ٽمبڪٽو

**ٽمبڪٽو** (Timbuktu) مالي ۾ هڪ قديم شهر آهي، جيڪو نائجر نديءَ جي اتر ۾ 20 ڪلوميٽر (12 ميل) تي واقع آهي. اها مالي جي اٺن انتظامي علائقن مان هڪ، ٽمبڪٽو علائقي جي راڄڌاني آهي. سال 2018ع جي ​​مردم شماري ۾ آبادي 32,460 هئي.

آثار قديمه جا ثبوت خطي ۾ ماقبل تاريخ آبادي جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، جيڪي وچين دور ۾ شهر جي اسلامي علمي ۽ واپاري اهميت جي اڳڪٿي ڪن ٿا. ٽمبڪٽو هڪ موسمي آبادي جي طور تي شروع ٿيو ۽ 12هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ مستقل ٿي ويو. واپاري رستن ۾ تبديليءَ کان پوءِ، خاص طور تي 1325ع جي آس پاس مانسا موسيٰ جي دور کان پوءِ، ٽمبڪٽو، ان جي اسٽريٽجڪ محل وقوع، لوڻ، سون ۽ هاٿي ڏند جي واپار جي ڪري ترقي ڪئي.  14هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ مالي سلطنت جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ اهو صحارا واپاري رستي تي هڪ اهم اسلامي شهر جي طور تي آهستي آهستي وڌايو ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ واپارين کي راغب ڪيو. 15هين صدي عيسويء جي پهرين اڌ ۾، تواريگ ماڻهن ٿوري عرصي لاء قبضو ڪيو، ايتري قدر تي سونگھائي سلطنت ان کي سال 1468ع ۾ پاڻ ۾ جذب ​​ڪيو. 

سال 1591ع ۾ مراڪش جي فوج سونگھائي کي شڪست ڏني ۽ ٽمبڪٽو کي سندن گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو. حملي آورن هڪ نئون حڪمران طبقو، ارما قائم ڪيو، جيڪو سال 1612ع کان پوءِ مراڪش کان بلڪل آزاد ٿي ويو. ان جي سونهري دور ۾، شهر جي اسلامي عالمن ۽ وسيع واپاري نيٽ ورڪ هڪ اهم ڪتابن جي واپار جي حمايت ڪئي. سنڪوري مدرسي جي ڪيمپس سان گڏ، هڪ اسلامي يونيورسٽي،  ٽمبڪٽو کي آفريڪا ۾ هڪ علمي مرڪز طور قائم ڪيو. قابل ذڪر تاريخي اديبن، جهڙوڪ شابيني ۽ ليو افريڪانس، هن شهر بابت لکيو آهي. انهن ڪهاڻين يورپ ۾ قياس آرائي کي تيز ڪيو، جتي شهر جي شهرت امير جي طور تي پراسرار ٿي وئي. شهر جو سونهري دور مالي سلطنت جي هڪ وڏي سکيا ۽ ثقافتي مرڪز جي طور تي زوال جي ڊگهي عرصي کان پوءِ هو. مختلف قبيلن حڪومت ڪئي جيستائين فرانسيسي سال 1893ع ۾ مالي تي قبضو ڪيو، فرانس جو راڄ سال 1960ع ۾ مالي جي جمهوريه ٿيڻ تائين برقرار رهيو.

تازن تاريخ ۾، ٽمبڪٽو کي انتهاپسند گروهن جي خطرن کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو، جنهن سبب ثقافتي ماڳن جي تباهي ٿي. مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي برادرين جي ڪوششن جو مقصد ان جي ورثي کي بچائڻ آهي. هاڻوڪي مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ شهر جي آبادي گهٽجي وئي آهي. 
## نالو

Over the centuries, the spelling of Timbuktu has varied a great deal: from *Tenbuch* on the Catalan Atlas (1375), to traveller Antonio Malfante's *Thambet*, used in a letter he wrote in 1447 and also adopted by Alvise Cadamosto in his *Voyages of Cadamosto*, to Heinrich Barth's *Timbúktu* and *Timbu'ktu*. French spelling often appears in international reference as 'Tombouctou'. The German spelling 'Timbuktu' and its variant 'Timbucktu' have passed into English and the former has become widely used in recent years. Major English-language works have employed the spelling 'Timbuctoo', and this is considered the correct English form by scholars; 'Timbuctou' and 'Timbuctu' are sometimes used as well.

