وولگا درياھ

**وولگا** (روسي: Волга) يورپ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو درياهه ۽ دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهو اينڊورهائيڪ بيسن درياهه، روس ۾ واقع آهي. اهو وچ روس مان ڏکڻ روس ۽ ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۾ وهندو آهي. وولگا جي ڊيگهه 3,531 ڪلوميٽر (2,194 ميل) آهي ۽ ان جو ڪيچمينٽ ايريا 13,60,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,30,000 چورس ميل) آهي. اهو ڊيلٽا تي سراسري خارج ٿيڻ، 8,000 ۽ 8,500 ڪيوبڪ ميٽر (2,80,000 ۽ 3,00,000 ڪيوبڪ فوٽ) في سيڪنڊ جي وچ ۾،     جي لحاظ کان يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو درياهه پڻ آهي ۽ نيڪال جي بيسن جي لحاظ کان ان کي روس جي قومي درياهه طور وڏي پيماني تي سمجهيو ويندو آهي. پراڻي روسي رياست،    روس خگنيٽ، تقريبن 830 عيسوي ۾ وولگا جي ڪناري تي پيدا ٿي.   تاريخي طور تي درياهه مختلف يوريشيائي تهذيبن جي هڪ اهم ملاقات جي جڳهه طور ڪم ڪيو.

درياهه روس ۾ ٻيلن، ٻيلن جي ميدانن ۽ ميدانن مان وهندو آهي. قوم جي گاديءَ جي هنڌ، ماسڪو سميت، روس جي ڏهن وڏن شهرن مان پنج، وولگا جي نيڪال واري بيسن ۾ واقع آهن. ڇاڪاڻ ته وولگا ڪئسپين سمنڊ ۾ وهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ اندروني پاڻي جو جسم آهي، وولگا قدرتي طور تي دنيا جي ڪنهن به سمنڊ سان ڳنڍيل ناهي.

دنيا جا ڪجهه وڏا پاڻي جا ذخيرا وولگا ندي جي ڪناري تي واقع آهن. روسي ثقافت ۾ درياهه جو هڪ علامتي مطلب آهي. روسي ادب ۽ لوڪ ڪهاڻيون اڪثر ڪري ان کي "وولگا-ماتوشڪا" (روسي: Волга-матушка، مادر وولگا) جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا.

## نالو
روسي نالو وولگا (Волга) پروٽو-سلاڪ لفظ "vòlga" 'گندو، نمي' مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو ڪيترين ئي سلاواڪ ٻولين ۾ محفوظ آهي. وولگا (влага). نمي. بلغاريا. سربو-ڪروشين: سلووين. پولش. مقدونيائي ۽ چيڪ: ولها. نمي. 

وولگا جو سٿين نالو "راها", لفظي معنيٰ 'گندو' هو.  هي هڪ افسانوي وهڪري جي اويستا نالي سان لاڳاپيل آهي، راها (𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁)، جنهن جو مطلب آهي "گندو" يا "نمي". هن نالي جو مقابلو ڪيترن ئي هند-ايراني اصطلاحن سان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جهڙوڪ: سوگديان رʾڪ (𐽀𐼰𐼸‎) 'رڳ، رت جي رڳ' (پراڻي ايراني: راهاڪا مان). فارسي: رڳ. رڳ. ويدڪ سنسڪرت: راسا (رسا). شبنم، مائع، رس. افسانوي درياهه. جيڪو سنڌو درياهه جي هڪ معاون ندي جو نالو پڻ هو. سٿين نالو جديد موڪشا ۾ را (Рав) جي نالي سان زنده آهي. 
 
