پاڪستان ۾ تعليم

**پاڪستان ۾ تعليم** جي نگراني وفاقي وزارت تعليم ۽ صوبائي حڪومتن جي ھيٺيان ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن ته پاڪستان جي وفاقي حڪومت گهڻو ڪري نصاب جي ترقي، تصديق ۽ تحقيق ۽ ترقي لاء مالي ڪندي آهي. پاڪستان جي آئين جو آرٽيڪل 25-A رياست لاءِ اهو واجب بڻائي ٿو ته 5 کان 16 سالن جي عمر جي سڀ ئي ٻارن کي مفت ۽ لازمي معياري تعليم فراهم ڪري. "رياست پنجن کان سورهن سالن جي عمر جي سڀني ٻارن کي مفت ۽ لازمي تعليم اهڙي طريقي سان فراهم ڪندي جيئن قانون طرفان طئي ڪيو ويو آهي."

پاڪستان ۾ تعليمي نظام عام طور تي ڇهن سطحن ۾ ورهايل آهي: پري اسڪول (3 کان 5 سالن جي عمر تائين)، پرائمري اسڪول (هڪ کان پنج سال تائين)، مڊل اسڪول (هڪ کان ڇهه سال تائين،  اٺين ڪلاس)، سيڪنڊري اسڪول  (نون ۽ ڏهون سال، سيڪنڊري اسڪول سرٽيفڪيٽ يا ايس ايس سي تائين)، انٽرميڊيٽ ڪاليج (يارهن ۽ ٻارهن سال، هائير سيڪنڊري اسڪول سرٽيفڪيٽ يا ايڇ ايس ايس سي تائين)، ۽ يونيورسٽي پروگرام جيڪا گريجوئيٽ ۽ پوسٽ گريجوئيٽ ڊگرين تائين پهچائين ٿا.  هائير ايجوڪيشن ڪميشن، جيڪا سال 2002ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، سڀني يونيورسٽين ۽ ڊگري ڏيڻ وارن ادارن جو ذميوار آهي. اهو سال 2002ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ڊاڪٽر عطا الرحمان ان جو باني چيئرمين هو.

پاڪستان ۾ خواندگي جي شرح اڃا تائين ٻين ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ آهي. سال 2022ع تائين، پاڪستان ۾ خواندگي جي شرح %96 (اسلام آباد ۾) کان %23 (تورغر ضلعي) تائين آهي. خواندگي جي شرح جنس ۽ علائقي جي لحاظ کان مختلف آهي. قبائلي علائقن ۾ عورتن جي خواندگي جي شرح %9.5 آهي، جڏهن ته آزاد ڪشمير ۾ خواندگي جي شرح %91 آهي.  پاڪستان اسڪول نه ويندڙ ٻارن جي آبادي (22.8 ملين ٻار) جي لحاظ کان نائيجيريا کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي آهي. انگن اکرن موجب، پاڪستان کي بيروزگاري جي هڪ وڏي چئلينج کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. خاص طور تي ان جي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جنهن مان 31 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ بيروزگار آهن. ان کان سواء، عورتون مجموعي بيروزگار آبادي جو 51 سيڪڙو آهن، جيڪا روزگار جي موقعن ۾ صنفي تفاوت کي اجاگر ڪري ٿو. سال 2021ع تائين، پاڪستان ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 4,45,000 يونيورسٽي گريجوئيٽ ۽ 25,000 کان 30,000 ڪمپيوٽر سائنس گريجوئيٽ بڻجڻدا هئا.
## رسمي تعليم جا مرحلا
### پرائمري تعليم

صرف %67.5 پاڪستاني ٻار پرائمري اسڪول جي تعليم مڪمل ڪن ٿا. تعليم جو معياري قومي نظام بنيادي طور تي انگريزي تعليمي نظام (ڏسو: لارڊ ميڪالئ جو نظام تعليم) کان متاثر آهي. پري اسڪول تعليم ٽي کان پنج سالن جي عمر واري ٻارن لاءِ ٺهيل آهي ۽ عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن؛ پلي گروپ، نرسري ۽ ڪنڊرگارٽن (جن کي "ڪئ جي" يا "پريپ" پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي) تي مشتمل آهي. پري اسڪول تعليم کانپوءِ، شاگرد هڪ کان پنج سالن تائين جونيئر اسڪول مان گذرندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ ڇهه کان اٺ سالن تائين مڊل اسڪول ايندو آهي. مڊل اسڪول ۾، پاڪستاني برادري عام طور تي ڌار ڌار تعليم کي ترجيح ڏيندي آهي، پر شهرن ۾ گڏيل تعليم (Co-education) پڻ موجود آهي. تعليمي نصاب عام طور تي اداري جي تابع هوندو آهي. اٺ عام طور تي پڙهائي ويندڙ مضمون اها آهن: 

