. *Hipp.* 380–388)." *Hermes* 101 (1973) 420–425. O jednom odeljku u Euripidovom *[[Hipolit (Euripid)|Hipolitu]]*.
* "Φρήν, καρδία, ψυχή in Greek tragedy." In *Greek Poetry and Philosophy: Studies in Honour of Leonard Woodbury.* Edited by Douglas E. Gerber. Scholars Press, 1984, pp.&nbsp;265–274.
* "Ἀλλ᾽ εἰδέναι χρὴ δρῶσαν: The Meaning of Sophocles' *[[Trahinjanke|Trachiniai]]* 588-93." *American Journal of Philology* 106 (1985) 490–496.

### Platon
* "The Background of Plato's Theology." *Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association* 67 (1936) 208–218. On Book 10 of Plato's *[[Zakoni (Platon)|Laws]]*.
* "Plato and the Unity of Science." *Philosophical Review* 49 (1940) 566–571.
* *[[Plato]]'s Theology*. Cornell University Press, 1942. Prikazao William C. Greene in *Classical Philology* 40 (1945) 128–133.
* "On Plato's Account of Respiration." *Studi italiani di filologia classica* 27–28 (1956) 544–548.
* "Platonic Influences in the Formation of Aristotle's Physical System." In *Aristotle and Plato in the Mid-Fourth Century. Papers of the Symposium Aristotelicum Held at Oxford in August 1957.* Edited by Ingemar During and G.E.L. Owen. Göteborg 1960, pp.&nbsp;213–235.
* "Hesiodic Motifs in Plato."
* "*[[Država (Platon)|Republic]]* III,389b2–d6: Plato's Draft and the Editor's Mistake." *Philologus* 109 (1965) 182–185.
* Review of *Preface to Plato* by Eric A. Havelock (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963). In *American Journal of Philology* 87 (1966) 99–105.
* "Plato's First Mover in the Eighth Book of Aristotle's *[[Fizika (Aristotel)|Physics]]*." *Philomathes: Studies and Essays in the Humanities in Memory of Philip Merlan.* Edited by Robert B. Palmer and Robert Hamerton-Kelly. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1971, pp.&nbsp;171–182.
* "Plato and Science." In *Interpretations of Plato: A Swarthmore Symposium*. Edited by Helen F. North. E. J. Brill, 1977.
* "Platonic Values in Aristotle's Science." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 39 (1978) 3–23.
* "Some Passages in Plato's *[[Zakoni (Platon)|Laws]]* IV and V." *Illinois Classical Studies* 5 (1980) 44–48.
* "The Academic and the Alexandrian editions of Plato's Works." *Illinois Classical Studies* 6 (1981) 102–111.
* "Plato and the Concept of the Soul (Psyche): Some Historical Perspectives." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 44 (1983) 355–367.

### Aristotel
* *Die aristotelische Methodenlehre und die spätplatonische Akademie*, dissertation. Berlin 1928. Revised and published as *Die Entwicklung der [[Organon|aristotelischen Logik]] und [[Retorika (Aristotel)|Rhetorik]]* in 1975 and again in 2001.
* "The Origins and Methods of Aristotle's *[[Poetika (Aristotel)|Poetics]]*." *Classical Quarterly* 29 (1935) 192–201.
* "The Aristotelian Tradition in Ancient Rhetoric." *American Journal of Philology* 62 (1941) 35–50 and 169–190.
* "Boethius and the History of the Organon." *American Journal of Philology* 65 (1944) 69–74.
* "Aristotle's Syllogism and Its Platonic Background." *Philosophical Review* 60 (1951) 563–571.
* Introduction to the Modern Library edition of Aristotle's *[[Retorika (Aristotel)|Rhetoric]]*, translated by W. Rhys Roberts, and *[[Poetika (Aristotel)|Poetics]]*, translated by Ingram Bywater. New York 1954.
* "Antecedents of Aristotle's Psychology and Scale of Beings." *American Journal of Philology* 76 (1955) 148–164.
* "Aristotle and Prime Matter: A Reply to H. R. King." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 19 (1958) 243–252.
* "Aristotle and Presocratic Cosmogony." *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology* 63 (1958) 265–282.
* *Aristotle's [[Fizika (Aristotel)|System of the Physical World]]: A Comparison with His Predecessors*. Cornell University Press, 1960. Ova obimna knjiga obrađuje filozofiju prirode u presokratovskoj filozofiji i kod Platona, kao i u Aristotelovim delima *Fizika*, *[[O nebu (Aristotel)|O nebu]]*, *[[O nastanku i propadanju]]* i *[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]*.
* "Aristotle's Word for Matter." In *Didascaliæ: Studies in Honor of [[Joaquín Albareda y Ramoneda|Anselm M. Albareda]], [[Prefekt|Prefect]] of the [[Vatikanska biblioteka|Vatican Library]].* Edited by Sesto Prete. New York 1961, str. 393–408.
* "Misplaced Passages at the End of Aristotle's *Physics*." *American Journal of Philology* 82 (1961) 270–282.
* "Leisure and Play in Aristotle's Ideal State." *Rheinisches Museum* 107 (1964) 193–220.
* Review of *Aristotle and the Problem of [[Vrlina (etika)|Value]]* by Whitney J. Oates (Princeton University Press, 1963). In *Journal of Philosophy* 62 (1965) 298–303.
* *Ursprünge und Methoden der aristotelischen Poetik*. Darmstadt 1968.
* "Dialectic without the Forms." In *Aristotle on Dialectic: The* Topics*. Proceedings of the Third Symposium Aristotelicum.* Edited by G. E. L. Owen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968, str. 49–68.
* "The Fishes of Lesbos and Their Alleged Significance for the Development of Aristotle." *Hermes* 106 (1978) 467–484.
* "Citations in Their Bearing on the Origin of 'Aristotle' *[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologica]]* IV." *Hermes* 113 (1985) 448–459.