يوناني ليکڪ هيروڊوٽس وولگا جا ٻه وڌيڪ قديم ايراني نالا درج ڪيا آهن: 
* اوارو (قديم يوناني: Ὄαρος, اورس). جيڪو سٿين مان نڪتل آهي: وارو، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "وسيع". ڊنيپر نديءَ جو هون نالو، وار، پڻ سٿين مان نڪتل آهي: وارو. 
* اراڪسس (قديم يوناني: Ἀράξης, ارڪسس). درياهه جي ڪناري تي رهندڙ ترڪ ماڻهو اڳ ۾ ان کي اتيل يا اتيل سڏيندا هئا. جديد ترڪ ٻولين ۾. وولگا کي تاتار ۾ İdel (Идел) جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. چواش ۾ اتال (Атӑл). بشڪير ۾ ايزل. قازق ۾ ايڊيل، ۽ ترڪي ۾ اِدل. ترڪ نالا قديم ترڪ روپ "ايتل/ايرتل" ڏانهن واپس وڃن ٿا، جنهن جي اصليت ۽ معنيٰ واضح ناهي. شايد هن شڪل جو هائيڊرونيم ارتيش سان تعلق آهي. 
* ترڪ ماڻهن اِتل جي اصليت کي ڪاما سان ڳنڍيو. اهڙيءَ طرح، ڪاما جي هڪ کاٻي شاخ کي آق اِتل 'اڇو اِتل' جو نالو ڏنو ويو جيڪو جديد شهر اوفا ۾ ڪارا اِتل 'ڪارو اِتل' سان ملائي ٿو. انڊيل (انڊيل) جو نالو چرڪس ٻولي ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. 
* ايشيا ۾ درياهه کي ان جي ٻئي ترڪ نالو سارِ-سو 'پيلو پاڻي' سان سڃاتو ويندو هو، پر اوئرات پڻ پنهنجو نالو، اِجل مورون يا 'موافقت درياءَ' استعمال ڪندا هئا. هن وقت ماري، هڪ ٻيو يورالڪ گروهه، درياهه کي جُل (Юл) سڏيندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ تاتار ۾ 'رستو' آهي.
## وضاحت

The Saratov Bridge by night, Saratov Oblast
*
The upper Volga in the vicinity of Staritsa, 1912]]

* View of the Volga Delta from the International Space Station]]

The Volga is the longest river in Europe, and its catchment area is almost entirely inside Russia, though the longest river in Russia is the Ob–Irtysh river system. It belongs to the closed basin of the Caspian Sea, being the longest river to flow into a closed basin. The source of the Volga lies in the village of Volgoverkhov'e in Tver Oblast. Rising in the Valdai Hills  above sea level northwest of Moscow and about  southeast of Saint Petersburg, the Volga heads east past Lake Sterzh, Tver, Dubna, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. From there it turns south, flows past Ulyanovsk, Tolyatti, Samara, Saratov and Volgograd, and discharges into the Caspian Sea below Astrakhan at  below sea level.

The Volga has many tributaries, most importantly the Kama, the Oka, the Vetluga, and the Sura. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which flows through an area of about  in the most heavily populated part of Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about  and includes as many as 500 channels and smaller rivers. The largest estuary in Europe, it is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingos, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year.

The Volga drains most of Western Russia. Its many large reservoirs provide irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Moscow Canal, the Volga–Don Canal, and the Volga–Baltic Waterway form navigable waterways connecting Moscow to the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. High levels of chemical pollution have adversely affected the river and its habitats.

The fertile river valley provides large quantities of wheat and other agricultural produce, and also has many mineral riches. A substantial petroleum industry centers on the Volga valley. Other resources include natural gas, salt, and potash. The Volga Delta and the Caspian Sea are fishing grounds.

### Confluences (downstream to upstream)

* Akhtuba (near Volzhsky), a distributary
* Bolshoy Irgiz (near Volsk)
* Samara (in Samara)
* Kama (south of Kazan)
* Kazanka (in Kazan)
* Sviyaga (west of Kazan)
* Vetluga (near Kozmodemyansk)
* Sura (in Vasilsursk)
* Kerzhenets (near Lyskovo)
* Oka (in Nizhny Novgorod)
* Uzola (near Balakhna)
* Unzha (near Yuryevets)
* Kostroma (in Kostroma)
* Kotorosl (in Yaroslavl)
* Sheksna (in Cherepovets)
* Mologa (near Vesyegonsk)
* Kashinka (near Kalyazin)
* Nerl (near Kalyazin)
* Medveditsa (near Kimry)
* Dubna (in Dubna)
* Shosha (near Konakovo)
* Tvertsa (in Tver)
* Vazuza (in Zubtsov)
* Selizharovka (in Selizharovo)

### Reservoirs (downstream to upstream)
A number of large hydroelectric reservoirs were constructed on the Volga during the Soviet era. They are:
* Volgograd Reservoir
* Saratov Reservoir
* Kuybyshev Reservoir the largest in Europe by surface
* Cheboksary Reservoir
* Gorky Reservoir
* Rybinsk Reservoir
* Uglich Reservoir
* Ivankovo Reservoir

### Biggest cities on the shores of the Volga
* Kazan
* Nizhny Novgorod
* Samara
* Volgograd
* Saratov
* Tolyatti
* Yaroslavl
* Astrakhan
* Ulyanovsk
* Cheboksary
* Tver

### Bridges across the Volga
* Kostroma rail bridge

### Human history

The Volga–Oka region has been occupied for at least 9,000 years and supported a bone and antler industry for producing bone arrowheads, spearheads, lanceheads, daggers, hunters knives, and awls. The makers also used local quartz and imported flints.

During classical antiquity, the Volga formed the boundary between the territories of the Cimmerians in the Caucasian Steppe and the Scythians in the Caspian Steppe. After the Scythians migrated to the west and displaced the Cimmerians, the Volga became the boundary between the territories of the Scythians in the Pontic and Caspian Steppes and the Massagetae in the Caspian and Transcaspian steppes.

Between the 6th and the 8th centuries, the Alans settled in the Middle Volga region and in the steppes of Russia's southern region in the Pontic–Caspian steppe.

The area around the Volga was inhabited by the Slavic tribes of Vyatichs and Buzhans, by Finno-Ugric, Scandinavian, Baltic, Hunnic and Turkic peoples (Tatars, Kipchaks, Khazars) in the first millennium AD, replacing the Scythians. Furthermore, the river played a vital role in the commerce of the Byzantine people. The ancient scholar Ptolemy of Alexandria mentions the lower Volga in his *Geography* (Book 5, Chapter 8, 2nd Map of Asia). He calls it the *Rha*, which was the Scythian name for the river. Ptolemy believed the Don and the Volga shared the same upper branch, which flowed from the Hyperborean Mountains. Between 2nd and 5th centuries Baltic people were very widespread in today's European Russia. Baltic people were widespread from Sozh River till today's Moscow and covered much of today's Central Russia and intermingled with the East Slavs. The Russian ethnicity in Western Russia and around the Volga river evolved to a very large extent, next to other tribes, out of the East Slavic tribe of the Buzhans and Vyatichis. The Vyatichis were originally concentrated on the Oka River. Furthermore, several localities in Russia are connected to the Slavic Buzhan tribe, like for example Sredniy Buzhan in the Orenburg Oblast, Buzan and the Buzan River in the Astrakhan Oblast. Buzhan (; also known as *Būzān*) is also a village in Nishapur, Iran. In late 8th century the Russian state Russkiy Kaganate is recorded in different Northern and Oriental sources. The Volga was one of the main rivers of the Rus' Khaganates culture.

Subsequently, the river basin played an important role in the movements of peoples from Asia to Europe. A powerful polity of Volga Bulgaria once flourished where the Kama joins the Volga, while Khazaria controlled the lower stretches of the river. Such Volga cities as Atil, Saqsin, or Sarai were among the largest in the medieval world. The river served as an important trade route connecting Scandinavia, Finnic areas with the various Slavic tribes and Turkic, Germanic, Finnic and other people in Old Rus', and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria, Persia and the Arab world.

Khazars were replaced by Kipchaks, Kimeks and Mongols, who founded the Golden Horde in the lower reaches of the Volga. Later their empire divided into the Khanate of Kazan and Khanate of Astrakhan, both of which were conquered by the Russians in the course of the 16th century Russo-Kazan Wars. The Russian people's deep feeling for the Volga echoes in national culture and literature, starting from the 12th century Lay of Igor's Campaign. The Volga Boatman's Song is one of many songs devoted to the national river of Russia.

Construction of Soviet Union-era dams often involved enforced resettlement of huge numbers of people, as well as destruction of their historical heritage. For instance, the town of Mologa was flooded for the purpose of constructing the Rybinsk Reservoir (then the largest artificial lake in the world). The construction of the Uglich Reservoir caused the flooding of several monasteries with buildings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. In such cases the ecological and cultural damage often outbalanced any economic advantage.

#### 20th-century conflicts

During the Russian Civil War, both sides fielded warships on the Volga. In 1918, the Red Volga Flotilla participated in driving the Whites eastward, from the Middle Volga at Kazan to the Kama and eventually to Ufa on the Belaya.

During the Civil War, Joseph Stalin ordered the imprisonment of several military specialists on a barge in the Volga and the sinking of a floating prison in which the officers perished.

During World War II, the city on the big bend of the Volga, currently known as Volgograd, witnessed the Battle of Stalingrad, possibly the bloodiest battle in human history, in which the Soviet Union and the German forces were deadlocked in a stalemate battle for access to the river. The Volga was (and still is) a vital transport route between central Russia and the Caspian Sea, which provides access to the oil fields of the Absheron Peninsula. Hitler planned to use access to the oil fields of Azerbaijan to fuel future German conquests. Apart from that, whoever held both sides of the river could move forces across the river, to defeat the enemy's fortifications beyond the river. By taking the river, Hitler's Germany would have been able to move supplies, guns, and men into the northern part of Russia. At the same time, Germany could permanently deny this transport route by the Soviet Union, hampering its access to oil and to supplies via the Persian Corridor.

For this reason, many amphibious military assaults were brought about in an attempt to remove the other side from the banks of the river. In these battles, the Soviet Union was the main offensive side, while the German troops used a more defensive stance, though much of the fighting was close quarters combat, with no clear offensive or defensive side.

## نسلي گروهه
## نيويگيشن
## سيٽلائيٽ تصويرون
## ثقافتي اهميت

وولگا درياءَ جي ڪل ڊيگهه 3,531 ڪلوميٽر آهي. هي درياءُ پنهنجي وهڪري جي حوالي سان به يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو درياءُ آهي. هن کي روس جو **قومي درياءُ** تسليم ڪيو ويندو آهي. تاريخي طور تي، هي درياءُ يوريشيا جي مختلف تهذيبن جي ميلاپ جو مرڪز رهيو آهي. روس جي قديم رياست "روس خگنيٽ" (Rus' Khaganate) لڳ ڀڳ 830ع ۾ هن درياءَ جي ڪناري تي وجود ۾ آئي هئي.

## جاگرافيائي بناوٽ
وولگا درياءُ روس جي ٻيلن ۽ ميداني علائقن (steppes) مان گذري ٿو. روس جي ڏهن وڏن شهرن مان پنج شهر، بشمول گاديءَ جو هنڌ **ماسڪو**، هن درياءَ جي طاس (drainage basin) ۾ واقع آهن. ڇاڪاڻ ته وولگا ڪئسپين سمنڊ ۾ ڇوڙ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو چئني پاسن کان زمين سان گهيريل آهي، ان ڪري هي درياءُ قدرتي طور تي دنيا جي وڏن سمنڊن (Oceans) سان ڳنڍيل ناهي.

## ثقافتي مقام
روسي ڪلچر ۾ وولگا کي هڪ علامتي حيثيت حاصل آهي. روسي ادب ۽ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ هن کي اڪثر "وولگا ماتوشڪا" (Volga-Matushka) يعني **"ماءُ وولگا"** جي نالي سان ياد ڪيو ويندو آهي. دنيا جا ڪجهه وڏا بند (Reservoirs) پڻ هن درياءَ تي تعمير ٿيل آهن.

**وولگا** (روس) يورپ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو درياءُ آهي ۽ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو "اينڊورهيڪ" (endorheic) يعني اهڙو درياءُ آهي جيڪو ڪنهن کليل سمنڊ ۾ ڪرڻ بجاءِ هڪ بند سمنڊ (ڪئسپين سمنڊ) ۾ ڇوڙ ڪري ٿو. هي درياءُ روس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ وچ روس کان ڏکڻ روس تائين وهندو ڪيسپئن سمنڊ ۾ وڃي ڪري ٿو.

## وڌيڪ ڏسو
* ڪئسپيئن سمنڊ

## حوالا

## ٻاهرين لنڪس

* 
* خلا مان وولگا ڊيلٽا 
* وولگا ساحلن جون تصويرون 
* وولگا جي ماخذ بابت وڊيو   

* Volga Delta from Space
* Photos of the Volga coasts
* Video about the source of the Volga

زمرو:وولگا درياهه 
زمرو:روس
زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون
زمرو:پيچدار درياهه
زمرو:چوواشيا جا درياهه   
زمرو:ڪالميڪيا جا درياهه
زمرو:تاتارستان جا درياهه
زمرو:روس ۾ درياهه ۽ نديون
زمرو:روس ۾ پيچدار درياهه
زمرو:ٽوير اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه
زمرو:سمارا اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه 
زمرو:ساراتو اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه 
زمرو:آسٽراخان اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه 
زمرو:ڪوسٽروما اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه
زمرو:وولگوگراڊ اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه
زمرو:ياروسلاول اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه
زمرو:نزني نووگوروڊ اوبلاسٽ جا درياهه
زمرو:ڪيسپين سمنڊ جون مددگار نديون