 آرٽس (ڊرائنگ، موسيقي، جسماني تعليم وغيره) 

 ڪمپيوٽر اسٽڊيز ۽ آئي سي ٽي 

 جنرل سائنس (فزڪس، ڪيمسٽري ۽ حياتيات سميت)

 جديد ٻوليون ۽ ادب يعني اردو، سنڌي ۽ انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب

 رياضيات (رياضي، آلجبرا ۽ جاميٽري)

* مذهبي تعليم يعني اسلاميات
* سماجي تعليم يعني معاشرتي علوم (شهريات، جاگرافي، تاريخ ۽ اخلاقيات سميت)
* پاڪستان جو اڀياس (شهريات، جاگرافي، تاريخ ۽ معاشيات سميت)
* اسڪول ڊراما، موسيقي ۽ جسماني تعليم پڻ پيش ڪري سگھن ٿا پر انهن کي عام طور تي جانچيو يا نشان نه لڳايو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه ادارن ۾ شاگردياڻي کي گھريلو معاشيات سيکاري ويندي آهي، جڏهن ته فلڪيات، ماحولياتي انتظام ۽ نفسيات سان لاڳاپيل موضوع اڪثر ڪري جنرل سائنس جي درسي ڪتابن ۾ شامل ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آثار قديمه ۽ سماجي ڀلائي جو اڀياس معاشرتي علوم جي درسي ڪتابن ۾ سيکاريا ويندا آهن. پاڪستان جي اڪثر اسڪولن ۾ جنسيات سان لاڳاپيل تعليم نه ڏيندي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه شهري اسڪولن پاران هن رجحان کي رد ڪيو ويو آهي. صوبائي ۽ علائقائي ٻوليون جهڙوڪ پنجابي، سنڌي، پشتو، بلوچي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون انهن جي لاڳاپيل صوبن ۾ سيکاريون وينديون آهن، خاص طور تي علائقائي ٻولي واري ميڊيم جي اسڪولن ۾. ڪجهه ادارا (غير ملڪي سفارت خانن جي تحت) غير ملڪي ٻوليون جهڙوڪ جرمن، ترڪ، عربي، فارسي، فرانسيسي ۽ چيني ۾ تعليم ڏين ٿا. تعليم جي ٻولي اداري جي نوعيت تي منحصر آهي، ته ڇا اهو انگريزي-ميڊيم اسڪول آهي يا اردو-ميڊيم اسڪول اهي.
2009ع تائين، پاڪستان ۾ ٻنهي جنسن لاءِ خالص پرائمري اسڪول ۾ حاضري جي شرح 66 سيڪڙو هئي، هڪ انگ جيڪو اندازي مطابق دنيا جي سراسري 90 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ آهي.

☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

سال 2007ع تائين، تعليم تي سرڪاري خرچ ڪل قومي پيداور (GNP) جو 2.2 سيڪڙو هو، جيڪو سال 1984-1985ع کان اڳ 2 سيڪڙو کان معمولي اضافو هو. تعليم لاءِ ڪل قومي مختص بجيٽ جو تمام گهٽ (صرف %12) اعليٰ تعليم ڏانهن ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته تقريباً 88 سيڪڙو هيٺين سطح جي تعليم تي خرچ ڪيو ويندو آهي. پرائمري اسڪول جهڙا هيٺين تعليمي ادارا اهڙين حالتن ۾ مبتلا آهن ڇاڪاڻ ته گهٽ آمدني وارا طبقا سبسڊي ۽ معياري تعليم مان لطف اندوز ٿيڻ کان قاصر آهن. ل

### سيڪنڊري تعليم

Secondary education in Pakistan begins in year 9 and lasts for four years. After the end of each of the school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE).