### Empedokle, Epikur, Lukrecije
* Review of *T. [[Lukrecije|Lucreti]] Cari, De rerum natura, Libri sex*, edition and commentary by William Ellery Leonard and Stanley Barney Smith (University of Wisconsin Press, 1942), u: *Philosophical Review* 53 (1944) 208–211.
* "Epicurus and Cosmological Heresies." *American Journal of Philology* 72 (1951) 1–23.
* "Epicurus on the Growth and Decline of the Cosmos." *American Journal of Philology* 74 (1953) 34–51.
* *Αἴσθησις in Aristotelian and Epicurean Thought*. Amsterdam, 1961. *Aisthesis* izvorno označava i kognitivna zapažanja i osećanja (npr. radosti i bola); Solmsen istražuje Platonovo ograničavanje tog termina na kognitivna zapažanja, a zatim i kod Aristotela i stoičara; međutim, kod Epikura ta reč označava sposobnost da se ugoda i bol dejstvom atoma u telu.
* "Love and Strife in Empedocles' Cosmology." *Phronesis* 10 (1965) 109–148.
* "Ζωρός in Empedocles." *Classical Review* 17 (1967) 245–246.
* "A Peculiar Omission in Lucretius' Account of Human Civilization." *Philologus* 114 (1970) 256–261.
* "Eternal and Temporary Beings in Empedocles' Physical Poem." *Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie* 57 (1975) 123–145.
* "Epicurus on Void, Matter and Genesis: Some Historical Observations." *Phronesis* 22 (1977) 263–281.
* "Empedocles' Hymn to Apollo." *Phronesis* 35 (1980) 219–227.
* "Abdera's Arguments for the Atomic Theory." *Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies* 29 (1988) 59–73.
* "Lucretius' Strategy in *De rerum natura* I." *Rheinisches Museum* 131 (1988) 315–323.

### Filozofske i književne teme
* "Cicero's First Speeches: A Rhetorical Analysis." *Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association* 69 (1938) 542–556.
* "Some Works of Philostratus the Elder." *Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association* 71 (1940) 556–572.
* "Eratosthenes as Platonist and Poet." *Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association* 73 (1942) 192–213.
* "Chaos and Apeiron." *Studi italiani di filologia classica* 24 (1949) 235–248.
* Review of *Empedocles' Mixture, Eudoxan Astronomy and Aristotle's Connate [[Pneuma]]* by Harald A. T. Reiche (Amsterdam 1960), in *American Journal of Philology* 84 (1963) 91–94.
* *The [[Elejska škola|Eleatic]] One in [[Melis sa Samosa|Melissus]]*. Amsterdam, 1969.
* "Tissues and the Soul: Philosophical Contributions to Physiology." *Philosophical Review* 59 (1950) 435–468.
* "Neglected Evidence for Cicero's *[[De re publica]]*." *Museum Helveticum* 13 (1956) 38–53.
* "The Vital Heat, the Inborn Pneuma and the Aether." *Journal of Hellenic Studies* 77 (1957) 119–123.
* "Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves." *Museum Helveticum* 18 (1961) 150–167 and 169–197.
* *[[Kleant|Cleanthes]] or [[Posidonije|Posidonius]]? The Basis of [[Stoicizam|Stoic physics]]*. Amsterdam 1961. A study of the sources of Cicero's *[[O prirodi bogova (Ciceron)|De Natura Deorum]]*, II, 23–32.
* "Anaximander's Infinite: Traces and Influences." *Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie* 44 (1962) 109–131.
* "Anaxagoras B 19 Diels-Kranz." *Hermes* 91 (1963) 250–251.
* "Nature as Craftsman in Greek Thought." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 24 (1963) 473–496.
* "Diogenes of Apollonia B3D.-K." *Classical Review* 20 (1970) 6.
* "Thucydides' Treatment of Words and Concepts." *Hermes* 99 (1971) 385–408.
* "The Tradition about Zeno of Elea Re-examined." *Phronesis* 16 (1971) 116–141.
* "Parmenides and the Description of Perfect Beauty in Plato's ''Symposium''." *American Journal of Philology* 92 (1971) 62–70.
* *Intellectual Experiments of the Greek [[Jonsko prosvetiteljstvo|Enlightenment]]*. Princeton University Press, 1975. U šest poglavlja obrađuju se teme kao što su argumentacija, uveravanje, utopijsko vizionarstvo i reforma, jezičko eksperimentisanje i empirijska psihologija.
* "Light from Aristotle's Physics on the text of Parmenides B 8 D-K." *Phronesis* 1977 XXII : 10–12.
* "Theophrastus and Political Aspects of the Belief in Providence." *Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies* 19 (1978) 91–98.
* "Emendations in Cosmological Texts." *Rheinisches Museum* 124 (1981) 1–18.
* "Plotinus v,5,3,21 ff.: A Passage on Zeus." *Museum Helveticum* 43 (1986) 68–73.