The French continue to use the spelling 'Tombouctou', as they have for over a century; variants include 'Temboctou' (used by explorer René Caillié) and 'Tombouktou', but they are seldom seen. Variant spellings exist for other places as well, such as Jenne (Djenné) and Segu (Ségou). As well as its spelling, Timbuktu's toponymy is still open to discussion. At least four possible origins of the name of Timbuktu have been described:
*Songhay origin: both Leo Africanus and Heinrich Barth believed the name was derived from two Songhay words: Leo Africanus writes the Kingdom of Tombuto was named after a town of the same name, founded in 1213 or 1214 by Mansa Sulayman. The word itself consisted of two parts: *tin* (wall) and *butu* (Wall of Butu). Africanus did not explain the meaning of this *Butu*. Heinrich Barth wrote: "The town was probably so called, because it was built originally in a hollow or cavity in the sand-hills. Tùmbutu means hole or womb in the Songhay language: if it were a Temáshight (Tamashek) word, it would be written Timbuktu. The name is generally interpreted by Europeans as *well* of Buktu (also same word in Persian is bâkhtàr باختر = where the sun sets, West), but *tin* has nothing to do with *well*."
*Berber origin: Malian historian Sekene Cissoko proposes a different etymology: the Tuareg founders of the city gave it a Berber name, a word composed of two parts: *tin*, the feminine form of *in* (place of) and *bouctou*, a small dune. Hence, Timbuktu would mean "place covered by small dunes".
*Abd al-Sadi offers a third explanation in his 17th-century *[[Tarikh al-Sudan]]*: "The Tuareg made it a depot for their belongings and provisions, and it grew into a crossroads for travelers coming and going. Looking after their belongings was a slave woman of theirs called Timbuktu, which in their language means [the one having a] 'lump'. The blessed spot where she encamped was named after her."
*The French Orientalist René Basset forwarded another theory: the name derives from the Zenaga root *b-k-t*, meaning "to be distant" or "hidden", and the feminine possessive particle *tin*. The meaning "hidden" could point to the city's location in a slight hollow.

The validity of these theories depends on the identity of the original founders of the city: as recently as 2000, archaeological research has not found remains dating from the 11th/12th century within the limits of the modern city given the difficulty of excavating through metres of sand that have buried the remains over the past centuries. Without consensus, the etymology of Timbuktu remains unclear.

## قبل از تاريخ
## تاريخ
## جاگرافي
## معيشت
## يورپ ۾ ابتدائي خيالات
## فن ۽ ثقافت
## تعليم
## ٻولي
## انفراسٽرڪچر
## قابل ذڪر ماڻهو
## مشهور ثقافت ۾
## ڀينر شهر

## پڻ ڏسو
* آفريڪا ۾ اسلام

## ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

* Timbuktu – World History Encyclopedia
* Jeppie, Ahamil "A Timbuktu book collector between the Mediterranean and Sahel", Video of a presentation given at the conference *The southern shores of the Mediterranean and beyond: 1800 – to the present* held at the University of Minnesota in April 2013.
*  – contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation
* Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
* Features interviews with Cynthia Schneider and Manny Ansar, co-directors of the Timbuktu Renaissance, and Lazare Eloundou Assomo, director of UNESCO World Heritage
* Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library
* Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa's written history unveiled, *The UNESCO Courier*, 2007–5, pp.&nbsp;7–9
* Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people', *The UNESCO Courier*, October 1959
* Timbuktu on Global Heritage Network – *early warning and threat monitoring system for endangered cultural heritage sites*
* Presentation showing images of Timbuktu 
* 

## حوالا

زمرو:مالي
زمرو:مالي جا شهر
زمرو:آفريڪا جي تاريخ
زمرو:مالي ۾ تاريخي ماڳ
زمرو:آفريڪا جا تاريخي شهر
زمرو:يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ
زمرو:مالي ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