Upon completion of year 9, students are expected to take a standardised test in each of the first parts of their academic subjects (SSC-I). They take the tests of the second parts of the same courses at the end of year 10 (SSC-II). Upon successful completion of these examinations, they are awarded a Secondary School Certificate (or SSC). This is locally termed a matriculation certificate or *matric* for short. The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including electives (such as Biology, Chemistry, Computer and Physics) as well as compulsory subjects (such as Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamic studies and Pakistan Studies). The SSC exams consist of a total of 1100 marks divided between 9th and 10th. The marks are divided in each year follows: 75 marks for Maths, English and Urdu, 50 marks for Islamic Studies (or ethics for Non Muslim students) and Pakistan Studies, 65 marks for Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Physics). An additional 90 marks are allotted for practicals (30 for each science). Students then enter an intermediate college and complete years 11 and 12. Upon completion of each of the two years, they again take standardised tests in their subjects (HSSC-I and HSSC-II). Upon successful completion of these examinations, students are awarded the Higher Secondary School Certificate (or HSSC). This level of education is also called the FSc/FA/ICS or *intermediate*. There are many streams students can choose for years 11 and 12, such as pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities (or social sciences), computer science and commerce. Each stream consists of three electives and three compulsory subjects of English, Urdu, Islamiat (year 11 only) and Pakistan Studies (year 12 only).

Alternative qualifications in Pakistan are available but these are maintained by other examination boards instead of BISE. Most common alternative is the General Certificate of Education (or GCE), where SSC and HSSC are replaced by Ordinary Level (or O Level) and Advanced Level (or A Level) respectively. Other qualifications include IGCSE which replaces SSC. GCE and GCSE O Level, IGCSE and GCE AS/A Level are managed by British examination boards of CIE of the Cambridge Assessment and/or Edexcel International of the Pearson PLC. Generally, 8–10 courses are selected by students at GCE O Levels and 3–5 at GCE A Levels.

Advanced Placement (or AP) is an alternative option, but it is much less common than GCE or IGCSE. In this the secondary school education is referred to as 'High School Education' instead. AP exams are monitored by a North American examination board, College Board, and can only be given under supervision of centers which are registered with the College Board, unlike GCE O/AS/A Level and IGCSE which can be given privately.

Another type of education in Pakistan is called "Technical Education" and combines technical and vocational education. The vocational curriculum starts at year 5 and ends with year 10. Three boards, the Punjab Board of Technical Education (PBTE), KPK Board of Technical Education (KPKBTE) and Sindh Board of Technical Education (SBTE) offer courses like Technical School Certificate (TSC) (equivalent to 10th grade) and Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) in engineering disciplines like Civil, Chemical, Architecture, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics and Computer. DAE is a three years programme of instructions which is equivalent to 12th grade. Diploma holders are called associate engineers. They can either join their respective field or pursue B.Tech. and BE in their related discipline after DAE.

Furthermore, the A-level qualification inherited from the British education system is popular in the private schools of Pakistan. Three to four subjects are selected as per the student's interests. It is usually divided into a combination of similar subjects within the same category, like Business, Arts and Sciences. This is a two-year programme. A-level institutions are different from high school. You must secure admission in such an institution, upon the completion of high school, i.e. the British system equivalent being O-levels. O-levels and A-levels are usually not taught within the same school.

### اعلي تعليم

According to UNESCO's 2009 Global Education Digest, 6% of Pakistanis (9% of men and 3.5% of women) were university graduates as of 2007. Pakistan plans to increase this figure to 10% by 2015 and subsequently to 15% by 2020. There is also a great deal of variety between age cohorts. Less than 6% of those in the age cohort 55–64 have a degree, compared to 8% in the 45–54 age cohort, 11% in the 35–44 age cohort and 16% in the age cohort 25–34.

After earning their HSSC, students may study in a professional institute for Bachelor's degree courses such as engineering (BE/BS/BSc Engineering), computer sciences  (BS/BSc/BSc Engineering), medicine (MBBS), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), law (LLB), architecture (BArch), pharmacy (Pharm.D) and nursing (BSc Nursing). These courses require four or five years of study. The accreditation councils which accredit the above professional degrees and register these professionals are: Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC), National Computing Education Accreditation Council (NCEAC), Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC), Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council (PVMC), Pakistan Bar Council (PBC), Pakistan Council for Architects and Town Planners (PCATP), Pharmacy Council of Pakistan (PCP) and Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC). Students can also attend a university for Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) or Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degree courses.

There are two types of bachelor's degree courses in Pakistan: Pass or Honours. Pass degrees require two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as Chemistry or [Education] Economics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects (such as English, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies). Honours degrees require four years of study, and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study, such as Biochemistry (BSc Hons. Biochemistry). The Pass bachelor's degrees are now slowly being phased out for Honours throughout the country.

