اسپنگر

**اسپنگر** (اردو: اسپغول؛ انگريزي: Psyllium)، جن کي فارسي ۾ "رقطونا" ۽ عربي ۾ "اسبغول" سڏجي ٿو، ٻوٽي جي هڪ نسل، پلانٽاگو جي ڪيترن ئي ميمبرن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام نالو آهي، جن جا ٻج ۽ پسارڪو وکر، تجارتي طور تي مائع  شيئن کي ٿلهو ڪندڙ (mucilage) جي پيداوار لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. اسپنگر بنيادي طور تي، قبض ۽ هلڪي دست جي علامتن کي دور ڪرڻ لاءِ غذائي ريشي (dietary fiber) طور ۽ کاڌي جي شين کي ٿلهو ڪن لاء استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. ماڻهن، جيڪا اڪثر ان جي ڇاڻي يا پسائي دوران سامهون ايندا آهن، ۾ هن جي ڪارڻ ٿيڻ واري الرجي عام آهي. 

اهو عام طور تي محفوظ ۽ معتدل طور تي جلاب، قبض ٽوڙڻ وارو، جي طور تي اثرائتو آهي. غذا ۾ هن جو استعمال، خاص طور تي ناشتي طور ٽي هفتن يا ان کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين، بلند ڪوليسٽرول وارن ماڻهن جي رت ۾ ڪوليسٽرول جي سطح کي گهٽائي ٿو   اها پڻ ٽائپ 2 ذیابيطس وارن ماڻهن جي رت ۾ گلوڪوز جي سطح کي گهٽائي سگھي ٿو. هن جو هڪ مهيني يا ان کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين استعمال سسٽولڪ بلڊ پريشر ۾ ٿوري گهٽتائي پيدا ڪري ٿو. 

ٻوٽا جن مان هن جا ٻج ڪڍيا ويندا آهن، نم ۽ ٿڌي موسم کي برداشت ڪن ٿا ۽ خاص طور تي اتر هندستان ۾ پوکيا ويندا آهن. هن جا ٻه ٽي قسم؛ اڇا ڳاڙها مائل، ڳاڙها ۽ ڪارا ٿين ٿا. هي پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهڻ سان ڦونڊجي وڃي ٿو.

## استعمال

طبي لحاظ کان آنڊن جي زخم، پيچش ۽ پيٽ ۾ مروڙ جي بيماريءَ ۾ اسپنگر جي تھِي پاڻيءَ ۾ ملائي پيئڻ سان آرام ايندو آهي. اسپنگر کي هلڪي سٽڻ ڪٽڻ سان اُن جون کلون يا تُھ لھي وڃن ٿا، انهن کلن کي ”اسپنگر جي تُھِي“ سڏبو آهي، جيڪا پڻ پسارڪي وکر ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي ۽ پيٽ جي بيماريءَ ۽ خشڪي لاهڻ لاءِ علاج طور ڪم اچي ٿي. اڄڪلھ دوائن جون ڪمپنيون ”اسپغول“ جي نالي سان اسپنگر جي صاف ٿيل تھي پئڪيٽن ۾ تيار ڪري رهيون آهن.

### تياري
Psyllium is produced mainly for its mucilage content. The term *mucilage* describes a group of clear, colorless, gelling agents derived from plants. The mucilage obtained from psyllium comes from the seed coat. Mucilage is obtained by mechanical milling (i.e. grinding) of the outer layer of the seed. Mucilage yield amounts to about 25% (by weight) of the total seed yield. Plantago-seed mucilage is often referred to as husk, or psyllium husk. The milled seed mucilage is a white fibrous material that is hydrophilic, meaning that its molecular structure causes it to attract and bind to water.

### غذا طور
Psyllium has been used as a thickener in ice cream and other frozen desserts. A 1.5% weight/volume ratio of psyllium mucilage exhibits binding properties that are superior to a 10% weight/volume ratio of starch mucilage. The viscosity of psyllium mucilage dispersions are relatively unaffected between temperatures of , by pH from 2 to 10, and by salt (sodium chloride) concentrations up to 0.15*&nbsp;*M.
Psyllium seed husks can also be used to improve texture in gluten-free baked goods, to bind meatballs, and to thicken sauces. Some people use them to manage symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

### صحت

#### وزن گهٽائڻ
Dietary supplements containing psyllium are sold mainly to aid weight loss, although there is little scientific evidence for such effects.

A 2023 review concluded that psyllium supplementation for 12 weeks by people who were overweight or obese produced a minor amount of weight loss, although the studies assessed had only moderate to low evidence quality.

#### جلاب
Psyllium is mainly used as a viscous, soluble dietary fiber that is not absorbed by the small intestine. The mechanical action of psyllium mucilage is to absorb excess water while stimulating normal bowel elimination. Although its main use has been as a laxative, it is more accurately regarded as a dietary fiber to reduce the symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea. The laxative properties of psyllium are attributed to the fiber: it absorbs water and subsequently softens the stool. It increases flatulence (gas) to some degree. Psyllium reduces straining during defecation by increasing the bulk of stools, thereby facilitating the transit of stools in the colon. When used to treat constipation, psyllium is taken in doses of 3.5&ndash;11 grams per day twice daily.

A 2021 review of over-the-counter treatments for constipation concluded that psyllium has modest effect in treating constipation and is generally safe and well-tolerated. Psyllium may be less effective compared to other products, such as polyethylene glycol, lactulose or fruits like prunes. Psyllium is more effective than docusate.

A 2022 review found that psyllium, in doses of 10 grams per day for at least 4 weeks, was more effective than osmotic or stimulant laxatives for increasing the number of bowel movements per week.

#### ڪوليسٽرول ڪم ڪرڻ
In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a health claim on food labels for dietary psyllium as a soluble fiber &ndash; if consumed regularly &ndash; that would reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol. Clinical research demonstrated that seven grams or more per day of soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk would sufficiently lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with hypercholesterolemia, two accepted biomarkers for risk of coronary heart disease. The findings were later confirmed in a meta-analysis that incorporated more evidence. To be eligible for the FDA-allowed health claim, one serving of a manufactured food or dietary supplement must contain at least 1.7 g of psyllium as soluble fiber. Whole oats, barley and foods containing beta-glucan soluble fiber were included as eligible sources for the label claim.

#### ذيابيطس ٽائپ-2 لاء
In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a qualified health claim for psyllium as a possible benefit for people with diabetes, requiring FDA-approved wording on a product label: "Psyllium husk may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, although the FDA has concluded that there is very little scientific evidence for this claim." A meta-analysis published after the FDA decision reported that psyllium provided before meals improved fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, but that the larger effect was seen in people diagnosed with and being treated for type 2 diabetes, and only a modest improvement for people classified as pre-diabetic.

#### بلڊ پريشر قابو ڪرڻ
A 2019 meta-analysis found that use of supplemental psyllium for 8 weeks or longer reduced blood pressure by 2 mmHg in people with hypertension.

### شيھي جا اثر
Some psyllium supplements sold in the USA have been found to contain lead, in some cases exceeding levels requiring a warning label by Proposition 65 of the U.S. state of California. In 2013, in California, a legal settlement required the manufacturer of psyllium supplements to pay US$110,000 and agree to place warning labels on products exceeding acceptable lead levels.

### جانورن جي دوائون
Psyllium fiber dietary supplements are used in veterinary medicine to treat sand impaction in horses to aid in elimination of sand from the horse's colon.

## نقصان وارا اثرات
Fiber generally has few side effects.

* Mild to moderate flatulence (gas).
* Mild to moderate abdominal distension (bloating) and abdominal pain.
* Choking is a hazard if psyllium is taken without adequate water as it thickens in the throat.
* Psyllium can cause bowel obstructions or bezoars, if taken without adequate amounts of water.

### الرجي
Psyllium can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Psyllium may act as a potent inhalant allergen capable of eliciting asthma symptoms. Health care professionals at geriatric care hospitals, who are frequently exposed to psyllium in the laxatives administered to people, are commonly IgE sensitized to psyllium (13.8%), and 8.6% have clinical allergy to psyllium. In order to protect sensitized workers, psyllium has an extremely low occupational exposure limit of 150&nbsp;ng/m3.

## پوک
## تجارتي تاريخ

## ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا
* USDA Plants Profile: ''Plantago ovata'' Forsk.
* USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Plantago ovata'' Forsk.
* ITIS Standard Report: ''Plantago ovata'' Forsk.
* USDA Plants Profile: ''Plantago psyllium'' L.
* USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Plantago psyllium'' L. (''Plantago arenaria'')

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