### Poezija Avgustovog doba
* "Horace's First Roman Ode." *American Journal of Philology* 68 (1947) 337–352.
* "Propertius in his Literary Relations with Tibullus and Vergil." *Philologus* 105 (1961) 273–289.
* "Three Elegies of Propertius' First Book." *Classical Philology* 57 (1962) 73–88.
* "Tibullus as an Augustan poet." *Hermes* 90 (1962) 295–325.
* "On Propertius I, 7." *American Journal of Philology* 86 (1965) 77–84.
* "Catullus' Artistry in *C.* 68: A Pre-Augustan Subjective Love-Elegy." *Monumentum Chiloniense: Studien zur augusteischen Zeit. Kieler Festschrift für Erich Burck zum 70. Geburtstag.* Edited by Eckard Lefèvre. Amsterdam 1975, pp.&nbsp;260–276.

### Zagrobni život, mit, religija
* Review of *The Greeks and the Irrational* by E.R. Dodds, in *American Journal of Philology* 75 (1954) 190–196.
* Review of *[[Eon (geologija)|Αἰών]] da [[Homer|Omero]] ad Aristotele* by Enzo Degani (University of Padua, 1961). In *American Journal of Philology* 84 (1963) 329–332.
* "Two Pindaric Passages on the Hereafter." *Hermes* 96 (1968) 503–506.
* "Greek Ideas of the Hereafter in Vergil's Roman Epic." "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" 92 (1968) 8–14.
* "Ἀμοιβή in the Recently Discovered 'Orphic' Katabasis." *Hermes* 96 (1968) 631–632.
* "The World of the Dead in Book 6 of the *[[Eneida|Aeneid]]*." *Classical Philology* 67 (1972) 31–41.
* "*Symphytos [[Eon (geologija)|Aion]]* (A., *Ag.* 106)." *American Journal of Philology* 100 (1979) 477–479. On Aeschylus, *Agamemnon*, line 106.
* *[[Izida|Isis]] among the Greeks and Romans*. Harvard University Press, 1979.
* "Achilles on the Islands of the Blessed: Pindar vs. Homer and Hesiod." *American Journal of Philology* 103 (1982) 19–24.
* "'Aeneas Founded Rome with Odysseus.'" *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology* 90 (1986) 93–110.

### Hrišćanske teme
* "The Powers of Darkness in Prudentius' *Contra [[Kvint Aurelije Simah|Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachum]]*: A Study of His Poetic Imagination." *Vigiliae Christianae* 19 (1965) 237–257.
* "The Conclusion of Theodosius' Oration in Prudentius' *Contra Symmachum*." *Philologus* 109 (1965) 310–313.
* "Providence and the Soul: A Platonic Chapter in Clement of Alexandria." *Museum Helveticum* 26 (1969) 229–251.
* "George A. Wells on Christmas in Early New Testament Criticism." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 31 (1970) 277–280.
* "Early Christian Interest in the Theory of Demonstration", u: *Romanitas et Christianitas; studia [[Jan Hendrik Waszink|Iano Henrico Waszink]].* Uredio W. den Boer. Amsterdam 1973, str. 281–291.
* "Reincarnation in Ancient and Early Christian Thought", u: *[[Kleine Schriften]]*, vol. 3. Hildesheim 1982, str. 465–494.


## Literatura
* "Friedrich Solmsen, Professor, 84." *New York Times* (10. februar 1989), nekrolog.
* Kirkwood, G.M. "Foreword to the Paperback Edition", u: ''Hesiod and Aeschylus'' by Friedrich Solmsen. Cornell University Press, 1995, str. ix–xi.
* Solmsen, Friedrich. *[[Kleine Schriften]]*, 3 vols. Hildesheim, 1968–1982.
* Solmsen, Friedrich. "Wilamowitz in His Last Ten Years." *Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies* 20 (1979) 89–122.
* *Tabulae.* Bilten Odeljenja za klasične nauka, Univerzitet u Severnoj Karolini, jesen 1989, str. iii–iv. 
* Ward, Leo R. *My Fifty Years at Notre Dame*, chapter 6.

## Reference

## Vanjske veze
*Georgia Mouroutsou, "Friedrich Solmsen: German and Anglo-Saxon Virtue," pohvalna reč na Harmonia, A Forum for the Mediation of Dialogue in Ancient and Modern Academies.