Regarding teacher education programs, there are multiple paths in which a pre-service teacher can take. The first option includes 12 years of schooling. Then, the person would receive an associate degree in education. Finally, they would receive a bachelor's degree in education for two more years to become an elementary teacher. The second option available would include 12 years of schooling and four years of schooling to receive a Bachelor of Education for either elementary or secondary educators. The other options range from 14 to 16 years of schooling. Finally, one could receive their master's or Ph.D. in education. Khmais in their article "Teacher Education in Pakistan" provides the following information: There are many teacher training institutes throughout Pakistan. In the past, there had been around 40,000 teachers being trained in short-term programs per year. Even with this amount of training, there are a few criticisms regarding teacher training. These programs are more knowledge based and not application based. There is more focus and interest on memorizations to qualify and pass exams. Lastly, these trainers do not have any extra qualifications and are not highly qualified to begin with.

Most of Master's degree programs require two years education. Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is available in most of the subjects and can be undertaken after doing Masters. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a MPhil degree. Students pursuing MPhil or PhD degrees must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that field. MPhil and PhD education in Pakistan requires a minimum of two years of study. Various Pakistani universities offer two-year M.Phil. or MS degree programs in Arts, Science, and Technology for graduates who have completed 16-year schooling (BS or master's degrees) in their relevant field.

### غير رسمي تعليم
Out of the formal system, the public sectors runs numerous schools and training centres, most being vocational-oriented. Among those institutions can be found vocational schools, technical training centres and agriculture and vocational training centres. An apprenticeship system is also framed by the state of Pakistan.

Informal education is also important in Pakistan and regroups mostly school-leavers and low-skilled individuals, who are trained under the supervision of a senior craftsman. Few institutes are run by corporates to train university students eligible for jobs and provide experience during education fulfilling a gap between university and industry for example: Appxone Private Limited is training Engineers with professional development on major subjects of Electronics and Computer science and other fields.

Informal education has also increasingly become a field for not-for-profit organisations in the country. Among those are visible projects, like the MagnifiScience Centre in Karachi.

### ديني تعليم

Madrassas are Islamic seminaries. Most Madrasas teach mostly Islamic subjects such as *[[Tafseer]]* (Interpretation of the Quran), *[[Hadith]]* (sayings of Muhammad),  *Fiqh* (Islamic Law), Arabic language and include some non-Islamic subjects, such as logic, philosophy, mathematics, to enable students to understand the religious ones. The number of madrassas are popular among Pakistan's poorest families in part because they feed and house their students.  Estimates of the number of madrasas vary between 12,000 and 40,000. In some areas of Pakistan they outnumber the public schools.

## تاريخ
## صنفي تفاوت
## معياري پيمانا
## استادن جي تعليم
## ٽيڪنيڪل ۽ پيشه ورانه تعليم
## استادن جو اطمينان
## فاصلي جي سکيا
## ڪاميابيون
## تعليمي خرچ جي ڊي پي جي سيڪڙو طور
## يونيورسٽي درجه بندي
## مذهب ۽ تعليم
## خواندگي جي شرح
## خواندگي ۽ ترقي
## بين الاقوامي تعليم
## پڻ ڏسو
 
* انساني ترقياتي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ سان ملڪن جي فهرست
* انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ کان پاڪستان جي انتظامي ايڪائين جي فهرست
* خواندگي جي شرح جي لحاظ کان پاڪستان جي ضلعن جي فهرست
* پاڪستان ۾ خاص تعليمي ادارن جي فهرست
* پاڪستان ۾ تعليمي ادارن جي فهرست
* پاڪستان ۾ تعليمي بورڊن جي فهرست
* پاڪستان ۾ يونيورسٽين جي فھرست
* سنڌ ۾ يونيورسٽين جي فهرست 
* سنڌ ۾ ڪاليجن جي فهرست

## حوالا

## ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

*
* World Data on Education, IBE (2011) پاڪستان جي تعليمي نظام جو جائزو

* علحدگي کان پوءِ پهريون تعليمي ادارو"هيپي هوم اسڪول هو جيڪو ڪراچي، پاڪستان ۾ هڪ اعليٰ تعليم واري اسڪول جي طور تي مڪمل طور تي ترقي ڪري چڪو آهي. 
* تعليم تي عالمي ڊيٽا، IBE (2011)  – پاڪستان جي تعليمي نظام جو جائزو
*۾ TVET، يونيسڪو-UNEVOC(2013) – پاڪستان ۾ ٽيڪنيڪل ۽ پيشيورانه تعليم جي نظام جو جائزو 
*"پاڪستان ٻولي جي افسانن جي ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو" – زبيده مصطفيٰ 

 
زمرو:تعليم
زمرو:پاڪستان 
زمرو:تعليمي ادارا
زمرو:ايشيا ۾ تعليم
زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ تعليم
زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ تعليم
زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ تعليم
زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي